IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 
.Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WeST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  145S0 

(716)  t72-4S03 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


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Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 


D 


D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagie 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^  et/ou  pellicul6e 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 


□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  othar  material/ 
Reli^  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serrde  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int6rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouttes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  itait  possible,  ces  pages  n'o.it 
pas  6t6  filmtes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplAmentaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  iti  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique.  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  methods  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquis  ci-dessous. 


D 
D 
D 
0 
D 
0 
D 
D 
D 
D 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/  "" 

Pages  endommag^es 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restauries  et/ou  pellicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d^coiories,  tacheties  ou  piqu6es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tachtes 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  InAgaie  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppltfmentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  ref limed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  M  filmtes  A  nouveau  de  fagon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


The( 
toth 


Thei 
possi 
of  th 
fiimii 


Origi 
begir 
the  It 
sion, 
othei 
first 
sion, 
or  ill( 


The  I 
shall 
TINU 
whic 

Mapi 
diffei 
entin 
begir 
right 
requi 
meth 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

/ 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

• 

32X 

The  copy  filmed  here  hes  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 


L'exemplaire  film*  f ut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
g6n4rosit6  de: 


Dana  Porter  Arts  Library 
University  of  Waterloo 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Dana  Porter  Arts  Library 
University  of  Waterloo 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  At6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin.  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  netteti  de  l'exemplaire  f  ilm6,  st  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exempiaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimie  sont  filmte  en  commen^ant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exempiaires 
originaux  sont  fiim^s  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^-  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  ^»>  signifie  "A  SUIVRE".  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  In  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmto  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diff6rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichi,  11  est  film6  A  partir 
de  Tangle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nicessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mithode. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

pp 


CO 


OWE  OF  THE 

LOI 


Tutte  Ift  in 
fiieolta  dell'  a 
zlune  delle  id( 


Lby-AllL   (.ALnSLTT. 


'i'\ 


DICTIONARY, 


PRACTICAL,  THEORETICAL,  AND  HISTORICAL, 


Of 


COMMERCE 


AND 


COMMERCIAL    NAVIGATION. 


BV 


J.   R.    MCCULLOCH,  ESQ. 


EDITED  BY 


HENRY  VETHAKE,  LL.D. 

ONE  OP  THE   PROFESSORS   IN  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA  ;    MEMBER  OF  THE   AMERICAN   PHI- 
LOSOPHICAL SOCIETY  ;  AUTHOR  OF  A  TREATISE  ON   POLITICAL  ECONOMY  ;   ETC. 


Tutte  Ift  invenzioni  le  plA  benemerite  del  genere  umann,  e  che  hanno  svilliipnto  I'ingegno  e  la 
fnc<>lt&  deir  anlmo  nnstro,  sono  quelle  che  accostano  I'  iiomo  all'  iiomo,  e  facilitano  la  communics- 
xiune  delle  idee,  del  bisogni,  del  lentiinenii,  e  riducano  il  genere  umano  a  massa.  brri. 


IN   TWO   VOLUMES. 


VOL.  II. 


PHILADELPHIA: 
THOMAS  WARDLE,  15  MINOR  STREET. 

•TEREOTYPBD  BY  L.  JOHNSON. 


I  i        .         :■  r   ,. 


0 


PBINTED    BY   T.    K.   it    P.   O.   COLLINS,   PHILA 


Jalap,  o 

a  sort  of  con 

root,  when  1 

lilackish  coif 

hardest  and 

should  be  n 

Its  taste  is  i 

Afed..  Bran 

average  of  1 1 

JAMAIC 

JAPAN> 

chatidlses  de 

.snufT-hoxes,  • 

or  gilding. 

to  a  great  exi 

it  is  at  preset 

success  at  Bi 

JASPER  I 

'lliis  stone  ii 

large  amorpli 

specific  gravil 

it  is  usually  c 

■asper,  and  ci 

.lERSEY. 

JET,  on  : 

It.  (ragaia,  I 

[iliites;  somet 

fnternal  lustr 

It  is  used  for 

amber,  and  is 

thoidal  fractu 

JETSAM. 

IMPORTA 

them  to  other 

from  customs 

being  given  oi 

and  exportatio 

who  would  a\ 

regulations  refl 


DICTIONARY 


or 


COMMERCE 


AMU 


COMMERCIAL  NAVIGATION. 


1,    AND    J. 


J  ATjAP,  on  .IAT<OP  (Gcr.  Jnfiipp ;  Vt.Juhip,-  It.  Sdiirappa ,■  Sp.  Jali/pu),  the  rool  nf 
a  sort  of  convolvulus,  so  named  from  Xaliipa,  in  Mexico,  vvlu-ncc  we  cliielly  import  it.  Tlie 
root,  when  brought  to  this  country,  in  in  thin  transverse  sliecs,  solid,  hard,  weii;hty,  of  a 
lilaekish  colour  on  tlie  outside,  and  internally  of  a  dark  grey,  with  lilark  circular  stria?.  The 
hardest  and  darkest  coloured  is  the  best ;  that  which  is  light,  spongy,  and  j)alo  coloured, 
should  be  rejected.  'J'he  odour  of  jalap,  especially  when  in  powder,  is  very  characteristic. 
Its  taste  is  exceedingly  nauseous,  accompanied  by  a  sweetish  bitterness. — (Lrdv'.v's  Mul. 
Med. ;  Bran(h'''s  P/iunnaci/.)  The  entries  of  jalap  for  home  consumption  amounted,  at  an 
average  of  18:51  and  lH•^^^z',  to  47,816  lbs.  a  year. 
JAMAICA  PEPPER.     See  Pimento. 

.lAPANNED  WAKES  (Ger.  Japanische  u-are  ,•  Dvi.  Jopansch  liiJcirciff ;  Fr.  Afrtr- 
chandlses  de  Japan),  articles  of  every  description,  such  as  tea-trays,  clock-dials,  candlesticks, 
snuff-boxes,  iScc.  covered  with  coats  of  japan,  whether  plain,  or  embellished  with  painting 
or  gilding.  IJirminpham  is  the  grand  staple  of  this  manufacture,  which  is  there  carried  on 
to  a  great  extent.  Pontypool,  in  Monmouthshire,  was  formerly  famous  for  japanning;  but 
it  is  at  present  continued  there  on  a  very  small  scale  only.  It  is  prosecuted  with  spirit  and 
success  at  Bilston  and  Wolverhampton. 

.IA8PER  (Ger,  Jaspiss ;  Da.  Ja/tpLi ;  Ft.  Jaxpe ,•  \i. Dlanpro ;  Sp.Jatpe;  Has. Jcischmn). 
'lliis  stone  is  an  ingredient  in  the  composition  of  many  mountains.  It  occurs  usually  in 
large  amorphous  masses,  sometimes  in  round  or  angular  i)ieces ;  its  fracture  is  conchoidal ; 
8|)ecific  gravity  from  2  to  2'7.  Its  colours  arc  various ;  when  heated  it  does  not  decrepitate : 
it  is  usually  divided  into  four  species,  denominated  Egyptian  jasper,  striped  jasper,  porcelain 
-asper,  and  common  jasper.  It  is  sometimes  employed  by  jewellers  in  the  formation  of  seals. 
.lERSEY.     SeeGLKaNSET. 

.lET,  OR  PITCH  COAL  (Du.  Git,  Zwarte  harmteen  ,■  Fr.  Jals,  Jiiyd ,-  Ger.  Gngnt  ,- 
It.  frugaia,  Lustrino ,-  Lat.  Gagtis,  Gagates),  of  a  black  velvet  colour,  occurs  massive,  in 
jiliites ;  sometimes  in  the  shape  of  branches  of  trees,  but  without  a  regular  woody  texture. 
Internal  lustre  shining,  resinous,  soft ;  rather  brittle;  easily  frangible ;  specilic  gravity  1'.3. 
It  is  used  for  fuel,  and  for  making  vessels  and  snuff-boxes.  In  Prus^na  it  is  called  black 
umber,  and  is  cut  into  rosaries  and  necklaces.  It  is  distinguished  by  its  brilliancy,  and  con- 
choidal fracture. — {Thomson's  Cheminlry.) 
JETSAM.    Sec  Flotsam. 

IMPORTATION  and  EXPORTATION,  the  bringing  of  commodities  from  and  sending 
them  to  other  countries.  A  very  large  portion  of  the  revenue  of  Great  Britain  being  derived 
from  customs  duties,  or  from  duties  on  commodities  imported  from  abroad ;  and  drawbacks 
being  given  on  many,  and  bounties  on  a  few  articles  exported ;  the  business  of  importation 
and  exportation  is  subjected  to  various  regulations,  which  must  be  carefully  observed  by  those 
who  would  avoid  incurring  penalties,  and  subjecting  their  property  to  confiscation.  The 
regulations  referred  to,  have  been  embodied  in  the  act  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  52.,  which  is  subjoined 

3 


IMPORTATION  AND  EXPORTATION. 


OkkKIIAI.  RE(lt'l./(Tln!(l>l. 

JV"«  Onnilf  to  he  landtd  nor  Bulk  hroktn  heforr  Hepiirt  and  Knfri/.— No  enn'li*  nhnll  lir  unladen  from  anjr 
»lii|)  arriving  frciin  |)iirl«  hfyniHl  llm  Mons  al  iiriy  |Hirl  or  (ilaru  in  lln^  rnilcd  Klnsilcini  or  in  (li<!  Nlc;  of 
Man,  nor  nIi.'iII  hnlit  Im'  lirtikm  iiflcr  tlit>  arri\al  of  vni'li  Nlii|i  williin  4  IriiKiicH  iif  lhi>  rnuBl  tln'ruof, 

ill    uliii.  t.  .1.1    .(>• t...   ..f  ^ I.    » I..  ..I...  II    I...  ....   I I I .....a    .....»*. ..I 


Manifest. 


^11  BriH. 


ips,  n ml  nil  S/(i/i.«  vith  Tnharrn,  to  linre  Miinifeftn.—'Nn  goiuU  shnll  hr  imported  into  tlio 
riiiti.'il  Kinpilorii,  or  inln  tlic  l^le  ol'  Man,  from  partH  licynntl  llie  seax,  in  any  llriliiili  Hliip,  nor  any 
liihai'i'ii  in  any  xliip,  nnli'.s>(  tliu  niaslcr  nliall  liavo  nn  lioard  n  inanifi-Ht  ofsnrli  eooils  or  of  Huch  lolincro, 
niacli'  onl;  (iali'il,  anil  Kii{n(;il  hy  liini  at  llie  plact;  or  ri-nprdive  places  wlicre  llie  Baniu  or  the  ilitli-ri'iit 
partN  of  till.'  tiaiiii!  was  or  were  inki-n  on  Imard,  anil  anthenliratcd  in  tin-  ninnniT  hurvin-afler  provided  ; 
and  every  niuIi  nianifrst  sliall  Hi't  forth  tlie  name  and  the  lonna).'R  of  (lie  vliip,  lliu  name  of  the  innHter 
and  of  the  plare  to  which  the  ship  helont.'f>,  and  of  the  plaru  or  plareH  where  the  koihU  were  taken  on 
hoard  respei'tively,  and  of  tin-  place  or  places  for  which  they  are  deHtineil  respectively,  oiid  shall  con- 
tain a  particular  account  and  description  of  all  the  packafceH  on  hoard,  with  the  marks  and  iininliers 
tliereon,  and  the  sorts  of  giint\ii  and  ditVerent  kinds  of  each  sort  contained  tlierein,  to  the  liest  of  tlip 
master's  knowled),'e,  and  of  the  particulars  of  such  bo'xIx  as  arc  stowed  loose,  ami  the  names  of  the 
respective  shippers  and  consi^'nees.  as  far  sis  the  same  can  he  known  to  the  master;  and  to  such  par- 
ticular account  shall  he  siihjoined  a  Kcneral  account  nr  ri^caiiitulation  of  the  total  nnmher  of  Die  packages 
of  each  sort,  descriliinu  the  same  hy  their  usual  names,  or  by  such  descriptions  as  th(>  same  can  hpst  he 
known  hy,  and  the  dillerent  pnods  therein,  and  also  the  total  i|uantilies  of  the  diflerent  Roods  stowed 
loose  :  provided  always,  that  every  inunifist  for  tohacco  shall  be  a  separate  manifest  distinct  from  any 
manifest  for  any  other  poods,  and  shall,  without  fail,  contain  the  particular  weiglit  of  tobacco  in  earli 
hofshead,  cask,  chest,  or  rase,  with  the  tare  of  the  same  ;  and  if  such  tobacco  be  the  produce  of  tliu 
dominions  of  tlii!  (■'rand  HelRiiior,  then  the  iiiiniber  of  parcels  or  bundles  within  any  such  liogrhead, 
cask,  chest,  or  case,  shall  he  stated  in  such  manifest.  —  1/  3. 

Til  be  pniiliicril  to  OJjicern  in  Culunies,  .yc.— Ilefore  any  ship  shall  he  cleared  otit  or  depart  from  any 
place  in  any  of  the  Hritish  possessions  abroad,  or  from  any  place  in  China,  with  any  Roods  for  the 
I'lilted  KiiiKdoiu  or  for  the  Isle  of  Man,  the  master  of  such  ship  shall  produce  the  manifest  to  the  col- 
lector or  comptroller  of  the  customs,  or  other  proper  otiicer,  who  shall  certify  upon  the  same  the  date 
of  the  production  thereof  to  liini :  provided  always,  that  in  all  places  within  the  territorial  possessions 
of  the  Kast  India  Coiiipany  the  servant  of  the  said  Oompaiiy  by  whom  the  last  despatches  of  such  ship 
shall  be  delivered  shall  he  the  proper  olVicer  to  authenticate  the  manifest  as  aforesaid  ;  and  in  all  places 
ill  China  the  chief  siipercarL'o  of  the  said  Company  shall  he  the  proper  nllicer  for  such  purpose.  —  {  4. 

■/".)  bv  pniliired  to  CuMai//.'..— Before  the  departure  of  any  ship  from  any  place  beyond  the  seas  not 
tinder  the  Hritish  dominions,  where  any  tobacco  has  been  taken  on  Ifoard  such  siiip  for  the  I'niteii 
Kiiipdoiii  or  for  the  Isle  of  Man,  the  niaVter  of  such  ship  shall  produce  the  manifest  of  such  tobacco  ti> 
the  Hritish  consul  or  other  chief  Dritish  ollii'er,  if  there  be  any  such  resident  at  or  near  such  place  ; 
ntid  such  consul  or  other  ullicer  shall  certify  upon  the  same  the  tlute  of  the  pro-iuction  thereof  tu 
liiin.  —  }  5. 

If  wanting, Mauler  toforfeil  100/.— Ifany  ijoods  be  imported  into  the  United  Kingdom  or  into  the  Islo 
of  Man,  in  .any  liritisli  ship,  or  any  toliaico  in  any  bhip,  without  such  a  manifest,  or  if  any  goods  cun- 
l.ained  in  such  nianifi  st  be  not  on  lioard,  the  master  of  such  ship  shall  forfeit  the  sum  of  ICO/.  —  i  0. 

Manifest  to  be  produced  trilliin  4  J.caj.niei'. — The  master  of  every  ship  required  to  have  a  manifest  on 
hoard  shall  produce  such  manifest  to  any  olficer  of  the  cusi'ims  who  shall  come  on  hoard  his  ship  after 
her  arrival  within  4  leagues  of  the  coast  of  the  United  Kingdom  or  of  the  coast  of  the  Isle  of  Man,  and 
who  shall  demand  the  same,  for  his  inspection  ;  and  such  master  shall  also  deliver  to  any  such  officer 
w  lio  shall  be  the  tlrst  to  demand  it,  a  true  copy  of  such  manifest  sigtied  by  the  master;  und  shall  also 
deliver  another  copy  to  any  other  ollicer  of  the  customs  who  shall  be  the  lirst  to  demand  the  saiim 
within  the  limits  of  the  |iort  to  which  such  ship  is  bound;  and  thereupon  such  officers  respectively 
fhall  notify  on  such  manitV'st  and  on  such  co|iies  the  date  of  the  production  of  such  manifest  and  of  the 
receipt  of  such  copies,  nod  shall  transmit  such  copies  to  the  collector  and  comptroller  of  the  port  to 
which  such  vessel  is  tlrst  bound,  and  shall  return  such  manifest  to  the  n.aster ;  and  if  such  master  shall 
not  ill  uny  case  producu  such  manifest,  or  deliver  ^ucli  copyi  be  shall  forfeit  the  sum  of  1002.  —  {  7. 

Repoht. 

Master,  villiin  24  ITottrs,  and  before  hrealting  Bulk,  shall  report.— Tht  master  of  every  ship  arrlvfnfl; 
fiom  parts  beyond  the  seas  at  any  port  in  the  United  Kingdom  or  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  whether  laden 
or  in  ballast,  shall,  within  24  hours  after  such  arrival,  and  before  bulk  be  broken,  make  due  report  of 
such  ship,  and  shall  make  and  subscribe  a  declaration  to  the  truth  of  the  same,  before  the  collector  or 
comptroller  of  such  port ;  and  such  report  shall  contain  an  account  of  the  particular  marks,  nnmbers. 
and  contents  of  all  the  dilferent  packages  or  parcels  of  the  goods  on  board  such  ship,  and  the  particu- 
lars of  such  goods  as  are  stowed  loose,  to  the  best  of  his  knowledge,  and  of  the  place  or  places  where 
such  poods  were  respectively  taken  on  board,  and  of  the  burden  of  such  ship,  and  of  the  country  where 
Biich  ship  was  built,  or,  if  Hritish,  of  the  port  of  registry,  and  of  the  country  of  the  p<mple  to  whom 
such  ship  belongs,  and  of  the  name  und  country  of  the  person  who  was  master  during  the  voyage, and 
nf  thi!  :iiimber  of  the  people  by  whom  such  ship  was  navlKaled,  slating  how  many  are  subjects  of  the 
country  to  which  such  ship  belongs,  and  how  inaiiy  are  of  sonn;  other  country;  and  in  such  report  il 
filiall  be  further  declared,  whether  and  in  what  cases  such  »hip  has  broken  bulk  in  the  course  of  her 
voyage,  and  what  part  of  the  cargo,  if  anv,  is  intended  for  importation  at  such  port,  and  what  part, 
if  any.  is  intended  for  importation  at  another  port  in  the  United  Kingdom,  or  at  another  port  in  tin; 
Isle  of  Man  le.-ipoctively,  and  what  part,  if  any,  is  prohibited  to  be  imported,  e.vcept  to  be  warehoused 
for  e.xportation  only,  and  what  pan,  if  any,  is  intended  for  c.iportation  in  such  ship  to  parts  beyond 
the  seas,  and  what  surplus  stores  or  stock  remain  on  hoard  such  ship,  and,  if  a  Uritish  ship,  what 
Toreign-mado  sails  or  cordage,  not  being  standing  or  running  rigging,  are  in  use  on  board  such  ship  ; 
ami  the  master  of  any  ship,  wlio  shall  fail  to  uiuKe  such  report,  or  who  etiall  make  a  tiiUe  report,  shall 
forfeit  the  sum  of  lOU/.  -.  \  b. 


Master/i 
of  every  s 
perHon  or 
ftae,  in  I 
II nil  any  s 
owner  or 
I'l  enter  in 
e\ira-pari 
other  iilaci 
and  any  si 
tiuiii  nf  'M 
Pitrkiigc: 
»o  inti'iidei 
by  the  mas 
evaniine  si 
if  there  b.' 
be  lorfeitei 
with  the  ill 
consiilerati 
fit  lodelivc 
J^fiifter  to 
deliver  to  t 
rei| Hired,  a 
lading,  or  a 
all  such  ipii 
collector  or 
"luestions,  o 
l>ill  of  lailjll; 
expressed  tl 
littered  or  p 
b.en  receivi 
I'illof  ladini 
100/,-^  II. 
Part  of  Ca 
is  rei| Hired  li 
port  in  the  h 
been  deliveri 
ship.  — J  12. 
Sliip  to  eom 
of  mooring  oi 
and  in  proiet 
for  the  board 
unlading  siicl 
with  the  knoi 
of  such  ship 
places  to  be  t 
ships  only  Mh 
sliips  shall  ni 
•■barged  shall 

•  he  master  sh 

(>[Jirer.i  to  bi 
arriving  at  an 

•  lie  goods  laili 
tree  access  to 
before  landiin 
any  place,  or  i 
superior  to  tii' 
|>ower;  and  ii 
officer,  who  n 
power;  and  it 
the  offirer.s  sh 
be  wilfiillv  op 
secretly  c'onvi 
opened,  the  mi 

JVatiinuil  Sh 

orfiirftit  100/. 

arriving  as  afn 

poods  laden  in 

'if  such  ship  or 

t'liip,  or  when 

bis  hand,  to  th 

poods,  and  of  I 

signees  of  the  i. 

to  the  truth  tin 

cerningsuch  g 

or  other  persoi 

merchant  ship! 

sliips,  ond  brill 

ship  as  aforesa 

Majesty  as  slia 

treasury  of  the 

Master  to  deli 

at  any  port  in  i, 

sliall,  within  10 

and  dcscripiior 

and  of  the  crev 

who  has  desert 

to  each  seaman 

to  the  truth  the 

Bball  be  kept  by 

a2 


d 


IMPORTATION  AND  EXPORTATION, 


Vntn  any 

«•  l«l(!  of 

llicretif, 
);rnnlv(l. 
[I  iilnira, 
;  lii-ri'iii- 
•  hnll  l«i 
I  of  1(H)/.: 
r  iht!  Isli- 
tinliuliiiK 
ickiiRc  In- 
1  urliclt^n 
wnrritnt ; 
lull  BhipUt 


d  into  I  ho 
),  nor  any 
U  tiilmccd. 
(•  (litliTi'iit 
provitlt'il ; 
ili(>  innHler 
■  taken  on 
shall  roii- 
,1  niniilHTS 
licslof  the 
inuB  of  the 
I  siirh  par- 
ic  patkagHS 
can  hPHt  he 
odH  slowcii 
:t  front  any 
ceo  in  each 
dute  of  tha 
t  luig>head, 

•1  from  any 
lods  for  the 
I  to  the  fol- 
me  Ihu  date 

pnsPL'Sstons 
orsiirh  8hi|> 
in  all  plates 

HISU.  —  }  4- 

he  Bi'as  not 

the  VnitetJ 

h  tobacco  to 

such  placf  ; 

thfieof  to 

jnio  the  Isle 
/  goods  con- 

manifest  on 
lis  ship  after 
of  Man.  and 
such  officer 
lul  shall  also 
nd  the  saniK 
rt'spoclivt'lji 
St  and  of  the 
'  the  port  to 
master  ahali 


ihip  arrivfnfr 
holher  laden 
ue  report  of 
!  collector  or 
ks,  nnnihers, 
the  particu- 
ilaces  where 
mntry  where 
pie  to  whom 

voyage,  anrt 
hjects  of  the 
inch  report  it 
;ourae  of  her 
d  what  part, 
■  r  port  in  the 

warehoused 
jiarts  beyond 
h  ship,  what 
rd  such  ship  ; 

report,  slwlk 


' 


I 


.%h'*rrti  nf  Vr'ftl.t  rnmingfrnm.lfriralnrrpnrt  hnir  mnmi  •^'tlii'f  Ihfii  harr  nn  ftunri/ -  Th"  inniiter 
ofi'very  vi'Hui'l  coniiiii;  from  the  rniisl  nf  Afriia,  and  havioi;  liikcn  mi  lioiinl  iit  any  phiic  In  Africa  iiny 
prrHiiii  iir  pi'r^oiiiH  liclni;  or  apiirariiiu  to  liu  ii;itlvi>N  nf  Afrira,  hhiill.  in  aitiliium  (n  nil  nthrr  iii^illrrii, 

tta  r,  in  till'  re|iiirt  of  hi.'*  vrKnil,  how  many  hoi  h  pi'tMniiH  h:ivi'  I n  t.iki'n  cm  Imard  liy  him  in  Africa; 

niid  any  sill  li  niiiHlcr  fiilllni!  hcrclii  sliiill  fnrfi  il  thi'  siiiii  of  \WI.:  proviilcil  aUii,  iliai  tlir  iiiaKtrr  or 
iiw  iirr  or  owners  of  such  vcssrl,  or  hhiiic  imi'  of  ihiiii,  al  llii'  liiiii'  of  makiiii!  such  report,  hi'  ri'i|iuri'il 
t'l  I'lilcr  Into  liond  to  his  Miijesly  In  Ihe  sum  i<f  KKI/  ,  ciiiiililioiM'd  lo  keep  liiirniless  any  parish.  <'r  any 
f\ira-parochlal  or  other  place  niaintaliiiiiit  its  own  pimr,  acaiiist  any  expense  which  sm  li  p.in.sh  or 
other  place  may  he  put  to  In  Hiipportiiiit  any  s'ich  person  during  their  stay  in  llie  I  iiiled  KliiKilnni t 
and  aiiv  such  master,  owner  or  owners  refusing  or  neglecting  to  enter  into  such  bund  shall  forleil  the 

miiiiof  aon/.  — JO. 

Vitrknac.i  rrpnrtrd  "Conlenia  unltniiirv,"  mat)  be  nprntil  iinil  finminnl. — If  the  contents  of  any  iiackaeeg 
fo  inleiided  as  aforesaid  for  exporlatlon  in  llie  same  sliip  to  parts  lieyoml  the  seas  shall  he  riporleil 
iiy  the  masler  as  being  unknown  lo  him,  il  shall  he  lawful  for  the  olfici-rs  of  the  customs  in  open  and 
examine  such  package  on  board,  or  to  bring  the  same  to  the  king's  w.irehoiise  for  that  piirpnsi' ;  and 
if  there  be  found  in  such  package  any  goods  which  may  not  lie  eiilered  for  home  use,  such  goods  shall 
lie  forfeited ;  or  If  the  goods  lie  such  as  may  lie  entered  for  home  use,  lln^  same  shall  be  ch.ir:.'ealilu 
with  the  duties  of  iniporlalTon  ;  unless  in  either  case  the  commlssinners  of  his  Majesty's  ciisloms,  in 
ronsideration  of  the  sort  or  i|uality  of  such  goods,  or  the  small  rate  of  duly  payable  Ihereoii,  hliall  see 
fit  to  deliver  the  same  for  e.xportalioii.  —  {  10. 

.Mauler  to  ilelircr  Miinifml,  J\-r.—'Vhr  master  of  every  ship  shall,  nt  the  time  of  making  such  report, 
deliver  to  the  collector  or  coi..,itroller  tho  manifest  of  the  cariioof  such  slii)i,  where  a  matiifi  st  Is 
rei|uireil,  and,  if  required  by  the  collector  or  comptroller,  shall  prixliice  to  him  any  bill  or  bills  of 
lading,  or  a  true  copy  thereof,  for  any  and  every  part  of  the  cargo  lailen  on  board;  and  shall  .-inswer 
nil  such  questions  rel.'iting  to  the  ship  and  cargo,  and  crew  and  voyage,  as  shall  be  put  to  him  by  siicli 
rolli.'ctor  or  comptroller;  and  in  case  of  fiiliire  or  refusal  to  produce  such  manifest,  or  to  answer  such 
i)ueslions,  or  to  answer  llieni  truly,  or  to  produce  such  bill  of  lading  or  copy,  or  if  such  manifesi,  or 
hill  of  lading,  or  copy,  sh.ill  be  false,  or  if  any  bill  of  lading  be  iillered  by  any  masler,  and  the  goods 
expressed  therein  shall  not  have  linen  Ikhii'i  Jiile  shipped  on  board  such  ship,  or  if  any  lull  of  lailiuf{ 
uttered  or  produced  by  any  master  shall  not  have  been  siuned  by  him,  or  any  such  copy  shall  not  havu 
been  received  or  made  by  him  previously  to  his  leaving  the  place  where  the  goods  evpressed  in  such 
bill  of  lading  or  copy  were  shiiiped,  then  and  in  every  such  case  such  master  shall  forfeit  the  sum  of 
ion/.  -J  11. 

Pari  of  Cargo  reporleil  for  anolher  Piirl.—\(  any  part  of  the  cargo  of  any  ship  for  which  a  manifest 
is  re(|iiireil  be  reported  for  importation  at  some  other  port  in  the  I'niled  Kiiigdiun,  or  at  some  oilier 
port  In  the  Isle  of  Man,  the  collector  and  comptroller  of  the  port  at  which  some  part  of  the  cargo  has 
been  delivered  shall  notify  such  delivery  on  the  manifest,  and  return  the  same  to  the  master  of  sucli 
ship.  —  J  I'i. 

Ship  lo  romeqiiirkliito  Plaeeof  iinlnilin<r,  i^t.— Every  ship  shall  come  as  quickly  up  to  the  proper  place 
of  mooring  or  unlading  as  the  naliire  of  llie  port  will  .idniit,  and  without  loiiching  at  any  other  place  ; 
and  in  proceeding  to  such  place  shall  bring  to  at  stations  appoinleil  hy  the  commissioners  of  customs 
for  tile  boarding  of  ships  by  the  olhcers  of  the  ciistoiiiH  ;  and  after  arrival  at  such  place  of  mooring  or 
niilailing  such  ship  shall  not  remove  from  such  place  except  directly  to  same  other  proper  place,  anil 
with  the  knowledge  of  the  proper  othcer  of  the  customs,  on  penalty  of  loo/.,  to  he  paid  by  the  master 
of  such  ship:  provided  always,  that  it  shall  be  lawful  for  llie  commissioners  of  customs  to  appoint 
places  to  be  the  proper  places  for  the  mooring  or  unlading  of  ships  iuiporling  tobacco,  and  where  such 
ships  only  shall  be  moored  or  nnladeii ;  and  in  case  the  |ilaci>  so  appointed  for  the  unlading  of  such 
ships  shall  not  be  within  some  dock  surrounded  with  walls,  if  any  such  ship  after  having  been  dis- 
charged shall  remain  at  such  place,  or  if  any  ship  not  importing  tobacco  shall  be  moored  at  such  place, 
the  master  shall  in  cither  case  forfeit  and  pay  the  sum  of  20/.  —  }  IX 

O/ffrcra  lo  board  Ships.— U  shall  be  lawful  for  the  proper  otlicers  of  the  customs  to  board  any  ship 
arriving  at  any  port  in  the  United  Kingdom  or  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  and  freely  to  stay  on  hoard  iinlil  all 
the  goods  laden  therein  shall  have  been  duly  delivereil  from  the  same;  and  such  olhcers  shall  have 
I'ree  access  to  every  part  of  the  ship,  with  power  to  fasten  down  hatchways,  and  to  mark  any  goods 
before  landing,  and  to  lock  up,  seal  mark,  or  otherwise  secure  any  goods  on  board  such  ship;  and  it 
any  place,  or  any  box  or  chest,  he  looked,  and  the  keys  be  withheld,  such  olhcers,  if  they  be  of  a  degree 
siifierior  to  tidesmen  or  waternien,  may  open  any  such  idace,  box,  or  chest  in  the  best  manner  in  their 
power;  and  if  they  be  tidesmen  or  walermen,  or  on'-  '  !'t!mt  degree,  they  shall  send  for  their  superior 
ollicer,  who  may  open  or  cause  to  be  ooened  any  s,i  '  i.  ice,  box,  or  chest  in  the  best  manner  in  his 
power ;  and  if  any  goods  he  found  conceiiled  on  boat  •.  v  r-.y  such  ship,  they  shall  be  forfeited  ;  and  if 
the  officers  shall  place  any  lock,  mark,  or  seal  upon  ai._  :;oods  on  board,  and  such  lock,  mark,  or  seal 
be  wilfully  opened,  altered,  or  broken  before  due  delivpiy  of  such  goods,  or  if  any  of  such  goods  li« 
secretly  conveyed  away,  or  if  the  hatchways,  after  having  been  fastened  down  by  the  oSicer,  be 
opened,  the  master  of  such  ship  shall  forfeit  the  sum  of  100/.  —  J  14. 

•ViiMiom/  Ships,  British  or  Forei^rn,  hucinir  OooJs  on  board,  Person  in  charge  to  deliver  an  Account, 
orfin-fiit  ino/. — If  any  ship  (having  commission  from  his  Majesty,  or  from  any  foreign  (irince  or  state) 
arriving  as  aforesaid  at  any  port  in  the  ITiiiled  Kingdom  or  in  the  Isle  of  Man  shall  have  on  board  any 
goods  laden  in  parts  beyond  the  seas,  the  captain,  master,  purser,  or  other  person  having  the  cliarge 
of  such  ship  or  of  such  goods  for  that  voyi>ge,  shall,  before  any  part  of  such  goods  be  taken  out  of  such 
ship,  or  when  culled  n|)on  so  to  do  by  any  othcer  of  the  customs,  deliver  an  account  in  writing  under 
his  hand,  to  the  best  of  his  knowledge,  of  the  quality  and  quantity  of  every  package  or  parcel  of  such 
goods,  and  of  the  marks  and  numbers  thereon,  and  of  the  names  of  the  respective  shippers  and  con- 
sienees  of  the  same,  and  shall  make  and  subscribe  a  declaration  at  the  foot  nf  such  account,  declaring 
to  the  truth  thereof,  and  shall  also  truly  answer  to  the  collector  or  com|itroller  such  questions  con- 
cerning such  goods  as  shall  be  reipiired  of  him;  and  on  failure  thereof,  such  captain,  master,  purser, 
or  other  person  sli.all  forfeit  the  sum  of  100/.;  and  all  such  ships  shall  be  liable  to  such  searches  as 
merchant  ships  are  liable  to  ;  and  the  officers  of  the  customs  may  freely  enter  and  go  on  board  all  such 
ships,  and  bring  from  thence  on  shore  into  the  king's  warehouse  any  goods  found  on  board  any  such 
ship  as  aforesaid ;  subject  nevertheless  to  such  regulations  in  respect  of  ships  of  war  belonging  to  his 
Majesty  as  shall  from  time  to  time  he  directed  in  that  respect  by  the  commissioners  of  his  Majesty's 
treasury  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  —  }  15. 

Masler  to  delieir  List  of  Crew  of  Ships  from  ^^'est  Indies. — The  master  of  every  British  ship  arriving 
at  any  port  in  the  United  Kingdom,  on  her  return  from  any  British  possessions  In  the  West  Indies, 
shall,  within  10  days  of  such  arrival,  deliver  to  the  collector  or  comptroller  a  list,  containing  the  names 
and  descriptions  of  tho  crew  which  was  on  board  at  the  time  of  clearing  from  the  United  Kingdom, 
and  uf  the  crew  on  board  at  the  time  of  arrival  in  any  of  the  said  possessions,  and  of  every  seaman 
who  has  deserted  or  died  during  the  voyage,  and  also  the  amount  of  wages  due  at  the  time  of  his  deatb 
to  each  seaman  so  dying,  and  shall  make  and  subscribe  a  declaration  at  the  foot  of  such  list,  declaring 
to  the  truth  thereof;  and  every  master  omitting  so  to  do,  sliall  forfeit  the  sum  of  50(. ;  and  such  list 
tball  be  kept  by  the  collector  for  the  inspection  of  all  persona  interested  therein.  — (  16. 
a2 


IMPORTATION  AND  EXPORTATION. 


Entiiy. 

JIfUr  11  Ditijfy  Oj^rfr  mail  lanil  Gnodn  not  enlfred,  S^e — Kvrry  Importer  of  any  Bn"iN  nlmll,  within  M 
dayH  iiri(!r  tliu  urriviil  i>(  Iho  •hip  IniporllnR  Hit!  miitic,  ninki!  prrri-rt  i>ntry  liiwnrclh  iit'  nihIi  rodiIii,  or 
entry  liy  hill  orHluht,  In  niiinncr  hori'lti-nrtfr  provlcli>il,  uiiil  iihitll  wllhin  xiirh  tiiiiR  liiiiil  the  minie ;  nnil 
In  iti'iaiilt  itC  Hiich  I'litry  nriil  InnilitiK  It  Hhall  htt  liiwriij  l^ir  thn  otllrHrit  of  the  riiKtornii  tn  cniiVRv  mi'  h 
rihxIh  to  ihi'  klnn'it  wuri-lKiiinc  j  uml  wliiMifVcr  thi;  rnrgtt  of  liny  uliip  nhiill  hiivc  hccn  (llfrliurKR",  with 
ilii!  cxi'i-plliin  iiiily  <i(  II  Hiiiiill  i|iiiintlty  or  Koodx,  It  hIiiiII  he  liiwfiil  Tor  thi;  oini'rm  or  thn  rimtoniH  to 
cnnvry  mirli  riMiiuinliiB  iinoiln,  iinil  lit  any  tlino  to  roiivvy  nny  hiiiiiII  puckiiRri  or  pnrct-lii  n(  KoodK,  to 
Ihi)  kliis'ii  wiiri-lioiisi!,  nlllioiiKh  aiich  14  lUxyn  nhnll  not  hnvc  explrcil,  llit-rR  to  ho  kept  wiiltlng  thit  due 
Rnlry  thi'rcnf  diirliiu  tlit;  riMnnliidi-r  orHiich  1 1  duvH  ;  and  Ifthi-  diillHii  dili!  upon  nny  i;ood«  no  convi'ynd 
to  til).-  kliie'H  wari-hiiiiii!  Hhall  not  hi;  paid  wltnin  3  niontlm  iincr  mich  li  dayH  alinll  hnvR  expired, 
toirether  wi'h  nil  cliirtfi'H  oT  riMnnval  and  warchonHi!  riMil,  tlit;  Hanm  nhall  hi!  Rohl,  and  the  produr« 
thereof  Hhall  he  upplied,  lirHt  to  the  payiiient  of  frelfilit  and  churgei,  next  of  dutlvH,  and  the  overpliio, 
If  any,  aliall  he  palil  to  the  proprietor  of  the  Roodrt.  — J  17. 

Bill  of  y.Hlrii  tn  he  dehirrul  —The  pernoii  entering  any  poodii  inwnrdH  (whether  for  payment  nfdnty, 
or  to  lie  warcihoiiaed  npon  the  MrHt  perfei't  entry  thereof,  or  for  payment  of  duty  upon  the  taking 
out  of  the  wari'hoUMe,  or  whether  xni'li  KoodH  he  (tfn  of  dnty,)  Hhall  deliver  to  the  collector  or  comp- 
troller a  hill  of  the  entry  of  tiiicli  Koodii,  fairly  written  In  words  at  length,  rxpreHains  the  name  of  tho 
>hlp,  find  of  tho  maHter  of  the  nhlp  In  which  the  i;()odi4  were  Imported,  and  of  the  place  from  whencti 
they  were  hrouzht,  and  llie  description  and  Hlliiatlon  of  the  warehoiiHe,  If  they  are  to  he  wurehoiiHed, 
and  the  iiiiine  of  the  person  in  whose  name  the  Kooda  nru  to  he  entered,  and  the  i)iiantity  and  descrip- 
tion of  the  floods,  and  the  number  and  denoiiilnation  or  dHsrrlplion  of  the  respective  packages  con- 
talnlnK  the  goods,  and  In  the  inarKin  of  sinh  hill  shall  delineate  the  respective  marks  and  nnmbers  of 
such  packases,  and  shall  pay  down  any  dnties  which  may  he  payable  upon  tho  ((oods  mentlined  in 
snch  entry  ;  and  such  person  shiill  also  deliver  at  the  same  time  3  or  more  duplicates,  as  the  case  may 
rvquire,  of  such  hill,  In  which  all  sums  and  numbers  may  he  expressed  In  figures,  and  the  particulars 
to  he  contained  In  such  bill  shall  be  written  and  arrnnged  in  such  form  and  manner,  and  the  number 
of  such  duplicates  shall  be  such  as  the  collector  and  comptroller  shall  require;  and  such  hill  being 
duly  signed  by  the  collector  and  comptroller,  and  transmitted  to  the  lunding  waiter,  shall  be  the  war- 
rant to  him  for  the  lamling  or  delivering  of  such  goods.  —  I)  IH. 

UnaulhnrUrd  Persons  nut  permiltril  to  make  Kntriea. — Kvery  person  who  shall  inakn  or  cause  to  ba 
■nnde  an^  such  entry  Inwards  of  any  goods,  not  being  duly  authorised  thereto  by  the  proprietor  or  con- 
signee ol  such  goods,  shall  for  every  such  otTence  forfeit  the  sum  of  1(M)/. :  provided  always,  that  no 
such  penalty  shall  extend  or  he  deemed  to  extend  to  any  (lorson  acting  under  the  direction  of  the 
several  dock  companies  or  other  corporate  bodies  authorised  by  law  to  pass  entries.  —  J  19. 

JVu<  viiliil  unless  asrreeinrr  irilh  Manifest,  Hepnrt,  anil  other  J)iicuments.—Nii  entry  nor  any  warrant 
for  the  landing  of  any  goods,  or  for  the  taking  of  any  goods  nnt  of  any  warehouse,  shall  be  deemed 
valid,  unless  the  particulars  of  the  goods  and  packages  In  such  entry  shall  correspond  with  the  par- 
ticulars of  the  goods  and  packages,  purporting  to  he  the  same,  in  the  report  of  the  ship,  and  in  the 
manifi'st,  where  a  manifest  is  required,  and  in  tho  ccrlilicate  or  other  document,  where  any  Is  required, 
by  which  the  imporiailoii  or  entry  of  such  goods  is  authorised,  nor  unless  the  goods  shall  have  been 
properly  describeil  in  such  entry  by  the  denoniinntlnna  and  with  the  characters  and  circumstancea 
according  to  which  such  goods  arc  charged  with  duty  or  maybe  imported,  either  to  be  used  in  the 
IJnileil  Kingdom,  or  to  be  warehoused  for  exportation  only  :  and  any  goods  taken  or  delivered  out  of 
nny  ship,  or  out  of  any  warehouse,  or  for  the  delivery  of  which,  or  (or  any  order  for  the  delivery  of 
which,  from  nny  warehouse,  demand  shall  have  been  made,  not  having  been  duly  entered,  shall  be 
forfeited.  — J  20. 

Ooods  by  M'amher,  Measure,  or  Weight,  S^e. — If  the  goods  in  such  entry  be  charged  to  pay  duty 
according  to  the  number,  measure,  or  weight  thereof,  such  number,  measure,  or  weight  slinll  bt> 
stated  In  the  entry  ;  and  if  the  goods  in  such  entry  be  charged  tn  pay  duty  according  to  the  value 
thereof,  such  value  shall  be  stated  in  the  entry,  and  shall  be  allirmed  by  the  declaration  of  the  Importer 
or  his  known  agent,  written  upon  the  entry,  and  attested  by  his  signature;  and  if  the  goods  in  sucit 
entry  be  chargeable  at  the  opticui  of  the  ollicers  of  customs,  either  according  to  the  number,  measure, 
or  weight  thereof,  or  according  to  the  value  thereof,  then  as  well  such  number,  measure,  or  weight, 
ns  also  such  value,  shall  be  in  like  manner  stated  in  the  entry,  and  attested  ;  and  if  any  person  make 
such  declaration,  not  being  the  Importer  or  proprietor  of  such  goods,  nor  his  agent  duly  authorised  by 
him,  such  person  shall  forfeit  the  sum  of  lOOt. ;  and  such  declaration  shall  be  made  in  manner  and 
form  following,  and  shall  be  binding  upon  the  person  by  or  in  behalf  of  whom  the  same  shall  be  made ; 
(that  is  to  say,) 

"  I  A.  B.  of  [place  ofabode'j  do  hereby  declare,  that  I  am  [the  importer  or  authorised  by  the  importer] 
of  the  goods  contained  in  this  entry,  and  that  I  enter  the  same  [stating  which,  if  part  only]  at  the  sum  of 
.    Witness  my  hand  the day  of . 

Oooda  undereulued,  Officers  may  detain.— \t  upon  examination  it  shall  appear  to  the  offlccrs  of  the 
customs  that  such  goods  are  not  valued  according  to  the  true  value  thereof,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  such 
otficers  to  detain  and  secure  such  goods,  and  (within  5  days  from  the  landing  thereof  if  it  be  in  the 
ports  of  London,  Leith,  or  Dublin,  or  within  7  days  if  in  any  other  port  in  the  United  Kingdom,  or  if  in 
any  port  in  the  Isle  of  Man,)  to  take  such  goods  for  the  use  of  the  Crown  ;  and  if  a  different  rate  of 
duty  shall  he  charged  upon  nny  goods  according  as  the  value  of  the  same  shall  be  described  in  the 
entry  to  he  above  or  to  be  below  any  particular  price  or  sum,  and  such  goods  shall  be  valued  in  tho 
entry  so  ns  to  be  liable  to  the  lower  rate  of  duty,  and  it  shall  appear  to  the  oflicers  of  the  customs  that 
such  goods,  by  reason  of  their  real  value,  are  properly  liable  to  the  higher  rate  of  duty,  it  shall  be 
lawful  for  such  otficers  in  like  manner  to  take  such  goods  for  the  use  of  tlie  Crown  ;  and  the  commis- 
sioners of  his  Majesty's  customs  shall  thereupon  in  any  of  such  cases  cause  the  amount  of  such  valua- 
tion, together  with  an  addition  of  10/.  per  cent,  thereon,  and  also  the  duties  paid  upon  such  entry,  to 
be  paid  to  the  Importer  or  proprietor  of  such  goods  in  full  satisfaction  for  the  same,  and  shall  dispose 
of  such  goods  for  the  benefit  of  the  Crown ;  and  if  the  produce  of  such  sale  shall  exceed  the  sums  so 
paid  and  all  charges  incurred  by  the  Crown,  one  moiety  of  the  overplus  shall  be  given  to  the  officer  or 
officers  who  had  detained  and  taken  the  goods  ;  and  the  money  retained  for  the  benefit  of  the  Crown 
shall  be  paid  into  the  hands  of  the  collector  of  the  customs,  with  tlie  linowledge  of  the  comptroller,  and 
carried  to  accimnt  as  duties  of  customs.  —  (  32. 

East  India  Company  to  sell  Ooods.— The  value  of  goods  imported  by  the  East  India  Company  shall 
be  ascertained  at  the  gross  price  at  which  the  same  shall  have  been  sold  by  auction  at  the  public  sales 
of  the  said  Company ;  and  that  the  said  Company  shall  fairly  and  openly  expose  to  sale  and  cause  to 
be  sold  all  such  goods  so  charged  to  pay  duty  according  to  tlie  value  thereof  by  way  of  public  auction 
in  the  city  of  London,  within  3  years  from  the  importation  thereof,  and  shall  give  due  notice  at  the 
Custom-house  in  London  to  the  officers  appointed  to  attend  such  sales  of  the  time  and  place  thereof. 
—  >23. 

Bill  of  Sigkt  ^f  Ooodt  be  not  known.— If  the  importer  of  any  goods,  or  his  agent  after  full  conference 
with  him,  shall  declare  before  the  collector  or  comptroller  that  he  cannot  for  want  of  full  information 


I 


I 


make  a 

thereof, 

p.irk:ig.. 

thereiipi 

■  III  li  iiii| 

so  l;iri(le 

Whiili  hI 

purport 

sorts  thf 

proviMioi 

reqiiireil 

thiTi'iif.  [| 

shill  bay 

to  l(e  p.iy 

in  virliie 

e\i- I  lb 

sb.'ill  liii  t^ 
witblii  I  I 
tlii-rcoii,  f 
w.ir.'hiiiiH 
siii'h  as  )' 
(•ayinent  o 

-a:,. 

/■:ast  fiiii 
out  iiiakln 
m:iiiiier  as 
also  any  g, 

Cunipanv, 
goodn  wild 
piy  I  be  (III 
if  SIK  ll   g,,| 
tVoiii  the  sa 
or  weight  t 
the  iiiipnrti 
f  iii-h  giiodri 
ctlHtoiii.i  sh: 
been  duly  p 
for  aiiv  (I'tht 
port  oi'  |,,„|, 
•■ioiit  seciiri 
like  con(liii( 
niid  the  payi 
warelioiiHe'  i 
Company  m; 
In  drfiiUi 
aforesaid,  or 
respeciively 
siii-h  gooilH  i 
duti».s,  ((,r  f, 
of  all  charge 
to  the  propri 
(idods  l(ini 
have  been  I; 
parcel  corire 
as  well  all  si 
things  roriiai 
A'ii,«<  I  ml  in 
hands  of  Hi,' 
arcoiinl  of  tl 
said  receivi 
of  the  colliici 
biiii  as  rash.  - 
Ouods  dam 
measure,  or 
during  the  v 
received ;  pri 
or  of  any  otli 
nf^er  the  gooi 
till)  Uniled  Ki 
first  cxaininai 
Officers  to  .. 
tniiis  slinll  the 
tion  of  damaa 
ab.itcnient  of 
importer  be  n 
two  indiirerci 
"ame,  and  sh 
judgment,  sue 
of  the  customi 
by  such  inercl 
A*i»  Mateme 
received  by  ar 
Pi-'ppcr,  ciirrat 
Returned  Oi 
of  any  coiintr' 
from  the  Unitt 
exportation  th 
account  the  sa 
date  of  the  ex| 


J 


IMPORTATION  AND  EXPORTATION. 


K-lthIn  H 
Kdiiilii,  «r 
line  ;  niid 
vny  mi'  h 

|{R(l,Witll 

Ktoniii  to 
KooiU, to 
K  Uii!  line 
coiivcyoii 

•  expireil, 
I!  proiliira 

uvurpUiM, 

nl  of  duty, 
[\w  inklnil 
r  i)r  comp- 
line of  tlio 
iin  wh^nco 
ireli<m»«<ii 
1(1  (luscrlp- 
kiiRcii  con- 
iiiMiburs  of 
!nti')nt'(l  in 
e  cnio  nmy 
pnrticnliira 
lie  nmnliLT 

I  hill  liL-ing 
oe  the  war- 

cBuse  to  be 
etor  or  con- 
lyH,  timt  no 
ciion  of  the 
). 

iny  warrnnt 
he  dcenied 
iih  the  pnr- 
I,  and  in  the 
/  is  required, 

II  have  been 
rcumstanceii 

used  in  the 
ivered  out  of 

•  delivery  of 
ired,  shall  be 

to  pay  duty 
ight  shall  bu 
the  value 
.he  iniporler 
;ood9  in  such 
er,  measure, 
c,  or  weight, 
[jcrson  make 
uihoriaed  by 
manner  and 
all  he  made ; 

the  importer] 
at  the  sum  of 

ifflccrs  of  the 
wful  for  Buch 
'  it  be  in  the 
gdom.or  if  in 
erent  rate  of 
crihed  in  the 
valued  in  the 
customs  that 
ty,  it  shall  be 

the  commis- 
■fsuch  valua- 
uch  entry,  to 

shall  dispose 

the  sums  so 
,  the  officer  or 
of  the  Crown 

iptroller,  and 

!ompany  shall 
le  public  sales 
and  cause  to 
)ublic  auction 
notice  at  the 
place  thereof. 

mU  conference 
11  informatioa 


mako  a  full  pprfnrt  «ntry  of  such  goods,  and  shall  make  and  siilisrrili<>  a  dcrlnrntinn  In  tlip  inifh 
thfrc'if,  II  niinll  he  lawful  for  thu  cnllri  lor  and  rniiiptrolli'r  In  n-ii'ivi'  an  ciilry  by  bill  .  r  miuIiI  ("I'r  llm 
p:\i'k:i|(>'it  or  jmri'flii  of  «uih  uooiN  liy  thr  Ill-Ill  ili'mripilim  ivlilch  run  In-  vivni.  imil  lo  Brum  ii  wiirrnnt 
thiTi'iipun,  in  onli-r  thai  the  saiiii-  may  \w  proviMinnally  laiiilnl,  iiml  mu)  In-  kitii  iiihI  i'ViiiiiikcI  by 
sm  li  iniporler,  in  prenenri'  of  the  propi'r  (ilhiiTH  ;  ami  williJii  ;i  ilam  iillir  any  g  mh|.  uliall  have  liieil 
pii  laiiileil,  the  iinpiirter  Hhall  make  a  full  or  piTlt'il  entry  llnrenf.  ami  Kliall  enlirr  pay  iImw  n  :ill  iliitii'S 
whK'li  Hhall  he  due  and  paynlilv  upon  siirh  koihIm,  or  Hliall  duly  wiiri'lioiise  iIh'  Haine,  ^irinriliiii!  lo  the 
purport  of  Ihn  full  or  perfect  entry  or  untrieH  so  nnide  fur  hihIi  giiiiijn,  or  for  ihe  xi'Vi'ral  parlH  or 
■iirm  thereof:  provided  alwayH,  that  if,  when  full  or  perfei  I  entry  he  at  any  time  iniiile  I'.ir  any  Komls 
provlKlonally  liinned  ns  aforciiaiil  by  hill  ofiiJKh'.,  Hiirh  entry  nliall  nut  he  made  In  manner  lirri'iii-lii'lure 
rei|iiireil  for  the  due  lamliiig  of  gooiU,  mieh  khoiI.h  hIiiII  he  ileenii'il  lo  he  nooilri  lamleil  wllliiinl  ilne  entry 
thereipf,  and  shall  be  siilijeet  lo  the  like  riirreltiire  aerorilinilly  :  priiviileil  aUo,  that  H'aiiy  ^'iiiii  of  money 
sli'iM  have  heeii  depoHiieil  upon  any  entry  hy  lull  of  kikIii,  on  iicniiinl  of  the  iliitle-i  whn  li  may  he  foimil 
to  lie  payalili*  on  the  Kooilii  inlemleil  therein,  it  Hhall  lie  lawful  for  Ihi'  ntlieerK  ol'the  i'iihImiiin  lo  deliver, 
in  virtiii'  of  the  warrant  for  lamllng  the  saiiiu,  any  i|nuiillty  ol  goods  the  duty  on  uhlih  Hhall  not 
cxeeeil  the  mim  so  depoHlted.  —  J  '21. 

(iiiids  In  he  taken  to  Kind's  H'iirehnui>e.—\t\  default  of  perf  Tt  entry  within  such  3  dav»,  cmh  (rood* 
shall  \»:  laken  to  thi;  kind's  warehoiiHi>  hy  the  olliiers  of  the  riisliiniH  ;  and  if  the  lm|iortrr  i<hiill  not, 
williln  I  month  after  sin  h  landinfi,  make  perrett  entry  or  entrji'H  of  siiih  kooiIm,  and  pay  the  iliitie* 
thi'reon,  nr  on  Hiirh  partu  as  ran  be  entered  for  home  n^ie,  toKfilier  with  riiariieH  of  removal  and  of 
warehiiiiHe  rent,  inch  goods  shall  be  sold  for  payment  of  siirh  duties  (or  for  exportation,  if  they  he 
Niii'li  as  eannot  he  entered  for  home  iixe,  or  Hhall  not  he  worth  the  dutn-ii  and  rharucH,)  and  for'tlie 
pavmenlof  siicli  charges  ;  and  the  overpliiH,  if  any,  shall  ho  imid  lo  the  impoitur  ur  proprietor  llierLMif. 

-  i  r,. 

K(i.<r  f'i(/ia  Citmpanv  may  enter  6i/  Bill  of  Sight  —U  shall  he  lawful  for  the  Fast  India  Company,  with- 
out makliiv  the  proof  hereln-hefore  roi|uiri!d,  to  enter  hy  hill  of  Might,  to  he  landed  and  Hernred  in  HUih 
manner  an  the  commissioners  of  IiIh  MaJeHly's  I'ustoins  Hhall  rei|iiire,  any  gooilx  Inported  by  Iheni,  anil 
aUii  any  goods  imported  hy  any  oilier  person  from  places  within  tlie  li'milH  of  the  charter  of  the  Haiil 
Coinpanv,  with  the  consent  of  xnch  person,  upon  conililion  lo  caiiHe  pi-rl'ect  entry  lo  be  made  of  nmh 
goods  within  3  rnonlliH  from  the  date  of  the  importation  thereof,  either  lo  warehouse  the  sainc  or  to 
pay  the  duties  thereon  within  the  linieH  and  in  the  manner  herein-nfter  inenliom-d;  (thai  is  to  say,) 
if  siK'li  g'loils  he  charged  lo  pay  duty  armrding  to  the  value,  then  lo  pay  siirh  duty  williln  t  inontliH 
from  the  sale  of  the  |.'oods  ;  and  if  such  goods  he  cluiiged  to  pay  duty  according  to  the  nninher,  measure, 
or  weiiilit  llierenf,  then  lo  pay  one  moiety  of  such  duties  within  0  calendar  months  from  the  time  of 
the  impnrlalion  of  such  goods,  and  the  other  tnoii.'ty  within  12  calendar  inonlhs  froni  such  time  ;  and 
Fiich  goods  shall  he  secured  in  such  places  and  in  such  manner  as  Ihe  rommissioiii'rs  of  Ins  Majesty's 
cusloms  shall  require,  until  the  same  shall  have  been  duly  entered,  and  the  duties  thereon  shall  have 
been  duly  paid,  or  until  the  same  shall  have  been  duly  exported :  provided  also,  ibat  it  shall  be  lawful 
for  any  other  pirrson  who  shall  have  imported  any  goods  from  places  within  the  said  limits  into  Ihe 
port  of  l.oniloii  ill  like  manner  to  enter  such  goods  hy  hill  of  siL'lil  in  his  own  name,  upon  giving  siiffi- 
rient  secnriiy  hy  bond,  to  the  satisficliiiii  of  the  coniniissinners  of  his  Majesty's  customs,  with  Ihe 
like  cotidiiions  as  are  required  of  the  said  (Nimpany  for  making  perfect  enlries,  and  for  the  securing 
and  the  paying  of  diitieH,  provided  f.nrh  goods  be  entered  hy  such  lull  nf  sight  to  he  warehoused  in  some 
warelionse  uniler  the  siiperinlemleiict!  of  ihi;  said  Company,  and  in  which  goods  impurled  hy  the  said 
Company  may  be  sccur>  d  in  the  manner  before  mentioned.  —  J  '20. 

In  drfmitt  I'lf  Huiiment  of  Duties,  dooih  lo  be  aolit.—h\  default  of  perfect  entry  within  3  months  as 
aforesaid,  or  of  diio  entry  and  payment  of  duty  within  the  limes  and  in  the  manner  herein-before 
respectively  required,  it  siiall  he  lawful  for  Ihe  commissioners  of  his  Majesty's  customs  lo  cause  any 
such  goods  in  n-spect  of  wliich  such  default  shall  have  been  made  to  ho  sold  for  ihe  payment  of  such 
diiln's,  (or  for  exportation,  if  thi'y  ho  such  as  cannot  be  entered  fur  home  use,)  and  for  Ihn  payment 
of  all  charges  incurred  hy  the  Crown  in  respect  uf  such  goods  ;  and  tlie  overplus,  if  any,  shall  be  paid 
to  the  proprietor  thereof  —  i  '27. 

Onodn  taniled  by  Bill  of  Siirht  fraudulently  eowenUd,  forfeited.— y^hp.n  any  package  or  parcel  shall 
have  been  landed  hy  bill  of  sight,  and  any  goods  or  other  things  shall  be  found  in  such  package  or 
parcel  concealed  in  any  way,  or  packed  with  intent  to  deceive  the  officers  of  his  Majesty's  customs, 
as  well  all  such  goods  and  other  things  as  Ihe  package  or  parcel  in  which  they  are  found,  and  all  other 
thiniis  contained  in  such  packacc  or  parcel,  shall  be  forfeited.  —  i  38. 

Kii.it  India  Company  lo  pay  Dutie.n  to  Beeciner-gencral. — The  East  India  Company  shall  pay  into  the 
hands  of  the  receiver- general  of  the  cusloms  every  sum  of  money  due  from  the  said  Company  on 
account  of  the  duties  of  customs  at  the  respective  times  when  the  same  shall  become  due;  and  the 
said  receiver-  general  shall  give  to  the  said  Company  a  recept  for  Ihe  monies  so  paid,  on  the  account 
nf  the  collectur  of  the  customs,  which  receipt,  when  delivered  to  such  collector,  shull  be  received  by 
him  as  cash.  —  {  29. 

Ooodi  damitscd  on  Voyage. — Any  goods  which  are  rated  to  pay  duly  according  to  the  number, 
measure,  or  weight  thereof  (except  certain  goods  herein-after  inenlinned)  shall  receive  damage 
during  the  voyage,  an  abatement  of  such  duties  shall  he  allowed  in  proportion  lo  the  damage  so 
received  ;  provided  proof  be  made  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  commissioners  of  ills  Majesty's  cusloms, 
or  of  any  olhcers  of  customs  acting  therein  under  their  directions,  that  such  damage  was  received 
after  the  goods  were  shipped  abroad  in  the  siiip  importing  the  same,  and  before  they  were  landed  in 
the  United  Kingilnni ;  and  provided  claim  to  such  an  abatement  uf  duties  be  made  at  the  time  of  the 
first  examination  of  such  goods.  —  }  30. 

Officers  to  examine  Damage,  and  state  Proportion,  or  choose  tteo  Merchants. — The  officers  of  the  cus- 
toms shall  thereupon  examine  such  goods  with  reference  to  such  damage,  and  may  slate  the  propor- 
tion of  damage  which,  in  their  opinion,  such  goods  have  so  received,  and  may  make  a  proportionate 
abatement  of  duties;  but  if  Ihe  officers  of  customs  be  incompetent  to  estimate  such  damage,  or  if  the 
importer  he  not  satisfied  with  the  abatement  made  by  them,  the  collector  and  comptroller  shall  choose 
two  indilfercnt  merchants  experienced  in  the  nature  and  value  of  such  goods,  who  shall  examine  the 
same,  and  shall  make  and  subscribe  n  declaration,  stating  in  what  proportion,  according  to  their 
judgment,  such  goods  are  lessened  in  their  value  by  reason  of  such  damage,  and  thereupon  the  officers 
of  the  customs  may  make  an  abatement  uf  the  duties  according  to  the  proportion  of  damage  so  declared 
by  such  tnerchanla.  — {  31. 

^^o  Matement  for  certain  Ooods. — No  abatement  of  duties  shall  be  made  on  account  of  any  damage 
received  by  any  of  the  sorts  of  goods  herein-ancr  enumerated ;  (that  is  to  say,)  cocoa,  cotfee,  oranges, 
pepper,  currants,  raisins,  figs,  tobacco,  lemons,  and  wine.  —  i  32. 

Returned  Ooods — It  shall  be  lawful  to  re-iinport  into  the  United  Kingdom  from  any  place,  in  a  ship 
of  any  country,  any  goods  (except  as  herein-afier  excepted)  which  shall  have  been  legally  exported 
from  the  United  Kingdom,  and  to  enter  the  same  by  bill  of  store,  referring  to  the  entry  outwards,  and 
exportation  thereof,  provided  the  property  in  such  goods  continue  in  the  person  by  whom  or  on  whose 
account  the  same  have  been  exported,  and  that  such  re-impurtation  take  place  within  6  years  from  the 
date  of  the  exportation;  and  if  the  goods  so  returned  be  foreign  goods,  which  had  before  been  legalljr 


IMPORTATION  AND  EXPORTATION.' 


ImporlAd  into  ihn  1Inlti<rt  KInirrlnm,  tbit  mimfl  diitlpii  Rhiill  ho  pnynhl«  th(<r)>nn  ni  wniilil,  nt  lh<!  timo  of 
kiii'li  re-hn|Mirlnliiin,  hi- pnynhio  on  thn  IlkH  (omlii  iindrr  IIia  iinini!  clrninialani'fi  uf  liniHirlntlon  an 
Ihiiiia  iinili>r  whirl)  •iirh  K"'"!*  hnit  hi>i>n  (irlHliinlly  Itiiporli'il.  or  finch  kooiIh  iiiay  h«  wiir«hiiii«i>il  iti  Ihti 
Itkit  i|iio<l«  iiilithl  hH  wiirchiiiiRcil  upon  n  llriit  IniiKirtiillon  ihi-rcnr:  provlitvil  iilWHyii,  that  thn  ii-verHl 
■orlH  orfooilii  i'niiiiii>riili>il  or  ilniirrMii-il  In  thHTiiiiiit  lollowlnn  ahnll  not  h<>  ru-iniptirlfil  Into  lhi<  llnltHil 
KInKihini  lor  hoiiin  iihi-  upon  Ihi;  vroinid  thiil  the  Kiinic  hnd  hi'i<n  li'Volly  cxporti'il  I'roin  tlinni'f,  hnt  Ihut 
Ihr  (iiMii>  kIkiII  hi>  ili't'nii'il  lo  hn  fiiri'lun  irooilii,  wlirthnr  nrlglnnliy  mirh  or  not,  and  ihiill  uliu  bu  deumuil 
lu  be  liii|Mirtud  for  the  Drat  tliiiu  into  the  llnltiid  Kingdom ;  (ihut  la  tu  any,) 


A  Tali'  "f  QoaU  OfOrttd  vMch  may  niil  ht  n-impnrltd  for  Hmu  I'H. 

All  onkIi  f'lr  wlilch  hill  nl  ilitn  unnol  ba  Ixuni  hlinuner  twrrin- 
ftttrr 'lirt*rtp<t,  rirept  «niall  ri  iiui-ititi  ii(  Hii'i^ti  r-hmU  |jyi|H-ritl 
p«rliii-««in  III  iht!  (itiiitniMiitiifri  nt  hit  .M'j<*»tv'i  ciAtnim,  ui-oii 

Iiniur  tn  Oicir  MfKfuiiuu  tliAl  Iha  uuia  aia  Urltiih,  *wl  hiul  nut 
wun  mill — Srcl.  IXi, 


rnm,  ffnVn.  mf%\,  Itnur,  •icl  m«l(,  hnpa,  tnliarrn,  ira. 

C*<nmI«  for  wlDtli  any  tMtuiilv  ttr  any  dr.iwttarli  of  riciia  hud  bM« 
rii-<  ivi-<l  uii  •  iiHT  I'l^u.  uuin*  l»y'«|M*('ial  |ivriiiiu>nit  (if  (he  Cftni- 
II  *. I'll, ft  of  iiii  Mijiii)'!  ctuUiiiw,  Auil  ou  ra|Niyiiicut  ot  auih 
b<iuaty  ur  aucb  ilraM  loi-k. 


Bill  of  Siure,  ^f/  trAi,m  mati  he  laketi  niie.— The  peraon  In  whouo  nnine  nny  uonda  an  rn-lnipnrtpd  wera 
rnii-ri-d  for  •'xpiirtiilliin  nliiill  di'llver  to  thu  aoiirchKr  ut  the  ^lort  ol' rxpurlatlon  nn  I'.tiut  uccouni, 
alxni'd  hy  hiiii,  oniii-  particiilara  oT  aiirli  RooiU,  ritfi'rring  lo  thi>  iM)lry  nnii  clitiirnnrii  oulwnrda  nnd  to 
the  ri'liirn  iiiwarda  of  ilii>  iiaiiii!,  with  tlio  niarka  and  niinihera  of  ihn  parkaifi-a,  liolli  inwnrda  and  oiit- 
warda  ;  and  lliiTi'iipon  lhi>  Rrnrilii'r,  flndiiiK  that  aiich  ((ooda  had  Iiimmi  li'ifally  v\porloil,  ahnll  grant  a 
hill  of  Htoru  fur  Ihi-  aatni! ;  nnd  if  llii!  p<>raon  in  whoaii  naiiio  aiirh  Kiioda  wvrt'  i'nti>r«d  for  <!X|)ortation 
wna  not  tlu!  proprietor  ihi-n-of,  hut  lilHairiMit,  ho  ahnll  di!clur«  nnon  ontli  on  aiirli  hill  of  atorK  tin;  naina 
of  tliR  piTaoii  hy  whom  lii>  wna  vnipliiyi!!!  na  aiich  aviini :  and  if  thn  pi-raoti  to  whom  aiirh  returnrd 
Ifooda  art!  coiixiKiiiMl  ahall  not  be  aiii.h  proprietor  nnd  exportpr,  Iir  ahnll  niaku  and  aiiliarrihe  n  derlnra- 
lion  on  aiirh  hill  of  atorc  of  the  nnmu  of  Ihu  pi^raon  for  wIionu  iiae  aiirli  Kooda  havii  hern  coiialgned  lo 
him;  nnd  the  rent  proprietor,  anrcrlained  to  hit  aiich,  Hliall  innke  and  aiiliricnho  n  di'ilaration  upon 
aiirh  hill  of  atnre,  to  the  idcntily  of  the  Rooda  ao  exported  nnd  ao  returned,  nnd  thnt  he  waa  HI  the  lime 
of  ex|iortnlioii  and  of  ri--iniporlntlon  the  proprietor  of  audi  gooda,  and  Hint  the  aaiiie  had  not  during 
niich  time  hern  Hold  or  diapnaed  of  lo  nny  other  peraon  ;  and  aiicii  declaration  ahall  he  made  before  thii 
rollei'tora  or  coiiiptrolli'rH  nt  the  jmrta  of  e.xporlulioii  and  of  importation  reHpeciivcly  ;  nnd  thereupon 
the  rollertor  and  compirollor  ahall  admit  auch  gouda  to  entry  by  bill  uf  atore,  and  grant  thuir  warrant 
nci-ordinKly— J  31. 

Surplu.i  Storrt  siihjrct  im  Oooili. — The  BurpliiR  stores  of  every  alilp  nrriving  from  pnrta  beyond  the 
aeaa,  in  the  United  Kingdom  or  In  the  lahi  of  Mnn,  ahnll  bu  aiih]ec.t  to  the  annie  diitiea,  nnd  the  aame 
proliibitioiia,  realrictlonn,  nml  regulatioiia,  na  the  like  aortaof  gooda  ahall  be  aubject  to  when  imported 
hy  way  of  merrliniidiKe  ;  but  if  it  ahall  appear  to  the  collector  nnd  comptroller  that  the  qunnlity  or 
deai'riptlon  of  aiirli  alorea  is  not  exreaaivu  or  iniaiiitable,  under  nil  the  rircunitftancea  of  the  voyage,  it 
Nliall  be  Inwful  fur  them  lo  permit  auch  aurpliia  atorea  to  he  entered  f<ir  the  private  use  of  thn  maater, 
puraer,  or  owner  of  hik'Ii  aliip,  or  of  any  pnaaenger  of  auch  ahip  to  wiiom  any  auch  aurplua  atorea  may 
heliuig,  on  payment  of  the  proper  dutiea,  orto  be  warchouHed  for  thu  future  uau  uf  auch  aliip,  although 
the  aame  could  not  be  legally  imported  by  wny  of  merchandiae.— }  35. 

Guiid.i  from  ritinialiong,  i^c— No  goods  ahall  be  entered  as  being  of  or  from  nny  Dritiah  poaaession 
in  Aniericu  (if  any  be iieflt  attach  to  such  distinction)  unless  the  maater  of  t lie  ahip  importing  the  aniim 
ahnll  have  delivered  lo  the  collector  or  ctwiiptroller  a  certificate,  under  the  hand  of  tiie  proper  olficer 
of  the  place  where  aiicli  gooda  were  taken  un  board,  uf  the  due  clearance  of  aucb  ahip  from  thence, 
containing  an  account  of  auch  goods.—}  3A, 

Certificate  of  Growth  of  Siijrar,  Coffee,  Cocoa,  Spirits,  from  Planttilions. — Before  nny  sugar,  coffee, 
cocoa,  or  apirits  shall  be  entered  as  being  of  the  produce  of  some  Uritiah  posaesaion  in  America,  or  the 
Inland  of  Mauritius,  the  master  of  the  ahip  Importing  the  same  shall  deliver  to  the  collector  or  conip' 
troller  a  cerlilicatc,  under  the  linnd  of  the  proper  officer  of  the  place  where  such  goods  were  taken  on 
bonrd,  testifying  that  proof  had  been  made  in  manner  required  by  law  thnt  such  goods  are  of  the 
produce  of  some  Uriliah  possession  in  America,  or  of  the  Island  of  Mauritius,  stating  the  name  of  the 
place  where  such  goods  were  produced,  and  the  qunntity  and  i|uality  of  the  gooda,  nnd  tlio  number 
and  denomination  ul  the  packages  containing  the  same,  and  the  name  of  the  ahip  in  which  they  are 
laden,  and  of  the  master  thereof;  and  such  master  shall  also  make  and  subscribe  a  declaration  before 
the  collector  or  comptroller,  that  such  cerliflcate  was  received  by  him  at  the  place  where  such  goods 
were  taken  on  hoard,  and  tjiat  the  goods  so  imported  nre  the  same  as  are  mentioned  therein. — i  37. 

Certificate  of  Sugar  from  Limits  of  Charter.— lle(otc  any  sugar  shall  be  entered  as  being  the  produce 
of  any  British  possession  within  the  limits  of  the  East  India  Company's  cliarter,  the  master  of  the 
ship  importing  the  same  shall  deliver  to  the  collector  or  comptroller  a  certificate  under  the  hand  and 
seal  of  the  proper  officer  at  the  pince  where  such  sugar  was  taken  on  board,  testifying  that  oath  had 
been  made  before  him,  by  the  shipper  of  such  sugar,  that  the  same  was  really  and  honAfitle  the  produce 
of  such  British  posseasion  ;  and  such  master  shall  also  make  and  subscribe  a  declaration  before  the 
collector  or  comptroller,  that  such  certificate  was  received  by  him  at  the  place  where  such  sugar  was 
taken  on  bonrd,  and  that  the  sugar  so  imported  is  the  same  as  is  mentioned  therein.— }  38. 

Certificate  of  IVine,  Proiluce  of  Cape  of  Good  //oj»«.— Before  any  wine  shall  be  entered  as  being  the 
produce  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  the  master  of  the  ship  importing  the  same  shall  deliver  to  the 
collector  or  comptroller  a  certificate  under  the  hand  of  the  proper  officer  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
testifying  that  proof  had  been  mode,  in  manner  reipiircd  by  law,  that  such  wine  is  of  the  produce  of 
ihe  Cape  of  Good  Hope  or  the  dependencies  thereof,  stating  the  quantity  and  sort  of  such  wine,  and 
the  number  and  denomination  of  the  packages  containing  the  same ;  and  such  master  shall  also  make 
and  subscribe  a  declaration  before  the  collector  or  comptroller,  that  such  certificate  was  received  by 
bimat  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  that  the  wine  so  imported  is  the  same  as  is  mentioned  therein. — }3d. 

Goods  of  Guernsey,  Jersey,  *c.— It  shall  be  lawful  to  import  into  the  United  Kinpdom  any  goods  of 
the  produce  or  manufacture  of  the  islands  of  Guernsey,  Jersey,  Alderney,  Sark,  or  Man,  from  the  said 
islands  respectively,  without  payment  of  any  duty  (except  in  the  cases  herein-after  mentioned) ;  and 
such  goods  shall  not  be  deemed  to  be  included  in  any  charge  of  duties  imposed  by  any  act  hereaiier  to 
be  made  on  the  importation  of  goods  generally  from  parts  beyond  the  seas :  provided  always,  that  such 
goods  may  nevertheless  be  charged  with  any  proportion  of  such  duties  as  shall  fairly  countervail  any 
duties  of  excise,  or  any  coast  duty,  payable  on  the  like  gooda  the  produce  of  the  part  of  the  United 
Kingdom  into  which  they  shall  be  imported:  provided  also,  that  such  exemption  from  duty  shall  not 
extend  to  any  manufactures  of  the  said  islands  made  from  materials  the  produce  of  any  foreign  country, 
except  manufactures  of  linen  and  cotton  made  in  and  imported  from  the  Isle  of  Man.— {  40. 

Master  to  deliver  Certificate  of  Produce,  and  declare  to  Certificate. — Before  any  goods  shall  be  entered 
as  being  the  produce  of  the  said  islands  (if  any  beneflt  attach  to  such  distinction),  the  master  of  the 
ship  or  vessel  importing  the  same  shall  deliver  to  the  collector  or  comptroller  a  certificate  from  the 
governor,  lieutenant-governor,  or  commander-in-chief  of  the  island  from  whence  such  goods  were 
imported,  that  proof  had  been  made,  in  manner  required  by  law,  that  such  goods  were  of  the  produce 
of  such  island,  stating  the  quantity  and  quality  of  the  goods,  and  the  number  and  denomination  of  the 
packages  containing  the  same ;  and  such  master  shall  also  make  and  subscribe  a  declaration  before 


th«  enltftri 

Were  lake 

7'rtanir 

lawful  for 

to  perinil 

Iwivo  been 

Imported  I 

the  said  ri 

Ing  — ;  43. 

yii/flt  I 

from  Giier 

be  liable  ii 

House  of  I 

fV«A,  Br 

every  kind 

taken  or 

Imported  i 

in  any  chn 

provided  a 

curing,  the 

Collector  01 

Ihe  crews  i 

Cerlifirai 

oil,  head  in 

sea  taken  ( 

domlniona, 

ahnll  dellvi 

liritiah  poa 

a  cerlificnti 

had  been  ir 

fish  or  cren 

Inw;  and  a 

that  auch  ci 

that  Ihn  got 

alao  make  t 

the  beat  of 

taken  whol 

Before  cm 

Before  any 

liahery,  slia 

wholly  by  I 

Guernsey,  J 

and  siibHcril 

shnll  make  i 

sea  taken  ai 

ship)  cleare 

Hark,  or  Ma 

Blubber  fr 

be  lawful  U| 

doni  with  a 

Importers  tb 

Inspection  o 

and  the  diiti 

same  come  t 

-}47. 

Importatio'i 

be  imported 

either  as  the 

place.—}  48. 

Salvor  mail 

property  linb 

been  awarde 

or  agreed  to  I 

same,  to  sell 

or  such  other 

tion  of  any  si 

comniissionei 

sioners  are  hi 

payment  of  a 

amount  of  su 

always,  that  i 

sioners  as  to  I 

salvor  to  refe 

High  Court  ol 

court  shall  ha 

foreign  Goi 

Jetsam,  flotsa 

at  all  times  be 

respectively  a 

pnyable,  any  i 

of  the  growth 

shall  upon  inv 

are  entitled  to 

ditions  as  the 

cannot  be  sold 

other  person  e 

be  liable  to  nn 

Persons  havt 

shall  have  pos 

shall  not  give : 


IMPORTATION  AND  EXPORTATION. 


lilt  lime  of 
«irlHtli)n  an 
iikmI  III  Ihn 
th»  ii'verMl 
I  llii>  UntlHil 
ii'c,  Imt  Itiut 
J  bu  deeiueil 


imA]in#r  h«i»in- 

f'Mllt.  tiy  t|MTItl 

nil,  aul  h*il  nul 


ported  wera 
lu't  urcount, 
/nril«  mill  to 
riU  unil  oiit- 
hitll  Rrniil  a 
■  I'ximrullon 
iFK  lh«  niiina 
irli  rt'HirnpJ 
III!  n  ilni'lnra- 
c'liiiiilKiieil  in 
iriktiiin  upon 
iH  nt  the  tlnie 
111  not  iliirliiR 
iIb  liitforu  thii 
ml  thi!r«iipoii 
huir  warrant 

M  bpyonil  lh« 
anil  thR  Name 
hull  iniporteil 
ic  i|iinntily  or 
ihi)  voyage,  It 
if  tho  matter, 
118  stornii  may 
ship,  although 

gh  poiseiilon 
tinv  the  vanie 
proper  orticer 
)  from  thence, 

migar,  coffee, 
iiierica,  or  the 
■clor  or  conip- 
voro  taken  on 
iiIm  are  of  the 
c  name  of  the 
il  the  number 
liii'h  they  are 
a  rat  ion  before 
e  Buch  goods 
■rein.— J  37. 
ig  the  produce 
master  of  the 
the  hand  and 
that  oath  hud 
(U  the  produce 
on  before  the 
ich  sugar  waa 
38. 

■d  afl  being  the 

deliver  to  the 

)f  Oood  Hope, 

Jie  produce  of 

nch  wine,  and 

liall  also  make 

iccived  by 

therein.— }  39. 

any  goods  of 

_  from  the  said 

ntinned)  ;  and 

cl  hereafter  to 

ays,  that  such 

luniervail  any 

of  the  United 

duty  shall  not 

reign  country, 

I  40. 

lall  be  entered 
master  of  the 
cate  from  the 
;h  goods  were 
of  the  produce 
linatlonofthe 
iration  before 


the  collflflor  or  romplrolli-r,  that  surh  rertiflralft  W8«  riTolvcd  by  him  nt  thn  plarf  whi'rf  mirh  gnodt 
W)>r«  takrn  on  lionril,  and  that  the  goods  so  linpiirtiMl  urn  Ihi'  aniiu!  na  iiin  nii'iilloneil  Ihrreln— f  41. 

7'reinury  may  ptrviit  Prgilure  nf  Colonial  h'ukirtrt  to  be  imporltil  from  'iiitrntfy,  Jj-r.  — Il  shnll  b« 
lawful  for  thit  l.ords  Coinmlmiloiieri  of  his  Miijeity's  TriMimiry,  when  ami  mi  Imig  nt  Ihry  ■hiill  tee  III, 
to  permit  nny  good*  the  prniluce  of  ihti  llrltUh  iHmaeiialonH  or  tiaherles  In  Nurlh  Anierlin,  whirh  ilmli 
Ivive  liei-n  leiinlly  Iniporleil  Into  the  Inland*  of  (Jiierniiey  or  Jenoy,  dlrerl  from  mirli  |ioii!ieiii>lon*,  lo  be 
imported  Into  the  lliiitnd  Kingdom  for  lioiiie  utii  direct  from  tlioitn  Isliiiiilii,  iimlcr  iiui'li  regiiliitioni  ■■ 
the  taid  roiiimliaiunurs  shall  direct,  any  thing  In  tho  law  uf  navigation  to  the  rontrnry  iiolwillistand- 
lag  -*  H. 

yimrh  teitk  Slant  from  Gutrn»ty,  S[r.  not  to  he  piloted  —No  vennel  nrrivins  on  the  roa«t  of  England 
from  (iiiernsey,  Jemey,  Alderney,  Hark,  or  Miin,  wholly  hiileii  with  Htoiie  the  proiliiriuin  I  hereof,  nlmll 
lie  liable  to  be  rondiicled  or  piloted  by  pilots  appointed  and  lirenned  by  Hie  eorponilion  of  Ihi!  Trinity 
lloiiSK  of  Deptl'iird  Htronil,  any  law,  riistom,  or  iiniiKe  to  the  I'onlrnry  notwlllmliindlng  — )  4.'!. 

fiih,  Brillth  taking  and  turtng,  and  l.nbutert  and  Turboln,  free  nf  Ituly  on  ImpurliilioD.—  l'fvuh  flnh  of 
every  kind  of  lirllisri  taking,  and  imporled  in  llritiiih  kIiIjis,  nnd  I'reiih  iobiiU'rii  anil  liirlMiis,  however 
taken  or  In  wlinlever  ship  Imported,  and  cured  fish  or  every  kind,  of  llrilliih  liikiiiE  nnd  nirlng, 
Imported  in  Hrilish  ships,  Hliall  be  Imporled  free  of  all  diitieH,  nnd  Hhiill  not  be  deemed  lo  be  inrliiileij 
in  any  clinrge  of  duty  imposed  by  nny  act  herenfler  to  be  iniiili'  on  ilie  ImpMrtiillon  of  unoils  iienerally  : 
provided  always,  that  before  any  cured  Huh  slinll  be  entered  free  of  duty,  iis  being  of  nihIi  taking  and 
curing,  the  master  of  the  ship  Importing  the  same  shall  make  and  sulmi-ribn  a  derliirntlon  before  the 
collector  or  comptroller,  thai  such  Huh  was  actually  caught  and  taken  in  Uritlsh  ships,  and  cured  by 
the  crews  of  such  ships,  or  by  his  Majesty's  subjerls.— J  44. 

Ctrt\fieale  nf  BMbir,  Train  Oil,  if'c.  Hri'inh  rnlunini  taking.— iMnre  any  blubber,  train  oil,  spermaceti 
oil,  head  matter,  or  whale  tins,  shall  be  entered  as  being  tiie  produce  of  tiah  or  creatures  living  In  thn 
sea  taken  and  caught  wholly  by  his  Majesty's  suhjerts  usually  residing  In  some  part  of  his  Majesty's 
dominions,  and  imported  from  soinc  llritiHli  posseHsion,  the  iiiNster  of  the  xhip  iniporting  Ihe  same 
Mliall  deliver  to  the  collector  or  comptroller  a  curtiDcate  under  Hie  hnnil  of  the  proper  ollli  er  of  such 
lirltisli  possession  where  such  goods  were  taken  on  board,  (or  if  no  hiicIi  ollirer  be  residing  there,  tlicn 
a  certiflcale  under  the  hands  of  two  principal  inhabitants  at  the  place  of  shipment,)  notifying  that  oath 
had  been  made  before  him  or  them,  by  the  shipper  of  such  gooilM,  that  the  Nuniu  were  the  produce  of 
fish  or  creatures  living  in  the  sea  tnken  wholly  by  llritlHli  vessels  owned  nnd  navlKated  according  to 
law;  and  such  master  shall  also  make  and  subscribe  a  declaration  before  the  collector  or  comptroller, 
that  such  certihcate  was  received  by  him  at  the  place  where  such  goods  were  taken  on  board,  and 
that  thn  goods  so  Imported  ore  the  same  as  mentioned  therein  i  and  the  Importer  of  such  goods  shall 
also  make  and  subscribe  a  declaration  before  the  collector  or  comptroller,  at  the  time  of  entry,  that  to 
the  best  of  his  knowledge  and  belief  tho  same  were  the  produce  of  fish  or  creatures  living  in  the  leu 
taken  wholly  by  llritisli  vessels  in  manner  at'oresnid.— }  4.^. 

Before  entry  of  Blubber,  i1(-c.  <>/  British  JUIiing,  Master  and  Importer  to  make  Deelaration  of  Ihe  same. — 
Defore  any  blubber,  train  oil,  spermaceti  oil,  head  matter,  or  whale  tins,  imporled  direct  from  the 
fishery,  shall  be  entered  as  being  the  produce  of  fish  or  creatures  living  in  the  sea  taken  and  caught 
wholly  by  the  crews  of  ships  cleared  out  from  the  United  Kingdom,  or  from  one  of  the  Inlanils  of 
Guernsey,  Jersey,  Alderney,  8ark,  or  Man,  the  master  of  Ihe  ship  inipnrllng  such  goods  shall  make 
nnd  subscribe  a  dei'luratlon,  and  the  importer  of  sinli  gomls  (lo  the  beet  of  Ins  knowledce  and  belief) 
shall  make  and  subscribe  a  declaration,  that  the  same  are  the  produce  of  fish  or  creatures  living  in  the 
sea  tnken  and  caught  wholly  by  the  crew  of  such  ship,  or  by  tlie  crew  of  some  other  sliip  (naiiiiiig  the 
■hip)  cleared  out  from  the  United  Kingdom,  or  from  one  c-f  the  islands  of  Guernsey,  Jersey,  Alderney, 
Hark,  or  Man  (stating  which).— $  46. 

Blubber  from  Greenland  may  be  boiled,  and  entered  at  Oil  imported,  and  be  eiported  at  iiieh.—\t  shall 
be  lawful  upon  tho  return  of  any  ship  from  the  Urccnland  seas  or  Unvis's  Htraits  to  the  United  King- 
dom with  any  blubber,  being  the  produce  of  whales  or  other  creatures  living  in  the  sen,  for  the 
importers  thereof  to  cause  the  same  to  be  boiled  into  oil  at  the  port  of  importation,  under  the  care  and 
inspection  of  the  proper  officers  of  tho  customs ;  and  the  oil  so  produced  shall  be  admitted  to  entry, 
and  the  duties  be  paid  thernon,  as  If  imported  in  that  state,  and  such  oil  siiall  not  afterwards,  if  the 
same  come  to  be  exported,  be  subject  lo  duty  uf  exportation  as  a  manufacture  of  the  United  Kingdom. 
—J  47. 

Importation  direct.— Tio  goods  shall  be  deemed  to  be  imported  from  nny  particular  place  unless  they 
be  imported  direct  from  such  place,  and  shall  have  been  there  laden  on  board  the  importing  ship, 
either  as  the  flrst  shipment  of  such  goods,  or  after  tlie  same  shall  have  been  actually  landed  ut  lucli 
place.—}  48. 

Salvor  may  tell  Goods  svficient  to  defray  Salvage.— It  shall  be  lawful  for  the  owner  or  snivnr  of  nny 
property  liable  to  the  payment  of  duly  saved  from  sea,  and  in  respect  of  which  any  sum  shall  have 
been  awarded  under  any  law  at  the  time  in  force, or  in  respect  uf  wliicli  nny  sum  shall  have  been  paid 
or  agreed  to  be  paid  by  the  owner  thereof  or  his  agent,  to  the  salvors,  to  defray  the  salvnge  of^the 
same,  to  sell  so  much  of  the  property  so  saved  as  will  be  suHicient  to  defray  the 'salvage  so  awarded, 
or  such  other  sum  so  paid  or  agreed  to  bo  paid  ;  and  upon  the  production  of  an  award  made  in  execu- 
tion of  any  such  law  to  the  commissioners  of  customs,  or  upon  proof  to  tho  satisfaction  of  the  said 
commissioners  that  such  sum  of  money  has  been  paid,  or  has  been  agreed  to  be  paid,  the  said  commis- 
sioners are  hereby  empowered  and  required  to  allow  the  sale  of  such  property  aforesaid,  free  from  the 
payment  of  all  duties,  to  the  amount  of  such  sum  so  awarded,  paid,  or  agreed  lo  be  paid,  or  to  the 
amount  of  such  other  sum  as  to  tho  said  commissioners  shall  seem  Just  and  reasonable:  provided 
always,  that  if  such  owner  or  salvor  shall  be  dissatisfied  with  any  determination  of  the  said  commis- 
sioners as  to  the  amount  of  such  property  to  be  sold  duty  free,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  such  owner  or 
salvor  to  refer  any  such  determination  of  the  said  commissioners  to  tlie  judgment  and  revision  of  the 
High  Court  of  Admiralty ;  and  in  that  case  such  sale  shall  be  suspended  until  the  decision  of  such 
court  shall  have  been  had  thereon. — }  49. 

Foreign  Goods  derelict,  Sfc.  to  be  subject  to  same  Duties  as  on  Importation. — All  foreign  goods,  derelict, 
jetsam,  flotsam,  and  wreck,  brought  or  coming  into  the  United  Kingdom  or  into  the  Isle  of  Man,  shall 
at  all  times  be  subject  to  the  same  duties  as  goods  of  the  like  kind  imported  into  the  United  Kingdom 
respectively  arc  subject  to:  provided  always,  tliat  if,  for  ascertaining  the  proper  amount  of  duty  so 
payable,  any  question  shall  arise  as  to  the  origin  of  any  such  goods,  the  same  shall  be  deemed  to  be 
of  the  growth,  produce,  or  manufacture  of  such  country  or  place  as  the  commissioners  of  customs 
shall  upon  investigation  by  them  determine :  provided  also,  that  if  any  such  goods  be  of  such  sorts  as 
are  entitled  to  allowance  for  damage,  such  allowance  shall  be  made  under  such  regulations  and  con- 
ditions as  the  said  commissioners  shall  from  time  to  time  direct :  provided  also,  that  all  such  goods  as 
cannot  be  sold  for  the  amount  of  duty  due  thereon  shall  be  delivered  over  to  the  lord  of  the  manor  or 
other  person  entitled  to  receive  the  same,  and  shall  be  deemed  to  be  uncnumerated  goods,  and  shall 
be  liable  to  and  be  charged  with  duty  accordingly. — }  50. 

Persons  having  such  Goods  in  Possession,  without  JVotice,  liable  to  a  Penalty  of  lOOl. — If  nny  person 
shall  have  possession  of  any  such  goods,  either  on  land  or  within  any  port  in  the  United  Kingdom,  and 
(ball  not  give  notice  thereof  to  the  proper  officer  of  tlie  custoina  witliiu  %i  hours  after  such  pusseBsiuu, 

S 


f 


10 


IMPORTATION  AND  EXPORTATION. 


or  shnll  not  on  demand  pay  the  diitica  due  thereon,  or  deliver  the  Bnme  into  (he  custody  of  tlie  proper 
officer  of  the  ciistomn,  Hiich  person  shall  forfeit  the  gum  of  101)/. ;  and  if  any  person  shnll  remove  or 
alter  in  quantity  or  quality  any  such  i{oods,  or  shall  open  or  alter  any  package  containing  any  such 
goods,  or  shall  cause  any  such  act  to  be  done,  or  assist  therein,  before  such  goods  shall  be  deposited 
in  a  warehouse  in  the  custody  of  the  officers  of  the  customs,  every  such  person  shall  forfeit  the  sum 
of  lOOJ. ;  and  in  defiiult  of  the  payment  of  the  duties  on  such  goods  within  18  months  from  the  lime 
when  the  same  were  so  deposited,  the  same  may  be  sold  in  like  manner  and  for  the  like  purposes  as 
goods  imported  may  in  such  default  be  sold  :  provided  always,  that  any  lord  of  the  manor  having  by 
law  just  claim  to  such  goods,  or  if  there  he  no  such  lord  of  the  manor,  then  the  person  having  posses- 
sion of  the  s!inie,  shall  be  at  liberty  to  retain  the  same  in  his  own  custody,  giving  bond,  withSsiitKcicnt 
sureties,  to  be  approved  by  the  proper  ollicer  of  the  customs,  in  treble  the  value  of  siioh  goods,  for  the 
payment  of  the  duties  thereon  at  tlie  end  of  1  year  and  1  day,  or  to  deliver  such  goods  to  the  proper 
officer  of  the  customs  in  the  same  state  and  condition  as  the  same  were  in  at  the  time  of  taking  pos- 
session thereof. — J  51. 

Oiiods  umlcr  Eirise  Permit  Regnlationn. — No  goods  which  are  subject  to  any  regulations  of  excise 
shall  be  taken  or  delivered  out  of  the  charge  of  tlie  officers  of  customs,  (although  the  same  may  have 
been  duly  entered  with  them,  and  the  full  duties  due  thereon  may  have  been  paid,)  until  such  goods  shall 
also  have  been  duly  entered  with  the  officers  of  excise,  and  permit  granted  by  them  for  delivery  of 
the  same,  nor  unless  such  permit  shall  correspond  in  all  particulars  with  the  worrant  of  the  officers 
of  the  customs  :  provided  always,  that  such  entry  shall  not  be  received  l)y  the  officers  of  the  e.xcise, 
nor  such  permit  granted  by  them,  until  a  certihcate  shall  have  been  produced  to  them  of  the  particu- 
lars of  the  goods,  and  of  the  warrant  for  the  same,  under  the  hand  of  the  officers  of  the  customs  who 
shall  have  the  charge  of  the  goods  :  provided  also,  that  if  upon  any  occasion  it  shall  appear  necessary, 
it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  proper  officers  of  e.^iciae  to  attend  the  delivery  of  such  goodn  by  the  officers 
of  the  customs,  and  to  require  that  such  goods  shall  be  delivered  only  in  their  presence  ;  and  it  shall 
be  lawful  for  such  officers  of  excise  to  count,  measure,  gauge,  or  weigh  any  such  goods,  and  fully  to 
examine  the  same,  and  to  proceed  in  all  respects  relating  to  such  goods  in  such  manner  as  they  shall 
be  authorised  or  required  by  any  act  for  the  time  being  in  force  relating  to  the  excise. — }  bl. 

Commissioners  of  Customs  may  direct  certain  Goods  to  be  stamped. — The  commissioners  of  customs  are 
hereby  authorised,  ofler  any  goods  have  been  entered  at  the  Custom-house,  and  before  the  same  shall 
be  discharged  by  the  oliicers,  and  delivered  into  the  custody  of  the  importer  or  liis  agent,  to  mark  or 
stamp  such  goods  in  such  manner  and  form  as  they  nay  deem  fit  and  proper  for  the  security  of  the 
revciiue,  and  by  such  officer  as  they  shall  direct  and  oppoint  for  that  purpose. — }  53. 

Orders  for  stamping  Ooods  to  ie  published. — Every  order  made  by  the  said  commissioners  of  his 
Majesty's  customs  in  respect  of  marking  or  stamping  any  goods  shall  be  published  in  the  London  Oa- 
lette  and  Dublin  Oazette — }  54. 

Penulty'iQGl.  on  forging  such  Stamps. — If  any  person  or  persons  shall  at  anytime  forge  or  counterfeit 
any  mark  or  stamp  to  resemble  any  mark  or  stamp  which  shall  be  provided  and  used  for  the  purposes 
of  this  act,  or  shall  forge  or  counterfeit  the  impression  of  any  such  mark  or  stamp,  or  shall  sell  or 
expose  to  sale,  or  have  in  his,  her,  or  their  custody  or  possession,  any  goods  with  a  counterfeit  mark 
or  stamp,  knowing  the  same  to  be  counterfeit,  or  shall  use  or  affix  any  such  mark  or  stamp  to  any 
other  goods  required  to  be  stamped  as  aforesaid  other  than  that  to  which  the  same  was  originally 
affixed,  all  and  every  such  offender  or  offenders,  and  his,  her,  or  their  aiders,  abettors,  and  assistants, 
shall  for  every  such  ofl'ence  forfeit  and  pay  the  sum  of  200/. — }55. 

Tiiiie.'i  and  Places  for  landing  Goods. — No  goods  whatever  (e.vcopt  diamonds,  bullion,  fresh  fish  of 
Dritlsh  taking  and  impr.rtcd  in  liritish  ships,  and  tiirbots  and  lobsters,)  shall  he  unshipped  from  any 
ship  arriving  from  parts  beyond  the  seas,  or  landed  or  put  on  shore,  but  only  on  days  not  being  Sun- 
days or  holidays,  and  in  the  day-time,  (that  is  to  say,)  from  the  first  day  of  September  until  tlie  last 
day  of  March  between  sun- rising  and  sun-setting,  and  from  the  last  day  of  March  to  the  first  day  of 
Seiitember  between  the  hours  of  7  o'clock  in  tlie  morning  and  4  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  ;  nor  shall 
any  goods,  except  as  aforesaid,  be  so  unshipped  or  landed  unless  in  the  presence  or  with  the  authority 
of  the  proper  officer  of  the  customs;  and  such  goods,e.xcept  as  aforesaid,  shall  be  landed  at  one  of  the 
legal  quays  appointed  by  his  Majesty  for  the  landing  of  goods,  or  at  some  wharf,  quay,  or  place 
appointed  by  the  commissioners  of  the  customs  for  the  landing  of  goods  by  sufferance;  and  no  goods, 
except  as  aforesaid,  after  having  been  unshipped  shall  be  transhipped,  or'aAer  having  been  put  into 
any  boat  or  craft  to  be  landed  shall  be  removed  into  any  otlier  boat  or  craft  previously  to  their  being 
duly  landed,  without  the  permission  or  authority  of  the  proper  officer  of  the  customs. — J  56. 

Ooods  to  be  unshipped,  *c.  ot  the  Expense  of  Importer. — The  unshipping,  carrying,  and  landing  of  all 
goods,  and  the  bringingof  the  same  to  the  jiroper  place  after  landing,  for  examination  or  for  weighing, 
uiiil  the  putting  of  the  same  into  the  scales,  and  tlie  taking  of  the  same  out  of  and  from  the  scales  after 
weichins,  shall  be  performed  by  or  at  the  expense  of  the  importer. — }  57. 

Prnlnhiiions  and  Hestrictions  absolute  or  modified. — The  several  sorts  of  goods  enumerated  or  described 
In  the  Table  following,  denominated  "A  l.i'-le  of  Prohibitions  and  Restrictions  inwards,"  shall  either 
be  absolutely  prohibited  to  be  imported  into  the  United  Kingdom,  or  sliall  be  imported  only  under  the 
restrictions  mentioned  in  such  Table,  c.i:cording  as  the  several  sorts  of  such  goods  are  respectively  set 
forth  therein ;  (that  is  to  say,) 

A  Table  of  PnoiiiniTioNs  and  Restbictions  iNwAnDs. 


M  List  of  Goods  absolutely 

Amu,  ammunition,  and  utensils  of  war,  by  way  of  merchandise, 
except  l>y  licence  from  his  Majesty,  for  furni:»hing  Itis  Mijes- 
ty*s  public  stores  only. 

Beef,  fresh  or  conieit  or  slightly  salted. 

iiooks;  viz.  tirat  cont|x,9ed  or  written  or  printed  in  the  United 
Kinicilniii,  and  printed  or  reprinted  in  any  other  country, 
imported  for  sale,  except  books  not  reprinted  in  the  Unitei 
Kingiloni  within  20  years;  or  l)eing  p.irts  of  colleclions, 
the  greater  parts  of  which  liad  been  composed  or  written 
abntad. 

Cattle,  great. 

Clocks  and  watches  of  any  metal,  impressed  with  any  mark  or  stamp 
appearing  to  be  or  to  represent  any  legal  British  assay  mark 
or  stamp,  or  pur))orling  by  any  mark  or  appearance  to  be  of 
the  manufacture  of  the  United  Kitigdom,  or  not  having  the 
liame  and  place  of  abode  of  some  foreign  maker  abrxjad  visible 


prohibited  to  be  imported. 

on  the  frame  and  also  on  the  face,  or  not  being  in  a  complete 

state,  with  all  ihe  parts  properly  tixed  in  the  case. 
Coin;  viz.  I'alse  money,  or  cnuuteifeit  sterling. 

silver,  f.f  the  'fal'm,  or  any  money  pur|K)rting  to  be  such,  not 

beins[  of  the  established  standard 'in  weight  or  fineness. 
Fish  of  foreign  taking  or  curing,  or  in  foreign  vessels;  except  turbots 

and  I'ujcters,  stock-fish,  live  eels,  anchovies,  sturgeon,  botargo, 

and  caviare. 
Gunpowder;  except  by  licence  fmm  bis  Majesty,  such  licence  to  t>e 

granted  for  the  funiishiiig  his  Majeitty's  stores  only. 
I.amh,  malt,  nmtloii,  pork  (fresh  or  corned  or  slightly  salted),  sheep* 
Snuft  work. 

Spirits  from  Ihe  Isle  of  Man. 
Swine. 

Tobacco  stalks  stripped  from  Ihe  leaf,  whether  manufactured  or  not 
Tobacco  stalk  flour. 


List  of  Ooods  subject  to  certain  Restrictions  on  Importation. 


China,  goods  from,  unless  by  the  East  InHia  Company,  aud  into  the 
port  of  I.oiidnn,  during  the  continuance  of  their  exclusive 
privileges  of  trade/' 

fcut  India  ;  goods  of  places  within  the  limits  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany's charter,  unless  into  such  ports  as  shall  be  approved  of 
ly  the  Lords  of  the  Treasury,  and  declared  by  order  in  council 
to  be  fil  and  proper  for  lucb  importation. 


Gloves  of  tealherj  unless  in  ships  of  70  tons  or  upwards,  and  in  paok* 

ages  contaming  100  dozen  (lairs  of  such  gloves. 
Hides,  skins,  horns,  or  hoofs,  or  any  other  part  of  cattle  or  beast,  hia 

Majesty  may  tiy  order  in  council  prohibit,  in  order  to  prevent 

any  contagious  distemper. 
Parts  of  articles;  viz.  any  distinct  or  separate  part  of  any  article  not 

acconip.aoied  by  the  other  part  or  all  Ibe  other  parti  of  sudi 


I 


« 


IMPORTATION  AND  EXPORTATION. 


11 


tlie  proper 
remove  or 
i;  any  such 
I  deposited 
L'it  the  sum 
Ti  the  time 
lUrposes  as 
havinR  by 
ing  poxses- 
i2siitticicnt 
ods,  for  the 
the  proper 
laking  pos- 
ts of  excise 
e  may  liave 
I  goods  shall 
delivery  of 
the  officers 
■  the  excise, 
Ihe  particu- 
ustoms  who 
r  necessary, 
the  oHicers 
and  it  shall 
and  fully  to 
IS  they  shall 

sa. 

customs  are 
e  same  shall 
,  to  mark  or 
curity  of  the 

oners  of  his 
I  London  Oa- 

)r  counterfeit 
the  purposes 
r  shall  sell  or 
iterfeit  mark 
stamp  to  any 
,iis  originally 
nd  assistants, 

fresh  fish  of 
ped  from  any 
)t  being  Sun- 
until  tlie  last 
le  first  day  of 
on ;  nor  shall 
the  authority 
I  at  one  of  the 
uay,  or  place 
and  no  goods, 
been  put  into 
1(1  their  being 
I  56. 

landing  of  all 
for  weighing, 
»e  scales  after 

I  or  deicribed 
shall  either 
(\\y  under  the 
espectively  set 


leing  in  a  complete 
the  caw. 

in(?  to  be  such,  not 
:  or  fineuesi. 
iseU;  except  turboU 
slurgeoii,  bolargo, 

,  such  licence  to  be 

[ires  only. 

■htly  sailed),  «he«p. 


auufactured  or  not 


iwarils,  and  in  pack' 

oves. 

if  cattle  or  be«l,  niJ 

,  in  onler  to  prevent 

irl  of  any  article  not 
other  parti  of  tucb 


article,  no  at  to  be  complete  and  perfect,  if  nch  article  be  lub- 
jecl  to  (tiity  icportinir  to  Ihe  value  therenf. 
Silk ;  maniifnclurea  of  iilk.  nein<  the  nianufactures  of  Europe,  unleu 
into  Ihe  port  of  {.oiidon,  or  in(o  (he  port  of  lliililin  direct  from 
B<)nlraux,  or  into  the  port  of  Uover  direct  from  CaUii,  and 
uiileas  inashiporvesMi  of  70  tons  or  iipwards.or  into  the  port 
of  Dover  in  a  vesstd  of  the  bnrden  i<r  60  torn  at  least,'  wiUl 


s  inaishipor  vessel  of  70  tons  or  iipwards.or  into  the  port 
ivcr  in  a  vess«d  of  !he  b'lrden  i.r  60  t 
lirence  of  the  cotnnii<sionert  of  Ihe  customs. 
Spirits,  not  t)rin«perfume«I  or  nicliciual  spirits;  viz.  all  spirits, unteu 
in  ships  of^70  tons  or  upwards, 
nini  nf  and  from  (he  British  plantations,  if  in  casks,  unless  in 

castes  conlaiiiinr  not  less  (han  20  gallons, 
alt  other  spirit^  if  in  casks,  unless  in  casks  containing  not  less 
than  40  gallons. 
Tea;  unless  from  the  place  of  its  growth,  and  by  the  East  India 
Coni|iany,and  into  the  port  of  l>indon, during  (he  continuance 
of  'heir  exclusive  privileges  of  (rade. 
Tobacco  ^iid  siiutl'j  viz.  unless  in  a  ship  of  the  burden  of  120  tons  or 
ujiwards. 
tobacco  of  and  imported  from  the  state  of  Colombia,  and  made 
up  in  rolls,  unless  in  packages  containing  at  least 320lbt.  weight 
of  such  rolls, 
segars,  unless  in  packages  containing  100  Ihs.  weight  of  segara. 
all  other  tobacco  and  snulf,  unless  in  hossheads,  casks,  cheats,  or 
cases,  each  of  v\  hich  shall  contain  of  nett  totjacco  or  siiulV  at 
least  100  His.  n-eight  if  from  the  East  Indies,  or  450  lbs.  weight 
if  from  any  other  place,  and  not  packed  in  bags  or  packases 


Tobacco  and  snulT— confintied 

within  any  such  hogshead,  cask,  chest,  or  case,  nor  separated 
nor  divided  in  any  manner  whatever,  except  tobacco  of  (he 
dominions  of  the 'Purkish  empire,  which  may  he  parked  in 
inwani  \>xi9  or  (.ackages,  or  separated  or  divided  in  any  man- 
ner within  ttie  nutvvard  package,  provided  such  outward  pack* 
age  be  a  hogshead,  cask,  ches(,  or  case,  and  contain  450  lbs. 
nett  at  least. 

and  unless  (he  particular  weight  of  tobacco  or  snufT  in  each  hogs- 
head, c-jk,  chest,  or  case,  with  the  (are  of  the  same,  be  marked 
thereon. 

and  unless  into  the  ports  of  I»ndon,  Liverpool.  Bristol,  fjSncaster, 
fcwes,  Falmouth,  Whitehaven.  Hull,  Port  (J!:is<ow,(treenock, 
t.ei(h,  Newcastle-u|)on.Tyne,  riynioulh,  Delfisl,  Cork,  I)ro- 
gheda,  Dublin,  Galwiy,  Limerick,  Londonderry,  Newry, 
Sligo,  Walerford,  and  Welford. 

or  into  Sfime  other  por(  or  por(s  which  may  hereafter  be  appointed 
for  such  purposes  by  Ihe  l.ords  Conmiissioner^  of  his  Majesly'a 
Tn-asury;  such  appoiiitnients  in  Great  Britain  being  puhlislied 
in  (he  Loiidt/tt  Gaztltr^xnA  such  appointments  in  Ireland  being 
published  in  (he  DuUin  Oautte. 

bu(  any  ship  wholly  laden  widi  tobacco  may  come  into  the  porta 
of  Cowes  or  Falmouth  to  wait  for  orders,  and  there  remain  14 
days,  provided  due  report  of  such  ship  he  made  by  the  master 
wi'lh  Ihe  collector  or  comptroller  of  such  port. 
And  all  goods  from  the  Isle  of  Man,  except  such  as  be  of  the  growth, 
produce,  or  manufacture  thereof. 


Forfeiture.— And  if  any  goods  shall  be  imported  into  the  United  Kingdom  contrary  to  any  of  the 
prohibitions  or  restrictions  mentioned  in  such  Table  in  respect  of  such  goods,  the  same  shall  be  for- 
feited.—} 58. 

But  Ooods  mtiy  be  narekovsed  for  Erpnrtation  only,  although  prohibited. — Any  poods,  of  whatsoever 
sort,  may  be  imported  into  the  United  Kingdom  to  be  warehoused  under  the  regulations  of  any  act  in 
force  for  the  time  bi>ing  for  the  warehousing  of  goods,  without  payment  of  duty  at  the  time  of  the  first 
entry  thereof,  or  notwithstanding  that  such  goods  may  be  prohibited  to  be  imported  into  the  United 
Kingdom  to  be  used  therein,  except  the  several  sorts  of  goods  enumerated  or  described  in  manner  fol- 
lowing; (that  is  to  say,)  goods  prohiliited  on  account  of  the  package  in  which  they  are  contained,  or 
the  tonnage  of  the  ship  in  which  they  are  laden  ;  tea  and  gootls  from  China  in  other  than  Dritish  ships, 
or  by  other  persons  than  the  East  India  Company  during  the  continuance  of  their  exclusive  privileges 
of  trade;  gunpowder,  arms,  ammunition,  or  utensils  of  war;  dried  or  salted  fish,  not  being  stock-fish; 
Infected  hides,  skins,  horns,  hoofs,  or  any  other  part  of  any  cattle  or  beast;  counterfeit  coin  or  tokens; 
books  first  composed  or  written  or  printed  and  published  in  the  United  Kingdom,  and  reprinted  in  any 
other  country  or  place ;  copies  of  prints  first  engraved,  etched,  drawn,  or  designed  in  the  United  King- 
dom ;  copies  of  casts  of  sculptures  or  models  first  made  in  the  United  Kingdom ;  clocks  or  watches, 
being  such  as  are  prohibited  to  be  imported  for  home  use. — i  59. 

Ooods  to  be  entered  to  be  warehoused  for  Exportation  only. — If  by  reason  of  the  sort  of  any  goods,  or 
of  the  place  from  whence,  or  the  country,  or  navigation  of  the  ship  in  which  any  goods  have  been 
imported,  they  be  such  or  be  so  imported  as  that  they  may  not  be  used  in  the  United  Kingdom,  they  shall 
not  be  entered  except  to  be  warehoused,  and  it  shall  be  declared  upon  the  entry  of  such  goods  that 
they  are  entered  to  be  warehoused  for  exportation  only. — i  60. 

Entry  Outwards. 

"  Ooods  not  to  be  shipped  till  Entry  of  Ship  and  Entry  of  Ooods,  and  Cocket  granted ;  nor  till  cleared. — 
No  goods  shall  be  shipped,  or  waterborne  to  be  shipped,  on  board  any  ship  in  any  port  or  place  in  Ihe 
United  Kingdom  or  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  to  be  carried  to  parts  beyond  the  seas,  before  the  entry  out- 
wards of  such  ship  and  due  entry  of  such  goods  shall  have  been  made,  and  cocket  granted,  nor  before 
such  goods  shall  have  been  duly  cleared  for  shipment  in  manner  herein-after  directed ;  and  no  stores 
shall  be  shipped  for  the  use  of  any  such  ship  bound  to  parts  beyond  the  seas,  nor  shall  any  goods  be 
deemed  or  admitted  to  be  such  stores,  except  such  as  shall  be  borne  upon  the  victualling  bill  duljr 
granted  for  such  ship;  and  no  goods  shall  be  so  shipped,  or  waterborne  to  be  so  shipped,  except  at 
such  times  and  places,  and  in  such  manner,  and  by  such  persons,  and  under  the  care  of  such  oflicers, 
as  is  and  are  herein-after  directed  ;  and  all  goods  and  stores  which  shall  be  shipped,  or  be  waterborne 
to  be  shipped  contrary  hereto  shall  he  forfeited.—}  61. 

Ships  to  be  cleared,  or  Master  to  forfeit  100/. — No  ship  on  board  of  which  any  goods  or  stores  shall 
have  been  shipped  in  any  port  in  the  United  Kingdom  or  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  for  parts  beyond  the  seas, 
shall  depart  from  such  port  until  such  ship  shall  have  been  duly  cleared  outwards  for  her  intended 
voyage,  in  manner  herein-after  directed,  under  forfeiture  of  the  sum  of  100/.  by  the  lutister  of  such 
ship.—}  62. 

f^ictuulling  Bill  for  Stores.— The  master  of  every  ship  which  is  to  depart  from  any  port  in  the  United 
Kingdom  or  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  for  parts  beyond  the  seas,  shall,  upon  due  application  made  by  him, 
receive  from  Ihe  searcher  a  victualling  bill  for  the  shipment  of  such  stores  as  he  shall  require,  and  as 
shall  be  allowed  by  the  collector  and  comptroller,  for  the  use  of  such  ship,  according  to  the  voyage 
upon  which  she  is  about  to  depart ;  and  no  articles  taken  on  board  any  ship  shall  be  deemed  to  be 
stores  except  such  as  shall  be  borne  upon  the  victualling  bill  for  the  same.—}  63. 

Master  to  deliver  Certificate  of  Clearance  of  last  f^oyage,  and  to  make  Entry  OuttnarJs. — The  master 
of  every  ship  in  which  any  goods  are  to  he  exported  from  the  United  Kingdom  or  from  the  Isle  of  Man 
to  parts  beyond  the  seas  shall,  before  any  goods  be  taken  on  board,  deliver  to  the  collector  or  comp- 
troller a  certificate  from  the  proper  oflicer  of  the  clearance  inwards  or  coastwise  of  such  ship  of  her 
last  voyage,  specifying  what  goods,  if  any,  have  been  reported  inwards  for  exportation,  and  shall  also 
deliver  to  the  collector  or  comptroller  an  account,  signed  by  the  master  or  his  agent,  of  the  entry  out- 
wards of  such  ship  for  her  intended  voyage,  setting  forth  the  name  and  tonnage  of  the  ship,  the  name 
of  the  place  to  which  she  belongs  if  a  British  ship,  or  of  the  country  if  a  foreign  ship,  the  name  of  the 
master,  and  the  name  or  names  of  the  place  or  places  for  which  she  is  bound,  if  any  goods  are  to  ba 
shipped  for  the  same,  and  the  name  of  the  place  in  such  port  ut  which  she  is  to  take  in  her  lading  for 
such  voyage  ;  and  if  such  ship  shall  have  commenced  her  lading  at  some  other  port,  the  master  shall 
slate  the  name  of  any  port  at  which  any  goods  have  been  laden,  and  shall  produce  a  certificate  from 
the  searcher  that  the  cockets  for  such  goods  have  been  delivered  to  him;  and  the  particulars  of  such 
account  shall  be  written  and  arranged  in  such  form  and  manner  as  the  collector  and  comptroller  shall 
require  ;  and  such  account  shall  be  the  entry  outwards  of  such  ship,  and  shall  be  entered  in  a  book  to 
be  kept  by  the  collector,  for  the  information  of  all  parties  interested ;  and  if  any  goods  be  taken  on 
board  any  ship  before  she  shall  have  been  entered  outwards,  the  master  shall  forfeit  the  sum  of  ICC/. : 
provided  always,  that  where  it  shall  become  necessary  to  lade  any  heavy  goods  on  board  any  ship 
before  the  whole  of  the  inward  cargo  is  discharged,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  collector  and  comptroller 
to  issue  a  stitTening  order  for  that  purpose,  previous  to  the  entry  outwards  of  the  ship.—}  64. 

Bill  of  the  Entry  to  be  delivered. — The  person  entering  outwards  any  goods  to  be  exported  to  part* 
beyond  the  seas,  or  from  any  port  in  the  United  Kingdom  or  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  shall  deliver  to  tha 
collector  or  comptroller  a  bill  of  the  entry  thereof,  fairly  written  in  words  at  length,  ezpresslng  th« 


12 


IMPORTATION  AND  EXPORTATION. 


name  of  the  ship  and  of  the  master,  and  of  the  place  to  which  the  goods  are  to  be  exported,  and  of  the 
person  in  whose  name  thB  goods  are  to  l)e  entered,  and  the  quantities  and  proper  denominations  or 
(lescriptions  of  the  several  sorts  of  goods,  and  shall  pay  down  any  duties  which  may  be  due  upon  the 
exportiition  of  any  such  goods  ;  and  such  pprson  shall  also  deliver  at  the  same  time  1  or  more  dupli- 
cates ofsuch  bill,  in  wlilch  all  sums  and  numbers  may  be  expressed  in  figures ;  and  the  particulars  to 
be  contained  in  such  bill  shall  be  written  and  arranged  in  the  form  and  manner,  and  the  number  of 
iliiplicates  shall  he  such  as  the  collector  and  comptroller  shall  require ;  and  thereupon  the  collector 
and  comptroller  shall  cause  a  cocket  to  be  written  for  such  goods,  mulcirg  it  known  that  such  goodi 
have  been  so  entered;  and  every  cocket  shall  be  signed  by  such  collector  and  comptroller,  and  be 
d(>liv(>red  to, the  person  who  shall  have  made  such  entry,  and  such  person  shall  keep  and  be  respon- 
sible for  the  proper  use  of  the  same. — i  (iS. 

Ooods  for  Dratcback  or  Bounty. — If  any  drawback  or  bounty  be  allowable  upon  the  exportation  of 
any  such  goods,  or  any  duty  be  payable  thereon,  or  any  exemption  from  duty  claimed,  or  if  any  such 
goods  be  exportable  only  according  to  some  particular  rule  or  regulation,  or  under  some  restriction  or 
condition,  or  for  some  particular  purpose  or  destination,  such  goods  shall  be  entered  and  cleared  for 
shipment  by  such  denominations  or  descriptions  as  are  used,  mentioned,  or  referred  to  in  the  granting 
of  such  drawback  or  bounty,  or  in  the  levying  ofsuch  duty,  or  granting  such  exemption,  or  in  the 
directing  ofsuch  rules,  regulations,  restrictions,  conditions,  purpose,  or  destination ;  and  if  the  goodi 
in  such  entry  are  charged  to  pay  duty  according  to  the  value  thereof,  such  value  shall  be  stated  in  the 
entry,  and  shall  be  aflirmed  by  the  declaration  of  the  exporter  or  his  known  agent,  to  be  made  upon 
the  entry,  and  attested  by  his  signature ;  and  if  any  person  shall  make  such  declaration,  not  being  the 
exporter  of  such  goods,  nor  his  agent  duly  authorised  by  him,  such  person  shall  forfeit  the  sum  of  100/. ; 
and  such  declaration  shall  be  made  in  manner  and  form  following,  and  shall  be  binding  upon  the  per- 
son making  the  same ;  (that  is  to  say,) 

"  I,  A.  B.  of  [place  of  abode]  do  hereby  declare,  that  I  am  the  exporter  of  the  goods  mentioned  in  this 

entry,  [or,  that  I  am  duly  authorised  by  him,]  and  I  do  enter  the  same  at  the  value  of . 

Witness  my  hand  thT day  of .  jJ.  B."— }  66. 

Ooods  undervalued  detained. — If  upon  examination  it  shall  appear  to  the  officers  of  the  customs  that 
snvh  goods  are  not  valued  according  to  the  true  value  thereof,  the  same  may  be  detained,  and  (within 
UdaysXaken  and  disposed  of  for  the  benefit  of  the  Crown,  in  like  manner  as  is  herein-befnre  provided 
iti  respect  of  goods  imported,  except  that  no  sum  in  addition  to  the  amount  of  the  valuation  and  the 
duties  paid  shall  be  paid  to  the  exporter  or  proprietor  of  the  goods.—}  67. 

Fur  Drawback,  or  from  Warehouse,  or  Duties  to  be  first  paid. — The  person  intending  to  enter  outwards 
nny  foreign  goods  for  drawback,  at  any  other  port  than  that  at  which  the  duties  inwards  on  such  goods 
had  been  paid,  shall  tiri,t  deliver  to  the  collector  or  comptroller  of  the  port  \rhere  the  duties  on  such 
goods  were  paid,  'i  or  more  bills,  as  the  case  may  require,  of  the  particulars  of  the  importation  ofsuch 
lioods,  and  of  the  entry  outwards  intended  to  be  made;  and  thereupon  such  collector  and  comptroller, 
finding  such  bills  to  agree  with  the  entry  inwards,  shall  write  off  such  goods  from  the  same,  and  shall 
issue  a  certificate  of  such  entry,  with  such  particulars  thereof  as  shall  be  necessary  for  the  computa- 
tion of  the  drawback  allowable  on  such  goods,  and  setting  forth  in  such  certificate  the  destination  of 
the  goods,  and  the  person  in  whose  name  they  are  to  be  entered  for  exportation,  and  also  the  name 
of  such  other  port ;  and  such  certificate,  together  with  3  or  more  bills  of  the  same,  as  the  case  may 
require,  in  which  all  sums  and  numbers  may  be  expressed  in  figures,  being  delivered  to  the  collector 
or  comptroller  of  the  port  from  which  the  goods  are  to  be  exported,  shall  be  the  entry  outwards  ofsuch 
goods ;  and  such  collector  and  comptroller  shall  thereupon  cause  a  cocket  to  be  written  and  delivered 
for  such  goods,  in  manner  herein-before  directed. — }  68. 

Coals  Export  Bond  to  hie  of  Man  and  British  Possessions. — No  cocket  shall  be  granted  for  the  exporta- 
tion of  any  coals  to  the  Isle  of  Man,  or  to  any  British  possession,  until  the  exporter  thereof  shall  have 
given  security  by  bond  in  a  penal  sum  of  40s.  the  chaldron,  with  condition  that  the  same  shall  be 
landed  at  the  place  for  which  they  shall  be  exported,  or  otherwise  accounted  for  to  the  satisfaction  of 
the  commissioners  of  the  customs ;  and  also  with  condition  to  produce  (within  such  time  as  the  said 
commissioners  shall  require,  to  be  expressed  in  such  bond,)  a  certificate  of  the  landing  of  such  coals 
at  such  place,  under  the  hand  of  the  collector  or  comptroller  or  other  proper  otticer  at  such  place : 
provided  always,  that  the  bond  bo  to  be  given  in  respect  of  coals  shall  not  be  liable  to  any  duty  of 
stamps. — i  69. 

Cleakance  of  Goods. 

Packages  to  be  indorsed  on  Cocket. — Before  any  part  of  the  goods  for  which  any  cocket  shall  have 
been  granted  shall  have  been  shipped  or  waterbnrne  to  be  shipped,  the  same  shall  be  duly  cleared  for 
shipment  with  the  searcher ;  and  before  any  goods  be  cleared  for  shipment,  the  particulars  of  the  goods 
for  each  clearance  shall  he  indorsed  on  such  cocket,  together  with  the  number  and  denomination  or 
description  of  the  respective  packages  containing  the  same;  and  in  the  margin  of  each  such  indort>e- 
nient  shall  be  delineated  the  respective  marks  and  numbers  ofsuch  packages;  and  to  each  such 
indorsement  shall  be  sulijoined,  in  words  at  length,  an  account  of  the  total  quantities  of  each  sort  of 
goods  intended  in  such  indorsement,  and  the  total  number  of  each  sort  of  package  in  which  such  goods 
are  contained,  distinguishing  such  goods,  if  any,  as  are  to  be  cleared  for  any  bounty  or  drawback  of 
excise  or  customs,  and  also  such  goods,  if  any,  as  are  subject  to  any  duty  on  exportation,  or  entitled 
to  any  e.xemption  from  such  duty,  and  also  such  goods,  if  any,  as  can  only  be  exported  by  virtue  of 
some  particular  order  or  authority,  or  under  some  particular  restriction  or  condition,  or  for  some  par- 
ticular purpose  or  destination;  and  all  goods  shipped  or  waterborne  to  be  shipped,  not  being  duly 
cleared  as  aforesaid,  shall  be  forfeited.—^  70. 

Cocket  indorsed,  ^c. — The  person  clearing  such  goods  for  shipment  shall  upon  each  occasion  produce 
the  cocket  so  indorsed  to  the  searcher,  and  shall  also  deliver  a  shipping  bill  or  copy  of  such  indorse- 
ment, referring  by  names  and  date  to  the  cocket  upon  which  such  indorsement  is  made,  and  shall 
obtain  the  order  of  the  searcher  for  the  shipment  of  such  goods;  and  the  particulars  to  be  contained 
in  such  indorsement  and  in  such  shipping  bill  shall  be  written  and  arranged  in  such  form  and  manner 
as  the  collector  and  comptroller  shall  require. — }  71. 

Coals  brought  coastwise  may  be  exported  without  landing. — If  any  coals  shall  have  been  brought  coast- 
wise from  one  port  of  the  United  Kingdom  to  another,  and  the  master  shall  be  minded  to  proceed  with 
such  coals,  or  any  part  of  them,  to  parts  beyond  the  seas,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  such  master  to  enter 
such  ship  and  such  coals  outwards  for  the  intended  voyage,  without  first  landing  the  coals  intended 
for  exportation,  provided  the  officers  of  the  customs  shall  be  satisfied  that  the  quantity  of  coals  left 
on  board  does  not  exceed  the  quantity  so  entered  outwards. — I)  72. 

Account  of  Value  to  be  delivered  to  the  Searcher. — Upon  the  clearance  for  shipment  of  any  goods,  the 
produce  or  manufacture  of  the  United  Kingdom,  not  liable  to  any  export  duty,  an  account,  containing 
an  accurate  specification  of  the  quantity,  quality,  and  value  ofsuch  goods,  together  with  a  declaration 
to  the  truth  of  the  same,  signed  by  the  exporter  or  his  known  agent,  shall  be  delivered  to  the  searcher 
by  the  person  clearing  such  goods ;  and  if  such  declaration  be  false,  the  person  signing  the  same  shall 
forfeit  the  sum  of  30l. ;  and  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  searcher  to  call  for  the  invoice,  bills  of  parcels, 
and  such  other  documents  relating  to  the  goods,  as  he  may  tliink  necessary  fur  ascertaining  the  true 


vnltic  off] 
riilinii  licl'i 
till'  slii|iiiii 
mire,  a  fiii 
fiiiliire  wli 

(rlnlfL^  fl 

liiiii'ss  the 

In  form  an 

liiive  prnili 

ol'  tlie  olfii 

111  hi'  clniii 

evaiitliiali( 

ilfiriiiiii'iit. 

Mirli  sliipn 

(ifficir  of 

intend  mid 

the  siiiiie,  t 

sole  cliarjtt 

Gondsfii 

any  dnty  n 

<lr;i\vlia('k  i 

;iii(l  siieli ;,'( 

sliiill  lie  lor 

al'oresiiid,  e 

Searcher  i 

open  all  piK 

I'lijled  Kini 

all  respects 

at  the  chart 

it  they  shal 


Cnvtent  ti 
linited  King 
same  in  suci 
name  and  Ic 
and  also  an 
the  murks  ai 
had  been  rej 
by  lii.'ii ;  and 
thereon  for  t 
-      searcher,  wli 
number  of  ci 
\\i\\\  tlu!  pan 
tiir(>  oii  the  li 
before  the  ro 
or  coniptroll 
demanded  <it 
voynpo,  and 
the  file  of  co 
the  informal 
tiiallJiiL'  hill  I 
arranjred  In  ; 
File  of  Cor 
he  delivered 
manner  as  si 
sni  li  tile  of  ( 
aiilhority  tor 
lioard,so  far 
victualling  bi 
/h  Ballast.- 
IKirts  beyond 
ling  bill,  or  ai 
liefori^  her  de 
and  (Icstinati. 
i^iich  ship  in  I 
also  in  the  In 
victualling  hi 
Part  of 'for 
inward  cargo 
outwards  of 
searcher  a  co 
cMch  copy,  he 
the  searcher  I 
with  the  rock 
Ifuiiij  Pns.t 
ship  I'riini  the 
tile  master  of 
baggage  of  all 
such  clearanc 
such  ship  is  ii 
the  voyage,  it 
only;  and  if  i 
the  same  shal 
in  the  clearan 
and  in  the  bii 
baggage  of  pa 
Mauler  mai/ 
which  i.s  to  d'e 
toKe  on  boan 
Vol:  II.- 


IMPORTATION  AND  EXPORTATION. 


13 


and  of the 
inations  or 
le  upon  the 
inre  dupll- 
rticularg  to 
number  of 
le  collector 
such  goodi 
Her,  and  be 
be  respon- 

lortation  of 
if  any  such 
jstrlction  or 
cleared  fbr 
:he  granting 
n,  or  in  the 
if  the  goods 
itated  in  the 
!  made  upon 
lot  being  the 
lumof  100<. ; 
pon  the  per- 

ioned  in  this 

B."— }  66. 
customs  that 
,  Knd  (wUhin 
fare  provided 
tion  and  the 

ter  outwards 
m  such  goods 
ities  on  such 
ation  of  8uch 
I  comptroller, 
me,  and  shall 
the  computa- 
lestination  of 
Iso  the  name 
ihe  case  may 
the  collector 
wards  of  such 
and  delivered 

t  the  exporta- 

tnffhall  have 

ame  shall  be 

atisfactlon  of 

as  the  said 

of  such  coals 

such  place : 

any  duty  of 


ket  shall  have 
ily  cleared  for 
•8  of  the  goods 
nomination  or 
such  indorse- 
to  each  such 
»f  each  sort  of 
ich  such  goods 
r  drawback  of 
nn,  or  entitled 
1  by  virtue  of 
•  for  some  par- 
lot  being  duly 

caslon  produce 
such  indorse- 
ade,  and  shall 
be  contained 
ni  and  manner 

brought  coast- 
o  proceed  with 
laster  to  enter 
coals  intended 
ty  of  coals  lefX 

any  goods,  the 
mt,  containing 
h  a  declaration 
to  the  searcher 
the  same  shall 
ills  of  parcels, 
iuing  the  true 


vnliip  of  Iho  snmn  :  provided  always,  that  if  siicli  rxpnrlor  nr  nsrcnt  shall  ninke  and  siilisrritie  a  di'ila- 
rntiiiii  lit't'ure  the  collector  or  rninpirollcr.tbiit  llii^  valun  iit'tlie  K(i(iiI<!  laiiiint  Ix'  ascrrlaiiiol  in  liiiic  I'nr 
tile  t^liiliini'iit  uI'iIk;  sniiKsiitid  such  iloclnriition  nliall  he  (tclivrrcil  to  tin'  srarc  lii'r,al  llir  tiiiic  i)l  rlciir- 
iiiirr,  II  fiirtlier  lime  of  3  ninnllis  shall  be  allowed  tor  the  dclivrry  of  sncli  Hi-parate  sliippiii;.'  hill,  on 
failiiri-  whereof  siiih  exporter  or  apeiit  shall  I'lirfeit  the  hiiio  of 2(1/.— }  73. 

(riiiKl.ifiir  F.jrinr  Vratrbiirk. —  No  dr.nvhack  of  excise  shall  he  allowed  ii|iiin  any  Riioils  so  cleareil, 
unless  the  person  intendinp  to  claim  surli  drawback  shall  have  given  iliie  nutiii-  to  the  dllicer  (d'exeise, 
in  form  and  manner  required  hy  any  law  in  force  relaliiiR  to  the  exeisi",  anil  shall  have  ohiained,  and 
have  prniluced  to  the  searcher,  at  the  time  of  cIcarinR  such  ponds,  a  proper  dnennn'ot,  under  tin'  hiiinl 
111'  tin'  olficer  of  excise,  contaiiiiiip  the  necessary  deseription  of  the  pnods  fur  whi<'h  sn(  h  clriiwl)acl>  is 
In  Im'  claiMn'd  ;  ami  if  the  poods  to  be  cleared  and  shipped  under  the  rare  of  the  searehers  shall,  npiui 
t\aniinatinn,he  Ibiind  to  correspond  in  all  respects  with  the  particulars  of  the  pnods  cnnlaii  I'd  in  smh 
dnrnincMt.  and  such  poods  shall  be  duly  shipped  and  exporled,  the  searcher  shall,  it'  recpiiied,  certify 
such  shipment  npnn  .such  document,  and  shall  transmit  the  same  to  the  nlVn  er  of  excise. — />  71. 

Oltirir  iif  y.jci.'r  may  atleiid  Kraniinatiiin. — It  shall  he  lawful  for  tin'  ottii  er  nf  excise,  if  he  see  tit,  to 
altemi  and  assist  at  such  examination,  and  to  mark  or  seal  the  packaces.  ami  to  k<'ep  joint  chaipe  of 
the  same,  topether  with  the  searcln  r,  \intil  the  same  shall  have  been  linally  ilelivered  liy  hiin  into  the 
s(de  char'pe  of  tlie  searcher,  to  be  shipped  and  exported  under  his  care  —(J  75. 

Giiiiil.i  fur  Duty,  Hounty,  or  Drairbacli,  ^-c.  briiKirlit  for  Shipiiirnl-  If  any  poods  which  are  sniiject  to 
any  duty  or  rt^striction,  in  respect  of  exportation,  or  if  any  poods,  which  are  to  he  shipped  fur  any 
drawhack  or  bounty,  shall  he  broiipht  to  any  quay,  wharf,  n'r  other  place,  to  he  shipped  for  exportation, 
and  sm-h  poods  shall  not  apree  with  the  indorsenn-nt  on  the  corket.or  with  the  sliippinp  hill,  Ihe  same 
shall  he  forfeited ;  and  if  any  poods  prohibited  to  In;  expnrted  he  finind  in  any  packages  brought  as 
aforesaid,  such  packape  and  every  thinp  contained  therein  shall  he  fnrfi  iled.— j  7i>. 

Searcher  nioy  open  any  Package;  but  if  correct,  iiiiiat  rc/wcA-.— It  shall  he  lawful  for  the  searcher  to 
open  all  packapes,  and  fully  to  examine  all  goods  shipped  or  hronplit  for  shipnn'nt  at  any  place  in  the 
Viiited  Kinpdom  or  in  the  Isle  of  Man  ;  and  if  the  ponds  so  examim'd  shall  1m^  foninl  to  correspond  in 
all  respects  with  the  cocket  and  clearance  piirporlinp  to  he  for  the  same,  siuii  pon.ls  shall  he  repacked 
at  the  cliarpe  of  such  searcher,  who  may  be  allowed  such  charge  hy  the  commissioners  of  the  customs, 
if  they  shall  see  lit  so  to  do.—}  77. 

Clearance  of  Ship. 

Content  to  be  delivered  to  Searcher,  ^-c— Before  any  ship  shall  be  cleared  outwards  at  any  port  in  the 
Ilnited  Kingdom  or  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  for  parts  beyond  the  seas,  with  any  goods  shippi'd  on  hoard  the 
same  in  stich  port,  the  master  shall  deliver  a  content  of  such  ship  to  the  searcher,  setting  forth  the 
name  and  tonmape  of  such  ship, and  the  place  or  places  of  her  desiinalion.and  the  nann-nf  the  master, 
and  also  an  account  of  Ihe  goods  shipped  on  board,  and  of  the  packages  contaiiiinp  such  pci(ids,ainl  of 
the  marks  and  numbers  upon  such  packages,  and  a  like  account  of  the  pijnds  on  board,  if  any,  which 
had  been  reported  inwards  for  exportation  in  such  ship,  so  far  as  any  of  sncli  particulars  can  he  kmiwn 
hy  him  ;  and  also,  before  the  clearance  of  such  ship,  the  cockets,  with  the  indorseun'iils  and  chiarancea 
thereon  for  the  goods  shipped,  shall  he  finally  delivered  hy  the  respective  sliippers  of  such  goods  to  the 
searcher,  who  shall  file  the  same  together,  and  shall  attach  with  a  seal  a  lahel  to  the  lile.  sliowing  the 
number  of  cockets  contained  in  the  lile,  and  shall  compare  Ihe  particulars  of  the  poods  in  the  cockets 
Willi  llie  particulars  of  the  poods  in  such  content,  and  shall  attest  the  correctness  thereof  hy  his  signa- 
ture on  the  label,  and  on  the  content ;  and  the  master  of  the  ship  shall  make  and  sign  a  declaration 
before  the  collector  or  comptroller  to  the  truth  of  such  content,  and  shall  also  answer  to  the  collector 
or  comptroller  such  questions  concerning  the  ship,  the  cargo,  and  the  intended  voyage,  as  shall  be 
demanded  of  him;  and  thereupon  the  collector  or  coniplroller  shall  clear  siicli  ship  for  her  intended 
voyage,  and  shall  notify  such  clearance,  and  Ihe  dale  thereof,  upon  the  content,  and  upon  the  lahel  to 
the  lile  of  cockets,  uiid  upon  Ihe  victualling  bill,  and  also  in  the  hook  of  ships'  entries  outwards,  for 
the  information  of  all  parties  interested,  and  shall  transmit  the  content,  and  the  cockets,  and  the  vic- 
tualling liill  to  the  searcher;  and  the  particulars  to  be  contained  in  sncli  content  shall  be  written  and 
arranged  in  such  form  and  manner  as  the  ccdiector  and  comptroller  shall  require.—}  78. 

File  of  Cockets,  iV"f-  dclirercd  to  Ma.-'ler.—'l'lw.  tile  of  cockcis  and  the  viclnalling  hill  shall  thereupon 
he  delivered  hy  the  searcher  to  the  master  of  such  ship,  at  such  station  within  the  port  and  in  such 
manner  as  shall  be  appointed  by  the  commissioners  of  his  Majesty's  customs  for  that  purpose  ;  and 
such  lile  of  cockets  and  viclnalling  hill,  so  delivered,  shall  he  ki^pt  hy  the  master  of  such  ship  as  the 
authority  for  departing  ficnii  the  port  with  the  several  parcels  and  packapes  of  goods  and  of  stores  on 
hoard,  so  far  as  they  shall  agree  with  the  particulars  iu  the  indorsements  on  such  cockets  or  with  such 
victualling  bill. — }  79. 

/«  Ballast.-— 1(  any  ship  is  to  depart  in  ballast  from  Ihe  United  KinL'ilom  or  from  the  Isle  of  Man  for 
parts  beyond  the  seas,  having  no  goods  on  board  except  the  stores  of  sm  li  ship  borne  upon  the  victual- 
ling bill,  or  any  poods  reported  inwards  for  exportation  in  such  ship,  tlie  master  of  such  ship  shall, 
before  her  departure,  answer  to  the  collector  or  coniplroller  such  questions  touching  her  departure 
and  destination  as  shall  he  demanded  of  him;  and  thereupon  ths  collector  or  comptroller  shall  clear 
such  ship  in  ballast,  and  shall  notify  such  clearance  and  the  date  thenof  on  the  victualling  hill,  and 
also  in  the  book  of  ships'  entries  outwards,  for  the  information  of  all  parties  interested;  and  such 
victualling  bill  shall  be  kept  hy  the  master  of  such  ship  as  the  clearance  of  the  same.—}  bO. 

Part  of  former  Cargo  reported  for  Kiportation. — If  there  be  on  hoard  any  ship  any  goods  of  the 
inward  cargo  which  were  reported  for  exportation  in  the  sauie,  the  master  shall,  before  clearance 
outwards  of  such  ship  from  any  port  in  the  United  Kingdom  or  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  deliver  to  the 
searcher  u  copy  of  the  report  inwards  of  such  goods,  certified  by  the  collector  and  comptroller;  and 
such  copy,  being  found  to  correspond  with  Ihe  goods  so  remaining  on  hoard,  shall  be  Ihe  authority  to 
the  searcher  to  pass  such  ship  with  such  goods  on  board  ;  and  being  signed  hy  the  searcher,  and  filed 
with  Ihe  cockets,  shall  he  the  clearance  of  the  ship  for  those  goods. — }  HI. 

If  any  Passengers,  Master  may  enter  Buggnge  in  his  JVanie.— If  any  passengers  are  to  depart  in  any 
ship  from  the  United  Kinpdoiii  or  from  the  Isle  of  Man  for  parts  heyimd  the  seas,  it  shall  he  lawful  for 
the  master  of  such  ship  to  pass  an  entry  and  to  receive  a  cocket  in  his  name  for  tlie  necessary  personal 
baggape  of  all  such  passengers,  and  duly  to  clear  such  baggage  for  shipment  in  their  behalf,  staling  in 
such  clearances  the  particulars  of  the  packages  and  the  names  of  the  respective  passengers;  ami  if 
such  ship  is  to  take  no  other  goods  than  the  necessary  personal  baggage  of  passengers  actually  going 
the  voyage,  it  shall  he  lawful  for  such  master  to  enter  such  ship  outwards  in  ballast  for  passengers 
only  ;  and  if  no  other  goods  than  such  baggage  duly  entered  and  cleared  he  taken  on  hoard  such  ship, 
the  same  shall  be  deemed  to  be  a  ship  in  ballast, notwithstanding  such  baggage,  and  shall  he  described 
in  Ihe  clearance,  on  the  content,  and  on  Ihe  label  to  the  cocket  or  cockets,  and  on  the  victualling  hill, 
and  in  the  book  of  ships'  entries,  as  a  ship  cleared  in  ballast,  except  us  to  the  necessary  personal 
baggage  of  passengers  going  the  voyage. — }  82. 

Master  may  enter  Goods  for  private  Use  of  Self  and  Crew.— If  the  master  and  crew  of  any  foreign  ship 
which  is  to  depart  in  ballast  from  the  United  Kingdom  for  parts  beyond  the  seas,  shall  he  desirous  to 
taRe  on  board  chalk  tubbiuh  by  way  of  ballast,  or  to  take  with  them  for  their  private  use  any  Hinall 
Vol.- II.— U 


14 


IMPORTATION  AND  EXPORTATION. 


qiianlilip*  of  cnnds  of  nrili.sli  iniiinif;ictiir(\  It  slinll  bo  lawful  for  siir.li  master,  willioiit  nitrrins  mirli 
■hip  niitwarcis,  to  pans  an  entry  In  IiIh  natni>,  and  rc-i'iMvi-  a  cockvt  frer  of  any  )>xport  iliity  for  all  Hnrli 
IIooiIh,  under  iIh;  Rcnoral  deiioniiiiatlon  of  Dritisli  MiannfacliireH  not  proliil)iliMl  to  Ix;  oxporli^d,  Uvmg 
for  I  lie  iixoanci  privilege  of  the  inaHler  and  crew,  and  not  lieinR  of  greater  valu(!  than  In  lli«  proportion 
of  211/.  for  the  master,  and  10/.  for  llin  mate,  and  .')/.  for  each  of  the  rrew,  and  stalinif  that  the  Hhip  la 
in  halla.st ;  and  the  maHter  shall  dniy  clear  xnch  Kood»i  for  Hhipmunt  in  hehalf  of  hlnnielf  and  crew, 
stalinc  in  such  clearancen  the  particulars  of  thi-  mxida  ami  pack!i|!e<i,  and  the  names  of  the  crew  who 
Bliall  Jointly  nr  feverally  take  any  of  such  goods  under  this  privileue  ;  and  such  ship  shall  he  deemed 
to  1)1'  a  ship  in  liallast,  and  hi.>  cleared  as  such,  and  withr>ut  a  content,  iiotwilhsiandinL'  such  goods  or 
8uch  cocket  or  cockels ;  and  such  clearance  shall  be  notified  by  the  collec  lor  or  i'.oiii|>lroller  on  the 
label  to  the  cocket  or  cockets,  and  on  the  victualllug  hill,  and  in  the  book  of  ships'  entries,  as  a  clear- 
ance in  ballast,  except  as  to  the  privilege  of  the  master  and  crew.—}  f*3. 

Officers  tiinti  bonnl  any  Ship  after  Clearance. — It  shall  he  lawful  for  lluf  otlicers  of  the  cuslom.i  to  go  on 
hoard  any  ship  after  clearance  outwards,  within  the  limits  of  any  port  in  the  I'uiled  Kint'dom  or  in 
the  Isle  of  Man,  or  within  4  leagues  of  the  coast  thereof,  and  to  demand  the  tile  of  cockets  and  the 
victualling  bill,  and  if  there  be  any  goods  nr  stores  on  board  not  contained  in  the  indorsements  on  the 
vockets,  nor  in  the  victualling  bill,  such  goods  or  stores  shall  be  forfeiti^d ;  and  if  any  goods  coiitaini'd 
in  such  indorsemi^nls  be  not  on  board,  the  master  shall  forfeit  the  sum  of '.111/  fur  every  ptickage  or 
parcel  of  goods  contained  in  such  indorsements  ami  not  on  board  ;  aiul  if  any  cocket  be  tit  any  time 
I'alsilied,  the  person  who  r^hall  have  falsified  the  same,  or  who  shall  have  wilfully  used  the  same,  shall 
fortt!it  the  sum  of  1017.— J  84. 

Ships  to  brinf  to  at  Stations. — Every  ship  departing  from  any  port  in  the  United  Kingdom  or  in  the 
Ish;  of  Man  shall  bring  to  at  such  stations  within  tlie  port  as  shall  be  appointed  liy  the  comniissiom'rs 
of  his  Majesty's  cusl(uns  for  the  landing  of  utticera  from  such  ships,  (jr  for  further  examination  previous 
to  such  departure.- {  85. 

Dedenture  Goodh. 

Entry  in  JVame  of  reil  Oirner. — No  drawback  or  bounty  shall  be  allowed  upon  the  exportation  from 
the  United  Kingdomof  any  goods,  unless  such  goods  shall  have  been  entered  in  the  name  of  the  person 
who  was  the  real  owner  thereof  at  the  time  of  entry  and  shipping,  or  of  the  per.-ion  who  had  actually 
purchased  and  shipped  the  same,  in  his  own  name  ami  at  his  own  liability  and  risk,  on  ciunmission, 
accoriliiig  to  the  practice  of  merchants,  ami  who  was  and  shall  have  coMtliiiied  to  be  entlilcd  in  his 
own  right  to  such  drawback  or  bounty,  except  in  the  cases  heriMiiafler  proviiled  for. — i  Ni. 

Dectiiniiion  to  Kiportotion,  and  to  Property,  and  to  Htislil  to  Druirlmrk  or  ilninily. — Such  owner  or 
coimoission  nierchaiil  shall  make  and  subscribe  a  declaration  upon  the  dcbenliire  that  the  goods  men- 
tioned therein  have  been  actually  exported,  and  have  not  been  relandcd,  ami  tire  not  inlemleil  to  be 
relanded  in  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom,  nor  in  the  Isle  of  .Man  (unless  entered  for  the  Isle  of  Man), 
nor  in  tlie  islands  of  Faro  or  Kerro,  and  that  he  was  the  real  owner  thereof  at  the  time  of  entry  and 
shipping,  or  that  he  had  puichascd  and  shippixl  the  said  gooils  in  his  own  name  ami  at  his  own  liability 
ami  risk,  on  cnmmission,  as  the  case  may  be,  and  that  he  was  ami  continueil  to  he  entitliMl  to  the 
drawback  or  bounty  thereon  in  his  own  right :  provided  always,  tliat  if  such  owner  or  merchant  shall 
not  have  purchased  the  right  to  such  drawback  or  bounty,  he  shall  declare  under  his  liaiid  upon  the 
entry  and  upon  the  debenture  the  person  who  is  entitled  thereto,  ami  the  nanic^  of  such  person  shall 
he  stated  in  the  cocket  and  in  the  debenture ;  ami  the  receipt  of  such  person  on  the  debenture  shall  be 
the  discharge  for  such  drawback  or  bounty. — i  87. 

Jiirtnt  mny  pass  Entry,  and  receive  Drutr'hack,  and  make  the  Declaraliov,  ^c. — If  such  owner  or  mer- 
chant shall  be  resident  in  some  part  of  the  United  Kingdom,  being  more  than  'JO  miles  frnm  the  custoni- 
Iiouse  of  the  port  of  shipment,  lie  may  appoint  any  person  to  he  his  agent  to  make  and  pass  his  entry, 
n:id  to  clear  and  ship  his  goods,  and  to  receive  for  him  the  drawback  or  bounty  payable  on  his  deben- 
ture, if  payalile  to  him,  provided  the  name  of  sitch  agent  and  the  residence  of  smli  owner  or  merchant 
lie  subjoined  to  the  name  of  such  owner  or  merchant  in  the  entry  ami  in  the  rocket  I'nr  such  goods  ; 
and  sui  h  agent,  being  duly  inrormed.  shall  make  declaration  upon  the  entry,  if  any  be  iioci^ssary,  ami 
also  upon  the  ilebenture,  in  behalf  of  such  owner  or  merchant,  to  the  etl'ect  befori,'  re(|uired  of  such 
owner  or  mi.'rchant,  and  shall  answer  such  questions  touching  his  knowledge  of  the  exportation  of 
such  goods  and  the  property  therein,  and  of  ihe  right  to  the  drawback  or  bounty,  as  shall  he  demaiuled 
of  hi;ii  by  the  collector  or  comptroller  ;  and  if  any  such  goods  be  exported  l)y  any  corporation  or  ccuii- 
pany  trading  by  a  joint  stock,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  them  to  appoint  any  person  to  hu  their  agent  for 
the  like  purposes  and  with  the  like  powers  to  act  in  their  behalf. — J  H.-^. 

Property  of  Persons  abroad. — If  any  goods  which  are  to  be  exported  for  drawback  ho  the  property  of 
any  person  resiiling  abrriad.  having  been  consigned  by  the  owner  tliereof  to  some  person  as  his  agent 
resiiling  in  the  United  Kingdom,  to  be  exported  through  the  same  to  parts  beyond  the  seas,  by  sacli 
agent,  upon  account  of  such  owner,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  such  person  (being  the  consigmie  by  wIkuii 
and  in  whose  name  the  duties  inwards  on  such  goods  had  been  paid,  or  his  legal  representative,)  in 
like  niaiitier,  as  agent  for  such  owner,  to  enter,  clear,  and  ship  such  goods  for  him,  ami  upon  like  con- 
ditions to  receive  for  him  the  drawbacks  payable  thereon. — }  89. 

Sliipnient  tcilhin  3  Years,  and  Payment  leilhin  2  Years. — No  drawback  shall  ho  allowed  tipon  the 
exportation  of  any  goods  unless  such  goods  he  shipped  within  3  years  after  tlie  payment  of  the  dutii:s 
inwards  thereon,  and  no  debenture  for  any  drawback  or  bounty  allowed  upon  the  exportation  of  any 
goods  shall  he  paid  after  the  expiration  of  2  years  from  the  ilate  of  the  shipment  of  such  goods,  and  no 
drawback  shall  be  allowed  upon  any  goods  which  by  reason  of  damage  or  decay  shall  have  become  of 
less  value  for  home  use  than  the  amount  of  such  drawback  ;  and  all  goods  so  damaged  which  shall  be 
cleared  for  any  drawback  shall  be  forfeited,  and  the  person  who  caused  such  goods  to  be  so  cleared 
shall  forfeit  the  sum  of  200/.,  or  treble  the  amount  of  the  drawback  in  such  case,  at  the  election  of  the 
coinmissioners  of  the  customs. — }  90. 

Issidng  and  passing  Debenture. — For  the  purpose  of  computing  and  poying  any  drawback  or  bounty 
payable  upon  any  goods  duly  entered,  shipped,  and  exported,  a  debenture  shall,  in  due  time  after  smii 
entry,  be  prepared  by  the  collector  and  comptroller,  certifying  in  the  first  instance  the  entry  outwards 
of  such  goods  ;  and  so  soon  as  the  same  shall  have  been  duly  exported,  and  a  notice  cmitaining  the 
particulars  of  the  goods  shall  have  been  delivered  by  the  exporter  to  the  searcher,  the  shipment  and 
exportation  thereof  shall  be  certified  to  the  collector  and  comptroller,  upon  such  debenture,  by  the 
searcher,  and  the  debenture  shall  thereupon  be  computed  and  passed  with  all  convenient  despatch, 
and  be  delivered  to  the  person  entitled  to  receive  the  same. — i  91. 

Certificate  of  landing  in  Isle  of  Man. — No  drawback  or  bounty  shall  he  allowed  for  any  goods  exported 
from  the  United  Kingdom  to  the  Isle  of  Man,  until  n  certificate  shall  he  produced  fnun  the  collector 
and  comptroller  of  the  customs  of  the  Isle  of  Man  of  the  due  landing  of  such  goods  — J  92. 

Press-packing,  and  Declaration  of  Packer. — No  drawback  or  bounty  shall  be  allowed  for  any  goods 
ex|iorted  fr(un  the  United  Kingdom  in  bales  cleared  as  being  press-packed,  unless  the  (|uantities  and 
qualities  of  the  goods  in  each  of  such  bal^s  shall  be  verified  by  tiic  master  packer  thereof,  or,  in  case 
of  unavoidable  absence,  by  the  foreman  of  such  packer,  having  knowledge  of  the  contents  of  the  bales, 
by  declaration  made  and  subscribed  UDon  the  cocket  before  the  collector  or  comptroller;  or  it  such 


packer  res 

account  ol 

packer  sli:i 

opened  ;ne 

/.irnisti! 

r         be  earned 

persiiii.uni 

mis-iidiiers 

sioher-i  to  I 

shall  deem 

revoke  the 

offence  a;;; 

which  sbal 

same  hid  I 

U'urelion 

'         house  to  li 

drawback  ( 

part  of  the 

t        uiiilerthec 

j        carried  to 

entered,  cb 

together  wi 

other  ship, 

goods ;  and 

or  cleared, 

goods. — }  (I; 

iJrowbiifl 

of  ciislirins 

on  biiaril  sii 

titles  of  wi 

is  to  say,) 

fur  every  arin 

VIC!* 

—  r:Mr 

—  cnjil 

provided  ah 

to  siiy.)    1,11 

Dublin,  Corl 

Persons  ei 

person  cute 

declare  on  tl 

in  which  lie 

the  port  of  s 

rare ;  and  si 

the  dcbentui 

same.—}  97. 

Officers  lei, 

shall  leave  t 

of  any  of ih 

another,  as  i 

from  (Mie  sb 

and  it  shall  : 

such  wine,  a 

on  board  the 

of  the  propel 

Pursers  of 

—It  shall  he 

ship  at  the  p 

any  tobacco 

which  he  sin 

a  certificate 

hilonging  to 

on  the  lobac 

otlicers  of  th 

Man.— }  99. 

Purser  rem 
purser  shall  I 
of  the  port  w 
the  use  of  sii 
anil  the  port 
be  lawful  lor 
reinaiiis  of  a 
payment  of  il 
sliip,  ill  like 
iiieiilioned.  o 
warehoused 
sinus  of  Ibis  ; 
are  not  expre 
Qiiuiility  oj 
ship  of  war  I 
quantity  be  s 
rule  of  allow 
shall  be  siipp 
another,  shal 
in  order  that 
each  of  such 
Times  and 
place,  or  slnil 
and  ill  the  du 


IMPORTATION  AND  EXPORTATION. 


15 


piitprins  Biich 
II y  for  all  HiK'h 
xpiiriiMl,  lii'iiig 
tliK  |irc>|<(irli(iii 
lilt  till!  8hi|i  la 
•I'll"  mill  iTi:w, 
tlin  cri'W  who 
li:ill  ht!  (k'fimcd 
such  )!'^"*''°*  "f 
ilroller  <iii  (he 
i(!s,  us  a  tloiir- 

iRtnmH  to  (fo  on 
Kiimiloiii  or  lit 
irki'lH  and  tin; 
■ifiiiiciit!*  on  I  he 
iiiiiIk  rontaineil 
h'ry  packaijo  or 
hi!  at  any  liini! 
the  same,  shall 

icilmn  or  in  the 
i:i)iiiniissiiini'rs 
iialion  previuus 


;port:ition  from 
le  of  the  person 
ho  had  actually 
III  (nniniission, 
('iilltU'd  ill  his 

Such  owner  or 
the  cciods  nien- 
inteiided  to  he 
lie  Isle  of  M:iii), 
ic  of  entry  and 
lis  own  liahilily 
entilli'd  to  the 
merchant  shall 
hand  upon  the 
cli  person  shall 
lieiitiire  shall  be 

owner  or  inrr- 

11111  the  ciistoin- 

I  pass  liis  entry, 

le  on  his  delieii- 

;r  or  iiiercliant 

r  such  ({oods ; 

iiori!ssary,  and 

(piiri-d  of  such 

xpcirtaticin  m' 

II  lie  demanded 

iialiiiii  or  coin- 

tlieir  agent  for 

the  property  of 
ion  as  his  afreiit 
seas,  by  such 
isrnee  liy  whom 
reseiilative,)  in 
upon  like  con- 

nwed  upon  the 
of  the  duties 
lorlation  of  any 
li  izooils,  and  no 
have  become  of 
I  which  shall  he 
o  be  so  cleared 
election  of  the 

i-back  or  bounty 
time  after  such 
entry  outwards 
ciintainini;  the 
'  sliipnient  and 
benture,  by  the 
iiienl  despulcli, 

■  goods  exported 
iin  the  collector 

92. 
d  for  nny  goods 

(luanlities  and 
reof,  or,  in  case 
!iitsof  the  bales, 
dlcr;  or  if  such 


packer  reside  more  than  lOmilea  from  the  port,  then  by  declaration  made  and  8uhi>cribcd  upon  an 


nccimiit  of  such  foods,  before  a  miiL'islrale  or  justice  of  iin 


fur  the  county  or  place  where  such 


•1 


1 


jiackcr  sb:ill  reside  ;  and  if  such  babs  be  not  cleared  as  lifinir  press-packed,  then  the  searcher,  having 
opined  :iiiy  such  bale,  shall  not  be  rei|uired  to  repack  Ihe  same  al  his  iliarL'e— f  '.l.'t. 

/.trni.'/iil  /.ii'liteniini,  iVc— No  tfooils  cleared  for  drawback  or  boniily,  or  from  Ihe  warehouse,  shall 
be  carried  waierborne.  lo  be  pill  on  board  any  ship  fur  exporlalion  Iriiiii  the  llniled  Kincilom.  by  any 
persiiii,iiiili'ss  such  persons  shall  be  authorised  for  that  pur  pose  by  licence  under  the  hands  of  the  coin- 
niissioners  of  llie  cusloins  ;  ;ind  before  ifranlinir  such  licence,  it  shall  he  lawful  for  the  said  conimig- 
sioiiers  lo  rei|uire  such  seciirily  by  bond  for  the  faithful  and  iiicorrupl  cundiici  of  such  person  as  lliey 
shall  ileeiii  nicissary  ;  and  after  uranlinir  such  licence  il  shall  be  lawful  for  llie  said  conimissioiiers  to 
revoke  the  same,  if  the  person  lo  wlnim  Ihe  same  shall  have  been  L'ranled  shall  be  convicled  of  any 
olfence  Uiiainsl  liie  laws  relalinu  lo  llie  cusloins  or  excise:  provided  always,  that  all  such  licences 
which  shall  be  in  lone  al  the*  lime  of  Ihe  comiiiencemenl  of  this  act  shall  continue  in  force  as  if  the 
same  hid  been  afiei wards  irraiiled  under  Ihe  anlbority  of  Ibis  acl.— J  '.11. 

W a  re  h  II  line  nr  luiiniliirc  (iiindu  viil  rijinrtcd.—M  any  gooils  which  have  been  taken  from  the  ware- 
house |o  lie  exporled  from  the  same,  or  any  foods  which  have  been  cleared  to  be  exported  for  any 
drawback  or  linunly,  shall  not  be  duly  exported  to  parts  beyond  the  seas,  or  shall  be  relanded  in  any 
part  of  the  rmled  Kiiiiiilom  (such  foods  iiol  liavine  been  duly  ridanded  or  discharged  as  shorl-sliipped 
under  the  care  of  the  proper  ollicers),  or  shall  be  landed  in  the  islands  of  Faro  or  I'erro,  or  shall  be 
carried  In  any  of  the  islands  of  tJuernsey,  Jersey,  Alderney,  Sark,  or  M.an  (not  having  been  duly 
entered,  cleared,  and  shipped  to  be  exported  directly  to  such  island),  Ihe  same  shall  be  forfeited, 
lofeiber  with  the  ship  from  or  by  which  the  same  had  been  so  relanded,  landed,  or  carried,  and  any 
other  ship,  vessel,  boat,  or  craft  which  may  have  been  used  in  so  relaiidiii};,  landing',  or  carrying  such 
goods  ;  and  any  person  by  whom  or  by  whose  orders  or  means  snch  goods  shall  have  been  so  taken 
ur  cleareil,  or  so  relanded,  landed,  or  carried,  shall  forfeit  a  sum  equal  to  treble  the  value  of  such 
goods. — I)  !15. 

Driiwbiitl;  of  Dvlks  on  It'hie.  nllincedfor  Ofiicers  in  the  JVui;;/. — Drawback  of  the  whole  of  the  duties 
of  cusloins  siiall  be  allowed  for  wine  inlended  for  the  consuiuplion  of  ollicers  of  Ills  Majesty's  navy, 
on  board  such  of  his  Majesty's  ships  in  actual  service  as  they  shall  serve  in,  not  exceedint;  the  (luan- 
tities  of  wine,  in  any  1  year,  for  the  use  of  such  ollicers,  hurein-uflcr  respectively  mentioned;  (lliat 
is  to  say,) 


For  every  .idmimi  -  • 

—  viccvi.lniirftl 

—  r.'.ir<i<Illiir;il 

—  cn|itaiii  of  the  first  and  second  rate 


Gallotif, 

■  1:2m 

■  l,0,)0 

(■40 
630 


GaUimi. 
For  ever)' captain  of  the  thifl,  f'-urth,  and  fifth  rate      •       420 

—  captain  of  an  inft-rior  rale        •  •  -       210 

—  liLutenaiii,  anil  other  roinniaiidini;  uflicer,  and 

for  every  marine  ofticer        .  •  •        105 


provided  always,  that  such  wine  he  shipped  only  at  one  of  the  ports  Iierein-afler  mentioned  ;  (that  ie 
to  say,)  London,  Rochester,  Deal,  Dover,  Portsmouth,  I'lyniouth,  Yarmouth,  Falmouth,  Uelfast, 
Dublin,  Cork,  Leith,  or  Glasgow. — i  (JO. 

Perxuns  cnltrini.'  IVine  far  Drawback  to  declare,  the  JVame  and  Rank  of  Officer  claiininsr  same. — The 
person  entering  such  wine,  and  claiming  the  drawbtick  for  the  same,  shall  state  in  the  entry  and 
declare  on  the  debenture  the  name  of  Ihe  officer  for  whose  use  such  wine  is  intended,  and  of  the  ship 
in  which  lie  serves  ;  and  such  wine  shall  he  delivered  into  the  charge  of  the  officers  of  the  customs  at 
the  port  of  shipment,  to  be  secured  in  the  king's  warehouse  until  Ihe  same  shall  be  shipped  under  their 
care  ;  and  sucli  otficers  having  certified  upon  the  debenture  the  receipt  of  the  wine  into  their  charge, 
the  debenlure  shall  be  computed  and  passed,  and  be  delivered  to  the  person  entitled  to  receive  the 
same.— 5  97. 

OfitrerK  leattin^  the  Service,  Jfc.  sveh  Wine  permitted  to  be  transferred  to  others. — If  any  snch  officer 
shaii  leave  the  service  or  be  removed  to  another  ship,  it  shall  he  lawful  for  the  officers  of  the  customs 
of  any  of  the  ports  before  mentioned  to  permit  the  transfer  of  any  such  wine  from  one  officer  to 
nnoiher,  as  part  of  his  proporlioii,  whether  on  board  the  same  ship  or  another,  or  the  transhipment 
from  one  ship  lo  another  for  the  same  officer,  or  the  relaiiding  and  warehousing  for  future  reshipinent ; 
and  it  shall  also  he  lawful  for  the  otiicers  of  cusloins  at  any  port  to  receive  back  the  duties  for  any  of 
such  wine,  and  deliver  the  same  for  home  use  :  provided  always,  that  if  any  of  such  wine  be  not  laden 
on  board  Ihe  ship  for  which  the  same  was  intended,  or  be  unladen  from  such  ship  without  permission 
of  the  proper  officer  of  the  customs,  Ihe  same  shall  be  forfeited. — }  98. 

Pumcrs  uf  his  Miijcstifs  Ships  iif  If'ur  niaij  ship  Tnbacco  for  Use  of  Crew  free  of  Duty,  on  giving  Bond. 
— It  shall  be  lawful  for  the  purser  of  any  of  his  Majesty's  ships  of  war  in  actual  service  to  enter  and 
ship  at  the  purls  of  Rochester,  I'orlsmoulh,  or  I'lyniouth,  in  the  proportions  herein-after  mentioned, 
any  tobacco  there  warehoused  in  his  name  or  transferred  into  his  name,  for  Ihe  use  of  the  ship  in 
which  be  shall  serve  ;  provided  such  purser  shall  deliver  to  the  collector  or  comptroller  of  such  port 
a  certificate  from  the  captain  of  such  ship,  slating  the  name  of  the  purser  and  the  number  of  men 
hLlonging  lo  the  ship,  and  shall  also  give  liond,  with  one  sufficient  surety,  in  treble  the  duties  payable 
on  the  tobacco,  that  110  part  thereof  shall  be  relanded  in  the  United  Kingdom  without  leave  of  the 
officers  of  Ihe  customs,  or  be  landed  in  either  of  the  islands  of  Guernsey,  Jersey,  Alderney,  Sark,  or 
Man.— {99. 

Purser  reniovrd  from  one  Ship  to  another  may  tranship  Tobacco  irith  Permission  of  Collector. — If  any 
purser  shall  be  removed  from  one  ship  lo  anotiier,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  collector  and  complroller 
"  of  the  port  where  such  ship  shall  be,lo  permit  the  transhipment  of  the  remains  of  any  such  tobacco  for 
the  use  of  such  other  ship,  upon  due  entry  of  such  tobacco  by  such  purser,  setting  forth  the  time  when 
and  the  port  at  which  such  tobacco  was  lirst  shipped;  and  if  any  such  ship  shall  be  paid  off,  it  shall 
be  lawful  lor  Ihe  collector  and  comptroller  of  any  port  where  such  ship  shall  be  paid  off  to  permit  the 
remtiins  of  any  such  tobacco  to  be  landed,  and  to  be  entered  by  Ihe  purser  of  -^uch  ship,  either  for 
ptiyment  of  duties,  or  to  be  warehoused  for  the  term  of  0  months,  for  Ihe  sup|il>  of  some  other  such 
ship,  ill  like  manner  as  tiny  tobacco  may  be  warehoused  and  suiiplied  at  either  of  the  ports  before 
iiieiilioned.  or  for  payment  of  all  dulies  within  such  C  months:  provided  always,  that  all  tobacco 
warihoiised  for  Ihe  purpose  of  so  supplying  his  Majesty's  ships  of  war  shall  be  subject  to  the  provi- 
sions of  this  act  made  for  the  warehousing  of  tobacco  generally, -is  far  as  the  same  are  applicable,  and 
are  not  expressly  altered  by  any  of  the  provisions  herein  particularly  made. — }  IHO. 

(iiianlilji  iif  Tiibarcu  not  to  exceed,  <))•£. — No  greater  quantily  of  such  tobacco  shall  be  allowed  to  any 
Ehip  of  war  than  'i  lbs.  by  the  lunar  month  for  each  of  the  crew  of  such  ship,  nor  shall  any  greater 
quantily  be  shipped  at  one  time  than  sufficient  to  serve  the  crew  of  such  ship  for  C  months,  after  such 
rate  of  allowance  ;  and  the  collector  and  comptroller  of  the  port  at  or  from  which  any  such  tobacco 
shall  be  supplied  to  any  such  ship,  or  landed  from  any  such  ship,  or  transferred  from  one  such  ship  to 
another,  shall  iransntit  a  particular  account  thereof  to  the  comniissioners  of  his  Majesty's  customs, 
in  order  that  a  general  account  may  be  kept  of  all  the  quantities  supplied  to  and  consumed  on  board 
each  of  such  ships  under  the  allowances  before  granted.— {  101. 

Times  and  Places  for  shipping  Goods.— No  goods  shall  be  put  off  from  any  wharf,  quay,  or  other 
place,  or  shall  be  wuterborne  in  order  to  be  exported,  but  only  on  days  not  being  Sundays  or  holidays, 
and  ill  the  duy-tiiue;  (that  is  to  say,)  from  the  first  day  of  September  until  tliu  last  day  of  March, 


16 


IMPORTATION  AND  EXPORTATION. 


bnlwivl  Riin-riKinil  nnd  min-nettlnir,  and  from  the  Inst  day  of  March  until  the  firnt  day  of  fiepleniber, 
liflwi.'iMi  the  hniirs  of  7  of  the  rlock  in  the  niorninp  and  4  of  thu  dock  in  tin-  aflLTnoon  ;  nor  nhnll  any 
sncli  (.'oiicls  III'  Ihi'n  piil  oil' or  wiili.'rliomf  for  «X|iortation  tinli'sa  in  lliii  pri'Hrnri;  or  willi  the  aiilhority 
(if  till'  |iro|ii'r  ollicrr  of  llit!  cnslonm,  nor  nxcfpt  from  a  li'Ual  iinay  a|i|ioiiitiMl  liy  his  Majesty,  or  at  sonik 
ivliarf,  (|iiay,  or  plare  a|i|ioinli'il  liy  the  coinniiHHiuiiers  of  his  Miijeaty's  customs  for  the  8hl|i|)ing  ot 
such  ifiiiKls  liy  HUll'crance. — J  10'2. 

Piniiltiifiir  cTpnrlini'  iirohihiird  Ohoi/h.— If  any  goods  liable  to  forfeiture  for  lieing  shipped  for  exporta- 
tion Hhiiil  lie  Bhippiil  anil  exporliMl  without  dimovery  by  the  ollicers  of  the  cnsl »,  the  person  or 

persoMrt  who  shall  have  caused  siiili  (jooils  to  be  exported  shall  forfeit  double  the  value  of  such  goods. 
—i  lUJ. 

rnoiitniTioNs  OrTWAHDs. 

Prohihilinva  ami  Rfftriclionii  ahsvliile  or  vwilift(l.—TUi>  several  sorts  of  pooils  enumerated  or  described 
in  the  Table  following'  (denominated  "  A 'I'able  of  Prohibitions  and  Ueslrirliims  Outwards")  shall 
be  either  alisolulely  prohiliiled  to  be  exported  from  the  linited  Kintidoni,  or  sliall  be  exported  only 
tinder  the  restrictions  mentioned  in  such  Table,  according  as  the  several  sorts  of  such  goods  are 
respectively  set  forth  therein  ;  (that  is  to  say,) 

A  Table  of  Pboiiibitions  and  RESTntcTioNs  Oi-rwAiins. 

Cloclli  an'!  watctiPi ;  viz.  anv  oiitwani  or  Inwanl  Imx,  case,  or  dial 

|j|.ile,  of  anv  niclal,  ivithnul  llie  liiniTiMiiit  iii  or  with  every 

luch  li'ix,caVe,nr  dill  plate, made  up  tit  tiir  use,  Willi  ilie  cluck 

or  naU-lmialter's  raiiie  engraven  Iherenn. 
Lace  J  viz.  aiiv  nielal   inferior  1o  ailver  nhieli  shall  lie  spun,  mixed, 

ivrouith'l,  or  sel  upon  silk,  or  which  shall  he  Kill,  or  drawn 

inlu  wire,  or  (latled  into  plate,  and  spun  or  woven,  or  wroiiKht 

into  or  upon,  or  niixrd  w  ilh  lace,  Irinire,  cord,  enibniidery, 

tanilMiur  wi>rl<,  or  l^iitloiis,  made  in  the  god  i-r  silver  lace 

niaiiufac'riry,  or  yet  upon  silk,  or  made  into  liullion  spantik-s, 

or  penri  or  any  other  ina'erials  made  in  the  piM  or  silver  l:ico 

liniiufactory,  or  which  shall  imitate  or  be  nitaiit  to  imitate 

Bncli  lace,  friiit;e,copl,eniljroidery,  tamlHiur  work,or  hiiltons: 

linr  shall  any  perwin  export  any  cop|ier,  brass,  or  oilier  nielal 

wliich  shall'  Iv  silveied  or  drawn  into  wire,  or  (lailed  into 

plate,  or  made  iido  bullion  spaniilcs,  or  jiearl  or  any  other 

Inatcrials  nsi-d  in  Ihe  irold  or  silver  lace  iiianufactory,  or  in 

tiijitation  of  such  lace,  friii^re,  cord, embroidery,  tambour  work, 

or  bullous,  or  of  any  of  the  materials  used  ininakin<  the  same, 

and  w  li.rh  sliall  hold  innre  or  bear  a  greater  proportion  Ihaii 

a  pennyweights  of  (ine  silver  to  the  pound  avoirdupois  ufaiich 

copper,  bi:iss,  or  otinr  metals, 
any  nietal  iriferior  hi  silver,  whether  gilt,  silvered,  stained,  or 

Cfdnuretl,  or  otherwise,  wliich  shall  l)e  worked  up  or  niixeil 

with  gold  or  silver  in  any  iiianufarlure  of  lace,  fringe,  cord, 

enibniidery,  taml'our  work,  or  buttons, 

and  utensils;   nz.  any  m.iehine,  engine,  too],  press,  paper, 

utensil,  or  inslrutiieiit  used  in  or  pniper  for  the  pn-'paring, 

svorking,  pressimr,  or  finishing  of  Ihe  woollen,  cotton,  linen, 

or  «ilk  manufaoliiies  of  this  kingdom,  or  any  other  goods 

wherein  wool,  collon.  linen,  or  silk  is  used,  or  any  part  of 

such   machinei,  engines,   too's,   presses,  paper,   utensils,  or 

inslrnmenis,  or  any  inn.frl  or  plan  therwif,  or  any  part  thereof; 

except  wool  eartls'or  stock  canls  not  wonli  afMive  4*.  per  pair, 

and  spinners*  c.irds  not  ivorth  above  Ii.  6rf.  per  pair,  used  in 

the  wiKdlen  imnnfaclures, 
blocks,  plates,  tni;iiies,  UMtIs,  or  utensils  commonly  used  in  or 


Tools 


projier  for  the  preparing,  working  up.  or  finisliing  of  the  calico. 
cotlon,  muslin,  or  linen  printing  inanufaclures,  or  any  part  uf 
such  blocks,  plates,  engines,  I(M)Is,  or  utensils, 
rollera,  either  plain,  groove,!,  or  of  any  other  form  or  denoniili,!- 
tion,  of  GUI  iron,  wrought  iron,  or  sb-cl,  for  the  rolling  of  in,ii 
or  any  sort  of  metals,  an  '  frames,  lieds,  pillars,  screws,  pinionl, 
and  each  and  every  implement,  t(Xtl,or  utensil  thereunto  h<dong< 
ing;  rollers,  slilteri,  fraiites.  beds,  pillars,  and  screws  for  slitting- 
nulls;  presses  of  all  sorl>,  in  iniii  and  steel,  or  other  metals, 
which  are  used  with  a  screw  exceeding  I  I  2  inch  in  diaiiieler, 
or  any  parts  of  these  several  articles,  or  ai.y  mrxlel  of  the 
before-menlioiie<l  utensils,  or  any  part  thereof;  all  sorts  of 
utensils,  engines,  or  inachines  used  in  the  casting  or  Imriiig  of 
cannon  or  any  sort  of  -iriillery,  or  any  parts  thereof,  or  any 
liuHlels  of  tools,  utensils,  engines,  or  macliii.es  used  in  such 
casting  or  tMiritig,  or  ,iny  parts  thereof;  hand  stamlis,  dog-head 
stamps,  pulley  stamps,   iMinniers,  anil    anvils   for   staniiis; 

fTcsses  ot  all  sorii,  callcl  cutling-out  presses,  beils  or  iiunciies 
o  be  used  therewith,  either  in  parts  or  pieces,  or  fitted  toge- 
ther; scouring  or  (hading  engines;  pn:.sses  for  horn  buttons; 
die^  for  horn  i,uttons  ;  nilled  melal,  with  silver  thereon;  parts 
of  buttons  not  titled  up  into  buttons,  or  in  an  unfinished  state: 
engines  for  chasing,  slocks  fiir  casting  buckles,  buttons,  and 
rings;  die-sinking  tinilsof  all  »irts;  engines  for  making  button- 
shanks;  laps  of  all  sorts;  tools  for  piiieliim;  of  gl.lss;  engines 
f«»r  covering  of  whips;  iMrs  of  nietal  covere>l  with  gold  or 
silver,  and  iiurnishing  stones,  commonly  called  blootl-stones, 
either  in  the  rough  stale  or  linishe,!  f<ir  use ;  w  in  moulds  for 
making  paper;  wheels  of  nielal,  stone,  or  wood,  for  cutting, 
roughing,  smoothing,  polishing,  or  engraving  glass ;  purcellas, 
pincers,  sheen,  and  pipes  used  in  blowing  glass;  |H)tter^' 
wheels  and  lathes,  for  p'.tin,  round,  and  emriiie  turning;  tools 
used  by  saiMlers,  harlies^-tll.lkt:^s,  and  Iiri'dle-makers;  viz. 
candle  strainers,  side  strainers,  point  strainers,  creasing  irons, 
screw  cre-asera,  wheel  irons,  seat  irons,  pricking  irons,  bolster- 
ing irons,  clams,  an,l  he;id  knives, 
frames  for  making  wearing  apiarel. 


^1  List  of  Onoih  which  may  be  prohibited  to  be  eiported  by  Proclaviatinn  or  Order  in  Council. 


or  made  useful  in  increasing  the  quaniiiy  of  military  or  naval 
stores. 
Provisi  >ns,  or  any  sort  of  victual  which  may  be  used  ,aa  food  by 
man. 


Arms,  animuiiition,  and  gunpowiier, 
Asln-s.  pot  aid  p,'irl. 

Wilitaiy  slort-*  .tiiI  naval  stores,  and  any  arltrles  (except  cooper) 
w  liich  his  .Majesty  shall  judge  capable  of  being  converleil  into 

And  if  any  ponds  shall  be  exported,  or  be  waterborne  to  be  exported,  from  the  United  Kingdom,  con- 
trary to  any  of  the  prohibitions  or  restrictions  mentioned  in  such  table  in  respect  of  such  goods,  the 
Faino  shall  be  forCeiteil.— J  104. 

Tlie  si'i'tions  from  105.  to  118.,  both  inclusive,  relate  to  the  Coasting  Tiiadf;,  and  are  given  under 
that  lii'ad. 

CONSTIIUCTION   IN   GeNEBAL. 

Trrma  iisnl  in  .Ictn. — Whenever  the  several  terms  or  e.xpressions  followini;  shall  occur  in  this  act, 
or  in  any  other  art  relatinir  to  the  customs,  or  to  trade  and  navigatitin,  the  same  shall  be  construed 
lespi'itively  in  tlir  niaiiiier  herein-after  directeil ;  (that  is  to  say,)  the  term  "ship"  shall  be  constriieil 
to  tiii'tm  ship  or  vessel  generally,  unless  such  term  shall  be  used  to  dislinunish  a  ship  from  sloops, 
liri!.'iiiitiiie.<,  and  other  (lasses  of  vessels  ;  and  the  term  "master"  of  any  ship  shall  be  coiislriied  to 
mean  the  person  biivini.'  or  takinp  the  charge  or  command  of  such  ship;  the  term  "owners"  and  the 
term  "owner"  of  any  shall  be  construed  alike  to  mean  1  owner,  if  there  be  only  I,  and  any  or  all  Ilio 
owners  if  there  be  tiiore  thiin  1  ;  the  term  "mate"  of  any  ship  sliall  be  roiislrtieil  to  mean  the  person 
ni'xt  in  coiiiiniind  of  stich  ship  lo  the  master  thereof;  the  term  "seaman"  sliall  be  construed  to  mean 
alike  seaman,  mariner,  sailor,  or  landsman,  beinp  one  of  the  crew  of  any  ship;  the  term  "  llrilisb  pos- 
sesslcm"  shall  lie  ccinstriieil  to  mean  colony,  plantation,  island,  territory,  or  settlement  belonpiiiir  to 
his  Mtijesty  ;  the  leriii  "  liis  Ma  ji'sty"  shall  he  construed  to  mean  his  Mijesly,  his  heirs,  and  successors; 
Ihe  leriii  "  Ivtsi  Iiiilia  rontpany"  shall  he  construed  to  mean  the  I'niieil  ("onipany  of  Merchants  of 
F:n!;l;inil  tradiim  to  the  East  Indies;  the  term  "limits  of  the  Rast  Inilia  Cnmpaiiy's  charter"  shall  be 
( oiistrtied  to  mean  all  plat  es  and  seas  eastward  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  to  the  straits  of  Magellan  ; 
lite  term  "collector  and  coniptrollt^r"  shall  be  construed  to  mean  the  collector  and  comptroller  of  the 
ciisloms  of  the  port  inti^nded  in  the  sentence ;  whiMiever  mention  is  made  of  iiiiy  public  officer,  the 
iitlicir  menlioni'd  shtill  be  deemed  to  he  siiih  ollicer  for  the  time  being  ;  the  term  "warehouse"  shall 
be  coiislrnt^d  to  menu  any  place,  whether  house,  shed,  yard,  timber  pond,  or  other  place  in  which  poods 
entered  to  be  warebotisi^d  upon  importation  may  be  lodped,  kept,  and  secured  witliout  payment  of 
duty,  or  althoiipli  prohibiteit  to  be  used  in  the  United  Kinpdoni;  the  term  "king's  warehouse"  shall 
be  construed  to  mean  any  place  provided  by  the  Crown  for  lodging  goods  therein  for  security  of  the 
ciistonis.— J  119. 

Milin  in  Europe.— Tile  island  of  Malta  and  its  dependencies  shall  be  deemed  to  be  in  Europe. 
— }  120. 

General  Regulations. 
If'eiirht.i,  Mcitsnrcs,  Currency,  and  Management.— K\\  duties,  bounties,  and  drawbacks   of  customs 
shall  be  paid  and  received  in  every  part  of  the  United  Kingdom  and  of  the  Isle  of  Man  in  British  cur- 
rency, and  according  to  Imperial  weights  and  measures ;  and  in  all  cases  where  such  duties,  bounties, 


and  drawl 

name  slial 
iM  sticli  ill 
cilsliiitis.- 
CoUiitm 
reipiiri'd  t- 
nsi.'  of  liis 
lliiilteil  till 
ciitiiin  or  r 
Mi'ile  Iff 
titles  of  t'l 
lipid,'  in  pr 
iloni ;  lie  it 
and  the  sa 
bi'iiip  1)0  (Ii 
s|iirils  mac 
excise  payi 
and  asceri 
purpose  of 
Vjjicern  i; 
such  S'impi 
the  same  ; 
sinners  of  1 
'I'ime  if  I 
duty,  or  up 
or  prnbiliil 
Inileil  Kiiii 
an  iiiipiirta 
sticli  time, : 
good.s  tiad  ! 
and  stich  pi 
time  at  wlii 
such  iiutisti 
unce  upon  s 
at  whicli  th 
departure  si 
ci)iii|)troller 
Return  of 
after  any  dii 
that  tlie  sail 
return  any  s 
'I'lUiiiaire  u 
ing  of  this  ai 
or  burden  ot 
the  tonnage 
Ojjii-.er.i  ini 
officers  of  cii 
of  the  ciisloi 
unless  his  ni 
as  being  the 
trollor.— J  i; 
h'ahifiiin^ 
or  falsified,  ; 
ing,  rcporlii! 
baggage,  ot 
made  for  aip 
of'iOO/. :  pni 
•ilher  pniialt; 
•liilhorilij  I 
odicer  of  the 
ollicer  to  rei| 
behalf  such  ; 
transact  siicl 
Persons  fill 
or  by  any  oil 
any  particulii 
answer  (|iies 
answer  such 
anil  above  ai 
Sciziirc.i.—, 
force  rt'latin^ 
of  tlie  ctistoi 
tackle,  appan 
the  proper  pa 
Heslorutian 
forfeited,  or  < 
shall  be  lawfi 
such  manner 
of  the  same  s 
have  or  main 
the  person  nil 
Heiiiission  o. 
goods  laden  ti 
any  penalty  o 
small  in  quaii 
sloncrs  of  his 
of  the  owners 
lawful  for  the 
as  they  shall  i 
to  attribute  ti 


IMPORTATION  AND  EXPORTATION. 


17 


r  Septrnihcr, 
nor  Hlinll  any 
iliL'  iiiilhority 
y,  or  at  8))lllk 
I  bliippiiig  ut 

1  for  cxporla- 
li«  perBon  or 
if  such  goods. 


\  or  defctibcd 
I'iirds")  slmll 
!.\port('d  only 
icli  goods  aio 


iihing  of  Ihe  calico, 
ircn,  or  »iiy  part  of 
lis. 

form  or  denontma* 
'  llie  nilliiig  of  inm 
irs,  screws,  pinions, 
il  lliere«nlol)'-ln«g- 
iiicrcwsforslittini?* 
;l,or  other  nielals, 
2  incll  in  iliauieter, 
ai.y  nifxlfl  of  iho 
itTfof  J  all  wirts  of 
M'ilin)!  or  ImriiiB  of 
irts  tliennf,  or  any 
:liii.es  use\l  in  mch 
iitl  slanijn,  Jos-head 
ihvils    for   st.inilisj 
1-4,  bwls  or  }iunchi-i 
ices,  or  titled  logo- 
s  for  horn  bnttniis  ; 
ilver  thereon;  parts 
.in  unfinished  slate : 
irkles,  Ijutloiii,  ami 
sforniakingliution- 
112  of  KlaMi  enRinet 
iver»l  wilh  gold  or 
called  bloixl-slones, 
,e ;  vx  ire  nioulils  for 
ir  wo<kI,  for  cutlini?, 
iiim(las8;  purcellas, 
vin,<  (ila&s;   potters' 
nifine  tiiniinit;  tools 
lir'dlem.iliers;   viz. 
nem,  creasing  irons, 
icking  irons,  holster- 


Council. 

of  military  or  naval 

be  used  as  food  by 

Kinpdnm,  con- 
iicli  gotids,  the 

re  given  under 


It 


cur  In  this  act, 

.  be  constrttctl 

II  hi'  construed 

..|i  from  sloops, 

te  coiistriii.'d  to 

Iters"  and  tlie 

any  or  all  tlio 

■iiii  llie  person 

triiid  to  iniMin 

"  Urilisli  pcis- 

liclongini:  to 

iid  siiiceesors; 

Merilliints  of 

liner"  shall  be 

s  of  Mat;eliaii ; 

iiptroller  of  the 

lilir  otftrer,  the 

rehotise"  sliiiU 

.n  wliich  good.s 

tit  payment  of 

rehonse"  sliiiU 

security  of  the 

be  in  Europe. 


:ks  of  customs 
in  British  cur- 
uties,  bounties, 


I 


-^ 


and  drawbacks  are  Imposed  and  allowed  nccordlne  to  any  sppclflc  (quantity,  or  any  specific  value,  the 
K.iiiii'  sliiill  lie  ili'i'iiifil  to  apply  In  the  same  prnpurlion  to  any  L'rt'alcr  or  less  (inantily  or  viiliii' ;  and 
iill  stioli  itiiili'H.  biiuiitius,  and  drawbacks  shall  l>o  tinder  the  iiiaiiageiiii'tit  of  the  I'oiiimi.-isiiini'rK  of  the 
cnsliiiiis.— J  l-l- 

CiiUictnr  til  take  Bonds  in  rmpert  nf  Onods  reliilinir  In  Ike  Custom». — .Ml  liond-i  rclaliiii;  to  the  nisloins 
rt'ipilri'd  to  be  (jiven  in  rcupeil  of  poods  or  ships  shall  be  taken  by  the  ciilli'iior  and  roiiiplrnlli'r  liir  tliu 
IIS.'  of  Ills  Maji^sty  ;  and  after  the  e.vpiratiou  of  .'1  yoars  I'riini  the  date  tlii'renf.  or  frniii  llii'  tiiiii:,  il'any, 
lliiiiled  Ihi'reln  fur  the  perforinnnciMif  the  coiidilliiii  tbi^reof,  every  stiili  biunl  iipnii  wlili  li  no  priise- 
iiilinn  or  suit  shall  have  been  coiiimenced  shall  be  void,  and  may  be  I'linccllrd  and  drslroyid-  }  \'l'i. 

Made  vf  iinrrluiniiifr  SlreiiiTih  of  Fureisn  SpirilK — 'I'lii!  mode  of  iiscerlainiiiir  the  sircia'llis  anil  uniii- 
litieii  of  fnri'ii-'n  spirits  imported  into  the  Uiiiled  Kinirdom  shniihl  at  all  ilini's  be  i'.\arlly  slniiliir  to  the 
mud'  ill  prai'lii'i.'  for  ascertaining  tlit<  slroii^'lhs  and  i|iiaiitltli's  of  spirits  made  wilhiii  the  rniled  Kliig- 
iloni ;  be  it  therefore  enacted,  that  the  same  iiislriiineiit)4,  and  lhi>  sam<!  Tables  and  stales  of  (;  rail  it. it  Inn, 
and  the  sanii^  rules  and  methods,  as  the  officers  of  the  e.xeise  shall  by  any  law  in  furce  fur  the  tiiiii! 
tielni.'  1)0  direi'ted  to  use,  adopt,  and  employ  iti  trying  and  ascerlaliiiiii.'  the  streiiptlis  and  i|iiaiititli's  of 
spirits  made  williin  the  United  Kingdom,  fur  tht;  purpose  of  conipiitiiii!  and  colliclliii;  llii>  iliities  of 
e\iise  payabli'  lltereoii,  shall  be  used,  ailiiptttd,  and  employed  by  the  olliccrs  of  the  ciistonis  in  IrjIiiR 
sitid  asceriainlnt!  the  slreii|;tli8  and  <itiatitities  of  spirits  imported  iiilo  the  (iiiiteil  Kingdom,  f.r  the 
purpose  of  coiii|iittinit  and  collecting  the  duties  of  citsloina  payable  thereon. — }  I'iH. 

Ojjicei-s  iif  Ciiftiiiiis  to  take  Siimple  nf  Goml.i. — It  shall  be  lawful  for  the  othct^rs  of  the  cnstotus  to  lake 
such  samples  of  any  jioods  as  shall  be  necessary  fir  ascertaiiiln);  tin-  amount  of  any  dnlies  payable  on 
the  same  ;  and  all  such  samples  shall  be  dl.sposed  of  and  accounted  for  in  such  manner  as  the  comiiiiH- 
sioners  of  his  Majesty's  customs  shall  direct.— {  \'H. 

'J'liiie  if  iirt  Iiiip'trlnliiin  and  of  an  Krpnrlaliun  defined. — If,  upon  the  lirst  levying  or  repealiiiir  of  any 
duly,  or  upon  the  first  uranling  or  repealing  of  any  ilriiwback  or  bminly,  or  upon  Hit!  first  perinlliing 
or  prohiliilin)!  of  any  importation  or  exportation,  whether  inwards,  oiilwards,  or  coastwise,  in  the 
Unlleil  Kinijdom  or  in  the  Isle  of  .Man,  It  shall  become  iieccsfary  to  di'lermilie  the  preci.-ie  lime  at  which 
iiii  iinpnrlation  or  exportation  of  any  iroods  made  and  completed  shall  be  dfemed  to  liavi;  had  ellect, 
such  time,  in  respi-ct  of  importation,  shall  be  deemed  to  be  the  lime  at  which  the  ship  importini!  such 
poods  had  actually  come  within  lite  limits  of  the  port  at  which  such  ship  shall  in  due  course  lie  reported, 
and  such  poods  be  discharged ;  and  such  time,  in  respi-ct  of  exportation,  shall  be  dermed  to  be  the 
time  at  which  the  poods  had  been  shipped  on  board  lln-  ship  in  which  they  had  bfcii  e.xiiorted  ;  and  if 
such  (luestion  sliall  arise  upon  the  arrival  or  departure  of  any  ship,  in  respect  of  any  cliarpt!  or  allow- 
iiiice  upon  such  ship,  e.xclitsive  of  any  carpo.  Hit!  lime  of  such  arrival  shall  be  deemed  to  be  the  lime 
at  which  the  report  of  such  ship  shall  have  b»?en  or  oitplit  to  have  been  made  ;  and  the  time  of  such 
departure  shall  be  deemed  to  be  the  titito  of  the  last  clearance  of  such  shipwilli  tlie  collector  and 
tomplridler  for  the  voyage  upon  which  she  had  departed.— J  12.^. 

Return  of  Duties  uvirpaid. — Altlioiiph  any  duty  of  customs  shall  have  been  overpaid,  or  nllhoitph, 
after  any  tliity  of  customs  shall  have  been  charped  and  paid,  it  shall  appear  or  be  judicially  estalilislitMl 
that  the  same  had  been  charped  under  an  ernineoiis  construction  of  the  law,  it  shall  not  be  lawful  lu 
return  any  such  overcharpe  after  the  expiration  of  3  years  from  the  date  of  such  payment. — i)  liti. 

Tonnaire  or  Burden  of  i>hi;'S  declared.— The  tonmigeor  burden  of  every  liritish  ship  within  tht;  mean- 
inp  of  this  act  shall  be  the  tonnape  set  forth  in  the  certiticale  of  repistry  of  such  ship,  and  the  toniiiipc 
or  burden  of  evitry  other  ship  shall,  for  the  purposes  of  this  act,  be  ascertained  in  the  same  iiianner  as 
the  toniiape  of  Uritish  ships  is  ascertained.—}  127. 

Oncers  mail  rifiife  Master  of  Briti.ih  Ship,  unle.is  indnrned  on  Rcgislcr. — It  shall  be  lawful  for  the 
nllicersof  cnstonis  at  any  port  under  liritish  (loin  in  ion  where  there  shall  be  a  collector  and  comptroller 
of  the  customs,  to  refuse  to  admit  any  person  to  do  any  act  at  such  port  as  tiiasler  of  any  Uritish  ship, 
unless  his  name  shall  be  inserted  in  or  have  been  indorsed  upon  the  certificate  of  repistry  of  sitcli  ship 
as  being  the  master  thereof,  or  until  his  name  shall  have  been  so  indorsed  by  such  collector  and  comp- 
troller.-} I2.>f. 

h'ahifijing  J)oruvients.—\(t\r\y  person  shall  counterfeit  or  falsify,  or  wilfully  use  when  counterfeited 
or  falsiried,  any  entry,  warrant,  cocket,  or  transire,  or  other  docnittenl  for  lite  unlailinp,  ladinp,  enter- 
ing, rcportinp,  or  clearing  of  any  ship  or  vessel,  or  for  the  lamliiig  or  shippinp  of  any  poods,  stores, 
bappape,  or  article  whatever,  or  shall  by  any  false  statement  procure  any  writitip  or  (liiciiniiMit  to  be 
made  for  any  of  such  purposes,  every  person  so  olTeiiiling  shall  ("or  every  such  oU'ence  forfeit  the  sum 
of  20(U. :  provided  always,  that  this  penalty  shall  not  attach  to  any  particular  ollVncc  for  which  any 
other  penalty  shall  be  expressly  imposed  by  any  law  in  force  for  tlie  time  beinp.— }  12',). 

.tiiUwriti/  iif  an  .^/rent  mai/ be  rcv/iii-c^/.— Whenever  any  person  shall  make  any  applicatiott  to  any 
oOicer  oftiio  customs  to  transact  any  business  on  hidialf  of  anyother  person,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  sucti 
ollicer  to  re(|uire  of  the  person  so  applying  to  produce  a  written  authority  tVmn  the  person  on  whose 
behalf  such  application  shall  bo  made,  and  in  default  of  tlie  production  of  such  authority,  to  refuse  to 
transact  such  business. — H  130. 

Persons  falsifying  Deelarution  liable  tn  Penally.— \(  any  declaration  required  to  be  made  by  this  act 
or  by  any  other  act  relatinp  to  the  cttsloius  (except  declarations  to  the  value  of  poods)  be  untrue  In 
any  particular,  or  if  any  person  required  by  this  act  or  by  any  other  act  relatinp  to  the  customs  to 
answer  iiitestiuns  put  to  him  by  the  ollicers  of  the  customs,  toucliing  certain  matters,  shall  not  truly 
answer  such  questions,  the  person  niakinp  such  declaration  or  atiswering  such  iiuestions  shall,  over 
and  above  any  other  penaliy  to  which  he  may  become  subject,  forfeit  the  sum  of  IDlli.— }  l.ll. 

Sci'.nres.— AW  poods,  ami  all  ships,  vessels,  and  boats,  which  by  this  act  or  any  act  at  any  time  in 
force  relating  to  the  customs  shall  be  declared  to  be  forfeited,  shall  attd  may  lie  seized  by  aity  otiicer 
of  the  cusloiiis;  and  such  forfeiture  of  any  ship,  vessel,  or  boat  shiiU  bo  ileemed  to  include  the  puns, 
tackle,  apparel,  and  furniture  of  the  s.ittie  ;  and  such  forfeiture  of  any  goods  shall  be  deemed  to  include 
the  proper  puckapo  in  which  the  same  are  contained.—}  132. 

liesloratiuii  of  seized  Goods,  iihips,  J^-c. — In  case  atiy  poods,  ships,  vessels,  or  boats  shall  bo  seized  as 
forfeited,  or  detained-  as  under-valued,  by  virtue  of  any  act  of  parliament  relating  to  the  customs,  it 
shall  bi!  lawful  for  the  comniissioners  of  his  Majesty's  customs  to  order  the  same  to  be  restored  in 
such  manner  and  on  such  terms  and  conditions  as  they  shall  think  tit  to  direct ;  and  if  the  proprietor 
<d'  the  same  shall  accept  the  terms  and  conditions  prescribed  by  the  said  commissioners,  he  shall  no; 
have  or  maintain  any  action  for  recompence  or  damage  on  account  of  such  seizure  or  detention ;  and 
the  person  making  such  seizure  shall  not  proceed  in  any  manner  for  condemnation.—}  133. 

Kemis.iion  of  Forfeitures,  ilj-c— If  any  ship  shall  have  become  liable  to  forfeiture  on  account  of  any 
goods  laden  therein,  or  unladen  therefrom,  or  if  the  master  of  any  ship  shall  have  become  liable  to 
any  penalty  on  account  of  any  goods  laden  in  such  sliip  or  unladen  therefrom,  and  such  goods  shall  be 
small  in  quantity  or  of  trifling  value,  and  it  shall  be  made  appear  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  commis- 
sioners of  his  Majesty's  customs  that  such  goods  had  been  laden  or  unladen  contrary  to  the  intention 
of  the  owners  of  such  ship,  or  without  the  privity  of  the  master  thereof,  as  the  case  may  be,  it  shall  be 
lawful  for  the  said  commissioners  to  remit  such  forfeiture,  and  also  to  remit  or  mitigate  such  penalty, 
as  they  shall  see  reason  to  acquit  such  master  of  all  blame  In  respect  of  such  offence,  or  more  or  less 
to  attribute  the  commission  ofsuch  ofl'enco  to  neglect  of  duty  on  his  part  as  master  ul'such  ship;  and 
B  2  3 


18 


IMPORTATION  AND  EXPORTATION. 


evpry  fnrfcllnrn  nnrt  pvcry  pcnnliy,  or  part  thereof,  bo  remitted,  nhnll  ho  null  nnd  void,  and  no  iiilt  or 
nclliin  hIiiiII  Iii^  hrnUKlit  nr  miiintiuiiiMl  l)y  any  perHiin  wliati'ver  on  ari'oiint  lliercDf.— j  |;U. 

Wii/Li  nut  hriiiginL'  >''  "'  Slalionn,  Manltra  tii  fur  frit.— U  liny  sliip  r.oniinii  up  "f  depjirliriB  out  of  any 
pnri  III  the  lliilteil  KiiiKdiMii  nr  ill  tile  Isle  of  Man,  Himll  not  firing  to  lit  the  proper  Klalloim  in  biicIi  port 
nppoinliHl  liy  the  coniniJHHioiierH  of  hiii  MiijeNly'ii  ciiHMniti  for  tlie  lionrdinit  or  UiiidinK  ofotliceni  uf thu 


ciifitoniH,  the  niiiHlfr  of  siieli  Hliip  Mliall  for  every  Biuii  ofVeiire  forfeit  the  hiiiii  of  KMW— J  135. 

Ojjirrr.-  mav  be  alatinned  in  Ships  in  the  l.iniitu  uf  any  I'lirl.  —  U  sliiill  he  lawful  for  the  coniiniHRioneri 
of  IiIh  MiiJeHiy'H  ciiHt(ini8,  and  for  the  culit-rtor  and  (joinplroller  of  any  port  under  llieir  directioiig,  to 
staiioii  ntriirrH  on  hnnrd  any  ship  while  wiiliin  tlic  liiiiiiH  of  any  port  in  thi'  United  Kliiudoin  or  in  the 
Isle  of  Man  ;  and  the  iiianter  of  every  ship  on  hoard  of  which  any  olficer  in  ho  Hialioiied  nhall  provide 
every  sin  h  oiruer  Hiitlirieiit  room  iiiiiier  the  deik,  in  Home  part  of  the  forecaHlle  or  meerat'e,  for  hia 
heil  or  liaiiiiiKK  k,  ami  in  ea^c  of  nciiject  or  refiinal  so  to  do  sliall  forfeit  the  hiiiii  of  KIP/.— J  i;«). 

Pnirrr  to  rharire.  Kent  in  King's  H'arrhiiiise. — Whiuiever  any  (roods  shall  he  taken  lo  and  secured  in 
any  of  the  kiiiu's  wari>lioiiHeH  in  the  United  Kingdom  or  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  for  neciirity  of  the  duties 
thereon,  or  lo  prevent  the  Kame  from  coming  Into  home  line,  it  shall  and  may  he  lawful  for  the  com- 

misHioiierH  of  his  Miijenty's  niHloins  to  eliarce  and  ileiiianil  and  receive  warelioiine  rent  fur  such  (,' Is 

I'lir  all  such  time  aK  the  same  shiill  remain  in  siicli  warehouse,  at  the  same  rate  as  may  he  payiilile  for 
tlie  like  (roods  when  warehouned  in  any  warehouse  in  which  such  Roods  may  he  warehoused  without 
payment  of  duly:  provided  always,  that  II  shall  he  lawful  for  the  Lords  (.'omiiiissioners  of  his  Majesty's 
'I'reasiiry,  or  the  coiiiniisHiiiners  of  his  Majesty's  customs,  hy  warrant  or  order  under  their  hands 
respectively,  from  time  to  lime  lo  (i.x  the  aiiioiini  of  rent  which  shall  he  payable  for  any  goods  secured 
in  any  of  the  kiiiR's  warehouses  as  afciresaiil. — }  lli7. 

Pnirrr  to  sell  Guilds  nut  rhiinilfrum  Kiiiu's  IViirehuiise.— In  case  such  poods  shall  not  he  duly  cleared 
from  the  kiiiif'a  warehouse  within  3  calendar  months,  (or  sooner,  if  they  he  of  a  perishable  nature,)  it 
Fliall  he  lawful  for  the  commisHioners  of  his  Majesty's  customs  lo  cause  such  poods  to  be  publicly  sohl 
by  auction,  for  home  use  or  fur  exporlniioii,  as  the  case  may  he  ;  and  the  produce  of  such  sale  shall 
lie  applied  towards  the  payment  of  the  duties,  if  sold  for  home  use,  and  of  the  warehouse  rent  and  all 
other  cliarpes  ;  and  the  overplus  (if  any)  shall  be  paid  to  the  person  authorised  to  receive  the  same  : 
jirovided  always,  that  it  sliall  be  lawfiilfor  the  said  commissioners  to  cause  any  of  such  goods  to  bti 
destroyed  as  cannot  be  sold  for  a  sum  siitticient  to  pay  such  duties  and  cliarpes,  if  sold  for  home  use, 
■>r  siiHicient  lo  pay  such  charues,  if  sold  for  exportation  :  provided  also,  that  if  such  goods  shall  have 
lieeii  lauded  by  the  otticers  of  the  customs,  and  the  freipht  of  the  same  shall  not  have  been  paid,  the 
produce  of  such  sale  shall  he  first  applied  lo  the  payinenl  of  such  frciglil. — D  13H. 

I'tiirer  fur  his  Mijesty  to  iippuini  Purls  and  legal  (luays. — It  shall  be  lawful  for  his  Majesty,  by  his 
commi&siiMi  mil  of  the  Court  of  K\chi'i|iier,  froiii  lime  to  time  lo  appoint  any  port,  haven,  or  creek  in 
the  United  Kin(;dom,  or  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  and  to  set  out  the  limits  thereof,  and  to  appoint  the  proper 
places  within  llie  same  to  he  leifal  (|uays  for  the  lading  and  unlading  of  goods,  and  to  declare  that  any 
jihice  which  had  been  set  out  as  a  legal  ipiay  by  such  authority  shall  he  no  lunger  a  legal  quay,  and  to 
nppoint  any  new  place  within  any  port  to  be  a  legal  quay  for  the  lading  and  unlading  of  goods:  pro- 
vided always,  that  all  ports,  havens,  and  creeks,  and  the  respective  limits  thereof, and  all  legal  quays, 
appointed  a'ml  set  (uit  and  exi.«liiiK  as  such  at  the  coinmenfement  of  this  act  under  any  law  till  then 
in  force,  shall  coiuiiiue  to  he  such  ports,  havens,  creeks,  limits,  and  legal  quays  respectively  as  if  the 
same  had  been  appointed  and  set  out  under  the  authority  of  this  act. — l)  13!). 

Jieerment  uf  Offence. — In  any  information  or  other  proceeding  for  any  otTence  against  any  net 
made  or  to  he  made  relating  lo  the  customs,  the  averment  that  such  otTence  was  conimitled  within 
the  limits  of  any  port  shall  be  suthcient,  without  proof  uf  such  limits,  unless  the  contrary  he  proved. 
—t>  1 10. 

Conimi.<i.iinners  way  appoint  Sufferance  Wharfs. — It  shall  be  lawful  for  the  commissioners  of  his 
Majesty's  customs  from  time  to  lime,  by  any  order  under  their  hands,  to  appoint  places  to  be 
suti'erance  wharfs,  for  the  lading  and  unlading  of  goods  hy  siilTerance,  lo  be  duly  issued  by  them,  or 
hy  the  proper  otticers  under  Ihoir  direciions,  in  such  manner  and  in  such  cases  as  Ihuy  shall  see  fit. 
— «  141. 

Jfo  Ships  engaged  in  the  carriage  of  Letters  to  import  or  eiporl.  Goods.— fio  ship  or  boat  appointed 
nnd  employed  ordinarily  for  the  carriage  of  letters  shall  imporlor  export  any  goods  without  permission 
of  the  comniissiiiners  of  his  Majesty's  customs,  under  the  penalty  of  the  forfeiture  of  lUOi.,  to  be  paid 
by  the  master  of  such  ship  or  lioat.— J  142. 

JVu  Person  deemed  an  .Apprentice  until  Indenture  enrolled  with  ColUctor. — No  person  shall  bo  deemed 
to  be  nn  apprentice  for  the  purposes  of  an  act  passed  in  the  4lh  year  of  the  reign  of  his  late  Majesty, 
intituled  "  An  Act  (4  Geo.  4.  c.  25.)  for  regulating  the  Number  of  Apprentices  to  be  taken  on  hoofd 
Jirilish  Merchant  Vessels,  and  for  preventing  Ueserlion  of  Seamen,"  unless  the  indenture  of  such 
apprentice  shall  have  been  enrolled  with  the  collector  and  comptroller  of  the  port  from  which  any 
such  apprentice  shall  first  go  to  sea  after  the  date  of  such  indenture,  or  in  default  of  such  enrolment, 
until  the  same  shall  have  been  enrolled  at  some  port  from  which  the  ship  in  which  such  apprentice 
shall  afterwards  go  to  sea  shall  be  cleared. — $  143. 

lAcensed  Jigents. — It  shall  not  be  lawful  for  any  person  to  net  as  an  agent  for  transacting  any  busi- 
ness ut  the  Custom-house  in  the  port  of  London  which  shall  relate  lo  the  entry  or  clearance  of  any 
ship,  or  of  any  goods,  or  of  any  baggage,  unless  authorised  so  to  do  hy  licence  of  the  commissioners 
of  his  Majesty's  customs,  who  are  hereby  empowered  lo  require  bond  to  be  given  hy  every  per.8on  lo 
whom  such  licence  shall  be  granted,  with  1  sufficient  surely,  in  the  sum  of  1,000/.,  for  the  faithful  and 
incorrupt  conduct  of  such  person  and  of  his  clerks  acting  for  him  :  provided  always,  that  such  bond 
shall  not  be  required  of  any  person  who  shall  be  one  of  the  sworn  brokers  of  the  city  of  London  ;  and 
if  any  person  shall  act  as  such  agent,  not  being  so  licensed,  or  if  any  person  shall  be  in  partnership  in 
tiich  agency  with  any  person  not  so  licensed,  such  person  shall,  in  either  case,  for  every  such  otience 
forfeit  the  sum  of  lOOi.— }  144. 

Treasury  may  revoke  Licence.— \l  shall  be  lawful  for  the  said  commissioners  of  his  Majesty's  trea- 
sury, by  any  order  under  their  hands,  to  revoke  any  such  licence;  and  after  a  copy  of  such  order  shall 
have  been  delivered  to  such  person  or  to  his  clerk,  or  lefX  at  his  usual  place  of  abode  or  business,  such 
license  shall  be  void. — $  145. 

,Aro«  to  extend  to  Clerks  or  Servants  of  Individuals,  nor  to  Clerks  in  Long  Room. — Nothing  herein  con- 
tained shall  extend  to  prevent  the  clerk  or  servant  of  any  person,  or  of  any  persons  in  co-partnership, 
from  transacting  any  business  at  the  Custom-house  on  account  of  such  person  or  persons,  without 
such  licence;  provided  such  clerk  or  servant  shall  not  transact  any  such  business  aa  clerk,  servant, 
or  agent  to  any  other  person. — {  146. 

.Agent  may  appoint  Clerks  to  act  for  him  onbj.—U  shall  be  lawful  for  any  such  agent  or  agents  in 
co-partnership  to  appoint  any  person  without  licence  to  be  his  or  their  clerk  in  transacting  such 
agency :  provided  always,  that  no  person  shall  be  admitted  to  be  such  clerk  to  more  than  1  agent  or 
co-partnership  of  agents,  nor  until  his  name  and  residence,  and  the  date  of  his  appointment,  shall 
have  been  indorsed  on  the  licence  of  every  such  agent,  and  signed  by  him,  and  witnessed  by  the  sig- 
nature of  the  collector  and  comptroller  of  the  customs,  unless  such  person  shall  have  been  appointed 
With  couaent  of  the  commiBaioners  of  hia  Majesty's  customs  before  the  coiumencemeut  of  thia  act.— i  147. 


Trrasnrif  i 
Maji'sty's  I' 
reL'iilatiiiiis 
Ureal  lirilai 

('I'lio  ro 
till-  :j  &  4 
|ilacr:<,  will 
(lepartin^;  o 
Every  mas 
ftils  "lOO/. 


;;     l.oyiiln 
^     jlUiyMw  th    • 


Abenlnvpy 
>     Mlbnrruih    - 
.Irwultl 


}i:;riiitnpte 

Jlatuinitril 
Ani]wih 
f.'iiwiy 
L'.'\rii:irvnn 

r«llh,ly 

Pirinniith    ■ 

llnlylicij 

liuwuk 
hiutSi-waltr  ■ 


llriillineton  ' 
Jlridfurt 

Jhillnl 
C.irdig 

Cardigan 

(^itrliile 

(  'UfStOlO 

LV/iJ/ir 
rfiwfir.itcr 

C.iiots  {LiUt)' 

DiUtinoiith   • 

Silcoiulie    - 
D.al   ■ 
Vuvir  - 
Fnlkstnno   • 
i  £r.(.r 

ei'^rmifiuth 
1  Faliiwul/i     • 


Livirpnol 

Llandly 

tyine 


IMPORTATION  AND  EXPORTATION. 


19 


nnr]  no  Riiit  or 

lift  nut  of  nny 
118  hi  Biich  port 
riitllci'rti  ul'tho 
135. 

comiMimiioneri 
r  (Iir*!('tiiiii8,  to 
uiloiii  or  ill  thu 
il  iihall  prnvidu 
ccruHi!,  fxr  lug 
—t)  lat). 

tiid  Bi'ciiri'd  in 
y  dl'  lliu  (liiti<!8 
I  for  tlic  com- 
Tor  Blicll  |!noilH 
l)fc  piiyiiliii'  for 

llllliilMl  willlKUt 

)t'lii«,Miiji-»ty's 
er  tlieir  haiiilx 
;  goods  iiecurt^U 

he  duly  cleared 
iililu  nut  lire,)  it 
he  publicly  mild 
Hucli  siilu  bIiuII 
ise  rent  and  all 
eive  thu  siiiiie : 
cli  goods  to  be 
I  for  home  use, 
ooda  shall  have 
3  been  paid,  the 

Majesty,  by  his 
k'en,  or  creek  in 
[mint  the  proper 
leclare  that  any 
;al  quay,  and  to 
of  goods :  pro- 
all  legal  quays, 
luy  law  till  then 
:tivuly  as  if  the 

igainst  an)[  act 
iiniiiilted  within 
rary  be  proved. 

Issionera  of  his 
It  places  to  be 
lied  by  them,  or 
ley  shall  see  fit. 

boat  appointed 
liout  permission 
moi;  to  be  paid 


li 


hall  be  deemed 
is  late  Majesty, 
taken  on  board 
nture  of  such 
roni  which  any 
iicli  enrolment, 
uch  apprentice 


cting  any  liusi- 
'urance  of  any 

commissioners 
ivery  person  to 
the  faithful  iind 
that  such  bond 
if  London ;  and 

partnership  in 
iry  such  oflence 

Majesty's  trea- 
uch  order  shall 
r  business,  such 

ing  herein  con- 
co-partnership, 
ersons,  without 
clerk,  servant, 

nt  or  agents  in 
ansacting  such 
than  1  agent  or 
loinlinent,  shall 
Bsed  by  the  sig- 
been  appointed 
'tliis  act.— J 147. 


tivirpnol 

lUtndly 

tyine 

ynn 


Trramirii  mny  tiltndHfe>ilation»  to  other  Porln. — It  ttlinll  ho  lawful  fur  llie  snid  rnniniiH-ioncm  of  bis 
Miij.'itv'!!  I'ri'ini'ry,  by  their  warrant,  to  be  piiblirilicd  jn  tlic  l.uiitlun  iir  Itnhliii  Hn-.m, .  in  rxirnd  llii! 
ri"-ii|:ilii>nH  licri-in-liefi'rif  iiiiide  rt'liiliiiR  to  iiui'iits  in  iliu  piirt  of  l.diidnii  to  aKinti*  ul  any  mlnr  |i(irl  in 
(ir^Mt  liriiain,  or  at  any  port  in  Ireland.—}  IIH. 

(Tlip  roniniisHioiicrs  of  customs,  aqireouhly  to  the  jiowt-rs  i^ivcii  thoiii  to  tlnit  ilVfct  liy 
till'  ;)  &  4  Will,  4.  c.  b'i.  %  135.  (see  vol.  ii.  p.  17.),  Imve  ii|i|i<)iiiti'(l  \.\w  iiiiciiinu'iiiioiu'd 
iiliicp:*,  vvitliin  the  srveral  ports  of  the  Uniti'il  KiiiKiloin,  at  wliicli  vchscIs  coiiiiiiu;  into  or 
(li-|iartin)?  out  of  such  ports  shiill  Itrinp;  to,  for  tlii'  iMiiinhni^  or  liiiulirin  of  cii-ldiiis  (iHii'crH, 
Kvcry  master  of  a  vcs.sel  fuiliiig  to  couijily  with  the  provisions  of  said  act  in  ilii.s  respect  for- 
feits 'lOO/. 

Stnt  rm»  fm  Iriim'ne.to, 

bfl'iwMif  inwn.nr:iH  in  .ir-is  L'iri'iimi*anret 

|iniiiil  v\'ii|iiii  'lie  |><>irii 
n.iiT'nv  Hills,  ii|i|«iniitt'  Hln'kwiiter  Kiver, 

Mil  l<iii, 
III  tlic  havtrn,  np(iiMtti*  tli'  inwn  of  Milfnnl. 
'I'Ik!  t'li'MiH'r  (i|  Hit-  hirl'diir. 
OpiMiniif  ihc  wnfi'li'liMiisc.  .ti  Itit*  entnince  of 

llu-  rivfi  Tviie. 
I/nv  I.iilit*,  Nnrth  Shi.  IN. 
At  thf  i*:ilijnifL*  n|  ihf  li.irii'iiir. 
In  (he  strt'.iiii,  l.t-twcin  tlif  pirni  ami  Iho 

tiiie  Burvcynr'a  w .tltli  h  'U»f. 
At  the  Hiich-fiimre,  1  iinlc  rroin  Ihe  Cuf 

tiiNi  tiniiAi'. 
ll.iwkiT's  I  nvr,  wiUiiii  tlii:  li.irlMiur. 
Civv.iv.it  l.ikf. 
!SI.  .MiolilrlNM'iunl  RkhIs. 
Wi'liin  lilt:  lint-  ot  \\u-  t'lnkwitpr,  viz.  tho 

S  iiinJ,  C'aiwKer.  aii'I  Hinuazi', 
At  the  eiitriiice  of  Hip  hirhour,  hetwecn 

South   Uivji,  npptiiilt!   liKi^^imiM   las;l«', 

An>t  lliu  Kist-x  himy,  ii|>)i<<site  the  c^M'^e 

Rt.iMcs. 
B(  twt'cii  ni"ckhniitp  P'lint  .iml  the  north  end 

of  l.tr  Mvit-siv'H  il.Kk-y.xr!. 
In  the  niadateatl,  within  I  mile  of  the  Spil 

Huny. 
In  the'hirhniir. 
In  the  h.irtMnir. 
At  the  ciitmncu  of  the  liarlioiir. 

Slift'lllfsS. 

'I'litT  outf  r  cliiiinfl,  nn<l  in  Siag't  Unit',  in  the 
Inficr  rlniiiicl. 

In  the  npfn  riniNteiK 

In  the  open  ri.atslfa<J. 

Enimnce  of  the  h;trl)our,  opp-wite  the  light- 
house, at  the  end  of  Vincent's  Pier. 

Near  the  entrance  of  Uie  harhnur,  hi  the 

western    branch,    opiMwite    the     customs 

watch-house  anJ  Rimcston  Wharf. 
ItchtMi  liiiny,  or  niitsh-  Ion  hu'iy. 
Opposite  the  jetty,  near  the  entrance  of  the 

hiirUiur. 
Ninth  buoy,  nr  opposite  Cleve'anJ  Port. 
In  the  hay,  within  \-i  a  niile  of  St.  Ives  pier. 
The  Mine. 
At  llie  entrance  of  llie  hartKiur,  near  the 

\v.itch  house  on  Ihe  South  pier. 
In  Ihe  harhnur. 
Briton  Ferry,  near  the  entmnce  of  Neath 

River. 
Falmouth  harbour. 
Between  the  entrance  of  the  harbour  and 

Wells  Quiy. 
Weymouth  Uoatls. 
The  harlx.ur. 
In  the  harbour,  between  the  tongue  and 

bulwark. 

In  their  respective  harbours. 

At  the  liirht-hnuseB  almut  3  miles  below  the 
station  at  Sutton  W.ish. 

Bawdsey  Ferry,  the  entrance  of  the  river 
Delien. 

Yarmouth  Roaflu,  between  Nelson's  mnnu- 
iiient  anil  the  Invents  moutli— on  the  Brunhj 
a  ^hort  iliiitance  within  the  haven's  nioulh| 
at  the  S.  E.  angle  of  the  river. 

SCOTLAND. 

That  part  of  Aberdeen  Bay  which  falls 
within  a  line  l)e!;inninffal  theeaslernnioat 
point  of  Ihe  Ginlle  Ness,  and  running 
north  I  1-2  mile,  to  a  point  due  east  of  the 
centre  of  the  Broad  Hill. 

The  bay. 

Withinthe  river  Ylhan,  opposite  to  the  vil- 
lage Newlmrgh, 

Stonehaven  B^y,  within  800  yards  of  the 
entrance  of  the  harbour. 

South  Quay  at  Ayr. 

The  Legal  Quays. 

The  harlxiur, 

The  harbour. 

The  hartmur. 

The  harlmur. 

The  harbour. 

Caroline  Roads,  1  1*2  mite  to  the  eastward 
of  the  harbour  of  Dumlee. 

Entrance  of  the  harlmur. 

Entrance  of  ttie  harbour. 

Alloa  roadstead. 

Kincardine  roadstead. 

From  Gravel  Point,  to  the  eastward  of  thB 
town  of  Greenock,   in  Uie  county  of 


Portt. 

Ahcnl'ivey 


F.rnitafle  - 

iJclKiimrif  • 
Anilwfh 
t'.'iivvay 

t'arn;irvon  • 

rwllh.ly  . 

Firmoiith  ■ 

Hnlyhe.U  • 
Jiu  ivuk 

Jiniigt-water  • 


Jhitfol 
C.irdijf 

Cardigan 

l^irlitle 
(luf'stow 

Cfu-ihr 
I'fitc/ir.'itcr 
.  I'iaif   ■ 

C'.'ioej  {Laxt)  • 

DMtinoiith    ■ 

Salcoinlw    - 
.  :   D.al   • 
'■    Ihnjrr. 

Folkstono   • 

.  V      Tfiijnmouth 
I  Faliiwuth 

-  ;|      Milton 
*i^  Fi'wcy 

I  CJnucfftcr 
[  Ctimshy 

^  C-^nle  • 
Hj  lit  eft 

f  Harwich 

iliuH  ' 


^Ilfrarnmle     - 
^jpiwich 

Ulc  ff  Man 
llnui^l^s      -  '\ 
Parhy  Haven  I 
Peel  -    f 

Ramsey      -  J 

$.ancnfter 
Potilton 
VIverslon    • 
iCtgA 


ENGLANn. 

Smtiom  f(rr  hritiginK-tn. 
Gravrsemi  Reich.  l<elow  tlie  Cutlimi-hniise. 
Ou  the  liir,  a  little  al)ovf  the  junctitm  of  ttie 

rivers  Kbvdol  arrl  Vstwith. 
A  little  to  the  westward  of  the  town,  in  the 

rivr  l)ovt-y. 
Oil'inl  hivin,  Ihe  entrance  of  the  riven  Ore 

and  Aide. 
The  1  ilet  on  the  eastern  si  le  of  the  river, 

lielween  Ihe  revenue  watch-lnMiM)  and  the 

Duke  of  Nortiitk  n  Quay,  in  the  lurbour 

of  Lil'lehiimptDM. 
Sktrnand  watch-house.  Apnh'dore. 
*»pi.n>itu  the  town,  at  Fry.ir's  Houls. 
Within  Ihe  harbour. 
In  the  nndslead  iipiMfflite  the  town. 
In  the  hav  o|!'  Ihe  town,  opimsite  the  Bell 

Tower,  and  at  Al»ermenni. 
At  lilt    entrance   of   the    harbour,  by  the 

GiniMet  R'>ck. 
In  ttie  h.nliour. 
In  the  hirl)our. 
At  the  entrance  of  the  harbour,  near  the  pier 

hcid. 
Skt-rn  nnd  watch  house,  Applcdore. 
H^h  llcte. 
Bi-twi'eii  HoteMatI  Point,  on  the  coast  of  the 

Bristol  Channel,  and  Black  Itotk,  alttHit  a 

mile  within  the  mouth  uf  the  river  Parrott. 
The  li.iy  or  harlmur. 
The  outer  buoy,  dittant  about  300  yanls, 

atire«8t  of  'he  harbour. 
Pill  and  Kini?*rn.id. 
Penrith  Koals,  .i   liltle  to  the  e-istwanl  of 

the  inoiilh  of  the  river  Tall". 
At  Pwllcam,  a  little  inside  the  bar  or  liar* 

bonr's  mouth. 
Fislirr'a  Cn«.s, 

At  the  enlriiice  of  the  river  Wye, 
I]ow|iont,  6  miles  fmm  lloylak'e. 
Corkbiish  Uarlioiir. 
Blackiiey  and  Clay  Htrttour. 
Coin  River,  off  Minea  SUme,  Mer^ea  Island. 
Hoadslead  uf  Cnwe<i,  exteuJing  front  east  to 

west  about  2  '-2  miles. 
Between  the  mouth  of  the  hartmur  and  Sand- 
quay  Pwirii. 
At  Ihe  mouth  of  the  harbour  and  Snaps  Point. 
In  the  DovMis  in  open  roadstead. 
The  r)iiier  hirbour. 
In  the  harl>nnr. 

At  Ihe  P.isvige  Wayi  Exmouth. 
At  the  Pninl. 
In  Ihe  harbour,  off  Kiln  Quay  and  watch- 

houte. 
Between  (he  moutli  of  Faversham  Creek  and 

Ihe  Ihinie  Sand  in  the  East  Swale. 
At  the  mouth  of  Milton  Creek  in  the  Swale. 
Near  Ihe  Ciistoin-house,  not  far  from  the 

entrance  tif  the  harbour. 

At  the  outfall,  near  the  entrance  of  the 
harhnur. 

Hull  Roals. 

Uurgan  Roads,  just  at  the  entrance  of  the 
river  Hel. 

In  the  harbour,  between  the  Guard  and  Wal- 
ton Ferry. 

Hull  Roads,  between  the  east  end  of  tlie  cita- 
del and  the  entrance  to  the  Humber  Dock 
to  Ihe  westward. 

In  Ihe  harbour. 

In  the  harlHiur,  between  the  Guard  and 
Walton  Ferry. 


In  their  respective  bays. 

Glassnn  Dock,  on  the  river  Lune. 

Sea  Dyke,  entrance  of  the  river  Wyre. 

Pile  Fowdry,  near  the  Isle  of  Walney. 

Leieh  Slade,  or  Leigh  Swatch,  which  chan- 
nel is  formed  by  the  spit  of  a  sand  called 
Marsh  End,  leading  from  the  east  end  of 
Canvy  Island,  and  nearly  opjHwile  to  a 
windmill,  called  the  Hamlet  Mill,  situate 
upon  the  Clitf,  about  1-2  a  mile  to  the 
westwani  of  SoutlMind,  and  about  2  miles 
from  l^igh. 

At  the  entrance  of  the  respective  docks. 

The  basin  within  the  pier  or  cobb  of  Lyme 
Regis. 

Nottinghsm  Point,  intermediate  space  be- 
tween Common  Strath  <iuay,  wijere  the 
cetuary  narrows  into  a  river,  about  3  miles 


Portt. 


M'tftmi 
Mit.tHiid 

Shiel  t^ 
Biyhii'tok  • 
Nrw/tai'in 

Ntwpiirt  (Wales) 

Pndstnw 
Penziinre 

St.  Michael's 
Plytiiiftiih 

Poole  • 


PurtmumJh  • 

Lingstone  • 

lidinizftte 
MarzTe 

Sandwich   • 
Ii  •cliLJttr 
Rye     - 

Hastings 
Eastbourne 
ScarUrruugh  - 

.•^r'Uy  - 
Shurcham 


Smthamptrm 
SuWhwolU     • 

St'Kkfon 
at.  Ives 
Ihvte 
Suitdcrland  ■ 

Swansea 
Neath 

Tinro' 
ll'clb  . 

IVfumnuth     • 
IVhitlftf 
IVfiitehaven  • 

Harriiigton  1 
Workiin^ton  > 
Miryport    •) 

fVisUach 

IVoodbridge  - 
Varmouth     • 


AUrdetn 


Peterhend  - 
Newburgh  - 

Stonehaven 

Jlyr  • 
lianff 
BotrnWftontSfi 

Inverkejihing 
Camltettown  - 
Ihitnfriea 
Dundee 

Newburgh 
Perth      . 
Gttueow 
Qrane^cmcuth 

Alloa 

Kincardine 
Q1^cnock 


and } 


to 


IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS. 


Porii, 


Rothwy 


Oban 


Tobermory 


liivprary 


I»rhi[iIplieiJ 


hivrrntti 
Irvtur 

JiirknI'lt/ 


ir    Bin!  ) 


Hurrit 
Pitlt  nwcfii  - 
Ilynait 

J.ivrii 

Kli.; 

Aii-^rnitlipr   - 
S'.  Aii'lrevv'i 
Kiihwalt 


StromncM  ■ 
lath  • 

Diii.Kir       ■ 
Fi^lieriow  ■ 

I.rrwuk 

Ali/ittfise 

Arhrnath     ■ 


Stniinnt  far  fcriFifinf-(n, 
Rnifrrvv,  to  Kcmntirk  hmtl.  Ix>jnr  the 
wr-t'rrn  |H>iril  nf  (niiiriK-k  liny,  i\\r\\v\\r^ 
thtrnu  ( .irtilyk'-  M'y,  (ircfinK-li  Kfiiiln, 
till-  ■tirli'Dvr  at  tltc  tail  o(  the  Utik,  aimI 
(i  >iinw  k  ll.iv. 

n-.thviy  ItAv.fvint  and  t^tni;  within  B"y  my 
I'nii't,  Kii  Ihr  I  i^t  of  (lilt  lonii  of  KntliaAV, 
ill  111."  Ilf  oi  Hu(f,  nunty  i.f  Wh  p,  Aii.l 
Arliiuli^ti  I'oiiil  nil  lliu  Mnt  uf  Ihu  ml 
town. 

Ob  to  ^AW,  in  tlie  cmmiv  of  Anrvl"",  »'  lirt 
wiMiiii  Fohiiiii  hniiw  t'nirit  nil  till-  iMi'irii 
file,  Alii  Ciinirk  rciirt  cii  the  westt-tn 
11. h'  <A  thr*«,ii,l  l.iy. 

'I  he  Hiy  (f  Tnlirninry,  Ijitif  ami  li-iiin 
H'iililii  ■'''iil.tK  i''*ii<T  l»  Iho  iniiih  e^st, 
r'trlmnn'  I'niiii  Id  ihc  intHli-vvtiil.  ai)<1  llie 
Iftlniif  CjIvtoii  the  cut  (if  'l'ot>eriiiury,lklc 
til'  .Mull,  oiiuty  (if  Ari(yl-.>. 

1  lie  n>.i l«iiM(l  lit  hivtrir'y,  lyinc  -m'!  I>fin« 
oil'  Ihi^  toun  (>f  liiVTniy.  in  llu-  i-ouiily  of 
Ar^'vlr,  ami  ^xtnulinif  1-2.1  mile  iiiir(h*t>4sl 
of  the  t\\u\  itl  till'  ml  town. 

l>'rhfril|i|(ii«l  H(ti<f».  ai  tlm  ta^t  i-nJ  of  the 
C'liii.it)  (  .(IiaI,  lyiiiic  .iml  hcing  wjfhin 
Ar<lt,ii|MiiC  I'mnt.  im  (ht;  wt'^icrii  >i  le  of 
I/)i  hf;il|>ht^i  I  .iiid  Kiliiif>ry  Puiiil,  uii  ttu' 
cniltTii  >i'le  of  the  uiil  loch. 

The  h.trh;iur. 

'lln'  liirlxiur. 

l>:iitniiice  of  the  harbour. 

Hu  rut  island  Roa<li, 


Kirk.tKty  Hiy. 


I.ar'o  n.iy, 

Fnlrinn*  to  thrir  rcsppctive  harhoiirt. 

St.  Anilrfw'a  X\^y. 

'Jhf  Uiy,  nr  K'nkwnll  Rnadi,  eitPnHin? 
ahtiii;  ih*:  h^  tch,  in  a  noitl)-t-i<(t  itirictinn, 
to  'ihiiCs  Holm,  iri'l  in  a  wikterly  ilirfc- 
ti-tn  to  (^iiiitfrnt'HS  ^k^'r^y,  (Imnrt:  Itt  a 
Hoiithftly  iliivc'ion  to  the  X.v^x\  ijiiiys. 

Thi^  bay  t-alli'd  CairsKtn  U-a  Is. 

]li-t»'fiMt 'III' M  irlillu  tuwcr  au>l  chain  pier 
ai  Nfwhivt-n. 

Ill  llic  h.nlioiir. 

in  the  hirhuiir. 

In  I*  e  hiy,  opposite  the  Ciistnm  honw. 

Within  tlif  li.ir,  at  (h«  t-ntranci!  of  Mie  river 
South  f^k,  which  i«  called  the  Still. 

The  Ii,ub;>iir. 


Port 


Portt. 
Ghugow 


Sinrvniray     • 

Tort  Utrivk 
7'hw»o  • 

Wick 


Bifltitnfyrf  \ 

I  a«fte  Tnwnnrnd  { 
Cniok  ll.ivtii 
Dire  ILiveii 

(no.-»tin)?Stn.) 

Cut,  rattU 
CvikiCrw)    ' 
\Vc«t  Pubago 

Kinialfl 


StatimitfrfT  hrinting  tfl, 

port  Otuvow  )ti«'|i,  «r  madiiciul,  conimme- 
inc  at  lliii  I'lirk  and  whili!  rhrtpi*  rp>| 
liiioy,  on  llir  Pitt  pout  of  Mi<'  t»ink  callril 
Ihr  pprih,  tlnlan'  fnun  llie  harlmur  about 
8(4)  y anil, and  pxteiiiliri<  in  a*nii<b  rMtiily 
dirtvlion  by  the  munv  of  tli«*  river  llyJii 
(n  the  (lilt  mini  called  Newark  Cattle. 

Thn  harbour. 

1  hr  hart<oiir  of  Stranraer. 

The  hirbonr. 

7liiirao  llay,  williiii  nolbiirn  Ury^  to  the 
nnchorjm*  cmund  at  hrr.il  ule-r  Hoa>U. 

Wick  Hav,  wlien  abria«t  or  rt  iihin  the  head* 
land  caited  the  Old  AUu  o(  Wick. 

IKKLANO. 

At  the  ftitranrr  nf  the  birt'our^  nf  Okltc 
TotuiKfiiil,  halliniure,  Crook  Haven,  anJ 
Itcre  lliiitn* 


Yuugtiall 


Drn^hrtia 

OnetnU)  rough 
Dultm 

iiatway 
Liuuridi 
Kondowlrmj » 

\cwry  ■ 

Slninuford  • 
Slmn  . 

Kil  itH*jrs    • 

Itillvshannnn 

Dal  I  ma 

Killala 
irnlerf'  r<{ 

New  ■' 

i)un?arvan- 
ffljf;)(i*t 

IVtjrford 


V  K.tm  •       ( 


f 

>  Carninylr  Ilnadi,  In  Beirnat  l/)ui(h. 

>  I'nrt  Rilnh  Hav.  nnt%i<tr  Dir  liirhixir. 

-  lle'\V(;('ii  IhcSjjil  ttiK-yilll  thtr  towunf  ri>Vf. 

-  Ik-lwii-n  r^riy  I'ltml'tii  Ihf  irftuttinanl  duy\ 
MiirM'  Ui-nil  to  thr  n'T'li-wtst. 

•  l'|i)irr  (  ovc,  oil  ttiL*  eoftUTU    litie    nf  tlii* 

tnrlitiur. 
■    Williiii  Itippntmicpnf  lilt- h.ir!)nur,  b»'t«-i',>j, 
lllacktjatl  lltail  ttj  the  i>asl ward,  and  IVrry 
I'liinl. 

-  Nnrth  t'rook.  at  thr  fntnnn*  of  the  Bnyn-'. 

•  111  Hie  river  Hnytif,  o|i|i(.«iIt.-  tiuci'iiboriin^h. 

•  I'lKniii-lmuar,   U'lwt-uii    Hip  luirtumr  lli^lit. 

Iinuse  and  tlie  end  of  Die  Nut  lit  Wall. 

•  fwildirr^'  I'liint. 

•  'i'o  the  e-istwinl,  or  under  the  Rlielter  of, 

Million  M;inl. 

•  TarliiTt'»Ho.nis,  to  Ihewni'liward  of  TarUri 

hinirl,  in  Hip  cotinly  I'f  Kerry. 

•  Oreeiir.nlle.   bitiiate  iin  the  north  aide  of 

I^nlitll  Foyle. 

•  Warren  I'oilif  Rn.ids. 

•  Ilallyhf  ury  Day  nr  /uilley'i  Town  Bay. 

•  OyBter  Island. 

•  Aiirhnr.i<e  of  Killiltesf. 

•  III  the  I iver,  abrcait  uf  Ward  Tonn-houw. 

•  ^loylle  PiHil. 
KillaLa  Pool. 
raM.ii;e. 

'Mil'  harhoiir. 

Till!  anclioragc  ^miind  al  Anaash  He.vl,  in 

Cleiv  Day. 
Suutli  llav,  aloi.i  10  miles  from  Weiford. 
iii;i) 


[ft  was  at  fir.st  intoiulod  by  the  American  editor  to  annex  to  the  present  article  sucli 
information  concprning  the  topics  treated  in  it,  and  liaving  relation  to  the  United  States,  as 
might  be  desirable  for  those  occasionally  to  refer  to  who  consult  a  commercial  dictionary, 
On  proceeding:  to  this  task,  however,  it  became  manifest  to  him  tliat  the  execution  of  his 
design  was  quite  impracticable  in  any  thing  like  reasonable  bounds.  Not  to  speak  of  copy- 
ing the  very  words  of  the  acts  of  Congress,  or  of  the  sections  of  acts  of  Congress,  which 
prescribe  the  course  in  every  case  to  bo  purnued  by  the  importer  or  exporter  of  merchandise, 
a  digest  only  of  these  enactments,  after  the  manner  of  Gordon,  would  occupy  altogether  a 
disproportionate  space  in  the  present  work.  Indeed,  the  space  occupied  by  the  9tli  book  df 
this  author,  much  of  which  contains  matter  that  would  have  a  claim  for  insertion  here, 
amounts  to  no  less  than  200  closely  printed  octavo  pages. 

For  the  reasoh  which  has  been  stated,  the  reader  is  referred  for  the  information  in  ques- 
tion to  S/uri/'s  Laws  of  the  United  Slates,  or  to  Gordon's  Digcut  of  those  laws. — Am.  Ed.] 

IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS,  the  articles  imported  into  and  exported  from  a  country. 

We  have  explained  in  another  article  (Balance  of  Thadf.),  the  mode  in  which  the  value 
of  the  imports  and  exports  is  ofTicially  determined  by  tlie  Custom-house,  and  have  shown 
the  fallacy  of  the  common  notions  as  to  the  advantage  of  the  exports  exceeding  the  imports. 
The  scale  of  prices  according  to  which  the  official  value  of  the  imports  and  exports  is  deter- 
mined having  been  fixed  so  far  back  as  1698,  the  account  is  of  no  use  as  showing  their  tnu' 
value ;  but  it  is  of  material  importance  as  showing  the  fluctuations  in  their  quantity.  Wo 
were  anxious,  had  the  means  existed,  to  have  given  accounts  of  the  various  articles  imporldl 
and  exported  at  diflerent  periods  during  the  last  century,  that  the  comparative  increase  or 
diminution  of  the  trade  in  each  might  have  been  exhibited  in  one  general  view.  Unluckily, 
however,  no  means  exist  for  completing  such  an  account.  The  Tables  published  by  !Sir 
Charles  Whitworth,  Mr.  Macpherson,  and  others,  specify  only  the  aggregate  value  of  tlic 
imports  from  and  exports  to  particular  countries,  without  specifying  the  articles  or  their  valin' 
of  which  such  imports  and  exports  consisted.  And  on  applying  at  the  Custom-house,  wc 
found  that  the  fire  in  1814  had  destroyed  the  records ;  so  that  there  were  no  means  of  com- 
piling any  complete  account  of  the  value  of  the  articles  imported  oir  exported  previously  to 
that  period.  We  therefore  have  been  obliged  to  confine  ourselves,  except  ivs  respects  the 
period  since  1815,  to  an  attempt  to  exhibit  the  amount  of  the  trade  with  each  country  for 
such  periods  as  seemed  best  calculated  to  show  its  real  progress.  Those  selected  for  tliis 
purpose,  in  the  first  of  the  following  Tables,  are  periods  of  peace;  for,  during  war,  the  com 


I.  Arroiint  n 
S        Wiirlil,  nt 
Iliu  'I'riiilu 


Countries. 


Kun'jie,  ftiiUsh 
aiiij  foreign 

Foriiiii,  .\iirlh 
.Siiiilh  ■ 

Ireland,  (iiiern. 
I  »i'y,Jerstv,Ai-; 
deriiey,  ,\Iaii,l 
and  the  Whale; 
Fishery 
Girnliar  (from 
I«1J1,  Malta 
and  Ionian 
hliiidsl 


Kiirope,  Uriliih 
and  I'lireign  • 
Aula 

Africa     • 
America - 

(irand  Tol.il    . 


Kiirope,  Nonli 
Kiis^ia     . 
Sin-.leii  . 
Diiiniark     ani 

.Norway 
l*ni«ia    - 
tiermiiiv 
N.  Mierrilids    • 
Kiinijie,  Sdulll. 
France    - 
rorhi^al • 
S|-.liil 

llaly  .  . 
Turkey  • 

Ailierica,North 
I'Milcd  Stalej  ■ 
Riitish  colonies 
Ainerici,  South. 
Ilrllish       Weit 

Indies 
Foreign      ditto 
(from      1805, 
Brazils     ami 
Sjaii.  colon.) 


IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS. 


21 


hrlntlnnlo- 
r().iiui**«*'i  cnmmfnp* 
nil  ivhllr  rl.ri|uirt^l 
III  lit  III''  I'Xil'  <'<>'<''l 
iiii  ihf  liKrliour  «ti<iiil 
liii<iiiii»™i'li<'«'"ly 
me  lit  111''  riviT  t'l)''" 
(il  Ncvtuik  Ciiilc 


IMIiiim  IIpvI  In  Ihn 
I  Srr.il  »HT  Ho»'l». 
><t  iirvviil""  llie  liM'l' 

MAuor  vvKk. 


^p  liirlinurt  of  OMIr 
rr,  Croiill  Haven,  auJ 

lelfMl  I/iUKh. 

r  llir  lijrlimir. 

■ml  llu'lnwiinfrovp. 

III  Ihr  Miiithnanl  uii^l 
i(.ri|i-«iil. 

!  eauliru   •iJo   "f  ""■ 

if  Ihf  Mrlinur,  hiiwivii 
lietaJHVircl,»lKl  I'fity 

■ntnnri-  nf  llif  Hoyn  ■. 
|.|ii.iiili-  l)m-iiib<miii.-li. 
uii  Hip  ti.irlKitir  ):Klit- 
of  ihc  Noiili  VVall. 

uiiiler  the  ilielter  of, 

IP  iMMitlivvjinl  of  Tart«  n 

IV  il  Kprry. 

uii  Ihe  north  hJp  of 


uilloy's  Town  Hay. 
uf  Wui  Town-houie. 


md  «l  Annagli  Hp»iI.  '» 

miles  from  Weifonl. 
Siij') 

>nt  article  such 

Jnitcd  States,  as 

rcial  dictionary, 

xccution  of  liis 

spruk  of  copy- 

ongrcss,  which 

of  nierciiandise, 

py  altogctlicr  a 

the  9th  book  of 

insertion  here, 

mation  in  ques- 
ivvs. — Am.  Ed.] 

m  a  country. 

which  the  value 

and  have  shown 

ing  the  imports, 

exports  is  detiT- 

owing  their  \nw 

quantity.     Wo 

irticlcs  importi'il 

itive  increase  or 

ew.     Unluckily, 

jublished  by  f^ir 

ate  value  of  tlic 

-les  or  their  valui' 

istom-house,  we 

0  means  of  com- 

ted  previously  to 

OS  respects  the 

ach  country  fur 

selected  for  this 

ig  war,  the  com 


mercc  with  pnrtiriilar  countrioH  in  liiil)!e  to  bo  extended  or  deprpHHed  no  far  beyond  its  natural 
hiiiits  us  Id  iiirKni  in>  iiinnis  of  jiicliriiii>  of  lis  oriliiiiiry  iiiiiniiiit.  'I'hr  iivcni'^'t'H  txivrn  in  tiio 
'I'iil'le  (with  till-  cxcfptiiiM  of  ISO'.:),  iirc  Hiiliiiifiiily  cvlni-sivc  lo  ni'iitialisc  ilii"  iiilliu  iicc  of 
fiiicU  cxtriiorilniiiry  circimistiini'i's  (.wlit'lbcr  arisiiin  tioiii  IkhI  hiirsi'KlH,  the  rc|i<';il  or  iiii|HiHi- 
timi  of  diiiit'^.  or  imy  otlicr  cuusc),  ns  niiubt  iimli'riiilly  atli'i't  an  av('riii;<"  lor  V!  or  :j  yinirn 
oiilv:  and  us  ibi-y  cvleiid  from  KiilS  to  IS'^VI,  tiny  aHord  a  prrtty  roiii|i!clc  view  of  tho 
iiriinrrs>  of  tln^  liirci^n  trade  of  (ireat  Uritaiii.  'I'liis  'I'aliif  was  i'oiii|>ilcil  irom  olUcLd  docu- 
iiinits  bv  .Mr.  Ci'Siir  .Mon'aii,  and  may  la?  sat'ejy  rclird  on.     'I'lie  'i'alilcs  wliich  follow  have 

citlicr  lir'fii  copii'ii  IV ,  or  have  liccn  founded  upon,  oll'u'ial  returns.     IS'os.  i\',  and  V.  give, 

ill  II  brief  simcc,  by  liir  tiie  niost  coinplcli'  \iew  ol' llie  liircij,'!!  trade  of  the  niipirc  iliniiig  liio 
hall  do/.(<n  years  I'liihng  with  IHK.'i,  than  is  anywhcri^  to  be  met  Mitli.  'I'lic  |>ro|iortional 
value  of  our  export  tradi^  lo  dillerent  countries  is,  for  the  (irsl  time,  exiiibitei!  in  'I'alili'  V. 

ibiriiig  the  lirst  h;df  of  last  century,  and  previously,  woollen  goods  tonned  the  principal 
article  of  native  proiluee  exported  from  (ireat  Uritaiii;  and  next  to  it  were  hardware  and 
cutlery,  leather  manufactures,  linen,  tin,  and  lead,  copper  and  brass  inanulaetures,  coal, 
r.utlienware,  provision,  slo|)s,  «.Vc.  ('orn  formed  a  eonsidendile  article  in  the  list  of  exports 
down  to  17  70  ;  since  which  period  the  balance  of  the  corn  trade  has  lieen,  with  a  lew  excej)- 
tions,  very  decidedly  on  the  side  of  iin|ioitation.  <Jotton  tlid  not  beu:in  lo  be  of  any  imjiort- 
ance  as  an  artieh;  of  exi)ort  till  after  1770;  but  since  then  the  extt'iision  and  improvement 
of  the  cotton  manufacture!  has  been  so  astonishingly  great,  that  the  exports  of  lotton  slull's 
and  yarn  amount,  at  this  moinenl,  to  about  a  half  of  the  entire  exports  of  Uritish  produce 
and  nianufactures  ! — (See  vol.  i.  p.  5^0.)  The  export  of  woollen  goods  has  been  coni})ara- 
tively  slalionary. 

'I'iie  principal  articles  of  import  during  the  last  half  century  have  consisted  of  sugar,  lea, 
corn,  limlier  and  naval  stores,  cottim  wool,  sheep's  wool,  woods  and  drugs  for  liyeing,  wino 
and  spirits,  tobacco,  silk,  tallow,  hides  and  skins,  coHee,  spices,  bullion,  «S:c.  Of  the  colonial 
and  otlii<r  foreign  products  imported  into  England,  considerable  (quantities  have  always  been 
re-exported. 

Tables  of  Imports  and  Expohts. 

I.  Arroiiiit  of  llie  Offiriul  VbIur  of  tlie  Import  and  Export  Trade  of  (Jrcat  Britain  with  all  Parts  of  the 
world,  lit  an  Aniiiiiil  .Mudiiiiii  of  tliu  inidtirinentiuiied  I'eriudsi  spucifying  lliu  geparate  Aaiuaiit  of 
lliu  Tradu  with  cacti  Country  for  8uch  Periods. 


Countriej. 

Im|X)rt>  into  Great  Britain  fmm  all  FarU,  of  all  Sorli 
of  I'roducn. 

Eijjorlt 

rom  Great  Dritain  In  all  Parts,  of  all  Sorts  of 
Products. 

Annual  Me  Hum  of  Five  Periodi  of  Peace 

,  vir. 

Annual  Medium  nf  Five  Peric 

kIs  of  Peace, 
111  1802. 

viz, 
1816-1822. 

189S-170I. 

1749-17ii. 

1784-1792. 

In  1802. 

ISI6-1822. 

1698-1701. 

1749-1735, 

1794-1792. 

Kurrl'P,  Hiitinh 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

lull  fiirpi^ii 
Fort-iiii,  Niirth 

I,S<8,I76 

2,l*i,S70 

3,88.->,9<i9 

5,915,853 

4,891,895 

3,114,283 

4,166,669 

4,761,963 

15,01.3,209 

17,010,920 

Sinilli  - 
Iri'Uli'l.  (iiiprii. 
s.'y,J«rstv,Al- 

l,4mj,'JI>l 

i,:^,!!»6 

2,860,914 

3,123,007 

3,308,302 

1,451,231 

3,l2<J,4y9 

3,187,139 

7,209,291 

8,324,987 

tlrriiey,  Nian, 

snItlieWliile 

Fi.hery        • 

487,640 

746,282 

2,433,864 

3,839,501 

5,143,220 

429,353 

1,353,804 

2,251,081 

3,663,237 

4,007,630 

Gilraii.ir  (from 

I»U1,     M^lla 

,111(1       loaiail 

Isliii(U) 

• 

111,863 

12,238 

119,318 

147,961 

388,594 

641,368        210,838 

642,404 

2,246,5K> 

Kunipp,  aritish 

and  fiirciiju  ■ 

3,S6«,72n 

4,527,911 

9,103,01.i 

12,997,679 

13,491,361- 

5,383,463 

9,291,338 

10.411,023 

26,430,141 

31.680.002 

Asia 

tjii>,aii 

I,1I9,I3S 

3,179,136 

6,794.906 

7,119,132 

214.212 

714,103 

I,7!I3,747 

2,929,816 

3,219,446 

Africa     • 

17.421 

34,279 

92,232 

168,(^63 

267,86!) 

114,043 

213,841 

809,546 

6,161,179 

531,712 

America* 
C.raii.l  TiiLal    • 

I,0J9,7S0 

2,5*1,99!' 

5,2/-.2,349 

12,480,870 

14,042,»4!> 

737,876 

2,001,690 

6,603.626 

IO,b90,K30 

17,693,333 

r.,-*fl,!):,2 

8,211,346 

17,716,752 

31,142,318 

34,921,538 

6.449,594 

12,220,974 

18,621.942 

41,411,966 

53,126,193 

Kiimiic,  Nonh 

■■ 

Hij>5ia     - 

110,416 

488,0-.3 

1,619,146 

2,182,4.30 

2,2-.8,975 

60, 8M 

100,354 

393,696 

1,281,555 

2,329,725 

SlVl-.ilMl    ■ 

Dtiiniark     anil 
Niiiway 

213,657 

187,632 

261, 8-23 

327,330 

132,303 

69,434 

19,839 

70,617 

90,515 

143,217 

77,303 

P4,.'i07 

140,138 

155,672 

196,517 

.1<>,874 

87,206 

294,108 

427,016 

422,810 

Prussia    • 

lai.lS'i 

280,633 

093.544 

1,037,603 

638,080 

152,2'lil 

171,091 

117.247 

818,269 

1,002,881 

C,eriii»ii\' 

681,169 

687.«Oi 

632,291 

1,192,030 

684,741 

737,621 

1,343,212 

I,5fili..1l1 

8,003,237 

8,772,871 

N.'liiTrin'U    - 

624,410 

4U7,240 

717,057 

1,000,768 

961,269 

2,044,228 

2,442,947 

2,31 7, ys6 

4,392,617 

4,337,316 

Kuniirt.,  South. 

France    • 

R(;.0-25 

60,962 

452,731 

424,434 

737,360 

166,115 

4,37,483 

921,492 

2,390,103 

1,314,079 

r.irlinil  - 

zihJ.ncu 

2U,S./;49 

615,486 

961,711 

492.19:1 

34.1,4  13 

1,121,329 

67.-i,348 

l,2.M.344 

1,933,134 

S|..iiii 

,'ili(i,:-i27 

437,8b9 

724.287 

830,937 

877,436 

580,422 

1,198,3:17 

709,179 

1,421,294 

613,923 

llalv 

3-1S.V17 

S7.S415 

833,862 

7A30I 

8fl4.833 

143,249 

23x,476 

739,243 

1,9')0.416 

3,699,715 

Turkpy  - 

276,906 

168.071 

I8l,M5 

182,424 

306,678 

218,002 

133,674 

121,877 

163,134 

7IM,I16 

Ainprtca,North, 

I'liilcil  Slates  • 

296.402 

891,169 

986,409 

1,923,504 

3,267,488 

387,316 

1,238,161 

2,839,484 

5,329,490 

6,393,956 

British  rnloiiics 

l!-,6|- 

48,750 

221,413 

367,935 

716,572 

I8,48> 

72,984 

864,489 

1,360,896 

1,715,220 

Atiipric.a,Sniith. 

Hriiish      Wiat 

Inities  • 

714,761 

l,SSS,183 

3,960,674 

8,531,175 

7,926,215 

331,839 

664,067 

1,8^622 

3,^,613 

6,030,367 

Fon-itTii      ditto 

(fmm      iSftS, 

Drazils      and 

Sinii.  colon.) 

• 

1,896 

.183,853 

1,658,256 

2,132,674 

1 

32 


IMPORTS  AND  EXroUTS. 


PimRinN  TiiAnr  ok  (•n»:«T  IIhitain  and  iRKi.ANn. 

II.   AiTiiiiiil  »[)orlf\  lim  llic  dt'iriiil  mill  llrrlnrnl  Null I'  tlii'  i;»|iiirl»  i.T  llrillwli  nml  Irl<h  rr'uliirc  nnd 

.M.iiiiilai  liiri',  Mini  I  III!  tijhiial  I'ltlui  i.liJK'  r,.t|iiiriH  nl'  I  iiniuii  iiiiil  Culiuiiiil  .Miri  Iniiiilini',  lii'iii  (Insit 
llriiiiiii  In  I  nri'iifii  r.iru;  «villi  lliu  njJicMl  y,tlu§  iil' tliu  liii|iiirli  llilu  lliu  HUliii',  iilno  iVmii  I'ori'iKii 
i'arlii,  Ih  iMi  li  \iiir  Kiiicc  ITIH. 


Y'.tnriilinctlHt  Ath'if 

Drilitli  tii'l  Iriili  l'n> 

iiif  »n  1  Msiiiificiurw 

F"II'illl  ;\||<|  C.'lc.llHl 

Mi'r.  h.ii>.||.i'  r»l.'.rlnl 
tti'lli  tiirjl  hril  nil. 

liii|j4ttit  iriiii  OrtAt 

J.iMu.ir), 

<  l|Hlll*'>l   ImiIII 

(*If.U    lit  It  till. 

Inltir.d  I'n/N*.     ■ 

llrii.iiii. 

(  Ilk  III  (.i.'iif. 

t'ffiriall'tdiu. 

f'Jfl'int  Tii'i*/. 

17'M) 

£l'..'..Ml.'-(ll 

ami,u.vj.h:;i> 

X"''.7tin,IIH» 

A'V.'\,CJ2,2(I3 

INIM) 

•W.'i'l.lMI 

3.'^,!Ki;t.H'i(> 

".Tl.dlirt 

21,1(11,700 

I'dl 

w,Ml,i':iti 

3(l,d'jll,d<i7 

l1..'.l!Mlf<l 

!i^2.^7,7^.1 

|S»i 

ai.'.dl.tios 

3lt,7:!d.C..-)!) 

Id.M.lli.iNid 

3d.i:i.V.'(H 

l-o:» 

2:).l!i.'),M.i;) 

4.'..id'i,vao 

11.1177,131 

h,dfli,(n3 

2«,:)(ih,;i7;| 

IMII 

l!0,(Mli..'i!l(l 

3I1,1V7,7^7 

2.-1,1(11,."  II 

\^0!> 

a';.lM,::ii7 

37.i;i.-.,7m 

H.1MH,7II 

2(1. 1.M.'^l 

]-m 

2a,!io7.;ci 

37,'2;ii,;i!iO 

7,tll3.l''(l 

27.;i:ii.(';() 

1M(I7 

9.vJ<;ii.''ifl 

;^i»,7i((,.'.Hi 

7,717..'..'.5 

2.-|,.'..'il,l7H 

INW 

a3.i)ii;i,773 

3(1,31)1.  i-i;i 

7,I.!JI.3H 

2\3';(1.M.'> 

IMIIJ 

9i.i:ii,h.'.i 

3i'i,;idii.aN^ 

ft,77(1.77.'» 

2.'i,C,(:il,(l.'.3 

IMO 

:^•J.',||('^^.^S 

•iii.d|ii.-:77 

la,7.0(l,3.')H 

30.  i:d,'.".ii 

l"!! 

SM.'J'.l'.i,  l(W 

'17.ddd,liil( 

Il.;t,'.7.l3.'> 

37.(11  :i,-,Mi  I 

1-l-i 

2i,7Jn.:ir4 

:id,M.',d,(iiH 

(I,II7.7'J(I 

2.\iil(M.dl 

1-l.t 

a^ll7,tll•2 

3'.i,;i;ii,iao 

l»,M3,(H15 

2l,ll-i:(,'.l2'2 

l-ll 

♦ 

* 

♦ 

* 

1-n 

32,2(l().>0 

4,1.1t7.;t73 

lll.l,'i7.SI8 

3i,(VJ(),771 

i-ifl 

•Jl.Tl'i.dlH 

w,(<yA:i\!, 

I.VdM.IJ 

3I,H':-J,(i',;l 

J>I7 

31.77  l.:'.il 

•I(l.:i-2«.!II0 

njll.lKi.'i 

2(1,37  I.I.I-: I 

I.^IS 

3'.".-2:i;i.iii7 

4d„)  I'l.'in.') 

l(V2(i'.l,'J7l 

2;i,!i|i),.-,di 

IMI) 

4i,i.ir'().:>.'i.'» 

4,'>.1M|,1.',0 

ld,h:i.'>,SdO 

3.'i,M|,'i.3l(l 

l^•.«) 

34,(«3,(1M) 

3l,'«8,a.M 

ii,h7!»,'i:itl 

2<.i,(iM,(ilO 

ISil 

37.h.(l.-ilt;l 

.T'i..')tl!l,d77 

ld„V2,'(.(IM(» 

3l,.'-il.'i.2'Ji 

1>J1 

"KM'.II.IHl 

3'.,va.li7 

id,r<(i-j,(i<,i() 

i;'j,7(r;i,i'r: 

ih-2;j 

■i:i,.'i.')'<,  iss 

3(i,l7tl,Mi.l7 

l).'ill,'«H 

2il.i:W,37(V 

l^•2^ 

43,Hir>.(i:iu 

SL.'iMMlO 

*<,:,»^,\m\ 

3l..'idl.2()» 

l.-JS 

4b,(l'il.li:'4 

37.(ldll.dil 

Id,!-"!-,.'!!!*'. 

3(i.(r)(i,.'..'',i 

\H-M 

4(i,  l.'i;),ll'2-2 

3N,d77.,'i;iO 

I),l,'i,'>,3d5 

4'J,(l(l(l,!l.'i  1 

\r*i7 

4(),.i:fi,^ri  I 

3d,S  17,V2H 

ld,d(l(l,,')03 

3(1,1  ri.;:.M) 

IvJH 

6l,-i7!».l02 

.?I'),:m|,HI7 

t»,Sd(i.313 

43,l^i|,3l« 

1-1!<J 

62.(lll»,728 

3ti.l. '5(1,379 

it,lWH,(i.',5 

43,,'):i(i.li7 

IN.'U) 

.'.5,l(iS,7-« 

.TV.2l'i.N73 

id.ooii.ni 

42.311,(110 

IMI 

fid,  idi.r,;i7 

37,(U)l,3da 

H,.')3.^.7'-(i 

4i,hi,'),:ii,)7 

l.-^.Ti 

lid.d'.Ki.i-i:) 

3(>.(15'J,mU 

10,72(1.1(13 

4M  (11,(1(1 1 

lKt:< 

fii.,')''a,d:t7 

3fi,OI(l,(W 

ll,d3(l,7.'5U 

43,-Z,37,ll7 

isu 

«y,ti:i3,M.')j 

3!»,3d5,,'il3 

«,H-iO„'>,'<(l 

4  l,Mi.l,2?s7 

Ih'lj 

7;M!i:>,5:i6 

41,aS(1.5l»» 

ii,ii4d,yi3 

47,!KIN,d3l 

1^30 

77,!ta-',tHt} 

40,l)!it),37l) 

l2,78tt,H02 

47,103,010 

•  Ufcirid  ilMlr">Til  ly  fir,' — From  (lie  year  fridinif  Ihe  5lli  (if  J.iiiuiry,  ISI.'i,  incliiiivF,  Rrilish  proiluce  ami  nwnufirlurm  lilvc  Iren 
inrlirlfii  iii  dif  reluiiu  <'l"  (risli  iini-luci',  A,*.  Ihimi  In  I  iii  I,  an<l  c  lum-tjuiii'ly  oiniltt'd  in  the  coliiiiili  lica.lt'.!  KxihtTh,  K. >r,  i^ri,  C..|inii.i',  .lui 
Uritith,  iiri  'cr  wliii-h  th,'y  linv,*  W.  ii  fri'Vi'iusly  rclurin-'il.  Tliu  l'K|m,iIii  fruiii  Irel.iiid  lo  fureigii  jwrl*  .irc  iiicuiisiJi'r.iblc,  Their  dei:l.irt.i 
v.ilu,-,  in  liliOj  WIS  only  41j,'.iOU/.— (Sua  jM/i/.j 

III.  Ai-coinil  KlniwiiiB  tlie  (iiiiiiitilicH  of  the  principnl  Articles  of  llrilisli  niul  Irish  I'rndnre  or  Mnim- 
faidire  e.\|iiir(i'il  iVfiiii  Ireluml  in  diirerciit  Veiirs,  from  IHOl  to  In25,  In  all  ('niiiilrii's  ;  ^liiuviiij:  iilso 
the  u;;t.'ri't:ali!  (Hhilal  Viiliio  of  Hiicli  EvportH,  Willi  the  rorlion  lhi;ru(ir  f.vportt'd  lo  iMireigii  Coim- 
tries,  iiml  to  (ireiit  lirituiii. 


Arlirlesexjiortf  f. 

1801. 

I«05. 

1809. 

1S13. 

1817. 

|S2(. 

1825.       1 

( i>tii  -Hit  iiti-al,  VIZ.— 

H.ulty           •           •           •    qrs. 

• 

17,223 

26,388 

194.193 

39.114 

78.228 

ri4.'.22 

(K's    .           -           .           ™      _ 

12.9 

223,234 

828.458 

SO.''.32)l 

646.0:16 

l,l-.9,82l 

l,5(:i..'iii 

Whrftt             -            .            •       — 

W,MS 

8.1,  ■•.!I9 

2111,273 

67,280 

47b,!M0 

tW.Mi' 

ottieccrnin    ■           ■           .      — 

1 

6,;l('2 

3,023 

•-M«I4 

2,(111 

7.81)7 

2.i,-S2 

WliiMi  Hour  •           •           •  cwl. 

2011 

22,7:.J 

18,1 '87 

267,»!I4 

34, M7 

2'l-.,(i35 

394,.".ii:: 

(tiliiic.il.Sic- -            •            -       — 

2,-.J4 

34,297 

90,94- 

10l!,.^17 

34,m;3 

6U,063 

20-1,6171 

(  ittleaiiJ  live  stock- 

1 

Cows  and  uxt-u          -           '    No. 

31,8-Vl 

21,941 

18.3.35 

49,-,(12 

4.5..122 

26.7.-,9 

63,'-.24; 

Sl-.rt'P             .            •           •      — 

2.W.I 

10,9SB 

7,3!lti 

7,6;iO 

29.478 

2-..3,4 

72,191 

Swine             •           ",          "      ~ 

IM» 

6,3K) 

4,-12 

14.-'21 

24,418 

lULi'-O 

OV'I'Ji 

Hnr>ea            •           •           .      — 

(<|H 

4,  IMi 

3,451 

4.II0I 

879 

2,Vi3 

.1.140^ 

Riotii  and  Innii             -            •  cwt. 

21,161 

p-..n:;i 

167.122 

231,106 

191,025 

3Ct,,2(.9 

2r2,27-l 

Lrcf  iiri  iM)rk    •            •           baririi 

ir«,8|l( 

2i2,m-* 

262,744 

2,'<l.^'3 

262,1.05 

ai9,16'> 

181,2Tf,: 

nii"er    ....  cwf. 

3(H.6c<j 

291.415 

3,*,i,9>3 

401.514 

3il7,Li6> 

4T2.'I4  1 

474,161, 

[.■xtd      .            .           .           -      - 

2M9 

6,;in3 

16,2-2 

20,!  36 

17,l^l 

2M^9 

3-.,  2,  II 

Viapaii'l  cuidlt^            -            -       — 

15,T  7 

17,713 

30,810 

46615 

25,381 

|8,4-.4 

14.7;lll 

Fl.Ti.  nil  ir.  fciu^i              ■            .       — 

I,b3!l 

27K 

6„t07 

69.101 

44.239 

08.7111 

54.-'!-! 

Spirih.  Irish      •           -     luip.  <ri!i. 

i:^,6n-j 

819,970 

00,437 

113,316 

.37.8-4 

.32(i,.|!ll 

621.-.2I 

CoUmi  ininuhctiirej     •             };ir:s 

l,2ifi 

K9-.() 

34.998 

9!l,14l 

54M,261 

92I.'J71 

IO,5u7,IW 

nlh.T  ■li'srrij. linns       •              valiu' 

L.          4,K2I 

3,!M 

31,923 

ri«,074 

20  2.50 

6,-,(>l 

:iOi 

Liucn  nianufacluies      •            yarili 

37,91  l.tOJ 

43,68,1,133 

37,10(!,39H 

39.023,087 

66,230575 

49,531,139 

55.1l4,ili 

vini         •            -            •   IM. 

2,bJI,l32 

792,400 

1,534,512 

2,141,776 

l,,571,444 

1,150,461 

iOl.t.-O, 

()iherar'irUsMi<-prr>Juceornianuf  .c- 
tu^el•rtllt;  V.  U.        •             valtie 

Aes.  ofllfiil  valneof  pro^.anl  mann- 

C,      I9i,2-ifl 

211, IS4 

3ia,8i3 

2'0,999 

434,125 

334,323 

4f»,3M 

t tcf.  <if  r.  K.  exp.  froiii  Irchnl  to 

all  pirli 

/..  3,776,145 

4,670,647 

4,9!>2,S40 

6,297,261 

6,447,424 

7,705,070 

9,101,!iM 

AsX'  f^ftk-ial  v;ttup  of  pnv).  :inl  mn- 

1 

nnfacl.  of  l'.  K.  exp.  from  Irchuid 

. 

to  fvTcign  porl» 
Arij.  official  viliie  of  prod.  »nd  m:i- 

L.      426,076 

469,569 

625,415 

1,132,781 

877,959 

B37,P19 

697.607 

nufarL  of  t'.  K.  exp.  from  IrelanJ 

to  Great  Britain 

t.  3.852,069 

4,201,078 

4,367,425 

5,161,483 

S,569,46i 

7,067,252 

f>,404.2'91 

Theiibnvc  Tablcthowi  l(ie  incnnniilenlile  amouni  of  (lie  traile  nf  IreLind  with  all  coiinlrioi,  exri'pt  Greal  Rri(ain.  In  1825.  Ihe  Iral) 
belwefn  I  Ik-  two  I'i  virions  of  ilie  enip:rc  \vs%  |ilace(l  on  the  fooiiint  of  a  co,i!iting  trade,  aud  no  accuuut  has  since  beeu  kept  of  the  ()uaiililyof 
value  of  lliv  cuiiiiiiuiliiics  jj.usiiig  bel»  een  lliein,  wilti  (hi:  excepli  'O  of  coru. 


IMPOUTH  AM)  i:\rou'ra. 


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mt.irlurrt  hivtt  hfni 
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•rabli:.    Their  detljaJ 


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7,W|- 
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7,703,070 
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7,067,2S2! ^P,404,2'9| 

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474,1CI| 

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14,7911 

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24 


IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS. 


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Vol.  II.~( 


IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS. 


25 


SSI§i'^"st 


.  ^  ,.  I.  _  el 


3  rt  «  —  I' —        W_ 


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SOS       a         » 


Vol.  II.— 0 


26 


IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS. 


§§i   ^iiiS^ 


o  ©1  in  m  ot  .f!  •*  Oi     c6       •  ^.o  ■  ^ 


into  TO)  tai  o 


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to  'O  C^  *  *  1- 


c;  '^Q  "-f "»' «  ^'  "n'  tn"     '^ 


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a  s: 


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SI    & 


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IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS. 


27 


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•    •»'•••*'*        till        I        III      e)(N  o^o  in  f  rt  T  oeo!^ 

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• * •       •       •   '    1  oT  . 


^  ■■■£>  tn  "  r*  ^  r~ 

8  =  Sg  =  ^'2'5g 


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pi  —  r^»3oaD^n~  — 
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gj     35 


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§  §§§  I. §51 


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28 


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=  K150 


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■•II 


Account  n( 
United  K 
gpccifyiii, 
each :  iiii 
try,  iiiid  I 
wliolu  E: 


Countrii 


i*5 
$■ 


•1 


£uropi 
Russia 
Sweden 
Norway 
lienmark 
PruMJa  • 

GertnADV 
Holland 
Belgium 
France 
Portugal,  Prop* 

Made 
Spain  and  the 
ric  Islinds  - 
Canary  Islands 
Gibraltar 
Italy  and    the 

UlanJa 
Malta 

Inni.111  (shnds 
Turkey  and  Cot 

al  Greece  {ex 

of  Morea)  - 
Morea  &  Greek 
IslesofGuemsey, 

Alderuey,  anc 


Asia, 

Arabia 
EastlndtaComp 

riloriei  and  O 
China  - 

Sumatra  and  Jai 
Philippine  Islan 
New^jouth\Va^^ 

I)ieinen*8  Lai^ 

Swan  Kiver 
NewZ««iUnd,ani 

Se.1  Islands  • 
Forts  of  £)jaiu  • 


Jifrira. 
ECTpt  ((iorfs   o 

Medilerrancar 
Triiwli,  Barbara 

^l(>^occo 
\Vest^rnCoa8tof, 
Cajw  of  Good  Hf 
Cape  de  Vend  Isl 
St.  Helena 
Islu  of  Bourbon 
Mauritius 


An\erica* 
British  North  A 

can  Colonies 
British  West  Indl 
Havti  • 
Cufii,  and  other  fo 

West  Indies 
U.  States  of  Anier 
Mexico 
liuileniala 
Columbia 
Brazil  - 
States  of  llie  Rio  1 

Plata 

Chili  • 

Peru    ■ 


Totil 


Europe 
■%  Asia  • 
;  Africa  • 
^  America 


Total! 


JV.5.— The  r 

iBg  a  sequel  to 
rountriea  to  w 
diirinff  the  six  ^ 
K'ilh  their  nvci 
c  2 


IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS. 


90 


n 

SI  2 

S 

■* 

"J 

•^ 

ik 

i& 

~ 

" 

- 

Si  2 

S 

§ 

a 

H 

"* 

^ 

5 

i,' 

" 

S§^ 

3.3 

2fi="^S"    Sf 

• 

' 

»  I—  •** 

s^ 

o,-f 

-n.  • 

sS§59 

cTfff 

«r. 

Account  of  Ihp  real  or  declared  Value  of  the  vnriou»  Articles  of  the  Maiinf«rtiirp  nnd  Produce  of  the 
United  Kincrioin,  exported  to  Fnreiicn  Coiintriiis  during  oacli  of  the  Six  VuarB  ciiiliii);  willi  lh35; 
g|)cciCyiii(r  I'le  t'ouiilries  to  wliicli  tliey  were  exporti.'il  uiid  the  Value  of  tluise  annually  8lii|>pi'd  for 
each:  and  Bhowiiijf,  also,  the  averagi;  Amount  of  Kxporlw  during  tlie  Haid  Six  Years  to  earli  (.'oun- 
trv  and  to  each  Quarter  of  the  Ulobe;  and  the  average  Proportion  exported  to  each,  supposing  the 
wh'c'le  Exports  to  be  1,000.  


MTrt  £  a  —  , 
A  e^  w  ,n  ' 

cfef        wT' 

<   ■■-■■XT  i-«  i- 

■)  OT  -f  -O  M  O 

-I  ir,  -M  —  ^  f^l. 


i  b  s  w  in  ^  , 
■1 5  o  '-i  ^  S 


r^  *  r*  rs  —  .^ 


Lo  '«  f  o  '1^  rt 


o  I-  y?  T  'fi  £ 
,A  ,p  rt  —  -^  ^  • 


r  f>*  X  -T  ^  ri_  ' 

36  «3  "S  TT  n  t- 
=i  u5  —  el  rs 


o'  3^  "••'  "^  ''"3 
r^  •  J  CO  Q  r-  2> 

•  -o  «^(0 

b  ^  •*  CO  *  •^ 


?  —  ^  SJ  .fi  O 


I     I 


■s  y.ic  I.  j.H 
'c  c  £.i  t:  — "^ 

I*-  0«  X  -^  O  ^  ^ 


i 

Averaite 

AvernKo  anl. 
rro})oiiion 
fxiiorte.l  to 

Countrici. 

1S30. 

1831. 

1832. 

1833. 

/,. 
1,531,002 

1834. 

1935. 

Amount  of 

F.xt>ortB, 

1830-1833. 

eacfi  Country, 
supiiosiog 

whcdo 
Exports  to  be 

1,000. 

ilurape. 

L. 

I,4sn,539 

1,1 91 ,56"' 

1,587,250 

L. 

1,38'2,300 

1,732,773 

L. 
1,489.072 

L. 

37'I37,767 

40,4i« 

67,127 

64,932 

59,549 

63,094 

103,156 

65.058 

1-622.360 

Norway 

63,926 

68,580 

3d,'i2S 

63,038 

61.9^8 

79,278 

58,tflO 

1-468,729 

lltl,HI3 

92,2»» 

93,396 

99,951 

94,593 

107,979 

101.171 

2523,226 

177,923 

192,fl6 

25i.,556 

141,179 

136,423 

18><,273 

181,028 

4561,7.37 

4,463,(^05 

3,642,952 

6,068,997 

4,33'>,548 

4..547,I66 

4,602.966 

4,446,872 

110905,917 

Hollar.  J 
Belgium 

}  2,022,458 
475,884 

2,0S2,536 

2,789,398 

5  2,I»I,I'II3 
J      886,429 

2,470,267 
730,039 

2,648,j02 
8I8.4H7 

j   2,774,968 

69-208,781 

6(K2.688 

674,791 

81.<,333 

l,llb,>,85 

1,433,1,36 

862,036 

21-499,358 

Portugal,  Proper 

),10(),l>93 
Ati29 

975,991 
41,638 

540,792 
77,920 

967,091 
61,430 

1,600,123 
63,275 

1,534  ,.326 

49,717 

1,124.169 
61,768 

28  M7,0I0 
1291,103 

Madeira 

3B,444 

3(1,960 

28,038 

33,411 

38,455 

40,0!^2 

36,233 

•903,639 

Spiin  and  the  Batea- 

607,068 

697,848 

442,926 

442,^37 

323,907 

405,065 

470,273 

11-729,757 

Canary  Minds 
Gibraltar 

42,6'2a 

33,2.»2 

21,053 

30,507 

30,t.86 

21,308 

30,409 

•758,4r.7 

292,760 

367,2S5 

461,470 

383,160 

460,719 

002,3!,O 

428,3';  9 

10-663,862 

Italy  and   the  Italian 
Island! 

3,251,379 

2,490,376 

2,361,772 

2,316,260 

3,282,777 

2,426.171 

2,6«8,I23 

67-042,349 

Malta 

lS-9,135 

134,519 

96,994 

133,43'' 

212,696 

136,923 

13-.,9'.l 

3-889,451 

Ionian  Islinda 

66,963 

60,883 

65,725 

33,915 

,94,49S 

107,-04 

67,463 

1-682,591 

Turkeyand  Continent- 

.3,! 

al  Ureitce  (exclusive 
of  Morea)    • 

1,139,616 

888,654 

01.5,319 

1,019,604 

1,207,941 

l,33l,(lf.9 

1,083,801 

27030,!n3 

Morea  &  Grt*k  Islands 

9,694 

10,446 

10,149 

25,314 

37,179 

2^S34 

20,369 

-608,C07 

j'l 

IslesofGuernsey.Jcrsey, 
Alderuey,  and  Alau 

Alia. 
Arabia 

344,036 

324,634 

317,496 

335,934 
15,947,723 

360,665 

331,612 

339,063 

8-456,303 

15,954,674 

13,875,074 

15,901,502 

18,367,698 

18,816,043 

16,477,120 

410-942,819 

.'■7 

.         . 

, 

. 

230 

6,049 

1,050 

•028,187 

•1 

EastlndiaComp.'sTcr- 
ritoriea  and  CeyluD  • 

3,893,330 

3,377,412 

3,514,779 

3,495,301 

2,578,569 
842,852 

3,192,692 

1,074,70^ 

3,342,381 

319,393 

83-359,681 

7-970,718 

Sumatra  and  Jara 

162,102 

285,296 

160,606 

471,712 

410,273 

333,^92 

303,647 

7eH,900 

Philippine  Islands 

71,220 

39,513 

102,2S4 

185,293 

76,618 

129,744 

100,7-9 

2513,449 

■f. 

New  .South  Wales.Van 

Diemen's  Land}  and 

Swan  Kiver 

314,677 

398,471 

466,238 

658,372 

716,014 

696,345 

623,020 

13-094,109 

NewZealand,andSouth 

Se-t  Islands  • 

1,396 

4,752 

1,576 

936 

> 

2,687 

1,891 

•047,162 

Ports  of  Siani  • 

10,467 

• 

• 

19,742 

■ 

6,035 

•125,574 

4,455,392 

4,103,444 

4,235,483 

4,711,619 

4,611,318 

6,456,116 

4,601,396 

114-759,773 

E(!TPl  (ports  on   the 

■f. 

Mediterranean) 
Trilioli,  Barbar)',  and 
Niorocco 

110,^7 

122,832 

113,109 

145,647 

159,877 

269,225 

163,320 

•••523,833 

J4 

1,138 

426 

731 

2,330 

14,823 

29,010 

8,088 

•201,717 

'  '^■'!s 

West^rnCoast  of  Africa 

252,123 

234,768 

290,061 

329,210 

326,483 

292,540 

287,530 

7,171,0.59 

-^ 

Cai>e  of  Good  Hope    • 

330,036 

257,245 

292,405 

34U,I97 

304,382 

326,921 

309,531 

7,719,769 

■'^ 

Cape  de  Verd  Islands  - 

1,710 

215 

• 

146 

530 

575 

629 

•01.3,193 

■ '^ 

St.  Helena 

35,915 

39,431 

21,236 

30,041 

31,615 

31,187 

32,071 

•799,838 

>.^B 

Isle  of  Bourbon 

I0,0J2 

- 

• 

• 

7,091 

- 

2,835 

•07IJW4 

'm. 

Mauritius 

.4nicrif(i. 

161, 029 

148,473 

163,191 

83,124 
037,015 

149,319 

196,559 

150,333 

3^749,336 

m. 

905,220 

803,392 

880,753 

993,120 

1,146,047 

944,2)7 

23-549,967 

■;■'«, 

British  North  Ameri- 

.^^ 

can  Colonies 

1,857,133 

2,089,327 

2,075,725 

2,0<W,550 

1,671,069 

2, 1 5?.  158 

1.990,660 

49-647,474 

^ 

British  West  Indies    - 

2,838,448 

2,5X1,919 

2,4,19,808 

2,597,589 

2,680.CR!4 

3,187,540 

2,720,893 

67-8,59,640 

■■>W 

Hayti  • 

Ciini,  and  other  foreign 

321,793 

376,103 

543,104 

381,528 

337,297 

365,798 

390,937 

9-750,060 

West  Indies 

618,029 

663,531 

633,7C0 

577,22s 

913,003 

787,043 

698,736 

17-427, 121 

r.  States  of  America  - 

6,132,34'j 

9,053,583 

S,46S,272 

7,579,699 

6,844,989 

10,56?.433 

7,b07,S90 

189742,366 

Mexico 

976,441 

728,858 

199,821 

421,487 

439,610 

402,S20 

53I.S40 

13-264,201 

tiuiteinala 

■ 

- 

- 

3,700 

30,366 

13,214 

8,213 

-2l'4,83i 

Coliunbia 

210,751 

2 18.2  W 

203,3(58 

12I,R26 

199,996 

132,242 

2ro,439 

4-998,991 

^ 

Brazil  • 

2,452,103 

1,238,371 

2,144,903 

2,3;5,US0 

2,460,679 

2,630,767 

2,250,417 

66-125,870 

Stales  of  the  Rin  de  la 

rlita 

632,172 

339,870 

660,152 

515,362 

831,564 

638,325 

606.27< 

16^120.8rO 

Chili    ■ 

S40,C2u 

65l,6r. 

0IS,1!I3 

810,317 

896,221 

600.176 

70,1.275 

17-539,823 

Peru    • 

Totals 

368,469 
16,956,311 

409,003 

273,610 

367,324 

299,'233 

441,324 
21,954,062 

363,528 

9-066,464 

■^ 

18,380,462 

15,432,836 

18,070,990 

17,044,055 

18,073,122 

1  450  747,436 

J 

1 

38,271,597 

37,161.372 

36,15(1,591 

39,067,347 

41,64(1,191 

47372,270 

40,095.895 

!  ioo(fOf 0,000 

Recapitulation. 

F.iiropc 

15,954,764 

13,875,074 

15,901,502 

15,946,723 

18,367,698 

18,816,045 

16,477,120 

4I0^942,8I9 

Asia     - 

4,455,392 

4,105,444 

4,235,18:1 

4,711,619 

4,644,318 

5,436,116 

4,601,396 

114-7.39,778 

Africa  • 

905,220 

803,392 

880,753 

937,015 

998,120 

1,146.017 

944,2.57 

23-549,967 

America 

Totals    . 

16,956,311 
38,271,597 

18,380,462 

15,432,856 

18,070,890 

17,614,053 

21,954,0ti2 

18,073  122 

450-747,438 

..;*s 

37,164,372 

36,450,594 

39,667,347 

41.649,191 

47,372,270 

40,095,895 

lOOOCOO.OOO 

JV.B.— The  reader  will  find  in  the  Supplement  [to  this  article,  p.  32]  a  table  deduced  from,  find  form- 
ing a  sequel  to,  the  above, but  which  we  could  not  get  inserted  in  this  place.    It  cxhibils  the  different 
eountries  to  which  articles  of  the  produce  or  manufacture  of  the  United  Kingdom  have  been  exported 
juring  the  si.x  years  ending  with  1835,  arranged  in  the  order  of  the  magnitude  of  the  exports  to  tlieni« 
vith  their  average  annual  amount,  and  the  proportional  value  of  the  e.xports  to  each. 
c  2 


30 


IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS. 


VI.  Account  of  the  Value  of  the  various  Articles  of  the  Produce  and  Manufacture  of  the  United  Klng- 
doMi  exporled  tu  Foreign  Parts,  according  to  the  real  or  declared  Value  thereof,  in  the  Yearn  lb33, 
1831,  and  lii35. 


Arliclra. 

1833. 

\S34. 

1835. 

anal  Britain. 

/.. 

1. 

d. 

L. 

«, 

A. 

/,. 

f.    d. 

Alum         ..-...• 

2,7,ifl 

1 

2 

1,515 

2 

8 

1,358 

19     7 

Appirel,  ilnp«,  ami  ne^ro  clolliinj 

40'i.:s-, 

6 

10 

435,297 

18 

1 

494,361 

6     8 

Arms  aiiJ  »iiiniuni(i')i) 

32l.').>2 

10 

9 

312,930 

15 

9 

407,439 

2     0 

B-icnn  and  hinii 

31,(1,19 

10 

2 

3i,576 

0 

6 

27,5-3 

4      7 

Deff  anil  pork,  ull&l 

nti,,')!*) 

a 

9 

99,162 

6 

6 

101.731 

13      4 

Bfcr  am)  ale           -            -           . 

203,1m 

14 

1 

132,534 

4 

6 

22,5.641 

3     11 

Bojiki,  prlniei! 

I2l,.'«-. 

7 

7 

122,212 

0 

S 

143,093 

0      8 

Bra?i  an  1  cupper  nnnufaclilrM      - 

8.13,241 

8 

9 

961,606 

2 

11 

1,023.949 

4      H 

fireail  and  hi^vnit    • 

9,121 

2 

11 

7,171 

8 

9 

5.405 

4      2 

KnltcraU'l  cheese    • 

i.y.,s?3 

S 

8 

164.216 

6 

10 

173,656 

4     11 

Cabinet  anJ  upliolfllery  wares 

4,3,417 

19 

1 

47,510 

12 

0 

61,003 

S     10 

CniU  and  culm 

22»i.9i9 

6 

9 

213,205 

14 

3 

242,746 

12      5 

Cordage       .           -           .           , 

(lfi,')in 

11 

0 

90,219 

0 

3 

79,541 

8      8 

Corn,  grain,  ntnl,  and  flour 

32,360 

12 

6 

25,479 

11 

10 

23,108 

14     10 

Cottuii  manufactures 

I3,7:-.4,a92 

17 

10 

15,231,494 

13 

0 

16,393,170 

5      7 

yarn 

4,704,003 

9 

1 

6,211.014 

17 

8 

6,706,563 

II       2 

Cows  and  nxcn 

«-,4 

0 

0 

l,2i5 

10 

0 

l,44S 

0     0 

Eirlhrir.v.iri'of  all  Rorfs     - 

495,  IKS 

18 

5 

492,724 

8 

9 

6.19,939 

16      2 

Fish  of  all  sorts 

234,ri91 

18 

0 

2(10,034 

6 

0 

217,652 

1       8 

Glass  of  all  sorts      • 

4.17„'>41 

7 

10 

490,453 

14 

6 

636,9-27 

9      1 

Haberd.isliery  and  millinery 

3Hl,'i05 

16 

9 

311,513 

15 

4 

6!  6,774 

14      5 

HinUvart-sand  cullery 

l,4m,374 

0 

8 

1,434,631 

0 

3 

l,S31.7(;6 

5     10 

Ha  H,  i-caver  an  1  felt           • 

129,820 

2 

125,644 

12 

6 

135,048 

6     10 

of  ali  other  sorts 

l9,S(ii 

8 

4 

21,155 

3 

5 

?7,437 

8      6 

Hops           .... 

27,*99 

6 

6 

13.926 

6 

6 

16,616 

2      4 

H  •rses        ^           .           .           . 

7I,S0I 

18 

0 

92.414 

12 

0 

99,4W 

10      0 

Imn  and  steel,  wrought  and  unwrought 

1,403,073 

12 

2 

1,404,7.56 

1 

10 

l,64l),f39 

2      2 

Lard            .... 

7  903 

17 

3 

7,169 

0 

10 

11,331 

3      0 

Li-a  1  and  shot 

120,643 

13 

0 

142,4^0 

13 

2 

195,096 

4      3 

Leather,  wrou?ht  and  unwrnught- 

272,9Si 

6 

9 

242,496 

18 

10 

278,977 

19      9 

saddlery  and  harness 

69,110 

13 

6 

62,7u8 

3 

3 

73,347 

12      3 

Linen  manufactures 

'.i,C93,6a3 

10 

2 

2,364 ,9;-0 

5 

0 

2,8.18,(150 

1      4 

yarn  .           •           -           .           . 

"2.006 

5 

0 

1.36,312 

II 

9 

216,634 

19    10 

MachintTV  and  mill-work  • 

126,597 

10 

11 

211,953 

19 

8 

31)7,216 

7      2 

Mathematical  and  optical  instruments 

17,792 

7 

0 

2I,C07 

8 

4 

25,003 

11       1 

Mu!ei           .... 

1,092 

10 

0 

1,361 

0 

0 

1,761 

15      0 

Musical  instruments 

41,086 

10 

8 

43.213 

19 

6 

60,810 

6      2 

Oil.  train,  of  Greenland  fishery      ■ 

36,293 

19 

2 

63,607 

14 

11 

39,073 

16     10 

Tainteni'  colours     • 

13,i,617 

13 

7 

122,939 

IS 

5 

169,361 

5      1 

i'iate,  plated  ware,  jewellery,  and  watche 

179,210 

12 

6 

191,354 

3 

0 

231,900 

13      5 

Potatoes      .... 

9,443 

15 

6 

6,453 

17 

8 

3,933 

16      2 

Salt 

18I1,5W) 

0 

2 

149,342 

7 

6 

142,411 

14      3 

.Salipttre,  British  refined    • 

ll,5,-)2 

IS 

0 

80,381 

17 

0 

20,233 

12      0 

Seeds  of  all  sons     .... 

6,631 

6 

6 

7,115 

S 

9 

8,549 

6      3 

Silk  manufactures  • 

737,263 

17 

10 

637,013 

15 

4 

973,478 

3      8 

So\p  and  can  lies     ... 

312,634 

8 

9 

215,998 

17 

0 

243,303 

10     6 

Spirits         .... 

12,437 

10 

2 

10,114 

18 

0 

16,836 

2     2 

Stationery  of  all  sorts 

209,'-i26 

11 

3 

20.3,119 

8 

9 

257,877 

1      8 

Su^r,  reiined         .... 

6ti2,620 

4 

3 

915,693 

19 

6 

851,745 

3     7 

Tin,  unwr.>u?ht       .... 

36,985 

15 

10 

33,317 

1 

2 

32,289 

II      5 

and  pewter  wares  and  tin  plates 

232,165 

17 

4 

3:16,933 

0 

3 

331,068 

6    11 

Tobacco  (manufactured)  and  snufl' 

15,77,5 

9 

10 

13.827 

19 

0 

13.593 

11      0    1 

Ton;ut«      ..... 

2.091 

13 

0 

2,898 

17 

0 

2,421 

17      0 

I'mtirellas  and  panlsoli 

43,041 

2 

4 

43.791 

16 

2 

45,461 

11      4 

Whalebone 

16,i70 

12 

» 

21,4:)7 

4 

0 

12,959 

15      0 

Wool,  sheep's         •           •           .           . 

326,140 

0 

2 

192,175 

14 

1 

337,333 

11     10 

of  o. her  sorts 

27,462 

10 

0 

22873 

12 

0 

45,080 

4      0 

Woollen  and  worsted  yam 

246,204 

0 

0 

238,311 

11 

9 

300,091 

2      4 

Woollen  manufactures 

6,239,619 

2 

11 

6,734.017 

6 

S 

6,336,735 

8      7 

All  other  articles    ...... 

Total  dt'clared  value  of  the  produce  and  manufactures  of 

963,223 

15 

6 

954,413 

16 

11 

1,034,142 

2     10 

the  t'iiiied  Kingdom,  exported  from  Qreat  Britain  to 

foreign  jtarts    ...... 

Inland. 

39,305,512 

19 

8 

41,236,594 

5 

6 

46,926,370 

6      8 

Total  declared  value  of  the  protluce  and  manufacttires  of 

the  United  Kingdom,  exporteii  from  Ireland  to  foreign 

parts     .           .                     .... 

Unitid  Kingdom. 

355,485 

17 

7 

336,015 

4 

1 

444,115 

11      S 

Total       . 

39,661,008 

17 

3 

41,622,609 

9 

7 

47,370,485 

17     4* 

*  There  Is  a  slight  discrepancy  between  the  numbers  in  tiiis  and  the  previous  table.    Thev  were 
derived  fiom  different  parliamentary  papers,  and  these  do  not  always  agree. 

Causes  of  the  Magnitude  of  British  Commerce. — The  immediate  cause  of  the  rapid 
increase  and  vast  magnitude  of  the  commerce  of  Great  Britain  is,  doubtless,  to  be  found  in 
the  e.xtraordinary  improvements,  and  consequent  extension,  of  our  manufactures  since  1770, 
The  cotton  manufacture  may  be  said  to  have  grown  up  during  the  intervening  period.  It 
must  also  be  borne  in  mind,  that  the  effect  of  an  improvement  in  the  production  of  any 
article  in  considerable  demand  is  not  confined  to  that  particular  urticle,  but  extends  itself  to 
others.  Those  who  produce  it  according  to  ti.  •  old  plan,  are  undersold  unless  they  miopt 
the  same  or  similar  improvements;  and  th**  in.t.r'  ved  article,  by  coming  into  competition 
with  others  for  which  it  may  be  substituted,  ikiluses  new  energy  into  their  producers,  and 
impels  every  one  to  put  forth  all  his  powers,  thai  he  may  either  preserve  his  old,  or  acquire 
new  advantages.  The  cotton  manufacture  may  be  said  to  be  the  result  of  the  stupendous 
inventions  and  discoveries  of  Hargraves,  Arkwright,  Cromptoii,  and  a  few  others ;  but  we 
should  greatly  under-rate  the  importance  of  their  inventions,  if  we  supposed  that  their 
influence  was  limited  to  this  single  department.  They  imparted  a  powerful  stimulus  to  every 
branch  of  industry.  Their  success,  and  that  of  Watt  and  Wedgwood,  gave  that  confidence 
to  genius  so  essential  in  all  great  undertakings.  After  machines  had  been  invented  for  spinning 
and  weaving  cottons,  whose  fineness  emulates  the  web  of  the  gossamer,  and  steam-engines 
had  been  made  "  to  engrave  seals,  and  to  lift  a  ship  like  a  bauble  in  the  air,"  every  thing  seemed 


po.'ssiolc — 
(li3tiiu'tion 
jw    pt'r|i('tuatc 

'™    war  has  !« 

.f    'I'hose  whi 

can  have  r 

V    clu':i|)er,  Ik 

otlii'r  luiml 

and  credit 

an  iiicreasi 

\v(irks  ill  ll 

'    wwA  propc 

i,   cU'rcts  have 

,.    last  hnlf  cp 

in  its  turn, 

'i'lie  iiniJ 

hiis  been  p. 

extension  < 

ancestors,  c 

Usurped  till 

stances  uni 

them,  till,  i, 

,^_  of  llif  liuini 

l|  the  constan 

•^  as  intense  a 

I  What  is  a  I 

;V  beth  having 

vjsihistoiians; 

|J  without  the 

If  again,  upon 

''r.  as  to  incroai 

r  tageous,  is  r 

■ ',  industry,  m 

obliged  soir 

beyond  thcii 

is,  after  all, 

resulting  fro 

;'  scieni-c,  indi 

i'       W'e  are  a 

*  to  the  iin|)ro 

I  pressure  oft 

Icorrespondin 

land  economi 

iHud  taxatioi 

las  to  product 

Ito  render  a  c 

Icncroaching 

Iwliich  they  t 

Irising  in  the 

|the  two  togct 

Ration  of  eillii 

Jl'.it  the  dpi 

auillity  of  Eu 

We  do  not 

(live  taxation; 

(lugmented  ai 

Influence  on  i 

private  indivit 

But  after  e 

'  §ind  of  others 

jfovcrnmcnt,  i 

bower,  and  sc 

phe  grand  sin 

(ind  tyranny  ] 

health,  are  in 

has  I.  decided 

brmer  preseii 


IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS. 


81 


he  United  Klng- 
thu  Vuarii  1H33, 


1833. 


L. 

i,3r>8 

494,b6l 
407,4S9 
27,573 
101 "«! 
2iS,G41 

1,(«3,949 

5,40t 

l"H,6iB 

61,003 

24^,H6 

79,511 

23,108 

16,393,170 

6,706,  i63 

1,445 

B3fl,9S9 

217,632 

636,927 

6 '6,774 

I,S31.71;6 

133,048 

S7,437 

16,616 

99,464 

1, 0411,!  39 

1I,H!<1 

193,096 

278,977 

73,347 

2,8.18,0n0 

216,634 

307,216 

23,003 

1,761 
60,810 
39,073 
169,861 
231,900 

5,933 
142,411 
20,2b3 

8,549 
973,478 
249,803 

16,8>« 
237,877 
851,745 

32,289 
391,068 

13,593 
2,421 

45,461 

12,939 


14     10 
5      7 


11 

0  0 
16  2 

1  8 
9  1 

14  5 

5  10 

6  10 
6 


2 
10 

i 
s 

4 

19 
12 

1 
19    10 

7      2 
II      I 

15  0 
6      2 

16  10 
5      1 


12      0 
6      3 


8 
6 
2 
8 

'  ! 
II  I 

9    i 

0  ! 


387,933 

11 

10 

45,080 

4 

0 

300,091 

2 

4 

6,S36,73S 

8 

7 

1,034,142 

2 

lU 

46,926,370      6     9 


444,115    11      8 


47,370,485    17     4» 

[able.    They  were 

Isc  of  the  rapid 
3,  to  be  found  in 
lures  since  1770, 
ling  period.    It 
Iduction  of  any 
sxtends  itself  to 
iless  they  mlopt 
Into  competition 
producers,  and 
old,  or  acciuire 
the  stupendous 
others ;  but  we 
)osed  that  their 
[imulus  to  every 
that  confidence 
ited  for  spinning 
Id  steam-engines 
Vry  thing  seemed 


possidin ml  nrdnum  visum  est.    And  the  uncenwinR  cfTorls  of  new  nsiiirant«  to  wealth  and 

distinction,  and  the  iiitiiiiatc  coiincclioii  of  the  various  nils  and  sciciu'cs,  hav»'  extciuli'd  and 
jHTiM'tuatpd  the  impulse  given  by  the  invention  of  llii'  s|)iiinin;^-fraint'  ami  the  sUMin-enniiie. 
Till'  imnirnse  accumulation  of  caiiilal  that  has  taken  place  since  li\e  close  <if  llie  American 
war  has  been  at  once  a  cause  and  a  eonsicjuence  of  our  increased  trade  and  nianufacturea. 
Those  who  rctlcct  on  the  advantages  wbich  an  iiuTcase  of  capital  ctinlers  on  its  (lossessors 
can  have  no  dilficulty  in  perceiving  now  it  operates  to  extend  trade.  It  enaliles  tliem  to  buy 
cheaper  bccaiihc  they  buy  larger  quaiititie«  of  goods,  and  |)ay  ready  mimey  ;  and,  on  the 
other  hand,  it  give.s  them  a  decided  superiority  in  foreign  markets  where  capital  is  scarce, 
and  credit  an  object  of  primary  importance  with  the  native  dealers.  To  the  manufacturer, 
an  increase  of  capital  is  of  equal  im|)ortance,  by  giving  him  the  means  of  coiisiructiiig  his 
w'orks  ill  the  best  manner,  and  of  carrying  on  the  business  on  such  a  scale  as  to  admit  of  the 
most  iiroper  distributiim  of  whatever  has  to  be  done  among  dilitTciit  individuals.  These 
clfects  have  been  strikingly  evinced  in  the  commercial  history  of  (Jieat  liritain  during  the 
last  half  century  ;  and  thus  it  is,  that  capital,  originally  accumulated  by  means  of  trade,  gives, 
in  its  turn,  nourishment,  vigour,  and  enlarged  growth  to  it. 

The  improvement  that  has  taken  place  in  the  mode  of  living  during  the  last  half  century 
has  been  partly  the  elUct,  and  partly  the  cause,  of  the  improvement  of  manufactures,  and  the 
extension  of  commerce.  Had  we  been  contented  with  the  same  accommodations  as  our 
ancestov<<,  exertion  and  ingenuity  would  long  since  have  been  at  an  end,  and  routine  have 
usurjied  the  place  of  invention.  Happily,  however,  the  desires  of  man  vary  with  the  circum- 
stances under  which  he  is  placed,  extending  witii  every  extension  of  the  means  of  gratifying 
them,  till,  in  highly  civilised  countries,  they  appear  almost  illimital>le.  'J'liis  endless  craving 
of  the  human  mind,  its  inability  to  rest  .satistUd  with  previous  acciuisilioiis,  combined  with 
the  constant  increase  of  j)opulalion,  renders  the  demand  for  new  inventions  and  discoveries 
as  intense  at  one  period  as  at  another,  and  provides  for  the  continued  advancement  of  society. 
What  is  a  luxury  in  one  age,  becomes  a  necessary  in  the  next.  The  fact  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth having  worn  a  pair  of  silk  stockings  was  reckoned  deserving  of  notice  by  contemporary 
histoiians ;  wliiU',  at  present,  no  individual,  in  the  rank  of  a  gentleman,  can  go  to  dinner 
without  them.  The  lower  classes  are  continually  [iressing  upon  the  middle ;  and  these, 
again,  upon  the  higher;  so  that  invention  is  racked,  as  well  to  vary  the  modes  of  enjoyment, 
as  to  increase  the  amount  of  wealth.  That  this  competition  should  be,  in  all  respects,  advan- 
tageous, is  not  to  be  supposed.  Emulation  in  show,  though  the  most  powerful  incentive  to 
industry,  may  be  carried  to  excess;  and  has  certainly  been  ruinous  to  many  individuals, 
obliged  sometimes,  perhaps,  by  their  situation,  or  seduced  by  example,  to  incur  expenses 
beyond  their  means.  But  the  abuse,  even  when  most  extended,  as  it  probably  is  in  England, 
is,  after  all,  confined  within  comparatively  narrow  limits;  while  the  benelieial  inlluence 
resulting  from  the  general  ditfusion  of  a  taste  for  improved  accommodations  adds  to  the 
science,  industry,  wealth,  and  enjoyments  of  the  whole  community. 

We  are  also  inclined  to  think  that  the  increase  of  taxation,  during  the  late  war,  contributed 
to  the  improvement  of  manufactures,  and  the  extension  of  trade.  The  gradually  increasing 
pressure  of  the  public  burdens  stimulated  the  industrious  portion  of  the  community  to  make 
corresponding  e(li)rts  to  preserve  their  place  in  society  ;  and  produced  a  spirit  of  invention 
and  economy  that  we  should  have  in  vain  attempted  to  excite  by  any  le.ss  powerful  means. 
Had  taxation  been  very  oppressive,  it  would  not  have  had  this  ellect ;  but  it  was  not  so  high 
as  to  produce  eitlier  dejection  or  despair,  though  it  was,  at  the  same  time,  sulliciently  heavy 
to  rciuler  a  considerable  increase  of  exertion  and  parsimony  necessary,  to  prevent  it  from 
[encroaching  on  the  fortunes  of  indiv'duals,  or,  at  all  events,  from  diminishing  the  rate  at 
•which  they  were  previously  accumulating.  To  the  excitement  allbrdcd  by  the  desire  of 
ising  in  the  world,  the  fear  of  falling  superadded  an  additional  and  powerful  stimulus;  and 
he  two  together  produced  results  that  could  not  have  been  produced  by  the  unassisted  ope- 
■ation  of  either.  We  do  not  think  that  any  evidence  has  been,  or  can  be,  produced  to  show, 
;l'.at  the  capital  of  the  country  vv  juUI  have  been  materially  greater  than  it  is,  had  the  tran- 
nillity  of  Eurojie  been  maintained  uninterrupted  from  179.3  to  the  present  moment. 

We  do  not  state  these  eireumstances  in  order  to  extenuate  the  evils  of  war,  or  of  opprcs- 
live  taxation;  but  merely  to  show  the  real  influence  of  taxation  on  industry,  when  gradually 
ugmcnted  and  kept  within  reasonable  bounds.  Under  such  circumstances,  it  has  the  same 
influence  on  a  nation  that  an  increase  of  his  family,  or  of  his  unavoidable  expense,  has  on  a 
irivate  individual. 
But  after  every  fair  allowance  has  been  made  for  the  influence  of  the  causes  above  stated, 
Imd  of  others  of  a  similar  description,  still  it  is  abundantly  certain  that  a  liberal  system  of 
|[ovcrnmcnt,  aflbrding  full  scope  for  the  expansion  and  cultivation  of  every  mental  and  bodily 
power,  and  securing  all  the  advantages  of  superior  talent  and  address  to  their  possessors,  is 
the  grand  sine  qua  non  of  commercial  and  manufacturing  prosperity.  Where  oppression 
and  tyranny  prevail,  the  inhabitants,  though  surrounded  by  all  the  means  of  civilisation  and 
ealth,  are  invariably  poor  and  miserable.  In  respect  of  soil,  climate,  and  situation,  Spain 
as  I.  decided  advantage  over  Great  Britain ;  and  yet,  what  a  miserable  contrast  does  the 
irmer  present,  when  compared  with  the  latter !    The  despotism  and  intolerance  of  her 


32 


IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS. 


rulers,  and  thp  want  of  good  order  and  tranquillity,  have  extinguished  every  germ  of  improve- 
ment in  the  Peninsula,  and  sunk  the  inhabitants  to  the  level  of  the  Turks  and  Moors.     Had 
a  similar  political  system  been  established  in  England,  wo  should  have  been  equally  depressed. 
Our  superiority  in  seience,  arts,  and  arms,  though  proni.ited  by  subsidiary  means,  is,  at  bot- 
tom, the  result  o(  freedom  and  secnrifij — freedom  to  engage  in  every  employment,  and  to 
pursue  our  own  interest  in  our  own  way,  coupled  with  an  intimate  conviction,  derived  from 
the  nature  of  our  institutions,  and  their  opposition  to  every  thing  like  arbitrary  power,  that 
acquisitions,  when  made,  may  be  securely  enjoyed  or  disposed  of.     These  form  the  grand 
sources  of  our  wcallli  and  power.     There  have  only  been  two  countries, — Holland  and  the 
United  IStates, — which  have,  in  these  respects,  been  placed  under  nearly  the  same  circum- 
stances as  England;  and,  notwithstanding  they  inhabit  a  morass,  defended  only  by  artificial 
mounds  from  being  deluged  by  the  ocean,  the  Dutch  have  long  been,  and  still  continue  to 
he,  the  most  prosperous  and  opulent  people  of  the  Continent ;  while  the  Americans,  whose 
situation  is  more  favourable,  are  advancing  in  the  career  of  improvement  with  a  rapidity 
hitherto  unknown.     In  Great  Britain  we  have  been  exempted,  for  a  lengthened  period,  from 
foreign  aggression  and  intestine  commotion  ;  the  pernicious  influence  of  the  feudal  system  has 
long  been  at  an  end  ;  the  same  equal  burdens  have  been  faid  on  all  classes ;  we  have  enjoyed 
the  advantage  of  liberal  institutions,  without  any  material  alloy  of  popular  licentiousness  or 
violence ;  our  intercourse  with  foreign  nations,  though  subjected  to  many  vexatious  restraints, 
has  been  comparatively  free  ;  full  scope  has  been  given  to  the  competition  of  the  home  pro- 
ducers; the  highest  oll'ices  have  been  open  to  deserving  individuals;  and,  on  the  whole,  the 
natural  order  of  things  has  been  less  disturbed  amongst  us  by  artificial  restraints  than  ifi 
moHt  other  countries.    But  without  security^  no  degree  of  freedom  would  have  been  of  male- 
rial  ini|)nrtance.     HapjMly,  however,  every  man  has  felt  satisfied,  not  only  of  the  temporary, 
but  of  the  permanent  tranciuiliity  of  the  country,  and  of  the  stability  of  its  institutions.     The 
plans  and  combinations  of  ca])ilalists  have  not  been  allected  by  misgivings  as  to  what  might 
take  place  in  future.    Monied  fortunes  have  not  been  amassed  in  preference  to  others,  because 
they  might  more  easily  be  sent  abroad  in  periods  ol  confusion  and  disorder;  but  all  indivi- 
duals have  unhesitatingly  engaged,  Avhcnever  an  opportunity  oHered,  in  undertakings  of 
which  a  remote  posterity  was  alone  to  reap  the  benefit.     No  one  can  look  at  the  immense 
sums  expended  upon  the  permanent  improvement  of  the  land,  on  docks,  warehouses,  canals, 
&c.,  or  reflect  for  a  moment  on  the  settlements  of  property  in  the  funds,  and  on  the  extent 
of  our  system  of  life  insurance,  without  being  deeply  impressed  with  the  vast  importance  of 
that  confidence  which  the  public  have  placed  in  the  security  of  property,  and  the  good  faith 
of  government.     Had  this  confidence  been  imperfect,  industry  and  invention  would  have 
been  paralysed  ;  and  much  of  that  capital  which  feeds  and  clothes  the  industrious  classes 
would  never  have  existed.     The  preservation  of  this  security  entire,  both  in  fact  and  in 
opinion,  is  essential  to  the  public  welfare.     If  it  be  anywise  impaired,  the  colossal  fabric  of 
our  prosperity  will  crumble  into  dust ;  and  the  commerce  of  London,  Liverpool,  and  Glas- 
gow, like  that  of  Tyre,  Carthage,  and  Palmyra,  will,  at  no  very  remote  period,  be  famous 
only  in  history. — (From  the  Treatise  on  Commerce,  contributed  by  the  author  of  this  work 
to  the  .Society  for  the  Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge.) 

(1.  Tallin  exhil)itins  the  different  Coiintrit's  to  wliicli  Articles  of  tlie  Produce  or'Manufacture  of  the 
United  Kingdom  have  been  exported  during  tlie  Six  Years  ending  with  1835,  arranged  in  the  Order 
oftlic  Ma!,'iiitude  of  the  Exports  to  them  ;  and  specifying  the  average  annnal  Amount  of  the  Exports 
to  eaeli  during  the  said  Six  Years,  and  the  Portion  of  such  Exports  destined  for  each,  supposing  the 
whole  Exports  lo  be  1,000. 


Average  ,inl. 

Average  aui.' 

Avenge 

I'rn  portion 

Average 

Pniporliun  , 

annual 

exp.  to  each 

annual 

exp,  to  cacli , 

Countries. 

Amount  of 

Country,  sup 

Countriei. 

Ankouii^  of 

Country,  siin-| 
posiiig  ttlioli 
Exports  to  be 

Esporti, 

posing  whole 

Exports, 

ISat^-IWa. 

Kxports  to  be 

1830-1835. 

1,000. 

l.OUO. 

rniftxi  Stiteaof  Anierici 

/,7,C07,8!)n 

189742,366 

Cape  of  Good  Hope 

/-309,5.11 

(iennuiy*            .... 

4.446.S72 

IIO-90-1.9I7 

SuTua'ra  and  Java 

303,647 

7-622,  iWii 

EistliniiaComii.'s'erritiiriesanJ  Ceylon 

3,342,381 

83359,681 

Wcs*ern  Coast  of  Africa  • 

287,530 

7-l7l,0isi 

Hnlluul 

Hfl<iiim  .           .           .           .            - 

|2,774,9S9 

69'208,781 

Coluiiibta            .... 
Prussia     .           .           ,           •           . 

200,439 
183,028 

4-998,!ir"l 
4. 564,7,^7 : 

British  West  Indie* 

2,720,893 

67'S59,6.10 

Malta 

1.55,951 

3-88!l,^ii; 

Italy  and  the  Italian  Islantls 

2,688,123 

67'042,349 

Esypt  (ports  on  the  Mciliterraiiean) 

I.-|3,320 

3-82:],s33 

Brtzil 

2,250,417 

56-125,8-0 

Mauritius            .... 

150,333 

3-749,3l6i 

Rrinsh  North  American  CDlonies 

1 ,990,660 

4»-647,474 

Deiininrk            .          .           .           - 

101,171 

2-5ai,226i 

Riisaia      ..... 

1,489,072 

37' 137,767 

Philippine  Islands          ... 

100,779 

2'5I34J9 
I -682.591 

Hortu^al,  Fmper  • 

1,124,169 

28-037,010 

ionian  Islands      .           •           •           • 

67,465 

'J'urkey  and  Continental  Greece  (exclu- 

Sweden   .            .                         -            • 

65,058 

1-622,360 

sive  of  Morea) - 

1,083,801 

27-030,223 

Norway  •           .                       •           . 

58,890 

4M68,729 

France     ..... 

862,03H 

21-199.358 

Azores     .            .           -           ,           . 

51,708 

I-29l,IOi 

Chili 

703  275 

17-5,19,825 

,  Madeira  ..... 

36.2,11 

-90:!.6i!l, 

Culia,  and  othrr  foreign  West  Indies 

69-,7r,6 

17-427,121 

St.  Helena           .... 

32,071 

•799,  l»>; 

StatM  of  the  Rio  de  la  I'lata 

606,274 

15120,600 

Canar}'  Islands     .... 

30,409 

•758,4(571 

Mexico     ..... 

631,840 

13-264,201 

Morea  and  Greek  Islands 

20,369 

•.moo; 

New  South  Wales,  Van  DIemen's  Land, 

Guatem.ala           -            .           .           - 

8,213 

•2nj,«34l 

and  Swan  River 

525,020 

I3-094,109 

Triiwli,  Barbary,  and  Morocco  . 

8,088 

•301.717; 

Spiin  and  the  Haleariclslands    - 

470,275 

11-728,757 

Ports  of  Siain       .... 

5,035 

•123.574 

Gibraltar-           .... 

428,379 

10.683.862 

Isle  of  Bnurlion    .... 

2,855 

•07i,.'or 

Iltyli 

390,937 

9-750,030 

New  Zealand,  and  South  Sea  Islands     • 

1,891 

•047,lli2; 

Peru         ..... 

363,528 

7-066,461 

Arabia      ..... 

1,050 

-n2i),is-| 

Isles  of  Guemiey,  Jersey,  Alderney,  and 

Cane  de  Verd  Islands      ... 

6'29 

•013,1931 

Mm     ..... 

3,19,061 

8-450,303 
7-970,710 

Chini       ..... 

319,593 

Totals  . 

40,095,895 

lOOfl-OOO.OCOJ 

'  Coem 

Husks  and  sliel 
Cdtlnii  wtjultrouj 

VIZ.— 

The  riiited  SI: 
Hnzil      - 
Turkey  ml  E; 
(Hher  i'lreigti  t 
CcMori    IV mi    Ikii 

stuns,  vit:. — 
F.ati  ln.lif*'i  -iin 
Hritisti  Weal  It 

of 
Brii)8h    West 

fnim 
Other  Briliiih  p 

'l\ 

hitlis-o 
I..'- dye      - 
l.'-w.ioJ    - 
Mid.-r      ■ 
Mt  iiler  roo'^ 
Klix  an-i   tow,  oi 

:t!i'l  hemp 
dirran's     • 
l-'^iwuis  and  oran* 
Uiisins       - 
II.i's  i)f  straw 
i'l-ittiiii;  of  straw 
Hftiip,  nndresaed 
Hidei,  tintanned,  ' 
Edlfio,  bull,  ojf 
hides    . 
Hiiles,  tanned,  viz 
Riitlalo,  hull,  ox 
hides    - 
I.eittn:rijlt)ves 
Molnst's     . 
Oil-Olive- 
I'alin  - 

Train,  spermi 
Siltpeire  and  cuhic 
Ki^nf  an  I  linseed 
|Silk.  raw    . 

Wasie  and  knubl 
ICissia  lignea 
jlVpper 
ento 
fSuiir,  viz.— 
W'.-st  hi'lia 
Ki'il  India  and  M 
Fnreigii  - 
iTdlow      . 
I'fea 

ITInitinr,  vi7.  — 
Hitfens  ind  hatfe 
\h^\\  an  I  (leii  eru 
Mis's,  6  and  uiiiii 

nieier  • 
Masis,  Sand  und 

diinieier 
MnVs,  12  and  upv 
(hk  plaidts 
Staves 
Fir,  H  inches  w\ 

ward* 
Oik,  ditto 
rneimtiierated  dit 
Wainscot  \n^  d\V 
Tnli-^cco,  viz. — 
I.^nnuniificiiired 
Manufactured  or  i 
Snuir      - 
rml.  sheep  and  Ian 
Vine,  viz. — 
Cape 
French     - 
PortiKat  ■ 
Spanish   > 
Madeira  -  • 

Otlier  sorts  - 

All  sorts  - 


IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS. 


98 


rm  of  improve- 
I  Moors.  Had 
ually  cloprcBBed. 
?anH,  is,  at  bot- 
Dymeiit,  and  to 
n,  derived  from 
jry  power,  that 
"orm  the  grand 
[olland  and  the 
!  same  circum- 
miy  by  artificial 
till  continue  to 
ncricans,  whose 
with  a  rapidity 
icd  period,  from 
udai  system  has 
vc  have  enjoyed 
icentiousness  or 
itious  restraints, 
F  the  home  prn- 

the  whole,  the 
itraints  than  ifi 
re  been  of  mate- 
r  the  temporary, 
ititutions.  The 
s  to  what  might 
)  others,  because 
;  but  all  indivi- 
undertakings  of 
at  the  immense 
rehouses,  canals, 
lul  on  the  extent 
it  importance  of 
d  the  good  faith 
ion  would  have 
justrious  classes 

in  fact  and  in 
olossal  fabric  of 
rpool,  and  Gla<- 
•riod,  be  famous 
lor  of  this  work 


mufaetnre  of  iho 

getl  in  till!  Ordtr 

lit  of  the  Exports 

li,  suptiosing  tlie 


II  Arcnntil  of  thn  Quniilitlp*  of  llio  Principiil  iirliclt's  of  rorciL'ti  ami  f'nlotiinl  MiTrtiiinilist'  iiiipnrtnd 
jiili)  I'Xiiiirti'il  friiiii,  mill  rrl.iiiii'il  for  ('iiiisiiiiipiinii  in  ilii;  I mli'il  Kliii!  Imii,  with  lliii  .NkU  Kcvuuiiu 
aicr'iiiiil?  lliureoM,  Uuriiii,'  tin;  Vuurii  uiiUiiis  ilie  iili  Jamiiiry,  l^Ti,  uiul  IbUS. 


Average  aiil. 

UcraEn 

rroporlion  , 

jiiiiual 

eip.  to  each  i 

iiouii^  of 

Counlry,  siiiv, 

Ixporta, 

tosiiiR  wlinltl 
Kxliiirhlobel 

U0-1S35. 

l.OuO. 

„309,53l 

7-7l'l,7ti?! 

303,t47 

7-622,  !W. 

2b7,530 

7-l71,0'i*l 

20O,-l39 

4-999,9PI 

183,028 

4.i64,-.'.:: 

155,0-il 

3WUii: 

|-,3,320 

3S23,s33 

1.10,333 

3-749,3i6i 

101,171 

2-523,226! 

100,770 

2'513.4J9 

67.465 

1-6H2.59I 

65,0,-.Si 

1  •622,51)1 

5S,f90 

4'468,729! 

51,-6S 

1-291, lO'.i 

3fi,23.1 

•90;1.6W: 

32,071 
3P.409 

•799,&; 
•7-:)S,4i-"l 

20,36f 

•.W8.co:; 

8,Z1! 

•2n4,sa4 

S,08S 

•201.711 

6,035 

•125,571 

2,85S 

•071, .111 

l,«9 

•047.  llU 

l.O'il 

•me,n- 

6« 

•013,193 

0,09%«). 

,]   100fl-000,OM 

1 

lic^c-iipiion 
of  .Mfrcluu.lii". 

<^uinlllies  imported. 

Quantities . . ported. '^-^i;;-^,^;;;;;-"*" 

Nell  Revenue. 

■:t 

IKli. 

1837. 
147,329 

1836. 
19,137 

1.'37.             l8Jo.      1 

IK17. 

1830. 

1837. 

L. 
193 
3ro»s  rev. 

,"■ 

. • — — —         — — 

.Vhcs,  pejrlanlpot         •           •   «»<»- 

l52,g.U 

19,810 

130,176 

128,C99 

I.. 

998 
rirosa  rev. 

lUnlla  »liJ  ilklli  •           •           •      — 

70,214 

102,135 

1,680 

3,441 

97,202 

: 

91.404 
Irawl.ksk 
i-piijiiicnls 

r 

9,ti7» 

8,908 

!        5,532 

4,019 

4,9761 

Hirk  for  tinning  or  dyeing          •      — 

772,119 

786,730 

3,345 

8,0f.T 

784,819        781,1 I3| 

25,8jj 

20,458 

Ci.iIWn  viz  — 
Hiiluli  p  iiii^ition          •           ■      11"- 
Kisl  liMiLiiiil  .Miuritiui          -       — 
lurciiii  iiiulaliou         ■           •       — 

Total!    ■     ,— 

rocnl           .             .             •             •       \\ll- 
llu-ksan^i  slK-lh            •    .      •       - 

18,877.912 

15.181.113 

10«.493 

3.'n,0|7 

17,532.731     17.138.158 

1 

il,iHm,TI0' 

(I.9'i().ll(l5 

3,6i2,-j5| 

1,3211.2  >5 

7,  ,12,725     0,2li.5,li;i4 

[    691,616 

696,643 

. 

6,2T0,2l.'i 

ll,27-,09() 

6,9j(),370 

10.681,758 

33:.,5S7 
16,'U(I 

6,411,703 

8,0.  o"^, 

933,^76 

-2,J34             .3,109 

1       11,165 

13,922 

31,lli4,li;l7 

36,412,511 

24,947,690    26,3.|6,!I6I 

2,7.-8,-''2l 
42),t>-lS 

2,853,000 
611,757 

1,1.10,163 
361,141 

1,416,613 
481,1-0 

Ciill"iivv.)Olfroiiil\ireignoouiilne«, 

VIZ.—                                                       ,^ 

TliB  liiilcastatei  of  America   •     Ih'- 
Hrv/il      .           -           •           •       — 
'1  uik'-v  an  1  Eif>'|il         •           •       — 
(MliL-i- iiirt-igii  ctiunlnes  •           •       — 

289,615  692 

27,501,-272 

320.651,716 
•20  910,145 

6.42j,721 
6,734,113 

7.8S|,51() 
4,616,829 

Cdlluri   w  ir)l  lioili  firilistl   po«sC4> 

sinns.  VIZ.— 
F.a«l  In.lit-i  anil  Mitiritiiis          •      llj4. 

75,937,887 

51,577,197 

Bnlisli  Wat  luJies,  llie  growlli 

of                                            ,      - 

1,312,806 

1,199,162 

1 

British   West  Indies,  imiwrted 
fniin                                               "~ 

401,531 

396.510 

Other  llrilinh  posicssinns          -       — 

Total  (luanlities    •       — 

Indijn          •                         •            •      His. 

8,3j 

23.6>4 

368,445.035 
2,226.194 

430,006 
36.356 

450,658 
29,889 

.1 

10:,9-9,037 
7,710,514 

407,280,783 

31,739,763 

3!l,722,03l 
3,58T,.56I 

Jt,3  684,232 
2,840,39S 

''^i 

6,545,873 

3,691,951 

; 

Lie  live      ■           •           •           -       — 

61-3,675 

I,0ll.ti74 

200,975 

133,nj'.> 

620,218 

423.335 

1.717 

1,140 

!: 

i..ii;\v,',od    .           -           .           •     tons 

12,881 

14,699 

4,385 

3,316 

12,361 

12.023 

2,473 

2,513 

i 

\t  I  liter        .              -               .              •    Cwtb. 

108,<K)6 

84.841 

364 

hii 

105,445 

78.830 

10712 

8,037 

■•         ' 

\]t  Ider  roots         -           -           -       — 

8 1,251 

109,235 

3 

2 

84,101 

100,303 

2,114 

2,532 

•a 

Flax  and   tow,  or  codilla  of  flax 

It 

and  lieinp             •            •            •       — 
rtirrairs     •            •            •            •        — 

1,529.116 

1,000.865 

16.789 

6,970 

1,511,428 

993.054 

6.III 

4,234 

■f 

196,561 

217.921 

5,738 

17,841 

17.5,774 

174,812 

194,821 

193,893 

I,i-(irtiis  and  oranges          •           •  chests 

265,864 

349,88(1 

1,455 

1,536 

2411.651 

311.490 

52226 

6>,43l 

Itl.iiliS          ...                -    CWt9. 

182.286 

169.590 

36,496 

11,526 

156.194 

152,162 

1I7,(IM5 

114.095 

Mil's  i)f  straw          -            •            ■      No. 

14.042 

26,22- 

16,172 

12.714 

3,437 

5,624 

1,(109 

1,632 

I'litlin;;  of  straw    ,             ■            -      Itw. 

42,890 

30,862 

11,846 

7,546 

29.681 

23.961 

24,5-9 

20,003 

Heinp,  nndrraaed    -           •           -  cwts. 

6tJ6,0d2 

773,621 

38,105 

16,574 

367,862 

631,613 

2,492 

2,766 

Hides,  imtanned,  viz.— 

Dulfa'o,  bull,  ox,  cow,  or  hone 

tildes    .            .            .            .       — 

352,061 

339,632 

37,795 

46,649        330,214 

290,739 

43,769 

36,482 

Hides,  tanned,  viz. — 

Butlalo,  tmll,  ox,  COW,  or  hone 

tiides    -             -             -             -       lbs. 

70.410 

87,678 

32,305 

19,903          63,010 

6.3,895 

794 

814 

I 

I.i-itheri;l.ive»       ■            -            •    pairs 

1,490,999 

1,25.5,920 

31,405 

18,894      1,459,363 

1,218.470 

27.507 

22  923 

Molasses     ...            -   cwts. 

528,306 

5S2,2«3 

1,600 

1,611          6.57.1-82 

;592.019 

295.615 

266,324 

:>& 

l)d-01i\e-           -           .           -  galls. 

2,682,016 

1,721.914 

150,561 

209.472       1,844,622 

1,496  656 

46.514 

34,986 

■iM 

Palin-            •            •            •   civls. 

277,017 

221,337 

34,379 

16,T:.2         234.357 

211.919 

14.67-* 

13,299 

'■Ml 

Tra  i  n,  spermaceti,  fe  blubber      tuns 

19,489 

21,8(13 

1,365 

.■•93            18  722 

20.878 

1.29' 

14,370 

'^ 

Saltpetre  and  culiic  nitre  •           •  cwt?. 

279,902 

349,9a3 

38,444 

36.959         231,1,34 

240,222 

6.045 

6.339 

Kiax  an  1  tinsee,!    -           -            bushels 

3,3,19,215 

3.321.089 

1,371 

6,879      3,179,1197 

3  381.6-13 

19.il(15 

21,118 

.^ill;.  raw    .           .           .           -      lbs. 

4,453,081 

4,146,181 

113,600 

345,971       4,239,254 

3,5:0,1(15 

18072 

15,454 

Wai'e  and  knubbf         •           -       — 

1,608,289 

943,281 

87,615 

2t,-20S       1,524  968 

867,456 

712 

389 

Cavs^a  lignea          •           •           -       — 

8.37.413 

981.674 

6;)3,083 

760.141 

89,396 

ll>5,485 

2.242 

2,642 

IVpper       -           -           •           •       — 

7,724,932 

5,29I.Sft3 

4,151,569 

4,76'<.S60 

2.794.491 

2.025,l..75 

99.1.14 

65,621 

Pimento      •           •           "           -       — 

3,26-1,238 

2,113,300 

2,337,982 

1,3:6,645 

400,914 

335,406 

6,339 

4,193 

Sunr,  viz.— 

Ra 

w. 

Wi-st  India        -           ■           •  -cwts. 

.3,600.517 

3,305.238 

f    278,088 

448,382 

) 

K.ist  India  and  Mauritius          •       — 

7211,99- 

912,267 

)        Ileliii 

ed. 

J  3,489,399 

3,054,810 

4,184,165 

4,760,565 

Fnreifii  .           .           .           .      — 

327.617 

265.073 

(    248,614 

227.807 

) 

T.illow      -            .           .           .      — 

I,l'6„%4 

1.314,649 

18,709 

.52,37' 

1,314,0.85 

1,289,514 

2n7.7"9 

203,977 

Tea            ....      lbs. 

49,306,701 

36,973,981 

4,269,8-3 

4,716,248 

49,142,236 

30,625,206 

4,671,535 

3,223,840 

Timber,  viz.  — 

tiattens  and  batten  ends  -          gt  hund. 

17,247 

15.983 

80 

126 

15,677 

14,451 

152,596 

133.806 

1)1' il  anl  deal  ends          •            -    — 

69,318 

72,832 

1,022 

946 

68,300 

66,651 

617,3n 

680,570 

M  is's.  6  and  under  S  ins.  in  dia* 

nieler  -           .           •           .     No. 

8,414 

9,474 

345 

199 

9,247 

9,763 

2,780 

2,865 

Masts.  8  and  under  12  iiiclies  in 

diinieter         •           •           ■       — 

3,381 

3,628 

26S 

160 

3,291 

3,444 

2,119 

2.313 

.Mas'5. 12  and  upwards  -           •   loads 

2,649 

4,273 

35 

19 

3,200 

4,077 

3,443 

4  571 

0:ik  planks          •            -            •       — 

3,046 

1,968 

• 

6 

2,871 

2,199 

11,490 

8,813 

Slaves     •          •           -         gt  hund. 

83,6-w 

85,721 

2,121 

1,638 

90,811 

84,454 

67,334 

51,693 

Fir,  B  inchej  njuare  and  up- 

wards                                      loads 

622,680 

579.960 

4611 

846 

612,865 

681,039 

545.074 

456.389 

Oik,  ditto           -           •           •       — 

25,681 

3I.6-6 

15 

2 

26  062 

30,940 

31.31  S 

41,205 

riieiMimerated  ditto        •            •       — 

39.4J2 

48,481 

72 

80 

39,314 

48,026 

10,043 

12,073 

Wainscot  logs  ditto       •           -      — 

4,212 

6,593 

- 

3 

3,988 

4,020 

10,9-51 

10,938 

Fotiacco,  viz.. — 

tinnianitfictured             -           •      llis. 

32,212.907 

27,144.107 

12,319.405 

17,341.587 

22,150,785 

22,321.489 

) 

'^ 

Manufactured  or  cigars .           •       — 

16s'.668 

''        632,186 

432.66 1 

1       302.869 

158,182 

1        144,385 

J3,397,10J 

3,417,663 

Simir      .           .           .           .       — 

13.580 

1            4.1.53 

3,496 

3,472 

509 

j               351 

) 

KTiiil.  sheep  and  lambs     ■          •      lbs. 

64,239,977 

48,379,708 

613,707 

2,831,332 

60,366,415 

42,515,899 

189,524 

119,168 

(Vine,  viz.— 

Cape       .           •           ■      Imp.  galls. 

SSO,273 

618,105 

10.87f 

6,766 

,541,511 

1       600,727 

74  43 

68,854 

French    .           .           .            — 

M3  24I 

725,110 

99,112 

106  93- 

352,063         4:18,59- 

96,534 

120,286 

''i 

Portuiral  .          -          -           — 

4,089,235 

1     2.693  36- 

381,(126 

199,518 

2,878,359      2.560,25- 

1 1,622,99- 

•  •M 

Spanish  -          .          •           — 

3,164,244 

2,802,585 

615.822 

402,341 

2,3«8,4I3      2,278,2(k1 

1     1,497,957 

f'B| 

.Madeira  .           .           «            — 

233,979 

28M,40C 

152.36" 

148.10- 

133,673         lll,37t 

m 

Utiier  sorts         •          •           — 
All  sorts  •                     •           — 

805,109 

9  :4,8s,i 

3S5,:12( 
1     l,674,.521 

381,122 

515,193        502,318 
6,809,212     6,391,531 

m 

9,406,083 

8,033,481] 

1     1,334,79a 

1,793,96 

ll     1,687,097 

1 

5 

' ..' 


34 


IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS. 


in.  An  nrrniinl  «(  llip  omrinl  Vnliio  of  ihe  IinpnrlH  Inio  nnd  ExporlR  from  tliplTniled  Kingdom,  from 
and  III  :ill  ('oiiiilrii's,  tur  IIju  Vi'iir  (Midini:  .'illi  Jiininiry,  l><:<A,  with  llir  Dcilari'd  or  Ilciil  VuIiioh  oI' 
tlio  l',x|HiilH  lir  llic  Vriirfl  (Midcd  .'>lli  Janiiary,  IHM,  und  lb'M\  diittiiiguliiliing  uacli  Cuiiulry,  uiul 
UritiHii  and  Coliinjiil  iind  I'uriMKn  i'rodiiii'. 


1 

omcial  Value 

(if  lUfKir't  from  Ihe  United 

Ilertare.l  Va 

Dec'and  Vi 

OfTtrial  Value 

iitiKiLiiii,  1834 

luf  of  Hriliflh 

li.e  nf  Hni),|, 

Namw  of  Cuuntriei. 

uf  llll|MtllS 
Mitn  ItiM 

aiitl  IrMli  I'm- 

aii.l  lr|.,li  rii, 
duct'  aitd  .M.I., 

dure  aii't  Ma* 

I'niifd  KuiJt 

(Inlii    lhU4. 

nriliili  an  1 
Iri.ti  I'Knlucf 

Fiirf  i*n  rinil 
Ciil.Hii.il  .Mcr- 

CtUll.llBU. 

TnM 

niiLu'iiiiuH 
exiKiitrd  Ikuii 

iiulacium 
rx(  i»r  t.l  fn>iii 

UUIII,   lOw-l. 

;ii»l  Mai.ul.ic- 

Eiiiurli. 

lliu  I!    K.  in 

Ihet    K.l„| 

tutci 

1834. 

f.~ 

Europe. 

/.. 

/,. 

/,. 

/.. 

A. 

RiiMii         .           ,            .           . 

4.l^a,K4l 

1,81.7,228 

7;6,959 

2,644,187 

1,382,300 

1,7.2,2:-, 

h»tileri      .... 

2ai',.iU 

92.U.1U 

[i|..2it 

142.307 

6:1,1194 

l(l.,l  ,1, 

Norwiiy     ..... 

>-H.-n 

11X1,026 

46,184 

Hl.,210 

61,9.18 

79,^7.. 

lirniuark   .... 

33l,Mli 

I!I4,.138 

49.t^H 

24  1,282 

«4,5(l-. 

107,97:1 

PruftAi.-i       .... 

7^^,^^>8 

176,263 

33i,H26 

!S<,H,0»9 

136,123 

18>..j:j 

(tfiiiuny   .... 

1,4:17,11:7 

l-,93i,:07 

I,il8,%6 

10,4.11,173 

4,.547.t66 

4,(.02,!)M) 

llnlhnJ 

1,11)  .,(1-6 

3,'*4,tl7 

1,30(1,1  IS 

fi,lli4,IH3 

2,i:0,Jt,7 

2,t4>.,40.' 

lli'lljIUIll       .... 

M-\,m 

l,l.17,.(iS 

1,686,207 

2.823,372 

7.50,IK9 

8I8,J>.T 

Fraiict: 

a,S(l,>',2:Vi 

I,2>l(i,t67 

546,'24 

1.827, .91 

l,llt.,8^3 

l,l53,t.,l(i 

Porlugal,  Pro|ier    . 

(iiH.-IIO 

3,1- 19,  •.•.3 

23l,4*i0 

4,n'il,OI3 

1,60..,123 

1,3  4,:IJU 

Azores    . 

IA.ITj 

130  ;i2'. 

12,4Vi 

U2,!)'-0 

63.275 

4!l.':iT 

M.nlfir.1  • 

2,.i:U 

66  (.6.1 

23,613 

90.376 

38,453 

401l^2 

Spain  .in]  ihe  lulearic  Ulmd* 

971,1-OS 

3)-0,.i7i 

162,266 

648.841 

325,!i07 

40,1,1 1-, 

ran.iry  Iklimls       ... 

7H.7S4 

6..-.6T6 

17,968 

86,614 

30.b^8 

24,:i(« 

Gibntlor    .... 

4-,..r.. 

1,211,782 

211,384 

1,423,166 

4tO,7l9 

602,5-0 

Italy  aii<l  (lit:  lulinn  Islamli 

Malra 

I,l9<i,.!in 

6,.^3I,I66 

1,518.981 

8,050,147 

3,282,777 

2,426,171 

U, ll.il) 

fiO4.0S2 

83,373 

689,423 

2l2,6i|6 

136,W.i 

loiij.in  Ishiiil-s        ..... 

20T,3'J3 

180,S74 

33,333 

214,229 

94,498 

107  ,NM 

Tuikey  aiul  Coiilinental  Greece,  exclusive  of  the 

Mutfa    ...... 

74l,2«) 

2,467,944 

2;J7.305 

2,721,249 

1,207,941 

1,331, mo 

Mcfea  mi!  Grrt-k  hhnds  .... 

4:i,.'llJ7 

6.,»77 

32,882 

91.8 .9 

37,179 

2k  Ml 

hies  uf  Uuui  iisuy,  Jcney,  Alderney,  and  Man 

231, \m 

412,163 

134,739 

646,902 

360,191 

331,01: 

Jtfrira. 

T.eyfii  (porls  on  the  Mnlitemncan) 

33.331 

»I5.709 

8,274 

313.9«3 

158,877 

2f.9,:j-, 

Tri|K>li,  Barhary,  .iiul  Morucco    • 

12«,2JS 

16,074 

33,364 

7H,I38 

14,>23 

i.KVM 

UVst.  rii  Co;t>l  of  Africa   .           .            .           . 

476. »"5 

i-'i.bw 

17.1,816 

796,104 

,')2i:,4Sl 

2<i>.V|ii 

Cape  of  OiMrtl  lloi-e             .             ,              -             * 

24f,7W 

4J»,924 

130,228 

619,132 

304,382 

32l,,'..:i 

K.iatfrn  Coast  d  Africa    .... 

37 

Cape  VcMil  hlaiuiii.             -            .             -            . 

S30 

. 

630 

530 

')"-. 

St.  Helt^iia 

2,184 

2S,3;i 

23,3«9 

61.914 

31,613 

31,1.7 

laic  of  Buurbon     ..... 

ll,7ii4 

1,263 

13,047 

7,091 

Mauriiiiii  ...                       .           . 

"   782,148 

264,9jj 

42,894 

307,849 

149,319 

I96,0J9 

Madagascar           ..... 

38 

^aia. 

Arabii        ...                       ,           . 

, 

600 

, 

600 

J50 

6,049 

EiAt  India  Company's  territories  and  Ceylon     • 
China         ....            .           , 

4,317,639 
3,5«.,9a 

1  7,193,080 

423,125 

7,616,205 

)  2,578,569 
J      842,852 

3,l';2,t,'2 

l,071,7i» 

Siiinatra  and  Java.            -           .            .           . 

141, j^g 

. 

. 

• 

410,273 

3i3.-W 

Philippine  Isles      ■            -                       -           - 

86,922 

. 

. 

. 

76,618 

129,7« 

New   Sfmth  Wales,  Van  Diemen*!  Land,  and 

Swan  River        ..... 

247,459 

8S0,24S 

227,206 

1,077,454 

716,014 

696,34'i 

New  /calmd  and  South  Sea  Islands 

1,956 

. 

. 

• 

2,t,>: 

PurtofSiaiu          ..... 

See  Indi-i  lad 

■ 

• 

19,742 

Singipore  

765,72.'> 

America. 

British  Norlh  American  Culotiles 

1.167,823 

2261,175 

290,606 

2,552,191 

1,671,069 

2,l.5S.l,-.'! 

British  West  Indies             .... 

8,410,114 

4,194,660 

323,987 

4,818,647 

2,6>0,i  2;) 

3.187,-|lu 

M.ivti          .-•.... 

74,162 

t>54,743 

20,791 

875,534 

357,297 

36-.,:» 

Cni.i  and  olhtr  Foreign  West  Indies 

266,127 

2,198,011 

65,620 

2,263,631 

9l3,0i5 

7!.:,.  in 

rtiitfd  Slatts  uf  America  . 

10,276,628 

9,.i58,7l7 

311,139 

9,769,836 

6,8 1 1,989 

10,5t;y,4-,-, 

Mexico       ..... 

261,417 

660,832 

132,052 

822.904 

4.59.610 

402,>i:o 

(iiiDieiiiila .           ..... 

13,739 

&),079 

57 

01,136 

30,366 

t  .-'H 

C'lluinbia  .•-.-. 

117,209 

fifl,i,,-l7« 

20,069 

523,!'47 

199,997 

l:!2,.',j 

Riazil         ...... 

1,397,303 

5,675,158 

137,925 

6,813,083 

8,460,678 

2,e,to.7(.: 

St.tcs  nf  theRiodcIaPIata 

660,120 

1,88.1,31,'; 

35,293 

1,9.8.K08 

831, 51M 

6>>,;-,2i 

Chili ,          . 

142,76-. 

1.89,5.127 

49,220 

1,944.347 

896,221 

COMTi 

l't;ru           -           ■           •           .           .'          . 

123,086 

'495,890 
73,833,039 

61,458 

537,348 

299,235 

4I1.1.'I 

Totals    - 

. 

49,0-.l,4l6 

11,362.036  i 

85,397,075 

41,619,016 

47,.1-2,r. 

IV.  Acmtint  spfcifying  the  dirterctit  Articles,  and  the  Real  or  Declared  Vnlne  of  each,  of  the  Proline. 
and  Maniifanure  of  the  United  Kingdom,  exported  to  Foreign  Tarts  during  each  of  the  Three  Vuiin 
ending  with  1&37. 


Speciia  of  Exporls. 

1835. 

1836. 

1337. 

GRBAT   BRITAIN. 

£ 

£ 

£ 

Alum    ----.. 

1,.159 

3,898 

2,701 

A|)|)arel,  Slops,  and  Negro  Clothing 

4'J4,8><il 

60»,8ti3 

53;!,301 

Arms  and  Aiiimiinition          ... 

407,490 

411,286 

2.-9,112 

Baton  and  Flams        .... 

27,573 

42,.1I9 

•.i:i,>-\0 

Heef  and  I'ork,  salted           ... 

10I,7S2 

136,898 

119,117 

Bci.'r  and  Ale  -           -            .           -           . 

225,641 

2ri4..'i00 

268,2;i5 

Books,  priiiti'd            .... 

148,098 

I78,(m 

147,1,10 

Brass  and  Coiiper  Manufactures      - 

1,09.3,949 

1,072,002 

i.ieo.osa 

Bread  und  lii.sciiit      .... 

5,405 

8,184 

9,991 

Butler  and  (Mieese     -            -            .            . 

178,057 

205,858 

i79,o::i 

Caliinet  and  Upholstery  Wares 

51,003 

75,511 

67,:!.'i7 

Coals  and  Culm         .... 

242,746 

329,760 

428,(i!IO 

Cordage           ..... 

79,541 

81,475 

73,231 

Corn,  Grain,  Meal,  and  Flour 

2.5,109 

31,297 

.31,781 

Cotton  Manufattures             ... 

lfi,.TO3,170 

18,482,586 

13,632.1  M) 

Yarn    -           -           -           .           . 

6,706.5(13 

0,120,326 

o,9.').5.'.i;i() 

Cows  and  Oxen         .... 

1,415 

3,072 

6.1(17 

Earthenware  uf  all  sorts      ... 

539,990 

837,493 

563,0,vJ 

■I 

1 


Flihofnl 

r;i:iMn  lift 

ilaliiTil.'iK 
Il:iril\vari 
llatH,  III': 

ol'u 

lliips    - 
ll<ir8i>i) 
Irnii  and  I 
l.anl     - 
l.i'Ml  and 
J.i':illii  r.  \ 

l.liicn  .Ma 

Var 

.■NKii'liliicrj 
.^l:lllll'lll:li 
iMiili's  - 
Miisir:il  In 
Oil,'rr:iiii, 
l':iiiili'r8'  I 
I'lalf,  I'lal 
I'otitoea 
.Salt      . 
.^allpnire, 
.Si'iids  ofal 
Silk  .Maniil 
.-iiiap  and  ( 
Spirits 
st:itiiinery 
S»«;ir,  re  III 
I'iii,  iiiiwrii 

and  I'l 

TiiIku'co  (111 
'I'oiiKiies 
I'liihri'llai  r 
Whali'lioriu 
Wool,  .Sliiu 

of  01 

WodlliMi  ai 
\Vooll,.|i  .Mi 
All  other  A 


Total  real 
and  .M 
from  (; 

IUL'La.ND, 

T'l''!!.!!;?' 

.  Account  of 
the  United  K 
ill};  Willi  183 
annually  shii 


Countries  (o  w 
exiiorted. 


f.isiia 
Iwpili'n 
nrvv.iv 
li-imnrk   • 

ifrjiiany    • 
'•..lUnJ      - 
fUiiini     ■ 
'"niiL-i' 

'oitugal,  I'rnper    • 
Azires    • 
^^  .M.i.lfira  • 

^lili  .ind  the  Bale: 
hii.lj       • 
aii.irv  tsl.in.ls 
il.rjflar    ■ 
alyaiiJIlie  Italian 
llalu 

111  lahnds 
Urkey   and    Conti 
[  Orttoe,  exclusive 

Mitrea    - 
IJnrea  ami  Greek  Is 
Bgypl  (pnrls  on  ilic 

terranuin) 

rri|>oli,  Ha: ban-,  ai 

rncoo 

Vsttt-rn  Caist  nf  Ai 

gap.-nfrrlnd  H„|  j 

ape  Verd  Islands  ■ 
.  Helena  ■ 


.(1  KiiiRiliiiiii  frntn 
ir  Krai  \  aliUM  u( 
itli  Couiiuy,  uiiil 


lare  I  Va  Dec'iriil  Vi 
,f  Hrilisli  li.Ki'f  HiHisl. 
|ri»li  I'm-  iiiiil  lrl^lll'lcl 
ml  Ma-  ilucuaiid.Ma 
Ii<cluro«  1  liufaCUfH 
iMfiiuii  n|iir:iiHri'ii, 
I'  K.  in  ihcl)  R.  M, : 
IK)4.       I        !«•'• 


IMPORTS  AND  EX.  ORTS. 

Talile  \y.—eontinntd. 


I.. 

,3i-2.^0O 

();i,u94 

fll,llB» 

fM,4'ii 

13b,  U3 

l,M7,lti6 

1,170,267 

7.in,lir.9 

l,lll,!>.-5 

l,t»sl23 

63.275 

31.4i5 

32i,!iU7 

30.bs8 

4tO,7l9 

3,2S2,777 

■242,bim 

94,498 

1,207,941 
37,179 
360,191 


I4,>23 
a2li,4K) 
a04,3isi 

S30 

31,61f> 

7,091 

149,319 


1,7.2,2-, 

IO'.,l  ,1, 
79,2';« 
IOT,U7:i 

4.t02,ll'<i 
2,b4-',4(iJ 

HI-,!': 

I,I63,UU 

1,3  4,:i.'6 

4!1,M- 

411  (l^i 

40,,,tl'i 

24,M« 

602,5-0 

2,426,171 

136,!i::-, 

107  ,H4 

1,33I,OT 
2^.^J^ 
351,612 


2rj9,:ji 

'2U,('I0 
292,-il(l 
326,'.'2I 


3I,|.T 

igc,-,!") 


250 

6,049 

2,57f,^69 

3,ir.2,(.!2 

842,l>-.2 

l,07l,7is 

410,273 

3V),>W 

76,618 

129,7<1 

710,014 

696,M-, 

. 

2,i,>: 

19,742 

1,671,r69 

2,i5i!,t:.s 

2,6^0,1  23 

3,1(>7,-||0 

3-.7,297 

36'..:» 

9l3,0i'5 

7t^T.'i|l 

6,8U,9S9 

10,56!^,4V■, 

4.i9.610 

402.s:o 

30,366 

1   ..'14 

199,997 

132,^2 

2,4(>0,67!< 

2,Kto.:ur 

Wl,fti;4 

6t*.,t2) 

h96,221 

t(it..i:i 

299,23i 

441,).'! 

41,619,010 

'     47,3-2,rO 

1837. 


£ 

2,701 
53;!,31)1 
SMI,  1 1-2 
:!.''),>-10 
110,117 
2fi8,2:i5 

ji7,i:io 

l,l(ifi,(M 
'.l.ll'.ll 

17',i,(i7:i 

67,;!.')7 

42(^,(i!IO 

7;t,2:n 

.•?l,7sl 
1.1,032.110 

o,y:>.i.".wt) 

0.107 
S03,0s2 


SpeciM  (>r  Eiporti. 


■k 


FI«hofnll(inrti         .  -  .  - 

fJlllHfl  llfllll  Horli  .... 

Ilaliiftiliislicry  ami  Millinery 

llarilwari's  anil  Ciill'Ty         -  -  - 

lliilM,  itraver  and  Frit  ... 

olall  DlluT  bortg  .  -  - 

l!ii|H    ------ 

IriMrunil  Sii'cl,  wroiiBlit  and  unwroiiglit    - 
l.aril 

I.i'ul  anil  Shot  .  -  .  - 

l.iiilhrr.  wriMiKlit  nnil  unwrniiglit    - 

Saililliry  and  lluriiuiiii 

l.lniMi  Maniil'ai:liirf«  .  -  -  - 

\'arn     -  -  -  -  - 

MarlilntTv  and  Mill-wnrk     -  -  - 

Mailifiiiatital  and  Oplical  Instriimcnts 
Mnli's  ------ 

Mnsiral  Inslriiniiint.4  -  -  -  - 

Oil,  Train.  ol(iri:eiiland  Fishery      - 
I'ainliTs'  Ciilnnrif       -  -  -  - 

I'lalc,  I'latu  Ware,  Jewellery,  and  Wutclios 
I'lilaloes  .  .  .  -  - 

.«<all       ------ 

.•^allpnlri-,  ririllsh  refilled       -  -  - 

HriJils  ol'all  sorts         .  .  .  - 

Silk  .Maiiiil'actiirea     .  .  -  - 

Soap  anil  CandleB      .  -  -  - 

Spirits  ..... 

Slaliimery  of  nil  sorts  .  .  - 

Sii;;ar,  ri'tined  .... 

Tin,  iiinvroiiKlit  -  -  .  - 

and  I'ewler  WarfS  anil  Tin  Plates     - 

Tiiliai-ro  (iimniilactured)  and  HnulF- 
Tiill(!lll>3  .  .  -  .  . 

Uiiihrrllai  and  Parasols         ... 
Wliali-lione     -  .  -  -  - 

Wool,  Sheep's  -  '.  -  . 

lit' other  sorts  -  ... 

WoiilliMi  and  Wornted  Yarn 

VV'oiilli'ii  Maiiiil'actures  ... 

All  ollit'r  Articles       .... 

Total  real  or  declared  Value  of  the  Prod-") 
mill   Maniifar.  of  the   11.  K.  exported  >£ 
from  (iriat  Britain  n  Foreign  Parts    3 

IitDLA.ND,  Total  E.xports  from 

Total  from  the  United  Kingdom  -  -£ 


IS35. 

IBM. 

^ 

£ 

£ 

an.tisQ 

18.1,433 

.190 

fl:U),!l28 

951,500 

1      ■•'J5 

5 10,7  T.'! 

r.>tl,OS|) 

■■.  ..(.-7 

1,h:i  1,70ft 

2,'.'70.0.10 

l.it'Miit 

i;).-..oirt 

1 17,007 

104,0011 

a7,4»7 

41,753 

40,21)0 

10,01  ft 

11,788 

10,5-17 

II!I,I05 

98.302 

7.5.215 

l,0IO,<l.'IU 

2,310,207 

2,003,708 

11,NS| 

20,5«i5 

1 1,783 

ll»5,ll'.l« 

221,0.11 

155,210 

S7H,!I7M 

310,.322 

2:.0,.t08 

7.1,;i  IH 

03,:iN8 

^7.().^7 

2,k;is,o.v) 

3,210.053 

2,IO't.8U7 

2IO,0:i5 

315.008 

415.72ft 

3ll7,:tlO 

300,8.-.2 

403,208 

8.'),1)()  1 

25.0:il) 

27.259 

1,702 

5,300 

5.101 

00,N10 

70,100 

71,018 

3!I,(I7  J 

5,8.10 

5,700 

loy.sci 

2I0,f'll 

151,307 

231, lion 

338,H19 

257.726 

5,i»5» 

4,015 

7.030 

142,112 

171,403 

190.444 

2(l,2Sl 

11,411 

19,303 

HfiVi 

8,020 

7,400 

073,171» 

910,777 

503.053 

218,803 

270,222 

2;i0,835 

16,H0(i 

21.207 

10.185 

2.17,877 

207,015 

Hr7,48» 

W  1,745 

607,020 

C02,.377 

32,200 

01,H47 

74.057 

381,O0S 

387,528 

371,518 

13,591 

13,054 

13,124 

2,122 

3,500 

3.744 

45,402 

62,330 

30,404 

12,001) 

I0,5.10 

•>,;)  17 

387,834 

323,5 10 

185,350 

45,080 

30,007 

10,070 

300,001 

358,000 

3.37,140 

6,830,735 

7,030,117 

4.054.307 

1,031,142 

1,203,032 

1,113,009 

46,920,370 

53,015,431 

41,911,898 

415,000 

353,141 

303,010 

47,372,270 

53,308,572 

42,274,938 

Acroiint  of  the  Real  or  Declared  Value  of  the  various  Articles  of  the  Manufacture  and  Prndnce  of 
tlie  United  Kingdom  exported  to  Foreiun  Countries  in  1828  and  dtiriiiH  eacli  of  the  Fiieht  Years  end- 


tlie  United  Kingdom  exported  to  Foreign  Countries  in  1828  and  during  encli  of  the  Fiight  Years 
iiig  Willi  1837;  specil'ying  their  Value,  llie  Countries  to  which  exported,  and  the  Value  of 
annually  shipped  for  each. 


those 


ach.  of  llip  Prodnc 
of  the  Three  Yuan 


Countries  to  wliicli 

El|«rls. 

eiiiorleJ. 

1828. 

1830. 

1831. 

1832. 

1833. 

r.. 

1834. 

1835. 

1836. 

1837. 

I.. 

/,. 

/,. 

L. 

L. 

/.. 

/.. 

t'lsiia 

1,318,936 

1,489,5,18 

1,191,565 

I,5S7,250 

1,531,002 

1,382,300 

i,r,ijK 

1,742,433 

2,046,592 

Iwctlcn 

42,699 

40,488 

57,127 

&l,932 

.59,549 

63,09) 

105,156 

113,308 

101,121 

4nrvv.iv     • 

53,  W2 

63,926 

6S,580 

34,528 

55,0.1> 

6I.9V8 

79,278 

79.469 

72,413 

rtimark   • 

111,880 

118,813 

92,294 

93.396 

99,9-,  1 

94.595 

107,979 

91,302 

103,448 

169,145 

177,923 

192.816 

258,556 

144.179 

136,423 

188,273 

160.722 

131,5,36 

eniiany    • 

4,394,104 

4,463,605 

3,642,952 

6,068,997 

4,35>,54> 

4,547.160 

4,602,966 

4,463,729 

4,89oi,016 

l,.IUnd     - 
k-iitiiin 

1  2,142,736 

2,022,458 

2,082,536 

2,789,398 

J2,1S1.8H3 
1     8'>6,129 

2,470,267 
750,059 

2,648,402 
818,487 

2,509.622 

839,27b 

3,040,029 
904,917 

nrii-e 

498,938 

475,8=4 

602,688 

674,791 

848.333 

1,116,88", 

1, 453.6.56 

1,591.381 

1,643,204 

oitugal,  Troper    • 

945,016 

1,106,69-, 

975,991 

640,792 

9!j7,09I 

1,600,123 

l,554.32i; 

),085,93,1 

1,079,815 

A I  ires    • 

27,940 

23,620 

41,6:18 

77.920 

54,430 

63,275 

49,717 

53,574 

56,405 

Madeira  - 

39,802 

38,444 

38,960 

28,038 

33,411 

38,455 

40,082 

62,16* 

46,044 

liiiii  jnJ  the  B.\lKiric  Is- 

301,153 

607,068 

697,84« 

442,926 

442,837 

325,907 

405,C6-i 

437,070 

286,636 

3^,152 

42.620 

33,282 

21,053 

30,507 

30,686 

24,308 

4l\37i) 

41,904 

1,038,9Z> 

292.760 

31,7.28-, 

461,470 

3W.4tO 

460,7  Ml 

602.580 

756,111 

906,155 

rKilv  .iiiJ  Ihc  Italian  IsIanJi 

2,176,149 

3,251,379 

2,490,376 

2,361,772 

2,316.260 

3,2S2.777 

2,42o,l7t 

2,921.466 

2,406,066 

239,458 

189,135 

134,519 

96,994 

135,438 

242,696 

130.925 

143,015 

103,680 

^^piii  III  Islaiiih 

41,078 

66,963 

50,883 

55,725 

38,915 

94,49,- 

107,804 

109,123 

124,465 

Briirkev    and     Continent.ll 

X    185,842 
335 

^M  (Iix-ece.  exclusive  of  the 

Wk  Miirea    - 

jElldrea  ai<.<!  Greek  Island!  - 

1,139,616 

888,651 

915,319 

1,019,604 

1,207,911 

1,331,669 

1,775,03! 

1,163,426 

9,6.94 

10,446 

10,149 

25,914 

37,179 

28,834 

12,003 

15,431 

Migvpl  (pons  on  the  hleiii- 

^^  Ifrnnean) 

35,302 

110,227 

122,832 

113,109 

145,617 

158,877 

269,225 

216,930 

220,080 

.^hrij'oii,  ita;6ar}',  and  Mo- 

13,745 

i.i.rs 

426 

751 

2,350 

14,823 

29,040 

29,322 

M,on 

jW'isl.rn  Uo.Tit  nf  Africa   - 

191,452 

252,123 

234.768 

290,061 

329.210 

326,481 

292„540 

467,186 

312,93^ 

Kap.'  ol  (ion<1  llnpy 

218,049 

330,036 

257,245 

292,405 

346,197 

304,382 

326,921 

482,315 

488,814 

^Kape  Verd  Islands  - 

5,856 

1,710 

215 

> 

146 

530 

575 

413 

751 

tUeku- 

31,3G2 

38,915 

39,431 

21,236 

30,041 

31,615 

31,187 

11,041 

0,645 

IMPORTS  AND  EXP(»RTS. 


Tuble  \.—continutd. 


CoUDlriet  In  which 
uporltil. 


t«te  of  riotirbon     • 
Maiiniiui  • 

CjvI  liiilia  Cnnii'siiy'iT«r- 

riruni«4ii>U.eyli<it 
Clmiii 

Siimaln  aii'l  Jwx  • 
I'hilipiiiiir  lftl;ii)  ts 
Niiw   Snulh    W.tlri,   Van 

Ihriiien'a     L.U1I,     aii'l 

Hwiit  Hivfr 
N«w  /.taliiicl,  and  Suuth 

S'alihiidl 
rdrtiorM.iiii 
Htjiiih  N.  Airii-r.  Coloi.ira 
llrili'li  Wcsl  liiJica 
H.ivn 
Cuf»  >ni|   ulher  rorcipi 

Wtil  Indiui 
t'niifl  States  of  Aineric.1  • 
Mciicd 
(Itiatonuta- 
Colombia  • 
nraiil 

Sliln  of  Ihd  Rio  lie  la  Plili 
Chili 
I'eru 
IitM  nf  Giicnuev,  Jerwy, 

AUeniey,  ani  .Mau 


CipnrU, 


lUD. 

~'T~ 

lU,8Ti 


i,2MfifU 

lfe9,]no 
3U0 


413,839 
8,487 

1,601,014 

3iN'.l,7(14 
Hti,iii- 

869,  Tan 

5,'<lii,ll'> 

307,l«li 

K.mi 

281,113 

3,.^  1 8,397 

31^.389 

TO-I.STI 

374,lil.'> 


I  MO. 

/.. 

I0,0.|] 

i6i,ojy 


3,«93,.').'10 

IRi.lO. 
7l,i20 


314,677 

1,390 

10,4li7 

I,8-)7,I,T1 

i,W«.44l< 

3il,TJJ 

ei!>,n2<i 
e,i:i-',l4ii 

978,441 
210.751 

2,4'./.in:i 
e:i2,i72 

510,ti'(. 
3(it!,4titl 


329,128         34l,03« 


Tntali    -  1  36,812,756   38,271,597 


1831. 


U8,47S 


3,377,412 

W.,2«l 
39ril3 


398,171 

4,752 

a, '.81,949 
376,193 

86,1,531 

9,ii'-i;i,.-i«;i 
72s,Vi8 

248,250 
l,2:l!.,371 

3;19,|J7(I 
6)l,til7 
409,<X>3 

321,634 


37.164,372 


1832. 
'  163,191 


3,514,779 

IM.OIM 
112,281 


4(i6,238 

1,976 

2.075,725 

2,159,8118 

643,164 

&13,70.T 

5,46'<,27 ' 

I99,H.1 

3I'3,568 
2,l44,9a'l 

660.132 
708,1113 
27.1,610 


1833. 
83,424 


3,493,301 

471,712 
183,298 


SS«,37a 
936 

2,on2,s'.o 

2,fill7,5»9 
381,328 

877,228 

7,57»,H»1 

421,487 

3,7(X) 

121,826 

2,575,6-0 

615,382 

816,817 

287, -.2 1 


317,490    335,934 


36,430.594  30.667,341 


1834. 

~T. 

7,0fll 
149,319 


III31 


I. 

198,  V59 
«,U49 


3,578,580  3.lt2,e93 

842,852!  1,074,708 

410,273  363,892 

76,618  120,743 


Tit.nu 

19,742 

1,671,069 

2,6WI,02I 

337,297 

913  00-. 

8,844.9'-9 
4'<9.6I0 
3(1,366 
I9!t,llll6 

2,16(1.679 
8,31,^61 
896,221 
299,235 

360,665 

41,649,191 


808,341 

3,687 

2,I5«,I5S 

3,187,540 
365,798 

787,043 

I0,5»i8,4 

402,H20 

15,214 

1.12.242 

2.(13(J,707 

6'iH/,23 

60H.n6 

411,321 

351,612 


IKW. 
I. 

aeo.iM 

lU,3o8 

4,285,8.  ' 
1,326,3), 
234,8U 
61,778 

836,8r 


3,732  291 

3,7«6,I53 

3JI,6«3 

987,122 
12,425,ti() 
234,822 

71.4 

18-1,172 

3,0;l().,.32 

«97,J.14 

(•61, 'KM 

6u«,:ui 

318,609 


11137. 

3,796 
349, 

787 

3,812,975 

678,»75 

313,791 

33,»U8 


921,S«8 


3,MI,P.'B 

3,4511,71: 
171,0,5(1 

891,713 

4,695,22i 

biO,n  I 

7" 

170,451 

1,824,082 

69:1,11)4 

625,51- 

476,374 

330,017 


47,3:2,270    53.368,572   42.(170.741 


Remarks  on  the  above  Tuhlen.—  Foreign  Compel  1 1  inn. —It  is  seen  from  the  last  of  Iho 
above  tables,  that  the  fulling  off  in  the  exports  in  1837  was  almost  entirely  owing  to  th,. 
dcclino  in  the  exports  to  the  Uuitcil  States,  which  fell  olf  from  12,425,605/.  in  1836,  to 
4,695,235/.  in  1837.  But  this  extraordinary  decline  was  wholly  owing  to  accidental  causes, 
or  to  the  pecuniary  dilliculties  in  which  the  mercantile  class  in  the  United  States  were 
involved  in  the  latter  part  of  1836  and  1837,  through  the  previous  abuse  of  credit,  and  the 
revulsion  occasioned  by  the  universal  stoppage  of  the  banks.  It  was  clear,  that  how  severe 
soever  in  the  meantime,  any  check  to  commerce  originating  in  such  circumstances  would  be 
of  a  very  evanescent  description ;  and,  in  point  of  fact,  its  inlluencc  has  already  almost  ceased 
to  be  felt,  and  our  exports  to  the  United  States  were  last  year  almost  as  large  as  ever.  Wo 
Kulijoin 

An  Account  of  the  Real  or  Declared  Viiliie  of  the  principal  Artlcl(!s  of  Dritiali  and  Irish  Produce  ami 

Manufactures  exported  in  1837  and  1838. 


Articlca. 

Declared  Value. 

1837. 

1638.                 ( 

Coals  and  Culm          ...... 

Cotton  Manufactures             .           .           .           .           . 

Yarn   ------- 

Earthenware  ------- 

Glasa    -------- 

Ifiirdwnres  and  Cutlery        -           -          .          -           - 
Linen  Manufactures  ------ 

Yarn     ------- 

Metals ;  viz.  Iron  and  Bteel  -           .           -          -           - 
Copper  and  Brass        .           .          .           - 
Lead      ------ 

Tin,  in  Bars,  tic,         .          .          .          . 

Tin  Plates        .           -           .           -           - 

Salt 

Silk  Manufactures     ------ 

Sugar,  refined            ------ 

Wool,  Sheep's  or  Lambs'     ----- 

Woollen  M.inufacturea         .           -           -          .           - 
Yarn            ------ 

Total  of  the  above  Articles  -           -           - 

£ 

43I,.S45 

13.640.181 

6,955,942 

563,237 

477,707 

1,460.808 

2,133,744 

479,307 

2,009,259 

1,166,277 

155,251 

74,737 

350,668 

193,621 

503,673 

453,984 

185,350 

4,660,019 

333,093 

^                   1 
484,305        ! 

16,7(10,168 

7,430,582 

670,985        i 

376,524 
1,.507,478 
2,919,719       1 

655,699       i 
2,530,903       ' 
1,226,258        , 

l.'>6,150 

103,230 

434,749 

223,372       j 

778,031 

550,506       1 

432,007       1 
5,792,156       ; 

365,657       \ 

30,228,468 

43,338,839 

(•bannelx  of  our  Ifi 
nIiikIom'  oC  a  fiXHi 
tr:iry,  it  is  all  luil  i 
pii|iuluiii)n  of  the  i 

Our  renlrirtive 

preHPrvfd)  it  is  at  i 

liJiM  lieeri   much   ii 

8iill  forllier  (liininji 

lion,  but  give  a  hn 

wlieii  thrre  is  reall' 

in  the  recent  iUhcui 

8('cni  generally  to  « 

'J'he  truth  in,  that, 

nii'iit,  nil  but  iniper 

wheat  in  (ireat  llri 

evidence  has  been, 

a  (|uurter  had  the  p 

Hence,  were  our  m 

are  not,  it  is  idle  to 

the  Corn  Laws.     7 

lionie  crops  are  del 

the  ugrieuiturists  hu 

suggest  that  foreign 

a  reasonable  coristar 

reijuired  to  coutitcn 

the  timber  duties  c(| 

o|i|)res8ivo  duties  in 

foreign  competition 

advantage.    Such  cc 

miirialia  corda.     It 

supplies  new  produc 

It  must  ever  be  born 

upon,  and  i.x,  in  fact, 

the  latter  continues  ( 

and  climates,  we  nia 

market. — -Sup.) 

[The  tables  which 
1  iiiitnerce  of  the  Uni 
(  i|iied  fiorji  Mr.  Hazi 
lu  Congress  of  the  pt 

It  was  intended  to 
iiierce  of  our  principa 
rai^'y  has  been  found 
on  the  subject,  afford 
ports  separately. — An 

A  Statement  exhibiting 


It  is  obvious,  from  this  and  the  previous  tables,  that  the  statements  that  have  recently  been 
put  forth  with  so  much  misplaced  confidence,  as  to  the  influence  of  foreign  competition  on 
our  trade,  and  the  conse(iuent  decay  of  our  exports,  if  not  wholly  unfounded,  are,  at  all 
events,  very  grossly  exaggerated.  Provided  tranquillity  be  maintained  at  home,  and  thut 
Britain  continues  to  be  exempted  from  that  political  agitation  that  is  the  bane  of  industry 
and  the  curse  of  every  country  in  which  it  prevails,  we  have  nothing  to  fear  from  foreign 
competition.  Our  natural  and  acquired  advantages  for  the  prosecution  of  manufactures  and 
trade,  are  vastly  superior  to  those  of  every  other  country ;  and  though  foreigners  do  excel 
us  in  a  few  departments,  and  may  come  to  excel  us  in  others,  so  that  the  character  and 


I 


Yt'arenrJing30(h 

of  Sejiteuitier* 

Frei 

iiiiii 

68 
77 
92, 
69, 
60, 
72, 

Ynr  cniin^Snth 
of  September. 

DomesI 

18.14 
1835 
I8,W 
18.37 
1838 
l'?:i9 

8I,( 

101, 

100,< 

9J,.= 

90,f 

100,! 

Vol.  II.—D 


I\TP0RT8  AND  TX  PORTS. 


lif 


330,011 


8,83U 


rliannri*  of  oiir  Irnilo  mny,  in  ninsrqurnrp,  hr  pnrlially  cliiinurd,  llicrc  is  ncit  «o  imicli  n*  llip 
nhiiilDW  of  II  Cciiiniliiliiiii  tor  Hii|i|i)mini{  ihut  itM  iiinotiiil  will  l)<>  iit  nil  iillicti'il.  On  tin'  ri>n- 
tr:irv.  it  ii*  nil  l<i>t  rrrluiii  thnt  it  will  rontiniit^  ti>  uuKinriit  vviili  thi>  iiiiKini'iitiiiK  wculili  and 
|iti|uilHiii>ii  i>f  th»  iiniinnerublo  iiatioiiM  with  wliicli  Wf  huv<>  coiiiiniTcial  rcliitioiiM. 

Our  r«'Mtri(-tivc  rrpfulHtioriH  am  the  only  thiriK  front  which  (HU|i|ioHini(  triiii'|iiiliiiy  !•>  In) 
iiri'iH'rvt'il)  it  iH  iit  all  rt-UHonablo  to  appri-hi'ml  ufiy  iirriouH  injury  ;  utui  iIioukIi  tlx'ir  iiilhirnro 
hiiH  IxTii  much  nKiiiifu'd  during  the  loHt  few  yt-nrH,  it  wi-ri!  much  lo  Iw  wished  thil  it  \M'ro 
Htill  further  diminiKJK'd,  They  not  only  tend  to  leMHcn  exporliilion,  hy  dimini^liinu  ini|iiirla- 
tii)n,  hut  ^ivu  a  handle  to  all  HortM  of  iniNrepreHentalion,  and  enulilv  a  clamour  lo  ln'  ralNcd 
when  thrre  in  really  liltio  or  no  foundation  for  one.  TIuh  Iuih  Ihh'II  very  HtrikiuKly  evinced 
in  the  recent  ditH'UMKionH  ux  to  the  Corn  Lawii.  All  fiarticH,  manufacturerN  ami  aKricultinixlfi, 
Hcrni  generally  to  entertain  the  most  crroneoun  notioiiM  aM  to  the  inlluence  of  Ihene  htatuleM. 
'J'lio  truth  Ih,  that,  in  ordinary  yearn,  it  is  now,  tliankx  to  the  Mpread  of  nirricultuial  iiMprovu- 
nicnt,  all  but  im|ierre|)liblc.  Uurino;  the  nix  yeurH  ending  with  IH;(7,  the  avciane  |irire  of 
wheat  in  (ireut  liritain  was  Mh.  'id.  a  quarter;  and  we  are  bold  to  say,  that  not  a  Utile  of 
evidence  Iiuh  been,  or  ran  be  produced,  to  lihow  (hat  tliix  price  would  have  been  rc<liiced  r>,f. 
a  i|uurter  had  the  ports  been  all  the  while  o|ien  to  uncomlitional  im|iortalion  from  abroad. 
Hence,  were  our  manufuctureH  really  declining,  or  in  a  perilous  state,  which  ha])|>ily  ihey 
are  not,  it  in  idle  to  suppose  that  this  doclino  or  danger  could  bo  obviated  by  the  rejieal  of 
the  Corn  Lows.  The  inlluence  of  the  latter  is  now  nearly  restricted  to  years  when  tho 
home  crops  are  deficient,  and  then,  certainly,  it  is  very  injurious,  .Seeing,  llierefore,  that 
tlio  ugricullurisls  have  nothing  to  fear  from  the  opening  of  the  jiorts,  sound  policy  would 
tiiiggest  that  foreign  corn  should  be  admitted  at  all  times  fur  home  consumption,  under  su(th 
a  reasonable  constant  duty  (H.s,  or  da,  on  wheat  and  other  grain  in  proportion)  as  may  bo 
required  to  countervail  the  burdens  peculiarly  alfeeting  the  land ;  and  were  this  done,  and 
the  timber  duties  equalised,  the  sugar  duties  placed  on  u  fair  footing,  and  some  of  the  more 
oppressive  duties  in  our  tariff,  as  those  on  brandy  and  hollunds,  ade(|uately  reduced,  the 
foreign  competition  to  which  we  might  be  exposed  would  be  productive  of  nothing  but 
advantage.  Such  competition  is,  in  reality,  the  vivifying  principle  of  industry,  curix  iicnais 
mvrtalia  corda.  It  gives  a  new  stimulus  to  the  inventive  powers,  at  tiie  same  time  that  it 
supplies  new  products  and  new  modes  of  enjoyment  to  reward  the  labour  of  the  industrious. 
It  must  ever  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  amount  of  the  exports  from  a  country  always  dependii 
upon,  and  is,  in  fact,  measured  by  the  amount  of  its  imports ;  uiid  while  the  magnitude  of 
the  latter  continues  to  increase,  and  we  freely  open  our  ports  to  the  products  of  all  countries 
and  climates,  we  may  be  sure  that  our  exports  will  equally  increase,  and  be  found  in  every 
market. — -Sup.) 

[The  tables  which  follow  (and  which  give  a  very  interesting  and  satisfactory  view  of  the 
ciiiiimerce  of  the  United  States),  with  the  excejjtion  of  what  is  expressly  staled  to  have  been 
ciipied  from  Mr.  Hazard's  Commercial  and  Sfatisticallicgi.iler,  are  derived  from  the  reports 
to  Congress  of  the  present  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

It  was  intended  to  have  added  to  them  a  table  exhibiting  a  comparative  view  of  the  com- 
merce of  our  principal  porln  ,•  but  to  prepare  such  a  table  with  the  desirable  degree  of  accu- 
racy has  been  found  impracticable ;  and  tho  reader  must  be  left  to  gather  (he  information 
on  the  subject,  afforded  by  this  work,  by  consulting  the  articles  relating  to  each  of  those 
ports  separately. — Am.  Ed. 

A  Stutcment  exhibiting  the  Vuhie  or  Imports  into  and  Exports  from  the  United  States,  during  the 
Years  1834,  1835,  1836,  1837,  IbSb,  and  1830. 


Year  mJinf  301)1 
o(  Se|ileiiil)«r. 

Value  of  Import!. 

Free  of  duty. 

Faying  duty  ad  valorem. 

r.iying  specific  duties. 

Total. 

« 

« 

$ 

« 

1834 

08,393,180 

35,608,208 

22,519,944 

126,521.3.32 

1H35 

77,940,193 

45,817,740 

26,1,37,509 

149,895,7  12 

is-ie 

92,056,481 

59.313,388 

38,580,160 

189,980,035 

1837 

69,250,031 

37,716,374 

34,022,812 

140,989,217 

1838 

60,8t)0,005 

27,090,480 

25,7ti6,919 

113,717,104 

1839 

72,010,719 

42,563,739 

43,005,102 

157,609,5tiO 

Vwr  cnlini  Slth 
of  September. 

Value  of  Eiporti. 

Value  of  Import!. 

Uomeslic  Pr&luce. 

Foreign  Merchaiidiie. 

Total. 

* 

9 

$ 

« 

1834 

81,021,102 

2.3,312,811 

in4,3:!6,973 

126,.52I,332 

1835 

10 1,1 89.082 

20,504.495 

121,663,577 

149,S9.i,742 

18,W 

100,916,680 

21,746,360 

128,663,010 

189.'>0,0."i5 

1837 

O'^sn  1.414 

21,854,962 

117,419,376 

140,989,217 

1838 

90,033,821 

12,452,795 

108,486,616 

113,717,104 

b:)9 

I00,9ol,00l 

17,408,000 

118,359,001 

157,C09,S60 

I 


f> 


Vol.  II.— D 


88 


IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS. 


"Tlie  foUnwinR  table,  coiiifiiled  from  Witwortli's  'Trade  of  Orent  llrilnin,'  Mncpliorsnn's  'Annalf 
of  L'Diiiiiierce,'  mid  Andersdii's  'Ilislciry  of  Coiiiiiitircc,'  cxhiliils  an  iiileiesliiig  view  of  the  trade 
between  llie  Ainericun  Colonies  and  tlie  mother  country,  from  1007  to  l"7t),  wiiicli,  in  fact,  formed 
alntoBl  the  only  commerce  of  this  country,  prior  to  the  Uevolutioii." — Haiard'n  U.  H.  Cum.  aud  Utat. 
Heg.,  vol.  i.  p.  3. 

! 


Yean. 


ifio; 

IliilS 

\(m 

17(10 
1701 
1702 
1703 
1701 
170.^ 
1701) 
1707 
170S 
1700 
1710 
1711 
1712 

171;) 
Kit 
171i 
1710 
1717 
1718 
IT  10 
1720 
1721 
1722 
r,2,'? 
1721 
172,) 
1720 
1727 
I72S 
1720 
17:fO 
17.tl 

it:i2 

IT.T) 

I7:n 
r.f. 
nsf. 
17:(7 
ir.is 
17  no 
iri'i 

1711 

1712 

I7i:i 

1711 
Klf) 

17  ir, 

1717 
I7IS 
1719 
\1M 
17.n 
1752 
r,53 
1751 
1755 
1750 
1757 
1758 
1759 
1700 
17(U 
1702 
I7C..1 
1701 
1705 
1700 
1T07 
17iiS 
1709 
1770 
17il 
1772 
1773 
1771 
1775 
1778 


New  Eni^land. 


E»pi.rU. 

£ 

2fi,282 

31,254 

26,000 

41,4«B 

32,050 

37,020 

33.539 

30.823 

22,793 

22,210 

38,793 

•19,035 

29,559 

31,112 

20,.»1.5 

2 1.099 

'19,00 1 

51,511 

60,555 

09,595 

58,898 

01,591 

51,4,52 

49,200 

50, 183 

47,955 

59,339 

09..585 

72,021 

()3,8I6 

75,0.52 

01,6t)9 

52,512 

51,701 

49,018 

6 1,095 

61,983 

82.252 

72,899 

()0,788 

03,347 

.59,116 

16,001 

72,389 

j  60,0.52 

!  .53,100 

i  0,3,185 

I  .50,218 

,  .38,948 

I  38,612 

I  41,771 

'■  29.748 

i  39,999 

I  48.455 

i  03,287 

74,313 

83,395! 

:  06,5.381 

59,533 

I  47,359, 

27,556; 

,  30,204 

I  25,985 

I  37,802 

!  46,225 

I  41,733 

:  74,815 

88,157 

145,819 

141,733 

128,207 

148,.375 

129,353 

148.U11 

150,381 

126,265 

124,624 

112,248| 

116,.588i 

76a  I 


llii[Mirls. 


New  York. 


E.Yprirf8.  I  inijiorls. 


£ 

68,468 

93,51 

127,279 

91,918 

86,322 

64,625 

59,608 

74,8',Mi 

02,.''01 

57,0,50 

120,031 

115,.505 

120,319 

100,338 

137,421 

128,105 

120.778 

12I,2,S8 

104,650 

121,156 

1.32,001 

131,H85 

12,5,317 

128,769 

1I4,.52$! 

1.33,722 

176,4861 

168,.507l 

201,708 

200.^82 

187  277 

194,590 

101,102 

20~,I96 

183,467 

216,000 

181,570 

116,160 

189,125 

222.1.58 

223,923 

203,233 

220,378 

171,0811 

198,147. 

148,899 

172,161 

143,982 

140,463 

209,1771 

210,610 

197,682 

23S,'286 

343,659 

305,974; 

273,340 

345,523; 

329,433 

341,796 

384,.371 

36,3,404 

465,694 

527,067 

599,647 

334,225 

247,385 

258,854 

459,765 

451.299 

409,642 

406,081 

419,797 

207,992 

394,451 

1,420,119 

824,8.30 

527,055 

562,476 

71,625 

55,050 


£ 

10,093 

8,763 
16,818 
17,567 
18,547 

7,965 

7,471 
10,510 

7.393 

2,8 19 
14.283 
10,847 
12,2,59 

8,-J03 
12,193 
12,166 
14,428 
29,810 
21,316 
21.971 
21..534 
27.331 
19,596 
16,836 
15,081 
20,118 
27,992 
21,191 
24,970 
.38,307 
31,617 
21,141 
15,8.33 

8.740 
20,756 

9,411 
11,626 
15,307! 
11,155' 
17,914 
16,833 
16,228 
18,459 
21 ,498 
21,142 
13,536 
15,067 
14,527 
14,033 

8,841 
14,992 
12,358 1 
23,413; 
35,632 
42,.363| 
40,048: 
40,553! 
26,663 1 
28,055; 
24,073, 
19.168 
14,200 
21,684 
21,125 
48,648 
58.882 
52,998 
53,697 
54,959 
67,020 
61,422; 
87,115j 
73,466' 
69,882 
95,875 
82,707 
76,246 
80,008 
187,018| 

2,318] 


rcnnsylvania. 


Exports. 


£ 

4,.570 

25,279 

42,792 

49,410 

31,910 

29,991 

17,562 

22,291 

27,902 

31,.5KW 

29,855 

20,899 

31,577 

31,475 

28,856 

18,.521 

46,470 

44,6 13 

54,629 

52,173 

44,110 

62,966 

56,355 

37,397 

50,751 

57,478 

5.3,013 

63,020 

70,050 

84,806 

67,452 

81,634 

64,7(i0 

64,.350 

60,116 

65,540 

6.5,417 

81,758 

80,405 

86,000 

125,833! 

133,4.381 

106,0701 

118,777 

140,4.30, 

107..59I 

134,1871 

119,920 

54,9.57 

80,712i 

1.37,984 

143.311! 

205,773. 

267,1 30 ! 

248,94 r 

191,030 

277,864: 

127,497! 

151,071 

250,425 

.35.3,31  r 

356,555 

630,785' 

480,106; 

289,570 1 

286,0 I6i 

238,560 

515,416 

382,.349i 

330,829] 

417,957] 

482,930 

74,918 

475,991 

653,621 

343,970 

289,214 

437,937 

1,228|1 


Virgin.  AM  trylanrl, 


Exports.!  Import!. 


£  £           £      \      £ 

3,317  2,997  227,7.56    58,700 

2,720  10,704  171,0,53  310,135 

1,477  17,064  198,115  205,078 

4,608  18,529  317,302  173,481 

5,220  12,003i235,7.38  199,683 

4,145  9,,342  274,782    72,391 

5,160  9.699  144,528  196,713 

2,430  11,819  264,112    60,4.58 

1,309  7.206  116,768  174,322 

4,210  11,037  149,152    58,015 

786  14,365  207,625  237,901 

2,120  0,723  213,493    79,061 

617  5,881  201,008    80,268 

1,277  8,594  188,429  127,039 

,38  19,408  273,181    91,535 

1,471  8,404  297,941  134,583 

178  17,0371200,203    70,304 

2,603  1 4.927  i280, 170  128,873 

5,461  17,182: 174,756  199,274 

5,193  21,842!281,313  179,.595 

4,499  22,5051296,884  215,962 

5,588  22,710;316,576  191,925 

6,564  27 ,0(;8  ,332,009  164,630 

7,928  24,531 1331,482  1 10,717 

8(137  21,548.357.812  127,370 

6,882!   20.397 1283,091 i 172,75 1 

8,332  15,9'.12i287,997'  123,833 

4,0,57  30,3211277,344  161,894 

11.981  42,209  214.7.30  195.884 

5,960]  57,634'.324,707, 185,981 

12,823  31,979)  121,.5S8  192,965 

15,2,30]  37,478  41.3,089  171,092 

7,431'  29,799  .386,174  108,931 

10,582  48,592:346,823  150,931 

12,786  44,2()0  108,502  171,278 

8,,524'  4I,()98  310,799  148,289 

14,776i  40,.565'403,198;  186,177 

20,217;  54,392373,(190  172,086 

21,919  48.804  39 1,,995  220,381 

20.786  61,513  .380,163  204,791 

15,198!  56,090'402,216  2n.,.301 

11,918'  61,450  ,391,814  258,860 

8,134!  54,1.52  444,654]  21 7,200 

15.018|  56,751  341,997  281,428 

17.158'  91,010  577,109  218,.582 

8,5271  75,295  427,769  261,186 

9,5!)6:  79,340  557,821  328,195 

7,440,  02,214  402,709  231,855 

10,130'  54,280  ,399,423  190,799 

15,779  7,3,699  419,.371  282..545 

.3.832]  82,404  492,619  200,08N 

12.303  75,330 1 49 1,8.521 252,ti24 

14,914  238,6.37  434  618J323,(i00 

08,939  349,419 


Carolina. 


Exports.  Import; 


28,191217,713 
23,870  190,917 
29,978  201,666 
.38,527  245,644 
30,649  244,647 
32,336  144,450 
20,091  200,169 
14,190  108,420 


21,383  260,953  J4.54..362 
22,404  498,161  ,3.57,228 
22,754  707,998  504,451 
39,170  204,067  455  083 
38,091  206,199 
38,228  284,152 
.36,258  436,191 
25,1 18  .363,368 
26,851  327,314 
37,641  371,830 
59,404  432,107 
26,111  199,906 
28,109  131,eSl 
31,615  728,744 
29,133  507,(K19 
36,652  426,448 
09,011  625.652 
75,962,     1,366 
1,421 !        365, 


460,085  247,027 
569,453  325,151 
6,32.575  356,776 
57.3.435 '.323,5 13 

489,068; 285, 157 
3.37,739  33  l,8!f 
418,881 


426,()87 

438,471 

459,007 

605,882 

545,3.50 

41j,709|418,599 

642,294  555,391 

.559,508,515,192 

505,671 '383,224 

461,693  372,548 

4,37,9261437,628 

406,048  475,9>'4 

361,892'488.362 

435,094  717,782 

577,818  920,326 

52M,404  '93,910 

589,803  328,904 

612,030  528,738 

758,356!     1,921 

73,2261 


£ 

12,374 
9,2(i5 
12,372 
14,0.58 
16,9" 3 
11,870 
13,197 
14,067 
2,698 
8,0.52 
2,3,311 
10,310 
20,431 
20,793 
12,871 
29,.39l 
32,419 
31,290 
29,1.58 
46,287 
41,275 
46,385 
50,373 
62,7.36 
61,858 
79,650 
78,103 
90,504 
91.942 
93,453 
96,055 
91,175 
11.3,.329 
151,7.39 
1.59,771 
126.207 
177,P45] 
120,466 
145,348 
214,083 
187,758 
141,119 
23(i,192 
265,500 
236,8.30 
154,607 
2,35,130 
192,.591 
91,847 
76,897 
107,500 
167,305 
420.499 
,191,607 
215,491 
288,264 
164,634 
307,238 
;i25,.525 
222,915 
11.30,889 
1.50,511 
206,.5,34 
162,7t.9 
253,002 
181,095 
282,306 
341,727 
385,918 
293,587 
395,027 
.508,108 
.587,114 
278,907 
120.311 
125,923 
4.56,513 
132,302 
579,349 
13,668 


£ 

5,289 

18,402 

11,401 

11,003 

13,908 

10, 100 

12,428 

0,021 

19,78s 

4,001 

10,492 

11,996 

!  28„521 

;   19,613 

20,406 

20,015 

23,907 

23,712 

16,631 

27,272 

25,0,58 

15,841 

19,630 

18,290 

17,703 

34,.371 

42.216 

37,839 

39,182 

43,934 

23,254 

33,007 

58,366 

6 1,785 

71,145 

.58,298 

70,466 

99,658 

117,837 

101,147 

.58,980 

87,7f)3 

94,445 

181,821 

221.270 

t27,(M)3 

111.499 

79,141 

86,815 

102,809 

I  95,529 

160,172 

164,085 

'134,0.37 

1.38,214 

;1. -.0,777 

]2I3,009 

]149,215 

1189,887 

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IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS. 


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63 


IMPRESSMENT— INDIGO. 


IMPRESSMENT,  the  forcible  taking  away  of  seamen  from  their  ordinary  employment, 

and  compelling  them  to  serve,  aguinst  their  will,  in  his  Majt.  Uy*8  ships. 

1.  iicffulationa  an  to  fniprest,nient.—T\\i»  practicR  li  not  exprnBRly  Hnnclioned  by  nny  nrt  of  parlia- 
ment;  1)111  it  ill  Ht>  iiiiliroclly  by  the  niiniurnus  MiaiiiteH  tlint  havu  been  pimsLMl,  jTruiitinK  (fxcniptioiii 
from  it.  Acrordiii^  to  l.ord  MuiiHtlebtf  it  is  **n  pownr  foiiiKbul  upon  ininirnioriitl  iiHitK**/*  uiid  in 
iiiidcrHtood  to  iiiiiki*  a  part  of  (he  comnion  law.  All  »ta  fariv^r  nion  art;  liablK  to  IniprcHHinnit,  iinlrHH 
upcrially  protet'tcd  by  ciiHtoni  or  stutntt*.  H^anien  L>x«cutinf(  particular  Hurvicim  far  Kovitrnnmut,  not 
untriM|utMit)y  urt  prottM-tioiiH  from  tliu  Admiralty,  Navy  Jloard,  kc.  Httuw  art*  (>xumptiMl  by  iucut 
custom  :  nmifcrrijmen  are  every  wberu  priviltiged  Truni  impreoniiitint.    The  Btututury  e.xumpliuns  uru 

llUniLM'OUB. 


nf  Iheir  apprenlirnship,  anrf  till  the  ai^e  of  20  yean;  Ihcy  continuini^ 
fur  \)w  tiiiiP,  ill  tliP  huainrn  of  tUtiiiiK  only. 

Ally,  (hit  manner^  hwulei  tlir  tiaattr  mitl  appretilicei.  In  rvpry 
fi«)riiiKvrM«l()f  10  Inns  or  upwanliftiiiplnyed  ou  the  iKiii  cuiut,Jurii^ 
hit  cnnliniianctt  In  inch  lervim, 

4llily,  .'iny  UtufUman  above  tlir  tue  nf  18,  rnt«rinff  anil  rniplnvH 
on  biMrd  iiich  veurl,  for  2  yc.int  rroin  hit  tlrM  noii.if  In  §ea;  anl  in 
the  end  ol  tht  %'oyage  tliru  eiijjagcil  in,  if  he  lu  Inu^  cniiliiiue  in  lucb 
•ervice. 

An  air  l;ivit  iwnrn  herire  a  justice  rif  the  pearn,  cnnt»iniiiK  (he 
lonnaKe  >  'auch  (iuhinfC  Vfwiet  or  (Kiat,  the  |H>rl  or  ptace  tn  which  Hh« 
belongs,     IP  name  anil  dwicriplion  of  Ibe  iii.isti*r,  ihi;  a<e  nl  ncrr 
appreiili    •,  the  •*■*■'■'  for  which  heisboiin'l.an.lthf  ilatcof  hisin  Irnturr 
aiiil  the  :  r    .,  <ip{e,  and  tlescriplinn  of  evtry  such  iii.iniier  and  laii'j) 
man  respectively,  and  tht)  time  nf  bucIi  lartilt.ii):ii>'>t  Hmt  Knini;  tn  scj, 
is  In  be  transmitted  to  the  i^ilmiralry ;  whn,  u[>nn  litidin<  tlic  ijrt) 
correctly  stated,  rnnt  a  S'-parali*  pmteclinn  to  every  indivulual.    || 
case,  however,  **iijaii  actual  mvoMimt  nf  thru  hingdiifin,  or  mini' 
iient  danger  thereof,**  sucti  protected  perHnni  may  be  inipresHrd  ;  k 
ex'.ept  uimn  such  an  emergency,  any  nificer  or  nnirers  impresiii(,( 
SMch  prod-cled  |>er9on  shill  rtnpeclively  forfeit  20/   lo  Ihe  party  im 
preme<l,  If  not  an  apprentice,  or  lo  his  iiia!>ler  it  he  be  an  appreutjct 
—Sects.  2,  3.  4. 

6.  Omeral  Exnnptimif.^ AW  persons  Myearanfai^e  and  npw;irK 
and  under  IH  years.  Every  person  being  .*  fnreiKner,  who  shtll  vr^i 
in  any  iiierrhant  ship,  or  oilier  trading  vessel,  or  privateer,  belnn^u,; 
to  a  subject  of  (he  Crown  of  (ire.il  Hriiaiii ;  and  all  persona,  nf  \\\,[- 
age  soever,  who  shall  use  the  sra  j  nh:ill  U-  pntecteil  for  2  ye.^r^  v. 
be  computed  from  the  lime  nf  tlierr  first  ii<>ini(  it  — ( 13  tiro.  i.  c.  l* 

7.  IJaj^iooiierf,  line  man.igers,  or  boat  ttteiTers,  engaicer]  in  u., 
sonlliern  whale  tisliery,  are  also  profecled.— (2ti  Gw  3.  c.  60.J 

8.  Miin  tiers  em  vli'yrd  i.\  the  herring  fishery  ^re  eienipted  ivlii 
aclualiy  empluyed.— (48  0*((;.  3.  c.  110.) 


1.  Every  \h\p  in  the  cnal  trade  his  the  fnllowing  pemnns  prolectetl, 
viz.  2  able  seitinen  (such  as  the  iiiai(er  shall  nommale)  for  every  ship 
of  lOi)  (iMis;  md  I  fur  every  TiO  tons  for  every  ship  of  100  Ions  atxl 
upwiirfU;  an>i  any  nihrer  wlm  presumes  to  impress  anynf  (he  at)ove, 
thitl  forfeit,  lo  the  inisler  or  owner  of  such  vessel,  10/.  for  every 
man  so  im)ireiseil ;  and  such  otlicer  shall  be  incaptblenf  hotiliii^  any 
place,  nlHce,  or  ernployment  in  any  of  his  Majesty's  ships  of  war. 
^6fc7  IVitt.  3.  c.  IS.  secf.  19  )• 

2.  So  parish  afrfirtntict  ah:tlt  he  cnnipelled  nr  permitted  tn  enter 
into  his  Majesiy's  sea  service  till  he  arrives  at  Ihe  aju  of  IH  years.— 
{Itlli.^itiu,  c.  ii.  sec*.  4  ) 

3.  I'l-rsons  i'o/((;iI(|m/i/ l)indinj(  tlienisrlvea  apprentices  tn  sea  ser- 
vice, kIhII  not  be  impreKseJ  tor  3  years  (mm  Ihe  date  uf  their  inden- 
tures. Hut  no  jiersnnsattfive  Isyrara  of  age  shall  have  anyexeinplion 
or  pmtec(ioii  rrnin  his  Mijmty's  st-rvice,  if  Ihey  hive  bei  n  at  sea 
btfiitethey  hecanie  «i>ptfnlicej. — (2  At  3.^;i;ir,  c.b.8ecl,  13. ;  4  «i/i?u, 
C.  ID  ^ect.  17. ;  and  13  (ho.  2.  c.  17.  aec(.  2.) 

4.  i/Jpprfntui'i.— The  act  4  (ten.  4.  c  25.  enacla  some  new  regula- 
tions \\  ith  tespcet  (n  Ihe  number  of  apprentices  that  ships  must  have 
on  bo.iiil  accofiling  tn  their  tonnage,  and  grants  pro(eclion  in  such 
apprentices  till  they  have  atlainet  Ihe  age  of  21  years.— tFur  iho 
rejulalions  of  (his  act,  see  v^pprr/i/iVrt.) 

f).  /')  rscnt  emplin/fd  in  the  Fisheries.— The  act  50  Geo,  3,  c.  108. 
grants  (he  fuMowjng  exemptinns  from  impressment,  viz  : — 

Is',  Mustns  of  fish  t  It  g  iittjrt'/i  or  lx>al»,  whn,  either  Ihcinst  Ives  or 
thc'rnwneis.  Iiave.nr  within  ti  months  before  applyinc  for  a  pmiection 
ihnll  have  h;vl,  I  apprentice  or  miue  under  lb  ^eara  of  age,  bound 
for  5  yeiDi,  aivl  employed  in  Ihe  business  of  ti>ihiiig. 

2lly,  All  such  r\j-}tretitt€es,  not  exceetling  ei^A/  In  every  mister  or 
ownt-r  of  any  fishu)«  vessel  of  TiG  tons  nr  upwards;  not  excteding 
frwrii  to  every  vesstd  or  boat  nf  3)  tons  and  under  50;  not  cxteciling 
t\x  to  every  vessel  of  30  tons  and  under  35  tons  ;  an<l  not  exceedinK 
/(.t.T  to  every  vcsiel  or  boat  under  30  tuns  burden,  during  the  lime 

2.  Ptjiirtf  of  Intpres.'iinent.—ThiH  prnrticc,  so  subversive  of  evi:i>  i..::.ciple  of  justice,  in  viiidiratel 
on  tliK  allrut'd  tfroiind  of  its  bein^  alisoliitely  necessary  to  the  manning  of  the  fleet.  Hut  this  potfiiinn 
notwitlistandin^  the  roiitklence  with  wJiicli  it  has  been  taken  up,  is  imt  quite  »o  tenable  as  has  hm. 
supposed.  The  dirlUiiIties  ex{)erienc<>d  in  procuring  sailors  for  the  fleet  at  the  breaking  nut  of  a  w;ir. 
are  not  natural  but  artitkial,  and  iniKht  he  ^ot  rid  of  by  a  very  simple  arranjrement.  Durine  peao. 
not  tnorf  than  a  fourth  or  a  fifth  part  of  the  seamen  are  retained  in  his  .MaJestyV  service  that  ntt 
commonly  required  durin^r  war  ;  and  if  peace  continue  for  a  few  years,  the  total  number  of  sailor^j  m 
the  kimrV  and  the  mercliant  service  is  limited  to  that  which  is  merely  adi-quate  to  supply  the  reduni: 
demand  of  tlie  I'ormrr,  and  the  ordinary  demand  of  the  latter.  When,  therefore,  war  in  declared,  jifi.i 
30,000  or  -10,000  additional  seamen  are  wanted  for  the  tleet,  they  cannot  be  obtained,  unless  by  wiili. 
drawini;  tht*m  from  the  nirrchant  service,  which  has  not  more  than  its  proper  com|>lement  of  biiitij. 
liut  lo  do  this  fiy  otferiii}^  the  seamen  higher  wa^es  would  be  next  to  impossihie,  aiuj  would,  suppn.-^in) 
it  W(>r(?  practicable,  iin|)oHe  such  a  sacrifice  upon  the  public  as  could  hardly  be  borne.  And  heiue, i; 
is  said,  the  necessity  of  impressment,  a  practice  which  every  one  admits  can  be  Justilied  on  nu  utiic; 
groiinii  than  that  of  its  t)eiiit!  absolutely  essential  to  the  public  safety. 

It  is  |)Iaifi,  however,  tiiat  a  necessity  of  this  sort  may  be  easily  obviated.  All,  in  fact,  that  is  nectv 
sary  for  this  purpose,  is  merely  to  keep  such  a  number  of  sailors  in  his  Majesty's  service  durina  poiicr 
as  may  sulbce,  with  the  ordinary  proportion  of  landsmen  and  boys,  to  man  the  tleet  at  the  breitkinr 
out  of  a  war.  \V)*re  this  done,  there  would  not  be  the  shadctw  of  a  pretence  for  resorting  lo  iinpre?;<i 
iiietit;  ami  the  practice,  with  the  cruelty  and  injustice  inseparable  from  it,  might  be  ciitirelr 
abolished. 

Iliit  it  is  said  that,  though  desirable  in  many  respects,  the  expense  of  such  a  plan  will  always  preveri 
it  from  heinir  adt)iHed.  It  admits,  however,  of  demonstration,  that  instead  of  bring  dearer,  this  |i|ir. 
would  he  actually  cheaper  than  that  which  is  now  followed.  Not  more  than  1,000,0(10/.  or  l,2liO.0iiiJ 
a  year  would  he  reiiuired  to  be  added  to  the  navy  estimates,  and  that  would  not  be  a  real,  but  mprtl.: 
a  notitinal  advance.  The  violence  and  injustice  to  which  the  practice  of  impressment  e.vposes  sailur.i, 
operate.^  at  all  times  to  raise  their  wages,  tiy  creating  a  disimlina-'  mi  on  the  part  of  many  yonii;'  nu: 
to  enter  the  sea  service  ;  and  this  disinclination  is  vastly  increased  inring  war,  when  wages  Uf^nm 
rii^e  to  fintr  or  Jire  times  their  prenoHS  amo«/if,  imposing  a  burden  on  the  commerce  of  the  couniri 
exclusive  of  other  equally  mischievous  consequences,  many  times  grjater  than  the  tax  that  would  !< 
retpiired  to  keep  up  the  peace  establishment  of  the  navy  to  il^  proper  l^v^tjl.  ft  is  really,  Iberofor^i 
vulgar  error  lo  suppose  that  impressment  has  the  recommendat«'Ui  oi'  cheapness  in  its  favour;  ;iii: 
thoiigii  it  had, no  reasonahle  nuin  would  contend  that  it  is  the  only  v^r  even  the  principal,  circiiiii.<iiaii:t 
to  be  attended  to.  In  point  of  fact,  however,  it  is  as  costly  as  it  is  oppressive  and  unjust.-  (  Tlie  rea<lr' 
is  referred,  for  a  fuller  discussion  of  this  interesting  question,  to  the  note  on  Impressment  in  iheji: 
volume  of  the  Wealth  vf  J^ations.) 

INDEMNITY,  is  where  one  person  secures  another  from  responsibility  against  any  pa^ 
ticular  event;  thus,  a  policy  of  insurance  is  a  contract  of  indemnity  against  any  particuli 
loss,     Where  one  person  also  becomes  bail  for  another,  a  bond  of  indemnity  is  fiequenil; 
executed  ;  and  where  a  bond  or  bill  of  exchange  has  been  lost  or  mislaid,  the  acceptor  u     = 
obligee  would  not  act  prudently  in  paying  it,  without  being  secured  by  a  bond  of  htdeniiiilj 

INDIAN  RUBBER.     See  Caoutchouc. 

INDIGO  {Ft.  Indigo;  Ger.  Indigo;  Sms.  Nili;  Ar^h.Neel;  Malay,  Tctroom),  the  dm; 


J 


t  these  men  shall  be  thus  protected,  it  is  necessary  for  the  master  to  navie  themy  htjsf.^ 
d:  this  is  to  be  done  hy  going  before  the  mayor  or  other  chief  magistrate  of  the  plat;/ 

m    fdUctar    a     nflt-t  itlf>n  til       !■>     ■■rWiiiK    in    nnt%*n  i'm.A    (ttn    m^nrktnr,     nC    •  lin     mi  ■>•  imil  11  H    ■■mil    ii'll:.n 


*  In  order  that  I 
they  are  impressed :  mis  is  lo  iie  done  iiy  going  oeiure  me  ni.iyor  or  omer  cniei  inagisiraie  oi  me  piaii 
who  ig  to  give  the  master  a  certiiicate,  in  wliich  is  contained  the  names  of  the  particular  men  wlui 
ho  thus  nominates  :  and  this  rprtificiitt!  will  he  their  protection. 


ivJiich  yirl<lr 

in  wiitrr  of 

Irorn  Irtruini 

fra  tiiirfiiri 

leavoH  and  n 

3,  T),  iinil  rv( 

It  nppcnrs 

ilriitr,  have  li 

indeed,  whetl 

Imt.  uH  it  wn 

India;  tli.it  v 

{/I'/iu'iu/o  ini.i 

llip  efrtiuino  ( 

pffri'RJouMly  ni 

examples  in 

liroiiirjit  from 

foilinved  ill   i 

Dr.  Uancroft  i 

with  great  lea 

was  real  iiidif 

At  all  events, 

wny  of  Alexni 

I{o[K'.     Wher 

and  improve  tl 

and  woad  wa! 

indii^o  did  not 

growers  nf  ira 

rimny,  an  Imp< 

ffi/e,"  and  dire< 

s.iys  the  cdiet, 

of  the  country  I 

that  city  to  laki 

to  a  late  period. 

fiolicilation  of 

was  not  till  17; 

in  such  a  way 

happen  to  thro' 

Mtitato  nnmini 

the  importation 

sixteenth  ccntu 


Indlpo  is  at  pre 

raiiip,  friiin  Ihi'  2i 

M,irlr:is  Kovcriiin 

niirt  Ihe  Caracras 

tity  iirodiirt'd  in  l 

Hayiiiil  \vasol"( 

hilt  this  is  iitidon) 

Spaniards  used  it 

la  jyniii-rl/e  f;.v|„/ 

l'"<ir  Hie  first  w' 

indiirn.  now  of  sn( 

lint  irilliiiL'.    The 

however,  the  atlei 

pursued  iiy  iheni  I 

and  rapital,  pive  t 

has  hernnie  the  nu 

rniitilry.     The  iiid 

Kiiropeans  is  e\pii 

In  Ihe  Delia  ot'il 

inly  for  a  siiijile  t 

western  provinces 

are  enahled  lo  fnn 

The  fivpil  capital 

rer  sleeping  ilic  p 

dwellini,'  house  fur 

averase,  12,5(H)  llis. 

DuiUliiiBs  and  niael 

about  1,(1(10/,    This 

answer  lo  the  qiies 

eiifajred  in  the  niai 

Diirinp  Ihe  9  yea 

produce  of  inditfo  ii 

4  last  years  of  this 

indigo  produced  for 

with  182<>-.?0,  heinp 

increase,  taking  th( 


INDIGO. 


63 


nployment, 


rt  of  pnrlla- 
:  «xfiii|>t)<»ii 
i|<«,"  uikI  I( 
iiit.'iil.iiiileM 
KriiniHiit,  nut 
,)ltMl  liy  lueul 
mii|iliuiii  urc 

;  Ihry  ciinllnuinii, 

trenticc*.  tn  pvcry 
ieneacuait,(iuniii{ 

rinn  :inil  rniplnvfj 
iiig  Id  Ma;  ati'i  In 
^  coliduue  111  sucb 

iffl,  cniitainiiiK  the 
(ilacf  to  wliii'ti  tiht 
,  thf  .i«;e  01  ewrf 
alpufhiiiiv'fiiliire, 
iiiaimer  and  lanJi 
»  lirst  uninit  I"  mj, 
ill  timliiiK  llip  facu 
cry  iiiilimlual.    Ii 

Iflfrfl'tJW,  fir  imrfrt 
•  !jfi  inipteMni »  K,i 
odlrcra  iini>rMiiin 
11  In  the  I'arly  lOf 
le  Le  ail  a|JprL'iilicc 

if  »te  ami  iipwaH^ 
iier.vvlio  shall  vni 
iirivateer,  Ujl-'iuiii^ 
all  licrsniis,  of  \\li*i 
L'cipfl  f'lr  2  yt'ars »« 
—(13  (;ro-  i.  c.  r 
en,  en^a^eil  in  lla 
iw  3.  c.  SO.) 
ire  exempted  wli,;* 

!.  IH  viliilicalcJ 

il  tilia  positiiiii 

iile  IIS  liiiK  licei 

p  nut  of  11  wilt, 

Duriiie  pi'iiif, 

>rvicfl  lliiil  III'! 

i!r  of  HUiliirsu 

ply  llu'  redtiri; 

H  (ipcliiretl,  iiiii 

less  by  Willi. 

;u{  of  llitiiitf 

lltl,  Sll|l|ll>»llli 

Ami  luMici'i; 
i;d  on  no  oIIk: 

'.\ai  is  iiecH. 
(lurina  pcnc 
tlie  lireiikiii; 
ig  lo  iiiipriv. 
hi  lie  ciilircl; 


wiiys  prcvcr.t 

riT,  tins  I'll' 

or  l,2im.0t"i 
:il,  lint  iiiertli 

pOSeH  t^itlllll*. 

iiy  yotiii!!  iiii: 

wiiges  usiiiiiii 
the  totinlt; 

that  \voulil!( 

ly,  iherol'orf,! 

favour;  »: 

tirc.tiiiistiiint 

-  ('I'liti  reaik 

mciit  uiihetu 


linst  anypaf 

iny  particuli 

is  frequenil; 

acceptor  s 

of  iiideniiiitj 

jm),  the  tlnj 

ime  them,  6'/''', 
teofllieplaci 
liar  lucii  wliMi 


t. 


which  yirUlrt  the  t)rnutiAil  hlue  dye  known  by  that  nnmo.  It  is  ohtnincil  by  tho  mncprntion 
In  wittrr  of  rcrtaiti  tropical  plantH;  but  the  indigo  of  commfirre  it*  almoHt  flntiroly  olitained 
frnin  l«'(,niininoun  plants  of  the  gvuut*  Indl irofera  .■  tliat  cultivated  in  Iiuliu  being  the  Indif^o- 

rn  tinrltiritt;  and  that  in  America  the  Inr/iirofrra  anil.  The  Indian  plant  has  pintuite 
e»vps  and  a  KJender  ligneous  stem ;  and  when  gucceBsfully  cultivated,  riHca  to  the  height  of 
3,  T),  urn  I  oven  fi  feet. 

It  appears  pretty  certain  that  tho  culture  of  tho  indiffo  plant,  and  tho  preparation  of  tho 
drnor,  have  been  practised  in  India  from  a  very  remote  epoch.  It  has  been  ([iieMtioned, 
iinli'cd,  whether  the  Imlirum  mentioned  by  Pliny  {Hist.  Nut.  lib.  xxxv.  c.  (i.)  was  indigo, 
liiit.  as  it  woidd  seem,  without  any  good  reaMon.  IMiny  states  that  it  was  lirouc;lit  from 
Iiuliii;  Ibat  when  diluted  it  produced  an  admirable  mixture  of  blue  and  purple  colours  (m 
f/l/iidiJii  niisturnm  purpura:  cierukitptc  tni'rabilem  redJit) ;  and  he  gives  testa  by  which 
the  iretniine  drug  niiyht  be  discriminated  with  sullicient  precision.  It  is  true  that  i'liny  is 
fgrecioiisly  mistaken  as  to  the  mode  in  which  the  drug  was  produced  ;  but  there  are  many 
examples  in  modern  as  well  as  ancient  times,  to  prove  that  the  ]>osseMsion  of  an  article 
bnuiglu  from  a  distance  implies  no  accurate  knowledge  of  its  nature,  or  of  the  jjrocesses 
followed  in  its  manufacture.  Beckmann  (Hist,  vf  hivenfiuns,  vol.  iv.  art.  InJIifo)  and 
Dr.  Uniicroft  (Permanent  Colours,  vol.  i.  pp.  841 — 252.)  have  each  investigated  this  subject 
with  great  learning  and  sagacity ;  and  agree  in  the  conclusion  that  the  indicum  of  Pliny 
WHS  real  indigo,  and  not,  as  has  been  supposed,  a  drug  prepared  from  tho  isatis  or  woad. 
At  all  events,  there  can  bo  no  qocstion  that  indigo  was  imported  into  modern  Europe,  by 
way  of  Alexandria,  previously  to  the  discovery  of  the  route  to  India  by  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.  When  first  introduced,  it  was  customary  to  mix  a  little  of  it  with  woad  to  heighten 
and  improve  the  colour  of  the  latter ;  but,  by  degrees,  the  (juantity  of  indigo  was  increased  ; 
and  woad  was,  nt  last,  entirely  superseded.  It  is  worth  while,  however,  to  remark,  that 
indigo  (lid  not  make  its  way  into  general  use  without  encountering  much  opposition.  Tho 
growers  nf  wmid  |)revailed  on  several  governments  to  prohibit  the  use  of  indigo  !  In  Gcr- 
ninny,  an  Imperial  edict  was  published  in  1654,  prohibiting  the  use  of  indigo,  or  "devil's 
fli/e,''  and  directing  great  care  to  be  taken  to  prevent  its  clandestine  importation,  "  because," 
s:ivs  the  edict,  "  the  trade  in  woad  is  lessened,  dyed  articles  injured,  and  money  carried  out 
of  the  country  I"  The  magistrates  of  Nuremburg  went  further,  and  compelled  the  dyers  of 
that  city  to  Hike  an  oath  once  a  year  not  to  use  indigo ;  which  practice  was  continued  down 
to  a  late  period.  In  l.'iOS,  upon  an  urgent  representation  of  the  states  of  Languedoc,  at  tha 
solicitation  of  the  woad  growers,  the  use  of  indigo  was  prohibited  in  that  province ;  and  it 
was  not  till  1737,  that  the  dyers  of  France  were  left  at  liberty  to  dye  with  such  articles,  and 
in  such  a  way,  as  they  pleased. — (Beckmann,  vol.  iv.  p.  142.)  Let  not  those  who  may 
happen  to  throw  their  eyes  over  this  paragraph,  smile  at  the  ignorance  of  our  ancestors — 
Mutnto  nomine,  de  fcfabula  narratur.  How  much  opposition  is  made  at  this  moment  to 
the  importation  of  many  important  orticles,  for  no  better  reasons  than  were  alleged,  in  the 
sixteenth  century,  against  the  importation  of  indigo ! 

Indipo  is  at  present  produced  in  Bengal,  and  the  other  provinces  siiliject  to  the  presidenry  nf  tliat 
niinie,  from  the  2(llli  to  the  30ili  defiree  of  north  latitude;  in  the  province  of  Tinnevelly,  under  the 
Madrii.s  i;overninetit ;  in  .lava ;  in  I.ncnnia,  the  principal  nf  the  I'hilippine  Islands ;  and  d'nateinala, 
niid  llie  Cnracras,  in  Central  America.  Bengal  is,  however,  the  great  mart  for  indigo  ;  and  the  ((uun- 
tiiy  prodnced  in  the  other  places  is  comparatively  inconsiderable. 

idtvnal  was  of  opinion  that  the  cnlture  of  indigo  had  been  introduced  into  America  by  the  Spaniards  ; 
httt  this  is  tiiidimbtedly  an  error.  Several  species  of  indigufcra  belong  to  the  New  VVorld  ;  and  the 
Spaniards  used  it  as  a  substitute  for  ink  very  soon  after  the  conquest.— (//unituWt, £*«ai  Politique  anr 
la  M-iiirelle  l-:.-ii(i/rne,  toni.  iii.  p.  .^4.  2d  ed.) 

I''(ir  tlie  (irst  "20  years  after  the  English  became  masters  of  Bengal,  tho  culture  and  manufacture  of 
indiiro.  now  of  such  importance,  was  unknown  as  a  branch  of  British  industry  ;  and  the  e.\ports  were 
but  iritliiig.  Till'  Kiiropean  miirkcts  were,  at  this  period,  principally  supplied  from  America.  In  171^3, 
liowever,  the  attention  of  the  English  began  to  he  directed  to  this  business;  and  though  the  processes 
ptirsiiod  liy  tbiMii  he  nearly  the  same  as  those  followed  by  the  natives,  their  greater  skill,  intelligence, 
and  capital,  give  them  immense  advantages.  In  their  hands,  the  growth  and  preparation  of  indigo 
has  become  the  most  important  employment,  at  least  in  a  commercial  point  of  view,  carried  on  in  the 
country.  Thi>  indigo  made  by  the  natives  supplies  the  internal  demand;  so  that  all  that  is  raised  by 
Eiirnjii'ans  is  ex|iorted. 

In  (he  Delta  of  the  Ganges,  where  the  best  and  largest  quantity  of  indigo  is  produced,  the  plant  lasts 
niily  for  a  single  season,  being  destroyed  by  the  periodical  inundation  ;  hut  in  the  dry  central  and 
western  provinces,  one  or  two  rattuon  crops  are  obtained  :  and  owing  to  this  circumstance,  the  latter 
are  enabled  to  furnish  a  large  supply  of  seed  to  the  former. 

Tlii^  lived  capital  required  in  the  manufacture  of  indigo  consists  of  a  few  vnts  of  common  masonry 
for  steeping  tlie  plant,  and  precipitating  the  colouring  motter ;  a  boiling  and  drying  house;  and  a 
dwellnig  house  fur  the  planter.  These,  for  a  factory  of  10  pair  of  vats,  capable  of  producing,  at  an 
averasie,  12,5(K)  lbs.  of  indigo,  worth  on  the  spot  about  2,500/.,  will  not  cost  above  1,500/.  sterling.  The 
btiildiiigs  and  machinery  necessary  to  produce  an  equal  value  in  sugar  and  rum,  would  probably  cost 
about  Ajmni.  This  fact,  therefore,  without  any  reference  to  municipal  regulations,  affords  a  ready 
answer  to  the  question  which  has  been  frequently  put,  why  the  British  planters  in  India  have  never 
eni-'agcd  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar. 

During  the  9  years  which  preceded  the  opening  of  the  trade  with  India,  in  1814,  the  annual  average 
produce  of  indiiio  in  Bengal,  for  exportation,  was  nearly  5,t)00,000  lbs. ;  but  the  average  produce  of  the 
4  Inst  years  of  this  period  scarcely  equalled  that  of  the  preceding  5.  But  since  the  ports  were  opened, 
indigo  produced  for  exportation  has  increased  fully  a  third;  the  exports  during  the  16  years  ending 
with  IBSd-.^O,  l)eing  above  7,400,000  lbs.  a  year.  The  following  brief  statement  shows  the  rate  of  thit 
increase,  taking  the  average  produce  of  each  4  years  : — 


1 
i 


64 


INDIGO. 


1814 

181 

IRIO 

1817 


'I-- 


tu 
7,040,000 


1818 
IHIU 

I  mo 

1831 


}■ 


-    0,000,000 


1833 
IH33 
1834 
1839 


} 


Ih. 
8,000,000 


1698-1 
IH37  I 
1H3H  f 
1890J 


-    9,000,000 


•nd  It  haa  continued  about  th*  lam*  linee. 

It  di^nervui  tn  he  remnrked,  that  ilnrn  the  opening  of  the  trade,  Indian  capltallnti  have  betaken 
thi!iii*<>lvpii  tn  iho  iiiiuinritctiirH  nf  IndiRo  nn  the  Riirnpuaii  method,  and  that  at  proient  about  a  flfth 
part  oTthn  whole  nnniial  produce  in  pri'pnrU'l  hy  ihvni. 

The  culture  of  IndlK"  li  very  precarlnui,  not  only  In  no  flir  ni  rnitpectR  the  Rfowth  of  the  plant  f^om 
jronr  to  yenr,  lint  aliin  ai  regnrdi  the  quHntllyai.d  (|Uiillty  of  the  <lriii(  which  the  lanie  amount  of  plant 
will  ntl'ord  fven  In  the  Hnme  iii!nion,  ThuR,  tin  pnidure  of  IH3A-3n  witit  41,000  rlicNtR,  wlillu  the  pro- 
ducu  of  the  fiillowlni;  y«iir  wii*  liut  29,000  chcili ,  the  produce  of  |N'J7-38  wnn  nliout  43,00tl  cheiti,  and 
that  of  1N3.H-W  only  W.MH)  cheiti  1  The  avcrithO  if  these  yenrii,  tlint  Is,  about  U,()00,000  Ihi.,  uiny  bu 
considered  ns  the  prevent  nnnimt  produce  of  BunKiil.  The  piicd  of  indigo  In  India  increaied,  for  a 
while,  In  a  far  ureiiler  rnllo  than  the  quantity.  In  INI3-M  the  renl  value  of  that  exported  from  Cal- 
cutta wai  l,4ll|,IM)0{. :  but  In  1837-38,  Hllhouah  the  i)uantlly  had  increased  but  30  per  cent.,  the  value 
rose  to  3,l)30,0IKM  ,  or  wag  about  doubled,  latere  was  no  correnpimdinx  rise  in  the  price  in  Europe, 
but,  on  tliK  contrary,  a  decline  ;  and  the  circuniHtance  U  to  lie  accnuiiteil  for  by  the  rcatrainls  placed 
on  (he  investini'nl  of  capital  In  the  production  of  ciilonlnl  artlrlcn  Hiiili-d  to  the  Kiiropean  market,  the 
eon<ie(|iient  dllDculty  of  miikioK  reniittanceM  from  India,  and  an  uniialiiril  How  of  ca|iilnl  to  the  only 
great  article  of  Indian  produce  und  export  that  In  Huppoiied  capable  of  lienrin;  Its  application. 

Hut  the  ctlects  of  the  profuxe  advanceii  made  hy  the  ('alculta  capllaltfitR  to  those  engaded  In  the 
IndiiKo  culture,  coupled  with  the  IncreaiiInK  ImportB  from  Madras,  and  the  stationary  demand  for  the 
drug  In  this  country,  tiave  at  length  manifvsied  themselves  in  the  most  distrcNsinK  manner.  Prices 
have  been  so  much  reduced  that  a  rumous  reaction  has  taken  place  ;  most  of  the  t'alcutia  merchania 
enKnfred  In  the  trade  linving  been  oldiged  to  stop  payment,  InvolvinK  in  their  flill  several  opulent 
houses  in  this  country.  It  remains  to  be  seen  whether  this  will  occasion  any  diminution  in  the  sup. 
plies  of  iudiKo,  or  whether  the  supply  may  not  be  maintained  even  at  the  reduced  prices  by  Increasod 
ecoiininy.  The  subjoined  Table  shows  that  prices  advanced  considerably  in  1833;  but  It  ia  doubtful 
whether  this  advance  will  be  sustained. 

The  consumption  of  indigo  has  varied  but  little  in  th)j  country  durlnir  the  last  dozen  years,  having 
been, at  an  average  of  that  period,  about  3,300,000  lbs.  'i  year.  This  stationary  demand,  nutwithstand- 
U\g  the  fall  in  the  price  of  the  dru;  and  the  increase  of  population,  is  principally  to  be  ascribed  to  the 
decreasiiii;  use  of  blue  cloth.  In  the  dyeinir  of  whirii  It  is  principally  made  use  of.  Its  consumption  in 
France  is  almut  as  Rreut  as  in  Britain.  lioiiiJes  the  exports  to  (Ireat  Britain,  France,  and  the  Uiiileil 
Btales,  a  good  d(^al  of  Bengal  indleo  in  exported  to  the  ports  on  the  I'ersian  (Julf,  whence  it  flnds  its 
way  III  toiuthern  Russia.  It  \»  singular  thai  It  is  not  used  by  the  Chinese,  with  whom  blue  Is  u 
favourite  colour. 

The  indigo  of  Benftal  is  oivided  into  two  classes,  called,  In  commercial  languaRe,  Bengal  and  Oudt; 
the  lirst  being  tlie  produi^e  of  the  southern  provinces  of  Bengal  and  Baliar,  and  the  last  that  of  the 
northern  provinces.  Tin  first  Is,  In  point  of  i|uality,  much  superior  to  the  other.  This  arose  at  one 
time,  in  a  considerable  degree,  from  the  practice  which  prevailed  In  the  northern  provinces,  of  the 
European  planter  purchasing  the  wet  fecula  from  the  native  manufacturer,  and  completing  the  pro- 
cesses of  curing  and  drying  the  drug.  This  is  at  present  in  a  great  measure  discontinued  ;  and  the 
Oude  indigo  has,  in  consequence,  considerably  improved  in  i|uality.  Its  inferiority  Is  probably  more 
the  result  of  soil  and  ciiniite,  than  of  any  difference  in  ibp  iikill  with  which  thn  manufacture  is 
conducted. 

In  lH'.iT-'i8,  and  we  arc  posisessed  of  no  later  data,  the  export  of  indigo  fk'om  the  port  of  Madras 
aniiuinted  to  880,8^0  lbs.  weight ;  having  more  than  quadrupled  ill  the  course  of  the  preceding  S  years. 
lli!Kiiles  the  export  from  Madras,  'here  is  also  a  considerable  one  from  the  French  settlement  of  Pen- 
dicherry  ;  of  which,  liowever,  we  have  no  detailed  statement.  In  1837,  the  export  nf  indigo  from 
M.iiiilla  amounted  to  about  390,000  ihh  avoirdupois  ;  but  it  is  understood  to  have  materially  Increased 
since.  The  export  from  Batavia,  in  .'83!),  aioounted  to  l.'iQ.dOO  llis.  weight,  and  the  prodiictlnn  is 
ra|iiilly  increasing.  Accordins  to  the  atutcment  now  given,  the  annual  exports  of  Asiatic  Indigo  are 
ns  follow  :— Bengal,  0,()0<),U00,(HH)  lbs. ;  Madras,  !)00,UuO  lbs. ;  Manilla,  .100,000  lbs. ;  Batavia,  130,000  lbs. 
Hence  the  annual  average  produce  for  foreign  markels,  making  allowance  for  a  trifling  augmentation 
In  the  exports  from  Madras,  Java,  and  the  Philippines,  is  certainly  not  less  than  10,500,000  lbs. 

According  to  M.  Humboldt,  the  exportation  of  indigo  from  (Guatemala,  In  1835,  amounted  to  1,800,000 
Ihfl.     Iiiillgo  is  also  produced  in  some  of  the  West  India  islands,  but  not  in  large  quantities. 

(joiid  iniligo  is  known  by  its  lightness  or  small  specific  gravity,  indicating  the  absence  of  enrlhy 
impurities;  by  the  mass  not  readily  parting  with  its  colouring  matter  when  tested  by  drawing  a  tflreak 
with  it  over  a  white  surface;  but,  above  all,  by  the  purity  of  the  colour  itself  The  flrst  quality, 
estimated  by  this  last  test,  is  called,  in  commercial  langiiage,yine  blue;  then  follow  ordinary  blue/fitii 
purple,  purple  and  violrt,  ordinary  purple  and  violet,  dull  blue,  inferior  purple  and  violet,  atronf  copper, 
and  ordinary  copper.  These  distinctions  refer  to  the  Bengal  indigo  only,  the  Oude  being  distinguisned 
only  into  Jine  and  ordinary.  The  qualities  of  Madras  and  Manilla  indigo  are  nearly  the  same,  and 
equal  to  nrdmary  Bengal  indigo.     The  indigo  of  Java  is  superior  to  these. 

We  are  indebted  to  Mr.  Cook  for  the  following  Table,  which  gives  a  very  comprehensive  view  of 
the  state  of  the  crops  of  indigo  in  Bengal,  and  the  imports,  consumption,  and  prices  of  Bengal  indigo, 
gince  1811-13:— 


1 

ToUl 
Import 

Tolal 
Deli- 
verin 

Slock  in 

,            Cmpi  in  Bengal. 

Yttn. 

India 

for 
Giport 

Great 

Briuin 

ATerags  Fricci  in  LoBdoa, 

Great 
Britain. 

and 
Home 
Con. 

aiiiDcc. 

Fine  Bengal. 

Ord.  Bengal.         Low  Oulf. 

Fearl. 

Maundt.     Chati. 

CAcffi. 

CliaU. 

ChaU. 

Yean. 

rer  lb. 
t.     d.        f.    d. 

per  lb.                 per  lb. 
$.    d.      ,.    d.    1.    d.     s.   d. 

1811-1813 

70,000-19,500 

1812 

17,300 

14,60o'  29,500 

1812 

6    OtolO    6 

4    0to5    3  3    0  —  3   6 

1812-1813 

78,000  =  28,000 

1813 

14,300 

19,300  24,500 

1813 

10    0—14    0 

6    3-8    3  4    6-6   0 

I«I3-1814 

74,500  =  21,300 

1814 

24,200 

23,800 

24,9110 

1814 

10    0-14    6 

8    6  —  9    0  4    0  —  5   6 

I8M-18I5 

102,500=27,000 

1815 

28,900 

23,400 

30,100 

1815 

8    0-11    0 

5    0  —  7    0  3    0  —  4   6, 

1«15-I816 

115,0(K)=  39,000 

1816 

15,500 

20,200 

2,5,700 

1816 

6    6  —  10    0 

3    9  —  5    6  2    8  —  3    3' 

18IG-1W17 

87,000=23,500 

1817 

13,500 

15,700 

23,500 

1817 

7    6-10    0 

5    e  — 7    6  4    0  — li   0, 

1817-1818 

72,800  =  19,IMH) 

1818 

16,600  10,100 

21,000 

1818 

8    0—90 

6    6  —  8    Oi  5    0  —  6   0 

1818-li|9 

68,000  =  17,000 

1819 

11,500   15,800 

19,700 

1819 

7    6—90 

5    0  —  6    0,3    3  —  4    3 

181!>-1820 

72,000  =  19,000 

1820 

10,500 

21,000 

14,500 

1820 

7    0—90 

5    6-6    6  3    3-4   6 

Cmpi  in  n 


I'ulri. 

isjn-inai 

IN9I-IHW 

m«-l«3:i 

|NM-|N'J| 
h2l-l^<'-'5 

bw-is-id 
lMirt-|s'>7 
is'r-i8-)s 

1838-1820 
ll.i9-|8,1() 

|N;)n-iKil 
I8:ti-i>«.'i2 
H32-IS:!,) 


107 

li. 

!lil,( 
II.M 

7!1,( 
111. I 

110,1 

irt.i 

118,11 

lll.n 

llfi.ii 

I'J'.MI 
12'.' II 


Of  7,2!l't,fi05  III 
H!l,:il'.MIii.  trnm 
Of  Ihe  liiKil  ipian 

Till'  iin|iorlH  nf 

Inilleo  of  lltllii. 
4.  c.  1'<  ) 

For  fiirllior  inl 
Oriint.  Com.  ;  fli 
Mailaiiie,  lOaij.,  K 

[rndijjo  is  im| 
nnd  till!  lMiili|i|ii 

L\K  (Dit.  h 

nils.  T.schernih 

"Dvpry  liqimr  n 
nifin  iiraniri"  knin 
2.  I'riiiii'r'H  ink  ;  r 
for  pniiiliiig  iipnn 
experiinrMil  an  I'roi 
glue,  with  tin:  add 
line  soot  iVnni  III"' 
size  frniii  Hlircd.s  n 
fidoil  printer's  ink 
posses,«i'S  11  singiili 
"romuion  ink  ti 
Irnn,  dissolved  in 
wliicli  is  prevented 
li'rial  tn  give  the  hi 
ia  a  good  red.  TIk 
Ainniig  the  nnmsin 

i  illslinmiislied  pi'  ce 
inks  have  been  pro 
Itiis  respect,  becniii 

I  liavn  more  or  less  ( 
paper  till  it  begins  I 

INKLE,  a  sor 

other  towns  in  L; 

I.NSOLVENO 

to  designate  the  c 
iisiiG[i!  of  trade.  . 
uitliout  having  cc 
of  tiankrnptcy. 

We  ha-'c,  undo 
the  law  as  io  into! 
tl:.T  article  'Jmkdi' 
tlicso  lavv.s  more 
tnore  conducive  I 
article,  therefore,  v 
the  existing  laws. 

Under  the  banl 
pntire  po^sessinn.s 
voluntary  .surrendt 
in  the  initiative  pr 
fupt  and  insolven 


f2 


•  ThoB 


INK— INSOLVEXCY. 


05 


iniligo  are 

150,000  lbs. 

igmentiitiun 

I  Iba. 

to  1,600,000 


Low  Oule 

per 

Ib. 

>.    d. 

t. 

d. 

3    0- 

-3 

t) 

i    0- 

-6 

0 

4    0- 

-5 

» 

3    0- 

-4 

6, 

i    8- 

-3 

3' 

1    0- 

-ti 

I', 

5    0- 

-6 

0 

}    3- 

-4 

J 

i    3- 

-4 

b 

IM.      ■ 

Tabin 

—eonlh 

util. 

9,000,000 

Tnt«l 

Tnlal 
l>rli. 

Vfrir-t      ^(fwll  it) 

■ 

Import 
fmm 

b«lali«n 

Cmpt  in  Denial. 

TMn. 

ln.lu 

for          (Iri-.-il 
Kklmrt  ,  Hrll.iti) 

Avmft  PrIcM  In  I^indoa. 

ui  a  flfih 

lorn 
(intat 

•m4       3llt  Urc. 

am  fVom         , 

DriUln. 

Hfinig 

Con. 

1      Lnw  (^u<l•.     1 

1  of  plant 

1 

I'ino  llfii^l. 

Ord.  nriml 

the  pro- 

rmrt. 

yaumlt.     Chut: 

Cluth.     Chuit.  1  Chuh. 

I'Mrt. 

per  It,, 

lif  r  lb, 
1,     d.         1. 

1 

iior  III. 

aitf ,  anfl         « 

\ 

».     d.        1.    .( 

d.   1. 

.1.      1.    d 

,  iiiiijr  bu 
(mI,  for  n 

lo^n-i'^'Ji    107,000 -nwfl 

IMI 

1.1,000    17,300     0,«00 

IS91 

7     Oto    It     fi 

5     Oto   7 

0   4 

Oliifl    0 

issi-i^j'i    T'J.toO"  ig,M)o|  \m'i 

13,501)    IS,  100     H.yoo 

IH99 

11     0-19    0   H     fi— 10 

3    4 

0-0    0 

rnm  Citl- 

\H'n-\"i\ '  iHi,ooo=-?4,oonj  \H'i:\ 

91,7(10,  lO.HIKI    1.1,10(1 

IN93 

0    0— II     Oj  5     U—   H 

fi    3 

0  —  4    fl 

he  value          < 

]»<i\-\>*'H     II.'t.OIH)-.  2S,000 

1K94 

10,100    17,900    li.'JOO 

IS94 

19     0-13    «   H     0-10 

0   fl 

0-0    3 

1  Gurope,         i 

is'ii-ix'.vi'  7(t,(Mm=  2'j,ri()o 

|H'.:5 

95,;<«0'  91,100'  10.100 

IS25 

13     0—15    O!  H     0—10 

fi  4 

3-5    0 

Is    pIllCKU 

lsT).|V2i(,  Ill.iim)     41,000 

IH9H 

97,H00:  9I,!K)0   29,.«)0 

IH90 

H     0—0    fl 

4    0-  7 

"i  2 

3-3    0 

irkel,  till) 

|Si«-|V27  i    INI.OdO -. 'J.'i.OOO 

IM7 

10,000'   |H,.',00]  29,hOO 

1N97 

II     0-13    fi 

7    0—0 

0   3 

0  —  4    fl 

the  onljr 

lS'>T-|H'iS     1I!».(M)0^  49,0(10 

|S!W 

35M90   97,5(H) 

31,100 

1H9>< 

H     0—10    0 

5    3-7 

3  9 

0-3    0 

)■                       'f 

iHi'^-iN'W  i  iw.oon  ^.  ao.soo 

IM20 

93,900   83,100 

31,900 

IHS!) 

7     fi—   H    0 

3   «—  e 

o'a 

0-3    fl 

p(l  in  the 

|h!(!t-l*>:tO     111,000  =-40.001) 

IHHO 

,19,190   95,700 

.17,«0() 

IH.W 

fl     ')—  7    0|  3    1--   4 

0   3 

0  —  9   fi 

(1  for  the 

iM'iii.iKti    1 10,000 -=.?:i,(i(M) 

IH31 

93,3.101  9I,0M0 

:i5,i)Tf 

IH-;! 

0    i'-    rt    «l  3    ;/—  4 

3   9 

0  —  9    fl 

.    PricBi 

|ytl-h;W    l*i.0OO=- 35,000 

1h;)'2 

9.5,4701  V>.,y20 

39,5-.,' 

IM;i9 

fl     ;    -  B    ;    3    3-  4 

0   9 

3-9   11 

lerchiiiiti 

IMM-1S33I  193  000  .=  35,000 

H33 

95.000 '!i3,000 

•35,0001  IH33 

7     !•-  7     0 

a  0—  0 

0   3 

0-4   0 

l,as.  Indie*.  \^  uiila 
Tjiit.  Air  ",n>!nlV'Ut  ; 


Of  7,2'.''t.fi05  Ihfi  of  liirligo  im|iortci;  into  Or  s  t  iiut.iM  in  i.S3,' ,  0,^"i5  ,'13  lliH  worn  from  India, 
M!i,Hll)llH.  I'riirn  tlm  Hrlli«li  WrhT  Indies,  M|,0';i  ;i  •<,  I'luii  tJin;nmiii  .,  iO,ii|  i  IIih.  from  t'uloinbia,  ic. 
Of  ihi^  liiliil  (|ii;inlity  Imported,  2,1!IO,0(H)  IIih    wt'i'   nUaii.i .'  triMi  ( o* ,  iiinpllon. 

'I'Im'  liii|iiirH  of  liidiKo,  in  I'':i9,  were  0,3.'i3,0(i5  llir.,  ;  i.T  iv'.ii  'i  '.'.,'"' \ii.')3  llm.  wero  r   (rlni'd. 

Inilico  of  lltiilsli  |)o»B«HBions,  not  dt'einud  tlirlr  |  rodiKti  tnlfna  iuipjrlod  I'roiii  'I'.ii  e,— (7  Geo, 
4.  r.  4!<.) 

For  further  informntlon  an  to  indigo,  fn'c  t'nlfhr,til:t'a  Hu»bi\'i\\y  of  Bnn"af,  p  'il.;  ^Vilhiirn't 
Orirnt.  Com.;  Hell's  lirrii'in  iif  Commcrre  «/  Bi  nu'U ;  /fi/»C/i' i  Hevru.  of  ili  ,  cvi  l.iii;"  (.i  (rilliin 
M.icliiiiii?,  lOsi).,  I'.iidt  Itidlii  ConiniiltiM!,  1H30-3I,  ii^c. 

[fndido  is  imported  into  the  United  ytu'.es  rl.iefl;;  iVom  tl'e  Ti.iii'.h 
nnd  tite  IMiilipiiino  islnnds,  and  the  r  >  u.'.lic  ui"  CIdIoi.I'i;".. —  iint.  /',/'.' 

I.\K  (Du.  Ink,  In/ft;  Ft.  Encn  ;  (Jor.  UiiitC;  (t,  Inchoixfro,' 
UiiH.  Txclimulo ;  Sp.  Tinta  ,■  Sw.  Hiu,.) 

"  Hvpry  liqiior  or  pi,.infint  nsnd  for  writinRor  printiKu  in  ■  '•t!n(7.n;-|-e('  hy  the  niu'.tf  '"f  iul.'.  ( '  m- 
nion  pr;i(ticc  knowH  only  Idmit  and  red.  Of  h!  x-k  ink  tliero  iirt!  •.[■.•■■.'••  p  inciM'i'  ^  ald^l :  1.  Iinln.'i  I.K  j 
'J.  I'riiiliT's  ink;  nnd  3.  Writing  ink.  Tlio  Indmn  i-l:  ia  >'sfi  in  Cliimi  fit  Wrii'';^  willi  ,.  liniHti,  m! 
for  pniiitinir  upon  lli«  Hofl  tloxilde  pnper  of  <'l.inr..<i!  nintici'uctiin-  It  in  I'l'iirtiiiiicd,  :ih  w 'li  uiirn 
i-xpi-riiiionl  ii"  from  inforinntion,  that  tin-  rakes  <if  this  ink  iiro  inatlr  ■■f  l.tinpi/liii'l;  .mil  ,  /c,  or  niiiiuill 
^'lllO,  with  tliiMidilitiun  of  piirfiimes  orotiicr  aiihstanri!!'  not  ■.-.•.■.•; in"  lo  i(^  cinilily  ns  nv  inl-  Tli»; 
line  Hoot  from  tlir  tl:>mn  of  ii  lump  or  caiidlt!  roceivcj  iiy  ImldiiiK  .t  plat"'  ovBt  it,  tiiiMMl  will,  ilciii 
sizn  from  cliriMls  of  parcliment  or  glove-leiithor  ml  ilyi'd.  vuijl  nmiie  an  ivik  coiai  lo  tiiat  imp 'rt<  I. 
fjood  printer's  ink  is  a  idac k  paint,  Htnootli,  aii'l  niilfoii..  in  iti-  r.:  ipositiot  of  i  tirm  hliiol.  c  ^n  ,;:,  ard 
po.usesses  a  siiiBiilar  aptitude  to  adhere  to  paper  tlioimiRl'lj  iii.,if('j'i.al;u  wait  'luii.dnr". 

"(?ommori  ink  for  writing  is  made  hy  addin);  a«i  iiil'i  iiuji  or  i'.irf>r'\i\.\  m'  tlio  11111-4: 1'l  to  s(ii|)h  itii  nf 
iron,  dissolved  in  water.  A  very  fine  hiark  precipi-M':  i.uirrxii  ('ovii,  ll-o  <pr<  ,|y  t,mirii.l( ;,  u  01 
wliicli  is  prevented  iiy  liie  addition  of  a  proper  qimiit'"y  of  (.•liiii  Arii'iiv .  l.aniolijiu'k  •  .  llit-  coniui  in  nia- 
lorial  to  pive  tin;  lilac  k  colour,  of  wliic  1)9.^  ounces  are  siifl'nienl  for  10  'iw.it  e  .  of '.h.  \  irn.i '1.  \  11  oiillon 
is  a  eood  red.  Tlieyare  proiiml  toirether  on  u  stone  with  a  tniiiler,  in  ilio  n  I't;  mniiiiiir  ■.  ■  v  piints. 
Ainnii};  tiie  nmnsinj;  expcrim  ;i,t8  of  the  art  of  clieinistry,  tlie  exliiiiit'on  of  f^  iniiiitlif '.ic  ii  ks  IioIcIh  a 
distiiiiriiished  pi'  ce.  With  these  the  writiiiK  is  invisilde,  imtil  some  n  .iKent  (jiv  :!.  U  op  icily.  'I'lieso 
inks  liave  iieen  proposed  as  tlio  instruments  of  secret  rorrcipnTKienciv  Hut  IhfvnrJ  'C' little  nse  in 
tills  respect,  because  tlie  properties  clianpe  by  a  lev  djiyu"  reii.' iiing  on  the  laju  r  ;  n.ist  of  them 
have  more  or  less  of  a  linpe  wlien  thoroupl'ly  dry ,  and  nouo  ol  liie.if  i' sist  Itiu  list  uf  heating  tho 
paper  till  it  begins  to  be  scorched." — {Urt'i  Victi^tnunj.) 

INKLE,  a  sort  of  broad  linen  tape,  pii.ncipany 'a\nuiai.!\3ie»l  it  Manchester  and  some 
olhcr  towns  in  Ijancasliirc. 

I.NSOIiVENC  Y  AND  BANKRTIPTrV  Insolvency  is  a  term  in  merrantiie  law,  applied 
to  ilosignate  the  condition  of  all  per , cos  iipjlile  ^v^  \Yi-j  llieir  debts  according  to  the  ortlinary 
iisa;?i!  of  trade.  A  bankrupt  1j  a'l  tnsolvm* ;  hut  persona  may  be  in  a  state  of  insolvency 
williout  having  committed  any  i  he  spccilic  acts  which  render  them  liable  to  a  commission 
of  bankruptcy. 

We  ho'c,  under  tLf.  .'rtiolc  Baitkudptct,  explained  the  most  important  dificrences  in 
the  law  as  ,1  ira  olvf  ncy  and  bankruptcy  ;  and  have  also  briefly  stated  in  that  article,  and  in 
tJ;<T  article  'Jiikiiit,  some  of  the  alterations  which  seem  to  be  imperatively  required  to  make 
tlicse  law.s  more  in  harmony,  than  they  are  at  present,  with  the  principles  of  justice,  and 
more  conducive  to  the  interests  of  commerce  and  the  public  advantage.  In  the  present 
arliclc,  therefore,  we  shall  confine  ourselves  to  a  summary  statement  of  the  proceedings  under 
the  existing  laws. 

Under  the  bankrupt  laws,  the  creditors  have  a  compulsory  authority  to  sequestrate  the 
entire  possessions  of  their  debtor;  under  the  insolvent  laws,  the  debtor  himself  may  make  a 
voluntary  surrender  of  his  property  for  the  benefit  of  all  his  creditors.  From  this  diversify, 
in  the  initiative  process  results  the  greatest  diversity  in  the  ultimate  operation  of  the  bai.'c- 
rupt  and  insolvent  acts.    The  proceedings  under  a  commission  of  bankruptcy  being  insJ; 

•  These  numbers  are  partly  from  estimate ;  but  they  cannot  be  far  wrong. 
f2  9 


i 

\ 


I 


66 


INSOLVENCY  AND  BANKRUPTCY. 


tutcd  by  the  creditors,  they  lose  all  future  power  over  the  property  and  person  of  tho 
insolvent  after  he  has  obtained  his  certificate ;  but  the  proceedings  under  the  insolvent  act 
having  been  commenced  by  the  debtor  himself,  he  only,  by  the  surrender  of  his  ellects, 
protects  his  person  in  future  from  arrest — not  the  property  he  may  subsequently  acquire, 
from  liability  to  the  payment  of  all  his  debts  in  full. 


Procudinet  undrr  the  existing  Iiitolvent  Act.-~\n  1813,  a  tnecial 
tribunal,  calldl  rhe  "Court  fur  Htlief  of  Insolvent  Delton,'*  wai 
amininifti  for  the  ))ur|iose  orrtrceising  the  surrenderor  property  and 
Cite'  Is  fnr  the  benefit  of  Hie  creditor*  of  iDSolvetili.  ll  conslsti  of  a 
chief  and  two  other  ^onln^is^ionen^t  appointed  by  the  Crown,  and 
ii  a  court  of  rerorl,  with  powers  iimilar  to  these  of  the  superior 
courts  at  VVestiiiiniter;  but  it  cannot  award  cotkis,  unless  in  particu- 
lar cases.  The  court  sits  twice  a  week  In  I'uriugal>8lreet ;  and  no 
fet-s  are  taken,  except  those  established  hy  the  court.  The  comniis* 
tloiitra  also  severally  make  circuiii,  and  attend  at  the  town  and 
places  appointed  for  '  s'>lvt'nts  in  ihe  country  to  appear:  their  judi- 
cial powers  in  tl)c  provincial  towns  are  the  same  as  those  eicrcised 
in  the  nu'tropolis. 

I.  The  first  s'ep  in  the  Insolvent's  proceedinK  is  the  Pttition, 
Any  person  in  actual  custody  for  any  debt,  damages,  costs,  or  money 
due  for  conletupt  of  any  court,  may,  within  14  d.iys  after  his  first 
detention,  petition  the  court  for  his  dischaige;  staging  in  ^uch  peti- 
tion the  particulars  of  his  arrest,  and  the  amount  of  his  debts,  and 
praying  tf)  he  discharged  not  oniyagainst  the  dem.inds  of  the  penont 
detaining  him,  but  against  all  other  creditors  having  claims  at  the 
time  of  prisenting  the  petition.  Persons  not  actually  in  custody 
within  the  walls  of  .i  priion,  and  during  the  proceedings  Ihcreon, 
are  not  emitled  to  the  benefit  of  (he  act.  In  case  of  aiokness,  how- 
ever, and  afier  an  order  for  hearing  the  petition  has  been  obtained^ 
this  condition  is  not  required. 

Notice  of  the  time  appointed  for  hearing  the  petition  most  be 
givi  n  to  all  cralitnrs  whose  debts  amouul  to  5l.j  and  he  advertised  in 
the  Limdun  iiaztttt. 

jVt  the  liiiic  of  subscribing  the  petition,  the  insolvent  executes  an 
assignment  to  the  provisional  assignee  of  the  court,  renouncing  all 
til^e  to  his  properly,  except  wearing  apparel ,  working-!ool8,  beilding, 
and  such  necessaiiesof  hims-lf  and  family  as  shall  not  exceed  the 
value  of  IQl.  Duiitig  continenient,  the  court  may  order  an  allow* 
ante  for  the  support  of  the  petilinner. 

The  filing  of  a  petition  is  an  act  of  bankniptcy,  and,  if  a  commis- 
litni  be  iiisued  within  2  calendar  months,  vacates  the  assignment : 
hut  this  does  not  stop  the  proceedings  of  the  court ;  and  any  properly 
remaining  to  the  petitioner,  after  obiainirig  his  certificate^  continues 
liable  as  if  no  cnnmiission  had  been  issueit, 

The  voluntary  preference  of  a  creditor,  by  conveyance  of  money, 
goo«N,  bills,  or  other  property,  after  the  filing  nf  the  petition,  or 
within  3  months  prior  to  the  imprisonment  of  llie  petitioner,  being 
(lien  in  insolvent  circumstances,  is  fraudulent  and  void. 

Within  14  days  affer  the  filing  of  his  peiiijon,  the  insolvent  must 
prepare  a  sthtdule  of  his  debts;  also  of  his  property  and  income 
from  every  source  whence  he  derives  benefit  or  emolument,  together 
with  ao  account  of  all  debts  owing  to  him,  the  names  of  the  debtors, 
and  their  places  of  abode.  Lastly,  the  scheiule  must  describe  the 
wearing  apparel  and  other  articles  not  exceeding  20/.  which  the  pe- 
titioner  is  allowe^l  to  retain. 

Insolvents  guilty  of  omissions  in  the  schedule,  with  intent  to  de- 
fraud creditors,  or  excepting  in  it  necessaries  to  an  amount  exceed- 
ing 20i.,  or  persons  ;is9isiiug  therein,  are  guilty  of  a  misdemeanour, 
tul'jccting  to  an  imprisonment  for  not  more  than  3  years. 

II.  The  Jlsa\s;nc£$.—K^y  time  after  the  filing  of  the  petition,  the 
court  appoints  assignees  from  among  the  creditors,  to  whom,  on 
their  arceptaitce  nf  the  appointment,  an  assignment  is  made  of  the 
etfecti  of  the  prisoner,  tn  case  of  any  real  estate,  the  same,  within 
the  space  of  6  months,  must  be  sold  by  public  auction,  in  such  man- 
ner and  place  as  the  major  part  in  value  of  the  credi'ors  approve; 
but  when  any  part  of  the  property  is  so  circumstanced  that  the 
immediate  sale  of  it  would  be  prejudicial  to  the  interests  of  the  pri- 
soner, the  court  may  direct  the  management  of  such  property  till  it 
cm  be  proixrly  sold  j  and  if  the  debts  can  be  paid  by  mortgage  in 
lieu  of  sale,  the  court  may  give  directions  for  that  purpose. 

Goods  in  possession  and  disposal  of  the  insolvent,  whereof  he  is 
reputed  owner,  are  deemed  his  nrorerty ;  hut  this  does  not  affect  the 
assignment  of  any  ship  or  vessel,  duly  registered  according  to  the  6 
Geo.  4.  c.  110. 

An  account  upon  oalh  before  an  officer  of  the  court,  or  justice  of 
peace,  must  be  made  up  by  the  assignees  within  every  3  months 
at  the  furthest ;  and  in  caie  of  a  balance  in  hand,  a  dividend  must  be 
forthwith  made,  of  which  dividend,  30  days*  previous  notice  must 
be  given  ;  and  every  creditor  is  allowed  to  snare  in  the  dividend, 
unless  objected  tn  by  the  prisoner,  assigneea,  or  other  creditors,  in 
which  case  the  court  decides. 

The  assignee!  may  execjte  powers  which  the  insolvent  might 
have  executed,  as  the  granting  nf  leases,  takini^  fines,  transferring 
puldic  slock  or  annuities  j  but  they  cannot  iioininate  to  a  vacant  ec- 
clesiastical benefice. 

The  assignees,  with  the  consent  of  one  commissioner,  and  the 
major  part  of  the  creilitors  in  value,  may  compound  for  any  debt 
due  to  the  prisoner;  or  may  submit  differences  connected  with  the 
estate  of  the  insolvent  to  arbitration. 

Dividends  payable  to  creditors,  unclaimed  for  12  months,  are  to  be 
paid  into  court  tn  the  credit  of  the  estate  of  the  insolvent;  in  default 
of  payment  nf  the  dividends  hy  the  assignees,  their  goods  may  be 
diBlnined  ;  or,  if  no  dislreas,  thev  may  be  imprisoned. 

The  assignees,  in  case  the  Insolvent  is  a  beneficed  clergyman  or 

Our  next  object  will  be  to  present  a  brief  exposition  of  the  Bankrupt  Laws, 
Bankruptcy. — Blackstone  defines  a  bankrupt — "A  trader  who  secretes  himself,  or  does 
certain  other  acts  tending  to  defraud  his  creditors."     But  an  intention  to  defraud  is  not  now 
held  to  be  essential  to  constitute  a  bankrupt;  who  may  be  either  simply  an  insolvent,  or  a 
person  who  is  guilty  of  certain  acts  tending  to  defraud  his  creditors. 

There  are,  as  already  observed,  some  important  distinctions  between  the  bankrupt  and 
insolvent  laws,  not  only  in  their  application  to  different  descriptions  of  individuals,  but 
also  in  the  powers  they  exercise  over  the  estates  of  persons  subsequently  to  their  being 
brought  under  their  adjudication.      The  benefits  of  the  Insolvent  Act  extend  without 


curate,  are  not  entitled  to  the  income  nf  the  benefice  or  cnracj :  but 
ihey  may  obtain  a  h  qucstration  of  the  profits  for  the  benefit  of  ere* 
ditors.  Neither  are  the  assignees  entitled  to  the  pay,  half-pay,  pen* 
sion,  or  other  emolument,  of  any  penoii  who  Is  or  h  is  been  in  ilie 
army,  navy,  or  civil  service  of  the  government  nr  East  India  tnni- 
p.iny  ;  but  the  court  niay  order,  suhject  to  the  .ipproval  of  the  heali 
of  public  offices,  a  |K>rtion  of  such  pay,  half  pay,  peubioo,  or  emolu- 
ments,  to  be  let  aside  towards  the  liquidation  of  the  debts  of  llie 
insolvent. 

'I  he  court  may  inquire  into  the  conduct  of  the  assignees,  on  ths 
complaint  of  the  in9')lvent  or  any  nf  his  creditors ;  and,  in  case  of 
malversation,  award  cmts  against  them. 

As<iii;ijees  who  wilfully  employ  or  retain  anjj  part  of  the  proceedi 
of  the  insolvent's  estate,  may  be  charged  with  interest,  at  a  rale  not 
exceeding  2QI.  per  cent,  per  annum. 

HI.  Ducharge  of  the  Insolvent, —On  the  day  appointed  for  hear- 
iiig  the  petition,  any  creditor  may  oppose  the  discliarge  of  the  pri* 
soner  J  and,  fnr  that  purpose,  put  such  nueslions  and  examine  surh 
witnesses,  as  the  court  shall  admit,  touching  the  matters  contained 
in  the  petition  and  schedule;  or  a  creditor  n<ay  require,  and  the 
court  direct,  that  an  oflictr  of  the  court  shall  invest igae  the  accnuntj 
of  the  prisoner,  and  report  thereon  Ih  case  the  prisoner  is  not  op- 
jKwed,  and  the  court  is  salistied  with  his  scht^iule,  it  may  ordt-r  liii 
miniediate  discharge  from  custody;  or  it  may  direct  him  to  he  de- 
tained in  custo<Iy  lor  any  term  uot  exceeding  6  moolbs,  to  he  com- 
puted from  the  time  of  filing  the  petition. 

But  if  the  prisoner  has  destroyed  his  books,  or  falsified  entries 
therein,  or  otherwise  acted  fraudulently  townrds  his  creditors,  tn 
willully  omitted  any  thing  in  his  schedule,  he  may  be  imprisciib] 
for  any  term  not  exceeding  three  years:  or  where  a  prisoner  tiai 
contractefl  debts  fraudulently,  by  means  of  a  breach  of  trust;  or  put 
creditors  to  unnecessary  expense ;  or  incurred  debts  by  means  of  :inj 
false  pretence,  or  without  probable  expectation,  at  the  lime  when 
contracted,  of  ever  paying  them  ;  or  shall  be  indebted  for  daniat:ei 
for  crimiiial  conversanon  with  the  wife,  or  for  seducing  thedaugtiifr 
or  servant  of  ihe  plaintiff';  or  for  breach  of  pmmisc  ol  marriage ;  or 
for  damages  in  any  action  for  malicious  prosecution,  lit)el,  slander, 
or  trespass :  the  court  may  imprison  for  2  years. 

The  discharge  extends  to  sums  payable  by  annuity ;  the  annuilanti 
being  admittedf  as  creditors  to  the  estate  of  the  insolvent,  at  a  fair 
valuation  of  their  interest. 

But  the  discharge  does  not  extend  to  any  debts  due  to  the  Crowu, 
nor  for  any  olfence  against  the  revenue  laws;  nor  al  mit  of  any  stiC' 
riff  or  other  public  omcer,  upon  any  bai'.-bond  entered  into  for  auj 
person  prosecuted  for  such  onence  j  unless  the  Treasury  certify  con- 
sent to  the  discharge. 

Insniveiils  under  writ  ofcapuiior  extent,  must  apply  to  thefiarou 
of  Ihe  Exchequer  to  be  discharged. 

When  the  prisoner  is  not  discharcfl,  the  court  may,  on  applica- 
tion for  ihat  purpose,  order  lhecredit(>r  at  whose  suit  he  isdetainfd 
topay  any  sum  not  exceeding  4f.  weekly;  and  in  default  of  paymeat, 
the  prisoner  to  be  lit>era(ed. 

IV.  Future  Liabilitifj  of  the  Tiitolvtnt.—FnoT  tn  adjudication  r,Q 
the  petition,  the  insolvent  is  required  to  execute  a  wartant  of  attor- 
ney, enifiowering  the  court  to  enter  up  judgment  against  him,  n 
the  name  of  the  assignees,  for  the  amount  of  the  debts  unpaid ;  and 
when  the  insolvent  is  of  suflicient  ability  to  pay  such  debts,  oris 
dead,  leaving  assets  for  the  purpose,  the  court  may  permit  execution 
tn  be  taken  out  against  the  properly  of  the  insolvent  acquired  afier 
his  discharge;  and  this  proceeding  m.iv  be  repeated  tiU  IhcwIuU 
oj  the  dcLt,  with  cvtti,  is  paid  and  »tisJied. 

Rut  unperson  after  judgment  entered  up,  is  liable  to  imprisonmeat 
for  any  debt  to  which  the  adjudication  of  the  court  extended. 

When  an  insolvent  is  entitled  to  the  benefit  of  the  act,  no  eieco- 
tion,  except  under  the  judgment  before  mentioned,  can  issue  a^aimt 
him  for  debts  contracted  prior  to  his  confinement;  but  he  may  bis 
proceeded  ai^ainst  for  a  debt  which  could  not  be  enforced  at  tlie  pe- 
riod of  his  discharge. 

An  insolvent,  after  his  discharge^  may,  on  the  applicatinn  nfis 
assignee  to  the  court,  be  again  exnmiiied  touching  the  effects  set  forth 
in  the  schedule  ;  and  if  he  refuse  to  appear  or  answer  questions,  be 
may  be  recommitted. 

Nn  uncertificated  bankrupt,  nor  auy  person  having  had  Ihe  bendt 
of  the  insolvent  act,  can  have  it  a  second  time  within  fwt.  i/ran, 
unless  3-4ths  in  nuniber  and  value  of  the  creditors  consent  thertto.ir 
unless  it  appear  tn  the  court  that  Ihe  insolvent,  since  his  bankru|)t('r 
or  discharge,  has  dnne  his  utmost  tn  pay  all  just  demands  ;  anJ  ttiVt 
the  debts  subsequently  incurred  have  been  unavoidable,  fnmi  Inabi- 
lity nthei'wise  to  acquire  subsistence  fnr  himself  and  family. 

Married  women  are  entitled  In  the  benefit  of  the  insolvent  act, 
and  may  petition  the  court  on  executing  a  special  assignment. 

The  insolvent  Act,  of  which  the  above  is  a  digest,  was  conflniifd 
by  an  art  of  the  session  of  IMO,  the  1  Will.  4.  c.  38.,  for  2  vean.  mJ 
"  from  thence  to  the  end  of  the  next  session  of  parliament.''  It  ii 
important  to  remark,  that  the  act  of  Will.  4.  prohibits,  while  the 
insolvent  acts  are  in  force,  any  deI)tor  from  being  di8charge<I  on  liii 
petition  under  the  32 Geo.  %  c.  28.,  commonly  called  the  "Lordk' 
Act." 


INSOLVENCY  AND  BANKRUPTCY. 


er 


ion  of  the 
lotvent  act 
liiB  ettects, 
ly  acquire, 

i  or  coney ;  but 
e  benefit  ur  ere- 
f,  half-pay,  pen* 
h  >«  been  in  the 
Kaat  India  Cnnt- 
ival  of  the  beaiii 
nbioD,  or  trniolu* 
the  debit  of  the 

luigneeii  on  the 
and,  in  case  of 

t  of  the  proceedi 
est,  at  a  rate  not 

winted  for  hear* 
large  cf  the  pri* 
lid  examine  surh 
natters  contaiiied 
require,  and  the 
i;a  e  the  accounti 
irisoner  is  not  op- 
it  may  order  liii 
;ct  him  to  be  rie- 
DDtbs,  to  be  com* 

p  falsified  entries 
his  creditors,  (ir 
ny  be  imprisoiieil 
re  a  prisoner  hu 
h  of  trust ;  or  put 
I  by  means  of  laj 
St  the  lime  whin 
:bted  for  daniat;es 
iicin^thediiugliier 
c  ol  marriage  j  or 
lOD,  libel,  slander, 

ty ;  the  anDuitanii 
usolvent,  at  a  fair 

due  to  the  Crowu, 
at  suit  of  any  slic- 
tared  into  for  auj 
caiury  certify  coo- 

ipply  to  the  fiarou 

may,  on  applia* 
[suit  he  is  detained 
efault  of  payment, 

I  adjudication  na  , 
ivanant  of  attor- 
a^inst  him,  tn 
lis  unpftid;  an<1 
such  debts,  or  ii 
perniil  exccvitioQ 
■  acquired  aficr 
till  lhett?/ioIi 

to  imprisonnicBt 

extended, 
he  act,  no  exetn- 

can  issue  a^aintt 
but  he  may  be 
nforced  at  the  f-o 

ippHcatinn  of  as 
he  eflects  set  forth 
wer  qucEiioiis,be 

1^  had  the  benffit 

within  five  ytarf, 
;onsent  thert'to,(T 
his  bankrn|itfy 

niands ;  aiiJ  ttut 

lable,  from  iuabi* 

'  family. 

he  insolvent  ad, 

issignment. 

st,  was  conlinoed 
,  for  2  years.  .inJ 
rliament.''    h  ii 

hibits,  while  the 
"ischarReii  on  liii 

lUed  the  "ion:*' 


self,  or  does 
is  not  now 
Ivent,  or  a 

ikrupt  and 
riduals,  but 
their  being 
Ind  without 


distinction  to  every  class  of  persona  actually  in  prison  for  debt;  the  benefits  of  the  T3ank- 
rupt  Act  extend  to  traders  only.  But  persons  relit  vcd  under  a  commission  of  bankruptcy 
for  the  first  time  are  for  ever  discharged  from  all  debts  proveable  against  them,  and  their 
property  from  any  future  liability ;  whereas,  if  relieved  under  the  Insolvent  Act,  their 
persons  only  are  protected  from  arrest,  while  any  property  they  may  subsequently  acquire 
continues  liable  to  their  creditors  till  the  whole  amount  of  their  debts  is  paid  in  full.  It 
follows  that  the  Insolvent  Act  affords  merely  a  personal  relief;  while  the  Bankrupt  Act 
discharges  both  person  and  property,  and  even  returns  the  bankrupt  a  certain  allowance 
out  of  the  produce  of  his  assets,  proportioned  to  good  behaviour,  and  the  amount  of  his 
dividend. 

Having  already  treated  of  insolvency,  we  shall  now  proceed  to  describe  the  proceedings 
under  a  commission  of  bankruptcy,  as  regulated  by  the  act  of  Lord  Brougham,  the  1  &  3 
Will.  4.  c.  56.,  and  the  6  Geo.  4.  c.  16.,  which  are  ihe  last  general  acts  on  the  8ul)ject, 
and  hy  which  former  statutes  have  been  consolidated,  and  several  important  improvements 
introduced ;  leaving,  however,  untouched,  many  of  the  radical  defects  inherent  in  this 
branch  of  the  law.  The  chief  points  to  be  considered,  are — 1.  The  persons  who  may 
become  bankrupt ;  2.  Acts  constituting  bankruptcy ;  3.  Proceedings  of  [>etilioning 
creditt>r;  4,  New  Court  of  Bankruptcy;  5.  Debts  proveable  under  the  commission; 
6.  Official  assignees ;  7.  Assignees  chosen  by  creditors ;  8.  Property  liable  under  bank- 
ruptcy ;  9.  Examination  and  liabilities  of  bankrupt;  10.  Payment  of  a  dividend  ;  U.  Cer- 
tificate and  allowance  to  bankrupt 


I.  iVfio  may  become  flan An^pf.— Generally  all  persons  in  trade, 
;  cap.ihleof  makin?  binding  contracts,  ivhethernatural-bnrn  subjects, 
;  aliens,  or  dfuizcns,  are  within  the  jurisiiiciion  of  the  banknipt  laws; 
'>  but  ilie statute  exprealy  includes  builders,  bankers,  brokers,  picket*, 
'  cirpeiiters,  scrivt-ners,  ship  insurers,  warehousemen,  wliarfinK^rs, 
[  shipwrights,  victualten;  keepers  of  inns,  taverns,  hotels  and  cotlee- 
I  bouws;  dyer?,  printers,  Ideachers,  fullers,  calendcrers,  cattle  or  sheep 
i  talesmen,  factors,  agents,  and  all  persons  who  u^e  Ihe  trade  of  mer- 
i  chandise  by  bar^ainin?,  barterinj;,  commission,  consii;nment,  and 
otherwise,  and  also  all  persons  who  seek  their  living  by  iiuyinp  and 
sellitii;,  letting  fnr  hire,  or  by  the  manufacturing  of  goods  and  com- 
j  niodjiies.  Persons  who  cannot  bec'ime  bankrupt,  are,  graziers, 
1  firmers,  workmen  for  hire,  labourers,  receivers  general  of  taxes,  and 
[fcubscnbers  to  any  commercial  or  trading  company  established  by 
I  charter  or  act  of  parliament. 

I  A  clergyman,  unl-  ss  a  trader,  cannot  be  made  a  bankrupt ;  nor  an 
I  attorney,  in  the  common  course  of  his  profession ;  nor  an  infant,  nor 
Ba  lunatic,  nor  a  married  woman,  except  in  those  cases  where  she 

5  may  be  sued  and  taken  in  execution  for  her  debts.— (H  T.  R.  .045.) 

I  A  lingle  act  of  buving  or  selling  is  not  sufficient  to  make  a  trader ; 
I  as  a  schoolmaster  seltint;  books  to  his  scholars  only,  or  a  keeper  of 
I  bounds  buying  dead  horses  and  selling  the  skin  and  bones.— (6  Moore.^ 
166.)  Rut  the  quantity  of  dealing  is  immaterial,  where  an  intention 
I  to  deal  generally  may  be  inferred.— (1  /i"«e,  S4  )    A  buyer  or  seller 

6  of  land,  or  any  interest  in  Innd,  is  not  a  trader  within  the  act ;  and  on 
Lthls  principle  it  has  been  decided,  that  a  brick  maker,  selling  bricks 
fniade  in  his  own  field,  or  the  owner  of  a  mint;  selling  minerals  from 
I  his  own  quarry^  is  not  liable,  because  such  business  is  rarrie<l  on  only 

s  a  mode  of  enjoying  the  profits  of  a  real  estate— (2  IVita  169.) 
Traders  having  privilege  of  parliament  are  subject  to  Ihe  bankrupt 
,  Lws,  and  may  be  procfeded  against  as  other  traders  :  but  such  per* 
imns  cannot  be  arrested  or  imprisoned,  cxcejit  in  cases  made  felony 
fby  (he  statute. 

'i.  Jitt  amHituting  Bntikruptcy,—  Jn  genera!,  any  act  which  is 
^ntendtd  to  ilelay  or  defraud  crediiors,  is  an  act  of  bankruptcy  ;  such 
\s  a  trailer  concealing  hinise'f  from  his  creditors,  leaving  Ihe  country, 
jaiising  hinistjf  to  tie  arres'ed  or  his  gomis  taken  in  execution,  or 
biiaking  any  fraudulent  conveyance,  gift,  or  delivery  of  his  property. 
'A  trader  keeping  house  commits  an  act  of  lankruptcy,  if  he  give  a 
getienl  order  to  be  denied.  So  is  closing  thedaor,  and  not  admitting 
H;r8'>ii9  till  ascertained  who  they  are  from  window,  though  no  actual 
Beiiial.— (1  Bar.  .V  C>«.  54  )  But  it  is  no  act  of  bankruptcy- if  the 
■enial  be  on  Sunday,  or  at  an  unseasonable  hour  of  the  night,  or  to 
prevent  interruption  at  dinner  lime. 

'Ira  ten  hel  1  in  prison  for  any  really  subsisting  debt  for  the  period 
f  21  Hays  or  who.  being  arreste<I,  m;ike  their  esca|>e  out  of  prison 
br  custody,  commit  acts  of  bankni;)tcy.  A  penalty  due  to  Ihe  Cmwn 
liasuthcientdebt,  and  the  time  is  computed  fmm  the  Hrst  arrest, 
irhere  the  party  lies  in  prison  immediately,  and  the  day  of  arrest  is 
included,  and  tfte  whole  of  the  last  day. 

Fding  a  iie'ition,  in  order  to  take  the  benefit  of  the  Insolvent  Act, 
San  act nf  bankruptcy,  and  a  fial  may  be  issued  any  tinie  before  the 
wtition  is  heard  by  the  Insolvent  Court,  or  within  2  calendar  months. 
A  trader  may  make  a  decl  iration  of  his  insolvency,  signed  and  at- 
kestid  t)y  an  attorney  or  solicitor,  and  afterwards  to  be  filed  in  Ihe 
>nikrupt  Office;  and  the  secretary  signing  a  memorandum  lheref>f, 
b  authority  for  advertising  it  in  the  Gazette.  Upon  this  act  of  bank- 
^ptty  n<i  conunission  can  i5su(\  'f  not  within  two  calendar  months 
iter  such  nlvertisenieni,  and  umuts  such  advertisement  be  within 
tilays  after  filing  declaration  ;  and  no  docket  can  be  struck  till  4  days 
Iftcf  advertisement,  if  the  conmiission  is  to  be  executed  in  lx)n{lon, 
Inil  H  if  in  the  country.  Such  declaration  of  insolvencv  t>eing  on- 
Vrted  between  banknipt  and  creditor,  does  not  invaliilate  the  com- 
^is%inn. 

The  execution  by  a  trailer  of  any  conveyance  by  deed,  of  all  his 
btatr  and  effects  for  the  l)eneftl  of  all  his  creditors,  is  not  an  act  of 
Mnkniptry,  unless  a  commisiion  be  sued  out  within  six  months 
tfler,  pmvided  the  deed  be  attested  by  an  attorney  or  solicitor,  and 
Uievuted  withm  15  days  after,  and  notice  thereof  within  2  months, 
leeiven  in  the  fJitzeffe, and  2  daily  newspapers;  or,  if  the  trader 
tesiile  more  than  50  miles  fmm  lx)ndon,  nolice  may  be  given  in  the 
Vazettr,  arid  nearest  country  newspaper. 

'  3.  /'rocefdingfo/jPstifimitnrCmftforr.-Apersonbeinga  trader. 
'ind  having  conmiitted  an  act  ot  t)aiikruptcy,  the  next  step  In  the  pro- 
eeding  is  to  petition  Ihe  Ltird  Chancellor  to  is^ue  his  fiat.  No  fiat 
I  issued,  unless  the  netilioningcreilitor's  debt,  if  \  person  or  I  firm, 
|m»unt3  to  \00l.  j  if  2  creditors,  to  150/.  ;  if  3  or  more  creditors,  to 
'.  or  upwards,    Tli«  petiUoainf  creditor  must  make  an  affidavit 


before  a  Master  in  Chancery,  nf  the  truth  of  his  debt,  and  give  Iwnd 
in  200i.  to  prove  It,  and  the  .ict  of  bankruptcy  If  the  debt  prove  in 
sufiTicient  to  support  a  ttal,  the  Ijord  Chancellor,  iipiui  Ihe  applicatioQ 
of  another  creditor  who  has  proveil  a  su/fn  ii*iit  dtbt,  contracted  pos- 
terior to  that  of  Ihe  petitioning  cnditor,  may  order  the  bankruptcy 
to  be  proceerled  in. 

The  pt-iitioning  creditor  proceeds  at  his  own  cr»t  un'il  Ihe  choice 
of  assigneiB,  when  his  expenses  arc  paid  out  of  the  hist  money  re* 
ceived  under  Ihe  bai^krnptcy. 

Creditors  entitled  to  sue  out  a  fiat  against  all  Ihe  partners  in  a 
firm,  may  elec  to  petition  only  against  one  ur  more  of  such  paitners; 
and  the  commission  may  he  superseded  as  l<i  one  or  more  partners, 
without  affecting  lis  validity  as  to  the  other  pinners. 

Creditors  who  have  sued  oul  a  fiit  compounding  wi'h  the  tfank- 
'  pt,  or  receiving  more  in  the  pound  than  other  CTedilors,  forfeit  the 

liole  of  tlieir  Jebl,  and  whatever  gratuity  they  received,  for  Ihe 
It  nefit  of  the  o'her  creditors,  and  the  l^ird  Ch-incellor  may  either 
order  the  cotnmission  to  be  prfict-eded  in  or  superseded. 

4.  A'eio  G;u»/ (// /^a«fcru;>(ry— Formerly  the  bankrupt  business 
nf  the  nietrojKilis  was  transacted  by  70  commIs>ioiiers,  appointed  Iiy 
thi*  l/ird  Chancellor.  They  received  no  regular  coillnli^8inn.  but 
derived  their  authority  from  a  letter  written  to  them  by  the  Chan- 
cellor, informing  them  o(  their  appoinlineiit.  'I"he  »  hole  proceed- 
ings under  a  town  rommissinn,  fnmi  l^s  issuing  to  the  winding  up 
of  ttie  t)ankrupt*s  afftirs,  were  managetl  by  ihrseconnnlssioners,  \vho 
ac!ed  by  rotation,  in  lists  if  5  each.  In  place  of  these  an  entire  new 
couit  has  been  substituted,  consisting  of  a  chit-f  judi^e,  uhh  3  puisne 
judges,  and  6  commissioners.  There  aie  also  2  principal  registrars, 
and  8  deputy  registrars.  The  secretary  of  bankrupts  is  also  conti- 
nued as  one  of  the  olfiL-ers  under  Ihe  new  syntem. 

The  judges,  or  any  3  of  them,  sit  as  a  Court  of  Review,  to  adju- 
dicate in  all  matters  of  bankruptcy  brought  before  Ihem,  shltject  to 
an  appeal  to  the  I.ord  Chancellor.  The  6  commisslonei^  sit  ocra- 
slonally  in  2  subdivision  courts  of  3  commissioners  each.  The 
|K>wers  of  the  single  commissioner  are  nearlv  the  same  as  the  old 
commissioners.  The  examination  of  any  bai.krunl  or  other  person, 
or  of  a  proof  of  debt,  may  be  adjourned  by  a  single  commissioner  to 
a  sui'division  court;  and  disputed  debts,  if  all  parties  consent,  may 
be  tried  hy  a  jury.  An  appeal  lies  from  a  single  ommiisinner,  or  a 
subdivision  court,  to  the  Court  of  Review;  and  a  decree  of  this 
court  Is  fitial,  unless  appealed  against  within  I  month. 

The  London  commissioners  under  the  old  law  had  a  jurisdic'ion 
for  40  miles  round  London,  which  is  continued  to  their  successors. 
Commissions  in  the  country  beyond  this  distance  were  directed  to 
barristers  or.  If  ttie^e  coulcf  not  be  bad,  tn  solicitors,  resident  near 
the  spot  where  the  commission  was  to  be  executed.  Under  the  ne« 
act,  the  judges  of  aasi7.e  name  to  the  l<onl  Chancellor  such  barristers 
and  solicitors  in  the  county  as  they  think  fit  for  the  office ;  and  if  he 
approve,  they  are  lo  apimint  Ihem  permanent  commlssirmers  for  the 
execution  of  all  bankruptcy  business  In  the  county  ;  and  fiais,  not  di- 
rected to  Ihe  Court  of  Bankruptcy  in  I<ondon,  .ire  dlrecid  to  Ihem, 

J^t  us  now  proceed  with  the  pov\ers  and  duties  of  Ihe  commis- 
sioners. 

Commissioners  are  empowered  to  summon  persons,  examine  them 
on  oath,  and  call  for  any  deals  or  documents  necejisary  to  establish 
Ihe  trading  and  act  of  bankniptcy;  and  upon  full  proof  thereof,  to 
adjudge  the  debtor  a  banknipt.  Notice  of  such  a-ijudicition  must  be 
given  in  the  Gazette,  and  3  public  uiee'ings  appointed  for  the  bank- 
runt  to  *urrenderf  the  last  of  which  meetings  to  betlie42d  day  after, 
A  liankrupt  refusing  to  attend  at  the  apiKiinted  time  may  be  appre- 
hended ;  and  on  refusing  to  answer  any  ijut-stlon  touching  his  busi- 
ness or  properly,  may  be  committed  to  prison. 

By  warrant  of  the  commissioners,  p.rsons  may  break  open  any 
house,  premises,  door,  chest,  or  tnuik  of  any  bankiupt,  and  sei/e  on 
his  body  or  property  ;  and  if  the  bankrupt  be  in  prison  or  custofly, 
they  may  seize  any  property  (necessary  wearing  apparel  excepted) 
in  the  possession  of  such  bankrupt,  or  any  other  person.  Authorizef! 
by  a  justice's  warrant,  premises  may  fie  searched  not  bebmging  lo 
the  bankrupt,  on  suspicion  of  property  being  concealed  there  ;  and 
persons  suspected  to  have  any  of  the'  bankript's  properly  in  their 
im'sessinn,  refusing  to  obey  the  summons  of  commissioners,  or  re- 
fusing b>  answer  inlerrogalorit*8,  or  to  surrender  documents,  with- 
out lawful  excuse,  may  be  imprisoned.  The  wife  of  the  bankrupt 
mav  he  examineit,  or,  on  refusal,  committed. 

l^ersons  summoned  are  entitled  to  their  expenses;  and  those 
attending,  wieflipr  summoned  or  not,  to  assist  the  commivsioners 
in  their  inquiries,  are  protected  from  arrest  on  any  civil  suit. 

6.  DeU*  provfiUiU  ttntkr  Commifiiim.— At  the  3  meetioci  ap 


i 


i 

I 


i 

! 


68 


INSOLVENCY  AND  BANKRUPTCY. 


pointed  hy  the  cnmmlssiouei^  and  at  every  other  meeting  appointed 
bv  (hem  for  proof  of  detjis,  tvery  credilrtr  may  prove  liis  debt  by 
oftiilavil  or  hy  ins  own  oiili ;  incorporated  bodies  Uy  an  SRent  aulhn- 
risKil  for  the  |itir|iose  ;  and  niie  paitner  niiy  prove  on  bfhalf  nf  (he 
firm.  Pervons  livinic  at  .1  distance  may  prove  ly  aflifhvit  before  a 
Maitcr  ill  Chancery,  or,  if  reitilenl  abroad,  before  a  nia|;istrate 
wht-re  reiiiditig,  atleaied  by  a  public  notary,  ur  Jlritish  minister  or 
const]  I: 

Clerks  and  servants,  to  whom  the  binknipt  is  indebted  for  wa^ei, 
are  enntlnl  to  («  ))ai(l  ti  ninn'hs'  wa^es  in  Jull^  and  for  the  residue 
they  may  prove  under  the  commission. 

liidt-nlurts  of  apprenticeship  are  discharged  by  bankruptcy  ;  but 
in  case  a  preniiuiu  has  been  rtceived,  the  coinmissloners  may  direct 
a  port  inn  i.t  it  to  lie  repaid  for  theu-'tenf  the  apprentice,  proportioned 
to  tlie  term  of  ippreiiticeship  unexpired. 

Deb's  upon  bill,  binxl,  no'e,  or  oiher  negotiable  security,  or  where 
Cf'dit  has  been  :;lvi'n  ui>on  valuab'e  cnnsitteMiion,  though  not  due  at 
the  tinie  the  aci  of  l-ankruptcy  was  committed,  are  proveabte  uniler 
the  conimis^inii.  Sure'it-s,  jiersnns  liable  for  the  debts  of,  or  bail  ftir 
the  bankrupt,  nny  prove  after  having  paid  such  del)(s,  if  they  have 
conlr.tcled  llie  Lability  ulihont  no;ice  of  any  act  of  bankruptcy. 
Dbliiee  in  bottnnny  or  respondentia  hondi,  antl  atsvired  in  policy 
nf  insurance,  are  attim'tpd  to  claim ;  and  after  loss,  to  prove  as  if  the 
loss  or  continieii'jy  hid  liappefted  b<  fore  commission  ha<i  issued 
a^^inst  the  obligor  "or  insurer.  Annuity  creditors  may  prove  fir  the 
value  of  their  amniities,  regard  beiii^  bid  to  the  original  cost  nf  such 
annuities.  Flam  itl'i  in  any  action  having  ubtaineil  judgment  against 
the  bankrupt,  may  prove  for  ttieir  costs. 

When  there  are  mutual  detjts  between  the  bankrupt  and  a  creditor, 
they  may  be  set  olt'  at^ainst  each  otinr,  and  the  balance,  if  in  favour 
of  the  creditor,  \<  proveible  aifain^tt  the  b.tnktupt's  estate. 

Intereti!  nny  l)epr[i\elniiall  t>illsof  exchant^cand  prnmlvsory  notes 
over  due  -Ai  tne  time  ot  i^auin^  couinii!>!iion,  up  tu  the  date  of  the  com* 
nii>sion. 

Proving  a  debt  under  the  commission,  ii  an  eirction  not  to  proceed 
accaiu^t  the  bankrupt  by  action  ;  and  in  case  'he  bankrupt  be  in  prison 
at  the  sun  of  ;i  creditor,  te  cir.not  prove  hit  debt  without  tirat  dia- 
chart^in^  the  bankrupt  fn)in  ccnilinement :  but  the  creditor  is  not  lia* 
ble  t't>r  the  costs  of  tiie  action  so  relitujuished  by  him. 

No  df^bt  barrtxi  by  the  statute  of  limiiations  is  proveable  under  the 
Conimi^iiion. 

b.  ''Jtfi''tit!  .1<s-sneff, — An  important  alteration  introduced  by  Lord 
Prou'^inni's  act.  paitituLirly  to  commercial  men,  is  the  appointment 
of  oliicial  assii^necs.  They  are  30  in  number,  merchants  and  triidtrs 
resident  in  the  metropidis  or  vicinity  ;  and  are  selected  by  t'li,  I^ord 
ClitncedDf.  They  are  lo  act  with  Iheassii^nees  chosen  by  the  creitit* 
ors.  All  the  real  and  personal  estates  of  the  banktupt,  all  the  mo- 
niei,  stock  in  the  public  fun  Is,  s>-curities  and  proceeds  nf  sale,  are 
traiisitrred  and  ves'ed  in  the  oflicial  assiifnee,  subject  to  the  rules, 
order*,  and  direction  of  the  I/ird  Chancellor,  or  a  member  of  the 
Court  of  Rinkriiptcy.  The  nt!icial  assignee  jjives  security  for  the 
trust  reposed  in  him  ;  and  is  required  to  deposit  all  monies,  securi- 
ties, &c.  ill  the  Rank  of  Kn^lanl. 

The  (dlicial  assinnee  is  neither  reii'unerated  liy  a  percentage  nor  a 
fixed  salary,  I'Ut  a  sum  is  [laid  to  him  for  his  troiJble,at  the  discretion 
of  the  Cimnnissioners.  au-l  proporliuned  to  the  estates  of  the  bank- 
rupt an:l  the  duties  discharged. 

7.  Jifipointuunt  of^issiif^nees  by  Crediton. — The  official  assit^i.c-e 
isempoweTed  to  .act  as  the  sole  assignee  of  the  bankrupt's  estates  and 
eiiVcts  until  others  are  chosen  by  cnxiitors,  which  must  be  at  the  2tl 
flieelin;.  Every  crciitor  lo  the  amount  nf  10/.,  who  has  proven  his 
dt  b!,  is  eliirdde  to  vole  ;  persons  may  be  au'horised  by  letters  of  at- 
torney to  vote,  and  the  choice  is  made  by  the  major  part  in  value 
of  the  credi'ors:  but  the  commissioners  may  reject  any  person  they 
deem  untit ;  upon  which  a  new  choice  mu-.t  be  made. 

W'ht'ii  fudy  1  or  more  partners  of  a  tirni  are  bankrupt,  a  creditor 
to  the  whole  (irm  is  entitle  I  to  vote,  and  lo  assent  to  or  dissent  from 
the  certificate  i  hut  such  creditor,  unless  a  petitioning  creditor,  can- 
nnt  receive  anv  dividend  out  of  the  separ.ite  estate,  until  all  the  other 
creditors  are  jwid  in  full. 

A>si|<iu't*s  niay,  with  consent  of  crediton  declared  at  any  meeting 
duly  siijumuned,  rtmipound  or  submit  disputes  to  arbitration,  and 
itucti  reference  be  made  a  rule  of  the  Court  of  ftinkruplcy,  or  they 
may  cninmence  suits  inequity;  but  If  1  iJd  in  value  of  creditors  do 
not  attend  such  mee<in^,  the  same  powers  are  giauted  to  a&si^nees 
with  the  consent,  in  »  ritini,  of  commissioners. 

Assi^nee.sto  keep  a  bo  k  of  account,  where  shall  he  entered  a  state- 
ment of  all  receipts  and  payments  relating  to  bankrupt's  estate,  and 
which  nny  be  inspected  liy  any  creditor  who  has  proved.  Cotnniis- 
sioni  rs  may  suminmi  assignees,  wilti  their  books  and  papers,  before 
them  ;  and  if  they  refuse  lo  attend,  may  cause  them  to  be  committed 
tiil  they  oitf.y  the  summons. 

An  a>^ij;nee  retaining  or  employing  the  money  of  the  bankrupt  to 
the  aniDunt  of  10:)/.  or  upwards,  for  his  owii  advantage,  may  be 
charged  Ji'/.  per  cent,  interest. 

Cmnmi-wioiiers  at  the  last  examination  of  bankrupt,  lo  appoint  a 
public  meeting,  not  so  iner  lliar*  4  calendar  monllihafter  issuing  com- 
mission, nor  later  than  6  calendar  months  from  last  examination,  of 
which  21  iliys'  i.nti(.-e  must  Ife  eiven  in  'he  Gazette,  to  audit  the  ac- 
counts of  the  assiijnee ;  which  accounts  may  be  delivered  on  oath, 
und  the  couimissiuners  may  examine  the  assignee  touching  the  truth 
thiTefif. 

8.  Prnprrlu  lia'k  ^ttidrr  Uayikntptnf.—Thii  oflUcial  assijnee  is 
ves'ed  with  all  the  nal  ami  personal  estate  of  the  bankrupt,  and 
wdh  all  such  property  as  may  be  devised  to  him,  or  come  into  his 
postiession,  till  th--  lime  he  obtain  his  certificate.  The  commissioners 
may  sell  any  real  property  of  which  the  bankrupt  is  seised,  or  any 
estate  tail,  in  p  >sse\sion.  reversion,  or  n-mainder;  and  the  sile  is 
good  aijaiiist  (ht*  bankrupt,  the  issue  of  his  brnly,  and  .agPinst  all  per- 
sons claiming  under  tiirnaf  er  he  became  bankrupt,  or  whom  by  tine, 
common  rrcnvery,  or  other  means,  he  can  cut  offfrom  any  futiire  in- 
terest. All  properly  which  the  bankrupt  has  in  rieht  of  his  wile 
pisses  to  the,  assignee,  except  such  as  is  settled  for  her  own  sole  be- 
nt (it.  Any  property  pie  l/ed,orsecurtties  dt[>08ited,may  be  redeemed 
for  the  bent  tit  of  the  crediton. 

If--*  banknipt,  beinj  at  the  time  insolvent,  convev  his  hnd  or  goods 
to  hii  ehil  Iren  or  oihers  (except  upon  their  marnnge,  Oi  for  a  valui. 
Me  consideration),  or  deliver  i-ecurilies,  or  transfer  debts  into  other 
names,  such  tran».ar'ions  are  void. 

A  lantlorl  alter  or  out  of  binknirtry,  cannot  distrain  for  more 
than  OMC  yeoT's  rent ;  but  he  may  prove  under  the  commission  for 
the  r  si  iue. 

The  assignee  may  accept  any  lease  to  which  the  bankrupt  is  enti- 
tled, and  his  an-eplanre  exonerates  the  bankrupt  fnmi  any  future 
Jubitiiy  for  rent  j  or  if  the  ^u^igitw  decline  the  lease,  and  the  bank* 


mnt,  within  U  dayi  afler^deliver  the  leaie  to  th«  le«or,h«  !i  not 
lianle  for  rent.  .        ,      ,  „ 

In  general,  all  power  which  the  banknipt  might  lawfully  execute 
in  the  sale  anil  disposition  of  his  property  for  the  benefit  of  tumielf, 
may  be  executed  by  the  assignee  for  the  benefit  of  crediton. 

All  contracts,  conveyances,  and  transactions,  by  or  with  any  bank, 
rnpt,  and  all  executions  and  attachments  levied,  without  notice  of  an 
actof  bankruptcy,  for  more  than  two  months  before  the  issuing  tii 
the  conimis5ion,'iire  vai'd.  All  payments  whatever,  either  ^yor  (0 
the  bankrupt,  without  notice  of  an  act  of  bankruptcy,  are  pn.ti-ct&i 
down  to  the  dale  nf  the  commission;  and  purctiaseri  for  valuablj 
considerations,  with  tiolice,  cannot  Im;  molested,  unless  a  comniission 
issue  within  12  months  after  Ihe  act  of  bankruptcy. 

The  circumstance  of  a  commission  appearing  in  the  Gazette^  and 
a  fair  presumption  that  the  person  to  be  atfected  thereby  may  have 
seen  the  same,  is  deemed  sutlicient  legal  notice  of  an  act  of  baiik- 
ruptcy  having  been  ctuiimilted. 

9.  /.'XrtmnmtiOTi  and  Ltahilitia  of  JJavkntpt.—A  bankrupt,  n».l 
surrendering  to  the  commissioners  before  3  o'clock  upon  Ihe  4^d  rf^y 
after  notice,  or  not  making  discovery  of  his  estate  and  effects,  not  de- 
livering up  goods,  books,  papers,  &c.,  or  removing  or  embeyzlmgtft 
the  value  of  10/.,  is  guilty  nf/Woiii/,  and  liable  to  a  riiscretiuiiarr 
punishmei.t,  from  impiisonment  tr>  transportation  for  life.  Tlie 
period  for  surrendering  maybe  enlarred  by  the  I<ord  Chancellor; 
and  the  com mi-si oners,  or  assignees  wiih  approval  of  commiisioneR, 
may  grant  an  allowance  for  support  of  the  bankrupt  and  his  fanuli 
till  be  has  pahsed  his  last  examination.  During  his  atlendauce  oij 
commissioners,  the  bankrupt  is  protected  from  arrest. 

The  bankrupt  is  required  to  deliver  up  his  books  of  account  tn  the 
assignees  upon  oath,  and  to  attend  them  on  reasonable  notice;  iie 
may  inspect  his  .accounts,  assisted  by  other  persons,  in  presence  ci 
assignee.  After  certiiicate  is  allowed,  he  is  required  \fi  alleml  ». 
signtea,  in  settling  accounts,  at  5*.  per  day ;  and  may  be  conm.iitei 
fur  non-attendance. 

A  penalty  of  100/.  is  imposed  on  persons  concealing  bankrupts' ef. 
fects,  and  double  the  value  of  the  properly  so  concealed  ;  ai.d  « 
allowance  of  5/.  per  cent,  to  persons  discovering  such  conceahiier.', 
with  such  further  reward  as  the  major  part  of  the  credilora  njy 
think  lit  to  grant. 

The  bankrupt,  or  any  other  person,  wilfully  swearing  falsely,  s 
liable  to  the  i)enallie8  of  perjury. 

If  the  bmkrupt  intend  to  dispute  the  commission,  he  must  prespiii 
a  petition  to  the  Court  of  Review  within  2  calendar  months;  or, if 
out  of  the  United  Kingdom,  within  Ii2. 

At  any  meeting  of  cre<litors,  after  the  last  examination,  thcbant 
nipt  or  "his  friends  may  taukr  a  cnmjwi\tion ;  which,  if  acceptc) 
by  9-lOths  in  number  and  value  of  the  creditors,  at  2  separate  met'- 
ings,  the  I^ird  Chancellor  may  supeisede  Ihe  comniission.    Ind^.^, 
ciding  on  such  olfer,  creditors  under  20/.  are  not  entitled  to  vole;  but  i?j3 
their  debts  are  computed  in  value.    Persons  residing  out  of  Enirla«  ; 
may  vote  by  letter  (»f  attorney,  properly  attested  ;  and  the  bank.uf;  ' 
may  he  required  to  make  oath  that  no  unfair  means  have  been  enj. 
ployed  to  (.btain  the  assent  nf  any  creditor  to  such  arrangement. 

10.  Payment  of  a  /)iwV/«irf.— Not  sooner  than  4,  nor  laler  tha 
12  calendar  months,  the  conmiissioners  are  to  appoint  a  public  ictet- 
ing,  of  which  21  days'  previous  notice  must  be  given  in  Ihe  Gazctit. 
to  make  adiviilend  ;  and  at  which  meetin?,  creditors  who  have  w. 
proverl,  may  prove  their  debts;  and  at  such  meeting  commiMionen 
may  onler  the  nett  pnKJucenf  bankrupt's  estate  lo  be  shared  .miM, 
thecreditors  that  have  proved,  in  proportion  to  their  debts:  but  l, 
dividend  tn  be  declared  unless  the  accoun's  of  the  assignees  lir,( 
been  first  audited  and  delivered  in  as  before  described. 

If  the  estate  is  not  whnlly  divide  I  upon  a  first  dividend,  a  sccnri! 
meeting  must  be  called,  not  liter  than  IS  months  from  the  (!i!e-i 
commission  ;  and  the  dividend  declared  at  such  secfuid  meeting  to l* 
final,  unless  ^ome  suit  at  law  be  pending,  or  some  part  of  baLkrtij.  1 

Iiroperty  afterwards  accrue  to  Ihe  assignees  ;  in  which  case  it  ritw 
)e  shared  among  the  creditors  within  2  montlis  after  it  is  converei 
into  money. 

A  viignees  having  nnclaimed  dividends  to  the  amnnnt  nf  .'iC/.int;:, 
do  not,  within  2  calendar  mnnllis  from  the  expiration  of  a  year  fra 
the  orrler  of  payment  of  such  dividends,  either  pay  them  to  theirs 
ditnn  entitled  thereto,  or  cause  a  certificate  thereof  to  be  file.l  mi-j 
nankru|)t's  Office,  with  the  names.  &c.  of  the  parties  to  whrcn  .'.x 
shall  be  charged  with  legal  interest  (rom  the  time  the  cer'ifirrt 
ought  to  have  been  filed,  and  such  further  sum,  not  exceeili!ii{  20i.[t 
cent,  per  annum,  as  the  commissioners  think  fit.  The  L'lnl  (hi:- 
eel  lor  niay  order  Ihe  investment  nf  unclaimed  dividends  in  th-'fimi, 
and  after '3  years  the  samemay  bedividetl  among  the  other  crctiion 
No  actioii  can  be  brought  against  assignees  for  any  dividenij;  'in 
remedy  being  by  petition  tn  Ihe  LonI  Chancellor. 

11.  Certificate  ami  JlllnuJance  to  Bankrupt.— The  hnn]iry)i-\v^'' 
has  surrendered,  and  conformed  in  all  things  to  the  provi^iollSflf•U 
baiikrupt  laws,  is  discharged  by  the  certiiicate  from  all  debts  aitJ  ^ 
mands  proveable  under  the  commission  ;  but  this  doej  noi  tii^chtm 
Ids  partner,  or  one  jointly  bound,  or  in  joint  contract  with  hmus^-f 
does  it  bar  a  debt  clue  to  'he  ('rown. 

The  certificate  must  be  signed  by  4-5ths  in  number  and  \-^\>:<"i 
creditors  who  have  prrved  debts  (o  the  amount  of  20/.  or  npwtr^?; 
or,  after  6  calendar  mtmlhs  from  last  examination,  ihen  eittifr^i 
3-51  lis  in  number  and  value,  or  by  9-lOths  in  number.  Ttietank- 
rupt  must  make  oath  the  certificate  was  obtainei  wiiboat  fraiiJ;iji 
any  creditors  may  be  heard  before  it  is  finally  allowed  bylhel/jK 
t'hancellor.  Any  contract  or  security  given  to  rhiaiu  sigualurci 'j 
the  certificate,  is  void. 

A  bankrupt,  after  obtaining  his  certificaie,  cannot  he  arreslej  h 
any  debt  proveable  under  the  commission  ;  nor  is  he  liable  tfiH',«fr 
any  debt  from  which  he  is  discliarge'l,  upon  any  promise,  Cdiiia". 
or  agreenient,  unless  made  in  writing. 

Iti  case  a  i)er8on  has  been  bankrupt  before,  or  compotin.ieil  «i'i 
his  creditors,  or  taken  benefit  of  Insolvent  Act,  unless  theesti-efr* 
duce  l')j.  in  the  |>ound,  the  certificate  only  protects  Ihe  pervitif^ 
bankrupt  from  arrest ;  and  any  future  pn)periy  he  ac(|uin'S  tiuyt* 
seized  by  assignees  for  benefit  nf  creditors. 

If  Ihe'prolureof  bankrupl*s  est.ate  does  not  amount  to  lOt.  in'^i 
imund,  he  is  otdy  all"  wed  o  it  of  the  assets  so  much  asassi.Tft'^'.*  i 
til,  not  exceeding  3  per  ce'it.,  or  .100/.  in  'he  whole  ;  it  i*  \<r<  1-t 
lOt  fy  per  cent.,  not  exceedi  ig  400/.  ;  if  1/t.  6r/.  is  paid  in  tin'  [".n: 
7  1-2  per  cen'.,  not  exceeding  /MtO/. ;  if  l.'ij  in  the  imunl  ii'lu.- 
wards,  10  per  cetit.  and  not  exceeding  6tX)/.  tine  partner  umv  rt^^r-i  - 
h's  allowance,  if  entitled,  from  Ihe  joint  and  his  separa'e  ti'rt.  |, 
though  the  others  are  not  entitled. 

A  bankrupt  is  not  entitled  tn  certificate  or  allowance,  if  lie  In"'"^  I 
by  gaming  or  watering,  in  I  day,  20/.,  or  within  I  yearnext  |)m<'i '( [ 
his  luukruptcy,  20U/.;  or  200/.  by  Btuck-jubbiug  in  the  same  i>er:> 


er,  iQ  eonfemplation 
books,  or  concealed  p 
having  proved  a  fala 
being  privy  thereto,  o 
closed  it  to  his  asaigne 
ijutly,  upon  reques 

I.  Acco 


Tean. 

Commii- 

iioni. 

1790 

747 

1791 

769 

1792 

9,')4 

1793 

1,9.')6 

1794 

1,041 

1795 

879 

n.  Accnunt  of  thi 
IHSSbnttiinclud 
Comniissions  ai 


Vein. 

Commiss 

italoJ 

1H22 

1,4H 

18-23 

1,25( 

1821 

1,24( 

1825 

1,475 

1826 

3,307 

1827 

l,fi»8 

1828 

i,5ia 

1829             2,150 

1830             1,720 

Tnlal  comm 

Total  town  i 

Total  counti 

HI.  Total  Viimber 

Debtors  since  th( 

orileretl  to  he  de 

of  Insolvent  Debt 

tf.  B.-The  Court  mikc 

Tan. 

Ord 

In  London. 

1820              830 

1821 

2,347 

1822 

2,074 

1823 

1,811 

1824 

1,745 

1825 

1,955 

1826 

2,429 

1827           1,92!) 

1828           1,913 

1829           2,067 

IS.W           2,0.56 

1831            1,553 

Totals  I     22,709 

[By  the  constitut 

brm  laws  on  the  su 

Ivor,  has  only  been 

y  bankruptcy  was  ] 

he  end  of  the  nex 

|803. 

The  power  of  Co 

'0  long  as  Congress 

nounts  to  the  same 

DC  obligation  of  cor 

Ivalid  as  to  all  coat 

llicr  states  are  par 

fd.] 

INSURANCE,  a 

J[im,  to  insure  anoth( 
tm  the  risk,  is  called 
Isurance  is  called  thi 
Tsirument  conlaiain) 


INSURANCE. 


enor^he  U  not 

iwfulWciecute 
ntfit  of  hiniteir, 
diton. 

wittianybnnk* 
lout  notice  of  an 
•e  the  isauiD^  nl 
,  eilher  ^yor  to 
y,  are  pnitecled  ,., 
ert  for  valuable  J 
»8  a  coroniiuion 

the  Gazttte,  and 
lereby  niay  have 
an  act  uC  baok' 

-A  bankrupt,  nM 
upon  the  42d  d^y 
nd  effects,  lint  d«- 
or  enihezzliriKh 
;o  a  riiscrelioiiarv 
n  for  life,  lu 
lAifd  Chancellor; 
of  con»nu«i(irirni, 

ftt  ami  hU  family 
lis  attendaucc  ou 
est. 

i  of  account  to  \U 
onable  nftice;  i,e 
ns,  in  presence  ci 
lircd  tp  atlciul  at- 
ntay  be  conui.itie: 

iling  bankrupt' tf. 
conceal«i  J  ai.«l  \z 
such  coiiceahi.er.', 
the  creditors  nay 

iwearing  falsely,!! 

in,  he  must  present 
(Jar  months;  or, if 

mination,  the  hni. 
which,  if  acrf]i!tl 
at  i  reparate  lueti. 
omniissinn<  In  ^• 
entitled  tovntt;;l.: 
LJini;  out  of  Eti^hm 
,  J  and  the  hank.'ii: 
eans  have  btren  em- 
h  arrangemcnl. 
an  4,  nor  later  thu 
ipoint  a  public  hirtt. 
;ive:;  in  the  Gizcttt. 
ililors  who  have  d'' 
etinKcommisiinnfri 
(o  1)0  shared  aniv.r.; 
their  debts;  Lul  l 
the  assignees  liin 
■rihed. 

.  dividend,  a  semi 
!)s  from  llu;  i\vx-i 
j(;cnTid  nieelincio^* 
te  part  (if  bai.kruii 
;  uhich  case  it  niw 
lafter  it  is  convere. 

Imountnf  '>^I.,wV 
Jaticn  of  a  yeirfra 
lay  them  tolliefr*. 
eof  lo  he  fi!t\l  m  !•< 
Lrties  to  whom  'uc, 
Itime  the  rernfi-ie 
|otexceeillns20(.jT 
The  Lttrd  thw- 
idends  inlli^'fimi; 
Iheothercrfiit^a 
any  dividend;  1* 

-The  bankrupt  w^i  , 
Ihe  pr'>vi^ionsflf'U  - 
Vni  all  deb's  auJ  it- 
Is  does  n"t  ilischirn 
litract  With  liini.iw 

limber  an'l  val^ip^^ 
lof  20/.  or  upwir*; 
linn,  Vhen  either  d 
lumber.  Ttu'  tact 
vilhniit  fraud  :iil 
lUowed  by  tlie!^ 
Tbiain  signattimy 

linnt  be  arresti-]  ft 

|s  he  Iml'le  t'lsv* 

I  promise,  nuiinf. 

|r  comp*)iin'le(i  wi'i 
Inless  theesi:t'ep 
Itecls  the  permnf^ 
■he  acipiircs  rmyti 

liiounttolOr  in'^  . 
ThasassizneeMl'i 
Ihnle  ;  if  i'  |in^I^«  ; 
J  paid  in  the  |>"Utrt.  t; 
■the  pnun'l  aniiufj 
tarlner  mavrwwt  e 
■his  scpara'e  «'»!' 

,vanfr.  ifliPl'^'''*! 
lyearneitpreftrll 
111  the  fcuiiepeiiN,  ■ 


nr  in  contemplation  of  bankruptcy,  hai  lottroyed  or  faliifled  his 
hnoks  or  conruated  property  lo  amount  of  10/, ;  or,  if  any  perwn 
haviiiK  proved  a  false  debt  under  the  commission,  such  bankrupt, 
beiiu  privy  thereto,  or  afterwanii  knowing  the  same,  has  not  dis- 
tluietJ  It  to  hiiaaiiguees  w't'i'"  I  mon'h  after  such  knowledge. 
Lastly  upon  request  by  the  bauknipt,  the  official  assignee  is  re- 


quired to  declare  to  him  how  he  hat  disposed  of  hii  property,  ind 
account  to  him  Tor  the  surplus,  if  any  :  but  Ufore  any  surplus  can 
be  admiileH,  interest  must  be  paid,  first,  on  all  debli  pnwed  that 
carry  interest,  at  the  rate  payable  (hereon  ;  and  next,  upon  all  other 
debtSf  at  the  rate  of  iL  per  ceut.,  to  be  calculated  from  the  date  of 
the  coniDiiuiou* 


I.  Account  of  the  Number  of  Commissions  of  Bankruptcy  issued  from  1790  to  1821. 


Yoin. 

Cfimmii- 

Vein. 

Com  mis- 

Yeir.. 

Comiris* 

Yean. 

Cnmmi8> 

Yean. 

Cnmmis* 

Yean. 

Commii- 

■lUIIt. 

iioni. 

lions. 

iioni. 

1790 

747 

1796 

954 

1812 

1,090 

1807 

1,362 

1812 

2,228 

1817 

1.927 

17SI 

769 

1797 

1,115 

180;' 

1,214 

1808 

1,433 

1813 

1,953 

1818 

1,215 

l"!r2 

934 

1798 

911 

1804 

1,117 

1809 

l,3--2 

1814 

1,612 

1819 

1,499 

n!)3 

1,956 

1799 

717 

1805 

1,129 

1810 

2,314 

1815 

2,284 

1820 

1,381 

1794 

1,041 

1800 

951 

1806 

1,268 

1811 

2,500 

1816 

2,731 

1821 

1,238 

17!)5 

879 

1801 

1,199 

II.  Account  of  the  Number  of  Commissions  of  Banl<rupt  and  Fiats  issued  each  Year,  from  1822  to 
1H32  both  included  ;  distinguishing  Town  Commissioners  nnd  Piuts,  and  showing  how  many  Country 
Commissions  and  Fiats  were  opened  in  each  Year.— (ruri.  Paper,  No.  342.  Sess.  1833.) 


Yein. 

1822 
1823 
1821 
1825 
1826 
1827 
1828 
1829 
1830 

Commisiiont 
scaleJ. 

Town  Commii. 
aious  opened. 

Country  Commls- 
lioii^  opened. 

Yean. 

ComuiissioDl 
•ealed. 

Town  Commis-    Country  Cnmmis- 
•innj  opened.     |     tioia  opened. 

1,419 
1,250 
1,240 
1,475 
3,307 
1,688 
1,519 
2,150 
1,720 

468 
59^ 
574 
683 
1,229 
671 
601 
809 
661 

534 
396 
396 
448 
1,220 
742 
620 
910 
748 

1831 

1832 

Corns. 

Fiats 

1,866 

61 
1,661 
1,772 

692 

20 
623 
643 

7,563 

770 

37 
703 
740 

7,524 

19,376 

Total  commissions  and  hats  sealed  and  signed  in  the  above  period          -           -    19,376 
Total  town  commissions  and  fiats  opened    -.--..      7,563 
Total  country  commissions  and  fiats  opened           .....      7,524 

III.  Total  Number  of  Persons  discharged  from  Prison  under  the  Acts  for  the  Relief  of  Insolvent 
DKbtnrs  since  the  Constitution  of  the  present  Court  in  1820;  and  the  Number  who  have  been 
ordered  to  be  detained  in  Custody  for  contravening  the  Provisions  of  the  Acts  for  the  Relief 
o(  Insolvent  Debtors.— (PaW.  Paper,  No.  141,  Sess.  1831,  and  Papers  published  by  Board  of  Trade.) 

H,  j.— The  Court  ni>ke«  no  orden  of  detention  ;  and  the  following  Table  shows  all  the  judgments  given  to  the  30th  of  June,  IK3I. 


Ordered  lo  be  JiKbuficd  a<itknllh. 

ordered  to  be  diwiiarged  at  some  future 

Period. 

Total. 

Yean. 

In  London. 

On  Circuit. 

Before 

Justices. 

Total. 
2,325 

In  London. 

On  Circuit. 

Before 
Justices. 

Total. 

1820 

830 

none. 

1,495 

61 

none. 

96 

Sl57 

2,482 

1821 

2,347 

none. 

2,516 

4,863 

219 

none. 

208 

427 

5,290 

1822 

2,074 

none. 

2,499 

4,573 

161 

none. 

221 

382 

4,955 

1823 

1,811 

none. 

2,047 

3,858 

HI 

none. 

202 

383 

4,241 

1824 

1,745 

388 

1,255 

3,318 

It. 

18 

115 

275 

3,593 

1825 

1,955 

1,342 

73 

3,370 

126 

161 

8 

295 

3,665 

1S26 

2,429 

1,865 

89 

4,383 

no 

183 

5 

298 

4,681 

1827 

1,929 

1,988 

89 

4,006 

90 

128 

10 

228 

4,234 

1828 

1,913 

1,450 

112 

3.475 

127 

131 

6 

264 

3,739 

1829 

2,067 

1,580 

100 

3,747 

158 

152 

10 

320 

4,067  • 

1830 

2,056 

1,823 

111 

3,990 

189 

191 

0 

389 

4,379 

18.11 

1,553 

2,031 

135 

3,719 

159 

178 

8 

345 

4,064 

Totals 

22,709 

12,397 

10,521 

45,627 

1,723 

1,142 

898 

3,763 

49,390 

[By  tlie  constitution  of  the  United  States  "  Congress  shall  have  power  to  establish  uni- 

brm  laws  on  the  subject  of  bankruptcies  through  the  United  Slates."     This  power,  how- 

Ivcr,  has  only  been  exercised  for  a  very  short  period.     An  act  establishing  a  uniform  system 

If  bankruptcy  was  passed  on  April  4th,  1800.    It  was  limited  to  five  years,  and  thence  to 

De  end  of  the  next  session  of  Congress,  but  was  repealed  by  the  act  of  December  19th, 

1803. 

The  power  of  Congress  in  respect  to  bankruptcies  has  been  adjudged  not  to  be  exclusive. 

I  long  as  Congress  refuse  to  exercise  it,  the  respective  states  may  pass  bankrupt,  or,  what 

nounts  to  the  same  thing,  insolvent  laws ;  but  such  laws  must  not  be  of  a  nature  to  impair 

ke  obligation  of  contracts  made  prior  to  their  passage.     State  insolvent  laws  are,  moreover, 

kvalid  as  to  all  contracts,  whether  prior  or  posterior  to  their  existence,  to  which  citizens  of 

llipr  states  are  parlies. — See  Kent's  Commentaries  on  American  Law,  Sect.  37. — Am, 

U] 

INSURANCE,  a  contract  of  indemnity,  by  which  one  party  engages,  for  a  stipulated 

|im,  to  insure  another  against  a  risk  to  which  ho  is  exposed.    The  party  who  takes  upon 

Em  the  risk,  is  called  the  Insurer,  Assurer,  or  UnderwrHer ;  and  the  party  protected  by  the 

purance  is  called  the  Insured,  or  Assured  ,•  the  sum  paid  is  called  the  Premium  ,•  and  the 

strument  containing  the  contract  is  called  the  Policy, 


! 


! 


'A 


70 


INSURANCE  (PRINCIPLES  OF). 


I.  Insurance  (General  Prikciples  of). 
11.  Insuhance  (Maiiine). 

III.  Insurance  (Fire). 

IV.  Insurance  (Life). 


I.  Insurance  (General  Principles  of). 

It  is  the  duty  of  government  to  assist,  by  every  means  in  its  power,  the  efforts  cf  indivj. 
duals  to  protect  their  property.  Losses  do  not  always  arise  from  accidental  circumstancen, 
but  are  frequently  occasioned  by  the  crimes  and  misconduct  of  individuals ;  and  there  are 
no  means  so  ellectual  for  their  prevention,  when  they  arise  from  this  source,  as  the  establish. 
meut  of  a  vigilant  system  of  police,  and  of  such  an  administration  of  the  law  as  may  be 
calculated  to  all^rd  those  who  are  injured  a  ready  and  cheap  method  of  obtaining  every 
practicable  redress ;  and,  as  far  as  possible,  of  insuring  the  punishment  of  culprits.  But  in 
despite  of  all  that  may  be  done  by  government,  and  of  the  utmost  vigilance  on  the  part  of 
individuals,  property  must  always  be  exposed  to  a  variety  of  casualties  from  fire,  shipwreck, 
and  other  unforeseen  disasters.  And  hence  the  importance  of  inquiring  how  such  unavoiil. 
able  losses,  w'l-^n  they  do  occur,      ly  be  rendered  least  injurious. 

The  loss  of  a  ship,  or  the  conflagration  of  a  cotton  mill,  is  a  calamity  that  would  press 
heavily  even  on  the  richest  individual.  But  were  it  distributed  among  several  individuals, 
each  would  feel  it  proportionally  less ;  and  provided  the  number  of  those  among  whom  it 
was  distributed  were  very  considerable,  it  would  hardly  occasion  any  sensible  inconvenipnre 
to  any  one  in  particular.  Hence  the  advantage  of  combining  to  lessen  the  injury  arisin; 
from  the  accidental  destruction  of  property  :  ""d  it  is  the  difl'usion  of  the  risk  of  loss  over  a 
wide  surface,  and  its  valuation,  that  forms  the  ^.nployment  of  those  engaged  in  insurance. 

Though  it  bo  impossible  to  trace  the  circumstances  which  occasion  those  events  that  are, 
on  that  account,  termed  accidental,  they  arc,  notwithstanding,  found  to  obey  certain  law?, 
The  number  of  births,  marriages,  and  deaths;  the  proportions  of  male  to  female,  and  of  leji. 
timate  to  illegimate  births ;  the  ships  cast  away ;  the  houses  burned ;  and  a  vast  variny 
of  other  apparently  accidental  events;  are  yet,  when  our  experience  embraces  a  sufficiently 
wide  field,  found  to  be  nearly  equal  in  equal  periods  of  time:  and  it  is  easy,  from  obscrva. 
tions  made  upon  them,  to  estimate  the  sum  which  an  individual  should  pay,  either  to  gua- 
rantee his  property  from  risk,  or  to  secure  a  certain  sum  for  his  heirs  at  his  death. 

It  must,  however,  be  carefully  observed,  that  no  confidence  can  be  placed  in  such  esij- 
mates,  uidess  they  are  deduced  from  a  very  wide  induction.  Suppose,  for  example,  it  liap- 
pens,  that  during  the  present  year  one  house  is  accidentally  burned,  in  a  town  containin; 
1,000  houses;  this  would  afford  very  little  ground  for  presuming  that  the  average  proliabj. 
lily  of  fire  in  that  town  was  as  I  to  1,000.  For  it  might  be  found  that  not  a  single  hnuse 
had  been  burned  during  the  previous  10  years,  or  that  10  were  burned  during  each  of  this 
years.  But  supposing  it  were  ascertained,  that,  on  an  average  of  10  years,  1  house  had  Iwei 
annually  burned,  the  presumption  that  1  to  1,000  was  the  real  ratio  of  the  probability  of  lire 
would  be  very  much  strengthened  ;  and  if  it  were  found  to  obtain  for  20  or  30  years  tigether, 
it  might  be  held,  for  all  practical  purposes  at  least,  as  indicating  the  precise  degree  of  proba- 
bility. 

Besides  its  being  necessary,  in  order  to  obtain  the  true  measure  of  the  probability  of  anr 
event,  that  the  series  of  events,  of  which  it  is  one,  should  be  observed  for  a  rather  lenglheneil 
period,  it  is  necessary  also  that  the  events  should  be  numerous,  or  of  pretty  frequent  occu,'' 
fence.  Suppose  it  were  found,  by  observing  the  births  and  deaths  of  1,000.000  individns!' 
taken  indiscriminately  from  among  the  whole  population,  that  the  mean  duration  of  human 
life  was  40  years;  we  should  have  but  very  slender  grounds  for  concluding  that  tiiisraii) 
would  hold  in  the  case  of  the  next  10,  20,  or  50  individuals  that  are  born.  Such  a  niimlw 
is  so  small  as  hardly  to  admit  of  the  operation  of  what  is  called  the  Iwo  of  average.  Wliea 
a  large  number  of  lives  is  taken,  those  that  exceed  the  medium  term  are  balanced  by  those 
that  fall  short  of  it;  but  when  the  number  is  small,  there  is  comparatively  little  room  for  lie 
principle  of  compensation,  and  the  result  cannot,  therefore,  be  depended  upon. 

It  is  found,  by  the  experience  of  all  countries  in  which  censuses  of  the  population  iiive 
been  taken  with  considerable  accuracy,  that  the  number  of  male  children  born  is  to  that  of 
female  children  in  the  proportion  nearly  of  22  to  21.  But  unless  the  observations  be  maili 
on  a  very  large  scale,  this  rcsidt  will  not  be  obtained.  If  we  look  at  particular  families,  ihej 
Koinetimcs  consist  wholly  of  boys,  and  sometimes  wholly  of  girls ;  and  it  is  not  possible  ibi 
the  boys  can  bo  to  tlie  girls  of  a  single  family  in  a  ratio  of  22  to  21.  But  when,  instead  oi 
confining  our  observations  to  particular  families,  or  even  parishes,  we  extend  them  soasu 
embrace  a  population  of  ."JOOjOOO,  these  discrepancies  disappear,  and  we  find  that  there  ii 
invariably  a  smull  excess  in  the  number  of  males  born  over  the  females. 

The  false  inferences  that  have  been  drawn  from  the  doctrine  of  chances,  have  uniformlj.j 
almost,  proceeded  from  generalising  too  rapidly,  or  from  deducing  a  rate  of  probability  m 
such  a  number  of  instances  as  do  not  give  a  fair  average.    But  when  the  instances  on  whicll 


we  found  our 
events,  such  m 
with<>ut  any 
estimated  d  pr 
The  busines 
has  been  reinar 
a  given  trade, 
fiirliith.     And 
111  this  trade,  he 
exclusive  of  sue 
trouble,  and  to 
paid ;  and  if  it  f 
Insurances  ai 
being  in  either 
on  the  business 
enables  them  to 
make  good  losses 
do  not  often  refus 
flieir  capitals  affo 
being  proportioni 
gencies. 

Individuals,  it 
large  capitals;  an< 
that  few  would  be 
20,000/.,  upon  a  s 
rases,  lake  a  great 
added  together,  an 
supposing  1  or  2 
lessen  his  profits, 
a  ship  insured  by  i 
same  thing  done  { 
manner,  the  busiiie 
can  engage. 

To  establish  a  pr 

paid  by  the  insured 

oas  necessary  exper 

sary,  as  previously  r 

is  not,  however,  at  a 

lead  to  those  events 

would,  indeed,  be  er 

ignorant  of  the  cause 

It  ajipears,  from  tl 

Regions,  that  of  586 

cm  whale  fishery,  d 

l)eing  at  the  rate  of  a 

to  be  about  the  avera 

be  1/.  Is.  4d.  per  ceni 

surer.    Both  the  insi 

oil  this  fair  principle. 

over  a  considerable  ni 

and  may  be  as  fairly  ( 

other  hand,  the  indiv 

chance  of  loss,  and  pit 

It  is  easy,  from  the 

iiig  to  navigation  and 

that  it  affords,  coinpar 

jimy  to  the  risk  of  Ion 

s'-curity,  and  the  capi 

exposed  to  all  the  peril 

hine  his  measures  and 

The  chances  ofshipwr 

He  has  purcfiased  an  c 

the  prosecution  of  his  1 

of  security  can  inspire, 

feme  des  assurances  a  i 

interrogti  ce  terrible  olc 

«l»o  la  poiiti^uo ;  ii  a  r 


INSURANCE  (PRINCIPLES  OF). 


71 


of  indlvi. 
mstances, 
there  are 
establish- 
19  mny  be 
ling  every 
s.  Bui  in 
ae  pari  of 
shipwrcfk, 
ih  unavoiil- 

;oulJ  prcs5 
inJividuiils, 
ig  whom  ii 
lotivenippw 
jury  arisin? 
loss  over  a 
insurance. 
il8  that  are, 
ertain  laws. 
and  of  lo'^;. 
vast  variety 
a  sufiicientK 
•om  ohserva- 
iithcr  to  gui. 
ith. 

in  such  csii. 
pie,  it  li.ip' 
n  containing 
•age  proliabi- 
single  hnuse 
liich  of  these 
use  had  heeii 
lability  of  tin 
lars  ti)gethet, 
Iree  of  prolU' 


Ibility  of  m  I 
\t  lengtheiiei  | 
Iquent  occu;' 
indiviilm!' I 
In  of  human  I 
liat  thisraliol 
Icli  anumlwl 
l/'^e.  ^Vheal 
ted  bythosl 
rroornfortli(| 

Illation  la«l 
Ks  to  thai  oil 
Ions  1)6  rail' I 
lamilies.>l"'!l 
■possible  ihi'l 
Ii,  iristeaJoil 
liern  soasti 
Ihat  there  111 


le  unifi)rm'';| 
liability  f'""! 
les  on  wtal 


we  found  our  conclusions  are  sufTicienlly  numerous,  it  is  seen  that  the  most  anomalous 
events,  sueh  as  suicides,  deaths  by  accidents,  the  number  of  letters  put  into  the  post-ollice 
without  atiy  address,  &c.,  form  pretty  regular  series,  and  consequently  admit  of  iMjing 
estimated  a  priori. 

'J'he  business  of  insurance  is  founded  upon  the  principles  thus  briefly  stated.  Suppose  it 
has  been  remarked  that  offorti/  ships,  of  the  ordinary  degree  of  sea-worthiness,  employed  in 
a  eivcn  trade,  1  is  annually  cast  away,  the  probability  of  loss  will  i)lainly  be  equal  to  one 
fiirlirlh.  And  if  an  individual  wish  to  insure  a  ship,  or  the  cargo  on  board  a  ship,  engaged 
in  lhii<  trade,  he  ought  to  pay  a  premium  equal  to  the  l-lOth  part  of  the  sum  he  insures, 
exclusive  of  such  an  additional  sum  as  may  be  required  to  indemnify  the  insurer,  for  his 
trouble,  and  to  leave  him  a  fair  profit.  If  the  premium  exceed  this  sum,  the  insurer  is  over- 
paid ;  and  if  it  fall  below  it,  he  is  underpaid. 

Insurances  arc  efl'ected  sometimes  by  societies,  and  sometimes  by  individuals,  the  risk, 
being  in  either  case  diffused  among  a  number  of  persons.  Companies  formed  for  carrying 
on  the  business  have  generally  a  large  subscribed  capital,  or  such  a  numlier  of  proprietors  a^* 
enal)ies  them  to  raise,  without  difficulty,  whatever  sums  may  at  any  time  bo  required  to 
make  good  losses.  Societies  of  this  sort  do  not  limit  their  risks  to  small  sums  ;  that  is,  they 
do  not  often  refuse  to  insure  a  large  sum  ujjon  a  ship,  a  house,  a  life,  &c.  The  magnitude  of 
their  capitals  alfords  them  the  means  of  easily  defraying  a  heavy  loss;  and  their  premiums 
being  proportioned  to  their  risks,  their  profit  is,  at  an  average,  independent  of  such  contin- 
gencies. 

Individuals,  it  is  plain,  could  not  act  in  this  way,  unless  they  were  possessed  of  very 
large  capitals;  and  besides,  the  taking  of  large  risks  would  render  the  business  so  hazardous, 
that  few  would  be  disposed  to  engage  in  it.  Instead,  therefore,  of  insuring  a  large  sum,  as 
20,000/.,  upon  a  single  ship,  a  private  underwriter  or  insurer  may  not,  probably,  in  ordinary 
cases,  take  a  greater  risk  than  200/.  or  500/. ;  so  that,  though  his  engagements  may,  when 
aiUled  together,  amount  to  20,000/.,  they  will  be  dilfused  over  from  40  to  100  ships;  and 
supposing  1  or  2  ships  to  be  lost,  the  loss  would  not  impair  his  capital,  and  would  only 
lessen  his  profits.  Hence  it  is,  that  while  one  transaction  only  may  be  required  in  getting 
a  ship  insured  by  a  company,  10  or  20  separate  transactions  may  be  required  in  getting  the 
same  thing  done  at  Ijloyd's,  or  by  private  individuals.  When  conducted  in  this  cautious 
manner,  the  business  of  insurance  is  as  safe  a  line  of  speculation  as  any  in  which  individuals 
can  engage. 

To  establish  a  policy  of  insurance  on  a  fair  foundation,  or  in  such  a  way  that  the  premiums 
naiJ  by  the  insured  shall  exactly  balance  the  risks  incurred  by  the  insurers,  and  the  vari- 
ous necessary  expenses  to  which  they  are  put,  including,  of  course,  their  profit,  it  is  neces- 
sary, as  previously  remarked,  that  the  experience  of  the  risks  should  be  pretty  extensive.  It 
is  not,  however,  at  all  necessary,  that  either  party  should  inquire  into  the  circumstances  that 
lead  to  those  events  that  are  most  commonly  made  the  subject  of  insurance.  Such  a  research 
would,  indeed,  be  entirely  fruitless :  we  are,  and  must  necessarily  continue  to  be,  wholly 
ignorant  of  the  causes  of  their  occurrence. 

It  appears,  from  the  accounts  given  by  Mr.  Scoresby,  in  his  valuable  work  on  the  Arctic 
Regions,  that  of  586  ships  which  sailed  from  the  various  ports  of  Great  Britain  for  the  north- 
em  whale  fishery,  during  the  4  years  ending  with  1817,  8  were  lost — (vol.  ii.  p.  131), — 
being  at  the  rate  of  about  1  ship  out  of  every  73  of  those  employed.  Now,  supposing  this 
to  be  about  the  average  loss,  it  follows  that  the  premium  required  to  insure  against  it  should 
be  1/.  7s.  4f/.  per  cent.,  exclusive,  as  already  observed,  of  the  expenses  and  profits  of  the  in- 
surer, Both  the  insurer  and  the  insured  would  gain  by  entering  into  a  transaction  founded 
on  this  fair  principle.  W..^n  the  operations  of  the  insurer  are  extensive,  and  his  risks  spread 
over  a  considerable  number  of  sliips,  his  profit  does  not  depend  upon  chance,  but  is  as  steady, 
and  may  be  as  fairly  calculated  upon,  as  that  of  a  manufacturer  or  a  merchant ;  while,  on  tho 
other  hand,  the  individuals  who  have  insured  their  property  have  exempted  it  from  any 
chance  of  loss,  and  placed  it,  as  it  were,  in  a  state  of  absolute  security. 

It  is  easy,  from  the  brief  statement  now  made,  to  perceive  the  immense  advantage  result- 
ing to  navigation  and  commerce  from  the  practice  of  marine  insurance.  Without  the  aid 
that  it  affords,  comparatively  few  individuals  would  be  found  disposed  to  expose  their  pro- 
perty  to  the  risk  of  long  and  hazardous  voyages  ;  but  by  its  means  insecurity  is  changed  for 
security,  and  the  capital  of  the  merchant  whose  ships  are  dispersed  over  every  sea,  and 
exposed  to  all  the  perils  of  the  ocean,  is  as  secure  as  that  of  the  agriculturist.  He  can  com- 
bine his  measures  and  arrange  his  plans  as  if  they  could  no  longer  be  atfectcd  by  accident. 
The  chances  of  shipwreck,  or  of  loss  by  unforseen  occurrences,  enter  not  into  his  calculations. 
He  has  purchased  an  exemption  from  the  effects  of  such  casualties  ;  and  applies  himself  to 
the  prosecution  of  his  business  with  that  confidence  and  energy  which  notliing  but  a  feeling 
of  security  can  inspire.  "  Les  chances  de  la  navigation  entravaient  le  commerce.  Le  sys- 
teme  dea  assurances  a  paru ;  il  a  consulte  les  saisons;  il  a  porto  ses  regards  sur  la  mer;  11  a 
inlerrogo  ce  terrible  element ;  il  en  a  juge  I'inconstance ;  il  en  a  pressenti  les  orages:  il  a 
epiu  la  politique :  il  a  reconnu  les  ports  et  les  cotes  dcs  deux  mondcs ;  11  a  tout  soumis  u  den 


n 


INSURANCE  (PRINCIPLES  OF). 


calculs  aavans,  a  dcs  theories  approximatives ;  et  il  a  dit  au  commerpant  habile,  aa  naviga- 
teur  intropide :  certes,  il  y  a  dee  desastres  sur  lesquels  rhumanit^  ne  peut  que  g6mir ;  mais 
quant  a  votre  fortune,  allez,  franchissez  lea  mers,  duployez  votre  activity  et  votre  industrie ; 
je  me  charge  de  vos  risques.  Alors,  Messieurs,  s'il  est  primis  de  le  dire,  les  quatre  parties  du 
monde  se  sont  rapproch^es." — fCode  tie  Commerce,  Exposd  dea  Motifs,  liv.  ii.) 

Besides  insuring  against  the  perils  of  the  sea,  and  losses  arising  from  accidents  caused  by 
the  operation  of  natural  causes,  it  is  common  to  insure  against  enemies,  pirates,  thieves,  and 
even  the  fraud,  or,  as  it  is  technically  termed,  barratry,  of  the  master.  The  risk  arising 
from  the  sources  of  casualty  being  extremely  Huctuating  and  various,  it  is  not  easy  to  esti- 
mate  it  with  any  considerable  degree  of  accuracy  ;  and  nothing  more  than  a  rongh  average 
can,  in  most  cases,  be  looked  for.  In  time  of  war,  the  fluctuation  in  the  rates  of  insurance 
are  particularly  great :  and  the  intelligence  that  an  enemy's  squadron,  or  even  a  single  priva- 
teer, is  cruising  in  the  course  which  the  ships  bound  to  or  returning  from  any  given  port 
usually  follow,  causes  an  instantaneous  rise  in  the  premium.  The  appointment  of  convoys 
for  the  protection  of  trade  during  war,  necessarily  tends,  by  lessening  the  chances  of  cap- 
ture, to  lessen  the  premium  on  insurance.  Still,  however,  the  risk  in  such  periods  is,  in 
most  cases,  very  considerable ;  and  as  it  is  liable  to  change  very  suddenly,  great  caution  is 
required  on  the  part  of  the  underwriters. 

Provision  may  also  be  made,  by  means  of  insurance,  against  loss  by  fire,  and  almost  all 
the  casualties  to  which  property  on  land  is  subject. 

But,  notwithstanding  what  has  now  been  stated,  it  must  be  admitted,  that  the  advantages 
derived  from  the  practice  of  insuring  against  losses  by  sea  and  land  are  not  altogether  un- 
mixed with  evil.  The  security  which  it  aflbrds  tends  to  relax  that  vigilant  attention  to  the 
protection  of  property  which  the  fear  of  its  loss  is  sure  otherwise  to  excite.  This,  however, 
is  not  its  worst  efTect.  The  records  of  our  courts,  and  the  experience  of  all  who  are  largely 
engaged  in  the  business  of  insurance,  too  clearly  prove  that  ships  have  been  repeatedly  sunk, 
and  houses  burned,  in  order  to  defraud  the  insurers.  In  despite,  however,  of  the  temptation 
to  inattention  and  fraud  which  is  thus  afforded,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that,  on  the  whole, 
the  practice  is,  in  a  public  as  well  as  private  point  of  view,  decidedly  beneficial.  The  frauds 
that  are  occasionally  committed  raise,  in  some  degree,  the  rate  of  insurance.  Still  it  is  exceed- 
ingly moderate ;  and  it  is  most  probable,  that  the  precautions  adopted  by  the  insurance  offices 
for  the  prevention  of  fire,  especially  in  great  towns,  where  it  is  most  destructive,  outweigh  the 
chances  of  increased  conflagration  arising  from  the  greater  tendency  to  carelessness  and  crime. 

The  business  of  life  insurance  has  been  carried  to  a  far  greater  extent  in  Great  Britain 
than  in  any  other  country,  and  has  been  productive  of  the  most  beneficial  effects.  Life 
insurances  are  of  various  kinds.  Individuals  without  any  very  near  connections,  and  pos- 
sessing only  a  limited  fortune,  are  sometimes  desirous,  or  are  sometimes,  from  the  necessity 
of  their  situation,  obliged,  annually  to  enctoach  on  their  capitals.  But  should  the  life  of 
such  persons  be  extended  beyond  the  ordinary  term  of  existence,  they  might  be  totally  im- 
provided  for  in  old  age ;  and  to  secure  themselves  against  this  contingency,  they  pay  to  an 
insurance  company  the  whole  or  a  part  of  their  capital,  on  condition  of  its  guaranteeing 
them,  as  long  as  they  live,  a  certain  annuity,  proportioned  partly,  of  course,  to  the  amount 
of  the  sum  paid,  and  partly  to  their  age  when  they  buy  the  annuity. 

But  though  sometimes  serviceable  to  individuals,  it  may  be  questioned  whether  insurances 
of  this  sort  are,  in  a  public  point  of  view,  really  advantageous.  So  far  as  their  influence 
extends,  its  obvious  tendency  is  to  weaken  the  principle  of  accumulation ;  to  stimulate  in- 
dividuals to  consume  their  capitals  during  their  own  life,  without  thinking  or  caring  about 
the  interest  of  their  successors.  Were  such  a  practice  to  become  genera),  it  would  be  pro- 
ductive of  the  most  extensively  ruinous  consequences.  The  interest  which  most  men  take 
in  the  welfare  of  their  families  and  friends  affords,  indeed,  a  pretty  strcmg  security  against 
its  becoming  injuriously  prevalent.  There  can,  however,  be  little  doubt  that  this  selfish 
practice  may  be  strengthened  by  adventitious  means ;  such,  for  example,  as  the  opening  of 
government  loans  in  the  shape  of  life  annuities,  or  in  the  still  more  objectionable  form  of 
tontines.  But  when  no  extrinsic  stimulus  of  this  sort  is  given  to  it,  there  do  not  seem  to 
be  any  very  good  grounds  for  thinking  that  the  sale  of  annuities  by  private  individuals  or 
associations  can  materially  weaken  the  principle  of  accumulation. 

Luckily,  however,  the  species  of  insurance  now  referred  to  is  but  inconsiderable  com- 
pared with  that  which  has  accumulation  for  its  object  All  professional  persons,  or  those 
living  on  salaries  or  wages,  such  as  lawyers,  physicians,  military  and  naval  officers,  clerks  in 
pubUc  or  private  offices,  &c.,  whose  incomes  must,  of  course,  terminate  with  their  lives, 
and  a  host  of  others,  who  are  either  not  possessed  of  capital,  or  cannot  di^se  of  their 
capital  at  pleasure,  must  naturally  be  desirous  of  providing,  so  far  as  they  may  be  able,  for 
the  comfortable  subsistence  of  their  families  in  the  event  of  their  death.  Take,  for  exam- 
ple, a  physician  or  lawyer,  without  fortune,  but  making,  perhaps,  1,000/.  or  2,000/.  a  year 
by  his  iiusiness ;  and  suppose  that  he  marries  and  has  a  family  :  if  this  individual  attain  to 
the  average  duration  of  human  life,  he  may  accumulate  such  a  fortune  as  will  provide  for 
the  adequate  support  of  his  family  at  his  death.    But  who  can  presume  to  say  that  such 


I 


INSURANCE  (PR,NCI,.r,ES  OF, 

nt   hn  ....•II   ....  '' 


will  be  the  case '-that  he  wll  ''  78 

chiefly  ,0  provide.     hn\X-2^x  '^"'""'"°"«  «'ntin^o„d;;  ,  J"  l"^.  """'^  "...■..s..,.H|y  |,e 
«o  pay  a  certain  sum  an!    !  t Lfr""^' '"'  »"  intonS;  ,,''"":'■''"''"  '''  '"'"'''••d 
his  /i.miiy,  at  his  death,  a  sum  1     •    """^'""•<'  o/rire;  „„,|  ,  w"      """« .  "'  '"«  il'^th,  a«r,.c8 
I      and  the  profits  of  the  i ns  J re^t: ":;::?,"'  ""''"  ^-^n  ^CZ    ""^  ":^'"'  '"  I'^V  o 
I     infrro.st  would  amount  to  .,    '      •     "'  """^e  annual  eontiil,,  ►;         •^M«-n.scs  of  /nauiiir  ,„„„. 
f     human  life.     Though  Vr'  '"W"'*'"?  the  insured  t„  rea  h'"'  »*'''""'"l"lo.l  at  o  ,  u    ,""i' 
would  be  as  am  "y  frov  J^  '"  ''^  ""'  ''"^  ^^^  hH.^  r:T''";'  "'"'  «--';"  f 

f'fe  of  the  ordinlrj  Jur  £■     CI  "  '"'•'.'^  "'"^  wo    J'  ^r, )!;?""  '"r"'^-''' '"''  '•-"  y 
mg  (o  an  average  age  their  „  ■         '  ™'<'^'  '"Jced,  in  whirl,  ,h  """""''"tions  wire  l,i« 

:     "--e  prolonged  llcS'thrnH"""''^'"""-     But  iven  t    h'' ""'"'■'■^  die  I.Hbre'uta 
-curity  whieh  tC'/ust  otT  [^^  'f  ™'  ''"'3'  "«  '"Ho  er    Thn"'T  '"  "'"'''  "">'•>« 
"me  when  they  effect  their  ""  '"'^^  ^"^n  without      n  '~''"'{  t'^-n  merely  pay  f"    „ 

ration  of  humai;  I  J:  th  ^  rprotr'. '°""  '"  "^''  "^-  w^'nTh^or'"''-'  "^'^^'^ '''-  '- 
lies  sufficiently  provided  for    m^.u'^  "«'""■'"  '^e  ri.sk  of  dvinn      ^»  ""'''  "'  "i"  '"™n  du- 

b. Uh.  ,ar„.  of  ,h.  p,e.ior,ecu  #       "" '"''  "''"»  "•<»  e«  ■  .'ed  T 1",  '""','"'"'■1  ™  • 

are  called  Tables  of  MortaHtv  ."'^•''•^"•^"°"«.  when  collected  and ""^        '".'''  ''"  "^«  ^vhole  S 
'"ff  to  the  number  anTsS'nT^'"''''«'^'°f<^oui?^^^^  '^  ">bular  form 

e  observations  were  mTdTlc     ^t  °'"^^^'^ ''  '''•' A^lTh  „"an7h""''^"^''-  «'^-™- 
accuracy  the  expectation  of  life  U  i!"''  ^"PPosing  thes-e  Tables  to  he  r  ""'  f '^  ^^''^  which. 
be  learned  from  them ;  and  hence  V  'f '  °'"  "^  ">«»"  Jura  ion  after      T"''  ^'"^  ^'''K^en 
of  any  age.     Thus,  in  the  Tail  V  .T'  ""^  ^'^'"«  "f  an  annS  /     '"'''  "^^'  n'=»y  readily 
J'lfe  Office,  and  which   =1    r        °^  Mortality  for  Carii  Ip?     ^',°''  ""  assurance  on  a  I  Z 

,  very  cor^sidWable'tuX' ^  ^oVar"'  ''- -  age   "w  of '^,  f  f-"  ^''--  «  "he'st': 
'  y^-;  and  it  further  apS,  lfi''^"«  ^0"^  '-m  t^og    her  4  oo'^'"^    ■  ^"'^''''"''  "''^ 
'24;  so  that  theprobabilitythafnrf   ""'''"■  °^  «»ch  persons  who  ^  '"""J''^*"  ">''''■  5«th 
hence  s    •  p^      r,„       '"^  !"■»'  a  life  now  56  veirs  J  m   "  "'"  ">  their  66tli  vn,r  ; 

A>-vtr,T 'k  rihat  the  "'"^  '"'•'^"^t  «'  4  Per  cem  '^.f ^'  ^'"  '•'^"'ate  in  the    0th  L" 

,  -q-ntly,  if  itltc  ?p?hrmai:f  •;  «^  '«»/•  trbVeti  d  K"  ^'':""''  "'  ^■---  -  -n 
^^V^  '"  'he  egJh  year  t^^n^"?  "P""  "^^  vSmJlZ'^IT  ''  ''-'"''  '  -- 
7^  =  2-094/.,  or  21U   iTj   T  ^"'   ^'  reduced  by  tt?"'"  ''  ^'''^  "^ 

rf  a  party  now  56  iears  of  I"     ,^     ■     ^'  P'^"^"'  ^"'"c  of  100/  rl        f  ,  '"^"""^^n'^y  to 

"P  to  its  extreme  lif„r(;hicf''™r^^  "P°"  ''^^  ''«' 

calculated  in  this  wav   th«        '  "^^'"'^•"5  to  the  Carhsle  T«m^  ""hsequent  year  of  his  life 

J  'vhenever  the  life  !^?'  ^  ■!  'V™  '^'^  '^e  whole  will  h!    h  '^' ''  ''^^  ^05th  year^hp;    ' 

More  eompendioTp^oJes  Js^P^^^^^^^  ''' «"PP°-ng  no  additions  w^e 

aSg-3'fei?p^=fo?-^^  . 

dopted  by  the  insurer!  faSIrenrerr.'"?^"'  '''"''^^  in«e  r/"""^,'t«  continuanc" 
{Wiows  that  when  a  parTy  inSeH,     '**"  ^"^  °^  "mortality  prj;ailin?      ^  "^'"  "''  ^"'tality 


^ 


74 


INSURANCE  (PRINCIPLES  01'). 


The  relief  from  anxiety  alTorded  by  life  insurance  very  frequently  contributes  to  proloni; 
the  life  of  the  iuHurcd,  at  the  Hamo  time  that  it  materiiilly  au^inents  the  comfort  and  wcll- 
beinp;  of  those  de|>endent  on  him.  It  has,  also,  an  oi)viou»  tendency  lo  strenRthen  habits  of 
accumulation.  An  individual  who  has  insured  a  sum  on  his  life,  would  forfeit  all  the  ad- 
vantages of  the  insurance,  were  he  not  to  continue  rei^ularly  to  make  his  annual  payment!). 
It  is  not,  therefore,  optional  with  him  to  save  a  sum  from  his  ordinary  expenditure  ailcqualc 
for  this  jiurposo.  He  is  compelled,  under  a  heavy  j)enalty,  to  do  so ;  and  having  thus  been 
led  to  contract  a  habit  of  saving  to  a  certain  extent,  it  is  most  prolmblu  that  the  habit  will 
ac(|uire  additional  strength,  and  that  ho  will  either  insure  an  additional  sum,  or  privately 
acrtmiulate. 

The  practice  of  marine  insurance,  no  doubt  from  the  extraordinary  hazard  to  which  pro- 
perly  at  sea  is  exposed,  seems  to  have  long  [ireccded  insurances  against  fire  and  upon  lives. 
We  are  ignorant  of  the  precise  period  when  it  began  to  bo  introduced  ;  but  it  appears  most 
probable  that  it  dates  from  the  end  of  the  fourteenth  or  tho  begiiniing  of  the  (ifteenth  cen- 
tury.    It  has,  however,  been  contended   by  Ijoccenius  (De  Jure  Mari'timo,  lib,  ii.  c.  1.), 
PuilendorlV  (Droit  de  la  Nature  el  des  Genu,  lib.  v.  c.  9.),  and  others,  that  the  jKactice  of 
marine  insurances  is  of  much  higher  antiquity,  and  that  traces  of  it  may  be  found  in  the 
history  of  the  Punic  wars.     Livy  mentions,  that  during  the  second  of  these  contests,  the 
contractors  employed  by  the  Romans  to  transport  ammunition  and  provisions  to  8pain,  sti- 
pulated that  government  should  indemnify  them  against  such  losses  as  might  be  occasioned 
by  the  enemy,  or  by  tempests,  in  the  course   of  the  voyage.     (Imnclratum  fait,  ut  ijus: 
navi/jus  iniponerenttir  ad  exercitnm  Hls^pauieiisem  dej'irenda,  ah  hostlnm  tenipentathijm 
vi,  pitlili'co  pericttlo  essent. — Hist.  lib.  xxiii.  c.  49.)     Malynes  (Lex  Mircataria,  3d  eil.  p, 
10.').),  founding  on  a  passage  in  Suetonius,  ascribes  the  first  introduction  of  insurance  to  the 
em|)eror  Claudius,  who,  in  a  period  of  scarcity  at  Rome,  to  encourage  the  importation  of  corn, 
look  upon  himself  all  the  loss  or  damage  it  might  sustain  in  the  voyage  thither  by  storms 
and  temj)esfs.) — {Nvgotialoribus  certa  lucra  proposxiit,  smxepto  in  se  damno,  si  ad  t/uid 
per  tenipestates  accidisset,  el  naves  inereaturx  causa,  fahricanlilms,  magna  comimda 
constltuit. — c.  18.)     It  is  curious  to  observe  that  this  stipulation  gave  occasion  to  the  com- 
mission of  acts  of  fraud,  similar  to  those  so  frccjuent  in  modern  times.     Shipwrecks  were 
pretended  to  have  happened,  that  never  took  jilace ;  old  shattered  vessels,  freighted  with 
articles  of  little  value  were  purposely  sunk,  and  the  crew  saved  in  boats ;  large  sums  being 
then  demanded  as  a  recompense  for  the  loss.     Some  years  after,  the  fraud  was  discovered, 
and  some  of  the  contractors  were  prosecuted  and  punished.     (Lib.  xxv.  c.  3.)     But  none 
of  these  passages,  nor  a  similar  one  in  Cicero's  letters — [Ad  Fain.  lib.  ii.  e.  1 7.),  warrant  tlie 
inferences  that  Loccenius,  Malynes,  and  others  have  attempted  to  draw  from  them.     Inifu- 
ranee  is  a  contract  between  two  parties ;  one  of  whom,  on  receiving  a  certain  prcniiurn 
(prcfiuin  periculi),  agrees  to  take  upon  himself  the  risk  of  any  loss  that  may  happen  to  the 
property  of  the  other.     In  ancient  no  less  than  in  modern  times,  every  one  must  have  liecii 
desirous  to  be  exonerated  from  the  chance  of  loss  arising  from  the  exposure  of  property  tj 
the  perils  of  the  sea.     But  though,  in  the  cases  referred  to,  the  carriers  were  exempted  t'roia 
this  chance,  they  were  not  exempted  l)y  a  contract  propter  aversionein  periculi,  or  by  an  in- 
surance ;  but  by  their  employers  taking  the  risk  upon  themselves.     And  it  is  abuiidanllv 
obvious  that  the  object  of  the  latter  in  doing  this  was  not  to  profit,  like  an  insurer,  by  dealini' 
in  risks,  but  to  induce  individuals  the  more  readily  to  undertake  the  pevformance  of  an 
urgent  public  duty. 

But  with  the  exception  of  the  instances  now  mentioned,  nothing  bearing  the  remotest 
resemblance  to  an  insurance  is  to  bo  met  with   till  a  comparatively  recent  period.    If  we 
might  rely  on  a  passage  in  one  of  the  Flemish  chroniclers,  quoted   by  the  learned  M.  Par- 
dessus, — (see  his  excellent  work.  Collection  des  Loix  Maritimes,  tome  i.  p.  356.),  we  should  I 
be  warranted  in  concluding  that  insurances  had  been  eft'ected  at  Bruges  so  early  as  the  enJ 
of  the  thirteenth  century  :  for  the  chronicler  states  that,  in  13II,  the  Earl  of  Flanders  con- 
sented, on  a  requisition  from  the  inhabitants,  to  establish  a  chamber  of  insurance  at  Bruges. 
M.  Pardessus  is  not,  however,  inclined  to  think  that  this  statement  should  be  regarded  as  I 
decisive.    It  is  evident,  from  the  manner  in  which  the  subject  is  mentioned,  that  the  chro- 1 
nicler  was  not  a  contemporary  ;  and  no  trace  can  be  found,  either  iti  the  archives  of  Bruges,  [ 
or  in  any  authentic  publication,  of  any  thing  like  the  circumstance  alluded  to.     The  carlicsi  I 
extant  Flemish  law  as  to  insurance  is  dated  in  1537  ;  and  none  of  the  early  maritime  codes  I 
of  the  North  so  much  as  alludes  to  this  interesting  subject. 

Beckmann  seems  to  have  thought  that  the  practice  of  insurance  originated  in  Italy,  in  tlif  I 
latter  part  of  the  fifteenth  or  the  early  part  of  the  sixteenth  century. —  {Hist,  of  Invent,  "iil 
i,  art.  Insurance.)  But  the  learned  Spanish  antiquary,  Don  Antonio  do  Capmaiiy,  liaij 
given,  in  his  very  valuable  publication  on  the  History  and  Commerce  of  Barccionil 
{Mernorias  Historical  sobre  la  Marina,  ^c.  de  Barcelona,  tomo  ii,  p.  383,),  an  ordinancel 
relative  to  insurance,  issued  by  the  magistrates  of  that  city  in  1435  ;  whereas  the  earliesll 
Italian  law  on  the  subject  is  nearly  a  century  later,  being  dated  in  1523,  It  is,  however,! 
exceedingly  unlikely,  had  insurance  been  as  early  practised  in  Italy  as  in  Catalonia,  that  llnl 


former  should  ha 

it  is  still  more  ui 

any  previous  Iia 

until  some  autlie 

tile  liirlliplafc  of 

('i'oiiio  i,  p.  537. 

A  knowledge  r 

According  to  Mn 

Lomlmrds,  who  h 

was  introduced  so 

in  the  statute  43  1 

had  been  an  iintnt 

iiiiido  any  great  nd 

lured.     From  tliis 

for  ut  least  a  centu 

usual  to  refer  all  di 

discreet"  merchant; 

practice,  the  statute 

of  insurance  cases: 

enlarged.     But  thii 

now  be  discovered 

p.  26,) 

Few  questions  ai 

after  the  middle  of  1 

have  fixed,  and  in  a 

were  not  liottomed  c 

Jhose  great  principl 

approved  by  univers; 

consulting  the  most  i 

>      and  by  carefully  sti 

i      digested  body  of  niai 

!      comprehensiveness  ai 

;     justly  commanded  in 

,      greater  degree  than  a 

:      law  of  which  Cicero  l 

alia  posthac,  scd  ct  n 

cuntlnebit,  utiusque  i 

lib.  iii,  de  Republicn: 

Insurance  against 
perils  of  the  sea.     TI 
some  extent  at  least,  1 
upon  lives,  was  estabi 
London  Assurance  Ci 
1. ;  and  the  Equitable 
ranee,  and  the  princip 
understood ;  and  the  i 
us,  till  the  Equitable  L 
career  of  prosperity  at 
has  made  very  little  pr 
French  ordinance  of  I 
at  Amsterdam  in  1612 
with  the  334th  art.  of  ■ 
of  security,  more  thai. 
progress  of  life  insure 
<lebt  may  be  productive 
investments,  and  the  pi 
have  been  the  principa 
even  fire  insurance  has 


Tliore  are  few  pprsons 
"juruy  „.|,ich  they  nfl-fr 
abl."  circumstances,  is  wi 
rrnfe.sing  to  afford  (111^8. 

^inw  >H  a  8,ihje"t  "  |  ch  i 
^^^^^||;|_s«aB  wall  capitnl  i 
♦  See 


INSURANCE  (MARINE). 


75 


formpr  Bhould  have  hpcn  ro  much  brliind  the  liittor  in  KuhjiTliiii;  it  to  any  fixed  riilos;  and 
it  is  Htill  more  iiniikriy  that  tlio  practice  sliouM  liavo  e^iipcd,  aw  is  the  ciise,  nil  mention  l>y 
any  previous  Italiiin  writer.  VVe,  therefore,  n^'ree  .Mitirely  in  (';.|>niiiny's  opinion,  tiiat, 
until  some  authentic,  evidence  to  the  contrary  he  pnuhiced,  Uarcejona  should  he  reniirded  as 
the  liirlliplace  of  this  most  useful  and  beautiful  application  of  tlio  doctrine  of  clmnccH.— 
(Toino  i.  p.  237.) 

A  knowledRe  of  the  principles  and  practice  of  insurance  was  early  hrou^lit  into  liM'^huid, 
According  to  Malynes — (/,^r  Mircat.y.  105.),  it  was  (irst  practised  amoiipst  us  by  the 
Lomlmrds,  who  were  estahlished  in  London  from  a  very  remote  e|)oeh.  It  is  |>rolialile  it 
was  introduced  some  time  about  the  heKioninR  of  the  sixteenlh  century  ;  for  it  is  mentioned 
in  the  statute  43  Eliz.  c.  13. — a  Hiatule  in  which  its  utility  is  very  clearly  set  forth — that  it 
hiul  been  an  iminciitwiul  iixairc  aniong  merchants,  both  English  and  ;'oreij;n,  when  they 
iiiiitle  any  great  adventure,  to  procure  insurance  to  bo  made  on  the  Khi|is  w  goiuls  adven- 
tured. From  this  it  may  reasonably  be  supposed  that  insurance  liad  been  in  use  in  Knt^lmul 
lor  at  least  a  century  previous.  It  ajipears  from  the  same  statute,  that  it  had  originally  been 
usual  to  refer  all  disputes  that  arose  with  respect  to  insurance  to  the  decision  of  "grave  and 
discreet"  merchants  appointed  by  the  Lord  Mayor.  Uut  abused  having  growii  out  of  this 
practice,  the  stntuti;  authorised  the  Ijord  Chancellor  to  appoint  a  conunission  for  the  trial 
of  insurance  cases;  and  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  the  powers  of  the  conmiissioners  were 
enlarged.  But  this  court  soon  after  fell  into  disuse ;  and,  what  is  singular,  no  trace  can 
now  be  discovered  of  any  of  its  proceedings. — (^Marshall  on  Inmrance,  Prelim.  Disc. 
p.  26.) 

Few  questions  as  to  insurance  seem  to  have  come  before  tlie  courts  of  Westminster  till 
after  the  middle  of  last  century.  The  decisions  of  Lord  Mansfield  may,  indeed,  be  said  to 
have  fixed,  and  in  a  considerable  degree  formed,  the  law  upon  this  subject.  His  judgments 
were  not  bottomed  on  narrow  views,  or  on  the  municipal  regulations  of  England ;  hut  on 
those  great  principles  of  public  justice  and  convenience  which  had  l)cen  sanctioned  and 
approved  by  universal  experience.  His  deep  and  extensive  information  was  acquired  by 
consulting  the  most  intelligent  merchants,  and  the  works  of  distinguished  foieign  jurists; 
and  by  carefully  studying  the  famous  French  ordinance  of  1681,  the  most  admirably 
digested  body  of  maritime  law  of  which  any  country  has  ever  had  to  boast.  Hence  the 
comprehensiveness  and  excellence  of  his  Lordship's  decisions,  and  the  respect  they  have 
justly  commanded  in  all  countries.*  In  his  hands  the  law  of  insurance  became,  in  a  far 
greater  degree  than  any  other  department  of  Englisli  law,  a  branch  of  that  national  or  public 
law  of  which  Cicero  has  beautifully  said,  "  Non  erit  alia  lex  Hoiins,  alia  Athenis,  alia  nunc, 
alia  fwnthac,  sed  ct  nmnes  gentes  et  ornni  tempore  una  lex  el  sempiterna,  et  immortalis 
cuntinehit,  unusque  erit  connnunis quasi  magider  et  iinperator omnium  Deus" — (Fragm. 
lib.  iii.  de  Republica.) 

Insurance  against  fire  and  upon  lives  is  of  much  later  origin  than  insurance  against  the 
perils  of  the  sea.  The  former,  however,  has  l)ecn  known  and  carried  on  amongst  us,  to 
some  extent  at  least,  for  nearly  a  century  and  a  half.  The  Amicable  Society,  for  insurance 
upon  lives,  was  established  by  charter  of  Queen  Anne,  in  1706;  the  Royal  Exchange  and 
London  Assurance  Companies  began  to  make  insurances  upon  lives  in  the  reign  of  George 
I.;  and  the  Equitable  Society  was  established  in  1762.  But  the  advantages  of  life  insu- 
rance, and  the  principles  on  which  the  business  should  be  conducted,  were  then  very  ill 
understood;  and  the  practice  can  hardly  be  said  to  have  obtained  any  firm  footing  amongst 
us,  till  the  Equitable  Society,  by  adopting  the  judicious  suggestions  of  Dr.  Price,  began  its 
career  of  prosperity  about  177o.  Notwithstanding  the  example  of  England,  life  insurance 
has  made  very  little  progress  on  the  Continent.  It  was,  indeed,  expressly  forbidden  by  the 
French  ordinance  of  1681  (liv.  iii.  tit.  6.  art.  10.)  ;  by  the  regulations  as  to  insurance  issued 
at  Amsterdam  in  1612  (art.  24.)  ;  and  it  is  doubtful  whether  the  practice  be  not  inconsistent 
with  the  334th  art.  of  the  Code  de  Commerce.  But  we  are  inclined  to  think  that  the  v\ant 
of  security,  more  than  any  positive  regulations,  has  been  the  principal  cause  of  the  little 
progress  of  life  insurance  on  the  Continent.  Of  whatever  disadvantages  our  large  public 
debt  may  be  productive,  it  is  not  to  l)e  doubted  that  the  facilities  it  has  afforded  for  making 
investments,  and  the  punctuality  with  which  the  national  engagements  have  been  fulfilled, 
have  been  the  principal  causes  of  the  extraordinary  extent  to  which  the  business  of  life  and 
even  fire  insurance  has  been  carried  in  this  country. 

II.  iNsiiRANCE  (Marine). 
There  are  few  pprsons  who  are  not  acquainted,  in  some  deprce,  with  fire  and  life  insurances.  The 
security  wlilch  tliey  nfl'iird  to  individuals  and  families  ie  a  luxury  which  nobody,  in  tolerably  comfort- 
able circumst.Tnccs,  is  willing  to  be  without.  Hence  the  great  increase,  in  our  days,  of  companies 
prnfe^isillg  to  afford  this  security ;  and  hence  the  knowledge,  on  the  part  of  the  public  generally,  of 
the  iiutiire  and  principles  of  the  engagements  into  which  these  companies  enter.  But  marine  insu- 
rance is  a  subject  which  is  of  immediate  interest  only  to  merchants  and  ship  owners  ;  unless,  indeed, 
we  should  refer  to  that  small  portion  of  the  community,  who  have  occasion  to  transport  themselves 
oeyoiid  seas  with  capital  and  effects  for  purposes  of  colonization,  or  to  fill  some  olhcial  situation. 

*  See  Emerigon's  famous  Traiti  dee  JUsurances,  tome  ii.  p.  67. 


i 


76 


INSURANCE  (MARINE). 


Ilnnrn  thn  rompnrntlvfl  Indlfforence,  on  the  pnrt  nf  iIir  pulillc,  ni  In  tlili  miliject.  The  gen»tn\  prin- 
rJ|>l(-H,  hciwi  vrr,  of  iill  liiHiirnnr.i)  urc  Ihu  lariHt  j  nnil  in  trt'iilliiR  of  inarltii'  liiHUriuicc,  it  will  bo  iieccg. 
knry  to  nmii  c  litllu  licyoml  mich  tnpicH  nn  nrf  pcriillar  tii  ihil  hraiirh  nflhi'  hiiHiiiciiii. 

/«r/i(  ii/Ha( /«»Hr(!r5  ur  f/iK/eri/TJ^rj.- Thu  lirsl  (  irriiiriiilanrc!  Ihul  laniiHi  I'lill  in  slrlkw  thn  Kennrnl 
Iniinircr  into  thn  praitic.)!  ol'  iiiHrini;  inHiiriinct^  in  iliia  coiiiilry,  in  tliat,  »  liili*  all  llri'  ami  lil'r  iimnraiici'ii 
uro  mail'!  at  lliii  riik  ol°  coinpuniRfl,  wliiili  liu  liiilt-  within  tlii'nuK'lvcH  llii*  ilixirahli!  ri'iiiil.siti'H  of 
KiM'iirlly,  wi'allli,  and  niiiiihorR,  thi!  ftrrat  liiilk  of  inarinr  liiNiiranri'H  nrtt  iiiadu  at  llie  riKk  of  indivl> 
duals.  I.oridi'n  and  l.ivt'rpiMd  nru  thi>only  towiH  in  Knuland  in  wliirli  tlii'ri^  an*  any  pnldir.  cornpii- 
nii'H  Tor  this  imrpoMi!*  In  l.ondcm  there  art' only  I :  the  *i  old  i'(inipanic'<,  tlii' /.uiii/mi  and  thti  Hoynl 
y,irhanj.'e  ;  aiul  tllr  two  cHlaliliHlii'd  in  l^'i^,  llii'  ^lliuiire  Jliirtm  :inil  lln'  liiiliiiinilii  Mutual  Mnnnr.  In 
Liverpool  tlieri!  Ik  only  I  company.  Tint  indivlilnaU  em^iiiied  in  llii'<  liraioli  ol'lhe  iiiHnraiicu  hUHinews 
In  t.onilon,  al>ont  wlioni  wu  Hhall  say  nioru  pr«i<enliy,  a»i4endile  in  I.IomI'h  (otVeu-homie,  ovi-r  the 
Royal  Kxcliance. 

i'nihihilion  iif  CnHi/miiifd.— Till  IHQI,  all  flrinii  and  comtianie^,  with  the  e.vr-e|iiion  of  the  2  chartered 
roiiipanieH,  'he  lloyal  Kxchance  and  l.oinlnn,  were  |iroliil>lted  liv  law  I'lom  Inklnit  marine  inNnrancen. 
Towards  the  laller  en(l  ol'lhat  year,  the  proliiliilion  was  reimiveil,  and  Ihe  IniHineHS  of  marine  innii. 
rnnce  wan  plic  iil  on  the  nanu!  footlnit  nf  other  di'scriplions  of  lin:4iiie>H,  While  Ihe  rettrlclloii  laxled, 
Ihe '2  cliarlirel  conijiaiiieH  did  MO  litlle  linxiiieHH,  ilial  ni:'rlm*  iHKiiranie  miu'lil.  in  fad,  lie  Haid  lo  Imi 
wholly  in  Ihe  liaiidM  of  indivldnalH.  1'hese  cnmpunie.s  were  ko  much  lii|.'hi'r  in  their  |ireniinms,a.'id  no 
niiirh  iiiori!  e.ncliislve  in  the  rinks  they  were  williiii;  lo  imderlMke,  lliun  their  liidividiiii)  coiiip(rlilor<i, 
thai  even  tliose  merchanlx  and  Hhip  own<'r.'<,  w  lio  wonid  cheerrolly  liave  piild  Konie  Iritling  coimtdera- 
tl(pii  to  (ihmin  iIk!  (jreuter  security  of  a  comiKiiiy,  were  ohli).'eil  lo  nvorl  lo  individnalH.  And  it  wait 
only  when  Ihe  repeal  of  this  alL-^iird  restriction  was  proponed,  thai  the  companieH  Nhovved,  hy  delerid- 
iii){  it,  that  lliey  si't  any  value  upon  tlieir  privilege.  Tlie  iiiiderwriler''  at  l.loyd'H  Joiiieil  llieiii  in  Him 
opiioHilion;  and  paniplilelM  wi're  written,  and  HjieerheH  made,  lo  demoiiiilrale  how  mm  h  njerchiinl.i 
iind  fliip  owiierH  would  Hiilfer,  were  the  law  lo  allow  them  Ihe  free  line  of  their  di»crirllon  in  iiiMiiniiif 
tlieir  pro|)i'rly  ;  and  how  niiicli  imirit  roncl  icive  lo  their  interests  il  was,  thai  they  Khuiild  lie  forced  ii|i 
til  Lloyd's,  to  pay  premiiiniR  lo  imlividiiiils  ratlivr  llian  ronipanle-i.  Hut  these  pamphlets  and  speei  hc^ 
lire  fiir<!iiiten  ;  ami  we  should  he  sorry  lo  wound  Ihe  feelinus  of  their  unlhors,  or  to  lrespi>.ss  on  lliu 
pali.'iice  of  oiir  readers,  hy  referrinjf  to  lliem  more  particularly. 

/•'.irmiifiii;!  (/ ('eiH/K/nici. —  DiirinL' the  aiiliMiin  of  ]>'i\  and  sprine  nf  182.'),.')  companies  sprang  into 
existence  in  London  :  the  two  already  inentioned,  and  the  .Sr.  I'uliick,  tin*  I'ulriulir,  ui\i\  llie  Smiik 
J)(i;iii.  'I'lie  last  ;t  have  since  heen  (jiven  lip,  having  proved  ruinous  coucerns  to  Ihe  (iroprieiof<. 
The '2  forniiT  are  coni|)osi*d  of  some  of  the  most  eminent  nierchaiils  and  ship  owners  of  tlii!  city  nf 
London,  w  ho  nnited  for  the  doiihle  purpose  of  proviiiinif  n  mori-  perfect  security  for  Iheir  propi'riy, 
and  of  ascertaininx  whether  the  insurance  hiisim'ss  inieht  not  he  loaile  lo  yiepl  a  fair  n  liirii  to  liiu 
rapilal  emjiloyed  In  it.  The  change  thus  intrediiced  into  the  Inisiiiess  has  had  the  elli.'ct  of  ronsini; 
Ihe  -2  old  coiiipanii'H  inio  acliviiy,  and  thus  may  he  said  lo  have  atlioiled  lo  the  piihlic  the  npportiiiiiiy 
of  IraiisacliiiK  their  liiisinesg  with  I  sulistantini  companies,  in  addition  to  indiviiliial  underwriters, 
wliereas  they  could  previously  deal  only  with  liidividualH. 

Il  may  he  computed  Ihal  these  I  companies  draw  to  lliemselvnH  1-,'ilh  of  the  whole  hnsineiiH  of  llie 
connlry,  leaving  tlie  oilier  4-.')lh»  to  individual  nnderwrilers,  and  the  Liverpool,  Scotch,  and  Irisli 
rnmpanies.  It  lias  he'U  inferred  hy  some,  thai  Ihe  comparallvely  limited  hiisiness  of  the  coinpaiiic] 
is  a  coiivincini;  proof  that  individuals  are  mucli  heller  adapted  to  en^'affe  in  tliis  deparlment  thin 
societie.u  ;  wlliie  il  is  contended  hy  others  that  Ihe  hir|;e  sliare  of  husiness,  thus  speedily  allracteil  lu 
the  coiii|iiiiiii*s,  oiicht  to  satisfy  every  body,  when  due  allowances  are  madi!  for  the  dililciillles  to  lie 
coiiiliated  in  hreakini!  llironi,'li  esluhlished  modus  and  hahlla  of  doini;  business,  lliat  the  tendency  ni 
the  piiiiljc  is  practically  to  conlirm  wliut  uiilecedent  invesliiialion  would  siiirifest,- that  coui|i:inii's, 
while  they  must  nece^^^nrily  h<dd  out  better  security,  and  t'''<'aler  liherulity  and  punctmility  in  tin 
seitlemeni  of  claims,  arc  capable  of  transacting  u  given  unioiint  of  business  with  u  saving  hotli  uf 
lalioiir  and  expense. 

J\lnile  iif  c^iutlucting  Runntsa. — We  shall  now  give  an  account  of  Ihe  existing  nrrangements  for  cun. 
dueling  the  husiness  of  marine  insurance,  as  well  by  indiviiliials  as  the  companies  in  London. 

1. 1 II lid's. — The  individual  iniderwrilera  meet  in  a  siiliscriplion  room  at  Lloyd's.  The  joint  affairs  of 
the  suhscrihers  to  ihese  rooms  are  nnuiag<!d  hy  a  committee  clioseii  by  the  subscriliers.  Agents  (wlio 
an;  commonly  styled  Lloyd's  agents)  are  appointed  in  all  lln-  principal  ports  of  Ihe  world,  who  I'nr- 
ward,  regularly,  to  l.loyil's,  accounts  of  the  departures  from  anil  arrivals  at  their  porls,  as  well  .'is  nf 
losses  and  otiier  casualties  ;  and,  in  general,  all  such  iiiformalinn  as  may  he  supposed  of  importance 
tow.'irds  guiding  Ihe  jiidgineiits  of  the  underwriters.  Tliese  accounts  are  regularly  tiled,  and  are  uc- 
ressilde  to  all  tlii!  siiliscrlhers.  The  principal  arrivals  and  losses  are,  besides,  posted  in  2  books,  placeil 
in  2  conspicuous  parts  of  tlie  room  ;  and  also  in  aiuilher  book,  which  is  placed  in  an  adjoining  rndiii, 
for  the  use  of  the  public  at  large.  Many  of  the  niercliants  of  the  city  of  London  are  Hiihscribers  tu 
these  rooms  ;  and  Ihe  2  old  companies  contribute  eucli  lUllf.  per  annum,  in  return  for  which  tliey  are 
fiirnished  with  copies  of  the  daily  intelligence.  The  2  new  conipinii^s  made  similar  proposals,  wlilili 
were,  and,  we  believe,  conlinue  to  be,  rejected;  but  this  feeling  nf  unimogity  is  unworlliy  of  ilic 
nuliscrilier.'",  and  will,  no  doubt,  speedily  disappear. 

The  rooms  are  open  from  10  o'clock  in  the  morning  till  5  o'clock  in  the  atlternnnn,  hut  the  most  cnn- 
sideralile  part  of  the  business  is  transacted  between  I  and  'I.  Tlio!;e  merchants  and  sliip  owners  who 
manage  their  own  insurance  l)usiness,  procure  blank  policies  at  the  government  oDice,  or  of  their  hIu- 
tioners,  wliich  they  fill  up  so  as  lo  meet  the  particular  object  in  view,  and  submit  them  to  those  un- 
derwriters with  whom  tlicy  are  connecleil ;  hy  whom  they  are  subscribed  or  rejected.  Kacli  |iiiliiy 
is  handed  about  in  this  way  until  the  amount  rciiuired  is  complete.  Tliu  form  of  the  policy  unil  nfa 
Kubscription  is  snlijoincd  to  this  article. 

The  premium  is  not  paid  to  the  iindarwriter  in  ready  money,  hut  is  passed  to  account.  Nor  duet 
t)ie  underwriter  debit  the  account  of  the  person  to  whom  he  siilisrrihts  a  policy,  with  the  whole 
amount  of  llw  preiniuin,  but  with  the  premium  less  5  per  cent.  Whenever  losses  occur  whi(  h  iiwre 
than  ahsorl)  the  preiniuiiis  on  any  one  account,  the  underwriter  is  called  upon  to  pay  Ihe  lialaiiie. 
liiit  should  the  iinderwriler's  account  be  what  is  called  good,  that  is.  should  the  preininiiis  exi  eeil  tlie 
claims,  he  sends  round,  during  the  spring  and  summer,  to  collect  from  his  various  debtors  either  the 
balance  of  his  last  year's  account,  nr  money  on  account,  according  to  his  judgment ;  hut,  upon  wlial 
he  receives,  he  makes  an  allowance  of  12  per  cent.  An  underwriter,  if  prudent,  tlierefore,  hi  tore  lie 
consents  to  receive,  will  not  only  look  to  the  goodness  of  his  account,  but  lo  the  probability  iil  its 
conlinuing  so. 

lii.^iirance  i?ni/.vr.v.— Many  merchants  and  ship  owners  do  not  transact  Iheir  own  insurance  liu.siiicss. 
They  give  Iheir  orders  for  insurance  to  others,  wlio  undertake  it  for  them,  and  are  responsilile  fur  lis 
|>ro|ii'r  maiiag"menl.  Tliese  latter  persons  are  called  iiisuranie  brokers  ;  and  some  of  them  iiiaii:itc 
tlie  business  of  a  number  of  principals.    To  them,  likewise,  are  transinilted  the  orders  for  iii&uranre 


rrnm  the  onipnrK 
and  their  |irotitco 
llie  underwriters. 
under\vrlleri4.  Ii 
Ims  occasioned  iiii 
uilli  the  priiicip.'i 
almi ;  and  as  sonii 
the  brokers  have  | 
to  likewlne  have  I 
(Hee  llnoKKHN  ) 
It  will  al  once  b 

food  deal  of  lime 
iiihiceiiieiil  lo  con 
Willi  a  coinpany,  t 
Any  parly  having 
particulars  of  Ihe 
iiieiiiorandiini  for  I 
nrnciire  the  stamp 
like  the  llinlerwrlli 
Tlie  Koyal  Kxch 
year's  pretniiiiu,  w 
jirninpl  payment. 

The  Alliance  Ma 

year's  preiiiiiiniK,  v 

Tlie  liidemnily  i\ 

of  each  year's  preii 

Tlie  nilowaiices  ( 

Voijmtnl  nf  /.iiynn 

credit  is  allowed  to 

hriiker,  lo  collect  fr 

fViiA.*.— Ilesides  t 

aliens  Inrnied  hy  s 

among  llienisclves  < 

alteration  of  Hie  1 1 

ri;a.<nii :  Isl,  iliat  Hi 

lliill  they  did  not  alt 

li.(eil  premium,  Ihey 

and  Id  avoid  the  sec 

of  iiidemnily.     KacI 

ger ;  and  this  inaiin 

fur  all  Hie  metuliers, 

are  open  lo  the  lead 

Icclivdy,  liiit  only  ii 

delay  of  selllninent 

uf  a  loss  has  been  oh 

Kiile  nf  I'rrmium.- 

doinanded  by  the  ins 

Ihe  (pialily  of  Ihe  vi: 

I'tale  of  iiiir  political 

excrri.si!  his  own  dis< 

cxagi^eration  of  risk, 

(|iU'slion,  where  so  i 

Willi  one  aiioiiier,  at 

alirnad.    We  have  al 

to  tins,  there  are  2  si 

sliip  owners,  und  mii 

repairs,  and  quallly  o 

live  in  iiiaiiy  respects 

tlioir  own  ohservatioi 

measures  arc  now  in 

accurate  and  faithful 

ils  real  state  will  eve 

appointed  to  perform 

owners  of  good  shi|)s. 


*  Within  tliese  fmv  ninnihs  a  company  has  been  formed  at  Sunderland,  and  it  is  said  that  siune  are 
projected  in  other  sea-poris. 


INSURANCE  (MARINE). 


n 


from  the  oiilpnrti  nml  ninnnfiirliirln)r  fnwn«.  They  clinrpp  the  wlmle  prpiiihim  to  thi'lr  i>riiirl|inl«, 
anil  their  pri>lllci)tiiiUtH  In  .'i  per  tkiiI.  upon  (In-  pri'iniiiiii,  i'i  per  ii'iil.  ii|i(iii  tli>-  niniicy  thiil  ilii'y  pay  to 
(lie  iiiiiliT"  rllurK,  ami  i  pi'r  ct'iit  Unit  llicy  ilrilin'l  I'miii  nil  llu'  rIalniN  m  liic  li  ||i.\  lorcivrr  rrnniHio 
nnili'rwrlli'm.  It  In  proprr  to  remark,  tluit  IIih  Is  iIh-  rHliililolnMl  nr  rrvuliir  prnlii  ;  Init  iinnpi'iitniii 
liax  l>l'l'll^'^>l)''ll  nil  HUT' lUxdi'V  lilt  liiTiH  f'roiii  It  liy  I  In'  liriikrrit,  niiiny  iifu  lioni  iciiiHt-nl  In  illvlilc  lli>'  prnllt 
Willi  till'  prlnrlpiiU  wlm  i-inploy  llii'iii.  'I  he  Inxiiriirii'i!  linikrrH  iiri'  imt  iiiitVi'i|iii>iilly  nnilcrwrili'ri 
al»o  ;  unci  iiB  HOiim  ln«iiriim<M  iiri' cciimnli'riMl  far  iiinri!  Iiirrativi' tlinn  iillicrH  In  iiiicli'rwril.r",  ninl  as 
till'  hriiki'rH  have  piirtirnliir  fiiclllllt'N,  In  hhiiii-  rcspi'ilH,  i>l'  jmltrinK  ol'  tin'  (.'imhIiii'sn  (irilnMr  dvv  ii  riskH, 
1.1)  liki'wlitf  liiivti  tliuy  an  iinlucciiient  tu  play  intu  uiiu  aiiothur'it  Imnils,  iiml  lln.'y  Un  tm  iiii'iinliiiKly  — 
(Set'  lllliiKKIIN  ) 

It  will  lit  niii'i- 1)0  Bfien,  tliiil  till' troiilile  of  cfTi'i'llne  Inmiranri's  nl  I,loyil'i<  in  rnimlilcrnlilo  ;  that  a 
cnoil  ili'iil  I'''  ■'■■■*^  mint  I).!  innHiiiiicil  ;  iiiiil  lliiit  inurrlianlH  iiiiil  xlilp  owiI'Th,  iIiiti'I'ti',  Iium'  cii'iit 
iiii|ni'i'iii''nt  til  I'DnvlKn  llli'lr  inHiiranri'  liiislni'HH  to  lirnkiTM.  lint  wiicn:  tlx*  IiiisIiu'hh  h  trans  itii-il 
with  ii  I'diiipiiny,  IIiIh  IndnernnMit,  II'  not  id-ilroyril  iiIiuki'IIht,  In,  a\  all  events,  very  niiii'li  illiiilnisln'il, 
.\iiv  piirly  liiiVHiK  property  to  Insiire,  lins  merely  to  ),'o  tn  the  inanauer  nt'  tlie  ciinipaiiy,  nnil  nlale  iIih 
narli('»liirH  of  the  rlHk  to  he  inNiireil  ;  tin;  preinliiin  ht'lim  nereeil  npiin,  the  iiiiinuuer  urites  mil  a 
I  hii-iiiiirmnliini  fur  the  polley,  wliieli  the  party  Nllfiis,  anil  he  Is  iIiiih  rlVeilnally  insiireil.  'I'lie  einnpaiiu.'! 
nrnciire  thfi  filainpnini  write  nut  the  polley,  whiili  is  reaily  for  delivery  in  I  or  .'i  days.  The  cniiip  iiiieM, 
like  the  ninlerwrlters,  rliartre  the  preiniiini  h'sM  .'>  per  eeiil.     In  other  respects  they  vary. 

The  Hoyal  llxchange  Assiiranre  Company  allow  I'X  per  lent.  upon  tin-  pmliuihle  lial  uu;e  of  eacli 
year's  preinliiin,  with  crudil  till  iMurcli  fur  the  premhiinH  of  tliu  prccudiii);  yi'ar,  and  d  pur  cent,  for 
iirnnipl  p.ivinent. 

The  Alliiinie  MarinR  AHitiiranrn  T'ompany  allow  13  per  cont.  upnn  llio  prolltahlu  Imlance  nf  each 
war's  preiniiinifl,  with  rreilit  till  Mari'li ;  or  III  per  rent,  for  prompt  payment. 

'  The  Indeinnlly  Mutual  Marine  Assnranee  Company  allow  ii  per  rent,  upon  the  prontnlilu  haluiice 
oi'eai'li  year's  prRiiiliiinH,  with  credit  till  June  ;  or  III  per  ciiii.  fir  prompt  payment. 

The  HlldWanres  oftlie  London  Assurance  Company  are  tin;  s.-inie  as  limse  of  i)ie  Indemnity. 

I'dijiiietit  I'f  l,iifiirii. — l.osH'H  am  paid  at  all  the  olIneM  promptly,  and  wlihoiit  ili'diulion.     A  month 'ri 
creilil  Is  allowed  to  the  iiinlerwritcrs  ;  and  anollier  month,  iiiid  sometiiiii'g  'i  montiiH,  are  given  to  llio 
i        hriiker,  to  colleit  from  the  underwriters,  and  pay  over  to  his  principals. 

(</„2,,4.— llesldeH  the  imllvidnal  iinderwrilerH  and  roinpanii's  ahnve  noticed,  there  arecliihs  or  as><iici- 
atiiins  r<irnieil  liy  fillip  owners,  who  acree,  ea<  li  eiilerini!  Ills  hIiIiis  fur  4i  certain  aiiioiint,  to  dniilo 
.aniiiMj:  theliisnivefl  one  anolher'H  los«eii.  These  cliihs  are  Institutions  of  loiii!  Hl'indiii!.' ;  Imt,  since  ilni 
altcrilion  of  the  law  In  iX'ii,  appear  to  lie  on  the  di'cllne.  Their  formation  ori).'inated  in  a  Iwofolil 
ri.'n.'<nii :  Isl,  lliat  the  nnd'rwrilers  charpeil  premiiinis  more  than  coimnensiirale  with  the  risk;  '2dly, 
lliilttliey  <lid  not  ati'oid  adeipiate  proiection.  To  avoid  the  tirsi  of  these  two  evils,  Insleail  of  pa>iiiKa 
fucil  preniiiiin,  they  pay  anioiiK  themselveB  the  arliial  losses  of  their  several  ni'inliers  as  they  occur : 
anil  to  avoiil  the  second,  they  lay  down  certain  principles  of  selllenienl  in  accord. nice  with  their  vii.'Wii 
of  iinleinniiy.  I')acli  mciiiher  of  one  of  these  cliihs  (lives  his  power  of  attorney  to  the  schi  led  mana- 
ger; and  tills  inanacer  issues  a  policy  for  each  ship,  wliicli  policy  is  siiliscrihed  hy  him  as  attorney 
I'lirall  the  ineniliers,  the  preniluiii  inserted  in  the  policy  heiiiK  iinderslood  to  he  nominal  These  cliiliri 
nro  open  tn  the  leadini;  olijectinns  tlial  apply  to  individual  iinderwrilers  ;  fir  the  ineiiiliers  are  not  cul- 
lerlivcly,  hut  only  individually,  lialile  to  those  of  their  nninher  who  li.ippen  to  sustain  a  less  ;  and  the 
delay  of  setllninent  Is  such,  that  more  than  i'i  months  have  heeii  knoun  to  elapse  liefore  the  paymiMit 
(jfa  loss  has  heen  ohtained  t'roin  all  the  nieinhers. 

/<ii(e  «/ /"r/'inii/m.—  Hilt  little  need  he  said  upon  the  circiiinstancea  that  inlliience  the  rate  of  preiiiiiim 
(leaiaiided  liy  the  insurers.  It  niiisl  he  self-evident  tliat  premiums  will  vary  accordiiiu  to  the  seasons, 
the  quality  of  the  vessel,  the  known  character  of  the  captain,  the  nature  of  the  commoditv,  and  the 
(.tatc  nf  oiir  political  relations.  All  these,  of  course,  ari!  niallers  upon  which  each  individual  must 
c\crri.-e  his  own  discretion,  partly  from  general  e.viierience,  and  partly  from  particular  inform.ition  ; 
c.\a(;geration  of  risk,  and  conserjiient  cxorhitancy  of  premium  for  any  leimtli  of  lime,  heinir  out  of  ilio 
ipicslioii,  where  so  many  individual  iinderwritiTs,  in  addition  to  the  companies,  are  in  compelilion 
Willi  niic  aiiotlier,  and  where  the  merchants  have  the  nieaiis  at  hand  of  ellet  tine  their  insuraiicen 
alirnail.  We  have  already  taken  notice  of  the  intelli|.'encc  of  wliicli  Lloyd's  is  the  focus.  In  addition 
tn  this,  there  are  2  siihscription  register  bonks  for  shipping  maintaineil  hy  the  principal  merchants, 
(hip  owners,  lUii!  iiiiilerwriters.  These  hooks  profess  to  give  an  account  of  the  loiinage,  Imild,  age, 
repairs,  and  i|iiallty  of  almost  nil  the  vessels  that  freqiient  our  ports  ;  aml.allliougli  e.vceedingly  defi'C- 
tive  in  many  respects,  are  material  assistants  to  the  insurers,  who  have  no  means  of  ascertaining  hy 
their  own  observation  the  particulars  of  I  in  101)  oftlie  ships  they  are  called  upon  to  insure.  Hut  active 
measures  are  now  in  progress  for  superseding  these  (ir«  register  hooks  hy  «nr,  giving  a  much  moro 
accurate  and  faithful  account  of  the  state  of  llie  mercantile  shipping.  We  doiiht,  however,  wheilier 
its  real  state  will  ever  he  revealed,  as  it  ought  to  he,  for  the  general  henelit,  until  piihlic  ollicers  are 
uppninted  to  perforin  this  duly.  This  might  be  done  at  a  trilling  expense  ;  and  the  advantage  to  the 
owners  of  good  ships,  to  ineruhants,  and  to  passengers,  would  be  iiiiiiiense. 

Contract  ok  Insurance. 

most  con-    ■      '       Having  thus  given  a  general  outline  of  the  mode  of  transacting  business  between  the  insurers  and 
Ivners  wlio  j    Insured,  and  the  means  used  to  enable  both  parties  to  conic,  as  near  as  possible,  to  a  due  estimate  of 

lif  their  siu-       ,    J    iiie  risk  to  be  insured  against,  onr  next  step  will  be  to  expl.iin  the  nature  of  the  contract,  and  the  bear. 

those  un-       :  , J    lii|r  of  its  more  important  clauses. 

tacli  piility       ;  M       ft  is  iinnccessJiry  to  state  that  the  object  of  those  who  are  engaged  in  commerce,  or  in  moving  arti- 

|;y  and  "f  a       <  ^g    clos  iif  ne'rchandlse  from  one  part  of  the  world  to  another,  is  to  binj  at  such  a  price  that,  after  paying 

;    M    •'"  ''"-'  expenses  nf  tmnsport,  the  sale,  price  may  leiive  them  a  surplus  in  the  shape  of  profit.     If  there 

Nor  dun      \:M    were  no  such  contrivance  as  insurance,  merchants  would  be  obliged  to  calculate  upon  the  probability 

Ihe  wliiilo       -a    nfthe  occasional  loss  of  their  property,  and  to  regulate  their  transactions  accordingly  ;  but  it  must  be 

,-liich  iii'irc  '^    obvio'is  that  enterprise,  under  such  circumstances,  would  he  very  nincli  crippled.     Now,  insurance, 

lie  lialaiHi'  ;    jn  as  far  as  it  approaches  perfection  in  guaranteeing  the  merchant  against  all  loss,  except  thai  of  the 

1  exceed  uic  V    market,  substitutes  a  fixed  charge  for  uncertain  and  contingent  loss,  and  enables  him  to  confine  his 

either  lliC  g    attention  exclusively  to  price  and  iiiiality,  ami  to  charges  of  transport ;  in  which  latter,  of  course,  the 

|npon  wliiii      ,    S    preinliiin  of  insurance  is  included,  as,  however,  in  practice,  insurance  is  hy  no  means  a   perfect 

,  li,  lore  lie    ■  il    protection,  either  to  the  merchant  or  ship  owner,  against  all  loss  that  may  occur  in  transitu,  there  is, 

[liliiy  »t  »^    ^  i'j   even  after  insurance,  some  contingencies  remaining  to  be  taken  into  consideration;  and  we  do  not 

know  that  we  can  do  better,  by  way  of  explaining  the  contract  of  insurance,  tlian  state,  as  brielly  and 

succinctly  us  possible,  what  are  the  losses  agaiiLst  which  the  merchant  and  shipowner  are  not  protected 

by  an  insurance  effected  in  this  country. 

1.  Acts  of  our  own  Government. — All  losses  arising  froin  the  nets  of  our  own  government.  Thus,  if 
an  embargo  were  laid  on  vessels  about  to  sail  for  li  particular  (iiiarler,  and  the  merchant  obliged  to 
unload  his  goods ;  or  if  his  goods  were  condemned  to  he  destroyed  in  (jnarantine  ;  or  purpo.sely  de- 
stroyed at  sea  by  gome  of  our  cruisers;  no  part  of  his  loss  would  be  made  good  by  the  'nsiirer.  The 
insurer  in  this  country,  although  liable  for  the  acts  of  foreign  powers,  ia  not  liable  for  such  acts  di 
o2 


•i 


78 


INSURANCE  (MARINE). 


roctoil  iiKnlniit  thn  prnpory  of  tlitilr  own  »iibjnrl».     Ttiim,  if  Frnnrti  prnprrly,  Inmircil  In  Itila  rniintry, 
wi'ri*  ciiiitlfiriiluil  hy  llitr  l''ri'iii-h  KovitriiirHiil,  llii^  owiiiT  wiiiilil  hiivr  no  riMiicily  iiitriliml  IiIh  limiin  r. 

2.  Hrrnrhrr  iif  Ihf  Htvrnue  l.airt  —  All  Iokki'M  nrlKiliK  I'roni  »  lirniili  (if  tli«  revenue  liiWK.  It  liiiiy  his 
oliHcrvi-il,  Hint  iftli)-  owner  oftliit  ulilp,  hy  lili  iitt,  rxpoNii  llii-  ituoilx  of  Hut  nii'rrliiinl  to  lii»,  tin*  iiinr- 
r.liiiiil  HO  liijiiri-il,  hIIIiohkIi  he  riinnot  rt'covi^r  from  liln  InHnn'm,  iiiiiv  rliiiiii  from  lilm.  It  iniiy  niao  Ix; 
nliKi'rvi-il,  Hint  If  thii  ciiptiiln  of  tlin  vi'hki'I,  liy  hlM  net,  to  wlilili  iii'llhcr  llir  o\v  hit  of  ilii'  ulilp  nor  tin: 
int'ri'liiiiit  In  II  piirly,  cxpoHii  llic  kIiIp  iiiiil  I'lirKo  to  loiot,  tlio  liiMiircrN,  ill  loii  li  ciihi',  iir»  lioiinil  to  miiki; 
|(ooit  llii' lo^M  ;  till' liimiri^ra  hciiiK  llnliln  for  all  (liiiiiiiur  arlxliiK  from  llli'ifiil  iicm  oftlif  nipliiln  nnil 
iri'W,  HiippoNlnir  tin*  owner  of  llie  ulilp  not  to  lie  iiiii'HNMrv.  Tin'  llli'val  ai'ln  of  tlii*  iiipliilii  iiiiil  rri^w, 
roMiriiry  lo  the  liiNiriiillonii  nnil  willioiit  tliii  conHeiit  ol' lliu  owniiri),  iiru  ti-rniuil  "liiirriilry"  In  thu 
policy.— (Hon  Hai(I|;«tiiv.) 

.'I.  Brnnhin  rf  Ihf  /.iiir  i<f  A*i/'inn».— All  lomiRd  nrliiinK  from  n  hrcnrh  of  Ihn  Inw  of  nnlion*.  Tliun, 
if  niiy  jiort  \*  ijerhircil  liy  ii  forelun  power  lo  lie  In  ii  piiiti'  of  liloikiide,  iiiiil  niiiIi  lilorknile  Ih  iirktiow- 
Icilued  hy  our  iroverniiii'iit  ;  iiiiil  if  n  xliiii,  in  ili'll'iiiie  of  lliiil  iiolilii'.'ilioii,  alliinpi  lo  hrriik  tile  hlocknile, 
mill  Ih  taken  In  Hie  iiltempl  ;  the  iiiHiirer  in  not  lialile  to  ilie  i>i.''N.  Il  will  ofleii  liajipeii,  when  n  port  la 
miller  liloi'kaile,  tliat  the  |irolU  in  ho  ureal  n|ion  iiooil-i  iiilroilnnil  in  (lellaiire  ol  tiie  hlockaile,  im  to 
tempt  iiilvenliirerH  lo  lireak  it,  anil  lo  enaiile  llieiii  lo  afliinl  a  very  liiitli  premium  lo  liiHiire  aiiaiiiiit  lliu 
riMk.  lint  nH  policleH  for  biiiIi  an  olijerl  are  not  arknowleilneil  In  our  I'oiirlH  of  law,  wlien  ellerleil, 
they  are  iinilerHtooil  lo  he  puliiim  uf  hunnur.  I'lie  Hiinie  kiiiil  of  piiliry  in  iiilopteil  hy  llie  iimlutwritera, 
to  protci'l  foreiun  inerrliniilH  who  prefer  itiHiirinu  in  lliis  I'oiiiilrv  auaiiisl  llrlliHli  lapliire. 

I.  Ciiii.in/unirrs  nf  l)friiiti(,ii—  All  locHeii  siihKei|iieiit  lo  any  ilevialion  from  llii!  leriim  of  the  (lollcy, 
TliiiH,  if  u  meri'liaiil,  in  a  pulley  on  proiliire  from  the  V\'eNt  Inilien  lo  Loiidnn,  warrant  a  Hliip  lo  anil  mi 
or  lie  fore  the  IhI  of  AiieiiNl,  anil  the  nIiIii  hmII  afler  Hint  day  and  he  IomI,  Ilie  iiiHiiier  Is  e\  one  rated.  Or, 
If  a  meri'liaiit  iiiHiire  from  London  to  LUhon,  and  Hie  nlilp  tall  al  Havre  aiiil  Ih  aflerwiirdx  IohI,  tiie  in- 
mirer  la  not  liahle.  Il  will  he  niiderslood,  of  course,  that  Hie  owner  ol  Hie  aiiip  la  llniile  to  the  iner- 
ciirint  fur  any  hri'acli  of  ronlrail  on  Ilia  part,  na  well  aa  thai  Ihe  iiiaiirer  la  liahle  for  Hie  harratry  of  Hig 
mnaler ;  a  devinlion  on  the  part  ot  the  iiiaHler,  not  iiilendnl  fur  Hie  henelii  of  Hie  owner,  and  i  onirary  to 
Ilia  inalrilctlona.helnuciMialdered  harralry.  Slioiild  Hienwiier  o(  the  fooda  nixleil  lo  dearnlieHtciiraiely 
the  voj  a(j(!  for  which  lie  wisliea  to  he  liisnrrd.  Hie  loaa  would  lie  a  coiiaei|iieiice  of  hia  own  ni'((li«iiii(.', 

'I'iiere  la  a  doclrini;  ronnecled  with  liarratry  which  II  will  here  lie  piojier  to  nolici:.  A  cnplnin, 
owr.er  or  pari  owner  of  Hie  aliip  In  wliicli  lie  aalla,cannol  coniinii  an  act  ol  harralry.  In  other  wonln, 
the  inaiirera  are  not,  In  aiicli  n  caao,  liahle  fur  an  act  of  hia  wliiili  would  oihervviae  lie  hnrralroiiH, 
The  e(|iiily  of  Ihia  doclriiie,  aa  liiraa  regarda  Hie  inlereala  of  Hie  capiaiii  hiinaelf,  cannot  he  called  In 
i|neatlon  ;  hut  it  la  dilliciilt  lo  iiiideratiind  why  the  merchaiil  «  Im  ahlpa  L'lioda  on  hoard  eiicli  ii  captain's 
veaael  aliiiiilil  not  he  permilled  lo  liianre,  aiiione  oilier  riaks,  U|.'aiiiat  Hie  captain's  llleiial  acta.  Wi! 
have  hi'nril,  that  a  ilaiiat*  liaa  oceaaionally  heen  Inlrodiiceil  into  policiea  to  prolect  ini'rchaiita  aiiaiimt 
caiil.iin-owiiera,  and  we  do  not  sii|ipoaf  that  our  courts  of  law  would  refnat."  lo  enforce  such  a  cluiiae. 
Indeed,  wo  cannot  diacover  any  ruaaon  wliy  every  |iarly,  aaviiiK  die  raplaln,  ahonid  not  have  the 
power  of  insiiriiiB  niraiiiat  Hie  coiisei|iieiicea  of  illeual  acia  of  Ihe  captain.  We  helieve,  that  uniniig 
the  life  ollicua,  which  protect  Hieiiiaelvea  from  loaa  hy  aiiicidi!  uiid  Hm  lianda  of  Jiiallce,  there  are  aiiiiie 
wliii'h  make  a  dialliicllon  in  favour  of  tiioae  who  merely  hold  jioliclea  on  the  lives  of  uthvrg  U8  u  col- 
lateral security.     Tlie  propriety  of  aiich  a  diiitlnctlon  mnal  alriku  every  body. 

5.  (hisfdienrtliitiess.—AW  loaaea  ariKiii|t  from  nnseaworlhineas  lliiueaworthiiieaa  may  he  cnnaed  in 
vnrioiia  ways,  such  as  want  of  repair,  want  of  alorea,  want  of  proviaiona,  wuiil  of  nniitlcnl  inatru- 
meiila,  insnUiclency  of  hniiila  to  naviuale  the  vi'ssci,  or  liiioiiipelency  of  the  inaHler.  It  miKlit  he  sup. 
posed,  al  first  sit'lil,  that  inanrance  alloriU  n  much  lesa  perfect  security  than  it  really  doea,  aeeinc  nii 
liow  many  pleas  il  ia  poasihle  fur  the  insurer  to  dispute  hia  lialiillly  ;  hiit  when  it  la  considered  llmt 
the  proof'of  iinaenworlhlness  is  thrown  upon  the  defeiidaiil,  and  that  Ihe  leanlni,'  of  the  coiiria  is  al- 
waya  in  favour  of  the  insured,  il  will  he  easy  to  aiippose  lliat  no  respeclalde  insurers  would  cvtr 
plead  nnaeaworthineas,  nnleas  they  conid  make  out  a  case  of  more  lli,tii  ordinary  strelii-'lh  and  clear- 
ness. The  dfifree  of  uneasiness  felt  hy  meri'hants  and  ship  owners  at  their  lialiilily  to  he  Involved  in 
loss  by  cases  of  nnseawoilliiiiess,  may  he  (.'iiessed  from  Hie  faci.  Hint  alHioiiKli  Ihe  Indeninity  As- 
surance t'omimny  at  one  time  precli'uled  llieiiiselves  from  pleading  nnsiMiworlliiiiess  hy  n  special 
clause  in  Hieir  policy,  not  iinly  did  they  ohlain  nu  uddilional  premiiiin  in  consei|iieiire  thereof,  liut 
they  (lid  not  even  oht'ain  a  preference  over  other  companies  and  individuals  ut  Ihe  same  iireiiiiiini. 
At  least,  lliis  fact  must  either  he  admitted  as  n  proof  of  the  alisence  of  uneasiness  on  this  head,  urof 
that  inveteracy  of  lialiit  which  seems  to  lead  the  (treat  hulk  of  niankiiid  always,  if  possihie,  to  cnnti- 
niie  undeviatiniily  in  those  courses  lo  which  they  are  accustomed,  wen  where  the  benetils  to  be  de- 
rived from  u  deviation  arc  undeninhle. 

»>.  Prntraclion  nf  Ihe  Voijasc—  \\\  loss  ariaine  frrtm  iiniisiinl  protraction  of  the  voyage.  Thus,  if  a 
Bliip  meet  with  an  accident  in  the  Haltic,  and  the  repairs  detain  the  vessel  till  the  close  of  the  season, 
when  the  passage  home  is  rendered  impracticable  hy  the  ice  till  the  opening  of  the  eiisiiiii);  goasnn.nn 
payment  is  made  to  the  merchant,  in  initigalinn  of  his  loss  from  interest  of  money,  loss  of  niarki.'i  (if 
the  market  fall),  or  dcteriorntinn  in  the  quality  nf  hia  goods  (unless  arising  from  actual  sea  daiiiaee); 
nor  to  the  ship  owner,  in  iniligntinn  nf  his  loss  from  the  extra  wages  and  ninintenaiice  of  his  crew.  In 
most  foreign  countries  the  ship  owner  is  remunerated  hy  the  Insurers  for  the  wages  and  inainlenancs 
of  his  crew  while  his  ship  is  detained  in  consequence  of  any  loss  for  the  luakini,'  good  of  which  ilicy 
are  liable. 

7.  Liability  for  doing'  Damage  to  other  Vessels. — All  loss  to  which  the  ship  owner  is  liahle  when  liis 
vessel  does  (InnioKe  to  others.  According  to  our  laws,  the  ownerof  every  ship  not  in  charge  of  npllol, 
that  does  damage,  by  negligence  of  the  master  and  crow,  to  any  description  of  crafl  or  vessel,  i.s  li.ible 
to  make  good  the  same  to  the  extent  of  value  of  his  own  ship  and  freight :  for  beyond  this  he  i.s  not 
liable.  The  common  policy  In  use  among  the  underwriters  at  Lloyd's  and  the  companies  does  not  pru- 
tect  the  sliip  owner  from  this  loss.  But  the  clubs  or  associations  before  mentioned  almost  univeraiilly 
toke  this  risk.  Indeed,  this  is  one  of  the  purposes  which  gave  rise  to  their  formation,  ilul  evciiiliey 
limit  their  liability  lo  Ihe  amount  of  the  policy;  bo  that  if  a  ship  insured  with  them  were  to  run  down 
another,  and  to  sink  herself  in  the  concussion,  the  owner  would  only  receive  the  value  of  his  own 
vessel  from  the  club,  and  still  be  liable  to  the  owner  of  the  other  vessel.  The  Indemnity  Company,  bv 
a  clause  in  their  policy,  make  themselves  liable  for  3-4tlis  of  the  loss  which  the  owner  of  the  vessel 
insured  with  them  may  sustain  from  damage  done  by  his  vessel  to  those  of  others.  If  such  a  case  as 
the  one  just  supposed  should  occur  under  their  policy,  the  insured  would  receive  the  value  of  his  own 
vessel  and  3-4tlia  of  the  loss  to  be  made  good  by  him  to  the  owner  of  the  other  vessel.  The  policies 
of  this  Company  approach  in  this  respect  Hie  nearest  of  any  to  perfect  protection  to  the  ship  owner. 
But  the  loss  from  running  down  other  vessels,  although  serious,  nay,  Boinetimes  ruinous,  selilnm 
occurs ;  and  many  ship  owners  trust  so  confidently  that  it  will  never  fall  upon  them,  that  they  are  a 
well  satisfied  to  be  without  as  with  this  protection. 

8.  Average  Clause.— 'V\\e.  next  description  of  loss  of  which  we  shall  treat,  against  which  the  insured 
are  not  protected,  is  described  in  the  following  clause  of  the  policy  :— "Corn,  fish,  halt,  seed,  flour, 
and  fruit,  are  warranted  free  from  average,  unless  general,  or  the  ship  be  stranded;  sugar,  tobacco, 
benip,  tlax,  hides,  and  skins,  are  warranted  free  from  average  under  5  per  cent.,  unless  general, otilie 


•hip  ho  mranded 
under  .I  per  cent 
Thu  laiiitiiagn 
III  Hie  general  re 
cliiint  and  alilp  o 
(ifiirral  Jlrrni^ 
nr  car^o,  mndii  h; 
(nerhiiard,  cut  fr 
tiirlly  Riihinllled 
cargo,  and  la  call 

I'lirliiiilar  Afei 
■erloiia  n  nature  i 
rlilp  la  not  ao  e,\ti 
In  audi  a  alale  aa 
iiiilil  lo  repair,  a 
average  and  aiilvi 
-Ihe  dniiinge  ana 
iiiado  good  liy  the 
the  viiliie  inaiired 

I'lirliruUir  .li'eri 
lar  aver;ige  will  b 
nailer  what  the  | 

The  iiroperly  in 
fir  which  Bum  it  i 
which  Hie  inerclii 
hi:ni|i,  on  its  arrlvi 
Il  liei'M  aoiind.  Tl 
ri'iit.  upon  the  am 
iiitrcliaiit,  or  that 

If  (hi-  Iifiiin  iipnn  arr 

hA\f  ff  li'lieil  ill  a  MMi 

Leu  liiiiy,  frei|(hr, 

But  in  ill  [l.ini.ircil  il.-\t< 
Leu  duly,  Ireiihi, 

The  infrchanl'i  Iim 

Whcmi  he  only  rereiv 
pie  uf  a  Kilv:i|[e  Kmi  he  wi 

ir  Ilie  hemp  woiiM  Inve 
Li-M  duly,  freiglil,  i 

fiut  ill  III  <l  im-ited  itale 
1^19  duly,  freij^lil,  .1 

The  mercliint'i  low 


Il  will  be  observe 

niarkel.     Il  may  ah 

whole  amount  of  I 

niiiat  iisiinlly  lie  so  ' 

luaing  one,  his  polic 

The  argiinieni  in 

observed  that  the  ai 

is.  Hint  the  insurer': 

conaideraliiiii ;  that 

price  of  the  smiTid,  t 

rale  of  daniage  upoi 

llie  extra  cliarcea  ar 

III  the  first  case  at 

fond,  10/.  upon  lU/., 

and  charges  were  di 

wiiiild  he  fifty  per  ci 

duly  is  concerned,  gi 

value  of  the  giinds  ; 

be  iiidcinnified  for  hi 

mils  of  no  such  arru 

To  make  the  priiici 

clearer,  we  shall  illu 

—a  cask  of  rice  and  1 

10/.,  the  freight  of  ea 

at  ft  market  where  m 

50  per  cent.— the  rict 

lows  :— 

10  cwt.  of  rice,  had  il  an 
prmiuced 
l-en  Ireight  on  10  cwl, 

Blitbeinirdamaneil.  diJon 
l*M  freight  ou  10  cwt 

Merchanfa  loa 

In  each  case  the  m* 
Btim  insured,  which,  i 
his  loss  upon  the  rice 
for  freight,  na  to  redm 
niodity,  he  would  be  1 
surance  from  loss  by 


INSURANCE  (MARIN R). 


79 


■hli)  ho  ilfiinilpili  htuI  nil  nllifr  k>>"iIx.  nl»'>  Hi.-  -Iilii  unci  frriuiit,  iir«  w  irriirnnl  free  Odiii  iiveroKa 
uriiliT  3  |M'r  mill  .  iiiiIi"<h  Ki'iimil,  nr  lliii  i<tii|>  \i>:  >lraiiil  il." 

Till)  liiiii:iiaKii  <mii|iIii)imI  In  iIiIk  rliiiiMi',  li.'inu  |.  i  liiiiiiii,  rnimr.'*  i-viiliiiiiitli.ii,  in  ri'iiiliT  ll  liili'lllKllila 
III  lln!  Ki'iiiTiil  ri'iiiliT.  Av'i-riiui'  Ih  II  iiiiiiii.  ii|i|ilii'i|  in  iitIiiiii  >li'Hi'ri|>ll>>iiii  i>r  Ikkk,  In  w  liii  |i  ||ii>  mur- 
cliiiiil  mill  "li'l'  nwiiiT  am  ll.ililr.     'I'Iiiti?  iirf  Uvn  klirU  ii|'a\  irii:  '.  I'l i    I  ninl  (inrlli  iiLir. 

(Jiiirriit  Jirrr,i)if  <niii|iri'lii'iicU  nil  Inun  iirixllii  niil  n|'  ,i  vi>liliil.ir>  »  m  icll,  .■  nl'  ii  |i  irl  nf  i  illwr  vciikcI 
or  iiir«i',  niiiilti  l>y  llir  c  ii|ii,ilii  fur  iIim  liriii'fll  ulilii'  wjinliv  'I'Iiiih',  iI  ii  c  ii|itiiiii  llirow  \k\h  nl  liU  t  iri((i 
oMTliniiril,  cut  I'rniii  iiii  iiiiclinr  itiiil  nihil',  nr  rill  iiwiiyliis  nriNiit,  ilii'  lux*  Hn  miatiiini'il,  liiiii;!  vnliiii. 
tiirlly  iiiihiiillli'il  III  I'nr  llic  lic'iu-lll  nl'  tli.:  wlmli.,  U  Jiatrilnilcil  imr  llii'  valiiii  nf  i||,<  wlmln  hIiiii  ami 
larKii.  aiiil  ii<  calli'il  "  KniH'ral  iivitiikiv" 

/>,irMiii?ar -^I'Tiij^' <niii|irrlii'iiclii  all  InHK  ori'imloiinl  to  ulilii,  frciulil,  iiinl  riirun,  wliliji  la  mil  nf  lo 
■i-rlniiH  a  mitiiri^  ait  In  ilrliar  llii'iii  I'min  ri'arliiim  llirlr  |iiirl  nrih'Hiiiiallnii,  iiml  wlii'ii  lln'  iliiiiiatfi' In  lliit 
flilp  In  linl  »"  i!.xteri»ivi!  as  in  rrmli-r  lier  iitiwnrihy  nfri'iialr.  I.u^sch  wIhti-  tlir  tininlH  an'  savi'ij,  liiit 
III  mirli  n  utiil"  an  In  bf  iinlll  In  rnrwanl  In  llii>lr  |inrl  n|  i|i>«iiiiaiiiiii,  ami  wliiTii  lln-  hIii|i  ih  ri-iiilrnicl 
unlit  In  ri'palr,  am  i-iilli'il  "  |iarllal  nr  nalvaff  Iuhm."  'I'ln.  Iiwnliiiu  ilHIimtinii  lirtwriii  iiiirllnilar 
nviTiilfi'  ami  milvaKii  Innit  Ik,  lliat,  In  tliii  Dritl,  tlm  |irn|ii'rly  lii«'ir>'il  ri'iiiaiiiM  Mm  |irn|i(>rly  nl'ilii'  aHniiniil 

—llic  ilaiiiiiKi'  BiislaliH'ii,  nr  pirl  lliiircnr,  as  lliii  lasi'  may  Im',  ami  as  will  lio  licn'aliir  r«iil I,  licinu 

liiaili^  Ifoixl  >>y  till*  liiHiirrr ;  ami  In  llii>  Hrinml,  tin-  jirniirrly  itisiiml  Is  alianilnm'il  in  i|i>'  insiiri'r,  ami 
till'  viilni'  liisiiriiil  I'lainii-il  I'miii  hlin  Im  ri'laiiilnu  ilm  |irn|h'rty  sn  aliamlnniMl,  nr  its  valiir. 

I'nrtinilitr  .iMriifie  nn  flomln—A  fi'W  cnsrs  llliislrallVH  nl'irir  Ilinil  iil'hiatliiir  a  riaiiii  I'nr  |iarllril- 

lar  aM'ra|{i'  »lll  liiiRt  e.\|ilalii  llii>  iiatiiri!  nl'lliis  iti'iirri|illiiii  nl'Inss,  ami  will  at  tlir  saiiiu  tiiiiu  slinw  tliu 
ri'iiiliT  what  thi>  iirnctlcnl  iliiilinitiiin  Is  la'twiiiMi  |iarilriilar  avrraur  ami  salvai;)'  I'ikh. 

Till'  iirnpiTly  ilisiiri!.|  we  kIiiiII  mipiiiisi-  in  he  a  Inn  of  hrtnii.  tin-  I'nsl  nl"  wlllrll  at  ri'liTflilirirll  is  'Ml., 
fur  wliii'li  saai  It  la  iiiHiiri'il  frnni  I't'ti-rsliiiruli  in  l.nmlnii,  anil  lliil  IIiimIiiIv,  frrinlil,  ami  iliarL'i'S  In 
which  the  iiii'rchant  ih  hiiIiJi-cI  nn  lamlliiit  at  l.nmlnn  am  Id/.     Wc  shall  liki'wisr  siippusi'  llial  tlni 

ticiiip,  on  Its  arrival,  U  mi  ilaiiia|{i<il  us  nut  to  hr  wnrlli  iiniri'  tlian  half  what  It  w hi  liavi'  Iclclnil  hail 

it  hi'i'n  Hiiiiml.  The  liisiirrr  wmihl  tlii'ii  hn  ralli'il  iipnii  in  make  iinml  In  Ilm  iiiHiirnil  l.'i/.,  nr  .Ml  pi'r 
rem.  iipim  tho  I"!""  liiHiiri'il.  Hut  It  ilni's  nni  fnllnw  that  this  pavinnii  of  I.V.  wniihl  imlfiiiiiiry  llnj 
iiicrcliuiit,  or  that  it  wmilil  iint  mure  tliuii  InduniiiUy  liliii,  I'nr  lliu  Inss  HiistalniMl. 


s 


ir  (hi-  lifiiin  uivin  arrival  In  Itiiti  rnuiilry  would 
lilvf  frlclitnl  ill  a  muii'l  st.lle 
Leu  duly,  (mifM,  aii.1  cliamn  • 

Bui  in  ill  ihni,ur.l  il.ile  i«  only  wnrlh 
U'U  duly,  freijlii,  and  cli.irfii 


The  imrchanl'i  lo«  by  the  Jainafc  !• 

Whfrrai  hf  only  rffrivfi  from  Hip  insurrr  15/. 
pit  of  a  »lv:i|[i:  li»ll  ho  would  alio  rcieivo  I5J. 

ir  ihr  hf inp  wodM  Inve  reiclipi]  in  .1  viuiid  tUle 
Li-M  duly,  freiglil,  and  cii.irKc9 

Dut  ill  lit  dimifet  «tale  if  only  worth 
Ix-n  duly,  (reiitlil,  and  clMrnci 

The  miircliiiit'i  Iom  by  Ihe  damage  ii 


L.    I. 


10 


/,. 

20 
ID 

10 
10 


L. 

>. 

40 

0 

lis 

0 

llii 

0 

B  priiici- 

L. 

1. 

10 

0 

_ 

/..ID 

0 

Whprr^s  he  rcrfivp^  fn'in  Ihe  innurcr  l,V. 
a  ulvafH  loiii  tie  v%uulil  retcivc  3Ui. 


Upon  tlif  |iriiici|'le  uf 


L.    I. 


If  \hv  lirmp   HDuM    li.ivn  fi-tfhi'd    in   a  vmuA 

Mill- 

(.r^i  iluty,  rrei|;ht,  and  chari;i:i 

But  in  i!t  'l-inti^c  I  nlale  it  only  wnrtli 
Leu  duly,  frcighl,  aiiJ  cturK» 


The  merctuQt'i  Ioh  bj  tlM  damage  ii 


And  he  rwfivM  frnni  thn  inmrer  IW.    Upon  the  principle  of  a 
talva^e  loss  lie  woulJ  ruceivu  iJt* 


30 

0 

10 

0 

— — 

—      20 

0 

ll 

0 

10 

0 

— 

—      n 

0 

i~ 

0 

3 


s 


iilil  pvtr 
inil  I  li'iir- 
iviilvciliii 
iiiily  An- 
il Kjii'i'ial 
•rent',  liul 
liri'iiiiiiiii. 
L'liil,  or  of 
tn  ciiiili- 
to  he  do- 

'liiis,  if  J 
ii;  iii'iisiiii, 
!pnsiiii,iin 
iniirkit  (if 
(laiiiiiBe); 

crew.  In 
liiiti'nancii 
■tiich  tlicy 

nlien  his 

nl'  ll  liilol, 

»l,  isliabli! 

he  i.-i  not 

es  lint  pro- 

iniversiilly 

,  even  they 

run  down 

1°  hid  own 

inpany,by 

the  vessel 

]  a  case  as 

of  his  own 

policies 

lip  owner. 

seldom 

liey  are  as 


n  It  will  be  nliHPrveil  Hint  the  morchnnrH  loss  by  tlic  dnnmpc  of  hiii  irooda  vnrlcs  with  thn  state  of  the 

i  niiirkel.     ll  may  alsn  lie  iilinerveil,  that  in  iseneral  the  iiii^rcliaiit  will  nut  receive  I'roiii  the  Insurer  tliu 

whole  ainiiiint  oftlie  Iohs  that  he  HilstaiiiH.     Whenever  his  market  Ih  ii  prolitahle  one  (ami  that  it 

miiKl  iiHiially  he  HI)  will   he  nhvioin*  tn  every  boily),  vvlmnever,  liiilecil,  his  liiarkul  is  iint  u  lieciiledly 

iusiii);  one,  his  policy  iloes  iint  ulfiird  liiin  a  cninjilete  prntectinii. 

The  ariiiiineni  ill  i'nvniirof  tills  mode  of  eettlinic  clainm  fnr  pnrticiilar  nvernijte— and  it  should  he 
observed  that  the  Huhject  lias  lieeti  diHCUHsedi  and  the  principle  acknowledKed  in  the  coiirlH  of  law — 
is,  that  the  insurer's  lialiility  is  to  he  Kiiided  by  Hie  aiuniiiit  upnii  which  he  \ma  received  a  preiiiiiiuior 
coiisiileriilioii ;  lliat  lie  ia  iint  to  be  utrected  by  the  rise  or  fall  of  iiiarketi) ;  but  tliut  the  ^rvsii  market 
>  price  nf  the  amind,  and  the  /^rim  market  price  nf  the  duiiKU'eil  goods,  are  tn  be  the  test  by  wliicli  the 
rale  of  ilamaue  upon  Ihe  aiiioiint  insured  is  to  be  adjusted  ;  the  insurer  being  liable,  besides,  for  all 
the  extra  cliarces  arising  out  of  the  damage. 

Ill  Ihe  first  case  staled,  the  nierchaiit'a  loss  by  damage  Is  3M.  upon  402.,  or  6'ii  percent. ;  in  the  se- 
cftiid,  10/.  upon  10/.,  or  100  per  cent. ;  in  the  third,  1.')/.  upon  20/.,  or  75  per  cent,  If  the  duty,  freight, 
and  clinrges  were  diminished  in  proportion  to  the  diminished  value  of  Ihe  goods,  the  loss  ineach  case 
would  he  fifty  per  cent,  upon  the  nett  price,  as  it  is  50  per  cent,  upon  the  gross  price.  As  far  as  the 
duly  is  concerned,  government,  upon  many  articles,  reduces  it  in  proportion  to  the  diminution  in  the 
value  of  the  goods  ;  and  if  the  freight  were  reduced  in  a  similar  manner,  the  merchant  would  always 
be  indeiniiitied  for  bis  loss  by  the  insurer.  But  the  practice  with  regard  to  freight  in  tliis  country  ad- 
inils  of  no  such  arrangement ;  freight  being  paid  according  to  the  i|uantity  delivered. 

To  make  the  principle  upon  which  claims  for  particular  average  are  adjusted,  and  its  bearing,  still 
clearer,  we  shall  illustrate  it  by  a  few  more  cases.  (Suppose  two  packages  to  be  insured  at  cost  price 
— -u  cask  of  rice  and  a  cask  of  sugar — each  weighing  10  cwt. ;  the  cost  of  each  at  the  port  of  sliipment 
10/.,  tile  freight  of  each  10*.  per  cwt.  at  the  port  of  delivery,  both  articles  free  from  duty,  and  to  arrive 
at  n  market  where  no  more  than  the  cost  price  is  realised  ;  assuming  that  both  packages  are  damaged 
SO  per  cent. —the  rice  by  loss  of  quality,  the  sugar  by  loss  of  weight— the  statement  will  be  as  fol- 
lows : — 


L.  >, 

10  cwl.  of  rice,  had  il  arrived  wund,  would  have 

pnnluce*!  -  -  -  -  •    15  0 

Ijsi  Ireight  on  10  cwt.  at  I0>.  per  cwt.  •     S  0 

Bullieini;damaf|e<l,  dill  only  produce       .  -7  10 

lioa  freigbl  on  10  cwt.  at  lOt.  per  cwt         -50 


Merchant's  Ion 


L.    1. 

10    0 

2  10 

^7  10 

10  cwt.  ofsui^r,  if  Mund,  n-nuld  have  produced 
Leu  fi'uiglit  on  10  cwt,  at  IOj.  per  cwt. 

The  barrel  heingdamaged,  did  only  weigh  5  cwt., 
and  produce         .  -  .  .  . 

Le>a  freight  on  &  cwt.  at  lOi.  per  cwt. 


Merchant'!  low 


L.    I. 


10    0 


5    0 
£.5   0 


In  each  case  the  merchant  Is  entitled  to  recover  from  his  Insurer  52.,  or  50  per  cent.,  upon  10/.,  the 
sum  insured,  which,  although  an  indemnity  to  him  for  his  loss  on  the  sugar,  is  far  from  being  so  for 
his  loss  upon  the  rice.  If  the  merchant  would  contrive  so  to  shape  his  contract  with  the  ship  owner 
for  freight,  as  to  reduce  the  freight  in  proportion  to  the  depreciation  in  the  value  of  the  damaged  com- 
modity, he  would  he  completely  protected.  The  ship  owner  might  nn  his  side  protect  himself  by  in- 
surance from  loss  by  reduction  of  quality,  as  he  now  dues  from  loss  by  reduction  of  quantity.    But 


80 


INSURANCE  (MARINE). 


we  have  already  more  than  once  adverted  to  the  dif1ic\ilty  of  breaking  in  upon  estaldished  practices. 
The  iiicrchaiits  bo  on  from  year  to  year  c.o  i)|ilaiiiiiig  of  the  losses  to  which  they  arc  subject  from  this 
awkward  contrivance,  wliile  no  steps  art  t  iltcn  to  improve  it.  To  show  tliat  the  principle  is  equita- 
ble as  between  tlie  merchant  and  liis  insu  cr,  we  subjoin  one  more  statement,  where  the  damage  is 
taken  at  100  per  cent. : — 


/_   ». 

10  cwt.  fjf  rice,  if  sound,  would  have  prrV  :ed       13    0 
Irf-w  tVeighton  lOcwt.  at  IOj.  per  cwt.  •      5    0 

Bein;  foIiMy  s]mi!et!,  did  produce  nothinfr 

'i'h.^    nittrchaiit    bang   slill    liable    hr  the 
frt'iglit  ..... 

Making  his  loss       .  .  -  ■  X,.l'>    0 

He  receives  lOl.  only  rroin  the  in.^urer. 


10   0 


5    0 


10  cwf.  of  sii^.ir.  If  pound,  would  have  produced 
Leu  frcijthl  oji  10  cwt.  .il  IQj.  per  cwt, 

Tlie  hirrel  hein?  waslieil  out  produces  nothing    - 
Tlie  mi-rchant,  liowcver,  not  being  liable  to 
p;iy  freight 

tlis  lost  is  only 


Z. 

s 


10   0 


i.lO    0 


which  he  recovcn  from  the  Insurer. 

It  will  be  observed,  that  in  each  case  the  Insurer  pays  10(.,  or  the 
full  sum  upon  nhicii  hr  receives  the  pn'niiuin. 

When  \\  hole  carprnes,  nr  parrels  of  irnnds  of  considerable  value,  are  insured,  the  clause  in  the  policy 
wliit  11  jirolccts  tli(^  Insurer  frfnii  parliiiiltir  averace  under  a  certiiiii  percentage,  is  olten  partially  set 
aside  'I'lins,  if  ii  ciirjio  of  ."iOO  lioL'slicads  of  su'.'ar,  valued  at  10,00(1/.,  were  diimaged  to  the  extent  of 
40(1/.,  ilie  iiieriliiinl,  snpiidsing  the  priiteoting  clause  to  remain  in  lorce,  wiuild  recover  nothing  fn.:! 
the  insurer,  the  Iciss  not  Hiiionnlliii;  to  5  per  cent.  The  additional  written  clause,  by  which  it  is  the 
prai'lice  to  Mioilify  iIh^  printed  clause,  is  as  follows  :— "  I'tirticular  average,  puyalde  upon  each  10  lihds. 
siiL'tir.  10  ciisks  and  .Ml  bairs  coftee,  :iud  10  bags  cotton,  following  numbers,  and  upon  each  package  of 
inaiiiifaclured  goods,  cliest  of  indigo,  bag  <if  wool  or  silk,  the  same  as  if  separately  insured."  Shell 
chinsi^s  may  be,  and  are,  introduced  ad  liliitiim  by  mutual  consent  of  itisurcr  and  insured,  the  premiuin 
or  consideration  being  arranged  iiccordingly. 

The  protecting  clause  is  considert.'d,  on  tiie  other  hand,  by  the  insurers,  exceedingly  unsatisfactory 
in  some  respects  :  and  they,  as  occasion  re(]nires,  insist  upon  adilitional  protection.  Tbtis,  sallpetre, 
bides,  cocoa,  and  tin  plates,  an  generally  wtirraiiled  free  from  particubir  average,  unless  the  ship  be 
stranded  ;  and  upon  tobiicco,  it  is  citstoniary  for  the  insurers  to  make  themselves  litible  only  to  such 
part  of  the  particular  average  as  exceeds  5  per  cent.,  throwing  5  per  cent,  upon  the  merchant. 

/'(i//(r»//(r  .^rerrtirfi  »H /■'(fii'/i/.— The  rianse,  as  far  as  it  affects  "  freight,"  calls  for  no  particular 
coiiiiiieiil.  rarlicniar  average  upon  freigh'  can  only  arise,  according  to  prevailing  practice,  from  loss 
of  weight  ;  anil  whenever  tin-  loss  of  weight  amounts  to  3  per  cent,  or  upwards,  tlie  ship  owner  is 
entitled  to  recover  Ironi  his  insurer.  The  ship  owner,  upon  the  arrival  of  the  ship  at  its  port  of  des- 
tination, is  entitled  to  hold  the  goii.'s  as  security  until  the  freight  is  paid.  If  the  owner  of  the  goods 
Bhould  prove  insolvent,  and  the  gooi's  should  be  entindy  spoiled  by  sea  damage  during  the  voyage, 
(inil  till!  shipowner  thus  lose  his  frci^'ht,  he  has  no  claim  upon  the  insurer  ;  bectiuse,  althouL'h  his  col- 
lateral security  is  deslroyeil  by  a  peril  of  the  sea,  his  right  In  receive  freigiit  remains  unimpaired,  and 
it  is  agtiinst  the  loss  or  impairing  of  this  right  that  the  insurer  protects  him. 

I'll rtir iilar  Ancrtn'e  on  Ships. — I'aiticiiliir  average  upon  ships  is  a  subject  somewhat  more  beset 
wiili  iliHicnllies.  There  is  scarcely  a  ship  that  makes  a  voyage  nf  any  length,  that  docs  not  sustain 
EOiiii!  diiinage.  Tlie  clause  in  the  policy  warranting  the  ship  free  from  particular  average  under  3  per 
cent.,  unless  stranded,  protects  the  insurer  from  the  constant  recurrence  of  petty  claims  ;  hut  in  ad- 
dition to  this,  it  is  the  practice  to  '.lass  the  damage,  that  a  ship  siistairs  in  the  prosecution  of  her 
voyage,  uiiiler  two  heads  :  ordinary  damage,  or  wear  and  tear  ;  and  extraordinary  damage,  or  parti- 
cular average.  The  spliltingof  stiils,  the  breaking  of  anchors  and  cables, the  upsetting  of  windlasses, 
are  losses  that  come  under  the  first  head.  The  carrying  away  of  ma-is  and  bulwarks,  damage  to  the 
topfh'r  sheiilbing,  and  hull,  from  striking  on  rocks,  come  under  the  second. 

Wlien  a  ship  sustains  damage,  if  she  be  on  her  first  voyage,  the  whole  expense  of  the  repairs  is 
niadi!  good  by  tlie  insurers.  But  if  she  he  not  on  her  first  voyage,  it  is  the  established  custom  that  tlm 
insurer  pays  no  more  than  2.3ds  of  the  repairs,  the  owner  of  t'.ie  vessel  having,  as  it  is  thought,  an 
equivalent  for  the  I-3d  which  falls  upon  him,  in  the  substitu'.ion  of  new  work  for  old.  Where  the 
nature  of  the  damage  is  such  as  to  require  that  the  copper  should  be  stripped  olflhe  sbiii's  bottom,  the 
insurer  pays  the  ditTercnce  between  the  price  of  the  old  and  tlie  new  copper  on  the  weight  of  the  old 
topper  stripped  off;  the  excess  in  weight  of  the  new  over  the  old  copper  is  paid  for  by  the  shipowner; 
and  the  labour  of  stripping  and  replacing  the  copper  is  paid  (or  on  the  principle  already  mentioned. 
In  any  general  rule  of  this  kind,  it  must  be  obvious  that  th.';  ship  owner  will  soinetinies  gain  and 
sometiines  lose  by  an  accident.  As  soon  as  the  ship  owner,  or  his  captain,  learns  that  his  vessel  has 
met  with  an  accident,  or  as  soon  after  as  possible,  he  summons  regular  surveyors  to  examine  his  ves- 
sel and  report  all  defects,  discriminating  between  those  defects  that  have  arisen  from  perils  of  the  sea, 
and  those  from  wear  and  tear.  The  first  only  are  made  good  by  the  insurer,  together  with  all  charges, 
such  as  surveyors'  fees,  dock  dues,  &e.,  cau;ied  by  the  necessity  of  undergoing  repair.  It  has  been 
already  observed,  that  when  a  ship  is  obliged,  in  the  progress  of  her  voyage,  to  put  into  port  for  tlic 
purpose  of  repair,  although  the  owner  of  the  ship  be  subjected  to  great  expense  for  the  wages  and 
niainienancc  of  his  crew  during  the  detention,  he  can  recover  no  part  of  this  expense  from  the  in- 
surer; the  doctrine  being,  that  the  owne  ■  of  the  ship  Is  ho  nd  to  navigate  his  vessel,  and  that  tlie 
insurer  docs  not  undertake  to  guarantee  that  the  voyage  shall  be  completed  within  any  specific  time. 
Hiicli  is  the  doctrine,  at  least,  in  this  country,  and  tb  practice  is  founded  upon  it ;  but  in  all  other 
countries  the  doctrine  and  practice  are  the  reverse.  For  in  ihciii  allowance  is  made  to  the  shipowner 
for  the  wages  and  maintenance  of  the  crew  diring  the  whole  period  that  the  ship  is  under  repair. 
Where  a  vessel  sustains  damage  and  undergoes  n^pair  in  the  progress  of  her  voyage,  and  is  siilise- 
quenily  lost,  the  insurer  is  liable  both  for  the  particular  average  and  a  total  loss.  t)r  the  owner  of  the 
ship  may,  if  he  please,  insure  the  amount  expended  in  repair ;  and  then,  in  the  event  of  subsequent 
loss,  the  insurer  is  liable  for  the  total  loss  only,  but  in  the  event  of  subsequent  safe  arrival,  the 
average  is  augmented  by  the  charge  of  insurance. 

The  operation  of  the  clause  warranting  the  ship  free  from  average  under  3  per  cent.,  unless  gene- 
ral, or  the  ship  be  stranded,  may  now  be  clearly  seen.  If  a  ship  be  insured  and  valued  at  10,000/,,  and 
the  repairs  of  the  vessel  do  not,  afler  all  .he  deductions  above  referred  to,  amount  to  3  per  cent, 
tin  "-e  is  no  claim  upon  the  insurer,  unless  the  vessel  sli.ill  have  been  stranded. —  (See  Aveb.*ok.) 

Strinilit:^. — The  term  stranded  is  not  well  chosen,  admitting  of  more  than  one  construction  ;  and 
the  clause  of  which  it  forms  a  part  is  imperfectly  conceived.  And  in  settlements  of  accounts,  when 
dilfereuces  arise,  the  parties  who  discuss  them  are  more  apt  to  strive  for  that  interpretation  of  terms 
and  clauses  which  is  favourable  to  their  interests,  than  for  that  which  is  best  adapted  for  general  pur- 
poses. It  is  conimunly  understood  that  merely  striking  the  ground  and  coming  off  is  not  a  strainlingi 
it  being  necessary,  in  order  to  ftill  within  that  term,  that  the  ship  should  remain  on  the  groiiiul  or 
rock,  as  it  may  happen,  and  that  efforts  should  be  made  to  float  her.  Hiriking  on  an  anchor  and  le  tk- 
iiig  dangerously  is  not  a  stranding.  We  shall  only  adduce  two  illnstralions,  for  the  purpose  of  slinw- 
ing  how  ill  adapted  this  clause  is  as  a  means  to  an  end.  I'orii  and  other  such  articles  are  warr.inled 
free  from  particular  average,  unless  the  ship  be  etraiidud,  because  the  insurers,  considering  these 


nrtirles  to  be  pei 

traordinary  oera 

ili.n,  and  dania,!( 

willioiit  straininj 

corn,  under  the  t 

coast, .'(  ship  stril 

arrives  at  l.onilin 

belli  not  to  be  lial 

Griieral  Jlveniii 

ever  irirtiiig  the  li 

cjl.ir  averasre ;  a 

althoiiiili  there  in 

Riiii'iiiit  to  more  t 

rliani  and  ship  ov 

of  liis  ihsur.itice, 

enter  into  general 

fleres  ;  2.  SaiTifK 

ral  preservaiioii; 

services. 

I.  When  any  |>a 

(deiliicting,  of  cotj 

sacrifice  ;  iillowat 

replaced  with  new 

only  is  t.ikeii  off  li 

cables  are  calctilat 

price  nf  anchors. 

Inst,  ciiiii|ititiiig  till 

placiin.'  an  anchor  ; 

anil  c.ilile  at  I.ondo 

2.  .Sairilice  of  tin 

hoard  to  liLiliten  tip 

soiled  is  enlitled  to 

liett  to  Iiiiii,  siippos 

.!|  (ili'iliiciiiiL'  his  siiar 

■i         didivery  of  llie  goo 

i|  3.  Ueiiiiiiieralion 

:|  large  sinus  are  freqi 

c  hazard  of  their  live 

I         such  service  is  iiw; 

.:;         (.lined.     Tile  ship  n 

i         the  ileleniioii,  or  in; 

;•         waror  ariiied  niercli 

:;  case.     All  tln'sc  tin 

and  cargo.     When  a 

is  general  averagi,'. 

■         neral  average  ;  but 

^         oliisively  upon  (he  i 

I        fervatiiin,  are  charg 

4         VVIieii  a  ship  puts  in 

.}t        wards  is  a  cb.irge  i 

,?        e.^lahllsheil  practice 

?'  'i-  The  money  reqi 

f        accident  happen  ilea 

from  Mil!  v:irioiis  par 

in  a  inreiirn  port,  wli 

limes  he  received  in 

ca|)laiii  is  ijiiinowere 

.         U|mii  to  supply  the  IK 

;        mils  the  receipt  ofth, 

•  oC  111,,  pert  of  destiiii 
.   i'        of  tile  captain);  and 

:^  advaneeil  and  the  sti 
,2        el'  lii .\.'rliilant, 

cirno  for  ti.e  piirp.. 

Ins  voyage.  The  ex|, 
4        iini,  or  by  loss  on  (he 

required.    'I'liiis,  if  a 

load  (o  repair;  siipp. 

•  average,  consisling  o 
'  freii'lii,  consisting  of 
I       caiL'o,  consisting  of  w 

,■.»  shiiiihl  he  2(1  per  ceil 
"j^  raiseil  toOllO/.,  2i0/.,  I 
,%  Il  Slill  remains  lo  In 

J       owners  of  the  cargo, 
■.,■:       tlie  ship's  port  of  de<t 
«      produce  in  iheiractiii 
;?      less  il,R  w  iges  of  the 
values.    S  lould  ihe 
wages  01  the  crew  ex, 
.       tlie  parly  whose  propi 
-      principle;  the  value  li 
.       po.snigii  to  have  been 
i,      |)nip„rti,)n  ofcontrihu 
^      "I  departure.     Thus,  . 
^      in  the  Downs,  or  incii 
>^      ellectedin  Ibis  tountrj 
t      Psiifie  are  avoided      () 
A     contribution.    A  total 
IJis  prior  liability  j  ant 


INSURANCE  (M\RINE). 


81 


irs  li 
ilml  till' 
ht,  i'.ii 
tlie 
rn, the 
the  old 
owner; 
ioncd. 
■.nd 
1^1  has 
ves- 
le  sea, 
liarge?, 
as  liueii 
for  tlic 
gt'S  mid 
the  in- 
liil  the 
('  tiiiie. 
II  other 
owiitr 
rcpnir. 
sulisi'- 
r  of  tilt 
oqiipiit 
val,  the 


Rcne- 

l();.,and 

cent , 

K.) 

II ;  and 
3,  when 
f  torins 
ral  I'lir- 
iiiding; 
ouiid  or 
;l  Ic  ik- 
f  show- 
irr;inti,'d 
12  tlieso 


nrtiilrs  to  Ik;  ppciillaily  siisrpiitihli-  of  d  imriyc,  will  imi  nnsi'iil  to  tiiko  tint  risk,  o.vci'iit  on  some  ex- 
traordinary (iciasiiiii.  A  sliifi,  lailiMi  with  iiirii,  iiiakt'S  a  very  slorniy  pasHaL'o  frmii  the  ll:illlc  to  l.on- 
(li.n,  anil  daina.ii'rt  the  whole  of  lur  cars.'n.  Il|iiiii  iinival  oifoiir  loasl  she  is  fitraiided,  hut  got  otT 
withont  slraiiiiii;!  or  siislainiiig  any  daiiiaKu.  The  insurer  is  hehl  to  hi'  li  hie  for  the  (lania<;i!  to  tho 
corn,  miller  till' L'lanse  of  the  policy.  On  aiiolher  mciisiiHi,  afler  a  very  lavoiiriihle  (lassage  to  our 
coast,  a  sliiji  strikes  npon  a  shoal,  lint  is  not  sir  indeil,  siisiaiiiin^',  however,  no  nuuli  ilaiii:i;!e  that  sho 
arrives  at  London  with  ti  feet  water  in  her  hold,  and  lur  cargo  alniO!.t  wholly  8j)uil,  d.  The  insurer  ia 
held  not  to  he  liahle  under  thi!  clause  of  the  polii  y, 

(rcnf.rnl  Jivernire. — The  iiisiir'-r  is  hound  to  make  (rood  all  ceneral  nverRge  without  exception,  liow- 
evi-r  irilliiig  the  aitioniit.  (ien.  .al  average  is  Irrated  as  thoii;.'li  alloL'eilier  niii  iiiiiiri  led  with  parti- 
ciiliir  average ;  and  diiiiiage  to  the  goods  not  aiiioniitiiig  to  I!  per  cent,  is  not  pi>yaldi'  hy  the  insurer, 
h1iIiiiiii;1i  there  may  lie  also  a  giMieral  average,  and  the  geneiiil  and  particular  averiiL'e  Imieiher  may 
aiiii'iiiit  to  more  than  3  or  5  per  cent.  CJeneral  averai,'"  is  a  chnrire  whicli  nmsl  he  paid  hy  tlie  iiier- 
(haiit  iiiid  shipowner,  even  if  uninsured  ;  altliongh,  when  insured,  he  transfers,  as  it  were,  in  virtue 
of  his  iiisuraiice,  the  charge  from  himself  to  his  insurer.  .Ml  the  elements  that  can  hy  jiossihility 
Ciller  into  general  averafe  may  he  classed  nndi^r  four  heads;—!.  Sacrifice  of  part  of  the  ship  and 
pliiri'S  ;  '2.  Sacrilice  of  part  of  the  cargo  and  freight  :  'A.  l{eiiiiiii"ratioii  of  services  required  for  gemj- 
ral  presorvaliuii ;  4  lixpense  of  raising  money  to  reji'.  ice  what  lias  heeii  sacrilicud,  and  to  remunerate 
services. 

1.  When  any  part  of  the  ship  is  sacrificed  for  the  t'eiieial  heiiefit.  the  owner  is  eniitled  to  receive 
(dodiictiiig,  of  coi|rse,  his  sliari!  of  conlriiiiition)  the  iiiiioiiiil  of  his  <nnlay  in  the  replacing  of  siicli 
sacrihce  ;  allowance' hi-iiig  made,  on  the  principle  stated  ahove,  where  old  works  and  nialerials  are 
replaced  with  new.  The  dediiclion  of  l-,1d,  however,  does  not  invariahly  apply.  Tor  instaiice,  l-(itli 
only  is  taken  olf  the  price  of  an  iron  calde  that  is  slipped  I'rniii  for  the  general  lienelil,  hecanse  iron 
cuhles  art!  calculated  to  last  for  a  great  iiiiinher  of  years;  and  no  dednclion  is  ever  made  from  the 
price  of  anchors.  The  charge  of  replacing  the  loss  may  aiiionnt  to  ci  iisiderahly  more  than  the  value 
Inst,  ciiinpuling  the  value  at  the  place  where  Ihe  ship  wis  oriiiilially  fitted.  Thus,  the  cost  of  re- 
pliiciin;  »n  anchor  and  cahle  slipped  from  in  the  Downs,  is  freqiieiilly  doiilde  the  value  of  the  anchor 
and  cahle  al  London.     Hut  whatever  the  charge  may  he.  silili  charge  forms  the  h.isis  of  settlement. 

%  Sill  ritice  of  the  cargo  anil  freicht  takes  place  in  jellisoii,  or  where  part  of  the  cargo  is  flung  o ver- 
lionrd  to  li'jliten  the  vessel.  I'pon  arrival  in  port,  afler  such  jeltison,  the  owner  of  iiie  goods  jetti- 
soned is  eniitled  to  receive  (d-ducting  his  share  of  coiiiriliiiliini)  what  I  lie  gooils  would  have  produced 
ni'll  to  him,  sii|iposing  llieiii  to  have  arrived  sound ;  and  the  owner  of  the  ship  is  eiitilleil  to  receivti 
(ilediicliiiL'  his  share  of  cuiitriliutiun)  the  freight  :o  which  lie  would  have  hecii  entitled  upon  the  safe 
didivery  of  the  goods. 

;i.  Iteiiiiiiieration  of  services  and  other  charges.  Wlien  a  ship  loses  her  anchors  and  caliles,  very 
large  siiiiis  are  freiiiieiilly  awarded  to  hoatineii  who  venture  olf  to  lier  with  new  ones  at  the  immiiient 
hii/.iird  of  llieir  lives.  A  ship  disahled  at  sea  is  towed  into  port  hy  another,  and  reiiiiiiieraiioii  for 
siicli  service  is  awarded  according  to  the  value  saved,  the  detention  occasioned,  and  the  loss  siis- 
taiiii'd.  The  ship  rendering  the  service  may  he;  laden  w  ith  tisli  or  fruit,  that  may  iii'  totally  spoiled  hy 
the  delenlion,  or  may  be  in  hallast.  A  ship  captured  hy  the  enemy  may  be  re-captured  hy  a  man  of 
waror  armed  merchant  vessel  ;  lii^re,  again,  salvaize  is  awarded  accoriliiig  to  the  circumstances  of  tlie 
case.  All  tln'se  chargi^s  are  treneral  averiwe  ;  that  is  to  say.  iiiiisl  he  distrihiited  over  ship,  freight, 
and  cargo.  When  a  ship,  with  her  cargo,  is  driven  on  shore,  the  expense  of  attenipling  to  get  her  olf 
is  general  average.  If  she  cannot  he  got  ott'  without  (iischargiiig,  the  (,'xpeiise  of  discharging  is  ge- 
neral average  ;  hilt  the  expense  of  getting  the  sliip  otF  afier  lier  cargo  has  heeii  taken  mit  falls  ex- 
clusively upon  the  ship.  The  warehoii.sing  of  the  cargo,  and  oilier  expenses  incurred  for  its  pre- 
fi-rvalion,  are  charges  exclusively  npon  thecargo.  The  expense  of  reloading  is  home  hy  the  freight. 
When  a  ship  puts  into  port  in  distress,  the  piloiage  inwards  is  general  average;  ilie  pilotage  out- 
wards is  a  charge  upon  the  freight.  Tliis  distribution  of  charges  has  settled  into  a  tolerably  well 
c^talllislled  practice  ;  and  upon  this  principle  claims  are  settled  at  the  ollUes,  and  at  Lloyd's. 

■1.  The  money  reiinired  to  meet  the  above  charges  is  someti'iies  attainable  without  expense.  If  the 
accident  happen  near  limne,  ami  the  ship  owner  he  respectable,  he  advances  the  money,  and  recovers 
from  Ihe  various  parties  concerned  so  soon  us  the  accniiiits  can  he  made  up:  or  if  tlie  accident  happen 
ill  a  foreign  port,  where  the  owner  of  the  ship  is  well  known,  the  captain's  hill  upon  him  will  some- 
tiiiii's  lie  received  in  p.iymeiit  of  the  charges  incurred,  lint  where  such  facilities  do  not  exist,  the 
captain  is  oiiiiiowercd  to  pledge  his  ship,  freight,  and  cargo,  as  security  to  anyone  he  may  prevail 
upiiii  to  supply  the  necessary  funds.  This  pledge  is  termed  a  boltoinry  bond.  l!y  it  the  captain  ad- 
mils  till'  receipt  of  the  money  :  consents  to  the  paynient  of  a  premiuiii  "(which  varies  with  the  distance 
of  the  pi  rt  of  destination,  the  risk  of  the  voyage,  the  respectability  of  the  owner,  and  the  necessitiea 
of  till'  captain);  and  assigns  the  ship,  freiglit,  and  cargo,  as  security  for  the  repayinent  of  the  money 
udvanced  and  the  stipiilaied  premium.  Slionld  the  captain  consider  the  buttoiiiry  premium  demanded 
of  him  exnrhitant,  or  sliould  he  deem  it  preferable  in  other  respects,  he  may  sell  a  portion  of  the 
cargo  fir  tlie  purpose  of  raising  such  nioney  as  he  may  istand  in  need  of  towards  the  prosecution  of 
Ills  voyage.  The  expensij  of  raisiiiL'  the  niiiiisite  funds,  whether  hy  coiiunission,  hy  bottomry  prenii- 
inii,  or  hy  loss  on  the  sale  of  the  cargo,  is  charged  to  those  parties  for  whose  interest  the  money  is 
reipiircd.  Tims,  if  a  ship,  having  struck  upon  a  rock,  puts  into  port  m  distress,  and  is  obliged  to  un- 
loiid  to  repair;  supposing  the  particular  average  upon  the  ship  to  amoiint  to  .'idllf.  ;  the  general 
average,  cniisisliiig  of  assistance  into  port  and  expense  of  unloading,  '2IMI/. ;  particular  charges  on 
fruiL'lil,  consisting  of  expense  of  reloading  and  pilotage  outwards,  lOll/, ;  and  particular  charges  on 
caiao,  consisting  of  warehoii-.!  rent  and  repair  of  packages,  '200/. ;  and  the  expense  of  raising  nioney 
bIioiiIiI  he  20  per  cent.  :— these  sums  would  be  severally  increased  by  this  addition,  and  would  be 
raisid  to  fillO/.,  210/.,  Vm..  and  210/. -(See  lioTTOMiiV.) 

It  siill  reiiinins  to  he  iiiniiired  in  what  proportion  the  general  average  is  to  he  paid  hy  the  dilferent 
owners  of  the  cargo,  iuhI  the  owner  of  ship  and  freight.  Almost  all  general  averages  are  adjusted  at 
the  ship's  port  of  destinatinii,  and  the  values  of  the  ship  and  cargo  are  takiMi  at  what  they  would 
priidiice  in  their  actual  state  upon  arrival,  and  the  freight  according  to  what  is  actually  receivable, 
less  the  w  iges  of  Ihe  captain  and  crew  ;  the  general  average  l.eiiig  distributed  in  proportion  to  these 
values.  Sioiild  the  cargo  he  altogether  worthless,  it  cannot  be  made  to  contribute;  and  should  the 
wages  01  the  crew  exceed  the  freiglit,  then  the  freight  is  not  liable  to  contrihiite.  In  case  of  jettison, 
the  party  whose  property  h.is  been  sacrificed  for  I'le  general  benefit  receives  indemnity  on  Ihe  gams 
principle  ;  llie  value  to  which  he  is  entitled  being  what  his  property  would  have  produced  nett,  sup- 
posing ii  to  have  been  sold  on  the  arrival  of  tin;  vessid— Ihe  same  value  serving  t"or  the  basis  of  liia 
propnrliiin  of  coiilrihiitioii.  Home  few  cases  occur,  when;  tin?  general  averagi;  is  adjusted  at  the  port 
nf  departure.  Thus,  if  a  ship,  outward  hound  to  the  llrilisli  colonies,  cut  from  an  anchor  and  cable 
in  the  Downs,  or  incur  other  general  average  on  our  own  const,  the  insurances  being  principally 
etfectcd  ill  this  country,  it  is  the  custom  to  adjust  it  on  the  spot,  by  which  means  both  delay  and  ex- 
pense are  avoided  On  these  occasions,  the  values  al  the  port  of  shipment  are  taken  as  the  basis  of 
contribution.  A  total  logs,  subseiiuently  to  a  general  jiverage,  does  not  exonerate  Ilit  insurer  from 
Ilia  prior  liability;  and  ullliougli  it  ia  uustoinary  with  iliu  ship  owner,  ur  his  Ujjeiit,  8|)cciiicully  to  in< 

11 


! 
\ 

i 

I 
I 


I 


82 


INSURANCE  (MARINE). 


sure  the  money  expended  in  average,  fur  tlie  purpose  of  protectins  Ilie  insurer  nsainst  any  ereater 
lial)ility  than  100  pi'r  tciil.,  he  is  ikiI  iihsuliilcly  o|p|i!.'iMl  to  (h)  so.  Wlitn  ttie  avera;;.!  funds  are  raised 
by  hoiloinry,  thr  piirly  advanciiip  lliciii  takrs  ihc  ship,  freight,  and  cargo,  as  security,  and  cliarges  a 
preniiuni  t(i  cover  the  ris^k  of  tlie  sliip"s  noti-arrival  at  hir  port  of  dcstinatiun.  And  thiis,  on  such  an 
occasion,  a  swh-^cciiuMit  total  loss  relieves  the  insurer  froni  all  liahilily  to  averajre. 

Tint  1,1  \vs  and  customs  hy  which  avrraires  are  adjusted  vary  in  dift'erent  countries  ;  hut  the  insurer 
in  this  ((iiiiitry  is  only  liahle  for  the  averages  adiusted  according  to  our  laws.  The  merchant,  ln)W- 
ever,  whose!  iiooils  arrive  at  a  foreign  port,  is  ohlig(Ml  to  suhniit  to  the  laws  of  that  port.  He  may 
thus  he  a  ciuisidi'rahle  losi'r ;  paying  general  average  accordiiii.'  to  one  law.  and  receiving  from  his 
insurer  according  to  another.  And  he  never  can  he  a  L'ainer,  hec 
rei  ovi'r  friMU 

of  till 


hcfore  he  is  entitled   to 


his 


oirer,  he   must   prove   that   he   lias   paid  to  the  owm'rof  tin;  ship 
cl 


Tl 


JIS    IS   <Uju 


le  niiiny  inconvi'iiii'ini'S  to  which  mercanlili;  men  ar.'  e.vp.srd  which  cannot  he  removeil  with- 
out, what  it  may  he  hoped  will  gr.idually  taki'  place,  an  assiniilali(ui  of  the  commercial  laws  of  ditVe rent 
coiintrii's. 

I'rni'f  i,f  r.o.'^■^■. — The  prdicy  of  insurance  is  the  instritnient  under  which  the  incrchant  and  ship 
owner  claim  indemnirK-alion" for  all  losses  that  are  not  specially  excepted.  The  proof  that  the  loss 
Jias  hci'ii  sM-taincd  must  also  he  cxhihiK^d  ;  such  as  the  title  to  the  vessel  and  cargo,  and  the  evidence 
of  the  caiilain  ami  crew  to  cstahlish  the  circ\iinslances  o\it  of  xvhich  the  claim  arises.  If  A.  were  to 
»  insure  Ins  vessel  for  the  space  of  l"2  uionlhs.  and  at  the  expiration  of  (i  months  werct  to  sell  his  ship  lo 
B. ;  A.'s  interest  in  the  vessel  having  ceased,  so  also  does  his  insurer's  liiihility  ;  and  I!.,  it'  he  wisli 
to  I  e  proiecled  must  make  a  new  insurance.  I'roof  of  ou  nersliip,  therefore.  Is  an  essential  prelimi- 
ti'iry  to  the  recovery  of  a  claim.  In  gi'neral  praciiei',  no  dillii  ully  arises  from  iliis,  hecanse  Ihi'  f.ut 
of  ownership  is  sulliciently  notorious.  Tin'  hill  of  lading  is,  in  most  cases,  satisfactory  proof  tluU  the 
cargo  was  on  hoard,  as  well  as  of  the  amount  of  freight. 

y<iliieil  iinJ  npiv  I'uliric.-'.—M'  an  insurance  for  2.(100/.  h  ■  effected  upon  100  hlids.  nf  sugar,  valued  ;it 
20/.  per  h  lid.,  the  hill  of  lading,  showing  that  the  vessel  had  100  h  lids,  on  hoard,  estahlislies  the  interest 
at  2,000/,,  and  tlii'  policy  is  termed  a  valued  policy.  Jiiit  if  an  insurance  for  2.000/.  he  ell'ected  on  KiU 
hhds.  of  sUL'ar,  and  nothing  he  expressed  as  to  value,  the  hill  of  ladinc  only  estahlislies  that  100  lilid.--. 
are  on  hoard,  without  est.ihlishini!  the  aminii.l  of  interest.  The  production  (d' the  invoice,  showing 
tin!  cost  of  the  goods,  is  necessary  lo  that  end,  the  policy  heing  termed  an  open  one 

Rftni-ii  of  I'reiiiiiiiii  ftir  .--liorl  fnlircsl.—]ii  a  valued  policy,  when  the  whole  of  the  property  insured 
does  not  appear  to  have  lieen  shi|iped.  the  dilVerence  hetween  the  (|uaiilily  insured  and  the  (|nanliiy 
Khippeil  is  ernied  short  iiiteresl.  Thus,  if  2,00(1/.  he  insured  upon  1(10  lihils.  of  sugar,  valued  at  2!i/. 
lier  lihd.,  and  H)  hinls.  only  he  shipped  ;  as  the  insurer's  liahilily  does  not  extend  heymid  1,000/.,  so  In; 
is  oldiged  to  return  the  premium  upon  400/.  to  which  no  risk  attaches.  Tiiis  return  of  prominiii  is 
calle<l  a  return  for  short  interest. 


For  ()rei--l. 


us  II  rail 


n?c.--lii  an  open  policy,  where  the  value  shipped  is  not  equal  to  the  value  in.<\ired. 


the  ditference  is  termed  over-insurance.  If  a  merchant.  A.,  make  an  insurance  for  .'i, 000/  npuii 
poods,  without  specit'yiiiL'  any  value,  from  ("nlciitta  to  London,  the  pieniinm  heing  lifl.<.  and  the  stainp 
duly  5.V.  per  cent.,  the  amount  of  iiiteiest  that  attaches  to  the  pcdicy  is  so  li.xed,  that  he  is  neither  lo 
pain  nor  lose  i<\  the  tr:ii:sacti<ui  in  the  event  of  the  vesscd's  loss,  siipposinL'  his  insurance  lo  he  siilh- 
cient.  'I'd  entilh' hiui  lo  recover  a  piolil,  the  profit  to  he  insured  must  he  stipulated  in  the  poliiy. 
The  t'xpense  of  insur.iace  upon  100/.  heing  'M.  .'w.,  it  is  clear  that  every  100/.  insurance  covers  Oii/.  l.v. 
oriiiiiial  cost  ;  that  is  to  say,  protects  the  merchant  froui  loss  to  that  extent  in  case  (if  the  loss  of  llu! 
vessid.  If,  then,  we  assume  the  invoice  of  the  goods  shipped  to  he  40,000  rupees,  or,  at  the  exchangi; 
of  2.S.  per  rupee,  1,011(1/ .  ilio  interest  attaching  to  tiie  pidicy  is  ascertained  as  follows: — If  00/.  l.%'. 
cost  is  insured  hy  Kill/,  iusnrance,  what  will  4.000/.  rost  he  insured  hy  1  Answer,  4.i;i5/.  Under  such 
circmnsianci's.  although  a  pidicy  exisis  for  5,000/.,  the  insured  is  not  aide?  to  prove  interest  fir  iiinif 
than  4, 1 :).')/. ;  and  consei|uenlly,  the  insurer  iieing  entitled  to  recover  no  more  than  that  sum  in  casu 
of  loss,  the  ins'  rer  is  called  upon  to  make  a  return  of  premium  for  over-insurance  upon  805/. 

Allhoii!:h  we  have  treated  separately  of  returns  for  short  interest  and  over-insurance,  we  slioiilil 
ohserve  that  these  leriiis  in  practici!  are  used  iiidiscriiuinal(dy  ;  and,  imh'ed,  we  cannot  say  that  we 
perceive  mm  h  adv.iniage  in  making  the  ilistinctioii,  or  presi  rving  t)ie  distinctive  appell.itions. 

It  sometimes  happens  that  the  properly  expected  in  a  vessel  is  not  all  insured  at  oik!  time  or  in  nne 
policy  But  this  makes  no  din'ereuce  in  the  principle  of  settlement  according  to  our  law  ;  althoiiiili, 
according  lo  the  l.iw  s  of  most  oiln^r  coiiniries,  the  policies  lake  precedence  of  one  another  acconliiii,' 
to  their  dates,  the  wlnde  short  interest  falling  upon  the  policy  or  policies  last  ert'/cled  Tin!  foi-ei:;ii 
law.  ill  this  instance,  appears  to  us  the  more  eipiitahle  and  reasnnahle  of  the  two  ;  and  that  our  rea-eji 
for  I  hi  liking  so  may  lie  inltdligihle,  and  thus  aain  assiMit  or  meet  with  refutation,  we  shall  stale  a  la-o 
of  short  interest  upon  a  nuinher  of  policies,  such  as  not  niirrei(uently  appifars.  A  aierelianl,  A 
orders  iiis  correspondent  at  (lalciitta  lo  ship  for  his  accmint  a  c|uantity  ol  sugar,  not  exceeding   I.IbiI 

tons,  at  a  price  not  exceediiiL' 2(1/.  per  Ion.     In  due  time  he  receives  a  le ' ' '-  ' 

acknowledgiiis  the 


--      -r- SpOlllllllI, 

as  he  e\|)ected,  much  soon-'r.     .Vnd  if  he  had  received  advice  in  tlii'  mirldle  of  I'ehriiary,  of  the  slni 
nient  of  ;'(I0  Ions,  and  Ih.il  the  ship  which  idiilained  them  was  totally  lost  in  tl 
insurers  e'lon  the  two  lirsi  poliries  would  have   lieen  liahle   fir  a  lotiil  loss, 
did'eclive     rrangemeni,  hy  which  a  party,  wlio  is 


river  irooghly,  lli: 

And  it  appi-ars  to  iih  i 

is  at  one  liiiii;  exposed  to  a  total  loss,  should  al  aiMijii  r 


he  compelleil  to  return  half  Ins  premium,  ll  is  true  that  the  merchant  may,  if  he  please,  iiisioi  in  h 
pidicies  a  (daiise  hy  which  llie  fiolcies  shall  he  made  to  succeed  one  another ;  hir  xve  shoiilil  s  ly  ll.il 
the  law.  In  insuranct;  cases,  as  in  the  disposal  of  the  property  of  deceased  fie,sons,  oimlit  to  lie  liij 
best  general  disposition,  leaving  to  indiviiluals  the  right  of  niodiiicujioii  accndiiig  to  particular  (ir- 
cuinstauies. 

A'(7//r«/er /Ji/h/i/c /«.s-»ra«fc.— Ih'sides  rPliirns  fir  short  interest  and  over-insiiranee,  flnoe  :iii 
turns  for  donlile  insurance.     They  are.  in  fict.  to  all  intents  and   pl:rpose^,  ilie  saiiie  IhiiiL'.     I)    iM 
insurance  exists  where  the  party,  throiiL'h  forgetl'iilness,  makes  an  insurance  upon  his  properu  luio: 
over;  or  where  the  shippers  and  consignees  of  goods,  when  uncertain  of  one  anoiher's  iiilenii"iis, 
efl'ect  each  an  insurance  upon  iliem  ;  or  where  the  caplaiii  of  a  vessel  in  foreign   parts,  fe.n  nil' li'>l 


(lis  advices  should  not  reai  h  his  owner,  < 


ncliiig  with  eipial  eaiilioii   etl'ecls  one  also.     The  ohservati 


Ifecis  an  insiir.ince  upon  ii,  and  the  owner  al  the  s.inie 


IIS  already  made  upon  reliirns  for 


inliirest,  and  upon  the  difference  between  our  laws  and  those  of  other  count 
I'orce  here. 


ries,  ap[ily  with  eipial 


peru?e  this  ar 

ciples  and  pra 

quired  hy  tlio; 

Diitijdii  Put 

insurance  mm 

I'or  every  U 

liol  exceed  'JO.* 

Whi're  the  |: 

For  every  10 

1.5s   (ler  cent., 

Where  the  p 

Where  the  p 

For  every  101 

(no  ship  can  he 

'I'liis  duly  WII 

reducilori,  s';  ft 

and  ought  to  he 

Jifising  a  duty  Oi 

and  we  lndleVe 

ri.ige  of  ?(iods  s 

that  portion  oft 

tion  of  the  tax. 

jectionahle.      it 

Amslerdain,  or  1 

from  duties,  or  s 

Continent  a  con? 

in  London,    li  i,- 

amongst  us;  am 

dence,  or  on  the 

in  any  country,  a 

60  great,  doiihls  \ 

"■ulties  are  made 

of  the  assured,  ai 

If  the  trilling  ri 

ppared,  a  very  sn 

of  collection,  and 


m 

S.  G.        I-"*  TIIK 

^^B 

and  in  I 

1 

ihUO,   iimi  the 

9 

'S 

also  npi 

'9 

of  and  i 

a 

present 

M 

snevi'i  ( 

M 

called; 

"-■•« 

thereof 

■M 

ujioii  til 
Stainp 

■^m 

£1      said  sli 

-  *•! 

&.C.  and 

.1 

(as  aho- 

good  sai; 

i 

safelv  la 

.; 

sail  to,  1 

iiisiiranc 

■■( 

assured. 

'^i 

valued  a 

oiKf  t'oiirt 

v'i 

assurers 

■•? 

iiien-of-\ 

M 

mart,  snr 

■il 

and  peo| 

'11 

riners,  ai 

t 

detrinieii 

;| 

thereof; 

excepted 

their  fac 

defence, 

■-- 

any  part 

assurers 

assured. 

shall  he  o 

.1 

fore  mad 

-i 

so  we  til 

f 

for  Ills  o\\ 

H 

trators,  a 

the  consi, 

^ 

live  giiiiK 

u 

of  Knglai 

,  In  Wit 

Loinion, 

N.  U.~ 

We ')ave  no'v  gone  over  all  the  principal  topics  connected   with  marine  insiiranee.    Those 


wlio 


*  This  very  valiia 
fiiinished  by  a  genti, 


INSURANCE  (MARINE). 


83 


peruse  tliis  nrlirln  with  nrdinnry  nltenlicui  will,  \vn  linpi'.  cnin  ii  tnlnrably  ticnr  inaJBbt  into  the  priii- 
cijilca  i»iiil  |)riicti<'i' ot'ihc  l)ii9iiiL'S!>.  Hut  ;i  p.rl'i'iily  fiinili.ir  acciualiitancc  witli  it  can  only  be  ac- 
nuirod  hy  tliosM  whti  are  daily  ciiiiviTsant  willi  ilei  di'laiis. 

J)iilijnii  Piiliries  of  Murine  Iiikk raiirc.—.iiiiininl  itiiil  F.xpeilienrt)  of  such  I)uli/.—\\\  policies  oflliarilie 
insiiraiici!  iimsl  hi-  (in  stainpi'd  paprT,  llio  diitii-s  on  which  are  as  follows  :— 

i'(ir  every  100/.  insured  on  a  voyage  in  the  coasting  trade  of  tlie  kingdom,  where  tlie  premium  docs 
liol  exceed  -0,<.  per  cent.,  l,*.  3(/. 

Where  the  preininin  does  e.vreed  20.«.  per  cent.,  2.«.  fi(/. 

For  every  UWI.  insured  to  or  from  any  colonial  or  foreign  port,  where  the  premium  does  not  exceed 
1,5.<   [ler  cent.,  l.«.  3il 

Where  llie  preniiiiin  does  e.vceed  \5s.  per  cent.,  but  does  not  e.vceed  30s.  per  cent.,  2*.  Cid. 

Where  the  premium  exceeils  HOs.  per  cent.,  5s. 

For  every  lno/.  insured  for  a  perlnd  of  lime  not  exceeding  3  niontbs,  2.i.  dd. ;  exceeding  3  months 
(no  ship  can  he  iri.-^und  on  one  stamp  fur  a  loniter  period  than  12  months),  5.«. 

'..•.>     ia-'..j     f  i./tlli-Dil     ill     flll>     1'il.ir     IK'J*}  1l      i.-    111. 11.     iiliriiit      ti,...      *l.i...lr.      i  .  f    ...lin* 


jertliinahle.      It  is  immaterial  tn  a  merchant  .-endini.'  a  ship  to  sea,  whether  hi!  _    

Amslirdiim,  or  Hamburgh  ;  and  as  policies  e.veccited  in  the  I  isl  two  cities  iire  eiiher  wholly  e.xempted 
frcnn  diilies.  or  siiliject  lo  such  only  as  nr^  nuirely  nnminal,  the  cflect  of  On:  duly  is  to  ' 
Contiiii  Ml  :i  considerable  pan  of  the  liMsiness  of  marine  ' ...  .  .     -i 


ui  one 

hii\ii!li, 
■onhii!! 

'(irrm'll 

rca-^'iii 
a  i:i?i; 
ml,  A., 
ig  l.di'il 
:)on(luiil 
ilie 
roii'cd.-. 

II|U>II 

inilciii's 

|m.|.|11. 

nil  i.iii-, 

laii  li:ill' 

a.ii  

ponili'iit. 
lie  slii;i- 
llihilli-' 

III     IIS     1 
■A\\'\\V   1 

■Ii  III  i;  - 

s  l\   lli.ll 

()  111'  liio 
iilar  (if- 


mil. ^  III..   ... -■■  -      -  -  -■       —  --    r-- J J     ,---j.....^....    ^.^    ... .^    ....w...... 

rihe  assured,  and  by  no  niCiins  creditable  to  the  cliaraeli'r  of  ihe  underwriter. 

If  the  trilling  revenue  (aniiiiinliiig  in  \b'M  to  only  2111,1100/.)  derived  from  tliese  stamps  cannot  h 
spared,  a  very  small  addition  to  the  iniporl  duties  would  more  than  cover  iis  amount,  save  the  expeiis 
of  collection,  and  relieve  the  mercantile  pnlilic  from  the  annoyance  and  loss  above  allmled  to.* 


Stamp 
£i. 


Form  of  fi  Polinj  of  Insurance  executed  at  Lloyd's. 

In  tiif  Namf;  oi'  fion,  Amen.  Charles  lirown  and  Co.,  as  well  in  their  own  names  as  for 
and  in  the  name  and  naims  of  all  and  every  other  person  or  persons  to  wlnun  the  same 
diilli.  may.  or  shall  appertain,  in  part  or  in  all,  doth  make  assurance,  and  cause  themselves 
and  them  and  evi'ry  of  them,  to  lie  insnriid,  losfor  not  lost,  at  and  from  St.  l'elerslinri.'h  to 
any  port  or  ports  in  tin;  I'niled  Kingdom,  upon  any  kind  of  goods  aoil  unrcliandises,  and 
also  upnii  the  body,  lackle,  apparel,  ordnanci!,  munition,  artillery,  boat,  and  other  I'urnitiire 
of  and  in  the  good  ship  or  vessel  called  tlie  Swift,  whereof  is  master,  under  find,  for  Ibis 
present  voyage,  Hright,  or  whoever  else  shall  go  fur  master  in  Ihe  said  ship,  or  hy  what- 
soevei  other  name  or  names  the  said  ship,  or  Ihe  master  thereof,  is  or  shall  he  named  or 
called;  beginning  ihe  adventure  upon  tlie  said  goods  and  merchandises  from  Ihe  loading 
thoienf  on  board  the  said  ship 
iijion  ih;  said  ship,  &.c. 

and  so  shall  continue  and  endure  during  ber  abode  there,  upon  the 
s;)id  slip,  &c.  And  fnrlher,  iinlil  Ihe  said  ship,  with  all  her  onlnanie,  tackle,  apparel, 
&.<;.  and  goods  and  niercliandises  w  liatsoever,  shall  he  arriv<fdat  her  final  port  of  discharge 
(as  abo'  e),  upon  the  said  ship,  &e  ,  unlil  she  halli  moored  at  ainhor  twenly-foiir  hours  in 
good  sai'eiy ;  and  upon  the  goods  and  merchandises,  until  the  same  he  there  dischariied  and 
safely  landed.  And  it  shall  bo  lawful  for  the  said  shij,  &c.  in  this  voyage,  to  proceed  and 
sail  to,  and  touch  and  slay  at  any  ports  or  places  whatsoever,  without  prejudice  to  this 
insurance.  The  said  shi|'.  &c.  goods  and  luercbandises,  &c.  fur  so  niiiili  as  concerns  the 
assured,  by  agreement  between  the  assured  and  assurers  in  this  policy,  are  and  shall  he 
valued  at  eidht  huudreil  pounds,  being  on  the  captiiin's  one  fourth  share  nf  said  ship,  said 
one  fiiurth  share  valued  at  that  sum.  'roiiching  Ihe  adventures  and  perils  which  we  the 
assurers  are  contented  to  bear,  and  do  take  iipim  us  in  this  voyage;;  they  are  of  the  seas, 
men-of-war,  fire,  enemies,  pirales,  rovers,  thieves,  jettisons,  letters  of  mart  and  counter- 
mart, siirprisals,  takings  at  sea,  arrests,  restraints,  and  dc:taiiimenls  of  all  kings,  princes 
and  people,  of  what  nation,  condition,  or  (iiialily  soever,  barratry  of  the  mnsli  r  nil  ma- 
riners, and  of  all  oilier  perns,  losses,  and  misforlunes,  that  have  or  shall  come  to  .lie  hurt, 
detriment,  or  damage  of  the  said  goods  and  merchandises  and  ship,  &.c.  or  any  part 
thereof;  ofTerices  against  the  revenue  of  the  Uniled  Kingdom  of  (Jreat  Uritain  or  Ireland 
e.vcepted.  And,  in  case  of  any  loss  or  misfortune,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  assured, 
their  factors,  aervants,  and  assignees,  to  soc,  labour,  and  travel  for,  in,  and  about  the 
defence,  safeguard,  and  recovery  of  the  said  goods  and  niercliandises  and  ship,  &.c.  or 
any  part  thereof,  without  prejudice  to  this  insurance  ;  to  Ihe  charges  whereof  we  the 
assurers  will  contribute,  each  one  according  to  the  rate  and  iiuanlily  of  his  sum  herein 
assured.  And  it  is  agreed  by  ns,  the  insurers,  that  this  writing,  or  policy  of  assurance, 
shall  be  of  as  much  force  and  etfect,  as  the  surest  writing  or  policy  of  assurance,  hereto- 
fore made  in  Lombanl  Slreet,  or  in  the  Royal  K.xchange,  or  elsewhere  in  Iiondon.  Ami 
so  we  the  assurers  are  contented,  and  do  hereby  pr<imise  and  bind  ourselves,  each  one 
for  his  own  part,  our  heirs,  executors,  and  goods,  to  the  assured,  llieir  executors,  adminis- 
trators, and  assigns,  lor  the  l-ue  performance  of  the  premises,  confessiim  ourselves  paid 
the  consideration  due  unto  us  for  this  assurance  by  the  assured,  at  and  afl(;r  the  rate  nf 
five  guineas  per  cent.,  to  return  one  pound  per  cent,  if  the  voyage  end  on  the  east  coast 
of  England. 

In  Witness  whereof,  we,  the  assurers,  have  subscribed  our  names  and  sums  assured  in 
London, 

N.  U.— Corn,  fisli,  salt,  fruit,  llour,  and  seeds,  are  warranted  free  from  average,  unless 


♦  This  very  valuable  article  (on  Marine  Insurance)  lias  been,  as  the  reader  will  easily  perceive, 
furnished  by  a  gentleman  thoroughly  conversant  with  the  principles  and  details  uf  the  business. 


84 


INSURANCE  (FIRE). 


general,  or  Ihe  ship  be  strainlert.— Sugar,  tobacrn,  hemp,  flax,  hides,  niid  skins,  are  war- 
ranted Tree  from  average  under  (ive  piuindu  per  cent.;  and  all  other  goods,  alflo  the  ship 
and  freight,  are  warranted  free  from  average  under  three  pounds  per  vent.,  unless  general, 
or  the  ship  he  stranded. 

jESOO.    Joseph  Wliite,  Five  hundred  pounds.     1st  of  Sept.  1833. 

£300.    Thomas  Black  by  George  Green,  Three  hundred  pounds.  Ist  of  Sept.  1833. 


Policy  by  f  ^e  Indemnity  Mutual  Marine  diSiUan.  e  Company, 
Kslabliehed  1624. 


£5,000, 


Whereas  William  Orev  hath  represented  tn  iis  whose  handu  and  seals  are  hpreunto  sub- 
scribed and  afli.\ed,and'wlio  are  two  of  the  directors  of  the  I.ndk.mnitv  Mi.ti.ai,  AlARiriE 

Assi'HANCE  Co.MHAisv,  that  lu!  is  interested  in,  or  duly  authorised  as  owner,  ajient,  or 

otherwise,  to  make  the  assurance  hereinafter  mcnt'"ncd  and  described,  with  the  Indem- 
nity Mutual  Marink  Assi-rancc:  Company,  and  '■  ith  covenanted  or  otherwi.^e  obliged 
himself  to  pay  forthwith  for  the  use  of  the  said  Cdui.  y,at  the  otlicoof  vhe  said  Company, 
the  sum  of  sixty-two  pounds  ten  shillings  as  a  prcniium  or  consideration,  at  and  after  Ihi; 
rale  of  twenty-five  shillin:.'s  per  cent,  for  such  assurance.  Now  tiii.s  roi.Kv  ok  A.s- 
siiRANCE  WITNESSETH,  that  in  consideration  of  the  premises  and  of  the  said  sum  of  Hi.xly- 
two  pounds  ten  shilliiifis,  Wk  do,  for  ourselves  and  each  of  us,  ovenant  and  aaree  wiili 
the  said  William  Grey,  his  e.vetiitors,  administrators,  and  assians,  that  the  capital  steel, 
and  funds  of  the  said'Company  sliall,  according  to  Ihe  provisions  of  the  deed  of  settle- 
ment of  the  said  Company,  anil  Ihe  resolutions  entered  into  at  two  "Mlraordinary  goneri\) 
courts  of  the  said  Company,  held  on  the  Iwcnty-ninlh  day  of  August,  ami  Ihe  twentiei 


:)f  September, 


Stamp 
£6.  M. 


thousand  eight  hundred  and  twenty-seven,  he  siilijeet  and  liable 
to  pay  and  make  good,  and  shall  be  applied  to  pTv  and  make  good  all  such  losses  and  da- 
mages hereinafter  e.xpr.'ssed  as  may  happen  to  the  subject  matter  of  this  pilicy,and  njiiy 
attiich  to  this  policy  in  respect  of  ttie  sum  of  live  thousand  pounds  hereby  iissu'red,  whitli 
assurance  is  hereby  declared  to  be  upon 

''\       /a.'in.  2!J0  hhds.  of  sugar  valued  at  SOJ.each,  average  payable  upon  each  lOhlids. 

Q  \  following  landing  numbers,  the  same  as  if  separately  insured,  laden  or  to  be  laden 
\  y  on  boardthe  ship  or  vessel  called  the  Nelly,  .vhereo'f  Turner  is  at  present  master, 
\/  or  whoever  shall  go  for  master  of  t'e  said  ship  or  vessel,  lost  or  not  lost,  at  ai.-(l 
from  Grenada  to  London,  iiuiudintr  the  risk  of  craft  to  and  from  the  vessel.  .  arranted  to  sail 
on  or  before  the  1st  of  August,  1831.  And  We  do  covenant  and  agree,  that  the  assurance 
aforesaid  shall  commence  upon  the  said  sliip,  at  and  from  (Jrenada,  and  until  she  haili 
moored  at  anchor  twenty-tour  hours  in  good  safety  ;  and  upon  the  freight  and  goods  or 
merchandise  on  board  thereof,  from  the  loading  of  the  said  mioilsor  merchandise  on  bciiid 
the  said  ship  or  vessel  al  London,  and  until  the  said  goods  or  merchandise  be  discharged 
and  safely  landed  at  .     And  that  it  shall  be  lawful  for  lb« 

sai''  ^liip  or  vessel  to  proceed  and  sail  to,  and  touch,  ami  slay  at  any  ports  or  places 
w  natsoever,  in  the  course  of  her  said  voyace,  for  all  necessary  purpcpses,  without  preju- 
dice to  tiiis  assurance.  And  touching  Ihe  adventures  and  perils  which  the  capital  stork 
and  funds  of  the  said  Company  are  made  liable  unto,  or  are  inteiidi:d  lo  be  made  liiilile 
unto,  by  this  assurance,  lliey  are,  of  the  seas,  men-of-war,  lire,  enemies,  pirati-s,  rovers, 
thieves,  jettisons,  letters  of  mart  and  countermart,  surprisals,  takings  at  sea,  arrests, 
restraints,  and  detainments  of  all  kings,  princes,  and  people,  of  wiiat  nation,  conili- 
tion,  or  quality  soever ;  harr;itry  of  the  masf^r  and  mariners,  and  of  all  other  perils, 
losses,  and  misfortunes,  that  have  or  shall  come  to  the  hurt,  detriment,  or  damage  oi 
the  aforesaid  subject  mailer  of  this  assurance,  or  any  |«rt  lln  reof.  And  in  case  in' 
any  loss  or  misfortune,  it  shall  be  lawful  lo  the  assured,  their  I'aciors,  servants  and  ii.s- 
signs,  to  sue,  labour,  and  travel  for.  in,  and  about  tlie  defence,  safesiuard,  ami  recovery 
of  the  aforesaid  subject  matter  of  this  assurance,  or  any  pari  thereof,  witlioul  prejudae 
to  this  assurance,  the  charges  whereof  the  capital  stock  and  fnnils  of  Ihe  said  Conipiiry 
shall  bear  in  proportion  to  the  sum  hereby  assured.  And  it  is  declared  and  agreed,  llral 
corn,  fish,  salt,  fruit,  fl'iur,  and  seed,  shall  be  and  are  warranted  tree  from  averaire  un- 
less genaral,  or  the  siiip  be  stranded  ;  and  that  su^ar,  tobacco,  lieuip,  Has,  hides,  ami 
skins,  shall  be  and  are  warranted  free  from  average  under  live  pounds  per  centum  ;  tliiit 
all  other  goods,  also  the  ship  und  freight,  shall  be  and  are  warranted  free  from  averije 
under  three  pounds  per  cen'nm,  unless  general,  or  the  ship  be  stranded.  I'bovidkii 
nevertheless,  ciiut  the  capnal  stock  and  funds  of  the  said  Company  shall  alone  lie 
liable,  according  to  Ihe  provision.^  of  Ihe  deed  of  settlement  and  the  resolutions  almve- 
inentioued,  to  answer  and  make  good  all  claims  and  demands  whatsoever,  under  or  hy 
virtue  of  tills  policy;  and  that  no  proprietor  of  the  said  (Company,  his  or  her  heirs,  ex- 
ecutors, or  administrators,  shall  he  ir  anywise  subject  or  liable  to  any  claims  or  denianil-', 
nor  be  in  anywise  charged  hy  reason  of  this  |)olicy  beyond  the  nmnunt  of  his  or  her  share 
or  shares  in  the  capital  stock  of  tlie  said  Company,  it  being  one  of  the  original  or  fanila- 
mental  principles  of  the  said  Company,  that  the  responsibility  of  the  individual  prii|Mle- 
tors  shall,  in  all  cases,  be  limited  to  their  respective  shares  in  tlie  said  capital  stock. 

In  Witness  whereof.  We  have  hereunto  set  our  hands  and  seals  in  London,  the  Icntli 
day  of  January,  1834. 

Sealed  and  deliL'ercd\  A.  B.  (i,.  s.) 

in  lite  presence  uf  j  C.  D.  (L.  s.) 

E.  F. 

III.   Insuhawce  (Fire). 

Insnranre  asainst  fire  is  a  contract  of  indemnity,  by  which  the  insurer,  in  consiili'rntion  of  a  cer- 
tain premium  reeei-  ,mI  hy  him,  either  in  a  gross  sum  or  hy  anmial  payments,  nnderlakes  to  indenMiilV 
the  insured  airains  all  loss  or  damaee  he  ;i.ay  sustain  in  his  houses  or  olliei  buildings,  stuck,  f;oiil.s, 
nnd  nicrchandi.si  .  Ii\  lire,  dnrini:  a  specified  period. 

Insurances  auMinst  tire  are  hardly  ('ver  made  by  individuals,  but  almost  always  by  joint  stock  (oni- 
panies,  of  which  lh(>re  are  several  iii  all  Ihi'  considerahle  towns  ihriMiahuiit  III.;  empire.  Of  these,  llie 
*'un,  the  Plia'!iij,lUc  Britis/i,  &.v.  insure  al  iheir  own  risk  and  for  their  own  prolit :  but  there  art 
others,  which  are  called  anitnhuliun  .-orirliin,  in  which  everv  |»  rsou  insured  becomes  a  memlicr  or 
proprietor,  and  participates  in  the  prolitor  loss  of  the  coiieerii.  Thz  Jland  in  Hand,  /«'««£7Mi/i««r,6tt. 
are  of  this  description. 


The  cnnditinnR  t 
printed  on  Ihe  bad 
dcrlake  to  pay  the 
propiisah." 

,\oihing  can  be  r 

interest  or  propert; 

!n.ss  h  ippened.    It 

vl  laal  who  has  a  li 

to  insure  at  dilferei 

the  lull  value  in  va 

wliiih  declares,  tlia 

the  same  houses  or 

in  order  that  each  ( 

Biii'li  notice  be  givei 

elfeiis,  the  insuraiR 

.\ny  trustee,  inorl 

cnsliiily,  lo  ed'ecl  a 

at  the  time  of  e.\ecu 

.Musi  of  Ihe  oliices 

sioii,"  "  fiireijfn  enei 

exnneraleil  from  the 

One  (if  Ihe  priiici|i 

Oltice— (see  past),  ai 

"  I ;  Miiire  a  certitical 

able  inhabitants  of  t 

are  well  acipiainted  \ 

iiiL' ;  and  do  know,  < 

fraud  or  evil  practice 

value  therein  inenijoi 

but  it  has  been  linallv 

mcnf .,/  UHij  los.i,  and't 

Tlie  risk  commence 

rilieil.    Policies  of  ins 

nsiml  for  the  olfice,  by 

preniiiJiii  for  the  ne.\t 

insured  Is  considered  ; 

A  piilicy  of  insiiranc 

coiiMiit  of  the  olfice. 

niiiii.sirators  respectiv( 

lives  res|iectively  proc 

ff'or  further  details, 

Insurances  are  geiiei 

•  iiiffclcpracterislics  of  t 

charL'e  fur  insuring  pro 

!  anil  Ihe  iliird  As.  tW.     'I 

|i"lii;v,  and  3,y.  per  cent 

We  siilijoin  a  copy  o 

A.'.',  in  the  same,  valiiei 

;  '  II  Ihe  same.    The  latt 

"  Received,  for  t.'ie  in 
ul'ilie/iroiierlvundern 
'  il.  Irom  -Xiiias  1833,  t 

I'-lll. 

J'Mliry 
i'liiniuin 
;Du'.y 


6.^ 

^ViiijREAsA.B.  Esq.  of 
ci'iyufthe  Sun  Fire  Olf 
"I'lie  ilie  sum  of,.  ,e  pni 
b'lisliillMigs  yearly  on  tl 
'iHin  less  or  damage  by  t 
p'lnids;  household  boo. 
poiimls,  ' 

Now  KNOW  VE,  That 
prf;iiiseiol,e,,ai,|,thes 
«r.i.sleesnraclinff  membe 
»i"fK  and  fund  of  Ihe  sal, 
►ilminisiraiurs.  i,ndassi" 
J'"''■^'''''■|'"|g^poneachl 
I"  nil  mure  than  two  thou. 
»"  Ibis  |i,ili,.y,  and  of  an 
."  ivliose  priiperly  s 

nisieMsnrnclingmembe 
11  December,  n33. 

liiriieil  and  sealed  (beine 

!  ■" '"riiiuf:  to  an  of  par 

'"  '"';  presence  of 

•tii.v,  ii- ,?;'"'"'  ""•''■'=^' 


Vol..  If H 


'  iriistees  or  ni 


INSURANCE  (FIRi::). 


85 


overs, 

irrests, 

coimIi- 

pcills 

CilSI!    M 

lll<t  iis- 
^COVITV 

rejiullce 
)iiil>;iry 
•il,  lli:ii 

Mll- 

tl.iu 
•dviTiiiie 

ROVIDKD 

iluiw;  lie 
iiliiive- 
;t  tir  liy 
leirs,  ex- 
iieiimiiil'^, 
her  sliiire 
ir  fiiiiilii- 
priiptie- 
(ick. 
U\i;  iciiili 

(I,,  s.) 
(L.  S.) 


nf  a  cer- 
ndiiinnil'y 

(ii-k  loHi- 
ihi'st'.llie 
llii'ri;  il" 
ciiilier  IT 
iu*ter,  (tc. 


The  nnniiitinns  on  wiiicli  the  different  offices  insnre  nre  contained  \     lluiir  proposal.^,  wliich  atP 
priiili'd  on  the  back  M"  every  pcilicy  ;  and  it  is  in  niosl  instances  expressl.   conditioned,  tlnit  lliey  ui. 
Ilcrlake  to  pay  the  loss,  not  exceeding  tlie  sum  insured,  "  according  to  tlii  ttact  tenor  of  their  printed 
propiisuls. 

Noiliinp  can  be  recovered  from  the  inaiirera,  in  the  event  of  loss,  nnles^  the  party  insuring  tiad  an 
inliT'st  or  property  in  the  tiling  insnred  at  the  time  when  the  insurance  was  ctfectcd,  and  when  tho 
loss  h  ipix'ned.  It  often  occurs  that  no  dim;  office  will  iiisore  to  the  full  aiiioiint  reijoired  liy  an  indi- 
vi  iual  who  has  u  \iir\ie  property  ;  and  in  snch  a  case  tlie  parly,  to  cover  lii.-f  whole  inlerest,  is  obliged 
to  insure  at  ditferent  odicea.  Hut,  in  order  to  prevent  llie  frauds  that  might  be  practised  by  insuring 
till'  lull  value  in  various  ollices,  there  is,  in  the  proposals  issued  by  all  the  companies,  an  arlicio 
whicli  declares,  that  persons  insuring  must  yive  notice  of  any  ntlnr  insurance  made  elsewln^re  upon 
tin;  same  houses  or  go<uls,  that  the  same  may  be  apecilled  anil  allowed  by  iinlorsiMuent  on  iIk;  policy, 
in  order  that  each  office  may  bear  its  rateable  proportion  of  any  loss  that  may  happen  ;  ami  unles^l 
fiiiili  notice  be  given  of  each  insurance  to  the  ollice  where  another  iusurance  is  uifide  on  the  sarno 
eiliM'ls,  the  insurance  nnide  witliout  such  notice  will  be  void. 

Anv'irustee,  mortgagee,  reversioner,  factor,  or  agent,  lias  sutFuient  interest  in  the  goods  under  his 
c\is',n(ly.  to  elTect  a  policy  (,f  insurance,  provided  the  nature  of  such  property  be  distinctly  specified 
at  ilii'  tune  of  executing  such  policy. 

M(i9l  of  tbe  offices  e.vcept  in  their  proposals  against  making  good  any  loss  occasioned  by  "inva- 
sion," "  foreign  enemy,"  '"civil  commotions,"  &c.  ;  ami  under  this  condition  the  Sun  Fire  Office  was 
exniicrateil  from  the  loss  occasioned  l)y  the  disgraceful  proceedings  of  the  mob  in  17B0. 

One  of  the  principal  coiidiliiuis  in  the  proposals  has  reference  io  the  proof  of  loss.  The  Sun  Fire 
Ql);,.),— (see  post),  and  most  otln^r  offices,  make  it  a  comlition,  that  the  individual  claimim;  shall 
"  I  ..inire  a  certificate,  under  the  hands  nf  the  minister  ami  cliurcliwardeiis,  and  sour;  other  respi'Ct- 
alili"  inhabitants  of  the  parish  or  place,  not  com^erned  or  interested  in  such  loss,  importing  ttial  they 
are  well  acquainted  with  the  character  and  circuiustances  of  the  person  or  persons  insured  or  claim- 
ins.';  and  do  know,  or  verily  believe,  tlnit  he  she,  or  they,  ree.lly,  ami  by  misfortune,  without  any 
fViiu'il  or  evil  practice,  have  sustained  by  such  fire  th,'  loss  or  damage,  as  his,  her,  orllieir  loss,  to  the 
vahu;  lln'tein  mentioned."  This  condiiion  has  given  rise  to  a  great  deal  of  discussinn  in  the  courts ; 
:  hut  it  has  been  finally  decided,  tliat  tlie  procuring  of  the  cerlilicate  is  «  rumlitiitn  precedent  to  the  pay- 
ment ,if  any  loss,  and  lu,.'  •'<  lietnjr  wroniffulhj  refused  trill  nut  eiciise  the  iniul  if  it. 

The  risk  commences  in  geiW'ral  from  the  signing  of  the  policy,  unless  (here  be  some  other  time  spe- 
cified. Policies  of  insurance  may  be  annual,  or  for  a  term  of  years  at  an  annual  premium  ;  and  it  in 
usual  for  the  office,  by  way  of  indulgence,  to  Mow  fifteen  days  after  each  year  fur  the  payment  of  the 
nrcniiiiiii  for  the  next  year  in  succession  ;  and  provided  the  premium  be  paid  witliin  that  time,  tho 
insured  is  considered  as  within  ,lie  protection  of  the  office. 

A  piilicy  of  insurance  is  not  in  its  nature  assignable,  nor  can   it  be  transferred  without  the  cipress 
conftni  "f  the  office.     When,  liowever,  any  person  dit's,  his  interest  remains  in  his  executors  or  ad- 
niiiiislriUors  respectively,  who  succeed  or  beiiuiie  enlilled  to  the  properly,  provided  such  represeiua- 
tivi's  reipeclively  procure  their  right  to  be  inilorsiul  on  the  policy, 
([■'or  further  details,  see  Marshall  on  Insurance,  book  iv,  ;   Par);  on  Insurance,  c.  23.) 
Insurances  are  generally  divided   into  rominon,  liazariloiis,  and  douhhj  liazarduus.     The  distingiiish- 
iiu:  characlerislics  of  these  may  be  learn  'd  from  the  su'.'joined  propusals  of  the  Sun  Fire  ottic,;.    The 
'  rhari.'!'  for  insuring  property  of  the  first  description  is  now  usually  l.~'.ii(/.  per  cent.,  tlie  second  2?.  (id., 
i  anil  the  third  4s.  (kl.     These  charges  are  exclusive  of  the  duty  payable  to  government,  of  Is.  on  the 
!  polii  y,  and  3.s.  per  cent,  on  tlie  sum  in  the  policy. 

i     We  subjoin  a  copy  of  a  policy  of  insuratice  on  a  house  valued  a'.  1.000/.,  and  furniture,  plate,  b  oka, 
[&c.  in  the  same,  valued  also  at  1,000/..  executed  by  the  Sun  Fire  Ollice,  and  of  the  proixisals  indorsed 
nil  tlie  same.    Tlie  latter  correspond  in  uiosi  particulars  with  those  issued  by  the  other  ollices. 


'Received,  for  tile  insurance 
(ifihe  (iroperty  underniention- 
eil.  from  Xiiias  IS'ii,  to  Xmaa 
1831. 


jpolicy 

[Premium 

iDu'.y 


£ 

s. 

d. 

0 

0 

0 

1 

10 

0 

3 

0 

0 

£i  10    0 


StTN  FIRE  OFFICE. 


To  be  paid  anivually  at  Xinaa. 


Premium 
Duty     - 


£  s.  d. 
1  10  0 
3     0    0 


£1  10    0 


No. 

few 

IWuDREAs  A.B.  Csq.  of  No. Street,  has  paid  the  sum  of  one  pound  ten  shillings  to  tlicSo- 

;y  I'fllie  Sun  Fire  Office  in  London,  and  has  agreed  to  pay  or  cause  to  be  paid,  to  tlieu:,  at  their  said 
Dllire.ilie  sum  of.'  le  pound  ten  shillings  on  the  25th  of  December.  1833,  and  thi;  like  suniofone  pound 
iten  sliilliiiga  yearly  on  the  25th  day  of  December  during  the  continuance  of  tliis  policy,  for  insurance 
^riuii  loss  or  damage  by  fire,  on  his  now  dwelling  house  only,  situate  as  aforesaid,  brick,  one  thoiifand 
iMHuls:  household  goods,  wearing  apparei,  printed  books,  and  plate  therein  only,  one  thousand 
tininals. 

Now  KNOW  yf;.  That,  from  the  date  of  these  presents,  and  so  lone  as  the  said  A..  B.  shall  duly  pay, 
pr  cmise  to  l>e  paid,  the  said  sum  of  one  no'ind  ten  shillings  at  llie  times  and  place  afori'said  ;  and  the 
ijriisii'i's  nr  acting  iiiember  of  the  said  Society,  for  ilie  f  imc  being,  shall  auree  to  accept  tlie  same  ;  the 
itnck  and  fund  of  the  said  Society  shall  be  subject  and  liable  to  pay  to  tlie  said  .\.  H,,  liis  execulorj, 
lilniinisiratiirs.  and  assii'ns,  all  such  his  damage  and  loss  which  he.  the  said  .\.  II.,  shall  siilFer  by  fire, 
bill  ixdMiiiiii;  upon  each  head  of  insurance,  the  sum  or  sums  above-menliune,!,  amounting  in  the  whole 
III  no  inure  Ihan  two  thousand  pounds,  according  Io  the  exa(  t  tenor  of  llnlr  printed  piopnsals.  indorsed 
pn  tins  iMilicy,  and  of  an  act  of  parliament,  on  the  !>5tli  of  George  the  Third,  for  cliartfiiig  a  iliily  on 
iins  whose  properly  shall  he  insured  against  loss  by  fire.  Is  \Vit.n'i;s.s  whereof,  we  (llireo  of  the 
iru-icis  r.r  aciiiig  members  for  the  said  Society)  have  hereunto  set  our  hands  and  seals,  the  21tli  day 
Vl'i'Li'iulier,  H33. 

C.    I).  (L.  S.) 

E.  F.  (I,.  8.) 

G.  11.  (L.  s.) 


piL'neii  and  sealed  (being  stamped 
ii.oniing  to  art  of  parlitfinent) 
!M  till;  presence  of  J. 


K. 


'N.  I).— The  interest  in  this  policy  may  be  transferred  by  indorsement,  made  and  entered  at  the 
ItTn' ,  if  the  iniatees  or  acting  members  approve  thereof,  but  not  otherwise." 
Vol.  II.— H 


s 


\ 


a 


86 


INSURANCE  (FIRE). 


(INDORSEMENT  ON  THE  POLICY.) 
SUN    FIRE    OFflCE. 


This  office  inaurei  against  Ion  or  damage  by  fire,  In  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,  all  descriptions  of  building,  including  mills  and  inanu- 
faclorie^,  ;iiid  goods,  wares,  and  mtrchandise,  in  the  same ;  shim  In 
''""■"         "  ■     .  .      -  .  ■      nj    ' 


tarljour,  or  in  dnck:  craft  on  navigatde  rivers  and  canals,  and  the 
gooJs  laden  on  the  same;  waeons  Invclling  the  roads,  and   their 
contents;  and  farming  stock  of  a"    '       ' 
terms  and  coudilions:— 


'  all  descriptions,  upon  the  following 


Commtm  Imnrancts. 

1.  Ruildin^s  covered  with  states,  tiles,  or  metals,  and  built  nn  all 
lidfs  with  brick  or  stune,  or  separated  ty  party-walls  of  brick  or 
•tone,  and  wbrnin  no  hazardous  trade  or  manufacture  is  carried  on, 
or  hazardous  gor)d9  deposileil. 

2.  Goods  In  buildintrn  as  ;it>ove  dencribed,  such  as  boiisetiold  goods, 
plate,  jewt  Is  in  private  use,  aiii>an:l,  and  printed  books;  liquors  in 
private  use,  niercliandise,  stock  and  ulensils  in  trade,  not  li;i?ardous, 
And  farinini{  stock. 

At  U.  6d.  per  cent,  per  annum,  with  certain  exceptions. 

Hazardous  Inmranets, 

1.  Buildings  of  timber  or  planter,  or  not  wholly  separated  by  par- 
titinti-wjlls  (d*brick  or  stone,  or  not  covered  with  Rlales,  tiles,  or 
melals,  utd  thatched  barns  and  out-hou!>es  hav>'<g  no  chimney,  nor 
adjoining  to  anybuildinr  having  a  chimney;  a\A  biiildiii^s  falling 
under  tlie  description  of  common  insurance,  but  in  which  some 
hizardous  trtdeor  manufacture  is  carried  on,  such  as  l^rewers  (with- 
out a  steam-engine),  bread  and  biscuit  bakers  (not  hea  biscuit  bakers), 
bottlers  and  packers  of  wine,  spirits,  or  beer;  chemists  (witliout  a 
laboratory),  inn-holders,  maltsters  (who  make  pale  mall  only),  oil- 
men,  so.ip  l>oilera,  stable-keepers,  and  certain  others;  or  in  wnich 
hazardous  roods  are  deiKisited,  as  the  stwk  and  utensils  in  the  above 
trades;  and.  also,  tallow,  pitch,  tar,  tiemp,  flax,  rosin,  and  tur^)en- 
tine;  hay,  straw,  and  all  manner  of  fo<lder  and  com  unthraahed ; 
apo'hectiries*  stock,  and  oil ;  and  wine  and  spirituous  liquors  as  nier- 
chaudisp, 

2.  Ships  and  craft,  with  their  contents  (lime  baizes,  with  Vuir 
contents  alone  excepted). 

At  25.  ijd.  per  cent,  per  annum,  with  certain  exceptions. 

Doubly  Hazardous  Insurances.    • 

1.  Buildings.— Ar.  thatched  buildine-!  having  chimnej-s,  or  com- 
Biuni'-Mling  witli,  or  adjoining  to,  builiiiugs  havini;  one,  allhoush  no 
hazardous  trade  sliall  be  carried  on,  nor  hazardous  ^oods  deposited 
(herein;  and  all  hazinlous  buildings,  in  which  hazardous  goods  are 
deposited,  or  h^izardous  trades  carried  on. 

2.  Goods. — All  hazanlous  goods  deftostled  In  hazardous  building, 
and  in  thatched  buildings  having  no  chiumey,  nor  adjoining  to  any 
building  having  a  chinmey. 

3.  Trades— and  their  stock  and  ulensils,  such  as  maltsters  (who 
make  brown  mall),  and  certain  others;  also  china,  glas'  and  earth- 
enware, silt[i»*lre,  and  wagons  with  their  cnuteiits. 

At  df.  GJ.  per  cent,  per  annum,  with  certain  exceptions. 
Farming  f-tock  on  any  part  of  a  farm  ntay  be  insured  imder  general 
policies,  witliont  the  average  clause,  at  I.t.  6d.  per  cent.,  provided  it 
be  insured  to  a  lair  average  value.  Thisofllce  will  not  be  subject  fo 
any  loss  on  h-iy  or  corn,  occasioned  by  its  own  natural  heating,  but 
the  loss  of  a. .y  other  property  in  consequence  of  such  fire  will  be 
inaile  eoo<l ;  as  will  losses  by  fire  from  liehtning. 

Insurances  may  also  be  made  by  siieciai  agreement  on  the  ftdlow- 
ing  ri>ks,and  on  otliers  if  a  similar  deitcriptioii,  not  mentioned  under 
the  2i\  and  3d  heids  of  insurance,  viz.  on  mills  of  all  kinds,  and  the 
flock  and  ulensiiit  in  them;  also  on  buildiuKs. containing  kiln,  steam- 
engiiie.  stove,  or  oven,  used  in  the  prorcs  of  any  mamifacture,  and 
the  stitrk  therein;  sujar  refiners,  sea  biscuit  b;.k«'rs,  distillers,  var- 
nish ni;\kers,  chemists'  lalforalories,  theatres,  coacii  painters,  colour 
manufacturers,  variiishers,  musical  infttrument  mal,  -rs,  refiners  of 
aalfpelre.  s|)ermaceti,  wax,  and  oil,  liarge  and  boat  I  lilders,  carpen- 
ters, cibinel  makers  coach  makers,  coojiers.  cork  burners,  floor  cloth 
painters,  jananner,  iampbluck  makers,  letter-press  pi  inters,  machine 
makt'rs,niellcrs  ol  tallow  and  of  rou^h  fat,  candle  makers,  cart  grease 
makers,  ro|>e  and  sat!  niakers,shtpchandlers,  hemp  an  I  tlax  dressers, 
oi)  leatlur  dresacr*,  medals,  curiosities,  pictures,  prints,  drawings, 
■tatuary  work,  spinners  of  cotton,  flax,  lint  and  wool,  throngliout  all 
the  operations  attending  the  manufacturing  of  these  materials,  from 
the  raw  stale  into  thread  for  the  weaver,  and  such  other  risks  ,...,  by 
reason  of  tiie  nature  of  the  trade^  the  narrowness  of  the  situation,  or 
otliL'r  lanfE'Tous  circumstances,  may  increase  the  luzard  thereof:  all 
which  special  hazards  must  be  inserted  in  the  policy,  to  render  the 
•ame  valid  and  in  force. 

N.  B,— Gunpowder,  and  buildings  in  which  it  is  made,  cannot  be 
insured  on  any  terms;  neither  dues  tliis  office  Insure  writings  of  any 
kind,  books  of  accounts,  ready  money,  bonds,  bills,  or  any  other 
iiecuriti<.*s  for  money. 

N.  B.— f^y  an  act  of  the  55th  of  Geo.  3.  a  duty  of  3s.  per  annum  is 
to  be  levied  on  every  100/.  of  property  insured  af^inst  tire. 

N.  B. — Persons  may  insure  for  more  years  than  one,  and  in  such 
cases  there  will  be  a  discount  allowed  of  5  per  cent,  per  annum, 


compound  interest,  on  the  premium  and  duty  for  ever^  7ear  eieeot 

the  first,  '^ 

Conditions. 

Art. !.— Any  person  desirous  of  ett'ecltng  insurances  upon  buililinn 
or  goods  must  furnish  the  office,  or  its  agents,  with  a  liarticuii, 
descnpliou  thereof,  and  of  the  process  of  manufacture  carriej  L 
therein  ;  and  if  there  be  any  omission  or  misrepresentation  in  descr  L 
iuK  the  building  or  pxxJs,  or  process  of  manufacture,  whereU  th. 
B-me  may  be  charged  at  a  dilVerent  rale  of  premium  Itian  they  oiUr 
wise  would  he,  this  office  will  not  be  responsitde  in  case  of  any  j.-m 
or  damage.  And  if  any  alteration  be  made  in  the  stale  of  the  Im' 
in?s  or  goods,  or  process  of  manufacture,  after  such  insurance  s]ix'< 
have  been  etlectetl,  then  the  insured  shall  give  due  notice  thereof  in 
writing,  to  the  office  or  its  agents,  or  in  default  of  such  notice  .ut, 
insurance  sliall  become  void,  and  no  ben'fil  be  derived  therefrnnj 

Art.  II.— All  policies  shall  be  signed  and  sealed  by  three  or  iio,     ( 
trustees  or  actio?  membem ;  and  no  receipts  are  to  be  taken  for  a;,? 
premiums  of  insurance,  but  such  as  are  printed  and  issued  fmini 
office,  and  wilnes^ed  by  one  of  its  clerks  or  agents.  ' 

Art.  III.— Houses,  buildings,  and  gooils  in  trust,  and  merrlnn'],,* 
on  commission  (except  as  aforesaid),  may  be  in-^ured,  providej  "t 
same  are  declared  in  the  policy  to  I*  in  trust  or  on  commiision  Lu   ^ 
not  otherwise.  ; 

Art,  IV.— On  bespeaking  polici's,  all  persons  shall  pay  the  an 
mium  to  the  next  quarter  day,  and  from  thence  for  one  year  mffrji 
least,  or  shall  make  a  itoposit  for  the  same,  and  shall,  as  lonp  as  ■►, 
managers  agrr-e  to  accept  the  same,  make  all  future  paymenli  lonij. 
ally  at  the  said  office,  within  tifleen  days  after  the  day  limiittJ ', 
their  res^>ective  policies,  upon  fijrfei'ure  of  the  benefit  thereof. 

Art.  \  — Any  number  of  houses  and  out  houses,  and  luiuseboj 
gmids,  print&I   Uwks,  wearing  apparel,  plate,  prints,  jewels  ,,2  l 
trinkets  in  private  use,  stock  in  trade,  goods  in  trust,  or  on  comai*  ' 
Mon,  may  be  insureil  in  one  policy. 

Art.  VI.— I'ersoiis  insured  by  this  office  shall  receive  no  h^n.*. 
from  their  policies,  if  the  same  houses,  or  goods,  iic  are  insurr-J,, 
any  other  office,  unless  such  insurance,  and  the  amount  thereof  r- 
first  specified  and  allowed  by  indorsement  on  the  policy,  inwhti 
case  this  office  will  pay  its  rateable  proportion  on  any  loss  or  tbna:- 

Art.  VII.— When  any  person  dies,  the  policy  and  inlenrst  ihfrfij 
shall  continue  to  the  heir,  executor,  or  administrator,  respeciivfi? 
to  whom  the  right  of  the  property  insured  stiall  beloug  prtucri 
before  any  iieu  payment  be  made,  such  heir,  executor,  or  aliiul. 
trator,  do  procure  his  or  her  rittht  to  be  indorsed  on  the  policy  irh 
said  office,  or  the  premium  to  be  paid  in  the  name  of  the  saij  htf  j 


executor,  or  administrator. 

Art.  VIII.— Persons  ch.anging  their  habitations  or  warehoimejnm 
preserve  the  benefit  of  their  p()licits,  if  the  nalure  and  circnmsUic! 
of  such  policv  be  not  altered  ;  but  such  insurance  will  be  of  i;'i  i>,.. 
till  such  removal  or  alteration  is  allowed  at  tl»  office,  byiu'^oiw 
men!  on  the  policy.  ' 

Art.  ]\'.— No  los^  or  damage  will  be  paid  on  fire  happenin^h 
any  invasion,  foreign  enemy,  civil  commolion,  or  any  niiljurr:! 
usurped  power  whatever. 

An.  X.— Persons  insured  sustaining  any  loss  or  damage  hy  firei-i 
forthwith  to  give  notice  thereof  at  the  office  ;  and,  as  soon  as  p(«i[( 
afterwards,  deliver  in  as  particular  an  account  of  their  l(*a  or  danu, 
as  the  nature  of  the  case  will  admit  of,  and  make  proof  of  tfie «« 
by  their  oath  or  affirmation,  according  to  the  foini  practis(;.|  in-i 


iiiterestftd  in  such  lo-'s,  importing  that  they  are  well  acqiiai 
the  character  and  circumstances  of  the  person  or  persons  insurfi 
claiming;  and  do  know,  or  verily  behave,  that  he.  sh*-  or 'V 
really,  and  ljy  misfortune,  without  any  fraud  or  evil  practif  hin 
sustained  by  sncli  fire  the  loss  or  damaije,  as  his,  her,  nr  (htir  K' 
the  value  therein  mentionetl.  And.  till  the  affidavit  and  certi&n 
of  such  the  insured's  loss  shall  be  made  and  produced,  the  Irssn. mi 
shall  not  be  payable.  And,  if  there  appear  any  fraud  or  false  i«a' 
iug,  or  that  the  fire  shall  have  happened  by' the  pmcuremw  f 
wilful  act,  n  cans,  or  contrivance  of  the  insured  orclaim.int^  hci'i 
or  they  shall  be  excluded  from  all  benefit  frr>m  their  puiiciei  't 
in  case  any  difference  shall  arise  between  the  office  and  the  tavA- 
touching  any  loss  or  damage,  such  ditTerence  shall  be  suLiimv'^ 
the  judgment  and  determination  of  arbitrators  indifferenllvc^ar" 
whose  award  in  writinsr  shall  be  conclusive  and  binding  on  all  bv^A 

N.  H.— In  every  case  of  loss  the  Cimipany  reserves  the  rUiif 
re-instatement  in  preference  to  the  payment  of  claims,  if  iiilia;! 
judge  the  former  course  to  be  more  expedient;  but  whenanr* 
is  settled  and  adjusted,  Ilje  insureil  will  receivr  tjimediaie  paiatu 
for  the  saaie,  without  any  deduction  or  discount;  and  will  ^-iU 
•i:iMe  to  any  covenants  or  calls  for  contribr'ion  to  make  gooi  l-sn 

**•  To  encourage  the  removal  of  goods,  m  case  of  tiie,  ihiinj^ 
V  '!  allow  the  reasonable  charges  attending  the  same,  ami  niikerT^  i 
the  Mifl'erer's  loss,  whether  destroyed,  loat,  or  damaetd,  Lv  tw 
removal. 


RemarJa.—'Vhe  premr 
supposition  that3-4ths  of 
in  for  insurani'e.  If  onl 
will  bt*  l-3d  more  j  if  nn 
and  10  on  Uuildmgs,  i 
insured  for  any  sum  or  tun 
chitifry  and  slock  may  !« 

The  introduction  or  stm 
will  adil  to  cnues 

I.  and  II.  6<i  prem 
III.  and  IV,  I*,  prem 

When  mills  sieoiore  tf 

Amsunt  of  Propci 

and  fiiiine  other  co 

atiion|f8(  us  for  a  ce 

accounts,  that  the  £ 

1833,  nrnoiiiited  to  8 

valued  at  (he  imtne 

still  true  that  most  I 

fiurod  at  all ;  and  in 

It  is  difficult  to  imng 

On  coinnion  risks  th< 

person  pay  to  an  ins 

pay  a  duty  of  30^.  to 

ahout  120  to  75  and  8i 

impolitic.    There  cai 

third  itfl  f>resent  amo 

he  exiiMided  without 

from  the  causalties  t( 

best  consequences  in 

from  being  maieriall> 

During  last  session 

thence  arising  is  imni 

inastHHch  as  there  ia 

other  description  of  s 

see  ilrepe:iled,  but  tr 

felt  as  a  burden;  wti 

Amouiit  of  Duty  on  : 


Insurance  of  Mills,  ^c. — Wp  stibjoin  for  the  information  of  stich  of  onr  roaders  as  may  he  intereslei 
in  the  insurance  of  mills,  the  following  statements,  put  forth  by  the  Leeds  and  Yorksiiire  Assuranti 
Company. 

CLASSIFICATION  OF  MILLS. 


Claw  T.—Ftre  Proo/.  Mills  built  entirely  of  stone  or  I'rick:  the 
floors  hid  upon  stone  or  brick  arches,  resting  upon  stone,  brick,  or 
iron  pillars,  and  consistinR  of  stone  tl.aes,  tiles,  cement,  or  plas'er; 
Uie  frame-work  of  the  windoiva  and  roof  of  iron,  the  roof  cowred 
witii  slates,  tiles,  or  metal;  the  staircase  dctacied,  constructed  of 
•olid  masoiir}' or  brick-work,  wit  hint  any  mixture  of  wood  or  timher, 
and  having  no  coiimiuniction  with  the  mill  but  at  (he  several  tand- 
iurt;  the  openings  for  Lpright  shaffi  or  »na<hinery  (if  any)  to  be 
kORi'  I  off  with  iron  or  sfo.ie. 

Class  II.— fire /Vflo^  Mills  of  which  the  construction  is  in  all 
resi>er!s  the  same  as  (^l.is*  i.  except  that  the  floors  do  not  rtnt  upon 
itonf  rir  brick  arches,  but  comiat  of  alone  flags  laic  npon  iron  beams 
and  joisfo. 

Class  III.— Mills  constnic'ed  as  Classft  I,  and  11.  but  having  the 
stone  floors  ri'.tin?  upon  timber  licamsanfl  joi!iIs,and  the  frame-work 
of  tho  windows  and  luoC  of  wood. 


Class  IV.~Mill3  built  of  stone  or  brick,  and  having  owam 
of  the  upiK-r  floors  constructetl  of  stone  flags  laid  u|ion  imn  nr-n 
beams,  on  which  fliH>rs  the  dangerous  processes  are  carrid  i^Oji 
htaircase  of  stone,  and  detached. 

Class  V.~Millfl  constructeiJ  of  stone  or  brick;  havinetheftM 
except  the  ground  floor,  of  wfxxl,  plankeii  and  jointtd  with  imr^ 
staircase  ol  stone,  bein^  detached  or  on  the  outside. 

Cl.iss  Vt.— Mills  constructed  of  stone  or  brick;  hiviiie  i^pftvvv 
except  the  ground  floor,  of  wood;  the  staircase  ui  i.h',m\  u^ 
detached  or  on  Mih  outside. 

I  Claw  VII,— Mills  constructed  of  stone  or  brick:  liavip^ititiM 
and  floors  of  wood  ;  the  stairs  being  open  to  the  building 

'  N,  h.— In  all  the  clastes  it  is  understood  that  the  mill  ims^ 
adjoin  ajij  otherniill  or  »-ifr.  hatardoua  buildini?;  thaMhttaH 
is  by  steam,  and  ibat  the  hnilcrs  and  firing  places  are  id  i*^' 

>  building,  uot  endangering  the  mill. 


Amount  of  Duly  on  Fii 


Offices. 


Ralh  Sun 

Briildl  .  .  I 

Bri-iol  (Crnwn) 

Bnilnl  (irrjinti) 

E'Kl  Ecojiniiiic 

tsfei  and  Suin.lk 

Hn-lforct»a.i,l,rid(fe,  *c  Mil 

hciii 

I^KIi  and  Voiiihire    ." 

Mancti«ter 

Newcastle  upniiTyiie' 

New  Norwich  rjjuiuble       . 


y  jear  eieept 


apOD  butldinp 
1  a  parliculir 
ire  carrieJ  od 
lion  in  ile>cnl- 
>,  wheretijr  thi 

lian  lliey  oil.er-  ,,._. 

^se  n(  any  If«  jf'J':^ 

,leof  IheluiM.  ..< 

insurance  Ml  ' 

itice  lhereo(,iB  ;> 

,ch  nolice,  sit^  ^ 

;rt  therefrom.  T 

7  three  or  iiioi«  I  \ 

s  laktn  for  inj  f 

tHued  (rotii  lU  >' 

md  merr^nndiie  fT 
:»1,  provided  iht  ^ 
coutniiuion,  bu  I 

u 
^\\  p3jr  (he  pr^  S:^* 
me  yt-ar  nicre «  ," 
I,  as  loiif;  as  ;hi  ' 
!  payments  annii. 
e  (lay  Imiitcil  ti 
i-fit  thereof. 
I,  and  houwbolj 
ints,  jewels  itj  j 
t,  or  on  coniouv 


!ceivr.  no  hmh 
ic  arc  insurHii 
noHiit  lhereot.li» 

policy,  in  whi^ 
ny  loss  or  danu." 
d  interwl  ihfrti 
ator,  resptclivfiT, 

belouR.  prouiid, 
cutor,  or  a-lniu* 
n  the  policpiii 
e  of  the  said  heir, 


>r  warehotiwi  ni)) 
;  and  circumsUn 
ivill  be  of  lif^fofj 
oRice,  by  imlorK. 

fire  happtnini^ 
or  any  iniliunx 

damage  by  firevi 
,  as  soon  as  p(«it  t 
Iheirlou  c<r  Jimtji 
proof  of  the  uu 

;i  practis&t  la'.H 
such  other  \-rx 

•curt*  a  CfT'.ii'i 
ns,  and  sfinie-^'^ 

hot  conceniei  if 
lei  I  arquainli'Jri 

prrsons  insurrii 
|l  lie.  sb**,  or  'l'^, 
evil  practice.  hi| 
ler,  nr  their  l^'i 
Livit  ami  rerli6ci'i 
lireil.Ihtr  Irssii.CMt 

.ii;i  nr  filsewa' 

procuremeci'.  ■( 

|rclaiihints,liir.t't 

tieir  puiicles.  Ai: 

Iceand  the  \mr. 

1  he  sulmn'r' : 

idlfl'ereiilty  cliw. 

idingoii  all  \'iJ':& 

lervi'S  Ihe  riihi  J 

claims  if  it  ^'»-^ 
but  wlieuantii 

jjinitdiite  payani 

I }  and  will  iH^ti 
make  gooi  I"*a 

m  of  liie,  li.ii-'i? 

line,  anil  nukefxi 
dantagtd,  ly  vti 


he  interPMf] 
lire  Assuraitci 


J  upon  iron  rr«>t 
Inrt!  carried  i 

I;  bavinelhfikw 
Enttd  withircQ:'^ 
le. 

t;  havin«iUft-"V 
|iu>e  of  sloiif.  ii^ 

Ik:  baviii?lheai 

Ibuildinc- 
It  the  mill 
■i^;  thai  {htl'-'i 
T-3  arc  in  » "*; 


INSURANCE  (FIRE). 

Scale  of  Preiiiiunis. 


87 


FUi  Milli. 


Build 
Ids 

/,.   I. 

CImI' 

0    s 

II. 

0    7 

III. 

0    9 

IV. 

0  12 

V. 

0  14 

VI 

0  17 

VII. 

1    0 

Machi- 
nery and 
ijlock. 


d.  L.  t. 
0    0  10 


0  12 
0  14 
0  15 
0  17 

0  19 

1  2 


Cotton  Milli. 


Build- 
ing. 


r~  I.  d. 
0    s 
0    7 
0    9 

0  II 

0  13 

0  IS  n 

0  18    0 


Maohi. 
nnry  ind 

Sinck. 


L.  ». 

0  9 

0  II 

0  12 

0  14 

0  15 

0  17 

1  0 


Woollen  Milli. 


Corn  Milli. 


Huild- 
ing. 


Machi- 
nery and 
Slock. 


Macl.i-      i,„;ij 

neryand      "';''''■ 

Slock.    I     '"*• 


L.  I.  d.  L.  I.  d.    L.  I.  d.\L.  I.  d. 
050080      03    0060 

0700  10  0040070 

0900  12  0090080 

on     00  13  0     070090 

0  12    00  14  0      0800  10    0 

0  14    00  16  0     090     0  110 

0  16    0     0  18  0      0  10    0     0  12    0 


ntmarla  —The  premhimi  affixed  in  the  above  acale  are  on  the 
.upwsiticm  thal3«hi  oHhe  value  of  the  buU.l^^ig  or  nock  are  ?iveii 


ny'is  nr  other  public  engine  itatinns,  or  have  not  eiu;infa  belonging 
to  tttrin.  reported  in  good  order,  and  properly  served,  tliere  UiUit  b« 
added  In  clasiiea 

I.  and  II.  ed,  pT«niuin.  I     V.  and  VI.  t>.  6>f.  pri'mium, 
MI.  itid  IV.  If.  |]rt-lnium.  |  VII.  .    2s.  jireniiuni. 

In  corn  niilU,  the  itorking  of  every  adililional   pair  of  &touct 
beyond  4,  will  add  6d.  to  Ihe  above  prtmiunts. 

A  kiln  adjoining  and  conimunicatirig  fur  the  drying  of  oats  or  other 
grain,  will  add  2».  to  the  .^bove  premiums. 

Wind  corn  niills,  buili  of  brick  or  stone,  and  having  Ihe  roof  of 
wood,  will  come  under  Class  Vll. 


in' for  iusunnce.  If  only  half  Ihe  value  is  liven  in,  the  preuitum 
„i||  bi  l-3d  more  :  if  only  I  4lh,  the  pr.  miuni  will  be  S-3il«  more ; 
and  10  on  Duildings,  machinery,  and  slock,  may  however  be 
iniured  for  any  simi  or  sunn,  subject  lo  the  average  clause  j  or  ma- 
ihinrry  and  slock  m.iy  l«  insured  by  rooiiffl. 
The  introduction  of  stoves  or  Srcs,  for  beating,  in  lieu  of  sleam, 

"        Land  II.  Bd.  premium.  I     V.  and  VI.  It.  6d.  promiom. 
111.  and  IV.  If  premium.  I  Vll.         -        •     2f   premium. 
Wtieii  niitiB  are  oiore  than  2  mites  distant  from  any  of  Ihe  conipa- 

Jlmaunt  of  Property  insured.— Duty.— lumrance  against  fire,  tliniigh  practised  in  France.  Hnllnnd, 
and  siiiiie  "*''^''  cou'ifies,  is  not  Ke><«ral  any  where  except  in  Great  Britain.  It  has  lieen  kiinwii 
anion|!st  us  for  a  century  and  a  lialf,  and  is  now  very  widely  e.vtended.  It  appears  from  the  official 
accoiiiils,  tliat  the  grnss  duly  received  on  policies  of  insurance  against  fire  in  the  United  Kingdnni,  in 
1832,  niiumiited  to  8.'i6,09(><. ;  wliicli.  as  the  duty  is  3s.  per  cent.,  shows  that  the  property  insured  was 
valued  at  the  immense  sum  of  557,397,533/. ;  But  nolwiihstnnding  the  magnitude  of  this  sum,  it  ia 
still  true  that  most  hiiildings  are  not  insured  up  to  their  full  value  ;  even  in  towns,  many  are  not  in- 
Biired  at  all ;  and  in  the  country  it  is  far  from  being  cnstmiiary  to  insure  farm  buildings  or  barn-yards. 
It  is  difficult  to  imagine  that  this  can  be  owing  to  any  thing  other  tlian  the  exorbitance  of  tlie  duty. 
On  coiniiion  risks  the  duly  is  no  less  than  200  per  cent,  upon  the  premium  ;  or,  in  other  words,  if  a 
person  pay  lo  an  insurance  office  15a.  for  insuring  1,000/.  worth  of  property,  he  must  at  the  same  time 
pay  a  duly  of  30*.  to  government!  On  hazardous  and  doubly  hazardous  risks,  the  duty  varies  from 
about  120  to  75  and  80  per  cent,  upon  Ihe  premium.  .Such  a  duty  is  in  the  last  degree  oppressive  and 
impolitic.  There  cannot,  in  fact,  lie  the  slightest  doubt  that,  were  it  reduced,  iis  it  ought  lo  be,  to  «n« 
third  its  present  amount,  the  business  of  insurance  would  be  very  much  extended  ;  and  as  it  could  not 
be  extended  without  an  increase  of  security,  and  witliout  lessening  the  injurious  coiiseiiuenccs  arising 
from  the  causalties  to  which  properly  is  e.vposed,  the  reduction  of  the  duly  would  be  productive  of  the 
best  consequences  in  a  public  point  of  view;  while  the  increase  of  business  would  prevent  Die  revenue 
friim  being  iiiaierially  diminished. 

During  last  session  (1833),  the  duty  on  the  insurance  of  fanning  stock  was  repealed.  But  the  relief 
thence  arising  is  immaterial ;  and  the  increase  is,  besides,  highly  objectionable  in  point  of  principle, 
innsiHHch  as  there  is  no  ground  whatever  for  exempting  farining  stock  from  duty  in  preference  to  any 
other  description  of  slock.  A  duty  on  insurance  is  not,  in  itself,  objectionable.  We  do  not  wish  to 
see  it  reiie;iled,  but  to  have  il  efrecttially  reduced.  Were  it  fixed  at  Is.  per  cent.,  it  would  hardly  bt 
felt  as  a  burden  ;  while  the  revenue  would  sulfer  little  or  nothing  from  the  measure. 

Amount  of  Duty  on  Fire  Insurances  paid  by  the  ditferent  London  Offices,  during  each  of  the  Ten 

Years  ending  with  1835. 


0£ce&. 

1826- 

I8n. 

IS23- 

IS29. 

1930. 

1831. 
L. 

1832. 
L. 

1833. 

.   1834. 

1835. 
L. 

L. 

L. 

/_ 

L. 

L. 

L.               L. 

Alliance 

I6,3i» 

17,746 

19,095 

19,466 

20,173 

20,715 

20,147 

20,428        21,034 

22,602 

Atlas    -       -       -       - 

t9,2H 

20,898 

19,522 

20,199 

2(1,700 

20,783 

21,010 

21,288         21,398 

22,1)98 

British .       -       -       • 

15,274 

15,464 

ir,.2i)3 

I5,<I2 

13,819 

13,372 

1.3,644 

15,395          16,428 

17.473 

County- 

40,680 

43.5^2 

47,413 

44,822 

44,172 

48,519 

48,507 

44,232         40,471 

42,317 

Globe  .       .       -       • 

24,117 

26,169 

25,367 

23.  66 

26,462 

2ti,397 

27,  ins 

27,321          27,35-. 

2»i.366 

Guardian     ■ 

2Si,370 

29,06? 

29.6S4 

30,395 

31,077 

3I,8H3 

31,628 

31,916         32,114 

32,476 

Hand-in  Hand     ■ 

11,595  , 

11,704 

1 1,975 

11,234 

11,389 

11,564 

10,960 

10.793          10,9.30 

11,166 

Imperial 

28,965  ; 

28,334 

28,647 

28,310 

27,081 

28,230 

2>',234 

27,154  .      27,020 

27,379 

LfiHtlon 

7,411  ■ 

7.077 

7,-2«2 

7,4H3 

8,019 

7.053 

8,125 

8,477 

9,4S)0 

10,173 

Palladium     • 

3,SilO  , 

4,721 

5,Oi8 

5,378 

1,377 

'  ^conlin. 

Pho'.nijc 

59,991 

60.482 

62,1-39 

63,649 

68,875  ,      69,390 

75,076 

73,368 

72,821 

73,157 

Protecloi 

24,752 

?-...V3 

46,446 

54,287 

66.081 

69,789 

59,182 

67,858 

56,676 

54,368 

Rovtl  Exchange  • 

4-.M1C 

lii,0J4 

49,416 

49,78S 

51,891 

64,586 

64,824 

65,716 

63,26« 

67,973 

Sun      ■       -       •       • 

107,172 

111.521 

114,205 

118,856 

120,619 

124,0  JO 

124,127 

124,681 

127,470 

129,112 

I'riion  -       -       -       - 

I5,66;5 

15,705 

16,412 

I6,2»5 

15,714 

l5,SI!t 

16,315 

16,133 

16,370 

17,334 

Westminster 

I4,M4 

14,159 

14,264 

19^461 

14,777 

13,116 

15,111 

15,126 

13,531 

16,312 

Albion  -       -       -       - 
ToUi  -       -       - 

I3|053 

12,869 
492,941 

discontin. 

5a2.303 

479,096 

513,868 

629,411  {    634,423 

550,362 

554,988 

549,686      630,394 

Amodiit  of  Duly  on  Fire  Insurance,  paid  by  the  ditferent  Country  Offices  in  England,  during  each  of 

thi  Eight  Years  ending  with  1835. 


1 

Offices. 

1828. 

1829. 

1830. 

1831. 

1832. 

1833. 

1834. 

1833. 

M 

L. 

L. 

L. 

/.. 

/,. 

L. 

L. 

/.. 

'tW 

Balh  Sun          .           ■           •            -           ■ 

1.(120 

1,628 

1.353 

1,542 

1,592 

1,367 

1,563 

1,563 

Jv 

Rerlii,  Gloucester,  lie.  (ilitcon-) 

2  395 

2,477 

2,604 

614 

'M 

RirniJRgham     ..... 

6,126 

6,186 

6.593 

7,016 

7,049 

7,004 

7,042 

7,070 

^ 

Bristol  ...... 

3,836 

3,903 

3,9-,3 

3,977 

3,731 

3,722 

3,633 

3,644 

5 

Bri-.nl  (Crown)           .... 

1,944 

1,882 

1,919 

1,866 

1,862 

1,772 

1,853 

1,751 

•cA 

Rntlol  (Union)            .... 

2,490 

2,488 

2,360 

2,581 

2,567 

2,5(>6 

2,552 

2,460 

:Ml 

Ki-iex  Econnniic          .... 

2,8.32 

2,925 

3,136 

3,163 

3,061 

2,821 

2,595 

2,656 

W 

Hs'ex  and  SulPilk 

6,279 

6,444 

6,407 

6,490 

6,504 

5,753 

5,356 

6,437 

'Tf 

HtTifordH'anibridge,  fcc.  {dixon.)    - 

4,671 

4,866 

5,429 

3,383 

?* 

Hiiiii,  SuRsex,  and  Dorset 

2,610 

2,6*9 

2,792 

2,833 

2,687 

2,593 

2.598 

2,634 

'^fi 

Kent 

9,035 

9,279 

10,726 

10,662 

10,650 

9,978 

10,290 

10,442 

.im 

Leeiii  and  Yoikshire    -           .           •          . 

6,377 

6,728 

6.977 

7,ft24 

8,068 

8,458 

8,966 

9,517 

^JW 

Manchester      ..... 

16,178 

16,703 

16,787 

17,330 

17,532 

17,726 

18,318 

18,654 

M 

Newcastle  upon  Tyne            ... 

4,755 

4,948 

6,093 

6,229 

6,126 

•2,093 

6,109 

6,166 

1 

New  Norwich  F4)uiUble 

1,094 

1,330 

1,430 

1,293 

1,294 

1,374 

i 

— 

•  Fo 

r  two  quar 

lert  0DI7. 

\ 


8 


88 


INSURANCE  (LIFE). 


Table — continued. 

Officei. 

1828. 

1829. 

1830. 

IH3I. 

|!-32 

1833. 

1834. 

1635. 

/,. 

I. 

/.. 

/. 

A. 

L. 

/,. 

Norwich  RqijiUbIg     .... 

3,428 

3,491 

2.316 

2,N38 

3,020 

diiroutinued 

. 

Norwich  Lnion           -            .           ,           - 

61,946 

61,186 

62,38. 

68,3.6 

66,889 

61,3^-, 

6ft.K26 

61.863 

KmiIiii?              ..... 

II.' 

108 

131 

IM 

l'.2 

196 

202 

2117 

Sihtiiandcr      ..... 

4,640 

4,8IO 

4.9,17 

S,307 

5,321 

o,IO> 

5,021 

4.97  ■> 

S.llnn                   ..... 
Shrrtiflil             ..... 

2,61b 

2,U:>7 

2Kno 

2,>.|l 

2,H-H 

2,737 

2,612 

2,731 

1,746 

l,hOI 

1,922 

2,0lir-. 

2,1167 

1,952 

2,056 

2,144 

Shid.N  (North  »nJ  South)      - 

706 

'713 

in 

719 

7.17 

764 

758 

729 

Sull'ilk  (K.1SII 

6,'>,10 

6,639 

i.im 

0,277 

6,213 

5,446 

6,117 

5,221  1 

.Sirflolk  |W«I)              .... 

5,98^ 

VMO 

6,312 

6.961 

6,9  ■>6 

6,199 

5,781 

5.868 

Wi»l  of  Knglanit         .... 

22.,-.3l 

2:<,8-i!' 

2-.,  123 

2^.6s.l 

26.601 

2;44'. 

27,128 

27,TJ3 

Yorkshire         -           .           • 

2,!H- 

3,231 

3,9J6 

4,734 

5,461 

6,168 

6,9»2 

6,741 

1                                            Total 

1 1-3,389 

186,763 

194,043 

201,761 

198,207 

I84,097_ 

185,686 

190,199 

Till!  II()|i(>,  F.tielii,  Alliinn,  Iloiinon,  Britisli  f;nimii('r(i!il,  PiiltiKlliiiii,  Siirri!)',  Himsox,  nnil  Snuthwiirk, 
DriKliliiii,  Old  lliilli,  (iloiiccstersliire,  (.'iiiiliirhiiry,  llijrks,  (iloiiiistiT  apid  I'ripvinciiil,  llurlt'i>ril,  (,'iini- 
I  rl(l!;i-,  ,-111(1  (JdiiMlry,  and  olliurg,  (in  ull  22  otiices,  chletly  tlmsu  luiely  i.'8tabllrilivil,)  Imvu  dlacuntiiiiit'd 
their  lire  iii8iirujicc  liusint'ss. 

IV.  Insiranct:  (l.irK). 

Tlmt  piirt  of  the  ImsliieHS  nf  jifn  insurance  whitli  ciiiitiisls  nf  (jrantinc  .inniiilics  upon  livfis,  is  treated 
of  iiridiT  I.NTKiiKST  AND  ANN1ITIK..S  J  SO  tli.'it  We  liiivu  only  to  treat,  in  Mils  |)lace,  of  the  iiiHurutice  of 
Slims  |iiiyalde  at  the  death  of  ihe  insurers  or  their  noniinees. 

Siiji|ii.se  an  iijdividiial  of  a  L'ivon  aye  wishes  to  insure  100/.  payalile  at  his  death,  the  sinifle  preniiiim, 
or  the  serli'8  of  annual  |ireiiiliiiiis,  he  oiiL'hl  to  |iay  an  olhci-  liir  sin  h  insiir.iiii  e.  iiiii.'il  plainly  ileiiejid 
foi  tin:  e.\p  ttalion  of  life  of  such  individual,  and  on  the  rale  of  interest  or  netl  profit  w  hie  h  the  iiiKiirera 
iiiiiy  make  hy  invesiinEthe  preiiiliiins. 

Willi  respect  to  tin'  first  of  these  conditions,  or  the  rrprrlntion  of  lifi;  it  Is  usual  in  eHtiniiitin^  it  to 
have  recourse  lo  Tiilnes  framed  frinn  llii!  iiiortalily  observed  to  l;il<e  place  in  pariicnlar  cilii's  or  i\\<- 
iricls,  as  in  Ndrlhampton,  Carlisle. &c.— (See  I.s'TKnKsT  ,\Ni)  AN.\i  itiks  )  itiil  llioii!:li  tin;  actual  ilc  - 
creinent  and  ev  peel  a  I  ion  of  life  aiiioni.'  an  iiveraire  p(.pnl,ilion,  at  every  ye.tr  of  llifir  lives,  \V(;re  aii  :i- 
ralely  deieiinineil,  it  is  doubtful  wlielher  it  wmilrl  lorn;  a  fair  basis  fur  an  insurance  ollice  lo  (iroi .  ,  ,| 
.ipoii.  'I'lie  L'eneial  oiitiiion  seems  lo  be,  that  insured  lives  are  deciiliMlly  ab'ive  llie  averaiie  ;  for  iiisi  - 
r.iiiic  olliri's  invariably  profess  to  act  on  the  princlpli!  of  rejectini;  bail  lives  or  ol  inakiii!.'  ihein  p.iy  a 
proportional  inciease  of  preinliiin  ;  and  it  may,  besides,  it  is  said,  be  fairly  presumed  Unit  [lersons  m- 
f  iiriiiL'  IlKMr  lives  are  of  a  superior  class,  and  are  not,i>enerally  speakiiiL',  enLMU'ed  In  those  nianiial  ami 
laliorloiis  occupations  that  are  esteemed  most  injurious  to  heallli.  lint,  on  the  oilier  hand,  llii'  frlemli 
of  parlies  whose  lives  are  supposed  lo  he  bad,  and  the  parties  thernsidves,  are  most  iinxions  liny 
kIioiiIiI  be  insured.  It  is  also  far  from  beiniraii  iinconnnon  practice,  for  certain  Individuals  lo  prev.iil 
on  iiirsoiis  whom  ihey  happen  lo  know,  or  believe  to  be  bad  lives  to  insure  ;  and  then  lo  get  a  lej;:il 
assitiiiiiiert  of  the  policy  In  their  favour,  on  their  L'iviiiir  the  "  men  of  siruw"  a  bonus  for  their  slnire 
ill  the  fiaiid.  At  all  events,  there  can  be  no  (|iieslioa  that  larjie  numbers  of  such  lives  are  perpelii.ijly 
ollerid  for  insurance  ;  and  every  individual  conversant  with  the  business  knows  that,  in  despite  i/f 
all  prei  .lilt  ions,  policies  are  very  frei|uenlly  elfectedupon  them.  Mr.  Milne, on  whose  jiidunieni  every 
reliance  may  hi.'  placed,  states  illstinctly  that  "all  the  caution  and  seleclion  which  the  otiices  in  sein'- 
ral  can  e.verciso.  Is  necessary  to  keep  the  lives  Insured  up  to  Ihe  iiveraL'c  goodness  of  Ihe  hulk  of  iIib 
popiil.ilion."— (A."«fv  Bril.  new  ed.  art.  JInviiitie.t.)  .Since  the  competition  amoiii;  the  dilfereiit  oltiics 
liicame  so  very  keen  as  it  has  been  of  late  years,  there  are  but  few  lives  so  bad  that  they  wi'l  nm  In: 
taken  by  one  ollice  or  aiiolher;  and  we  doubt,  were  the  resiills  of  their  (ixpcrience  made  piihlic, 
wjieilier  it  would  bo  found  that  there  is  much  foundation  for  the  opinion  as  to  the  superiority  of  Jisiircil 
lives. 

With  respect  to  the  second  condition  in  vnluine  an  insurance,  or  the  rate  at  which  the  interest  of 
ininiey  may  be  esliiiiated,  it  is  impossible  to  arrive  at  any  thing  like  accurate  conclusions.  At  an  avc- 
r  ijie,  perhaps,  tr:insacli  ms  in  life  insurance  may  e.>;tend  over  a  period  of  ;i()  years  from  the  lime  whin 
tliey  are  eiilered  into;  and  in  such  a  lensjthened  term  the  greatest  changes  may  take  place  in  the  rule 
of  prof  t  and  the  rate  of  interest.  Mr.  Finlaison.  of  the  National  Uebt  Ollice,  appears  lo  Ihink  lliat4} 
per  cent,  may  be  taken  as  Ihe  true  average  rat«  in  this  coiiniry  ;  and  that  4i  is  n  rate  at  which  no  Inss 
peed  be  apprehended.— (Pur/.  Paper,  No.  2S1.  Sess.  \**2'l)  Hilt  this  is  nut  a  point  on  which  las  Mr. 
I'inlaison  seems  to  suppose)  previous  e.xperience  can  be  safely  depended  upon  in  forming  cngageininis 
for  ihe  fiiinre;  and  were  this  the  proper  place  for  entering  upon  such  discussions,  wo  Ihink  vverdiilil 
assign  piniy  solid  grounds  for  concluding  that  no  institution,  intended  to  last  fur  the  next  half  cin- 
liiry,  would  be  warranted  in  reckoning  upon  realising  more  than  H  per  cent,  upon  its  investments.  We 
sh'iiilil  look  upon  this  as  the  iiiaxiiiiiim,  and  of  course  could  exgiect  nothing  but  ruin  to  fall  upon  ,iiiy 
instlliilion  founded  upon  Ihe  hypothesis  of  realising  -Ij-  per  cent,  of  interest.  At  the  same  time,  ive 
would  not  be  understood  as  laying  any  undue  stress  upon  tliis  opinion  ;  and  are  ready  to  uijnill 
thai  lliere  must  always  be  more  of  conjecture  than  of  certainty  in  such  conclusions. 

.Seiiirily  being  the  principal  object  to  be  aimed  at  by  every  insurance  olfice  established  on  sound 
principles,  they  would  not  act  wisely,  if  they  did  not  calculate  their  premiums  considerably  hicher 
tliae  may  appear  necessary  to  those  who  look  only  at  what  has  taken  place  during  the  last  ;i(l  or  40 
years.  Societies  contracting  prospective  engagements  that  may  extend  for  half  a  century  or  iiiiin\ 
are  exposed  to  innumerable  unforeseen  contingencies  ;  and  they  would  be  highly  censurable,  anil  altii- 
getlier  unworthy  of  the  public  confidence,  were  they  so  to  conduct  their  atlairs,  that  Ihey  might  lie 
ii.il'le  to  serious  embarrassments  from  Hiictiiation  in  the  rate  of  inlerest.or  an  increase  of  sickness, or 
any  other  cause.  The  success  that  has  hitherto  attended  the  Eiiuitable,  and  some  of  the  lonir-es- 
tablish  d  olliccs,  must  not  he  taken  as  any  criterion  of  what  may  befall  them  and  olhcrsdiiring  the  iieM 
100  years,  Mr,  Morgan,  Ihe  late  able  actuary  of  the  Equitable,  in  hisacconntoi  the  rise  and  pniiiri'sj 
of  that  inslitiilion,  published  in  1828,  has  satisfactorily  shown  that  its  peculiar  prosperity  has  been  in 
a  very  great  degree  owing  to  circumstances  which  cannot  possibly  occur  again.  The  premimii,  I'nr 
example,  charged  hy  the  Society,  so  bate  as  1771,  for  insuring  100/.  on  the  life  of  a  person  aged  "0,\v!is 
4/.  \s.')lU..  whereas  it  is  now  only  2/,  13s.  Ad. ;  and  there  was  a  corresponding  ditl'erence  in  the  jireiiii- 
tuns  for  Ihe  other  ages, — (p.  30.)  But  Ihe  excessive  mamiiliide  of  Ihe  premiums  was  not  the  only 
evlraordiiiary  source  of  profit  enjoyed  by  this  Society  in  the  earlier  part  of  its  career.  We  learn  rrnm 
the  same  iiiii|nestionable  authorily,  that  lidif  the  iiifuraiice.''  wuitc  diiriiirr  the  firat  Iwentij-Jive  venrsof 
the  Siirielii'.^  erisleiice  were  nimmli'iied  by  the  insitrrm,  in  many  cases,  after  the  premiums  upon  tliein  h;iil 
been  paid  for  a  considerable  number  of  years,  irilhimt  iinij  cnliiable  citiixiiteratiiin  beinrr f;iren  f.irlhm 
bii  llif  Srr.ii.ii)  ! — (p.  38.)  So  copious  a  source  of  profii  was  alone  adeiiuate  lo  enrich  any  society;  l"il 
siiih  iniiigs  rarely  occur  now,— people  are  become  loo  familiar  wilh  life  insurance,  anil  sales  ef  luili- 
rles  are  of  loo  freijuent  occurrence,  to  allow  any  otiice  to  realise  any  thing  considerable  in  this  way. 
Now,  v,e  ask,  can  any  one  who  takes  these  facts  into  view,  and  coiiplus  th.in  with  the  frugal  and 


cniittniis  manasR 
118  success  1  and 
scope  of  the  socit 
of  ihcKe  con,'<lder 
some  of  the  old  o 
place  in  the  rate  < 
nor  inleHiine  com 
nients  in  the  fund 
do  not  pregiiine  t 
offices  during  the 
of  those  who  prnc 
is,  in  life  insiiranc 
preiiiiunis  were  at 
them  ton  low.     A 
lection  of  lives.     A 
to  be  resorted  to  ji 
consider  well  whni 
liveslntenients,  nn 
ought  not  to  go  for 
for  a  long  lime  liav 
very  insecure  foiini 
credit  he  gets  douhl 
intiilfair.    The  bar 
bility  on  the  part  of 
prniliictiveofadegi 
I.ifi!  liisiirnncc  cot 
panies,  who  undcrli 
priilil.s  made  hy  such 
Exchange,  the  Sun, 
hollies ;  but  instead 
the  insured,  they  nil 
jirolits  made  by  the  li 
to  the  insured,  is  not 
disclosed.    The  RocI 
company  is  that  wliii 
no  proprietary  body  i 
of  tlie  concern,  after 
the  Norwich  Life,  ice 
The  advantage  to  n 
peiid  on  a  cnmparisnr 
the  security  which  it  i 
fiiinies  would  be  in  all 
draw  away  any  share 
lage  be  not  more  than 
a  partner  in  the  conce 
other  members ;  and 
some  very  serious  res 
the  hands  of  a  junto; 
any  thing  of  the  matte 
tingiiishihg  clearly  bet 
peroiis,  it  is  hut  reasot 
should  object  to  new  i 
III  this  way,  or  makin 
hardly  fail  of  hecoiniii 
coiillicting  claims  of  th 
have  to  he  adjusted  in 
Supposing  Ihe  preini 
ne  fairly  proportioned 
the  most  advisihle  to  i 
Sim,  Globe,  .Scottish  U 
of  the  chartered  coinpa 
riealing  with  tliem  kno 
have  lo  pay,  and  the  e: 
their  death.    They  inc 
dented  and  unlooked-ft 
with  certainty  on  the  ti 
Bnt,  as  already  obaer 
mnmi  with  the  advant 
carelessness,  or  intent! 
hiRh,  It  may  he  more  e 
fortunes  of  the  proprie 
wy  respectable  compan 
the  flourishing  conditio 
miimis  should  be  too  hi' 
It  should,  however,  b 
tion  of  his  getting  a  pri 
ours  responsibilities.     I 
tnis  responsibility  can  h 
■n  the  field,  and  holding 
some  fimire  period,  tha 
A  highly  respectable  c 
--inserts  in  all  its  poll 

winch  otherwise  would 
semire  himself  against  a 
" .  this  sort  implies  a  do 
f"'9hment.    Such  a  do.i 

Albion  Fire  and  Life  Ins 
a2 


>; 


INSURANCE  (LIFE). 


80 


pst  of 

II  IIVI'- 
WIIIMI 

rule 
Ui;it4i 
nil  Inss 
,iis  Mi. 
■IllrllU 
I'priMllil 
'  Oi'Il- 
,.   \V(! 

Ill  any 
M',  wc 
lulniil 

sound 

liiaher 

I  c.r  id 

innn', 

inil  allii- 

iiialil  be 

iiii'ss.or 

l(llll!-P?- 

tlic  next 
|irci:;r('s» 
I  hiH'ii  in 
ill  in,  <»' 
1  X(),  \m 
;  pri'ini- 
l|,|.  niily 
aril  I'riiiii 

Vt'ltl'H  ''.f 

hciii  Iwii 
f„r  Ihcn 
iflv;  l"ii 

rf  p'lli- 

liH  «»)■• 
ll";!!  M 


rmitioiis  management  which  hns  hitherto  always  iHitrnKiiinheil  the  Equitable  Society,  he  aurprised  at 
1(8  8iicrcH8  f  unil  mil  any  tliinK  be  more  iibHiiril  than  to  it|i|ivitl  tn  its  oxpvrii'ncc  In  rnstinff  llii!  Iinrci- 
Btope  <if  the  nocietieB  thiit  have  spriinic  into  exlutenri;  wllliiii  Itie  iusi  few  yeurH  Hut,  Inilt'piMiili'iilly 
of  llieflft  cnnsldemtlonB,  there  are  otiier  circniiiHtanci'H  midlcient  to  ncroiint  fur  llie  fttval  siiccetiH  of 
Biimc  of  the  old  offices.  Since  the  close  of  the  American  war,  a  very  ilecided  (lliiiiniiliiin  hits  taken 
lilaie  in  the  rale  of  mortality  ;  the  public  tran(|iiillily  hiis  neither  been  disturbed  by  foreiKii  inviiKion 
niir  inteHtine  conirnotiiin  ;  we  have  not  been  once  visited  liy  any  epidemic  disordrr  ;  anil  llie  iiivext- 
nientx  in  the  funds,  duriiift  the  war  made  at  fr<im  60  to  (Xl,  may  now  be  realised  at  from  t-0  lo  (Ni.  We 
do  not  presume  to  say  that  circumstances  may  not  be  even  more  advantageous  for  the  inxuranco 
offices  during  the  next  hulf  century  ;  but  we  sliould  not,  certainly,  think  very  liiulily  of  ilie  prudence 
of  those  wlio  proceeded  to  insure  on  Hiich  an  nvHUinption.  (Security,  we  take  leave  again  to  repent, 
in,  in  life  insurance,  the  paramount  consideration.  It  is,  we  lielieve,  admitted  on  all  hiinds,  thai  the 
premiums  were  atone  time  too  high;  liiit  we  doubt  wliellier  the  tendency  at  present  be  not  to  sink 
them  too  low.  A  great  relaxation  has  taken  place,  even  in  Die  most  respectable  otlices,  lis  lo  the  nc- 
leclion  of  lives.  And  the  advertisements  daily  appearing  in  the  newspapers,  and  the  practices  Known 
to  be  resorted  to  in  diflerent  quarlers  to  procure  business,  ought  to  make  every  prudent  individual 
consider  well  what  he  is  aliout  before  he  decides  upon  the  olfice  with  which  he  Is  to  insure.  Allruc- 
tive  slalenients,  unless  where  they  emanate  from  individuals  of  uni|iicslionable  character  and  science, 
ought  not  to  go  for  much.  Life  insurance  is  one  of  the  most  deceptive  of  businesses  ;  and  oIIicim  may 
for  a  long  lime  have  all  the  appearance  of  prosperity,  which  arc,  nolwithstaiidiiig,  eslablished  on  a 
very  insecure  foundation.  If  o  man  insure  a  house  or  a  sliip  with  a  society,  or  an  iiidi  vidua  I,  of  whoso 
credit  he  gets  doubtful,  he  will  forthwith  insure  somewhere  else.  But  life  insiiiance  is  i|iiili!  n  diU'er- 
fntatfair.  The  bargain  is  one  that  is  not  to  be  linally  concluded  for,  perhaps,  50  years  ;  and  any  iiia- 
iiility  on  ibc  part  of  an  esiHliiishment  in  extensive  business  to  make  i;ood  its  engagements,  woiild  be 
prniiiiciive  of  a  degree  of  misery  not  easy  to  be  imngined. 

I.ifi!  insurance  companies  are  divided  into  three  classes.  The  first  class  consists  of  joint  stock  com- 
puiii'-s,  who  undertake  to  pay  JiTed  sums  upon  the  death  of  the  individuals  insuring  with  llieiii ;  llie 
priitits  made  by  such  companies  being  wliolly  divided  aiiioiigtlie  proprietors .  Of  this  class  are  the  lt<i)al 
Escliange,  the  Sun,  the  (ilolie,  4,c.  The  second  class  are  also  joint  slock  coinpaiiii.'S,  wilh  proprietary 
bodies ;  but  instead  of  undertaking,  like  the  former,  to  pay  certain  specified  sums  upon  the  death  of 
the  insured,  they  allow  the  latter  to  participate  lo  a  certain  extern,  along  wilh  the  proprietors,  in  the 
protits  made  by  the  business.  The  mode  In  uiiicli  this  sort  of  miicd  companies  allot  the  pmlil  granted 
to  the  insured,  is  not  the  same  in  all ;  and  in  some,  the  principle  on  which  the  allolnieni  is  made  is  not 
disclosed.  The  Rock,  Alliance,  Guardian,  Atlas,  &.c.  belong  to  this  mixed  class.  The  third  species  of 
conipnny  is  that  which  is  formed  on  the  basis  of  mutual  insurance.  In  this  sort  of  company  there  Ir 
no  proprietary  body  distinct  from  the  insured  ;  the  latter  share  among  themselves  the  whole  proiits 
<if  the  concern,  after  deducting  the  expenses  of  management.  The  Lijuitublu  Society,  the  Amicable, 
the  Norwich  Life,  Sic.  belong  to  this  class. 

The  advantage  to  a  person  insuring  in  any  one  olTice  as  compared  with  another,  must  plainly  de- 
pend on  a  comparison  between  the  premiiims  demanded,  the  conditions  of  the  policy,  and,  above  all, 
the  security  which  it  holds  out.  It  may  appear,  on  a  superficial  view,  as  if  the  mutual  in.surance  com- 
panies would  be  in  all  respects  the  moat  eligible  to  deal  with,  inasmuch  as  they  have  no  proprietors  lo 
draw  away  any  share  of  ihe  profits  IVoin  the  insured.  It  is  doubtful,  liow'ever,  whether  this  advan- 
tage be  not  more  than  balanced  by  disadvantages  incident  to  such  estahlishmcnls.  Every  one  being 
a  partner  in  the  concern,  has  not  only  his  own  life  insured,  but  is  part  insurer  of  the  lives  of  all  the 
other  members;  and  rnay,  in  this  capacity,  should  the  affairs  of  the  society  get  into  disorder,  incur 
some  very  serious  responsibilities.  The  management,  too,  of  such  societies,  is  very  apt  to  get  into 
the  hands  of  a  junto  ;  and  to  be  conducted  without  the  greater  nunilier  of  those  interested  knowing 
any  thing  of  the  matter.  There  is,  also,  considerable  dithcnlty,  in  constituting  such  societies,  in  dis- 
tinguishing clearly  between  the  rights  of  old  and  new  members  :  for,  supposing  a  society  lo  be  pros- 
perous, it  is  but  reasonable  that  those  who  have  belonged  to  it  while  it  has  accumulated  i>  large  fund, 
should  object  to  new  entrants  participating  in  this  advantage,  lint  the  affairs  of  a  society  conducted 
in  Ibis  way,  or  making  distinctions  in  the  rights  of  the  members  during  a  long  series  of  years,  could 
hardly  fail  of  becoming  at  last  exceedingly  complicated  •  I'or  is  it,  indeed,  at  all  improbable  that  the 
cniiflirting  claims  of  Ihe  parties  in  some  of  the  societies  of  this  sort  now  in  existence,  may  ultimately 
have  to  be  adjusted  in  the  courts  of  law,  or  by  an  act  of  the  legi.slalurc. 

Supposing  the  premiums  demanded  by  the  societies  which  retain  the  whole  profits  to  themselves,  to 
he  fairly  proportioned  to  the  values  insured,  we  should  be  inclined  to  think  that  they  are,  on  the  whole, 
the  most  advisible  to  insure  in.  The  subscribed  capital  of  such  associations  as  the  Royal  Exchange, 
Sun,  Globe,  Scottish  Union,  See,  anil  the  wealth  of  the  partners  (which  is  all  liable,  except  in  the  case 
of  the  chartered  companies,  to  the  claims  of  the  insured),  nfTord  unquestionable  security.  Individuals 
dealing  with  them  know  exactly  what  they  are  about.  They  know  the  precise  premiiimB  they  will 
have  to  pay,  and  the  exact  amount  of  the  sums  that  will  be  paid  to  their  assignees  in  the  event  of 
their  death.  They  incur  no  responsibility  of  any  kind  whatever.  For,  unless  some  very  unprece- 
dented and  unlooked-for  change  should  take  place  in  the  condition  of  the  country,  they  may  reckon 
with  certainty  on  the  terms  of  the  policy  being  fulfilled  to  the  letter. 

But.  as  already  observed,  every  thing  depends,  in  matters  of  this  sort,  on  a  comparison  of  the  pre- 
mium with  the  advantages  to  be  realised.  And  where  the  premiums  are  believed,  either  through 
carelessness,  or  intentionally,  in  order  to  provide  for  the  safety  of  the  establishment,  to  be  a  little  too 
high,  it  may  be  more  expedient,  perhaps,  to  deal  with  a  mixed  company.  The  subscribed  capital  and 
fortunes  of  the  proprietary  body  afford  a  guarantee  on  which  the  public  may  depend  in  dealing  with 
any  rejpccfaft/e  company  of  this  sort;  while,  by  receiving  a  share  of  the  profits,  the  insured  pain  by 
the  flourishing  condition  of  the  association,  and  it  is  of  less  consequence  to  them  though  the  pre- 
miums should  be  too  high. 

It  should,  however,  be  borne  in  mind,  that  an  individual  insuring  with  a  mixed  company,  on  condi- 
tion of  his  getting  a  proportion  of  the  profits,  becomes  a  partner  nf  such  eompavij ;  and  being  so,  in- 
curs responsibilities.  In  dealing  with  such  associations  as  the  Alliance,  the  Rock,  and  a  few  others, 
this  responsibility  can  hardly  be  said  to  .iinount  to  any  thing.  But  there  are  companies  of  this  class 
in  the  field,  and  holding  out  very  tempting  baits  to  the  unwary,  those  insured  in  which  may  find,  at 
some  future  period,  that  this  responsibility  is  by  no  means  a  light  matter. 

A  highly  respectable  company  of  this  mi.xed  class,  with  a  large  subscribed  capital,— Ihe  Guardian, 
—inserts  in  all  its  policies  the  following  condition,  viz.— "That  the  responsibility  of  the  individual 
members  shall,  in  all  cases,  be  limited  to  their  respective  shares."  It  may  he  doubted  whether  this 
condition  be  good  in  law ;  but  if  it  be,  it  materially  affects  the  security  afforded  by  the  Company, 
which  otherwise  would  justly  claim  a  place  in  the  very  first  class  of  otHces.  As  no  one  attempts  to 
secure  himself  against  a  contingency  which  he  is  satisfied  cannot  happen,  the  existence  of  a  condition 
of  this  sort  implies  a  doubt,  on  the  part  of  the  proprietary  body,  of  the  perfect  solidity  of  the  esta- 
iilishment.  Such  a  doubt  may  be,  and  we  believe  really  is,  very  ill-founded;  but  the  public  will, 
most  likely,  be  inclined  to  think  that  the  proprietors  ought  to  know  better  than  any  one  else.  The 
Albion  Fire  and  Life  Insurance  Company  also  inserts  in  its  policies  a  condition  to  the  same  etlect. 
h2  12 


00 


INSURANCE  (FIRE). 


The  allotment  of  profit  to  the  iniiired  mad*!  by  the  mixed  rompantr^,  in  unmptimfls  pfTfctcd  by  a  dt. 
minutiitn  of  the  prtMiiiunifl,  and  n(»nii'tinif.H  by  incrrnMinK  tht;  iiuni  in  Ihf  pnltcy;  and  iiidividnaU 
Hhnuld,  in  dimlint;  with  fltich  HoriiUtHH,  Ht'ltfcl,  oihor  thtntca  beintf  (M|iial,  (lit<  nHHocialion  with  wlitch  to 
InMurc,  armrdinK  ati  they  wish  to  liiHurf!  a  lurK'T  NUin,  or  to  gv.i  \)w  prt'iniiinifi  r*!diirfd. 

Wp  Hiibjoiii,  frinn  Mr  Halibu^c'H  work  on  /.ife  Jln.Hur,iHfe,*  Ui*;  fnllowiriK  Biat«:[nent  of  lh«  l«'frn«  of 
the  viirioiM  fnlx<Mt  ronipaniiM,  Urf  to  tlm  divinion  of  protUri  with  tin;  inaunnl.  Tticy  arc,  for  llie  nioftt 
piiii,  t*.xrLM!din^ly  vaiftic  Wu  also  Rubjnin  an  acrount  of  thu  condittunn,  in  reipevt  of  prolitM,  under 
whlrli  nmv  cuUiintti  are  ailinitted  into  tim  Ki|uitabU). 

/(in  Hhall  cnniniiinlriitft  mrh  report  tn  ihB  (|iiirtrrljr  i^fnrral  court  in 
llie  /Dnnlli  of  .Imit!  fnlloAiuif;  ;iii'1  ttnt  u  111.1117  |M)|iriei  utiill  la 
?i|'lfi<l,  aicnnlinif  ti>  (tie  |>ri(>r)iy  nf  their  iJaitv  And  iiuinlitirv,  mi't  if  uf 


ji!liauci;—A\  jw  pcrirvli  of  participulinn  of  IliP  cnmii«ny  In  lh»« 
prod  A  i)f  its  coiictrrii^,  evtry  (mlicy  Itr  the  wholf  tertii  nf  Iilr, 
wtilrti  shill  h.iVH  |ii<  I  S  rntiri-  anmiAl  |ireniiuiii9.  itull,  if  Uif  allim- 
ancr  Iw  rrindc  in  ti  <liiiMif.i)  of  inini.tl  iirniiiiiiii.  he  criiitl«-il  to  such 
rtiluctinn  frnni  Utt- tiri<i<>il  ct>.tr^c,  ■«  ^Intl  lli<'n.  arid  frnrit  t  tiir*  in 
tiriift,  Uv  dtfclirtvt ;  ImiI  if  thn  nllti^a  .v«  tn'  in  ,i>lititirHi  (o  llir  niiiouiit 


tiir.'C  (U'e,  icC'TllniC  t:i  tlitt  priirtly  in  (hHr  niiiiil)«n,  ,11  nliitl  Iti 
taihiunl  in  iniiipte'r  llir  minilifr  In  ^,00i>;  and  that  llm  inrvMii 
li'iMini(  itinM)  pnlit-mHhall  IhmccdtrvfAni  lit-  roimiittrrrd  .mt'ntiilnl  lo 


•ksiirud,  llul  addiiKtii  itull  a)-.^)  he  loiitiiiuiily  dn'  ared  Thjiii  liniii  to  |  lurh  addiiiiini  :if  fllatl  1>h  lti«reartfr  made  In  resprclipf  all  ijaymrtili 


innn  tlii'lr  own  Uvea  havf  tlm  option  nf  dt-rlariii^,  at 
•-■■!iii<  thf  isiiirititi*,  whflhtT  ihi  y  will  pirticipitt*  in 
<it  ailditiuii  to  ilicir  poliry,  or  liy  a  reduction  of  pr«* 


liiii 

i*crKin«  1 

IllU  lillK-  n| 

tht!  proliu  I' 
iiuiiin. 

^ilm.—Vvrs  114  u^urlnf  for  thf  whole  tfrm  of  life  for  \00L  and 
upwifd*,  in  lirrat  Britain  and  Ireltml  imiifutivfiy.  will  hf  ciifilkd, 
at  tlif  ffid  i)i  rvery  /tti  yt'ar,  to  parliripate  in  the  surplus  prrniiutnn, 
to  Ih^  rhtn  LHciTtiiiiied  l>y  acinal  valuiiion. 

Jlufluin.—  \  Im*  iJirrcton  have  jiowpr  to  divide  such  portion  of  thn 
prdi'H  i|uim|iif'niit;illy,  a«  may  not  iiiipru<leiilly  chi-ik  tlie  ifruuth  uf 
tlir  fundt  Inif  ixfttl  for  Ihr  lM*iirfi>  of  (lie  amiire  I. 

tVmmi— Two  third!  nf  such  proli'sM  thai  I  periodleillyltf  dechrpil 
iJj'vii  Idf  » il!  Iji!  apportioned  tniMucit  niiMtrLTi  for  Ihe'whole  term 
of  lift),  and  uiay  be  Li|jpli<>d  (>i  tliu  reJuction  of  'he  future  annua'  pre- 
niiuiiis,  or  <i>  the  mcruKi;  of  Ihti  nurii  »9<iured,  as  mav  tw  df-.ircd, 

Kemuitiir.~A\  pn  Bfiit  3  4lliflfir  'he  Mvrnx"  anil  profits  dividnl 
nmon^Kt  llm  annured  entitled  to  purticipite  thenln,  l<y  a'lditi<'n4  to 
their  |HilK-ics.  prn})ortl  me  I  in  their  mpei-ttve  ronlriljulioiiit,  and  in 
order  toall'-rd  ttieiii  the  iiiimeliate  heuelit  of  inch  additions  interest 
thereon  ripolie  I  annually  in  reduction  of  ttit-ir  premiums 

>.'/t(i(fi/>l€  — Thai  in  case  arty  prosi>e('tive  ao'lilion  shall  hereafter 
tHt  uiitert-d  to  tie  ma.te  to  the  vliiiiis  uikui  policies  of  aMuraoce  in 
this  Society,  such  order  shill  not  t.ike  ellt-rt  with  respect  to  any  poli- 
cy granted  .it'ter  the  3lst  of  Drcemtier,  I*<IO,  until  lie  assurances  ex 
inline  in  the  S-iciely  prior  in  number  and  date  lo  such  pohry,  and  if 
of  the  siine  (late,  prior  in  the  numljer  thereof,  ahall  lie  reducfd  to 
6,00() ;  hut  as  siK)ri  as  such  reduction  shiM  liave  tieeii  ascert;*iiifrl,  in 
manner  hcremafier  mentioiie<],  tiie  said  policy  shall  he  wirliiii  the 
etti'cl  :ind  operation  of  the  order  for  such  adiitifui.as  tothe  payments 
made  IhtTori  suhjcct  to  iucli  ascerlaiiKft  reduction:  so  that  if  such 
onitT 'liould  be  male  to  take  effect  gei  erally  fro/n  (he  Ist  of  January, 
I8i(),  for  the  space  of  10  yearn  then  next  followintf,  a  policy  etltjcti-d 
in  the  yer  lJ<t7.  «hill  not  he  within  the  operation  of  suih  order, 
until  the  assurjiiccs  existiriR  prior  lo  the  iiiimfier  and  date  of  the 
policy,  ?%  aforesaid,  sli.til  have  lie<in  re.hireil  to  6,(M)0  ;  but  such 
i*olicv  shall  lie  within  the  operation  lliereof  from  the  time  when  the 
re  luction  shall  have  been  ascertained,  In  manmT  luTeinilter  nim- 
tioueal,  as  tothe  piyments  made  Iherenn  subsequent  to  suchiiscerlani- 
ed  reiliic'i.in.  And  the  like  as  tootln  r  cases.  And  this  tty-law  shill 
Lo  consiilen-il  as  a  part  of  c'verv  such  order,  and  shall  he  virtually 
incirj>orali-d  Ihi-Teiu,  although  the  same  may  not  bethereby,  expreu- 
ly  rel^nrreil  to. 

'  That  in  cise  any  retrospective  addition  shtll  hereafter  be  ordered 
to  he  nude  to  claims  ui«)n  iKilicie?*  of  aiaurance  in  this  Society,  such 
order  shtll  not  take  e(!i-ct  witli  respect  to  any  policy  gran'ed  after  the 
.list  of  n<'crmber,  Itlltt.  un  il  ttie  asKurances  existini^  in  the  Society 
prior  ill  numtHT  and  date,  and  if  of  the  sime  date,  prior  in  the  num- 
ber thTeof,  shall  lie  reluced  to  5,000;  but  when  the  said  retJuction 
Hiiall  have  been  a^ceriaineJ  In  manner  hert-inafier  nientioncd,  sucit 

Colicy  shall  be  within  the  effect  and  operation,  and  entitled  lo  the 
enefii  of  H'jch  order,  with  resjiect  to  every  payment  made  thereon 
nuljsefpienl  lo  nuch  ascertained  reduction  ;  so  thai  if  such  order  shall 
Iw  made  to  taki--  etllct  Ktiterally  as  to  pnymenis  made  before  (he  ls( 
of  J.iiuiaiy,  IS20,  a  policy  etiected  in  the  year  1817  shall  not  be 
within  the  ell'ect  and  operation  thereof,  unless  the  life  assured  shall 
fxistj  an  I  the  payments  continue  to  he  made,  until  the  assurances 
exi-.lin<  in  'he  society  prior  to  the  number  and  date  of  the  policy,  as 
af  >resai  I,  shall  bt*  reduce!  to  5,000  but  as  soon  ai  such  reduction  shall 
have  l>een  ascertained,  in  manner  hereinafter  mentione<l,  such  policy 
Rhall  be  wiiliin  ihe  etT'-ct  and  operation  nf  such  order  for  the  several 
j)ayments  made  then  on  as  aforesaid.  Ai.d  the  like  an  to  other  cases. 
And  this  t>ydaw  shall  be  consider>;d  as  a  part  of  every  such  orler, 
and  be  virtually  incorporated  therein,  although  the  same  may  not  be 
thereby  expresuly  referred  to. 

That  an  inrpnry  be  made  on  the  first  of  April  in  every  year,  in 
order  to  ascertain  Ihe  number  of  assurances  made  and  existing  in  Ihe 
Society ;  and  when  it  shall  have  been  ascertained  by  such  inquiry 
that  Ihe  a^sur^nces  existing  prior  to  Ihe  lut  of  January,  1HI7,  were, 
on  the  31st  of  Dereniber,  immediately  preceding  such  inquiry,  re- 
duced below  the  number  of  .'iiOOl),  the  actuary  do  report  the  same  to 
the  court  of  directors,  who  shall  communicate  such  report  to  the 
quirlerly  general  court,  to  be  holden  in  Ihe  June  fidlowing ;  and  Ihal 
as  many  of  such  policies  as  had  been  made  sutnequent  to  the  3Ist  of 
December,  IHlii,  and  which  wert  existing  in  Ihe  Sf>cieiv  on  the  3Itt 
of  Decemlier  immediately  preceiing  such  inquir)*,  be  a'ldcl,  accord- 
ing to  the  priority  in  their  dates  and  nuniberB,  and  if  of  the  same 
date,  according  to  the  priority  in  Sheir  numbers,  to  those  above  men- 
tioned, as  sh.>ll  be  snmcient  to  C)niplete  the  number  to  o,0C0 ;  and 
that  the  persons  holding  the  policies  so  added,  shall  be  considered 
thenceforward  as  entitled  to  such  additions  as  stiall  be  thereafter 
made  in  respect  of  all  Ihe  payments  made  subsequent  to  such  ascer' 
tained  reduction,  and  under  the  same  restrictions,  to  the  same  privi- 
leges of  attending  at  the  general  courts,  and  of  being  eligible  to  the 
office  of  director. 

That  after  the  vacant  numbers  in  the  assurances  existing  in  the 
Society  on  the  1st  of  January,  I8t7,  shall  have  been  filled  up  agreea- 
bly to  the  foregoing  order,  the  actuary  on  the  1st  of  April  In  every 
pucceeding  year,  do  ascertain  the  vacancies  which  have  taken  place 
in  the  preceding  vear  in  the  policies  constituting  (he  5,000  mention- 
ed in  the  5th  resolution,  and  report  the  same  to  the  court  of  directors, 


iii-ide  siil>supieiil  lo  the  3Ut  of  Ihe  precetling  Decemltet',  arit),  under 
1  the  same  reslridions,  to  Ihe  a.inie  pnvilegfi  of  alieiiding  the  gem  ral 
I  courts,  and  iH'iiig  eligible  to  the  oirire  of  director. 
I  Provided  Umt  notlimg  hereby  ordered  shall  l»e  conitnied  to  aiillinr- 
[  ise  an  ad  lilion  lo  the  >um  awjrt"!  Iry  any  policy,  ui'on  which  po|(«y 
the  nuiitt'er  of  pa)iiienla  reipiired  irt  Ikit  respect  by  (he  prturnt  by- 
la\vi  (if  the  Sorit  ly  nhall  not  have  been  mi-le, 

M  /y.— 'I'h'iSB  t-y  laws  nM|iiir(i  that  fi  annual  paymt'Ots  at  Ihe  lent 
shall  have  been  mide  ttefore  .luy  addition  <o  a  chim  (Aii  tike  phoe; 
and  whrn  such  paymenls  sh.ill  have  Irf^n  male,  the  jcirly  ^Mll  I  a 
(lutlilleil  to  be  rueei.ed,  in  bis  turn,  into  the  iiumi>er  of  penoun  enti- 
tled lo  ad'liiinni  is  aforesaid. 

A-'wrcijert/i.— The  pmfils  derived  by  (his  Cnrqiany  are  distr  .tnite(( 
amongst  thesevenil  pertmis  c miiecled  with  (he  r-ttablishmenl,  ac< 
cordiiiif  lo  (he  coi](iiigrncy  or  ceitainly  of  the  cooli  'f(. 

Life  insur-  n  derive  an  immi  ili  itu  nem  (it  by  the  rediic'lon  of  the 
premluios  grnerilly  taken,  with  Hie  iirnspecl  of  a  bberal  atMit(ou(o 
(heir  (Hdicies,  or  a  further  reductMn  of  the  premium,  in  10  years. 

fynor'/Kifi.— IVrsoiis  assured  lor  Ihe  whole  term  of  life  will  hq 
eu'i'led  .It  the  end  of  every  7  years  In  pirticipale  In  the  profits  ot  iha 
C'Mnpany.  affer  a  di-'luciiiin  of  surh  sum  per  annum,  for  Ibe  <iuraiiiy 
of  Ihe  c'pjial,  as  Ibe  directors  maythink  re.isonable  ;  Iheexteiitof 
whirh  is.  ho'vevT.  lirmtel  bv  the  deed  of  settlenien'. 

The  shire  ot  the  pnditn  lo  iieso  allowed  lo  the  injured,  m-iy  either 
be  addi  d  to  the  anionnl  of  their  rcHpectivi*  policies,  or  the  vabia 
ihereof  be  ipplied  in  fe»luction  of  the  piemiums  hereilu-r  lo  be  piy. 
alile  on  siicb  policies,  provided  ^iich  option  tie  derlaret  m  wnling 
»iihin  3  calendar  iiiontlw  next  after  the 'Hvideiid  itball  h^ve  been 
declared ;  but  if  s'rctt  option  t»e  not  declared,  such  sliare  of  prolils 
will  he  added  to  the  aiuoiinl  of  policies. 

Hope.—V.sf.ry  person  effectinj;  a  jMilicy  nf  insurance  il  (his  ofljre, 
is  entitled  to  a  participation  in  llie  profits,  equally  wiih  the  prf'prie- 
tor!!  of  the  (..ornpanv,  afier  a  uKMlutale  dtduclion  for  tl<e  guiranly 
an  I  the  exjierises  01  managenient. 

/ni; trio/.— t'pon  everj'  jwiliry  eirerted  for  ibe  whole  term  of  life, 
the  assur-ed  v,  i'l  participate  in  the  profits  nf  Ihe  t'omjtany,  by  havinr 
periodical  ad  li'ions  made  to  Ihe  suihh  insured  to  (he  amouut  of  2*3a 
par(s  of  such  char  gainnand  prnfi's. 

Law  Lije.  —  Al  sia'eil  periods,  the  surplus  nf  the  fund  ahsinr 
from  Ihe  pre  niums  of  assurance,  .tnd  (heir  accumulation  lieynnj 
what  may  bt;  thought  necessary  t"  answer  the  expected  claims  ii[.nn 
the  S'MJiety  will  be  ascertaiiir  I ;  and  as  large  a  portion  of  the 
savings  as  niiy  hn  deemetl  coriMs't-ot  with  Ihe  st'curity  of  the  iriifilu- 
tion,  wiU  re  diudeil  between  Ihe  proprietors  and  (he  assured  in  thn 
followingmanner:— I  6th  will  be  transferred  to  the  propria  irs' guar- 
anty fund:  and  r^'versionary  sums,  equivalent  lo  Ihe  rcniainii<g  4-ithi, 
will  l>e  added  to  Ihe  polices  of  iIiom:  who  shall  have  been  3  years  xv 
sured  for  'he  wh'le  term  of  lite. 

Lond'<n  /-i/c  .4n"C'(i(io»i.— The  distinguishing  principle  nf  thii 
Society  in,  (hat  thn  biMielits  resulting  from  its  transiclion.i  thall  te 
enjoyed  hy  the  members  during  life,  so  as  to  render  life  assurance  u 
e:isy  (o  the  assuri-d,  as  a  due  refard  to  security  will  arlmit. 

MeAxrai  and  Clerical.— Vvrmm  assured  for  the  whole  term  nf  life 
will  be  entitled  to  shire  with  the  original  pniprietors  ihe  geneial 
pmtiis  of  the  business,  in  proportion  lo  the  amount  of  theirrcspeclive 
assurances. 

XifTwidi  Ihiimi. — The  whole  of  the  surplus  premiums  is  added  il 
stated  perio<U  'o  the  policies  of  the  memtjers,  in  proportion  lo  the 
sums  they  h»v<  respectively  contributed. 

Pallau  Hui.  —A  general  investigation  of  the  affairs  of  the  Socie'f 
is  to  lake  phc'!  every  7lli  year,  when  4-5ths  of  the  declare*!  pmfitnt 
the  lite  depanment  will  be  appropriated  hy  way  of  bonusor  ad'lition, 
to  be  placed  to  the  credit  of  ihe  policies  then  in  force  for  the  whole 
term  of  life,  upon  (he  most  equitable  principles  of  division. 

Ri)C.k, — Thil  the  said  l>onus  shall  be  short  of  the  actual  turplui 
profits  at  the  time  of  makinz  Ihe  same,  by  the  sum  of  fi.OOO/.  at  leait, 

Tliat  the  bonus  so  declared  shall  be  divided  into  3  equal  parts. 

That  one  of  the  said  parts  shall  he  added  to  ;:nd  consolidated  wrlb 
the  subscription  cipi'al  stock.    (This  is  the  proprietors'  fund.) 

That  the  remaining  2-3ds  be  allotted  to  the  policies  in  Ihe  inaonrr 
described  in  the  deed. 

That  Ihe  sum  to  which  any  person  assured  hy  the  Company  may 
becomeentitledunderany  such  distribution,  shall  be  paid  by  the  Com. 

fany  without  interest,  at  the  lime  when  the  sum  assured  l)y  Ihe  po- 
icy  shall  become  payable,  and  not  Iwfnre, 

t/ni'on.— Tho«e  who  assure  with  (his  Company  will  pirticipi'e 
with  tlie  proprietors  in  the  profits  of  the  esiabliahoicnl,  '.^hich  »ill 
be  added  every  7  years  to  the  respective  policies. 

United  F.mpirt  — t'ersons  elledine  assurances  for  the  whnle  conli- 
nuance  of  life,  will,  at  the  end  of  the  first  5  years,  and  (.f  every  si:f>ie. 
quent  5  years,  be  entitled  to  participate  in  whatever  nett  surplus  [jrolili 
it  may  l>e  declared  hy  the  directors  expedient  to  divide. 

Two-fifths  of  the  aforesaid  prohts  will  be  divided  amongst  the  uid 
assured,  in  proportion  to  (he  premiums  they  may  respectively  have 
paid)  and  will,  at  their  option,  l)e  cither  added  to  the  amount  of  their 
policies,  or  applied  in  reduction  of  their  future  premiums. 

f/7tiwr#ify.— As  it  is  intended  that  the  capital  advanced  »hall  be 
repaid  to  the  shareholder,  -viih  a  bonus  of  100/.  per  cent.,  I  lOib  of 
the  profits,  when  ascertained  by  a  valuation  ofall  existing  rlski,  will 
every  5  years  be  applied  to  form  a  fund  for  that  purttose. 

The  remaining  9-lOtha  of  the  profits  to  be  divldeil  between  the 


*  This  work  o''  Mr.  Dabhage  contains  a  f^ood  deal  of  useful  information,  intermixed,  however, 
with  not  a  few  errors  and  inis-Btatements.  It  waa  most  ably  reviewed  in  an  article  in  the  90th  Num- 
ber of  the  Edinburgh  Review, 


Miljrfrl  and  the  ihan-hohl 
and  I  tn  (he  la(tf>r. 

I  hf  proht  „r  bonus  III  i 
nonoj  rhe  lairof  pieoiiti 
licy,  ai  (heo|,|,„M  nf  (hr-  p 

In  order  to  hlni 
enuttHd,  by  MiHt.  M 

N"iiwuraiieeib,il|  hen 
htic-orrnrponte.  on  i|,r  | 
■  tiy  other  f v.nt  or  ,-v«„t, 

forwh.rt«M. rhrnehi.  „i 

•lull  '»«  M.ade,  i/ifi// /,„„,  ,, 
"'Iff  and  that  every  im^tri 
iiieinmirnf  ihii  «c(.  .hill' 
p"*<s  »balsiievtr.-s,rr  i 
II  shall  not  be  lawful  b,, 

A  rri'dicor  has  an 
nr('.-4(Mnit  (tf  a  policy 
isnisnr.-d  by  a  rrudi 
will  he. 

■Ml  inHiiranrp  offir 

itiMirnl,  HiMliiiir  fortl 

"•••rb.'  liMHorhiiH  rii 

if'U'lH  lollo.  slioricrri 

and  lilt'  HiK'iny  ;  ainl 

I  lipnii  acfonrii  of  the 

'I'be  roitditioii  as  ii 

Id.'  IS  vajfii...  a,H|  iijiH 

H.-iidiri.'Mlly  odotpli,. 

hiiiy  lit'  afllirt(;d  Willi 

lilt',  and  wa.^  not,  in  ( 

li  vv.irranry,'*  sayn  ),., 

flis'TdtT.     We  arr  all 

.^urcil  u-an  in  a  reason 

lt'rnis."-(Mr.e.JAir.vA, 

V^'horethesi.minthepolic) 
Wfsnbjnin  a  statcn 
Mt'  Snrir-tirH  traiiHaci 
prTson  aer,|ao,  iriHiiriii 
f^'Niilar,  and  may  |».  ],. 
;;pMitH'  in  ibf  country. 
Table.  ^ 

Sun  Ufe.-Au  insuranee  fni 

co'it.nur.nceofh(,..i.,eon(ncl 

l.t-avirat-rcilnrriiKlhar  (erm. 

'mt.iunU.nltheaHsuredma' 

f>ir»hiet,iheassur,ncewasm.i 

1  III- p.  refill  whose  life  ,<,  ..n' 

war  either  before  the  maiAj, 

anajeni  m  therou,.lry;  i„  ,i,. 

fine  umit  be  paid  w/,n.  the  asiu 

"■"""'yeir.is  IJr  fur  e  ,  ry 

c;^'  Is  'year,  but  -'oes  not  excee 

An'l»h,.n,hMermexo-eds7y. 

I'tJ  "( the  p,  MOM  ap|,eaiin<.  ^ 
Airy  premium  rcmainimr  unr^i 
i'T-'lifedm  the  policy,  srldn. 
rr^^t'icn;  sitisfartory  pn.of  n 
^rsnnonwhosHire  ih'e.a,^uraM 
I'^fnimn.  wtlhin  3  calen-'ar  mo 
^^-nirf  |0,.„,«,„  lOO/.assu 

'J'3rev;ved,andcontinu..siuf( 

r^)m/ir,(,Hi  0/ ,^x,ura»frr  mar 

Theasstirancetobevoid,  if  lb 

Jfparl  beyond  IhHimils  of  Knmi 

many  whole-decked  vessel  or  ,t 

cne  part  of  Ihe  f„i,ed  Kine,!,, 

cl<i.hr,<  (he  inlands  of  Gu  rns  -v 

nyntherparrtbcreofjori       .L' 

i't.lKm^dom,andany,K,r,'   n 

"^'"('UrWi  aud  Bor.eani,  |..,t  ' 

'"«*"»«">•  military  orn-ivU 

1'^    in,,,  consent  of  Ihe  SoriH 

'Mhf  hands  of  .iusliee;  or  sh.ill 

bnia.le.  rnjfoodheallh. 

^'■■^^^iiomof  Jisntrancemade} 

The  party  on  whnse  behalf  the 

r^J'nlbelifeofiheotKrtnTh 

I  fie  assurance  to  be  void,  if  thp 

AMuranccson  the  livosnf  person 
Form  of  a  Propota 


insijuan(m:  {\ave.) 


•1 


Mfiirf'l  iml  thr  iharr holder,  In  (hi>  pm|»nrti(in  nf  8  |Mrtt  to  Itir  rum.er 

in<)  I  In  III''  Inttrr, 

'I  hi-  prnfii  .ir  Imtiin  Iti  i|i«  ■^mirwl  (n  (>*•  nivm  either  hy  a  iliiiilini* 
Imti  <>l  Ihf  l-ltr  of  |ir*>iiitiiMi,  or  by  .in  iiiirt-AK;  of  Hit!  niiinuiit  nf  \m 
lic),  A<  (tif  nphoii  nf  ttii'  |arty. 


m»fMi  Hi^'i  -fly  A  rftuliiion  hklnr  rflVrt  from  the  flrh  nf  May, 

IH  -?. 'Iin  Sn.  I-- >  M..iti«'<  :i  |i' •itm'  iMtii -n  "I  10  |  m  tn.i.rvfry 
n"K  vwir  tn  i|i|  ^.Mii«  •ii'iiit^l  on  mmk'Ii*  livis,  Imt  'I"-  rthu;.-  term  of 
lifi,  liy  p  liL-int  iu«',ri't  tll.  rUi.il  -I.hb. 


ir'sinr 
wynna 

of  tho 

iii^tilu- 

in  Ihtt 

.K  guar- 
;  4- )ths, 

ycAn  M- 


I  ti)  'he 


,aI  wrplui 
0{.  al  leait. 
.  jiarts. 
Jilted  with 

ml.) 

he  mann" 

npAny  nuy 

y  thf  (.'om- 
hy  the  |io- 

pirticipi'e 
'Ahich  will 

ihnle  conli- 
verv  suli^e- 
r[ihii  (iri'tili 

L^l  (he  laid 

velvhave 
luiit  of  their 
Is. 

led  nhall  be 

1,  1  iOlhof 

5riski,will 

LeUveen  Ihfl 


III  itrih'r  to  l)iiiitt>r  tli»  iirowih  or  KanililiiiK  traiiHiu-tioiiH  upon  lift*  hi8urunci.>,  it  ivaw  juiUrioUBly 
eniittiMl.  hy  Hint.  14  Hv.n.  'A.  v,  IH.,  Hint 


N'l  imuMiii'i*  thill  hr  nii'tc  \,y  nuy  prTtnii  nr  iierwinii,  bfulirt  po- 
hlirnrrtirpDnli*,  on  IliK  life  fir  liven  df  any  prr*on  or  pertcni,  nn 
any  olhrr  rvcnl  nr  rvunti  ivhatM)<  vtr,  **  heri*  ihe  pi-rnfin  or  |M*r"iinii, 
for  whnne  u»r  nr  hi-iielli,  nr  '  n  w  h'<if  arronnl  vh-U  fHillry  or  )>nlK-iei 
■hull  lie  tin<tr,  thnll  hiWi  iiiHftfrntf,nr  by  way  nf  i(.iimiiik  or  w.iK't* 
inic ;  tnd  llul  rvtry  innnnnm  niidf  ronlmry  fo  the  true  lolriil  aii'l 
tiitMniitir  of  Ihii  act.  Khali  hr  null  and  mil  la.\ll  hitenti  and  pur 

jn«»»!l  «  liatWM'VtT.  — StTt.   I. 

Il  i\\3t\\  n'li  bi!  Uvvfiil  1(1  niakr  Any  pnhry  or  [Hili(-ir»  nn  ihi-  life  nr 


livMof  any  ifmn  or  ptrtfjup,  nrnlhiT  tvmt  nr  rviniii,  wilfimtt  in* 

iirftMif  i/i  *l(j/i  ;ii /iff/ (P'jin/iMrt,  r/if  nn  »  triHinio-V  th*  furfii 
I'T  pfiMn„9  I.  iftMird  thriem.  Of  Jir  wfini  tin,  Uuijxl  «r  vh  w/cn 
tiicoUiiK  Oil"!  fiitl  ry  iaxti  intuit  nr  mulnwntt.     Vrt.  ^, 

In  all  vA*f*  wdrrt"  Hi?  in«urf<t  |i.n  m.  inhTMi  in  »urh  Iitf  or 
Inr«,  ♦vent  or  event*,  nn  Kfra  I'r  knni  -lull  bi-  re  ovrr  I  or  riTt-lvftl 
firiiii  ihf  iiisntrr  or  iinturrrn  than  tlir  anxojnr  or  talue  of  itic  inle< 
rtst  of  iht!  inHurt-d  In  tuih  life  or  livtt  or  oth(*r  avent  or  eu-iiti,— 
StTi.  ;*. 


A  criMliior  hiiB  an  inHurnbU^  intori'Ht  in  ttii>  lifV  of  IiIh  drhtor  ;  liiit  It  wikh  t\vvUUu\,  in  n  r:i<ir>  which 
nrnm*  oni  of  II  |»oIi(  y  oil  t!n' iiff  of  tho  late  Mr.  I»ii!»  Ilmt  if,  allrr  lln'  dr'ilh  nf  a  drlitnr  wlitisr  lifo 
is  insiirrd  t»y  a  croititorf  and  Itrfori)  liny  artion  in  liroiiglii  uu  the  policy,  i lie  dciil  hv.  paid,  no  action 
will  III'. 

All  innnranrp  otficf*  pjiher  innrrl  In  their  poUri«?«  or  n-f.-r  In  Ihwrn  to  n  declnrallon  HiiriuMi  hy  the 
iii^tirrd,  HtMlinif  forth  hi"  :il'(',  or  the  affi;  of  tin*  party  upon  whom  he  In  niakiiif?  an  liiHnr;uii  i; ;  \vlu;- 
tlicr  111'  hiiH  or  tiiiH  noi  hinl  iliff  rtinall-po\,  ^oiit.  &c,  ;  '*  thai  he  is  in)l  alMirtt'd  with  any  (listirdcr  that 
teihU  to  Iht*  Hhorirnini:  n(  life  ;'*  tliat  thin  dfclaration  is  to  he  thn  h  isis  of  ttiH  contract  hciwefii  tiitii 
mill  llif  Hocii'iy  ;  and  tli:it,  if  there  h(!  any  untrue  uvt>rni<>nt  in  it.  all  the  nioniei*  piiiU  to  ttiii  incitily 
u|Miii  act'(Miiit  of  th(>  insnratH-i;  Hhall  he  forfeited  to  tliein.  -(See  roriii,  post.) 

Tilt*  condition  as  to  the  party  not  heini;  nlllicted  with  any  disorder  that  tends  to  the  shortenint;  of 
Id'*-  is  vaKiK'.  and  has  uiven  rise  to  a  pood  ileal  of  discussion.  Mnt  it  is  now  Heiihd  that  this  c  diidiiion 
IM -niliiciently  roiii|ilied  with,  if  the  iiisnrt*d  he  in  a  reasonahty  ^dimI  slate  of  ht'allh  ;  and  ttinii^h  hu 
iii:iy  lie  atllicti^d  wiih  H(Hni!  disease,  yet,  if  it  can  he  shown  thlu  Thi>  disi'usf  does  not  i«Mid  t**  slmneu 
liie".  and  was  not,  in  fict,  the  cause  of  tin;  party's  death,  the  insurer  will  not  he  e.\onerated  :  "  Siirh 
It  wjuraiily,"  says  l.ord  Mansliehl,  **cnn  tiever  mean,  thai  a  man  lias  not  in  him  the  seeds  of  sonio 
(iisiirdi'r.  We  are  alt  horn  w  illi  the  needs  of  mortality  in  ns.  The  (oily  (|iiemion  is.  whether  the  in- 
.^ured  was  ill  a  rcttstnuiUltj  mxul  state  of  hfttlih,  laul  siicli  a  lil'e  ris  (mtrht  lt»  iw  i'  -^nred  on  common 
1»'rins.*' — (St.'e  Marshall  on  lasaratice^  hook  ili.  ;   Park  on  fmtornnn  ,  c.  2'2.) 

I  iliciMof  lifi!  iiuuraiice  must  Im  on  stamped  paptir,  the  duty  Leing  \       Whertt  it  bhall  aiuount  to  -'iOO(  r.nd  not  to  l,'"'On/.  •  .  2/. 

,iM  li'tws:— viz.                                                                                              I                   -                 —          l,(X)0/.         —         3,()0c^;.  .  .  3/. 

—                —         3,1)0(1/.         —        .'..(MHW.  •  .  4/. 

Wlicrt- IhR  SI. m  In  tho  poliry  ahall  not  amount  h>500J,            -    II.  |                 —               —        5.0(}(^/.  .ind  upwards  .  .  5/. 

We  sniijoin  a  stateinetit  of  the  terniH  and  conditions  on  which  the  Hnn  Life  Assurance  and  F.qnitn- 
hlo  SiicieiieH  transact  hnsiness,  and  a  copy  of  one  of  the  polities  of  the  former  upon  the  life  of  a 
perseti  aced  30,  insnrini.' Ills  own  life  for  l,(KI()/.  The  r*niditions  of  most  of  the  (tiher  sicieties  are 
siiMJlar,  anil  may  he  leariieil  hy  any  one,  on  applying;  eitlier  at  the  liead  olhces  iti  lown,  or  at  their 
iiiieiits*  in  ihu  cotintry.  The  t>rtiiiimiii8  dtMiianded!  hy  the  principal  otfict's  art*  t'xhihited  in  tlie  annexed 
T.ihle. 


owfiver, 


Sun  ti/r— An  insuranpe  fori  tfrm  of  yein,  or  for  the  whole 
cniitinu:»nce  of  lil'c,  is  a  contract  tn  tht-  part  nf  thi?  office  to  continue 
Hit*  as'iiranrrdurintf  that  term,  on  the  piyment  i.f  a  certain  aniinil 
{jreioiiun,  but  the  ansurt'd  mny  drop  it,  whenever  the  end  is  answered 
for  wliicti  Iheassurnce  uas  made. 

Tlu'p.  rsfui  whose  life  is  pro  pose  I  for  assunnce.  is  required  to 
apl  far  either  bt'forf  the  imniifen  it  tlieofVicein  London,  it  l«'l''>re 
an  aiPitl  in  the  country  ;  in  ('efnJt  of  whirli  llie  non.apprar;iiice 
imeiiiiist  be  paid  wneo  the  nsnuranre  is  pllected  ;  which,  whin  ihe 
term  is  I  ypir,  is  lis.  fore. cry  IWt.  assured.  When  the  t.rni  rx- 
en-Is  I  veir.  but  'Vtes  not  exceed  '  ye.\n,  it  if  It*,  for  every  HO/. 
Aii'l  "li.-ii  the  term  exceeds  7  years,  the  line  is  I  per  cent. 

K> feriiice  to  be  made  to  2  persons  of  repute,  to  ascertain  the  iden- 
tity n|  Ihft  pinnn  ftppeaiintc. 

Any  preiTiiuni  reinainiu!:  unpaid  p-.'ire  than  15  days  after  the  lime 
ilili'ihtfd  in  the  policy,  si.ch  policy  becomes  void  ;  but  the  defaulter 
priHliicm?  satisfactory  proof  to  the  nnntjceri.  of  the  henlth  of  the 
;pn«»ii  on  whose  life  the  asnirance  was  made,  and  payJnf^  the  caid 
lircniiiiin  within  3  calen'br  months,  hitc'tur  with  the  additional 
sum  r-f  \0f.  u|)on  every  lOfl/.  assured  by  such  iwlicy,  then  such  imli- 
ly  i:  revived,  and  continues  in  force, 

CimdttKms  of  JJssurances  matie  try  Per^oni  on  t/icir  own  Lives. 

'Ihp  assurance  to  he  void,  if  the  person  whose  life  is  assured  sliall 
drparl  beyond  the  limits  of  F.viroi>e  ;  slialt  die  u|)on  the  seas  (except 
in  any  whide-decked  vessel  or  steim-boat  in  passinif  between  any 
cne  part  nf  the  I'nited  Kini^dom  of  (ireat  Uritain  and  Ireland,  in- 
rliiilhn  the  islmds  of  Guernsey,  Jersey,  Alderney,  and  Sark,  and 
my  other  parfthereof;  or  in  passinj  between  any  port  of  Ihe  said 
I'niltil  Kinifiloni,  and  any  j)ort  on  tlie  continent  of  Kurope  between 
llaintiurich  and  Rnr'eaux,  Uith  inclusive)  :  or  shall  enter  into  ur 
fnfiss  in  any  military  or  naval  Bt;rviee  whatsoever,  without  ttie 
[in-vinus  consent  of  Ihe  Sf>ciety  ;  or  shall  die  by  suicide,  duelling, 
or  lilt-  hands  of  iustire ;  or  shall  not  he,  at  the  time  the  assurance 
hnutile,  in  ^ood  htallh. 

C'.«it/i(io»ii  of  Jlsstirance  made  ly  Persons  on  the  Lives  ofothert* 

Thti  [larty  on  whise  liehalf  the  assurance  is  made,  must  be  inte 
rr^tej  in  the  life  nf  Ihe  other  to  the  full  amount  apwured  thereon. 

The  assurance  to  be  void,  if  tlie  person  whole  life  is  assured  shall 
Jcpart  bevond  the  limits  of  Kurnpe  ;  s'  all  die  upon  Ihe  seas  (except 
ill  luiy  iv)inie  drcki'd  vessel  or  steam-boat  in  nassinr^  ttelween  any 
cne  vart  nf  the  United  Kineoom  of  GreAt  Rrtlain  and  Ireland,  in- 
clu(lin<  the  islands  of  Guernsey,  Jersey,  Alderney.  and  Sark,  and 
any  ntlier  part  thereof;  or  in  passing  between  any  port  in  t!ie  said 
I'mtei  Kinitdom,  and  any  port  on  the  continent  or  Europe  between 
lliinliiirsh  and  Hordeaux,  both  inelusive) ;  or  shall  enter  into  or  en 
IfJjre  in  any  military  or  naval  service  whatsoever,  without  the  pre- 
iidus  consent  of  Ihe  Society;  or  shall  not  be,  at  the  time  theassur- 
tDCe  is  made,  in  i;<iod  heatlh. 

Assnrar.ceson  the  livos  of  persons  enjiajed  in  the  arn;y  or  navy, 
or  %nwz  beyond  Ihe  limits  of  Europe,  may  be  made  by  special 
a^rfitipnt. 

All  claims  are  paid  within  3  months  after  certificates  (accordinfC 
to  the  required  forms)  of  the  death  and  burial  of  Ihe  deceased  are 
approved  by  the  managers. 

Form  of  a  Proposal  for  Asiuranct* 

Nime,  and  rank  or  profession  of  the  life  to  be  assured. 

rrewnt  nsidence. 


practitioner,  to-v 
I  .tiid  oiilinary  / 
'.  person  whose  r 
G  assured,  1 


Place  of  bitlh. 

Date  of  hirth. 

A»;e  next  birthday. 

Sum. 

Teroi. 

Ueierence  (o  a  medicat  practitioner,  to  - 

as<'ertain  Ihe   present  .     '        ' 

state  of  health  of  the  f 

l.ile  is  proposed  lo  he  n 
Has  he  ever  had  (jont  or  as'hma,  or  any  fit  or  fits  ? 
I|;is  he  ever  been  niHic'eil  with  rupture  ? 
lias  he  ever  exhibited  .my  symptom  of  cnnsumplion  of  the  hingt? 
Is  tic  alMicted  with  any  disonler  tendimc  to  shorten  life? 
Has  he  tiad  the  sinall-pox  or  the  co\v.|)ox  ? 
Whether  Ihe  per^wtn  whose  life  is  proposed  lo  be  assured,  intends  to 

apriear  at  Ihet'fTice  f 
In  whose  name  or  behalf  tho  policy  is  desired  ? 
iiate  of  proi«isal. 
Annual  notices  { 

to  be  sent  to   { 
ForT»  of  Dfclaratioyx  to  he  made  and  signed  hi  or  on  behalf  of  a 
Person  making  an  Assurance  an  his  or  her  oum  Life. 

!>om  in  the  pariih  of 

in  the  couidy  of 

on  the  day  of 

and  now  residing  at 

in  the  county  of 

tiein«  dfsimus  of  makini?  an  assurance  with  the  managers  for  tha 

Sun  Life  Assurance  Society,  in  the  sum  of  L. 

upon  and  for  the  continuance  of  my  own  life,  for  the  term  of 

I)o  hereby  declare,  that  my  age  does 
not  exceed  years;  that  [  have  had  th^  • 

that  I  liave  had  the  jout,  asthma, 

rupture,  nor  any  fit  or  tits,  and  tliat  I  amnotafllicted 

with  any  disonler  which  tends  to  theshoripninE  of 

life;  ami  this  declaration  is  to  be  the  liasis  of  the  contract  between 
me  .and  the  Society  ;  and  if  any  untrue  averment  is  containet)  in  this 
declaration,  in  setting  forth  my  aee,  slate  of  health,  prafession,  oc- 
cupation, or  circumstances,  then  all  monies  which  shall  have  been 
paid  to  the  said  Society,  upon  account  of  the  assurance  so  made  by 
me,  sliall  be  forfeited.     Dated  the  day  of  18 

form  of  J'kdaratinn  to  he  macfe  and  signed  liy  or  on  hehalf  of  a 
Person  who  proposes  to  inake  an  Assurance  o»  the  life  of  ano//ier. 

I 
now  resident  at 

in  the  county  of  belnpp 

desirous  of  assuring  with  the  Sun  Life  Assurance  Society,  for  the  sum 
of  L.  for  the  term  of  on  Ihe  life  of 

born  ill  the  parish  of  in  the 

county  of  on  the  day  of 

in  the  year  and  now  resident  at 

in  the  poun'vof  Do  declare,  that  I  have  an  interest 

in  the  life  of  the  said  to  the  full 

amount  01  the  said  sum  of  L,  ;  that  to  the  best  of 


»  Insert  small  pox  or  conrpox,  as  the  case  may  require. 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MSSO 

(716)872-4503 


^ 


•O^ 


\ 


:S 


02 


INSURANCE  (LIFE). 


)on  xcmunt  of  (he  aMuiauct 
until  Um 


mjr  kiiowleil{e  «nil  tKlief  the  age  of  Ihc  uid  i 

don  nol  nceed  ynn ;  lh»t         he  hiu 

had  the  *  that        he  had  the  i^uul,  avthnia, 

ni[)ture,  nor  any  tit  or  hts,  and  tlial  he  ia  not  atflicied 
with  any  clisnr'!er  lendiiiK  Ifi  th'irteii  hfe  ;  ami  ttiii  derlara 

lion  it  to  be  the  buit  ol  thr  conlntit  between  nie  and  the  lald  fiiucie- 

Polirij  by  the  Sun  Life  Assurance  Society  for  1 ,000{.,  on  the  Life  of  j1.  B.,  aged  Thirty,  iMuring  kit  omm  Ltft 

SUN  LIFE  ASSrUANCE  SOCIETY. 


n  ;  and  if  then  be  any  unlnie  avrrment  therein,  all  mnnlea  which 
iliall  have  been  |nid  tn  the  Sociily  upon  aero     "    '   ' 
made  in  conicquence  thereof,  ahall  be  furteited. 
day  of  IK    . 

*  lutert  tnialj'pui  or  cow-|)ox,  aa  (he  caae  niay  require. 


TiiH  Policy  of  AsorRANCE  witneshetii,  that,  wlifireim  A.  B.  Enq.  of  ■ 


■  Sqimre,  London,  be- 


ing ileairoim  iif  makinR  an  iismiraiinu  tipiin  his  o»  n  lili>,  Tor  the  wIioIk  dtirulion  thereof,  and  having 
■iiliHrribed,  or  caiiflcd  In  be  Biihiirril»!d,  nnil  ilelivercd  iiilo  this  nftice,  a  declaration  Hettini^  forth  hiu 
ordinary  and  prvRent  Htate  of  health,  wherein  it  in  d<>clared  that  tlie  age  of  tlie  ftaid  A-  U.  did  not  then 
exceed  30  year.'* ;  and  iiavinit  paid  to  the  iiianaeerH  for  the  tSiin  Life  AxHurance  i^ociety,  at  llieir  oflice 
in  (.'ornhHI,  in  the  city  of  London,  the  siiiii  uf  twenty-four  poundti  eleven  BhillinK«  and  eiitht  pcnre 
Rterliiiff,  ax  a  conKidcrntion  for  the  assurance  of  tlic  sum  uiidur-inentiuned  for  ane  year,  from  the 
twentieth  day  of  Jannary,  18.14. 

Now  KNOW  Ai.i.  Mkn  nv  TiiFHF.  Prkrf.nt!),  that  in  case  the  said  a!>Httred  shall  happen  to  die  at  any 
time  within  the  term  of  one  year,  as  nhovu  set  forth,  the  stocic  and  ftinds  of  this  Society  sliall  he  suh- 
jt-ct  and  liable  to  pay  and  make  good  to  the  executors,  administrators,  or  assiirns,  of  the  said  asstired, 
within  three  innnths  after  the  demise  of  the  said  assured  shall  have  hei^n  iltily  certified  to  the  ma- 
nagers  aforesaid,  at  their  said  oflice,  the  sum  uf  one  thutisund  pounds  sterling,  of  lawful  money  of 
tireat  liritain. 

It  is  hereby  agreed,  that  this  policy  may  continue  in  force  from  year  to  year,  until  the  expiration  of 
the  term  first  above-mentioned,  provided  that  tlie  said  nsHiircd  shall  duly  pay,  or  cause  to  be  paid,  to 
the  managers,  at  their  said  othce,  on  or  before  the  nineteenth  day  of  October  next  ensuing,  tile  sum 
of  tweniy-fotir  pounds  eleven  shillings  and  eight  pence  sterling,  and  the  like  sum  annually,  on  or  he- 
fore  the  day  aforesaid  ;  which  annual  payments  shall  be  accepted,  at.  every  such  period,  as  a  full 
consideration  for  such  assurance. 

And  it  is  hitreby  further  agreed,  that  the  assurance  hy  this  policy  shall  he  extended  during  peace, 
to  the  ri<k  of  tlie  above-named  A.  il.  Esq.  dying  upon  tlit!  sea  in  any  whole-decked  vessel  or  steam- 
boat, in  passing  between  anyone  part  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  liritain  and  Ireland,  inclmling 
the  islaiiils  of  (jiternsey,  Jersey,  Alderney,  and  Hark,  and  any  other  part  thereof;  or  in  passing  be- 
tween any  port  in  the  said  Uniteil  Kingdom,  and  any  port  on  the  continent  of  Europe,  between  liain- 
burgli  anil  itordeaiix,  both  inclusive. 

I'ltuviDED  NKVKRTiiKi.i!SH,  tliat  should  the  said  assured  depart  beyond  tite  limits  of  Europe,  die 
upon  the  seas  (except  as  above  stated),  or  engage  in  any  military  or  naval  service  whatsoever,  within 
the  terin  fur  which  this  policy  is  granted  ;  or  should  the  assurancr  have  been  obtained  tlirough  any 
misrepresentation  of  tlie  age,  state  of  heultli,  or  description  of  the  assured  ;  or  sliould  the  said  as- 
sured die  by  duelling,  stiiciile,  or  the  hands  of  justice  ;  tlien  this  policy,  and  every  thing  appertaining 
thereto,  shall  cease,  be  void,  and  of  none  effect. 

In  wtTNESN  wiiEREOP,  We,  three  of  the  managers  for  the  said  Society,  have  hereunto  set  our  hands 
and  seals,  this  twentieth  day  of  January,  ltJ34.  C.  1).  (■,.  s.) 

Si^'ned,  sealed,  and  delivered,  V.  F.  (L.  a.) 

being-  first  duly  stamped.        J.  K.  G.  II.  (L.  s.) 

Tadle  of  Premiums. 
The  following  tabular  statement  shows  the  premiums  demanded  by  the  principal  Life  Insurance 
Societies  for  insuring  lUU^  at  every  different  age  from  15  to  60,  for  the  whole  term  of  life. 


Age. 


22 
23 

24 
25 
2S 

'il 
28 
29 
30 

31 
32 
33 
34 
36 
36 
37 
39 
39 
40 


44 
45 

46 
47 
49 

40 
60 

SI 
62 
63 
64 
56 
U 
67 
M 
i» 
60 


Alliance   1  ji,„|c,tle. 
and  bun.  i 


L.  I.  d. 

I  12  8 

I  13  6 

I  14  3 

I  15  I 

I  16  0 


I  17  II 

1  18  II 

2  0  I 
2  I  3 
2  2  6 
2  3  9 
2  6  2 
2  6  7 
2  7  II 
2  9  2 

2  to  6 
2  II  10 
2  13  4 
2  14  II 

2  16  8 
J  18    6 

3  0  4 
3  2  4 
3  4  6 
3    6    6 

3  17 

3  10    9 

3  >2  II 

3  15    3 

3  17    8 

4  0  6 
4  3  3 
4  6  6 
4  !0  2 
4  14  2 

4  18  9 

6    S  6 

6    8  7 

6  14  t 

6  19  II 

6    6  4 

6  13  2 

7  0  6 
7    7    9 


L.  I.  d. 

I  15    6 

I  16  6 
I  17    6 

I  IH  6 

1  19  6 

2  0  6 

2     I  6 

2    2  6 

2    3  6 

14  6 

2    5  6 

2    6  6 

2    7  6 

2    8  6 

2    9  6 

2  10  6 

2  116 

2  12  6 

2  14  0 

2  15  6 

2  17  0 

2  18  6 

3  0  0 
3  I  6 
3  3  0 
3    6  0 

3    7  6 

3  10  0 

3  12  6 

3  16  6 

3  18  6 

4  I  6 
4  5  0 
4  9  0 
4  12  6 

4  16  6 

6    0  0 

.S    4  6 

6    8  6 

6  13  0 

5  18  0 

6  3  0 
6    8  6 

14  0 


Aaylum. 


Rritith 

Conimer 

cial. 


L.  I.  d. 

I     7  9 

I     8  6 

I    9  3 

I   10  I 

I  10  II 

I  It  9 

I  12  7 

I  13  6 

I  14  6 

I   16  6 

I   16  6 

I  17  6 

I  IH  6 

1  19  8 

2  0  10 
2    2  0 

2  3  3 

3  4  6 
2  6  10 
2  7  3 
2  8  9 
2  10  3 
2  II  10 
2  13  6 
2  16  3 
2  17  I 

2  19  0 

3  I  0 
3  3  2 
3  5  4 
3  7  9 
3  10  3 
3  12  II 
3  16  9 

3  18  9 

4  2  0 
4  6  6 
4    9  2 


/..  a.  d. 

I  10  0 

I  II  P 

I  12  0 

I  13  0 

I  14  0 

1  15  0 

I  16  0 

I   17  0 

I  18  0 

1  19  0 

2  0  0 
2  I  0 
2  2  0 
2  3  0 
2  4  0 
2    6  0 

2    6  0 

2    7  0 

2    8  0 

2  9  6 
2  110 

2  13  6 

2  16  0 

2  16  6 

2  18  0 

3  0  0 

3    2  0 

3    4  0 

3    6  0 

3    8  0 

3  10  0 

3  12  0 

3  14  6 

3  17  0 

3  19  6 

4  6  0 

4  10  0 

13  2 


Crown, 


4  13  I  I    4  15    6 

4  n  7  I    5    I    0 

6    2  3'    550 

6    7  4       6    9    6 

6  12  9       6  13    2 

6  18  5       6  18    0 
7001646624 

7  14  II       TS6l6l0  9l«72 


L.  $.  d. 

I  15  9 

I  16  7 

I  17  6 

I  IS  3 

I  19  I 

1  19  II 

2  0  10 
2  I  9 
2  2  9 
2  3  9 
2  4  10 
2  6  10 
2  6  11 
2  8  I 
2  9  2 
2  10  4 
2  116 
2  12  9 
2  14  0 
2  IS  4 
2  16  9 
2  18    2 

2  19  to 

3  t  2 
3  2  10 
3    4    7 

3    6  6 

3    8  4 

3  10  6 

3  12  8 

3  15  0 

3  17  6 

4  0  I 
4  2  11 
4  6  10 
4  8  It 


Econoinic.  Equitable. 


Eagle. 


L.  I.  d. 

I   10  8 

I  II  5 

I  12  3 

I   13  0 

I  13  10 

I  14  7 

I  16  6 

I  16  3 

I   17  2 

I   IS  I 

1  19  0 

2  0  0 
2  I  0 
2  2  0 
2  3  I 
2    4  3 

2  6  6 
2  6  8 
2  8  0 
2  9  6 
2  10  II 
2  12  6 
2  14  2 
2  15  II 
2  17    9 

2  19    9 

3  I  10 
3  4  I 
3  6  6 
3  9  0 
3  II  9 
3  14  7 

3  17    8 

4  0  11 
4  4  4 
4    8    0 

4  II  II 


Male. 


4  12 

4  16    3  I  4  16 

4  18    61  6061    4  19    7 

6    I  II   I  6    6    3  I    6    2  10 


L.  I.  d. 

I  18  7 

1  19  8 

2  0  8 
2     I  8 

2  2  8 

3  3  7 
2  4  6 
2  5  4 
2  6  3 
2  7  I 
2  8  I 
2  9  I 
2  10  I 
.  II  I 
2  12  3 
2  13  6 

2  14  7 

2  15  9 

2  17  I 

2  18  6 

2  19  10 

3  I  4 
3  2  10 
3  4  6 
3  6  2 
3    7  11 


3  118 

3  13  8 

3  IS  9 

3  17  II 

4  0  2 
4  2  7 
4  5  I 
4  7  10 
4  10  8 

4  13  6 
4  16    6 


6  6  7  6  10    3 

6  9  6  S  16    7 

6  13  6  6    13 

6  18  0  6    7    4 

6  2  4  6  13    9 

6  7  2  7    0    7 


6    6  4 

S  10  I 

5  14  0 

6  IS  2 
6  2  8 
6    7  4 


L.  >.  if. 

I  18  9 

1  19  7 

2  0  s 
2  I  4 
2  2  3 
2  3  2 
2  4  2 
2  5  3 
2  6  4 
2  7  5 

2  8  7 

3  9  9 
2  II  0 
2  12  3 
2  13  7 
2  IS  0 

2  16    6 

2  IS    0 

2  19    9 

3  9  iZ 
3  12  " 
3  15    J 

3  17    9 

4  t  0 
4    4  4 

4    7  11 

4  II  8 

4  16  9 
6    0  0 

5  4  6 

6  9  6 

5  14  7 

6  0  3 
6  6  4 
6  12  9 

6  19  9 

7  7  2 

7  16  I 

8  3  6 

8  12  7 

9  2  4 
9  13  0 


Female. 


.  Eumpean 


L.  I.  d. 


I  12    7 

I  13  5 

I  14  4 

I  16  4 

I  16  6 

I  17  6 

I  18  8 

1  19  9 

2  0  9 
2  I  8 
2    2  6 

2  3  4 
2  3  10 
2  4  4 
2  4  10 
2  6  6 
2  6  2 
2  7  0 
2  7  10 
2  8  10 
2  9  10 
2  10  II 
2  12  0 
2  13  3 
2  14  7 
2  16  0 
2  17    6 

2  19    I 

3  0  9 
3  2  6 
3  4  4 
3  6  3 
3  8  4 
3  IC  8 
3  13  0 
3  15  8 

3  18    6 

4  I  7 
4  4  0 
4  8  7 
4  13  4 


A.  f.  d. 

I  13  7 

I  14  5 

I  15  4 

I  16  2 

I  17  I 

I  18  I 

I  19    0 

1  19  II 
3   0  10 

2  I  10 
2  2  9 
2  3  9 
2  4  10 
2  6  10 
2  6  II 
2  8  I 
2  9  3 
2  10  6 
2  II  10 
2  13  2 
2  14  7 
2  16  0 

2  17  6 

3  19  I 
3  0  9 
3    2  6 

3    4  3 

3    6  3 

3    8  3 

3  10  5 

3  12  7 

3  15  0 

3  17  6 

4  0  0 
4  2  8 
4  6  6 
4  8  6 
4  II  7 
4  16  0 
4  18  7 
6  2  6 
6  6  8 
6  113 
6  IS  8 
6  0  7 
6  6  8 


Guanlian. 


L.  ».  d. 
I  16    2 


I  18    2 
I   19    2 


2    1    0 


2  2  S 

2  3  6 

3  4  6 
2  6  4 
2  6  4 
2  7  4 
2  8  4 
2  9  6 
2  10  7 

2  II  10 

2  13  0 

2  14  4 

2  15  8 

2  17  0 

2  18  « 

3  0  0 
3  I  7 
3  3  3 
3  S  0 
3  6  9 
3  8  8 
3  10  ti 
3  12  6 
3  14  II 
3  17  ." 

3  19  b  I 

4  2  4  I 
4  5  1! 
4  8  0 

4  II  0 
4  14  2 
4  17  5 
6  0  II 
6  4  8 
6  8  7 
6  12  10 
6  17  4 
6  2  2 
6    7    2 


l.'t.irtn. 

A^e. 

Itirr'.iii 
l..tne. 

1  i 

L.  1.  d. 

16 

i   17    1 

17 

1   11    1 

IS 

1   IS    0 

r<        1  IS  II 

20        2   u   y 

21          2     15 

22         2    2    0 

^1     ;     2    2    7 

24 

2    3    1 

2i 

2    3    8 

26 

2    4    .1 

27 

2    i    1 

2S 

2    .1  II 

2» 

2    6  10 

33 

2    7  10 

31 

2    K  in 

3i 

2   n  ri 

M 

2  II     1 

31 

2  12    4 

3i 

2  13    H 

ad       2  i.i   1    1 

37     !     2  Id    S     ! 

3S     1 

2  H    2 

39 

2  l»  II 

40 

3     18          . 

!    41 

3    3    6         1 

:     *^ 

3    A    U 

1     4t 

.17    8          ! 

1     ** 

3  10    0          f 

4i 

3  1.'    6          ; 

46 

3  H    2          4 

47 

3  14    2          4 

4'i 

4     15          4 

41 

4    4  10          4 

50 

4     8    5          4 

SI 

4  12    3     {     4 

62 

4  l«     1     ,     4 

.53 

S    0     1          S 

54 

6    4    2          5 

^i           S     S     4           6 

66          5  12     8          5 

■M         5  17    2         6 

S«     ,     6    1   10         6 

6!)     :     6    6  10         6 

60         6  12    2         6 

The  following  o 

Taw  Life,  London 

E.xch!inge,  Union, 

The  following 

ranees  on  joint  I'v 

Joint  /.ires.— A  Ta 

assuring  ( 

A<e  next        Age  nei( 

Birthday.        BirllKiiy. 

10 

10 
15 
20 
83 
30 
,15 
40 
45 
50 
55 

60 

13 

15 
20 
2.') 
30 
.15 
40 
45 
50 
55 
60 

30 

80 

as 

30 

INSURANCE  (LIFE). 


98 


Tahip  of  I'reiiiiuiiiii— cuiirinijci/. 


«.  d. 

16  2 


17 

2 

18 

2 

19 

2 

!    0 

1 

2    1 

0 

2    1 

to 

1    2 

8 

2    » 

<> 

2    4 

5 

i    ft 

i    6 

2    7 

2    8 

2    9 

2  10 

3  10  t; 

3  12  8 

3  14  II 

17  ." 

3  19  b  I 

2  4  ! 

4  5  1! 
4  8  0 

4  II  0 
4  14  2 

4  17  5 

5  0  II 

5  4  8 

6  8  7 
6  12  10 
6  17  4 

2  3 
7  « 


Ai«. 

1/)  1  I'MI, 

Hiro'iiii 
Une. 

/-  1.  <L 

|y>n'Inn, 
l.irr  f..r 

Ml-IlllH-n. 

/-  ».  d. 

N.ir-> 

ich. 

P«llc.in. 

Proni' 

t»r. 

I'liitir-I 
l^iiipirf. 

/,.   ..   d 

t'liivenity. 

Will  or 

Kiiiel.iri(l, 
/..    I    d. 

Sci.ti 

W„l,, 

Kiiii 

1. 

SoMijll 
rmnil. 

/..   1.  d 

/.  J. 

,1 

/..  .. 

d. 

;..  1. 

d 

/..   1. 

■/. 

1  p 

• 

1   II 

!l 

1   II 

11 

1     7 

11 

1   M   .11 

1   16 

^ 

1  14    9 

1   16 

ft 

1   11     6 

IH 

1   17     1 

• 

1     ft 

9 

1  1.' 

9 

1     N 

8 

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6    7 

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5  14     9 

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6  113 

Thn  follnwing;  nfficng  reiiiiire  the  snnie  preiniiinis  ns  Ihc  Fiqiiitiilile  ;  vi/..  Atlns,  ninhn,  Imperial, 
I.nw  lACe,  I.nndon  Life  Associiitiuii  (lur  persons  not  incniberHi,  I'allitiliuin,  Provident,  Kocli,  Koyai 
K.V('li!inge,  Uiiiiiii,  WeHlminsler. 

The  following  are  the  promiums  demanded  by  the  Sun  Life  Insurance  Society,  for  insu- 
rances on  joint  lives  and  survivorships. 

Joint  I.ipes. — \  Tnlile  of  Anniinl  Premiums  iiayaliln  diiritiR  the  Joint  Continiianre  of  Two  Lives,  for 
usHuring  One  Hundred  Poundn,  to  lie  paid  its  soon  as  eitlicr  of  the  Two  shall  drop. 


A?e  next 

Awnril 

Aniiinl 

\l,r  next 

Ai;e  next 

Aiinit.ll 

Ace  nertt 

A«e  next 

AnnuJl 

BirlhJ.<y. 

llirlliiliy. 

FreiiMiiiii, 

HirihiL^y. 

ilirlhd.jy. 

Pieiniuiii. 

nir'hcHy. 

llirlli.l.iy. 

rn-iiiitiiii. 

£   s.  d. 

£      K.     d. 

£    s.  d. 

10 

10 

2    7    5 

20 

35 

3  17    3 

35 

45 

5    7    5 

15 

2  II     0 

40 

4    6     1 

50 

6     1   II 

20 

'i  14    6 

45 

4  10    1 

55 

7    6    5 

85 

2  19    4 

50 

5  11    7 

60 

9    0    6 

30 
35 

3    5    3 
3  11  11 

55 
60 

6  10    8 
8  II     1 

40 

40 

5    5    8 

40 
45 

4     1     1 

4  11    5 

45 
50 

5  13  10 

6  7    9 

25 

25 

3    9    6 

50 

5    7    2 

30 

3  14  10 

55 

7  11     8 

55 

6  12    5 

35 

4    fl  II 

60 

9    5    5 

CO 

8    6  II 

40 

4    9    6 

15 

15 

2  14    5 

45 
50 

4  19    3 

5  14    7 

45 

45 

50 

6     1     0 
6  13  11 

20 

2  17    9 

55 

6  19    7 

55 

7  16  II 

25 

3    2    5 

60 

8  i:t  11 

60 

9    9    8 

30 
.^5 

3    8    3 
3  14    9 

30 

.TO 

3  19  10 

SO 

50 

7    5    0 

40 

4    3  10 

35 

4    5    6 

55 

8    7    4 

45 

4  14    0 

40 

4  13  10 

60 

9  18  11 

50 
55 

5    9    8 
0  14  11 

45 
50 

5    3    2 
5  18    3 

53 

55 

9    6    3 

60 

8    9    6 

55 
60 

7  3     1 

8  17    5 

60 

10  18  11 

20 

20 
25 

3    0  II 
3    5    4 

60 

60 

12    8  10 

33 

33 

4  10    9 

30 

3  10  11 

40 

4  18    6 

e 
z 

s 

«l 


i 

I 
I 


94  INSURANCE  (LIFE). 

Sttrvivorship.—  \  Talile  of  Annual  Preniimns  pnyaltle  durinn  the  Joint  Continuance  "f  Two  LIvei, 
for  ansiiriiiR  Oiih  lliintlrud  roinidii,  to  be  imid  al  the  Dccuage  of  One  Person,  A.,  provided  anotner, 
li.,  he  then  living. 


Ace  nr  A., 

the  l.ilit 
to  I"**  *»• 
■uruJ. 

A'HIlf  ll.,lhis 
I.tf.-  a.'iiint 

-UiK-h  111.-  .\1 

siiriiifi-  14  lo 

l.f  ml  I... 

Aimiul 
I'reiiiiuiii. 

Aice  of  A., 

Ihr  |.<ri5 
Ml  tit;  ..\s- 
liunnl. 

Aneof  B.,lhi! 

Life  .lK.-lii»l 
wliirri  ilii*  As 

luraiirc  ii  to 

t.e  iii.iite. 

Annual 
rreiiiiuiii. 

Alt  nf  A., 
Ilie  Lire 
III  1«  M- 

•urcd. 

Agf  of  B.,  Ihf 
Ijfe  .i^ainst 

tt  liit'ti  Itie  A»- 

AuraiicR  n  in 

U..  lliiiile. 

Annual 
rreniiuui. 

£   ».   d. 

£    s.    d. 

£   s.  d. 

10 

in 

1     3     0 

30 

10 

2     2     5 

50 

10 

4    7    2 

uo 

1     4    7 

20 

2    2     1 

20 

4    7    0 

:<o 

1    3  10 

30 

1  mil 

30 

4    3    3 

40 

1     1     0 

40 

1   18     6 

40 

4     1    7 

Ad 

1     0    0 

SO 

1   15    0 

50 

3  12    9 

(')0 

0  IS     5 

m 

1   12     2 

60 

3     1     6 

70 

0  ir>  11 

70 

1     9  10 

70 

2  11     4 

hO 

0  ii    7 

40 

80 

1     7     4 

80 

2    3    3 

'iO 

10 

1     9  11 

10 

2  19    7 

60 

10 

7    8    6 

uo 

1    10     0 

20 

2  19    6 

20 

7    8    5 

an 

1     8  10 

30 

3  15    4 

30 

7    5    3 

40 

1     6    7 

40 

2  12  10 

40 

7    4  11 

AO 

1     4    7 

50 

2    0    2 

50 

6  17    5 

no 

1     S    8 

00 

2    0    6 

60 

6    4.') 

70 

1    0    0 

70 

1  16    3 

70 

5    8    8 

bO 

0  10    3 

60 

1  13    6 

60 

4  14    4 

From  the  specimens  of  prenihinis  in  the  two  preceding  Tahles,  the  reader  will  easily  judge  of  the 
propnrtioiiiil  nreiiihinis  for  nnv  conihiiinlion  of  two  a),'e«  not  inserted  in  them. 

Instead  111"  ii  t'ro-s  sniii  paya'lile  at  llie  deciMse  of  A.  provided  H.  he  then  living,  a  reversionary  nn- 
nuitv  iiri  llic  n-iiiaitiiler  of  the  life  of  H.  after  the  decease  of  A.  may  he  insured  by  the  paynieiil  of  an 
anm'iil  iirniiiiiin  diirini:  the  joint  continuance  of  the  two  lives ;  which  annual  preniiuni  may  be  learnt 
by  appliialinn  at  ihe  ottice. 

Kquilablc  Jissuraitce  Suciety.—'V\w.  following  is  the 

Etrlnrnlim  trqui'td  I  ■  U  rnnilt  and  tifiiul  in  Ihr  Hffin,  Uy  or  on 
the  Hr'inlJ  nj  n  Pertun  *  whu  propMi  lo  nuike  an  .liiuranct  oil 
his  or  litfi"  oivn  Life. 


brine  ilenirnin  of  iMTf-minca  member  of  the  Sociely  for  Equitable 
Astumirca  oil  Livciiait.i  Survivoithlps,  and  iii(enitii;)(  (o  iiiaRe  as 
iuraiice  iii  Ihi;  miiii  uf 

upon  anil  for  the  con>iiitiancc  of  my 
own  life,  anil  liavin«  peru>ei|  anil  consiilerel  that  •  clause  of  tlie 
deed  nf  •etileiiieiit  "'  thesai.l  Six^iely  «hirh  reiiuires  a  deilaralinn 
in  ivrrin:  "f  llie  a<.-,  sliteof  heillli,  and  olher  circumstances  atteml- 
in{  the  jerinn  iiLom'  life  shall  be  |irn|iusi.  I  tn  Lf  assured,  do  hereby 
Hfchri'  ml  set  fir  h,  Thil  my  aw  dnes  not  exceed  i 

lli.ll  I  have  hid  Ihe  small  ixix  j 

an  I  I  ave  had  the  xnut ;  and 

rt.at  I  am  not  atllicted  with  ;inv  disorder  which  lends  to  ihe  shorten- 
ing of  life  :  and  I  J',  heichy  ajree  Ihat  this  declaration  lie  the  basis 
of  the  cnnlracl  lielw. en  Ihe  sail  Society  and  me.  and  that  if  any 
untrue  averineiit  is  cnntained  in  this  declaration,  all  monies  which 
shall  have  bet'ii  paid  lo  the  Society  uiinn  account  of  the  assurance 
m.aile  in  cnn5C(|uence  thereof,  shall  h»*  foifeiled.  Ualed  the 
diyof  in  the  year  of<.nr  Lnrd 

form  of  a  Pnipatal  lo  lie  prtMiiled  (o  a  IVaUy  Court  of  Di- 
reclori. 

Name  and  pmfessinn  nf  the  life  to  be  assured. 
Place  and  date  nf  birth. 


Place  of  residence. 
Age.  Sum. 

Bv  whom  madi 


Term. 


lo  give  referenie  lo  two  I  persons  of  good  repute,  (one,  if  pniiible, 
nftl.e  melical  prnfrssinn,!  In  ascertain  the  present  and  gcneial 
it  .le  nf  health  of  the  life  to  be  assuie.1. 

If  had  the  sniall.|  oi.  If  vaccinated. 

If  alllicle I  Milh  the  gout.  If  ever  ruptured 

•  The  Claiiit  tohich  li  rtftrrtd  to  iii  Me  /)iiin>n(io?i. 

That  every  peiSiin  desirous  nf  making  assurance  with  the  Society, 
shall  sign  nr  execute  a  declaration  in  writing  tin  the  presence  of  one 
credible  nitliess,  who  shall  attest  Ihe  same.)  selling  forlti  Ihe  age, 
state  of  health,  [inifessinii,  occupition,  and  other  circuilistances  at 
tending  the  liersnn  or  persons  who-e  life  or  lives  sh-ill  be  pniimseil 
1 1  beassilrul;  which  declaration  shall  be  Ihe  basis  of  the  contiart 
betvvei^n  the  said  Socieiy  and  the  (lersnn  desiiliig  'o  make  assuniire 
ivilhtbenii  in  which  declaration,  if  any  aiiful.  f.il»i>. or  fnuduleiit 
representatinns  shall  he  used,  and  the  same  shall  at  anytime  liter"- 
after  lie  discovered,  from  thenceforth  Ihe  sums  which  shall  liave  l«en 
paid  to  the  Society  on  account  of  any  a»uiniice  so  fraudulently  ob- 
tained, shall  be  forfeited  to  the  use  of  ihe  Society  ;  and  ail  claims  ti) 
be  made  nil  tliat  liehalf  shall  erase,  deteriullie,  and  be  void,  lo  all 
intents  and  purpostn  whalsticver. 

t  Parlies  who  do  not  appear  before  the  Court  of  l)irecto-i  are  re- 
ipiiri  d  tn  give  a  reference  hi  3  persons  for  an  account  of  Ihe  present 
and  general  state  of  their  health. 


A  Table  of  Annual  Premiums  payable  during  the  Continuance  of  Two  Joint  Lives  for  Assuring  One 
Hundred  Pounds,  to  be  paid  when  either  of  the  Lives  shall  drop. 


A«e. 

Age. 

L.    s. 

rl 

Age. 

Age 

L... 

d. 

Age. 

Age. 

L.   f.     d. 
9  13     9 

Age. 

Age. 

L.   1. 

d 

A«e 

Age. 

10 

10 

2  17 

I 

15 

35 

4    3 

1 

20 

67 

30 

frf) 

7  15 

0 

45 

45 

15 

3     1 

1 

40 

4  10 

4 

25 

25 

4     0  10 

67 

9  18 

1 

50 

20 

3    5 

7 

45 

4  19 

5 

.10 

4     5     0 

35 

35 

4  19 

0 

55 

2.') 

3     9 

3 

50 

5  11 

3 

35 

4  10    3 

40 

5    5 

6 

60 

30 

3  13 

9 

55 

6    6 

1 

40 

4  17    4 

45 

5  18 

10 

67 

3.'i 

3  19 

n 

no 

7    6 

0 

45 

5    6    3 

50 

6    5 

0 

50 

50 

40 

4    6 

10 

67 

9    9 

5 

50 

5  17  10 

55 

6  19 

2 

55 

4.3 

4  15 

II 

20 

20 

3  13 

11 

55 

6  12    6 

60 

7  18 

6 

60 

50 

5     7 

10 

25 

3  17 

5 

60 

7  12    5 

67 

10     1 

3 

67 

5.'> 

6    2 

8 

30 

4     1 

9 

ti7 

9  15    9 

40 

40 

5  11 

9 

55 

55 

no 

7    2 

9 

35 

4    7 

3 

30 

30 

4    8  11 

45 

5  19 

9 

60 

H7 

»    6 

3 

40 

4  14 

6 

35 

4  14     1 

50 

6  10 

8 

67 

1.5 

I.') 

3    5 

0 

45 

5    3 

6 

40 

5    0  11 

55 

7    4 

5 

60  i  no 

20 

3    9 

6 

50 

5  15 

4 

45 

5    9    0 

60 

8    3 

4 

67 

25 

3  13 

1 

55 

6  10 

2 

50 

6    1    0 

67 

10    9 

6 

67      67 

30 

3  17 

6 

60 

7  10 

2 

55 

6  15    5 

.... 

d. 

6    7 

4  1 

6  17 

9 

7  11 

0 

8    9 

6 

10  11 

I 

7    7 

8 

8    0 

3 

8  18 

2 

10  18 

10 

8  12 

2 

9    9 

0 

II     8 

5 

10    4 

U 

12    2 

I 

13  15 

8 

„.. 

™ 

An  addition  nf  22  per  cent,  computed  upon  the  premium,  is  charged  upon  military  persons;  and  an 
addition  of  eleren  per  rent.  <>n  otficers  on  half-pay,  ntfu'ersin  the  militia,  feiiciblcs,  and  the  like  levies  j 
also  oil  persons  noi  ii.ii  ing  had  the  sniall-pox,  or  having  had  the  gout. 

Persons  preferriiiit  liie  payment  of  a  gross  >iiim  nr  single  premium  upon  an  assurance  for  any  certain 
term,  are  chtirceahh'  in  a  due  proportion  tn  the  annual  preniiiini  for  such  term. 

Kvery  person  making  any  assurance  with  the  Society,  pays  !)s.  in  the  name  of  entrance  money  ;  and 
If  the  Biiiu  assured  exceeils  10(1/.,  the  entrance  money  is  charged  at^er  Ihe  rate  of  5».  for  every  IWV. 
Uiit  if  the  person  upon  whose  life  an  assurance  is  proposed,  dues  nut  appear  before  the  directors,  lliii 
entrance  money  is  charged  atler  the  rate  of  U.  fur  every  100/, 


The  folli 
valent  ami 

Age 


j  Life  to  Iw  I 
I    assurtsj,    i  / 


10 


20 


30 


( 
8 
I      *"       (         1 

r  2 

31 

I l_  4( 

II  is  Slated  h 
niiiiibcr  of  iiisi, 
of  those  fcir  ("lie 
contineil  to  the  ; 
or  for  CDiitiiiii,,, 
engrossed  by  ih 

[The  readpi 
information  co 
Lecture  of  the 
It  is  to  he  ri 
is  no  country  t 
and  activity  is 
the  country  w\ 
mify  and  in  .sec 
The  Mas.sacl 
which  time  the 
of  other  conipt 
the  Pennsylvan 
delphia,  the  A',. 
Trust  Conipaii) 
and  Trust  Con 
Sutes  that  has  t 
tion  to  the  valut 
in  several  of  the 
the  insured,     fj 
iapse  of  seven  v 
of  life.  ^ 

No  tables  of  n 
It  is,  however,  he 
duration  of  life 
Scotland.     Henc 
L'tiglish  tables,  fo 
The  American 
the  northern  stat« 
naval  service,  or  i 
J'hey  are  al.so  dec 
ialtes;  or  if  he  r 


INSURANCE  (LIFE). 


05 


The  following  are 

th<>  premiums  ilumnndHil  by  the  r.nnitaliln  Society  for  Insuring  100/.,  or  an  eqai< 

VKlcnt  aiiniiily  on  llie  coiitingiMicy  of  one  lifc'a  surviving  llie  other  :— 

Agn. 

Annuity   cquivxii'nt    tn 

AiP* 

Aniiuiijr    niuivjlml    to 

Prcniium. 

lOUJ.  In  lie  paxt  frnm 
the  DmIIi  iif  the  l.iff 

liKM.    to  Iw  pai.l  from 
the   l)»ili  of  the  Life 

I.if   mhill 

Lifi*  ixiiirtt 

a^iiire.!,    during    the 

I.lfelobe       whiilillie 

aMiire  1,  (iuriiit  (lie  He- 

auurttl.       A«iiranci*  ia 

nfmainJer  of  llie  oilier 

Uhureit.       AMiirAiice  is 

In.iiiKler  of  Ilie  ottier 

lu  tic  iiiaitf. 

£    t.   d. 

Lite. 

to  lie  iia<le. 

l.ilr. 

£     s.     d. 

£    f.  d. 

£     >.     d. 

10 

10 

1     H    fi 

5   14    n 

40 

50 

2  12  10 

9     16      6 

90 

1     9     1 

fi     11     10 

00 

2    9    4 

1".     14       3 

30 

1     8    3 

7     14     11 

70 

2    5  11 

18      5      6 

40 

1     7     8 

9      5      6 

80 

2    1   10 

29     19     10 

50 
CiO 

I     0  11 
1     A    0 

11    n    0 

15     13      5 

50 

10 

4    0  11 

5       1       4 

70 

1     4  11 

23     13      0 

20 

4     1   10 

5     10      2 

80 

1     3    4 

40     10      8 

30 
40 
50 

4    0     1 
3  17  10 
3  13  10 

fi     12      2 
7     10      9 
9     12      8 

20 

10 

1  ir>  6 

5      6     11 

20 

1  17    0 

6      4      1 

fiO 

3    7    7 

12      0      8 

30 

1   15    9 

7      0      6 

70 

3     1     0 

17     11       5 

40 

1  14    8 

8      4     11 

80 

2  15    0 

28     12      6 

50 
60 

1   13    0 
1  12    1 

10      I      9 
13      0      7 

00 

10 

5  10    9 

4    19      3 

70 

1   10    0 

18     12      8 

20 

5  H     1 

5     12     10 

(-0 

1     8    3 

30      9      6 

30 
40 

5  10    3 
5  14    0 

6  7      7 

7  10    10 

30 

10 

2    5    9 

5      5      8 

50 

5  10    7 

9      8      0 

20 

2    fi    0 

6      2      9 

fiO 

5    2    4 

12      5      6 

30 

2    4    6 

6     19      6 

70 

4    9  10 

17       5      8 

40 

2    2    9 

8      3      8 

80 

3  17  11 

27     19     10 

50 
CO 

2    0  11 

1   18  10 

10      0      0 
13      0      0 

4     17      8 

70 

10 

8     1     0 

70 

1   16    7 

18     12     10 

20 

8     2     9 

5     10      5 

80 

1  13    9 

30      9      3 

30 
40 
50 

8    0  10 
7  18    7 
7  15    6 

0       4      0 
7       ft      5 
9      0      fi 

40 

iO 

2  10    2 

5      3      0 

*      20 

2  19  10 

5     19      9 

60 

7    8    8 

12      0      3 

30 

2  18    2 

6     16      8 

70 

6  10    8 

17       1      8 

40 

2  15  U 

8      1      0 

60 

5    8    9 

27      5     11 

It  is  stated  liy  Mr.  Morgan,  in  his  Account  of  the  Kiinitntite  Society  already  referred  to,  that  the 
niiiiihcr  of  insiiranrcs  in  that  institution  for  terms  of  years  does  not  much  exceed  one  hundredth  part 
of  those  for  the  whole  period  of  life  ;  and  that  the  business  of  the  odice  at  present  is  almost  wholly 
confined  to  the  assurance  of  persons  on  their  men  /ives— tlioseon  the  lives  o( others,  whether  for  terms 


or  for  ciiiiliiiuance,  hciiiji,  in  consequence  of  the  commission  money  allowed  to  agents  uiul  attorneySi 
•  ollices. — (Jlccount  vf  the  Equitable  Society,  p.  53.) 


engrossed  by  the  new  i 


[The  reader  is  referred  to  Kenf^  Commentaries  on  American  Law,  Lecture  48th,  for 
information  concerning  the  law  of  marine  insurance  in  the  United  States, — and  to  the  50th 
Lecture  of  the  same  work  for  the  law  relating  to  life  and  fire  insurances. 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  life  insurance  is  so  little  practised  in  the  United  States.  There 
is  no  country  to  which  its  benefits  are  more  important.  That  country  in  which  enterprise 
and  activity  is  most  rapidly  developed  and  Incomes  characteristic  of  a  jK-ople  is  precisely 
the  country  where  the  practice  of  life  insurance  accomplishes  the  most  in  alleviating  cala- 
mity and  in  securing  social  comfort. 

The  Massachusetts  Hospital  Life  Insurance  Company  was  incorporated  in  1818;  since 
which  time  the  privilege  of  effecting  insurances  upon  lives  has  been  conferred  on  a  number 
of  other  companies.  Of  these  the  principal  arc  the  Baltimore  Life  Insurance  Company, 
the  Pennsylvania  Company  and  the  Uirard  Life  Insurance  and  Trust  Company  in  Phila- 
delphia, the  New  York  Life  Insurance  and  Trust  Company  and  the  Farmers'  Loan  and 
Trust  Comi)any  in  the  city  of  New  York.  It  may  be  stated  that  the  Girard  Life  Insurance 
and  Trust  Company,  which  commenced  business  in  1836,  is  the  only  one  in  the  United 
States  that  has  otfercd,  to  those  who  make  insurance  for  the  whole  of  life,  a  bonus,  or  addi- 
tion  to  the  value  of  their  policy,  after  the  expiration  of  a  term  of  years.  This  practice  has, 
in  several  of  the  London  ofHces,  contributed  greatly  to  the  benefit  of  both  the  insurers  and 
the  insured.  Calculations  of  the  earnings  upon  life  insurance  are  usually  made  after  a 
lapse  of  seven  years,  and  a  proportion  of  the  amount  is  added  to  the  policies  for  the  whole 
of  life. 

No  tables  of  mortality  of  a  general  nature  have  been  constructed  in  the  United  States. 
It  is,  however,  believed  by  those  who  have  directed  their  attention  to  the  subject,  that  the 
duration  of  life  in  the  northern  and  middle  states  is  equal  to  its  duration  in  England  and 
Scotland.  Hence  all  insurances  for  lives  have  in  this  country  been  computed  from  the 
English  tables,  founded  for  the  most  part  upon  the  Carlisle  rotes  of  mortality. 

The  American  [>olicies  of  insurance,  when  they  have  reference  to  the  lives  of  persons  in 
the  northern  states,  stipulate  that  they  shall  be  void  if  the  insured  enter  into  the  military  or 
naval  service,  or  in  the  event  of  his  dying  by  suicide,  in  a  duel,  or  by  the  hands  of  justice. 
They  are  also  declared  to  be  void  if  the  insured  should  die  on  the  high  seas,  or  the  great 
lakes;  or  if  he  pass  beyond  tlic  settled  limits  of  the  United  States,  or  of  the  Brili  h  pro- 


I 
i 

5 

I 


INTEREST  AND  ANNUITIES. 


vinces  to  the  north  of  them,  or  south  of  the  states  of  Virginia  and  Kentucky,  without  the 
consent  of  the  insurers  lieini;  first  obtained. — Am.  Kd.] 

INTERKHT  ami  ANNIHTIEJS.  Interest  is  the  sum  paid  by  ihe  borrower  of  a  sum 
of  money,  or  of  any  sort  of  vahial)le  produce,  to  the  lemler,  for  its  use. 

The  rate  of  interest,  suj)posini?  the  security  for  and  Iheility  of  re-possessing  the  principal, 
or  sum  Icr.t,  to  lie  e<|nal,  must  obviously  depend  on  what  may  be  imiilc  by  the  employment 
of  capital  in  industrious  undertakings,  or  on  the  rate  of  profit.  \\'luTe  profits  are  hii,'h,  ub 
in  the  I'nited  Slates,  interest  is  also  high;  and  where  tliey  are  eomparatively  low,  us  in 
Holland  and  EiiRland,  interest  is  proportionally  low.  In  fact,  the  rate  of  interest  is  nothing 
more  than  the  iirtt  profit  on  capital :  whatever  returns  are  obtained  by  the  borrower,  beyond 
the  iiilercst  he  has  agreed  to  pay,  really  aen-uc  to  him  on  account  of  risk,  trouble,  or  skill, 
or  of  advantages  of  situation  and  coniieelion. 

Hut  besides  (luctuations  in  the  rate  of  interest  caused  by  the  varying  productiveness  of 
industry,  the  rate  of  interest  on  each  particular  loan  must,  of  course,  vary  according  to  the 
supposed  solvency  of  the  borrowers,  or  the  degree  of  risk  su])i)osed  to  be  incurred  by 
the  lender,  of  either  not  recovering  payment  at  all,  or  not  recovering  it  at  the  stipulated 
term.  IVo  person  of  sound  mind  would  lend  on  the  personal  security  of  an  individual  of 
doubtful  character  and  solvency,  and  on  mortgage  over  a  valuable  estate,  at  the  same  rate 
of  interest.  Wherever  there  is  risk,  it  must  be  compensated  to  the  lender  by  a  higher 
premium  or  interest. 

And  yet,  obvious  as  this  principle  may  appear,  all  governments  have  interfered  with  the 
adjustment  of  the  terms  of  loans;  some  to  prohibit  interest  altogether,  and  others  to  li.x 
certain  lates  which  it  should  be  deemed  legal  to  charge,  and  illegal  to  exceed.  The  preju- 
dice against  taking  interest  seems  to  have  principally  originated  in  a  mistaken  view  of  some 
enactments  of  the  Mosaical  law — {»vc  Michnelis  on  the  Laws  of  Maxe.i,  \i)\,  ii.  \)p.  li'Zl' — 
3!y',i,  Eng.  ed.),  and,  a  statement  of  Aristotle,  to  the  effect  that,  as  money  did  not  produce 
money,  no  return  could  be  eipiitably  claimed  by  the  lender!  Hut  wliatever  may  have  been 
the  origin  of  this  prejudice,  it  was  formerly  universal  in  Christendom;  and  is  still  suinuirted 
by  law  in  all  .Mohammedan  countries.  'J'he  fimious  reformer,  Calvin,  was  one  of  the  first 
who  saw  and  exposed  the  alisiirdity  of  such  notions — (.,ee  an  extract  from  one  of  his 
epistles  in  M'Ctilloch's  PnUtical  F.coinniiy,  2il  ed.  p.  SIO.)  ;  and  the  abuses  caused  by  the 
prohibition,  and  the  growing  conviction  of  its  iinjwlicy,  soon  after  led  to  its  relaxation. 
In  liiijl,  a  statute  was  pa.ssed,  authorising  lenders  to  charge  10  per  cent,  interest.  In  IfiiJI, 
the  legal  rate  was  reduced  to  8  per  cent.;  and  in  the  reign  of  Queen  .Anne  it  was 
further  reduced  to  5  per  cent.,  at  which  it  .still  continues.  It  is  enacted,  by  tlie  statute 
(12  Ann.  c.  16.)  making  this  reduction,  that  "all  persons  who  shall  receive,  by  means 
of  any  corrupt  bargain,  loan,  exchange,  chevizance,  or  interest  of  any  wares,  merchan- 
dise, or  other  thing  whatever,  or  by  any  deceitful  way  or  means,  or  by  any  covin, 
engine,  or  deceitful  conveyance  for  the  forbearing  or  giving  day  of  payment,  for  one 
whole  year  for  their  money  or  other  thing,  above  the  sum  of  .')/,  for  100/.  for  a  year, 
shall  forfeit  for  every  such  offence,  the  treble  value  of  the  monit.s,  or  other  things,  so 
lent,  bargained,"  iSfc, 

It  is  needless  to  waste  the  reader's  time  by  entering  into  any  lengthened  arguments  to 
show  the  inexpediency  and  mischievous  ellcct  of  such  interferences.  'I'liis  has  been  done 
over  and  over  again.  It  is  plainly  in  no  respect  more  desirable  to  limit  the  rate  of  interest, 
than  it  would  be  to  limit  the  rate  of  insurance,  or  the  prices  of  cominotlitie.s.  And  though 
it  were  desirable,  it  cannot  be  accomplished.  The  real  effect  of  all  legislative  en.ictmenfs 
having  such  an  object  in  view,  is  to  increa.se,  not  diminish,  the  rate  of  interest.  When  the 
rate  tixed  by  law  is  less  than  the  market  or  customary  rate,  lenders  and  borrowers  arc 
obligei'  to  resort  to  circuitous  devices  to  evade  the  law;  and  as  these  devices  are  always 
attended  with  more  or  less  trouble  and  risk,  the  rate  of  interest  is  proportionally  enhanced. 
During  the  laie  war  it  was  not  uncommon  for  a  person  to  be  paying  10  or  12  per  cent,  for 
a  loan,  which,  had  there  been  no  usury  laws,  he  might  have  got  for  6  or  7  per  cent.  Nei- 
ther is  it  by  any  means  uncommon,  when  the  rate  fixed  by  law  is  more  than  the  market 
rate,  for  borrowers  to  be  obliged  to  pay  more  than  they  really  stipulated  for.  It  is  singular 
than  an  enactment  which  contradicts  the  most  obvious  principles,  and  has  lieen  repeatedly 
condemned  by  committees  of  the  legislature,  should  still  be  allowed  to  preserve  a  place  in 
the  statute  book. 

Dhtmction  vf  Simple  and  Compound  fntercft.—'Whfn  a  loan  is  made,  it  M  iisiiiil  to  stipulate  tlinl  tlie 
intt'rcpt  ii|>(iM  it  sIidiiIiI  hi'  ri'Ciilurly  paid  at  llie  eiiil  of  t.'Vt'ry  year,  half  year,  &c.  A  luaii  <if  lliissutt 
is  said  til  l)c'  at  simple  iiilen'st.  It  is  of  tliu  i,'ssi;iifo  of  siicli  loan,  that  no  part  of  llic  interest  aicriiirii; 
upon  it  slionlil  III'  ailili'il  to  tin;  prin::ipal  In  form  a  new  priniipal ;  and  llinii;;r|i  payinriit  of  tlin  intiirst 
were  not  made  when  it  licionies  ihii',  the  lender  would  not  he  eiUlflcd  to  cliari,'i;  interest  upon  sm  li 
unpaid  illlere^t.  'I'Iiiks,  snppiise  IIIO/.  were  lent  at  simple  interest  at  0  per  tent.,  payahli;  at  tlie  end 
of  eai  h  year ;  th"  lemler  vviiiild,  at  (he  end  of  3  or  I  years,  suppiising  hiiu  to  have  received  no  previ- 
ous payments,  he  entitled  to  I.V.  or  '21)/.,  and  no  more. 

SoMietinies,  however,  money  or  lupilal  i.i  invested  so  that  the  interest  is  not  iKiid  at  the  periods 
when  it  hecomes  due,  lint  is  projiressively  added  to  the  principal  ;  so  that  at  every  term  a  new  prin- 
cipal is  formed,  consistinu  of  tin-  original  principal,  and  the  successive  accnmnlations  of  interest  npou 
interest.    iMuney  invested  in  this)  way  is  said  to  he  placed  at  compound  interest. 


It  appears 

at  the  perioi 

ed  hy  the  \n\ 

often  evadi'il 

hecoMii's  due 

into  the  fund 

inter,si  ;  am 

Co/niliilioH 

principal  intt 

'I'lniH  5  per  r 

the  ii.se  of  2(H, 

•"^"I'l'oi")',  m 

iiilereHt.     I„  I 

'lie  iiJipri'Hi  (•„ 

of  lirst  dividir 

ejjiL'dilious,  if 


It  is  almost  ^upi 
product  of  the  | 

Hence,  to  find 
per  cent.,  and  d 

To  find  the  inl 
her  of  years  ;  oi 
cent,  and  that  pi 

When  the  intu 
parts  of  a  year; 

."Suppose  that  ii 
cent.— 

r 


loleresi  for 
The  inleresl  for  2.5  day 
Divijion  by  100  is  perfnr 

^lany  attempts  i 

inu  interest.     The 

.■^iiiipose  it  were 

TliiH  forms  what 

as  fullows  :  — 


Ifpnce.  to  find  the  i 

I'.vtlie  number  of  d 

llie  interest  reiiniri 

When  the  rale  is 

or  iliesnm  ninliipii 

live  per  cent,  int 

ale  t  per  cent,  intci 

''.>••!;  2  per  cent,  hy 

111  ralculaiinp  inn 

oacli  receipt,  or  pay 

IS  made  up.     Thus, 

days.    The  amount 

Tables.    The  reader 

fiiiint  current  conipu 

The  ,1011,  of  June  i 

iiiadt  up.  and  interes 

ciiise  at  that  season 

Ii  is  ofpreat  impor 

iminber  of  days  from 

"Mil  the  utmost  ease 

'b  Ibis  Table  may 

'■'""""•'■■     I'or  iiislani 

tliere  iire  2'3(i  day.s.     ■] 

<h''i>  l.iok  along 'in  a  p 

''"  find  the  number 

.I.niiary,  the  number 

^""1  2.11.  the  number  I 

under  .March,  and  the 

;i  h'ap  years,  oHc  ui 

Inr  the  mode  of  calf 

late,  at  simple  interes 

V  OL,  II.-_I 


INTEREST  AND  ANNUITIES. 


97 


llace  in 
Itmt  the 

IlllSSlMl 

.•(■riiiiii! 
lintircsl 

1)11    Slllll 

\,Uf  ciiil 
liri'Vi- 

Iv  i>riii- 


lliiri(-ni.        Ill   iiiintiipt;    \^  t:   llllini    IIIHl    lll\MI(;  I  Ilf!     |irin(  l[lill,    ^ll'f.    Iti.t.    Ill  .  , 

till'  liileri-Hl  tor  I  year;  ami  IIiIh  licini!  iiiiilli|ili<'il  liv  '.i\  will  uivt;  llii;  inti-ri'Ht  fur  :U  >'•'!>  fm  i>in  iimn-iiu 
of  lirst  (liviilirii!  Iiy  1(10,  ami  llii'ii  iiiiilii|ilviiiu  liy  4,  ilit-  result  will  liu  the  Hume,  anil  thu  process  more 
oJfjiuditiouti,  if  we  lirsl  imiltiiily  liy  4,  anil  then  divide  hy  KM).    Tims,— 


/- 

210 


1,00)8,42     12  ( 
20 


priiiripAl. 
ntt!  i>i;r  cent. 
/..  f.  d. 


8,« 
12 

4 


8    8    64      I  year's  interest. 


25 
4 


3  yf.in'  intereit. 
^  a  year's  Interest. 

L.  29    9    9}     3}  yean'  interest. 


It  is  nimnst  imprrfluoiiB  to  oliscrve,  tlmt  tlie  same  result  wniilil  have  lieen  nlitained  by  mtiltiplying  the 
product  of  the  principal  and  rate  by  the  number  of  years,  and  then  dividini;  by  100. 

Hence,  to  find  the  interest  of  any  sum  a'  any  rate  per  cent,  for  a  year,  multiply  the  sum  by  the  rate 
percent.,  and  divide  the  product  by  100. 

To  lind  the  interest  of  any  sum  for  a  number  of  years,  multiply  its  interest  for  one  year  by  the  num- 
ber of  years  ;  or,  without  calculating  its  interest  fiir  one  year,  liiultiply  the  principal  by  the  rate  per 
cent,  and  that  product  by  the  number  of  years,  anil  divide' the  last  product  by  100. 

When  the  interest  of  any  sum  is  required  for  a  number  of  days,  they  imist  be  treated  as  fractional 


parts  of  a  year  ;  that  is,  we  must  multiply  the  inieresi  of  a  year  liy  them,  and  divide  by  SM. 
Suppose  that  it  is  required  to  find  the  interest  of  210/.  for  1  years  T  months  and  '25  days. 


at  4 J  per 


cent.- 


Principal 
Bate  per  cent. 


/,.  210 
■  _!* 

840 
103 


Interest  for  4  yp:in                =  L.  STfOdO 

tillionlhs^  ^  (,t  1  year        =  4'72iiO 

I  tiioiith   £:=  1-6  ut'tJ  lliulltlia  9  'lalj 

26  Jays                                 =.  -bVl 


Interest  for  1  year 


The  interest  for  25  days  is 


9'45  X  25 
3Gi 


L.  9-45  X  4  =  /,.  37-80  do  for  4  years. 


/,.  43-9597  =    L.  43  I9l.  iid. 


■6472 ;  thai  li,  it  is  equal  to  the  iulcresi  for  a  year  niulliplietl  l)y  the  fraction  .A-^. 


Pivjsion  tiy  100  is  performed  liy  cutting  off  two  tij^tires  to  the  rii^tit. 

Many  attempts  have  been  made  to  contrive  more  expeditious  processes  than  the  above  for  calculat- 
iiiL'  interest.     The  following  is  the  best : — 
Suppose  it  were  required  to  fimi  the  interest  upon  172/.  for  10*  days  at  5  per  cent. 
This  forms  what  is  called  in  arithmetical  books  u  double  rule  of  three  question,  and  would  be  stated 
as  follows  ;  — 

£  Daw.    £  £  Pay). 

100  X  .W5  :  5  :  :  172  X   HJ7  :  2/.  lO.i.  4j(/.  the  interest  required. 

Hence,  to  find  the  interest  of  any  sum  for  any  number  of  days  at  any  rate  per  cent.,  multiply  the  sum 
liy  the  number  of  days,  and  the  product  hy  the  rate,  and  divide  by  30,500  (305  X  100)  ;  the  quotient  ii 
till'  interest  required. 

When  the  rate  is  5  per  cent.,  or  l-20lh  of  the  principal,  all  that  is  required  is  to  divide  the  product 
of  the  sum  multiplied  by  the  days  by  7, ,100  (.ItiS,  the  days  in  a  year,  multiplied  by  '20). 

rive  per  cent,  interest  beinu  found  by  this  exiremely  simple  proce.«s.  it  is  u.-diiil  in  practice  to  calcu- 
I.ile4  per  cent,  interest  by  dediictini,'  l-5th  ;  3  per  cent,  by  deducting  '2-5ths;  2i  per  cent,  by  dividing 
liy  2 ;  2  per  cent,  by  taking  the  half  of  4,  and  so  on. 

In  calculating  interest  upon  accounts  current,  it  is  requisite  to  state  the  number  of  days  between 
each  receipt,  or  payment,  and  the  date  (commonly  the  31st  of  December)  to  which  the  account  current 
Is  made  up.  Thus,  17'2/.  paid  on  the  15lh  of  .'September,  bearing  interest  to  the  31st  of  December,  107 
(l.-iys.  The  amount  of  such  interest  may,  then,  be  calculated  as  now  explained,  or  by  the  aid  of 
Tallies.  The  reader  will  find,  in  the  article  13uokke:ei>ing  (p.  101.)  an  example  of  interest  on  an  ac- 
fiiiiiit  current  computed  as  above,  without  referring  to  I'ables. 

The  30ih  of  June  is,  after  the  31st  of  December,  the  most  usual  date  to  which  accounts  current  arc 
iiiaili.  up,  and  interest  calculated.  In  West  India  houses,  the  30th  of  April  is  the  common  dale,  be- 
cause at  that  season  the  old  crop  of  produce  is  generally  sold  oli",  and  the  new  begins  to  arrive. 

Ii  i-i  of  great  importance,  in  calculating  interest  on  accounts  current,  to  be  able  readily  to  find  the 
nunilier  of  days  from  any  day  in  any  one  month  to  any  day  in  any  other  month.  This  inay  be  done 
n  illi  the  utmost  ease  by  means  of  the  Table  on  the  followiiiL'  page. 

liy  this  Talile  may  be  readily  ascertained  the  number  of  days  from  any  given  day  in  the  year  to 
another  For  instance,  from  the  1st  of  .laniiary  to  the  11th  oi'  August  (tirst  and  last  days  included), 
llirre  are  2'2ti  days.  To  find  the  number,  look  down  tin;  column  headeil  .lanuary,  to  Number  11,  and 
Ihi'ii  look  along  in  a  parallel  line  to  the  column  headed  August,  you  find  '220.  the  number  required. 

To  find  the  number  of  days  between  any  other  two  given  days,  when  they  are  both  after  the  1st  of 
.iMiiiiiry,  the  number  opposite  the  1st  day  must,  of  course,  be  deducted  from  that  opposite  to  the 
i-iroriil."  Thus,  to  find  the  number  of  days  "between  the  1.3th  of  Miirch  and  the  19th  of  August,  deduct 
from  231,  the  niindier  in  the  Table  opposite  to  19  and  under  .\ugust,  72,  the  number  opposite  to  13  and 
under  March,  and  the  remainder.  159,  is  the  number  required,  last  day  included. 

Ill  leap  ye;irs,  niic  must  be  added  to  the  number  after  the  2Hth  of  February. 

l-'nr  the  mode  of  calculating  discount,  or  of  linding  the  present  values  of  sums  due  at  some  future 
date,  at  simple  interest,  see  Discount. 
Vol.  II.— I  13 


I 


i 

\ 


08 


INTKRKST  AND  ANNUITIES. 


Table  for  ancertninini;  tlio  NiiiiiIkt  or  Uayi  rrnm  any 

DIIC 

Day 

in  the  Yrar  to  any 

iilher  Dajr. 

i 

17 

60 

< 

i 

i 
7m 

f 

«1 

r 

1       ^ 

i 

ill 

• 

137 

768 

"a 
1118 

229 

260 

i 

i 

351 

91     IJI 

l>2  1  213 

:IOi    335 

17 

48  j  76  i  107 

290    321 

il 

33 

61 

M 

Hi 

113 

IKl !  214 

24 1 

i:; 

306    336 

16 

49  1  77  1  ln« 

138 

169 

ni9 

2^10 

261 

291     322 

352 

3      34 

u  ;  v3 

li3    154 

IM  '  215 

246 

276 

307  '  337 

19 

50      7'*  '  10(1 

139  1  170 

2  U 

2:11 

262    S.l    323 

.153 

4 

an 

IT 

"ST 

1.3  i  »4 

"eT  IT 

Ii6 

IM 
157 

IM5  j  ill! 

247 

277 

3i«    338 

20 

51 

79      IIU 

llOi  171 

2»1 
il 

232 
2M 

263    21.3    324 
261    294    325 
2(i5   'Ji;    ■■126 

354 

355 
356 

186  1  217    24<l 

27» 

30»j  339 

21 

52 

iij 

gti 

87  ,  2IM    2IU 

279  j  310    3lU 

.'2 

53      81      112     112     173 

7 

3)1 

w 

97 

127 

1>8 

I'-K     219    2uO 

28IJ'3II     341 

ii 

S-l       fi     113     113    171    20.»    235 

26(i    296    327 

3-.7 

8 

~39 

67 

9» 

lis 

159 

189  i  22ll  .  2'il 

2.'<l  '3.2    312 

24 

55      83     114    111    175    2  5    '236 

267    297    328  '  358 

9 

lo" 

"w" 

119 

lire 

M 

imi     22!     252 

ifi    313  .  :il3 

^ 

5«      84      115     145     176    200    237 

•268    29»    3129    359 

10 

4,' 

"en 

100 

I3U 

161 

IHI     iii    253 

283    314  j  314 

26 

57      85  ■  116 1  116    177    2.7    23s 

26:i    2<"9 

330 

360 

II 
IT 

41 
43 

70 

101 

"io7 

131 

162 
163 

192  ,  223    254 
11)3  1  224    2^)5 

2S4 
2si 

315    345 

27 

58 

86  .  in!  117    178    2i'8    239 

271)    3(K) 

^31 

361 

316    316 

28 

59 

87    ,   118      148 

179 

209 

240 

271     3til     332 

13 

4« 

« 

103 

133 

164 

IM4     22i  ,  2541 

2S.U    317    317 

2!) 

88  i  J 19     1 19 

180 

210 

241 

272    302  1  333 

363 

II 

4S 

73 

104 

131    lai 

195     226  ;  257 

2.<7    318    348 

30 

89      120     IM 

181 

211 

242 

273    3C3    334 

361 

Ij 

46  1 

TT 

W, 

I3'i     ltJ6 

m     227  1  258 

288    319    349 

31 

90 

|.'3i 

212    243 

3t4 

3(P," 

ii; 

47  1 

75 

106 

136    167  1  197     2i8    2'>g 

2-9    320     3;iO 

1 

1 

In  roMiilimr-liDiiscs.  IiiKTfst  Tiililcs  lire  very  freqiU'iilly  ii);ul(i  ii8c  of.  Such  piihliraiiunH  linvi?,  in 
conRi'iiMciirc.  hi'diiiic  very  iiiiimTDiiH.  Most  of  IhcDi  have  some  |it'culiar  rt'coiiiiiiciiilalioii  ;  and  arc 
Hcli'cli'il  arcordin;,'  to  the  olijfcl  in  view. 


eli'cii'il  arcordin;,'  to  the  olijfci  in  view. 

Wh.ii  inicrcsi,  iiisli^ail  n\'  hcinit  siiiipU-,  is  compound,  iIir  first  year's  or  term's  interest  must  he 
iiinid,  am!  In'iii!.'  ailili'il  to  the  orlcinal  principal,  iiiaki'8  the  principal  upon  wliiih  iiili'ri>8t  is  in  ii^ 
alciil.ili'il  for  till'  scconil  year  nr  term;  and  lln^  second  y.'ar's  or  term's  interest  heinp  adileil  to  tlin 
isl  principal,  makes  that  upon  which  interest  is  to  lie  calculalcil  fur  the  third  year  or  ti'riii ;  uiid  t,o 
n  for  aiiv  niimher  of  years. 


l"or  ihe  same  purpose  of  facilitating  calculation,  the  present  value  of  1/.  due  any  niimher  of  yciirs 
lii'Dci',  not  e.vceedini!  70,  at  a. 'i;,  1, -IJ,  and  .')  per  ci'iit.  compoumi  iiitt^ri'st,  is  (;iven  in  thi!  siilijimu  ,1 
Table  No.  II.  Tin:  use  of  tliis  Talile  is  prnisely  siniil.'ir  to  the  fori'SioiiiL'.  Let  it,  for  e.v.imph',  he  o.- 
qniii'd  lo  liiiil  tile  presint  Worth  of  UWI.  due  7  years  hence,  reckoniiiL'  compound  iiiterot  at  I  pi  r 
cent.  Opoosite  to  7  years,  and  under  I  per  cent.,  we  lind  ■7.')-2',)l,7'^U.,  XU>\  |)res.'Ut  worth  of  I/,  ihic  ;i; 
the  I'ud  of  7  years  ;  and  multiplying  this  sum  hy  6011/ ,  the  product,  being  37'J  'JS^tK.,  or  37'.!/.  J'J.<.  iW.,  u 
the  answer  riMpiired. 

AwriTiF.s, 

1.  Annuities  certain, — Wlirn  a  sum  of  money  is  to  be  paid  yearly  for  a  certain  ntimlii'r 
of  yeur.s,  it  is  called  an  annuity.  'J"hc  annuities  usually  met  with  are  either  for  i  i;ivon 
nuiiil)(T  of  years,  which  arc  called  anutiitie.s  certain  ;  or  they  are  to  be  paid  so  long  as  one 
or  more  individuals  shall  live,  and  are  thence  called  contiiii^int  annuities. 

By  the  amount  of  an  ainiuity  at  any  given  time,  is  meant  the  sum  to  which  it  will  then 
amount,  supposing  it  to  have  been  regularly  improved  at  compound  interest  during  the  in- 
tervening period. 

Tiie  present  value  of  an  annuity  for  any  given  period,  is  the  sum  of  the  present  value  of 
all  the  payments  of  that  annuity. 

Niinihers  III.  and  IV.  of  the  siilijoined  Tables  represent  the  nmoiintnnd  present  value  of  an  nnniiiiv 
of  1/ ,  reckoiiiiiL'  compound  interi'st  at  'il.  ."?,  .S.V,  -I,  .IJ.  ."i,  and  (i  per  cent.,  from  1  year  to  70.  Tliev.a's 
well  as  .Nos.  I.  and  II.,  are  taki'ii  I'rom  "  Tables  of  Interi'st,  Discount,  and  Anniiilies,  liy  ,l(din  Srniirr, 
Gent.  Ito.  London,  I7'2l>."  They  are  carried  to  S  di'cimal  places,  and  t^ijoy  the  hiuhest  character  Imth 
here  and  on  the  Continent,  for  accuracy  ami  completeness.  The  ori^'inal  work  is  now  become  very 
sc'irci!. 

The  uses  of  these  Tables  are  iiunicrous;  and  they  are  easily  applied.  Suppose,  for  exaiiipli'.  it 
were  rei)uired  to  tell  the  aimjunt  of  an  uiimiity  of  Soi.  a  year  for  17  years  at  I  per  cent.  con.pDUiiil 
intc'resl. 

Ojiposile  to  17  (Table  III.)  in  the  column  of  years,  ami  under  4  per  cent.,  is  S.T  097.11,2.10,  hiiiii;  ih.. 
amount  of  an  annuity  of  U.  for  the  fiven  timi-  at  Ihe  piven  rate  per  cent. ;  and  this  mulliplied  hy  5(i 
givi's  llt|  H7'j()10"i,  or  l.iyl/.  I7.«.  tirf.,  ilie  amount  rei|iiired. 

Suppose  now  that  it  is  reiiuired  what  sum  luie  must  pay  down  to  receive  an  nnniiity  of  50/.  to  con- 
tinue for  17  years,  compound  interest  at  -l  per  cent.  • 

Opposite  to  17  years  (Table  IV.)  and  under  4  per  cent,  is  1216500,880,  the  present  value  of  ;iii  an- 
nuity of  il.  for  the  L'iven  time  and  at  the  civen  r.vte  per  cent.;  and  this  multiplied  hy  SO  givei 
608  2h;|  14:i,  or  008/.  fc.  ^(/  ,  the  present  vtilne  renuired. 

When  it  is  required  to  tiiid  the  time  which  n)iist  elapse,  in  order  that  a  piven  sum  improved  at  a 
specified  rate  of  compound  interest  may  increase  lo  some  otln^r  giviMi  sum,  divide  the  latter  sum  bv 
the  former,  and  look  for  the  quotient,  or  the  number  nearest  lo  it,  in  Table  No.  I.  under  the  given  talb 
per  cent.,  and  the  years  opposite  to  it  are  the  answer.— Thus, 


tn  what 
l>ivii|i>  I 

I     IS  o|,fl,,H 

If  )t  had 

pmind  lull. 

dividinif,  a 

hull  in   la! 

quired.     T 

A    owes 

will  I  be  i|,.| 

I.OIMl.livi 

quoiieni  is 

•■eni  ,  the  ,|, 

Hr   I'rice  (.' 

fiiiiil  was  CO 

every  llimir 

siting  lerms 

I.I  I    it    net 

inierest  ilnn 

sum  hy  III,.  „ 

answer.-   'Ml 

\Vlial  a  mil 

"pposiie  ii 

(.'iven  lime  .11 

IS  Ihe  aniiiiiii 

Jhfirrril  ..ji 

nvtr.yiniKiri/  ,i 

an  iniliviiiii'iil. 
'I'lle  pre.-eiK 
wbiile  |)eriod, 
—Tims, 

M'hat  is  the 

frimi  the  prese 

Accordiiiif  III 

and  lli.'ii  .)f  I/. 

Mlilili  moltipli 

Hiipjiiisini;  III 

wiirlli  1,2.50/.,  fi 

ri'iiiains  !ll!)/.  |( 

'■'or  a  seJectio 

pp.  02-JOO 

2.  UfcAni 

PlIIMlPLKS     C 

life  annuity  is  i 
that  it  were  rei 
the  roiitinjrenc' 
Carlisle  'I'able" 
«f  10,000  persi 
prohahility   thai 

inoo '  '*""  'he  pi 
follows,  thtit  if 
value  will  bo  ra 
we  had  to  /iii<|  ( 
56,  we  should  a 
acrordiiiH:  to  th 
present  value  of 
This  siateinen 
peod ;  and  this  a 
jVr.  Simpson  am 
of  an  annuity  at 
derahle  discrep.-jn 
estimate  the  prese 
arise  from  any  dif 
Tallies  of  inortalit 
plied  and  careful  t 
or  when  the  avera 
iennjthened  period 
vprniiiwif.s,  who  (_ 
made  on  asuflicier 
•'iiid  until  a  very  I 
"le  value  of  annu- 
ou  who.se  lives  gov 
'ay  a  solid  founda 
'ho  work  of  a  few 
tions  to  work  upon 
The  celebrated 


INTERKST  AND  ANNUiriKS. 


00 


]l 

i«    3I)« 

i*  '  3'>t" 
liil  3MI 
130  j  360 
13?  13(11 

332 ;  m: 

333l3(>3 

334  136-1 

36-. 


IIS  linvp,  in 
II  ;  iiiiil  arc 

iHt  iiiiiHt  )ie 
■Ml   id  I'l  lit 

I, It'll    l<)   IllH 

nil ;  uiit)  bo 
orsoiiic  and 

ill.V 

iiiil  iiili'rr«i, 
i>i'iiiia\!t  111'  ;i 
I  l  piT  iinl 
uws  Ui;il  1;, 
iiimMliU'iitly, 
tliul  13,0171, 

rr  of  yi'ars 
suhJHliiiil 
pli',  lie  rc- 

f!.t  at  I  pir 
I/,  iliii:  ill 
l'J,<.  'il.,  li 


lin  minilwr 
lor  I  i;ivcn 
long  iis  one 

it  will  then 
ing  the  in- 

„-nt  value  ot 


if  ail  niiniiiiy 
;0.  'I'hcy.iir 
.luliii  Siii;u!, 
lariirliT  ln-lti 
liccoiiic  vrry 

r  exampli'-  it 
lit.  cniiiliouiid 

bsO,  lii'ini;  ll" 
llliplieil  hy  'M 

L'50(.  to  con- 


;„;  of  nil  an- 
liy   50  give! 

ivoil  at  a 


liipr< 
latter  sum 


llic  giv 


cu  rale 


In  what  time  will  S93/.  ainniint  in  I.OHT/.  !».  ',1.  at  S  \wr  mit.  ('ninpoiiiiil  liitcrriil  ? 

Divhlf  Itw:  •27111.  Aic,  liy  .'I'^M,  ami  tlic  i|ii(iiii>iii  will  |ii>  'i  OT^i»,  \i-  ,  wliic  li  iiiiiIit  .'»  (xT  rent,  in  Tnlile 
I.  H  <>|i|>oKiii>  III  l.'i  yiars,  III)'  liiiii'  ri'i|iiirril. 

If  II  hail  lii'i'ii  rri|iiiri'il  in  liiiil  ilii-  liiiii!  in  wliicli  a  bivimi  aiiniiily,  iiii|ir>ivi-il  al  a  rrrlalii  rati-  nf  nun- 
priiiint  iiili-ri-Ht,  wiiiilil  liavi'  imrra^i'il  m  smiih-  kIvcii  hiiiii,  IIk-  i|iii'>iii>ii  wmilil  liavi-  hvi'ii  aiiswi'rril  liy 
<llviiliiiir,  as  aliMVc,  the  vivi'ii  Hiiiii  liy  lliiMiiiiiiiity  ;  anil  limkiiiL' fur  ilii- i|iii<iii'iii  (nut  in  'I'iilili'  Nn.  I,, 
lull  I  111  I'alili-  .Nil.  III.,  under  tin-  (tlvi'ii  rutr  pi-r  ri'tit  ,  it  wmilil  lir  fmiiiil  nn  a  liiiti  wiili  Un'  tiiiiu  re- 
ipiiri'il.     'riiiiH, 

A  nwi'H  1,(1(1(1/  anil  ri'snlvrs  In  apprnpriati;  10/  a  year  iif  Ills  inriiiiK'  to  Iti  iliMchargi! :  in  what  time 
will  the  ili'lit  III*  i-.<linuiil^h<'il.  rrrUiiiiinc  iiiiiipoiiiiil  iiilm-st  at  I  pi-r  rriil.  I 

l.llllll  iliviih'il  hy  lOuivi'H  Kill,  llii^  iiiiiiiliir  in  'I'lthlr  No.  III.  iinih'r  I  prr  crnl.,  ami  nrari'sl  In  tliii 
(|i|nlii'iil  in  iMI-.i'ili.'i,  &..•.  nppn.siti' In  11  yiars,  thi' rrijiiiriil  liiiii'.  Hail  Ilii'  rali'  nf  inlrri'st  Iti'ii  .'i  per 
rent.,  tin-  dclil  wniilil  havi-  hern  iliMiliarui'il  in  Nonirwli  11  \f**  lliaii  HT  yi-arH.  I'lii.H  i'\iini|i|i'  is  nivrii  hy 
|(r  I'riri' (."/iini/j^ici,  (llli  cd.  vnl.  11.  p.  iiMl.) ;  anil  nn  lliirt  priiuipli'  Ihr  whnli-  fihrir  nflhi'  NiiikiiiK 
fund  wan  rnnsirni'lnl.  Of  (In- alislrait  iriilh  nf  tin;  prinripli' Ihrri-  raniiot,  liiilfi'il,  liu  a  dniiht.  lint 
cvrry  Ihiiii!  di'pi'nds  on  the  iiii  n-aNini!  hiiiiis  aiiiiiially  prniliiii'd  hriii);  iiiiiiii'di'itily  InvrHird  nn  the 
siaiiji^  tiTiiiH  ;  anil  linn,  wlii>ii  tin-  hiiiii  is  lari.'i>,  and  tin-  prrind  Innu,  is  allniri'thrr  iniprarticalili'. 

I.rl  ll  iir.Kt  In;  ri'i|iiir(!d  tn  find  an  annnily  wliii  li,  lniiiK  inirrasi'd  at  a  |;ivi'ii  rati.'  nf  ininpniiml 
inieri'sl  ilnriiiL' a  i»ivi!ii  linn',  will  ninniint  In  a  Mpcrilii'd  siiiii  :  in  lliis  lasi!  we  diviili-  tho  spri  illud 
Hiiin  liy  llie  aiiiniiiit  of  1/.  I'nr  Ihi;  liniu  and  rati;  K>vtMi,  as  fniinil  in  Talilu  III.,  und  the  i|iiiitii:iil  lu  tliu 
aiiswrr.-  'I'liiiM, 

Whal  annnily  will  ninoiiiil  lo  l.()'<7/.  ."iii.  'd.  in  l.l  years  al  .'>  per  ri'iit.  roinpoiinil  interrst  1 

(ipposili!  10  I,')  yt'iirs  in  Tahle  III.,  and  iiiiih.T  .')  per  enil.,  is  21  .'^HS,  ^to.,  the  anmiint  nf  1/.  fnr  the 
piviii  liriit!  and  rale  ;  and  dividinc  IO?7a7'Jl,  &.C.,  liy  tins  siiin,  the  i|iiulioiit  6U-3H7,  itc,  or  ML  'a.  'Jii., 
\s  till'  annuity  rei|iiireil. 

I hfi mil  .Inn utiir. 1  iin'  lliiisc  which  dn  not  cninnieiu't!  till  after  a  certain  niiiiilier  of  years;  and 
nriiMomii-;/  nniiiiUiett,  micli  as  depend  upon  the  cniicnrrence  of  Koiiie  iinrerluin  event,  as  the  dcalli  of 
an  individual,  ki:. 

Till'  (iresenl  value  of  a  deferred  annuity  is  fniiiid  liy  dediicliii);,  from  the  value  of  an  annnily  for  the 
wlhile  period,  tliu  value  of  un  uiinuily  to  the  term  at  which  llie  reversionary  annuity  is  to  ciniiiiiunce. 
— 'I'lllis, 

Wli.il  is  the  present  value  of  nn  annuity  of  50/.  to  contliiiK!  for  23  years,  coniinencing  at  7  years 
friiin  the  present  lime,  inleresl  al  I  per  cent  1 

Arcnidinij  In  'I'alile  .\n.  IV.,  the  value  nf  an  annuity  nf  1/.  fnr  Vt  years  at  4  per  cenl.  is  15riC2fl7,905, 
anililiiii  of  ll.  fnr  7  years  is  ti OO-iO.'i.lC'".  which  lieinii  duducled  from  the  other,  leaves  y02002,ai:8, 
whii'li  iniilli|ili''d  liy  .'lO  gives  -iNl/  ,  tli<!  answer  reiiiiireil. 

Sii|i|iiisin!;  the  annuity,  instead  of  lieimr  for  2.'>  years,  had  heen  a  perpetuity,  it  would  have  heen 
wiirlli  1,'J.ilW.,  frnm  which  deducliiiK  3(H1/.  2.-.,  the  value  nf  an  annnily  for  7  years  at  4  per  cent.,  there 
reiniiins  '.il'.l/.  IH..<.,  the  value  nf  the  reversinn. 

I'nr  a  selection  of  prohlcms  that  may  he  solved  by  Tables  of  annuities  certain,  see  Smart'a  Tables, 
pp.  '.12—100 

2.  Life  Annttitles. — After  whal  has  been  stated  in  the  article  on  I-vs'irance  (Gknehal 
PitiMiiM.r.s  «f),  respecting  Tables  of  mortality,  it  will  be  easy  to  see  how  the  value  of  a 
lil'f  amiuily  is  ealciilatcil,  vSupposing, — to  revert  to  the  example  given  before  (p.  73.), — 
that  it  were  re(iuired  to  find  the  present  value  of  1/.,  the  receipt  of  which  is  dejiemlent  on 
the  contini;ency  of  a  person,  now  .56  years  of  age,  Iteing  alive  10  years  hence,  taking  the 
Carlisle  Table  of  mortality,  and  interest  at  4  jter  cent. :  Now,  according  to  that  'I'abje, 
of  10.000  persons  born  together,  4,000  attain  to  ."JG,  and  2,894  to  66  years  of  age.  The 
proliability  that  a  person,  now  56  years,  wiil  be  alive  10  years  hence,  is  conse(iuently, 
?^;  tnd  the  present  value  of  1/.,  to  be  received  certain  10  years  hence  being  0'67.'i.'j64/.,  it 
follows,  that  if  its  receipt  be  made  to  depend  on  a  I'fe  56  years  of  age,  attaining  to  66,  its 
value  will  be  reduced  by  that  contingency  to  i^?;;^'^^'-  =  0-48877/.,  or  9s.  9^^/.  If,  then, 
we  had  to  find  the  present  value  of  an  annuity  of  1/.  secured  on  the  life  of  a  pe  >•  in  now 
56,  we  should  calculate  in  this  way  the  present  value  of  each  of  the  48  payinet  •  ,  '.vhich, 
according  to  the  Carlisle  Table,  he  might  receive,  and  their  sum  would,  of  course  •■«  the 
present  value  of  the  annuity. 

This  .statement  is  enough  to  show  the  principle  on  which  all  calculations  of  annuities  de- 
pend ;  and  this  also  was,  in  fact,  the  method  according  to  which  they  were  calculated,  till 
Mr.  Simpson  and  M.  Euler  invented  a  shorter  and  easier  process,  deriving  from  the  value 
of  an  annuity  ut  any  age,  that  of  an  annuity  at  the  next  younger  age.  There  is  a  consi- 
dernlile  discrepancy  in  the  sums  at  which  dilFerent  authors,  and  ditFercnt  insurance  ofliccs, 
estimate  the  present  value  of  life  annuities  payable  to  persons  of  the  same  age.  This  does  not 
arise  from  any  diflerence  in  the  mode  of  calculating  the  annuities,  but  from  differences  in  the 
Tallies  of  murtality  employed.  These  can  only  be  acx?urate  when  they  are  deduced  from  multi- 
plied and  careful  observations  made,  during  a  long  series  of  years,  on  a  large  body  of  persons ; 
or  when  the  average  numbers  of  the  whole  population,  and  of  the  deaths  at  every  age,  for  a 
lenijlhened  period,  have  been  determined  with  the  necessary  care.  It  is  to  be  regretted,  that  go- 
vernments, who  alone  have  the  means  of  ascertaining  the  rate  of  mortality  by  observations 
made  on  a  sufliciently  large  scale,  have  been  singularly  inattentive  to  their  duty  in  this  respect. 
And  until  a  very  few  years  since,  when  Mr.  Finlaison  was  employed  to  calculate  Tables  of 
the  value  of  annuities  from  the  ages  of  the  nominees  in  public  tontines,  and  of  individuals 
ou  who.se  lives  government  had  granted  annuities,  all  that  had  been  done  in  this  country  to 
lay  a  solid  foundation  on  which  to  construct  the  vast  fabric  of  life  insurance  had  been 
the  work  of  a  few  private  persons,  who  had,  of  course,  but  a  limited  number  of  observa- 
tions to  work  upon. 

The  celebrated  mathematician,  Dr.  Halley,  was  the  first  who  calculated  a  Table  of  mor 


e 

1 

i 

0 

i 


t 


-> 


X 

if 


100 


INTEREST  AND  ANNUITIES. 


tality,  wliich  he  drduccd  from  <»l)M<rviitioim  innil<!  at  IJn-Hluw,  in  !^il<'»in.  In  I7!i4,  IVt.  Do 
Moivro  |)iil)linlu'(l  the  lirnt  edition  of  hiH  tr;ict  on  Anniiitii.s  mi  fjir.i.  In  order  to  fiuilitat€i 
the  cuU'ulnlioii  of  their  valueH,  M.  De  Moivre  usuuined  llie  uniiiuil  decreiiienlH  of  lite  to  ho 
equal;  that  in,  he  Huppowed  that  out  of  H«  (the  utmost  limit  of  life  on  lii«  hy|)othe«iM)  |»er- 
BOHM  horn  together,  one  would  i!ie  every  year  till  the  whole  were  extinct.  'I'liin  MSHuni|ition 
agreed  pretty  well  with  the  true  valueH  iietween  :i()  and  7(»  years  of  a^e,  an  Kivcn  in  Ur. 
llallry's  Talile  ;  hut  wuh  very  remote  from  the  truth  in  the  earlier  and  later  perioiln,  Mr. 
Thomas  Simpnon,  in  Inn  work  on  Ainiuilies  mid  iinrr.yiniiy,  originally  puldished  in  I7I'J, 
Rave  a  Taiile  of  mortality  dedured  from  the  F.ondon  ImIIh,  ami  Tallies  founded  upon  it  of  the 
values  of  annuities.  Hut  at  the  period  when  this  Tahle  wa-<  ealculated,  the  mortality  in 
London  was  so  mueli  higher  than  iti  the  rent  of  the  eoutitry.  tliut  ihe  values  of  the  annuities 
Riven  in  it  were  far  too  small  for  «eneral  use.  In  17  Wi,  .M.  JJeparcieux  puhlislied,  in  his 
Ksmii  siir  ks  I'mhuliiiitrn  di'  In  Ditri'e  d>'  la  Vir  lluinniiii — u  work  distim,Miished  hy  ils 
pers|)ieuity  and  neatness, — Tahles  of  mortality  dedured  from  ohservations  made  on  tho 
mortuary  remistcrs  of  several  religious  houses,  and  on  the  list  of  the  nominees  in  several 
tontin<'s.  In  this  work,  separate  Tahles  were  first  cunstructed  for  males  and  female.s,  and 
the  greater  longevity  of  the  latter  rendered  apparent.  M.  Depareieux's  Tahles  were  a  very 
preat  ac(piisition  to  the  science  ;  and  are  decidi-dly  superior  to  some  that  are  still  extensively 
used.  Dr.  Price's  famous  work  on  Aniiui/ifi,  the  lirsi  edition  of  which  was  imlilished  in 
177(1,  eontrihuted  powerfully  to  direct  the  piihlic  attention  to  iii(|uiries  of  this  sort;  and  was, 
in  this  respect,  of  very  great  utility.  Of  the  more  recent  works,  the  hest  are  those  of  Mr. 
Haily  and  .Mr.  Milne,  which  indeed,  are  holh  excellent,  'i'he  hitter,  hesides  all  that  was 
jirevioiislv  known  as  to  the  history,  theory,  or  i>ractiee  of  the  scienct!,  contains  much  new 
and  valuiiMe  matter;  and  to  it  we  heg  to  refer  such  of  our  readers  as  wish  to  enter  fully 
into  the  suiiject. 

The  Tahle  on  which  Dr.  Price  laid  tho  greatest  stress,  was  calculated  from  tho  hurial  re- 
gisters kept  in  the  parish  of  All  Saints  in  Northampton,  containing  little  more  than  half  tho 
population  of  the  town.  There  can  he  no  doidit,  however,  as  well  from  original  defects  in 
the  construction  of  the  Tahle,  as  from  the  improvement  liiat  has  since  taken  place  in  the 
healthiness  of  the  puhlic,  that  the  mortality  represented  in  the  Northampton  Tahle  is,  and 
Inis  long  heen  decidedly  ahove  the  average  rate  of  mortality  in  England.  Mr.  Morgan,  in- 
deed, the  lute  learned  actuary  of  the  E(iuitahle  Society,  contended  that  this  is  not  the  case, 
and  that  the  Society's  experience  shows  that  the  Northam|)ton  Tahle  is  still  remarkahly 
accurate.  But  the  facts  Mr.  Morgan  disclosed  in  his  View  nf  the  liine  and  I'ru^rexs  af  Ihe 
Eijmtithle  Sdcictfi  (p.  42.),  puldished  in  18"«!8,  are  ijuite  at  variance  with  this  opinion:  fur 
he  there  states,  that  the  deaths  of  persons  insured  in  the  Eijuitahle  Society,  from  ."iO  to  lio 
years  of  age,  during  the  12  years  jjrcviously  to  1828,  were  UU'J  ;  whereas,  according  to  the 
Northampton  Tahle,  they  should  have  been  .'i4.'j  !  And  Mr.  Milne  has  endeavoured  to  show 
(Art.  Aiinnitiex,  new  ed.  of  Encij.  Brit.)  that  the  discrepaticy  is  really  much  greater. 

The  oidy  other  Table  used  to  any  extent  in  England  for  tho  calculation  of  life  annuities, 
la  that  framed  hy  Mr.  Milne  from  observations  made  by  Dr.  Heysham  on  the  rate  of  mor- 
tality at  (>arlisle.  It  gives  a  decidedly  lower  rate  of  mortality  than  the  Northampton 
Table ;  and  there  are  good  grounds  for  thinking  that  the  mortality  which  it  represents  is  not 
very  dilTerent  from  the  actual  rate  throughout  most  parts  of  England  ;  though  it  cannot  be 
supposed  that  a  Table  founded  on  so  narrow  a  basis  should  give  a  perfectly  fair  view  of  the 
average  mortality  of  the  entire  kingdom. 

In  life  insurance,  the  first  annual  premium  is  always  paid  at  the  commencement  of  the 
assurance,  and  the  others  at  the  termination  of  each  year  so  long  as  the  party  assured  sur- 
vives. Hence,  at  the  beginning  of  the  a.ssurance,  the  whole  of  the  annual  premiums  |)ayahlo 
for  it  exceed  the  value  of  an  equal  annuity  on  the  life  by  one  year's  purchase.  And,  there- 
fore, when  the  value  of  an  assurance  in  present  money  is  given,  to  find  the  ciiuivalent  an- 
nual premium  during  the  life,  the  whole  present  value  must  be  divided  hy  the  number  of 
years'  purchase  an  annuity  on  the  life  is  worth,  increased  hy  1.  Thus,  for  an  assurance  of 
100/.  on  a  life  40  years  of  age,  an  oflicc,  calculating  by  the  Carlisle  Table  of  mortality,  and 
ut  4  per  cent,  interest,  requires  6.3-446/.  in  present  money.  Now  according  to  that  'J'alije 
and  rate  of  interest,  an  annuity  on  a  life  just  40  years  of  age  is  worth  lij'074  years'  purchase, 
so  that  the  etiuivalent  annual  p)remium  is  ilruj^*^-,  =3*.32.'j/.,  or  3/.  (i.v.  %d.  The  annual  pre- 
mium may,  however,  be  derived  directly  from  the  value  of  an  animity  on  the  life,  without 
first  calculating  the  total  present  value  of  the  assurance. — (See  Mr.  Milne's  Treatise  on  An- 
nuilics,  or  the  art.  Annuities  in  the  new  edition  of  the  Enci/.  Briliniiiic.a.) 

In  order  to  exhibit  the  foundations  on  which  Tables  of  lite  annuities  and  insurance  have 
been  founded  in  this  and  other  countries,  we  have  given,  in  No.  V.  of  the  following  Tables, 
Uie  rate  of  mortality  that  has  been  observed  to  take  place  among  1,000  children  born  together, 
or  the  numbers  alive  at  the  end  of  each  year,  till  the  whole  become  extinct,  in  Englaml, 
France,  Sweden,  «&c.,  according  to  the  most  celebrated  authorities.*     The  rate  of  mortality 

*  Tlie  gr'.'aler  part  of  (liis  Table  was  originally  pulilislied  liy  I)r  lluttoii  in  his  Malhematiral  Dic- 
tionary, an.  Life  Jinnuities.    Mr.  Daily  inserted  it  with  additions  in  liis  work  on  Jinnuilies ;  and  it 


at  Carlisle,  i 
which  a|ipr( 
«",  of  M.  D( 
Holland. 

In  order  t( 

of  attaining 

liiglier  age,  g 

of  persons  ul 

We  have 

of  the  rate  of 

life  observed  I 

Ihis  country, 

exhibits  is  Ji>( 

nre  the  averag 

in  tontines  art 

consider  their 

and  it  sets  the 

Tables  VII. 

Norlhampton  i 

Tlie  mj^ft  T, 

IhiLse  of  Com 

of  the  most  eel 

lion  of  lifi.,  the 

from  M.  Depan 

formation  on  th 

admit,  we  have 

life,  at  every  agi 

lisle  Tables;  we 

« lives  di/fering 

liut  seldom,  then 

of  solving  the  qi 

are  not  many  wc 

one  or  two  exam 

Suppose  it  wei 

■"i"/.  a  year  for  lif 

In  'J'ahle  No.  : 

o{  1/.,  which  beii 

mg  to  the  Northn 

'i'he  value  of  a 

may  be  found  in  ] 

Some  questions 

suppose  it  is  requ 

ypar,  falling  to  hir 

iisle  'i'able  ! 

The  value  of  th 
of  an  annuity  of 
deducted  from  '2,rH 
A  person,  aged  . 
she  survive  him ;  \ 
lisle  Table  ? 

'i'he  value  of  an 
value  of  an  annuil^ 
=  135-6.50,  or  12.5 
For  the  solution 
practice,  recourse  m 
other  works  of  that 
'ails  quite  inconsistc 

was  published  with  th 
iiiona  on  friendly  Socie 


INTEREST  AND  ANNUITIES. 


101 


of  tlie 
red  sur- 

therc- 
^eiit  aii- 
InbtT  of 

ince  of 
■ity,  niul 
It  'l"al)lo 
lurchusc, 
lual  pre- 

Iwitliout 
on  All- 

Ice  have 

1  Tables, 
Josell''"!"! 
|n!;laiul. 
(lortality 

linil  /'if- 
anil  i» 


at  Carlisle,  rrprcHcntrtl  in  thin  Tablo,  in  letu*  than  that  ohMprvnl  any  wlirrc  p1m>  :  thr  rate* 
which  iipproiu-h  neareiit  to  it  nrn  ihoMO  ilcdiircd'froin  the  olmrrvatiotiM  iilri-ntly  rrli'rrcil 
to,  of  M.  Ucparcieux,  ami  iIioho  uf  M.  KltbhcIiooih,  uii  tliu  noniineoH  uf  hie  aiiiiuititm  in 
Hollnnd. 

In  urdrr  to  ralrulnto  from  this  Tahio  the  chanro  which  a  [wrHon  of  any  i;ivcn  ni<;c  him 
of  attaining  to  any  higher  ni;c,  we  have  only  to  ilividc  the  nnnilxT  of  persons  iili\c  u(  hucli 
higher  age,  given  in  that  colunni  of  the  Table  selected  to  decide  the  qncHtion,  by  the  number 
of  personx  ulive  nt  tiie  given  age,  and  the  fraction  rcHidting  in  the  chance, 

We  have  added,  by  way  of  supplement  to  lliis  'I'lible,  Mr.  Fiidaison's  'J'able  (No.  \l.) 
of  the  rate  of  mortality  among  l.tUKi  children  liorn  together,  acconiing  to  the  decrement  of 
life  observed  (o  take  place  among  the  noinineeM  in  government  tontines  and  life  annuilies  in 
this  country,  distinguishing  males  from  females.  The  rate  of  mortality  which  this  'I'uble 
exhibits  is  decidedly  less  tluin  that  given  in  the  Carlisle 'i'able;  but  the  lives  in  llic  latter 
arc  the  average  of  the  population,  while  those  in  the  former  arc  all  picked.  The  noinineeH 
in  tontines  are  iniiforndy  chosen  among  the  healthiest  individuals;  and  none  but  ihi'se  who 
consider  their  lives  as  good  ever  buy  an  annuity,  yiill,  however,  the  Table  is  very  curious; 
and  it  sets  the  superiority  of  female  life  in  a  very  striking  i)oint  of  view. 

Tables  VII.  and  VIII.  give  the  rxpirtiilinn  uf  llfi;  according  to  the  mortality  observed  at 
Northampton  and  Carlisle;  the  former  by  L)r.  Price,  and  the  latter  by  Mr.  Milne, 

The  ncyct  'i'able,  No.  IX.,  extracted  from  the  Sennid  tttjiorl  of  lliv  ('nuiiiiil/ir  if  t/ie 
Hoime  of  Coiumonn  on  Frirnd/i/  Socufiis,  gives  a  comparative  view  of  the  results  of  some 
of  the  most  celebrated  Tables  of  mortality,  in  relation  to  the  rate  of  mortality,  the  expecta- 
tion of  life,  the  value  of  an  aimuity,  Ac.  The  coincidence  betweeti  the  results  deduced 
from  M.  Deparcicux's  Table,  and  that  for  Carlisle,  is  very  striking.  Anil  to  render  ilie  in- 
formation on  these  subjects  laid  l)eforc  the  reader  as  complete  as  the  nature  of  this  work  will 
admit,  we  have  given  Tables  (Nos.  X. — XV.)  of  the  value  of  an  annuity  of  1/.  on  a  single 
life,  at  every  age,  and  at  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  and  4  percent.,  according  to  the  Northampton  and  Car- 
lisle Tables;  we  have  also  given  Tables  of  ii>e  valueofan  aniuiity  of  1/.  on  ^eipial  lives,  and  on 
'.J  lives  dilVering  by  5  years,  at  3,  4,  .5,  and  0  per  cent.,  according  to  the  same  Tallies.  It  ia 
but  seldom,  therefore,  that  our  readers  will  require  to  resort  to  any  other  work  for  the  means 
of  solving  the  questions  that  usually  occur  in  practice  with  regard  to  annuities ;  and  there 
are  not  many  works  in  which  they  will  fmd  so  good  a  collection  of  Tables. — We  subjoin 
one  or  two  examples  of  the  mode  of  using  the  Tables  uf  life  annuities. 

Suppose  it  were  required,  what  ought  a  jierson,  aged  4.'),  to  give,  to  secure  an  annuity  of 
Ml.  a  year  for  life,  interest  at  4  per  cent.,  according  to  the  Carlisle  Table  ! 

In  Table  No.  XI.,  under  4  i)er  cent.,  and  opposite  45,  is  14'104,  the  value  of  an  annuity 
of  I/.,  which  beiuH  multiplied  by  M),  gives  70,5'2,  or  705/.  4.*.,  the  value  required.  Accord- 
ing to  the  Northampton  Table,  the  annuity  would  only  have  been  worth  Gil/.  U.v. 

The  value  of  an  annuity  on  2  lives  of  the  same  age,  or  on  2  lives  dilFcring  by  5  years, 
may  be  found  in  precisely  the  same  way. 

Some  questions  in  rcveniunari/  life  annuities  admit  of  an  efjually  easy  solution.  Thus, 
suppose  it  is  reijuired  to  find  the  j)resent  value  of  A.'s  interest  in  an  estate  worth  100/.  a 
vear,  falling  to  him  at  the  death  of  li.,  aged  40,  interest  4  per  cent.,  according  to  the  Car- 
lisle Table  ! 

The  value  of  the  perpetuity  of  100/.  a  year,  interest  4  per  cent.,  is  2,500/.;  and  the  value 
of  an  annuity  of  100/.  on  a  person  aged  40,  interest  at  4  per  cent.,  is  1,507/.  8s.,  which 
deducted  from  2,500/.  leaves  092/.  12*.,  the  present  value  required. 

A  person,  aged  30,  wishes  to  purchase  an  annuity  of  50/.  for  his  wife,  aged  25,  provided 
she  survive  him  ;  what  ought  he  to  pay  for  it,  interest  at  4  per  cent.,  according  to  the  Car- 
lisle Table  ? 

The  value  of  an  annuity  of  1/.  on  a  life  aged  30  is  16*852;  from  which  subtracting  the 
value  of  an  annuity  of  1/.  on  2  joint  lives  of  25  and  30,  14'339,  the  dillerence,  2513  X  50 
=  1 25-650,  or  125/.  IS.^.,  the  sum  required. 

For  the  solution  of  the  more  complex  cases  of  survivorship,  which  do  not  often  occur  in 
practice,  recourse  may  be  had  to  the  directions  in  Mr.  Milne's  Treatise  on  Annuities,  and 
other  works  of  that  description.  To  attempt  explaining  them  hero  would  lead  us  into  de- 
tails quite  inconsistent  with  the  objects  of  this  work. 

was  piiblislicd  witli  tJic  column  for  Carlisle  added,  in  the  Report  of  the  Committee  of  the  House  of  Com' 
vions  (in  Friendly  Societies. 


Xi 


I 


% 


i 

\ 


102 


INTERKST  AND  ANNUITIES. 


TAni.KM  or  Intkiirkt  and  Amni  itirm. 

Table  ihowing  the  Amount  of  X\  linpmviMl  at  ('oiii|iniiii<l  Intcrvi',  nl  3),  3,  31,  4,  4i,  9,  nnd  A  per 
Cent.,  ul  thu  KnU  uf  every  Year,  I'roni  I  tu  7U. 


i- 

3)  |ier  Cent 

1  ()'J.'i(M>.0IIO 

3  per  Cent. 

31  per  Cent 

4  per  Cent. 

41  per  Cent 

.5  per  Cent. 

6  per  Ct'ht. 

l 

1  IIMOOO.IIIKI 

1  (I3.'.00,000 

1  0  lOOD.IHIII 

1  (ti'->oo,ono 

'  1  o,'.noo.nno 

!     106000,000 

3 

l-(I.Mili2..VMI 

i'lHilMIII.IIIIII 

1    1  (l7l-2-2,.')OI) 

1  O-^llld.lPIHI 

r(IO-JO-J.5liO 

|-102.'0.M(1() 

1  i'j:)6ii,{i(i() 

3 

1  (iTlW'.t.lMi'i 

rO'i-iT2,70(l 

1     1    l(l'<7l.7f<7 

1  I2lnll,l0il 

,   1  Ilili;.6i2 

I-l.'.76-2..'.ll(l 

1  lOlOI.I'.dll 

4 

1  |(K'M,2M!( 

1  I-J.V.O.-SI 

1    1   II7.V2,3(K( 

1  160«j.i:.6 

1  I025l.'«60 

'    1  21.'i.'.0.625 

1  •26-2I7.61HI 

A 

1  |:tll(),N2l 

|-|:)'I27.|(I7 

'    1  |N70-<.(i;il 

1 -21665, -JOO 

1  2I6|H,1II| 

,    1  •r,5'2N,l.'iO 

1  33V22,5.'i^ 

0 

l|.'>!kl((,3H 

1  iiiiii.'>.-.';«i 

,    1  •2-20-25,533 

1-26.531.0(12 

1 .3o-;-2i;.oi2 

'     1-3100'.).,',6I 

1   11^51,011 

7 

llhHrtN, .'>:,') 

l-."j'.i^'7.;i'n7 

1    1  27'2-n.!t26 

|-3I,')03.17K 

'    1  ;i60iil.|N;t 

1-10710.012 

1  -,')0;i63.0-2rt 

N 

1  2I^<I0,V1K( 

l2(iii77,(MW 

1  ,-||6H(),!NI| 

i-:iiih.')(i.iK)5 

i-i-i2i(),oi;i 

1     1    l-«li00.51l 

1   17715,511 

1  50:(M,hO7 

0 

1  2l'<Nl,2<.r7 

l-;)(ii77,;iiN 

1  3H2'<0.735 

1   I2331.l>*l 

1  .551.32,h-22 

I(;^0I7,MM1 

10 

12l(W*,15l 

1  3I39I,63N 

1    1  11000,176 

1 

1  4-021,  WN 

l-,55-JNi,012 

1  6-2h«.0,463 

1  7IK)H|,770 

11 

l3ri(W,fi(«) 

1-38 12.3.387 

1-45006.972 

1  •53015,406 

1  -022'*5.3()5 

1  71033,030 

I  81)S20,fi56 

13 

l-3IIHH,hH2 

1  ■  I257(i.(l>'0 

1  51l06.Mt;o 

1  60103.222 

1 -605NH,  1  1,1 

I  70585.633 

2  01210,617 

13 

1  HTTil.lOI 

1  I6'<.V(,;I7I 

1  -.'i630'i.006 

1-66507. .351 

1  77210,6|(» 

1  SN561.0M 

2  13202.^2tl 

|-|fi'»7,;iM2 

|-.'il2').M»7-2 

1  t;iN(l!l,  152 

1  7;i  167,6 15 

1  S519I.I0'2 

1-07003,160 

2.2601K),3!)6 

IS 

MhJ!l,><l7 

1  -5  J70O.7 12 

16753  l.hSt 

|-'0(I0I,.-151 

1  0;i.V2H.2l4 

2(r7Ml-2.HlH 

2-3()(>,'.5.hl!t 

10 

1  |H  |.')(l,5fi2 

1  OOlTO.liM 

1  73;iO-',6(ll 

1  H7-Ji)MM 

2^(r)-2;i7,oi5 

2  |f<'2><7.4.50 

2.T(0:t5.168 

17 

|-52l(il.h2ll 

1  65281,703 

1-70I67,.555 

1  IKTlKl.O.'iO 

2  ll.3;i7.I.Nl 

2  20-201. Hri2 

26!)277,270 

18 

lfl5!l65,N72 

1-70213,306 

1  857  4:-',020 

2-02.^1 .6.'.2 

2-20N|7.h77 

2  4lirKi|.023 

2H.',|.-);t,lil5 

1!) 

l"5!Wn,'i,()l!l 

1  ■75350.(i05 

r!C22.')0,l,32 

2'106N|.0|N 

2-3O7S0.O3I 

2-;i-2005,O2O 

302550,0,50 

20 

1  li3Mil,('>l4 

1-8U61 1,123 

1  9b978,886 

210112,314 

2  41171,402 

2  05329,771 

3  20713,.547 

21 

I'f.TWH.lHS 

l-800-J9,457 

20.51)43.117 

2-27876.807 

2.52021,116 

2  78.506.259 

3-309,56..36() 

'i'i 

1  r-il.lT.Hd 

1-01610,341 

213151, 158 

2-.3(il)0l,h70 

2  63.365.'201 

2-025-26,072 

3  60,353,7  12 

2.1 

1  TtiKil.OiiH 

1073')-.6.'j1 

2  20611.44S 

2  16171,5,55 

2-7.V2I6  11.35 

3-071.V2..376 

3  Ml 07  1,1166 

21 

1  Hll^72.r)!)5 

2()3-J7!).lll 

2  2»3.32,8 10 

2-.',63,30.1l7 

2  H7il()|, :(>.■( 

3-22500.')94 

4  0180,3.164    1 

2.') 

1  N.vmi.llO 

2  00377.703 

2^363-24,  I9.S 

2-66,5^*3,633 

3-00513.116 

3  3h635,104 

420187,072 

2(i 

i(H)(ia!).2:o 

2-l.->0.V.»,|in 

2-4  1.51)5.8.56 

2  77216,070 

3-noti7,<M(| 

3  .5.'>.567,-260 

4.54038,2^1 

27 

1  •<!  iTsi.ooa 

2-22l2S.(i()l 

2.53 166,7 11 

2-H8336,8,'i8 

3-28'2()0.0")6 

3  7,331,5,632 

4-82231,504 

2^ 

l'.»'l(U!l..')()2 

2-2>'70--',7t;8 

2  6'20I7,606 

2-l)Oh70,332 

3-12060,009 

3-02012,014 

5-11168,(170 

20 

2  (1 10 10,:30 

2-3.')0.')ii„'-)5l      2-7llK7,708 

3-ll-'6,5.1l5 

3,58103,610 

4-11613,,560 

5-418.38,7(10 

30 

2(I1I700,75S 

21-27-26,217      2  80670,370 

3-21330,751 

3.71531,813 

432191,2.38 

5  74349,117 

31 

ai.'>oo(),077 

2  50000.0.35      a-OO.MW.HS 

3.37S|.3,311 

301.38.5,715 

4,5.3803,040 

008810,064 

32 

2'J0375,()1I4 

2-.')7.'i08,'276      3-00670,750 

3-50n05.875 

4()S0y8.101 

4  76401,147 

0-1,53,38.008 

33 

2  •i'lHh.'i.nHfi 

2-65-2.3.3.521 

3  11104,2.35 

3-648,38,110 

4-27103,018 

500318,854 

0-8 1(1.58,0^8 

31 

2  :I1532.2I3 

2-73100.530 

32'20S6,0.33 

3-70131,631 

4-46636.1,54 

5-25,331,707 

7-251()-2..5'28 

35 

2  373^0.519 

2  813-0,215 

3-.3.3.35!).015 

3-O160N.HO<.) 

4  66734,781 

5-51601, 5;)7 

7-6860n,67l)    1 

3rt 

2  43253,532 

2-x08-27,'>33 

3  45026.61 1 

4-10303,255 

4-87737,816 

5-70181,614 

8-11725,200 

37 

2-i»3;m,h:o 

20^522.668 

3-5710-2.513 

4-26808,l)s6 

5-00686.010 

6-08140,601 

8-63(10i',712 

3S 

2-55.')OS,2 12     3-()7  ITH.n  18 

36<m;01.I32 

4-43881.;tl5 

5,32621. 0-21 

6-:t8547.720 

0  15425,2:t5    1 

30 

2  611)57,148     3l6702,r)i)8 

3-82.-)37.171 

4-616,36,500 

5-.565MM)08 

6-70175,115 

970350,740 

40 

208500,384     3-202U3,7:'.l 

3059-25,972 

480102,063 

5-81636,451 

7-03008,871 

10-28571,701 

41 

275210.ni3     3  35!W0.'.03 

4-00783.,381 

409,306.145 

6-07810.001 

7-.30108,8I5 

10-90286.101 

43 

2'820'.K»,520     3-t0llli'.l,5sil 

4-241-25,709 

.5-10-278,301 

6-.'15161.518 

7-76158,755    II -.5570.3.267    1 

43 

2-8<ll52.008 

3-.')6l51,677 

43n070,202 

5-400  IO.;)-27 

6-6.37I3.H18 

8-14066.003 

l2.2,W15,lti3 

41 

2  963i2,N08 

3-67115,227 

451,3.34,160 

5-61651,508 

60;i612,20O 

8-1,5715,028 

12-08548,  l!II 

45 

3-037no,328 

3-78159,584 

4-70-2.35,855 

5  81117.,568 

7-218-24,813 

8-98500,770 

1 3-7616  l.OM 

4fi 

3'll.W'j,0S0 

3-8950 1..372 

4-86694,110 

607182,271 

7.57441,961 

9-1312.5,818 

I4-,5001H,71H 

47 

3- 19 1611,7 13 

4  0118!)..503 

5  0.3728,404 

6-31781.,562 

7-01,526.810  1 

0-00507.100 

15-16.501.673    , 

48 

3271 18,056 

4-1.32-25.1^8 

5-21358,Kl)8 

0.57052.  H2I 

8-27145,5,57 

10-40126,605 

10-30.387.173 

49 

335327,680 

4  2.'.621,044 

5-3060tS,459 

0-833.31,0.37 

8-64367,107 

10-0213.3,313 

17.37750,403 

50 

3437 10,872 

4-38390,602 

558492,086 

7- 10068,335 

003263,627  • 

10-46739,978 

18-42015,427 

51 

352303,644 

4-51542.320 

5-78039,930 

7-39005,068 

9-43910,490 

I204076,<r7 

10,52536,353 

52 

3  61111,235 

4-6508S,5!H) 

5  08271,3-27 

7-6S6.58.871 

0-86.386,163 

12-64280,826 

20  696H8,53I 

53 

3-70131).O16 

4-7!H)ll,2l7 

6  10210,821 

7-90105,226 

10.30773,853    1327401,868 

21-o;!Mil).M(; 

51 

3-7!l3!)2,491 

4-0,3412,485 

6-10883,202 

8-31,381,4,35 

10  771,58,677 

13-0.3869,611 

23-25502.037    i 

55 

3-88877,303 

5-08214,850 

6-6,3314,114 

8-646,36,602 

11-2.56,30.817' 

14-63.56.3,092 

21-0.50,32.150 

5B 

3  1)8500,236  , 

5-23l61,;i05 

686530.108 

8-90222,160 

11-762S4,-201: 

15-30741,946 

20-12031,080   1 

57 

4-08564,217  i 

5,30165.114 

7-10558,662 

935I91,016 

12-.;0216,003 

16-13578,308 

27(10710,1,31    j 

68 

418778.322 

5-55340.008 

7.35428,215 

!)-72508,6f>8 

12-81531,7.58 

16-912,57,224 

20-.-i.58!)2.7 12   ! 

59 

4-29247,780 

5-72000.301 

7-61168.203 

lO-l  1,502,636 

13-42335,687 

17-78070,085 

3112016.307   ] 

60 

4  •39978,975 

5  89160,310 

7-87809,090 

1051962,741 

140-2740,793 

18-67918,589 

32-98760,085 

fil 

4-50978,119 

6-06835,120 

8- 15382. 108 

10-91011,251 

14-65804,129 

19  61314.519 

.34-06695.230 

fi2 

462252,910 

6-25040,173 

8-439-20,793 

11 -.37802,901] 

15-31828,014 

20-50380,245 

37-06  l!«l,041 

63 

4-73809,233 

6-4.3791,379 

8-73458,020 

11-83315,017; 

16-00760,275 

21-62,340,257; 

.39-28886,7(11 

64 

485654,464 

6-63105,120 

9  04029,051 

12.30617,617 

16-72701,487 

22-70166,720 

41-6.1610,067    ; 

65 

497795,826 

6-82098,273  , 

9-35670,068 

12-70873,522: 

17-48070,230 

23-8,3000,056  i 

44-11107.165 

6« 

510210,721 

703488,222  ' 

9-68418,520    13-31068,463: 

18-26733,100 

25-03180,559 

40-703(16.11!)  1 

67 

522996,739 

7-21592,868 

10-02313,168    13-84311,201 

19-0893(),403  , 

20-28349,036 

49001 '29.0 14   ; 

68 

5-36071,658 

7-46330,654  ! 

10-37394,129    14-39683,649    I9-&1838,541  ! 

27-59700,488 

52-57736.755  { 

69 

5-49473,449 

7-68720,574  ! 

10-73702,921    14-97270,905 

20-84606,276 

28-97754,813 

55-73200,060 

70 

5-63210,286 

7-91782,191 

11-11282.526  1 15-57161,835 

21-78413,558 

30  42642,553 

5907593,018 

n.  Tnblo  I 


«* 


31 

'  32 
I  33 
34 
35 
.36 
.37 
3S 
30 
40 

41 
42 
43 

I  41 
'  45 
'       46 

!      47 

48 

i      40 

I      50 

;  .^1 
.52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 

61 

62 

63 

61 

65 

66 

67 

OS 

69 

70 


•10511 

•45;(77, 

-14270, 

•43100. 

•42i;t7. 

-411011 

■4010(1. 

■3<mi, 

I     •.3M71. 

•372I3,( 

•.36,33 1.( 

-.35118,1 

■3 1,58;),  N 

•3371()„') 

-3-2017,1 

-.321 1 1,.'; 

•3 1, '13 1, -2! 

•.30,-.(i7.| 

■2082l,.5: 

•29001,2-^ 

•28,384,60 
•27602.20 
-27016,87 
•26;i57,0>2' 
■a-5715,0,V. 
•'250->7.85' 
■2I17,5,!),')7 
■2387,s,!),s'2 
■-';t2!>6.56S 
■22728,359 

•22174,000 
•2l6,'i;j,l79 
•2110.5,511 
•20500,771 

•200S8,557 
•I050.'S,503 
•'9120,578 
•18654,223 
•18199,212 
17755,358  i 


INTliUKST  AND   SNNUITIKS. 


103 


II.  Table  tbowInK  iha  Tk^'Knt  Vai.i  k  oI  i.)  rtTi'tviilili-  m  ilir  Dml  olaiij  rivi-ii  Vfar,  I't'Hii  I  Ui  70, 
rvi'kiiniiiii  (;<iiii|>iiiiiiil  liiturunl,  ul  'it,  3,  'H,  4,  ii,!>,  miil  0  (lur  t'uiil. 


]703,'it)7    I 

1750,103   I 
|015,W7 

536,353 

1,534 
S69,816 
1502,037 
1032. 15'J 
1931,089 
)710,n4  1 
|S'.W,71-2 
lo  1(1,307 
Tf76'.l,085 

lfi05,930 
)liMl,',i44 

1880,701 
|li|'.l,'.l07 
I.l'.l7.in5 

l.«;(i,>.i'.M 

ll29,011 
1730,755 
l200,0«0 
1593,018 


II)   I 


s 

8 

>> 

3t  per  Cuiil. 

Spert'unt. 

3)  p«r  Cant. 

1 

-J  per  Cent. 

44  |i«r  I'eni 

Sper  •'•III. 

(\  piT  Cl'lll. 

0  913:19.023 

1 

0-U7.1flO,«70 

oiro'>7.r» 

0'»fl01H,3.57 

0.90153,810 

O9.'.093,7«0 

0  9523><,09.'k 

3 

05IM,II(I 

■9|-l.V.I,.'i9l 

9:t;i5i,o7o 

9-1I.'m,(p-1I 

91  .72  9\i5 

l)0:il2,^MH 

""'KI9.01I 

3 

U'JN.V.MMI 

9l.'ill,lti0 

■tNI|9l,2;o 

-h''99,li:i0 

■"7019,01.0 

"(i3'<;i,7rio 

N:ilM\|,'flH 

4 

l»0jll5,IMi» 

•8'<MN,7ll,') 

h7 14  1.213 

'<;i|>«(l,ll9 

•83K.^,0,I3I 

"•1270,217 

•79:09,.'(('>0 

5 

■hH;tH5, 129 

■Wl-10(I,H7'' 

•81197.317 

N2llCi,71l 

H0'1|'.,105 

7"35'1,0|0 

7I72-.."I7 

fl 

«ti2-JO.0N7 

h;i;iK,rio 

•Ki3''ii.iii;i 

79113  l,l.-.3 

70TMI.57I 

74021,51(1 

7oiiNi.o54 

7 

Hll*;,524 

■H|3(l'),l.')l 

7-<.'i'HI  (I'.Hl 

•7.V.l9l,>l 

•73ISJ,"|0 

7I(M'.",I33 

(io.-.o.-.,;ii 

H 

V107  l,0.'.7 

7n9  10,9-13 

7. '.9 11,1. Ml 

■7;'009,(C10 

7ii3|-i,.5l3 

•(i7(i";),9:((t 

■<'<r,  1 1  ,•1:17 

U 

HIK);2.N30 

•70t,4 1,073 

-7"M73,097 

•702.V'<,074 

■07-l'MI,|l3 

■01 100. "92 

•.!I|VI."10 

10 

•78119,810 

■74409,:i9l 

-70'«9l,-f^l 

07.5.iO,ll7 

■013'.rl,7(il 

oi3'.(l,:fi,"> 

■,5.'i"a9, 178 

11 

•702II,»7H 

72212,130 

■0819l,.57l 

(14958,093 

•OIO|9,N74 

•.5N|fl7.1WO 

•.5207"  7.53 

12 

■7l3.')5,5h9 

■701  •17.1^8 

00 1 7 N, 330 

■(;2I.Vl.7ll.-) 

5-«'.Hlli,3-0 

•,5.5(W3,712 

l'.N.|N>,9.10 

13 

72M2.(MN 

■0'<(I9.-.,I3I 

03910,115 

0(MI.,7,I09 

.'.0|-17,101 

■5:io;i2.i35 

l(i""3.!(02 

II 

•70772,720 

•001 II, 7'' 1 

0I77N,I79 

•.577  I7,.'i0>< 

530'.l7,'l''0 

.'i0.50li,7'.l5 

•  1  l'l:tO.O!Hl 

15 

•OlN)Hi,.'MO 

01110,195 

■5!M1>9,0(V1 

•.5.5,5^10, 4.50 

51072.011 

4"IOI,7IO 

•4IMC.,.'.0»i 

10 

•0730-1,493 

•02310,094 

■.5707O,.')yi 

•53390MS 

491IO,9;il 

■l.^sll.l.Tl 

•3'i:tiil,0''8 

17 

•05719.500 

■liO.',n  1,045 

■557'1(I,378 

•5i:i:t7,3-15 

I73i;,(i39 

•  i:i0'19,0()9 

•(71:10,113 

18 

0II|(I,.V.I1 

■5-739,101 

■.5;m;io,iii 

■I!t3(p2,«l2 

l.'.'i.>«o,o;i7 

•4I5.V1.005 

3.'i031,:i79 

lU 

•0-i'i.-.'l,772 

■570'1.->,0(I3 

■5'10I5„V19 

•4711.1,212 

■i:)330,l79 

;i9.573,3O0 

■33l'.-.|.:iO| 

30 

•01027.091 

■,')5307,.575 

■.50-l,')0,588 

-4,503^,095 

4140l,lftO 

■:r;0h",9iH 

31 1-0. 173 

21 

■59'i38,029 

•537.'>  1,928 

•|K557,0<I0 

■43883,300 

•3'.H17H,713 

•35>'Ml,'l:iO 

2911,-.  510 

21 

•SnO-'O,  107 

■52lN9,'l.'iO 

•109l5,IMi3 

•42I95,.539 

.37i<70,0->9 

3ll"l.0"7 

■277.'.o..'i',0 

23 

•,')00li9,72» 

■.501109,175 

•4.5;i'lH,.')03 

■40.572,()33 

.•10335.013 

•;t2  ..'.7,131 

■'101 70.720 

21 

•5.'.2's7,.'i35 

•4919.1,374 

43795.713 

-.'191112,117 

■31770.317 

310OI..791 

■yi(ii'T.".5,5 

25 

•539:i9,0.)9 

•477('K),5.'>0 

■4-131 1,0'I9 

-375ll,0'<ll 

3327.1.0(10 

295:io,-i:7 

■'2:i-2i'0.'«(.3 

20 

•520-l;t,472 

•40309, 173 

■  1IISS3.707 

■3000", 9-23 

•.11  "10.2  IN 

-2"I21.073 

•'219-1.003 

•n 

•513:t»,973 

•4.50|s,9()rt 

■;i!i.->oi,-iii 

-3IO-<I.O.'>7 

■30lOO,i:i7 

■'1C.7"1.":12 

■•2O7.;0.795 

•i" 

•500^7,778 

•137117,075 

■3h|0.'>,131 

•33317,717 

•19 1.')7, 009 

25.5O9,:i01 

•I0.'.(,3.ll|| 

2<t 

■lHHtKI,|-25 

•11131.030 

■:tO-.7l,H|5 

•3-1005,lll 

■2:901  ,502 

21-191,0:12 

■1"1:V..07» 

30 

•47074,209 

■4ll9-,070 

3J0-17,N|1 

■3(m3 1,807 

•'10700,001 

■'13i;t7,715 

'17111.013 

31 

•40511,481 

•39(K.18,7I4 

31423,0.35 

•2!H)  10,020 

•2.55.50.211 

2'2035,917 

■|01'l'..iN| 

32 

•45377.0.'i5 

•3N833,7(I3 

33-25-»,971 

••i'^,505,791 

■21419,991 

■2(t9>0,017 

•1519-..710 

33 

•44270,298 

•37-02,0-15 

■32131,271 

•27409,117 

•23:197,121 

■199"7,'1.54 

•||0I",0'1-1 

31 

•43l90,.53l 

•300<)l,4!K» 

•31(117,0(15 

•20355,'2(I9 

22,l"9,5h9 

•  19035, 1"0 

•i:i79l.l.53 

35 

•42i;)7,l(l7 

-3V.3S,3 10 

-29'.I97, (■>>(> 

•253 1 1 ,5 17 

•2I1'1.5,I44 

18119,029 

■i:)oio..v« 

30 

•41109,372 

•315113,213 

2-9-3,-172 

•2l300,h72 

•'20.'.0'2."I7 

■17'205.711 

■|-2'17  1.077 

37 

•40100,705 

•33191,291 

-180113,101 

•23 1-19,08.-1 

•190I9,'.C11 

•|OU3,.503 

•I1.57",3|8 

38 

•391-18,492 

^•1.5-22,0I5 

•170.'.0,I9I 

•2'15'i8.543 

•lh775,01l 

■1.50(10,.5:i0 

■1(I923,""5 

31) 

•.3h  17  I.I  39 

•3I.')75,3.55 

-101 11, -150 

•210ll^l.(lOI 

•I79(')0,519 

•11911,797 

•lo:io.,5.'.2 

40 

•37213,002 

•300:i5,08l 

•2.Vi:)7,2l7 

••29h-l,S,'.H)l 

•17192,h70 

•1I20I.50!* 

•09721,219 

41 

•.W33 1,095 

•29702,800 

•21103.137 

•200-27,792 

•10152,507 

i;f.'.9".l60 

•09171,905 

42 

■35118,183 

•2H,'<95,9'12 

•2.3.-)77,9IO 

•19-1,57.493 

•15714,020 

■I'l,""  1.902 

•0"0.'.2,710 

43 

•31,583,MNl 

••1•^0.V1,•191 

•227^<0,59() 

■18.'.|ti.H-10 

•1.5000,0,54 

•1'1270,IIO 

•0"102,(Mi'l 

41 

•33710,370 

•17237,178 

'1^10I0,-131 

•17hO  1,0,35 

■1II17,-170 

■Il0"0,i:i3 

•077(NI  '108 

45 

■3-1917,110 

•20113,-01 

•2riO,-),92» 

•17119.811 

•1371H),137 

■lll'19,05l 

•07-105,l"ir 

40 

■32111,.570 

•2'.073,0.V1 

•20540,7N7 

•10 101,. 380 

•I3'102,.332 

■10599,008 

•(I0"53,7"l 

47 

•31331,294 

•219*15,877 

•19851,908 

•|.5S-lh,-r)0 

•12(Vt3,8lO 

■100<»1,921 

•00105,831 

48 

•30,'>07,I10 

••14199.hS() 

•1918(1,(115 

•15219,170 

•1'10K9,771 

■OlHil  1,211 

(Mi099,8|0 

1      40 

•29.811, .570 

•23195,0-19 

•1M.5,12,021 

•14631,112 

•11509,1,58 

•09150,391 

•0.5751,500 

50 

•29094,221 

•22810,708 

•17900,337 

•14071, "102 

•11070,905 

•08720,.'r73 

•05128,836 

!      51 

•28384,000 

•22110,318 

•17299,843 

•13,5.30,0.59 

•10594,225 

■08.30,5,117 

•05121,514 

.52 

•27092,298 

•21,501,280 

•10711,824 

•13009,072 

•101:18,014 

■07909,635 

•04831,045 

53 

•27010,870 

•20875,0-19 

•10I49„589 

•12.509,300 

•09701,419 

■07532,980 

•04.5.5M.50 

54 

■203.57,'.»2.8 

•20-107,019 

■15003.407 

•12028,173 

•09283,083 

(17171,272 

-Oi:i(IO,U7 

55 

■2.57I5,0.->2 

•HH)70,717 

•1.5075,814 

•ll.50.5,.551 

•088N3,!M)7 

■00832,010 

■0  I0.'i(i,7 12 

!    so 

•250^7,855 

•19103.000 

•11.5(ifi,(HI| 

•lll'10.7-12 

•0850l„il7 

•00,507,^j70 

•0,'1»-17,115 

57 

•21175.957 

•18517,193 

•14073,433 

•10093.002 

•(WI35,^20() 

•00197,400 

■0:1010,480 

1      58 

•23878,9.82 

•18000,981 

•13597,.5-10 

•l(V281,7:t3 

•07781,9:18 

•05m)2,29l 

•03100,119 

1      59 

•23290,508 

•17'8'2.598 

■13137,701 

-098Sti.'lh2 

•07449,701 

•0.5021,2,30 

•03213,.320 

60 

•22728,359 

•10973,.309 

■1-1093,431 

•09500,frlO 

•071>1K,901 

•05353,552 

•03031,1,14 

61 

•22174,009 

•10178.911 

•12-261,184 

•09140,423 

•00821,915 

•05098,0-21 

•028.59,843 

!      «-2 

■21033,179 

•15998,972 

-11849,4.53 

•08788.808 

•00.5'18,llrt 

•01855,830 

■0'1097,905 

63 

•21l0.5,.54l 

•15.5,32,982 

•11418,717 

•081.50,835 

•00217,032 

•0IO21,()OO 

()2545,'150 

;      61 

•20.-)9(),771 

•15080,505 

■1 1001, .591 

•081-25,803 

•0.5978,021 

'04401,381 

•0'14Ol,179 

65 

•20083,557 

•140 11, 3^25 

■10087,5'28 

•07813,272 

•05720,594 

•04191,048 

•02205,204 

60 

•19598,593 

•14114,879 

•10;)20,114 

•07512,700 

•05474,253 

•03994,903 

•02137,041 

67 

•19120.578 

•1.3800,853 

•09970,922 

•07'123.809 

'052.38,510 

•03801,670 

•02010,077 

68 

•18054,223 

•1339.8,887 

•09039,538 

•00<.M5,(r70 

■05012,9,37 

•03623,495 

•01901,959 

69 

•18199,212 

•1.3008,628 

•09313,503 

•00678,818 

■04797,039 

■03450,9 18 

•01791,301 

70 

•17755,358 

■12029,736 

•08998,612 

•06421,910 

•04590,497 

•03280,617 

01692,737 

■    — ■ ■         .- 

i 

7. 


t 


•» 
\ 


104 


INTEREST  AND  ANNUITIES. 


III.  Table  Bhowinp  tlm  Amount  cr  an  Annuity  of  £1  per  Annum,  Improved  at  Compound  Intcreit, 
at  aj,  3,  3i,  4,  4i,  5,  and  (i  per  Cent,  at  the  Kiid  ortaili  Year,  from  1  to  70. 


IV.  TiiMi! 

.NuMllliT  ( 


S 

ij 

10 

II 

12 
13 
14 

I  a 

Il> 

17 

IS 

I'.l 

20 

21 

22 
23 
21 
2.5 
20 
27 
2S 
20 
30 

31 
32 
33 
31 
3.5 
38 
37 
38 
30 
40 

41 

42 
43 
44 
45 

40 
47 
48 
40 
50 

51 

f)2 
53 
54 
55 
5fi 
07 
58 
50 
00 

(A 

()■: 

C3 

M 
05 
06 
67 
68 
fiO 
70 


9^  per  Cent. 


3  per  Cent.    Si  per  Cent.   4  per  Cent.   41  per  Cent 


r(l(KMIO,(HI() 
2'02.')(ll»,0(l() 
3-(l7.V;2,5ll()| 
4  1.')25l,002| 
5-2.i(i32,.V.2i 
0-38T:3,r,73! 
7-.5IT43,OI.'-.| 
M;3ti|l,.')!)(l' 
ilit.VI.'il.-'MI 
11-20.)38,117 

1218310,031 
13  7<.ri.55,21)T 
1.5- 11011,170 
10-.51,S1I5,2XI 
IT  ;ftl02,0t)(i 
i:i3Sni2.4S3 
20-^0173,045 
22.3m;31,K71 
23-9 1000,743 
25-54405,701 

27-18.327.405 
2S-sO2-'5,.5y0 

30  5^  1 12,730 
32-31003.7'.i> 

31  15770,303 
.30  01170,-i'3 
.3701200,073 
3085080,075 
41-8.5t>20..577 
43-00270,310 

40-00027,074 
4-1.5027,751 
.50-35103,445 
.52-01288.531 
51-0-2N20.744 
.57 -.-'0 111,203 
.50-73.304,704 
ti2-2272it,C64 
01-7^207,006 
07-40255,351 


70 
72 
75 
78- 
81 
84- 
87- 
00- 
04- 
97- 

100 
104 
108- 
111 
115 
110- 
123- 
127- 
131 
135 


■08761,737 
83080,781 
60080,300 
5.5232,.308 
51613,110 
5540,3,443 
00788,520 
85058,243 
13107,100 
48434,879 

92145,751 
•44440,395 
-05560,029 
■75000,045 
-55092,130 
43000,410 
42508,070 
51132,893 
00911,215 
99158,905 


l-onooo.ooo 

203011(1.(100 

3  ooooo.ooo 
4-|s:«W,70o 

5  . '100 1 .3,58 1 

o-i(;sio,osn 

7  f'li '12 10,218 

8^s0^2;t3.0()5 

lO-l.V.IKl.OUT 

ll40J87,y31 

12-80770,.509 
1410202, 0.50 
1501770,015 
17-(W032.4I0 
1850801,380 
20  150^8,1.30 
21-701.58,774 
23I11I.3..577 
25^  11(^0,8(4 
20  87037,440 

28  07048,572 
30-53078.030 
32  1528^,370 
34- 120 17,022 
30-45920,432 
385.5301,225 
40-70!K)3.352 
42-03002.252 
4521885,020 
•17-57511,571 

50-00207,818! 

52.50275,8.52' 

,55  07784,128 

.57-7.3017,0.52 

6040'208,181 

03-27504,427 

0(;-17122,2.)9 

69-1.5944.927 

72-23 123,275 1 

7540125,973! 


1  (10000,00:1 

2  0:i.5OO,O00| 
3- 10022,500 1 
421 101,2(^71 
53ii210,58SJ 
0.5.5015,218 
7^:7010,751 
0{1510M.(i77 

I0,3(Wiy,.581 
11-73139,316 

13-14199,1921 
irc.0100,104i 
10- 11303,0,30; 
17  076O'»,G.3O| 
iy-29.5(i8,08Sj 
20-07102,9711 
22-70501,575' 
21-49909,1.30 
20-3.5718,050 
28-27008,181 

30-269(7.068 
32-32800,215 
.34-40011,373 
.30-60052,821 
38-04985,669 
4l-31310,10t( 
13-75000,021 
40-20002,734 
48  01070.9.30 
51-02267,728 

54-42017.098 
57-33450,217 
00-34121,005 
63-4.5315,240 
06-07401,274 
70-00700,318 
73-45780,030 
77  02880,472 
80-724!H),004 
84-55027,775 


78-00329,.573    88 

82-02310,645    92 

85-48389,2.34    96 

89-01840,911  101 

92-71986,139  105 

90.50 145,723  110 

100-30050.005  115 

104-40830,598  1-20 

1108-54064,785  125 

112-79686,729  130 

11718077,331  136 
121-00010,051  142 
120.34708,240  148 
131-13749,488  1.54 
1.30-07101,972  100- 
141-1.5.370,831  107. 
'146  .388.38,1,36  174- 
15178()0.3,280  181- 
1,57.333 13.370  188^ 
16305313,680  190 


50953,747 
607.37.128 
84802,92.'' 
23833.130 
78107.200 
48103,145 
3.5007.255 
3^h25,059 
00184,5.57 
99791,016 


1  nodflo.oooj 

1-01000,000 

3  12100,0(10 

4  24010,4001 
5-41032.2.50J 
6-6.3207,5101 
7-80^20, 1  |H 
9-21122.020: 

10-.58270.531! 
12-00010,712 

I3-4S63.5,11l! 

15(12.580,5 10 

16-02083,708' 

18-20101,119 

20-02.3.58,761 

21-82153,114 

23-00751,2.39 

25-01.541,2«8 

27-07122,010 

29-77807,858 

31-90920,172' 
.34-24790,970 
30-017h8,858 
30-0^200,413 
41-04.590,830 
44-31174,403 
47-08121,441 
40-007.58,290 
52-0t)02S,631 
56  08103,770 

59-32833.527 
02-70140,808 
00-20052,743 
098.5700,8.53' 
73-05222,487  j 
77-.50831,.387! 
81  •70224,0 12 
85-07033,028 
00-49914,973 
0502551,572 


5  per  Cent. 


1  -(H)000,000| 
2-01500,0001 
3-1.3702,500, 
4-27810,1121 
5-47070,9731 
0-710^0,100! 
80I0I.5,170| 
0-.38fl01,302l 
10  80211,1231 
12-28820,937! 

13-81117,879 

15-40103,181 

17-1.5991,327 

18-93210,0.37 

20-78 105,420 

22  710.3.3,6 

2t74170,0M,) 

20-8.5508.370 

29  00350,216 

31-37142,-277 


0  per  Cent. 


1-00000,0110 
2-0.5O0O,0OOi 
3-1.52.50,000' 

4  31012,500 

5  52503,125 
0-80101,281 
8-14200,845 
0  51910,8K8 

11-020.56,432 
12-57780,254 


33-78313,680 
36-30337.705 
38-0,Tr02,0;iO 
41-08010,031 
41-50.521,014 
47  .57004,400 
50-71132,361 
53-00333,317 
.57-42303,310 
01-00706,000 

64-752.38.770 
08-6002 1,5-24 
72-75022,0'2,-< 
77-0.3025,010 
81-40001,800 
80- 10390,581 
01-04134,427 
00-13820,470 
101-40412,398 
107  03032,306 


99-82053, 
1 04 -81050 
11001238, 
11541-287 
121  02030, 
126-87056; 
1.32-94539,1 
139-26320,1 
145-83373, 
152'60708 


0,351112 
7801118 
1711125 
098:131 
200:1.38 
741140 
0451153 
6071101 
431 i 100 
3681178 


1420078,716 
1501712,0.52 
17-71208.285 
19-.50863,199 
21-57850,350 
23-0.5740,17/ 
25-840.30.0.30 
88-1.3238,407 
.30.53900,301 
33-00505,410 

35-71925,181 
38-.50.521,440 
41-43017,512 
•44-50UK),887 
47-72700,882 
511 1.345.370 
54  00912,045 
.58-40258,277 
0-2-.32-271,101 
06-43881,750 


'84068,7.59 
92478,851 
27610,402 
91384,220' 
84990,510 
00821,3.53! 
072(13,3141 
58790,103! 
85035.720: 
50302,828 


■58283,702  159' 
3032.3,0311107 
34594,9.581174 
5.3805,782  182 
9408,8,984,191- 
58003,009  199- 
44533,-207  208- 
5.5001.800  218- 
005-20,085  2-27- 
51088,288,237- 


HO-39131,070 
144-90110,419 
149.52.369,3.30 
1,54-26178.503 
150-1183.3.027 
164-00628,853 
169  198()0..574 
174-428(i0.313 
179-78937,971 
185-28411,421 


108-94.503,991 
175-01339,110 
181-20370.284 
187-70170,062 
104-3.3275,782 
201-16274,055 
208  10702,277 
21.5-4435.5.145 
222  00085,800 
230-59406,374 


204-39407..378  248' 
212-54S79.780  2.59' 
220-98800,579  270 
229-72258,509  282 
238-70287,050  294 
248-119.57,718  307 
25780370,238  321 
207-82089,100  334 
27820083.535  .349 
288  93780,459  364 
I 


'77376,703 
16171,771 
85130,042 
84535,808 
15917.,302 
80553.994 
79770,154 
1 1007,200 
87505,888 
99008,524 

51031,265' 
45072,510 
82875,410 
00100,4.33 
90838,050 
76711, .572 
07780,035 
02091,2.30 
31774.880 
29045,881 


187-53500,455 
ll90-97476,010 
200  83.863,40^ 
217-14037,201 
227-01705,0.38 
230-17420,7.55 
•-'50-9.3710,050 
203-22027,953 
276-074.50,710 
289-49795,397 

.303.52530,100 
318-18.100,310 
.3.3350228,333 
349^50988,008 
300-23783,090 
38371853,335 
401-98580,7.35 
42107.523.1,38 
441-02301,070 
461-80967,955, 


70-70078,088 

75-29882,930 

8000377,033 

8500095,037 

00-32030,734 

05  8.30.32,271 

101-02813,884 

107-70054,.570 

114-0y50-2,3fl8 

100-79977,423 

127-83070,294 
135-23175.109 
142-00333,804 
15114.300.558 
159-70015,586 
168  68516,305 
178-11042,183 
1^8-02539,292: 
198  42000,257: 
209-34799,570' 

220-81539,5481 
232-85610,.52K 
245-40807.3.52 
258-77392,220 
272-71201,831 
•287-34824,922 
.302-71500,16n 
31885114,477 
335-79101,700 
353-58371,786 

,372-20290,375 
391-87004.803 
412-4608.5,1.38 
434-09.3.34,305 
4.50-70801,115 
480(13791,170 
505-66980,729 
.531  05.329,705 
550-55096,254 
588-52851,066 


1  -00000,000 
200000.000 
3-18300.000 
4-37401,000 
5-0.3709,206 
{5  97531,8.54 
8.39383,7(0 
9-80740,701 
11-49131,508 
13-18079,401 

149716t,264 
10-80901,1-20 
18-8><213,707 
21-01.5(I0..593 
23-27500,08H 
25-07252,l>{"* 
a>'-21287,970 
30-00505,255 
33-75000,170 
.30-78550, 1-iO 

39-99272,608 
43-30220.028 
46-00.582,769 
50-81557,735 
54-86451.200 
.50-1.5038,272 
03-70570,508 
08-52811,102 
73-Or  070,8.32 
79-05818,022 

84-80167,7.39 
90  88077,803 
07-34310,171 
104-18375,400 
111-43477,087 
119-12086,006 
127-20811,806 
135  00420,578 
145-05845,813 
154-76196,562 

165  04768,356 
175-950.54.4.57 
187-50757,724 
109-7.5803,188 
2 12-74.351, ,379 
2-20.50812,402 
241-09801,209 
256-56452,882 
272-95840,055 
200-33590,458 

'309-75605,886 
328-28112,239 
.3-48  078.30,773 
.370  91700,620 
394-17202.057 
418-82-2.34,810 
444-95108,905 
472-('' 1879.0.39 
502-00771,782 
5,33-12818,089 

.506-11587,174 
001-0,>*282,4()4 
038-14779,349 
077-43000,110 
719-082,S0,076 
763-22783,211 
810-02150,235 
859'62-270.249 
91220010,004 
967-93216,904 


i 
3 
4 
5 
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7 
8 
9 
10 

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12 

13 

14 

15 
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17 
18 
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21 
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25 
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I  32-7-20.'iO,.'))i 

32-80785,698 


48 
00 
i,298 


INTEREST  AND  ANNUITIES. 


105 


IV.  TiiblB  sliowiiis  llie  Phk.sknt  Vai.ie  ok  an  Asniitv  iiIjCI  pisr  Aiiiiiiiii,  to  coiilinur  for  any  civen 
Nuiiiliur  uf  Years,  t'rotii  I  to  TO,  ruckiiiiliiK  CompoiiiKl  liilrrrHt,  at  'ii,  :i,  3^,  I,  4i,  3,  iiiut  (i  |)i-r  Ct'iit. 


«       21  per  Cr;nt.!  3  |)i!r  Out.    3i  per  Cent.'  4  per  Cent.     IJ  I"""  Out-    5  per  Cent,     fi  per  Cent. 


bS7,174 
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12,S6,07G 

150,235 

170.249 

1)10.004 

216,964 


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2 
3 
4 
5 
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8 
9 
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12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
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21 

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18-32703,113 
18-76110,820 
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1  25-82060,683 

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26  83.302.3><6 

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27-46718,255 

27-7731.5,371 

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28-36231,168 

28-64613,774 
(  28-92308,072 
i  29-19.321,948 
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129-71397,928 
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j  30  90865,619 

31-13039,057 
I  31 -.34672, 8.36 
31-55778,.377 
31-76369.148 
31-96157.706 
32-16056,298 
32.35176,876 
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32-72030,341 
32-89785,698 


120-00012.847 
I  20-38876,.530 
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21-13183,665 
21-4.8722.001 
21-832-2.5,217 
22-1672.3,311 
22-49216,136 
22-80821,510 
23-11477,195 

23-412.39,995 
23-701.33,917 
23-98190.211 
2l-23l27,;i89 
24-31871,231 
2177314,901 
25-02170.7.80 
23-26670,6(i0 
25-50165,!i89 
25-72976,397 

■25-95122,716 

i26-166-23.996 

:  26  ,37 199.025 

I  26-57706,043 

I  26-77442,761 

26-96510,370 

27-1.5093,.563 

27-33100,516 

27  •30383,055 
27-67556,,364  ^ 

27-810.35.,104! 

28-00034.276 
i  28-1.5.567,238 
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128-45289,119 
i  28-39504,028 

'28-73.301,881 
I  28-86703,768 

28  997I2,.396 
129-12342,132 


14-09797,420 
13-16712,1.83 
15-62041.017 
16-05836,760 
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17-28330,450 
17-6(i701,88l 
18-0;i570,700 
18  39204,541 

18-736-27,576 
19-0(i8h0,.547 
19-39020.818 
19-70068.423 

20  000);6.1()9 
20-2;H)I!1,381 
20-370.52,542 
20-81108,736 
21-102lit,987 
21-33307,234 

21-59910.,371 
21-83 1^8,281 
22-06-268,870 
22-28279,102 
22-49345,026 
22-70091,812 
22-899  !.3,7S0 
2300121,425 
23  27636,449 
23  15561,787 

23-02861,6.30 
23-70.576,434 
23  9.5726,013 

21  113-29,510 
2120105„323 
21-40971.327 
2t-5.5O44,7t)0 
24-68012,281 
2181779,981 
2191473,412 

25-067.37,590 
25- 18587,019 
25-30033,796 
25-4I097,.3,88 
23-51784,910 
25-62111,030 
25-72087,951 
2.''-81727,489 

25  91041,053 

26  00039,604 


0  90 1 33.'- 16 

1  N>(  O.I.  107 
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10  3-2938.375 ! 
10-00300.3-22 
16  08.371,461 
17-29-203,330  i 

17-58819,356 

17-H73.5.5,1.50| 

18-1176l,.5C)7- 

18-41119,776 

18-00101,3-23  [ 

18!)()f?-28.199 

19-142.57,8h0' 

19-36786,424  , 

19-58118,481 

19  79-277,389 

19-99305,181  ' 

20-1830-2,674 

20-37079,194 

20-54881,1-29 

20-7-2003,970 

20-88165,3.56 

21-0129.-i,612 

21-1931.3,0,88 

21-34147,200 

21  48218,462 

2161748,.521 
21-747.58,193 
21-87-207,493 
21-9929.5,607 
22-|08fil,218 
22-21981,910 
22-32074,943 

22  129.50,076 
22.52,''42,9.57 
22-6-2348,997 

22-71489,421 

22  80278.-289 
22-88729,124 
22-96h5 1.927 
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23  12180.959 
23-19101,708 
23-20330.739 
23-330-29,3.56 
23-39451,497 


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11  23 101, .505 

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12  393-^9,.339 
13-00793,615 

13-10172,3-^8 
13-78  l4-i,476 
14  I1777,4S9 
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1 3-74-287  ,;t3 1 
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10-28888,834 

16-51139.093 
10-78889.086 
17-02-286,-207 
17  24675,796 
17-46101,210 
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18-22903,572 
18-40158,412 
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19  41470,881 
19-53500.055 
19-05129,813 
19-76200,778  [ 

19-86795,003 
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20-11438,664 
20-492-23.602 
20.56673,303 

20  63802,-204 

20-70621.119 

20  771,52,267 
20-83399,298 
20-89.377,319 
20-9,5097,913 
21-00572.165 
21-03810.685 
2|-IOS-23,(i'22 

21  1.56-20,691 
21-20211,187 


09.523-* 
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2-7-2;i21 
3-31595 
4.3-2917 
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1 1  274(10,0-25 

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I-2-V21 1.5,271 
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14-09391,4.57 
14-27318,530 

14  6i:i()3,.362 
14-8981-2,726 
15-14107,3.58 
15-37-245,103 

15  59281,0.50 
15-lO-2(i7,007 
1600-254,921 
16-|9-290,I0I 
16-37419,129 
16-3 16h.5. 171 
16-711-2.8,734 
16-80789,-271 
17-01704,007 
17-15908,630 

17-29430,796 
17-423-20,758 
17-51.591,198 
17-66-277,331 
17-77406,982 
17-88()()0,050 
17-98101,571 
18-07715,782 
18-10872,173 
18-25592,546 

18-3,3897,603 

18-41807,298 

18-19340,284 

1851)514,556 

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18-69854,473  i 

18-76051,879 

18-819.54,170 

18-1^7.575,400 ' 

18  9-29-28,953 

18-98027,574 

19  02886,404 
19-07308,003 
19  1191-2,381 
19-16107,033 
19-20101,9,36 
19-23!M)6,600 
19-27530.101 
19-30981.048 
19-31-207,665 


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11-1.5,111,018 

11-409112,121 

11-76107,061 
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12-55033,7.52 
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13  210.5.3,113 
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13-92908,599 
14-08101,338 
14-230-22,961 
14-:i68l  1,114 
14-4912 1,()36 
14-6-2091,713 
14-7,3671,031 
14-84601,916 
14-94907,468 
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15-1380l,.591 
15-22151,331 
15-30617,294 
15-38318,202 
15-45.513,209 
l5-524.'t6,990 
15.58902,821 
15-65002,001 
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15-70186,063 

15-81.307,607 
15-86l39,-.'52 
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15-99034,296 
10-02881,412 
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16-13111,336 
16-16142,770 

16-1900-2,013 
16-21700.579 
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16-31049,313 
16-33005.390 
10  .34967,349 
1036761.650 
16  38151,387 


I 

i 

7. 


\ 

I 

I 


100 


INTEREST  A\D  ANNUITIES. 


V.  Tiit)l<'  (if  MoUTAi.iTV  ;  showiiiK  the  Niiinlicr  of  I'lTsmis  ••ilivi!  at  the  I'.nd  of  cvpry  Year,  from  1  to  100 
Vf.irs  of  Au'i'.  oiii  c'f  l.ttiiu  Ixirii  lotfialii'r,  iii  ilit;  iliifiTi'iii  I'liucs,  and  incoriliiiij  to  ili(!  Authorities 
uiKlurnu'rilioiicd. 


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590 

300 

311 

031 

183 

Oil 

10 

1  313 

401 

OiO 

571 

408 

521 

5S0 

,302 

33H 

020 

479 

600 

17 

!  338 

457 

622 

570 

401 

i  519 

582 

299 

335 

022 

471 

001 

\H 

331 

452 

618 

565 

459 

1  514 

578 

29.1 

332 

618 

470 

590 

10 

3-J9 

410 

613 

501 

455 

1  508 

571 

291 

328 

014 

403 

590 

20 

325 

411 

009 

550 

419 

502 

570 

2S8 

.321 

610 

401 

584 

2! 

321 

431 

005 

551 

415 

496 

505 

2.S4 

320 

(iOO 

4.10 

577 

22 

310 

428 

601 

515 

438 

490 

500 

•i-ii) 

315 

602 

451 

.171 

2;t 

310 

421 

596 

540 

432 

i   484 

S.M 

270 

310 

597 

410 

506 

21 

!  SOf) 

415 

592 

531 

430 

1  478 

55! 

273 

305 

592 

411 

539 

25 

20!) 

409 

588 

529 

419 

471 

546 

209 

297 

,187 

430 

551 

20 

201 

402 

5^4 

523 

414 

465 

511 

2()5 

293 

.582 

431 

543 

27 

2-8 

390 

579 

517 

408 

458 

535 

201 

2>7 

.177 

4i0 

535 

28 

283 

3S9 

575 

512 

402 

452 

530 

2.i0 

211 

,172 

421 

526 

2!) 

278 

383 

570 

500 

398 

415 

525 

251 

275 

567 

415 

517 

30 

272 

370 

501 

500 

3S8 

438 

519 

217 

209 

503 

409 

508 

31 

200 

370 

559 

495 

3><1 

432 

513 

213 

204 

558 

403 

499 

32 

200 

301 

553 

490 

377 

425 

507 

239 

239 

553 

397 

490 

33 

251 

357 

517 

4M4 

371 

418 

501 

235 

234 

548 

.391 

482 

31 

218 

351 

512 

479 

300 

411 

495 

231 

219 

514 

.381 

474 

35 

212  i 

311 

530 

474 

355 

401 

488 

220 

213 

539 

377 

407 

36 

236  j 

338 

531 

400 

339 

397 

482 

221 

2.37 

533 

370 

400 

37 

230  ' 

331 

525 

401 

311 

390 

477 

216 

230 

527 

3(;3 

433 

3S 

221  : 

325 

519 

459 

3.11 

383 

471 

211 

223 

520 

336 

446 

3i» 

218 

318 

514 

434 

330 

376 

465 

205 

216 

513 

349 

439 

40 

212 

312 

508 

449 

314 

309 

459 

199 

209 

500 

342 

432  1 

4! 

207 

305 

501 

444 

310 

302 

453 

191 

203 

500  '  335 

425 

42 

201 

299 

499 

439 

302 

355  , 

445 

189 

197 

494    328 

419 

43 

194 

292 

487 

431 

297 

348  ' 

437 

1.85 

192 

4<«8    321 

413 

41 

187 

285 

480 

429 

292 

311 

4.30 

181 

187 

482    314 

407 

45 

ISO 

279 

473 

421 

279 

331 

422 

170 

182 

476    307 

400  ' 

40 

174 

272 

406 

419 

273 

327 

414 

171 

177 

469    299 

393  i 

47 

I(i7 

265 

459 

413 

209 

320 

407 

165 

172 

401    291 

386 

48 

159 

259 

452 

408 

202 

312 

400 

1.59 

167 

451    283 

.378 

4it 

153 

252 

456 

402 

258 

305 

392 

153 

162 

441    275 

,370 

50 

117 

245 

440 

396 

212 

297 

.385 

117 

1,17 

431    267 

362  1 

51 

111 

238 

434 

390  ■ 

239 

289 

370 

112 

1.12  ! 

422    259 

354  i 

52 

135 

231 

428 

381  1 

233 

2'52 

367 

1.37 

117  j 

414    250 

,345  ■ 

53 

130 

224 

421 

378  ; 

229 

274 

358 

1,33 

142  ! 

406    241 

336 

51 

125 

217 

414 

371  ; 

221 

265 

319 

128 

1.37 

397    232 

327 

55 

120 

210 

407 

303  i 

212 

2.58 

310 

123 

1.32 

388    224 

318 

50 

no  , 

203 

400 

355 

207 

219 

331 

117 

127 

377    216 

309 

57  1 

HI 

190 

392 

316 

202 

210 

.322 

111 

121 

364    209 

300 

5S  ' 

106  i 

lt-9 

384 

338 

191 

232 

312 

100 

115 

318    201 

291 

59  : 

101 

182 

375 

329 

190 

223 

303 

101 

109 

331    193 

282 

00  1 

96  - 

175 

361 

319 

108 

211 

293 

96 

103 

314    180 

273 

61 

92 

108 

352  S 

309 

105 

204 

282 

91 

97 

299    178 

204 

62 

87  : 

161 

310 

299 

157 

195 

271 

87 

92 

280    170 

215 

63 

83  1 

151 

327 

288 

150 

186 

259 

82 

88 

271    163 

215 

01 

78 

147 

311 

278 

141 

176 

217 

77 

81 

262    155 

235 

05 

74  ; 

140 

302  ; 

207 

135 

160 

285 

72 

80 

230    147 

225 

66 

70  • 

133 

289 

2.56 

120 

157 

221 

67 

75 

230    1 10 

215 

67 

65 

120  1 

277 

215 

1!7 

147 

212 

62 

70 

220    132 

205 

OS 

01 

119  j 

205  i 

231 

100 

1,37 

200 

57 

65 

202    121 

195 

69 

50 

113 

25 1 

222 

90 

129  ' 

187 

52 

00 

181    117 

185 

70 

52 

100 

210 

211   i 

90 

118  ; 

175 

48 

55 

108 

109 

175 

71 

47 

99  , 

2-M 

nti) 

80 

108 

102 

44 

51 

153 

101 

105 

72 

43 

92 

214 

187 

75 

99 

149 

40 

47 

140 

93 

155 

73 

39  ! 

85  i 

200 

175 

70 

69 

135 

30 

43 

129 

85 

145 

74 

35 

78 

184 

162 

03 

60 

121 

33 

39 

119 

77 

135 

75 

32  ' 

71  1 

168 

148 

52 

72 

108 

3U  1 

35 

109 

69 

125  1 

76, 

77 
78 

79  I 

80  I 
SI 

82  , 

83  ] 
81 

85  1 

86  I 
87, 
88, 
69 
90  I 
91 
92] 
93  I 
91 
95, 
90  1 
97  1 

98 ; 

99  I 
100 


.:.5 


28 
23 
22 
19 
17 
14 

12 

10 
8 
7 

6 

S 

4 

3 

a 

1 


^I-  Tahle  of  ,l,e 
'locordiii!-  i„  M 

lo'iUnesamlLi 


I 

3 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
M 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 


0     1,000 


9S1 

903 

919 

937 

927, 

9191 

912 

006 

901 

896  1 

891  I 

8>.0l 

881  j 

S7C, 

872 

866 


1,000  I 
9S| 

;      9«J7 

;    9.15  i 
■     915 
935 
920 
919 
913 
908 
903 
899  1 
895  1 
892  I 
8.'?7l 
883 
876 


^n.  Table  showinc 


INTEREST  AND  ANNUITIES. 


107 


Table  of  M 

orlalUy 

—  (conti 

nueil.) 

1 

Knglauii. 

Fnnre. 

SvvrJen. 

Vienna. 

IliTlin. 

Sivii/er-  1 
l.in.l.     I 

Sile>i.i. 

llulLinJ. 

~  -:    ^ 

^  J* 

If 

^1 

i 

=  5 

KJ 

vj 

si 

n 

ll 

7ti 

a. 

JJ 

2S 

65 

152 

131 

47 

63 

90 

27 

32 

98 

61 

114 

77 

2J 

58 

130 

120 

42 

56 

84 

21 

29 

85 

53 

103 

7H 

22 

52 

121 

KM! 

30 

48 

75 

21 

2(» 

71 

55 

92 

7!l 

19 

40 

108 

94 

31 

41 

05 

18 

23 

58 

38 

82 

HO 

17 

40 

95 

81 

23 

35 

50 

16 

20 

46 

32 

72 

Kl 

14 

35 

84 

70 

21 

29 

47 

14 

18 

36 

26 

02 

Hi 

12 

30 

73 

59 

18 

21 

38 

12 

16 

29 

22 

53 

B3 

10 

25 

62 

49 

13 

19 

31 

10 

14 

24 

18 

45 

HI 

8 

20 

53 

40 

12 

15 

21 

8 

12 

20 

15 

38 

HS 

7 

10 

45 

33 

10 

12 

19 

7 

10 

17 

12 

31 

t-fi 

6 

12 

37 

20 

8 

9 

14 

6 

8 

14 

9 

25 

H7 

S 

9 

30 

21 

7 

7 

11 

5 

i 

11 

0 

19 

88 

4 

7 

23 

16 

5 

6 

8 

4 

6 

9 

4 

14 

b9 

3 

5 

18 

12 

4 

5 

6 

3 

5 

7 

2 

10 

90 

a 

4 

14 

8 

3 

4 

5 

2 

4 

5 

1 

7 

ill 

1 

3 

10 

5 

3 

3 

3 

1 

3 

4 

5 

!»2 

2 

8 

3 

2 

3 

2 

2 

3 

4 

93 

1 

5 

1 

2 

a 

1 

1 

2 

2 

9J 

1 

4 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

OS 

3 

1 

1 

% 

2 

1 

97 

2 

1 

98 

1 

99 

1 

lUO 

VI.  Table  of  the  PRncnEssivE  Decrement  of  Like  among  1,000  Infants  of  each  Se.t,  born  toRcther, 
accordins  to  iMr.  FiiilaLson's  Obsurvalioiis  on  the  Mortality  of  the  Nominees  in  the  liovuriiinent 
Tontines  and  Life  Annnities  in  Great  Uritain, 


A.. 
0 

.Mal.:s 
1,000 

Fc- 

miles. 

1,000 

Age. 
17 

.Milej. 

Fe. 
m.ile3. 

Age.  ] 

Miles. 

Fe. 

males. 

Age. 

Males, 

Fe- 
males 

A^e. 

Males. 

Fc. 
malej. 

A.. 
85 

Males. 
56 

Fe- 
males. 

117 

soo 

870 

31   I 

696 

718 

51 

.552 

616 

08 

322 

443 

1 

9S1 

9S1 

18 

85 1 

803 

35   I 

687 

740 

52 

512 

608 

09 

305 

42^ 

80 

44 

103 

2 

903 

907 

19 

810 

856 

36   1 

679 

732 

53 

531 

001 

70 

288 

412 

87 

34 

89 

3 

919 

9.->5 

20 

837 

818 

37    i 

670 

721 

54 

520 

593 

71 

270 

395 

88 

21 

76 

4 

937 

915 

21 

827 

841 

38   ' 

602 

710 

55 

508 

585 

72 

253 

377 

89 

17 

61 

5 

927 

935 

22 

816 

831 

39 

()-i3 

708 

56 

495 

570 

73 

235 

358 

90 

11 

52 

0 

919 

926 

23 

804 

827 

40 

614 

700 

57 

482 

568 

74 

218 

339 

91 

7 

41 

7 

912 

919 

21 

793 

820 

41 

636 

693 

58 

468 

559 

75 

202 

319 

92 

4 

30 

8 

900 

913 

25 

782 

813 

42 

627 

085 

59 

454 

519 

76 

185 

29s 

93 

3 

21 

9 

901 

90S 

26 

771 

805 

13 

010 

077 

60 

410 

539 

77 

171 

277 

91 

1 

14 

10 

800 

903 

27 

761 

7  98 

41 

610 

669 

61 

420 

529 

78 

150 

255 

95 

8 

II 

891 

899 

28 

751 

791 

45 

602 

601 

62 

413 

509 

79 

141 

■.i33 

90 

5 

12 

8■^6 

895 

29 

712 

781 

40 

591 

651 

63 

399 

508 

80 

125 

210 

97 

2 

13 

SSI 

892 

30 

732 

777 

47 

586 

010 

61 

385 

49t) 

81 

110 

189 

98 

1 

14 

870 

887 

31 

723 

T70 

48 

578 

038 

65 

370 

481 

82 

95 

168 

99 

15 

872 

883 

.12 

714 

703 

49 

570 

631 

66 

355 

471 

83 

81 

119 

100 

16 

866 

876  1  33 

705 

755 

50 

561 

623 

67 

339 

457 

84 

68 

132 

VII.  Tabic  showing  the  E.xpectation  of  Life  at  every  Age,  according  to  the  Observations  made  at 

Northampton. 


r 

Age. 

Eipect. 

Age. 

Expect. 

Age. 

Expect. 

Age. 

Expect. 

Age. 

Expect. 
10-88 

Age. 

Expect. 

0 

25- 18 

17 

35-20 

33 

26-72 

49 

1849 

05 

81 

4-41 

1 

32-74 

18 

34-58 

34 

2()-20 

50 

17  99 

60 

10-42 

82 

4-09 

2 

37  79 

19 

33-99 

35 

25-68 

51 

1750 

67 

9-90 

83 

380 

3 

3955 

20 

3343 

3(> 

2,-, -16 

52 

1702 

68 

9,50 

81 

3-58 

4 

401)8 

21 

32  90 

37 

2104 

53 

1651 

09 

905 

85 

337 

5 

40-81 

22 

32-39 

38 

21  12 

54 

16-06 

70 

h'liO 

80 

319 

0 

4107 

23 

31-88 

39 

23-60 

55 

15-58 

71 

8-17 

87 

3-01 

7 

41  03 

21 

3 1 -.36 

40 

23-08 

56 

1510 

72 

7  74 

88 

286 

8 

4079 

25 

.3083 

41 

22-56 

57 

1463 

73 

7-33 

89 

2-66 

9 

40-36 

26 

30-.33 

42 

22-04 

58 

1415 

74 

6-92 

90 

241 

10 

39-78 

27 

29-82 

43 

21-54 

59 

13-68 

75 

654 

91 

209 

u 

39-14 

28 

29  30 

44 

21-03 

60 

13-21 

76 

618 

92 

175 

12 

3849 

29 

28-79 

45 

20-52 

61 

12-75 

77 

5-83 

93 

l-,37 

13 

37-83 

30 

28-27 

40 

20-02 

62 

12-28 

78 

5-48 

94 

1-05 

14 

3217 

31 

27-70 

47 

1951 

63 

11-81 

79 

5  11 

95 

0-75 

15 

36-51 

32 

27  24 

48 

19-00 

64 

11-35 

80 

4-75 

96 

0-50 

16 

35-85 

- 

I 

i 


I 
I 


108 


INTEREST  AND  ANNUITIES. 


VIII.  Table  showing  the  Exi-bctation  of  Life  at  every  Age,  according  to  the  Observations  made  at 

Carlisle. 


A«e. 

Kxpecl. 

A^e. 

Eiped. 

A<e. 

Gipi'Ct. 

A|?e. 

Eippcl. 

A,e. 

Eipect. 
0-19 

A«e. 

E»pecl. 
.3'71 

0 

3H-72 

18 

42-87 

3(; 

,30  32 

53 

lM-07 

70 

87 

1 

4t-0H 

19 

4217 

37 

2!)0t 

54 

18-28 

71 

8-65 

88 

359 

2 

47-55 

20 

41  10 

38 

28-IJ6 

55 

17-.'>8 

72 

HI  6 

89 

3  47 

3 

49S2 

21 

4075 

3!) 

28-28 

56 

16-80 

73 

7-72 

W) 

3  28 

4 

50-7f) 

22 

4004 

40 

27-61 

57 

16-21 

74 

7-.33 

91 

3  26 

5 

51-25 

23 

3!»-31 

41 

26  07 

58 

15  55 

75 

7-01 

92 

3.37 

() 

5117 

2t 

.•)H-5i) 

42 

26  31 

50 

1 1  02 

76 

6-60 

93 

3- 18 

7 

50hO 

25 

37-86 

43 

25  71 

60 

14  31 

77 

6-10 

91 

3-53 

8 

5024 

26 

37-14 

44 

25-00 

61 

13-82 

78 

6-12 

95 

3-53 

« 

4<»-57 

27 

.36-41 

45 

2146 

62 

13  31 

79 

5-80 

96 

3-46 

10 

4S-S2 

28 

35-60 

46 

23-82 

63 

1281 

80 

5-51 

97 

328 

11 

480J 

2!) 

,35-00 

47 

23  17 

64 

12,30 

81 

5-21 

98 

307 

12 

47-27 

30 

34.34 

48 

2-250 

65 

1 1  79 

82 

4-93 

99 

2-77 

13 

40  51 

31 

33-08 

40 

21-81 

m 

11  27 

83 

4-65 

100 

2-28 

14 

45-75 

32 

3303 

50 

2111 

67 

10-75 

84 

4-39 

101 

1-79 

IS 

45-00 

33 

32,16 

51 

20-30 

68 

10-23 

85 

4-12 

102 

1.30 

16 

41-27 

34 

31-68 

52 

lU-68 

69 

9-70 

86 

390 

103 

083 

17 

43-57 

35 

31-00 

IX.  Table  giving  a  Compaiiative  View  of  the  Rpsuits  of  the  undermentioned  Tables  of  Mortality,  in 

Relation  to  the  following  Particulars. 


ny 

Dr.  IVice'3 

■I'iiWe, 
fouiiiU'il  on 
the  Register 
of  Firths  nntl 
Buriils  .It 
Norlhanip- 
ton. 

By 

th.'  First 

Tablet,  .n 

piil>lishu,)  by 

Dr.  I'ricc; 

fur  holh 

Mr.  DC- 

parclciix's 

Table, 

foumled 

on  the 

Mortal  iiy  in 

the  French 

Tontines, 

prior  to 

174,1. 

Mr.  Milne's 

T.-.l;le, 
founded 
on  the 
Morta.ily 
observed  at 
Carlisle 

Mr.  (Iriffilh 

Davies's 

Table, 

founded  on 

Expe- 
rience of  the 
F.uuitable 
I.it^e  Insur- 
ance Ollice. 

By  Mr.  Finlaison's 

Table,  founded  on  the 

Experience  of  the  (Jovern- 

nient  Life  Annuities. 

According 
to  his  FirH 

Investiga- 
tion,  as  men- 
tioned in  his 

Kvideiice 
in  11-25. 

Accord  in< 
to  his  .'■^riiiid 

Inves.i^a 
tion,  as  men- 
tioned in 
llis  Eviilence 
in  IH27. 

Of    100,000   persons"! 
aged  25,there  would  1 
be  alive  at  the  age  f 
of65      .     .     -     -     J 

Of    100,000    personal 
aged  65,iliere  would  1 
be  alive  at  the  age  f 
of  80     -     -     -     -     J 

Expectation  of  life  at  1 
tlie  age  of  25  years   .( 

Kxpectation  orlife  at  \ 
t  he  age  of  65  years    ) 

Value  of  an  annuity  1 
on  a  life  aged  25,  iu-  1 
terest  being  at4per  f 

'  cent.     -    -    -    -    J 

Value  of  an  annuityl 
on  a  life  aged  6,5,  in-  1 
terest  being  at  4  per  [ 
cent.     -    ...    J 

Value  of  a  deferred] 
annuity  commenc- 
ing at  65,  to  a  life  >■ 
now  aged  25,  inte- 
terest  at  4  per  cent.  J 

34,2,86 

28,738 

30-85 
10-88 

£15-438 
£7-761 

£0-55424 

43,137 

23,704 

34-58 
10-10 

£16-839 
£7-328 

£0-05842 

51,033 

29,837 

37-17 
11-25 

£17-420 
£8-039 

£0-85452 

51,335 

31,577 

37-86 
11-79 

£17-645 
£8-307 

£0-88623 

49,330 

37,267 

,37-45 
12-35 

£17-494 
£8-t535 

£0-88723 

^fea}^  of 
hotk  Sixes. 

53,470 

38,655 

38-35 
12-81 

£17-534 

£8-896 

£0-99078 

Mean  of 
lioth  Xcxa. 

53,950 

37,355 

38-52 
12-50 

£17-634 

£8-751 

£0-88334 

1 

JVotc— In  all  the  Tables  above  mentioned,  it  is  to  be  observed  that  the  mortality  is  deduced  from  an 
equal,  or  nearly  equal,  number  of  each  sex  ;  with  the  single  exception  of  Mr.  Davies's  Table.  fiiiiiKJi'd 
on  the  experience  of  the  Equitable,  in  which  office,  from  the  practical  objects  of  life  insurance,  il  is 
evident  the  male  sex  must  have  composed  the  vast  majority  of  lives  subjected  to  mortality.  Itiit  as  it 
is  agreed  on  all  hands  that  the  duration  of  life  among  fi-malos  exceeds  that  of  males,  it  follows  ihdl 
the  results  of  Mr.  Davies's  Table  fall  materially  short  of  what  they  would  have  been,  if  the  facts  on 
wnich  he  has  reasoned  had  comprehended  an  equal  number  of  each  sex.  The  Tables  have  not,  iu  aU 
cases,  been  computed  at  4^  per  cent.,  the  rate  allowed  by  government. 


X.  Tablet 


;a  |ier 

|7(W 

l8-.« 

195 

•20  -2 

20-1 

20  7! 

•20-,i; 

I  20•8^ 

2»-,S| 

at) -66 

'20-4NI 
I  20-28; 
20-081 
I9-S7-; 
19  O.'); 
19  4.-t5 
19218 
19-0I3 
18-.S-20 
I   I8-6-J8 
18470 
I   18-311 
I  18-148 
17  983 
17-814 
'  17-612 
17-467 
17289 
17-107 
10-922    I 
16  732    I 
16510    I 


XI.  Table  sli  m-i 


'•_pper,,'ent.|. 

'    20  085~' 
2i-,'i()| 
2i683 
'^..J-J85 
23-(;93 
•23-816 
2;!  SOT 
23-801 
23-6; 
23-512 
•23-3-2-. 
23  113 
22-957 
22-769 
'2-2 -082 
22-401 
22232 
22-058 
21-879 
21 -6!)  t 
ai  .-iO} 
21  ■.■{()» 
2109s 
,   20-885 

'io-mr, 

20- M  2 
!  20-212 
I   19-981 

19-761 

ntrm 

I9  31S 
19-131 
18-910 
18-67,5 
I8--I33 


Vol.  II.— K 


WTEIiEST  AND  ANNU,,,E8. 


IdOil 
IH-.'i!)9 

'-'«  '410 

20  727 
,   2()flJ3 
2()-8«5 
2()NI2 
2()fi(i3 
20W0 
2l)-2>i.1 
20081 
iyN72 
l!)e57 
I!M;« 
19218 
l!iOI3 
,    lS-.-*20 

I»470 
I  18'3I1 
I  18-148 
I   17  9-i3 

1781} 

17612 

17-l(i7 

17289 

17107 

10922 
K)  732 
10  510 


1.)  105 
'   15033 
10  102 
17010 
17-218 
17  W2 
I70II 
17ti«2" 
170,'5 
17  523 
17  3!I3 
17-251 
17-103 
IS- 950 
10  791 
100-25 
10-.l(i2 
10  309 
1010- 
lOO.-i) 
15912 
15  7 1(7 
15-  >0 
15  500 
15  438 
I'  ;il2 
I  rlHt 
15  053 
14-918 
14781 
14(139 
14  195 


I 


ll-5H'i 

l;i  420 

I -I  115 

1 1  013 

14-S-27 

15  011 

15  |(i(i 

I ',-220 

15 -.'10 

'5-139 

15  013 

M-937 

11820 

M7I0 

14-588 

14-100 

11334 

14-217 

II  108 

14  007 

13-917 

13833 

13-716 

13  058 

l3-5(i7 

13-173 

13-377 

13-278 

13  177 

13072 

l2-!)«5 

12-854 


8  301 

7-994 

70^2 

7-307 

7  ())| 

0  731 

0-418 

0-103 

5-791 

5491 

5  199 

4-9-25 

4052 

4  37 

4-07 

3-718 

3199 

3  229 

2-982 

3-793 

2-ti2() 

2-401 

2-312 

2  185 

2-015 

1-791 

1  501 

1-190 

0-839 

0  530 

0-212 

0-000 


7-701 

7- 188 

7211 

0-930 

0017 

0  301 

«075 

5  790 

5-507     I 

5-230    I 

4-!«i2    I 

4-710 

4-457 

•1-197 

3-921 

3013 

3-377 

3-122 
2-887    I 
2-708    i 

2-')  13      ; 

2  393  i 
2-251 
2-131  I 
1-907  I 
1-758  , 
1474 
M71    I 

0-8')7 

0-530 

0-210 

0-000 


-:. — .:ii;!^iij__o;ooo  I 

XI.Tal,leslnwi„g,„eVALUEOFANAv 


20  085 
21-501 
Si  083 
'J.3-J85 
-!3-(:93 
,    23-810 
2:!N). 
23-801 
23-07. 
23-512 
23-32 
23  113 
22-957 
22-709 
22 --582 
22-401 
22-232 
22058 
21-879 
21  091 
a  I  50} 
21-304 
21  098 
20-885 
I  20-005 
21)- M2 
20-212 
I   19-981 
I   19-701 
19-556 
'    19  318 
19-131 
18-910 
18-075 
18-433 


10-5.")0 

17.7-28 

18-717 

l9-2;i3 

19-592 

19747 

19  790 

19-700 

19-093 

19-.58.-,    , 

19-100    ' 

19-3.-iO 

19- -'10 

19  082    1 

18-950    : 

18-837    I 

18-7-23    I 

18-008    ( 

18-48S   ' 

18-,303 

18-233 

18-095 

17-951 

17-801 

17-015 

17-486 

17  320 

17  1.54 

16-997 

16-852 

10-705    I 

16-552   I 

10.390 

16-219 

16-011 


I    13-995 
14-983 
1    15-821 
;    10-271 
I    10-590 
(    10735 
10-790 
10-780 
10-742 
10669 
16-581 
10-191 
16-400 
16-316 
10 '2-27 
I    16144 
I    16-006 
15-987 
15-90} 
I    15-817 
,    15-7-26 

I  15-6-28 

15-525 

15417 

15-303 

15187 
15-005 
n-912 
14  827 
14-7-23 
11017 
14-506 

I I  ,387 
JI2(;0 
14127 


jtri^tlZ^'^^. 


18-183 
''    (    17-928 
f^        17-009 
9        17-405 
?    ;    17  143 
I    10-890 
I    16-040 
'    (    16-389 
!    10-130 
)    15-803 
15-585 
15-291 
11-980 
H-05} 
11-303 
13  932 
13-558 
13180 
12-798 
12-408 
12  014 
11-614 
11-218 
10-811 
10-491 
10180 
9-875 
9-507 
9-246 
8-91. 
8-578 
8-228 
7-809 
7-499 


15-850 
15  006 
15-471 
15-272 
15-074 
11-883 
1409} 
11  505 
1 1  308 
H  101 
13-889    ; 
13-002 
13-119    ' 
l''<-|53    I 
12-869 
l2-,500    ' 
12-258    ! 
11-915    I 
11-0-27    ' 
11-300 
10-900 
10-02.5 
10-286 
9-963 
9-003 
9-398 
9137 
8-872 
8-593    I 
8-307 
8-010   I 
7-700 
7-3.S0 
7-019 


13-987 
13-843 
13  095 
13-512 
!    13-3!:o 
I    13-215 
13-101 
12-9,57 
I    12-800 
I    12-018 
;    12-480 
I    12-301 
j    12-107 
i    11-892 
I    11-600 
11-410 
11-154 
10-892 
10021 
10-347 
10-003 
9-771 
9-178 
9-199 
8-910 
8-712 
8-487 
8-258 
8-016 
7-765 
7-503 
7-227 
6-911 
ti-643 


^se.    k  per  Cent. ',,  „er  r~7r. / 


Vol.  II.-_K 


i 

\ 


110 


INTEREST  AND  ANNUITIES. 


XII.  TnbiG  ihowinu  Iho  Vai-ve  nr  an  Anki'ity  on  the  .rniNT  ConTimiANCE  o»  Two  Lives  of 
KijiAK  A(ihs,  nccoriling  to  tlic  >inrtli;iiii|)li)ii  Tuhlu  of  Mortiillty. 


Ages. 

lie    1 

2—  2 

3—  3 

4—  4 

5—  5 
0—  0 

7—  7 

8—  8 

9—  0 
10—10 
11  —  11 
12—12 
13—13 
H-ll 
15—15 
10-10 
17—17 
IH— 18 
I!)— I!) 

20  —  20 

21  —  21 

22  —  22 

23  —  23 
21  — 2t 
25  —  25 
20  — 'JO 

27  —  27 

28  —  2S 

a;)— 21) 

30  —  30 
31—31 
32  —  32 


3  per 

Cent. 

i     iflUO 

l2-7fii» 

lll'Jl 

I5INI 

15  ()3S 

lOOSIO 

10  375 

'  10-510 

104K3 

'  10-33O 

10  112 

i  15  020 

15'702 

15'I70 

I  15-220 

!  11070 

H-737 

i  11-510 

!  It -3 10 

11-133 

i  13-074 

I  13-830 

i  13-0><3 

1  13-531 

I  13  3J<3 

I  13-230 

I  13-071 

12  015 

12754 

12  580 

1-2-422 


!  12-252 


4  (»er 

Spei 

Cent. 

Cent. 

8  252 

7-2S7 

11-107 

0703 

12-3-25 

10-802 

13  lh5 

11-021 

1  13.501 

1 1  -08 1 

14-005 

123.W 

M-281 

12-500 

11-300 

12-731 

14  300 

12  741 

14  277 

12  000 

14  133 

12  510 

13000 

12-411 

13-780 

12-208 

13001 

121 18 

13-411 

1 1  -000 

13-212 

1 1  -703 

13-010 

1 1  -030 

12-811 

11-483 

12-070 

11-351 

12-.5,')5 

lI-2:(2 

12-409 

11131 

12-203 

11  012 

12170 

10  051 

12002 

10-8.58 

11-014 

10-701 

ll-82> 

10-007 

,  1 1  000 

10-507 

,  11-573 

10-100 

11  445 

10-302 

!  11-313 

10-255 

11  170 

10-140 

'  11  012 

100.34 

AgM. 

33  &  33 
3 1  —  34 
35  —  35 
30  —  30 
37  —  37 
38—38 

30  —  :to 

40  —  40 

41  —  41 

42  —  42 

43  —  43 

44  —  41 

45  —  45 
40  —  40 

47  —  47 

48  —  48 
40-10 

50  —  50 
51—51 

52  —  52 

53  —  53 

51  —  54 
55  —  55 
50  —  50 

57  —  57 

58  —  58 
50  —  50 
00  —  00 
01—01 
02  —  02 
63  —  03 
(i4  —  04 


3  per 


4  per 
Cent. 


5  per 
Criit. 


12  070 
11  002 
1 1  -722 
11 -.530 
11  351 
11-100 
10-001 
10  701  i 
10,505  : 
10  309  ; 

10  175 : 

9077  I 
0-776  I 
0-571   ! 
9-3()2  1 
9-110 
8030  ! 
8-711 
8 -.507  I 
H-301  ; 
8  008  ; 
7-801   ■ 
7-Osl   \ 
7  470  i 
7  2.-)0  - 
7-011  I 
0-h2ii  I 
6-000  i 
6-380 
0-100 
5-038 
5-709  I 


10002 
10  759 
10612 
10  402 
10-307 
10-149 
9986 
9-820 
9  051 
0-191 
9326 
9-101 
8-990 
8-815 
8037 
8-453 
8-200 
8-080 
7-000 
7-723 
7-544 
7-302 
7- 179 
6-993 
6-805 
6-014 
0-121 
02-20 
6-030 
5-831 
5026 
5-417 


0  919 
0-801 
0-680 
0555 
9-127 
9  201 
0-158 
9  010 
8-870 
8-737 
8-500 
8  457 
8-312 
8  162 
8-01)8 
7  819 
7-080 
7-522 
7  300 
7213 
7-0,50 
0-897 
0-735 
0571 
6-401 
6  231 
6  002 
5-8^,S 
5-712 
5-533 
5-317 
5-158 


Ai(i'S. 

65  Sl  05 

06  —  00 

07  —  07 

08  —  08 

09  —  69 

70  —  70 

71  —71 

72  —  72 

73  —  73 

74  —  71 

75  —  75 
70  —  70 

77—77 

78  —  78 

79  —  79 

80  —  80 
81—81 

82  —  82 

83  —  83 

81  —  81 
85  —  85 
80  —  8(i 

87  —87 

88  —  h8 

89  —  80 
00  —  00 

91  —01 

92  —  02 

93  —  93  i 
0.1  —  04  I 
05  —  95 
90—90  I 


3  per 

4  per 

5  per 

(  i-hi. 

C^ni. 

Crjit. 

5  471 

5-201 

4-OtO 

5231 

4-9^2 

4-7.59 

4-089 

4-700 

4.5.55 

4-717 

4.537 

4-348 

4-501 

4-312 

4  110 

4-201 

4-087 

3030 

40-20 

3-862 

3-719 

3-781 

3  039 

3-510 

3-518 

3-421 

3,301 

3-321 

3  21 1 

3-105 

3  114 

3  015 

2017 

2  920 

2-833 

27.50 

2741 

26,56 

2-583 

2-550 

2-170 

2410 

2  338 

2-271 

2217 

2  122 

2-008 

2-018 

1-017 

1-809 

1  -8-27 

1  710 

1-681 

1  642 

1  -5.38 

1-510 

1-472 

1)16 

1  -387 

l-.3.'--7 

1  .109 

1-339 

1  2.-)0 

1-218 

1-105 

1-171 

1-MI 

1-1-24 

1  OOS  1 

1-103 

1  -030 

I-Oti-j 

1  -030 

1-015 

1  001 

0-938 

09-22 

0  00;) 

0-709 

0-7,56 

0718 

0-501 

0-.583 

0  576 

0-309 

0-365 

O-.'Ifil 

0203 

0201 

0  109 

0-OtiO 

0-000 

Oil.)!) 

0  000 

0-000 

OUUO 

XIII.  Table  showing  tlm  Vau'r  of  an  Annuity'  on  the  Joint  Continuance  of  Two  Lives  op 
EQUAL  AoEs,  aceoriliiij,'  to  llie  Carlisle  Tabli!  of  Mortality. 


Ages. 

3  per 
Cclit. 

14-070 

4  per 

Cenl. 

5  per 
CcHl. 

Ago. 

3  per 

Cent. 

4  per 
C.:nl. 

12-919 

r,  per 
Cent. 

Ag 

cs. 

3  per 
Ceir, 

4  per 
Ceiil. 

4.307 

Sr-rr 
Cent. 

1-101 

1&     1 

11  921 

10-200 

30  &  30 

11-177 

11-027 

70  t 

70 

4  ,5,56 

2—   2 

10-1)5 

13-071 

1 1  -703 

,37  -  37 

14  231 

12721 

11-170 

71  — 

71 

4-217 

40)0 

3-803 

3-   3 

18030 

15-200 

13-102 

.38  —  38 

13-081 

1-2.5-25 

1 1  -.300 

72  — 

72 

3-001 

3-7.55 

3015 

4-  4 

10-005 

10  117 

13-032 

,30  — .30 

13-727 

12-322 

11141 

73  — 

73 

3031 

3  407 

3371 

5—  5 

10-815 

10801 

14-.5I)7 

40—10 

13-181 

12-125 

10  081 

71  — 

74 

3-400 

3279 

3-105 

C—  6 

20- 150 

17  112 

I  l-7-^O 

41—41 

13-251 

11-915 

10-830 

75  — 

75 

3-231 

3  119 

3015 

7—  7 

20-2^0 

17-212 

1  1-017 

42—12 

13-0.36 

11-772 

10701 

70- 

70 

3(108 

2-01)6 

2  870 

8—   8 

20  201 

17-251 

11012 

43  —  43 

12-822 

1 1  -002 

10.500 

I  4  

77 

2  0-27 

2833 

2-711 

9-   0 

20  110 

17-170 

14-808 

41  —  41 

12-000 

11-420 

10-125 

78  — 

78 

2-784 

2  (i98 

2017 

10—10 

10  003 

17-010 

14->03 

45  —  45 

12371 

11-213 

10-278 

70  — 

79 

2-(>IO 

2-533 

2-ltlO 

11-11 

19-718 

10801 

14-681 

40—10 

12-1-28 

11-017 

10-110 

80  — 

80 

2-1.',0 

2-300 

2,321 

12-12 

10-5.38 

10-737 

14-.508 

47  —  47 

11-870 

10-837 

99)7 

81  — 

81 

2-283 

22-22 

2-103 

13—13 

19-3-27 

16582 

14-450 

48  —  48 

11-591 

10-007 

9-750 

82- 

82 

2-135 

2-079 

2-027 

14-11 

10-115 

16-125 

14.331 

49  —  49 

11  279 

10-315 

9  535 

83  — 

83 

1-078 

1-929 

l-8s2 

15  —  15 

18008 

10-272 

14-215 

50  — .50 

10912 

10  0.50 

9-291 

81  — 

81 

1  -825 

1-782 

1711 

16—16 

18-710 

10-134 

14  112 

51—51 

10.579 

0-718 

9-023 

85  — 

85 

1-0,57 

1-019 

1  -583 

17-17 

18-512 

10-007 

14-018 

52  — .52 

10-215 

9-431 

8-751 

86  — 

86 

1  -509 

1176 

1-411 

18—18 

18-305 

15-880 

130-35 

53  —  53 

9-819 

9-117 

8-174 

87  — 

87 

1-389 

1-359 

1,331 

19-19 

18-l,s2 

15  718 

i  3-8-27 

.54  —  51 

9- 180 

8-706 

8-102 

,v8  — 

88 

1.3-28 

1  301 

1275 

20  —  20 

17-003 

15-010 

13-721 

55  —  55 

9  103 

8-105 

7-000 

89  — 

89 

1-248 

1  2-23 

1-100 

21  —  21 

17-707 

15-400 

13-616 

56  —  56 

8-721 

8-128 

7-000 

90  — 

90 

1-088 

1  -006 

1-013 

22-22 

17-5S8 

15-310 

13  107 

57  — .57 

8  331 

7-783 

7-203 

01  — 

01 

1-050 

1  -0-28 

1007 

23-23 

17.372 

15-148 

13  372 

.58  — .58 

7-051 

7-114 

7-988 

02  — 

02 

1  120 

1-000 

1073 

24  —  24 

17-148 

14-078 

13-240 

59  —  50 

7 -005 

7-131 

6-705 

93  — 

93 

1-2-26 

1-100 

1-173 

25  —  25 

16-016 

1 1-800 

13  101 

60  —  60 

7-205 

6  854 

6-150 

91  — 

94 

1-302 

1273 

1-210 

26  —  20 

10-081 

M-620 

12-000 

01—61 

7-014 

6-030 

0  2,57 

95  — 

95 

1.383 

1-.3.53 

I -323  ! 

27  —  27 

16-437 

14431 

12  811 

02  —  62 

6-801 

6-117 

0-007 

90  — 

06 

1-421 

1  301 

1-31)1 

28  —  28 

16-106 

14-244 

12-003 

03  —  63 

6-503 

0  202 

5-875 

07  — 

97 

1-395 

1  -300 

]-m  i 

29  —  29 

15-076 

11075 

12.530 

01  —  04 

0  308 

5-974 

5-609 

OS  — 

98 

1-375 

1-319 

1-3-23  i 

30  —  30 

1.5-781 

13-0.30 

12-119 

65  — 1)5 

0-017 

5-7,38 

5-456 

99  — 

90 

1.291 

1  -272 

1-2,M  i 

31—31 

15.501 

13-784 

12-308 

06  —  00 

5  771 

5-400 

5-230 

100  — 

loo 

0-901 

0076 

0  %i  ! 

32  —  32 

15.302 

13-632 

12101 

67  —  07 

5-1'>0 

5-228 

4-900 

101  — 

101 

0  687 

0  679 

OOTI) 

33 -.33 

15-180 

13-400 

12  061 

08  —  08 

5-188 

4054 

4-7.37 

102  — 

102 

0-387 

0-383 

0,379 

34  — ,34 

14-0.54 

13-201 

11-9-20 

(i9  —  09 

4-877 

4  606 

4-471 

102  — 

103 

0  108 

0107 

OlOli 

35-35 

14-720 

13  HI 

11-780 

XIV.  TahlB  g 

1)1  KF! 


Ago. 


l& 


3-  8 

4-  9 
5-10 
6-11 
7-18 
8-13 
9—14 

10—15 
11-16 
12-17 
13—18 
14-19 
15  —  20 
16-21 

17  —  22 

18  —  23 

19  —  24 

20  —  25 
21—26 

22  —  27 

23  —  28 

21  —  29 
2.5  —  30 
20-31 
27-32 
28  —  33 
29— .34 
30  —  35 
31—36 


12- 

II- 

I5-, 

I  15-1 

i  I5-! 

I  '«■! 

I  16  I 

!«-( 

15  t 

'  15  7 

I  15  5 

I  15  3 

(  15  0 

14  8 

14  6( 

144! 

142( 

14-Of 

I39( 

13  71 

13,58 

13-43 

i  13-281 

!  1312 

i  12  00( 

I  12-80,' 

12-041 

I  12-171 

12  301 

12-131 

1 1  055 


XV.  Table  showi 

DiFFEHt 


Ages. 


3|)eT 
Cenl. 


16-828 

18-087 
19' 1 00 
19-584 

0  j  19-874 

1  I  19-9.35 

2  I  19-889 

3  i  19-771 

4  19-606 

5  19-410  I 
5  I  19-208 

"  '  19-014  . 
i  i  18-820  I 
•  !  18-022  I 
I  I  18-4-23  I 
I  18-230  , 

1 18-030 ; 

j  17-8.-J8 
I"  6.33 
17-421 
17-204 

I  16-917 
16-747 

!  16-524 

I  16-311 
16-097 

15-875 

15-648 
I  15-424 
I  15-209 

14-989  i 

14  764  j 

14  531 


.  1 
1 

;  1 

i  1 

1 

<  1 

1 1- 
i  I- 

1' 

I 

11 

i: 

13 
13 
13 
13 
12 


Tie  Nortliampton 
?ui<e  for  the  insuranc 
<"  them  in  tliig  respcu 
■"^s.    And  yet,  singiili 
terms  that  they  insure 
ol-v-ioiisly  lose  by  tlie 
according  to  the  NortI 
''";    A  glance  at  th. 
oig  on  Pnt.rely  false  pi 
mathematicians,  this  s 
the  loss  thence  arisine 
appear  a  large  sum  to 
ence  of  no  less  than  91 
nortliampton  and  Carl 


INTEREST  AND  ANNUITIES. 


Ill 


XIV.  Tabin  Rhnwinfrthn  Vauie  of  an  Annihtv  on  llie  Joint  f'(>ntiiiii!\nri>  of  Two  Lives,  when  the 
DlKKKRi-jNCb:  OK  AcK  IS  KlVE  Vi-.AHH,  iiccoriliii),'  to  the  Niirtli:im|iti)ii  'rahlc  of  Morliilily. 


4  •'.ICO 
•IT.VJ 
4'r.f>.'.  I 
■\:n>i  ; 

•11  10 
3-',W0 
3-7 10 
3-.M0  1 
3  3(11 
310.5 
2017 
27.M) 

2410 
2217 
2018 
l-h-J7 
1  t)42 
1-47-i 
1  3,07 
12J0 
1171 
lOOS 
I   1-(HVI 

1  Old 

O'.MI'.) 
0'7W 
0  57t) 

o-;tiu 
0  \m 

00.V.1 
0000 


79 

•20 

^2 
10 
76 

no 
ni 
■a 
III) 


5  ff  r 
Cciii. 

4-101  1 
3-S03  I 
3tilJ  i 
3  371  : 
31(i5 
3  II 15  ' 
'J  STU 
2-7  M  I 
2('17 

1   2-lW)  ! 

1  2- 321  , 

;  2ira 

i  20-27  I 

rH52 1 

1711 
l-5i?3 
1444 
1-331 
1275 
ll'J'J 
1015 
I  007 
073 


00  .  1 
l9l>  I  l''^ 
173  \  l'-J<5  i 
1,53  '  1-3^3  I 
h\  1  1-3IV1 


l(i() 


-339  1 


1,9      1-323  I 
|72      1-251  i 
0  9tV2  ' 


70 


0070  i 
|83    I  0  379 
l07   I  OlOt) 


Age* 

Sper 

(nil. 

4  per 
CeiiL 

5  prr 
Ceul. 

An-i. 

3  per 
Cut. 

4  per 

Cent. 

cj;:7 

Aire. 

3|er 

Cflil. 

4  per 

cm. 

f)  per 
Oht. 

IJt    6 

12316 

10741 

9479 

32  Sl  ,37 

11  775 

10(159 

0-710 

62  &.  67 

5.503 

5-285 

4-980 

2-7 

14  Kil 

12581 

11-100 

33  —  38 

II  ,501 

10  508 

0501 

03  —  68 

5  205 

5III7 

4-780 

3—   H 

l5-;too 

13-310 

117.55 

31  — .39 

II  401 

10.351 

9  l(i3 

6 1  —  6!) 

51125 

4  708 

4 -.585 

4—9 

15-809 

13775 

12  165 

35  —  40 

II  213 

10  100 

9  331 

6.5  —  70 

4  7«2 

4-573 

4  378 

5  —  10 

15974 

13-033 

12  315 

36  —  41 

11  021 

10037 

9- 108 

C'O  —  7 1 

4510 

4-349 

4  169 

6-11 

16  110 

14008 

12  417 

37-42 

10  8-28 

9877 

9062 

07  —  72 

4-208 

4  121 

3  1100 

7-12 

16  137 

14  111 

12-498 

38  —  '13 

10  634 

9-716 

8-<»27 

08  —  73 

4-0,59 

3-!K»l 

3-7.52 

H— 13 

16089 

14080 

12402 

39-44 

10  437 

9- ,5.50 

8-7.^7 

69  —  74 

3-h25 

3I'.83 

3-547 

9—14 

15-9.57 

I3U02 

12421 

40  —  45 

10235 

9  3M 

8-043 

70  —  75 

3-509 

3471 

3-347 

10—1.5 

15762 

13  841 

12-.102 

41—40 

10033 

9-210 

8  407 

71—76 

3-3>-0 

3270 

3  1.59 

11-16 

1553S 

13(164 

12-1,58 

42  —  47 

0  829 

9037 

8-3.50 

72  —  77 

3-175 

3-070 

2  971 

12-17 

15  308 

13480 

12-009 

43  —  48 

9-623 

8■^62 

8-200 

73  —  78 

2903 

2-809 

27N0 

13-18 

15086     13'.303 

11  864 

44  —  49 

9-414 

8-683 

8-040 

74—79 

2-743 

2-659 

2-.580 

14  —  19 

14  870     13  130 

11  723 

45  -  50 

9  201 

8-503 

7-NOl 

75  —  80 

2-520 

2-4 18 

5-381 

15  —  20 

14  060 

I2<H)| 

1 1  .585 

46-51 

8097 

8-326 

7-737 

70  —  81 

2  325 

22,58 

2  195 

16  —  21 

14457 

12 -SKI 

11  4,52 

47  —  52 

8  7iK) 

8-147 

7-582 

77—82 

2  131 

'  2-077 

2013 

17  —  22 

14  265 

12- 610 

11-327 

48  —  53 

8\570 

7065 

7  421 

78  —  M 

1-947 

;   1-899 

1-838 

18  —  23 

140.'<2 

12.500 

1 1  209 

49  —  54 

8-306 

7-780 

7-202 

79  —  81 

1-702 

'   1-751 

1-7,50 

19  —  24 

13908 

12  361 

1 1  OOt) 

50  —  55 

8151 

7-593 

7-1198 

80-85 

1-645 

1-608 

'  -.573 

20-25 

13  741 

12-229 

10989 

51—56 

7-910 

7-409 

0-936 

81  —80 

1510 

1   1-478 

1  447 

21-26 

13.584 

12  105 

1(1-890 

52  —  57 

7-730 

7-225 

6-774 

82—87 

1-385 

1.356 

1  329 

22  —  27 

13  433 

11  987 

10-796 

53  —  58 

7518 

7 -0,39 

6-609 

83  —  88 

1  281 

1   1-259 

1  2.35 

23-28 

13280 

11-866 

10  699 

54  —  59 

7-301 

6-8.50 

e-442 

84—89 

1187 

'  1-101 

1  lis 

24  —  29 

13  124 

11743 

lOfiOO 

.55  —  60 

70''8 

6-659 

6-272 

85  —  90 

1074 

'  10.54 

io;!8 

2.5  —  ,30 

12966 

11-618 

10-499 

56  —  61 

6-870 

6-465 

6  100 

86  —  91 

0-021 

1  0-<)02 

0-N92 

20-31 

12-805 

11-489 

10-390 

57-02 

0-651 

6-270 

5i)25 

87  —  92 

0-7.55 

1  0-738 

0  734 

27-32 

12041 

11  359 

10 -2^9 

58  —  63 

6-427 

0070 

5744 

88  —  93 

0-561 

0-554 

0  517 

28  —  33 

12  474 

11225 

10-181 

59  —  64 

6-201 

5-807 

5-,"i6l 

89  —  94 

0-377 

0  373 

0-.369 

29  —  34 

12  304 

1 1  088 

10009 

00  —  65 

6-070 

5-058 

5-372 

90  —  95 

0-179 

0-177 

0-175 

30-35 

12131 

10-948 

9-954 

01—60 

5-737 

5447 

5-180 

91—96 

0-000 

0-000 

0000 

31  —  36 

11-055 

10805 

9837 

1 

XV,  Table  showing  the  Vali-e  op  an  Annuity  on  the  Joint  Continuance  of  Two  Lives,  when  the 
DiFKERKNOE  OF  AGE  IS  KivE  Yeaus,  according  to  the  Carlisle  Table  of  Mortality. 


Ages. 

3per 
Cent. 

4  per 
Cent, 

5  per 
Cent. 

Age,. 

3  per 
Cent. 

4  per 
Cent. 

6  per 
Ceul. 

Aginu 

3  per 

Cent. 

4  per 

Cent. 

5  per 
Cent, 

1&    6 

16-828 

14269 

12-331 

34  4,39 

14-290 

12773 

11-508 

67  & 

72 

4-580 

4-380 

4-207 

2-    7 

18087 

15  341 

13-258 

35  —  40 

1 1-048 

12-581 

11.354 

68  — 

73 

'1-297 

4  123 

3-901 

3-  8 

19-100 

16214 

14019 

36  —  41 

13-812 

12-394 

11-204 

69  — 

74 

4-035 

4-878 

3-731 

4-   9 

19-584 

16644 

14402 

37  —  42 

13-579 

1-2-209 

11-0.50 

70  — 

75 

4-801 

3-061 

3528 

5-10 

19-874 

16-913 

14-649 

38  —  43 

13.346 

12-021 

10-907 

71  — 

76 

3-568 

3  439 

3-319 

6-11 

19-9.35 

16-989 

14-731 

39  —  44 

1.3- 107 

11-833 

10-7,53 

72  — 

77 

3-353 

3-2,37 

3-1-27 

7-12 

19-889 

16-975 

14-736 

40  —  45 

12-868 

11  641 

10-598 

73- 

78 

3-152 

3017 

2-918 

8-13 

19-771 

16-900 

14-689 

41—46 

12-630 

11-450 

10-444 

74  — 

79 

2952 

2-857 

2767 

9-14 

19-606 

16785 

14-606 

42—47 

12.389 

11-256 

10-287 

75  — 

80 

2-790 

2-704 

2-623 

10-15 

19-410 

16-613 

14-500 

43  —  48 

12  139 

11-053 

10121 

76  — 

81 

2-618 

2540 

2467 

11-16 

19-208 

16-495 

14-389 

44  —  49 

11-808 

10-8,30 

9-937 

*  (    

82 

2471 

2-400 

2333 

12-17 

19-014 

16-,S54 

14-284 

45  —  50 

11-5S0 

10.591 

9-737 

78  — 

83 

2-318 

2-255 

2-194 

13-18 

18-820 

16-213 

14-178 

46  —  51 

11271 

103,32 

9  519 

79  — 

84 

2-155 

2099 

2  045 

14-19 

18-622 

16068 

14069 

47  — .52 

10955 

10  065 

9-292 

80  — 

85 

1  993 

1-913 

1  895 

15-20 

18-4-23 

159-22 

13959 

4S  — 53 

10-028 

9-787 

9-051 

81- 

86 

l->34 

1-71K) 

1-747 

16-21 

18-230 

15-781 

13.853 

49-54 

10-284 

9-492 

8-799 

82  — 

87 

1-701 

1-00 1 

1-028 

17-22 

18-030 

1.5  639 

13746 

50  —  55 

99i24 

9-181 

8-5-28 

83  — 

88 

1-606 

1,569 

1-535 

18-83 

17-8:f8 

15-493 

13-6,30 

51—56 

9500 

8-855 

8242 

84- 

89 

1-406 

1-464 

1-433 

19-24 

17  6.33 

15-341 

13  520 

.52  —  57 

9172 

8-524 

7-950 

85  — 

90 

1-835 

1-307 

1-279 

20-25 

17-421 

15-182 

13-398 

53  —  58 

8-797 

8-194 

7-057 

86  — 

91 

1-2,55 

12-29 

1-203 

21—2(5 

17201 

15019 

13  272 

54  —  59 

84,39 

7-876 

7-375 

87  — 

92 

1-245 

1-218 

1-192 

22-27 

16-917 

14-846 

13-1.37 

55  —  60 

8-098 

7-574 

7-106 

88  — 

93 

1-272 

1-245 

1219 

23-28 

16-747 

14-670 

13-000 

56  —  61 

7-788 

7-299 

6-800 

89- 

94 

l-2t)6 

1-240 

1214 

I  24  —  29 

16524 

14-500 

12-867 

57  —  62 

7-480 

7-025 

0-015 

90  — 

95 

1-217 

1-191 

1167 

25-30 

16-311 

14-3.39 

12-742 

.58  —  63 

7-175 

6752 

6-370 

91  — 

96 

1-210 

1-185 

1  161 

26-31 

16097 

14  176 

12-615 

59  —  64 

0-875 

6-482 

6-127 

92  — 

97 

1-2.30 

1-205 

1-181 

27-32 

15-875 

14-006 

12-482 

f)0  — 65 

6-589 

6-225 

5-89 

93  — 

98 

1  -202 

1  238 

1215 

28-33 

15-648 

13-830 

12.344 

61—66 

6323 

5-986 

5-078 

94- 

99 

1-2.34 

1-212 

1-191 

29 -.34 

15-424 

13-657 

12-206 

62  —  67 

6-0.54 

5743 

5-458 

95  — 

loo 

1-072 

1-055 

10.38 

!  30-35 

15-209 

13  491 

12-078 

63  —  68 

5-779 

5-493 

5-230 

96  — 

101 

0.851 

0-839 

0-828 

131-36 

14-9,89 

1.3  32 1 

11-944 

61  —  69 

5-4!)0 

5-229 

4-9>8 

97  — 

102 

0,568 

0.562 

0-555 

!  32-37 

14-764 

13  116 

11-800 

65  —  70 

5-193 

4-956 

4  737 

9a  — 

103 

0  251 

0-252 

0-249 

1  33-38 

14531 

12-964 

11-661 

66  —  71 

4-882 

4  667 

4-4<i9 

The  Northnmptan  Table  (No.  7.),  by  under-ratint;  the  diirntion  of  life,  was  a  very  advantageotia 
guide  for  the  insurance  offices  to  go  by  in  insuring  lives  ;  but  to  whatever  e.-stent  it  niifjht  be  beneficial 
to  them  in  this  respect,  it  became  eiiually  injurious  when  they  adopted  it  as  a  guide  in  selling  annui- 
ties. And  yet,  singular  as  it  may  seem,  some  of  the  insurance  ottice.t  grunted  annuities  on  the  same 
terms  ihut  they  insured  lives  ;  not  perceiving  that,  if  they  g.iined  by  the  latter  transaction,  they  niiist 
obviously  lose  by  the  former.  Government  also  contiiiiieil  for  a  lengthened  period  to  sell  annuities 
according  to  the  Northampton  Tables,  and  without  making  any  distinction  between  male  and  female 
lives:  A  glance  at  the  Tables  of  .M.  Deparcieux  ought  to  have  satisfied  them  that  they  were  proceed- 
ing nn  entirely  false  principles.  liut,  in  despite  even  of  the  admonitions  of  some  of  the  most  skilful 
iniitlieniaiicians,  this  system  was  persevered  in  until  within  these  few  years!  We  understand  that 
the  loss  thence  arising  to  the  public  may  be  moderately  estimated  at  2,000,000r  sterling.  Nor  will  thia 
appear  a  large  sum  to  those  who  recollect  that,  supposing  interest  to  be  4  per  cent.,  there  is  a  differ- 
ence nf  no  less  than  91{.  Is.  in  the  value  of  an  annuity  of  50/.  fur  life,  to  a  person  aged  45,  between  tha 
Nortbanipton  and  Carlisle  Tables. 


I 

S 

a 


5 

I 

1 


112 


INVOICE,  IONIAN  ISLANDS. 


INV^OICE,  nn  account  of  rooiIh  or  tncrchandiHo  wnt  by  tnerchnnts  to  tlieir  correspon- 
dents nt  lioiiic  or  ahrond,  in  which  the  pcculiur  inarkx  of  eacli  package,  with  other  ]>articularfl, 
nrc!  wt  forth. — (Si-c  example,  vol.  i.  p.  207.) 

IONIAN  ISLANDS,  the  name  niveu  to  tl.e  iHlamls  of  Corfu.  I'axo,  Siinta  Maura,  Ithaca, 
Ccphaloiiia,  /ante,  Cerino,  ami  their  licpciKlrnl  islets.  With  the  exceiitiori  of  Cerigo,  which 
lies  opposite  to  the  souih-easleni  extremity  of  the  Morea,  the  rest  lie  jjrelly  eiiiitinuous,  aloii;^ 
the  western  coasts  of  Cpirus  ami  (Jreece ;  the  most  northerly  point  of  ('orfu  heiiig  in  hit. 
;)'.t°  48'  ].')"  N.,  anil  the  most  southerly  point  of  Zaiile  ((.'ape  Kieri,  on  wliich  there  is  a 
liRhl-house)  being  in  iat.  37°  38'  35"  N.  Kapsali,  the  port  of  Cerigo,  in  in  lut.  30°  T  30" 
IV.,  Ion,  'Z3°  E. 

The  area  and  present  population  of  the  different  islands  may  bo  estimated  as  follows: — 


1  Hands. 

Aren  in  Sipiirf  Milei, 
li  tn  a  lle^rt'e. 

Population. 

i.'orfll              ...... 

('(•Iilinlnnia        -           -           -            -            -      - 

Ziiiile             _..--. 
•Miiiiia  Mniira     -            -            -            -            -      - 

Illi.'ica  III  '  ('alamos            -            -            -            . 
<"iTiui>  anil  CiTitiiitlo    -            -            .            -      - 
I'aAii  and  Aiiti|mx(i             .... 

Totals 

1(176 

5fl0 
.'.•2.5 
.'i;i2 
4  M) 
1  90 

59,H,19 
!)I1„')S9 
X,,\'i-2 
1>.I(W 

ii.:w7 
N,:i:)(i 

4,953 

47  12* 

1113,848 

Soil  nnd  C/imn(i».— Those  are  very  various— Zantn  is  llio  most  friiitriil.  It  oniislsis  principally  of  nn 
extensive  plaii •cnpicd  liy  pliinlatinns  of  currants,  and  liaviiii;  an  air  (it'liixurianl  Ccrlility  aiiil  rich- 
ness,    lis  climalc  is  ciiniparnlivcly  rcinal  and  tini",  lint  it  is  vciy  snhji'cl  to  carllKinakcs.    CoiCii  .ind 

Oplialdiiii  arc  iimri'  riiiitftul  and  less  IriiiHiil  than  /anic'  ■""'  ""•  e.,ri.L..r  ir,,,..   i,^  .i..!.. i... 

Bnowy  iiKinntains  (if  lliiiriis, 

In  .lanniry,  I"-.'!:!, 


„i,.,  I.  nn  .i.iiii. II,  ..iiiiK  ,  anil  the  I'urincr  rrimi   its  vicinity  to  the 

„ , ,  ami  Ihi-  latli'r  Irmn  llic  I'dack  Mi)iuitiiiii  (Ihr  iMmini  AIikih  nf  aiiti(|iiii\) 

in  its  inlcriiir,  are  cxposi'd  in  winter  Id  freal  and  siiddiMi  vjiriatiiins  DriiMnpciatiiri     "     ' 

the  rold  was  nmre  riunroiis  lli.in  usual,  tlif  I'ri'St  daniacinu  In  ii  cr  "at  eMcnl  (he  nraiiL'i's  aim  vines  ij|' 

these  islands  and  those  of  Haiila  Maura.     'I'he  hitler  is,  in  the  not  senson,  e.vceediniily  unhealthy,-  n 

conseiiiience  of  the  v.ipmirs  urisiii(!  fniiii  the  marshes,  and  the  shallmv  seas  lo  the  N.  10.     ('('rij,'!!  is 

rocky  and  sterile  ;  it  is  siihjet  t  to  coiitiiiuud  uales.aiid  the  currents  suldoni  iierniil  its  waters  lo  reiiiam 

unriitlled. 

Ilislury,  Oorerninent,  J^c. 


These  islands  have  undeix'ime  many  vicissitudes.     Corfu,  llin  ancient 
r,  and  fur  the  contest  hetvveen  it  and  its  niother 


jii.^ii/rr/,    ,ri'i'r//irrir/ii,ifi.     -•m.^-i^     i.^iiiik. ^    iiii.i.     ■iii..>>b.'iii.     iin»ii,»      » 

Corcyra,  uas  famous  in  antiiiiiily  for  its  naval  power,  and  for  the  co.  .. ... 

statetJorinth,  wliicli  eventually  lermiriated  in  the  I'eloponnesian  war.  Ithaia,  the  kiijcdoiii  of  I'lyssi  s ; 
Ceplmlonia,  sometimes  called  Dulichiiim,  from  the  name  of  one  of  its  cities;  /ante,  or  /acynihii.-i; 
8aiita  Maura,  known  to  the  ancients  hy  the  iianies  of  I.eiicas  or  l.encadia,  celehraleil  for  its  proiiMin. 
tnry,  surmoiinled  liy  a  temple  of  Apollo,  whence  .Sappho  precipitated  herself  into  the  ocean  ;  anil  Ce- 
rigo, or  Cythera,  the  hirlh-placc  of  Helen,  and  sacred  to  Venus  j — have  all  ac()uireil  an  immorlality  of 
renown.     Ifut,  on  coinparinii  their  present  with  their  former  stale,  we  may  well  e.\claiiii,— 


Ifcu  ijuantuvt  here  M'iobe,  JV/ofce  lUstabat  ab  ilia  j 

After  innumerable  revolutions,  they  fell,  about  350  years  ago,  under  the  domininn  of  Venire.  Since 
the  downfall  of  that  republic,  they  liave  had  several  prolpctors,  or  rather  masters,  bi'inu  siiccessivi'ly 
under  the  dominioii  of  the  Itiissians,  the  French,  and  the  KiiL'lish.  liy  thetreaty  of  l*aris,  in  IM.'i.thcy 
were  formed  into  a  sort  of  seiui-iiidepeiideiit  state.  They  enjoy  an  inleriKil  j/oveniincMit  of  their  own, 
under  the  protection  of  Great  Urilain  ;  a  l.ord  IliRli  (Iiviiiiiiissioiier,  appointed  hy  the  kinc  of  Imil'IiiiiI, 
hiiviiig  charfte  of  the  forei^'u  relations,  and  of  the  internal,  tiiariliiiK',  and  sanitary  police.  His  Ma- 
jesty's  coiTimnniler  in-chief  has  the  custody  of  the  fortresses,  and  the  disposal  of  the  forces.  It  is 
stipulated  in  the  treaty  of  I'aris,  that  the  islands  may  he  called  upon  for  the  pay  and  siihsisletice  nf 
;i,(J(IO  men,  as  well  as  for  the  repair  of  their  fortresses  occupied  liy  the  Hrilisli  troops.  The  e.xecntive 
povernineiit  is  vested  in  a  president  nominateil  by  the  tonimissionpr,  and  a  senate  of,")  iiieinbers  il  lir 
each  of  the  larger  islands  of  Corfu,  Cephalonia,  /ante,  and  Santa  IMaiira,  ami  1  representing  collii'- 
tively  the  smaller  ones  of  Ithai-a,  (jerigo,  and  I'axo,  hy  each  of  which  he  Is  elecleil  in  rotation).  'Ilii; 
senators  are  elected  at  ihe  coinmencement  of  every  qnimiiieniiial  parllanient  (snlijeit  to  a  negiiijvi! 
from  the  commissioner)  from  a  legislative  chamber  of  40  meiiihers,  Ihemselvi's  elected  hy  the  coiisii- 
tiiencies  of  the  ditTereiit  islands,  for  ."i  years.  The  senate  and  legislative  assembly,  loL'etlier  with  the 
commissioner,  are  thus  the  supreme  authority ;  they  are,  when  iiniled,  termed  tlie  I'ailianient,  (iml, 
ag  such,  pa.-s,  aiiieml,  and  rcpi^al  laws,  in  the  mode  prescribed  by  the'  constilutinn  of  1^17.  Hesides  the 
general  government,  there  is  in  each  island  a  local  adiiiinistralion,  composi'il  of  a  ri.'gent,  named  hy 
the  sen.ite,  and  from  2  to  5  municipal  officers  elected  by  their  fellow  citizens. 

T/ie  Sidle  of  Sociely,  in  these  islands,  is  far  from  Iteing  good,  and  was  formerly  the  most  depraved 
iinacinahle.  The  p  ople,  when  they  were  placed  under  the  a-gis  of  Kiigland,  were  at  once  lazy,  jirno- 
rant,  superstitious,  cowardly,  and  blondlhirsty.  Their  vice  may,  we  believe,  he,  in  a  great  (l.griM', 
ascribed  to  the  govi-rnment  and  religion  establishi>d  umongst  them.  The  latter  consisted  of  little  jimrc 
than  a  series  of  fasts  and  puerile  observances ;  while  the  former  was  both  weak  and  corrupt.  The 
Veneti.ins  apiKiinled  to  situations  of  power  and  emohiment  belonged  mostly  to  iiidili!  but  deiaycil 
famili  IS,  and  looked  upon  their  otiices  merely  as  means  by  which  they  might  repair  their  shaJlin'il 
fortunes.  Hence  tin.'  grossest  corruption  pervaded  every  deparlnient.  There  was  no  crime  fur  whirh 
liiipunily  might  not  he  purchased.  Justice,  in  fact,  was  openly  bought  and  sold  ;  and  suits  were  ilc. 
cided,  not  according  to  the  principles  of  law  or  equity,  but  hy  the  ir  resist  ilih;  influence  of  I'actinn  or  of 
gold.  In  cniisequcnce,  the  islands  became  a  prey  to  all  tlie  vices  that  afllict  and  degrade  a  cornipliinj 
Benii-harharoiis  society.  Sandys,  one  of  Ihe  best  English  travellers  who  ever  visited  Ihe  l,ev;iiit, 
having  touched  at  Zante  in  ItilO,  e.vpresses  himself  with  respect  lo  the  inhabitants  as  follows:-  "In 
habile  th(>y  imitate  iIk!  Italians,  but  transcend  them  in  their  revenges,  and  infinitely  less  civil.  Tiny 
will  threaten  to  kill  a  merchant  that  will  not  buy  their  cominodilies ;  and  make  liiore  consi  ieiiie  to 
hreake  a  fist  lljan  lo  commit  a  iniirlher.  He  is  weary  of  his  life  that  lialh  a  difTerence  with  aiiviil' 
tlieiii  and  will  waike  abroad  after  dnylighl.  But  cowardice  is  joined  with  llieir  criieliie,  w  ho  ilaro 
doe  iioiliing  hut  sodainly  upon  advantage;  and  are  ever  privatcdy  armed.  They  are  encuunigfil  to 
villainies  by  the  remissnesse  of  their  laws.    The  labourers  do  go  into  the  fields  with  swords  and  par- 

*  This  is  equal  to  lOOl'S  English  square  miles  of  69.15  to  the  degree. 


tiziina,  ng  il 

turned  <uil.' 

If  the  Zan 

Ihey  certninl 

"on  sure  an 

«'"<■  year,  Iho 

Matters  wi 

tanfs  Were  d 

<'Xteriiiiiintio 

siipfprcNM  ihei 

tlieir  Kelljsh  n 

sensioiiH  that 

sidering  the  s 

giiislieil  nmoi 

Venetians  aft 

eoiild   be    pre' 

wholly  unsitci 

The  islande 

fither.     Tliey  \ 

and  it  has  beei 

which,  nt  all  e 

A  long  seriee 

rniigh  change 

liitttience  of  tin 

has  become  con 

and  fair  dealiiK 

degree  of  infori 

could  be  wishei 

with  wliich  Sir 

lie  was  opposei 

«ay.    Those  a 

Turkish  govern 

plain,  str.iightfo 

diminished ;  am 

generally  dillu.si 

Miiiiifiufiires, 

villani.  orpeasai 

of  their  families. 

quantity  of  silk  ( 

and  the  establish 

ill  ih'splay,  and  vi 

Corfiotes  ;  in  (he 

to  the  nobles  resi 

niiilatfi  industry. 

R'lvernniciit,  silll 

lii.'<  land  is  neglect 

"MP'irtunilies  at  ti 

means  of  liniioiir[ 

change  fur  the  bet 

Iiiiimrls  of  Onii, 

fnant  paving  hall 

tnnlion  given  to  tl 

grain  and  cattle  re 

and  about  HOO.ono  i 

in  b2(i  were  I7ti,2; 

duties  on  the  iniro: 

favour  of  governni 

inen  also  siifTered  1 

duce  less  than  20,0 

C'«^^/f.— Tliey  ;ir( 

small  niiniber  only 

llie  slaughterhouse, 

I'cef  eaten  liy  the  ti 

Hint  skirl  if,  m  the  > 

^.V/)l)r^■.-The  sfi 

llie  first  is  prodiicei 

-MiMira.  and  Cpfilialf 

qiicnce,  partly,  of  tt 

Venetians.     Alfhoiii 

pcnerally  repo.sin"  f, 

••""1,1  years.)     Durii 

stnisan  animated  ai 

calculated  that  the  i- 

and  that  of  thi.s  ,,„,„ 

"■  U.S.  per  harrel.     [ 

riilnn.iii  duly  of  |0i  . 

''';;'  'i:'"i''y  might  in, 

f''lly  iMier  than  in  an 

yiin-iinl.f,  originall' 

"Imca,  hut  principalis 

'"""'  wliich  re.iuire 
)  oils  a  crop.  i,n|„, 
Pailicred  up  in  small  I 
isagain  laid  ,|own  sni, 
ar"  liable  lo  injury  in 
s'ason  produces  prea 
carefully  pi.^ko,,  ^^e  n 
process  may  occupy  a 
himdersiorm  (no  unfr 
'"niuntation.  The  frt 
k2 


IONIAN  ISLANDS. 


113 


Pinri! 
ci'ssivi'ly 
IMri.llii'y 
iii'ir  iiu  11, 
I'.iml-uid, 
Ills  Mu- 
ll is 

itCIK't:    of 

xecillivi' 
|icrs  (1  lir 

f  eollcr- 
|)iii.    'I'lie 

Il('|!!lliVI! 

Ill-  cdiisii- 
willi  llie 

ln'iit.  unci, 
■  sides  till! 

Imiiu'd  liy 

lilcpriivod 
Tizy.  iiiiiii- 
|il'ilfs;ii't', 
liiilc  iiiiirc 
li|)t.  The 
It  di'ciiyed 
sliiiiliriid 
Ifiir  wliifli 

1  \V(,T('  do- 

Itimi  ornf 

^rnipl  !i'"l 

l.oviiiil, 

ivs:-  "111 

lil.    Tlii'y 

lijtMin'  W, 

111  .my  111' 

kvlici  d:iri! 

liriiKi'd  l" 

iiiid  par- 


tiznn«,  OH  if  in  nn  enemii-'fi  counlrey;  bringing  homo  their  oila  and  wines  In  hngijtini,  ihe  iiisnle 
lurrKul  out."— (|).  7.  «il.  KlUT.) 

II' till'  /iiiiliiili'Hditl  not  (Icti-riorntp  diirins  tlin  next  2  rfnliiricn,  whirli,  indi'cil,  wim  linrilly  pussililo, 
tliry  i-iTtniiiiy  iliil  not  iiiipriivi!.  Dr.  Ilolliniil,  hy  wliorn  llii-y  wrrt-  visltcil  in  Ih|'>,|i.||h  iis  Hint  IH'  lii'^iril, 
"on  Hiiru  initliorily,  (hat  tlic  niiiiilii^r  of  iiHxnMslii.'iiiiiiiM  In  /until  lia.s  lict'ii  niuii'  than  I  I'it  imi  Ii  day  of 
till-  yi-nr,  Ihoiiiili  IIih  population  ivaH  only  KMMKI :"— (/'niri/^  i«  llir  luiiinn  hli-s,\-r.  Iin  cil.  p   •:;{.) 

Matters  with,  if  not  qiiitH  so  Ijnil,  viiry  litlli;  biMlcr  In  tin*  otlirr  iKlaiidx.  In  ('I'pliiilniiia,  llir  iiilialii- 
tnntH  wcrn  diviitt'd  into  faclioiiH,  I'liliTlalnin);  Ihi!  most  iniplacalilc  aniiiioNilii's,  and  waL'inu  a  war  of 
(•ttcrniiiintion  uRuinst  eacii  otiii'r.  A  little  viuoiir  on  tlni  part  of  tliiiir  riiliTH  would  liuvc  scrvi'd  to 
HtipprcNN  lliuir  niiirilcroiiH  contcHts.  Uiil  this  was  not  an  nlijiMt  Ihcy  wixlifd  toattain  :  on  llii'  i  imtrary, 
tlivir  indliHh  and  crooked  policy  niadc  them  sei'k  to  Hlreniitlien  their  own  power  hy  fi<nii'iiliii:!  the  dia- 
nennionH  that  prevailfid  uiiionKKt  llicir  snlijeetn.— (H(//i/i,  De.scnpluin  ilii  (iolj'r  de  /Viii.-c,  p.  Idi.)  t'un- 
•liderini!  tlit>  Htute  of  society  at  home,  we  need  not  wonder  that  the  (VplialoniaiiH,  u  ho  were  distin- 
guished HmoiiK  the  islanders  fur  activity  and  enturprise,  were  mmli  addicted  to  emigration.  'I'lio 
Venetians  attempted  to  check  its  prevalence;  but,  as  they  neKlecled  the  mily  iiieanH  hy  which  It 
could  bo  prevented, — tlio  cstahlishiiii'iit  of  security  uiid  good  order  ut  lionie,— their  cH'orts  wero 
wholly  unsuccessful. 

The  islanders  did  not,  however,  satisfy  tlieniselves  with  attcniplinu  to  stab  niid  prey  upon  each 
fither.    They  were  much  addicted  to  piracy,  particularly  the  inhaliilants  of  Santa  Maura  and  ('erij;o;  ' 
and  it  has  been  alleged  that  the  Venetian  government  partici|)ated  in  the  prulits  of  this  public  robbery, 
which,  nt  all  events  they  took  little  pains  to  suppress. 

A  long  series  of  years  will  be  required  to  eradicate  vices  so  dooply  rooted,  and  to  elTert  that  tho- 
rough change  in  the  habits  anil  morals  of  the  people  that  is  so  indispensable.  The  power  iind 
influence  of  the  Itritish  government  has  already,  however,  had  a  very  decided  elfect :  assassiniiticiii 
Ins  become  coniparatively  unknown  ;  piracy  has  been  suppressed  ;  and  a  spirit  of  iiidiisiry,  slnceiily, 
and  fair  dealing  is  beginning  to  manifest  itself  The  present  generation  of  nobles  possess  a  sii(ierior 
degree  of  Inforiiiation,  and  a  knowledge  of  the  Irne  interests  of  their  country,  which,  if  iini  all  that 
ciiiild  be  wished,  was,  at  leas,,  unknown  to  their  fathers.  It  is  not  easy  to  ex.iggerate  the  diilirultieH 
with  which  Sir  Thomas  Maitlaiid  had  to  striicL'le  diirinu' the  first  years  of  llie  Hrilish  gnviriiiient. 
He  was  opposed  by  every  means  that  feudal  rancoiir,  i  urruptimi,  and  iniplicily  could  lliriiw  in  hi« 
way.  Those  acciistonied  to  the  treachery,  shiillling,  and  jobbing  of  Hie  Veiieliaii  and  Uiisso- 
I'lirkish  governments,  and  the  intrigues  of  the  French,  could  neither  appreciate  nor  llllller^talld  the 
plain,  str.iightforward  course  natural  to  Hritish  ollicers.  These  dilliciilties  have,  however,  niaierially 
diminished;  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  iiifliieiice  of  our  example,  and  of  that  ediualioii  now  pretty 
generally  diiriiscd,  will  gradually  iiccoinplish  the  regeneration  of  tlie  islanders. 

Maniifiicttire.t,  J^-c. — These  islands  possess  few  manufactures  priiperly  so  termed.  The  w  ives  of  tho 
villani,  or  peasants,  spin  and  weave  a  coarse  kind  >•(  wonllen  dolli,  sntlicieiit  in  great  part  for  the  iiso 
of  their  families.  A  little  soap  is  made  at  (!orfu  and  Zaiite.  The  latter  nianiifiictiires  a  considerablo 
quantity  of  silk  gros-dc-Naples  and  handkerchiefs  ;  Ihe  art  of  dyeing  is,  however,  too  little  siiidied, 
and  the  establishments  arc  on  too  small  a  scale.  The  [leasantry,  in  general,  an-  lazy,  vain,  ileligliiing 
ill  display,  ami  very  superstitious.  Those  of /ante  and  Cephaloiiia  are  more  iiuliistrioiis  tliiiii  tho 
t'orfiotes  ;  in  the  lirst  particular,  their  superior  condition  is  probalily  to  he  ascribed,  in  part  at  least, 
to  the  nobles  residing  more  on  their  estates  in  Ihe  country,  and  coiiiributing,  by  their  example,  to  sii- 
ninlate  industry.  In  Corfu,  the  taste  for  the  city  life,  which  prevailed  in  the  time  of  the  Venetian 
gDveriinienl,  still  operates  to  a  great  degree.  The  (."orliote  proprietor  resides  hut  little  in  his  villa; 
Ills  land  is  neglected,  while  he  continues  in  the  practice  of  his  forefathers,  who  pret'erred  w,-iicliing 
opportunities  at  the  seat  of  a  corrupt  government,  to  improving  their  fiirtunes  by  the  more  leL'itiniato 
means  of  hononrahle  exertion  and  attention  to  their  patrimony.  In  this  respect,  however,  a  material 
change  for  the  better  has  taken  place  during  the  last  20  years. 

Impnrls  of  Grain,  tSj'c.—Ctn'.dl  part  of  the  bind  is  held  under  short  tenures,  on  Ihe  inrlnijfr  si/::ln:i,  the 
tenant  paying  halfthe  produce  to  the  landlord.  Owing  to  the  nature  of  the  soil,  and  the  superior  al- 
toiition  given  to  the  culture  of  olives  and  currants,  the  staple  products  of  Ihe  islands,  most  part  of  tho 
grain  and  cattle  required  for  their  consumption  is  imported.  The  hard  win-  t  of  thlessa  is  preferred, 
and  about  800,0110  didlars  may  be  aiiiinally  sent  to  the  Dlnck  Sea  in  payment.  The  imports  of  wheat 
in  1^2()  were  I7(:<,2SH  moggi,  or  about  bill, 410  bushels.  The  parliament,  in  March,  lS.'i;i,  repealed  the 
duties  on  the  introduction  of  corn  ;  and  the  grain  monopoly  of  Corfu,  which  had  been  established  in 
favour  of  government,  in  order  to  provide  against  the  possibility  of  a  general  or  partial  scarcity,  wag 
then  also  sufTered  to  expire.  These  2  sources  of  revenue,  while  they  existed,  did  not  probably  pro- 
duce less  than  20,000/.  annually. 

Cdltle.—'VhKy  are  similarly  dependent  upon  Oreece  and  Turkey  f.ir  supplies  of  butcher's  meat  ;  a 
small  number  only  of  sheep  and  goats  being  bred  in  the  islands.  Oxen,  whether  for  iigriciillure  or 
the  slaughterhouse,  are  brought  from  Turkey,  to  the  annual  amount  of  more  than  !)0,()(I0  dollars.  The 
tipof  eaten  by  the  troops  is  6  weeks  or  2  months  walking  down  from  the  Danube,  and  the  provinces 
tli.it  skirt  it,  to  the  shores  of  Kpiriis,  where  they  remain  in  pasture  until  lit  tor  llie  table. 

f;rpi)r(.v.— The  staple  exports  from  these  islands  are  oil,  currants,  valonia,  wine,  soap,  and  salt. 
The  first  is  produced  in  great  abundance  in  Corfu  anil  I'axo,  and  in  a  less  quantity  in  /ante,  Santa 
Miinra,  and  Cophalonia.  Corfu  has,  in  fact,  the  appearance  of  a  continuous  olive  wood  ;  a  conse- 
qiieiire,  partly,  of  the  exiraordinarv  encouragement  fcrmerly  given  to  the  cnllnre  of  the  plant  hy  the 
Venetians.  Although  there  is  a  harvest  every  year,  the  great  crop  is  properly  liicniiial;  the  tree 
generally  reposing  for  a  year  after  its  etlort.  (in  France  and  Piedmont  the  period  of  inactivity  is  of  2 
.md  .1  years.)  During  5  or  (i  months,  from  October  till  April,  the  country,  particnhuly  in  Corfu,  pre- 
sents an  animated  appearance,  persons  of  all  ages  being  busily  employed  in  picking  up  the  fruit.  It  is 
calculated  that  Ihe  islands  produce,  one  ye.'ir  with  another,  about  'J5,()00  barrels,  of  IS  gallons  each, 
and  lliat  of  this  quantity  (•(),(IIU)  are  exported,  principally  to  Trieste.  The  average  price  may  be  about 
!/.  11,^-.  per  barrel.  Under  Ihe  (dd  Venetian  system,  the  (dl  could  only  he  carried  to  Trieste.  An  ad 
ntarem  duty  of  10.1  percent.,  payable  on  the  export,  produces  upon  an  average  'it\l)Ol/.  annually. 
The  (iiiality  might  be  much  impriived  hy  a  liUle  more  care  in  tho  manufacture,  the  trees  being  gene- 
rally liner  than  in  any  other  country. 

Ciirninls,  originally  introduced  from  the  Morea,  are  grown  in  the  isles  of  Zanle,  Cephalonia,  and 
llliaca,  but  principally  in  the  lirst  The  plant  is  a  vine  of  small  size  and  delicate  nature,  the  cullivii- 
tien  of  vvliith  requires  much  care.  Six  or  7  years  elapse  after  a  phintatioii  has  heiii  made,  before  it 
yields  a  crop.  In  the  beginning  of  October,  the  earth  about  the  roots  of  the  plant  is  loosened,  and 
gathered  up  in  small  heaps,  away  from  the  vine,  which  is  pruned  in  March  ;  after  which  the  ground 
is  again  laid  down  smooth  around  the  plant,  which  grows  low,  and  is  supported  hy  slicks.  The  crops 
are  liable  to  injury  in  spring  from  the  blight  called  the  "brina,"  and  rainy  weather  at  the  harvest 
Bcasnn  produces  great  mischief.  The  currants  are  gathered  towards  September,  and,  after  being 
carefully  picked  are  thrown  singly  upon  a  stime  lloor,  exposed  to  the  sun  in  the  open  air.  The  drying 
process  may  occupy  a  fortnight  or  longer,  if  the  weather  be  not  favourable.  A  heavy  shower  or 
Ihiiiiderstorm  (no  unfreiiuent  occurrence  at  that  season)  not  only  interrupts  it.  nut  somi'tiines  causes 
fermentation.  The  fruit  is  then  only  lit  to  be  given  to  animals.  SJhouKI  it  yscapu  these  risks,  it  is 
k2  15 


I 


114 


IONIAN  ISLANDS. 


depniltpd  In  mnEnzinni  rnllod  "  ftraglir,'"  until  n  piirrlinnpr  rni«tn  up.  T\\k yxraalirnlr,"  nr  wnro- 
h(iii«i'  ki'i'pcr,  (lillviTH  li>  till'  tlrpiiHJlor  ii  paprr  HrkiHUvli'daJiiB  IIim  rrc  ripl  nl'  llii-  (|iiiiiilll)  drllvcri'il, 
wlijili  pii'i'icH  <'iirrpnlly  in  cxrlmni.'"'  friHii  li.'inil  In  liaml  nil  Ihi'  linn-  <if  rxpnrl  I'nili'r  lln-  i'l<l  Vnii'. 
tliiti  (.'iivrrntiifiil,  tin-  I'llicrly  "f  IriiHli'  iti  Hum  priMliMc  iviiH  rxcmliiiL'ly  rcfilrii  Icrl.  In  /ante,  .'>  pcrsdim 
rliiiHcii  nut  (pfllii!  cniirirll  of  nnlilrs  iitiHcniipliMl  In  prrHrnrt'  nf  the  /irfiivi/i^irf,  ri'trnlaliil  Hli.it  xliinilil  liu 
Ilif  price  ;  iinil  iIiumc  wlin  witslied  Co  piirclLiKO  were  linilcr  Hie  ni'ir'HNity  nf  iIim  liirintf  to  the   cnvcrn- 

nii'iil  llir- i|iianlily  Itii'y  (l('»irf'(l.     TliiH  fynlfrn  wan  callt'd  ll mtlrsrlht."*     'I'lii'   export  dlitli'K  cnn- 

Ki«lcd  nl'an  iiri;:inal  diitv  nf  U  per  rent.  «(/  ralnrem  ;  i  il,i:in  Jiifn,  or  llxcd  diit>  nt  al  nnl  'l.».  Ail.  per 
cut.  ;  ami  afterward!*  oi'  a  nnrixsinii),  nr  iunn\  recent  dnty.nf  'is.  'itI.  per  rwt  'lliis  I, liter  wan  reiiiil- 
led  in  favniir  (if  vi-fselH  liriiiBiiiB  Hall  ll*h,  &r  rnmi  llie  niirlliern  pnrlK  (rlilitly  Ijitlii-li,  DaneH.  ami 
Diilcli)  :  il  wa»  al'irrw  arils  relaved  ill  faviiiir  nf  HiiHsian  venseU  fmni  Odesna.  and  iili.imlnned  altn- 
jrelliir  ax  vexaliniin  ami  iiiiprnilnilive.     The  pi-urrililore  received  in  ;i(1diliiin  'i  per  rent.,  niiil  eiuli  nf 

Ills  'J  Venetian  i'(iiiii(illnr«  I  per  cent,  ;  ho  llial  ilie  fruit,  the  nriL'inal  rn»t  nf  wliirli  was  al I  (l<.  Ilio 

rwt.,  Htnnd  the  expnrter  ill  lillle  less  than  l>^.v.  nr  l!>.«.  I'.ven  iimler  llrili-li  pmiei  limi.  llie  fniil,  whlrji 
snine  yearH  liefnre  had  fiMilieil  iii*  iniMli  as  ;)(l.<  and  .'fi.*  llie  cwl..  hill  had  ilei  lined  in  \'^^-i  In  >.«.  llie 
cwl.    was  hiirdened  Willi  the  dd-.iu  finso  uf  'Is   Ail.,  and  a  duly  nf  Ii  per  cent,  nil  r.ilnrim,  liiins  eipiiva  . 

I. 'Ill  iML'elher,  a>  Hull  /iriee.  In  an  ml  i-nh'rrm  diilv  nf  miirlv  (iO  per  cent,  i     In  tin an  lime  llie  Itrill.^h 

parliament  had,  in  ISill,  raised  the  inipnri  iltllieH  pay.ihli  in  lOiiflaml  In  Hie  ennrninim  aiiiniinl  nfll.<. 
All  lliu  cwl.,  whiili,  ut  the  Haine  Inw  price,  made  an  ml  rulnreni  duly  nf  .'lOH  per  cent.  1  The  cniiseiineiici! 
xvas  rapidly  visilde  ;  n  decline  Innk  pl.ice  in  the  ( iillnre  nf  the  plant,  as  well  as  in  lh«  cirrnmsliiTicen 
and  in  tlii'  nff'ritidii.i  nf  the  prnprietnrs.  whose  staple  export  and  ine.ans  nf  existence  were  almost  aii- 
iiihilaleil.  As  llie  prices  fill,  and  Hie  distress  hecaine  t'realer,  the  iiecessilniis  iirnwer  was  nldiued  in 
linrrow  iiinney  at  ruinous  interest  from  foreii;n  mere  ha  ills,  or  from  the  .li'Ws,  who  were.coiiHeipiently, 
aide  to  dicl.ile  Hie  price  al  which  lliey  would  lake  liis  produce.  .\  lenisliilive  eiiaclmenl,  nn  a  scalu 
roiiiiiiensiirate  willl  Hie  iliHiinllieH  w'liirh  ii  liail  In  t'r.ipple  willi,  was,  ainr  niiicli  ileliiierntinii,  nia- 
liireil  and  adnpted  liy  Hie  IHi  parliament  in  ils  se-  sion  nf  ls.'^^,  lly  ll  Hie  whole  of  llie  iliilii's  upon  ciir- 
raiilH  were  commiiled  fnr  an  «</ ri;/i(/YH(  l,i\  of  I'.ll  piT  cent  ,  lieini!  Ih"  same  as  llial  laiil  upon  ml. 
'i'lie  saiiK!  act  increased,  in  a  small  deeree.  llie  d  lilies  previously  pi  id  nn  llie  import  a  I  ion  of  cotfee,  ii'a, 
mill  sii!.ar.  ami  upon  foreiun  wines,  silks,  and  t'loves,— arlicles  wliicli,  lieiiiL'  chielly  coiisnined  liy  iij^ 
allliieiil,  were  innri  apprnpriately  siilijecled  In  an  increase  nf  duly.  In  supply  111  part  Hie  serious  de. 
f.ilcalinii  of  revenue  naturally  cnnsei;iieiit  In  Hie  reilin  lion  nf  Hn'  currant  duly.  The  duties  thus  in- 
creased upon  nlijecis  nf  luxury  may  now  amniiiil  to  from  iO  to  'i:>  per  cent.,  xvhicli  is  far  from  e.xorlii- 
laiil.  Tile  yond  ell'ecls  nf  this  eiiaclineiit  xvere  nianifeiiteil  hy  an  nlninsl  instantaneous  rise  in  ih,. 
pri-e  of  Hie  fruit  which  had  n'mained  nn  hand  nf  Hie  crnp  of  Wtl.  li  is  calcnlated  that  Ihe  average 
(luanlily  nf  currants  prndiiied  diirini;  the  1  years  ending  with  I'-.TJ,  lias  lieen  l'J,liHli,sp()  llis.  ayear; 
the  expnrt  has  been  IT.H-^S.HdH  llis.  It  appears  fioiii  Hie  ai  counts  laid  hefnre  the  linaiicu  cninmiiiec, 
that,  in  IcOO,  there  were  e.xporled  from  Hie  islands  17t),'.ITl  Ihs.  nfvuloniu;  3i,()li3  casks  ■(  wine;  and 
72.1,1111!  Ihs.  nf  snap. 

'I'linmiirc  Dill II. —The  Into  net  nf  parliament  nlinlished  the  Innnnge  duty  nf  Li.  Irf.  per  ton  payable  hy 
every  ship  sailiiiB  under  Ionian  cidniirs,  wliich,  Inpetlier  xvilli  the  heavy  fees  deiimnded  hy  the  llrilish 
roiisiils  in  the  Levant,  had  driven  iiinst  of  Hie  Ceplialonile  vessels  to  seek  for  prnleclinii  under  the  il.ig 
of  Kiissia. 

I.iian  W«nA-.«.— Anntlior  net,  intended  tn  nlleviate  the  distress  expcrieneed  by  tlin  growerH  xvlin  had 
been  the  vicliins  nf  usury  in  conseiiin-iiee  of  their  pecuniary  diiriciillics,  provided  for  the  eslalilisli- 
nienl  nf  loan  hanks  with  capitals  (in  Hie  larger  isles  nf  ■.^l),ll()l)^  each,  and  in  the  smaller  nnes  in  pro- 
pnrlinii),  fnr  lendin).'  inniiey  at  Ii  per  tent.  In  Hie  a)rriciiliiiral  interest,  on  u|;rieulliiral  security,  and  lliiij 
employini;  Hie  surplus  which  miiilit  nllK^rwise  lie  idle  in  the  treasury.  These  iiieasuns,  it  is  pre- 
siiini'd,  will  KO  far  Inwards  liellrilnc  tlu;  cnndilinn  of  the  islands  ;  and  Ihe  nnticipated  reduction  nf  Hie 
cjipressive  import  duly  upon  currants  in  this  country  xvill  do  more. —  (See  (;i)iin.\NTs.) 

Hiill  may  be  nlitiiiiied  in  enIl^iderah(e  i|uanlllies  in  Cnrfii,  /ante,  nnd  Santa  .Maura,  for  exporlatinc : 
the  latter  islanil  alone  prndiieed  it  until  the  late  act  nf  parliament,  xvliiiii  provided  that  uovertiiiieiit 
should  lot  the  salt  pans  in  all  Hie  islands  to  those  bidders  who  shnuld  olVer,  by  sealed  lenders,  to  jiip. 
ply  it  nt  Hie  lowest  rate  in  the  cnnsiimer,  payini;  at  the  same  liniu  the  liiijliest  price  to  governineiil. 
Nn  export  duty  is  chained  upon  it. 

It  is  apiiarenl  finiii  these  staleuienl.s,  that  heavy  duties  are  levied  upon  the  exportation  nf  Hie  staple 
produils  n(  the  islands,— an  idijei  lionable  gyslein,  ami  one  which,  if  it  is  to  be  excused  al  all,  can  only 
be  so  liy  Ihe  peciili.ir  circiiinslanees  under  which  they  an;  placed.  There  is  nn  land  lax  or  iiiipnsi  on  pro- 
perly in  Hie  Ionian  Islands,  such  as  exists  in  many  nt  her  rude  eon  iilries  ;  and,  8UppoKin|!ll  were  disiia- 
iile  In  introduce  such  a  tax,  the  complicated  state  of  properly  in  tlieni,  the  feudal  tenures  under  wliicli  it 
is  held,  and  Hie  variety  of  usapes  with  respect  to  it,  oppose  all  hut  inviniilile  obstacles  toils  iiiipo..^jti  <n 
nn  fair  and  eiiual  principles.  At  the  same  time,  too,  a  large  amount  of  revenue  is  re(|iiired  In  imtt 
the  expenses  of  the  general  and  local  governuieiits,  to  niaintnin  an  ellicient  police,  and  In  prevent 
BinugKling  and  piracy.  However,  we  cannot  help  thinking  that  some  very  material  retreni  hiiienii 
might  be  iiiailu  from  the  expenditure  ;  and  it  is  tn  this  source,  more,  perhaps,  tliaii  tu  any  other,  lliut 
the  inhabitants  must  look  for  any  re.il  ur  etTectiial  relief  from  their  burdens. 

Revenue  and  expenditure.— In  1830,  the  revenue  and  expenditure  were  us  follows  :— 


Revenue. 

Expenditure. 

/.      .. 

d. 

L.      1.    ,(. 

Cuifoms      -           .           .           .           . 

30,037  U 

0  3-4 

General  and  local  i;ovemmenls,  salaries 

Be.'i.tl     2    ,11.4 

Transit  duty           .... 

Sii    9 

7 

i'ltblie  iiuarlers  (hire) 

10,119  15    i):).4 

^'>-'  Sci;rr,„,;     :     :     : 

35,04S    7 

934 

F.duca'ion   -           -            .           .           - 

li,6(i6  11    0  M 

2s,4n7  10 

10 

General  and  local  contingencies,  hospi- 

Wines and  spirits  .           •           •           . 

5,767  IS 

4  1-2 

tal,  kc. 

8,369    0    1 

Tolncco      .           .           -            ,           - 

5,600  16 

6  1-2 

Collection  of  revenue 

11,169    0    a  12 

Cattle 

2,933    0 

9  12 

Kloiilla 

8,69S    2    S12 

Corn,  in  commutation  of  tithes    • 

I3,;13<  10 

134 

Public  works,  firtresses    . 

3,vlSI   15    6 

Silines  (Halt  pans) 

3,-67     0 

4  3-4 

Stall'  pay  and  contingencies 

11,600     1     312 

Public  linds  aiii!  liousei    ■           .           ■ 

7,SS7    6 

6 

In^p -ctoni  of  Ionian  mili'ia 

2,029  r.    6  1  J 

Tftnni^e  duties       .... 

S60  11 

10 

MtiiinteJ  orderlies  .... 

440    4    4  12 

Tort  dulies              .... 

2,432  12 

7 

Ilalf-pay  (Ionian  nflirers)  - 

93J  12    »  1.2 

.Saniia,  pnsl^iflice,  police,  judicial  lari/f, 

Barrack   stores,   papers  of  cfllccrs,  cou- 

surplus received 

8,169  19 

9 

riers,  &c.             .... 

2,504  '2    4  1-2 

Valiinia  an  1  gun()owder  monopolies,  and 

Engineer  department        ... 

2,478  15    112 

municipal  balances 

9,143    7 

6  3-4 

Total  expenditure 

157,934    7    812 

Total  income  • 

153,943    3 

0  1-4 

The  Ion 
It"  revenii, 
nb.jeiiH  r.ir 
t'lnd  prospe 

dlllirs  III,  I 

senile  den 
/'  '(•  -Th. 

/■'Wr  111  III     1,1 

'lie<iy.„„|  ,, 

canal  nr  ri.an.,, 

Iieie  .tl/oiif    ,  f„ 

i<  riiriii.|H,.|  ,.,{ 

lai,  'M   Vii  .N,. 

P»|>iilitKiii  al„jij 

lion- are  very  s'l 

Ills  iLep   wilier 

IkuII.  lilH  I,  pii  , 

llie  null  nf  ■)  j.n 

Ii*>s  lliin  a  II  lie  i 

1  oiiil  I  evcliirim. 

llie  <ii.. Ill  hie  wi-l 

17  'Hliniiit  i\a!i*r. 

■|  be  p'irl,  „r  i- 

wmlli  wr^r  Bj  le  1,1 

enlrenilt.,  ii  in  |; 

Niiimlo,  fiiriiiinif 

l'4|.e  ..\jii  ,i„,|   |„ 

i»  till'  .,inall  lalei 

Urn  elaml  llie  irnl 

■riiebniiMif  \,, 

Sl.leof  l|ie,,,l|f  f„ 

nlbiT  niiheali'  y. 

li.M  eJicn..l  J.l.oi'l. 

Iiur  beiMi  mil.  (,  I 

'H'  ■>!'  ii'bep  uate 

F'.ll.     rhi-  b,„l  i.|,|, 

li'i  limit  rahrr  mor 
i.'iiii'  ill  a  leef  tha 
deMiii-e. 

I'lie  inn  an  I  ciiv 

i<lird.  in  la'.  ,17-  47 

111  Ihe  biniiM  I,lan,t5 

I'll*  ir  ii  no  »vhei,.ali 

llie  liill  mirth  ch  the 

llili.in)  and  the  lute 

ne-<.  and  eie  i   a  eei 

nil  el  liy  Dr.  Ilnllan 

jrlly  of  coiui  ler  lb  |. 

iien-.-lel;  an  1 .,  |,, 

luib.nr  i>,a|,i,-i,„„ 

lnl.'«»lyaril.'di,i,ni 

!'' "     I'lolei-'iini  .i( 

Wliiii  .„ir  tninp,  i,„,i 

were  I  nnl  ro  l„   in  ,, 

mice  luen  e«|.ende  I  n 

•W'/jni/i-.-Theinl 

we  line  seen  any  ,l,.| 


M  ■  ili  '".'"on-^'^'"^  ""^  institution,  brought  in  by  aZantiole  member,  passed  the  legislative  assem- 
bly '"May,  ia33 ;  but  the  senate  threw  it  out,  trusting  that  the  enactments  mentioned  in  this  arliclo 
would  sultice  to  relieve  the  grower  from  the  usurious  oppression  of  the  currant  speculator. 


Trade  w.lh  K  ir'aiii 
seiinciicr,  princiiilv,  , 
llie  year  'Ml.  „,.  „;,'  , 
Oirrili',,  22  1-2  ions  l,,J 
'M  cut.  viilonia  an  I 
v.ibie.if  ili-arlirl,.,,,,  , 
lli.;iiidu>in«ll,eM„„.  ,, 
"i^i"til  vabieof  tV 
no'i-lai5lo,7A'.,  ,T„|  , 
il';"!.lenirt.,fi;,ein,|,,„ 
11..111IS,  l,ur  ,s  ,.*„i  ,1,11,,,., 

iPEc.'\crjA: 

cwina  ;  Port.  ( ■ 
a  piTeniiial  pl;,„ 
AiiR'ri(;a.     It  j.s 
'mucii.     Little  o; 

'"•OlJifht  to  tlli.s  CO 

lipiit  ain]  coMMrtc 

lliickiie.s.s  of  „  sn, 

a  wliitp,  woody,  V 

I-*  foinjiact,  1,'ritll 

ish  lirown  colour 

«niiklcs.     'J'he  r, 

'^'lie  taste  is  |,itt,,r, 

foots,  wliici,  arc  co 

«'iat  .«Pini.trans,„. 

coloured  inrduiiary 

a'lJ  Kafe.st  emetic  i 

from  time  iminemo 

one  Grcnier,  a  Frei 


IPKCAOUANIIA. 


115 


Itiii'slaiile 
;iii  "Illy 
list  I'll  prii- 

}r  Willi' li  It 
jiiilHisili  'II 
\\  to  mill 
|i  pri'vi'iit 
ln>  liiii''iil^ 
Uhcr,  tlal 


1. 

,1. 

1     ! 

HI  4 

11  15 

S);i-4 

ill 

0  11 

n  n 

1   ,1 

1    0 

Sl-2 

t    2 

«12 

1    \i 

6 

1     1 

:iw 

)   li 

(iii 

)     4 

.11.! 

>  12 

8  1-2 

112 

412 

i  li 

1  12 

7    81-2 


his  arliclo 


Tlii»  liniinn  tcpultlh-  nflor))'*,  pcrliiipn,  \Uo  only  rx.iiiiidc  of  n  wiaio  rxpi-ndinir  in'iirlv  i\  f"»i'fh  p.irl  of 
itN  rrvciHK' nil  (Mitilic  wnrkp*  lihil   Inrtrcs'.fH,      \\  itiiiiiil.  Imu  t'vrr,  ipirHtiiiiiiim  llic   iiii|iiirt  >  mi  r  <  t' llie 

tiliJnlN  (.ir  \\U\i  U  Hii  lii'tvy  III!  i-X|h-liHt'  li.tN  hri'ii  liii  ilircil.  we  ni<>    iimI t  l<>  lliiiiU  tlliit   lli>-    ili<|il:<lry 

ami  |irnrf|M-rii>  *>(  llii?  i^I:uiiIh  wmilil  In*  lir  iiinrr  liki  I)  in  hr  ii  Imiihi-iI  liy  llii*  rtt'it  iinl  rcilii  \un\  n\' \Un 
(jiit)rM  <in  itit'  Hviiiiriiirioii  nf  ml  uiiil  ciirritiiu  tiotii  liy  uiiyi  vvimi  thu  iiiniit  Jiiiluiourt  Miiiliy  ui  tin*  rt*- 
\OMUr  ilcrivnl  iVniii  Iticili. 


II   lif>  loninn  fr(iut)lir  m' (In'fit  nn\      'nitnl  f  t  lln- MJinily  iif  tlip  contijuuti*  prnvin''''i  -  f  (.r  > 


P  rti  -Itie  i-ri  c  I'll  (mmI 

/tn'f  Ml  lit  Itltlllnnl  II  r  lunr  it.lliif,:ili  Ari'M'nli  iii  <•  |.h  tin 
'I  he  I  ■>  '«ii'l  |>  itiirtnrlii  III- nil  llif  i-*t<  ti  Ir  nl  |ii>  lO  in  i,  on  thi- 
faK.il  cr  rfani.el  lieuvtPii  it  ,ihl  K.i-  f'l'itiMlr  r  irirun',  » ln.-h  la 
htMff  .tlxiiif  I  tiHleii  u'Hif,  'Iheciti  rl,  tUiiih  |iinj' i  ti  iij.t  D.i*  Mt-.t, 
)«  rnn>i'lii'<l  <'  nh  \  iKhl  'niiw,  J  to  r-i-!  huh  ,  ihr  Itlirr  I"  It/  III  < 
I.II.  ;i;l  j;'  N..  I  '(I.  I'"  lO'  K.  Ttif  I'lv^ii  i«h  .(  MKliHt^'uiiilv  ImjI'.  | 
|\)|iiilili<iii  alHiut  l7,<iiK),  (>\rlui<Vf  III  '\\r  ii.ihtn.  Ih-  r>nitiwi 
tinn-.if«  vvry  H'nunt,  h  >lli  rrMv.ir  u  Ih-  •«•<  m  I  ih  l.in<l.  I  Ir  rami 
hi»  d-i'l'  w'*'**'^  ttiniitxliDir  ;  Mh  tia\u  tinii.  vthu'h  it  i  h't  i*  <lii 
Iii:ult.  h\s  h  I'll  inu<-h  rn-hLiel  l>)  tht-  crrct.fiji  ■  I  i  li<lil  h<  use  rn 
Hie  rn.  k  "f  'I  \f.u  ■*<>  mi  'htr  i.orthiT.i  nilraiicc,  whrrr  fur  (-ti;iiMi<--|  is 
■ft*  lh.iii  ■(  n  ill'  lit  wi  nil ;  .<n<t  hy  the  iii>/<nii<  "i  a  Itothti.;  Ii^hi  nil 
I'ltiiit  I  t»><-tiliii(i.  iri  III  hniiltifrii  eiilrurr,  Nlnps  .intlinr  litwii-ii 
Uit'«'i>.iil  hiir  wi'll  turlilM'J  lal  uitl  (tl  Vi.lu  .luil  liu-  city,  m  fmni  \i  ui 
17  (uliniiii  wa'.tT. 

'I  lie  [I'Tt,  IT  nttuT  «tiir  of  Ari('«i<ili  iii  fV|ilu'nnli  jir*  (in  llic 
•n>i1h  vvi^Hi  ii  Itf  (il  Ihfjiliiit.     ('>i|')'  Aji,  r>iriiiiti ;  il"  •oiDh-wc^lMn 
estrprnit.,  ii  in  Lit.  :W-  *'  40"  N  ,  Inn.  i'd-*  il'  30"   K.     Cii*  vtn 
Nit'liolo.  fitniiiiiK  I)h!  DlhiT  i-xtn'miU,  is   .^hmii  •%   M  mil  »    Crniii 
Cil't*  Ai'>  •  ■'*'i>l   i'fiwfi  II  iht'iii,  w  itliiii  ill  II. I  I  I  2  iiiilfl  1)1  i!ir  l.ii't-r, 
ik  llie  Mitiiill  intuit  iif  (iuu  liitij,  (Ml  vvtiich  i>'  ;i  liKh'  hiii^".     ft  f' in 
thi<i  iO.iikI  lilt*  HuU  s  rri/li  t  N     12   W.   fnuii  7  i<>  M  iiti|)'«  iiil.irnl. 
Tht*  t'uMi  <if  Ar;  s  oil  li-i  .in  ilir  *vi-M  scli'  nf  .1  luv  ii  "n  (hu  mt    I 
fthh*  i>r  the  K>ilf  f  >ruM'l  t  V  I'nitii  Si.niin.     1  h<'  niiiaiimi  is  low.  .iml  | 
nllicr  iiiiht-:ii>- V-     When  ri-iie  I  h^  Dr.  Mnlliii  I  I's  p  t>iil.\ti  >n  ili  I   | 
not  fxrivl  AMy\      lt«  .i|>|i  .liA   n*  ili'l  I'd  ii'i-    |..irlirul  in)  Ihi-    i''rr, 
liui-  l'«^n   nui.  h  im|'n.\f.|    -imr    i*   nirii|i.iii'iii    l-y    itu*    Kn;)t  h. 
I  li  It-  II  'li  ep  vmWt  1!i  1  ^'rftl  inch  It ■»,*»'  jfrour.it  i    in  ■»•  piri*  n;    h-- 
L'.il.    Tht-  Inhl  *'i.lr:irnT  \n  ln-iwi-m  t'tpi'  Mil  Nitv.hj  ;iii  I  liu.ii-ll  iiii. 
k.t  |>iiii(  ra'hi;r  inorti  Ituu  i  n.iic  In  the  cMlwarl  i  f  the  l.iHfr,  nii  ac-   I 
c.iiiirol  a  it^L-r  th.tl  cxini.li  N.  K.  .ui<l  S.  W,  from  il  i.uaily  that 
di-'ince. 

'llnT  I  nrl  an  I  cilv  of  /mite  :\rv  litiiA*!-.}  mi  the  e:is'(!rn  li'lr  of  Ihc 
|%l.iril,  ill  la'.  .17-  47'  N.,  Ion.  Ak  ."►4'  Al**  K.  I  (,*•  nty,  the  I  »m".t 
Ml  ihe  Iniiiiii  islait'Is,  t-X'riiia  ,ilnnj  thi;  » 'nrf  fir  m-.iilv  I  I  2  n-.k,  ' 
im'  it  is  no  whi'ii-ah  ivc  MHi  j.ir  ii  in  hrcvlth,  fSii',.i  wlti-n*  it  r»*  rn  U 
thchilloinvh  rh  thtMi(;i'lel  i-.iMec  v  I  Tlu'^iylfol  hiiil'liii;;  ischuliy 
Il.ih.in  i  airl  Itu;  iu'enor  nf  the  nty  ilisp!  iv*  i-vt-iy  wUav  nrvV  nt  ai«  ' 
ni!>4.  aiift  eve  >  n  rrrt.tiii  <h']cii*tf  t-f  inaaiitiiciiin,  ro|tilAtr>n  iKii*  ; 
iiiiel  tiy  Dr.  Ilnllaii'l  it  rnm  Iti.UtiO '•>  IMiOO.  I|  has  a  mole  or 
irily  nf  cntui  lerih  i-  utility,  it  (hr  fxlrfini-y  of  which  a  lii;h'-hi<ihn 
inen*.-lf  I ;  ml  «  IizimmIh,  ^itnrpl  .i  liirU?  lo  ihtr  sou'h  wu-',  'I'hc 
luib'ur  is  t'i|iii"ioii!i.  MiijiH  am liitr  np|iosito  the  town  at  from  JK) 
tn  1. "00  yards'  diittince,  in  I'niin  il  >n  !>  rit|ii>iMi,  ^vailinjc  them  r'vnt 
(,f 'lit-  pro(ei"ioii  of  I  lie  lii'i  u  whfii  tie  mmkI  is  fnnii  the  N.  K. 
Whtri  '(ur  IrriopH  Itnik  poHSfssimi  n|  Z.iii  t\  in  IllO.  the  frnti(iraliniii 
wiffe  f  un  I  to  In  ill  vfry  hut  ifpair;  hut  iinnn-nst?  sunis  li.ive  Lteii 
mice  l)fen  e«peni|ft  i  npoi  Ihrir  improvenifiil  aii  1  i-itleiision. 

.s7i';-^i«if.— The  ini'ns  (ill  loiia,  (nr  l^^li  the  li-t  year  for  which  , 
we  luvt-  sueii  any  itfl.iile.l  stateiiifnt.  wcie  at  fiiMows:  — 


oliw- 


1 1  It 

»ht'iitir 


of   txp 
^eir  U 


li'|n-l  ii%   h.ll    11.11) 

one  III  -N  hah  ili  tv  i», 


-t  hir- 
tl.i-  (ucntn- 
u  u  I,  A  crop 


Aroiiiii*^  tie  kept  in  ■tcrlinK  nrniey    Spiiotti  (luiihloons 

I'l*  It  '.it   Mil.    >|i h'li>l,:i'sat  41    t''.,  :iii<l  \eneiiiii  iloll.u-%.tl  if. 

Kicliintcf  v^  iili  Ki.Kliiiit  al    (/.  |<er  dollar. 
(I.— 


;i'.  I 


•II,.;   p. 
Ilii' 


7.5W  (uilK 


III*  l.<iiiiiil,  I ixi  tiilfi'r,  iir 
.111.1  >lriiK-,  ti  l-.l  I   liiiUK'r 


Flag.. 

ICn,:i7l 
liMlti 
«J,-.4I 
.'l.HiO 
2,(UW 
ia,l7!) 

r\vgt. 

Tons. 

loiti.m 
Hn!i-h 
A'l^liMn 

Ki^MIl 

Krnifli 
Nt^1|■.Jlit.ln  • 

1 

I'ipjl        -     . 

Sipliriiin 

Ti.rk.sll 

(Iriik 

AH  othiir 

Tot.il 

9,7i:l 
•.,421 
7,b20 
0,3^i3 

317.027    i 

Ttitfie  w.th  K  '<.'«;irf.— Thin  is  hut  of  viry  Umite  I  ext»nt ;  a  ron- 
sf'i;ii!'tirf,  priiici|;i'ly,  of  Ihi*  fiiorjioun  duiv  on  rurrants.  During 
llu-yp.ir  'Ml.  we  imporlpJ  fifun  the  l.mian  I  I-uils  IbJ.-'KiJ  c\\(. 
fiirroi's.  2i  1-2  tout  fiiH'ic.  2.1  cwt.  t\\s,  IU0,-M2  t!<lh>iis  ulivt-  oil, 
7,461  owt.  valoiii.a,  niH  HflS  gall  tm  uint;.  Tho  nal  or  ili-clare'l 
Viiliie  rif  'h  '  arlifU's  nf  Rrii-ih  produro  a-i.t  nianuf  irture  exporlej  to 
Ihfiii  duiinj  the  s-tnu-  ycir.  aiuounte.l  toor.ly  5  ',*'KJ/. 

Thtttntii  vatiif  of  t'f  iiopnits  fiom  .ill  cnutitiirs  in  \^V,  is  es'.i- 
niVi'l  at  filO,7'i1/..  a;.d  thilof  the  evpnr'i  .it  J4>'.0'i*!/.  \u\  ,  cmsi 
of  tlie  imiHirli  i«i  ni^t  di-slini-tl  fir  'he  consmnpthii  of  the 


I,  /(lo  rrono,  or  itrMt  «ri«h*  of  1/  o/ 
Ui  H   \.%.    ^   IUU  Urn.  nvoirliipnu. 

tiiffi'r,  or  miull  wciJit,  \\%ftl  for  i  recirniN  nietali 
r  than  Ihe  f>iri-i;oiii|( ;  ii  .ti.  pn-o  miIIiId 
rnrn  upoLiiiii,;  l-i  K  i.t    peio  ^roi'O. 
Till'  I  ke.  ns    I  m  the  viuthi-rn  iii.unlv  vvriirhi   iN.iit   l^,!00  (rnini 
Tio\,  I -r  J 7- 10  lis.  a\nirJupoii.     The  KL'k.tiil  caiiur,  or  tpimlal, 
OmuM  .fuit.iMi'lt  nkt-N. 
riif  mi)(ha.;o  \\  (4)0  ll.ij,  for  curranN,  in  Z-uitr,  i<i  I  pir  cent.  Ii({ht< 
IT  thill  t  >r  oihi-r  articles. 
A/i'ttU'if  "/  l.niKth  — 
The  Vriifiiari  fnoi  of  |2  onue   -   13  ^1  I  inrhi"»  Rnit'lnh. 
I'awi  T-   ■>  \'riifti,oi  fi-el. 

Hra.'cio,  ftr  d  >i|ii,  .Vc.    -  -7  -Tlti  iiuhf*  Kn^'i^h. 
Do.      hr  «i|.ii  ■^^  it.i^ 

Utnl  IS  iiiiMsiiiett  hy  the  ml^ll>rl  nr  I  S  of  a  ni  r/io,  nr  hiriitt ;  400 
Mpi.ire  ;'<ijfi   hvinK  I  misuri,  or  h-vde,  alHiiit   3-.0  ni   m  acr« 
Knih^h. 
ViiiryiriN  .1  f  iiien>iirril  hy  the  zufiniht ;  3  /ippili-  ii  computtj 

<ll\  n   k\M|k)  hl-llli   I   I1IIIK), 

K  "■  .*  •  nl  lit  III.  aoiiri'l  h\  thf  Mitjiri'i  a>S't,  usualU,  however,  only  J 
ft'  I  thick,  tht'.  <lf|'fii  It  <   ill  the  ((uali-y  of  iliu  vumd. 

S!:>iir  It  niiMiure'l  hy  tin-  pitiocuh*. 
MirttUMt  m/  I'nti.irtty,— 

r'lro.     (oilu  ami  raxo:  .Mi  R^io  of  8  misure,  ah.Mit  5  Wincliester 
liusheli. 
Ceplnl  'na:  Bacileshouhl  corilain  HO  Ihi.  piii  gnissn,  best  nuatiljr 

wh'Ml 
Z-ihtr;  llacjt!  nhonhl   contain   72  Ui*.   pMo   urostn,  hisl    qualilf 

wh.at. 
Sant.i  M;nin:  Calo,  of  8  crivelli,  4  -  3  nmg. ;  I  c.ito  -  3  3-4 

|jn>licts  Kr<tcli>h. 
If  act  1  ;>  Hiide  ^  1  nioinio. 

Cerofn:  Chil  i,  li;ti  nit-Aturu  of  Conitintinoplef  —   I  huiliel    Kng* 
iish. 
(r.Hr.— Corfu  and  I'axo  :  32  cpiarlurci  =  I  jar,  and  4  jars  =  !  Lar» 
rft    7  IH  Kiiiitiili  \Miie  iTiJl  lis. 
Cephali>  ia  and  Itliacai  2  <iuariwcci  —  I  >)Occale;  12  hociali  s   1 

s-\h(j;  tiscfchi').^  I  harrtl    =  \x  Kii-^hih  \»'me  gallon:*. 
Zante:   I3  I-U  (pnrtucri  —    I  lin*;  4'ipiiiiueci  =-  1  jar  j  3  Jart 

■--    I  harre!  ~  17  IH  Hn^Iiih  wine  Kailmia. 
Santa  Muira;  22  (piinucei  -^1  ■lamiiOi  (i  stainiii  =:  I  larrel  a 

1^  Kn<liHh  wine  Ktlhins, 
Cerino:  2  a/os'en  —  I  boccia ;  30  hoccie  =  I  lurrtl  =   18  Eng- 
lish wiiiR  t^allons. 
Oi/.— Corfu  ami  (axo;  4  quarlurcl  =  1  niillro;6  niiliri  =a   1  jar; 
4  jars  =s  1  harrel  —  Ih  Fnnloh  wine  ea  huifl- 
repkalonia  :  9  pajtliayzi  =  I  harrel    -  IH  Kiiif.  w  inr  i^alls. 
Zante  :  9  lire,  or  3  jam  of  4ti  *pi.  each  —  I  hxrici  --=  17  5-li  Eng- 
lish wine  Kallons. 
Santa  .Manra :  7  Ktanini  =•  I  barrel  -=  IH  Eiig.  wine  gallfc 

It'iaca  :  13  paijliazzi       =  I     —      --  IH  

Ceri^n:  24  h.zze  ==  |     —       =   UO-S   

Salt  --Centiiiajo.  about  4,('00  hs.  Venetian  peso  grosso. 
Aiotf —Corfo,  m'asureof4  Knftiih  cubic  feet. 

In  conipiliiiK  this  aTttcle,  we  have  consulted,  hesiJea  tlie  work! 
ri'ferriil  to  ahuc,  Ihe  I'oyntce  II  itorunie,  /'iffr'fvi^u*'.  ^c.  by  .Saint 
Sauveur,— a  dilluse  hut  valuable  wnrk.  The  accnul  !)f  /ante,  in 
11  e  last  volume  (t  nie  iii.  pp.  1(11 — 27'^.).  is  pTrtioilaily  i^nnA.  We 
have  also  lonked  into  Ihe  t'cynt^e  ctt  (S>ccf,  nf  Scrofani.  3  tomes,  Pa. 
ris,  IHOI  ;  the  .-tichivia  tlu  ('ontmcrce ;  tho  Pnpirs  Itiul  lefurc.  tha 
Finanfe  I'otnmittie,  Ac.  Rut  by  far  the  most  import.Tn'  p>rt  of  the 
inrnnnatinn  »«•  have  been  able  to  lay  htfore  the  readtr  has  b' I'u  de- 
J  from  niiniisnipt  no*es  ohli^tmrly  cnmniunica'el  by  Ixird  King, 


dtTiMe  p-vrt 

uiiuiJS)  hut  is  &ent  thither  merely  as  a  conveitieitt  tntrefjot^  being  in-  I  late  secretary  to  the  British  j;ovt- rnnient  in  these  islands. 

IPECACUANHA  (Fr.  Ipecacuanha;  Gcr.  America nlsche  brechwurzel ;  It.  Ipecoa^ 
cauna  ;  Port.  C'po  de  camarasy  Ipecacuanha  ;  Sp.  Ipecacuana,  Raiz  de  ora),  the  root  of 
a  pt^roniiial  plant  (Crphaelt's  ipecacuanha)  pcrowin^  in  Brazil  and  other  parts  of  South 
America.  It  in,  from  its  colour,  usually  denomiimtetl  irhlfCy  c^ret/^  or  ash-cohmredy  and 
hnncn.  Little  of  the  first  variety  is  found  in  the  shops.  The  grey  and  hrown  varieties  are 
brought  to  this  country  in  hales  from  Rio  Janeiro.  l3oth  are  in  short,  wrinkled,  variously 
bent  and  contorted  pieces,  whi(;h  hreak  with  a  resinous  fracture.  The  grey  is  ahout  the 
thickness  of  a  small  quill,  full  of  knots  and  deep  circular  fissures,  that  nearly  reach  down  to 
a  white,  woody,  vascular  cord  that  runs  throuj^h  the  heart  of  each  piece;  the  external  part 
U  compact,  hrittle,  and  looks  smooth ;  the  hrown  is  smaller,  more  wrinkled,  of  a  hlack- 
ish  hrown  colour  on  the  outside,  and  whitish  within  :  the  white  is  woody,  and  has  no 
wrinkles.  The  entire  root  is  inodorous:  but  the  powder  has  a  faint,  disagreeable  odour. 
The  taste  is  hitter,  sul)-acrid,  and  extremely  nauseous.  In  choosing  ipecacuanha,  the  larger 
roots,  which  arc  compact  and  hreak  with  a  resinous  fracture,  having  a  whitish  grey,  some- 
what semi-transparent,  appearance  in  the  outside  of  the  cortical  part,  with  a  pale  straw- 
coloured  medullary  fibre,  are  to  be  preferred.  When  pounded,  ipecacuanha  forms  the  mildest 
and  safest  emetic  in  the  whole  materia  medica.  'I'hough  probably  employed  in  America 
from  time  immemorial,  it  was  not  introduced  into  Europe  till  the  time  of  Louis  XIV^,  when 
one  Grenier,  a  French  merchant,  brought  150  lbs.  of  it  from  Spain,  with  which  trials  were 


\ 

i 

7. 


I 


lie 


IRON. 


mnile  at  iho  Holrl  Dicii.     Hrlvi>tiun  fimt  mnde  known  ita  Uio  in  ilywntpry,  for  which  I.oui< 
XIV,  riniiiifuTiiily  nwiinlctl  liini  l>y  a  duuccur  of  1,000/.  »ti'rling. — {'I'lunnKon's  Dinpenm- 

ton/  ;  'I'hnmKiiii'H  Cfiniii.ilri/,) 

Ikon  (Dum.  Jmi  ,•  Uu.'  Vzir,-  Vr.  Fir  ;  Oit.  EIntn  ;  It.  Firm;  Tut.  Fnrurn,  M(ir» ,- 
1*1)1.  /'/mil;  I'or,  Firrii;  Kiis  Sr/ir/r.i,) ;  Sp.  liiirnt;  i*\v.Jrrii  ;  (Jr.  lifxioc :  Knu».  l.iiha; 
Aril'.  Iliilriil ;  I'lTri.  Alum),  t!i(>  inoHt  alitiiuliiiit  and  iikmI  uavM  iif  tdl  titr  inctnlH.  It  In  of 
u  liliiiMli  wliitc  cDloiir;  mid,  vvlicii  |»ili.>ihnl,  has  a  \',u\\i  dral  of  lirilli  iiicy.  It  Iuih  n  HtyptiR 
tastf,  and  I'inits  a  Nincll  wlicii  riililicd.  IIh  liardiii'NM  t'xrccilH  that  of  inimt  olhrr  nn'lalH;  and 
it  limy  In-  rriidcTpd  liarilcr  than  niiiMt  liodioH  l>y  l)eiii|^  conviTlfd  into  ntri'l.  Itx  Hpccilii-  xravity 
varies  from  '/■<!  to  V'N.  It  is  attraotfd  by  tlio  rnaj?nrt  or  loadMtoiiP,  and  in  itwdf  the  Hulmtaiico 
wliicli  coiiiiitutfs  till'  loadstoiii'.  Unt  when  iron  if  jMrftclly  pure,  it  ri-taiim  llio  niannrtic 
virtiio  fir  a  very  iihort  time.  It  is  iiiallcalilc  in  every  ti-mperature,  and  itH  inalleal>iiity  in- 
cri'a<es  in  proportion  as  the  temperuture  auKinriils;  hut  it  cannot  Im!  Iiaiiuncred  out  nearly 
ns  thin  as  (tdM  or  silver,  or  even  as  eojjper.  Its  iluclility  is,  lutwrver,  more  perfect ;  for  it 
may  he  drawn  out  into  wire  as  line  at  least  as  a  liuinan  hair,  Il:i  tenacity  in  such,  that  an 
iron  wire  (1  (178  of  an  incii  in  diameter,  is  tniiahlo  of  Hupporlinij  .'Jl'J'SS  U)h,  avoirdui)oin 
without  hreakitipf, 

Ilisiiinriil  .V..MIC.  — Inin,  lliiiiiRli  lli(!  iiiOHl  rommnn,  in  llic  innHt  ililTli-iilt  iif  nil  llin  inetiiU  to  nlitnin  In 
a  Hiiili-  III  (ill  iiHc  ;  unit  ilie  ilJNiiivi'ry  of  llii>  iiii'lliuil  of  wnrkliiK  it  hi'i'iiih  I<>  liiivi;  liei'ii  iiunli.'rlnr  to  lliii 
imi' of  t'lilil,  MilviT,  ami  <ii|i|icr.  We  lire  wlmlly  lifiiiiraiil  iifllli!  Hti'l"*  •')'  wliii  li  iiiiMi  were  li'il  In  prar- 
tjsi'  Mil'  |iriii'i'ssi's  ri'i|iilri-il  to  fiiNc  it  ami  remler  It  iiiallralilc.  It  Ih  icrtain,  liiiwever,  that  11  waH  |iri'- 
piri'il  ill  am  ii'iit  lliiyiil,  ami  xoim-  utliiT  rdiiiitries,  at  a  very  rcimitu  i'|Mirli  ;  Init  It  vviih  very  lltllr 
iiHi'cl  III  'irrcii'  till  al'ier  llic  'I'rojaii  war.  — (."^cu  llii!  adiiiiriilili;  wurk  of  M.  (ioj;uet  on  lliu  Origin  of 
I.iiir.i.  .flrli.-,  .\v.,  vol.  j.  p.  1 1(1.) 

.S/icrio  1./"  /rwH. —'I'lierL'  are  many  varii'ti«(i  of  Iron,  which  artints  illf<tlii|{iiinli  hy  parliriilnr  nnincH  j 
lull  all  III'  ilii'iii  iiiiiy  III!  ruducod  under  onu  ur  othur  of  the  3 1'ullowing  clasneg :  cant  or  pig  irun,  wrought 
(ir  foj'i  iron,  and  uleil. 

I.  Ciisi  (ir  |iii!  irun  is  the  nninn  given  to  thii«  inotnl  when  (irst  ovtrnrlcd  rrnni  Its  oren.  Thn  nten 
friim  wliii  h  irmi  is  nsnally  nlilaimd  are  rnnipiiKed  (if  oxiile  ofiriiii  ami  clay.  'I'lli'  iilijcct  iif  Ihc  inniiii- 
I'acliiier  IH  III  ri'ilme  the  ii.vido  lu  llie  metallic  state,  and  to  Nepariili-  all  the  day  wllh  which  it  i^ 
ciiiiiliiiii'd.  This  is  cllVcieil  liy  a  peculiar  pnicrss  ;  and  IIk-  Irun,  heiiia  evpiised  to  a  hlroii){  heat  in 
fiirnai'i'S,  and  inclti'il,  runs  out  into  iiioalds  prepared  for  its  receplion,  and  ohtuins  tilt;  naniu  uf  cant  oi 
piL'  Irun. 

Till'  cast  iron  thus  nhtained  ig  distincnlshed  hy  manufartiiror!)  into  ilifterent  varictici,  from  iti  co- 
lour anil  other  (iiialities.     (»f  these  the  fiillowiim  are  the  most  reiiiarkahle  :-■ 

,1.  II  hit'  cast  iron,  which  is  I'jitrenit'ly  liaril  and  hritili;,  and  appears  to  h«'  composed  of  n  cnn(ferii'» 
of  small  crvstals.  It  can  neither  be  Hied,  bored,  iiur  hunt,  and  is  very  apt  to  break  when  suddenly 
liealed  or  cooled. 

b.  drill  i<r  iiiniiled  cant  \rnn,  to  ra\\e(\  from  Ihe  Ineqiinllty  of  lt»  colour.    Its  te.vture  Is  irranulnted 

It  is  iiiiich  sol'ler  anil  less  brittle  than  the  last  variety  ;  and  may  be  cut,  bored,  and  turned  on  thn 

lathi'.     Cannons  are  made  of  it. 

r.   llltirii  c.isi  iron  is  the  most  iinripial  in  its  te.vture,  the  most  fusible,  and  least  coliesive,  of  the  throe 

2.  Wroni.'ht  or  soft  iron  is  prepared  from  cast  iron  by  a  process  termed  a  relineuiciit  or  llnery.    The 

wroii!;ht  iron  maniifaclnred  in  Sweden  is  reckoned  the  tinest  in  the  world. 

;t.  Shil  ciinsisis  of  pieces  of  wrouKlit  iron  hardened  by  a  peculiar  process.  The  Swedish  iron  Im- 
ported itilo  this  country  is  mostly  used  in  the  inaiiufucture  of  steel.— (Hoe  8thei..)  —  {lltomson's  Che- 
miftrij.) 

f'.«c.<  of  Iron. — To  enumerate  the  various  uses  of  iron  would  require  a  lenclliened  dissertntion.  tio 
one  who  rellects  for  a  moment  on  the  subject,  can  doubt  that  its  discovery  and  eiiiployiiicnt  in  the 
shape  of  tools  and  engines  has  been  of  the  nliiiost  iniportaiice  to  man;  nnif  has  done  more,  perhaps, 
than  any  Ihini,'  else,  to  accelerate  his  iiilvance  in  the  career  of  improvement.  Mr.  I.ocke  has  the  fnl- 
lowJiiji  slrlkiiiK  observations  on  this  subject: — "  Of  what  conaeqiience  the  discovery  of  one  natural 
body,  and  its  properties,  may  be  to  human  life,  the  whole  great  continent  of  America  is  a  convincing 
inslaiii  e  ;  whose  ignorance  in  useful  arts,  and  want  of  the  greatest  part  of  the  conveniences  of  lile, 
in  a  country  lliat  abounded  with  all  sorts  of  natural  plenty,  I  think  may  he  attrihiited  to  their  ignu- 
ratice  of  wliat  was  to  be  found  in  a  very  ordinary,  dcspicahle  stune— I  mean  the  mineral  of  iron.  And 
whatever  we  think  of  our  (larls  or  ini|irovements  in  this  part  of  tlie  world,  where  knowledge  and 
plenty  seem  to  vie  with  enih  other  ;  yet,  to  anyone  that  will  seriously  reflect  upon  it,  I  suppose  it 
will  appear  past  doubt,  that,  were  the  use  of  Iron  lost  among  us,  we  should  in  a  few  ages  be  unavoid- 
nhly  reduced  to  the  wants  and  ignorance  of  the  ancient  savage  Americans,  whose  natural  endowments 
and  provisions  came  no  way  short  of  those  of  the  most  nourishing  and  polite  nations;  so  that  he  wlio 
first  made  use  of  that  one  conteinptible  mineral,  may  be  truly  styled  the  father  of  arts  and  uiitliur 
of  lilcniy  " — (F.ssaij  onl/ie  Understanding,  book  iv.  c.  12.) 

Miniifartiire  of  Iron  in  Great  Britain. — Iron  mines  have  been  wrought  in  this  country  from  a  very 
early  period.  Those  of  the  Forest  of  Dean,  in  (iloucestershire,  are  known  to  have  e.xisted  in  the 
year  lOWi.  In  consequence  of  the  great  consumption  of  timber  which  they  occasioned,  they  were  re- 
strained by  act  ef  parliament  in  1581.  Soon  after  this,  Kilward  Lord  Dudley  invented  the  process  of 
einelting  iron  ore  with  pit-coal  instead  of  wood  fuel ;  ami  it  is  impossible,  perhaps,  to  point  out  an 
instance  of  another  invention  that  has  proved  more  ndvanlageous.  The  patent  which  his  Lordship 
had  obtained  in  1(JI9,  w.is  exempted  from  the  operation  of  the  act  of  1023  (21  Jac.  I.e.  23.),  setting 
aside  monopolies  :  Imt  though  in  its  consequences  it  has  proved  of  immense  value  to  the  country,  the 
works  of  the  invi"  r  were  destroyed  by  an  ignorant  rabble,  and  he  was  well  nigh  ruined  by  liin 
efforts  to  introduci  and  perfect  his  process  ;  nor  was  it  till  about  a  century  after,  that  it  was  brought  inio 
general  use.  In  tlie  early  part  of  last  century  well-fiiinded  complaints  were  repeatedly  made  uf 
the  waste  and  destruction  of  woods  caused  by  the  smelling  of  iron;  and  the  dearth  and  scarcity  of 
fuel  that  was  thus  occasioned,  led,  about  1740,  to  the  general  adoption  of  Lord  Dudley's  process  for 
using  pit-coal,  which  was  found  to  be  in  every  respect  superior  to  that  previously  in  use.  (.Hejiortof 
Conimvtee  of  the  House  of  Commons  on  Patents,  p.  IfiS.  &c.)  From  this  period,  the  progress  of  tiio 
nianuficliire  has  exceeiled  the  most  sanguine  expectations.  In  ITJO,  the  quantity  of  pig  iron  iiiunu- 
factured  in  England  and  Wales  amounted  to  about  17,000  tons,  produced  by  iiO  furnaces.  The  quan- 
tities manufactured  at  the  undermentioned  epochs,  in  Orcat  liritain,  have  been  as  follows:— 


17.50      -      22,000  tons. 

I78S   -    .   O'l.OOO    —    produced  by  85  furnaces. 

1790      -    125,000    —       —  121        — 


1800      -      250,000  tons,  produced  hy  109  furnaces. 
18-20  -    -   400,000    —  unknown. 

(See  next  page.) 


Thietir 

III  1.1.  liiai'ril 
<■>'  III  12/.  a 
pri.je.  u  as 
the  eXIioiKli 

ami  I  iiiiiiiii 

I  fP.i  I  of  |„| 
ImWeUT,  1,1 
Viilvi'il  01  III 

'I'lllS,   I  ll|||||,. 

early  In  I  ".I, 
Ion,  and  the 

The  f.illoH 

f'  rrlll   llulrir 

I"  the  JUruiu 


Di.i 


]  '"iillli  Wiliw 
Si.eliirMiiro 

i  .shrnij.hiro 
V'Mikiliire 
Smihiil 
lliTlmlii.n 
Niiilh  W.I  I,., 
fnrnt ,  f  |ic,,„    . 
V.iri(iu,    . 
,  lri!:.iiiJ    • 

I  T.ilil 

Alioiil  .T-inUi 
pilly  III  (.'rral 
.■^Mii'.s  ami  llni 
iiilii  liars,  I111I1.4 
iDiis,  wliich,  at 
The  imriMse 
has  reilin  |.,|  mii 
aiiiiiiinli'il  III  III 
l>riiicipally  of  .»< 

An  .\ccoiiiit  of  I 
1,1:1.). -*«♦  (in 
but  they  are  ii 


Couolriea  In  whjclg 
|iortftJ. 


nij<»ii  . 

.^•Vf,l|.„ 

.N.ir.,,iv 
I  I)  iJllll'rlt 

I'rii.sii 
;  *ii  niiwiy 

I111II..11.I 

H  '.'Mini 
I  Kr.iiirft 

l''ii''unl,  Aznret,  Ac. 
N'liii  »ii,|  ihi.  c.ii.arii 
I'i'nIUr 
llilv 
.M.ili     . 

riie  liiiilin  Nl.iniU 
I'lirki-v  .111,1  (■„,,,.  Or,. 
■Miieijiid  Or,.,.),  |j|-,j 

nKii 

Him 

n^'luh  rnlnnips,  N.Am 
i  ^i-i'iili  Wf>l  |„il„, 
'  ""•  in  WrtI  In  lir,     . 
lMi,..|Suie,tif  Aii.prii 

"•»Zil     . 

M'  lie.  an  I  S  America 

Ouirmi!)-,  Jcfji  y,  lie 


In  ITfiT.  the  iron  » 
3ycirs  ending  wilt 
aimiiinl  in  |h;j2. 

Siqm  sing  the  tot 
fi.O.Ono  Ions,  and  to 
nii'l  ihe  additional  I 
«i'  •  liny  probably 

fi-ii-es  of  Uordinar 
nbicli  has  taken  pla 
prinii.,l,  we  have  obi 
"I  ilie  prices  of  Imrd 


IKON. 


117 


|i(in.    No 
lit  ill  llio 
pcrliiM's. 
»hc  fill- 
natural 
|iiviiii'iii|; 
H  cif  lilo, 
ir  igii"- 
iin.    And 
III)!!'  und 
lippnsi;  it 
.iii:ivoid- 

)\Vlllt'Ill9 

|l  lie  wlin 
uulliur 


Till'  eTtrnDtilliiilry  Inm-niM  llinl  liiin  InkiMi  |it;irc  m  ilic  priHliiriinu  nf  irmi  •inrc  |K?.1,  i>  prini'ipiilly 

III  l.i'  iiarrilii'il  111  llii'  liii;li  IT iC  l'>'il,  I""-!.!,  an. I  Isjii,  iviii'ii  |iil'  ir it  w  illi  a   ri'aily  «ali.  ai    Irmii 

VI  III  ru  anil  l;i/  II  Inn  lint,  in  i  iihciM|n.  I>> ''  |iiitl)  nl' lln'  tailnri'  nr  p.  i-lpuiii'iiirnl  ul  nii>»i  m  llin 
priijri  to  UK  III  rail-mailH,  \i\,  llial  \y>ii>  llicn  iid  l'i"ii,  iinil  pailK  <>l'  llir  va«l  iiililllinnal  xipplnx  m  lilrli 

till- I'jiliiniiliiii  111' III aniifarlnri' llinw  nil  111,.   ihi/^hI.  thi'  pih  i>  I'lll  in    l^'ii  in  Iruni  .'>/    In  7/   'i  Inn  i 

mill  rniilliini'il  uriiliiiilly  til  il  I  linr,  lllllli  l^lfj  it  was  'Mily  wnrlli  U.  \!).>.  Sii  In  ivy  ,i  tall  hail  llm 
clfi'i  I  ill' mlniiliii  inu  llif  mn  iTrm  n  niiiiinv  iiiin  I'Verv  i<(i(i  i 'Inn  i  t  III' I  III'  tiiiiiinl'ii  liiri'.  In  ili'i.|iitii, 
liiiwi'vrr.  Ill' .ill  llir  KiiviiK  III  II  iinilil  III'  ilHni.l  in  tills  w  a  >  .  (liwij  "I' tin'  niaiiiil  iiliinr"  wiri'  lii- 
Viilvi'il  III  nun  li  ili»lri  •»,  iili  I  tin'  piiiiliirliiiii  nl'  iri.ii  »•  lulnvi  il  in  |i  ivr  I"  rii  mni'liliTilily  i||iiiiiii-.|ii'i|. 
Tliw.  riiii|ili'>l  Willi  III''  III!  rriHiHii  ili'iii  'I'i  I'lr  irnii.  II  ilnrlii/ l>'il  111  1  ri'aili'in.  I'l  n  I's  lii'iian  In  rnii 
(larly  in  l^^l  i  ami  tlir  ailvain  i'  li  i^  li  .i  li.  that  at  pri>«»iri  (January,  l-'.U),  piK  irmi  li'li  Iii'h  li/    it 

lull,  anil  tlin  niiinul'.irtiiri?  In  in  a  Htati'  n|  ;;i,        ii  livily. 

Till'  rnllnw  iiiir  .•tiitriiii'iitM  :i»  to  Uif  liiliiilirr  iif  fill  tnt'  • '^  Htlil  tin'  iliiiltillty  cif  lliill  jtr'nlurcil  in  llii>  illl'. 
fi-ri'iil  iliHtrnlH  wlirrr  tlif  tnaiiiifaitiirn  In  riirrli'il  mi,  in  l*'i:i,  l^'i'i,  ^^'•.iiiiil  l^:ill,  iipiirafi'il  nniiiniilly 
Ml  llin  llinniiiffhiiia   laurnal.     VVii  liavn  liei'ii  iinHiiri'il  tliat  tlittlr  uiciirury  limy  Uh  ilnprmltfU  ii|iiiii. 


Uitlricli. 


Snllltl  WiIm  • 

SMil'irMiiru 
.Nt)i'i)i>liira 

ViitklllllH 
Viillllll 

|i«-rli\ihiifl 
Niiitn  WhIk       • 
F  irrtl  if  Dcin    ■ 
V.iniiin   ■ 
Iri-'iiiiJ    • 

Tnlil 


NuiiitHir  of  I'uriuei'i. 

Ten*  of  Iriin  I'niilufeJ 

TolZ 

•ro'i.ii7 

Hill 

IMS. 

Tiilal. 

lUa. 

IIOO. 

In  BiMi 

Oul. 

27 

In  lilati. 

Out. 

'I'«l»l. 

l«23. 

I>2„12^ 

182.1. 

2:1(1,412 

211).  .12 

11 

liiO 

Ill 

Nt 

n» 

HO 

•r 

120 

Hi 

2) 

121 

I3.1,f>9ll 

I>i2,l  ill 

2l!l,4M 

»<i 

4« 

34 

i:l 

4K 

31 

17 

48 

73,418 

Ml-ltlli 

l>i,224 

m 

:ii 

2^ 

12 

ni 

17 

17 

27 

87.311 

,1«.ll)l 

;l.','.w 

li 

2' 

17 

H 

2i 

IM 

H 

117 

a4,V10 

3.1,1411 

;17,7IIU 

li 

IB 

14 

S 

IK 

14 

4 

[■i 

I4,(13<l 

22,«  2 

•ll.3t,0 

I 

'    14 

H 

t 

19 

12 

7 

y. 

I2,UUU 

I7,T)« 

2.S,-|.8 

r 

U 

i' 

}      '\ 

1 

1 

2,379 

,            , 

2,txiii 
l,MU 

J 

I     I 

2 

•     • 

•     • 

3,(X)0 

2.7 

:i:4 

210 

lOU 

367 

27'. 

M 

176 

WifibX  1  lill>,236 

71U,IM 

217,613 
212,11114 
7:1,4  IK 
27,li2ri 
:i7,W0 
l7,Btl9 


tnMi7 


All  Ai'i-ouiit  iif  the  UritiHli  Iron  (Inrliiillnaf  iinivrniifflit  Stpol)  I'.xpnrti'il  frniii  Crcat  Flrltaln  In  tlin  \-nr 
I'.;).').  -♦♦♦  (iuarti'rs  of  ;i  lliitiilrril  VVi'i;jlil  anil  I'oiiiiiU  iiru  oinilliul  in  tliu  priiitiii);  of  tliii*  Table, 
lint  tlii'y  ari!  tukun  into  luiLoiint  in  the  Hiiininlnt;  up. 


1 

Ikill  anil 
HiiJ  Iruii. 

t^t\n 

Wrnliuhl,  *C. 

or  all 

niln.r 

I'n- 

'    C.juolrioi  In  which  «■ 

1                 |iorteil. 

liar  Iron. 

I'ig  Inn. 

Cast  Iron. 

irnn 
Wire. 

Anclinn 

8orl«  (I  ». 

wrniuhl 

nul 

Iloopi. 

Nail). 

cepl  (Irl- 

Steel. 

] 

Tuttt.rxvt. 

rinll.ruK. 

■/'OIIJ.  C.I. 

Grapiictv 

Taut.nvt 

naiife. 
Tuntrwl. 

' 

ruiil.cwi. 

TViu  ciut. 

7'iiiii.rti.'(. 

Tvus.civt. 

Htusli    . 

71   12 

63  16 

• 

6    6 

3    6 

611    0 

13    7 

lU  10 

23     3 

46    9 

>'.vnlf.n 

2-.    0 

0    6 

63    9 

0    9 

1    17 

U     6 

1   II 

16     8 

2    6 

Niiru:ljf 

17    0 

30    5 

. 

2  II 

0    3 

4  11 

27  16 

0    8 

65  19 

3  14 

(  0  mil  irk 

1,270  19 

2U4    6 

021   10 

10  12 

1    10 

47    2 

361      1 

0  19 

301    15 

1     1 

I'm. Ml 

Hi!)  l.i 

2S4     6 

i:o  6 

6  16 

169  17 

1   16 

38     6 

3    3 

ti(  nii.iiiy 

,^223    6 

l,!<li  17 

814    4 

131   17 

172  II 

4S    6 

1,26,    2 

101   14 

1,066    4 

91   12 

hiiilinil 

5,317     1 

SOS    2 

JfiXi  15 

73S  15 

76  14 

IS6  17 

3,2 -.8  15 

7  13 

l,99(i     4 

117    9 

H  I;miiii 

15  16 

S'i    0 

t,«!l7  to 

28  13 

105    0 

2')    7 

12  10 

0    2 

68  16 

lot   19 

,  Kritirw 

2,I7S  17 

240    6 

10,324     5 

tS7    6 

7  16 

261    14 

645    9 

1     6 

866    7 

269    6 

l'iirlui(»l,  Alirct,  hr.    ■ 

3,724  13 

1,527  17 

92     0 

214    5 

II     4 

10^    2 

L.Vil    14 

123     1 

3:13    t 

3    7 

Sinill.  Aiul  Itif  C'liitritil 

139  13 

III   11 

146    0 

39  18 

19  15 

30  18 

1,308  14 

•20    0 

196   17 

8  12 

liilir.illAr 

hi!    2 

13    U 

• 

9    3 

4  15 

65  17 

289    6 

10  17 

119  17 

1   15 

ItllV        • 

7,9«2    5 

l,9S5    3 

610    0 

11"    7 

28  18 

86  19 

821     6 

0    3 

948  17 

II  10 

Miiu    • 

2(»     7 

71    II 

^ 

0  II 

3     1 

39    3 

26  12 

3i;  10 

The  I.MiiMi  Nlanili 

3(16    3 

31     5 

. 

6    2 

. 

6     1 

.66    6 

10    1 

39  12 

TlirkrV  mill  Cnl.t.  Ori'dCO 

6,072     3 

1,586    0 

. 

&4    9 

21     1 

III     7 

120  18 

300    9 

456  13 

2  13 

M  itti'anil  tirtik  uUmU 

601    II 

49  13 

. 

1     4 

26    7 

5    0 

26    0 

8     8 

0    3 

A.li       ■ 

17,3(16  14 

3,032  19 

|i|6  10 

598  t» 

8  10 

Mi  10 

1,163    6 

671   15 

3,212    0 

105  11 

^frii-l 

3,016     7 

131    lU 

420    0 

l,»2»     4 

1  14 

147    9 

298    2 

1.19    1 

1,1.17  19 

2    8 

Hr.tish  rnlnnii'^.  N.Anier. 

4,7S9  18 

322    0 

607    2 

1,422   17 

9  19 

209  19 

6-.4     7 

1,107    S 

1,9,9    7 

118     1 

^  Hri'nli  Wfi,l  liiilin      - 

811    15 

36    8 

81     0 

l,'21l   17 

1     1 

36  18 

925    6 

1,1.10  16 

1,911   15 

4     8 

r-irp  mi  Wi'i-I  In  lirs     - 

I, Hi   0 

101   19 

20     0 

7.66  19 

1  17 

14     1 

'291   16 

400  10 

375    8 

4  14 

t'lili-l  Sule«  of  Ainerid 

29.124    3 

3Rfi    4 

12,687     0 

3,386  17 

62  13 

68     6 

333  19 

339  II 

3,634  14 

1,886    6 

lluiil     ■ 

2,(117    5 

196    2 

90    0 

861   12 

0    6 

194  10 

621    II 

616  17 

71:4     7 

17  16 

M.nicianl  S  America 

l,StiO    4 

81   10 

10    0 

410  18 

0  16 

4     & 

100  IB 

160    6 

348    3 

8    6 

IlijiTiiiny.  Jenty,  &c.  • 

374  16 

n4,3S3  16 

93    9 
13.331   12 

383  19 

397  II 
\i.tW    0 

0  10 
-.40  17 

98     4 

2.346  10 

51     3 
13,957    0 

70    7 

337  19 

7    5 
'2,810    2 

Tmal    ■ 

31,(!73     2 

6.I7P  19 

20,182  19 

(rnaces. 
;  page.) 


In  ITfi",  tlip  irnn  e.vpi>rt(!il  from  Orcal  Britain  amoiinfed  to  only  11,000  tons.  At  an  average  of  llie 
3  VPiirs  endini!  wiih  1800,  the  exports  amounted  to  3t^,()00  tons  ;  being  less  than  afflk  part  of  their 
niiiniint  in  |H.'I2. 

Snpn  sing  the  total  quantity  of  pig  iron  produced  in  Great  Ilrilain  in  IP.'iS  to  have  nnioiinted  to 
fiTOOIK)  tnim.  ami  to  have  been  worth  at  an  average, "/.  a  ton,  its  total  value  will  have  been  4,000.000/.  ; 
anil  the  ailditional  labour  expended  in  forming  the  pig  iron  into  liar  iron,  that  is,  into  bars,  bolts,  rods, 
&i..  liny  probably  have  added  about  1,250,000/,  more  to  its  value;  making  it  worth  in  nil  about 
6,910,(100/. 

Prirea  nf  ITnrdinare.—'We.  noticed,  under  the  article  IlAnDWAHE  (which  see),  the  extraordinary  fall 
wliicli  lias  taken  place  in  the  price  of  that  description  of  goods  since  the  peace.  Since  that  article  wag 
printi'd,  we  have  obtained  from  Mr.  William  Weston,  accountant.  Dirniingham,  the  following  Tublo 
of  tile  pri(;es  of  hardware  articles,  on  which,  we  believe,  every  reliance  may  he  placed. 


% 


118 


IRON-WOOD,  ISINGLASS. 


Comparative  Prices  of  Hardware 

in  and  near  Birmi 

nglinin, 

in  1818, 

1821, 1828, 1832 

;  and  in  Ja 

n.. 

1834. 

Articln. 

ISIS 

1824. 

I»|JS 

/,. 

l»3> 
1. 

d. 

1834. 

At 

/,. 

9. 

d 

/.. 

f. 

d. 

J. 

s. 

d. 

L. 

t. 

d. 

AnviN        ..... 

•      civl. 

1 

5 

0 

0 

0 

0 

16 

0 

0 

12 

9 

0 

14 

0 

AiiK.  |inP»li".l        .... 

•     gross 

II 

2 

6 

0 

2 

0 

0 

1 

6 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

3 

H'-l  '.tTi-vVA,  H  iiKh 

0 

1- 

II 

0 

1 1 

0 

0 

6 

0 

0 

4 

9 

0 

6 

0 

B'tlti  for  1».(m,  rio. 

-    dozen 

0 

H 

0 

0 

5 

n 

0 

2 

3 

0 

1 

6 

0 

1 

6 

Fncc-s  f  M- nrj  I'd'i-n,  12  bits 

set 

0 

g 

I 

0 

Ij 

3 

0 

4 

2 

0 

2 

10 

0 

3 

2 

Hi'8,  ti  II''  1,  for  hri  ilea 

-    ilnyt  n 

0 

5 

0 

5 

0 

n 

3 

3 

0 

2 

3 

0 

2 

3 

llii[t''ii»  fnr  en's 

-     ((ffij 

0 

4 

6 

0 

4 

8 

0 

3 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

2 

0 

f  r  w  li^T'iils 

0 

2 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

1 

2 

0 

U 

7 

0 

0 

T 

Curryrniiilis,  l>  li.irri  .1 

.     dozen 

0 

2 

« 

0 

2 

6 

0 

i 

6 

0 

0 

11 

0 

1 

0 

Cm  ;|('-ticr,'«,  h'-iss,  H  in''h 

pur 

n 

2 

11 

0 

2 

0 

u 

1 

7 

0 

1 

2 

0 

1 

0 

Cfiiiiiiioli' kiMltji,  lin-3,  2  Mich 

.    dozen 

0 

4 

0 

0 

3 

6 

(1 

1 

6 

0 

1 

2 

0 

1 

4 

frying  (I'liis 

cvvt. 

1 

a 

0 

1 

1 

0, 

0 

IH 

0, 

0 

18 

0, 

0 

16 

6 

lii'tiiri's.  cist  tintia,  (}  inch 

•    dozen 

0 

0 

in 

0 

0 

■:i 

0 

0 

3} 

0 

0 

•4 

0 

0 

4 

Ml  It'  liiiiimi'ts       .... 

0 

ti 

!> 

0 

3 

y 

0 

3 

0 

0 

2 

9 

0 

2 

S 

1,1'ohi's  frii  .i'lnrs.  liriiht  thnriiha 

— 

0 

2 

3 

0 

2 

2 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

9 

0 

0 

8 

Jj'ifks  fiT  il'i  1  •,  irtiii  rims  **  '"^h 

— 

1 

in 

0 

1 

12 

0 

0 

13 

0 

n 

13 

6 

0 

9 

0 

fur  umi^,  siii^iit  roller* 

eieh 

0 

6 

0 

0 

5 

2 

0 

1 

10 

0 

1 

6 

0 

1 

8 

I'l.i'e  1  stirru|ii        .            .             .            - 

pair 

0 

4 

ti 

0 

3 

9 

0 

1 

6 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

8 

S.i't  irniis  ail  t  pithcr  ri«Iirii,'S 

.      cwt. 

1 

2 

ti 

1 

(1 

0 

0 

14 

0 

0 

1 1 

0, 

0 

10 

0 

Slifivt  1  "111  1  I'ln^i.  lire-irfuis 

piir 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

^h 

0 

0 

7 

Tiiitied  lilili'  spii'iiis 

-      grcsj 

0 

17 

0 

0 

15 

0 

0 

10 

0 

0 

ti 

9 

0 

6 

0 

Trice  chiiiiH      *                ... 

-         cwt. 

1 

8 

0 

1 

5 

0 

u 

19 

6 

0 

15 

C 

0 

18 

6 

Vic  3  for  liUrksniillis 

— 

1 

10 

0 

1 

8 

0 

1 

2 

0 

0 

n 

0 

0 

18 

6 

.I.ip.itiiti-il  ti'.i  tr-iyn,  30  inch 

Mch 

0 

4 

6 

0 

3 

ti 

0 

2 

0 

0 

1 

S 

0 

1 

4 

Iriiii  wire.  Nn.  ti.                ... 

•  bunlle 

0 

16 

0 

0 

13 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

6 

0 

0 

5 

6, 

Hnss  wire               .... 

lb. 

0 

1 

11) 

0 

1 

4 

0 

' 

0 

0 

0 

9 

0 

0 

Oi 

■■/ 


[Iron  ore  occurs  in  great  almndance  in  tiie  United  States,  Immense  masses  of  it  have 
lately  bfcii  (liscoverecl  beyond  the  Allegliany  mountains,  especially  in  Kentucky  and  Mis- 
souri. Hut  it  is,  pprh:i[»s,  in  Vermont,  Massachusetts,  iVew  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and  Oiiio, 
thai  it  has  hillicrto  licen  chiefly  worked. 

E.\teii.'-ive,  however,  as  has  been  the  production  of  American  iron,  there  can  he  little  or 
no  limilit  that  this  branch  of  our  home  industry  is  shortly  destined  to  a  very  great  expansion. 
In  every  succrssive  year,  iron  is  applied  to  uses  never  dreamed  of  by  the  preceding  genera- 
tion :  only  a  few  years  have  elapsed  since  nn  extraordinary  demand  for  it  was  created  by  the 
constructing  of  rail-roads  ;  and  it  i ;  not  improbable  that  vast  quantities  of  it  will  be  wanted, 
before  long,  as  the  most  dasirable  material  for  the  building  of  houses  and  ships. 

Hut  the  enlarged  demand  for  iron  would  have  com[iaratively  little  elfect  in  altering  the 
relative  prnportiona  of  it  produced  in  the  country  itself  and  imported  from  abroad.  The 
foriiier  of  these  will  l)e  augmented  in  a  remarkable  degree,  at  the  expense,  so  to  speak,  of 
the  latter,  on  acccMiit  of  the  success  which  has  attended  the  experiments  lately  made,  on  the 
Lehigh,  in  Schuylkill  county,  and  elsewhere  in  Pennsylvania,  for  smelting  the  ore  with  an- 
thracite coal  instead  of  wood.  This  improvement,  on  account  of  the  vicinity  of  the  aiilhra- 
cile  to  the  ore,  cannot  hut  diminish  considerably  the  cost  of  producing  iron,  and  therefore  its 
price ;  which  will,  of  course,  be  followed  by  an  augmented  production  and  consumption 
of  it. 

.\ny  diminution  of  the  importation  of  iron  into  the  country,  which  may  be  consequent 
upon  the  introduction  generally  of  the  improvement  just  mentioned,  ought  not  to  he  re- 
garded as  in  itself  a  national  advatitage.  It  can  have  ni  permanent  ell'cct  in  preventing  the 
existence  of  an  undue  excess  of  importation  above  ex|)ortation.  These,  as  every  one  in  a 
slight  degree  only  conversant  with  political  economy  is  aware  of,  have  a  certain  determinate 
average  relation  to  each  other, — a  relation  which  is  preserved,  by  whatever  restrictive  or 
forcible  measures  either  the  amount  of  the  commodities  imported,  or  that  of  the  commodities 
exported,  may  be  attempted  to  be  diminished.  If  less  iron  than  heretofore  shall  hereafter  bo 
procured  from  other  countries,  the  inevitable  result  must  be  that  the  exports  of  the  jiroducts 
of  .\iiierican  capital  and  labour  will  be  lessened  in  the  same  [iroportion.  The  indelitediiess 
of  the  United  States  to  Europe,  in  an  embarrassing  and  more  than  ordinary  degree,  can 
only  be  prevented  from  recurring,  at  intervals  of  a  very  few  years,  when  some  mode  shall 
have  been  devised  of  ellectually  guarding  against  an  undue  exjiaiision  of  our  currency, 
which,  liy  causing  a  general  rise  of  prices,  oH'ers  an  inducement  for  importing  more  from 
abroad,  as  well  as  for  exporting  less  to  foreign  countries. 

Th(!  importations  of  iron  and  steel  have  been  very  considerable.  They  have  amounted, 
in  the  la-t  live  years,  to  nearly  fifty  millions  of  dollars.  And  the  duties  remitted  on  iron, — 
chiefly  rail-road  iron, — from  the  1st  of  January,  1832,  to  June  .SOth,  1839,  exceeded  the 
sum  of  three  millions  and  a  half  of  dollars ;  "being  in  fact,"  says  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  '•  a  donation,  or  free  subscription,  by  the  general  government,  to  that  amount, 
chiefly  in  aid  of  rail-roads." — Am.  Ed.] 

IKijN-WOOU  (Ger.  Ei.sen/io/z  .■  Du.  Yserfiout ,-  Ft.  Bois  de  fr  ;  It.  Legrio  di  frro  ,■ 
Sp.  /'f//ir;  litem)  ,■  Lat.  Sidiruxi/lon,  Lignum  ferrctim),  a  sjiecies  of  wood  of  a  reddish  cxi^t, 
fio  called  on  account  of  its  corroding  as  that  metal  does,  and  its  being  remarkably  hard  and 
ponderous, — even  more  so  than  ebony.  The  tree  which  produces  it  grows  principally  in 
the  West  India  islands,  and  is  likewise  very  common  in  South  America,  and  in  some  [larts 
of  Asia,  especially  about  Siam, 

ISINGLASS  (Ger,  Hauscnbla.se,  Hausblase  ,-  Fr.  Culle  de  poisson,  Carluck  ,•  It.  Cula 


I  di  pesri 

t  's  a  |iro( 

-•f  bladders 

into  (he 

the  b-.st 

harliel,  tl 

laid  toge 

When/i, 

Water,  an 

ing  plastr 

year.     TI 

T/to/>/fin)j' 

ISLE  I 
JUICE 

C.    Ill.isi 

ing  to  whit 
tliat  the  de 
which  ."hal 
unity  at  th( 
such  citrom 
water." 
JJ/.VIPE 
IVOIiV', 
horse.  E-.m 
taperiiin,  an 
extern;illy  y, 
straight,  and 
The  most  e 
yellow,  than 
Till-  trade  in 
.  J'"ir.«t  snrt  w 
mg  ;is  U.S.  to  ri\ 
All  iiMilor  IS 
'li'isf  Dial  are 
slioiild  III,'  I'l'j,.,' 
low.    Tliefrejil 

'^itpp/,/  of 

average,  4,l';j( 

weiirht  of  a  to 

l.S3a  may  be  t 

male  elephants 

the  dc'itruction 

'0  1500  or  .O.O 

in  this  way  I.e'ii 

tl'ut  have  died  i 

sources  now  all 

<'re,U  Drifaiii,  v 

the  s/au;,'hter  of 

""d  it  may  wel 

diminished,     'fj 

India,  and  the  » 

whence  supphos 

^"■"ain,  ill    1831 

ports  during  the 

—{I'arl.  Paper, 

•VDry  fiom  Malac 

'I'lie  chief  con. 

""'  It  is  also  exte 

fh'vS'S-nien,  hillia 

'iX'tured  to  a 

Eun,p,.     Cuj^_ 

"-'"'".■so  than  hy 
.cncentric  halls 
"•ory  articles,  are 
»iMoncal  Not, 
tie  elephant  is  fo, 
purposes,  hut  that , 
owing  to  any  differ 


w 


I  greal 
the 


yotic 

ui 
r 


T 


7^ 


1834 

1. 

d. 

14 

0 

3 

6 

0 

1 

6 

3 

2 

2 

3 

2 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

I 

4 

16 

6 

0 

4 

2 

S 

0 

8 

9 

0 

1 

8 

0 

8 

10 

0 

0 

7 

6 

0 

IS 

6 

18 

6 

1 

4 

S 

6 

0 

9^ 

ISLE  OF  MAN^IVORY. 


«  a  product,  .1.,,  f-rrparnti,,;  TwS  T   ,°^  ""^  P"^"'^'  ""'I  finest  of  f^,         ■ 

"to  the  North  Sea  a„,l  the  (jil,-  f  ^"f  ««''  ^-''"-h  are  /:,„nd     '\,J\'^  "">'.'«  "^  the  air- 
the  l';--st;  next  to  tl,at  ,ho  beh  ^^  "  ,, //'^''''l''''-^''' '"^nuhn  stu  J^^^^  "^"«  that  fall 

f«r  >el,  thotm^h  not  so  qoo.I.  "he  t  '""'^'"^^  ''^  •■''■•^»  f'rer  "S  f  ''""'"''■^'"y  ''^teemed 
^■''1  together  like  tho  leaves  of  n  I 'T  "  "'"'"'■^  ^°"''^l  i"  lit  Ki  (■•"'»  •^'"l^ts,  .sh^,,,  ^J 
Whenfh,eJtisofawhiteil  ?^  ""''  ""^  ^"'"'"o..    oJt  ^r^^^  >^^'^ond  ,'ont 

.^.■•tcr  and  iti.  „«,,  extensi  1    !  ,'^":'-'^«"-^Par«nt.  and  dry      J    ./'^'f  '^'"'out  any  care! 

e-  1 1 1.  is  as  foUorvsr^;>J;';''^«' .""  ORANGES.     The  9th       .• 

•".?  to  which  the  diuv  on  thn  f^' "'=»'"'"?  the  decrees  of  srL^r    ''"'""  °^  "'e  act  6  Geo  4 

"n'ty  at  the  temperature  of  C0°7     p'.'""'*  '"^""«r,  (hat  distiM  T     ''  ''>'  ^  S'«««  citron.e ler 
—{'  "ri.  Paper,  No  5'in  «*        ,        '  ^''.V 'on  and  other  ?.\,  ,     ""'"™    '98  ewt.     'The  i™ 


s 


s 


120 


KELP— KERMES. 


of  the  African  people  !  We  incline  to  think  that  the  latter  is  the  true  hypothesis.  Alex- 
ander the  Great  is  believed  to  have  been  the  first  European  who  employed  elephants  in  war. 
It  appears  pretty  certain,  that  the  elephants  made  use  of  by  the  Carthaginians  were  mostly, 
if  not  wholly,  brought  from  India;  and  that  they  were  managed  by  Indian  leaders.  Some 
of  the  latter  were  captured  by  the  Konians,  in  the  great  victory  gained  by  Metellus  over 
Asdrubal. — (See,  on  this  curious  subject,  two  very  learned  and  valuable  noti's  in  the  An- 
cient Universal  Ilixfuri/,  8vo  ed.  vol.  xvii.  p.  529.  and  p.  549.  Buffur^s  Article  on  tlie 
Elephant  is  a  splendid  piece  of  composition.) 

Thfi  pricfi  per  cwt,,  duty  (U.  por  cwt.)  included,  of  clcphantB'  teeth  in  the  London  market,  in  De- 
cember, 1833,  was- 


£ 

s. 

d.      £ 

s. 

d. 

£ 

s. 

(/.   £ 

.«. 

d. 

Ist, 

70 tn  no  lbs.   - 

-  2U 

0 

0  to  31 

0 

0 

5lh,  18  to  27  11)9. 

-  18 

0 

0  to  21 

0 

0 

2d, 

50  —  liO  — 

-  25 

0 

0  —  23 

0 

0 

.Scrivelloes 

-  14 

0 

0  —  35 

0 

0 

3d, 

3^  —  ns  — 

-  23 

0 

0  —  20 

0 

0 

Sea  horse  teeth 

-   0 

0 

0—  5 

0 

0 

4th 

28  —  37  — 

-  20 

0 

0  —  24 

0 

0 

K. 


KELP.  A  substance  composed  of  difl'crent  materials,  of  w/.ich  the  fossil  o-  mineral 
alkali,  or,  as  it  is  commonly  termed,  soda,  is  the  chief.  This  ingredient  renders  it  useful  in 
the  composition  of  soap,  in  the  manufacture  of  alum,  and  in  the  formation  of  crown  and 
bottle  glass.  It  is  formed  of  marine  plants ;  which,  being  cut  from  the  rocks  with  a  hook, 
are  collected  and  dried  on  the  beach  to  a  certain  extent;  they  are  afterwards  put  into  kilns 
prepared  for  the  j)urpose,  the  heat  of  which  is  sufficient  to  bring  the  ])IaiifK  into  a  state  of 
semifusion.  They  are  then  strongly  stirred  with  iron  rakes;  and  when  cool,  condense  into 
a  dark  blue  or  whitish  mass,  very  hard  and  solid.  Plants  about  13  years  old  yield  the  largest 
quantity  of  kelp.  The  best  kelp  has  an  a 'rid  caustic  taste,  a  sulphurous  odour,  is  com()art, 
and  of  a  dark  blue  greenish  colour.  It  yields  about  5  ])er  cent,  of  its  weight  of  soda. — 
(Ba.Ti/'s  Orkney  Islumh,  p.  377. ;  T/wmson's  Dispensatory.) 

The  nmiiiifactiire  of  kelp  in,  or  rather  wan,  principally  carried  on  in  the  Western  Islands,  and  on 
the  western  shores  of  Scolbind,  where  it  wiis  introduced  from  Ireliuid,  aiiont  the  middle  of  l;isl 
century.  Towards  tlie  end  of  the  late  war,  the  kelp  .shores  of  the  isl.ind  of  North  IMst  let  for  7,0110/. 
a  year'  It  has  been  calinlaled  that  tlic  (jiiantity  of  kelp  annually  inainifactured  in  the  Hebrides  only, 
e.\clusivc  of  the  niainland,  and  of  the  Orkney  and  Shetland  isles,  amounted,  at  tlie  period  referred  lli, 
to  about  0,000  tons  a  year;  and  that  the  total  (iiiantily  made  in  Scolland  and  its  adjacent  isle.s 
amounted  to  about  20.0U0  tons.  At  some  |)eriiMls  durinf;  tlii!  war,  it  sold  for  20/.  a  ton  ;  but  al  an 
nvorasie  of  the  23  jears  oiidinj;  with  1522,  tlio  -irice  was  10/.  ')s.  7<i.  — (.\rt.  Sc.olhiiul,  F.dinburgh  Knci/- 
clopirdia.) 

llnlMckily,  however,  the  foundations  on  whi  h  tliis  manufacture  rested  were  altofictlier  factitious. 
Its  existence  ilepeiided  lui  tlu!  maintenance  of  Me  hiiili  duties  on  barilla  and  salt.  In.asmncli,  how- 
ever, as  kelp  could  not  be  substituted,  wiiliout  undergoinf;  a  very  e.xpensivc  process,  for  barill.i,  in  a 
great  many  drparlmeuls  of  industry  in  which  tin:  use  of  mineral  alkali  is  iinlispensable,  it  became 
necessary  materially  to  reduce  tbe  liit'li  duty  laid  on  barilla  durini;  the  war.  The  ruin  of  the  kelp 
manufacture  has  been  ascribed  to  this  riducliori  ;  but  thonpli  barilla  had  be(Mi  altofrellier  (Excluded 
from  our  markets,  which  could  not  liavi:  been  (Ioik;  without  ureat  injury  to  niauy  unist  important  ni:i- 
liufactures,  tlie  result  would  have  been  perfectly  the  same,  in  so  tar  as  kelp  is  coiiieriied,  unless  the 
hiuh  duly  oil  salt  had  also  been  maintained.  Il  was  the  repeal  of  the  latter  that  jmvi'  tlie  kelp  manu- 
facture tbe  rro//)  r/e  i'mcc.  The  purilication  of  kelp  so  as  to  render  it  lit  for  so.ip-makiiii;,  is  a  much 
more  troublesome  and  e.\pensive  process  than  the  deccuiiposiiion  of  salt ;  and  the  (ireatest  (iiiaiiliiy 
of  alkali  used,  is  now  obtained  by  the  latter  method.  Had  the  duty  on  salt  not  been  repealed,  kulp 
mlBlit  still  have  been  manufactured,  notwithstandinir  the  reduction  of  duly  on  barilla. 

The  manufacture  is  now  almost  e.xtinct.  Hliores  that  formerly  yielded  the  proprietors  a  rent  of 
Zuul  to  500/.  a  year,  are  now  worlli  notliin;;.  The  price  of  kelp  since  1S22  has  not  been,  at  an 
average,  above  1/.  a  ton  ;  and  the  article  will,  most  probably,  soon  cease  to  be  produced. 

This  result,  tlioii!.'li  injurious  to  the  proprietors  of  kelp  shores,  and  productive  of  temporary  distress 
lo  the  labourers  employed  in  the  maiiutactuie,  is  not  to  be  refrriitted.  It  could  not  have  bien  obvi- 
ated, wilhcnil  keopiiiL'  up  the  price  of  some  of  the  most  important  necessaries  of  life  at  a  forceil  and 
unnatural  elevation.  The  liiL'li  price  of  kel|i  was  occasioned  by  the  (ixiirencies  of  the  late  \v;ir, 
wliicli,  besides  obslructiri!.' the  supply  of  barilla,  forced  t'overniiKUit  to  lay  hifili  duties  on  it  and  on 
Bait.  Tlie  proprietors  had  not  the  vcsliiie  of  a  Kroiind  for  con.'iderin;;  that  such  a  state  of  thiiit's 
W(uild  be  permanent ;  Ibey  iliil  rit'lit  in  prolilini,'  by  it  while  it  lasted;  but  tliey  could  not  expect  lli:it 
povcrniiient  »  as  to  subject  the  country,  during  peace,  to  some  of  t'.e  severest  privations  occasiuiieJ 
by  the  war,  merely  that  lliiuj  niitiht  continue  to  enjoy  an  accidental  advantage. 

KENTIiEDGE,  the  name  somoliMies  given  to  the  iron  pigs  cast  in  a  particular  form  for 
ballasting  slii|is,  and  emplin-ed  foi  that  purpose. 

KER.MES  (dcr.  Sc/tarlac/ibeercn  ,•  Du.  Grein,Scha)-lakcnljessen;  It.  Grnna,  ChenncH, 
Creiiiese,  Cucehi ,-  Sp.  Gruna  Keruies,  Grana  de  la  coscuja),  an  insect  (Cucr.us  illcis  Liu.) 
of  the  same  species  as  the  true  Mexican  cochineal,  found  upon  the  i/ucrrtis  ilex,  a  species  of 
oak  growing  in  Spain,  France,  the  Levant,  (Sec.  Before  the  discovery  of  .America,  kermas 
was  the  most  esteemed  drug  for  dyeing  scarlet,  and  had  been  used  for  that  purpose  from  a 
very  remote  period.  Beckmann  inclines  to  think  that  it  was  employed  by  the  PlKEiiiciui.'!, 
and  that  it  excelled  even  the  famous  Tyrian  purple. — {Ust.  of  Invent,  vol.  ii.  p.  19'(.  Tti^. 
cd.)  From  the  name  of  cuccuin  or  coccus,  cloth  dyed  with  kermes  was  called  cocchiuin, 
and  persons  wearing  this  cloth  were  said  by  the  Uoinans  to  be  coccinali — \Mart  lib  i- 


«pig.  97. 1 
that  the  ni 
of  them  SI 
opinion :  c 
I  the  punctii 

last  centur 
but  an  ins 
kermes  is  c 
the  earliest 
an  article  o 
of  cochinea 
ever,  prepar 
and  though 
neal,  they  rt 
sels,  and  oti 
vivacity,  tho 
has  been  tre 
1st  ed.  trans. 
KINO  (F 
that  grow  in 
the  shops  is  e 
nauclea  gami 
is  then  evapoi 
ported  in  ches 
paper,  inseribt 
stating  that  it 
when  first  taki 
palate.  It  is 
portions  of  a  d 
is  ejsily  pulver 
it  may  be  doub 
sidered  as  kino 
Indian  bazaar, 
made  into  the  \ 
KNIVES  (( 
Rus.  Nos/ii)  w< 
are  principally  i 
purposes,  as  thi 
knive.s,  pruning 
in  the  manufact 
until  the  reign 
1563),  that  kniv 
that  this  is  an  er 
for  centuries  befo 
tlie  cutlers  of  L( 
*"'•  ii.  c.  i.  in  Li 

KONIGSBEF 

Population  G8,00 

^'"•^  <5-<;.-Konipf 
r?  '"rpe  lake  havii 
6  feet  water,  so  (Im 
»..  Ion.  19^  52' 30" 
Pcrly  the  port  of  Ki 
Srouiid,  a  liiile  (o  i| 
sea.    The  ligi,,  j^  f,, 
larboard  side  bein.' 
sea,  has  been  erect';. 
•'■111.    There  is  usual 
licular  winds  otcasir 
Trade  of  Konii 
Kunigsiierg  has  a  i; 
large  extent  of  cou 
"fort.     The  whea 
'arger  in  the  berry, 
ceplions,  and  light', 
a  slight  admixture" I 
the  value  of  the  oat 
are  shipped  hero  tha 
arc  usually  lower  at 
Vol.  IL^L 


KINO— KONIGSBERG. 


121 


lit  isles 
III  an 
rli  Kncii- 


titlDllS. 
ll(VW- 

ll;i,  ill  a 
liciMine 
111'  ki^ll) 

.\tllllllHt 

ant  111:1- 
IcsM  llie 
)  iiiaim- 
a  iiiiu'li 
iliiantiiy 
Icil,  kuip 

11  rent  of 

Ml,   lit   iUl 

y  (lislri'ss 
"(Ml  iil>vi- 
)rc(-il  '.11111 
late  w;ir, 
It  anil  II" 

llrl"  tlllMCS 

llii'i'l  ili;ii 
cuiiiinieJ 

I  form  for 

''hervm, 

tci"  I'i"'), 
Ipcrics  of 
liormcs 
from  a 
lEiiici'.ins, 

\rt  lib  i' 


epig.  97.  I'm.  6.)  It  is  singular,  however,  notwithstanding  its  extensive  use  in  antiquity, 
that  the  ancients  had  the  most  incorrect  notions  with  respect  to  the  nature  of  Itermes  :  many 
of  them  supposing  that  it  was  the  grains  (grana)  or  fruit  of  the  ilex.  This  was  Pliny's 
opinion :  others  after  him  considered  it  in  the  same  light,  or  as  an  excrescence  formed  by 
the  puncture  of  a  particular  kind  of  fly,  like  the  gall  nut.  It  was  not  till  the  early  part  of 
last  century  that  it  was  finally  and  satisfactorily  established  that  the  kermcs  is  really  nothing 
but  an  insect,  assuming  the  appearance  of  a  berry  in  the  process  of  drying.  The  term 
kermes  is  of  Persian  origin.  The  Arabians  had  been  acquainted  with  this  production  from 
the  earliest  periods  in  Africa;  and  having  found  it  in  Spain,  they  cultivated  it  extensively  aa 
an  article  of  commerce,  as  well  as  a  dye  drug  for  their  own  use.  But  since  the  introduction 
of  cochineal,  it  has  become  an  oliject  of  comparatively  trifling  importance.  It  is  still,  how- 
ever, prepared  in  some  parts  of  Spain.  Cloths  dyed  with  kermes  are  of  a  deep  red  colour; 
and  though  much  inferior  in  brilliancy  to  the  scarlet  cloths  dyed  with  real  Mexican  cochi- 
neal, they  retain  the  colour  better,  and  are  less  liable  to  stain.  The  old  tapestries  of  BruB- 
eels,  and  other  places  in  Flanders,  which  have  scarcely  lost  any  thing  of  their  original 
vivacity,  though  200  years  old,  were  all  dyed  with  kermes.  The  history  of  this  production 
has  been  treated  with  great  learning  by  Beckmann  (Hist,  of  Invent,  vol.  i.  pp.  171 — 191. 
Istcd.  trans.)  ;  and  by  Dr.  Bancroft  {Permanent  Colours,  vol.  i.  pp.  393 — 409.) 

KINO  (Fr.  Gomme  de  Kino ;  Ger.  Kinoharz ,-  It  China),  a  gum,  the  produce  of  trees 
that  grow  in  the  East  and  West  Indies,  Africa,  Botany  Bay,  &c.  The  kino  now  found  in 
the  shops  is  said  by  Dr.  A.  T.  Thomson  to  come  from  India,  and  to  be  the  produce  of  tha 
naucka  gambir.  The  branches  and  twigs  are  bruised  and  boiled  in  water.  The  decoction 
is  then  evaporated  until  it  acquires  the  consistence  of  an  extract,  which  is  kino.  It  is  im- 
ported in  chests  containing  from  1  to  2  cwt. ;  and  on  the  inside  of  the  lid  of  each  chest  is  a 
paper,  inscribed  with  the  name  of  John  Brown,  the  month  and  year  of  its  importation,  and 
stating  that  it  is  the  produce  of  Amboyna.  It  is  inodorous,  very  rough,  and  slightly  bitter 
when  first  taken  into  the  mouth :  but  it  afterwards  impresses  a  ilegree  of  sweetness  on  tho 
palate.  It  is  in  small,  uniform,  deep  brown,  shining,  brittle  fragments,  which  appear  like 
portions  of  a  dried  extract  broken  down;  being  perfectly  uniform  in  their  appearance.  It 
is  easily  pulverised,  affording  a  powder  of  a  lighter  brown  colour  than  the  fragments.  But 
it  may  be  doubted  whether  the  inspissated  juice  of  the  nauclca  gambir  ought  to  be  con- 
sidered as  kino.  Dr.  Ainslie  says  that  Botany  Bay  kino  is  the  only  kind  he  l\ad  seen  in  an 
Indian  bazaar.  The  tree  which  yields  it  grows  to  a  great  height:  it  flows  from  incisions 
made  into  the  wood  of  the  trunk. — {Thomson's  Dispensatory  ,-  Ainslie' s  Materia  Indica.) 

KNIVES  (Ger.  Messer  ,■  Du.  Mt;ssen  ,■  Fr.  Cottteaux .-  It.  Collelli ;  Sp.  Cuchillos  t 
Rus.  Nushi)  well  known  utensils  made  of  iron  and  steel,  and  employed  to  cut  with ;  they 
are  principally  manufactured  in  London  and  Sheffield.  Knives  are  made  for  a  variety  of 
purposes,  as  their  different  denominations  imply ;  such  as  table  knives,  penknives,  oyster 
knives,  pruning  knives,  &c.  Although  England  at  present  excels  every  part  of  the  world 
in  the  manufacture  of  knives,  as  in  most  branches  of  cutlery,  the  finer  kinds  were  imported 
until  the  reign  of  Elizabeth.  It  is  stated  by  Mr.  Macpherson  (Annals  of  Com.  Anno 
1.563),  that  knives  were  not  made  for  use  in  England  till  1563;  but  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  this  is  an  error.  They  had  been  made,  though  probably  of  a  rude  and  clumsy  pattern, 
for  centuries  before,  in  the  district  called  Hallam^'hire,  of  which  Sheffield  is  the  centre  ;  and 
the  cutlers  of  London  were  formed  into  a  corporation  in  1417. — (Manufactures  in  Metal, 
vol.  ii.  c.  i.  in  Lardner's  Cyclopaedia.) 

KONIGSBERG,  the  capital  of  East  Prussia,  in  lat.  54°  42'  II"  N.,  Ion.  20°  29'  15"  E. 

Population  08,000. 

Piirt,  i^c— KiinipHberg  is  situated  on  the  Pregnl,  wliicti  flows  into  the  Frisc.he  Haff,  or  Fresh  Bay, 
—a  large  lalte  having  from  10  to  14  feet  water.  The  bar  at  the  month  of  the  Pregel  has  only  from  5  to 
6  feet  water,  so  tiiat  none  lint  flat-bottomed  boats  can  ascend  to  the  city.  I'illau,  in  lat.  I'll"  33'  39" 
N.,  l(in.  19^  52'  30"  15.,  on  the  north  side  of  the  entrance  from  the  Baltic  to  the  Frische  llafl",  is  |>ro- 
perly  ilie  port  of  KOnigsherg.  Within  these  few  years,  a  light-honse  has  been  erected  on  a  rising 
grniiiid,  a  little  to  tlie  soiuh  of  Pillau,  the  lantern  of  which  is  elevated  103  feel  above  the  level  of  tha 
sen.  The  light  is  tlxed  and  brilliant.  The  entrance  to  the  barhoiir  is  marked  by  buoys  ;  those  on  the 
larhn:ird  side  being  RUrnioiinted  by  small  flags.  A  Gothic  building,  120  fi-et  above  the  level  of  tho 
sea,  has  been  erected  to  serve  for  a  land-mark  ;  at  a  distance  it  looks  like  a  three-masted  ship  under 
sail.  There  is  nsiially  from  15  to  16  feet  water  between  the  buoys  on  entering  the  harbour  ;  but  par- 
ticular winds  occasion  material  differences  in  this  respect. 

Trade  if  Konigsberg. — Being  situated  on  a  navigable  river  of  considerable  importance, 
Kijnigslierg  has  a  large  command  of  internal  navigation,  and  is  the  principal  emporium  of  a 
large  extent  of  country.  Wheat,  rye,  and  other  sjiecies  of  grain,  are  the  chief  articles  of 
export.  The  wheat  is  somewhat  similar  to  that  of  Dantzic,  but  of  inferior  quality,  being 
larger  in  the  berry,  and  thicker  skinned.  The  rye  is  thin,  and  also  the  barley,  with  few  ex- 
ceptions, and  light.  Peas  are  of  a  remarkably  large  quality.  Oats  arc  common  feed,  with 
a  slight  admixture  of  tares;  but  as  these  last  answer  in  some  degree  the  purpose  of  beans, 
the  value  of  the  oats  is  rather  enhanced  than  otherwise  by  the  circumstance.  More  tares 
are  ship()ed  here  than  from  any  other  port  in  the  Bailie.  The  prices  of  all  sorts  of  grain 
arc  usually  lower  at  KOnigsberg  than  at  the  neighbouring  Prussian  ports.     Hemp,  flax,  lin- 

Vol.  II.— L  16 


I 

7, 


I 
I 

I 


tss 


LAC. 


seed,  yarn,  and  bristles,  are  largely  exported;  with  smaller  quantities  of  wool,  ashes,  feathers, 
wax,  hides  and  skins,  &c.  The  bristles  arc  the  best  in  the  Uaitic.  Timber,  deals,  and  staves, 
are  as  good  as  at  Memel,  but  are  rather  scarce.  The  imports  are  coffee,  sugar,  cotton  stuffa 
and  yarn,  hardware,  dye  woods,  spices,  tobacco,  coals,  rum,  &c.  Salt  is  a  government 
monopoly  ;  any  person  being  allowed  to  import  it,  but  he  must  either  sell  it  to  government 
at  a  price  fixed  by  them,  or  export  it  again. 

Money,  Weigfib,  and  Mcanures,  same  as  at  Dantzic  ;  which  see. 

Account  of  ttie  Exports  of  the  diffurent  Spccivs  of  Grain  rrnm  Kunigsberg  during  each  of  the  Four* 

tuen  Years  ending  with  1S31. 


1818. 
l.ails. 

1819. 

IS20. 

1821. 

182. 

^ 

1323. 
Lcals. 

1824. 
Lant. 

182). 

1326. 

1827. 

132.1. 
Lain 

1829. 

1330. 

1831, 
Laitt. 

/.aid. 

Lnilt. 

Lavs, 

Latls. 

LasU,     Lcuts. 

Lalli. 

iaili. 

Wheat 

3,129 

I,2J2 

2,1(11 

1,5)9 

,591 

428 

1,1102 

816 

1,483 

3,734 

9.343 

7,69>< 

7,505 

7,563 

Rye 

8,429 

7.3l0 

6,7ii9 

1,4')9 

lOJ 

1,03'J 

3113 

657 

69  i 

7,228 

12,920 

H,154 

25,420 

16,900 

Barlty 

4,li,i 

2,952 

t<l8 

25 

292 

24 

2;(9 

1,531 

201 

2,322 

i,;i4') 

2,272 

1,6..7 

9"8 

Oils 

3,859 

1,513 

5,56-. 

864 

200 

116 

1,566 

593 

5,321 

6,4'0 

1,368 

3,i?:o 

8,310 

4,092 

Pen 

2,933 

1,991 

1,210 

231 

203 

215 

412 

712 

863 

603 

919 

422 

2,360 

1,506 

neim 

136 

41 

. 

. 

98 

3b 

1    607 

3;0 

(      99 
i     141 

I3tl 

Tares 

. 

439 

488 

78 

. 

22 

926 

716 

929 

318 

326 

Linsee^I.liemp, 

anJ  raiieaeed 

1,823 

2,197 

1,864 

3,173 

320 

1,257 

1,016 

2,271 

2,723 

2,834 

3,718 

3,873 

3,321 

1,884 

Malt 

Total     - 

4 

28 

49 

30 

• 

2 

■       •           10 

24,622      I8,I4.S 

I9,66i  ; 

7,612;    1,711 

3,094  1    6,613  j    7,30J 

12,315  1  loAii 

30,421 

26,439  1  48,843 

33,395 

Exclusive  of  corn,  the  quantities  of  the  principal  articles  exported  from  Konigsberg  in  1830  and 

1831  were— 

Articles. 

1830. 

1831. 

Articles. 

1830. 

1S31.     ] 

A«hes         ....      Ua. 

82,170 

Hi'lM  aii-.l  sk'ns    •          .           -       ll)s. 

63,707 

17,523  1 

Bnallci       ...           .       — 

167,>«I7 

107,811 

I.itiseeJ  cikea      -           ■            -     stone 

. 

31,KiO  i 

Fe.ilhfn     •            ■           •           •       — 

13,860 

15,411 

Wax         ....        lbs. 

31,955 

23,760  , 

VUx  :»nJ  flix  cndiUa        .           -   Btoiie 

75,230 

35,^00 

Wool        .            .           .           .        - 

. 

118,668   1 

Hempaiid  lunipcoililla  -           -       —      |       60.276 

9,473 

Yarn,  I.ith.  ami  Erml.    -           -  butillra 

8,0(10 

9,000  ' 

Arrivals  in  1831.— In  1831,  lliore  entered  the  port  of  Kiiniesherg  (Pillaii)  701  ships,  of  the  burden  of 
43,U28  ions.    In  1S32,  43  Urilisli  sliips,  of  tlie  burden  of  3,592  tons,  cleared  out. 


Prices  free  on  board  of  the 

principal  .\rticles  of  Export  from  Konigsberg,  1st  of  June,  1832, 

Articles. 

Prime  Cost 
in  Prussian 
Currency. 

Sil.  irr. 

Free  on  board 
in  Sterling  Money. 

Articles. 

Prime  Cost 
in  Prussian 
Currency. 

Free  on  board 
in  Sterling  money. 

/..  1.  d,      L.  1.  d. 

L.  »■  d       L.    I.   d. 

Sil.  ar. 

Per  last. 

Per  quarUr. 

PcrH.oJ  33li. 

Per  Ion. 

Wheat,  oM,   mixed  and 

Hemp,  clean 

11  |.2 

39    5  0 

high  niixpd 
oM,  inft;ri.-)r  kind 

450  to  500 

2    3    8  to  2    g    4 

cut 

101-210  11 

Si  18  0  to  37  10    0 

400  -  430 

1   18  10  -  2     1     3 

La^en • 

91-2  —  10 

32  1 1  0  -  34    6    0 

new,  best  mixed    and 

Flax,    Druani,   crown, 

liiiTh  niixctl 

450  —  600 

2    3    8—2    8    4 

No.  1. 

101.2-lli 

30    2  0  —  39    9    0 

new  infer  inr  red,  mixed 

PoJolil,  crown.  No.  1. 

101-2- 11 J 

36    2  0  -  39    9    0 

and  bfM  re.l 

.ISO  -  430 

1   16  10  —  2    I     3 

Rve,  oM  and  new 

230  -  260 

12    9-158 

;'o-330«j. 

PcrcwU 

Ilarlcv.  larj^e      « 

190  —  200 

0  19    0  —  0  19    6 

Ashes,  calcined  crown  • 

7U 

1    54 

.smalt  - 

176  —  18') 

0  17     2  —  0  IS    6 

(his 

110  —  1,30 

Oil     6  —  0  13    4 

Per  lb. 

I'eas.  white,  new 

240  -  270 

13     8—167 

Bristles,  best  white 

63.r.-72gr. 

12  13  0  —  13    8    8 

erey    • 

240  —  270 

1     3     8—1     67 

crown 

42 

8    00 

Be.lnii      . 

210  —  230 

1     0  10  -  1     2    9 

Tares     . 

1.50  —  170 

0  13    3  -  0  17    2 

Per  bundle. 

Per  bundle. 

Pir  l>and. 

Ptr  barrel. 

Y.irn,  Lith.  12-20  lbs.  • 

5  1-4 

0    6  8 

Linieed,  crushing 

13  1-2-  14 

111     6  —  1   12  10 

2J-10 11».      . 

5-8 

0    6  3 

snivnil 

19  -     21 

10    0-120 

40-60  lbs.      • 

6 

0    6  9  —    0    6  10 

The  above  prices  in  sterling  money,  free  on  board,  are  calculated  at  the  exchange  of  205  s,  gr,,  and 
at  the  proportion  of  10^  Imp.  qrs.  per  last. 


L. 


LAC,  OR  GUM  L.\C  (Gcr.  Lack,  Gummilack  ,-  Fr.  Lacque,  Gomme  Incque  ,•  It. 
Lacca,  Gnmmalacca ,-  Sp.  Gama  laca  ,•  Rus,  Laka,  Gummilak ;  Arab.  Laak ;  Hind, 
Lak'h  ;  S'^ns.  Ldk.shd),  a  substance,  which  has  been  improperly  called  a  gum,  produced  in 
Bengal,  .Assam,  Pegu,  Siam,  &c.,  on  the  leaves  and  branches  of  certain  trees,  by  an  insec* 
(rhennes  lacca),  'i'he  trees  selected  by  the  insect  on  which  to  deposit  its  eggs  are  known 
by  the  names  of  the  bihar  tree  {Crolon  lacc'ferum  Lin.),  the  pepel  {Buleu  frundom),  bott, 
and  coosim  trees,  &c.  .\fter  being  deposited,  the  egg  is  covered  by  the  insect  with  a  quan- 
tity of  this  peculiar  substance,  or  lac,  evidently  intended  to  serve,  in  the  economy  of  nature, 
as  a  n  dus  and  protection  to  the  ovum  and  insect  in  its  first  stage,  and  as  food  for  the  maggot 
in  its  more  advanced  stage.  It  is  formed  into  cells,  finished  with  as  much  art  as  a  honey- 
comb, liut  differently  arranged.  Lac  yields  a  fine  red  dye,  which,  though  not  so  bright  as 
the  true  Mexican  cochineal,  is  said  to  be  more  permanent ;  and  the  resinous  part  is  exten- 
sively used  in  the  manufacture  of  sealing  wax  and  hats,  and  as  a  varnish. 

Lac,  wlieii  in  its  natural  stale,  encnislinp  leaves  and  twifjs,  is  called  slick  liir. :  it  is  collected  twifo 
a  year  ;  and  the  only  troubl»  in  procuring  it  is  in  brcal<ing  down  tlic  leaves  and  branches,  and  carrying 


f 


them  to  r 

fppnratec 

freight. 

and  whnti 

their  cells 

for  a  varii 

/-«c  (li/e, 

processes 

those  of  in 

scraped  or 

is  8,Ttl(tv,  li 

rejerteil. 

Notwitha 

in  this  coin 

since  1818. 

raaniifactiir 

When  sti 

pounded,  ihi 

water.    Tht 

mii.'stard  seei 

lac.     The  nn 

the  lower  rl 

superior  das 

Sfteliiic  is  (> 

a  charcoal  fir 

most  liqiiefial 

Thin-transpa 

it  should  alw; 

iMre,  liovvevei 

fire,  and  burn 

country  in  the 

to  be  very  evti 

the  last  liiree  < 

fall  in  the  prict 

greater  deman 

In  Bengal,  |;i 

be  obtained  frr 

latter,  is  inferit 

Account  of  the 
into  Gre 


Teirs. 


1814 

1815 

1816 

I8I7 

18IS 

1819 

1820 

1821 

1822 

1823 


Lac] 
Uc 

Lh 

278 

598. 

%'.), 

384, 

242, 

178.1 

439, 

640,S 

872,! 

425,2 


Wlow?l""""P«'«<" 

Lac  lake 

■iye,  n.  T. 

-  J.  Mc.  I 

-  C.  E. 

e  ~  ,      'ow  and 
Seel  lac 
8  ick  he 
Shellac,  liver 

I-ACE  (Du.  1 

sfiewo ;  Sp.  Encc 

tlireads  of  gold,  ^ 

hem  or  fringe  of  a 

The  origin  of  tf 

there  is  no  doubt  i 

many  beautiful  /ac 

and  from  (he  deriv 

mans.     Itissupn, 

from  Venice,  whei 

long  previously  w 

laces  of  gold,  and 

ported.-Ci   Ric^^ 

J«?un  in  England 
{'9  Hen.  7.  c.  21. 


•0 


•  WOi 


"and  from  other 


the 


count 


LACE. 


123 


licrs, 

avcs, 

jtutTA 

luent 

iDQcnt 


Four- 


1,684 
j1  33,39)  I 

1830  and 


bmden  of 


1832. 


I;7ue  ;    It. 

\c,    Hind. 

IoJucrJ  in 
all  insect 

Ire  known 
ivo),  Itott, 

|i  a  »iuan- 
bf  nature, 
he  maggot 
la  honey- 
1  bri'^ht  as 
is  cxlen- 


Ictcd  twice 
td  carrying 


them  to  markfit.  When  the  twips  or  Rtick§  are  largo,  or  only  partially  covered,  the  lac  is  frequently 
spparalert  from  them,  as  it  always  oiipht  to  be  when  shipped  for  Kiirope,  to  lessen  the  expense  of 
frei;;ht.  The  hesi  slick  lac  is  of  a  deep  red  cnUmr.  When  held  agninst  the  llahl.  it  should  lookhright, 
and  when  broken  should  appear  in  diiiinoml-like  points.  If  it  he  not  gnthered  till  the  insects  have  left 
their  cells,  it  becomes  pale,  and  pierced  at  the  lop ;  and  is  uf  little  use  as  u  dye,  though  probably  better 
for  a  varnish. 

Lac  (/;/«,  Ian  lake,  or  cuke  Ine,  consists  of  the  colouring  matter  extracted  from  the  stick  lac.  Various 
processes  have  been  adopted  for  this  purpose.  It  is  funned  into  small  square  cakes  or  pieces,  like 
those  of  indiC".  It  should,  whi-n  broken,  look  dark-coloured,  shining,  smooth,  and  conipHct  ;  when 
scraped  or  powdered,  it  should  be  of  a  bright  red  colour,  nppronchins  to  that  of  carmine.  That  which 
is  sandy,  light-coloured  and  spongy,  and  which,  when  scrapeit,  is  of  a  dull  brickdust  colour,  should  be 
rejected. 

Notwithstanding  the  continued  fall  in  the  price  of  cochineal,  the  use  of  lac  dye  has  been  extending 
in  this  country.  The  annuiil  consumption  may  at  present  amount  to  about  fiOO.OOfl  lbs.,  having  trebled 
since  1818.  The  finest  qualities  of  lac  dye  are  seldom  met  with  for  sale  in  Calcutta,  being  generally 
manufactured  under  contract  for  the  European  market. 

When  slick  lac  has  been  separateil  from  the  twigs  to  which  it  naturally  adheres,  and  coarsely 
pounded,  Ihe  n.'ilive  silk  and  cotton  dyers  extract  the  C(dour  as  far  as  it  conveniently  can  be  done  by 
water.  The  yellowish,  hard,  resinous  powder  which  remains,  having  sc^inewhal  of  the  appe;vranceof 
mustard  seed,  in  called  nerd  lac.  When  liquified  by  fire,  it  is  formed  into  cakes,  and  deiioinlniUed  lump 
Ue.  The  natives  use  the  latter  in  making  banules,  or  ornaments  in  the  form  of  rings,  for  the  arms  of 
the  lower  class  of  fuiualus ;  the  best  shellac  being  used  in  manufacturing  these  ornaments  fur  the 
superior  classes. 

Shellac  is  produced  from  seed  lac,  by  putting  the  latter  into  bags  of  cotton  cloth,  and  holding  it  over 
a  charcoal  fire,  when  the  luc  melts,  and  being  strained  through  the  bag,  tlie  resinous  part,  wliicli  is  the 
most  liquefiiible,  is  obtained  in  a  considerable  degree  of  purity ;  it  is  formed  into  thin  sheets  or  plates. 
Thin-transparent,  or  amber-coloured  shellac  is  best;  avoid  that  which  is  thick,  dark,  or  speckled; 
it  should  always,  when  broken,  be  amher-coloured  on  the  edge  ;  that  which  has  a  dark  brown  frac- 
ture, however  thin,  should  be  rejected.  When  laid  on  a  hot  iron,  shellac,  if  pure,  will  instantly  catch 
fire,  and  burn  with  a  strong  but  not  disagreeable  smell.  It  used  to  be  principally  employed  in  this 
country  in  the  manufacture  of  sealing  wax,  and  as  a  varnish  ;  but  within  these  few  years  it  has  begun 
to  be  very  extensively  used  in  the  manufacture  of  hats.  Shellac  has  advanced  rapidly  in  price  during 
the  last  liiree  or  four  years;  a  circumstance  which  has  had  a  considerable  effect  in  accelerating  Ihe 
fall  in  the  price  of  lac  dye  ;  the  quantity  of  the  latter  being  necessarily  increased  in  consequence  of  tbe 
greater  demand  for  the  former. 

In  Bengal,  luc  is  chiefly  produced  in  the  forests  Uf  Sylet  and  Burdwan.  The  finest  dye  is  said  to 
be  obtained  from  the  stick  lac  of  Slam  and  Pegu  ;  hut  ihe  shellac  or  resinous  part  obtained  from  the 
latter,  is  inferior  to  that  produced  from  Sylet  stick  lac.    It  may  be  obtained  in  almost  any  quantity. 

Account  of  the  Quantities  of  Lac  Dye  or  Lac  Lake,  Shellac  and  Seed  Lack,  and  Stick  Lac,  imported 
into  Great  Britain,  from  the  Countries  eastward  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  since  1814. 


Tea™. 

Lac  Dye  or 
Lac  Lake. 

SheUac  and 
SetdLac. 

Stick  Lac. 

Vean. 

Iac  nye  or 
l.ac  Lake. 

Shellac  and 
Sted  t^c. 

Stick  Uc. 

l.k<. 

Lb: 

Lla. 

Lbt. 

Lb$. 

Lbt. 

1814 

278,829 

110,670 

44,439 

1824 

592,197 

571,684 

427 

1815 

598,592 

575,029 

32,677 

1825 

.535,505 

708,687 

13,521 

1816 

269,080 

587,153 

4.200 

1826 

760,729 

443,589 

90,396 

1817 

384,909 

653,256 

254,005 

1827 

729.212 

499,813 

8,835 

1818 

242.387 

839,977 

562,051 

1828 

689,205 

681,271 

1819 

178.088 

531, .549 

40,478 

1820 

690,721 

725,780 

1820 

4.19.439 

845,569 

3I2,,340 

1830 

485,269 

649,636 

37,595 

1821 

640,864 

718,063 

5S,8H0 

1831 

753,2.'i2 

1,146,128 

149,144 

1822 

872,907 

282,621 

18,429 

18.32 

459,379 

1,070,261 

319,373* 

1823 

425,231 

366,321 

15,517 

/,.    f. 

rf.       t.  ». 

A 

Lac  I.\ke       -           -    per  lb. 

0    0 

4   to  0    1 

0 

dye,  D.  T.         -        — 

n  2 

3-02 

6 

-        J.  Mc.  R.  -       - 

0    1 

8-01 

9 

-         C.  E.         .        — 

0     1 

4-01 

5 

—        low  and  mid.    — 

0    0 

9-01 

1 

Seed  lac        ■           •  per  cwt 

2    0 

0-40 

0 

S  ick  he       •          -       — 

2  lU 

0    ■    2  15 

0 

Shellac,  liver            -        — 

6    0 

0    -    S  10 

0 

The  finest  lac  dve  is  distjn^uisheil  by  the  mark  I).  T.;  the  second  /..    t.  d.       L.  i.  rf. 

bvJ.  Mc.  R.  i  thelhird,  livC  K.,  Ac.     In  January,  1S34,  the  [irice«  SheUac,  liver,  H.  T.*  per  cwt.    6    0    0  to   0    0    0 

fihheditfereiit  species  uf  Uc  in  bond  in  the  London  market  were  as  —  orani;e        —        7    0    0    •    7  10    0 

follows:—  —  block         —        6    0    0    •    6  10    0 

In  1823,  D.  T.  he  dye  was  as  hii?h  as  %a.  3d.  and  «*.  6d.  pep  lb. 
The  dutirs  used  to  be  5  per  cent,  on  lac  dye,  seed  lac,  and  stick  lac  { 
and  20  per  cent,  on  shellac;  but  it  was  ohvinusly  absunl  to  charn 
shellac,  which,  as  already  seen,  is  prepared  from  the  refuse  of  (nm 
Uc  dye,  with  Jour  times  the  duly  laid  upon  the  latter.  This  ri  lieu* 
Inus  distinction  is  now,  however,  imt  an  end  to;  the  present  diH 
ties  bcin^  Ss.  a  cwt.  on  lac  dye  and  sliellac,  and  \s.  a  cwt.  on  atick 
lac  — (Bancroft  mi  Permanent  Colours^  vol.  ii.  pp.  1—60;  ^iiiiltV* 
Mat.  Med, ;  MtlLurn's  Orient.  Com. ;  and  private  information.) 

LACE  (Du.  Kanten .-  Fr.  Dentelle  ,-  Ger.  Spitzen  ,■  It.  Merldti,  Pizzi ,-  Rus.  Kru- 
shewo ;  Sp.  Encujes),  a  plain  or  ornamental  net-work,  tastefully  composed  of  many  fine 
threads  of  gold,  silver,  silk,  flax,  or  cotton,  interwoven,  from  Lnclnia  (Lat.),  the  guard 
hem  or  fringe  of  a  garment. 

The  origin  of  this  delicate  and  beautiful  fabric  is  involved  in  considerable  obscurity,  but 
there  is  no  doubt  it  lays  claim  to  high  antiquity.  In  Mr.  Hope's  Costumes  of  the  Ancients, 
many  beautiful  lace  patterns  are  portrayed  on  the  borders  of  the  dresses  of  Grecian  females  ; 
and  from  the  derivation  of  the  word  "  /ace,"  it  is  probable  it  was  not  unknown  to  the  Ro- 
mans. It  is  supposed  that  Mary  de'  Medici  was  the  first  who  brought  lace  into  France, 
from  Venice,  where,  and  in  the  neighbouring  states  of  Italy,  it  is  understood  to  have  been 
long  previously  worn  ;  but  we  find  that  in  England,  so  early  as  1483,  "  laces  of  thread,  and 
laces  of  gold,  and  sjik  and  gold,"  were  enumerated  among  the  articles  prohibited  to  be  im- 
ported.— (1  Rich.  3.  c.  10.)  It  is,  therefore,  fair  to  presume  that  this  manufacture  had 
begun  in  England  prior  to  that  period,  as  this  and  many  subsequent  acts  were  passed— 
(19  Hen.  7.  c.  21. ;  5  Eliz.  c.  7. ;  13  &  14  Car.  2.  c.  13.  ;  4  &  5  W.  &  M.  c.  10.,  &c.)— 

*  In  addition  to  the  above,  an  inconsiderable  quantity  of  lac  dye,  Slc,  is  sometimes  imported  at  second 
band  from  other  countries. 


I 

i 

7. 


i 


124 


LACE. 


for  the  encouragement  and  protection  of  our  home  manufacture ;  but  it  may  equally  be  con* 
eluded,  that  as  pins  (which  are  indispensable  in  the  process  of  lace  making)  were  not  used 
in  England  till  1543,  the  manufacture  of  lace  must  have  been  vulgar  in  fabric,  and  circum- 
scribed in  its  extent.  Tradition  says  that  the  lace  manufacture  was  introduced  into  this 
country  by  some  refugees  from  Flanders,  who  settled  at  or  near  Uranfield,  now  a  scattered 
village  on  the  west  side  of  Bedfordshire,  and  adjoining  Bucks;  but  there  is  no  certain  evi- 
dencc  that  we  are  indebted  to  the  Flemings  for  the  original  introduction  of  this  Iwautiful 
art,  although  from  them  we  have  undoubtedly  derived  almost  all  the  different  manufactures 
relating  to  dress.  We  have,  however,  imitated  many  of  their  lace  fiil)rics,  and  greatly  im- 
proved our  manufactures  at  various  periods,  from  the  superior  taste  displayed  in  the  produc- 
tion of  this  article  in  the  Low  Countries.  In  1C26,  Sir  Henry  IJorlase  founded  and  en- 
dowed the  free  school  at  Great  Mariow,  for  24  boys,  to  read,  write,  and  cast  accounts  ;  and 
for 24  girls  to  knit,  sjjin,  and  make  hone  lace.—  {LewlHS  T(ipiis;r(iplni)  ;  so  that  there  is  rea- 
son to  suppose  that  at  this  time  tiie  manufacture  hadcommcncoil  in  Bufkinghamshirc,  which, 
by  degrees  extended  to  the  adjoining  counties  of  Bedford  and  Northampton.  In  1640,  the 
lace  trade  was  a  flourishing  interest  in  IJuckinghamshire — {I'tilkr's  Wurt/iles,  and  ditferent 
Itincrarits)  ;  and  so  greatly  had  it  advanced  in  England,  that  by  a  royal  ordinance  in 
France,  passed  in  I'JCO,  a  mark  was  established  upon  the  thread  liice  iinpurted  from  this 
coun/ri/  and  from  Flanders,  and  upon  the  point  lace  from  Genoa,  Venice,  and  other 
foreign  countries,  in  order  to  secure  payment  of  the  customs  duties. — {Universal  Dic- 
tionary.) 

Pillow  Lace, — the  original  manufacture, — is  worked  upon  a  hard  stuffed  pillow,  with 
silk,  flax,  or  cotton  threads,  according  to  a  parchment  pattern  placed  upon  it,  by  means  of 
pins,  bobbins  and  spindles,  which  are  placed  and  displaced,  twisting,  and  interweaving  the 
threads,  so  as  to  imitate  the  pattern  designed.     This  manufacture  has  been  long  pursued  in 
almost  every  town  and  village  in  the  midland  counties,  particularly  in  Buckinghamshire, 
Bedfordshire,  and  Northamptonshire,  besides  at  Honiton,  in  Devon,  and  variDus  other  places 
in  the  west  of  England.     The  principal  places  where  it  is  made  in  the  Netherlands  are 
Antwerp,  Brussels,  Mechlin,  Louvaine,  Ghent,  Valenciennes,  and  Lisle.     It  is  also  made  at 
Chantilly  near  Paris  (celebrated  for  veils),  Charleville,  Sedan,  Le  Compto  de  Bourgoyne, 
Liege,  Dieppe,  Havre  de  Grace,  Harfleur,  Pont  I'Evesque,  Gosors,  Fescamp,  Caen,  Arras, 
Bapaume,  &c.,  in  France;  and  at  various  places  in  Spain,  Portugal,  and  Italy.     We  can 
form  no  estimate  of  the  number  of  persons  employed  on  the.  Continent ;  but  in  Brussels 
alone  not  less  than  10,000  are  said  to  be  engaged  in  this  manufacture. — {Ency.  Metrop.) 
In  England  and  Ireland,  besides  the  laws  passed  at  different  times  to  encourage  and  protect 
the  manufacture,  associations  were  formed  in  various  places,  with  the  view  of  exciting  a 
spirit  of  emulation  and  improvement,  by  holding  out  premiums  for  the  production  of  the 
best  pieces  (f  bone  lace;  and  although  smuggling  of  foreign  lace  was  carried  on  to  a  great 
extent,  (in  1772,  72,000  ells  of  French  lace  were  seized  in  the  port  of  Leigh,  and  lodged  in 
the  king's  warehouse  there,  besides  numerous  other  seizures,)  the  British  manufacture  ad- 
vanced  in  an  unparalleled  degree. — {Gentleman's  Mug.  l?.")!,  vol.  xxi.  p.  520. ;  vol.  xlii. 
p.  434.)     It  is  imagined  that  the  first  lace  ever  made  in  this  country  was  of  the  sort  called 
Brussels  point,  the  net  work  made  by  bone  bobbins  on  the  pillow,  and  the  pattern  and  sprigs 
worked  with  the  needle.     Such  appears  to  have  been  the  kind  worn  by  the  nobility  and 
people  of  hijh  rank,  as  is  evident  by  the  different  portraits  now  in  existence,  painted  by 
Vandyke,  in  the  time  of  Charles  I.,  and  afterwards  by  Sir  Peter  Lely  and  Sir  Godfrey  Knel- 
ler,  in  the  succeeding  reigns  of  Charles  II.,  Queen  Anne,  and  George  I.     About  a  century 
since,  the  grounds  in  use  were  the  old  Mechlin,  and  what  the  trade  termed  the  wire  fi;ro!tnd, 
Tvhich  was  very  similar,  if  not  identical,  with  the  modern  Mechlin,  the  principal  article  in 
the  present  French  manufacture.     The  laces  made  in  these  grounds  were  singularly  rich 
and  durable;  the  designs  of  the  old  Mechlin  resembled  the  figures  commonly  introduced  in 
ornamental  carving.     Between  70  and  80  years  ago,  a  great  deterioration  was  occasioned 
by  the  introduction  of  the   Trolly  ground,  which  was  exceedingly  coarse  and  vulgar,  the 
figure  angular,  and  altogether  in  the  worst  taste  conceivable.     An  improvement,  however, 
ti>ok  place  about  the  year   1770,    when  the  ground  which  is   probably  the  most  ancient 
known,  was  reintroduced  ;  this  was  no  other  than  the  one  still  in  partial  use,  and  denom- 
inated the  oW  French  ground.     About  1777  or  1778,  quite  txnew  ground  ,va^  'itenptd 
by  the  inhabitants  of  Buckingham  and  its  neighbourhood,  which  quickly  superr;.;Mi  i   ,11  the 
others;  this  was  the  point  ground,  vi\\ic\i  had   (as  is  supposed)  been  imported  irom  the 
Netherlands.     From  the  first  appearance  of  this  ground  may  be  dated  the  origin  of  the 
modern  pillow  lace  trade;  but  it  was  not  until  the  beginning  of  the  present  century  that 
the  most  striking  improvements  were  made;  for  during  the  last  quarter  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  the  article,  though  certainly  much  more  light  and  elegant  from  the  construction  of 
the  ground,  was  miserably  poor  and  spiritless  in  the  design.     Soon  after  the  year  1800,  a 
freer  and  bolder  style  was  adopted  ;  and  from  that  time  to  1812,  the  improvement  and  con- 
sequent success  were  astonishing  and  unprecedented.     At  Honiton,  in  Devon,  the  maiiu- 
lacture  had  arrived  at  that  perfection,  was  so  tasteful  in  the  design,  and  so  delicate  and 


beautiful 

lace.    Du 

they  are  r 

ever,  were 

new  mam 

cancc,  and 

is  truly  de| 

in  pillow  li 

ham  and  t 

120,000  pc 

diminished. 

Nottlnt^l 

year  1768, 

of  money,  e 

wife's  cap,  i 

venor  Hensi 

ostensibly  fo 

of  London) 

Brussels  gro 

in  manufacti 

their  leisure 

perfecting  a  ( 

1783,  the  wa 

1799,  it  was 

answer.     Du 

of  the  machii 

succeeded  in  ( 

for  14  years  fc 

1815-16;  bui 

and  a  great  st 

Heathcoat's  p 

ferent  hand  fra 

trade;  and  nu 

barked  capital 

creased ;  but  tl 

of  general  supj 

of  France  and 

Mr.  William 

manufacture,  cc 

bobbin  net  tradj 

Cufitttl  employed 

Fixed  capiui  i„  a>  api 

firloriei— 724,000  sm 
•(linillos  .       "^ 

Ftalingcipilalinspinn 
ui  necessary  suoclriM 

Dftluct  |.6(h  emplo] 

nellraJe   .  ; 

Toljl  capital  i„  ,p,„ 

English  bobbin  net 

Capital  empl 

Filed  capiui  in  25  fact 

power  uiachines 

i,IO)  power 

ll-4ihs  wit 

3,000    hand 

.     9Mi»  »i,|( 

FlMling  capital  in  jiocic  iii 

Pnwcr  ow 

Hand  owt 

fjpilal  in  embroidering,  pt 
Total  capital  employ 

In   1831    (vide 
23,400,000  square 

♦Since  this  article 
ginal  inventor  of  ih( 
niacliinery  was  unki 
Mr.  Brunei,  engineer 
VicaryGihl,.,,iUlar 
Mtedoneiialfofthe 
carried  the  other  half 
st.ireor,,i||„,v|ace,, 
we  feel  It  ,iue  to  Mr 
12 


LACE. 


125 


beautiful  in  the  workmanship,  as  not  to  bo  excelled  even  by  the  best  specimens  of  Brussels 
lace.  During  the  late  war,  veils  of  this  lace  were  sold  in  London  at  from  20  to  100  guineas; 
they  arc  now  sold  from  8  to  15  guineas.  The  elTects  of  the  competition  of  machinery,  how- 
ever, were  about  this  time  felt;  and  in  IS  15,  the  broad  laces  began  to  be  superseded  by  the 
new  manufacture.  The  pillow  lace  trade  has  since  been  gradually  dwindling  into  insignifi- 
cance, and  has  at  length  sunk  into  a  state  which,  compared  with  its  condition  20  yoars  back, 
is  truly  deplorable.  It  is  difficult  to  form  an  estimate  of  the  number  of  persons  employed 
in  pillow  lace  making  during  its  prosperity ;  but  in  a  petition  from  the  makers  in  Bucking- 
ham and  the  neighbourhood,  presented  to  her  present  Majesty  in  1830,  it  was  stated  that 
120,000  persons  were  dependent  on  this  trade ;  but  this  number  had  since  been  materially 
diminished. 

Noftinifkam  Lace. — A  frame-work  knitter  of  Nottingham,  named  Hammond,  about  the 
year  1768,  was  the  first  who  made  lace  by  machinery.  Dissipated  in  habits,  and  destitute 
of  money,  employment,  or  credit,  the  idea  struck  him,  while  looking  at  the  broad  lace  on  his 
wife's  cap,  that  he  could  fabricate  a  similar  article  by  means  of  his  stocking  frame, — (Gra- 
venor  Hemon  on  Hosieri/,  Lace,  ^c,  p.  295.)  He  tried,  and  succeeded.  The  first  machine 
ostensibly  for  lace  (introduced  at  Nottingham  about  the  same  period,  by  A.  Else  and  Harvey 
of  London)  was  called  a  pin  machine,  for  making  single  press  point  net  in  imitation  of  the 
Brussels  ground.  This  machine,  although  lost  here,  is  still  used  in  France  to  a  great  extent 
in  manufacturing  the  net  called  tulle.  This  was  the  age  of  experiments;  and  workmen  at 
their  leisure  hours  employed  themselves  in  forming  new  meshes  on  the  hand,  in  hope  of 
perfecting  a  complete  hexagon,  which  had  hitherto  eluded  all  their  efforts  to  discover.  Ira 
1782,  the  warp  frame  was  introduced,  which  is  still  in  use  for  making  warp  luce,-  and  in 
1799,  it  was  fiist  attempted  to  make  bobbin  net  by  machinery ;  but  this  was  not  found  to 
answer.  During  the  succeeding  10  years  many  alterations  were  made  in  the  construction 
of  the  machines,  with  no  better  success,  until  at  length,  in  1800,  Mr.  Heathcoat  of  Tiverton 
succeeded  in  discovering  the  correct  principle  of  the  bobbin  net  frame,  and  obtained  a  patent 
for  14  years  for  his  invention.*  Steam  power  was  first  introduced  by  Mr.  John  Lindley,  in 
1815-16  ;  but  did  not  come  into  active  operation  till  1820.  It  became  general  in  1822-23; 
and  a  great  stimulus  was  at  this  period  given  to  the  trade,  owing  to  the  expiration  of  Mr. 
Heathcoat's  patent,  the  increased  application  of  power,  and  the  perfection  to  which  the  dif« 
ferent  hand  frames  had  by  this  time  been  brought.  A  temporary  prosperity  shone  on  the 
trade;  and  numerous  individuals — clergymen,  lawyers,  doctors,  and  others — readily  em- 
barked capital  in  so  tempting  a  speculation.  Prices  fell  in  proportion  as  production  in- 
creased ;  but  the  demand  was  immense ;  and  the  Nottingham  lace  frame  became  the  organ 
of  general  supply, — rivalling  and  supplanting,  in  plain  nets,  the  most  finished  productions 
of  France  and  the  Netherlands. 

Mr.  William  Felkin,  of  Nottingham,  the  author  of  a  very  able  statement  relative  to  this 
manufacture,  considers  that  the  amount  of  capital  and  the  number  of  hands  employed  in  the 
bobbin  net  trade  may  be  thus  estimated. — (Published  August,  1833.) 


Cafital  employed  in  ipinning  and  doubling  the  Yam, 

Filed  cipital  in  3,>  >piniiin<  md  24  dnublinK      L.  L, 

fjrioria— 724,OUO  spinning  296,700  doubling 
iliimilcs 715,000 

Flowing  cnpilal  in  spinnen'  and  doublera'  stock, 
ui  necessary  sundries  •  •  -    200,000 

915,000 
Dednct  l-6lh  employed  for  foreign  bobbin 
net  trade 153,000 


Total  capital  in  spinning  and  doubling  for 
English  bobbin  net  trade  ■  •  •         760,000 

Capital  tmfloytd  in  Bobbin  Net  making. 
Filed  capital  in  25  factories,  principally  for 
power  machines         ....      85,000 
1,10)  power  machinee,  averaging 

ll-4ihs»ide       •  -  -     170,000 

3,000   hand   machines,  avenging 
9.4lhswide        •  ■  ■    267,000 

FlMlin;  capital  in  slock  on  hand : 

Power  owners       •       150,000 
Hand  ownen         -       250,000 

400,000 

C>pitil  in  embroidering,  preparing,  and  slock 

Total  capital  employed  in  the  trade     •  •    £.1,932,000 


922,000 
250,000 


Number  of  Handt  employed. 
In  spinning:  adult.,  4,f00j  chillren,  S,500 
In  douLdin'g;  adult!,  1,300;  children,  2,iJ0a 

Deduct  l'6th  employed  for  foreign  demand    • 


In  power  net  making:   adults,  1,500;  youths,  1,000; 

children,  500;  women  and  girls,  mending,  2,000 
In  hand  machine  working:  sma..  macliine  owners,  1,000; 

journeymen  and  apprentices,  4,000;  winders,  4,000; 

menders,  4,000    ...... 

Mending,  pearling, drawing, finishing, &c. 

In  embroidering:  at  present  very  uncertain;  probably 

about       ....... 

Total  of  hands  employed     - 


I0,3CO 
3,300 

i3,eoo 

2,300 
11,300 
5,000 


13,000 
30,C0O 

100,000 

1 159,30} 


t  We  expressed  our  convic'ion,  in  the  former  edition  of  this 
work,  that  iMr.  Fetkin  had  exaggerated  the  number  of  persons  em* 
ployed  ;  and  we  observe,  that  in  this  estimate  the  number  is  mat«< 
rially  diminished  ;  t)ut  it  must  be  remarked,  that  'Icrinz  the  last  2 
yrai^  an  extraordinary  depression  has  taken  place  in  the  embroidery 
branch,  and  many  have  abandoned  the  trade. 


In   1831    {vide  former  edition   of  this  work),  the    annual  produce  was  estimated  at 
23,400,000  square  yards,  worth  1,891,875/.    It  is  now  estimated  at  30,771,000  square  yards, 

'^  Since  this  article  was  printed  in  our  first  edition,  Mr.  Ileatlicoat  was  pointed  out  to  its  as  tlie  ori- 
ginnl  inventor  of  the  bolil>in  net  inachinu,  and  that,  prior  to  his  patent  being  obtained,  bobbin  net  by 
niacliinery  was  unknown,  although  numerous  attempts  had  been  made  to  prodiicu  it  hy  its  means. 
Mr.  Ilriinel,  engineer,  who  was  examined,  as  a  witness,  in  the  action  Buville  v.  Moore,  tried  liefore  Sir 
Vicary  Gil)b!!,  in  March,  1816,  stated  in  reference  to  tliis  macliine,  that  when  Mr.  Heathcoat  had  sepa- 
rateil  (ini!  Iialf  of  the  threads,  and  placed  them  on  a  beam  as  warp  threads,  and  made  the  bobbin  which 
carried  the  other  half  of  the  threads  act  between  those  warp  threads,  so  as  to  produce  Buckingham- 
shire or  pillow  lace,  the  lace  machine  teas  invented.  Relying  upon  the  authenticity  of  this  statemenl, 
vre  feel  it  due  to  Mr,  Heathcoat  to  give  this  explanation. 
l2 


I 


a 

\ 
\ 


126 


LACE. 


worth  1 ,850,650/.  It  would  therefore  appear  that  7,000,000  square  yards  more  per  annum 
are  now  produced  fur  about  the  same  amount  of  wages  and  profits.  Thi!>  increase  in  quan- 
tity is  understood  to  have  arisen  from  the  new  and  improved  machinery  which  in  the  mcoii 
time  has  been  introduced.  At  this  moment,  there  are,  perhaps,  20  new  appMcations  of 
known  principles,  all  tending  to  promote  variety  and  increased  pro<hiction  ;  but  it  is  doubt- 
ful  if  any  new  principle  has  been  brought  into  operation.  A  considerable  increase  has  also 
taken  place  in  bobbin  net  machinery  on  the  Continent,  particularly  at  Calais,  where,  in 
1823,  there  were  not  35  machines,  and,  perhaps,  not  100  on  the  Continent  altogether.  Mr 
Fclkin  states  the  number  of  frames  now  employed  there,  as  under : — 


CilaJa 


Do. 

1)0. 

.     60 
•     45 

Boulnjno 
81.  (Inun      - 
Douay 

•  30 

•  30 
-    I4S 

Lisle 

•    120 

Ghent 

Bt.Quentln    • 
Do. 

•  35 

•  90 
60 

Cicn 


600    8-lllil  n  point  hinl  rirrul>r  quillinp. 

ICU  of  Itie^e  built  this  ytrar  and  last. 
7-4th  II  [Kiint  hand  leven. 
varinuA  width  ;  old  machines,  pusher, 

tnvervp.  &c. 
hand  circulir;  chirfly  9'4lh  quillings, 
hand  niachiiies  i  pliinnpts. 
part  jiower,  part  liantl  machines  ;  pbin 

net. 
chiefly    8-4lh<,    lO-Wa,   and    l2-4ths, 

|ioH-er :  plain  nets, 
power,  12-Hhs. 
chiefly  hand ;  plain  nets. 
8-4lhs,   I0'4llis,   and    12-4lhs,  power; 

plain  nets  chiefly. 
35    hand ;  quili'ings  chiefly. 


Paris 

l.voiit 

Villages  in  the  north 

of  Kr^nce 
.Sh  il/ei'Iand   • 
Sasoiiy 
Austria 
Itussia  aod  Truuia 


10 

;o 

340 


hiud  machines  chiefly, 
do.  do. 


do. 


do. 


60  nearly  all  hand  inachlnei. 

70  do.  do. 

to  po«er  and  hind  di. 

20  pnibabi)  ;  aiid  both  hand  and  power. 


Total     I.SjOinachin 


AT.  fl.—The  list  mentioned  fnuiitriet.  If  we  may  jod^e  from 
their  eirnrts  to  obtain  model  luacbinea,  are  preparinj[  to  utaiiufacture 
very  extensivtiy. 


The  produce  of  these  machines  is  estimated  at  9,824,000  square  yards  of  net,  of  the 
value  in  English  money  of  570,250/.  In  France  alone,  it  was  stated  in  an  address  present- 
ed  to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  in  March,  1833,  that  bobbin  net  to  the  value  of  1,000,000/. 
sterling  was  annually  u.sed  in  that  country,  formed  of  equal  moieties  of  French  and 
Eni^lish  manufacture.  But  in  other  parts  of  Europe,  where  the  manufacture  was  previously 
unknown,  it  is  now  also  beginning  to  be  established.  Besides  Austria,  Russia,  and  Prussia, 
it  is  stated  that  orders  have  been  sent  to  this  country  for  bobbin  net  frames  from  Barcelona 
and  Astorga  in  Spain,  and  even  from  some  places  in  Persia.  The  attention  of  government 
has  been  called  to  the  circumstance,  and  measures  taken  to  prevent  the  illegal  exportation  of 
machinery.  At  a  public  meeting,  held  in  Nottingham  in  August  last,  a  committee  was 
formed  for  the  same  purpose. 

The  population  of  Nottingham  and  the  surrounding  villages  in  181 1,  when  the  bobbin 
net  manufacture  commenced,  was  47,000  ;  the  present  number  is  79,000.  As  the  hosiery 
and  the  point  net  trade  are  understood  to  have  declined  in  the  mean  time,  and  no  other 
branch  materially  advanced  or  sprung  up,  this  large  increase  may  fairly  be  attributed  to  the 
bobbin  net  manufacture. 

By  comparing  the  value  of  1,270,000  lbs.  of  Sea  Island  cotton,  worth  148,000/.,  and 
about  10,000/.  worth  of  thrown  silk,  which  appears  to  be  annually  used  in  this  manufactuie, 
with  the  manufactured  value  of  the  same,  worked  into  30,771,000  square  yards  of  bobbin 
net,  the  estimated  value  of  which  is  1,850,650/.,  the  great  national  utility  of  this  trade  be- 
comes at  once  evident.  A  clear  surplus  of  more  than  a  pound  sterling  is  realised  upon 
every  pound  avoirdupois  of  the  raw  material,  which  is  distributed  over  the  trade  in  rent, 
profit,  and  wages,  and  this  is  altogether  independent  of  the  profits  arising  from  embroidering, 
in  itself  a  most  extensive  and  important  branch.  About  half,  or  perhaps  three-fourths,  of 
this  production  is  supposed  to  be  exported  in  a  plain  state,  chiefly  to  Hamburgh,  the  Leipsic 
and  Frankfort  fairs,  Antwerp  and  the  rest  of  Belgium,  to  France  (contraband),  Italy,  Sicily, 
and  North  and  South  America.  Of  the  remainder,  three-fourths  are  sold  unembroidered, 
and  the  remaining  fourth  embroidered,  in  this  country. 

The  English  manufacture  from  machinery  is  now  confined  to  point  net,  warp  »ic^  and  bob- 
binnct,  so  called  from  the  peculiar  construction  of  the  machines  by  which  they  are  produced. 
There  were  various  other  descriptions  made ;  viz.  two-plain  net,  square  or  tuck  knotted 
net,  the  fish  mesh  net,  and  the  platted  or  Urling's  net,-  but  they  are  now  discontinued. — 
(Gravenor  Henson.)  Nottingham  is  the  depot  of  the  lace  trade ;  and  the  supplies,  collected 
from  all  the  surrounding  villages,  and  even  from  the  more  distant  counties  where  it  is  manu- 
factured, are  thence  distributed  to  the  four  quarters  of  the  world. 

Present  condition  of  the  Lace  Trade,  Wages,  ^c. — We  are  grieved  to  say  that  the 
manufacture,  not  only  of  pillow  but  also  of  Nottingham  lace,  is  at  this  moment  in  a  state  of 
great  depression.  The  growth  of  the  latter  has  been  the  means  of  destroying  the  former; 
but  as  the  new  manufacture  is  by  far  the  most  valuable,  the  change,  though  severely  felt  by 
many  thousands  of  poor  persons  in  Bucks,  Bedford,  and  other  counties,  is,  in  a  national 
point  of  view,  decidedly  advantageous.  The  depression  in  the  Nottingham  lace  trade  seems 
to  be  the  result  of  its  previous  prosperity ;  which,  besides  contributing  to  the  extraordinary 
increase  in  the  powers  of  production,  attracted  too  much  capital  and  too  many  hands  to  the 
trade.  So  long  as  the  demand  kept  pace  with  the  supply,  workmen  were  kept  in  full  em- 
ployment, wages  and  profits  were  good,  and  the  stocks  on  hand  small.  But  of  late  years 
the  supply  has  been  a  question  of  quantity  rather  than  of  quality,  and  prices  have  cotise- 
quently  suffered  a  great  depression.  Lace,  having  become  a  common  ornament,  easily 
accessible  to  all  classes,  has  lost  its  attractions  in  the  fashionable  circles,  by  which  it  wa» 


formerly 

dress,  wh 

tasteful  pi 

'i'he  wi 

to  IS.v.  pel 

eighth  in 

chines  thai 

shifts,  or  I 

tvages,-  il, 

ciaiod  in  vt 

the  increasi 

workmen  ( 

afcufnulatit 

immediate  i 

the  embroid 

employed,  a 

mens  of  cml 

!•!  hours  a  t 

dition  of  the 

tition  of  the 

easy  to  accou 

Many  have  n 

though  not  a 

cation  of  thre 

age,  than  two 

'i'en  years  ago 

The  health 

factories  are  n« 

the  machines. 

"»/"//*,"  the  r 

lieved,  that  the 

riorate  the  gen« 

The  embroiderj 

at  a  tender  age ; 

state  of  inactiv 

pulmonary  disej 

general  health  it 

these  employmt 

purely  domestic 

of  the  latter  de 

6'ties  place  fllia 

ence. 

The  most  celebrt 

'•  >l"'"tl>,  Iho  most 
rmnrf,  hn-mg  ,  |,e,,, 

"'7<'»"f»laxioaperpe„ 
niaile  of  s,lk-m«h«  , " 
tern  rs  worked  separately, 

5;f;«';''"l«rpend,cSu 
3-  latacieniia/an  ;„ 

:;;'«'""''.  platted', tih. 
in  the  net  Mmilar  to  Mtct,| 

pilar     "'"  *  '"•""'"'I  n 

5.  i/encon  (called  blond 

l"r..el„„sl,am  Jacejcoi™ 
Ine  ciisiiion. 

6.  Mcncon  Point  ;  fnrmt 
'"Js-IMreineshcart-rnale 

J'ACK,  a  word 

supposing  them  si 

LADING,  BIL 

fAGAN.     See 

LA  GUAYRA, 

J-araccas,  on  the  C 

MOO.    In  18 10,  tf 

being  a  consequenc 

tne  massacres  and  ; 

c'tv  of  Caraccas.  .)f 

fause,  from  43,000 

Port.-Theie  is  npit 

"■wd  to  the  north,  at 


f 


LACK— LA  GUAYRA. 


127 


formerly  patronised,  »o  that  very  rich  lace  ia  no  longer  in  demand.  And  many  articles  of 
drcBs,  which  in  our  drawing-rooms  and  ball-roomH,  lately  consisted  of  the  most  costly  and 
tasteful  patterns  in  lace,  are  now  either  superseded,  or  made  of  a  dilVerurit  manufacture. 

'J'he  wages  of  the  power  loom  workmen  have  fallen,  within  the  last  4  years,  from  1/.  is. 
to  18».  per  week — (/-e/Aiin,  p.  2.)  ;  and,  in  1830  and  1831,  machines  had  increased  ono 
eighth  in  number,  and  one  sixth  in  capacity  of  production.  But  wiilcr  or  speedier  ma- 
chines than  heretofore  have  since  come  into  more  general  use,  worked  by  3  men  in  G  hour 
shifts,  or  18  hours  per  day,  and  calculated  to  produce  about  a  fourth  more  nH  for  the  same 
tvagen  ;  the  effect  of  which  is  to  supersede  the  single-handed  machines,  (now  much  depre- 
ciated in  value),  and  reduce  many  of  the  small  owners  to  journeymen.  The  tendency  of 
the  increase  in  power  machinery  is  still  further  to  depreciate  the  wages  of  the  hand  maclilne 
workmen  (already  below  the  standard  of  the  power  loom  weaver)  ;  and  the  increased  and 
accumulating  production,  beyond  a  proportionate  demand,  renders  it  hofieless  to  expect  any 
immediate  amelioration  in  their  condition.  A  favourable  reaction  is  now  taking  place  in 
the  embroidering  branch;  but  many  of  the  embroiderers  in  Nottingham  were  recently  un- 
employed, and  had  to  leave  the  trade ;  and  even  for  the  most  splendid  and  beautiful  speci- 
mens of  embroidery  (some  of  which  have  occupied  6  weeks,  working  6  days  a  week  and 
14  hours  a  day),  the  young  women  did  not  earn  more  than  1,*.  a  day.  The  depressed  con- 
dition of  the  embroiderers  is  believed  to  be  owing  in  no  inconsiderable  degree  to  the  compe- 
tition of  the  Belgians,  who  have  acquired  a  superiority  in  this  department  which  it  is  not 
easy  to  account  for.  The  condition  of  the  pillow  lace  workers  is  still  more  deplorable. 
Many  have  now  abandoned  that  pursuit  fur  straw  plaiting,  which  offers  a  more  certain, 
though  not  a  much  more  profitable  employment;  but  those  who  still  linger  on  in  the  fabri- 
cation of  thread  lace,  working  from  12  to  14  hours  a  day,  cannot  obtain  more,  on  the  aver- 
age, than  two  shillings  and  sixpetice  a  week  for  their  anxious  and  unremitting  labour. 
Ten  years  ago  they  could,  with  greater-ease,  earn  10.?.  a  week,  working  only  8  hours  a  day. 

The  health  of  the  power  machine  workman  is,  on  the  whole,  understood  to  be  good  ;  the 
factories  are  neither  hot  nor  confined  ;  and  the  hands  have  only  to  superintend,  not  work 
the  machines.  Hand  machine  labour  is  much  heavier  ;  but  as  it  is  the  custom  to  work  by 
"  shifts,"  the  men  are  seldom  more  than  6  hours  a  day  at  the  frame.  It  is,  however,  be- 
lieved, that  the  gradual  depression  of  wages,  requiring  increased  exertion,  will  tend  to  dete- 
riorate the  general  health  of  this  class,  particularly  of  those  employed  in  wide  machines. 
The  embroidery  frame  is,  perhaps,  the  most  destructive.  The  workers  in  general,  commence 
at  a  tender  age;  and  from  constantly  leaning  over  the  frame,  while  their  bodies  remain  in  a 
state  of  inuctivity,  they  are  frequently  distorted  in  their  persons,  and  become  the  victims  of 
pulmonary  disease.  Notwithstanding  the  sedentary  habits  of  the  pillow  lace  workers,  their 
general  health  is  understood  to  be  better  than  that  of  the  lace  embroiderers;  but,  in  both 
these  employments,  the  hours  of  labour  are  too  long  for  children.  They  arc,  however, 
purely  domestic  employments,  under  the  superintendence  of  parents;  but  as  the  existence 
of  the  latter  depends  on  the  quantity  of  labour  they  can  bring  into  operation,  their  neces- 
Bities  place  filial  considerations  beyond  the  reach  of  legislative,  or  even  social,  interfer- 
ence. 
The  most  celebrated  foreign  l.-iccs  arc — 

1.  Brusttls,  IhR  most  v.il)i»bte.  There  are  2  kinds;  Bnuieh 
grcund,  hw'uig  i  heXAiion  mesh,  formed  by  pi^tling  and  twisting  4 
tlirtidsnf  tlix  to  a  pt^rpenJicular  line  of  mesh  ;  BuLiiels  wtrt  ^rmmiiy 
made  of  silk— meshes  partly  straight,  and  partly  arched.  The  pat* 
ttrn  is  worked  separately,  and  set  en  by  the  needle. 

2.  Mtclilin  ;  a  hexij^n  mi  sh  fornied  of  3  flax  threads  twistcil  and 
pljtteil  to  a  jierpeiidicular  line  or  pillar.  The  pattern  is  worked  in 
Uie  net. 

3.  Tail  iicimiiM ;  an  irrejular  hexa;onal  form  of  2  threads,  partly 
twisted  and  platted  at  the  top  of  the  mesh.  The  pattern  is  worked 
IQ  llie  net  siniilir  to  Mechlin  lace. 

4.  Lull!  a  diamond  nicsh,  formed  of  2  Ihrcadi  platted  to  a 
pilar. 

6.  AUncon  (called  blond) ;  hexagon  of  2  threads,  twisted  simitar 
to  Furkiiigliam  lace ;  coiisiJcred  the  most  inferior  of  any  made  on 
the  ciistiion. 

6.  *iUncon  Point ;  formed  of  2  threads  to  a  pillar,  with  octagon 
mil  square  meshes  alti^rnately. 

LACK,  a  word  used  in  the  East  Indies  to  denote  the  sum  of  100,000  rupees,  which, 
supposing  them  standards,  or  siccas,  at  2s.  Gd.,  amounts  to  12,500/.  sterling. 

LADING,  BILL  OF.     See  Bill  of  Lading. 

LAGAN.     See  Flotsam. 

LA  GUAYRA,  the  principal  sea-port  of  the  republic  of  Venezuela,  in  the  province  of 

Caraccas,  on  the  Caribbean  Sea,  in  lat.  10°  36'  19"  N.,  Ion.  67°  6'  45"  W.     Population 

6,000.    In  1810,  the  population  is  believed  to  have  amounted  to  13,000;  the  reduction 

being  a  consequence  of  the  loss  of  life  caused  by  the  tremendous  earthquake  of  1812,  and 

the  massacres  and  proscriptions  incident  to  the  revolutionary  war.     The  population  of  the 

city  of  Caraccas,  of  which  La  Guayara  may  be  considered  as  the  port,  fell  off,  from  the  same 

cause,  from  43,000  in  1810  ;  to  23,000  in  1830;  but  they  are  now  both  increasing. 

Port.— There  is  neither  quay  nor  mole  at  La  Otiayra.  Ships  moor  E.N.E.  and  W.8.W.,  with  their 
bead  to  the  north,  at  from  i  to  }  of  a  mile  from  the  land,  In  from  9  to  18  fathoms.    The  holding  grouna 


The  French  nets  made  by  machinery,  are — 

1.  SivgU  Prtttpoirit,  called,  when  not  ornamented,  tulU.  anl 
when  ornamented,  daitelU  ;  m.ade  of  silk  ;  is  an  inferior  net,  but  il 
attractive  from  thu  beautiful  manner  in  which  it  is  slitTened. 

2.  Trico  Btrlin  ;  so  called  from  its  being  invented  at  Berlin,  and 
the  stitch  being  removed  3  needles  from  its  place  of  looping :  is 
fanciful  and  oruameuted  in  appcannce,  but  not  in  demand  ia  Eng- 
land. 

3.  Ftiur  dt  Tulle,  made  from  the  warp  net  machine;  meth  of  3 
descriptions,  which  ^ives  a  shaded  appearance  to  the  net. 

4.  /ti/fe  Angloia  is  double  pressed  piiint  lace. 

holitt'i  net,  I  principally  made  by  English  emigranta,  who  hay* 
H'UFTi  net,    )     settled  in  France. 

*M*  We  are  indebted  for  this  learned  and  very  excellent  articl* 
to  Mr.  Robert  Slater,  of  Foie  Street,  LonJon. 


i 

\ 


128 


LA.  GUAYRA. 


In  gond  i  and  nniwithitandinff  the  opcnnco*  or  tho  rnnd,  veiiela  properly  found  in  anchori  and  cabloa 
mil  very  littli;  riHk  nriiciiiK  ilrivun  rroni  lliitir  iiinnriiiRM, 

Triiile.—T\u'.  priiicipal  articles  ofoxport  an)  coiri-i',  cucno,  Indiiro,  lildni,  HnrHnpnrilln,  tr.  Tlieqiinii- 
tilii-4  mid  vuluuii  ul'  tliKnu  articlua  exiiortcd  in  Ib'iU,  1830,  mid  1831,  ara  exiiililtod  in  liie  lolluwing 
Tublo  :— 


YKir.. 

CoITm. 

Ctcao. 

Indian. 

Ililn. 

Karvipurilla. 

Sufir.            1 

Weight. 

Valiir 

in 
Slfriiin 
Money. 

Weijjlit. 

V.ilue 
ill 

.Stcrliin 
.Mniiiy. 

VViiKhl, 

Vniue 

in 
Sifrlin* 
Money. 

Nunilier. 

V>lue 

in 
Slerliiit 
Money. 

Weijlit. 

V.ilue 

in 
Slirl. 
Mon. 

Weinht. 

Vilua 

in 
Sleriin? 
Money 

lOM 

ii-ai 

Ihl. 

4  H-n.tiO!) 
6,2li'<,m6 

I.. 

S.1,7-.3 
iil.SOl 
(i'«,S30 

IM. 
I.S.M,222 
2,1 21, 4  Vl 

l,7!II.XI4 

I.. 
4'..0.") 

.S7,nii 

42.741 

3aJ,074  1    SI,IW1 
2I7,0V2       3S,237 
ig2,03i       31,4.60 

!>,fl«3 

I2,5(IS 

A.          1.1,: 
2,29)        4,Jlil 
2,1.10  1    .'1M72 
4,169  1    Il,f20 

A. 

90 
TW 
3ti'> 

A(J. 

.1,214 

7,1,410 

2,12,672 

L. 

66 

MO 

2.289 

Tlin  priiicipiil  nrtiilcs  n(  Import  art!  cntloii,  linen,  mid  wnollcii  |;oodM,  priiicipnlly  from  Eneliind ; 
Willi  prcivisioiis,  liatH,  inatliliiiTy  ami  utensils,  hnrdwart',  wine,  kc.  'Hie  entire  value  of  tlie  inipnrl!!, 
In  IHItl,  was  Huppiiseil  to  aiiioiint  to  lti-J,VI,'</. ;  ofulijcli  m,nai.  wan  fiirnishiMl  liy  Eii).'lanil;  20,nH2{.  by 
(•I'rinany  ;  3'2,7.'i'.l^  liy  the  United  iJtatvH ;  'i'J,31U.  at  second  liaiid  liy  St.  Thoiiiaa;  and  the  residue  by 
France,  Spain,  &c. 

TlicdiiiieH  are  iiiodprate.  Cottons  and  linens  pay  27  per  cent,  di/  ralureni.  Hiiiiipglin);  hag  been 
very  prevalent;  but  cH'orts  have  recently  been  made,  by  establishing  a  sort  of  coast-guard,  to  ctTect 
Its  Biippressiun. 

Arrivals  in  1831. 


Countria. 

Veneii. 

Tons. 

Conntriei. 

Veueli. 

Tona. 

Ennlind       .... 
KriMce         .... 
(^lennany       .... 
HolUnl        .... 
[lenniuk      .... 

9 
3 
4 
13 
17 

1,411 

741 

649 

1,322 

t'liiled  .States 

Colombia     .... 

Total    • 

29 
16 

3,2i4 

91 

8,792 

Port  Charges  payable  hy  a  Ship  of  300  Tons,  discharging  and  loading  at  tho  Port  of  La  Giiayra. 


Tniim^p  liity     - 
Entrance  fee       ... 
Aric(i')r.Ti?H  ... 

C'lpl.iin  ii(  port's  fee 
Jnterpirter's  fee  And  translating 

imriirir^f 
Perniii  In  diaclinrxc  and  itamp  • 
Ile.illh  nllicer's  fee 
Mijnicip:il  Clarke  for  water 


N.itional. 

Dotlari 

rtiifj. 

37 

50 

4 

0 

12 

0 

3 

0 

2 

0 

1 

Hi 

4 

0 

40 

0 

Foreign  (not 
privileKcii). 

Dollars,  cciiti. 

\:m       0 

0  0 
lii  0 

6         0 

4  0 

1  12} 
4  0 

40  0 


Muntripal  til!  of  hKiIlh 
Hermit  to  load,  and  stamp 
CeriKiCiite    of   sei  •  worthiness 

from  captain  of  port,  prior  to 

loading,  and  ilaoip 


Valuo  in  sterling  money 


National. 


DoUan.  crntt 
2         0 
I        12} 


108        75 


A.I7  15  10 


\  -n  "in  (not 
i./r'vilegeil). 


DcUa.'i,  unit, 
2         0, 
I        12} 


232       25 


/..33  14    2 


JV.  B. — A  ship  introdiicinK  a  cargo,  and  sailing  in  ballast,  would  be  liable  to  all  the  above  charges, 
with  tlic  exception  of  the  last  two. 

The  I'harire  for  water  is  levied  without  regard  to  tonnage  ;  viz.  sloops  ixnA  schooners,  20  dollars  each, 
briKs  ,3U,  and  ships  40. 

Purf /ic2r«/afi«iis.— On  ca.sting  onchor,  n  visit  is  paid  by  the  collector  (  customs,  or  his  ngcnt,  ac- 
conipaniiul  by  iitlier  oflicers,  who  take  from  the  master  his  reKistcr,  iiKinli'est,  and  muster-roll,  and  an 
olficer  is  left  on  board  until  the  cargo  is  disclmrged.  The  niast?r  must  swciir  to  his  manifest  within 
2t  hours  after  liis  arrival,  when  the  permit  to  discharge  is  granted,  and  within  3  days  all  invoices  must 
bo  presented.  The  discharge  completed,  the  same  ciflicers  repair  on  board  to  examine  the  vessel,  and 
all  being  fmind  in  order,  thcoflicer  is  withdrawn.  The  clearing  of  a  vessel  outwards  (that  hasen'ercd 
with  cargo)  in  ballast  is  then  completed  by  paying  the  port  charges  ;  proof  whereof  being  produced, 
the  permission  lo  sail  is  signed  hy  the  governor  and  harbour  master.  If  the  vessel  take  cargo  on  board, 
then  the  same  formality,  as  to  visiting,  is  pursued,  as  on  the  emry  of  a  vessel. 

Credit. — (looils  imported  are  almost  invariably  sold  upon  credit ;  those  exported  are,  on  the  other 
hand  always  sold  for  ready  money.  The  terms  of  credit  vary  from  2  to  (3  months,  or  more.  liank- 
ruptcy  is  very  rare. 

Ciiiniiiission,  Brokerage,  <?*c.— Any  one  who  pleases  may  undertake  the  functions  of  broker,  factor,  or 
merchant  in  Venezuela.  The  only  obligation  is  the  paying  the  patent  or  licence,  that  must  be  taken 
out  by  every  one  exercising  such  trades.  This  varies,  according  to  the  business,  from  about  W.  3s. 
id.,  xci  6<i/.  18s.  id.  a  year,  and  falls  on  natives  us  well  as  foreigners.  Tliu  rates  of  commission  are  as 
follows : — 

On  sales  of  woods  imported       •  •  -  -    5    per  cent, 

Guaranteeiiii^  ihe  same  without  regard  to  time  *    ^}       — 

On  s,Tles  of  produce       •  •  -  -  "21        — 

On  shipping  prmluce,  as  returns  for  goo<ls  imported, 

or  u)ion  orders  ivtiere  cash  is  provided  for  tlie  pur* 

chase  •  ■  •  -  .  •  .    2}        — 

But  upon  orders  where  the  amount  has  to  be  drawn 

lor,  or  u'hen   provision  is  made  in  bills  of  ex* 

chanfe  .  .  •  -  .  -    5         — 

Coiteciin:;  monies,  and  remitting  llie  same     -  •    I  — 


But  when  monies  are  collected,  and  remittance  is  or- 
dered  in  bills  of  exchange,  including  guarantee  of 
Ihe  8.inie         ...... 

Negotiating  and  indorsing  bills 

On  money  remitted  as  refiirn  for  goods  sold    - 

On  bills  leniitted  as  return  for  goods  sold,  including 
guarantee  thereof,  as  may  be  agreed 

Advancing  money  upon  letters  of  credit,  and  drawing 
for  the  same  -  • 

Collecting  or  procuring  freight  for  vessels 


2}  per  cent, 
I  to2j  - 


Insurance. — Tliere  are  no  establishments  for  conducting  the  business  of  insurance  in  Venezuela.  > 

Jffnnei/,  IVeig-ht.i,  and  Measures — The  currency  of  the  country  consists  of  silver  money,  known  hy 
the  name  ofttiacuqiiena,  divided  into  dollars  of  8  reals,  }  do.  of  4  reals,  besides  reals,  J  reals,  and  quar- 
tillas  or  i  reals.  This  money  is  of  very  iineiiual  weight  and  purity,  the  coins  issued  since  the  com- 
mencement of  the  revolutionary  war  having  been  often  a  gooddeal  defaced.  The  real  should  be  worth 
5rf.  sterling. 

Weights  and  measures  same  as  those  of  Spain,  but  it  is  intended  to  introduce  the  British  Imperinl 
gallon. 

TlirPii.— Heal  tare  is  taken  both  at  the  Custom-house  and  by  the  merchant. 

Commer.-ial  Prospects. — The  commerce  and  industry  of  Venezuela  suffered  severely  from  the  revo- 
lulionary  struggle  of  which  she  has  been  the  theatre.  lint  the  country  is  now  comparatively  tranquil, 
and  thi're  seem  to  be  good  reasons  for  thinking  that  she  is  about  to  enter  on  a  career  of  prosperity.  As 
the  riches  of  Venezuela  consist  entirely  of  the  products  of  lier  agriculture,  the  legislature  has  wi.iely 
exerted  itself  lo  give  it  all  the  encoiirngeinent  possible.  In  this  view  tithes  have  been  abolished,  anil 
heir  collection  was  finally  to  cense  on  the  1st  of  January,  1831.    The  tobacco  monopoly  has  alao 


been  nhnj 
'lllle  pros 

llllimi  (ly 

InleresiM  • 

VV,.  |,,,v 

Ker  I'ortii 

(L.A.M 
Peru,  on 
I>ulalii)n,  ! 

In  l,s;u  1,1 

pu'ilic.    lis 

"lid  is  oliii^ 

Aric:i,oM  \u 

ciinmry,  wli 

"•  '.aiiiiir  is 

tlie  liiiiics  he 

"'III  chiiichil 

d''Hi'rt ;  lilt!  ( 

ed  in  tlie  sliii 

'Vni  \msnv 

to  thf  Itay  „f 

Tlin»,ilivi;,n 

'Vliii  b,  lifsiil, 

ini.ilress  of  Ai 

<"■  lier  trade. 

Laiimr  at  pres 

We  siilijiiiii 

I.  From  an  I  afle 
Luitai  sIliII  iei|js/i 
i.  ^'I'-elsof  eiei 
"llieyplcisp,  vvilh 
oil  n'TMKe,  or  duri 
.  J.  'J'liry  shall  bet 
111?,  unloading,  or  n 
ofwhaiever.leiionii, 

4.  (loiiiis  in.iy  Ik  ,1 
lervrn'ion  on  the  pa, 

5.  i  he  cUB'om-lioi 
will  be  a  eoninii>sioii 
nil's  for  Die  lran,pnrl 

d.  Whinevcrgood, 
besiihopiiied  to  ihec 
IHinilinir. 

7.  The  enmmisainm 

Iheir  valuatini,,  ,i,„|„ 

(It  'heirowi.er»,oflhe 

«r.-t.il,esent.     This/, 

wli.iAlihcsinieliinel 

to  llic  custom  house  fi 

•ii.v  of  the  case,,  (,,„ 

■1  .lied,  marked,  and  n 

to  lie  ,.i|,rM,e,J  i„  ,|,e  , 

»■    'he  commissioner 

foiliTtorofhecuitoin., 

•Kcifviiiit  the  numbeii 

•eveni  articles. 

f.  The  gooils  must  no 
™ly  lhro„|ti,  c.ilama  ai 
I  I'T  pi"  Ihroii^h  any  p 
II.Vio,„.d,U,n  permit,',',, 
"i-Mhnr  seals  unbroke 

<1.1.     Balbi,j]bUi, 

PlcllcH  de  carder, 

and  colour  of  thi 

other  colour.     E 

iiitrotJuction  of  A 

quality,  arrived  al 

of  (lie  best  fleece: 

on  an  average  of 

supplied  by  Italy. 

LAMP  (Ger.  I 

m.'itrument  used  ft 

ducinj  artificial  li{ 

't  is  unnecessary  I 
ever,  remark  that  tl 
"e.leil  in  producing 
o>'Pnfiliemostin"ei 
'"'iiiicaiion  of  Mr." II 

Ih-^pre.-u  importance 
Besi.les  the  f^icll 
'•""H'.  It  has  enabled 
«Pe<li.inn,  both  uie 
^.V'lich  wild  .T  cand 
?r<l-r  to  ascertain  ii" 
^«"ct.,  prove  the  ac  u 
flame  of  ,ho  lamp,  in 
^M.encncedandc'!;,;! 
matter  of  mere  conjee 


LAMAR— LAMP. 


120 


he  other 
liank- 

ractor.or 
|)c  taken 
Tit  W.  3j. 
In  are  as 


f\  per  cral. 


lo2i  - 

V  ^ 

Kuela.  >• 
[lown  by 
ml  quar- 
Ihe  com- 
l)e  worth 

llmpctbl 


Ihe  revo- 
Iranquil, 
Jrity.  A9 
Is  wisely 
lieil,  ai'l 
I  has  aUu 


boon  nhnlisheil,  nnil  Inviliitlnni  hnvp  hopn  liflil  mil  to  furcidnrrH  in  urtile  in  thn  cnunlry  ;  Iml  ihrre  la 

null'  |iri)!<|)i'(i  111"  itu'ir  hi'iiiK  much  iitl(Mi(li;il  lo,  al  IimhI  fur  » ;  iiPiisicli-riililL-  tiiiit!.     'I'lie  tiiml  rifcog- 

iiiliim  l>y  K|iiilii  lit'  thi!  lMitc|>pniUMii'o  i>l°  ihiH  niitl  Ihi*  ntlii'r  iii^w  Ht:iii!H  wniiUI  iimlurially  pruiiinlu  their 
liiK'ri'MtH  ;  null  It  in  to  hit  lio|)ril  thnt  It  may  imi  lir  iiiiir.li  li>ni.'i'r  iti'tVrri'il. 

W'v  have  iliTivnl  iIii'mi-  iIi'ImIIh  priiiripally  from  tin-  ciri'l'iilly  ilrawii  up  ^naioert  iiiaile  by  Sir  Robert 
Kcr  i'orli'r,  iIik  Url!l»li  consul  at  Curaccag,  to  thu  Ctrcuttir  Querien. 

(liAMAH,  formerly  Cdiiija,  a  scu-port  of  tho  repiililic  of  Dolivin,  the  ci-devnnt  Upper 
Peru,  on  tho  west  coast  of  South  America,  in  lat.  Ti°  U!)'  30"  S.,  long.  70"  13'  W,  Po- 
pululion,  2,000.1 

In  ]h:Q  l.amar  was  ilechirnl  ii  frnc  port,  anil  In  It  rnntrrs  nlmont  llio  wholn  foriMitn  Iradn  nf  llie  re- 
piilillr.  lis  HJtii  ition  Is  hiisvrvrr,  vrry  uiit'avuuralili'.  It  lalionrn  uniliT  n  urnal  want  ol'  rrrali  water ; 
mill  U  ohliueil  III  liiiporl  all  lis  prnvisioiis  liy  mi'm.  I'illii'r  IVom  Vii||inraii'<i,  nn  the  niio  hanil,  or  frnni 
Arii':i,  on  tlir  ollu'r.  'I'lii'  ili'Hi'rt  ot'  Alaiaina  lii's  lii'twi'itii  It  and  Ihi'  iiilitrnal  anil  popiiliMix  part  nf  Iha 
cnunlry,  wlnri!  tlir  towns  of  I'olnsI,  (Nifhahainha,  (MiariiiH,  iVi'.  an'  siiiiali'd.  The  |iriulini"  Itnportril 
nl  l.aniar  is  loiivi'yeil  acroHS  the  ili'srrt  on  Ihe  haiks  of  iiiiiles  to  the  intrrior  ;  Ihe  koIiI  iinil  tiilver  of 
till- niiiics  lieiii).' hrioiifht  In  the  same  way  to  the  port  to  he  sliippeil.  'I'lii^^e,  with  copper,  aallpetre, 
anil  rhinchllll  skiiiR,  form  the  principal  articlenof  export.  Saltpi'tre  ix  foiinil  in  lar^e  i|iriiilitieii  in  Iho 
il.'sert ;  the  copper  is  found  near  the  coast,  and  owiii);  to  the  scarcity  of  fuel,  most  part  of  It  la  e.xpurt- 
ed  ill  the  sliape  of  ore. 

I'eru  possesses  a  liinp  narrow  slip  nf  land,  stretchinfr  alnns;  the  mast  nf  Iho  Pacific  from  Arei)uipa 
In  till'  Hay  of  Pica,  wliicli  oiiuht  naturally  to  heloii);  to  llolivia,  heiiiK,  ■»  l^aci  Ihe  liltnriil  of  the  laiier. 
The  llolivian  Kovernmi'iit  has  set  on  foot  various  neiiiilintloiiM  to  nhtiiin  the  cessloii  of  this  tract, 
wliiili,  liesides  ^featiy  improvin!;  Ihe  frontier  of  the  repiihlic,  would,  at  the  same  lime,  ri'iiiler  her 
niistresR  of  Ariia,  wliich  is,  in  all  respects,  niiicli  lietter  lilted  than  l.amar  for  hecoininK  Ihe  enlrepdt 
of  her  trade,  iiitherlo,  however,  lliese  neuotiaiions  have  proved  abortive,  so  that,  us  uireudy  stutedi 
Lamar  at  present  enirrosses  the  whole  foreign  trade  of  the  stale. 

We  sulijoin  tlie  decree  constituting  l.amar  a  free  port ; — 

t.  t'rim  It!  I  .iftt'r  Ihe  lit  of  July  'f  tliii  present  yeir,  IS33,  Tort  | 
[jiiiiii'  ihiill  I  e  il)v)lutely  frpe  .iirl  (iju'n. 

'i.  V^■.1^el1  of  f  \ery  fi.iti'iii  may  en'er  (liiB  port  ind  rrnnin  ai  torn 
Mllipy  plt^iie,  without  brhijc  Buhjt'cteil  to  .inv  tai  whatever,  eillier 
on  riitr  nice,  or  diirim  llif-jr  Hi  ly ,  or  'in  their  departure. 

3.  Ttify  ttiall  be  free  frntii  all  dutU-s  of  anctifiri|;e,  lonna^e,  sliift' 
iii^,  iihlii.i  lin^,  or  rr;l(viiliiij(  of  car^n,  depufit,  itonge,  or  any  other 
of  wliitt'ver  iieiioiiiiiia'i'jM. 

4.  (fOods  may  Ije  deposited  In  private  warehouse*,  without  any  in- 
lerven'ion  on  ttie  part  of  'he  ^ovcrnineiit. 

5.  'I'lie  cua'oni-lious-  of  Fort  Laiiiar  ii  siippresse).  In  il«  itead 
will  t'e  a  cnniiiii>Bioner*9  ollice,  for  tlie  piirpoie  of  distrihutiiig  per- 
nii'a  f'lr  the  traiiiportatioii  of  ^ooda  into  llie  interior. 

6.  Whenever  fcnods  are  to  be  sent  into  the  interior,  they  must  fimt 
be  siibniilled  to  the  coinniissioner.  together  vvilii  the  invoice  currea. 
iHiniliii!;. 

7.  The  cnmniiMioner  wilt  register  them  in  a  h*^ok,  together  with 
their  valuati'M.,  made  liy  two  nierehantH  of  tlie  place,  and  the  nanten 
of  tlieir  owi.em,  of  the  penon  of  wliom,:ind  the  place  where  tliey 
are  t.i  lie  sent.  This  is  1 1  be  si\;ne:t  by  the  (leraoii  entering  Ihe  ^oods, 
will)  at  Ihe  same  timebini's  himself  to  have  them  transported  direct 
to  llie  custom  house  for  which  they  are  destined,  wilhoiit  o[)eniii< 
aiiv  of  the  cases,  ba<s,  or  ottier  eiivetn|ies,  each  of  which  shall  be 
lualed,  ni.irkeil,  and  numbered  before  de|iarture.  These  |ioinIl  are 
In  be  expressed  in  the  permit. 

8.  The  commissioner  stiati  by  the  earliest  post  send  a  notice  to  the 
collector  of 'he  cm  torn. house  for  which  any  merchandise  is  destined, 
iperiryins  the  numbei a,  characters,  quanlitiea,  and  quahtiei  uf  the 
icven'l  ailictes. 

9.  The  (jooils  must  not  be  carrieil  by  any  unaccuslomid  roads,  hut 
nnly  throi.j^h  Calaiiia  and  the  put  lie  th'T.iuj^hfarei  ;  and  whenever 
tliey  piss  throuxh  any  place  at  whicli  a  iruanl  or  commisitionf  r  is 
lt>i;ioried.  tl.'!  permits  must  be  eihibited.  in  order  that  their  arrival 
Willi  their  seals  unbroken  may  be  ascertained. 

(See  Pi/rest  of  Commtrr.ial  Re/riilations  published  by  the  Oovernmcnt  of  the  United  States,  vol,  iii.  p. 
41.1.    Balhi,  Abriai  de  la  Oeurrraphie,  p.  HOC.)— Sup.) 

LAMB-SKINS  (Gcr.  Lammnfclte ;  Fr.  Peaux  cTagneaux ;  It.  Pelli  a^elline;  Sp. 
Picllcs  de  corderos).  The  value  of  lamb-skins  varies  according  to  the  fineness,  brilliancy, 
and  colour  of  the  wool.  Black  lamb-skins  arc  more  generally  esteemed  than  those  of  any 
other  colour.  Ettglish  lamb-skins  are  seldom  to  be  met  with  perfectly  black  ;  but  since  the 
introduction  of  Merino  sheep  into  this  country,  many  of  the  white  fleeces  have,  in  point  of 
quality,  arrived  at  a  pilch  of  perfection  which  justly  entitles  them  to  be  ranked  with  some 
of  the  best  fleeces  in  Spain.  The  importation  of  lamb-skins  is  immense,  having  amounted, 
on  an  average  of  IS31  and  1832,  to  2,36.5,635.  Eight  tenths  of  the  whole  quantity  are 
supplied  by  Italy.     They  are  mostly  used  in  the  glove  manufacture. 

L.\MP  (Ger.  Lampe  ,•  Fr.  Lampe ;  It.  Lucerna;  Sp.  Lampnra;  Rus.  Lampridu),  aa 
instrument  used  for  the  combustion  of  liquid  inflammable  bodies,  for  the  purpose  of  pro- 
ducitig  arliflcial  light. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  give  any  description  of  instrtiments  that  are  so  well  known.  We  may,  how- 
ever, remark  that  the  discovery  of  Sir  II.  Davy,  who,  by  covering  the  (lame  with  wire  gauze,  suc- 
ceeileil  in  producing  a  lamp  that  may  be  securely  used  in  coal  mines  charged  with  inflammable  gas,  ia 
one  of  the  most  ingenintis  and  valuable  that  has  ever  been  made.  The  following  extracts  froinacom- 
mtiiiication  of  Mr.  Huddle,  one  of  the  ablest  and  best-infurined  coal  engineers  in  the  kingdom,  evince 
IhR  great  importance  nf  Sir  Humphry  Davy's  invention. 

"Besiiles  the  fticilities  uirnrded  by  this 'invention  to  the  working  of  coal  mines  abounding  in  fire 
il.iinp,  it  has  enabled  the  directors  and  superintendents  to  ascertain,  with  the  utmost  precision  and 
expedition,  both  the  presence, the  quantity, and  correct  situation  of  the  gas.  Instead  of  creeping  inch 
by  inch  with  a  candle,  as  is  usual,  along  the  galleries  of  a  mine  suspected  to  contain  fire  damp,  in 
nrdnr  tn  ascertain  its  presence,  we  walk  firmly  on  with  the  safe  lamps,  and,  with  the  utmost  confl- 
ilence,  prnve  the  actual  state  of  the  mine.  By  observing  attentively  the  several  appearances  upon  the 
flame  of  the  lamp,  in  an  examination  of  this  kind,  the  cause  of  accidents  which  happened  to  tho  most 
experienced  and  cautious  miners  is  completely  developed ;  and  this  has  hitherto  been  in  a  great  measure 
matter  of  mere  conjecture. 

17 


in.  Merchintii,  fitlirr  In  prnon  or  hjr  a  rfprps^ntilivr.  mint  pro* 
(lure  In  Ihe  coiiiiiii^flimier  *•(  he  jmrt  a  rerlilicite  nf  the  deliver'  jf 
Miei^rtnlial  llie  rti<itnm*hnii5e  Tor  which  thfy  are  (Iea(<n<  d  vviihiii  (I 
niimh*  from  Ihe  day  of  Iheir  entry  ;  in  c.ise  ihcy  ilo  not,  Ihey  mutt 
at  Ihe  nil!  nf  (hit  [>eri(>d  p,iv  the  whdlu  dii  ies  nn  iheni. 

II.  From  and  aftt  r  the  Ul  nf  J.,|y,  ihj3,  all  K(xmI^  entend  at  Pnrt 
fjiinar  shall  pay  ,i  duty  of  only  j  ptr  cent,  over  and  al)uve  that  of 
half  I  er  cent,  tn  ihe  tuimilado. 

I'i.  The  duty  of  .>  per  cent,  alia)!  he  paid  Ihun  :  at  th«!  port  2  per 
reiil.  on  the  v.itualinn  niade  .is  afiires:iid  ;  and  the  olher  3  at  the  cus> 
toni'house  in  Hie  iircrjor  ftir  uhlch  the  ^>n<ls  are  destined.  In 
eiih  caK  one  half  at  Iho  end  u(  3,  Ihe  other  half  at  the  end  of  S 
niotitlis. 

13.  All  roods  carried  from  Port  l.amar  hy  hnd  to  any  of  the  ad> 
joining  republics  sli.ill  only  pay  a  trnn^it  duty  of  Z  per  cent. 

U.  A  duty  of  2  per  cent  shall  he  paid  on  thrt-e  fourlhi  of  all  gold 
and  silver  money  entered  at  any  nf  the  cuslum  houiei  iu  the  interior 
for  ex|>orta(ion  throujeh  Port  Iviniar. 

15.  It  is  absoliilety  prohibited  to  export  i^otd  or  silver,  in  bullion 
or  plale,  except  in  iiii.ill  qn-in*jties  fnrtheuseof  the  person  canying 
It  out.  It  will  be  seized  wherever  it  is  found  on  this  side  the  dis* 
trictsof  San  Antonio,  ^an  Vinceutei  Atoca,  AguadeCastlllai  Leque* 
pate,  nr  the  tine  of  Ihecanai. 

16.  All  hirdtvare  for  ngticulture  and  mining,  machinery,  instru- 
ments of  scienceor  the  arts,  iron,  s!rft,quick<«ilver,»nd  moral  books, 
maybe  introduce  1  f  ree  nf  duly  into  the  republic,  and  pruductioui 
of  Bolivia  may  lie  exported  likewise  free. 

17.  A  premium  of  2  per  cent,  on  their  value  shall  be  allowed  on 
the  exportation  Ihmu^h  Port  Lamnr,  ot'cascarilla,  wool,  lin,  cotton, 
and  colFee,  in  the  shipe  of  remission  from  duties  to  the  amount  on 
goods  carried  into  the  interior  ftoni  Ihe  s.une  p-trt. 

The  remaiuing  articles  of  the  decree  are  of  a  purely  local  na* 
ture. 


I 
I 


a 

i 

I 

I 
j 


"> 


130 


LAMP-nLACK— LEAD. 


"Il  U  nnt  ni<r(>ii»nry  th.1t  I  »hniil(1  Pnlnrsn  ii|ion  Ihr  nnrlonni  mlvntitnicd  wlilrh  niiin  nnrpfBiirlly 
rninlt  rrmii  iwi  iiivi'iiijnii  iMlnilnti-il  tii|iri>li>ii|t  mir  «<i|iply(iriiiliii-riil  cuiil,  Ih'chiiki!  I  lliink  ilii'iii<il)vliiii« 
In  KVi'ry  nlli'ditiir  iiilint  ;  liiil  I  tiiiiiMit  niiiiliiili-  wlihniit  rxiirrnNliiu  my  liiKlii'Ht  hi'iiiIiih'iiIm  cl'iiiliiiirii. 

lion  fur  III rilrriiit  u  hii  II  liivc  ili'vrUipi  il  ilic  |irii|i>'rili'H,  iiiiil  riinirnlli'il  ilir  power,  of  iiiiu  iif  tha 

niOHt  iliii'k''  r>iii»  I'li'iiii'iilH  wlili'li  liiiiiiuii  ciili'rprlHe  hut  IiUIiitIo  hail  lo  I'licoiinli'r." 

LAMI'-ni.A(;K  ((mt.  Kifiirnis  ,•  Fr.  Nuir  tir  fmni'e  ;  It.  Nirit  tli  fiirno,  Nrirnifiimo i 
Pp.  Sii^rii  lie.  Iriiiiii).  "  Tin-  fill^^t  Imiip-lilack  Ik  prodiiccil  liy  ccilliTtiri;?  tlu'  sinoki"  from  n 
lamp  will)  II  Imin  wick,  which  Hiipp!<>'!«  more  oil  ihiiii  <'iin  hv.  porfcclly  conmiiin'il,  or  liy  nuf. 
frriiii?  the  (luinc  to  piny  imniiist  a  iiiclalliiiii  cover,  which  iin|ii>(l(M  lln)  iMiiiliuntiiin,  not  only 
by  roiidn  tnin  oil'  imrl  of  llic  liciil,  liut  hy  oliHtrncliiijj  iht'  rtirrrnl  of  iiir.  I.iimp-liluck, 
however,  i«  prcpiirnl  in  a  much  ehe.iper  wiiy  for  the  (lemiindH  of  trade.  The  drc!;s  which 
remain  ;il'tir  the  ell  ]ii,»lion  of  pitch,  or  else  simill  pieces  of  lir  wood,  are  hiirned  in  tnrnaccs 
of  a  peciiliiir  coii>lriiction,  the  Hiiioke  of  which  is  miide  to  pass  throiiuh  a  loiii;  horizontal 
flue,  teriiiiiiHlint?  in  a  close  Imardud  chamher.  The  roof  of  thin  chiiiiilicr  in  m.idc  of  coiiriio 
cloth,  through  which  the  current  of  air  ewcapcH,  while  the  noot  remaiim." — {Vrcit  Dicliun- 

liAND-WAITHU,  an  ofTicer  of  the  Cn«tom-houso,  whose  duty  it  is,  upon  Iiimlinij  any 
mcrchandi-^e,  to  laste,  weii;h,  measure,  or  otherwise  examine  the  various  articlcH,  i>n'.,  aiiii 
to  take  an  account  of  \\w  same,  'i'hey  are  likewise  styled  searchers,  and  are  to  attend,  and 
join  with,  tin'  piitent  searchers,  in  execution  of  all  cockels  for  the  fihip{iin^  of  goodu  to  ho 
exported  to  forciiTii  parts;  and,  in  cases  where  drawliacks  or  hountieH  are  to  he  paid  lo  tho 
merchant  on  the  ex[iurlsition  of  any  floods,  they,  us  well  au  tliu  patent  Hcarcherit,  arc  to 
certify  the  sliipiiim;  iliereof  on  the  dehentures. 

LAI'FS  LAZULI.     (See  UL-niAMAniNK. 

liAST,  r.ii  uncertain  ipianlily,  varying  in  difierrnt  countries,  and  with  rcappct  to  different 
articles,  (ienerally,  however,  a  last  Ih  estimated  at  4,U(I0  IIm.  ;  but  there  are  great  dis- 
crepancies. 

Tlin  fdllnwiiiB  ipnnlilics  of  (lifrcrciif  nrticliM  iiiiikp  n  liipt,  vi/.  — 1 1  liarrels  of  pilrli,  inr.  ornslion  j 
12  dozen  of  li'des  or  sknis  ;  12  li;irrels  of  roil-lisli,  poliiHli,  or  iiieiil ;  20  nicies,  eaili  of  1,(100  lierrin;,'n, 
every  I.Onoien  linmlreil,  ainl  every  10(1  live  ncipre  ;  lOi  iinarlers  of  cole-sced  ;  10  (iii:irU'rs  of  corn  or 
rope-seed  ;  in  sonie  p;irls  of  f'nt'lanil,  21  iiu.irlers  of  corn  «"  '"  "  'I'st ;  12  sniks  of  wool ;  20  ilickora 
(every  dicker  12  skins)  of  leather  ;  IH  harr.ls  oi' iinpai  keil  herrings  ;  10,000  pilchards  ;  21  biirrt-U  (uucli 
bnrrid  contuininsr  10(1  llis  )  of  (fiinpowder  ;   1,700  Ihs.  of  feathers  or  (lax. 

Last  Is  sonietiiiies  used  to  si|;nify  the  Imrdcn  nr  ludit  of  n  ship. 

LATH,  I,ATHS  (Du.  Latten  .■  Fr.  Lalles ;  Ger.  Lattern  It.  Cnrrent! ,  Rub.  Wsffii), 
loniT,  thin,  and  narrow  slips  of  wood,  nailed  to  the  rafler»  of  a  roof  or  ceiling,  in  order  to 
suslain  the  coverinp.  Laths  are  distinc^uished  into  various  sorts,  according  to  the  ditFerent 
kinds  of  wood  of  which  they  arc  made,  and  the  dilTercnt  purposes  to  which  they  arc  to  be 
applied.  They  are  also  distin^^uislied,  according  to  their  length,  into  5,  4,  and  3  feet  laths. 
Their  ordinary  breadth  is  about  an  inch,  and  their  thickness  \  of  an  inch.  Laths  are  sold 
by  the  bundle,  which  is  generally  called  a  hundred:  but  7  score,  or  140,  are  computed  in 
tlic  hundred  for  three  feet  laths;  G  score  or  120,  in  such  as  arc  4  feet;  and  for  those  which 
arc  denominated  .5  feet,  the  common  hundred,  or  5  score, 

L.\TTIj.\,  a  name  sometimes  given  to  tin  plates;  that  is,  to  thin  plates  of  iron  tinned 
over. —  (See  Tin.) 

L.WV'N  (Ger.  and  Fr.  Linon  ;  It.  Linone,  Rensa ;  Sp.  Cambrny  cf/irin),  a  sort  of 
clear  or  open  worked  cambric,  which,  till  of  late  years,  was  cxcluivily  manufactured  in 
France  and  Flanders.  At  present,  the  lawn  manufacture  is  established  in  Scotland,  and  in 
the  north  of  Ireland,  where  articles  of  this  kind  are  brought  to  such  a  degree  of  perfection, 
as  nearly  to  rival  the  productions  of  the  French  and  Flemish  manufactories.  In  the  manu- 
facture of  lawns,  finer  flaxen  thread  is  used  than  in  that  of  cambric. 

LAZARETTO.     See  C^uauantivk. 

LEAD  (Ger.  B/n/,  lUei ,-  Bu.  Loud,  Loot;  Vr.  P/oinb ;  It.  Plom'-o ;  Sp.  P/„mn  ; 
Has.  Siiuiie/z  ;  Pol.  Glow ;  Lat.  P/umhum  ,•  Arab.  Anuk ,-  Hind.  Sim,-  Pers.  Siirb), 
one  of  the  most  useful  metals.  It  is  of  a  bluish  white  colour,  and  when  newly  melted  is  very 
bright,  but  it  soon  becomes  tarnished  by  exposure  to  the  air.  It  has  scarcely  any  taste,  hot 
emits,  on  friction,  a  peculiar  smell.  It  stains  paper  or  the  fingers  of  a  bluish  colour.  When 
taken  internally,  it  acts  as  a  poison.  It  is  one  of  tho  softest  of  the  metals:  its  specific 
gravity  is  11 -So.  It  is  very  malleable,  and  may  be  reduced  to  thin  plates  by  the  hammer; 
it  may  also  be  drawn  out  into  wire,  but  its  ductility  is  not  very  great.  Its  tenacity  is  so 
small,  that  a  lead  wire  j^\.^  inch  diameter  is  copabic  of  supporting  only  18"4  lbs.  without 
breaking.     It  melts  at  612°. — (Thnnisnn^s  C/ieniistri/.) 

Le.ad  is  a  metal  of  much  importance,  as,  from  its  durability,  it  is  extensively  used  in  the 
construction  of  water-pipes  and  cisterns,  as  a  covering  for  flat  surfaces  or  tops  of  buildings, 
&c.  &c.  Its  salts,  which  are  poisonous,  are  u.sed  in  medicine  to  form  sedative  external  ap- 
plications ;  and  frc()uently  not  a  little,  by  the  disreputable  wine  merchant,  to  stop  the  pro- 
gress of  acetous  fermentation.  Wine  thus  poisoned,  may,  however,  be  readily  distinguished ; 
a  small  quantity  of  the  bicarbonate  of  potassa  producing  a  white  precipitate,  and  sulphurcted 
hydrogen  a  black  one.     Pure  wine  will  not  bo  affected  by  either  of  these  tests.    "  The  oxida 


of  lead 
it  is  als 

COIllllioil 

other  lilt 

made,"- 

'i'he  /, 

«o  INV,'!), 

the  year 

certaiiied, 

their  worj 

bo  accural 

J''ad  iiiiiiei 

(he  decliiK 

yield,  at  ai 

mines  is  e.> 

tons,— (f,v 

of  the  Wei 

froniinundi 

All  Account 


Vean 


IN2I 
\Hii 
JN23 

im 

lh23 

mn 

I.S27 
iHiS 

JHJ!) 

18,i0 

IN.'tl 

1832 

1M3 


Pi, 

Nnl 

Lr,.,! 
.Sh 

I    IN,. -I 

I  is,<i 

13,7 

I    1 1.0 

10,  n; 

N,(l| 
10,2v 
I. •1,27 
10,00 

(i,n:) 
7,11: 

fl7ri 

12,1,-1 


An  Arcniint  of  I 
I W,  toil,,.  Isi 
J'oiinda  o/niu 


Counlria  lo  ntji 


Ruuia 

N'trtv.iy 
""■nnnrlc 

Tli«  Nri(;erlann« 
1  nnce 

J";;""?'!,  Azorf.,  and  ; 

;Vji.li  ,111,1  ih„  Caii,,r,ei 

,    'iliraiiar 

iMly 

M,ill.i 

'oiiiin  hhnili 

lurli<-y:w,l,l,er.cvant 

i-U  In  ;„„  ,„,,  p,,i 
'^™    -oulh    vVal,,,    V 
.      '•in'.iiflSwai.Kivei 

rii'eorfi„o.iri„p„  "•' 

"liirpirljo'Afrd   . 

t"re,,.,,w,.„|„,|i„    . 
is' ='""■■="':  ^"'erica 

I  Cnlumbia 
Chili    . 
IVru    . 
Slales  of  U  Plait 


••nounioftheitiipo'r 


LKAD. 


131 


t5ort  of 
Itured  ill 

,  luul  in 
l-rfeclion, 
Ic  inanu- 


ritmn ! 

Stirb), 
|a  is  very 
lasle,  l)iit 

When 

siiecific 
ininmcr; 
pity  is  so 

without 

III  in  the 

|)uiUVings. 

leriial  ap- 

iho  pro- 

hgnisheJ ; 

|llihuretcd 

["he  oxide 


of  lend  Pntorn  into  th?  rompoHJlion  of  wliito  rIuhii,  wliii'h  it  rrmlrM  rlrnrrr  Bnd  nioro  ftiiiihio ; 
it  iit  ulsi)  ii.si'il  in  K'^zinK  coiiiiniM  I'urlhi'M  vi'MNi'U ;  licni')'  tho  rcDNoii  that  |iirkh'a  kfpt  in 
roiniiiiin  rcii  puns  Im'i;<muii  poistinous.  Limil,  with  tin,  uml  a  Mnull  i|u:intily  of  Honiv  of  tho 
othrr  nictalH,  fiirniK  pi^wlcr ;  witii  ntitiiuotiy,  it  fornm  Ihi'  ulloy  of  whicii  priiitin){  ty|)Cit  aro 
inadr,"  — (.Ai//r«;'((  C/i'in.  Mhirriiliii^i/.) 

Thi-  H  lul  liiinflK  of  Grctit  Uritiiin  Imvn  hcon  wrouglit  from  a  vory  remote  ern.  Prcviougly 
to  IHVilt,  however,  it  would  Meem  thul  those  of  Derhysliire  only  iiad  been  explored.  Hut  in 
the  year  now  iii('»»lior»ed,  lead  mines  were  diseovi'red  in  Wales  ;  and  the  fad  hein^  a»- 
eerlained.  liiat  the  on--  ■>(  these  ntines  prodnced  Hoinu  nilvcr,  increase. I  attention  was  paid  to 
their  working.  The)  fidtiee  of  thiMead  mines  at  present  wronght  in  (treat  liritain  eaimot 
lie  acenrately  ascerLni,  d.  Mr.  Wtcvenson  supposes  (art.  Eni^liui<l,  lUlin.  ICiiri/.)  that  tho 
lead  mines  of  iJeiU^slure  aimually  |iroduee  .5,()()()  or  (!,()()()  tons  ;  hut  they  seem  tti  he  on 
the  (ierline.  Those  on  the  horders  of  ('undxTlund  and  Northumherland  arc  supposed  to 
yield,  at  an  average,  from  II.UDI)  to  Iti.UUU  tons.  'I'hu  total  produce  of  the  iScotch  lead 
mines  is  estimated  at  f).'),OI)0  liars;  which,  as  each  har  is  1  ewt.  1  qr.  2  llm.,  is  eipiul  to  4,120 
tons. —  (^dnicnil  liijwft  of  Scollauil,  vol.  iii.  Addenda,  p.  7.)  {Some  of  the  most  productivu 
of  the  Welsh  lead  niines  have  either  been  wrought  out,  or  have  been  rendered  unxervieculilo 
front  inundations.     .'Sulyoined  id 

An  Account  of  the  Exportu  and  Iinportii  nf  I,e:iil  nnil  Lead  Ore,  Jcc.  fur  Thirteen  Yeara,  ending  the 

&tli  of  Juuaary,  1833. 


V«»n. 

Eiporii. 

Impnrta.            1 

ri(  .ml 

Unll.a 

Lr.ld  an  1 

Lilh».-»o. 

n-d 

While 
U>J. 

U». 

Tnhl 
Hritiih 
l,e.,l  and 

rnrri»ii 
l.rad 

Fnri'i«n 

I.Md 

I*ad. 

Ore. 



tillol. 

•/•i".f. 

Tmii. 

T*."!!. 

l.i!al  Ore. 

Tmi. 

Tm>. 

Tuiti. 

Tini. 

Tont. 

iHai 

18,300 

30) 

aau 

(i03 

252 

10,77'J 

4 

. 

4 

182i 

l.VHO 

673 

214 

ti.')4 

287 

17,400 

. 

. 

. 

875 

IH'23 

1. 1,781 

87tl 

4tl 

571 

4.55 

15,h;)0 

CO 

14 

72 

811 

IH'2I 

11.011 

Hit! 

uso 

510 

2J5 

12,01 t 

20-< 

-     0 

300 

177 

lh25 

10,833 

S80 

338 

885 

350 

12,001 

710 

.     . 

712 

101 

IHM 

8,0 10 

831 

338 

010 

130 

10,500 

3,(i55 

- 

0,103 

1,003 

1847 

10,':i2 

001 

408 

040 

210 

12,100 

1.817 

013 

1,140 

1828 

13,27.'i 

1.110 

531 

1,012 

250 

10,217 

2,282 

2,104 

1 ,076 

1H«J 

10,001 

1,015 

382 

1,133 

lOJ 

13,450 

1,785 

.     . 

2, 150 

5,010 

i    is;to 

0,834 

403 

384 

750 

240 

8,017 

1,700 

- 

l,5:;3 

173 

\    WW 

7, 1 14 

400 

520 

lil>4 

101 

9,308 

8-i0 

.     . 

m-i 

311 

IH.TJ 

0  777 

33S 

281 

435 

105 

7,033 

1,431 

-     . 

1,434 

.121 

|s;i3 

14,181 

433 

3'JO 

C.V2 

230 

13,808 

U57 

-     - 

1,1100 

200 

An  Arcniiiil  of  Urilisli  Lead  and  Lend  Ore  cvporlcd  from  the  Uiiltfid  KinKdniii  from  ttio  1st  of  Janiiiirv, 
1834, 111  till!  Isl  o'' Jniiaiiry,  1833;  dUtliigiiHliim?  tin-  t'ounlrins  to  wlilcjli  it  was  Bent.— (Quarters  arid 
I'diiiiiIs  ninllleil  in  the  L'oliiiniis,  lint  allowed  for  in  the  suniiniii);  up.) 


CountriM  to  nliicb  exported. 

¥\%  and 

Rolled 
Lead  ind 

British  Leal  an  1  Lead  Ore. 

Foreign  I.cid  and 
Lu-id  Ore. 

Litharge. 

Red 

Lead, 

While 
Lead. 

Lead  Ore. 

Trial  of 

Ilrili'.h 

Lead  and 

rii5  Lead. 

While 
l.eail. 

Sllol 

Leal  Ore. 

Ton.t.  not. 

roiu.  cii'l. 

Tuns.  cwl. 

roiii.  rtrt. 

Tuiit.  cwl. 

rcJii.  not 

T(nit.  (let. 

Tuni.  ewt. 

RyiMia             .... 

1,324    9 

141    6 

6  19 

10  II 

1,41-3    6 

4bS   10 

SAt-ilcn           .... 

49    3 

9  II 

11     9 

4t  15 

115    0 

Norway           .... 

SI     7 

0  16 

0     1 

18    4 

70    n 

ilennarlc        .           .           •           - 

128  12 

IS    4 

9  17 

125  II 

282     6 

I'russia             .... 

69    8 

29  II 

7     1 

49  19 

1.-.6     1 

Germany 

173  13 

126  19 

123    3 

64     0 

477  17 

4    7 

The  NrilierUnM 

1X6    0 

29  10 

89    0 

2  10 

149    0 

4'i6     1 

371   IS 

t'nnce            .... 

Ri    7 

0  19 

4    6 

70  II 

32  14 

l'(iriu»al,  Ar.nrn,  and  Madeira 

104    2 

6    0 

7  10 

38  II 

I3-,    3 

Spatn  an.l  Iha  Canines 

27    0 

1     4 

2    0 

3     1 

33    5 

'iiliraiur        .... 

IS  15 

0    4 

. 

18  19 

Illy                .... 

40  14 

43    0 

17  II 

3    7 

45    5 

161  17 

Malla              .... 

4    0 

. 

. 

3    6 

7    S 

loiiiinlshndi 

1     0 

. 

t     4 

2    4 

Turkey  ml  ihe  Levant 

65  12 

0  10 

4  13 

4    0 

64  17 

. 

22  18 

Isia  of  (iin^rnKy,  Jersey,  Alderney, 

and  Man        .... 

24R    3 

0  15 

0     1 

10    7 

259    7 

G    4 

Ei.l  In  lii!»  anil  China 

2,90\)  12 

. 

63  14 

15  10 

2,979  16 

18  14 

Ne>v  Souili    Walls,   Van  Diemen's 

l.ani.  and  Swan  River 

208  18 

• 

0    9 

15  13 

. 

223    3 

13    0 

Cine  nf  fJiHKl  Hope     • 

83    7 

. 

4  16 

6  17 

1  10 

9S  II 

nitier  parlso'"  Afr  ca   • 

284  15 

. 

II  10 

40    0 

3i0    5 

Ilriii^li  N'nrih  American  colonies 

3S2  IG 

. 

6    2 

91  12 

4'-0  II 

Rriliill  West  Indies      • 

413    7 

. 

0  13 

25  14 

439  15 

K.ireiiii  Wfsl  Iti.lies    • 

69    5 

. 

• 

4    0 

73    6 

Ijiiieil  Slates  of  America 

4,844  14 

51    2 

4,1-93  17 

Braiil              .... 

402    3 

22    6 

42  16 

68  15 

626     t 

Mexico            .... 

. 

0    5 

0  12 

0  18 

Cnlumljia        .... 

2  16 

0    7 

• 

. 

3    3 

Chili 

II     7 

. 

. 

11     7 

I'rru 

7    9 

0    7 

. 

7    7 

9    6 

Stales  of  lA  Flala 
1                                  Total    . 

14    7 

0    S 

0    4 

2  10 

17    6 

22  18 

12,181    3 

432  14 

316    5 

652    S 

235  15 

I3,S9«~ 

956  13 

i 


\ 


Fall  of  Prices.    Spiini.ih  Lead  Mines. — Tho  fnlHiijr  ofT  in  the  exports  of  ISritish  le,'\d,the  increased 
amount  of  the  iinpurta,  and  the  extraordinary  fall  that  has  taken  place  in  the  price  of  lead  since  1829, 


132 


LEAD— LEATHER. 


epem  to  be  principally  owing  to  the  vast  aupplicB  of  (hat  metal  that  have  recently  been  furnished  by 
the  ininc§  of  Adra,  in  Granada,  in  Spain.  Tlicse  have  lieen  wrouglit  to  a  vastly  prealer  extent  wilhin 
the  last  few  years  than  previously  ;  and  the  richness  of  the  ore,  and  the  facility  with  which  it  is  ob- 
tained, enable  the  Spaniards,  who  are  hut  indiffKrently  skilled  in  the  art  of  mining,  to  undersell  every 
other  people,  and  to  supply  most  markets  to  which  they  have  ready  access.  So  much  is  this  the  case, 
that  several  of  the  least  productive  of  the  lead  mines  of  (iermany,  and  other  coiiiilries,  have  been 
already  abandoned;  and  it  is  even  doubtful  whether  the  dntics  on  foreign  lead  will  be  suthcient  to 
hinder  some  of  our  mines  from  sharing  the  same  fate.  Inasmuch,  however,  as  lead  i^  f  primary 
importance  in  the  arts,  the  reduction  of  its  price,  though  injurious  to  those  engaged  in  its  production, 
is,  undoubtedly,  a  great  public  benefit.  We  therefore  truai  that  nothing  may  be  done,  either  by  rais- 
ing the  duties  on  foreign  lead,  or  otherwise,  arlilicially  to  increase  its  price.  The  competition  of  the 
Spaniards  has  already  led,  both  here  and  in  Saxony,  to  the  adoption  of  various  procesiTs  calrulati'd 
lo  lessen  the  expense  of  lead-making;  and  to  the  introduction  of  n  dt^pree  of  economy  into  every  de- 
partment of  the  business  that  was  not  previously  thought  of  This  is  the  only  way  in  which  the 
natural  advantages  on  the  side  of  the  Spaniards  can  be  met  with  any  prospect  of  success.  We  un- 
derstand too,  that  there  are  good  grounds  for  thinking  that  it  will  answer  the  object  ii  view;  hut 
though  It  were  to  fail,  it  would  be  ridiculous  to  suppose  that  the  miners  could  be  beneficially  assisted 
by  Custom-house  regula'i..,is.  Neither  is  there  any  thing  so  peculiarly  valuable  about  the  mere 
iu;inufacture  of  lead  as  tc  make  us  prefer  a  high-priced  indigenous  metal  to  a  cheaper  article  brought 
from  abroad. 

Trice  of  Lead  per  Ton  in  Great  Britain  since  1600. 


Yean. 

Price  per 

Avenge  for 

Veara. 

Trice  per 

Average  for 

Yean. 

Pr 

ce  per 

Aver.xse  for      i 

Ton. 

Teij  VtMn. 

1(111. 

Ten  yt-ars. 

Ion. 

Ten  Year*       ^ 

£     s.    d. 

£    a.    d. 

£ 

s.     d. 

£    s.    d. 

£ 

.«.     d. 

£    1.    d. 

1800 

1!)    16    0 

1811 

24 

0    6 

1822 

22 

7    0 

1801 

S2      8    6 

1812 

23 

3    6 

1823 

22 

5    0 

1802 

21    16    6 

1813 

25 

14    0 

1824 

2i 

0    0 

180.1 

27    15    6 

1814 

26 

11     0 

1825 

a.') 

6    0 

1801 

28      0    0 

1815 

20 

16    0 

1820 

19 

0    0 

ISOJ 

27     11     0 

1816 

16 

5    0 

1827 

18 

7    0 

1806 

3J     12    6 

1817 

18 

5    0 

1828 

17 

0    0 

1807 

30      3    6 

1818 

27 

5    6 

1829 

14 

5    0 

20     7    0 

1808 

JO      1     0 

1819 

22 

11     0 

23      C    6 

1830 

14 

0    0 

1809 

31      3    0 

27    14    6 

1820 

21 

10    6 

1831 

14 

0    0 

1810 

28    10    0 

1821 

22 

10    0 

1832 

13 

10    0 

The  consumption  of  lead  in  Franco  is  rapidly  increasing.  It  is  nearly  all  imported  ;  and  the  im- 
portations have  increased  fror.;  6,211,500  kilogrammes,  at  an  average  of  the  4  years  ending  with  1822, 
to  15,742,192  kilogrammes,  at  an  average  of  the  2  years  ending  with  1830  The  imports  are  almost 
entirely  from  Spain  ;  and  their  increase  is,  no  doubt,  principally  a  consequence  of  the  fall  of  prices.— 
{Journal  dcs  Mines,  Troisiiine  Siric,  toni.  iii.  p.  517.) 

Lead  Mines  of  the  United  Stales. — These  have  recently  become  of  considerable  importance.  We 
subjoin  an 

Account  of  the  Lead  manufactured  in  tlie  United  States,  during  each  of  the  Ten  Years,  ending  the 

30lh  of  Sei)teinber,  1832. 


Yean. 

Fever  River. 

Mi.Bouri. 

Tout. 

Y'earg, 

fever  River. 

MisMiuri, 

Toial. 

/.ti. 

Lbl. 

Ui. 

/,(/.. 

/.;»«. 

I.U. 

1823 

aT.,130 

. 

33ii,l30 

1829 

13,3)8.  l,-,0 

i.its.ieo 

I4,S|I,3I0 

1S24 

I7.'.,2i0 

17 -.,220 

I!-30 

8,323,9>JSI 

8,0r« 

^,a32.058 

1625 

66J,i.30 

366,590 

1.0.'.  Lira 

11-31 

6,38I,!h(X) 

67,180 

6,449,0*0 

IS26 
1827 

1829 

9-S,842 
B,I82,IJ^0 
ll.l0i,810 

l,374,96J 

910,380 
1,20  .,920 

2,333,864 
0,092,S60 
12,311,730 

1832 

4,281,876 

• 

4,281,^76 

Total 

60,782,036 

5,1,51,252 

o3,9«3,8S8 

The  decrease  has  been  explained,  partly,  at  least,  by  the  fact  of  no  leases  having  been  prantcd  in 
Missouri,  since  the  act  of  1829,  authorising  the  sale  of  all  the  mineral  lands  in  that  State,  and  by  the 
interruption  of  the  works  on  the  Upper  Mississippi  in  consequence  of  the  Indian  war. 

LEAD,  BLACK,  on  PLUMBAGO.    Sec  Black  Lead. 

LEAD,  RED,  on  MINIUM.     See  Minium. 

LEAGUE,  a  measure  of  length,  containing  more  or  fewer  geometrical  paces,  according 
to  the  customs  of  different  countries. — (See  Weiohts  and  Mea.sckks,) 

LEAKAGE,  in  commerce,  an  allowance  in  the  customs,  granted  to  importers  of  wino, 
for  the  waste  and  damage  the  goods  are  supposed  to  receive  by  keeping. — (See  Warehousing 
Act,  in  art.  VVAnEiiousixo  System.) 

LEATHER  (Ger,  Leder,-  Du.  Leder,  Leer.-  Da,  Lmder ;  Sw.  Ludcr ,-  Fr.  Cuir .-  IL 
Cuojo  ,-  Sp.  Ciiero  ;  Rus.  Ko.s/ta  ,-  Lat.  CorZ/tw),  the  skins  of  various  quudrupeds,  dressed 
in  a  particular  manner  for  the  use  of  manufacturers,  whose  business  it  is  lo  make  them  up, 
according  to  their  difl'erent  employments. 

The  leather  manufacture  of  Great  Britain  is  of  very  great  importance,  and  ranks  ciihei 
third  or  fourth  on  the  list ;  being  inferior  only  in  point  of  value  imd  extent  to  tiiose  of 
cotton,  wool,  and  iron,  if  it  be  not  superior  to  the  latter.  Sir  F.  M.  Eden,  in  his  work  on 
Insurance,  estimated  the  value  of  the  different  articles  manufactured  of  leather,  in  1803,  at 
12,000,000/.;  and  there  is  reason  to  think  that  this  statement  was  not  very  wide  of  the 
mark.  The  total  quantity  of  ail  sorts  of  leather  tanned,  tawed,  dressed,  and  eurrictl  in 
Great  Britain,  may  at  present  be  estimated  at  about  50,000,000  lbs.  ;  which,  at  1.9.  8d.  per 
lb.,  gives  4,106,000/.  as  the  value  of  the  leather  only.  Now,  sujiposing,  as  is  somclimcs  , 
done,  the  value  of  the  leather  to  amount  to  one  third  of  the  value  of  the  fiiiishtd  articlfs 
produced  from  it,  that  would  show  'he  value  of  tlic  manufacture  to  be  al)out  1S,.')00,1)I)0/. : 
but  if,  as  others  contend,  the  value  of  the  leather  does  not  exceed  one  fourth  part  of  the 


value  of  thi 

We,  howev 

sum,  and  a 

persons  emj 

loaves  8.,'JOC 

per  cent,  as 

of  6,800,()0( 

glovers,  &c., 

amount  to  2: 

'i'lii.s,  how 

inasmuch  as 

leather.     Bui 

for  the  value 

expense  of  Ij 

wages  of  tan  I 

an  average,  w 

ing  the.se  to  i 

254,.'J0O  perso 

Those  who 

reflect  on  the  i 

c.vpenditure  uf 

individual,  yoi 

would  give  Eio 

at  only  8«.  (id. 

England,  Edit 

assumed  to  be  s 

taken  it  at  1,10 

manufacture  at 

to  come  in  such 

In  s|)eak;ng  o 

tions : — "  Jf  \ve 

nio.st  mechanic  t 

conlem|.late  at  h 

die  furniture  of  ( 

the  substance  of 

upon  leather? 

the  relief  of  our 

Without  it,  or  e 

cjrpo,s<'d  !~(I'o/i 

I.euilier  was  l»Mf 
lliKkT  Ui'tsKi-fcil/ai 
w;i.>i  (I  .iil)i<..,| ;  and 

Tliereilureddiityn 

oirjihl  not  I,,  iiave  | 

mice  iiC  any  part  ..( 

to  insure  til,;  cdlleit 

ofliMtlicr  was  so  u 

cii.ssiiin  to  sliiiw  III, 

';"""irii:!f  ilass,  an, 

Rliniv  the  iire.xpediei 

systi'iii  of  revenue  I 

'natters  of  liisiory. 

i-elic'Ved  friiiii  every 

's  to  lie  Impeii  that 

Account  of  the  Num 

1821 
J835 

The  quantity  .innu 
alinii:  fi.doo.ooi)  Ills. 

Tile  i|iiaiillty  (,(■»;•/ 
ili'cliiriMl  vihie  of  201 

III'.'  Ilniisli  West  Inil 

I'EDGER,  the 
every  person's  ace 

Book-Kkkpi  vo 

J'KKCH  FI.SIi: 

ereat  as  to  allonl  ,., 

">«  a!ii,|||,|.       ii   j^ 

P""'«-     N(.rf„|k  su 
some  are  taken 


voi.  If M 


LEDGER— LEECH  FISHERY. 


133 


value  of  the  finished  arliclps,  then  the  value  of  the  manufacture  must  exceed  16,000,000/. 
Wc,  howovrr,  arc  inclined  to  ihiiik  that  wo  shall  be  nearer  tlin  truth,  if  we  take  the  smaller 
sum,  and  estimate  the  value  of  the  manufacture  at  12,500  000/.  To  get  the  number  of 
persons  employed,  we  have  first  to  deduct  from  this  sum,  4,000,000/.  for  the  material,  which 
leaves  8,.'i00,000/.  -is  the  aggregate  amount  of  profits,  wages,  iScc.  And  setting  aside  20 
per  cent,  as  profit,  rent  of  workshops,  compensation  for  capital  wasted,  &c.,  wc  have  a  sum 
of  6,800,000/.  remaining  as  wages:  and  supposing  those  employed  as  shnemakers,  saddlers, 
glovers,  &c.,  to  make  at  an  average  ;)0/.  a  year  each,  the  entire  number  of  such  persons  will 
amount  to  226,000. 

This,  however,  does  not  give  the  total  number  of  persons  employed  in  the  leather  trade, 
inasmuch  as  it  excludes  the  tanners,  curriers,  &ic.,  employed  in  dressing  and  preparing  the 
leather.  But  if,  from  the  value  of  the  prepared  leather,  4,000,000/.,  we  deduct  1,000,000/. 
for  the  value  of  the  hides,  and  2,000,000/.  for  tanners'  and  curriers'  profits,  including  tho 
expense  of  lime,  bark,  pits,  &c.,  we  shall  have  1,000,000/.  left  as  wages.  Now,  as  iho 
wages  of  tanners,  curriers,  leather  dressers,  &c.,  may,  we  believe,  be  taken  at  35/.  a  year  at 
an  average,  we  shall  have  28,300  as  the  number  employed  in  these  departments.  And  add- 
ing these  to  the  persons  employed  in  manufacturing  the  leather,  we  have  a  grand  total  of 
254,300  persons  employed  in  the  various  departments  of  the  business. 

Those  who  may  be  inclined  to  suspect  these  estimates  of  exaggeration,  would  do  well  to 
reflect  on  the  value  of  the  shoes  annually  manufactured.  It  is  generally  supposed  that  the 
expenditure  upon  shoes  may  be  taken,  at  an  average  of  the  whole  population,  at  10,v.  each 
individual,  young  and  old;  which,  supposing  the  population  to  amount  to  16,000,000, 
would  give  eight  millions  for  the  value  of  shoes  only  ;  but  taking  tho  value  of  tho  slioea 
at  only  8«.  M.  each  individual,  it  gives  6,800,000/.  for  the  amount.  Mr.  Stevenson  (art. 
Enirland,  Edhi,  Encij.)  supposes  that  the  value  of  the  saddlery,  harness,  gloves,  &,c.  may  bo 
assumed  to  be  at  least  e(|ual  to  that  of  the  shoes;  but  we  believe  this  is  too  high,  and  havo 
taken  it  at  1,100,000/.  below  the  value  of  the  shoes.  In  estimating  the  value  of  the  entiro 
manufacture  at  12,500,000/.,  we  incline  to  think  that  we  arc  as  near  the  mark  as  it  is  easy 
to  come  in  such  iiivestigatiims. 

In  sijcaking  of  the  leather  manufacture,  Dr.  Campbell  has  the  following  striking  observa- 
tions:— "If  we  look  abroad  on  tiic  instruments  of  husbandry,  on  the  im)>lements  used  in 
most  mechanic  trades,  on  the  structure  of  a  multitude  of  engines  and  machines ;  or  if  we 
(•onteinpiate  at  home  the  necessary  parts  of  our  clothing — breeches,  shoes,  boots,  gloves — or 
die  furniture  of  our  houses,  the  books  on  our  shelves,  the  harness  of  our  horses,  and  even 
the  substance  of  our  carriages ;  what  do  we  see  but  instances  of  human  industry  exerted 
upon  leather  1  What  an  aptitude  has  this  single  material  in  a  variety  of  circumstances  for 
the  relief  of  our  necessities,  and  supplying  conveniences  in  every  state  and  stage  of  life? 
Without  it,  or  even  without  it  in  the  plenty  wc  have  it,  to  what  diiliculties  should  we  be 
exposed  ! — {Puliticiil  Slate  (if  Great  liritain,  vol.  ii.  p.  170.) 

I.rallier  was  long  suhject  Id  a  duty  ;  tlie  inaiiiifacture  lii'iiiR,  in  coiisoqunnce,  necessarily  conducted 
Hiiilur  UiH  surveillance  i\\'  \\\k  excisi;.  In  ISI'2,  ilu'  duly,  wliicli  Inid  jirnvioiisly  aniniinti;d  tii  lii/.  (nr  lb., 
was  il 'uhUMl  ;  and  continued  at  ,■!(/.  per  111.  till  .Inly,  lt'20,  when  it  was  asuii)  reduced  to  IJi/.  per  lb. 
The  rednci'd  duly  produced  a  nelt  revenue  orationl  ;f()0,()()il/.  ll  is  clear,  however,  that  either  Ihe  duty 
oii^hl  not  II'  have  been  reduciid  in  IS'ii,  or  that  it  ou!.'ht  to  have  lii>en  totally  rcpealeil.  Thf?  conlinu- 
iiiicii  111"  any  part  ofllie  duty  rendered  it  necessary  to  conlinui'  all  the  vexatious  rejiulations  required 
tiiinsnre  tlie  collection  of  the  revenue,  while  the  reduction  of  I'l/.  in  Ihe  cost  of  preparing  a  pound 
of  li'.illier  was  so  tritling  as  Inrdly  to  be  sensilde.  Il  is,  however,  unnecessary  to  enter  into  any  dis- 
cussion to  show  the  e.vtreine  Inixpcdiency  <if  laying  any  duty  on  an  article  so  indispensable  to  the 
l;iliiiiMii;a  class,  and  to  ihe  prosecution  of  many  branclies  of  industry,  as  leather;  and  still  le«g  to 
shew  the  inexpediency  of  sulijecling  so  very  important  and  valuable  a  iiiamifaclure  to  a  vex.alioiis 
sysli'in  of  revenue  laws,  for  I  lie  sake  <d'  only  ,TU»,(10I)/.  a  year.  Luckily,  however,  these  have  become 
niiUtcrs  of  history.  'I'lie  leather  duties  were  totally  abolfsheil  in  I8:ill;  and  as  tho  manufacture  is  now 
rcheved  from  every  sort  of  trammel  and  restraint,  its  rapid  increase  may  be  confidently  e.\pected.  It 
is  to  lie  hoped  that  no  future  necessity  may  arise  to  occasion  tiie  re-imposition  of  the  leather  duty. 

Account  ofllie  Number  of  Pounds'  Weight  of  Leather  charged  with  Duties  of  Excise  in  England,  in 

IH'24— IbiO. 

1821  -  .^;!,'ian,r.39        l        1826  -  41.027,210        1        1S28  -  50,23:1,089 

1825  -  52,2  4,057        |        1827  -  37,010,310        |        1820  -  40,200,813 

Tlicquantitv  annually  charged  with  duty  in  Scotland  during  the  same  period  was,  at  an  average, 
nliniil  0,000,001)  lbs. 

The  i|uantity  of  wrought  anil  iin  wrought  leatln  r  exported  in  1829,  amounted  to  1,, 3,38, 037  lbs.,  of  the 
dediireil  value  of  2l)-i,3Ml/.  The  value  of  the  saddlery  and  harness  exported  during  the  same  year 
was  8;t,;Ul;l/.  Nearly  two  thirds  of  the  leather  exported,  is  sent,  principally  in  tho  shape  of  shoes,  to 
the  Uritish  West  Indian  and  North  American  colonies. 

LEDGER,  the  principal  book  of  accounts  kept  by  merchants  and  tradesmen,  wherein 
every  person's  account  is  jilaced  by  itself,  after  being  extracted  from  the  Journal. — (See 
Buok-Kkki'i  vo. 

LEKCII  FtSlIERV.  The  demand  for  the  medicinal  \wx'h  (Hlrudo  medlclnaUs)  is  so 
great  as  to  alford  employment  to  n  considerable  number  of  persons  in  catching  and  selling 
the  a!ii:iial.  It  is  common  throughout  Europe,  America,  and  India,  inhabiting  lakes  and 
pwils.  Norfolk  supjilies  the  greater  part  of  the  leeches  brought  to  the  Fiondon  market; 
!  ^  iiome  are  taken  in  Kent,  i^fuifolk,  Essex,  and  Wales;  and  large  quantities  arc  imported 

Vol.  II.— M 


S 


5 
8 

I 
I 

n 


134 


LEGHORN. 


from  Bordeaux  and  liisbon.  They  are  caught  in  spring  and  autumn,  by  people  who  wade 
into  the  pools  and  allow  them  to  fasten  on  (lieir  limbs ;  or  more  generally  the  catchers 
beat,  as  they  wade  in,  the  surface  of  the  water  with  poles,  which  sets  the  leeches  in  motion, 
and  brings  them  to  the  surface ;  when  they  are  taken  with  the  hand  and  put  into  bags.  As 
they  come  to  the  surface  just  before  a  thunder  storm,  this  is  regarded  a  good  time  for  col- 
lecting them. — {Thomson's  Disptrmalory.) 

We  e.xiratt  from  the  Gazelle  dea  Hopilaui,  the  following  intcreating  account  of  the  fishery  of  leeches 
at  Ln  llrenncs  in  I'aris  : — 

"The  foiintry  aliout  I.a  Urenne  is,  perhaps,  the  most  nninlerestinp  in  FrancR.  The  people  are 
miai'r.ililH  looking,  the  cattle  wri^tilicd,  the  lish  jnst  as  biul — I  lit  Ihu  leoches  are  admiriilile. 

"If  ever  yon  pass  throniih  I.a  llrcnni',  yon  will  see  a  man,  palp  and  siraipht  haired,  with  a  woollen 
capon  his  head,  and  his  legs  and  arms  naked  ;  lie  walks  aloii);  the  horilers  of  a  ■iiarsli,  nmiin!!  the 
upots  left  dry  hy  the  siirroniKliiiL'  waters,  lint  particularly  wherever  the  vecetation  seems  to  preserve 
the  sniijaceiit  soil  iiiidisliirhed  :  this  man  is  a  leecli  lislier.  To  see  him  from  a  distance,— his  woe- 
begone aspect— his  hollow  eyes — his  livid  lips— his  singular  gestures, — yon  would  take  him  f(jr  a  pa- 
tient who  had  left  his  sick  lieil  in  a  til  of  delirium.  If  you  ohserve  liin'i  every  now  ami  then  raising 
Ills  leL's,  and  examining  them  one  after  the  other,  you  migiit  suppose  him  a  fool  ;  lint  he  is  an  intelli- 
Ueiit  leech  fisher.  The  leeches  attach  themselves  to  his  li'gs  and  feet  as  ho  moves  among  their 
liannts;  he  feels  their  presence  from  their  hite,  and  gathers  them  as  they  cluster  alioiil  the  roots  of 
the  hullriislies  and  sea  weeds,  or  heneath  the  stones  covered  with  green  and  gluey  moss.  Some  re- 
pose on  the  mud,  while  others  swim  ahoiit  ;  hut  so  slowly,  that  Ihey  are  easily  gallipred  with  the 
liaiwl.  In  a  favoiiralde  season,  it  is  possilile,  in  the  course  of  3  oi  4  hours,  to  stow  10  or  12  diizen  of 
them  in  the  little  Iwg  which  the  gatherer  carries  on  his  shoulder.  Sometimes  you  will  see  the  leech 
fisher  armed  with  a  kind  of  spear  or  harpoon  ;  with  this  he  deposits  pieces  of  decayed  aniiiml  matter 
in  places  freqmmted  hy  the  leeches;  they  soon  gather  roiiml  the  prey,  and  are  presently  themselves 
gathered  into  a  little  vessel  half  full  of  water.     Such  is  the  leech  fishery  in  spring. 

"Ill  summer,  the  leech  retires  intodeep  water  ;  and  the  fishers  have  then  to  strip  thcmsiilves  naked, 
and  walk  immersed  up  to  the  chin.  Some  of  tliiiii  have  little  rafts  to  go  upon  ;  these  rafts  are  made 
of  twigs  and  rushes,  and  it  is  no  easy  matter  to  propel  them  among  the  weeds  and  aiiualic.  plants.  At 
this  season,  too,  the  supply  in  the  pools  is  scanty  ;  the  fisher  can  only  take  the  few  that  swim  within 
llis  reach,  or  those  that  get  entangled  in  the  strmtiire  of  his  raft. 

"It  is  a  horrid  trade,  in  whatever  way  it  is  carried  on.  The  leech  gatherer  is  constantly  more  or 
less  in  the  w  ater,  hreathing  f(,g  and  mist  and  fetid  odours  from  the  marsh  ;  he  is  ofKMi  attacked  with 
ague,  catarrhs,  and  rheumatism.  >Soiiie  iiulnlge  in  .strong  liipiors,  to  keep  olf  the  iio.\ioiis  influence, 
but  they  pay  for  it  in  the  end  hy  disorders  of  other  kinds.  Kiit,  with  all  its  forlildding  peculiarities, 
the  leech  fishe.-y  gives  employment  to  many  hands;  if  it  he  pernicious,  it  is  also  lucrative,  ilesideg 
supplying  all  the  mMghhoiiriiig  p/mrwaricns,  great  quantities  are  e.v ported,  and  there  are  regular  traders 
enaaeed  for  the  purpose.  Henri  Clmrtier  is  one  of  those  persons;  and  an  imiiorlaiit  personat'e  he  is 
When  he  conies  to  Meohecq,  or  its  vicinity  ;  his  arrival  makes  quite  a  fete— e.li  are  (-ager  to  greet  liiin, 

"Among  the  interesting  particulars  which  I  gathered  at  I.a  ISreniie  relative  to  the  leech  trade,  I  ni;iy 
mention  the  following  :— One  of  the  traders — what  with  his  own  fishing  and  that  of  his  children,  and 
what  with  his  acquisitions  from  the  carriers,  who  sell  quantities  scc«?;(/-/i(i»(/  was  enabled  to  hoard 
up  IT,.'<nO  leeches  in  the  course  of  a  few  months  ;  he  kept  them  deposited  in  a  place  where,  in  one 
night,  Ihey  all  liecame  fro/eii  en  masse,  liiil  the  frost  does  not  immediately  kill  them;  they  iiKiy 
penerally  ho  thawed  into  lite  again.  Tliey  easily,  indeed,  bear  very  hard  usage.  I  am  lohl  hy  one 
of  the  carriers,  that  he  can  pack  them  as  dusely  as  he  pleases  in  the  moist  sack  which  he  ties  hehind 
llis  saddle;  and  sometimes  lie  stows  his  cloak  and  hoots  on  top  of  the  sack.  The  trader  liiiys  his 
leeches  pile  mrle,  big  and  little,  green  and  lilack — nil  the  same  ;  but  he  afterwards  sorts  them  for  ilie 
market.  Those  are  generally  accounled  the  best  which  are  of  a  green  ground,  with  yellow  stripes 
along  the  body." 

LEGHORN,  a  city  and  sea-port  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany,  in  lat.  43°  33'  5"  N.,  ion.  10" 
16J'  E.     Population,  in  1830,  according  to  cousi'l's  report,  72,924, 

Ifarboiir,  /?«(J(/,  i^-r— Leghorn  has  an  outer  harbour  protected  by  a  fine  ni.ole,  running  in  a  N.  N.  \V. 
direction  upwards  of  ,l  a  mile  into  the  sea,  and  a  small  inner  harbour  or  liasiii.  The  water  in  the  har- 
bour is  rallier  shallow  ,  varying  from  8  feel  in  the  inner  basin  to  IH  or  19  feet  at  the  end  of  the  iiiole. 
The  rise  of  the  tides  is  about  H  inches.  Ships  lie  within  the  mole  with  their  sterns  maile  fast  Inn  hy 
a  cable,  and  an  anchor  out  ahead  The  light-house  is  built  on  a  rock  a  liille  to  the  S.  W.  of  the  mole. 
It  is  a  conspicuous  object,  being  about  170  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  roadstead  lies 
W.  N.  \V.  of  the  harbour,  lietweeii  it  and  the  Midora  bank.  The  latter  is  a  sami,  lying  N.  and  S.,  4 
miles  in  length  by  2  in  breadth,  the  side  nearest  the  shore  being  about  4  miles  from  it.  It  consists, fur 
the  most  part,  of  sand  and  mud,  and  has  from  3  fathoms  to  i  do.  water  over  it ;  but  towards  its  soiiili- 
em  extremity  it  is  rocky;  and  there,  on  some  of  the  points  which  proji-ct  above  the  water,  the  Me- 
Inra  tower  has  been  constructed  to  serve  as  a  sea-mark;  it  hears  from  the  light-house  W.  J  N., 
distant  about  4  miles.  The  best  course  for  entering  the  roads  is  to  keep  to  the  iinrlhward  of  the  i\ie- 
lora  bank  at  about  a  mile  from  it,  and  then  having  doubled  it,  to  stand  on  for  the  light-house  aiinni  i\ 
miles,  anchoring  in  from  7  to  9  fathoms,  the  light-lioiise  bearim!  S.  S.  E.  .;  l",.  4  miles  off.  Theenlriuice 
by  the  channel  to  the  south  of  the  iMelora  bank  is  also  quite  safi* ;  but  it  is  imt  go  suitable  for  l;irj.'n 
ships  ns  that  by  the  north.  During  southerly  winds  there  is  sometimes  a  heavy  sea  in  the  roads,  liul 
the  holding  ground  is  good  ;  and  with  siilticieiit  anchors  and  cables,  and  ordinary  precaution,  tlieri-  i^i 
■10  danger.  I'he  laz-aretto  lies  to  the  suiilli,  about  1  mile  from  the  tower,  and  is  said  to  he  one  of  tl:e 
best  in  Europe. 

Tntde,  <^c. — The  comparative  security  and  freedom  which  foreigner.'*  have  long  enjoyed 
in  Tuscany,  still  more  than  its  advantageous  situation,  render  Ijcghorn  the  greatest  com- 
mercial city  of  Italy.  It?  e.vjjorls  are  similar  to  those  from  the  other  Italian  ports,  consist- 
ing principally  of  raw  and  manufactured  silks,  olive  oil,  fruit.'),  shuinac,  valonia,  wines,  ras;?, 
brimstone,  cheese,  marble,  argol,  anchovies,  manna,  juniper  berries,  hemp,  skins,  cork,  &c. 
Leghorn  platting  for  straw  hats  is  the  finest  in  the  world ;  and  large  (|uaiitities  are  imported 
into  Britain. — (See  Hats,  Stihw.)  Besides  the  above,  all  sorts  of  articles  the  [iroduce 
of  the  Levant  may  he  had  at  Leghorn.  Kecently,  however,  this  trade  has  fallen  oil";  the 
English  and  other  nations  who  used  to  import  Levant  produce  at  second  hand  from  Italy, 
preferring  now,  at  least  for  the  most  part,  to  bring  it  direct  from  Smyrna,  Alexandria,  &r. 
The  imports  are  exceedingly  numerous  and  valuable,  comprising  all  sorts  of  commodities, 


with  the  « 

duce;  cot 

woods,  ric 

on  board  t 

quarantine 

depots  for 

estimation 

micelli,  ma 

and  e.vportj 

to  fall  in  w 

itoury — Acfoi 
diill.ini  '.f  s  rcili), 
T/if  iira  taaiinCe 
aflinna  ;  il  is  also 
6  3^  lire. 

The  innnipt  nf  1 

bumia.  Ilie  oilier  f] 

of  llie  ijltce.     Mm 

ins;  1-21,  and  i|,e  la 

JI)elir.lof,i"rniirit 

=  is.  i(\3Ad.  veij 

The  princiii  i  s  f 

to  jjiKli,  iir  6  2  3  li 

6  iire  =  :ii,  na.,  a 

W'i?/i(»a«rf  .1/,., 

inl  .lit  sor's  ni  men 

96<irachuit,  i,»8  cleii 

jiT.niiMK,  nr  .■,,240 

74---.4  lh«.  avoidupo 

reckin  llO  Ihs.  of  Le 

Arisen  from  tatting  (ti 

iiie'wddeal  of  unci 

Eiijlisli  civl.  «cli|.)ni 

llnuuh  it  is-=  liulli, 

kw  others,  it  doM  nc 

ceolinajo=  100  H„. 

Prices  of  C 
free  on  board  a 
current  in  this 
from  the  Black 


Speciej  of  Corn 


Wheat,  Tiuean  n  hite 
red,  III  qitiliiy 
M  qualily. 
Odeasa,  lat  qnal 

,     ,  ™,  ^''  <!"•>' 
Illrd  Tagaiircic, 


Oleau 


Britiili 


The  crews  and 
l«ra  in  I8.J1  wer« 


The  greater  por 

consists  of  small  c 

Port  Cluirifcn  a 

vessel  of  300  toiu 

mu.st  have  a   bill 

ballast,  are  the  onb 

of  health  will  cost" 

for  each  bill  of  Jadi 

nad  at  about  J  Id. 

■Tliere  are  compani, 

ffleaned  these  part 

Civnliht..   Nelkeni 

^o?\^ota,  2d  of  Jon 

wad  of  Leghorn  is 

Ji-ade  of  Italy  and  tl 


LEGHORN. 


135 


N.N  W. 
|iii  Uic  li;ir- 
tlio.  iiiiile. 
Ifiisi  1(1  II  I'X 
V'llii!  iiioli'- 
lilsleiid  lies 
iii.d  S.,  4 
joiisis'tSifiir 
Is  ils  siiiilli- 
Ir,  t\ii!  M«- 
,s«  W.JN., 
(if  itiK  Me- 
Up.  alxiiil  3{ 
lieoiilriiiicfi 
!(■  for  lirije 
rmiils,  but 
Inii.tlii'fi'' 
one  of  tl;>! 

Ic;  enjoyed 
Titcst  corn- 
consist- 
liiips,  ra?s, 
Icork,  &c. 
I<  impoftcd 
Ic  (iroiluce 
li  olV;  the 
Iroin  ItalV) 
Indria,  &(• 
Lnmoditiesi 


with  fhe  exception  of  those  producnd  by  Italy.  Sugar,  coffee,  and  all  sorts  of  colonial  pro- 
duce; cotton  stulfa,  yarn,  and  wool;  corn,  woollen  stull's,  spices,  dried  fish,  indiijo,  dye 
woods,  rice,  iron,  tin,  hides,  &c. ;  are  among  the  most  prominent  articles.  Ships  with  corn 
on  hoard  may  unload  within  the  iiinit«  of  the  lazaretto,  without  being  detained  to  perforin 
quarantine;  a  circumstance  which  has  contributed  to  make  Leghorn  one  of  the  principal 
depots  for  the  wheat  of  the  Black  Sea.  Hard  wheat,  particularly  from  Taganrog,  is  in  high 
cstiinntion  here  and  in  the  other  Italian  ports.  It  is  particularly  well  fitted  for  making  ver- 
micelli, macaroni,  &c.  The  government  do  not  publish  any  oilicial  account  of  the  imports 
and  e.tports  of  Leghorn ;  and  no  mercantile  circulars  that  we  have  been  fortunate  enough 
to  fall  in  with,  afford  the  means  of  supplying  the  deficiency. 


ytoiiey Arcnunts  arc  pnnciptlly  kept  in  ptzzt  da  uttu  reali  (or 

dollin  "f  ^  riralih  the  ptzza  tiejiis  'I'ivi'led  ii.to2U  soldi  ni  24U(leriari. 
Tilt'  lira  is  aiKiliier  iiiniitiy  iir  acciuiit,  chiedy  used  in  interior  traiiS' 
actions  ;  it  is  also  divided  into  20  soldi  and  240denari :  I  pezzi  = 
6  3-4  lire. 

The  ninnies  of  I-ei?norn  have  two  values  ;  the  one  called  moneta 
iumia.  the  other  ww-  eta  lun^a.  The  former  iN  the  eflec  ive  nion-v 
of  the  place.  IVIniiefa  l>u'>iia  is  cou\ertet  into  iiioi.e'a  lunp  hy  add- 
in;  I. -2  <,  and  ihe  latter  ii  reluced  to  the  foriner  by  subtracting  t>i4. 
■J'he  lir.i  of  a^rouol  =  S  I  8ii.  sterling  very  nearly  ;  hence  the  pezz* 
=  ill.  10  3.4d.  very  nearly. 

The  prirwip  I  s  Iver  coins  are,  the  Francesrone,  or  F.eop-ijdo,  of 
10  mull,  or  6  2  3  lire  =  4i.  6d.  ^te^lin^  very  ne.irly.  The  piece  of 
e  lire  =  '.it.  Hd.,  a, id  the  lira  =  7'4  iii.  slerlin<. 

H^ighltaiid  .1/m^urM.— The  (rfnind  by  which  RoM  and  silver 
ani  ^ill  sorts  nf  nieichndise  are  weigheil,  IS  divided  into  i2ounces, 
96<lr.achiiis,  2^8  demri,  and  6,"»I2  grani,  II  18=  S3i)Hl  French 
rTT.niiiies  or  .'i,i40  English  grains.  Hence  100  lbs.  of  Lei^horn  c= 
74-^-.4  lbs-  avoidupois;  hut  iu  mercantile  citculalions  it  is  usual  to 
recknn  WO  lbs.  of  Les^h'ini  —  "7  lbs.  avoTJu|iois :  this,  perhaps,  has 
arisen  from  takini;  the  tares  and  other  atlovvaiices,  as  to  which  th^re 
i<ia  K'lod  deal  of  uncertainly,  intoaccounl.  Thus  it  is  found  that  the 
Eii'lish  cwl,  seldom  rtJiider*  more  than  140  or  i.i2  lbs.  at  lA'^liorn, 
itriu^h  it  is  -=  1^0  11)9.  i  in  the  in.Hlances  of  loi;wood,  totiacco,  an.l  a 
few  others,  it  does  not  render  more  than  135  IIm.  The  quintal,  or 
catilinajo  =  100  lbs.    The  cantaro  is  generally  \50  lbs.  j  but  a  can 


taroof  sii;ar  =  lil  lbs.  j  that  of  oil  =  88  lbs.;  of  brandy  =  120 
Its  ;  of  stuck  liihi  and  some  other  ariiile»  =  ItO  lbs.  The  rottolo 
=  3  lbs. 

Corn  is  sold  by  the  sacco  or  lack,  =  2-0739  Wiuch.  buibeli  j 
hence  4  sacks  —  1  Imperial  quarter  very  nearly. 

The  liquid  nii.asures  are — 

2  Mezzette  —  I  fliccale. 
2  lloccali  ^  I  Fiasco. 
20  Fnsctii  ~  I  llarile  =  12  Enzlish  wine  gallnnii. 
The  barile  of  oil  is  16  huchi,  of  two  boccali  each,  =  8  83  w.ne  gal- 
Ions  ;  it  weighs  about  (6  lbs.  avuirdutiois.  A  lari^e  jar  of  oil  con* 
tains 30  gallons;  a  small  one  15;  and  a  box  with  30  bottles  :r:  4 
gatlniis. 

The  long  measure  is  the  hraccio,  which  is  divided  int  <  20  soldi,  60 
ipiattriiii,  or  240  deiuri  ;  it  contains  2>9H  Knglisli  inches.  156 
bmcci  =  100  English  yards.  The  caona  of  4  bracci  =  92  Engliih 
inches. 

Cri (fit,  CAnrg-ef,  ^-c.— Goods  in  general  are  bought  and  sold  for 
silver  money ;  between  which,  and  the  money  in  which  bills  of  ex- 
change are  bought,  there  is  a  difl'ercnce  of  7  p'er  cent  (agio)  agaiiut 
silver  ;  i.  c.  107  dollar*  in  silver  are  equal  to  100  in  gold. 

tin  goods  bought  or  sold  (unless  it  lie  in  effective  money,  whetrtt 
there  is  no  discount)  there  is,  generally  siieaking,  a  discount  of  3  per 
cetil.  ;  un  all  cotton  in:inufnctures,  4  per  ceDt. 

Charges  on  sales,  including  commissitiu,  are  generally  from  6  to  8 
per  cent. ;  on  fuh,  8  or  10  per  cent. 


Prices  of  Corn. — The  subjoined  account  of  the  prices  of  the  different  sorts  of  grain 
free  on  board  at  Leghorn  in  January,  183.3,  is  interesting,  as  negativing  the  notions  so 
current  in  this  country  as  to  the  extraordinary  cheapness  at  which  corn  may  be  brought 
from  the  Black  Sea. 

Prices  of  Corn  free  on  board  at  Leghorn,  January,  1833. 


Species  of  Corn. 

Price  in  Italian 
Money  per  Sack. 

Price  in  Sterling 
per  Imp.  <lr. 

Species  of  Corn. 

Price  in  Italian 
Money  per  Sack. 

Price  inSterliof 
per  Imp.  Qr. 

Wheat, Tuscan  white 
red,  Isl  quality 
2d  quality 
Odessa,  tat  qiialilv   ■ 
2d  quality    . 
hard  Tagaurok,  1st  • 

Odessa      -       - 

Lir.         Lir. 
16  1-2  to  17  1-2 
19       —  16 
14       —  13 
IJ       —  I3I-2 
II  1-2—12 
14       —14  1-2 

11  1-2-12 

12  -  13 

L.     t.    d. 
2     9      1 
2      4    10 
2      2      1 
1     18      3 

1  13    11 

2  1 

1     13    II 
1     16      9 

Wheat,  Meschiglie     - 

Ronugna,  Mqualiiy 
2(1  ipiality 
Tleans,  Alexandria,  new    • 
Barley,  (Wessa    - 
Indian  corn 
Linseed,  Egyptian      • 

Lir.         Lir. 
11        to  12 
IS  1-2- 16 
14       —  13 
61-4-   612 
31-2-   5 
BI-2—  9 
14      —1412 

L.     t     d. 

1  13    11 

2  5      4 
2      2      5 
0    18      7 

0  14      4 

1  6      4 
1     19     11 

SAippinj-.— Arrivals  in  1829,  1830,  and  1831. 

British    • 

•     •     ■{ 

Year.. 

Ships. 

Crewi. 

Tons. 

1829 
1830 
1831 

189 
219 
193 

1,732 

2,072 
1,792 

29.451 
33,990 
29,468 

The  crews  and  tonnage  of  the  foreign  shifw  entering  the  port  are  not  given, 
bcrs  in  1831  were  as  follows: — 


Their  num- 


Flags. 

Sbipt. 

Flags. 

Ships. 

Flags. 

Ships. 

Flags. 

Ships, 

French     - 
Rii  Jim    ■ 
S.ielish    • 
Ihuish      - 

47 
29 
10 

Dutch       ■ 
Austrian  • 
S|ianish     - 
American- 

12 
106 
13 

29 

Neapolitan 
Sanlinian- 
Tuscan     ■ 

266 

6S0 

1,257 

I.ucchcie  • 
Roman 
Greek       ■ 

81 
32 

32 

The  greater  portion  of  the  Neapolitan,  Sardinian,  Tuscan,  Roman,  and  Lucchese  vessels 
consists  of  small  coasting  craft  of  from  15  to  20  tons  burden. 

Purt  C/iari!;e>i  are  the  same  on  native  and  foreign  ships.  The  anchorage  dues  on  a 
vessel  of  300  tons  amount  to  112  current  lire,  or  t-^  3/.  14s.  sterling;  besides  which  she 
must  have  a  bill  of  health,  which  costs  7,s'.  2rf.  sterling.  These,  if  she  clear  out  in 
ballast,  are  the  only  charges  to  which  she  is  subject ;  but  if  she  clear  out  loaded,  the  bill 
of  health  will  cost  about  9v.  sterling,  and  there  is  besides  a  charge  of  about  3d.  sterling 
for  each  bill  of  lading.  There  are  no  other  port  charges  whatever.  Good  water  may  be 
had  at  about  1  Id.  sterling  per  tun ;  and  beef,  bread,  and  fuel  are  all  reasonably  cheap. 
There  are  companies  for  the  insurance  of  ships,  but  not  of  lives  or  houses. — (We  have 
gleaneil  these  particulars  from  the  Annuaire  dti  Commerce  for  1833,  p.  303.;  Kellt/'a 
Camhisl;  Nelkenbrecher,  Manuel  Universel  ,•  Circular  Statement  of  Grant  and  Co., 
Leghorn,  2d  of  January,  1833 ;  Con.nirs  Answer  to  Circular  Queries,  Jlec  A  plan  of  the 
road  of  Leghorn  is  given  in  Captain  Smyth's  General  Chart  of  the  Mediterranean.) 

Trade  of  Itahj  and  the  Tlalian.  Islands  with  Knglanil.~\K  is  not  ({cnernlly  known  ihnt  with  the  single 
eueptioii  of  Ueriauny,  Italy  is  the  lurgcst  European  importer  of  English  goods.    During  the  year  1831, 


n 


'•  Si' 


I 


5 
S 

I 

i 


136 


LEMONS— LICE  NCES. 


the  rpnl  or  rlorlnrnd  valiin  of  llm  (lifTcront  Trliclna  of  nritipli  ami  Iriftli  protliiro  stiipperl  from  the  t/nitsd 
KiiiKiloni  (liri^cl  for  lliily,  atiioiiiitpd  to  2,4<in„'iTti/.  Ciiltoii  stuff'*  and  twist  fMriiipil  alioiit  Msoftliis  im- 
mens)!  biiiii  (<('c  vdl  i.  p.  5S7.).  Tlio  arlicirs  tie.xt  in  iiiipi'rlanct-  wrrc  rctiiu'd  siiitar,  valim  f>0\,l-i5l.i 
woollens,  value  201, IHO/.;  iron  and  steel,  value  ,')0,2(i'.l/. ;  with  liardwari',  linens,  tisli,  earllienwaru, 
&c.  Il  is  rJBlit,  liiiwever,  to  add,  that  a  part  of  theses  articles  was  not  intended  for  the  consnnipliDn 
of  Italy  ;  Imt  was  sent  to  (ienoa  and  Trieste,  for  tlu!  purpose  of  \wiue  sulisei]uently  forwarded  to 
Switzerland,  Austria,  Hungary,  dr.  There  are  no  means  nf  accurately  esliinalini;  the  value  of  the 
products  destined  lor  such  nllerior  consuMipliim,  hut  there  an:  u'ood  (.'rounds  for  Ihinkini;  that  they  do 
nol  anidunt  to  l-^th  part  of  the  total  value  of  the  exports;  leaving  above  2,U()0,()(I0/.  for  the  consunip- 
tion  of  Italv. 

Durinc  tiie  same  year  (18,TI),  we  imported  from  Italy  2.1,8fi7  cwt.  barilla ;  05,163  do.  onk  and  cork 
bark  J  2til,'.MI  do.  siilphur;  2.).'1,0.M)  (piarters  of  wheat  (a  >!ood  deal  at  second  hand  from  the  Illack 
fiea)  ;  7(i,.')47  straw  honnels;  6J,8IS  packages  of  oranaes  ami  leuuins  ;  2,'i.'i7.'J8;t  pallons  olive  oil; 
105,418  hushels  linseed;  127,:t:U  cwt.  shumac  ;  .52r),.5ie  lbs.  raw  silk;  .M(),4;)7  kid  skins;  2,ll.-},67» 
Iftinh  skins  ;  17,014  cwt.  valoiiin ;  267,468  gallons  wine ;  excltiHive  of  various  oilier  articles  of  iuferiof 
importance. 

I.EMONS  (Gcr.  Limonen  ,•  Du.  Limoenen  ,•  Fr.  Lhiumn,  Cilrw)."  ,-  It.  Liinnni ,-  Sp. 
lAnwiiex ;  Port.  I/imvrn ,-  litis.  Limiimi ;  .Arab.  Lviiioii),  the  IVtiit  of  the  lemon  tree 
(Citrus /iie(/ica  \ar.  ^,  {',).  It  is  a  native  of  A.^.syriu  and  Persia,  whence  it  wa.s  l)rou(;ht 
into  Europe  ;  first  to  Greece  and  afterwards  to  Italy.  It  is  now  cultivated  in  Spain,  I'ortu- 
gal,  and  Frarire,  and  is  not  uncommon  in  our  greenhouse.s.  Lemons  are  brought  to  Eng- 
land from  Spain,  Portugal  and  the  Azores,  packed  in  chests,  each  lemon  being  .separately 
rolled  in  paper.  The  Spanish  lemons  arc  most  esteemed. — (For  an  account  of  the  imports, 
«ee  OinNOKs.) 

LEMON  JUICE,  on  CITRIC  ACID  {Ger.  ZUronemaft .-  Fr.  Jus  dc  linmi .-  h.  Agro 
0  Siifro  dr  liiiionc ;  Sp.  Jugo  dc  livwn),  the  liquor  contained  in  the  lemon.  It  may  he 
preserved  in  bottles  for  a  considerable  time  by  covering  it  with  a  thin  stratum  of  oil;  thu-s 
secured,  great  quantities  of  the  juice  arc  exported  from  Italy  to  different  parts  of  the 
World  ;  from  Turkey,  also,  where  ahmidunce  of  lemons  arc  grown,  it  is  a  considerable  article 
of  export,  particularly  to  Odessa.  The  discovery  of  the  antiscorbutic  influence  of  lemon 
juice  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  that  has  ever  been  mai'c.  The  scurvy,  formerly  so  fatal 
in  ships  making  long  voyages,  is  now  almost  wholly  unknown  ;  a  result  that  is  entirely  to 
be  ascribed  to  the  regidar  allowance  of  lemon  juice  served  out  to  the  men.  The  juice 
is  also  frequently  administered  as  a  medicine,  and  is  extensively  used  in  the  manufacture  nf 
punch, 

liEMON  PEEL  (Ger.  Zifrnnens/iaien,  Linionschellcn  ,-  Fr.  Lames  d'i'corce  de  ci/ron  .■ 
It.  Scarze  dc  Unionc  ,•  Sp.  Cortczns  de  ci/ra).  The  outward  rind  of  lemons  is  warm, 
aromatic,  and  slightly  bitter, — qualities  depending  on  the  e.'^sential  oil  it  contains.  It  is 
tiirni'd  to  many  uses;  and  when  well  candied,  constitutes  a  very  good  preserve.  In  Barba- 
does,  a  li(jitcur,  known  under  the  name  of  Eau  de  liarbadc,  is  manufactured  from  lemon 
peel,  which  the  inhabitants  have  the  art  of  preserving  in  a  manner  peculiar  to  themselves, 
Both  th(^  liqueur  and  the  conserve  used  to  be  in  high  repute,  especially  in  France. 
LETTER.     (See  Post  Ofpick) 

LE'J'TER  OF  CREDIT,  a  letter  written  by  one  merchant  or  correspondent  to  another, 
requesting  him  to  ciedit  the  bearer  with  a  certain  sum  of  money.  Advice  by  post  should 
always  follow  the  granting  of  a  letter  of  credit;  a  duplicate  of  it  accompanying  such  advice. 
It  is  prudent,  also,  in  giving  advice,  to  describe  the  bearer  of  the  letter,  with  as  many  parti- 
culars as  possible,  lest  it  fall  improperly  into  other  hands. 

I.ETTEFiS  OF  MARQUE  AND  REPRISAL,  "are  gratitable  by  the  law  of  nations, 
whenever  the  subjects  of  one  state  are  oi)pressed  and  injured  by  those  of  another,  and  jus- 
tice is  denied  by  that  stale  to  which  the  oppressor  belongs." — {Cliitli/s  Com.  Law,  vol.  iii. 
p.  604.)  Before  granting  letters  of  marque,  governmcttt  i.=  directed  by  the  .5  Hen.  5.  c.  7., 
to  require  that  satisfaction  be  made  to  the  party  aggrieved  ;  and  in  the  event  of  such  satis- 
faction not  being  made  within  a  reasonable  period,  tetters  of  marque  and  reprisal  may  be 
issued,  authorising  the  aggrieved  party  to  attack  and  seize  the  property  of  the  aggressor  na- 
tion, without  hazard  of  being  condemned  as  a  rolber  or  pirate.  Such  letters  are  now  only 
issued  to  the  owners  or  ca|)tains  of  privateers  during  war,  or  when  war  has  been  determined 
upon.  They  may  be  revoked  at  the  pleasure  of  the  sovereign  ;  and  when  hostilities  termi- 
nate, they  cease  to  have  any  effect. 

LICENCES,  in  commercial  navigation.  The  rules  and  regulations  to  be  observed  in 
the  granting  of  licences  to  ships  are  embodied  in  the  act  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  53.,  and  are  as 
follow : — 

Vessels  iif  ce.riain  Proportions,  vnt  beivg  sqvare  riirrred,  l^'c.  to  he  licrv.-ieil. — All  vessels  helonping  in 
the  whole  or  in  part  to  his  Majesty's  suhjects,  not  heinu  sciuare-ripaed,  or  propelled  hy  Bteaiii,  and  all 
vessels  lielongini;  as  aforesaid,  whether  propelled  hy  steam  or  otherwise,  heiuf!  of  less  hurden  th.in 
SOU  tons,  of  which  the  length  is  to  the  hreadlli  in  u  greator  proportion  than  3  feet  6  inches  to  1  fmit, 
and  all  such  last-mentioned  vessels  carryini!  arms  for  resistance,  and  all  vessels  of  more  than  200 
tons  liurden,  lielnngltig  as  ai'ores.iid,  armed  with  more  than  2  carriage  guns  of  a  calilire  exceeding  4 
pouinis,  ami  with  more  than  2  muskets  f(ir  every  10  men,  ami  all  boats  lielonging  as  aforesaid,  which 
Khali  be  fiiumi  williiii  100  leagues  of  the  coast  of  the  United  Kingdom,  shall  l>e  forfeited,  unli'.-^s  llie 
owners  thereof  shall  liave'olnained  a  licence  from  the  commissioners  of  his  Majesty's  customs  in  the 
manner  herein-afier  ilirected.— {  16. 

Briiisli  /'r.v.stV.s  itiid  Hi'ols,  or  tlivfC  whereof  Iliilf  the  Persons  on  hoard  are  British  Sohjeels,  not  to  be 
navigated  with  mure  than  a  specified  dumber  of  Persons,  unless  licensed. — Every  vessel  or  boat  belonging 


in  the  whol 

Jects  of  his 

navigated  b 

(thai  is  to  sii 

tons,  5  ttien ; 

•ons,  7  men  j 

'"(.'Kcr,  than 

Ions  or  uiide: 

tons  or  undei 

above  100  toi 

'eagues  of  tl 

Kliall  be  espu( 

Certain  Par 

commissioner 

name  or  nami 

«nd  the  liniila 

arifiH,  .ind  the 

sioners  may  ri 

granting  of  .i  | 

of  the  revenue 

7'Ae  Oirners 

shall  be  issued 

owners  of  the 

tion  as  folloivs 

hinding,  or  rem 

of  this  act  oral 

any  goods  wliii 

to  law,  nor  shal 

leilure,  imr  sha 

venues  of  cnsto 

nor  shall   be   ei 

inetitioncd  ;  ant 

shall   be  delivei 

vessel  or  boat, 

boat  sliall  helonj 

duty. -^19. 

Peiialli/  not  to  t 

(he  reipiiringan] 

for  which  such  II 

f.icenee  Bonds  t. 

pursuance  of  the 

any  thing  in  any  i 

Vessels  not  to  bt 

found  or  discover 

Fhall  he  specifn  J  : 

not  at  any  liniu  be 

or  marines  duly  e 

or  e.vcisc,  demaml 

laden  on  board,  sli 

Certain  Vessels 

tend  or  be  deemed 

family,  or  being  ir 

In  any  whale  boat 

nt'ged  vessel  in  th 

ing  to  licensed  pji,, 

iwed  in  fishing  on  i 

on  the  coast  of  Irel 

I'fnnlty  for  count 

siiall  counterfeit,  e 

hience  so  to  be  gra 

c.n.ed,aUered,on 

How  lonir  Bonds  c 
under  the  said  act  t 
fAenhe  licence  for 
ofliccrof  the  ciistn. 
vcrnigupof  thelicc 

Licences  and  Bond. 

Provisions  as  to  Li 

LicEjfCEs,  in  tl 

6i-nesses._(See  T; 

LICENCE.S,  in  tlie  s 
l)elow : — 

hwnb-okers,  in  I^ndon  i 

lwn|„-,„ij-  post  limit, 
'n  "iiy  (iihrr  pl.ice 

fe"™"" '.""""'"«  »"•="" 

'I'J'ir.  lotiercJKtliehcui 
*"  l«r«ons  trading  in  ^,,1, 

LIGHT-HOUS] 

focks  in  the  sea,  foi 
also  floating  lights, 
'or  the  same  purpos 

W/in.  Utst.  JVat.  \ii} 
M  2 


LIGHT.HOUSE. 


137! 


lations, 
liiJ  jus- 
1  vol.  iii. 

c.  7., 
Ii  satis- 
[nay  be 
Isor  na- 
Iw  only 
triniuwl 

tt'rmi- 

IrvcJ  in 
arc  as 

IngitiR  in 
iinil  all 
■en  than 
It  1  t'liiii. 
Tllinii  200 
leedini!  * 
l|,  wliicli 

liR  in  the 

Ijtot  to  bf 
lulungini: 


in  the  whole  or  in  part  to  hin  Mnjpsty's  guhjecis,  or  whereof  ha!f  thfi  porsonF  on  hoard  plinll  he  piib- 
JfCts  of  liiH  Miijesty,  (not  heinga  liigijer,  and  at  the  lime  titled  mid  riL'Scd  hb  Hiirh,)  wl.iili  shall  he 
navigated  hy  a  (jreater  niiiid)er  of  men  (olHcers  and  hoys  included)  than  in  the  follou  ini;  pnipcirlionH  ; 
(ihal  is  to  say,)  if  of  'M  lima  or  under,  and  aliove  5  tons,  4  men  ;  if  of  (il)  tons  ot  nnder,  and  ahove  30 
tons,  5  men  ;  if  of  fiO  tons  or  nnder,  and  ahove  HO  Ions,  6  men  ;  if  of  100  tons  or  nnder,  and  ahove  80 
tone,  7  men  ;  and  ahove  that  tonnage,  I  niiiii  for  every  15  tons  of  such  additional  toniiMise;  or  if  ii 
InCKer,  than  in  the  fidlowinR  proportions;  (that  is  to  say,)  if  of  30  Ions  or  under,  H  men;  if  of  SO 
tons  or  nnder,  and  ahove  30  tons,  <»  men  ;  if  of  RO  Ions  or  under,  and  ahove  50  Ions,  Id  men  ;  if  of  HO 
tons  or  under,  and  above  liO  Ions,  II  men;  if  of  100  ions  or  under,  and  ahove  HO  tons,  12  men  ;  and  if 
ahove  100  tons,  1  man  for  every  10  Inns  of  such  addilional  tonim(»e,  wliicli  sliall  he  fnniid  wiihiii  100 
Icairnes  of  the  coast  of  the  United  Kinedoni.  Khali  ho  forfeiled,  unless  snch  ves.-el,  hoat,  or  lugger, 
shall  he  especially  licensed  for  that  purpose  hy  the  commissioners  of  cusloms.— J  17. 

Certniti  Particulars  t»  be  inserted  in  /.ieenres  fur  Fcfsels  and  Bdiit.i. — Kvery  license  granted  hy  tho 
coniinisslonera  of  customs  under  this  act  shall  conlain  the  proper  description  of  the  vessel  or  hoai,  Iho 
name  or  names  of  the  owner  or  owners,  with  his  or  their  place  or  places  of  ahode,  and  the  manner 
and  the  limits  in  which  the  same  is  to  he  employed,  and,  if  armed,  the  numhers  and  descripiion  ot* 
arms,  and  the  quantity  of  ammunilion,  together  with  any  other  parliculara  which'thc  said  coiiimiB- 
sioners  may  rei|iiire  and  direct ;  and  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  commissioners  of  cnsloms  lo  reslrii  t  Ihe 
granting  ot  a  licence  for  any  vessel  or  boat  in  any  way  that  they  may  deem  ex|iedient  for  the  security 
of  the  revenue. — J  18. 

The  Owners  to /rive  Security  by  Bovd,  Kith  the  Conilitinn  hcrein-vienlinnrd. — Before  any  such  licence 
8hall  be  issued  or  delivered,  or  shall  have  cHect  for  the  use  of  such  vessel  or  boat,  the  owner  or 
owners  of  the  same  shall  give  security  hy  bond  in  the  single  value  of  such  vessel  or  boat,  with  condi- 
tion as  follows  ;  (that  is  to  say,)  that  the  vessel  or  boat  shall  not  he  employed  in  Ihe  importation, 
landing,  or  removing  of  any  prohibited  or  uncustomed  goods,  coiilrary  to  tlie  true  inti-nt  and  meanina 
of  this  act  or  any  other  act  relating  to  the  revenues  of  cnsloms  or  excise,  nor  in  the  exportation  of 
any  goods  which  are  or  may  he  pndiihiled  to  be  exported,  nor  in  the  relanding  of  any  goods  contrary 
to  law,  nor  shall  receive  or  take  on  hoard  or  he  found  at  sea  or  in  port  with  any  gooils  .snliji-ct  to  for- 
feiture, nor  shall  do  any  act  contrary  to  this  act,  or  any  act  hereafter  to  he  made  reliuliiL'  to  the  re- 
venues of  customs  or  excise,  or  for  the  protection  of  Die  trade  and  commerce  of  Hit!  United  Kingdom, 
nor  shall  be  employed  otherwise  than  ineutioned  in  the  liceice,  and  wilhln  the  limits  therein 
mentioned;  and  in  case  of  loss,  breaking  up,  or  disposal  of  the  vessel  or  boat,  that  the  licence 
shall  he  delivered,  within  (i  months  from  tlie  date  of  such  loss,  breaking  up,  or  disposal  of  such 
vessel  or  boat,  lo  the  collector  or  principal  otticer  of  customs  at  Ihe  port  to  which  such  vessel  or 
boat  shall  belong;  and  that  no  such  bond  given  in  respect  of  any  bout  shali  be  liable  to  any  stamp 
duty.-?  19. 

Pciiiiliy  not  to  exceed  1,000/,,  or  single  Value  of  the  Vessel. — Nothing  herein  contained  shall  authorise 
the  re(|niring  any  bond  in  any  higher  sum  ihan  l.OOOf.,  althouL'h  tlio  single  value  of  Ihe  vessel  or  bout 
for  svliich  such  licence  is  to  he  issued  may  be  more  tlnin  1,0UU<. — ^  1'.). 

Licence  Bonds  girrn  by  Minors  to  be  valid  — All  bonds  civen  liy  persons  under  the  age  of  21  years,  in 
pursuance  of  the  directions  herein  contiinci",  shall  he  valid  and  effectual  to  all  inlents  and  |)urpoBCB, 
any  thing  in  any  act,  or  any  law  or  'ustoni,  to  the  contrary  in  anywise  notwithstanding. — }  'ii. 

Vessels  not  to  be  used  in  any  Manner  not  mentioned  in  the  Licence.—  When  any  vessel  or  boat  shall  be 
found  or  discovered  to  have  been  used  or  employed  in  any  manner  or  in  any  lliuits  other  than  such  as 
fliall  he  specifn  d  in  the  licence,  or  if  such  licence  shall  not  he  on  hoard  such  vessel  or  boat,  or  shall 
not  at  any  time  be  produced  and  delivered  for  examination  to  any  officer  or  oflicers  of  the  army,  navy, 
or  marines  duly  employed  for  the  prevention  of  smugaling,  and  on  lull  pay,  or  any  oliicer  of  cusioma 
nr  excise,  demanding  the  same,  then  and  in  every  such  case  such  vessel  or  boat,  and  all  the  goods 
laden  on  board,  shall  be  forfeited. — }  22. 

Certain  Vessels,  Boats,  and  Luggers  not  required  to  be  licensed — Nothing  herein  contained  shall  ex- 
tend or  be  deemed  or  takeH  to  extend  to  any  vessel,  i)oal,  or  lugger  belonging  to  any  of  tlie  royal 
hiiuily,  or  being  in  the  service  of  the  navy,  victualing,  ordnance,  customs,  excise,  or  post-ortice,  nor 
In  any  whale  boat,  or  boat  solely  employed  in  the  fisheries,  nor  to  any  boat  belonging  to  any  square- 
rlifiied  vessel  in  thi!  merchant  service,  nor  to  any  life  boat,  or  tow  boat  useil  in  towing  vessels  belong- 
ing 10  licensed  pilots,  nor  to  any  boat  used  solely  in  rivers  or  inland  navigation,  nor  to  any  boats  solely 
ii^ed  in  (isliing  on  the  coasts  of  the  North  and  West  Highlands  of  i^cotland,  nor  to  any  boats  so  used 
on  Ihe  coast  of  Ireland. — {  23. 

Penally  for  counterfeiting  or  falsifying  Licences,  or  makuts  Use  (Acreo/.— If  any  person  or  persons 
shall  counterfeit,  erase,  alter,  or  falsify,  or  cause  to  be  counterfeited,  erased,  altered,  or  falsified,  aiiy 
hience  so  lo  he  granted  as  aforesaid,  or  shall  knowingly  make  use  of  any  licence  so  counterfeited, 
erased,  altered,  or  falsified,  such  person  or  persons  shall  for  every  such  otlence  forfeit  the  sum  of 
600;.— {2 1. 

llino  long  Bonds  are  to  be  in  Force. — No  bond  given  on  account  of  the  licence  of  any  vessel  or  boat 
under  the  said  act  for  the  prevention  of  smuggling  shall  be  cancelled  until  the  space  of  12  months 
?fti!r  the  licence  for  which  such  bond  had  been  entered  into  shall  have  been  delivered  up  tolhe  proper 
otbcer  of  the  custrms,  and  such  bond  shall  remain  in  full  ibrcc  and  elfect  for  12  months  after  the  deli- 
vering up  of  the  licence  as  aforesaid. — }  25. 

Licences  and  Bonds  granted  privious  to  this  .Act  to  continue  valid, — }  26. 

/•roi'i^'ionsas  to  Licences  to  extend  to  Guernsey,  ,Jersey,  Aldcrney,  Sark,  and  Man. — {  27. 

Licences,  in  the  excise,  are  required  in  order  that  individuals  may  engage  in  certain  bu- 
sinesses.— (See  Table  in  the  next  page.) 

Licences,  in  llie  stamps,  are  required  by  those  engaged  in  the  professions  and  businesses  mentioned 
below  :— 

Par  Annum. 
L,    I.   d. 

hwnh'okers,  in  Iximlon  and  Westminster,  or  within 

lw()|ifiiiiy  post  liniitB      -  *  -  •  •    15    0    0 

Id  any  ntlitr  pl.tce  -  -  •  •  -      7  tO    0 

Apiir.-iittn  (not  tjeing  auctioneen)  -  •  -     0  10    0 

liiikera 30    0    0 

Ilijsic.  tf)  exercise  the  faculty  of    •  -  •  -     15    0    0 

iJi  peisons  trading  in  f;a\ii  or  silver  plate,  in  which 


any  quantity  rf  koM  eicerVng  2  rennywei(?hls, 
unilerij  (unices,  or  any  quantity  of  silver  exceeding  a 
pcnnyHei^hls  anil  ini'ii-T  30  ounces,  in  I  piece 

Do.  of  irt.xter  wtii^Jit,  ami  "very  pawnbmller  taltiiis  in 
or  dcTivtnn^out  pawns  ot  sutli  plate,  and  cveiyreliutr 
(if  gold  or  silver  -..-.- 

Gold  or  silver  lace  is  not  deemed  plate. 


Per  Annum, 
L.    I.   d. 

and 


2    8    9 


(15    0 


LIGHT-HOUSE,  a  tower  situated  on  a  promontory,  or  headland  on  the  sea  coast,  or  on 
rocks  in  the  sea,  for  the  reception  of  a  light  for  the  guidance  of  ships  at  night.*  There  are 
also  Hoatiiig  lights,  or  lights  placed  on  board  vessels  moored  in  certain  stations,  and  intended 
for  the  same  purposes  as  those  on  shore. 

*  U.ws  ejus,  nnetnrno  navium  ctirtu  ignes  ostendere^  ad  pranuntianda  vada,  portusque  introituMt 
iPtin.  Hist.  JVat.  lib.  xxxvi,  cap.  13.) 

m2  18 


I 


% 


I 


138 


LIGHT-HOUSE. 


An  account  of  the  Bnainnsses  timt  cnnnnt  lio  cirricd  on  in  Omnt  nritnin  withniit  Fxriac  Licence!) ;  of 
the  Humi  chnrced  fur  such  Licences;  of  iIih  Ndiiiher  of  Licimiccm  granlcd  fur  currying  on  each  Uii> 
RincsH  in  (lie  Year  ended  the  Sth  of  January,  ltJ33,  and  of  the  TutuI  Anioiint  of  iievunuc  derivud 
therefrom. 


Description  nf  Licence. 


Aurtinnj. 

Auciiuncers 
Bpct. 


.      Brewers  of  ttron]^  beer, 

unt  exceeding  20  hi-li. 
Eiceeding  20  —  60   — 

—  60  —  100    — 

—  100  —  1,000   — 

—  1,0(0  —  2,0(X)    — 

—  2.000  —  5,OlO    — 

—  6.CO0  —  7,500    — 

—  7,500  —  10,000    — 

—  lO.CiflO  —  20,000    — 

—  20,1100  —  .10,000    — 

—  30,000  —  40000    — 

exceeding  40,00J  — 
Breweri  of  table  beer, 

liol  exceeding  20  bris. 
Eiceeding  JO  —  60  — 

—  60  —  lf)0  — 

exceeding  i.iO  — 
Retail   brewers  of  strong    beer   only, 

under  the  ict  5  Geo,  4,  c.  54. 
Seller*  of  strong  beer  only,  not  being 

l)rB\*'ers         .... 
Rt'tiilersof  beer,  cyder,  nr  pei  ry,  whose 
fireinises  are  rated  ^^  a  rent  under  20/. 
per  mnuni     .... 
at  20/.  per  annum  or  upwards 
Retailers  nf  beer,  cyder,  nr  perry,  ui|. 
dec  the  prnvi^i^UlS  nf  the  act  1  Wi.I. 
4.  c.  tJ4.,  '*  t^ng!  tnd  only" 
Retailers  of  cyder  and  perry  ou'j,  un- 
der said  act,  *'  England  only'' 
Coffee. 
Dealers  in  cntfee,  cocoa  nuts,  chocolate, 
tea,  or  pepper 
Glaii. 

Glass  niaken  for  every  gl?ji  house     • 
Mall. 
Malsters,  or  makers  nf  malt, 

not  exceeding  50  qrs. 

Exceeding    50  —  100  — 

l"0  —  150  — 

150  —  200  — 

200  —  250  — 

2.0  —  300  — 

300  —  350  — 

350  —  400  — 

400  —  4J0  — 

450  —  300  — 

600  —  550  — 

exceeding  650  — 

not  exceeding  3  — 


Rate  of 

Number 

Licence 

of  Annua 

pel 

Licences 

Annum. 

granted. 

L.  1.   d. 

6    0    0 

3,392 

0  10    0 

8,5!)S 

1     0    0 

6,8^14 

1   10    0 

9,16^ 

2    0    0 

ii;,5i2-i 

3    0    0 

619 

7  10    0 

4«H 

11     5    0 

121 

15    0    0 

71 

.10    0    0 

89 

45    0    0 

2J 

60    0    0 

6 

75    0    0 

16 

0  10    0 

61 

1     0    0 

9 

1   10    0 

12 

2    0    0 

27 

S    S    0 

60 

3    3    0 

910 

1     1     0 

5.1,595 

3    3    0 

13,417 

2    2    0 

33,515 

1     1    0 

188 

0  II     0 

89,20  J 

20    0    0 

no 

0    7    6 

2,610 

OHO 

1,034 

1     2    6 

1,021 

1  10    0 

l,00j 

1   17    6 

8J2 

2    5    0 

712. 

2  12    6 

6T7 

3    0    0 

A'ii 

3    7    6 

381 

3  15    0 

345 

4    2    6 

308 

4  10    0 

1,882 

0    2    6  1 

1,340 

Description  of  Licence. 


Paper. 
Mailers  of  paper,  pasteboard,  or  scale. 
l)Oard ..... 
Printers,  painters,  or  slaioers  of  paper 
Soap, 

Snap  malien     .... 
Spirits. 
Distillers  .... 

HecliliL-rs  .... 

Dealets  in  spirits,  not  being  retailers  • 
Retailers  of  spiiits  »hn.e  premises  are 
rated  under  10/.  per  annum 
at  I0(,  and  under  20         — 
20         —         2i         — 
25         _         30         — 
30         —         40        — 
40         —         60         — 
60  per  annum  or  upwards 
Makers  nf  stills,  '•  Scotland  only" 
Persons  not  being  disli  lera  or  rectifiers, 
using  stills,  ".Scotland  only" 
Starch 

Starch  makers  .  .  .  • 

Sweets  and  mead. 
Makers  nf  sweets  or  made  wines,  mead 
or  metheglin .  .  -  - 

Retailers  of  ditto 

Tobacco. 
Manufacturers  of  tobacco  and  snutf, 
not  exceeding  20,0;,0  lbs. 
Exceeding  20,ii00       —        40,000  — 
4(1,000       —       60,1)03  — 
60.000        —        80,000  — 
tO.OOO        —       100,000  — 
exceeding  lOi',000  — 
Dealers  in  tobacco  and  Knuirs  • 
Vine'_'ar. 

.Makers  of  vinegar  or  acetous  acid 
Wine. 
Dealers  in  foreign  wine,  nnl  having  a 
licence  for  retailing  spirits  and  ■ 
licence  fnr  re'i'Img  beer 
Retaden   of   foreign    tvtne,  having  a 
licence  to  retail  t^eer,  but  not  having 
a  licence  to  Twtail  spirits 
Retailers  having  a  licence  to  retail  beer 
and  spirits     .... 
Passage. 
Vessels  on    b.'^ard  which    liquon  and 
tobacco  are  sold 


Nun. tier 
nf  Annual 
per  Licences 

Annum.       granted. 


Hale  of 
Li.'ence 


L.  I.   d. 


0    0 
0    0 


4  0  0 

10  0  0 

10  0  0 

10  0  0 


10  to 
0  10 


0  10    0 
6    0    0 


53-. 
101 

278 

246 

■  19 

3,416 

2-.,842 
22,733 
3,262 
l,h73 
3,527 
2,293 
4,338 
IS 

32 

33 


2    2    0 

18 

1     1     0 

762 

S    0    0 

259 

10    0    0 

78 

15    0    0 

23 

20    0    0 

21 

25    0    0 

9 

30    0    0 

43 

0    S    0 

133,379 

6  0  0 

10  0  0 

4  4  0 

2  2  0 

1  0  0 


49 

1,765 

49 

20,656 

253 


loiai  amou 
Excise  Office,  London,  5lh  of  August,  1S33 


Total  amount  of  revenue  derived  from  licences,  1,785,622  19i.  3d. 

G.  A.  COTTHELL,  First  General  Accountant. 


Hiiitorical  Notice. — The  lighting  of  fires  for  the  direction  of  ships  at  night  is  of  such 
obvious  utility,  that  we  need  not  wonder  at  the  practice  having  originated  at  a  very  remote 
era.  The  early  history  of  light-houses  is,  however,  involved  in  much  obscurity  ;  but  it  is 
reasonable  to  suppose  that  no  long  period  would  elap.se  after  fires  were  lighted  for  the  pre- 
monition and  guidance  of  mariners,  till  towers  would  begin  to  be  constructed  for  their  re- 
ception. The  most  celebrated  of  all  the  ancient  liglit-houses  was  tiiat  erected  by  Ptolemy 
Soter,  on  the  small  island  of  Pharos,  opposite  to  Alexandria, — nodurnis  ignibus  cursum 
navium  regcns. — {Plin.  lib.  v.  cap.  31.)  It  was  of  great  height,  and  is  said  to  have  cost 
800  talents.*  Its  celebrity  was  such,  that  Pharos  rapidly  became,  and  still  continues  to  be 
in  many  countries,  a  generic  term  equivalent  to  light-house.  Iti  the  ancient  world,  there 
were  light-houses  at  Ostia,  Ravenna,  Puteoli,  Caprea,  Rhodes,  on  the  Thracian  Bosphorus, 
&c. —  'See  Suefonii  Opera,  ed.  Pitisci,  torn.  i.  p.  755. ;  and  the  Ancient  Universal  History, 
vol.  ix.  p.  366.  8vo  ed.) 

The  Tour  de  Cordouan,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gironde,  the  Eddystone  light-house,  opptv 
site  to  Plymouth  Sound,  and  that  more  recently  constructed  on  the  Bell  Rock,  opposite  to 
the  Frith  of  Tay,  are  the  most  celebrated  modern  light-houses.  The  Tour  de  Cordouan 
was  begun  in  1584,  by  order  of  Henry  IV.,  and  was  completed  in  1611.  It  was  at  first 
169  feet  (Fr.)  high;  but  in  1727  it  was  enlarged,  by  the  addition  of  an  iron  lantern,  to  the 
height  of  175  French,  or  186^  English  feet.  It  used  to  be  lighted  by  a  coal  fire,  but  it  is 
now  lighted  by  reflecting  lamps  of  great  power  and  brilliancy.  It  is  altogether  a  splendid 
structure ;  and  is,  besides,  remarkable  for  being  the  first  light-house  on  which  a  revolving 
light  was  exhibited. — (See  Bordeaux.) 

*  Dr.  Gillies  tells  us  (Hist,  of  Mexander's  Successor s,\o\.  li.  p.  138.  8vr)  ed.)  that  the  tower  was  450 
feet  in  height;  that  each  side  of  its  8(|u.iro  hnse  measured  600  feet,  and  that  its  "  beamins  giimmit" 
was  seen  at  the  distance  of  100  miles'.  It  is  almost  needless  to  add,  that  there  ia  no  authority  for  such 
•tatcinents  which,  indeed,  carry  absurdity  on  their  face. 


/ 


The  fi 

been  Mom 

in  1 708,  1 

e'lgiiiWT  i 

and  liid.s  f-, 

The  Be 

Numcrr 

princip.il  h 

larly  aliuiK 

grce,  to  re 

ix'w  ones  I 

States,  &c. 

Precautit 

one  light  fo 

fliifer  distinc 

flown  and  J, 

afford  facifiti 

I'cen,  in  that 

Chan  of  u, 

'ii'ii.    Tli.it  of 

'"'St.    II  iini.^t 

"lost  faijiiisiiti 

J'"r/ra,nMil  (|,e 

lioiik  is  ruiijiy 

'I'lie  riM(|,.|-  ^^.j| 

lieliiiidintr  lo  sc 

ra<:y.  may  be  de 

I-rilisli   and  co 

readily  i,n,|  obi 

"le  liosjtion,  des 

•/-a  '•  as  tu  Brii 

ffct  licacoii.,,  ,% 

lioiisi!.,,  it  iiag  be 

pnicc  of  htioynct 

bouses.    Tlie  tol 

irninibe  crown  • 

Iviiiffdoiii,  |,ej,|,,  (i 

t'orporation  wa's 

'ers  (latent.     Ct|. 

lakin?  any  report 

produced  a  ligdt-l 

IloiLso  to  go  on  b, 

lllu  lacklH  of  III,.  , 

Ki"' ''"ties  may  c! 

'VII  (lie  li(flit.),o, 
^o:"."!  (If  ;\(,rib»„„ 
'••ive  always  hejoi 
iiioiilb,  .Spurn  (shr 
l»'eii  partly  public 
ri'lerred  to,  for  yes 
account  have  been 
fees  „„  Jlrcaunt  „ 
■•>nil  to  insure  tbern' 
(^Miling  coniparati 
"■U(i  been  the  nioii 
,1,""«  'im  that  ii.e 
Ihe  ™me  light  and  b 
on  bent  ,s  .ietidedl 
'''■Jtes,  obstructs  tlit 
commerce.  " 

inTsi'/^'^''''"«'as 
'""^^•J.    There  is,  i, 
•"'lips  b,.,vi„g  bi.,,,,  t, 

''•■;' i'Mheir  power 

)y^'rf-suf^eather,\ 

nidation  has  bee, 
"■■"iniiiiendation  of 

'"'.Illy  iinprived,  a  1 

_^afe£lad,  also, 

for*ei»!!lf-'"^^^^»«d7' 
loreiiin  ships,  if  i.,  ,1, 

"utinpoln't  iffLct    , 
5  '/PS  for  voyagJs  Vro 

f''«n  below.)    flnf  r' 
P^sed,e«ep,C[,„'^; 


■c 


LIGHT-HOUSE. 


139 


259  ! 
78 
25 
21 
9 
43 
l53,»-;9 

49 


235 


Ic,  oppo- 
losite  to 
Trdouan 
I  at  first 
,  to  the 
lut  it  is 
Iplendiil 
Ivolving 


I  was  450 
tnnimit" 
] lot  sucU 


The  first  light-house  crerted  on  the  Eililystone  rocks  only  stood  nhout  7  yoara,  havincf 
l)cen  blown  down  in  the  dreadful  slorin  of  the  27lh  of  Novcriilu'r,  I70:i;  n  scfoiid,  erected 
in  1708,  was  burnt  down  in  1755.  'I'he  present  lighl-huui<e,  construcled  by  llie  celebrated 
engineer  Snieaton,  was  completed  in  1759.  It  is  regarded  as  a  nia8lerj)ieco  of  its  kind; 
and  bids  fail'  to  be  little  less  iastiii'^  than  the  rock.s  on  which  it  stands. 

The  Bell  Rock  light-house  was  built  by  Mr.  Stevenson  on  the  model  of  the  Eddystonc. 

Numerous  light-houses,  marking  the  most  dangerous  points,  and  the  entrance  to  the 
principal  harbours,  are  now  erected  in  most  civilised  maritime  i'ountries.  They  are  j)aiticu. 
larly  abundant  in  the  Baltic  and  in  the  Sound,  and  have  contiibuted,  in  nd  ordinary  de- 
gree, to  render  their  navigation  comparatively  safe.  Within  these  few  years  several 
new  ones  have  been  erected  on  the  British  coasts,  and  on  those  of  France,  the  United 
States,  &c. 

Premufiuns  as  to  Li^hl-houses. — Many  fatal  accidents  have  arisen  from  stiips  mistaking 
one  light  for  another ;  and  hence  the  importance  of  those  on  the  same  coast  being  made  to 
diifer  distinctly  from  each  other,  and  of  their  position  and  appearance  being  accurately  laid 
down  and  described.  'I'he  modern  inventions  of  revolving,  intermitting,  and  colouieu  lights, 
afford  facilities  for  varying  the  appearance  of  each  light  unknown  to  our  ancestors,  andhavo 
been,  in  that  respect,  of  the  greatest  importance. 

Chart  of  Light-houses,  Ifc. — A  gnod  (leseriplivH  work  on  liplil-lioiisos,  lipacoiis,  fee.  is  a  ilesidera- 
tuiii.  Tli.it  of  Conlier,  Guide  des  Marines  peiiduiit  la  J^anifrntiun  vuclitrne,  I'aris.  IbS'.l,  is  |i(!rliii|)s  the 
liest.  It  iiiii8t  lint  l)K  JikIjjimI  hy  its  prnruco,  which  is  lis  h;i(t  \i»  possihh.' ;  cnnsisliii)!  nf  scraps  fmiii  tlie 
liuist  feiiilaslital  parts  nt' Hryiini's  Alylhcildpy,  iiiid  of  attacks  on  iis  for  our  conduct  in  relulion  to 
I'iirna,  and  (lie  alliKi^d  ill-trcatincnt  of  the  cnnv  of  a  vussul  wrecked  on  the  island  of  Al<li!rney  :  The 
IxKik  is  really  pretty  good,  whicli  could  not  certainly  hu  anticipated  frniii  such  a  coniMitMiCKnient. 
'I'he  render  will  tind  the  exisliii(f  Enjjlish  and  Irish  lighl-lioiises,  and  the  greater  niiiiilier  of  those 
lielonuing  to  Scoilimd,  laid  down  in  the  chart  atlaihed  to  the  article  I.'anai.s  in  this  work.  lis  accu- 
racy may  be  depended  upon  ;  as  it  has  heen  copied  from  the  heaiitlfiil  chart  of  the  li(;ht-lniiise3  on  llio 
lirilish  and  contiKHoiis  coasts  recently  piihlished  hy  the  Trinity  House  ;  the  ciirporalion  having 
readily  and  nhliginply  granted  pcrniission  to  iliiit  efl'ect.  In  the  Supplemevt  the  reader  will  find 
the  position,  description,  &c.  of  the  principal  British  and  Irish  li<j:ht-liouses  and  floating  lights. 

La  I-  as  to  British  Light-hoiisei.—'VUn  S  I'.ljz.  c.  Vi.  empowers  the  corporation  of  the  'J  rinily  House  to 
erect  lieacons,  &c,.  to  prevent  accidents  to  ships ;  and  though  the  act  does  \\v\  expressly  ineiilion  liglit- 
lioMses,  it  has  heen  held  to  extend  to  them  ;  and  on  its  anthorily,  and  the  privileges  allached  tn  the 
otlice  of  hiioyage  and  beaconage  conferred  on  the  'i'rinity  House  in  1504,  the  corporation  erects  light- 
houses. Tlie  tolls  for  their  iiiaintenance  are  generally  collected  under  the  aniliorily  id'  letters  patent 
frnnilhe  crown  ;  those  for  the  support  of  the  Kdilystone  light,  and  some  others  in  dirt'erent  parts  of  the 
kingdom,  being,  however,  established  by  act  nf  parliament.  The  first  light-house  erected  by  the  Trinity 
t'orporation  was  in  1075;  hut  several  had  been  previously  erected  by  private  parlies  in  virtue  of  let- 
ters patent.  Customs'  ntticers  are  prohibited  from  niaking  out  any  cockct  or  other  discharge,  or 
taking  any  report  outwards  for  any  sh'p,  iiMlil  llie  light  diilies  are  paid,  and  the  niasler  shall  have 
produced  a  light-bill  testifying  the  receipt  thereof  It  is  lawful  for  persons  authorised  by  the  Trinity 
House  to  go  on  boiud  any  Uritish  or  foreign  ship  to  receive  the  duties, and  for  non-payment  to  distrain 
the  tackle  of  tin.'  ship  ;  and  in  case  of  delay  of  payment  for  3  days  after  distress,  the  collectors  of  the 
eaid  duties  may  cause  the  same  to  be  appraised  by  two  persons,  and  proceed  to  sell  tlie  distress. 
(6  &  7  Will.  4.  c.  79.  {54.) 

All  ihe  liglil-lionses,  lloating  lights,  &c.,  exclusive  of  harbour  lights,  from  the  Fern  Islands,  on  the 
roast  of  Northiiinlierland,  round  by  lleachy  Head  and  the  Land's  Knd,  to  ihe  coast  of  Cumberland, 
have  always  belonged  to  the  Trinity  House,  with  the  exception  of  about  a  dozen  lights,  viz.  Tyne- 
iiKiiilli,  r^purn  (shore),  Winlerton  and  Orford,  Harwich,  Dnngeness,  Skerries,  &.c.  These  lights  have 
bti'ii  partly  public  and  partly  private  properly;  provision  has,  however,  been  made  in  the  act  now 
referred  l",  for  vesting  llieiii  exclusively  in  the  Trinity  House. — (See  below.)  The  duties  on  their 
account  have  been,  for  the  most  part,  always  payable  to  Ihe  'I'rinity  collectors. 

i^'cM  0)1  jJccowiit  of /,iff/i(-//«Mse.f.  — A  wish  to  keep  the  charges  on  native  ships  as  low  as  possible, 
and  to  insure  them  a  preference,  si'cins  to  have  given  rise  to  the  practice  that  has  long  existed,  of 
exacting  comparatively  high  duties  fnuii  the  foridgn  shipping  entering  our  ports.  I^it  whatever  may 
have  been  the  motives  for  making  (his  distinciion,  ils  policy  seems  more  than  questionable.  It  is 
(juile  figi^t  that  the  foreign  ships  coining  to  (Uir  shores  for  coinnnerciul  purposes  should  be  made  to  pay 
the  .suHie  light  and  harbour  duties  as  British  vessels  ;  but  the  imposition  of  comparatively  high  duties 
on  tliein  is  decidedly  injuriung,  inasmuch  as  it  provokes  retaliatory  measures  on  the  part  of  other 
slates,  obstructs  the  resort  uf  foreigners  to  our  uiarkets,  and,  consequently,  checks  the  growth  of 
commerce. 

This  system  was  very  properly  condemned  in  a  report  hy  a  committee  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
in  \vii.  There  is,  in  the  evidence  annexed  to  that  report,  some  well-aul  lien  tica  ted  instances  of  foreign 
ships  having  been  totally  lost,  from  the  disinclination  of  the  captain  to  enter  a  British  port,  while  it 
\v,i,<  in  their  power,  on  a  .count  of  the  hi-avy  charges  to  whii-h  they  would  have  heen  exposed  for 
lights,  &c. !  Down,  indeed,  to  ISSIJ,  all  ships,  whether  native  or  foreieii,  coining  into  any  British  port 
tiy  stre.^s  uf  weather,  were  charged  with  full  light  duties  ;  but  we  are  glad  to  say  that  this  inhospitable 
rei!ulation  lias  heen  repealed  by  an  order  in  council  of  the  7th  of  February  that  year,  issued  on  the 
ruioniinendation  of  the  Trinity  House,  which  exempts  such  vessels  from  all  charge  on  account  of 
lights.  Our  whole  policy  as  to  light  duties,  port  charges,  &c.  has,  within  these  few  years,  been  ma- 
terially impr'ived,  and  is  now  the  very  reverse  of  illiberal.  It  is  true  that  the  discriminating  duties  on 
foreign  ships  are  still  kept  up  ;  but  in  consequence  of  the  general  establislimeut  nf  reciprocity  trea- 
ties, the  distinction  lias  become  rather  nuniinal  than  real,  and  atfects  comparatively  few  uf  the  ships 
using  our  seas.* 
We  are  glad,  also,  to  have  to  announce,  that  very  large  deductions  have  been,  in  most  instances. 


♦  We  stated  inadvertently  in  the  former  impressions  of  this  work,  that  light  duties  were  charged  on 
foreign  ships,  if  in  the  prosecution  of  their  voyage  they  came  within  sight  of  any  of  our  light -houses. 
Uut  in  point  of  fact,  no  light  duties  are  charged  by  the  Trinity  House  either  upon  foreign  or  British 
ships  fur  voyages  from  one  foreign  port  to  another ;  unless,  in  the  course  of  such  voyages,  they  actu- 
alliiconie  to  or  touch  at  a  British  port  or  roadstead.  (See  No.  3.  of  Instructions  to  Trinity  Collectors, 
Riven  below.)  But  foreign  vessels  sailing  along  the  Irish  coasts  are  charged  {d.  a  ton  for  eacji  light 
passed,  except  harbour  tights,  which  are  only  charged  upon  vessels  entering  the  same. 


I 
I 


2 


8 


5 
I 
I 

z 


140 


LIGHT-HOUSE. 


marln  from  the  tiffht-hotine  diitlcft.  It  ii.  Indeed,  quite  essential  to  their  utility  that  these  should  be 
niodcrate.  Tlicy  hnve  llie  same  iiifliicnce  iipim  thu  inlvrcoiirse  carried nn  hy  sea,  that  tollti  have  upon 
thiit  carried  on  liy  land  ;  and  it  ifi  necdleHs  to  add,  tliut  oppressive  tr>i;a  are  amongst  tiie  must  etfticlual 
or  alt  ihi!  iMiKint!H  hy  whicli  rapacious  ignorance  Una  contrived  to  injure  a  country.'* 

Cfiarire.i  on.  Jlccount  of  Collection^  ^'e.—T\it*  rharfies  under  this  head  for  the  lightft  tinder  the  control 
of  tlie  Trinity  House,  artinunted,  in  1U34,  to  7,0:t4/.  5j.  3^/..  the  erpenses  of  vuiintenance  (Including  pay- 
ini'titrt  nil  account  of  works  at  dilft^rent  lifftMs,  4,20T/.  2jf.  5ff )  for  the  same  year  tieing  37,299/.  Itt^.  IJ., 
leavirm  a  halance  of  47,10;i/.  7^.  \d.  vett  siirplum.  It  is  plain,  therefore,  that  the  light-house  revenue 
i-i,  at  this  miunent,  more  lli;in  twice  as  K^eat  as  is  necessary  for  keepin)^  the  estahlinlunent  in  the  most 
perfect  state  of  etliriency,  'IMie  surplus  revenue  is,  wc  believe,  in  so  far  at  leaai  as  tlie  Trinity 
IlouHe  is  ronrerned,  very  judicimi^ily  *>x[)nnded  in  luainiainin^  decayed  seamen,  and  other  useful  pur- 
poses. Hut  consitK^rini;  the  vast  iuiporfauce  of  tow  shipjiing  char^^es,  we  ufrree  with  the  committee 
of  IS'^2  in  Itiiiikinf;  tliat  such  persons  miu'ht  he  providetl  lor  in  sorne  less  onerous  way,  and  that  the 
li^jht  duties  stioiild  lie  still  fiirllier  reduced.  Tliey  ouffht  not,  in  tact,  to  exceed  such  u  rate  of  charge 
as  may  Ite  r<M|iiirpd  tc»  kei'p  ttje  lipliis  in  !ho  niosl  perfect  stale.  Originally  they  seem  to  have  hecn 
imposed  only  in  ttiis  view  ;  hut,  whether  this  were  really  so  or  not,  the  interests  of  navigation  re- 
quire that  till  y  Htiiruld  now  lie  eslaldished  on  that  principle.  Instead  of  reducing  the  charges  gene- 
rally on  all  tit'hts,  it  has  been  proposed  to  make  some  of  the  more  important  lights  duty  freci  as  hy 
this  means  the  expense  of  collection  wonlil  he  saved,  and  bitsineHs  materially  facilitated.  This, 
however,  would  iii  etfect  impose  a  proportionally  heavy  charge  on  the  flhips  belonging  to  the  less 
frei|nented  ports;  so  ttiat,  on  thu  whole,  the  general  reduction  of  the  rates  would  seem  to  be  the 
better  plan. 


Refermctt. 

The  diili»ii  nn  arcnunt  nf  fhp  light-hoiisM  on  the  east  coast  (with 
the  rice|ilioti  or  tlio^e  turtht- .^piun  doilitiK  lixht)are  p.iyaMu  hy  all 
ves  elirnci-  only  for  tlie  whulo  voj:»<u  out  ant  home  :  but  a  single 
pasDi^e  aiihicrts  Ihefn  t<i  (he  nnyninil  of  the  full  ifiilien. 

S,}nrn  >V(irt(i/»ir  ^''if^'-— '"h**  tluties  for  rh'i  h^ht  are  to  lje  col- 
lectfJ  fmin  ^ui'li  foreuii  anri  British  ovenra  Irideis  at  actually  en'er 
the  river  I'll  tuber,  anil  are  payah'e  in  those  cues  for  tr.ich  lime  of 
|)aoiuii(.  C^1^te^i  am)  rolliers  are  suLJec  thereto  for  eich  time  of 
pans  ni  co'sovisi",  if  hden;  bii'  iinl  nlherwtae. 

The(tufiesf(irtheCh:innelli<hlsarepayalt|eforpachtimeofpaMinK. 

The  iliitiei  for  ihe  llghi*  in  the  Briitol  ami  St.  Georj^L-N  Cliamiels 
are  pay  tble  for  u.ich  ti.no  of  passing,  with  theexcfptinn  of  the  Hurd 
ley  ii^hl,  aa  hiTuuiiier  alaleU  j  but  ilie  ftlluwinj  direclious  must  be 
attrn  li'-l  to,  VI7  — 

FlaOtolni  Light  — Coaslen  between  the  Land's  End  and  St.  Da- 
vid's tlead  (market  boats  and  fi:ihini{  veuels  excepted)  are  to  pay  If. 
j.er  vcMfl. 

Cnldy  fJ^ht.— The  duties  for  this  Ii?ht  are  payiMe  by  siirh  vfs 
ifN  onlV  ai  may  put  into  a'ly  port,  place,  or  njadsleat!,  t>ettveen  ihe 
Worm's  Head  an  I  St.  Gowen  s  Head. 


Lu»dy  Light.— ViiWci  payable  only  by  vrsMlton  (heir  voyage  to 
from  porta  in  the  Bristol  thann 
easltvard  of  a  line  drawn  from  Hartlarid  Foiiil  to  St.  Gowen'i  Head. 


nnel,  or  to  or  from  any  ports  to  tha 


Jiardhcij  /.tf/il.— Duties  for  forti|;ii  vesitlt  and  Britmb  oversea 
traders  are  payable  once  only  for  the  whub:  vfiyAj^e  out  and  home; 
for  coasten  and  colliers  coastwise,  each  time  of  passing,  if  laden,  but 
not  otherwise. 

South  Stack  Ai/fA/.— British  or  Irish  sliips  and  vessels  to  or  from 
Liverpool,  Chester,  and  Ports  to  Ihe  northward  thereof,  to  any  other 
porta  ti  the  northward  or  Ihe  Calf  of  Man)  at  the  sonlh  part  of  (ho 
Isle  of  Man)  or  to  the  eaMward  of  Holyhead,  with  all  other  vessels 
bound  to  or  from  Liverpool  and  ports  adjacent,  (o  any  othi-r  ports 
whatsoever,  sailin?  in  or  out  of  the  North  Chaniiel,  viz.  "  by  Fair, 
head  on  the  cuast  of  Ireland,  and  the  Mull  uf  Canlire  uu  the  coast  of 
Scotl.ind,"  are  not  subject  to  pay  the  dutit-s  Ut  the  S'lid  light.  This 
exemption,  however,  is  confined  and  restricted  (o  ships  and  vcsseli 
ot  the  L'nited  Kingdoui,  navigating  within  the  liniits  above  de* 
scribed. 

A' 7?.— By  the  term  "each  time  of  passinR'*  is  to  be  understood 
once  for  the  outward  and  once  for  Ihe  inw.ird  pnssage. 

Trinity  F.itrhts. —The  rules  and  regulations  as  to  lijjhts  may  bo  altered  hy  the  Trinity  House,  with  con- 
sent of  the  privy  council.  We  subjoin  a  copy  of  the  existing  instructions  issued  by  the  Corporation 
to  their  collectors. 

TRINITY  HOUSE,  LONDON. 

Instrurtions  to  for  the  collection  of  the  duties  payable  to  the  Corporation  of 

Trinity  House,  at  the  port  of 

1st.  Ydu  are  tod.  mind  and  receive  from  Ihe  master  or  a:;pnt  of  ,  and  tonnage,  Ihe  nmnrv  p.iid,  rtnd  time  of  payment.  Vou  are  to  in* 
cvfry  ship  or  ve'Sfd  wSicli  h^'h  passed,  or  is  about  to  pass,  in  any  1  strl  all  those  several  pirticul-trs  in  the  counterpart  of  each  lightbill 
direction  the  a-veral  lijfhts  belnri'inij  to  this  CoriK>nninn.  trie  re-  j  which  counleriiart  is  lo  Ijf  siijrieJ  I)y  the  niastiror  hit*  a^enl,  and  the 
spective  tolls  and  dulien  a£  particularly  set  forth  in  the  Table  here-  books  relumed,  containing  the  itame,  to  tins  house,  at  the  end  of 
unto  aiinfx.^l ;  observing,  neverihftless,  (he  rcEutation  contained  in  '  every  .     Vou  are  to  take  care  that  none  of  the  binnk 


the  31  article,  and  aUn  that  British  vessels,  and  such  foreign  vessels 
as  are  or  fhxil  b^  privilesjed  in  respect  to  chirges  as  British  ves'-ela, 
are  ekompt  from  payment  of  duties  to  this  Corporation,  whrn  navi- 
gated w.'ti>//i/  i«i  ialtatt. 

2'1  You  are  to  'nke  care  to  rate  all  Bii'ish  vessels,  of  every  claw  or 
description  to  the  full  amount  of  their  rc^is'er  tonnajje,  I'xcept  for 
those  (Mrticiilir  Its-hls,  for  the  dnfica  to  which  colliers  and  co.isters 
are  chari^eable  per  ves«l  only.  Foreign  vessels  are  to  becharg&I  to 
the  full  aniotmt  of  their  tonnage,  as  ascertained  by  llie  oiKcer  of  his 
M.iji-sly's  customs. 

3d.  You  are  lo  observe  (hat  neither  British  nor  foreign  vpwels  are 
to  be  chartred  v*ith  the  dunes  on  account  of  a  pawage  which  may 
have  taken  place,  or  mav  beihercifter  confemphted.  being  fioni  one 
f  jreign  port  to  another  loreign  port,  unlcvs  in  the  prfjseculion  of  such 
voyages  th  y  ahall  actually  arrive  or  touch  at,  a  poit  or  roadstead  in 
Gieat  Bri  am. 

4lh.  The  duties  are  to  be  collected  from  all  British  ships  at  the 
ports  in  Great  firitain  where  they  load  or  deliver  their carf^oea.  No 
collection  is  therefore  lo  be  male  from  any  Briiish  Miip  which  miy 
happen  to  'ouch  a'  your  port  on  her  pi-ss  ige  to  another  port  in  Great 
Britain  ;  but  you  are  to  observe  that  this  rule  is  not  to  be  applied  in 
respect  of  vt^sels  touching  at  your  port  in  their  passages  to  jKirls  not 
in  Ureal  Britain. 

5th.  You  are  to  charje  all  vessels  helongin?  to  the  fillowing  slates 
withthe^amedutiei  in  every  respect,  as  Brtiish  vessels : -'Ihe  ves-  , 
tejs  of  those  states  are  in  fact  to  be  considered,  so  far  as  respects  I 
charges  made  on  account  of  this  Corporation,  as  British  ships,  until  I 
furlh.T  nrlers ;  viz.  Hortugal,  Brazil,  United  States  of  America,  the  j 
kiiii(dom  of  (he  Netherlands,  Hanover,  Sweden,  Norway,  Russia, 
Hamburgh,  Bremen,  I.titteck,  Denmark,  and  Prussia ;  to  which  are  i 
to  t>e  added   vessels   belonging  to  the  duchies  of  Uldenburgh  and  i 
Mecklenhnrgh,  as  well  as  those  brlongin?  to  t!ie  kim^dom  of  France,  I 
which  have  been  ala  i  atimitted  to  the  privilege  of  reciprccity  in  re* 
Ipect  of  charges  ;  but  as  thai  privilesje  is  granted  to  vessels  of  those  | 
states  under  some  limitations,  it  is  necessary  you  should  particularly 


li^ht-bills  which  shall  be  lod(;e\l  with  you  fall  into  improper  hands, 
or  be  wasted.  You  are  in  all  cases  to  require  the  pnniuction  of  (he 
light  bill  for  (he  duties  last  paid  ;  and  you  are  nol  lo  admit  or  allow 
that  the  master  of  anv  vessel  hith  p.iid  elsewhere  without  8eein<  the 
liKht-bil),  duly  signe<.l  tiy  the  collector  fur  (he  port  at  which  it  imy 
be  allegpd  the  duties  have  been  paid;  and  wbenover  you  sbnil  Lb 
satisfied  that  the  duties  for  any  ship  or  vessel  Inve  been  p.iiJ  at  any 
otlier  |)ort  or  place,  you  are  lo  note  Ihe  same  in  your  book,  and  also 
in  your  accounts  in  the  column  prepared  for  (hat  purpose,  expressing 
the  several  particulars  as  in  your  li^ht-bills,  with  the  time  uid  p'aco 
of  pavmcnt.  Bf>oks,  contiiitin;  each  a  nuniber  of  blink  ligbt-bilts, 
will  fie  furnished  you  from  (his  house,  on  your  application,  whenever 
re<iuired.     You  are  to  keep  an  exact  account  of  all  monies  which 

t  OMenburgh  J'msc?*.— Extract  of  his  Majesty's  order  in  council, 
da'H  the  19th  of  October,  1^4 :— "  His  Majesty,  by  virtue  of  the 
powers  vested  in  him  by  tlie  acts  above  recited,  a'nd  by  and  wiih  the 
advice  of  his  privy  council,  is  pleased  to  order,  and  it  is  herely 
oniered,  th.il  l^roni  and  -after  the  date  of  this  order.  OldeiiLiUKh 
vessels  entering  the  ports  of  the  l'nited  Kingilnm  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  in  ballast  or  laden,  direct  from  any  of  Ihe  ports  of  Olden< 
burgh,  or  departing  from  the  [lorlsof  the  said  United  Kingdom,  to* 
ge!her  with  the  cargoes  nn  I'oarJ  the  same,  such  cargoes  consislinff 
of  ar  ides  which  may  be  lerally  imported  or  exported,  shall  not  be 
subject  to  any  other  or  hisrher  dniies  or  charges  whatever  than  are 
or  shall  be  levied  on  British  vessels  entering  or  departing  from  lucb 
ports." 

Mixklentnirph  f^esseIt,—The  purport  of  theonler  in  council  grant, 
ing  the  privdege  of  reciprocity  to  Merklenburir  vessels,  is  precisely 
the  s^ii  e  as  the  foregoing  order  in  respect  of  Oldenburgh  vessels,  and 
is  dated  the  Uthof  June,  1^5. 

French  Kfi«/*.— Extract  from  a  convention  of  commerce  and  na- 
vigation  between  his  Majesty  and  (he  Kin^  of  France,  dated  26lh  of 
Jaiuary,  1826:— "That  from  and  after  the  Mh  day  of  April,  1826, 
French  vessels  cominK  from  or  departing  for  the  [K)rts  of  France,  or, 


observe  the  directions  containoJ  in  the  recitals  of  the  orders  in  coun-  !  if  in  tiallast,  coming  from  or  departing  for  any  place,  Fhall  not  be 
cil  and  tri  ty  hereunder  eivent,  whereby  you  will  perceive  that  '  subject,  in  the  |)ortB  of  the  Unitnl  Kinirdom,  either  on  enterins  into 
vesr^lsoftho&e  stales  are  still  liable,  in  certain  cases,  to  the  foreign  ;  or  departing  from  the  sr.me,  to  any  highcrdudes  of  tonnage,  harl-onr. 


rateofdutv. 

6th  All' vessels  belonging  to  the  United  Kingdom,  and  trading  be- 
tween Great  Britain  and  li'eland,  are  to  be  deemed  and  charecd  as 
co.'uting  vessels,  iu  respect  of  all  light  and  other  duties  payable  to  this 
Corporation. 

7th.  Vnu  are  to  ffive  your  receipt  on  a  li»ht  hill,  to  the  master  of 
every  ship  or  vetsel  who  shall  pay  you  any  of  the  hen'inafter  men* 
iioned  (otiaor  duties,  expressing  (plainly  arid  fully)  his  name,  the 
tame  of  the  vessel,  and  the  place  to  which  she  belongs,  her  voyage 


li:;hl-house,  pilotage,  quarantine,  or  other  simitar  corres|>ondiii;;  du- 
ties, of  whatever  nature,  or  under  whatever  denomination,  Ih.in 
those  to  which  British  vessels,  in  respect  of  the  same  voyi^es, 
are  or  may  be  subject  on  entering  iuto  or  departing  from  such 
ports." 

Colliers  are  to  be  charged  bvlhe  number  of  tons  expres-^'d  in  their 
regis'ers,  and  not  by  the  chaldron;  and  colliers  bound  to  or  from 
foreiTn  parts  are  topay  the  same  asotber  British  ships  bound  fo* 
reign. 


*  There  is  nothinc;  new  in  this  statement :— *•  ^vara  manus  pnrtus  claudit ;  tt  eum  diffiios  contrahit^ 
itaritmi  simnl  vela  concludit ;  vieritd  enim  ilia  merratvres  cuncti  refu^iunt  qutB  sibi  dispendia  esse  cognot* 
cunt.'*—iCassiodoruSj  lib.  vii,  cap.  varia,  9.) 


rou  ihaM  fron 
light  t>il:s,  lor 
vourself  for  tl 
n(Tein-be.'"urc  ■] 
entered  ;—<,(  j| 
ouary,  ibe  ik  , 
which  jjen/hfd] 

AcrouKt  npi 
/(oration  t 
Wliips  p:iH; 
encii  of  ih 


Names  ( 


I  Scilly  .  I 

I  Eddystone  .  i 

Milford        .  2 

!  Portland      .  2  , 

Hi.  lite*       .  J  I 


Foulness  -  |  | 
I  *'A«keti  .  3  I 
I  ^'"'^  -     I  11 


I  Wrll 
,  Fiaihulm 


I 

r!7ird 

Ne«-  fN-s  and 
Hurst 

Owcrs 

1/aiibro' 
i  Gooilwin     • 


Mij 


2  h>| 

3li<| 

t  flon 
2IU'h 
I  flo,v 
I  noal 


'  Sunk 

;  Flinidro*    • 

i  Snui/i  Srack 

F^ni 
I  Burnham     . 


I  flnaii 

I  li-hl 

1  li<h( 
until  I 
2  lighl. 


toWMton 

ilir 


3  liehlh 

I   flGlfiijo 

I  lislil-h^ 
huny,  i,| 
Dee 

•  liuhl  ho 
I  rtri.nin^ 


B.JtforJ  Dar    2  tijl,!",-, 


'  Rirlsey 
;  Ijk 

i  I.vnn  Well 

'  B''Wl'y  Head 
;  CalJy 


Ni,h 

I  Haisbro'      . 
I     Nnrih  end 

Souih  Sand 
I     II,- 1,1 
I  Fnrflanrli    . 
j  FalnmuHi 
harbour  t 


I  li«hl  ho 
'  lighi  ho 

I  flnalini 
I  liih'h ., 
I  li'lbl.h.ii 
(Vesjels  in 
conimi 
'"nnae 
2  l^hl  Imu 
I  (I'laliiiK  li 

1  Aoating  li 

3  lijhl.houi 


*♦*  All   British  ve. 
empted  from  all  rates 

*  These  lisrhts  won 

of  til.'  JIoHpitai  the  SI 
Sfe  ''reel,,,!,  s,„re8,  &, 

^^TMshg.,,  exhibit  20.h 

British  and  foreip,privi|ep,j 

Brili.h  and  (nnim  ve-.|,  .„ 

'»ouU>,bu.«otfor,rpur" 


LIGHT-HOUSE. 


141 


lhJ  Itie 
end  of 
bl;itik 

of  I  lie 
I  How 
9peim  tlie 
It  ui.iy 
alinll  t,e 
A  A\  any 
ami  also 
[presiin? 
Aiiii  p'aco 
iglit-bills, 
, he never 
whicli 

n  council, 
ue  of  the 
I  vvilhtlifl 
18  heretT 
IdeiiliUiRh 
Uitaiii^ntl 
of  Olden- 
igdom,  to- 
conaisiinR 
nil  not  be 
r  ihan  are 
[rom  such 

noil  pant' 
1  precisely 

ice  and  na> 

IfHl  26th  of 
ll-iil,  1826, 
Trance,  or, 
Jill  not  be 
(erins  into 
J,  harbour, 

Ition,  than 
J  voyages, 
from  such 

I  in  their 
l,t  or  from 
Ibouud  fo< 


IntraAir, 


you  thai!  from  t Imp  to  time  rnllert;  and,  bcfoio  ymi  fill  up  your  |  tliepr  n'fijfnrm  funn-.hwj  from  tliiihnuiP,  toRdher  wiih  U;clalanf« 
flKhl  t-il:«,  tor  itrr  Ihe  siiue  thUinrtly  in  .l  b'lok   Kt  It  |.nui'l<!tl   ly    l   of  juui  rnl.i.ctUTi,  .ifm  ;*  .ti'-.ucti  >ii  tl  in  Ibd 

yourself  for  il.at  (.urpiif,  wlnT»-in  .ill   Ihr  |..irIiiMiUr-s    »^lllch  are      i^M.i.d  Inr  ynur  tan-,  tiMi,bU%  .iii.l  nnlii.ary  c  xi'i-i.uft  llieieiti,  »u  tbfl 
hrreiit-beCnre  ditrcfcd  t*  bu  exprr^Mtl  in  your  -iiihi  bil'i  aie  m  bL<      secretary  of  the  CnrixMalKm  at  tt.is  liniisR. 
rutertd  j—ol  all  \»hicli  yoii  ati-,  uii(/ti?i  \4(hiyiit  tr  hie  Im  nf  .U  By  coii.uiand  of  ihc  tuii-diatirn, 

Duary.  the  l«t  t.f  ApriUbt:  Ut  ol  July,  mJ  ih.-    H  nf  OrtoU-r  (mi  (.SijsnuJ)  J.  Ilt-HUfcRT,  Sn-retary. 

which  periodn  you  arc  to  make  up  your  accouu  k),  to  tend  a  copy  on   ' 

Acrnnid  HptTifviiiK  ihr  vjiriims  IJp:lii  hniisMs  nixl  FInatitiff  Mffhls  undi^r  the  irmnn^'ttmenl  of  ihn  Cor- 
poralicin  of  ilio  Triitiiy  lloiist*  oi"  Di^pifunl  rtin)iul  ;  ilie  KaieH  of  Cliarii*;  on  {\w  Mnioli  n\ni  I'oroiRn 
fSliips  piiHsiiiK  Hiicli  IjglitH  ;  with  thn  AiikhiiiI  of  l)init»«  colli'itu.l  on  Actouiil  of  oucU  l.i;;lii,  tliinng 
each  of  the  Tliree  Veiirs  ending  wiili  itt35  — U'lirniHlied  l»y  Trinity  Houav.)  


Namei  of  Lighti. 


Sciliy 
EtHy^fone 
Mil  ford 
Tort  land 
St.  lice* 


Foulnen 
(:a«knti 

Nore 


Flaihulin 


I 


Linrd 

1  Nei'dlcs  and 

Huitt 
I  OwtTs 

>  Hai«bm' 

i  Goodwin     • 


Sunk 
'■  FUnibro'     ■ 

South  Slack 

Ft-rri 
I  Burnham     • 


I  lifht-houw    ' 

1  liichl  linuse    ' 

2  lif;ht  iKiimet  < 
2  li^hl-linuses  • 
1  li(;hl  house    ' 


I  li<hshniisc  • 
3  lit;)it'liniises  • 
1  lluatiug  light 


I  floiitinK  light 
1  light'house    - 


2  Hrht-hmiscs  • 

3  lii^ht-hnuscs  • 

1  flnnfinTlieht 

2  lizhl-bnnit's  h 
I  flontintf  li^ht 

1  floalin;  li^ht 


I  flnatinfC  lii^ht 
I  liicht-houi:!    • 

1  liiht  house     • 

2  liuht  hotitios  - 

1  lii^hi  hnuse 
until  1832,  then 

2  Ught'huuses  • 


R.')tesnf  Ch<irK«. 


Amounts  collttcieJ. 


Coaslen. 


Krilitii  and 

ForiNKh  iT'vi- 

le((r,l  VfMnili 

Oversea 

per 'Ion. 


FnreJKn  Vtssels 

nut  privilffced 
I  veisia        I 
per  Jun.       I 


If  33. 


I  shilling  per  vniel    I  farthing       -    t  halfpe.iny    • 

^shilliiin    •  *     Ihilfpenny    •     I  (Hnny 

shilling     •  •     I  halfi't-iiny    •     I  pcnity 

I  bhilliiig      .  •     I  hilfpeiiny     •     I  (Mrniiy 

(VtJS'tdn  fnlerin:(  tlie  hai  hours  of  Whitehaven, 
Parlon,  anil  VVnrk  ri^t  n,  and  itoue  ntl.vr,  2 
penco  \'i--T  ton,  yearly.) 
I  farlhiin  pet  ton    ■  |t  f'rthjnx        •  II  f-<rlhinj 
ti  pence  pei  vitu'l    -  )  1  liitfpenuy     •   -Ipei.iy 
I  ahillini;  per  I0<)        I  i  9jiil!nii(  per     .2  Khillin^  per 

tonsT  I      lUUInns;         I      (UOtniiNj         { 

hut  nnl  charjeablenn  any  eitcetw  of  tonnage  nttf>ve  500. 


2  3  )9 

3.iSI 

4,'>I8 

3,IS*» 

4J3 

y,02i 

2,f)-i3 


8  11} 


leai. 


6     2i- 
16    8 


0    9^ 
18    3> 


A.     #.  rf.  , 

J,47I  2  4* 
3,704  14  4i 
4,b7l  'S  1:1 
3,330  II  (i: 
474    7  10 


1835. 


2,>i3  5  II. 
a,7«'3  ft  2T 
6,144  7  Oi 
iS'if'O    4    i» 

&Z7  12     4 


'  3,6ro  6  H  3,8M  13  \\ 
3,lb3  0  .-,1  3,237  14  t^i 
8»l3l  Iti    b"      if,'i»  »0    U* 


1  firtliin?  per  tnn    ■     I  ririhiiig 
1824,   I   kliilhn^  per  I  penny 

vcMcl  wilhiii  the 
Itri-<ii)l  Chirniel.i 
OlliHr  rnastt-nt,  1 1 
halfpenny  per  Inn  1 
I83lf  I  shilling  per  3  farthingi 
veuel,  I  farthiitg 
per  fon 

2  ihiUinzs  per  vesael    I  halfpenny 
1  shilling     -  •  |l  Iialfptnny 


I  Miiltinrper  vessel 
1  farlhing  per  ton    • 


;  I  h-iKptiiny 
1  lanhiug 


I  shillin?  per  vessel  ;  I  halfpenny 
colliers,  1  farthir»K, 


per  ton 
I  f irl 


irthin^  per  ton 

I  firthin^  per  ton 

farthing  per  ton 

3  farthii'ss  per  ton 

at     Bti  leewater. 


Loweitoft 

Air 


3  lighthouses  & 
1  floiiins;  lirht 
I  li:;h1-hnuse  Sl 
liuoys  in  Ihe 
Dee 

1  li^ht-house    - 
tlriatinj  li^ht 

2  lighthouses  • 


licht  house 
1  light  house 


shillings  |>er  vessel 


-  1 1  halfpenny 
•  1 1  farthing 

.  1 1  faiihiruf 

-  Sfailh'ntcs 
3  at  Hrid^evvater, 


5shillingsper 
vessel 

at    Bristol,   6   pence  at  Hri.'»i(d,ii"dpr 
per  vessel  t  lOOtniu,  3  shil 

to  and  from  IreUnd,  ling»perv«.pel. 
shilling  per  vessel  lUU  and  under 
•2.V)  tons,  .'>  shil- 
ling pervessel, 
230toi,sandup 
wanls,  7  shil- 
lings &  6  pence 
per  vessel. 
I  farthing 


1  farthing  per  ton 

2  pence  per  ton 


4  pence 


(On  veaiieTs  entering  the  port  ol 


1  halfpenny    . 

2  |H:nce  "i 


3  halfpence 


I  permy 
I  penny 

I  penny 
1  halfpeimy 

I  penny 


I  penny 
1  halfpenny    - 
I  halfpenny    ■ 
3  hal  pence     ■ 
at  Uriiigeivater, 
M)     ^hilling8 
per  viMet 
at  Ilri^tnl,  dou* 
l)le  >he  amount 
rliarf;t'al)te  nn 
Bi'iiish  vessels. 


I  farthing 

9  pence 
Chester.) 


I  farthinif  per  ton    •    1  farthing       •     I  halfpenny    - 
1  f^ithini!  per  ton    •    )  farlliing       •     I  iialfpe'iny    « 
I  shilling  per  voyage  J  halfptnce    •    3  |)ence 
on  Innestone  vessel* 

I  farthing  per  ton  •  farthing  •  I  farthing 
I  farthing  per  ton  I  farthing  •  '  I  farthing 
1  (Payable  at  Newport  only.) 

I  floating  light    j  I  pennv  per  ton      •  1 1  |ienny  •  1 2  pence 

lliih'-h'use    •    I  shdling  per  vesid     1  far'hin»       -  1 1  halfpenny    • 

1  light'h'tuse    •     I  penny  per  Ion       •  '  I  penny  •  1 2  pence 
(Vessels  in  the  limestone  trade  pay  cither  t*.  per  voyage,  or  an  anmial 

conimuiaiion  of  20f ,  I5ar.  or  lb<.  each,acciirdirig  lo  their  respective 
tonnages.) 

2  light  hnii»(«  •   1 1  farthing  per  ton    -    I  halfpenny    *    I  penny 

I  flijating  light      I  far;hing  per  ton    -    1  farthing       •    I  halfpenny    • 


1  floating  light 
3  light'houses  * 


1  eighth  of  a  penny  1  farthing 

per  ton 
I  farthing  per  ton   •    1  farthing 


1  halfpenny 
I  lialfpenny 


Totals 


3,6S9  18  10} 


1,655  17  111 


3,fl95 
3,231 

3.003 
3o4l 

3,650 


4.f>'ll 

3.7H3 

2,tj08 

2,y27 

377 


15  4 

»  H 

17  31 

3  8}' 

4  9 

18  10 

i:»  5 

5  6 
17  6 


3,618 

843 


1,720 

4,3J6  ' 

425 

1,6-14 
516 

1.4  SO 

1,771 
738 


3.674  10    6f 


1,769    6    Ci 


.^,713  14  2 

3,37^  7  llj 

3.283  14  Ci 

3,t>31  16  2| 

3,841  9  0| 

6,311  2  r} 

S.prO  0  KU 

'?..9i9  10  0* 

3,020  5  Bi 

604  15  6 


8 

6f 

3,708  IS  lOi 

7 

7 

837  14    4 

18 
13 
10 

3i 

1,818  12    7 
4,3il9    1     (.J 
440    b    oi 

S  II 
3  t 
17    2 


!,S<)7 
3,Si5 


12    4} 
5    8 


1,969    2  Ui 
2,815  16  iri 


I.TBo  19 
&S9    6 


1,396  16    9 

1,S64    4    7 

828     1  10 


3,«90  II    4| 


1,874  11    Bj- 


3.725  I     fri 

3,4Ji  7    4i 

3,12S  I     0} 

3,fM)  8  10 

4,017  8  lOi 


5,379  3  4| 

4.116  4  (I 

3.113  7  tl 

3,137  0  5 

£81  8  6 


3,926    8  11} 
1,011    8    1 


1,944    1    21 

4.7  rti  18    6 

408    8    7 

1,926  13    3; 
629  10    8} 

1,4ni  II   10, 

1,!418    4  IC'I 

836    1    1 


2,028  14    3}  i  2,155  16    3} 


3,690    2  114 
2,079  18  10 
2,950  13  10 


3,829  14  6^ 

2,158    9  si 

3,109  14  6i 

282    8  5^ 


87,495  17     Ci    91,447     8    Si  ;95,791   18     Oj 


*«*  All   British  vesaeig,  and  all  forpien  vessels  privileged  as  British  in  respect  of  charees,  are  e.x- 
empteil  frnin  all  rates  and  duties  payable  to  tiic  Trinity  Corporation  when  navigated  wholly  in  ballast. 


♦  These  liijhis  were,  on  the  expiration  of  the  Crown  lease  of  the  same  to  Greenwich  Hospital,  on 
Ihfi  3()lh  of  .Iiine,  1832,  transferred  to  the  Trinity  Ilonse,  that  corporation  paying  lo  the  commissionera 
of  the  Hospital  the  sum  of  8,3'J9Z.  Ifis.  for  the  purchase  of  the  buildings,  the  ground  on  which  they 
are  erected,  stores,  &c.    On  this  transfer  being  inade,  the  tolls  were  reduced  from  Id.  to  id.  per  ton. 

t  This  Iis'itexhibiloil20tli  of  April  1835;  the  followins  are 'lie  rilcsof  clnrffe;— 

Fureifrn  viwelfl  not  privileged  as  Briti&li,  douMe   Ihe  foregninj 
ni^i  B. 


Coistera 

Britiih  and  foreign  privileged  veueli  oversea  - 

Britiih  and  foreirn  venels  entering  Ihe  port  of  Fal- 
mouth, but  uot  for  the  purposea  of  trade 


Ad,  per  ton. 


i      - 


All  vrs.'^els  entering  Falmouth  harbour  from  stress  of  weilber  ex* 

empt  from  dues. 
Dues  collected  at  Falmoutli|  TrurO|  and  Greenwich  only. 


I 

7. 


1 
1: 


\ 


142 


LIGHT-HOUSE. 


Private  t.ifflil-hoii.tm  —Vr\vnti'  indlvldiiiilR  prnitiiig  liKlit-liniiaPfi  hnvn  i^onRrnlly  nhtnlncd  a  leaia 
of  lliu  HiiiiM!  Iri'iii  lli<>  (.'mull  Tiir  ii  ilcfliiilt!  riimiln'r  nC  ytNirn,  ivllli  aiillinrily  In  tliiirv'!  certiiin  fi^ea 
on  Hlii|i|)iii)r.  OwiiiK  III  tliu  L'r(!iil  iiicrriiHti  nl'  niiviKilioii,  tmiiic  ul'  llicsi!  liulii-liniii'i'H  liiivi;  hiTnina 
very  vmIiiiiIiIi;  |irc'|ii'rlioM.  'i'lii?  HiiiiiIIh  iiiiil  l,(Mif;Hlii|iH  ll|.'lil!i  liiivc  always  lit'lnniri'd  In  llii;  Triiiily 
IldiiHc,  lint  wrrt!  IhiihccI  liy  iliiit  lio  ly  In  (iriviKu  iiiillvidiialH.  Tin;  Iraxcn  liavi',  linwi-vcr,  liuvn 
rec'Diiily  iMiriliaHi'd  liy  llu!  Ciirporaliiin.— Wu  extract  friiin  tlio  Pari,  Paper,  No.  »i(W.  Hkm.  IBJb,  tlie 
(Muwiufi 

Actniiiil  iif  till!  (JrcHH  iind  Nell  Rcvpniic  of  the  private  I.isjlit-liniiaeg  nf  Ilarwicli,  I)iineeii(>!!H,  Wln- 
tert(iiiiiud8  uiid  Orlurdiiesg,  uiid  lluiiiilaiitoii  Ciill',  diiriiit;  1B34  uiul  183S,  alatiiiK  'low  ll<^'  aumu  wai 
divided. 


Kitprnse  of 
('nllKClinn  .mil 

Aii)>roprl.-il'on  nt  Die  Nett 
RrviMiue. 

Names  of  I.igtll  houwa. 

M.ttiilelulicu. 

Anintinr  paiil 
to  IliK  Crown. 

Aliioiinl  lai.l 
to  llie  I.VMit*ri, 

r.      1.    d. 

L      1.    d. 

/,.    ». 

d. 

L.       .    d. 

/..      /.    d. 

Harwich  light  hoiiiej 

l«34 

9,0.14    16    II 

i,^m  \A    4 

f  .07  1      1 

7 

4,1H      H    III 

3  221    li      7J 

Ih3> 

I0,4I>!I    li      8 

1,7  7    II      1 

Mint     IH 

7 

!,Ji;      3     2 

3. .76    l.i      ft 

DungencM  lifilil-lifiusei 

IW4 

6p  li    13    II 

1,366      7      7 

4,1-9     6 

4 

'i,mi  13    2 

2XH4    li     3 

I8J6 

.V8I6    II      3 

1,3  j    16      S 

4.483    14 

1(1 

2.i3\     i7     6 

2.^31     17      f, 

WinlerlonneM  jnil  Ortordneu 

I0.14 

9.IS7    Id     S 

l,>7l      S     3 

7,618    II 

2 

3,-(l8      S     7 

3,^0,^      S     7 

IVI5 

lO.dM      1      « 

l,9!ll    II      2 

8,101     10 

4 

4,IJ30     15      1 

4,0 '()    l.i     2 

HuDilanlon  CliO'  • 

1M4 

&i7    II      0 

■  ■4    18     6 

47,!    li 

6 

• 

472    li      6 

1833 

631     12      1 

no     i    II 

40j      9 

2 

- 

40.)      9      2 

Harwich  l.i^htf,  heM  by  nenera)  RelK)W,  umlir  lease  frrm  Ihe 
Crn'vn,  fnr  ii  vt-^n  frmu  (he  ^Ih  nf  January,  lt)27,  |>^yin|e  to  tlie 
Crowri  S'/illis  oi  Ifif  iie  I  duty  collectfJ. 

Ihingtntit  Liifhlf,  held  under  leaie  frnm  Ihe  Crotvn  by  Thonini 
M^illiaiii  CukRi  ^<>4]  f<v  ^  yrirs  fniin  Mi  'tutnmer  IBM.     NeM  |)rn< 
dtice  of  the  duties  t-<i'Hlly  divide  I  between  the  Cnirtn  niid  Ihe  les  ee.  i 
The  dulie«  wvie  n-iluced  al  the  ren  wal   of  Ihe  lea-ie  from  Irf.  lo 
I-2W.  perttm;  and  it  is  |  rnuded,  lh»t  at  its  term  nation  l)ie  lift. I-  I 
houtea  and  buildiii^t  cnimerled  IhereM  ith,  nnd  Ihe  xiouiid  on  which  ' 
Uiey  are  erectel,  »lnll  become  Ih    proi-eriy  of  Ihe  Crovvn,  j 

H'.nttftouut*s  and  <  rfurdmtt  L'ghtt,  hehl  by  |>.nl  Hrayhrooko  j 
under  a  lease  Ir^n-  hv  Crown,  which  expires  nn  Ihe  lal  iT  June,  j 
184*).  Net!  prodnce  of  (he  duties  equ-illy  divided  bctwrcii  lheCrov\n 
and  his  Umlship.  Ihe  duties  were  reduced  at  the  liitt  renewal 
of  the  lease  in  l8iH,  from  Id.  to  I  2rf.  per  ton.  At  the  expiration  of 
the  lease,  Ihe  li)|;ht  hausev,  gniunds,  Ac.  becom:-  the  pr  |>erty  of  Ihe 
Crown. 

flumiavton  Cli(f  /.»<ftf,  held  by  S.  Lane,  Esq .  under  a  lease 
from  the  Crown,  whirh  expires  in  IM9.  Vnmi  the  l6lh(if  Oclnber. 
lt^7,  4-ljth  parts  of  Ihe  nett  produce  are  lo  go  lo  the  Crown;  and 


Ihr  ti^hl-hounes,  kc,  lecome,  at  Ihe  exiiiratinn  of  Ihe  lease,  Ihe  pro- 
iieily  of  Ihe  Crown,  ,m  in  (he  case  nf  IliC  llunKenPhs  and  Wiiilertoa 
iiich  s      The  duties  are  to  be  rotuced  lo  a  half  in  1^.17 

There  areseveial  other  lights, uf  the  revenue  of  which  we  have 
seen  no  lule  account. 

The  charges  for  Ihe  umlermenlinned  lights  are  u  fcdtnw  :— 
Foreit^n  Hritiih 

Ships.  Ships. 

Harwich  •  •  -Id.    |;cr  ton.      0  IJd,  per  (on. 

llunnlanloti  •  •  '-"  «  .   ■_• 

Uiiig8hi|>s  (ofT  land's  End) 
Muiiibtea  (tiear  Swansea)    - 
Skerrie*  (St.  (tenr^r'a  Channel) 
Dunxenesi    • 
Winter!  m  and  Orford 
Smalls  (S-.  (ieor^t^'s  (  hannet) 
Uil'o  (ditio)  KoaMinn) 
S[  urn  (Shore)  mouth  of  Humber 
Tyuemouth 
Ditto  (additional)      • 


•  Id. 

_ 

0  1  irf.      . 

■  Id. 

^ 

0  l-2d^      . 

■  0  l-2,<. 

._ 

0  l-id.      ■ 

■id. 

.. 

Id. 

■  Id. 

... 

0  1  2d.      . 

■  Id. 

_ 

0  |.2d.      . 

■id. 

^ 

Id. 

■2d. 

._ 

0  l.2d.      . 

■  Id. 

— 

0  l-irf.      . 

•  i's.  per 

vefl. 

tj.  per  \n 

■  0  1.4ti.  per  ton.  2d.  per  Ion. 

The  neti  revenue  nf  the  Siiiiilta  light-hoiise  in  St.  Renree's  Channel  ninonnted,  at  an  avcrape  nfthe 
S  years  ending  with  Iti3'2,  lo  10,510/.  10«.  id.  a.  year.  The  lease  had  then  44  yeara  to  run.  In  1822,  the 
Trinity  (Corporation  having  proponed  to  purchase  the  reverRion,  the  lessees  demanded  fur  it 
148,43IU. !  The  ('iirpnrcition  has  recently  efTected  the  purchase;  hnt  owing  to  the  increase  of  cnin- 
mcrce  in  Ihe  interim,  they  have  had  to  pay  a  larger  sum,  noiwitlislandlng  the  diminished  length  ofthe 
iease.  This  Tact  alfnrds  it  striking  illustration  of  Ihe  extreme  inexpediency  of  the  practice  of  leasing 
light-houses  lo  private  parties.  Wherever  they  are  necessary,  they  ought  to  he  raised  at  the  public 
expense,  and  the  fees  kept  as  low  as  possihie.  There  cannot,  in  fncl.  be  any  greater  iinprovideiicc  or 
abuse,  than  to  make  over  to  a  private  individual  or  association  a  power  to  levy,  for  a  long  series  nf 
years,  a  certain  amount  of  toll  on  the  ships  passing  particular  lights.  The  renewals  mentioned  iiIiovr 
are,  however,  the  last  transactions  of  ihe  sort  that  are  ever  likely  to  occur;  for  by  llie  net  '>  &  7 
Will.  4.  c.  79.,  the  whole  right  and  property  in  the  Harwich,  Diingeness,  Winierton  and  Orford,  and 
Hunstanton  llplits  is  vested  in  the  Trinity  House,  subject  to  the  existing  leases;  and  fur  these  the 
Corfioralion  is  at  present  (1836)  in  treaty. 

The  Skerries  is  liy  far  the  most  valuable  nf  the  private  light-houses.  It  is  situated  on  a  small  Islet 
or  rnrk  to  Ihe  north-west  of  the  island  of  Anglesey ;  and  was  granted  to  the  ancestor  of  the  present 
proprietor,  10  be /urciier  liolden  by  him,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  by  Ihe  act  3  Geo.  2  k..?,6.  This  light 
produced,  at  an  average  of  the  7  years  ending  with  lt^34,  a  nett  revenue  of  I2,524{.  \ba.  %l.  a  year! 

Thi  Rcvtch  or  Siirthtm  Uizhts  are  under  Ihe  nt.i|jai!rnif  nl  of  a  set 
of  parlianieiilary  ccinmi'.sioner,.  'I'lie  act  of  6  fc  7  Will.  4.  c.  7t*. 
I.  40.  ennc'i,  ihi'l  from  the  Isl  of  .l.inu,irv,  1^37,  all  British  .if  j  fo 


reign  privi|.»^cl  le'-selj.  not  wholly  in  b:»IIaBi,  which  shall  p.-) is  any 
Scotch  liirlit-lioiise.  or  derive  any  l>enitit  thcrefioni,  shall  ray  I  2a. 
per  ton  for  ea- h  lime  of  passi'nir  everj' bucli  liirhMi'>u8e,  except  that 
on  the  Hell  Rock,  for  winch  lliey  are  lo  pay  Id.  |er  Ion  each 
time  of  passing.  Foreign  vestels,  not  privihged,  pay  double  Ihiie 
ralf!. 
/ri>A  L\ghttt.-~\l  appears  from  the  Part  Paper,  No.  €08.  Sest. 


1^36,  p.  12., that  the  frna  sum  collected  for  Irish  li^hl  dut  ca.  durin; 
l!<3-,  arnnunied  In  44,64li.  6f.,  of  »  hich  35.^05/.  I4i.  id.  was  col- 
lec'ed  in  Gnat  Britain      The  r.itea  of  change  are  as  follow  :— 

Foreitfn  vessels,  |.2d.  per  Ion  for  each  Iinht  passid;  except  har* 
hour  li|;hts.  vvhich  are  only  chargeable  In  vessels  entering  the  yCTii 
within  which  th«-y  are  situated. 

British  and  Irish,  1.4(f.  per  ton  (l-M.  if  in  ballail)  for  each  light, 
eirept  as  above. 

With  a  iluty  of  2f.  on  every  entry,  cockel,  or  warrant,  when  from 
foreign  ports,  but  not  otherw-ihe. 


Cumpensation  to  Private  Parties. — The  authority  acquired  by  certain  individuals  and  public  bodies, 
under  letters  patent,  acts  of  parliament,  and  otherwise,  of  levying  certain  duties  on  account  of  li£[lii<i, 
beacons,  pilotage,  harbour,  dues,  See.  entitles  Ihein,  for  Ihe  most  part,  lo  demand  higher  fees  from  fu- 
reign  than  from  Rritish  shipping.  When,  therefore,  we  entered  into  reciprocity  treaties  with  Inrei^n 
powers,  government  had  lo  coinpenstite  tlie  parties  in  question  for  the  (liiniiiiitioii  that  rnnsi'qtti'iill/ 
took  place  in  their  charges  nn  fiTeign  ships.  The  mini  stun  paid  nn  litis  account,  in  18:^2,  iinioinited 
to  ,33,182/.  Of  Ibis  sum  \,5f>til.  was  paid  lo  the  les^^ees  of  the  finialls  light-hnuse  already  nlluiied  in, 
and  2,965/.  to  the  proprietors  of  Ihe  Spttrn  and  Skerries  lights.  The  Trinity  rorpnratinn"relin([til8hi;d 
their  claim  to  compensation  some  lime  since  ;  and  the  act  0  &  7  Will.  4.  c.  79  forbids  such  cninpen. 
Ration  being  intide  to  them,  the  Commissioners  of  Northern  Lights,  and  Ihe  ctinimissioners  for  iiiniiitg. 
ing  the  Irish  lights. — (For  some  account  of  the  Trinity  Corporation,  the  reader  is  referred  m  lhnl 
article ;  and  for  accounts  of  the  charges  on  account  of  Beaconage,  Oallastage,  Pilotage,  Sec.  sec  thesie 
titles.) 

('I'he  following  important  regulations,  in  respect  of  light-houses,  are  embodied  in  the  act 

of  last  se.ssion,  6  <fc  7  Will.  4.  c.  79. 

.^11  English  lAshts  to  be  svhjected  to  Ihe  Control  of  the  Trinity  House.— VtiwSswn  is  made  by  this  net 
for  pbicing  all  liulii-hnitscs,  flnaling  lights,  harliniir  lights,  buoys,  beacons,  &c.,  on  and  miinil  the 
coasts  of  F^nglattd  and  Wales,  under  the  control  and  manageiiient'of  the  Trinity  House  ;  and  also  t'ur 
pl.icing  all  lit'lit-hntises,  &:c.  on  Ihe  coasts  of  Scotland  and  of  Ireland  respectively  under  the  ciinlrnl 
and  inaiiageiiieiit  of  the  Commissioners  nf  Northern  Lights  and  of  Ihe  Cnmmissioners  for  Iinprnving 
the  Port  of  Dublin. — (^  I.)  In  furtherance  nf  this  object,  and  to  attain  th.it  unifnrinity  of  iiiaiiaKe- 
ment  that  is  so  desirable,  the  property  of  alllight-tiouses  (Dungeness,  Harwicii,  Wintertonness,  Hun- 


Ftantnn 

IlntlHC,  s 

Hiiiise,  |( 

aitil  the  |, 

Pniiil,  an 

nhlf  to  aji 

del  ihIiiii  ) 

nn  iii'w  li 

tlie  'riiiiii 

pnufr  at  I 

Dulles  V 

llniisli  >|ji 

p;i«.-ill(;  ,.„ 

pass  in;;  w  I 
h.xlra  I), 
«n  llie  Trill 
Ihe  I'nrt  nf 
111  I  Iff  III,,  n 
in  any  port 
aicntllil  ()(' 
frniii  Hjfliiii 

The  foil,,, 
the  Olliciul  { 


Name  of  Lighi 


Scilly.*  . 

LongsJiips,# 

I  LiMr<l.» 

,  Kdlyiinne.» 
I  Cajquel3.» 

(  Portland.* 


I  Kunl. 

Needlra.* 

I  Oivers,  (lolling. 

I  Deadly  Head.* 

Diinnenesi.* 
U'.ver. 
I  South  forelmd.* 

j  South  Sand  Head, 

floating. 
I  Gull,  floating. 

I  Good  .1  in,  floating,  t 

I  R.iniigile. 

f<orlli  Forebnd.i 
•'  Nore,  floating.        JK 

\  lUrtvich. 

I 

j  Galloper,  floating.  \v 
,  Sunk,  floating.  \  g ,, 
I  Orfoni,*  ^^^-^ 

\  to"estone.»         Ilo, 

!  Winierton.*  [wi 

lla,sborou,h,floa|.|.\i„ 

I  Ha;.uorou5h.»       Ij;^,^ 
Cromer,  t  |f„„ 

Chapel.*  i„ 

'O.nn  Well,  float.  JcVff" 

''ii'Vcon,  flnaiin,  Ilhfj, 
I  ''I'i'ni,  floating.  *  'o/f  s 

I    "' 

Spun 


Spurn.* 


flaniLomugh.*      [Khn, 


j  SuaJci^Qj, 


Vince 
hVesi 

JNorlh 


LIGIIT-IIOUSE. 


143 


Li  cs,  ilurin? 
U(i.  w>l  col- 
[\v  :— 

]ig  llie  lOtU 

f  each  lisM, 

when  trom 

Ic  bodies, 
lof  Usliti", 
Ifrnni  f"- 
||i  foreign 
rqiii'iilly 

lluil<^il  tn, 
ln(;iiisht;d 

■r  iimiiiig- 
111  111  thai 
SCO  thes* 

the  act 


r  this  net 
Jmiiil  ihe 
I)  iilsol'iir 
le  cdiilrol 
Viproviiig 
Iiimimse- 
Vss,  Hun. 


Plnntnn  and  Orrnrdnrsn,  nn(r,  p.  112.),  IipIiI  iiiiili!r  l«n«n  from  llie  rrown.  Is  vostcd  In  llip  Trinity 
IIiiiiHe,  miliji'cl  to  till'  cxititiMi,'  Iciisi's,  rriivljiiiiii  iH  iil^o)  nmili-  In  llii-  ad  tnr  ctiiihliiiu  tliH  Trinity 
Iliinsc,  til  inirrliilHi!  ii|)  tlii'  rrvcrsion  orHii;  li'iisrs  ((ninti'il  liy  tiMMii  ol'  llio  l.onKNliipnaiiil  Siiiiillii  lixlittf, 
anil  till'  |irii|iiirlv  iinil  nileri'm  of  lli<^  owiifrn  or  piirlic!*  Iliivhiu  lliii  rnuiiiiK<''iHiiit  ol'tlii!  Sktirrii'H,  W|»iirn 
Point,  mill  till'  Tyin'inonlli  liulit-honsiis.  Hliinilil  lli<!  Trinity  llnnHti,  ami  tin;  |HirlicH  intirrdti'il,  not  lis 
atili'  to  niiriM*  as  to  llii*  Hiiin  to  Im>  paid  (In:  latti^r,  ihi>  matter.  In  all  micli  cni««.H,  Ih  to  In-  rcfi'rred  to  the 
(liM  iHiiin  of  a  Jury,  the  ini'tiniil  of  wIioni'  proni-dinii  Ih  pointKit  out  in  tliu  iiit.  It  Ik  iiIho  «Miii('tcil  that 
110  iii'W  lii:lit-lioiiHi>  bliall  In  t'uturu  Im  <^ri'rti!il  on  llie  .><('iitcli  or  Iriuli  coantH,  without  this  approval  of 
thcTiinitv  llimsr  liavini;  licen  pri'viiinsly  ohtalinMl ;  niiil  that  thi;  olhrrrsi  ol' th«  lattir  Nhall  have 
piiwrr  at  all  liinos  to  r-ntcr  upon  and  I'xaiiiin)^  hoi'Ii  Sinlch  and  Irish  lii!ht)i.--(^;  %  'A,  4,  &c.) 

Dulles  III  ner.iiii  III  iif  Seidell  I.ij;IiIs.—\{  Ih  unacted  that  from  and  uflfr  tln'  Int  of  January,  1837,  all 
JlnilMli  i-hips,  iinil  all  fureiKii  pri\  iliinud  Hliipn,  imt  wholly  in  liallant,  hIkiII  pay  \il.  \w.t  Ion  cath  tiinii  of 
piiM'^ini!  lai'li  li'.'tit  on  ilii^  (iianlH  of  Scotland,  with  tlic  uxvt'plion  uf  lliu  iii^ll  Hock  light,  the  chart((>  on 
passin  !  wliiili  Ih  \il.  pi'r  tun. —  (}  10.) 

h.tiia  Diilir.^  nn  h'i.riiirii  SIii/li  privileged. — Tht'gK  are  no  longer  tn  he  paid  out  of  the  ciiHtoniH'  duties 
to  the  Triiiilv  Moiisn',  the  (^oniihisHiuners  uf  Northern  Li|{litH,  or  tliti  Comniiiisloners  for  ImpiuvinB 
Ihf  I'ort  iif  liiililin.— (<)  a  31.  11.) 

Il,lijriihind  I.ijthl.—  Vx the  31hI  of  neeninhnr,  IH.W,  foreign  Hhips  riearinii  nut  from  any  KriliHli  port 

to  any  port  or  plii'e  williin  or  miar  the  rivern  Klhu  and  Weser,  are  to  lie  charKiMl  id.  per  ton,  on 
inx'iiaiit  of  the  lii'ligiilanil  li^ht  ;  ami,  from  the  Namu  date,  foreign  Hliipu,  nrriving  at  a  llritinh  port 
from  witliin  the  ahove  nientioncd  limits,  are  to  he  charged  the  like  sum  of  It/,  per  ton  fur  the  said 
licli:. -(?:«>.) 

'i'lii'  I'olliiwin^'  partienlnrH,  ns  tn  the  prineipal  RritUh  und  Irish  light-hougog,  have  been  taken  from 
the  Olliciul  Statement  issui-d  by  the  Admiralty. 

I.    ENGLISH   I.IGIIT-tlOl'SKS. 


Name  of  Light. 


Scilly.*  . 

Lnnglliipt.* 

I,i7.,inl.» 

YA  lyslnnf.* 
C.uiiueta.* 

rorlland.* 


Ilursl. 

NetdlM.* 

Beachy  I  lead.* 

PiimeneM.* 
DnviT 
'  Soulh  Forchnd.* 

j  Snulh  Sand  IltaJ, 
I      HoalllK- 
Gull,  lloalins. 

Goodnin,  floatinj;. 

Il.im<i!ile. 
Niirth  Kiircland.* 
:  Nure,  nuatio^. 

Harwich. 
I 
I 
i  Galloper,  floating. 

Sunh,  floalilig. 

i  OrforJ.» 

LowcstoiTe.* 

t  Winferlnn.* 
Ilaisborou^h,  float- 
itu. 
1  Haliuoruugh.* 

CroDier.* 


Place  whereon 
I'lglit  liuuse  itauds. 


l"?    Description 
■  S;      uf  Light. 

ill 
IK 


Timenf  "^rS'S 
Rivnlu-,  -jiS 

hull  or     C, 

riaih.     B 


Highest    narl    of    St. 
Annas' Ibhnd.  | 

lyiiig«hip.il{ock,  Land'i   t 

Klid. 
Lizard  I'oint. 


Eddy«lnne  Rnck. 
Cabinet  Itockn. 

Hill  of  rnrlltnd. 


tluril  Beach. 


NerdiM  Point,  Isle  of,  I 

W'i<l,l. 
EaM  end  nf  the  Onerj    1 

slinajs, coast  of  .SuhStii. 
Billctout  (Jlilf.  1 


•«5   "I 

a-.s 


Colour  nf 
LiRhi-hnu^c. 

nr  its  Ap* 

peannce  by 

Uay. 


DunKOness  Point, 
South  Fier. 
Suutti  Fortland. 


South  end  of  the  Good 

win  Sands. 
WBStirii  editB    of  Ihei  2 

Goodwin  Sands. 
North  Sand  Head.  3 


South  Pier  !te.ld. 
Ninth  Portland. 
East  end  uf  the  Nore 

Sands. 
Harw  ich. 


West  end  of  the  Gal 

Inper  Shoal. 
East  end  of  the  sunk   I 

sand  otf  Harwich, 
Orfctrdiieu.  2 


Lowesloffe, 

Winterton  Point. 
North  end  of  Haisbo 

rou.ich  Sind. 
Near  liaistxirough. 

Foulness,  near  Cromer. 


Chapel.*  Hunstanton  Point.  I 

I.yiin  Well,  float- OITthelio  .ki;f  the  r.ong  2 

iiig.  I     Sand,  Lynn  Deejis.     | 

DiiilfCCon,  floating.  |  Dudgeon  Shoil.  I  1 

Spurn,  floating.       Off  Spurn  Point,  River  1 

H  umber. 
Spurn.*  Sjium  Point.  2 


Flambnrough.* 

Scarborough, 
Wliilby. 

Sunderland. 


Flamhorough  Head. 

Vincent's  Pier  Head, 
West  Pier  Hiad. 

North  and  South  Pien.  2 


Revolving. 

Fined. 

Filed. 

Filed. 
Revolving. 

High  light 

revolving, 

low  light 

fikci. 

Fixed. 

Filed. 

Filed. 

Revolving. 

Filed. 
Filril. 
File.1. 

Filed. 

Fixed. 

Fixed. 


Fixed. 
Fixed. 
Fixed. 

Filed. 


Fixed. 
Fixed. 
Fixed. 
Fixed. 

Fixed. 

Fixed. 

Fixed. 

Revolving. 

Fixeil. 
Fixed. 

FixnI. 
Fixed. 

Fixed. 

Revolving. 

Fixed. 
Fixed. 

Fixed. 


Every 
minute. 


EverjIS 

,  stconds. 

Every  2 
minutes. 


Every  2 
niinutcs. 


Every  2 
minutes. 


Every  2 
minutes. 


17 
M 

20 

1.1 
\i 


19 
13 


12 
9 

28 


28 

20 
12 
20 

10 

7 


6 

2i 
10 


10 
9 
22 
16 

to 

20 
9 

17 
\h 
21 

U 

10 

to 

9 

13 
12 


It 
13 


N.  20 
S,0 


Height  of 

Water,  in  i  '"  '"'' 
Feet. 


PoSilioD. 


White. 

Stone. 

White. 

Stone. 
Stone. 

White. 

Reil. 

White. 

Carries  a  flag. 

White. 

Drixht  red. 
While. 
While. 

Carrin  a  flag. 

Carries  a  flag. 

Has  3  masts, 
and  carries 

a  Hag. 

While. 

White. 
Carries  a  flag. 

Highest  grey 
brick,  lowest 

white. 
Carries  a  flag 

Carries  a  flag. 

Stone. 

Stone. 

Stone. 
Carries  a  flag 

Red. 

Stone. 

White. 
Carries  a  flag. 

Carries  a  flag. 
Carries  a  llag. 

Highest  dark 

brick,  lowest 

dark  red. 

White. 

While. 

Yellowish 

none 

Vrlloff. 


138 

E.  221 

W.  221 

11 

80 


ins 

131 


HigliesI  6G, 

lowest  2i). 

409 

26 

2S3 

92 

W 
380 
2-5 

33 


Mainmast 

a3,  the 
others  23. 

340 
33 

fs 

27 

32 

30 


119 

33 

37' 

137 
100 
274 

8.-> 
32 

.33 
30 

ICO 
60 


63 

36 

Both  4S. 

72 
One  13, 
the 
othen  38. 
2'i 
70 


60 
23 
26 


Utiiude.  '*"«"'«"• 


o    t  11    V   I  n 
40  53  37   6I9  23W, 


41 
83 


73 


20 

R« 
12 
41 
32 


60 


25 


83 
63 
35 

62 


77 
63 
38 

30 


90 
44 


72 


33 

CO 


64 
23 


30   4 
49  57  18 


SO  in  34 
49  42  17 


.30  3122 

50  42  23 

50  39  33 

30  41 
6041 

,30  53 

51  7 

31  8 
61  10 
61  10 

51  17 

51  19 


6120 
51  2i 
51  29 

516639 


3143 

5147 

52   4  60 

62  29  to 

52  43 
52  57 

62  49 

52  33  20 

.'.2  57    8 

63  1 

.33  16 

53  34 

63  34  44 

54  7 

34  17 

64  30 

I  54  65 


6  44 

6  10  39 


4  15   3 

2  23  34 


2  26  49 

132  60 

133  56 
0  39 

0  13      E 

0  57  48 

1  18 
I  22 

127 

130 

136 


129 
127 

0  48 

1  17  8 


154 

129 

134  15 

145  14 

141 
138 

131 

I  19  30 

0  29  41 
025 

0.37 
0  13 

0  7 

0  6      W. 

023 
0  37 


122 


i 

I 


I 


144 


LIGHT-HOUSE. 


Enffllili  I.tKhl-IIoiiaci— eoiitiiiiKit. 


Nunt  o(  Light. 


Ptacfl  whfrron 
L  jfht'buuw  tUnili. 


TyD«. 


rn)iit  i)f   r)ork  Wny    J 
Sflinru  ;  lnwi*lt  litar 
('Iiminl'i  Fori 


Tynamoulh     Cat*  Tynrriinuth     Caillo 

ll«.»  V»r.l. 

Ouicr  F«rDt  l.oiii(itoQe  Rock 


Inner  Ftrn. 


Btrivlck. 

SI.  Ben.* 
W«lucy.» 

Fnrnihv.* 
niack  Atiok. 

Lniowe. 


nidnlnn.* 
Upper  Ifiylakft. 
L'nver  MnylAkft. 
Liverpool|fljatiiij( 

Air.* 


Lynu.* 

Skerfles.* 
South  Slack.* 


B«n)iey.* 

8m«lli  • 
Milfonl.* 

Cildy.* 


Miimhiea.* 
Swansea  Pier. 

NMh.» 
Uik.* 

Flatholm.* 

Lundy.* 


S.  W.  point  of  Oreal  2 
Fern  liUnJ. 


Eut  en  J  of  the  Pier. 

SI.  Ren  llrail. 

Siiiil!i  I'nini  of  Walney 

Miri'l. 
Ffirtiity  Point. 
RiKk  l^'i'itil,  entrance  nf 

ttie  Menpy. 
On  IhB  ihnro,  betwprn 

tlin      .Mertey       and 

n«l-l<>n  Hill. 

MiiylAke. 

IfityUke. 

At  'he  entrance  of  the 

llnrse  I'ltanoel. 
Pojnt  o(  Air. 


Point   I.ynaif    lile   of 

Anfcti-Hri. 
Int.tnil  of  Skerries. 
i<'Utli  Sl.ick  Hiiok,  otr 

the  noplh-went  point 

of       llolyliead      Js 

l.ind 
RinUey  Islind. 
SinnlN  Fi'tck. 
SI.  Ann'i  PoHit. 

Cildy     Iiland,     nulh 

JHilut. 

Mnnit)Ipii  ITcid. 
Western  Pier  Head. 


N.uh  Point. 

Wwt  side  nf  the  en- 

Innre  to  Die  IJsk. 
FU'holin  Islandi  south 

point. 
Lundy  Island.  2 


Detcrip'inn 
o'  Lifht. 


Filed. 


RevoWini.      Beery 

niilMlle. 
Hevoliinf.   Kvrry  S 
I  minute. 
HithnI      Kviiy  | 
rrviilvinf,  J  UMhUtr. 
lowest 
lllivl. 
Filed. 

Fiirl.      I  - 
Revolving.  ]  Kvery  1 
niinuies, 

Revolving.      Kvery 
liiiuutu. 
Filed. 


Filed. 
Fined. 
Filr.l. 
Filed. 

Filed. 


Filed. 

Filed. 
Revolving. 


Ftashini. 
Filnl. 
Filed. 

Filed. 


Fixed, 
tiled. 


Fixed. 

Filed. 

Upper 

revolving, 

lower 

fixed. 


Kvery  2 
iiilnufea. 


Every  45 
Kconds. 


94 

13 


rnlonrnf    '  »1''«!>'"' 

'•'""  ";"«•     a'l'.lll?, 

"*'■  Fe«l. 


White. 

Slonv. 
Stone. 
Slone. 

Stone. 

While. 
Slune. 

White.' 
While. 


.Stone. 

Mriik. 

Rrick. 

Carrieiallag, 

SIripeil 

red  and 

white,  hori. 

lonially. 

Ilriik. 

While. 
Stouv. 


Stone. 

Red. 

White, 

red  top. 

Orey 

ilone,  red 

lop. 

While. 

While, 

black  top. 


Stone. 

While, 
red  top. 
Slone. 


77 


148 


Revolving 

HI,  the 
other  40. 

44 

34 
3,13 

70 


(9 

lis 

300 
MJ 
.14 
36 

49 
II 

80 

IIT 

2IJI 


141 

70 
i<Ji 

210 


14 

28 


39 
156 


SI2 
470 


lleighl I f 

Hiiil  iHIg 

n  Feet. 


4» 

76 


71 


3H 
16 


33 

to 


7» 
118 


M 
39 
19 


49 


19 


i;4 

68 


79 
fi8 
44 
17 
40 


!20 


32 
77 


79 
6 


roMtbn. 


Ua,"ud..  '■"■>li""l«. 


M    0 

".' 

S13!» 

65  37 

3'i46 

'>I3I 
VI    4 


126     W. 

ir> 

I  ;i8 

140 


■.1  w 

:ii2 


3  3  r.  I 


!.3l.ii<  3   2  36 


3   7  27 


51  21 


53  ii 
53  21  26 


53  2'i 


11  J5 
33  18 


52  45 
M41 
51  41 


3    4 
311 


3  17 
3  19  14 


4  17  10 


4  35 
4  41 


4  47 

5  4U 

5  lU  '25 


6137  56    4  40  57 


51  34    3    3  59  10 
3137      I  3  56 


5124 
51  S2 


;  3  33 
I  3   0 


01  22  33    3    7   3 
51  10   7    4  40  15 


Those  marked  *  are  what  are  called  fint'Claae  lighla. 


II.   SCOTCH    LIGHT-HOUSES. 


Inchkeith.* 

Isle  of  May.* 

Bell  Rock.* 

Dundee  Ferry. 

Butlonness.* 

Arbroath. 
Munlrose. 

Aberdeen. 

Girdleness.* 
Ruchannes.s.* 

Kinnaird.* 
Tarbel. 

Dnnnet.* 
Peiiilanil     Sker- 
ries.* 
SUrl.» 

Sumburgh.* 

Cape  Wrath.* 

Glass.* 

Bara  Head.* 
Llsmore.* 


Highest  part  of   Inch 

keith  Ishnd. 
Ilisliest  part  of  Isle  of 

May. 
Bell  Rock. 

On  the  ferry  pierv. 

Butlonness. 

Northern  Pier. 
North  sido  of  the  en* 

trance. 
Head    of    Ihe    North 

Pier. 
Girrtleness. 
Buchannesa. 

Kinnaird  Head, 
Tarbetness, 

Dnnnet  Head. 
Largest  of  Ihe  islands. 

Slart  Point,  Sandy  Is- 
land. Orkney. 

^'iniburgh  Head,  Shet- 
land. 

Caue  Wrath. 


North  •  east    point    of  ,  I 
Islanu  Glass,  Harris 
Isles. 

Rernera  Island. 

Leivis  Islands.  ! 

Mousdale   Island,  Ar-j  I 


Revolving. 

Fixed, 
Revolving. 

Fixed. 

Fixed. 

Fixed. 
Fixed. 

Fixed. 

Flaihing. 

Fixed. 
Inter- 
mittent. 
Fixed. 
Fixed. 

Revolving. 

Fixed. 
Revolving. 

Fixed. 


Fixed. 


Every 
minute. 

20 
21 

Every  2 
minutes. 

14 

H 

•         - 

9 
12 
3 
8 

•         • 

4 

Events 
seconds. 

Every  3 
minutee. 

19 

in 

18 

24 
12 

Every 
minute. 

IS 
24 

Every  2 
niiuulea. 

24 
IS 

1-        ■ 

15 

Stone. 

Stone. 

White. 

White. 

While. 

While. 
While. 

Red. 

Stone. 

Slone. 
Slone. 

Slone. 
Stone. 

Slone. 

Stone. 

While. 

Stone. 


220 

2i0 

90 

10 
16 
«5 
65 
15 
33 
45 
20 


130 

120 
175 

340 

ino 

100 
300 
400 
130 


103 


lU 

so 

35 
50 
(0 


45 

66   2 

3   8 

67 

3611 

2  33 

100 

56  26 

2  23 

• 

56  28 

2  53 

70 
60 

66  28 

S6  .13 
.'>6  42 

2  45 

21-1 
2  27 

• 

,57   9 

2   4 

100  ' 

57    8 
67  28 

2  3 
146 

57 
120 

.57  42 
57  51 

2  1 

3  48 

45 

30 

58  40 
58.I13S 

322 
2  53 

w. 


59  18 
59  51 

58  37 
57  52 

56  4S 
56  30 


224 

1  16 

5   0 

633 

7  33 

333 

I 


Nam*  of  LIgl 


H'oniisiif  Hay, 

KiKlyrt.* 

Plaild.1.* 


Ciinit'ne.* 
'I'ow.itd.* 

'  ("louxh.* 
I'lirsewall.* 

"ii'l     of    (i,||„. 

«  ,"■•)• 
^I'l'riiess.e 


I'll*  Clear.* 

I  KiiMile.* 

Colli  llirhniir  • 
I  lluk  lower.* 

[  Duncannon, 

'  Dunniore  Harbour.  I 

I  Cnnin»liex,  or  Sal  (l 
'     <•■<■:    HiuUiu 
,      lull'*         " 
Tuskir*  1 1 

Artil'iw  (Iiiaiing    U 

lirli'.*  ' 

tVitji|(i,v,» 

Kin<.t:i»n    liar. 
iNiur. 
\  .NNrlh  Wall, 


Foolbc^.* 

K'<li,    fln.llini 
I      lijiil  • 
llo.nh  H.lilly.» 


oil 

I 
illo 

f 

llmvil,  llarlmnr.     It;,,' 
I  ll"l"-i,.en    ll,ir.      p|. 

r.rl.lif„l.»  \„Z 

I  Li'lii^firll.iujb.fOre, 
I  Soil  h  It.ck.»  jsoul 


I ''^i"' of  Ayr.*-    |Poi„r„ 
iC'''-f.Ma,i..        ls\^"„ 

L"^".-'^.  i.ar.,.„r  N,',;;;,'p 

Vol.  II._]v. 


LUJUT-IIOIJSE. 


145 


■2  I 

13  18 


Nairn  ol  U|h«. 


Kitl)ra,* 
rijdJ.i.» 


'luWiiiiJ.* 

Clnurh.* 
CurMWall.* 

Mull    nr    (iallo. 


rUfc  tthnrwrn 


Reolch  Llghl>llniiiM-««iil<iiN(rf. 

I.  ! 


m\ 


Tim«n(^^  51 


(f'lniir  nf 


i..„, A:^"u:i'!i '^•^J7;;••'«t:: 


r,..h.   j2^,P'7-^> 


Ovpr^ay    lilahtl,    nrar    I      I'laihinc.     P.vrr]- 13 

ll<y.  I  MCuiiil*. 

S.     W.     ll»JlariJ    n(    |  '       r>lnl. 

Kiii'yt^. 
I'll  1 1,1    MiihI.    oir   .s.    i        I'KtJ. 

\V     ixiiiil   n(  Arr^ii 

M111V 
l.iiilr  I  uinljne  UUiicJ.   I        Fiiol. 
lokv.iril  rmiil.  I  I     Kevt  Ivini. 


Ev»ry 
iiiinuiL'. 


I  ImiiiIi  IViiiil.  I  I  Cinnl. 

( ()iii>tvjll  I'oiiit.           '  I  ,  Rr\olvin(.  Kvrryi 

{  Ihil.Ulf". 

Viiiih  |>fllnln(  VViflon-  I  Iii'fr-  Hifi)  3 

tliiri',                             ]     I  niilti*nt<  liiiiiulli. 

\\\,  r>,iy\  Titint.              '.  I  \  ivnl 


II 
2] 


n 
II 


8lanr. 
Sliiiic. 
bliiiif. 


Wliilt. 
Wli  It. 


While. 

^)||)lt«. 


Slonf. 
Whilf. 


ll'UMnr 

l.ttllVIII       'll.l^L.       t 

..U.vrM,    "''«V'' 

VV.ll«r,  111     ""■■ 
Iwt. 


IM 

297 


131 

77 


10(1 


78 
Hi 


323 


Fmi'Ioh, 


u.!?;.!*  '"-«'""'• 


HI) 
2H 


N 

27 


21* 
44 


7« 


70 


w       I     11 

•)j-ll 

Hi  It 
U2» 


U  i 


MM 
M   I 


64  38 
'.4  -il 


>  I  I) 

U29 


i   9 


4M 

4j7 


4M 
S  ID 


4  62 

:)37 


iitiMi  i.ioiii'.iKii'.ses. 


Ci|»Cliiar,*  ('»|M  CItitr  UUiid.  l| 


Kiioiii-.* 

Cnill  Miilmur  • 

ll.ioll  luBcr.* 


Duncnnnnii. 
Dunninre  lUrbour. 


Cmiin«lir<,  "r  Sil 
tft'%    llikitiiitf 
li<ii'» 

Tuikir.* 

Arkl'iw  ninling 

li!ll'.» 

Wicklciw.* 
Kinie«tii»'n    liar* 

Ixtur. 
N,.rlli  Willi. 


K'<li.   fliilinn 

li.'M  • 
llii.vlli  Kilily.* 


Iliw'h  Harlioiir. 
llilliri<{eil    liar- 

Irnir 
(irliii  fi-i!.» 
Cirliii.;rirl  l.'m;{ti. 

Sou  11  Bick.* 


Cipetiii:!.* 

NUI  leiia.* 

Inni»tnhul.* 

l/>ii;h  *»irillv  • 
Ti.rv  l.l.iirl.* 

Amiimoru. 

Killvlv.'<. 
Ki.'ii  i<hii(l«.» 
li'iiiit'iit  • 

Clire  hliiiJ.* 

I 

Slinpl|.-n.l.» 
Mul  nil  Is  mil. 

I 

,  Arnii  Is'nml. 

,  Kllkilrnn. 

I  I/K'iphra  I.  q  « 


nil  II1-.1.I  nr  Kiiiule.       I 
II  ii'llr'a  I'  <iiil.  >  t 

lliKik   lli»l.   K.  liilnnr    I 

f  11  niicu    to    Wa  er> 

f.rl.  I 

llutn'iiinnn     Vurl,   rii-   2 

(riiirr  to  \V.itf, fiirj, 

K. skIh 
I'hr  lli^il,  \V.  fill'  nf;  I 

riitrtiiL'u    to    VViler 

(nr.|. 
iin'  (Jiiiiiii||lH>2  Reck. 


ruikir  Rnck. 

.Siiuth  rnd  or  Arklow 

llai.k. 
\Viiklow  Heail. 

Kist  Tier. 


Rflvblviii^,  (^vcri  2  < 
niiuuina. 
i  Finnl. 
I  KisrI. 
I      FiktxI. 


rinFii. 

FilEd. 

riieJ. 


Revolviii(, ,  Evny  2 
iiilimira. 


Kiiil  of  North  OuLlin 

KikI  nf  S    nail,  .11  ihr'  2 
i-li'iaiii'e    til    Dulil.ii' 
ll.iiUiiir.  I 

(JII'lnrliioiiilorKiili   3 
Ml.  k 

llinvili     n.iilly     I'nini.l  1 
N.    aide    or    iJuliIliii 
R.iy 

Kii  I  i)f  Kul  I'jpr. 

I'i>r,  larlKiirJ  hind  In 
i-iidTinf. 

fhullKi\vlin<  Kick. 

(treenurv;  I'oiiit 

^^ulh  Itock. 


Smill     ConeLinil     I> 

IiikI. 
MaiJeii    n-ir.it,  north 

.-iMit  snii'll. 
luhlslr.'ilitil  llland. 


north 


,  Skelliri.» 


Fannct  P<iiiit. 
lory     Ibljnil. 

Itnint. 
Nnrtti  |i  .jnt  of  Arraii 

hnnl. 
S'.  J.ihn'i  Point. 
K'Klii  IhUn.l. 
Inniijnrt.      (Clew 

Riy  ) 
N'uth  p'lillt  nf  Cliro 

l-hnd.      (Clew 

Iliv  ) 
srn.e'l|..id  M>n'l. 
.M..lt  n    Miii'l.    Uiil- 

wiy  Mull  -iir. 
Suniiiili  nf  South  Arraii 

lOaiid. 
Kil'<iIi'aiiiFninl,  River 

.Sllltlll  Ml. 

I.vinhri  I.  North  lide 
of  the  River  Slaii* 
nnii. 

KkelliK  Ricka. 


Rvery 
niiiiii'.e. 


Fixed. 

R.  volving. 

FucJ. 

Fixed. 

Fixed. 
Ffteil. 


Fixed. 
Fixtd.      i   • 

Fixeil.      I   • 

Rincihins.    Kvervd'i 

apcniiila. 

R.:volvin>;.      Kvi  ry 

iiiiiiiiif 

and  half. 

Fixed. 

Fixed. 

Revolving.  ',  Every  2 

luiiiuiea. 

Fixe  I. 

Fixed. 

Fixed. 

Fixed. 
Fixed. 
Fixed. 


Fixed. 

Revolvin;. 

Fixed.' 

Fixed. 

Fixed. 


Every  3 
ininulea. 


28 

While. 

4.U 

42 

6128  3  9  29  20 

23 

II 

17 

tVhile, 

Wlii'e. 
While. 

2n\ 

9i 
139 

42 

21 

no 

51  re  t6 

(.1  4N 
62  7  2i 

8  32  16 
d  M 
6  65  68 

e 

While. 

40 

2j 

£2  13 

656 

8 

Whiti. 

44 

36 

52  10 

85S 

9 

Carrieaallaj. 

2> 

Bl 

52   3 

6  37 

IS 

White. 

101 

• 

52  12  9 

9  12  37 

8 

Carries.!  flag. 

25 

• 

62  44 

5  48 

21 

M 
9 

White. 
Rrown. 

2W 
121 
31 

S8 
29 
19 

62  68 
!V3I8 

5  57 

6  9 

9 

Granile. 

33 

23 

83  21 

6  15 

13 

Sliine. 

6§ 

63 

C3  20  32 

6  1013 

•     • 

Carrleaaflaj. 

25 

63  19 

5  58 

17 

While. 

114 

42 

53  22 

6   4 

II 
11 

Whi'e. 
While. 

43 
3J 

37 
35 

r3J3 

03  37 

6   6 

6  12 

1) 

8 

White. 
While. 

101 

29 

III 
26 

54    1 

54    153 

6  6 
6   761 

12 

White. 

£2 

60 

54  24 

628 

n 

While. 

131 

i2 

54  42 

5  32 

14 
10 
18 

White. 
While. 

f>4 
<>4 
l(>7 

CO 
60 
26 

54:0 
65  26 

5  45 

7U 

14 

16 

While. 
«<tiine. 

TO 
122 

28 
63 

55  76  2-1 
55  16  26 

7  31M 

8  15 

23 

White. 

209 

14 

While. 

104 

41 

54  33 

8  28 

10 

While 

36 

26 

53  51 

9  40 

23 

While. 

487 

26 

53  50 

958 

'10' 

While." 

33' 

73 
26 

53  16 

9   2 

29 

White. 

498 

37 

53    7 

9  40 

16 

While. 

l!3 

26 

62  3-. 

9  40 

!2 

Whilu-. 

269 

49 

52  37 

953 

2; 

White. 

.1-2 
IT3 

26 
26 

51  52 

10  59 

ISI.E  OF  MAN  LIGHT  lldlSES, 


15 


Pnin'ofAvr*       |Poiiil    Ayr,   hie   of    I  I  I  Rtvolvinr,  ]  Eve  ^  2  I 

I     ^l■ln.                                ]  iiii|iiiii«.! 

Cafnf  Mm.*       Is    vv.  ai  le  I'f  Calf  la-:  2.  R=vnlvinx,    Kvi-y2      21 

ImiI                                 I  I  niiuuioi. 

Ilnutba  llarimir     Niirl..  Pxi  Ile.nl.         il!  Fixed.     I  •                  9 


.I'one. 

S'one, 

Riiir 


106 

ro 

.10  i 
3i 


80 

■14  28 

50 
35 

27 

54    3 

Vol.  II.— N. 


19 


4.3 
449 

Sup.) 


% 


146 


LIGHT-HOUSE. 


[The  expense  for  mnintainint;  li^^ht-houses  in  the  United  States  amounted,  in  1835,  to 
$235,000  70;  iii  1830,  to  i^!i83,75y  35;  in  1837,  to  $271,355  36;  and,  in  1838,  to 
^301,531   08. 

Wc  take  the  following  schedule  of  the  light-houses  and  hencons  in  tlic  United  States, 
Tvith  tlic  nuinbt*r  of  lamps  in  each,  on  the  first  day  of  January,  1838,  front  a  report  trans- 
initted  to  Congress  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

Sclieduli!  or  the  light-huusi^s  and  hi-arnns  in  the  United  Htntca,  with  the  number  of  lamps  lighted  in 

each  nil  the  firsi  day  o(  January,  ISSb 


Li^ht-housM. 


No.  ol 
laiiii  s. 


Maine. 
Portland         ... 
Sfguiii    -        .        -        . 
Wliilchpad      -        -        . 
I''r.iiikliM  island 
W.  oil  island   ... 
Wi'st  (liioiMy  head 
Pel  it  .Mi.'iian    -        -        . 
Pond  ishiid     - 
Dnrnl  i.-iand    ... 
I.ihhy  isliMid    -  -         - 

Miiiilii'L'an  island   - 
Oivl's  lie:id     -        -        - 
Monse-iieaki!  island 
Maiiiriciis  rock  (2  lights) 
Pi'iiinqiiid  point 
I)ici:'s  head     -        .        - 
Taiie  Rlizaheth  (flights) 
Hiker's  island 
IJeiidiii  k'it  head 
Moiint-desiTt  rock  - 
Hrnwn's  hoad 
MarsliaH's  point      - 
(joat  island      ... 
Nejiro  island  ... 
Fort  point       ... 

JVew  Ifanipshire. 
Por.snionlli     ... 
White  island  .        -        - 
Whiilr's  liaik 
liooii  island    -        -        . 

Alassachiisetls. 
Iloslon     -        -        .        . 
Nintnckot       ... 
Naiiliiiket  beacon  - 
Nantnikcl-liMrliinir  lislit 
Thau  hcr's  island  (Slights) 
Hakcr's  islanil  (Slights)-     i 
I'liini  islajid  (.'2  lights)      . 
Ciipe  Cod  -         .         .     I 

Cape  Pogo       -         -         - 
PlyinoiUli  ('2  lights)  -     | 

VVigwaiii  point        -        -     ! 
Clriihani  (,•■!  lights) - 
Sciliiate  ... 

Ilaee  point       ... 
Point  CaiMiiion 
Holmes's  hole 
'I'arpaiiliii  covc! 
Iliid  i.-laml      - 
Long- island  head    - 
Ten-ponnil  island   - 
liilliiigscaie  island  - 
Moiianioy  point 
Sandy  neck     ... 
l,ong  point       ... 
Kdgailoun 
N(iliS(ine  point 
Dnniplin!;  roik 
Gloiici'sler  point     - 
(Jay  Heiid        ... 
(Mark's  point  - 
(Jiiiterlinnk      ... 
Stralis'-inonlh  island 
!Marl>lehead     - 
Ned's  point 

lihuile  hland. 
Newport  ... 

Wateh  hill       - 
Point  .liiililli   ... 
fjoal  islaiiil     ... 
Dutch  Island   ... 
Warwick  neck 
Nayal  poidi    .        -        . 


Liftht-liouHs, 


15 
U 
iU 
II) 
III 
II) 

e 

10 
10 
10 

1 

M 

10 

lu 

29 
10 

8 
10 

8 
7 
7 
8 
8 


It 

15 
15 
12 

14 

14 

8 

5 
.10 
2!) 
20 
15 
II 
13 

6 
12 
15 
10 

7 
10 
10 
10 

11 

8 

8 

8 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
I  Oil 
10 

fi 

10 

II  ! 

15 

8 
10 
8 

8 
H 
G 


I'.lock  island  (2  lights)    ^ 
Poplar  point  ... 

yeriiinnt. 
Juniper  island 

Ciinnecticut. 

New  London  ... 

Palkiier's  island 

l.yiide  poirt    ... 

Five-mile  point 

F." •-weather  island 
1,    ''ford  point 

.•*!'     iiialon      .        .        - 
walk  island 
.eat  ('aptain's  island   - 

Morgan's  point 

JVeiD  York. 

Sandy  llook   ... 

Sandy   Hook,  2  beacon- 
lights  consiiine  e()iialto 

Katon's  neck  -        -        . 

Sand's  point  ... 

Old-field  point 

Fire-island  inlet 

Tbrog's  point 

Stony  point    ... 

Prince's  hay   ... 

Fort  Tompkins 

N.-versink,  highlands  of, 
(2  lights)     ... 

Coxsackie        ... 

Fonr-inile  point 

Sliiyvesiint     ... 

Hangcrties       ... 

Moiiiank         ... 

I,itile-(iiill  island   - 

PIntiib  island  .        .        - 

liiiff.lo    .... 

Fort  Niagara  .        .        - 

Calloo  island  ... 

Oswego  .... 

(Jrnesee-         ... 

Sodns  hay       ... 

Tibhil's  point 

Horse  island   ... 

Ogileiisburg    ... 

Dunkirk-        ... 

Stony  point    -        -        - 
JVem  Jersey. 

Barncgat  shoals 

Pe>iv.sylcania. 
Presqiie-isle  ... 
Presqiie-isle  beacon 

Deliiware. 
Cape  HenlopiMi 
Cape-Henlopen  beacon  - 
Cape  May        ... 
Mahon's  ditch 
lloniliay  hook 
Mispillion  creek 
Christiana  creek     - 

Miiriiland. 
Itoilkin  island 
Norlh  point  (2  lights) 
Thomas's  point 
Poors  island  -        .        - 
Sinilh's  island 
Coni'ord  point 
Oive  point      ... 
Point  Lookout 
Lazaretto  point 
Clay  island     ... 
I'iney  point     ... 
Turkey  point ... 
Little  Watt's  island 


No.nl 
Iniiil^. 


18 
8 

10 

II 
12 

7 
8 
8 

in 

10 
10 
10 
10 

18 

13 
12 
11 
10 
IS 
II 
7 
11 
12 

31 

6 

6 

5 

6 
13 
14 
10 
14 

9 
15 

7 
10 
10 

U 

8 
10 
13 
10 

11 

10 

4 

13 

10 
15  1 

10  1 
fi 
10 

13 

18 
13 
13 

10  1 
9 

13 

11  ' 
10 
10 
II  ] 


l.ight-housft. 


yirginia. 
Cape  Henry    ... 
Old  Point  Comfort - 
Smiih's  point 
New  Point  Comfort 
Smith's  isl.'iiid 
llack-rlver  point     . 
Assateagiie  Island  - 

JViir/A  Carolina. 
Dald  head 

Federal  point ... 
Cape  Hatteras 
Pamlico  point 
Ocracoke         ... 
Cape  Lookout 
Roanoke  inurshcs  . 

Smith  Carolina. 
Charleston      ... 
Itacoon  key     ... 
North  island  ... 

Georgia. 
Tyhen     .... 
Tybee  beacon 
>Si.  Simon's  Island  - 
Sapelo  Island  ... 
Deacons  on  Wolf  island  (2) 
Ciiiiiberlaiid  island 

Ohio. 
Sandusky  ... 
fJraiid  river  ... 
Craiid-river  beacon 
('leveland  ... 
Cli'ViManil  beacon-li!:ht  - 
Tnrlle  island  -  -  - 
Port  Clinton  .  -  . 
Conneaiit-river  luacon  . 
('unnlnglmm-hurliour  liea- 

Cl'll        .  -  .  . 

Hnion-river  beacon 
lilack-river  beacon 
Ashluhuhi  beacon  . 

l.iiiii.iiana. 
Frank's  island 
Soiiili  point  (.on  Gordon's 

islaiid)  ... 

Point  Defer    -        -        . 
Pleasonton's  island 

Fliirida. 
St.  Augi'stine 
Dry  Tortiigas 
Sand  key  ... 

Wlilieliead-point  (Key 

West)- 
Pensacolii        ... 
St.  Mark's      - 
St.  John's  river 
St.  (Jeorge's  island         .    | 

Michigan. 
F<irf  Gratiot    .        .        - 
Ottir  creek     .        .        - 
Kois  Ulaiic       .        .        - 
St.  J.  seph's  river  - 
Oilier  Thiind(!r-bay  islan.t 
Chicago  -        .        .        - 
Polluwauunie 

.Alabama. 
Mobile     .... 
<;hoclaw  point 

Miii!iisi:ijipi. 
Cat  island 
Pas.s  Christian 
Kuui  d  island  ■ 


Nn.  of 


15 

10 
15  1 
I) 
15 
10 
11 

15 

Hi 

18 

lo: 

15 
15 

10 ; 

I 

10: 

15! 


15 

6 

6 
15 
12 
11 

13^ 

9 

4 
11 

■» 
II 
8' 
4' 


30 

14 
1.') 
10 

10 
15 
14 

15  i 

10 

15 

14 

13 

10 
II 

i:i 
II 
II 

13 
II 

21 
11 

10 
^ 


' 


1214" 
~Jlm.  Kit.] 


LIMA, 

Ion.  77°  7 
60,000  (o  I 
Ca.'Iao,  t 
north  of  a  | 
San  Lorens 
provinces  ii 
coast  of  So 
caniod  on  t 
goods  at  sec 
consist  prill 
quin(jiiina,  i 
ware,  from  I 
United  Siaie 
Tiinher  for  (| 
value  of  the 
1731,  amouii 
official  value 
Monies,  IV 
LIME  CGc 
substance  of  ( 
by  sprinkling 
sure  corrodes  i 
fic  gravity,  2-: 

There  are  f'w 
niiirl'le,  and  clia 
easily  converted 
slriicied  fir  iIih  i 
i'lgofliiiie.— ,77! 

The  use  of  |j,„ 
versa  I.    i,  j^  ,„^, 

t^'intinent  and  , if 
or  lime  1,8  a  ,„„„ 
"een  so  niiiih  as  ( 
as  a  flux  in  the  SI 
innestones  may  b 

•Ulliplio,,  i„  „,jg 

LIME  (Fr.  C 

dlca,  var.  J  (J.;, 

be  met  with  in  s 

'ime  is  smaller  tl 

nves  at  a  j»er/ijct 

flavour  is  esleemi 

and  to  a  certain  t 

LINEN  (Gcr. 

Sp.  Liensff,  7U. 

hemp.     The  line, 

but  though  its  pro 

great  as  might  hai 

that  ha^■e  heen  nij 

anil  partly  to  ihe  r 

siderable  extent  m 

In  1698,  hnth  h, 

that  the  progress  o 

country;  and  that 

oien  manufacture 

lies  to  di.'.courinre  / 

''J!-'',  and  to  piomo' 

can  he  more  gf  .kill. 

terlained  with  respe 

file  answer  to  it.     1 

jjerately  avowing  hi 

bad  begun  to  make  , 

gislature  of  t|,at  com 

goals  from  Ireland, 

"nportation !     It  ig  [j 

«tate  that  they  haver 
"'''ch,  from  the  reig, 


No.  of 

»rr|.b 

. 

15 

- 

10 

- 

ir. 

. 

0 

. 

15 

■ 

lU 

- 

11 

. 

15 

. 

11 

. 

18 

. 

in 

_ 

15 

_ 

15 

- 

'"l 

. 

10 

- 

15 

- 

'i 

. 

is! 

. 

f'i 

. 

B 

- 

15| 

d(2) 

12 

- 

11 

_ 

isi 

- 

!>! 

- 

4; 

- 

Ui 

il  - 

4i 

- 

11 

- 

81 

)n  - 

4 

lica- 

- 

3' 

30 

II 

1.') 
10 

10 
15 
14 

15 ' 

10 

15 

II 

13 

10 
11 

i:i 
II 
II 

I     13 
II 

I    21 

I    " 

I    1" 

h 

II' 


LIMA— LINEN. 

lo^W^'^^^f't'   P  '^T''^"  "»«  --t  coast  of  South  A       •  '^^ 

<^^a!l«o,  the  port  of  Limn   i     .  ^  ProbalAy  amount  to  from 

north  of.  P4et!:j,!:ir:.  -  -^^«^-;'es  W.  fro,„  the  .at.er.     The  h.I         r 
Sm  Loren/.o.     J>revio„«!y  t„     ""' '"  "'«  «ngle  f,nne,J  hy  ,|,e  smJl,,,        T'  '"'"  '"  ^'e 

coast  of  South  America       it  a   '"  ""-f  "'•-'  ff--"'"'  ^"Z'-''^^/'  fl.    tho  m' ,""''r«"'  "^''""'^h 
carno.1  on  throuLrh  Buen  Ja         •''^"^"'^'•Hble  portion  of  X  f  '""'"  "'^  ""  the  xvest 

Bo^..is  at  second  'hind  .^  vCi"''  "i  ^"^'"^  ^ »'-  -  he  h:;?;".;;!' "  "^  .P"" '« n":; 

consist  principally  of  colcr  i  h   ^  ""^  """^^  P"-"'^  i"  ChdiThn ''"P''"'''S  European 
quinquina,  &c.     The  ,2  rN  "'  "'^•''■'  •^"fdovan  /eat      "  „    ,     "''""''^  '">'"  Lima 

ware,  from  Englau.IsU.      7"'"*'  '"''"'^'Pally  ..f  w,,,  u.       ' ,""''  ^"''P'  vicunna  wool 
United  Siares  fnS      m'  K^'  ''^^'  "'-'  '--  «;>«  n  td  "Ir"""  '^'""^'  «"''  h 2 

substance  of  a  wh  ,e  -n^  ^""',''''-  ''■  ^«''""«,  C//ce     s.'.  n  IT'''^'''  ^"^^  <^''''"^. 
by  ^«i-i„klin,,itt;tr;rTv''rf'^ ''"'''  ^'"' -S  is  Lnf',''"/"^"^)'  — ^thy 
sure  corrodes  and  des.r^/the  ^.tr"""!' n '^     "  ''»«  »  ''"''"      n/tsle      '",  ^""'^•^^'  --'"''^^ 
fie  gravity.  2-3.     CaiciuJn,  the  meta  ll°  "^°^%*""»«1  '-odierto  whi  h   M°"'^  'r  f'"''  "'««- 

*.i»it., ,:,...    .'"•'."'•    ^"n«>i(ili:.«,.  ....... "'^"  '""e  does  not  Pvi=t      i.  ,    .  ■' 


Tlipre  .ire  f -w  pans  of  .1.  .  "    '""*''  "'«'»  ^1 

l'inesf..„Bs  II1I.V  I  P  ,  .rr?  /^  "'^""'''  '"  "'e  sliaiie  nfVr.i    ^-    .^""«  '"  "f  "iiicli    .  m  IV"  "'">'  ''''s  "ever 

■ha.  have  l„.„  ,„^,  i!,  J,,;  "  ^     ''■ .   ™"  "  P'"'y.  Prtm.  S  T  ''  ".  •■»'  "»'  k«"  .» 

•frtKuied  with  resfwct  to  tbp  n^-        "*  "'•'  ""^'•al  and  errZo n.'  ^.        "^^^^  ">•'»'  "othin* 
the  answer  to  it.     «;  /^  L     '^''"'"'*'  P'inciples  of  nubl.vT         """""«  t^at  were  the.  en 

l-^    •>«gun  to  ma'ke  som?prZ;:i'"  ^'^'''^  '""'«"f  to  S   J  ma„l'^"-  «''^'«'-'^'«"  deii. 
g'«lature  of  that  country  to  Zn   "rf '''"'"""^  ''««^  ""'liTicuIty  Tn  ?   r'  '"  ^'"'='»  '^ey 

"nportation !     It  is  b...  ;„  .•      r^'""'^'  "'here  prohibitorv  1  .•    ®''P*"^''»''on  of  all  woollen 


I 
f 

I 


" .  ) 


148 


LINEN. 


encouragement.  It  may,  indeed,  be  doubted  whether  the  regulations  have  been  always  the 
mofit  judicious  thnt  might  have  been  devised,  and  whether  Ireiaud  has  really  gained  any 
thing  by  the  forced  extension  of  the  manuf  iclure.  Mr.  Young  and  Mr.  Wakefield  two  of 
the  highest  authorities  Qi,  to  uH  matters  corineeled  with  Ireiaud,  contend  that  the  8|)read  of 
the  linen  manufacture  has  not  really  been  advantngenua.  And  it  steins  to  be  suHiciently 
established,  that  though  the  manufacture  might  not  have  been  ho  widely  ditlused,  it  would 
have  been  in  a  sounder  and  heuUliier  state  had  it  been  less  interfered  with. 

liounlus. — liesides  premiums  and  encouragements  of  various  kinds,  bounties  were 
granted  on  the  exportation  of  linen  for  a  very  long  jieriod  down  to  18.30.  In  I8i!l,  for 
example,  notwithstanding  it  had  been  very  murh  reduced,  the  bounty  amounted  to  about 
300,000/.,  or  to  nearly  one  seventh  part  of  the  entire  real  or  declareii  value  of  the  linen  ex- 
ported that  year!  It  is  not  easy  to  imagine  a  greater  abuse.  A  bounty  of  this  sort,  instead 
of  promoting  the  manufacture,  rendered  those  engaged  in  it  comparatively  indili'rrent  to 
improvements:  and  though  it  had  been  otherwise,  what  i.-s  tojie  thought  of  the  policy  of 
persisting  for  more  than  a  century  in  supplying  the  foreigner  with  linens  for  less  than  they 
cost?  We  have  not  the  least  doubt,  that  were  the  various  sums  expended  in  well-meant 
but  useless  attempts  to  force  this  manufacture,  added  together,  with  their  accumulations  at 
simple  interest,  they  would  he  found  sutlicient  to  yield  an  annual  revenue,  little,  if  at  all, 
inferior  to  the  entire  value  of  the  linens  we  now  send  abroad.  And  after  all,  the  business 
never  Iwgan  to  do  any  real  good,  or  to  take  firm  root,  till  the  manufacture  ceased  to  be  a 
domestic  one,  and  was  carried  on  principally  in  mills,  and  by  the  aid  of  machinery, — a 
change  which  the  old  forcing  systenj  tended  to  counteract.  The  only  real  and  ellectual 
legislative  encouragement  the  manufacture  has  ever  met  with,  has  been  the  reduction  of  the 
duties  on  flax  anil  hemp,  and  the  relinquishing  of  the  absurd  attempts  to  force  their  growth 
at  home. 

Exfiorts  of  Linen  from  Ireland,  S(c. — The  following  'J'able,  which  we  regret  the  parlia- 
mentary accounts  do  not  furnish  the  means  of  continuing  to  tlie  present  day,  gives 

An  Account  of  tlie  Quantity  and  Value  of  ilie  Linens  exported  from  Ireland,  from  1800  to  1820,  both 

.    inclusive. 


An  Aceoiir 
Innddi 


Aliiolint  of  nouiity  |ai'l  in 

Yean. 

To  Grul  Driain. 

To  Foreign  Parts. 

Total. 

li'danJ.  on  Linen VxporleJ 
to  Foreii^u  Fan*. 

£       a.      d. 

Yiiiila 

rnrrf,. 

Karrff. 

1800 

31,978,039 

2,585,899 

34,563,868 

1*02 

33,2 16,9 1.» 

2,368,91 1 

35,61.5.851 

ISOt 

S9,N37,M)1 

3,3(13.528 

43,140,629 

10,515      2      2 

IS(H) 

3,5,21.5.280 

3,880,961 

39,126,241 

J3,6fiS      4      6 

ISO^ 

41,938,719 

2,033,367 

43,992,086 

6  740    16      0 

1810 

3a..584.5»5 

4,31.3,725 

.36,898,270 

16,418     19      9 

1812 

33,320,767 

2.524,686 

35,8-15,433 

11,548      3      4 

1814 

39,539,143 

3,163.783 

43,003,226 

17,231     14     11 

1813 

37,y8fi,.S.59 

5.496,206 

43.4h2,,'65 

17,430     17       3 

1810 

42,.rifi,118 

3,.399,5II 

45,720,629 

12,082      6       4 

1817 

50,288,812 

5,911,73) 

56,230,575 

2l,.52l     15      4i 

1818 

41,7:iv'!5t 

6,178,95i 

50,92.),308 

28,8 18      6      2 

1819 

34,9;.7,3;!G 

2,683,855 

.37,611,251 

16,177       8       35 

1820 

40,318,270 

3,291,918 

43,613,218 

11.928      9    11 

1821 

45,519,509 

4,011,630 

49.531,139 

18,218     19      i\ 

1522 

4:t,2-J6,7IO 

3,374,<;s)3 

46,601,703 

17,112      9      2 

ISM 

4S,0<!(>,59| 

3.100,006 

51,235,.5ir7 

17,765      5     10 

1821 

■t«,4fifi,95n 

3,020.127 

49,493,377 

17,114     13     KIJ 

1825 

52,5.V,»,C78 

2,5.53,587 

55,11,3,265 

12,013      9      6^ 

1826      C 

The  pxjwi-aiio,  s   o  Great  Pn 

■)         2.720,2y7 

-       -       - 

lli,249     17       9 

1827     3 
1H2S     ^ 

tain    (iiiiioi    l»e   atr  rl  >i(-e.i   f  r 
'li«e    y(;ars,    the     crnsf  chaniitJ 
Irade  having  l.ceii  as>i,ii,l.'UeJ  by 

(         4,281.566 
C         3,214,91 1 

-       •       . 

12,114      0      8 
9,491      7       5 

1820     C 

111*'  to  a  c  laffiiiT  trattic 

J        2,386,223 

- 

6,886      1     1 1 

Oftlin.st!  rxpnrts,  more  than  12-13llis  h'lve  lipeii  to  CteM  Dritnin.  Th(>  tnt;il  nvcr^jre  export,  during 
the  3  yn.'irs  eniliiig  witli  182:>.  was  51,917,113  yards,  of  wi  icli  49.031,073  came  to  tliiii  luiiiilry  ;  the  ex- 
ports in  all  oilier  parts  liiiiis  mily  2,916,310.  Since  1825,  the  tr;idu  lietween  Ireland  iin^l  fJriiiit  ilril;iin 
tins  hc-eii  placed  on  the  fuotiiig  of  a  coasting  trade,  so  that  linens  arc  exported  and  iiiipurtud  without 
any  spociRc  entry  at  the  Cusloni-hnuse.  ' 

Scotch  Linen  Manufacture.— Jn  1727,  a  Boaid  of  Trustees  was  established  in  Scotland 
for  the  superintendence  and  improvement  of  the  linen  manufacture.  It  is  not  easy  to  sup- 
pose that  the  institution  of  this  Board  could  of  jtself  have  been  of  any  material  service ;  but 
considerable  bounties  and  premiums  being  at  the  same  time  given  on  the  jiroduction  and  ex- 
portation of  linen,  the  manufacture  went  on  increasing.  Still,  however,  it  did  not  incrciise 
so  fast  as  cotton  and  some  othars,  which  have  nit  leceived  any  adventitious  stipjiorl,  until 
machinery  began  to  bo  extensively  employed  in  the  manufacture;  so  that  it  is  very  diiibiful 
whether  the  influence  of  the  bounty  has  been  so  great  as  it  would  at  first  sight  appear  to 
Iiuve  been.  The  regulations  as  to  the  manufacture,  after  having  been  long  ol.jected  lo  liy 
those  concerned,  were  abolished  in  1822 ;  and  the  bounties  have  now  ceased.     We  sulijjin 


This  nccoi 
was  paid,  th 
for  private  s 

Dundee  i 

the  last  few 

not  lie  unac 

The  man 

beginning  o 

slow.    In  I', 

linen  cloth  ci 

being  made  c 

tons,  and  tho 

280,000  yard 

tend  itself  gn 

tity  of  machi 

and  principaJI 

manufacture, 

were  obtained 

has,  indeed,  bi 

tons  in  1814,  ( 

in  a  correspon 

imported  into  i 

36"6,8 17  piece. 

yards,  oi'  saii-cl 

— (See  an  ext 

'«32.)     Jnthe 

tons,  Iwsides  3, 

in  a  coiresponti 

It  appears,  ih 

as  those  from  al 

the  latter,  it  has 

increased  at  Ma 

ful  progress,     .s 

taining  supplies 

long  established 

northern  parts  of 

seem  adequate  to 

"lent;  and,  how. 

«!"i')e  it  to  any  th 

difficult  to  explaii 

oepartments  of  ir 

them  on.     But  fr 

very  difficult,  wh* 

them.     They  ha, 

fxterity  in  mani 

favour  of  old  estal 

lence  of  combinat 

•peedily  be  deviset 

JulueoflheMc 

which  to  form  an  . 

Britain  and  Irelant 

shadow  of  a  doubt 

we  expressed  our  c 

'her  investigation  h 

«nJ  that  the  entire 

7.500,0OO/.»     Son, 


m- 


LINEN. 


149 


An  Account  of  ihe  Quantity  and  Vnliienf  the  Linen 

Cloth  manufactured  and  stamped  for  Sale  in  Scot- 

land  during  ttie  Ten  Years  ending  w 

111  182-2,  being  the  latest  Period  to  which  it  tan  be  in 

ide  lip. 

Avcr»,;e 

Aver^n 

Van. 

Vinli. 

Value. 

Price 
per  Vird. 

Yean. 

Yardi. 

Value. 

I'riie 
per  Y;irJ. 

/..     ..    d. 

d. 

r..    t.  rf. 

d. 

KI3 

I9.7J)9,I46  12 

!)77„'»I2     1     7  1-2 

ll'S 

ISIS 

31,2  3,100  1-2 

I,253,S28    H    0  1.2 

96 

M\ 

26,liU.6W  l-« 

I,2'.3,i74  16  in  1.2 

II-5 

1819 

2'),33),J28  1-4 

l,l.'>7,923    4  II 

9  1 

1815 

3i,056,0i5  14 

l,40l,7<>fi  1^    2 

I0'5 

1820 

27,23»,0M   1  4 

l,O3V0S  IS    5  14 

9  t 

ISIIJ 

j<i,ll2,n|-)  1-2 

1,026,674     1   II  3-4 

U'4 

IS2I 

30,47.1,461   1-2 

l,212,03S  li    4  3-4 

9-7 

1SI7 

zajM.gs?  1-4 

1,092,689    2     8  1-4 

91 

IS22          3ii.26s.3')  1-2 

I,3fl6,29>  19  II   12 

92 

This  account  is  not,  however,  of  much  use.  The  stamp  was  only  aflixed  to  linen  on  which  a  lioiinty 
was  pnid,  that  is,  on  linen  Intended  for  exportation.  Linen  nianuractured  for  home  use,  or  inlciidcd 
for  private  sale,  was  not  stamped. — (.Ileadrick's  Survey  of  Forfar,  p.  S06.) 

Dundee  is  the  grand  seat  of  the  Scotch  linen  manufacture  ;  and  its  progress  there  during 
the  last  few  years  has  been  so  extraordinary,  that  the  following  details  in  respect  to  it  may 
not  lie  unacceptable. 

The  manufacture  appears  to  have  been  introduced  into  Dundee  some  time  towards  tho 
beginning  of  last  century ;  but,  for  a  lengthened  period,  its  progress  was  comparatively 
slow.  In  1745,  only  74  'ons  of  flax  were  imported,  without  any  hemp ;  the  shipments  of 
linen  cloth  during  the  same  year  being  estimated  at  about  1,000,000  yards,  no  mention 
being  made  either  of  sail-cloth  or  bagging.  In  1791,  the  imports  of  flax  amounted  to  2,444 
tons,  and  those  of  hemp  to  299  tons;  the  exports  that  year  being  7,842,000  yards  linen, 
280,000  yards  sail-cloth,  and  65,000  do.  bagging.  From  this  period  the  trade  liegan  to  ex- 
tend itself  gradually,  though  not  rapidly.  Previously  to  the  peace  of  1815,  no  gre-it  quan- 
tity of  machinery  was  employed  in  spinning;  but  about  this  period,  in  consequence,  jiartly 
and  principally  of  the  improvement  of  machinery,  and  its  extensive  introduction  into  tho 
manufacture,  and  partly  of  the  greater  regularity  with  which  supplies  of  the  raw  mnterial 
were  obtained  from  the  Northern  powers,  the  trade  began  rapidly  to  increase.  Its  progress 
has,  indeed,  been  quite  astonishing;  the  imports  of  flax  having  increased  from  about  3,000 
tons  in  1814,  tr  i?  000  tons  in  1830  !  The  exports  of  manufactured  goods  have  increased 
in  a  correspon.iini'  -ironortion.  During  the  year  ended  the  31st  of  May,  1831,  there  were 
imported  into  j*   i  ,010  tons  of  flax,  and  3,082  do,  hemp ;  p.nd  there  were  shipped  ofif 

3G6,817  piece.,  ■  .;  :  out  50,000,000  yards,  of  linen  ;  85,522  pieces,  or  about  3,500.000 
yards,  o\  sail-clo.  .  and  about  4,000,000  yards  of  bagging — in  all,  about  57,500,000  yards  f 
— (See  an  excellent  article  on  this  subject  in  the  Dundee  Chronicle,  16th  of  Octolier, 
1832.)  In  the  year  ending  the  3lst  of  May,  1833,  the  imports  of  flax  amounted  to  18,777 
tons,  Iwsides  3,380  tons  of  hemp.  The  shipments  of  linen,  sail-cloth,  &c.  have  increased 
in  a  corresponding  ratio ;  and  were  valued,  in  the  year  now  mentioned,  at  about  1,600,000/, 

It  appears,  therefore,  that  the  shipments  of  linen  from  this  .single  port  are  quite  as  great 
as  those  from  all  Ireland;  and  while  the  manufacture  has  been  very  slowly  progressive  in 
the  latter,  it  has  increased  at  Dundee  even  more  rajiidly  than  the  cotton  manufacture  haa 
increased  at  Manchester.  It  is  not  easy  to  give  any  satisfactory  explanation  of  this  wonder- 
ful progress.  Something  must  be  ascribed  to  the  convenient  situation  of  the  port  for  ob- 
taining supplies  of  the  raw  material ;  and  more,  perhaps,  to  the  manufacture  having  been 
long  established  in  the  t  iwns  and  villages  of  Strathrnore,  the  Carse  of  Gowrie,  and  tha 
northern  parts  of  Fife,  of  which  Dundee  is  the  emporium.  But  these  circumstances  do  not 
seem  adequate  to  explain  the  superiority  to  which  she  has  recently  attained  in  this  depart- 
ment ;  and,  however  unphilosophical  it  may  seem,  we  do  not  really  know  that  we  can  as- 
cribe it  to  any  thing  else  than  a  concurrence  of  fortunate  accidents.  Nothing,  in  fact,  is  so 
difficult  to  explain  as  the  superiority  to  which  certain  towns  frequently  attain  in  particular 
departments  of  industry,  without  apparently  possessing  any  peculiar  facilities  for  carrying 
them  on.  But  from  whatever  causes  their  pre-eminence  may  arise  in  the  first  instance,  it  is 
very  dirticult,  when  once  they  have  attained  it,  for  others  to  come  into  competition  with 
them.  They  have,  on  their  side,  established  connections,  workmen  of  superior  skill  and 
dexterity  in  manipulation,  improved  machinery,  &c.  Recently,  indeed,  the  advantages  in 
favour  of  old  establishments  have  been,  to  a  considerable  extent,  neutralised  by  the  preva* 
Icnce  of  combinations  amongst  their  workmen ;  but  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  means  may 
•peedily  be  devised  for  obviating  this  formidable  evil. 

Vuhie  of  the  Manufacture.  Number  of  Persons  employed. — There  are  no  means  by 
which  to  form  an  accurate  estimate  of  the  entire  value  of  the  linen  manufacture  of  Gre^t 
Britain  and  Ireland.  Dr.  Colquhoun  estimated  it  at  15,000,000/. ;  but  there  cannot  be  tho 
shadow  of  a  doubt  that  this  is  an  absurd  exaggeration.  In  the  former  edition  of  this  work 
we  expressed  our  conviction  that  it  could  not  be  valued  at  more  than  10,000,000/. ;  but  fur- 
ther investigation  has  satisfied  us  that  even  this  estimate  is  very  decidedly  beyond  the  mark, 
and  that  the  entire  produce  of  the  manufacture  in  the  United  Kingdom  does  not  exceed 
7,500,000/.*     Some  very  intelligent  individuals,  largely  engaged  in  the  trade,  do  not  esti 

*  Sir  F.  M.  Eden  estimated  the  entire  value  of  the  linen  manufacture  of  Great  Britain,  in  1800,  at 
2,000,000i.— (7Veatj4-e  «.n  Insurance,  p.  70.) 


I 


I 


»  f\ 


160 


LINEN. 


mate  it  at  so  much ;  and  we  feel  fully  conflJent  that  this  sum,  if  nottauch  beyond,  is  at  all 

events  not  within  the  m:irk.     Now,  if  we  set  aside  a  third  part  of  this  sum  for  the  vulue  of 

the  raw  material,  and  25  per  cent,  for  profits,  washes  of  superintendence,  wear  and  tear  of 

capital,  coal,  &c.,  we  shall  have  3,125,000/.  to  be  divided  as  wages  among  those  employed 

in  the  manufacture.     And  supposing  each  individual  to  earn,  at  an  average,  18/.  a  year,  the 

total  number  employed  would  be  about  172,000.     It  may  be  thought,  perhaps,  that  18/.  is 

too  low  an  estimate  for  wages;  and  such,  no  doul)t,  would  be  the  cast;,  were  not  Ireland 

taken  into  the  average.     But  as  a  great  many  persons  are  there  employed  in  the  manufacture 

at  vt>ry  low  wages,  we  believe  that  1 8/.  is  not  very  far  from  the  mean  rate.* 

Linen  Tiudt  of  the  United  Kini^dom. — The  following  odicial  statements  show,  in  detail, 

the  state  of  the  import  and  export  trade  of  the  country  in  this  department,  in    1830,  with 

the  results  for  the  subsequent  years. 

Accniiiit  nf  the  Qiiatilitii^s  at  Ileiiip  and  Flax,  ilreBsed  and  iiiidrps!i«(1,  Hiimp  Tow,  FInx  Tnw,  and 
Linen  Yarns,  imported  into  (ireat  ilrilain  and  Ireland,  irnni  Foreinn  I'arls,  in  the  year  einluil  the 
Sih  ot'.Ianiiary,  1831 ;  dii<line:iiHhin<?  the  Porta  iit'  Importation,  and  the  Coiiiitries  wlii'iice  imported, 
tosietlier  witli'llie  Real  and  Olllclal  Values  thereof.— (/'ur/.  Paper,  No.  531.  Seas.  I8a2,  af-c.) 


Accouni 


H 


Forte  of  Imporlalion. 

Ini|K)ils  into  Great  fliitain 

and  Inland  from  Fcirtign  I'arts  in  the  Year  ended  5lh  of  January,  1831.         1 

Hemp 

1  ria»  anl  Tow  or 
1    C'Hiillaof  Hemp 

f.lnen 

Countries  from  which 

Hemp 

Fla  . .  and  Tow  or 
Ca.lilla  of  Hrnip 

Mnen 

undressed. 

ani  Flax,  dre^;^ 
or  utidressed. 

tarn. 

C'Bt. 

imported. 

undressed 

and  Flax,  drenej 
or  undressed. 

Yarn. 

Engiatid. 

Cult. 

Cuft. 

Gnat  Britain, 

~Cu>~ 

t'lOl. 

Cun. 

Tjondon  • 

181,315 
3 

112,530 

ti.l 

Russia    • 

441,219 

C9i,;90 

6,642 

Kve 

l)c ark 

77 

.Chichei'er 

100 

Prussia  • 

6,409 

84,841 

6.402 

ll*ortsiiioiith 

S,395 

(ierm.inv 

3^6 

6,211 

SotitliaiiijitOQ 
I'oi.e     • 

'  1,607 

282 

The  Netherlands 
France   • 

32" 

113,909 

3u,i:s 

68 

I.jrme     • 

o.3i<7 

21,419 

ll^lv       • 

^,132 

2H 

Eietcr  • 

.'j,4i7 

M.U'ta     - 

'    6 

Flvni'iulh 

12,369 

1,635 

Siern    Leone    and    River 

F«imoulh 

•i,'Oi 

Giiinbia 

16 

Truro     . 

212 
760 

Cs prof  Good  Hope 

514 

Peiiz-mce 

Kast  India  Company's  ter- 

Bril:5e.vaier 

421 

rjinrifs 

14,080 

Bristol    - 

12,OJ4 

661 

Philippine  Islands 

SO 

Gloucester 

539 

41 

New  ,Snuth  Wales 

6,-!46 

Ntiw-port 

69 

United  States  of  America  • 

69i 

86S 

Cbratsr  • 

471 

121 

Chili      ■ 

9 

l.ivtTpc^l 

63,392 

28,714 

639  GuernieT  and   Jersey  (fo- 

Liiicastrr 

Wtitiehaven 

Berwirk 

703 
4,SI>6 

24,691 
121 

reijn) 

44S 

m 

676 

229 

Total     . 

484,509 

932,456 

1VII3 

Nuwraslle 
Sun'irrlaiid 

13,412 
12,  ,87 

13,393 
21 

106 

Irdand, 

SlKhlon 

• 

11,4  0 

Russia    - 

19,«80 

7,989 

Hull       • 

67,550 

llt<,l9« 

11,199 

Prussia 

1,218 

706 

1,816 

(;nole     • 

■ 

16,(ib2 

2 

Germany 

•                                           • 

68 

Grinisbjr 

1,305 

The  Ne:herlands 

. 

2,94s 

14 

l.ynn      - 

'•m? 

inly      . 

1,151 

Blachnry  aail  Clay 

101 
7,0m 

19,377 

Hayti     . 

13 

y*ruioutl. 

Scollani. 

18,632 

4,033 

Total     . 

AWre^ale  of  the  imporla. 

2i,J62 

11,610 

1,898 

Borrou  3tonns     ■ 

• 

2,(i63 

tions    into     the     United 

ffran^cnioutll 

1,063 

Kin^'Inm   from   the   va- 

Kirkildy 
Uualee  - 
MontroM 

316 

41,119 

1,071 

43,737 
J6S.962 
92,588 

401 
2U9 

rious  countries 
ORirijl  value  thereof,  vii. 

506,771 

944,096 

19,211 

L. 

L. 

L. 

AberJeen 
Binff      - 

7,019 

53.«:>7 

Great  Biitajn  • 

411832 

1,923,428 

104,5i9 

6,89t 

634 

Ireland 

1  ,9J6 

I8,«UJ 

l9,ti'2J 

Thureo  • 

738 

Total      - 

427",7W 

1,942,231 

121,182 

Stornowny 

66 

[)(Ticial  value  of  exports    - 

11,798 

7,720 

Gn-en-ick 

946 

200 

Total  official  valueof  hemp 

Port  Glasgow      • 

4,507 

2,378 

and    flax    left    for   cnm- 

Glasgow 

Irvine     .             • 

CaunpbeltowD     • 

8,740 
497 

383 

sumption  in  the  United 
Kinj^dom,  in  1830 

415,360 

1,934,511 

121,182 

trtland. 

Dublin   • 

3,816 

6,259 

Walerfonl 

3,8il 

!«6 

Cork       • 

<''2S 

17S 

# 

Ijmerick 

786 

'' 

Jalwav  - 

6:0 

[yjndohderty 

602 

Coleraine 

147 

Belfast   - 

7,303 

4,160 

1,891 

Newry   - 

451 

60 

DuDialk 

Ifjrejfate  of  the   import- 

20 

20 

ations      from       foreign 

countries   in'o   tlie    vari- 

ous ports  of  the  United 

Kioflom 

503,771 

944,r')6 

19,211 

Biimrts  from   the  IJ.    K 

duriog  the  same  year    • 

9,687 

3,633 

Ltd  for  home  consumption 
ietain*d  for    home   con* 

497,1  Jl 

940,463 

19,211 

' 

suuipiion  in  1831 

604,308 

»IP,<8' 

17,352 

)itla  in  1812 

71  8.^46 

98<,869 

13,594 

Jitlo  in  HAM 

537,890 

I,i27,7£6 

•Acfoiint  « 
t'mm  En 
dilFerent 
Ilcniily  I 


Countries  lo 


p  *" 

"usoa 

.Sweden 
Norway 
Wfrimiik 
^■eriitmy 
The  Neherlai 
'Mure 

''"""gll,  itzori 
■V.nni  aiij  (he  ( 
uitirahar 
ll.ily  . 
•Mal!a 

i.ii'ian  Islands 
Turkcv 

Isles  Guernsey, 
•'"■•ri'-y,  and  A 

Ma. 
•tj'icc 

IJn  ish  Nnrlliern 
Itnliih  West  |„d, 
FiTnen  VVtM  i„i 
J.mied  Stales- 
Brazil 

Arexiro 
t'oIf,n,bia 
J'tu  • 
Chi.i . 

Sia'woflheHiod, 


*  A  vast  niiinhcr  nf  persons  in  Ireland  arc  only  partly  employed  in  the  manufacture ;  but  the  above 
niimate  supposes  that  the  173,000  individuals  are  wholly  employed  in  it. 


Total 

Numt,profyap(,„f 

I      "nii-lil»„i„|y„„ 

)Mrendm,'.5hol 

[Anminl  oHwuntyp- 

I'or  the  qiiantil 

Cumu  nipt  lot 

lliat  the  consun 

declared  value 

20,000/. 

flfiriilalionn  as  f, 

lliiiiS,  .set  lip  |„  ,,„^ 

ami  foreipiiers  pra 

privileges  of  nnt,,, 

'  ergons  affiviiiB 

r^lantl,  shall  r„rr, 

'';"'"■'  ••'«  the  inann 

"fhiien  so  p.»po8ert 

Any  person  sieali 

inble  at  the  discroti 
J/!>i'f.S  or  lo  he  i„ 

LiQuomcE  , 

Liquimiu  I  Sp.  j 
south  of  Europe,  " 
f^y-  f«s  root,  whiti 
and  when  fresh  ver 
years;  the  roots,  w 
common  drutrcists 
«nJ.IikecarSo 

•  No 
tTlie 


infrifniiiinii  II 


I'lQUORlCE. 


1831. 

r 

5 

Linen 
Yarn. 

Cult. 
6,642 

6.402 

6,jll 

68 

IVII3 

1,816 

m 

14 

- 

1,898 
19,211 

L. 

104,5^9 

124,182 

121,182 

Account  Of  ..e  Qua„.„  or  Ko.el.n  r.nen,  ..,„.,  ,„,  „  ^51 


Specie*  of  Unen. 
I    '7>»"«.  not  French         .  .„„  I 

Jtixltnd  viluej 


IJ'iumi}-  reia:,„j 

f'T  Home  Con- 

»iiiii|iiin.p  in 

threat  Biiiain. 


203  I  2 


Specita  of  Linen. 


iliclircd  value 


9'n:.,iy  „,.inej 
l"i  l:cin,e  foil 

■uii,|,ri.r,i  in       I 
'■'"•I  l.ri.iin. 

S,2-S  1-2 

«m 

213-4 

27  ..7.0  I., 

2,->,  O:  3  4 

■»"''•  III.  lOi*. 


ii/riT.-i.t  F.ireip,,  C..,,r?,L'' .'"''''''•<'.  <luri.i«  18so.  1,    "/:"  *^'""'  "f  all  Soric 

1      i;;^;^;;! — i ''■'■■''  ''""'"''•  ""d  "-o 


Countriejlo  which  eiporled. 


„     .        Europe. 
"I'Mia  . 

Noru-ay 

IJcnnnik 

I't^rni^ny 

The  Ne:lierlan(li 

*i;t(lfe 

I'ortNgil,^ jtore,  ,„,|  Madj;  " 

J;r-..»,,d,h.ca„.ri«''"" 

ll.i!y  . 
■Malta 

'oiiian  Islands  '. 

Tiirkev 

I«.'is  6icrnwy,  Jen^y,   i," 
J'-rafJ',  auJAIau  - 

.»/'Ka.     . 
n...  ,      -^inerua. 

I'rillsl.  Wfj,  j„ji       , 

F.Tf ,?„  VVcl  I„Ji^ 

'"iledSlalej.  . 

Brazil 

Afexiro 

folfimbia 

P'  ru  - 

Clii.i . 

"'"'""fhsHio  deli  Phi,; 
Total 

l'^rhi;,';r''>-r'"f'.>enupo„ 

"fiii'lilmiinty  Mas  laid  ,„, 
}"re„d,nj,<ho,Ji'^7^;' 


■'",6l3,f09 
153,1  to  I  5^; 


I 


3 


3 


I 


162 


LIQUORICE  JUICE,  LISBON. 


Accniint  of  the  Qiinnlliy  and  Valiifl  of  Linen  manufnctiired  Goods  and  Linen  Yarn  exported  from  th« 
lliiitcil  Kiii^iliiiii  in  i^t!)0  ami  It^MT;  specifying  tile  Countriei  to  wiiicii  tiiey  were  exported,  and  tho 
Qimnlity  and  Value  sent  to  cacli. 


I. '36. 

1837. 

Linen  Manufactu 

rei. 

Linen  Manufactures. 

Thread, 

I'll  read. 

Entered 
by  the  Yard. 

Tapes, 

Linen  Yarn. 

Entered 
by  the  Yard. 

ra|.es, 

Linen  Yarn.       I 

Countrin  to  which  nportnl. 

and 
Small 

• 

and 
Small 

Wares. 

Wares. 

Quantity. 

Declared 

Value. 

clareil 

Value. 

(tuantlty.  ■'^^.'^-^ 

Quantity. 

Declared 
Value. 

lie 
clare'l 
Value. 

Quan'iiy. 

Declared 
Value. 

Vardt. 

L 

L. 

LU.      1      /,. 

Karrfi 

/.. 

L. 

Lit. 

L. 

Kiisiia 

4.4T7 

378 

59 

1,8.(0            143 

9,1 '70 

1,013 

64 

3,082 

219 

S«elcii          ... 

1,7-3 

37 

11 

7,'0|           6U 

2,780 

104 

2,033 

267 

Ntirway 

30,t)3i 

1,237 

370 

162i            6 

11, -,38 

C02 

963 

620 

62 

DeniiiaHc 

12615 

793 

8 

1 

I3,t)89 

778 

5 

I'-uwii           ... 
(■criiiiny       ... 

I9I,T2S 

17,408 

7,027 

316,784 

26,210 

205,029 

16  332 

6,978 

320,039 

25,010 

II 'Una 

7,-|,l72 

4,917 

1.1, 3S 

124,476 

^Kjg 

66,013 

4,102 

l,87,'i 

321,746 

19,406 

n.:l<.UIII 

126,473 

114rtJ 

234 

5 -,082 

3.ri?o 

8.3.927 

8,200 

479 

588„50d 

26,274 

Fiitice 

1, 094, 138 

118,661) 

722 

4,012,141 

276,912 

3,36H,3-I» 

142,812 

I,7t6 

7,Q10,».»3 

401,007 

l'iiiiu,Ml.  Azores,  ft  Madein 

8  9,9.|l|        2I.27> 

14 

• 

• 

1,164,261 

31.1.17 

\i 

S|iiiij  Ani  the  Caoariet 

6,264.til9      209,381 

IJ-. 

151 

69 

4,473,1)63 

157,139 

1,327 

934 

9« 

(i  l.nllir       - 

8-9119        2r.!)74 

40 

2');' 

2'> 

1,021,80, 

30,  .93 

487 

IlilV  .... 

6II,2.3>        4>,HI4 

761 

55,43ij 

3,612 

4l2,0;9 

33,774 

24 

92,818 

6,240 

M.i.n 

30,I6'>          l,'.67 

203 

. 

61,639 

2,722 

143 

Iniiim  MirnU 

22,l>36 

1,307 

133 

. 

- 

24,:£!4 

1,443 

308 

I'lirkey     aiiJ      CoDtinental 

Greece 

66,83« 

4,821 

. 

. 

- 

106,354 

5,629 

10 

M  irei  .-in  1  Greek  !«l.iiiJi     - 

7.17 

30 

. 

. 

■ 

4,677 

187 

12 

t'a  e  of  (i'loJ  Hope  - 

e6i>74 

24,814 

1,4S3 

. 

300,310 

13,132 

852 

l)!h.r  I'ari.  of  Africa 

3i>2  19" 

14,616 

270 

. 

• 

376.412 

14,»4S 

1 

Ki^I  Iiiilies.inl  t'hini 

804,43') 

44,16) 

874 

. 

• 

774,813 

34,J94 

631 

Ni'v  Stiutli  Walefc,  Van  Die- 

hienS    L-inil,    aud    .Swan 

lliver 

831,161 

34,363 

1,536 

. 

•         • 

1,023,839 

43,098 

626 

British  Niirth  American  Cu- 

loriies                       .            • 

2,897.031 

107,504 

13,264 

. 

■ 

2,367,428 

88,017 

8,459 

6,095 

338 

nrilist]  Wf^l  :n:Iies  • 

ll.2.!^O.IO 

4ill,46i 

3  3:8 

2,011 

205 

12,391,446 

370.144 

5,499 

2,100 

170 

K'>rt-ijr.i  Wfst  Indie* 

3,98>,021 

140.' 9-. 

.^321 

. 

4.531,470 

123,6-.3 

9,316 

I'riiteil  Slates  of  Anieric.1      - 

39,9J7,biO    1,6  9,313 

4»,.33l 

2,42-. 

m 

13.193.433 

662,779 

21,818 

18,983 

1,190 

Mexico 

69I,53J         17,133 

34 

. 

.         . 

1,628,738 

63,i>72 

30 

(iiiateinala     - 

(  olutiitila 

l,4'i7.-l9S        35,215 

73 

. 

. 

1,205,5S6 

26,318 

165 

Rr>7il 

5,6^,997       I93.9!)7 

1,924 

. 

. 

4,0,33,711 

121. U2 

1,537 

SiitesoltheHiodelaPlata. 

794,772        2 -.8 14 

460 

. 

. 

1,177,392 

42,')9I 

636 

Chi.i- 

f28,899i       .19.2-7 

30 

. 

. 

1,337,167 

48.731 

330 

Peru  .... 

719,713,       32,300 

. 

. 

. 

1,46J,352 

53,629 

443 

Mij  of   Ouernsey,   Jersey, 

1 

Alderney,  aud  .Man 
Total    • 

230,595        17.073 

215 

50 

10 

313,076 

1.5,866 

153 

2,240 

28 

92,088,760   3.23-i,03l' 

8S,294 

4.5:4,-'>04     318,772 

58,426,3)31  2,163,423 

61,(20 

8,37,3,100 

479,307 

LIQUORICE  JUICE  (Succus  Liqtinrltix),  popularly  black  sugar,  the  inspissated 
juice  of  llie  roots  just  mentioned.  Very  little  of  this  extract  is  prepared  in  Britain,  by  far 
the  larger  part  of  our  supply  being  imported  from  Spain  and  Sicily.  The  juice  obtained  by 
crushing  the  roots  in  a  mill,  and  subjecting  them  to  the  press,  is  slowly  boiled  till  it  becomes 
of  a  proper  consistency,  when  it  is  formed  into  rolls  of  a  considerable  thickness,  which  are 
usually  covered  with  bay  leaves.  This  is  the  state  in  which  we  import  it.  Most  part  of  it 
is  afterwards  redissolved,  purified,  and  cast  into  small  cylindrical  rolls  of  about  the  thickness 
of  a  goose  quill,  when  it  is  called  refined  liquorice.  It  is  then  of  a  glossy  black  colour, 
brittle,  having  a  sweet  mucilaginous  taste.  It  is  used  in  the  ttiateria  medico,  particularly  in 
coughs,  colds,  &c. — {T/ioinson's  Chemistry ;   Thomson's  Dispensa/ory.) 

'I'he  imports  in  1831  and  1832  amounted,  at  an  average  to  7,321  cwt.  a  year.  It  is 
loaded  with  the  oppressive  duty  of  3/.  15s.  a  cwt.,  producing  rather  more  than  22,000/.  u 
yep.r  of  revenue. 

LISBON,  the  capital  of  Portugal,  situated  on  the  north  bank  of  the  river  Tagus,  the 
observatory  of  the  fort  being  in  lat.  38°  42'  24"  N.,  Ion.  9°  5'  50"  W.  Population  about 
200,000,  but  formerly  greater. 

Trade,  drc. — Lisbon  is  one  of  the  best  situated  commercial  cities  of  Europe.  But,  not- 
withstanding this  circumstance,  the  excellence  of  the  port,  and  the  command  of  the  naviga- 
tion of  the  Tagus,  her  commerce  is  comparatively  trifling.  The  despotism,  intolerance,  and 
imbecility  of  the  government  have  weighed  down  all  the  energies  of  the  nation.  The  law 
and  the  |)olice  being  alike  bad,  there  is  no  adequate  security.  Assassination  is  very  frequent. 
Industry  of  all  sorts  is,  in  consequence,  paralysed ;  and  since  the  emancipation  of  Brazil, 
commerce  has  rapidly  declined.  Formerly  Lisbon  had  about  400  ships,  of  front  300  to  (iOO 
tons  burden,  employed  in  the  trade  with  South  America.  But  at  present  there  are  not 
above  50  ships  belonging  to  the  port  engaged  in  foreign  trade  ;  and,  of  these,  the  average 
burden  does  not  exceed  150  tons  !  The  produce  of  Portugal  sent  to  foreign  countries,  is 
almost  entirely  conveyed  to  its  destination  in  foreign  ships.  The  trade  between  Lisbon  and 
Cork  is,  we  believe,  the  only  exception  to  this;  it  being  principally  carried  on  in  Portuguese 
vessels,  which  take  salt  from  St.  Ubes,  and  bring  back  butter  in  return.  About  200  small 
craft  belong  to  the  city,  which  are  exclusively  employed  in  the  coasting  trade. 


I 


Th, 
in  hlsl 

to  tllO.' 

cn/)s,  V 
ton,  wi 
I>er  am 
Brifitin 
nearly  i 

Port.- 

onrn  con 

biiili  (in  ( 

si'a      At 

nre  iwn  c 

in  ifiK  sii> 

Biipin  fun 

cliJiniifl  ri 

till?  Nlrt'ii!! 

wJii'ii  ilini 

ini'nfdil. 

ovnr  tlin  h: 

purls  I  hoy 

nearly  so' f 


Krfirenr.es  to 
r«iiii  I'l'.k-iinU) 
O'le,  mark  the  n 

M„ne,j.~xccn 
Hiilrcf3;ireKe(i;i 
f:'''''"  :  ihiis,  Rs 

loA  ''"  '■'■"sado  r.' 
lOnrpe.s;  ..,„,|  „, 

.   "le  eoid  piece 
"1  t'.ilil,  =  (i7i,/ 

""(liTn  silver  cr 

•lerliiiff. 
">(>/!/.*  and  Jl, 

""■•I'-l ;  22  pnn,„ 

^^'"irdiipriis  =  45- 

TliP  |)riiicip;il'i 

qiwri.is.  180  sfl..,, 

.'»'•  principal  li 
«  tmtd.s  =  I  huril 
gal.iiis;  .•irulihe  , 

A  pipe  of  l,isli,„| 
PO'';!  in  he  n  a|,„1 

"I  iiieas-ir<;.s  of  ■ 

~n  ,!  Kn;;(,.«h  JncI 
111,  nf  V'''-'''"""^' 
."i"  fniiii  one  nl.n 

^'im-f  IS  sold  pp. 
PV'/"!'l'"'re;L?rr 

„  "o'lffhis.iMdlonB 


LISBON. 


^'•/i-rence.i  to  Plan  —A  T 

M,.„n,.~A .  .      .  '  ^.  «ug,o  f.rt  a„d  Sugar  L„a;-  j/,  ."^^ 


„.f"""'!'-Accnnnrs  are  kpn,  •  ^'"'  ''"■' '""'  Sugar  I  c^r  i.  i,  • 

mi  r,.,.3  ar«  «e|,aral  .i/r?,,,.  ."^    '"  ""'"•  '-'""'  "r  wl.irh  -  .      ••  '  '" 

in  t'oli,  =  07!,/  .,„,.;       "^.^  =  •'■'».  llrf.  stprliiifr.  fi,        ..  "-''^ »  "le  lestnon  = 

■n..ri..r„  silver  micT  "  "('('"■'•rs  l.nweve"^L"'«  ?"'''  "iisado  =  2.  v  ,„  ,  .. 

Po;;"'!  10  be  ;n  al.,  ,  fe,     'r""**  ''>:  "'e  Cistoni-hnase  ,»,.,•  , ,  "~  ^  ^'  ''"'8"«l'  wine 


I 

i 


S 


164 


LISBON. 


Lisbon 
Oporto 
Fan  I 


Almmfe  =:  5*37  pnll.  En(f  wini*  mrnfl. 

Al(|rii're=  ;i  07    —         iiii  h.  inititH. 

Aloitdlt!    =:  (ii         —     Wil  «!  IllfliS. 

Ali|iiiir«'=  I'ff      —    Winch   iiiHaa. 
Aliriiulf  :=li      —    wiiH!  iiiuaK. 


Firo         .    Alqui6re  =  3f  gull.  Winch.  mea». 
rigiiiera   -    Ahiiiiilu    =  f)}    —    wtne  nit'uii. 

—  -     Alipii'rL'  =  ^^    —    VViiH  li.  mens. 
Vianna      -    Aliiiinh*    =  (U    —    wine  invus. 

—  -    AiiiniLfe  =:  Hf    —     Winth.  mem. 
(Keiiifs  Cambift^  vd.  i.  Jirl.  Lit>bon.) 
ItH  ciipiinl  (oiisiHiiMl,  in  IKIM,  nf  abiint 
'I'hr  Hliiiri'linltlerH  are  ixii  liahlt;  beyond 


lAilHM —'V  i:,L-  art  iituierate.  Rrilish  Roods  pay  a  tluty  of  15 
per  a-iii.  uu  .1  V'HUHrinn  lixtvl  in  r^^ ;  lul  tins  on  soine  nriiclcs  in  a 
gill  I  1lt.1l  no  c.  aixl  u'A  Mtitnt  \c^.  'I  hr  iiit|>(  rln  h<ii  tl  tol.acco, 
iiiuH'.  a. 1. 1  »i  )>  1:.  |i  ulnhie'l, «  X'f)>t  fir  \\\f.  use  "I  llu*  rotitiaiinrft  li> 
wliMin  till'  ii,,ti  111  u'luK-  and  hair  t  ihtii*  aniilfs  la  assiKritnl.  All  tx 
po  Irf  nr  ,c..  K  |.ay  :t  u  >  (cw<«u  Vi  v)oi  A  It  rev  u\.a<t  valorem.  'I'lie 
(tuijrfi  C(t|  tTifl  .it  i.'i:  III.  Ill, I  Ci.tioiu-h'iiiiai  til  I  islfon.— for  of 
t.iiBP  thcriTHii;  uu  T  ucr  ll.iii  KVtii,— aiiiuuuled,  111  IbSifto  about 
2  &tUUi;. 


Airivalf. 


Bank  of  /./.v/i,/*/.— TIiIh  psluhlishnirnt  whh  fnnn(l(Ml  in  1822. 
601, iru/.  rtrrliiiL'  iMviittMl  iotii  «M)1 1  sharfs  nl'aboiil  100/.  fiuh. 

the  arn'Miiil  o  floMr  Himri'H.  Tin;  I)  tok  iliscoonttt  hillH  not  having  nmre  than  3  nionllit)  to  run,  at  5  per 
cnnt  Im  flividtfrntn,  at  an  average  of  tlic  .'f  yuarn  i*nitrn;(  \\  iih  Is.'ll,  were  abnnt  0  per  cent,  ll  fojoyg 
the  sinunltr  init  valtiahlt'  priviU');{e  of  having  itH  clairnH  on  nil  entates  paid  ntf  In  full,  provided  the 
efliaii!  am  uniH  to  so  much  ;  other  creditors  being  obliged  to  content  Iheinselves  with  a  divioionuf  the 
rcsiitne,  if  there  be  any. 

lulhariliei  al  ndem,  wlio  deliver  the  signal  the  vesM-1  is  to  huikt 

wilt  n  ^oini(  tnu-a. 

'Jhrre  ill  tin  regular  wareliohiius  and  tiomlinfc  lyttem  at  I.ikbnn, 
All  iii.i  nitt'il  dr>  (;<>o<l>i  arc  allowed  (o  rt'inain  in  ilit-l  tj<it>pni-lu>usfi 
■lorra  i  years,  and  Ii(]inds6ninutlit,  vvithdUl  leiiigrhnrtccfl  wan-houw 
rei.l,  provKlt^l  liey  are  inltiiJi-d  lur  i:o)isuni|tlion,  aii<l  |):iy  Ihcdiitiri 
accmdiiiKly.  Hul  ir,  alter  It  at  pfiicMl,  lt,t?y  are  lakuii  uut  lu  be  ex 
liDittil,  Uiry  are  cliaiijeil  2  |.er  crnt.  tliity, 

/'i  1/  CV.a>;tf— nn  a  foreign  tliip  nf  oO  tons  enterinc  the  port  of 
Lisbon,  with  a  general  or  imied  cargo,  and  cLariiig  cut  with  the 
siiiie:— 

Royal  pasaport    • 
I'tliy  fKnei.ses  on  entering  at  the  } 
Ciistiini  house,  aUiut    •  •   5 

Aiichorme 

Ralliia'  clearance  -  • 

'rniinatfe.  100  rees  |ier  ton 
Ltiehtp,  .^0  rees  |  er  ton     ■  • 

Cot<tribti:inn  to  Huard  of  Trade 
letiy  charges 
flill  of  health      - 

R.  5(t,260  »  I IL  6f.  Off.  sterL 

Veswis  fnniine  with  a  cirifrt.or  in  halbist,  and  departing  in  halList, 
pay  .COrtes  |K:r  ton  Itith's,  or  4  linifoait  niucti  as  if  (l:t*y  saileil  with 
carxot-9.  Viti.<«<;l!  coiiiiiig  with  a  cargo,  and  sailing  v^ith  the  same 
caricn,  pay  no  tonnage  duty. 

Ci-tiniiiMum  —'I  hf  nidiiiary  rates  nf  commission  are,  on  the  site 
of  i^iN,  2  \-l  per  cent. ;  Ofl  orrftre,  2  t-2  per  rent.  ;  on  the  value 
of  (jotnls  t  tndel  f  mn  a  veiwel  pulling  in  to  effect  repairs,  I  percent.; 
nil  ships'  dihbnrKenirnt!!,  5  per  cent 

litiniainti  are  cfli  cted  to  a  tritling  anionnt.  There  is  t  national 
conipiny  for  etl'ei'tin<  insuninces  ;  but  it  enjoys  little  ciedit. 

T'-rtJ  :iie  not  rennlaied  by  any  certain  rule.  Tlmse  allowed  are 
Kencrilly  Ih'se  invoiced  or  ina'ked  on  the  pa<k^ge  — {>er*  ^nnuaiii 
•  lu  t'li'nm  rce  ytarittHitt  p  2:0.;  KtllyU  CaniLiit ;  Consul's  ^u* 
sujem  to  C  rcuiar  Qiuria,  ..yc.) 


BriliOt 
J'nilu^ueM 

Korei){ii 


I8i9. 

I'W. 

Sh,pl       Tprrj. 
i!)4       3U,3U4 

6W       . 

IKll. 

.v/cp-.     7'i.nt. 
.1.'^       34,J03 
3J0       • 

Shift, 

no 

131 

308 

Tmi. 

There  it  no  rclurn  of  O.e  tonnas^  of  ttio  Portuguese  and  foreign 

J'frt  TtfptJniiiwt  "AW  vessels  enteririic  the  T.igtis  .-irt- ohlizei)  to 
come  10  lm-hi>r  ntl'  Mtiteni  l:.is  le,  u  here  Iht-re  is  Al)  nOic-e  .11  wliicli 
Ihfy  must  ht!  Miteie*!,  their  ciraoes  dfohreil,  fn'in  wliei.re  tliev 
coit.e.  ^nil  ivheihiT  the  ciriC'i  I.e  iiiteiileJ  to  he  l'infi< d  in  l.ihhoii  or 
not ;  if  n-'t,  lite  lli.ls'er  apt  lies  for  '^ftrttufWOy*  iUa'  is,  for  leave  t:t 
reii.itn  8il>\s  in  the  |>orl  for  ihe  pur|)nse  nl  liisiiosiiig  uf  iherargn 
or  (if  ilerani  t  vvitli  it.  Two  Ciistoni-h'Mjstr  officer,  are  itieii  Rent  en 
boiiit,  anil  if  the  cario  is  to  lie  (lisc)iai;:e.l  at  Listion.  tlie  v.'»set  pro- 
recils  til  I  lie  Cii»l<-iii  I  niise,  m  hen  the  niastiT  makes  entry,  tieli  eiing 
llie  niaiiirev'  ami  hilts  of  hdini;  ailached  In  the  rer-itiiaie  of  the  Fni- 
lil^iieae  ronsiil.  at  ihe  (lort  of  lading,  in  nitler  to  identify  the  cftr^o. 
The  nffi.'ers  put  on  ho  ml  at  Helen  are  then  relieved  hy  two  otlura, 
wli'.  leniaiii  uii:il  Ihe  ve'se  I  e  tlisel  arjed  and  visited  hy  theCiis  oni 
hiiiise  s  aiclier.  The  <  nrt  dues  have  to  lie  piid  in  dilierent  oflicts  ; 
but  the  vessel  is  not  siilijed  to  any  ott  er  (liaises. 

Alt  it'ii-fi  siMit  on  hoird  for  enpirtafion  must  he  accompanied  hy  a 

fieriiiit  from  tlie  L'lislnni  house.     When  Ihe  clearaiitei  are  nhlaine '. 
Le  papers  are  presented  by  the  master,  or  Ihe  ship's  a;^cut  to  the 

(In  return  for  (he  privilege  conceded  to  llie  Portuguese  under  the  Melhuen  treaty  (see 
TnKATiEs),  of  admitting  their  wines  to  entry  for  consumption  in  Great  Britain,  at2-3ds  the 
duty  charged  on  Frenrh  wines,  British  woollens  were  admitted  into  Portugal  at  a  duty  of 
15  per  cent.  'J'his  rate  of  duty  was  afterwards  extended  to  all  British  articles:  and,  since 
1782,  it  has  heen  charged  .iccordiiig  to  a  tariff  or  valuation  fixed  that  year.  But,  with  the 
exception  of  goods  from  Brazil,  all  other  foreign  gnods  consumed  in  Portugal  paid  a  duty 
of  30  per  cent.  These  dii^tinctions  are  now,  however,  at  an  end ;  the  subjoined  decree 
having  fixed  the  duty  on  all  goods  admitted  to  consumption  in  Portugal,  without  regard  to 
thi'ir  origin,  at  l.'i  per  cent.  This  regulation  was  a  good  deal  complained  of  here,  hut  with- 
out reason.  Having  judiciously  equalised  the  duties  on  French  and  Portuguese  wines,  wo 
had  no  rii^ht  or  title  to  expect  that  the  Portuguese  should  continue  to  render  us  the  stipu- 
lated equivalent  of  what  we  had  ourselves  withdrawn.  In  so  far,  too,  as  we  are  concerned, 
the  change  is  not  really  of  any  material  importance,  and  will  not  sensibly  affect  our  trade 
with  Portugal.     We  subjoin  the  decree  referred  to : — 

I.  All  e^-^h  and  merchandise,  of  wliaiever  mture  and  oririn,  and 
nn'ervvli  leiee  flac  'liey  may  he  ini)>oried,  are  ai'lnilted  into  the 
Custom  house  of  Lisbon  and  (jporto,  to  be  despatched  for  c  insunip 
tioii 


Sect.  I, 


I.  f.ive  pies,  f;iin|xiwder,  and  foreign  olive  and  turnip  oil, 
areexcen'ed  from  the  fure^oiinf  article. 

Sect,  i.  The  ini|)ortalinii  of  grain  will  he  regulated  by  a  special 
law  ;  and  ill  Ihe  mem  tini  -  the  existing  dispositions  thereunto  re. 
lalinir,  "i  I  (nntinuein  force. 

Stct,  3,  'I'ohicco,  Boap.  and  orcliilla  weed,  coctinue  subject  to  Ihe 
Ia»s  aiid  coLdilion".  of  the  s'ate  contracts. 

Sect.  4,  V\ine,  vinei^ar,  brandy,  and  o'her  spirits,  of  iWwtever 
qualily  they  may  bi-,  are  only  admitted  in  bottles  ur  jail  of  half  a 


ciiTiaifa,  Lisbon  measure,  and  in  boxes  containing  2  dozens  of  hot. 
ties  eicli.     Hum,  however,  isadniifid  in  casks  of  any  size. 

II,  Ckiods  adii'itted  to  cnnsnniption  by  ihe  present  decree,  if  iin. 
porlctl  in  i'oitu^uese  vi  ssels  fiom  the  countrv  in  "liieti  they  are  (m. 
dured.  or  in  ships  rf  'hat  country  conrng  iliiect,  will  pay  I'l  per 
cert.,  levied  upon  the  tarilf  valuation,  ,-ind  where  there  is  no  tarilf, 
aif  eo/urcm,  in  the  conlraiy  caie.  will  pay  the  duty  hereby  esla* 
blisheil  increased  liy  I  2  of  ihe  same  doty, 

Sect,  4  Vii  egar.  wine,  brandy,  and  a'tl  other  spirits,  will  pay  300 
reis  per  bottle  or  jar.  'I  he  decree  of  the  7th  nf  Decenilier,  !(j25.  re. 
inaiits  in  full  ftrreas  reganls  Mini,  wba'ever  pace  it  conies  from. 
The  goods  comprehended  in  litis  paraiirapli  remain  subject  to  llie 
clauses  nf  the  precedmr  arli^-le,  as  far  as  Ihev  are  applicahle. 

Palaa  of  Ifuaiiilwla,  I8lh  of  April,  1^34.  Stip.) 

[The  following  decree  of  the  Portuguese  government  is  important  to  American  ship- 
owners. 

lisbov,  the  llfA  ofJtpril,  1839. 

Arlirle  I,  All  fnreijrn  ships  enterintr  the  ports  of  this  kin(;dnin  in  hallitst,  anil  londlinf  a  full  riirto  nf 
salt.  sti.Tll  lip  free  frnm  Iho  tminasR  duty.  Sec,,— Foreign  ships  eulerinp  any  of  the  ports  of  this  kine- 
dnin  ill  hnlliist,  iiitil  tiailitig  nut  again  tu  tnl<ea  full  cargo  of  salt  at  another  of  our  ports,  are  equally  tree 
frnin  Ihi^  loiinaire  duly, 

Artii  |h  2,  All  fiircicn  vpsspIs  pntcrinir  the  ports  of  this  kingdom  under  Frangiii,  in  order  to  cnmplcle 
their  rtiriroes  with  salt,  shall  pay  the  duty  of  100  reis  per  ton. 

Arilcle  ;t.  All  fori'isrii  vessels  entering  the  ports  of  this  kingdom  to  discharge  cargoes  of  merchandise, 
and  hen-  loatl  ii  full  cargo  of  salt,  8liiill  pay  the  duty  of  1(10  reis  per  ton 

Arlicle  4,  All  fnrei^'ii  vessels  which  (having  paid  ihfi  duty  in  one  of  the  ports  of  this  kingdom)  sailed 
in  liallast  to  another  port  of  the  kingiloio,  in  order  there  to  take  full  cargoof  salt,  are  entitled  to  receive 
hack  the  duty  paid  in  the  first  port,  with  the  deduction  merely  of  100  reis  per  ton,  on  presenting  tu  the 
competent  aiithority  of  a  legal  certificate  of  said  payment. — Ant.  Ed.] 


L\ 

hi 

murl 

«late 

graini 

of  SCf ) 

time  ii 

while 

f'he/,,, 

paintri 

[IA\ 

ho/ 

Rus.  M 

the  /eni 

he  calls 

^tvednti 

oxid-ilai 

strong  a, 

grey  coll 

nitric  aci 

peculiar  , 

(he  wond 

liherty  ll) 

an  instrui 

enables  (li 

given  dire 

tion.s,  njij 

also  the  qi 

pro/ierly  j,, 

iiiagnrts.— 

/-OB.ST 

titles  are  en 

'''lie  iiiliiiiii 

Ihelipoi  i|„, 

')'    «(0||,|,|,(  I 

'iMlsiind  till 
'•■'rly  a  lion  t  ' 
'"•lii.v,..,|  |,,,„'. 
"""■ever,  esti 
"roneii,  iVoni 
foreign  vesse 

radurofi^   (V 

varieties.     \ 

the  wards,  sji 

ond  to  (he  f)c 

tlioir  different 

*c.     W„|v,., 

""'ly  of  its  \o 

grand  di/licuh 

opened  by  at^ 

of.suffieientsti 
hiive  bien  pro 
sfissed  ofconsi 
r'fiiicipal  requi 
from  the  inven 
in  (he  won,!,  in 
ninrtife  lonl<,s 

J;0GWOOI 

{ <>l»  dc  Camp, 

•America,  and  w 

»  thrives  best  it 

whitethorn,  but 

colour  internally 

njwial  i.nporlaf 

aUerwartLs  chin, 

engaged  in  cutiit, 

,Oyi'|;'"""s  for  I 
'"■a/a  tons  a  year. 


LITERARY  PROPERTY— LOGWOOD. 


165 


LITRRAHV  PROPERTY.     Sep  Dookh. 

LrrHAUiiE  (Cti!r.  Clollf,  Glatir;  Du.  Gclit  t  Fr.  Lilhartrr  ;  It.  Litri'gi'rin  ;  Sp.  ^/. 
mtirliii^a,  Lilaijirid;  Kus,  Glit ,-  Lat.  Lilhiirtfi/rittin),  hii  oxide  of  lead  in  an  imperfect 


of 


Most  of  the  lend  met  will 


froii 


ity  (spe 
-3(38  the 
duty  of 
iJ,  since 

ith  the 

a  duty 
decree 

egnrd  to 

ut  with- 

lies,  we 

e  slipu- 

ncerued, 

|\ir  trade 

Izcm  ot  bot- 

Jpcree,  if  ""• 
llliev  are  I  «■ 
I  pjy  IS  |i«f 
J  is  lltj  MiS, 
I  heidy  esU- 

Iwill  r»V  M" 
■l„r,  IW5.  re- 
VcnniM  frflni. 
Iiliico  to  U« 
laii'.e. 

Sup) 

Ian  ship- 

[iU  1839. 
1  ciirEO  of 
Ihis  king- 
I  mill  y  tree 

cnmplcte 

Ichnndise, 

Ln)  aaile* 
1,0  receive 

ling  lu  lh« 


coiiiinori 

grains  to  20  ounces  or  more  in  the  fodder :  when  the  quanlity  is  sulliciciit  to  piiy  tiic  expense 
of  separation,  it  is  r'Jined ;  that  is,  the  metal  is  expired  to  a  hia[ii  heut,  piissiiig  at  the  same 
time  a  current  of  air  over  the  surface:  ,tlie  lead  is  thus  oxidised  and  converted  into  lilhur<re, 
while  the  silver,  remaininj5  unchanged,  is  collected  at  the  end  of  the  process.— ( 7'AHW*.vo;t 'a 
Chc>ui\/ri/,  i\c.)  Litharge  is  used  for  various  purposes  in  the  arts,  hy  potters,  glass  makers, 
painters,  &c. 

[LIVERPOOL.     See  Supplement.— Am.  Erf.] 

LOADSI'O.NE  (Gcr.  Mugnef  ,■  Uu.  Mai^neef ;  Fr.  Aimatit  ,■  It.  Calumlta  ,■  Sp.  Iinan  i 
Kus.  Miiifiii/ ,-  liUt.  Mofi^iiei).  M.  Hai'iy  olisirves,  that  the  ores  in  which  the  iron  contains 
the  len.st  oxygen  without  heing  engaged  in  other  combinations,  form  natural  magnets;  and 
he  calls  the  liimhtuiuH  of  commerce,  which  aie  found  in  considerable  musses  in  Germany, 
Sweden,  Norway,  Spain,  Italy,  China,  Siam,  the  Philippine  Isles,  Corsica,  and  Elliiopia, 
oxlii.ilakd  lion,  'i'he  loadstone  is  characterised  by  the  following  properties : — A  very 
strong  action  on  the  magnetic  needle.  Specific  gravity  I'S'IST.  Not  ductile.  Of  a  dark 
grey  colour,  with  a  metallic  lustre. —  Primitive  form,  the  regular  octahedron.  Insoluble  in 
nitric  acid.  This  singular  substance  was  known  to  the  ancients  ;  and  they  had  remarked  its 
peculiar  propeity  of  attracting  iron;  hut  it  does  not  appear  that  they  were  acquainted  with 
the  wonilerl'ul  properly  which  it  also  has,  of  turning  to  the  pole  when  suspended,  and  left  at 
liberty  to  move  freely.  Upon  this  remarkable  circumstance  the  mariner's  compass  depends, — 
an  instrument  which  gives  us  such  infinite  advantages  over  the  ancients.  It  is  this  which 
enables  the  mariner  to  conduct  his  vessel  through  vast  oceans  out  of  the  sight  of  land,  in  any 
given  direction  ;  and  this  directive  property  also  guides  the  miner  in  subterranean  excava- 
tions, and  the  traveller  through  deserts  otherwise  impassable.  The  natural  loadstone  has 
also  the  (juality  of  communicating  its  properties  to  iron  and  steel;  and  when  pieces  of  steel 
properly  prepared  are  touched,  as  it  is  called,  by  the  loadstone,  they  arc  denominated  artificial 
magnets. — (See  Compass.) 

LOBSTER  (Fr.  Ecrtvisse:  Lat.  Cancer),  a  fish  of  the  crab  species,  of  which  vast  quan- 
tities are  consumed  in  London. 

Till!  iiiiiiiniiMii  size  ot"  lolisicrs  ofTcred  for  sale  is  fixed  by  10  &  11  Will.  3.  c.  21,  nt  eiirhl  inchos  from 
the  li|i  nl'  ilii'  nose  to  tin*  end  of  tlit;  middle  (in  of  Hie  tiiil.  Nn  liihstnrs  nrc  to  ho  t»l\eii  on  the  cnaRla 
oC  S(oll:tii(l  lielween  llie  1st  iif  June  and  the  1st  of  ."'epteinlier,  under  a  penally  of  51.  The  Hcilly  Is- 
liiids  itiid  I  he  Liiiid's  End  nhniind  in  lobsters,  as  well  na  several  |diice«  on  Hie  Snitcli  shores,  particu- 
larly ahiiiit  .Moiiliose.  lint  the  principal  liilwier  lisliery  is  on  Hie  coast  of  Norway  ;  whence  it  in 
lii'li(;ved  iipward.s  (ifl.^nO.dOO  Inhstirs  are  aiiiuially  iinporled  into  l-oiidiin.  Those  of  lli'li<;nlaiid  are, 
binveviir,  istci'ined  Hie  best ;  they  are  of  a  deeper  lihirk  cidoiir,  and  their  fli'.'li  is  firmer  than  those 
hroiiffhl  froiii  Norway.  Tiireit'ii  caught  tiirbots  and  lobsters  may  be  imported  either  in  British  or 
fureifii  vessels  free  of  duly. 

LOCK,  LOCKS  (Ger.  Scfi looser  ,•  Du.  S/ot en  ,-  Fr.  Sernires  ,-  \\..  S'rrature ;  Sp.  Cer- 
radurdf),  Cfrrojot ,-  Kus.  Saniki),  a  well  known  instrument,  of  which  there  are  infinite 
vnrieties.  A  great  deal  of  art  and  delicacy  is  sometimes  displayed  in  contrivmg  and  varying 
the  wards,  springs,  bolts,  &c.,  and  adjusting  them  to  the  places  where  they  are  to  be  used, 
and  to  the  occasions  of  using  them.  From  the  various  structure  of  locks,  accommodated  to 
their  difl'erent  intentions,  they  acquire  various  names,  as  stock  locks,  spring  lodis,  padlocks, 
&c.  Wolverhampton  was,  at  a  very  early  period,  famous  for  the  superior  skill  and  inge- 
nuity of  its  locksmiths;  but  the  best  locks  are  now  made  in  London  and  jjiiniinghain.  The 
grand  dilliculty  to  be  overcome  in  making  a  lock  is  to  construct  it  so  that  it  may  not  be 
opened  by  any  key  except  its  own,  nor  admit  of  being  picked;  it  should  also  be  possessed 
of  sufficient  strength  and  durability,  and  not  be  too  complex.  Many  ingenious  contrivance.i 
have  been  proposed  for  the  attainment  of  the  desired  security, — several  of  which  are  pos- 
sessed of  considerable  merit.  We  believe,  however,  that  there  is  none  that  combines  all  the 
principal  requisites  of  a  lock  in  so  eminent  a  degree  as  "  Chubb's  Detector  Lock,"  so  called 
from  the  inventor,  Mr.  Chubb,  of  Portsea.  Common  door-locks  are  now  usually  Inserted 
in  the  wood,  instead  of  being,  as  formerly,  screwed  to  it;  and  when  so  placed  are  called 
ninrthe  loek.s. 

LOGWOOD  (Fr.  Bois  de  Campeche ;  Ger.  Kampescholz ,-  Du.  Campecheouf ;  Sp. 
Pidn  de  Ciinipiclie),  the  wood  of  a  tree  {HxnKitoxi/liin  Cainpcchianiim  Lin.),  a  native  of 
America,  and  which  attains  the  greatest  perfection  at  (vampeachy,  and  in  the  West  Indies. 
It  thrives  best  in  a  wet  soil,  with  a  large  proportion  of  clay.  The  logwood  tree  is  like  the 
whitethorn,  but  a  great  deal  larger.  The  v^'oo<l  is  hard,  compact,  heavy,  and  of  a  deep  red 
colour  internally,  which  it  givps  out  both  to  water  and  alcohol.  It  is  an  article  of  great  com- 
mercial importance,  being  exte'ttsivcly  used  as  a  dye  wooj.  It  is  imported  in  logs,  that  are 
afterwards  chipped. — ('i'he  logwood  tree,  and  the  advrntures  of  those  that  were  formerly 
engaged  in  cutting  it,  are  described  by  Dampier;  see  his  Voi/ages,  vo\.'n.  part  2.  p.  56.  ed.  1729.) 

The  entries  for  home  consumption,  at  an  average  of  t'le  3  years  endins  with  1832,  aininiiited  to 
I0,U73  tuns  a  year.    The  duty  of  is.  fid.  a  ton  on  fureiga  logwood,  and  of  3s.  ua  thai  from  a  Uiiluli 


156 


LONDON— MACAO. 


filnntntinn,  prodiirrrt.  diirinu  the  ^atiie  3  ypnrH.nn  niiniinl  rovftiiio  of  2  210/.  Of  H.P.'iH  tons  of  loRwnnd 
iiiporti'd  ill  l^;)l,  '*,ti(lfi  wiTc  from  llio  Hriiisli  VV(!^l|  liidii'H,  I.Hxft  from  Mi-xiro,  iiml  iIhi  rciiiiiiiKlor  prin- 
cipiilly  fniiii  Iliiyli  iiml  riilui.  Iih  price  in  tliH  I.oimIoii  iii!irl<i'l  in  n>'i'ciiilii'r,  IKl.'t,  wim  ;— JiiiiiMicM,  SJ, 
Ha.  \wr  ton  ;  Iliiiiiliirns,  5/.  I0«.  (o  3/.  \ia.  ;  HI.  I)ciiiiin|!o,  01.  In  61  6».  ;  ('ainpRacliy,  11.  lin.  In  H.  Ha. 

Wc  borrow  from  the  Irarnrd  nnd  nhle  work  of  Dr.  Bancroft,  ihr  folluwiiiK  ciirimis  »1i't;ii?s 
with  respect  to  the  use  of  logwooil  in  this  country  : — "  Logwood  seems  to  have  lieeti  fir.st 
broii|;(ht  to  Eiiglnnd  soon  after  tlie  uccesBion  of  Queen  Elizabeth:  but  the  various  nnd  beau- 
tiful colours  dyed  from  it  proved  so  fugucious,  that  a  general  outcry  agaill^t  il:<  use  wns  soon 
raised  ;  and  an  act  of  parliament  waa  passed  in  tlie  2:M  year  of  her  reign,  which  finihibited 
its  use  as  a  dye  under  severe  penalties,  nnd  not  only  authorised  but  direcled  Ihc  liurriin<;  of 
it,  ill  whatever  hands  it  might  be  found  within  the  realm ;  and  though  this  wood  was  after- 
wards sometimeH  cliiriilesiinely  used  (under  the  feigned  name  of  black  wood),  it  coutimicd 
nulijecl  to  this  prohibition  for  nearly  100  years,  or  until  tiie  passing  of  the  net  lH  A:  14  (/'hiis. 
2.;  the  preainMe  of  which  declares,  that  the  ingenious  industry  of  modern  limes  lialh  taught 
the  dyers  of  England  the  art  of  fixing  colours  made  of  logwoo<l,  alius  blaikwtiod,  so  ns  that, 
by  experience,  they  are  found  as  lasting  as  the  colours  made  with  any  ollifr  ytirl  aj  di/'in^ 
tvniifi  whatever  ,•  and  on  this  ground  it  repeals  so  much  of  the  statute  of  Elizabeth  a  relntij 
to  logwood,  and  gives  permissiim  to  import  and  use  it  fur  dyeing.  Piobniily  the  s  lintudo 
of  the  dyers  to  obtain  this  permission,  induced  them  to  pretend  that  their  industry  had  dono 
much  more  than  it  really  hnd,  in  fi.xiiig  the  colours  of  logwood ;  most  of  which,  even  at 
this  time,  are  notoriously  deficient  in  regard  to  their  durability." — {On  I'ermanenl  C'oluura 
vol.  ii.  p.  .'MO.) 

[LONDON.     See  Supplement.— Am.  Ed.] 

IiOUIS  D'OI?,  a  Frentli  gold  coin,  first  ulruck  in  1640.  It  wns  cubseqnenfly  made  by 
the  French  mint  regulations  equal  to  24  livrcs,  or  1/.  sterling.  This,  however,  was  under- 
rating it  in  nspectof  silver;  and  hence,  as  every  one  preferred  paying  his  debts  in  the  over- 
valued coin,  silver  became  the  principal  currency  of  France,  the  gold  coins  being  either  sent 
to  the  melting-pot  or  exported.  In  "Britain,  the  process  was  reversed,  (jold  having  been, 
for  a  lengthened  period,  over-valued  by  our  mint  in  respect  to  silver,  it  became  tiie  principal 
currency  of  the  country. — (See  vol.  i.  p.  384.) 


M. 


M.\CAO,  a  Fca-port  and  settlement  belonging  to  the  Portuguese,  on  the  i.xland  of  the 
same  name,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Canton  river  in  China,  in  lat.  22°  12'  4.5"  N..  Ion.  li:)° 
3.V  E.  'J'he  situation  of  Macao  strikingly  resembles  that  of  Cadiz.  It  is  built  near  the 
extremity  of  a  |icninsula  projecting  from  the  south-west  corner  of  the  island  of  Macao,  to 
whi<'h  it  is  joined  by  a  long  narrow  neck.  Across  this  isthmus,  which  i.s  not  more  than  100 
yards  wide,  a  wall  is  erected,  with  a  gate  and  guard-house  in  the  middle  for  the  Cliincsu 
soldiers.  'J'he  greate.it  length  of  the  peninsula  belonging  to  the  Porlujtui'se,  from  N.  E.  to 
S.  VV.,  is  under  3  miles,  and  its  breadth  under  J  mile.  The  broadest  part,  to  the  north  of 
the  town,  is  (l,it,  and  of  a  light  sandy  soil ;  but  in  well  cultivated,  principally  by  Chinese,  and 
produces  all  sorts  of  Asiatic  and  Euro[)ear>  culinary  vegetables.  Provisions  are  obiained  from 
the  Chinese  part  of  the  island  or  from  the  main  land;  and  whenever  the  I'urtugucse  do  any 
thing  to  oifeiid  the  Chinese  authorities,  the  provisions  are  cut  off  till  tlu>y  are  obliged  (|iiietiy  to 
submit.  'J'hey  arc  seldom  allowed  to  pass  lieyond  the  narrow  pret'incta  cif  the  territory  as- 
signed to  them.  The  population  of  the  peninsula  may  amount  to  from  lii,000  to  13,000, 
of  whom  considerably  more  than  half  are  Chinese.  The  functionaries  beloiigiiisr  to  the 
East  India  Coni[)ai)y's  factory  at  Canton  resided  here  during  the  whole  of  the  dead  season. 

The  Portuguese  obtained  possession  of  Macao  in  l.'iSfi.  It  was  for  a  considerable  period 
the  seat  of  a  great  trade,  carried  on  not  only  with  China,  but  with  .lapan,  ^iam,  Cociiin- 
China,  the  Philippine  Islands,  Aic. ;  but  for  these  many  year.s  past  U  has  been  of  eomi)ara- 
tively  little  importance,  though  it  is  probable,  that  if  it  belonged  to  a  i/iore  enterprising  and 
active  people,  it  might  still  recover  most  of  its  former  prosperity.  'J'he  public  ndministraliou 
is  vested  in  a  senate  composed  of  the  bishop,  the  judge,  and  a  few  of  the  [iriiicipal  inhabitants ; 
but  all  real  authority  is  in  the  hands  of  the  Chinese  mandarin  resident  in  th-e  town. 

7Vc  llnrhniir  is  on  llie  west  side;  rf  ilin  town,  lictwppn  it  and  I'rii-fl's  Isl.iiid  ;  Inil  the  w.'ilcr  in  it  not 
beiiid  sntfniciiily  diM>|i  to  :idniit  iiirjje  pliips,  lliey  f!eni.'r;illy  iinclior  In  Ilii'  ri'iulson  llii-  oili.r  tiidc  (ifllm 
peninsiiiii,  from  .'i  |o  10  nlil^•s  lO.S.K.  from  1  lie  town.  All  vessids  coming  inlotlu;  roads  send  lli.ir  lioala 
to  lliH  I'orliiL'nesi'  ('iisIomlKinsp  on  llic  sniilli  side  ofihe  town. 

Wlo'ii  11  ship  nrrivi's  iimoMft  llin  isliimis,  slif  is  (icii  r:illy  lionrded  liy  a  iiitot,  wlin  r.TrriPS  hi-r  into 
Mac.io  roMils.  As  soon  ns  sin;  is  aiicliored,  llie  pilot  pnui^eds  to  INlacao  to  inlorni  ilie  iiiiiiidiirin  of  llic 
nation  she  li('loMt;s  to.  If  llipre  lie  niiy  women  cm  lioanl,  applicalioii  ninsi  In;  ina-le  to  iliu  liislmp  and 
BPniili;,  for  leave  lo  send  Ihiin  on  shore,  ns  tiny  will  not  tie  [lerinilled  lo  proceed  lo  Wlianipoa  in  Hio 
ship.  A.s  soon  ,is  Ihe  inaiiilarin  lias  made  llie  necpssary  iiii|niries,  lie  orders  off  a  river  pilot,  who 
brinps  wiili  him  a  cimy  nr  licence  lo  pass  llie  Uocca  Tigris,  or  inoulli  of  the  Caiiloii  river,  and  larri'js 
tlie  ship  to  Wliampo.i. 

'I'niile  iif  Miniii.—T\\p  Ch;npse  reenlatlnns  do  nnt  permit  any  vessels,  except  surli  as  heloiij;  to  I'nr- 
tuguuse  or  Spaniards,  of  wliich  there  are  very  few,  to  trade  at  Macao.    Hut  lilt  Potlugiiesu  iulialii- 


tniitH  lend  I 
Ihein  for  II 
niliiMi!)  IIHI 
laiiilini;  or 
prcdiiliitory 
llip  Inst  3  yi 
VenselH  01 
tlie  Imrliour 

Purl  Vhnrra. 
tilSUvip  vpi,„.|,  i 
•llliniinr,  ami  is  ,1 
llie  [yirl  (liiiiilol 
orihi^orJdn.il  ch 
""  111"*  u  ahs  CO 
Kiimpe  ill,  nn(  pn 
hntuvf  In  a  mora 
Tlip  ntcj  (if  IIH 
•re,)  on  (liree  cla» 

lit.    On  vmeli  of 
Jd.  _       f„ 

ai.  _       r„ 

These  rates  urn  i 
tradiriit  Willi  fnrt'in 
The  iliriii-inioiis  an 
Canldii  (see  vol  i.  [ 
mil  of  the  coviil,  li 
only  a  ili'ciiiiil  iucr 
cuulion. 

'ITie  foltlowinK  at 

of  iiicaiurcinent  dul 

2  |icr  cent,  for  iii 

5      —       for  di, 

10      -        for  If. 

I'      —       for  nii 

Aim  Ihe  sum  of  70  I; 

ln,ldililion  lollies 

hoii|m(crilli'clorofci 

On  a  Isl  cl.iss  vejsi 

c»o  or  Manilla,  SO  lai 

On  a  2(1  class  vessel 

cao  or  Manilla,  40  t.n 

On  a  3.1  class  vessel 

can  or  Manilla,  30  l,at 

Sliips  iinporlinK  rici 

piyoiilyMilojlari,  as 

uf  his  .icparlnieiil. 

Hirluijucse  vessels  ( 
duly,  have  lo  pay  lo  ih 
the  Fiirliii'iiese,  Han  isl 
mailer  of  specific  barer 
rf  2(10  Ions,  lo  3,500  do 
larger  sizes. 

Tliecliar<eson«onds 
aiil  .11,10,10,  heinit  sen>-i 
H'hinipoa  ;  and  the  du 
nifrrliandue  iinjuirled 
m.)  lerale  ;  Ihe  Cliinese 
l«>arJ  lliu  .Macao  vessels 
JNiik!.  If  Ihe  ship  own 
(iliihed  iviihonly  Ihe  s 
il  would  probably  indue' 
111  this  ivay. 

'-'pium.-Tlie  trade  in 
neie  gnvornnieul,  as  well 
WIS,  lieverlheless,  forniei 
liiKuejc  nioradores,  or  ci, 
rorlii'ue-e  ivho  were  nol 
sionni  Ihe  decline  of  Ihe 
Knite  pas»cd  a  re5ulalion 
Iniclion,  ivhelher  I'orlui 
"  hospiiality,  and  Ihe  ulni. 
"",'•  ''"''■"■er,  very  lilHe 
MiJ,  "I  Ihe  heavy  bribes  di 

MACE  (Ger. 
FIcuT  de  mxLscai 
Macis),  a  thin,  fla 
low  colour,  a  pleai 
chcLsen  fresh,  toug 
lirighter  the  better, 
ing  is  in  bales,  pre: 
Account  of  the  Qimi 


Qnantitii 

reiilnedforlNeKjl 
Hiiiiie  Con-        of  ( 

I  ,t"P,','""  '"  i-ece 
Ihe  Uniled  iiicr, 
liinifdom. 


7,949      4,037 
'1,907  I   5,433 

Records  destroyed 

5,490 
7,834 
6,499 
8,612 
10,836 
;;il-__J!£Mil3,526  i 

VoLrn;::;o 


3,239  I 
3,392  1 
2,9*« 
3,960  1 
4,966  11 


MACE. 


157 


tanld  Iflnd  llielr  namoH,  fiT  n  IriflitiB  considtTiitlnn,  to  mirh  fdroignrrs  n«  wish  to  he  mmorintoil  with 


thi'iii  fur  tlie  |)iir|)(Hi: 


r  triidiiiB  rniiii  Ihi-  purl.     Iii(li'pi'iiilciillv,  licuvrvcr,  of  thin,  vi'HWflrt  ol"  nihi-r 


rofliin- 

sUrtiiou 

liluiila; 


■  ill  it  not 

.  ot'lhH 

I  irliiiat!) 

Jii'r  into 

In  of  lliu 

iiiip  and 

in  liio 

il,  \vl>n 

larritiii 

1(1 1'or- 
1  iuliaUi- 


„  .tiiiiH  iisiially  nxpi'ripiico  im  diltiiiilly  in  nlitainitiit  thi>  ciiniiiviiiici'  iit'  the  Cliiiii'ii!  (ith('i>r!i  In  lllH 

iiiridiTiK  or  riTplvlnB  "f  gi>'>i\ii  in  tin;  romlK,  hy  niciiiis  of  rorliiKHi'si'  bdiiis.     At  inti'rvii!«,  iiiil I,  llio 

prohiliitiiry  ri'Riilntion  is  itrietly  tiiirorciMl ;  hut  wo  htdit- vc  tliut  tlien;  hiis  bouii  no  inHtitiicu  ol°  tliiH  I'ur 
ihi!  inHt  3  yrnrs. 

Vi'xxtdit  nf  oilier  nntiimx,  if  in  dintri'ii!!,  nnd  nntiinpngcd  In  the  contrnhiuid  trnde,  nre  admitted  Into 
the  linrlioiir  for  repnirs,  on  application  to  the  Hcimle. 


Purl  I'llnrta.—'lt'*  lut'liurfliimil  iliily  |ai  I  h)  S|i,iiii»ll  Jli'l  IViP 
lilKUi'ii-  ve«>eU  i»  iiinilor.iH',  Wlifii  a  vrxil  has  niiri'  jmi.I  Mh-  full 
jihoiiiit.  »cirl  !•  .vlinilt«t  "11  Ihc  '»' "'  rfirnlrml  thi|>i  hilonniiiij  In 
the  pnrt  (liniilf'l  liy  "'«  t'hniwe  In  2r»),  ilie  ia  liihte  niily  in  .1  lltird 
of  llif  riri«in.il  clnrKfj,  on  evpry  «uhvc]\ienl  ncc.niim  of  lirr  eiilrrinK, 
mi  KiiiiC  as  ihe  coiiiinurfl  nil  Ilie  rt'i^lkliT.  l*nrlui(uew  \eut-l4  frntii 
Kurni*  tin  nnt  poswiu  this  privilfKe,  uiileu  Iht'y  be  regiitKreil  at  !»• 
l.HKillK  In  »  ninrnilnr  nf  Macau. 

Till"  ratn  of  niraiiirf iiieiit  duty,  "hich  varjf, as  at  CaDtonj  (which 
lee.)  on  Ihrec  clawea  nf  vrutll,  are  IliR  fnllnwini(  :— 

Tintt. 
lit.    On  Vfiuelt  nf  154  rnvi'U  ami  iipwanla,  6'223  jwr  covitt. 
oj  —        fnilli  120  10  ri4  cnvi  II  6-72        — 

3,1.'  _        finin  (Kiln  121)  covili  ■)•  — 

TliMff  rates  are  nearly  the  iiniu  as  those  levied  nn  Canton  jimllt, 
trading  with  forciifn  cnunlries,  an  I  niinlil,  in  fact,  to  lie  entirely  in. 
The  dinieuHiniiB  are  taken  and  cilculatitl  in  the  same  manner  as  at 
Canton  (see  vid  i.  p.  207.)i  hlll  the  Clliliisr,  at  Imlh  places,  speak 
not  of  the  cnvid,  tnit  of  thechannnf  in  rnvids.  Ilowevi'r,  as  lliis  is 
only  a  decimal  increase,  it  makes  no  ditlereiice  in  Ihe  nii-thnd  of  cat* 
culation. 

'rlic  follIowinK  additional  charftes,  to  he  calnilafed  nn  the  amount 
of  measurement  duty,  arc  Ihe  same  on  e\ery  class  of  vessels,  viz. 

2  per  cent,  for  iiisjiectors. 

g      —       for  dillerence  in  weiglit  by  Ihe  treasury  scales. 

10      —        for  loss  in  niellini{. 

17      —       for  niakine  sycee. 
Also  the  sum  of  70  laels  for  th   "  piihlic  purse,''  or  hoppo'i  Ireasur)'. 

In  addition  In  these,  Ihe  foljoivinv  are  the  charges  levied  hy  the 
hoppo  (cnllfclor  of  cusldinsj,  or  his  dcpiry  :  — 

(In  a  1st  cl.iss  vessel  fnim  Europe,  2dO  taels  ;  if  belonging  to  Ma< 
cao  or  .Manilla,  SO  taels. 

On  a  2d  class  vessel  from  Europe,  240  taels ;  if  belonging  to  Ma- 
cao or  .Manilla,  40  taels. 

On  a  dtl  class  vessel  from  Europe,  170  taels;  if  belonging  to  Ma. 
can  or  Mandia,  30  laels. 

.Ships  importing  rice  are  exempt  from  the  measurement  duly,  and 
pay  only  .Ml  thillars,  as  fees  to  the  procurador  of  Macao  and  the  ofTicers 
ofhHdeparlmenl. 

Pijfhmiiese  vessels  from  Europe,  in  addition  to  the  measurement 
duly,  have  to  pay  to  the  Canton  hong  merchants  a  charge,  lernie<l  hy 
Ihe  PorluKuese,  Hanist.agem,  or  Cnnsoo  chir,te,  which  is  usually  a 


their  connivance.    The  trade,  as  .\lreidy  obaerveil  (vol.  i.  p.  299.),  !■ 
iHiw  iirini'ip.illy  carried  on  al  j.intin,  a'lont  30  miles  from  M  lem. 

/Mi;inrri.~Gon,l«  imparted  |iay  al  the  I'ortiiguese  ('iistuni-hniise  a 
duly  of  ti  per  rent,  on  a  tised  valiiat>,-'n,  besides  Siime  f^-en  and  rixdia 
hire.    Tlifl  following  are  a  few  articlet  extracted  from  the  liiritfr^ 

Valiia'ioii.  Iinty. 


Tntli. 

7ViJt. 

Cotton 

per  pirul    4 

O.ilO 

Broad  cloth,  mid.lling 

oivid     1-600 

DOIIrt 

hetler  than  onlinarjr 

-        OHIO 

OIMII 

ordinary  or  coarse 

—        0  4H0 

OO'iS 

Camlets 

—         1-280 

onio 

lleiel  nut 

picul     l'20U 

0  072 

Tin       .... 

-         8 

OlSO 

Birds' nctts,  III  sort      ■ 

catty  22  400 

i-:M1 

Raitaus 

picul     1-200 

on-;2 

.Sall|ietro,  Benjal 

—        4 

2240 

ciMstofGna 

-        1-600 

0  O'.lS 

^''VV".          •..    „• 

—        4 

0240 

<>|iiuiii  iniportec)  in  Pnrtmuefte  nhipi,  payi  per  chest,  drs.  10  1-4 
0(1.  r-irfii;ii  do.  —  !,'»  1-2 

GoM  and  »ilver,  whrtht-r  in  cnin.  in  tnillion,  or  nnnuf.irttirf  \.  payon 

iiiiport^ttion,  2  per  cent. ;  eicepi  in  Spanish  veurU  from  M.inilla, 

when  ttie  rh.irfce  is  I  t-2  (wr  cent. 

/^xpcir/f .— Nf)  duly  is  levied  liy  Ihe  Por(u?ut*se  i)n  goods  exported 
from  Macio;  nor  does  the  Custom  house  take  any  co^niz.inc«  uf 
Ihiirn. 

Dutie*  awl  Chargra  on  Goods  landed  at  5frtrao.— Marao  la  s 
place  rtilltont  any  niannfactnre  or  cnmnierre  of  ilt  nww.  I'ncea 
are,  in  cons'>quence,  generally  dupcndi^nt  on  those  of  C.inloii.  Money 
is  usually  paid  at  ',2  taols  per  lOD  dollars. 

It  ia  A  \mi\\  of  annie  interest  to  asct* rtain  the  inlcrriiit  duties  and 
eippnaiMi  to  wliich  gmwls  landed  at  Macao  are  liablii,  Ijt-fore  cnmim 
into  the  Chinese  purchaser's  han  Is  at  raiiton.  llut  the  luhject  is  to 
involved  in  mystery  and  uncertain'y,  the  changes  varynm  ai-conlinn 
to  tlir-  quantity  nf  ^oods  laden  in  one  boat,  .Vc,  that'  i'  is  sciirreljr 
iiftssilde  to  arrive  at  any  acrurate  iiilornution  respecting  it.  Wr  tie* 
lieve,  however,  ttiat  thfs  foIli)uiinmay  In*  con»idt'rei|as  a  pret'y  clnso 
approxiniaiion  to  i)ie  real  amount  of  clkirges  in^urreil  on  collon 
lande.I  at  Macao  :  — 

rortmuce  duly,  fees,  Ac.      -  •  ■     mace,  2—6  per  picul 

Pulies  and  chirjtPH  on  conveyance  to  Canton  6—3       — 


mattt-r  nf  ajHicific  bargain,  varyin^froin  about  200  dfdiani  on  a  vessel  i  Canton  charges,  dillerence  of  weight,  broker 
f  f  21)0  tniia,  tu  3,^C0  dollars  and  upwards  on  those  of  600  tons  and  of  age  un  sale,  &c. 


8-0       — 

Total,  about  taels.  2-6-9       — 

The  dtitios  and  charges  on  conveyance  from  Macao  to  Cnntnn 

are,  for  pepper,  per  picul  ....    nuice,  9--0 

Kalians  —  ....  4—5 

Beltl  nut  —  ....  4_5 

The  hoppo'i  examiner  charges  90  taels  per  boat  of  t,000  pjcula, 
the  laruest  quantity  allowe'l  to  be  conveyed  liy  a  sii;gle  bn.it ;  hul  th0 
same  chiriff  of  90  taels  is  levied,  althiiu^li  the  boat  should  only  con* 
Uin  100  picul". 

Tlie  duty  on  eiportini?  i^nndn  from  Canton  to  Micao  is  in  some 
cases  less,  in  olherc.iaes  greater,  than  the  \Vh:impoa  (tuiv.  Tims, 
nankeenii  to  Macao  pay  2  dolbrs  per  100  less  Itian  to  Whimpoa. 
Mjst  descriptions  of  silk  piece  goods  also  pay  less  duty,  (tn  the  other 
haul,  lea.  p'per,  China  ware,  Ace,  pay  a  liii(herduty  to  .>Iacao  than 
to  Whanipo.1. 

For  details  as  to  the  IVeights,  MeasiireSj  ^-c.  used  at  Macao,  sett 
Catilon. 

For  further  particulars,  see  Ilinnilton^f  Katt  India  Gazetteer,  art. 
Mncaiy ;  MUljuni's  Oriitit.  Com.;  and  \hc  jinelO'Chint%e  Kalctutar 
and  Companion  tothe  ^imanac^  M.ac.ao,  1832. 


lariTcr  Mzea. 

'I hechiir^es  on  goois  carrieil  by  the  inner  passage,  between  Canton 
ml  Mtc.to,  heing  generally  Ics^  than  those  paid  on  goods  to  and  from 
\V*li:)[i)|ioa;  and  the  duties  levied  tiy  the  Portuguese,  on  articles  of 
fuercIianJitt'  imported  by  vessels  tielongitig  to  Macao,  bein|C  very 
riu It-rate;  the  Chinese  are  often  led  to  engai^e  in  spi-culations  on 
b-art  Ihe  Macao  vessels,  the  risk  being  so  niurh  less  llian  in  native 
junks.  If  the  ship  owners  could  manai^e  Iheir  expenses  so  as  to  be 
hilLitieil  wiih  only  the  same  freight  as  ischirgcd  by  Hni^lish  vessels, 
jt  would  |)robably  induce  many  more  Chinese  In  niiikc  remittances 
in  this  way, 

'.»piU'H-— The  trade  in  opium  is  prohibited  al  Macao  by  the  Chi- 
nese gtivernnient,  at  well  as  throughout  the  rest  of  the  empire.  It 
WW,  nevertheless,  formerly  carried  on  to  a  great  extent  by  the  For- 
liiicuese  nioradores,  or  citizens,  to  the.  exclnsicm  of  all  oUiers,  even 
Portuguese  who  were  noi  citizens.  Hut  this  leslriclion  haviuK  ocra- 
H(in«l  ihe  decline  of  the  trade,  it  was  abniisheil  in  IH23,  when  the 
Knile  paired  a  regulation  throwing  open  the  trade  to  all,  without  dis- 
lliictioTi,  whether  Porlu»jui''e  or  foreigners;  securing  to  Ihe  latter 
"  tiospiiality,  and  the  utmost  freethmi  in  their  speculations."  At  pre- 
icrii,  hiwever,  very  little  opium  is  importetl,  in  consequence,  it  is 
iiiJ,  cf  Ihe  heavy  bribes  demanded  by  the  Chlneie  olficcrs  lo  insure 

MACE  (Ger.  MactSj  Muskatenbliithe ;  Du.  Foelte,  Foebjy  M uscrtat bloom  ;  Fr.  Maris, 
Flair  de  muscade ;  It.  Mace  ;  Sp.  Macio ;  Port.  Maxci%  Flor  de  noz  moscada  /  Lnt, 
Mactii)y  a  thill,  flat,  membranous  substance,  envelopinoj  the  nutmeg ;  of  a  lively,  reddish  yel- 
low colmir,  a  pleasant  aromatic  smell,  and  a  warm,  bitterish,  pungent  taste.  Mace  should  be 
chosen  fresh,  tough,  oleatjinous,  of  an  extremely  fragrant  sinell,  and  a  bright  colour — the 
brighter  the  better.  The  smaller  pieces  are  esteemed  the  best.  The  preferable  mode  of  pack- 
ing is  in  bales,  pressed  down  close  and  firm,  which  preserves  its  fragrance  and  consistence. 

Account  of  the  Quantity  of  Mace  retained  for  Home  Consumption,  the  Rates  of  Duly  on  it,  and  the 
total  Revenue  dprived  therefrom,  since  1810. 


Quantities 

(Jnantities 

relaiiiml  for 

Nett  Amonnt 

retained  for 

Nelt  Amount 

Ycin. 

Mdtne  Clin- 
sumption  in 

of  Duly 
received 

lUtes  of  Duty  charged  Ihereon. 

Years. 

Home  Con* 
sumption  in 

of  Duty 
received 

Hates  o(  Duly  charged  thereon. 

Ihti  United 

thereon. 

the  United 

thereon. 

KinjcJom. 

Kin?dom. 

Ml. 

L.      1.  d. 

or  Ihe  Kul  Indies. 

Lbs. 

L.      I.   d. 

Of  the  F.ast  Indies. 

ISIO 

5,136 

2,707    4    0 

J  7l.  8d,  per  lb.  ind  2/.  I3i.  id. 
I     per  centum  ad  valorem. 

I«20 

12,193 

-2,174    7    0 

(From  5  July)  3j.  6d.  per  lb. 

IS2I 

11,5721-4 

1,803    6    S 

ditto. 

bll 

7,949 

4,037     1  10 

ditto. 

1822 

13,498 

2.361     0  10 

ditto. 

Ml 

11,907 

5,433    2    2 

ditto. 

1S23 

14,3183-4 

2,484  10    4 

ditto. 

C           (From  15  April) 

1^4 

16,b78  3-4 

2,967    3     1 

ditto. 

1813 

Records  destroyed 

^     g>.  1  1 .4d.  per  lb.  and  31. 3>.  id 

1825 

14.K-)I34 

2,601  15     1 

ditto. 

'  (     per  centum  aJ  VAloreni. 

1S26 

15,600  M 

2,719  17    6 

ditto. 

1814 

5,490 

3,259  14  11  (From  10  April)  9t.  id.  per  lb. 

IW7 

16,760  1-2 

2,962  IS    9 

dillo. 

1815. 

7,834 

3,592  14     7|                         ditto. 

1828 

16,094  1-2 

2,!>29  10    4 

dilta 

1816 

6,499 

2,9.S4    4    5                         ditto. 

l!'29 

14.2541-4 

2,.548  13    4 

ditto. 

1S17 

8,6 1-i 

3,960  13    9!                        ditto. 

1830 

12,600 

2,205    0    0 

ditto. 

1818 

I0.H36 

4.9li6  10    3                         ditto. 

1831 

18,894 

3,266    0    0 

ditto. 

1819 

15,3524 

3,526  14    3  (From  5  July)  3..  6d.  per  lb. 

1832 

15,93S 

2,762    0    0 

ditto. 

I 


Vol.  II.— O 


158 


MADDEU. 


A  iiriiiliiriiiin  U  Hint  With  on  Iho  coftNt  nf  Malilinr,  ho  liki>  innrn,  tlint  nl  llriil  it  I*  not  on«v  to  bn  AU. 
tliiKniilK'il ;  lull  It  liiiH  not  till'  li'iiHt  Maviiiir  iiT  N|ilriiiri<ii,  iiiiil  wlifii  clivwud  I>uh  a  kind  of  ruainy  taiitv. 
ElKliU'wt.  iiT  iiiiicu  aro  nlUiwcil  to  u  U>i\. —  (MUbiirn't  (Irieiil.  Com.) 

MAUDKIt  ((jcr.  Farhfrlifhr ;  Du.  Mre  ,■  Vt.Alizurl,  (Inmncf  ,•  It.  liohlnii ,-  Sp.  Grama, 
Riifilii ,■  Huh,  Miiriona,  Kni/i  ,•  Hind.  Munji/h),  tho  rooln  of  n  plant  {Httliiu  lincturnin), 
of  wliicli  thiTP  nrc  Hcvenil  variciirH.  They  lire  loiiff  nnd  Hieiiiler,  vtiryiiif^  from  the  thicknemi 
of  II  f;()i)He-(iuill  to  that  of  the  little  finder.  They  arc  Heini-trariHpareiit,  of  ii  roilihnh  coh)ur, 
have  a  Htront?  mnell,  and  a  Hinooth  hark.  Madih-r  ih  very  cxteiiHivily  used  in  dyeing  red; 
nnd  tho<i|;h  the  eoiour  which  it  iinpnriit  he  U-mh  hri^ht  and  heaiitifiil  tiian  that  of  coehinciil, 
it  has  tlic  advunlai;e  of  heiii^  eheaper  and  more  durahle.  It  in  a  native  of  the  ituutii  of 
Euro[ie,  Asia  Minor,  and  India;  hut  has  iieen  loii)^  Hince  introduced  into  and  HUeceHNfully 
cultivated  in  Hollatid,  Alsare,  Provence,  Ac,  Itn  cultivation  has  heen  nltenipted  in  Eng- 
land, i)ut  without  any  i)enclicial  lesult.  Our  nupplieu  of  madder  were,  for  u  lengtiiened 
period,  almost  entirely  deriveii  from  Holland  (Zealand)  ;  but  large  quantities  are  now  ini- 
jiorled  from  I'Vance  and  'J'urkey. 

Dutch  or  Zealand  madder  is  never  exported  except  in  a  prcjiared  or  manufactured  state. 
It  is  divided  liy  commercial  men  into  four  i|ualitie8,  diHlin^uished  liy  the  terms  miill, 
giifnciie,  (iinliro,  and  cropn.  The  roots  hi-inj;  dried  in  stoves,  tho  first  species,  or  mull,  con- 
sists  of  a  powder  formed  by  pounding  tho  very  small  roots,  ami  the  husk  or  hark  of  the  larger 
ones.  It  is  comparatively  low  [iriced,  and  is  cmi)loyed  for  dyeing  cheap  dark  colours. 
A  second  poundinif  separates  ahout  a  third  part  of  the  larger  roots  ;  and  this  heiiig  sifted  and 
packed  separately,  is  sold  hero  under  the  name  of  gamcne,  or  gemeens.  The  third  and  last 
pounding  comprehends  tho  interior,  pure,  and  bright  part  of  the  roots,  and  is  sold  in  Hol- 
land under  tho  name  of  hir  /{raps,  hut  is  hero  simply  denominated  crops.  Hometiines, 
however,  after  the  mull  has  been  separated,  the  entire  residue  is  ground,  sifted,  '.nd  packed 
together  under  the  name  o(  on/jcroofde,  or  ombro.  It  consists  of  about  one  th'id  of  gamenc, 
and  two  thirds  of  crops.  Prepared  madder  should  be  kept  dry  It  uiiracts  the  moisture  of 
the  atmosphere,  and  is  injurW  by  it. 

The  .*^myrna  or  Levant  madder  {Ruhia  peregrinn),  tho  alizari  or  lizary  of  the  modern 
Greeks,  is  cultivated  in  Bceotia,  along  tho  border  of  liike  Copais,  and  in  the  plain  of  Thebes. 
It  also  grows  in  large  quantities  at  Kurdar  near  Sniy-na,  and  in  Cyprus.  The  madder  of 
Provence  has  heen  raised  from  seeds  carried  from  the  latter  in  1701.  Turkey  madder 
a  fiords,  when  projierly  prepared,  a  brighter  colour  than  that  of  Zealand.  It  is,  however, 
imported  in  its  natural  state,  or  as  roots:  tho  natives  by  whom  it  is  chiefly  j)roduced,  not 
having  inilustry  or  skill  sutlicient  to  prepare  it  like  the  Zealanders,  by  pounding  and  separat- 
ing the  skins  and  inferior  roots  ;  so  that  the  finer  eoloiring  matter  of  the  larger  roots  being 
degradi'd  by  the  presence  of  that  derived  from  the  form.'^r,  a  peculiar  process  is  re(iuircd  to 
evolve  that  beautiful  Turkey  red  which  is  so  highly  and  deservedly  esteemed. — {Thninson'n 
Clicmldry  ,-  fiuncrofl  on  Colours,  vol.  ii.  pp.  221 — 278. :  see  also  Decfciitann,  Jlint.  uf  In^ 
vent.  vol.  iii.  art.  Madder.) 

In  France,  madder  is  prepared  nearly  in  the  same  manner  as  in  Zealand.  Tho  following 
instructive  details  as  to  its  cultivation,  price,  «feo.  in  Provence,  were  obligingly  furnished  to 
us  by  an  English  gentleman  intimately  acquainted  with  such  subjects,  who  visited  Avignon 
in  the  autumn  of  1829  ;  — 


"This  town  (Avisfn'tn)  in  the  cenlrr  of  Die  inadJer  country,  the 
cultiv.-\tioti  (tf  wliicti  \vai  iiifriHliiceit  Ijere  altmit  ihu  niiil-ilt;  iif  the 
Iljlh  century,  anit,  with  the  cxccptinn  of  Atsicr,  in  still  contiiieil  (in 
Frnicf)  '(I  tliis  ilcpir'Nii-nt  (V.iucliise).  The  soil  .ipiiearn  to  he  Letter 
3ja](ti'Ll  for  its  cultivatitin  liere  (lian  any  wtierr  else,  ari'l  it  tia^  loni( 
been  the  source  of  ureal  wealth  to  tlie  culiivators.  Of  late  years, 
however,  the  prices  have  fliictnateil  so  iniich,  that  n)any  jiroprietors 
have  atjanJonctl,  or  only  occasionally  cultivated  this  rrnit,  so  ihal  ihe 
crop,  which  was  formerly  estiinateil  to  average  oOO,(X)0  ipiiiitals,  is 
DOW  supposol  not  to  exceeil  from  300,000  to  100,000. 

"TherrH)t  is  called  u/i:firi,  anJ  the  powder  (nia'le  from  it)  ga- 
tance*  The  plant  is  raiswl  from  seetl,  and  retpiires  3  years  to  come 
to  maturity.  It  is,  however,  often  pulled  in  l!j  mouths,  without  in* 
jury  to  tlie  quality  ;  the  quantity  or-.ly  is  smaller.  A  rich  soil  is  ne- 
cesMry  for  its  successlul  cultivation:  and  when  the  soil  is  impreg. 
Dated  with  alkaline  matter,  the  root  acfpiires  a  red  colour— in  other 
cases  it  is  yellow.  The  latter  is  preferred  inKni(land,  from  the  long 
habit  of  usiob;  Dutch  madder,  which  is  of  this  crdour  ;  but  in  France 
Ihe  red  sells  at  i  tt.  per  ([uintal  higher,  being  used  for  the  Turkey 
red  dye. 

*'  It  is  calculated  that  when  wheal  sells  at  20  fr.  per  hectolitre,  afi- 
tari  should  bring  3.5  fr.  per  quintal  (poids  de  table),  to  give  Ihe  same 
remuneration  to  the  cultivator.  That  is,  wheat  63*.  oer  Ent(.  (piar- 
ter,  and  alizari  3Ij.  per  Eng.  cwt.  The  price  has,  however,  been 
freiiuenlly  as  low  as  II  fr.  per  quintal. 

"  I*rices  undergo  a  revolution  every  7  or  S  years,  touching  the  mi- 
nimuni  of  22,  and  rising  .as  high  as  lOO  fr.  As  in  every  similar  case, 
Ihe  high  price  induces  extensive  cultivation,  and  this  generally  pro- 
duces its  full  elVect  4  or  o  years  after.  The  pnKlute  of  Als^ice,  which 
is  inferior  both  in  quantity  and  quality  to  that  of  Vaucluse,  is  gene- 
rally sold  ir.  Strashurgh  market. 

'*  Kngland  employs  both  the  root  and  the  powder,  according  to  the 
purpose  for  which  they  are  intended.  The  Dutch  madder  is  more 
employed  by  the  woollen  dyers,  and  the  French  by  the  cotton  dyen 
and  printers. 

"  In  making  purchase*  of  garnnce  it  is  essential  to  employ  a  house 
of  confi jLMice,  because  the  quality  di'peuds  entirely  upon  the  care  and 
honesty  of  the  agent.  The  final  is  produced  from  the  roots  after 
Ming  cleaned  and  ilripped  of  Uieir  baric.    The  iccoiid  by  grinding 


the  roots  without  cleaning.    A  third  hy  mixing  tlie  bark  of  the/irjf 
while  grinding;  and  s'l  on  to  any  degree  of  adulter.itiou. 

"T'he  price  of  alizari  in  ttie 'country,  whicli  was  only  23  fr.  in 
.hily,  is  now,  (November,  ISi)))  a;  3tj  fr.,  .ind  in  expected  to  be  at  40 
fr.  very  shortly.  The  crop  I)eii,g  dfrtieient  holh  here  and  in  Holi.iii.l, 
and  the  certainty  of  its  being  also  deficient  next  year,  added  to  lite 
small  quantity  exiiting  in  tni;laiid,  give  reason  tolielieve  that  the 
price  will  reach  tiOfr.  lH;h>ie  many  iiiufdhs,  and  will  continue  to  ad- 
vance for  a  year  or  two  more. 

"  The  quiiitats  above  mentioned  are  of  100  lbs.  poir/«  de  tallt^ 
the  weight  in  general  use  over  tlie  sfnith  of  France,  and  even  in  >tar' 
itiUti. — T'his  weight  is  different  in  the  difli-rent  province%  var)ing 
from  12  to  2')  per  cent,  lighter  than  the  poidt  inclmmc.  At  Avignon, 
121  lbs.  p.  de  table  —  50  kilog.,  consequently  126  lbs.  are  cqunl  lo  1 
cwt.  Eng.  At  theexchmife  of  25.:>0,  the  cwt,  costs  (incliidiiii;  II;. 
for  freight,  duty,  and  all  ch  irges  till  delivered  in  London  or  Liver- 
pool) 61*.  or  6()f. 

*•  it  is  ctinsidered  that  only  one  sixth  or  one  seventh  of  the  preseni 
crop  remains  for  sale. 

**  Madder  doen  not  deteriorate  by  keeping,  provided  it  be  kept  ilry. 

"  Comple  *I>/l«f^ —  fr. 

Cost  of  1  quintal  of  roots  in  Ihe  country       •  •  -33 

Expenses  in  do,  ...,-.     2 

37 

The  root  gives  85  per  cent,  powder,  contequenlly  1  quintal 

powder        ...-.--    43-50 
Grinding  and  cask      •  •  -  -  -  -3 

Transport 2'50 

F,  490 


Acroiint  nt 
«d<ii  Veai 
fapert  pa 


r«in. 


The  English  cwt,  costs  therefore 

All  expenses  till  on  board  at  Maraeillei 

Resides  commission    • 


Fr 

■    6S-83 
•     3 

F.  61-8« 


For  an  account  of  Eait  India  madder  or  munjeet,  aee  Munjut. 


1X20 
l>'2l 

IK22 

IH21 

Ix.'l 

|N.'« 

i-i<t 

IS  10 
IMI 
1KI2 

Of  the  Iniportt  or 
rut.,  22,1137  were  li 
Of  Ihe  ma  I  ler  root 
CtH.,  23,627  were  fri 
E-iit  Indies  (muniee 

Iheiluiy  on  madd 
A/,  a  nvf. ;  .,n  |  Uirj, 
Drcfuiber,  1833,  wai 

Madder,  notch  nnill 
game 

MADEIRA 
MADHA.S. 

Day  of  Bengn 
second  presidci 
stjuare  miles,  « 
annual  revenue 
viiice— a  low,  i 
upon  tho  margi 
surf.     Uosides 
the  sphere  of  t 
spect,  indeed,  ii 
Ureatly  inferior 
English  192  ye 
ascertained  to"  h 
aliuut  100,000. 
sliore.     The  Bli 
fort,  from  which 
ami  PorliigAiese 
most  other  India 
Iioihses.     Madra> 
Court  of  Judical 
pendent  of  the  lo 

III  ^fadras  roads 
VV.,\,W..2,nil,.sf 
siiDof  ihn  yenr,  in 
llie  ISlli  01'  Ortohci 
whicli  |)Pri()(I,  n  slii 
<'i'ri>in.iii(l(;l  (ri-pko 
iliiiiiiis  of  the  polici 
•ini've  the  jevt;!  oft 
orfftimilic  mast-lit 
M(i.sxiila  hoais,  are  I 
iiislptulof  caiilkine 
"'"•fiirf,  tliecoxsu',' 
[■»«itr.<  work  ihc-ir 
h'tat  .•iloMir  with  fri- 
tho  ivavK  frniii  takii 
'."iirnwrihisharKlf 
'"  lilt'  tiack  of  thfi  SI 
(laiijoroiis  \n  have  c 
nearih.-lamling-pia 
'no  lisliorinen  and 
wry  .'iiiiiple  con.stnic 
in  l«iisili,  lashed  tnij, 
piece.     When  rea.ly 
Ihrniifh  the  surf,  to 
wnliire  out.    They 
mxlaiiMge.    Theme 
inlerrupied  by  n  shar 
persons  in  danger. 


MADEIRA,  MADRAS. 


ISO 


Account  of  the  Qimntity  of  Mmlilcr  nml  Mmlilrr  Itnoia  r(<«prcllvi>ly  entcrctl  for  llome  roniiimntlon 
eiirli  YiNir  hiihh  IH.'O;  wiih  lliit  Kiitvit  uf  Duty,  uiid  tliu  I'niUilca  uf  tlia  Duty  mi  vacli.— (r'rum 
Papers  puhluhtd  by  Uuarii  uj  ViatU.) 


Id  it  talU- 
1  even  in  Var- 
|ince%  varjini 
At  AviKuullp 
■ire  c(iunl  ti)  I 
Incliiilius  in. 
lion  or  Liver- 

M  the  present 

It  be  kepi  ilry. 
I'r, 
.    39 
.     i 


37 


Intal 


43'dO 
.     3 

.    -z-so 

F.  WO 

Fr 
.    6S83 
■     3 

F.  611)5 


Vwn. 

MMMtr. 

Hiijiiiiiif 

•Iltarvit  liir 

Rllriir  llil'v, 

Mnll 

NrtI  Hrvvnut, 

(Jll-mlrfV 
riitiTr.l  /(ir 

Half  nf  Duly, 
a.l  Mrii. 

Nnit  Rivinu*. 

ClIIMUIHptlilll. 

VuM. 

mtnur.ictuml. 
/Vr  fill/. 

Cuiiiuiii|iiii>n. 
Cult 

/.. 

/'ir  rtd. 

i. 

IDIO 

•  >,.17l 

lb. In  Ita 

.1-1, BOO 

19.737 

f. 

4,909 

l!<2l 

4H.«>>tt 

in.iit 

4l.:li>tl 

IO,M>l) 

INii 

Kl,i3i 

All  unrli. 

4fl,l7» 

4^M^4 

Ii,ll9 

tui 

Tti.llfl 

i;.. 

S«,M7 

40,100 

lO.tOi 

|N>4 

60,011 1 

3i.!IH 

«'l,>!i 

l7.Jil^ 

I1M 

7^  'M 

ei. 

«!*,■:  .0 

ai.,Kio 

If.  6<i. 

5,ti.fO 

IKJS 

40,1^7 

I4."K<I 

4i',3T« 

3.IIIII 

IH27 

Kii,7;i9 

, 

'J6,l;l7 

4'l,777 

3,li'-ll 

IViiH 

fti.tr.i 

■ 

ai,'i-9 

67.M3 

ft,(  III 

IBM 

(d.rtiH 

• 

|{l,/{:l 

3'I,«(IJ 

'l,'»l 

18.10 

lO.M^ 

•        • 

I4,'K)3 

.ii.sha 

i.;\a 

(111 

4'',7>« 

.         • 

I4,mi 

6:l,Wli 

4,1114 

ini 

00,348 

• 

IH,I4.3 

51,787 

3,Mli 

Of  Ihi"  iniporti  nf  prfp«i»il  inn  lilfr  In  IH3I,  imminlln^  In  43.035 
rwl..  ji.tJ37  wrni  lirnii<h(  frniii  Kniirf,  nii  1  IH,7ib  fnirii  Miill.iud 
Of  till"  ni:i  I  ter  niot  liupnrv.l  ihf  iiriif  yeir,  aniniiniiiiK  In  52,149 
CM  I.,  2:1.027  iviTP  friiMi  k"ninrr.  23  "31  Inmi  I'urkey,  2,570  from  Itio 
E.iit  liirhei  (iiiuniei'O,  aihI  1.377  fniiii  I'aly. 

Tlif  'luty  nn  iiri.itirr  in  now  rvlncfl  In  U,  \  rwt..  mi'l  on  rontu  to 
M.  a  cwl. :  ,in  I  ihi-ir  price,  ilu'y  inclti  IihI,  in  the  LondoD  market,  in 
Unrapiheri  1833,  wu  ai  lullu^vi ;— 


.Mail'lcr,  Dutch  nmtni 
crop 

■h  si'rr 


M.vl.lrr,  Dniih  ninll    • 
K.iiiirno 


t..  I.    il.    I..  I.  A. 

0  18    0  In  I    5    0  u«r  ewt. 

1  10    0  —  2    5    0      — 


/.,  s    rf.    L.  I.    rf. 

.    I  1^    0ln3    »     >,'-cwl 
•    Si)    0  -3  IS    ( 
rrrnchSl'rr  •     Ol.  0».        fVT      0    C    i;       — 

Sp,ii,i,h  .  .  .    2    .'    0-?  Ifi    '' 

rra>ii,  ■luri-  ■■  ■  .:>■■}    C    ■*'-!•    1}      - 

Kim  lii.li:i,  .ir  imin|Pfl  i   II    (■     i  '«    0  •••i.! 

M.v|.lfr.  Ihe  priKli.ie  of  Kii'.|,',  <<  linl  to    ii    ill,  «.r'cl  ;.;•    lonw 
COMStilnpliou  txcrpl  ill  nri'i'.h  i'.jl   ,  or  ill  *'  ';'■!  01  ll'i-  cn\  ,.  ly  lif 
Mhirli  II  i>  ihf  priKlurc,  or  fmin  wliu).  il  '■^  li  i|i.irtnl.  un.lri  lnrf<l|. 
I  ure of  tlip  Mnip,  ami  I00(.  Iiy  llic  in,l>l<>r  nf  'l.i  »»ll»l.-  > J  i  4  It^^U 
I  4.  c.  52.  Kcl.  50.) 


MADKIRA.     Son  Wink. 

MADU  \H,  the  priiicipHl  emporium  on  the  const  of  Coromandel,  cr  v  .t'^iem  filimi  of  .!>o 
Bny  of  BctiRnl,  in  lut.  13°  5'  N.,  Ion.  H0°  21'  E.  It  ia  tlie  sp ,»  of  govtTn'a.Mit  of  thr 
socniiil  presitli-ncy  of  the  British  posspssions  in  Iiiilin,  havinjjr  utidii  '»  p  i.;r»lory  of  irA,0\)0 
square  miles,  with  u  populntion,  accordiiiR  to  a  recent  censiM,  .*'  l.<,000,0;i'.),  piiy'.ng;  r,  jjropi 
annual  revenue  of  above  .5,000,000/.  sterling.  The  town  is  silusSJ  'i.  the  Car' ; 'c  pro- 
vince— a  low,  sandy,  and  rather  sterile  country.  It  is  without  port  ('i  harbour,  'Mf'i;  <';sc 
upon  the  margin  of  an  open  rondstend,  the  shores  of  whirh  are  constantly  iie.^f  .  ^  u  \'.(  f  v'/ 
surf.  Besides  these  disadvantages,  a  rapid  current  runs  along  the  i:oa8t ;  on  J  it  i'>  viilliin 
the  s[)here  of  the  hurricanes  or  typhoons,  by  which  it  is  occasionally  >ibiled,  Ir,  cvi  •"  it'- 
gpect,  indeed,  it  is  a  very  inconvenient  place  for  trade,  and  its  conimcfce  ivi  coni<ei;iieMtlj 
greatly  inferior  to  that  of  cither  Calcutta  or  Bombay.  It  has  been  in  (I'xjSPjisuxi  of  iho 
English  192  years,  being  founded  by  them  in  Ki.'JO.  In  1823,  the  ri"nl>fi'  of  hou; f.*  war 
ascertained  to  be  20,780  ;  which  allowing  6  inhabitants  to  each,  makes  Ibi-  total  )"  pa'.itJon 
aliuut  100,000.  Fort  Saint  George  is  a  strong  and  handsome  fortificafi  in,  'yi'i.i"  dose  J )  the 
shore.  The  Black.  Town  of  Madras,  as  it  is  called,  stands  to  the  north  ami  cT-^'ivvanl  of  vhe 
fort,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  spacious  esplanade.  Here  reside  the  natx'e,  Aniieiiiiin, 
and  Portuguese  merchants,  with  many  Europeans  unconnected  with  the  government.  LiKe 
most  other  Indian  towns,  it  is  irregular  and  confused,  leing  a  mixture  of  brick  and  bairijoo 
boiLsos.  Madras,  like  Calcutta  and  Boni'iay,  is  subject  to  English  law;  ha\l  it,  i'  Supreme 
Court  of  Judicature,  the  judges  of  which  are  named  by  the  Crown,  and  a.v  alio;,-t)i.hi;r  iido- 
pcndent  of  the  local  government,  and  the  East  India  Company. 

Ill  Madras  roads,  large  slii(w  moor  in  from  7  to  9  ratlioiiia,  with  tlic  ;1t'»ft\''' 'f  111  J  fort  I)o.".i-iii» 
W.iN.W.,  2  inilt's  from  sliore.  rroiii  Octolier  to  .laniiiiry  In  generally  con.  Ii|p.-i'(i  tlic  in  s  iipniuo  iiea- 
8(111  iif  llic  year,  in  consi-qtiencp  of  tlin  |)rovul(!iice,  during  that  interval,  rf  utoiirn  iiiid  iyi<li.!ioiii,  On 
ttie  IStli  of  Ortolipr  the  flajf.staff  is  stnicic,  und  not  erpcted  again  nntll  thi>  '  Jlh  of  Dfi.eMil'i  r ,  .lurinu 
wliiili  jicridd,  a  ship  cniniiiB  into  tlie  roadu,  or,  indeed,  any  when;  '.>  i'b'-i  ■H),;,i(lim;s  on  the  coast  of 
("oriinniiilel  (reckoned  from  I'oint  Palmyras  to  Ceylon),  vitiates  linr  irsiir  mi.  ,  n..i'.)rili..j;  ti.  the  con- 
ililiiiiis  of  tlie  policies  of  all  the  insiiraiice  oflicea  in  India.  In  'he  '. 'I  there  i<-)  t.  Hslii-iioiise.'.K)  feel 
aheve  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  which  may  he  seen  from  the  deck  •'  ■>.  larpe  .■*t'ip,  at  17  miles'  distance, 
Of  frniii  the  mast-head  at  a  ilistance  of  2(1  miles.  The  cart"t  ht.  its  used  for  crossing  the  surf,  called 
Miifgiita  tiiiats,  are  large  and  llglit ;  made  of  very  thin  pi.nK>  sewed  together,  with  straw  in  the  seams, 
instead  of  caulking,  which  il  is  supposed  might  reni':'-  ■  t.iei"  ton  stilV.  When  wilhiii  the  intltience  of 
tlic  surf,  the  coxswain  stands  up,  and  be.itt?  time  i;i  greiii  agitation  with  his  voice  and  feet,  while  Iho 
rowers  work  their  oars  backwards,  iiiitii  ■vtitukiii  by  a  strong  surf  ciirllii!;  up,  which  sweeps  the 
tinat  ailing  with  friahlfiil  violenrn.  tlveiyoar  is  then  plied  forward  with  the  utmnst  vigour  to  prevent 
thi;  wave  fnim  taking  thi  i<oat  hack  as  it  recedes  ;  until  at  length,  by  a  few  successive  surfs,  the  boat 
is  llirinvn  high  and  dry  uptin  the  beach.  The  boats  belonging  to  ships  in  tlie  roads  sometimes  procuecl 
toilie  back  of  the  surf,  and  wait  for  the  country  boats  from  the  beach  to  come  to  them.  When  it  is 
(laiigeriiiis  to  have  communication  witti  the  shore,  a  flag  is  displayed  ut  the  beach-house,  which  stands 
ne.'ir  Die  landing-place,  as  a  caution. 

The  lisberinen  and  lower  classes  employed  on  the  water,  use  a  species  of  floating  inachine  of  a 
vsry  simple  construction,  named  a  catamaran.  It  is  formed  of  2  or  3  logs  of  light  wood,  8  or  10  feet 
in  length,  lashed  together,  with  a  small  piece  of  wood  inserted  between  them  to  serve  as  a  stem- 
piece.  When  ready  for  the  water,  they  hold  generally  2  men,  who  w\i\\  their  paddles  impel  themselves 
through  the  surf,  to  carry  waters,  or  refreshments  in  small  quantities,  to  sliips,  when  no  boat  can 
venture  out.  They  wear  a  pointed  cap  made  of  matting,  where  they  secure  the  letters,  whicli  take 
no  damage.  The  men  are  often  washed  off  the  catamaran,  whicli  they  regain  by  swimming,  unless 
interrupted  by  a  shark.  Medals  are  given  to  such  catamaran  men  as  distinguish  themselvus  by  saving 
persons  in  danger. 


1  I 


i 

I 

I 


ill!! 


160 


MADRAS. 


Thu  following  are  the  established  rates 

LigM-hauit  Dua, 


R>.  a.  p. 

All  Briliih  and  ton 

ga  ihlpi 

2.i    0    0 

Country  ihipi 

. 

14  0  n 

Snow,  brig,  Ketch,  and  Khooner 

7    0    0 

Sloop  and  cutter 

• 

5    0    0 

lart^ti  iJhoiiies 

■ 

6    0    0 

SduII  dbonien 

Anchorage  Dua. 

2    0    0 

S. 

Roals. 

N.  Roads. 

Hi 

.  a 

P- 

Kt.  a.  p. 

British  ships,  and  sh 

ips  under  foreign,  Euro- 

pein  or  America) 

cnlours 

3H 

0 

0 

0    0    0 

Country  shjpi,  from  90.1  to  500   Ions 

3.-. 

0 

0 

0    0    0 

— 

.■iOO  —  300    — 

2'< 

0 

0 

0    0    0 

— 

300  —  200    — 

21 

0 

0 

0    0    0 

— 

200  -  100    — 

17 

0 

0 

0    0    0 

— 

100  —    .SO    — 

U 

0 

0 

0    0    0 

— 

50—    10    — 

10 

0 

0 

0    0    0 

Native  craft,  from 

4P0  — 30    — 

0 

0 

0 

2t     0    0 

— 

300  — 2.i0    — 

0 

0 

0 

17    0    0 

.« 

2(J0  —  10:1    — 

0 

0 

1) 

II    0    0 

m^ 

100  —    50    — 

0 

1) 

n 

10    0    0 

tmm 

60—   20    — 

0 

0 

0 

3    0    0 

"" 

20—    10    — 

Boat  Hire. 

0 

0 

0 

1    0    0 

Ordinary  (rips      - 

1 

3 

0 

0  12    6 

Do.      do,      for  an  accommodation  boat  • 

h 

n 

0 

5    0    0 

TriiiHiiipni.-nts     • 

. 

0 

M 

« 

0  12     0 

Ki'Mini  irips 

• 

0 

10 

0 

0    0    3 

M'liisoou  trips 

• 

2 

3 

0 

1     8    0 

i)j.      do.      fnr  an  accommodation  boat  • 

10 

0 

0 

10    0    0 

Do.  transhipments 

• 

8 

0 

1     8    0 

I)i.  return  Inpi    - 

. 

1 

3 

1) 

0  12    n 

Dci'l)  water  trips 

■ 

2 

3 

0 

1     8    0 

Kxtr.v  hue  nn  Siind-ays 

0 

9 

(1 

0    9    0 

A  ti.'it  loid  iif  walHr 

> 

3 

1) 

u 

2    8    0 

Siiid  litllast.  exclusi 

re  of  boat  hir^ 

0 

6 

0 

0    4     0 

Tarpaulin  hire    - 

. 

U 

4 

0 

0    4    0 

St.  a. 

P- 

I    0 

0 

0  12 

0 

0  10 

0 

0    8 

0 

0    4 

0 

1    0 

0 

2S    0 

0 

38    0 

0 

25    0 

0 

33    0 

0 

of  port  charges  at  Madras  :— 

Catamaran  Hire. 

Small  catamarans,  to  all  ships  on  anchoring     • 

—  snow,  brji^,  and  ketch,  do.    • 

—  sloop  and  cutter,  do.  •  • 

—  dhonies  and  large  boats,  do. 

—  carrying  letters  to  ships 

—  carrying  jirovi8io;i3  or  parcels 
large  catamarans,  for  landing  or  shipping  a  Kuropeaa 

cable  of  l3tn  Iti  inches    • 
fordo,  do.  17  to  22    — 
f'irdo.  auanchorof  l6to29cwt.     • 
for  do.         —  30  to  60  — 

Pint  ReguJntiniu.—A  notificalinn  shall  be  sent  by  the  collector  of 

the  cualnins,  tlirou^'h  the  in.as  er  attendant,  to  the  coinni.'inders  of  all 

0  i  ships  coming  into  the  roads,  retpiirini^  them  to  transmit  a  true  and 

full  manifest  nf  all  gotHls -ind  merchandises  laden  on  boani,  accord* 

ing  to  a  prniletl  form;  \vhich  iinnifest  being  delivered  to  the  col- 

-.     .,     w  I  lector,  he  shall,  if  l;i;  so  thinks  fit,  reipiire  it  to  be  verified  by  an  a(fi. 

17    0    0  I  davit  on  oath;  wliit-h  forms  bcin.;  olisi'rved,  permits  are  granted  for 

' '     "    "  '  tbe  landing  of  the  g:iods,  under  an  ullieial  signature. 

No  articles  are  to  be  shipped  or  landed  without  a  permit,  or  after 
C  o'clock  P.  M.  .Any  nn'ri'liaiiilise  attetn[ited  to  belauded  without 
the  prescribe  1  fornix,  or  ihat  were  not  insprlel  in  the  manifest,  are 
liable  to  double  duty  .  and,  where  a  fraudulent  iittention  shall  ap- 
pear, to  confisc.atinn.  All  goods  tevcent  (Ui  account  of  the  E.ast  India 
Company)  stiall  be  shippt-d  or  landed  yi  the  ghaut  opposite  to  the 
Custr)m-ii.juse,  or  pay  (lou'de  duty.  Alt  goods,  (except  belonging  to 
the  Company),  on  beoix  landed,  shall  be  brought  to  the  (^uslom. 
house  ;  and  when  required  to  be  passed,  a  written  application,  in  th 
following  form,  must  be  made  to  the  collector.  No  other  form  wA 
be  att(;ijded  to. — "  'I'o  the  Collector  of  the  Custonis.  Please  to  per 
niit  ttie  nnder-niciitioMt:d  goods  to  pass  the  Custom-bouse,  on  aticouii 
of,  Sir,  your  obedient  servant, ." 


Hate. 


No.  and 
Nature  of 
Packages. 


Name 
of  Ship. 


Under  what 
Colours. 


Whence 
Imported. 


Sort 
of  Goods. 


Quantity 
of  Goods. 


Rates. 


Total  Value. 


JV.  .B.— These  are  to  be  left  blank,  and  filled  up  from  the 
tarilf  by  which  the  duties  are  regulated. 


_  Grv^fs  exp-^rted  in  Rritish  vessels,  or  in  those  belonging  to  the  na- 
t've  inhabit,uits  of  Inlia,  are  exempt  from  duty,  but  niust  never- 
Ihcle-is  p.asH  through  the  Cus'oms'  books,  and  their  value  be  ctnnputLd 
at  tlie  taritl"|i;-ices. 

If  any  go'cls  are  shipped,  or  attempted  to  be  shipped,  without  per- 
mission obtained  from  the  Customs,  which  must  be  applied  for  ac- 


cording to  the  following  form,  they  are  liable  to  a  duty  of  6  per 
cent,  or  8  per  cent^  according  to  the  country  of  the  ship. — *'  To  the 
Collector  of  ilie  Customs.  Please  to  permit  the  undermrntioned 
g'MKis  to  pass  the  Custom  house,  on  account  of,  Sir,  your  obedient 
servant, " 


No.  an  1 
Na'iire  of 
Packages. 


Name 
of  Ship. 


Under  what 
Colours. 


Whither 
bound. 


Sorts 
of  G.ToJs, 


Rates  of 
Manufactures 
and  Produce. 


Quantity 
of  Goods. 


Rates. 


These  are  to  be  filled  up  from  the  tarilT. 


The  collector  of  custonis  is  allowed  a  commission  of  5  per  cent,  on 
the  amount  of  the  duty  ci)llected  on  goods  imported  or  exported,  and 
U|M>ii  the  am  tnnt  of  the  fluty  cnmpute'l  on  goods  imjiorteo  or  export- 
ed free  tif  duty  ;  an-l  where  goods  become  liable  to  be  charged  with 
the  a.i.litiomi  duly.  5  per  cent,  is  also  due  to  the  collector  on  such  duty. 

Port  cleirances  cannot  be  granted  to  ships  clearing  outwards,  until 
true  and  cnmp  e'e  manifests  of  the  cargoes  have  been  lodged  with  the 
collector  of  customs,  and  a  certificate  produced  from  the  boat  pay- 
master (the  chief  nllicer  over  the  boats  regularly  kept  for  hire)  that 
he  has  no  deinind. 

The  port  cti  irgcs  fir  clearance  on  every  vessel,  except  p.addy  boats, 
is  I  jiagoda  24  fatiaiiis.    For  every  paddy  baat,  2()  fanams.   For  every 


bale  imported  or  exported  in  foreign  vessels  (except  American),  I 

pagoda. 

You  cannot  employ  your  own  boat  to  unload  your  vessel  without 
the  permission  of  llie  oiasfer  a'tcndaut ;  and  yon  can,  in  no  case,  let 
your  Iwat  for  hire  to  annther  veset,  under  any  pretence  whatever, 
riie  rates  of  lioat  hire  ?re  according  to  yniir  distance  from  the  shore; 
double  charge  being  made,  if  employed  on  a  Sunday.  A  load  of  bal. 
last  consists  of  120  bakets  of  sand,  according  to  a  fixed  size,  at  the 
average  price  cf  3  1-2  fanams.  A  boat  load  of  water  is  4  butts  ;  tiie 
price  is  .55  fanams  40  cash. 

Cii^totni.  —The  export  and  impo^.  duties  at  Madras  are  the  8.inio 
as  at  Calcutta ;  which  see. 


.1/oniM.— There  is  a  considerable  variety  of  coins  in  circulation  in  Madras  and  its  vicinity.  Of  the 
pnlil  coins,  llu!  print'ipal  iirif  star  or  current  pa(;odas  =:  7s.  5id. ;  coniinonly,  liowever,  valued  nt  Ss, 
The  (fdlil  riipi'i!,  new  coinage,  is  worth,  according  to  the  mint  price  of  puld  in  Kngland,  II.  Os.  212(/. 
'I'lie  Arcot  rupee  (silver)  and  tlie  new  silver  rupee  are  very  nearly  of  tlie  same  value,  being  respect- 
ivi-ly  wiirth  l.v.  li^d.  and  Is.  IIJJ.  The  East  India  Company  and  the  European  merchants  iteep  their 
accoiinls  at  Vi  fanams  the  rupee  ;  80  casli  r=  I  fanani,  and  42  fanams  =  1  pagoda.  Copper  pieces  of 
sn  1%'isli,  calli'd  pice,  and  of  70  and  .5  cash  called  dodees  and  half  dodces,  are  also  current;  these  are 
cuiiicd  in  England,  and  the  value  is  niarkitil  on  each. 

Ciiiiiniercial  ICeifrhla.—Gonih  are  weighed  by  the  candy  of  20  maiinds  ;  the  maund  is  diviiled  into  8 
vis,  IV'O  pollaiiis,  or  3,200  pag'idas ;  the  vis  is  divitled  into  5  seers.  The  candy  of  Madras  is  500  llis. 
avdiriltipois.  Hence  the  pagoda  weighs  2  oz.  3  grs. ;  and  the  other  weights  are  in  proportion.  These 
wi'ioliis  liave  been  adupted  by  the  English ;  but  those  used  in  the  Jagliire  (Ihe  territory  round  Miiilras 
bebiiiL'ing  to  the  Company),  as  also  in  most  other  parts  of  the  Coroinandel  coast,  are  called  the  Mala- 
bar weiglila,  and  are  as  follows :— Tlie  gtirsay  (called  by  the  Euitlish  gtirreUioutaiuE  20  barnays  or 
catiiiies  ;  the  bartiay,  20  maiitinghs  or  mtiunits  ;  the  maund,  8  visay  or  vis,  320  ptillains,  or  3,200  vitra- 
hiiiis.  Tlie  varahun  wi'ighs  62}  Emili-ih  grains:  therefore,  the  vistiy  is  3  lbs.  3  dr. ;  the  maund, 21  lbs. 
2  11/..  ;  the  bariKiy,  482^^  IIi.j.  ;  and  Ihe  gtirsay,  (l,645i  lbs.  avoirdupois,  or  4  tons  0  cwt.  nearly. 

^Meiisiims  iif  Oajhieilv. — The  I'arce,  crirn  measure,  coiilains  SO  paralis,  or  400  niarrals  ;  and  the  iiiar- 
cril,  8  ptiiltlies,  or  Ot  oilticks.  Tin.' marcal  shiiuld  loeastire '.'50  cubic  inches,  and  weigli  27  lbs.  2iiz.  2 
dr.  avdirdiipciis  of  frnsh  spring  water;  hence,  43  marcals=l.'j  Winch,  bushels;  and  thereftire  the 
puree  =  1*5  English  quarters  nearly.  When  grain  is  sold  by  weight,  9,25t).J  lbs.  are  reckoned  for  1 
garce,  being  18  cantlies  128  maunds. 

Banki  .— 'I'hore  i.s  but  a  single  banking  establishment  at  Madras,  which  is  entirely  a  government 
concern,  as  the  direitors  consist  of  the  superior  ollicers  of  government ;  ami  the  iniiiistcrial  olbcers 
are  r>n  fixed  salaries.    The  bank  issues  notes,  receivable  as  cash  at  the  public  treasuries,  within  tlie 


town  of  AFadi 
from  its  first 
as  the  Iiidi.iii 
price  and  tlie 
Mcreanlile  I 
or  houses  tif 
native  house  i 
sonietimes  luii 
this  respect,  w 
live  governnic 
safely  be  inipli 
dras  provinces 
1813 
1830 

Insurance. — ' 
agents  of  tla.  ^ 

.^aenr.ij  and 
follow  ; — 

I.  On  the  total  sum 

option  of  the  ag 

.   „6  I'"  cent,  is  ch 

I.  On  enecliiig  rem 

bills  of  exchan,' 

3.  On  subscriptions  t 

ferrnig,  or  exch; 

4.  On  delivering  up 

public  ollicej.i.i 

5.  On  receiving  and  < 

and  merchandise 

6.  On  collecting  rents 

7.  Ou  purchase  i.f  |oi 

8.  0/1  the  sale  of  lolle 

cent. 
S.  fin  letters  of  credit 

10.  On  the  niaiia»emei 

11.  On  debts,  wlieuaji: 

per  cent. 
And  if  recovered  b 
U.  On  hills  of  exchaogl 
Id.  On  overdue  debt.s  rt 
N.  On  heconiingsecu'ii 
li.  On  all  sales  or  iiur-l 

'I'll/,  f/if  y,,.v,.K>:, 

Ou  houses,  lands,  an 

Export.';  and  /«;■ 

Slates,  the  South 

t-'eylon.     In  .spe;i|( 

pan, Ihe  trade  of 

grain,  chiefly  from 

raw  silk  from  Hen 

countritts  ;  and  ric 

cnii.sist  of  plain  an 

fi'il'-  natron,  some 

"  hiiii  the  (luantii 

euili  importance  ii' 

Tlie  following  Is 

Europe  and  Amerit 


Countries. 


fireit  Rrilain 
I'nilel  Stales 

I   of  America 

I  Portugal 
France 

inrwlli 

South   Ame- 
rican States  I 


Tolal 


I  Merehan- 

(.'iS( 

2,717,492 

7l,l2j 
1,225 


Taking  the  Madras 

of  1J'I3.|4  were  ti!)5 

more  than  !)3,,'i8fi;    o 

liken  place  in  the  sa 

ine  Table,  have  evei 

planatioii.    Tlu!  raw 

poly,  could  not  be  dii 

m.Klriis,  ami  there  re 

l'>r  ilio  .same  purpose 

riniiiifrfe  .if  Madms 

Ihal  pri'sjiiciicy  than 

tnii  tormcr,  is  teinpot 

Willi  any  vigour  in  tl 

and  flesh  ones  are  no 

pnssir.^.  froii,  town  t 

'■iriMiid  to  a  .erv  corr 

Have  no  .>-iaiciuent :  I 

"''lbl81T.:,S,  was3,6' 

'"'.I'""  I'.niiage  iu  the 

i«Jsc.:su  being  accoui 


MADRAS. 


161 


0 
0 
0 
0 
0 


;el  without 
no  cisi',  lei 

vhalevcr. 
J  Oie  shore  j 
lojil  of  bil- 
size,  3t  lllft 

bulls  i  llie 

re  the  Mine 


Of  ilie 

fid  m  8s. 
.24M. 
rospect- 
epp  their 
)ieces  of 
liese  are 

ed  into  8 
500  Ili3. 

Tll(!90 

I  Mndras 
lie  Malii- 
irtiays  or 
JOOvii  ra- 
id,'Ulbs. 

Ihn  iiiar- 
1.2(1/..  2 
.f(irc  tlie 
led  lilt  1 

orniiicnt 
Ll  ollicers 
liltiin  tlio 


town  of  Mndras ;  it  receives  deposits  and  grnnts  diaconnts.  The  acciininlnted  profits  of  the  bank, 
frniii  its  first  institution  in  1800,  aiiioiiiiti'd  to  fi20.22<i/..  Imiiig  at  tlie  rate  of  ahdiit  31.0(10/.  a  year  ;  hut 
as  tlie  Iiidi.'iii  money  is  here  reckoned  iit  the  rate  of  Hs.  the  pajioda,  wliicii  is  niiicluihovu  hotli  the  mint 
jirii'e  and  the  value  in  e.vcliange,  the  real  profits  are  consideraliiy  smaller. 

Mercantile  F.stablifhments.—Al  Madras  there  are  but  S  principal  I'.uropean  mercantile  estahlishments, 
or  houses  of  agency,  with  7  of  an  infi;rior  class.  Then;  are  2  American  houses,  and  I  conslderalile 
n-'itive  house  of  business.  The  daubashes,  or  native  liroUers  of  Madras,  are  expert,  intellifjciit,  and 
Bometiiiies  knavish.  Anions  the  native  luerchanls  there  are  few  men  of  wealth  ;  and  the  conirast,  in 
this  respect,  with  Calcutta  and  Uombay,  is  striking.  The  degree  of  liberality  e.xercised  by  the  respec- 
tive governments,  and  the  prosperity  of  the  dilTereiit  portions  of  the  Dritish  territory  in  India,  may 
Fafely  be  implied  hy  the  proportion  of  British  settlers  to  be  fniiiid  in  them.  Tried  by  this  test,  the  Ma- 
dras provinces  will  be  found  eminently  wanting,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  following  brief  Table : — 

181.3         -         Bengal         -         1,225     1     Madras         -  187     1      Bombay         -         4ii!) 

1830  -  —  -  1,707      1  —  -  13-1      I  —  -  308 

Insurance. — There  is  but  one  insurance  company,  called  the  India  Insurance  Society  ;  but  there  are 
Egents  of  the  Calcutta  companies,  who  effect  insurance  on  shipping. 

Jiirency  and  Commission. — The  general  rates  of  agency,  coinuiission,  and  warehouse  rent,  arc  as 
follow  :— 

I.  On  (he  total  sum  of  a  debit  or  credit  side  of  an  aecouni,  at  the 

option  of  llic  a^'uit,  eifceptinj;  items  on  whicli  a  commission  of 

6  per  cent,  n  ctnr.;eable,  I  per  cent. 
t.  On  elTectiiis  reniiltaiices,  or  purcliasing,  selling,  or  negotiating 

Ijills  of  e.xchaii:jc,  1  per  cent. 

3.  On  suLscriptioMS  to  ^overnnient  lonns,  purchasing,  selling,  trans- 

ferring, or  cKcli.iniriiig  public  securities,  1-2  per  cent. 

4.  On  deltvi'riiig  up  public  securities,  or  lodging  titem  in  any  of  the 

public  olfices,  1.2  per  cent. 

5.  On  receiving  and  delivering  private  commissions  of  wines,  cattle, 

and  nierclianilise,  2  1-2  per  cent. 

6.  On  collecting  reuls,  2  1.2  per  cent. 

7.  On  purchase  i^t  loltery  tickets  ami  amount  of  prizes,  1  per  cent. 

8.  On  the  sale  of  lotlery  tickets  from  the  other  selllcnients,  2  1.2  per 

cent. 

9.  On  U'ltcrs  of  credit  gnmtcd,  2  1-2  per  cent. 

10.  t)n  the  inana:;ciuent  of  estates,  as  executors,  administrators,  or 

attorneys,  ri  per  cent. 

11.  On  debts,  when  a  process  at  laiv  or  arbitration  is  necessary,  2  |.2 

per  cent. 
And  if  recovered  by  such  means,  5  per  C"nt. 

12.  (In  bills  of  excliatige,  notes,  ic.  (lishoriourcd,  1  per  cent. 

13.  (Ill  overdue  debts  collecttsi  hy  alisentees,  i2  1.2  pi^r  cent. 
11.  Oil  becoming  seen*  ity  fur  individuals  to  goveinment,  1  per  cent. 
15.  (In  all  sales  or  |iur';liases  of  gooils,  5  per  cent. 

tVtlh  tkc p/.l«w: n^  txceptions; — 
On  houses,  laiiJs,  and  ships,  2  1.2  per  cent. 


On  diamonds,  pearls,  and  jewellery,  2  1-2  per  cent. 

On  treasure  and  bullion,  I  oer  cent. 

On  all  goods  and  nieicliandiso  withdrawn,  shipped,  or  delivered 

loonier,  1  2  commission. 
On  all  oilier  descriplioiis  of  property  for  sale,  if  withdrawn  Of 

otherwise  di-sposed  of  I'y  the  owners,  1-2  coliiiiiis.inn. 
On  goods  transferred  toauctioii  orcumniission  salesnicn,  1-2  com* 

mission. 

16.  (Jn  retail  sales,  10  per  cant. 

17.  On  guaranteeing  sale*,  hills,  bonds,  contracts  for  goods,  or  other 
eiisagerneiits,  2  1-2  [  er  cent. 

IP.  Oh  ^lii[s'itisburseiiii'iils,  2  1-2  per  cent. 

19.  On  advertising  as  the  agents  of  owners  or  commanders  of  shipj 
ii^r  freight  or  passengers;  on  the  anioiint  ot  freiglit  aii.l  passage 
money,  whether  the  same  sli.-Ul  pass  through  the  agent's  hands 
or  not,  5  per  cent. 

20.  On  etrectitig  insurance,  or  n-riling  orders  for  insurance,  1.2  per 
cent. 

21.  On  settling  looses,  partial  or  general,  and  returns  of  premium,  1 
per  cent. 

22.  On  procuring  money  on  respondentia,  wherever  payable,  2  per 
cent. 

23.  On  iiiakiiig  up  goods  to  order,  and  taking  risk  of  advances,  10  per 
cent. 

24.  On  gi\  in.'^  order:!  for  the  provision  of  gxids,  where  a  comniisiioD 
is  not  cliartreatile  on  sale  or  shipnieiil,  2  1.2  per  ci*iit. 

25.  On  attending  the  delivery  of  contract  goods,  2  per  cent. 

Exports  and  Imports. — Madras  trades  with  Great  Britain  and  other  European  countries,  the  United 
States,  the  .South  American  States,  China,  the  Eastern  islands,  the  Buriiian  em-ire,  Calcutta,  and 
LYylon.  In  speaking  of  the  trade  of  Madras,  it  is  to  be  observed  that  it  comprci  .iids,  for  the  most 
part,  the  trade  of  the  whole  coast  of  Coroiiiaiulel.  The  principal  articles  of  iiiipoi  are  rice  and  other 
grain,  chietly  from  Bengal;  cotton  piece  goods,  iron,  copper,  spi.'lter,  and  other  British  manufactures  ; 
raw  silk  from  Bengal  and  China,  with  betel  or  areca  nut,  gold  dust,  tin,  and  pepper,  from  the  Malay 
countries  ;  and  rice  and  pcpjier  I'rnm  the  coast  of  Malabar,  with  teak  timber  from  Pegu.  The  exports 
consist  of  plain  and  printed  cottons,  cotton  wool,  indigo,  salt,  pearls  of  Oyloii,  rhank  shells,  tobacco, 
so:i|i,  natron,  some  dyeing  drugs,  and  a  little  cofleo  produced  on  the  table  land  of  Mysore,  and  of 
\vli:i  ii  the  (luamity  is  increasing.  The  great  staples  of  suaar,  rice,  opium,  saltpetre,  and  lac  dye,  of 
sucli  importance  in  Bengal,  are  unknown  as  exports  at  Madras. 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  valu(>  of  the  trade  of  Madras,  and  its  subordinate  ports,  with 
Europe  and  America,  in  the'years  1813-11  and  1823-29. 


Countries. 

1313-1811.                                                                              1828-1829.                                       | 

Imports.                1                 Exports,                                   Imports. 

Eiports.                   1 

Merchan-  j   llul- 
dise.      I  lion. 

Total,    i"--^- 

Dullion. 

Tolal      -"^lerchan- 
™"'-     i      ilise. 

Hut- 
lion. 

Total. 

Merchan- 
dise. 

Ilullion. 

Total. 

firntfirilain 

Uiulel  S'aies 
of  America 

Portugal 

France 

brazils 

South  Ame- 
rican Stales 

Total    • 

^ra.  M. 
2,717,492 

"  71,12"j 
1,223 

Ma.rs. 
2,623 

Ma.  ri.   '  Afi.  rft 

2,717,402   4,208,946 

73,753,  '   98,462 
1,228 

Ma.  ri. 

Ma.-n. 
4,363,133 

'   93,462 

Ma.  rs. 
3,334,S23 

3,819 

388,593 

.Vfil.  1  J. 
25,1,56 

7,055 

1,000 

Ma.  IS. 
3,379,981 

10,874 

359,493 

Ma.  n. 
3,507,741 

20,933 

12.5,006 

62,906 

Ma.  r.*. 
732,063 

Ma.  rt. 
4,240,404 

20,953 

125,006 

62,906 

2,7^9,848     2,62; 

2,702.47')    4,307,40S     I:-.B,l-7   4,463,-.9ji  ,3,747.137     32,21 1  j  3,7S0,3I- 

3.7in,61!6 

732,ii61   4,l.-.2.269| 

Taking  the  Madras  rupee  at  its  British  mint  value  of  Is.  Ud.  nearly,  the  joint  exports  and  imports 
of  IsilS-il  were  tiil5,373/.  ;  and  those  of  1S28-2<J,  788,95<)i.  ;  showing  an  increase,  in  1.')  years,  of  no 
more  than  93,,'i8f);,,  or  about  13  per  cent.— a  striking  contrast  witli  the  great  augmentation  which  has 
likt'ii  place  in  the  same  period  in  the  trade  of  Calcutta  and  Bombay.  The  exports,  it  will  be  seen  by 
the  Table,  have  even  fallen  oil'.  The  causes  which  have  led  to  this  state  of  things  deserve  soiue  cx- 
platiation.  The  raw  silks,  nankeens,  camphor,  and  cassia  of  China,  which,  on  account  of  the  iiiimo- 
poly,  could  not  be  directly  sent  from  Canton  to  Europe,  were  formerly  brought  by  the  country  ships  to 
Madras,  and  there  reshipped.  They  are  now  more  conveniently,  and  in  much  larger  (iiiantity,  brought 
for  the  same  purpose  to  Singapore,  But  the  chief  causes  whicli  contribute  to  retard  the  exleriial 
coiiiiiii'ice  of  Madras,  are  the  vexatious  restraints  on  industry,  and  the  taxation  so  much  Intavier  it) 
tlial  presidency  than  in  Bengal  or  Bombay,  The  land  tax,  instead  of  being  lixed  in  perpetuity,  as  in 
the  Ibriner,  is  temporary  aiitl  fluctuating  ;  and  hence,  neither  British  nor  native  iniluslry  is  applietl 
with  any  vigour  in  the  improvement  of  the  productions  of  the  soil,  Iiilandduties  prevail  every  where, 
and  fresh  ones  are  not  only  exacted  when  goods  pass  from  one  province  to  another,  but  often  when 
passiiii-  froiii  town  to  town,  or  even  from  village  to  village.  These  imposts  are,  at  the  same  time, 
fitrineil  to  a  very  corrupt  class  of  persons.  Of  the  value  of  the  trade  between  Madras  and  China  we 
liavc  no  staicinent ;  but  the  tonnage  employed  in  the  export  trade,  at  an  average  of  the  5  years  ending 
Willi  1817-18,  was  3,()77  tons  ;  and  at  an  average  of  the  5  years  ending  witli  1820-27,  3,078  tons.  The 
iiiipDrt  t'uinage  in  the  same  periods  amounted  respectively  to  683  tons  and  2,989  tons  ;  the  disparity  in 
tliisc'-.se  being  accounted  for,  from  its  having  lately  become  usual  for  country  shins  returning  in  bal- 

21 


I 


I 
I 

I 


162 


MAGNESIA,  MAHOGANY. 


last  from  China,  to  touch  at  Madras  for  carjjoes  of  salt  to  be  conveyed  to  Bengal  on  behalf  of  the  mo- 
nopoly.    For  many  a;;e8,  a  cniiimercial  intercourse  of  considerable  extent  appears  to  hiive  prevailed 
between  Madras  and  other  ports  of  the  Coroniandel  coast,  and  the  Malay  countries,  chiefly  those 
Bitnaled  within  the  straits  of  Malacca,  with  llie  west  coast  of  Humatra,  and  the  island  of  Java.    Thia 
is  Niill  carried  on  in  native  vessels,  to  the  extent  of  50  or  60  annually,  mostly  hrips  or  ketches,  clumsily* 
constructed,  hut  c(iuipped  and  navigated  on  the  Kuropean  model.     A  few  Uritish-owncd  vessels  jilso 
occasionally  enga«e  in  it.     In  this  trade,  the  (ixporls  from  Madras  and  its  giihordinate  ports  consist 
chiefly  of  piece  ({oods  and  salt.     British  fabrics  have  of  late  years  interfered  with  the  fnrmer,  and  Iho 
Fall  of  Siam  with  the  latter,  so  that  the  tradi!  is  on  the  decline.    The  principal  foreign  trade  of  I'egu, 
ai  one  tirni",  was  carried  on  with  Madras  ;  hut  within  the  last  30years  it  has  heen,  in  a  great  measure, 
transfc'rred  to  llalcutta.     There  is  still,  however,  a  trade  of  sojiie  amount  carried  on  in  vessels  owned 
lidlli  by  Europeans  and  natives.     The  exports  from  Madras  to  I'egu  coiisi.^t  cbii  tly  of  piece  goods, 
tobacco,  and  cocoa  nuts;  the  returns  being  made  in  teak  timber,  horses,  orpinient,  stick  lac,  bul- 
lion, sappliires,  and  rubies.     The  largest  branch  of  the  trade  of  Madras  is  with  Calcutta.     In  iai3-14, 
thi.'  ijupiirls  fr(nu  Madras,  and  other  parts  of  the  Cloromandel  coast,  into  Calciilla.  amounted  to  sicca 
rupiji's  1S.74.'.»I1,  and  llie  exports  to  sicca  rupc^os  23,77,931  or  jointly  to  about  •12.'),287/.  sterling.     In 
Irt-il  ti'i,  the  im|}orls  ainounted  to  sicca  rupees  B,ti7,'221,  and  the  exports  to  sicca  rupees  12,35,015,  or 
jointly  to  about  212,22.1/. ;  showing  a  falling  off  to  the  extent  of  half  the  wliole  amount.— The  dispro- 
I)oriic)ii,  ill  this  case,  bi'tween  tiie  imports  and  exports,  is  to  lie  accounted  for  hy  the  omission,  in  the 
public  acouuts,  of  all  salt  imported  on  atconnt  of  the  monopoly,  and  which  has  amounted  yearly  to 
about  10.0(10  tons.    The  great  impediment  to  the  intercourse  between  the  Hengal  and  Madras  provinces 
is  llie  salt  monopoly,  tlie  (|uaiitily  of  salt  taken  annually  being  restricted  by  the  government  of  Dengul, 
This  liinils  the  consumption  of  salt  in  Bengal,  where  it  is  naturally  dear,  and,  hy  compelling  the  iiiha- 
hiiaiits  of  Madras  to  grow  corn  on  poor  laiids,  precludes  the  export  of  the  cheap  rice  of  Bengal.     The 
Indian    governments,  instead    of  having  improved  of  late  years   in  liberality,  have   really  drawn 
tighter  the  cords  of  monopoly.     The  elfect  of  this  upon  the  export  of  corn  from  Bengal  to  Madras  has 
heen  remarkable.     In  1800-7,"  when  the  salt  of  Madras  was  admilted  into  Calcutta  with  some  liberality, 
the  export  of  grain  to  the  Coroinandel  coast  ainounted  to  2,035,058  maunds,  or  about  470,0110  (|uarters ; 
whcieas,  ill  l''J3-24,  a  year  of  scarcity  in  the  Madras  provinces,  it  amounted  to  only  1,501,320  inaiiiuls, 
or  about  •it' 1,0110  (|uarters.     The  trade  between  Calcutta  and  the  Coromandel  coast  is  carried  on  both 
in  r.iiropouu  and  native  vessels.    The  latter  are  of  the  same  description,  but  not  so  well  equipped  as 
those  that  trade  between  the  (^'oromandel  coast  and  the  Malay  islands.    In  1 810,  the  niiinber  which  clear- 
ed mil  from  Calcutta  for  Madras  and  its  subordinate  ports  was  no  less  than  307,  their  hurden  being  esti- 
nmlcd  at  ■10,073  tons.     Since  lli(!n,  their  n umbers  have  declined  ;  being,  in  1821,  only  103  vessels,  of  the 
burd 'iiof  ll,Os)l  Ions.     The  European  tonnage  employed  in  this  trade  is  extremely  fluctuating.     In  1807, 
n  year  of  extraordinary  scarcity  in  the  Madras  provinces,  the  registered  tonnage  which  cleared  out 
from  t.'alciitia  for  the  (Joroniaiuiel  coast  amounted  to  91.230  tons,  which  conveyed  6,000,000  quarters 
of  rice.     Next  year  the  tonnage  amounted  to  only  6,201   tons.     In  1612,  another  year  of  scarcity,  it 
was  15,008  tons  ;  and  in  1*21,  a  year  of  plenty,  it  was  but  2,042  tons.     These  striking  facts  show  the 
vast  importance  of  a  free  trade  in  corn  to  the  countries  in  question. — (In  compiling  this  article,  we 
liave  maile  use  of  Ilumillun's  IJot-criplinn  "/  Ilindunlan  ;  Ilainilton'i-  Kant  India  Oazetteer,  2d  ed.  1828; 
Phipp's  Guide  lo  Ike  Commerce,  of  Bengal ;   Papers  relative  to  the  Trade  witli  India  and  China,  printed  hy 
orrlnr  of  the  House  of  Commons,  and  Evidence  taken  before  the  Parliamentarij  Committee,  in  1829,  1S30, 
and  18.U  ;  Madrua  Almanack,  for  1831 ;  Kelly's  Cambist,  2d  ed. ;  and  llorsbargh'a  Directory, — an  accu- 
rate and  useful  work.) 

]\TAGNESIA  (Fr.  Magncsie;  Ger.  Gehrnunte  Magnesia ;  It.  Magnesia),  one  of  the 
primitive  earths,  having  a  metallic  basis.  It  is  not  found  native  in  a  state  of  purity,  but  is 
easily  prepared.  U  is  inodorous  and  insipid,  in  the  form  of  a  very  light,  whit. ,  soft  powder, 
having  a  specific  gravity  of  3-3.  It  turns  to  green  the  more  delicate  vegetable  blues,  is  iii- 
fusiblo,  and  requires  for  its  solution  2,000  parts  of  water  at  60°. 

MAHOGAJNY,  the  wood  of  a  tree  (Sivietcnia  Mahogani)  growing  in  the  West  Indies 
and  Central  America.  There  are  two  other  species  of  Swictenia  found  in  the  East  Indies, 
but  they  are  not  much  known  in  this  country. 

Mahogany  is  one  of  the  most  majestic  and  beautiful  of  trees  :  its  trunk  is  often  40  feet  in  length, 
and  6  feet  in  diameter;  and  il  divides  into  so  many  massy  arms,  and  throws  the  shade  of  if  shining 
green  leaves  over  so  vast  an  extent  of  surface,  that  few  more  mngniticent  objects  are  to  be  met  with 
in  the  vegetable  world.  It  is  abundant  in  Cuba  and  Ilayti,  and  it  used  to  be  plentiful  in  .Tamacia;  but 
in  the  latter  island,  most  of  the  larger  trees,  at  least  in  accessible  situations,  have  been  cut  down. 
The  principal  importations  into  threat  Britain  are  made  from  Honduras  and  Campeachy.  Tliat  wlilcU 
is  imported  from  the  islands  is  called  Spanish  mahogany;  it  is  not  so  large  as  that  from  Honduras, 
being  generally  in  logs  from  20  to  20  inches  square  and  10  feet  long,  while  the  latter  is  usually  from  2 
to  4  feet  si|uare  and  12  or  14  feet  long,  hut  some  logs  are  much  larger.  Mahogany  is  a  very  beautiful 
and  valuable  species  of  wood  ;  its  colour  is  a  red  brown,  of  diflerent  shades,  and  various  degrees  at 
briL'hlness ;  sometimes  yellowish  brown;  often  very  much  veined  and  mottled,  with  darker  shades 
of  the  same  colour.  The  texture  is  uniform,  and  the  annual  rings  not  very  distinct.  It  has  no  larger 
septa ;  but  the  smaller  septa  are  often  very  visible,  with  pores  between  them,  which  in  the  Honduras 
wood  are  generally  empty,  but  in  the  (Spanish  wood  arc  mostly  filled  with  a  whitish  substance.  It  bus 
neither  taste  nor  smell,  shrinks  very  little,  and  warps  or  twists  less  than  any  other  species  of  limber. 
It  is  very  durable  when  kept  dry,  hut  does  not  last  long  when  exposed  to  tlie  weather.  It  is  not  at- 
tacked by  worms.  Like  the  pine  tribe,  tlie  timber  is  best  on  dry  rocky  soils,  or  in  exposed  sltiialiDus. 
That  which  is  most  accessible  at  II(uiduras  grows  upon  moist  low  land,  and  is,  generally  speaking, 
decidedly  inferior  to  that  l)rouglit  from  Cuba  and  Ilayti;  being  soft,  coarsi^  anil  spongy;  while  the 
other  is  close  grained  and  hanl,  of  a  darker  colour,  and  sometimes  strongly  figured.  Ilondiiras  ma- 
houany  has,  however,  the  advantage  of  Indding  glue  admirably  well ;  and  is,  for  this  reason,  frii- 
qiiently  used  as  a  ground  on  vvliich  to  lay  veneers  of  the  finer  sorts.  The  best  qualities  of  inalmgany 
bring  a  very  high  price.  Not  long  since,  Messrs.  Broadwood,  the  distimiuished  pianoforte  manufac- 
turers, gav(!  the  enormous  sum  of  3,000i'.  for  three  logs  of  mahogany  !  These  logs,  the  produce  of  a 
sinirlc  tree,  were  each  about  15  feet  long  and  38  inches  square  :  they  were  cut  into  veneers  of  8  to  an 
inch.  The  wood  was  particularly  beautiful,  capable  of  receiving  the  highest  polish  ;  and  when  po- 
lished, rcjllectiiig  the  light  in  the  most  varied  manner,  like  the  surface  of  a  crystal ;  and,  from  tlie 
wavy  form  of  the  pores,  offering  a  different  figure  in  whatever  direction  it  was  viewed.  Dealers  in 
niabogany  generally  introduce  an  auger  before  buying  a  log;  but,  notwithstanding,  they  are  seldom 
nhle  to  decide  with  much  pr(!clsion  us  to  the  quality  of  the  wood,  so  that  there  is  a  goml  deal  of  lottery 
ill  the  trade.  The  logs  for  which  .Messrs.  Broadwood  gave  so  high  a  price  wen;  brought  to  this  rr.untry 
with  a  full  knowledge  of  tlieir  superior  worth.  Mahogany  was  used  in  repairing  some  of  Sir  Walter 
Kaleigh's  ships  at  Trinidad,  iii  1597;  but  it  was  not  introduced  into  use  in  Englaiid  till  1724. 


The  ciitti 

towards  mi 

50.     The  tn 

or  11,542 

Ilonrluras,  ; 

mahogany  f 

to  force  the 

diiced  4,5,40 

vidiiine  on  7 

Mahog.iiiy 

West  Indies 

imii'irled  am; 

lis  if  it  had  i, 

nialiipgaiiy  ha 

Mahogany 

ship  iiiiporiln 

are  (he  produi 

(The  dull 

eo.)_.sv7j.) 

MAIZE,  ( 

Grano  Tare 
grasses  (Zea 
corn  cultivate 
Continent  ahi 
century.     Its 
most  Asiatic  ci 
cal  range  of  al 
of  north,  and 
near  the  metro 
ill  the  fields,  In 
lion,  it  has  an 
flo.se  together  i 
they  are  someli 
.gated.     The  im 
England  is  slioi 
sort  in  common 
fodder ;  and  the 
ii  contains  iittle 
wlieaten  or  even 
ports  of  maize,  < 
MALAGA,  a 
Ion.  4°  25'  7"  \\ 

//i/cAowr,-  Malai 
TOO  yards  ji,  length 
liWil.  levolvinif  on- 
/la,--li  succeeds  Ci.r  i 
waler  Ibioughoiit  i 
'"'I'll  employ,.,!  to  d 
'li«  entrance  to  the 
'"l''''»-  tlie  harhoi, 
•ill  winds,  and  alibri 

T,at/e,  <.Sc—0\ 

ivliich  may  be  said 

iifcnunt.s  oV  the  tri 

port  arc  wine  and 

also  a  considcrahh 

seed,  aniseed,  baril 

{>^ee.  Lk.u).)     Till 

earthen  waie,  &c.,  , 

Wand  Ireland, 'li 

"i^liiiig.  and  that  w 

el  Malaga  wine  bei 

Bunied  in  the  latter. 

'J'hc  following  d( 

'S30,"  contain  the 

of  Malaga.     Their  i 

„r /'""',■  ""''"'"=  ^vines 
are  n.nr  kinds:  first  il 
MUim  proportion  of' 
lasle  to  the 'Malaga 


♦  The  consul  says  7 
'"»""■  ^Itnanackihe 


75 
I 


MAlZi:,  MA  I.  AG  A. 


163 


The  ciittinprof  mali'iC'iny  iit  llondnnis  lakes  iilmc!  iii  twn  (lilTcrcrit  seasons;  after  ('liri-^tiii.is,  and 
towards  midsimiiiicr.  TIk?  iicerncs  (•niplnyi'd  in  I'lHinj;  tlie  Iiim  ;.  are  divldnt  iiilo  crmips  id'  I'r  'in  10  to 
50.     The  trei'9  are  I'lil  aliniil  lU  led  trDin  llir  (.'iniiiid,  and  if.'  Ildaled  dnwn  llie  rivers 

Of  11,542  tons  (if  iiniliocaMy  ini|iiirlrMl  in  lh;il,h'2ll  tiiriie  lidin  the  Hrilisli  West  Indies  (itnlndinR 
ncmdiiras,  and  2,623  from  Flayii.  The  dniy  on  inriiiiiri  nnihoKai  y  is  7/.  10.-.  a  too,  wlnreas  Unndnras 
nniliogany  pays  only  M  lO.-.,  ami  .laniaica  nialioLany  I/.  The  ell'i'i  I  of  siicli  a  rimy  ninsi  olivionsly  he 
to  force  the  consumption  of  Ihi!  inferior  in  iiri'feretKte  lo  lln^  snperior  arlide.  In"li-;VJ,  the  duty  pro- 
duced 4,'),40''/.— (See  Trcilffnlil'.i  I'rviiiiihii  i<f  Vnrpeittnu  p.  201. ;  l.iUrarij  of  Etiterluiiiiiiff  h'liowlcilgc, 
volnnie  on  Timber  Trees  mid  Fruits  ;  a7id  F.ihninVs  ll'i.tl  Imlitu,  vid.  iv.  p.  2,^8.  v.ii.  1M!»,  i\-c) 

Mahopany  from  Ilondnr.is,  imported  into  any  free  warehonsiiij;  port  in  the  Kritisli  possessions  in  the 
West  Indies  or  Ameiica,  in  a  ship  cleared  out  from  Hali/.e,  and  then  warehoused  as  havin?  Iummi  so 
imported  and  cleared,  may  he  e.xporled  from  the  wanhouse  ami  iur>"rled  into  the  I'nited  Kini/doni, 
as  if  it  had  heen  imported  direct  in  a  Hrilisli  sliip,  provided  it  he  sia.ed  lU  the  ship's  clearance  that  the 
uialiogany  had  liceii  so  warehonsi^d  and  exported.— (0  (}c(i.  ■(.  c.  TO.   !>  1:-  ) 

Mahouany  not  to  he  entered  as  hi'inj;  the  produce  of  any  Hrilisli  p'lsse.  sinn,  unless  the  master  of  the 
ship  iniporling  the  name  deliver  lo  the  collector  or  comptroller  a  cerlij  ■  .te,  and  declare  that  the  gooils 
are  the  produce  of  such  place. — iHee  milr,  p.  8.) 

(The  duly  on  foreign  mahogatiy  has  been  reduced  to  5/.  per  ton. — (6  &  7  VV/7/.  4,  cap. 
CO.)— Sup.) 

MAIZE,  oil  INDIAN  COKN  (Fr.  Bled  (k  Turquk;  Gcr.  Tiirklsch  horn.  Mays,-  It. 
Grano  Tiirco  o  Siciliano  ,■  Sp.  Tn'iro  de  hidim,  Tri'fro  de  Turquia),  one  of  the  cereal 
grasses  {Zea  Maya),  supposed  to  be  indigenous  to  South  America,  being  the  only  species  of 
corn  cultivated  in  the  New  World  previously  to  its  discovery.  It  was  introduced  into  tho 
Continent  about  the  begiiniinc;,  and  into  England  a  little  while  after  the  middle,  of  the  16th 
century.  Its  culture  hits  spread  with  astonishing  ra[)idity  ;  being  now  extensively  grown  in 
most  Asiatic  countries,  and  in  all  the  southern  parts  of  Europe.  It  has  the  widest  qcographi- 
cal  range  of  all  llie  ceralia,  growing  liiv  iriantly  at  the  etjuatoy,  and  as  far  as  the  50th  degree 
of  north,  and  the  40th  of  south  lutituilo.  It  has  been  raised  in  England,  in  nursery  gardens 
near  the  metropolis,  for  more  than  a  century  ;  and  recently  it,  h.as  been  attempted  to  raise  it 
ill  the  fields,  but  with  indillerent  success.  Like  other  plants  liiat  have  been  long  in  cultiva- 
tion, it  has  an  immense  number  of  varieties.  The  ear  consists  of  about  600  grains,  set 
close  together  in  rows,  to  the  number  of  8,  10,  or  12.  The  grains  are  usually  yellow;  but 
they  ^le  sometimes  red,  bluish,  gropiiish,  or  olive-coloured,  and  sometimes  striped  and  varie- 
pated.  The  maize  of  Virginia  is  tall  and  robust,  growing  7  or  8  feet  high  ;  that  of  New 
England  is  shorter  and  lower ;  and  the  Indians  further  up  the  country  have  a  still  smaller 
sort  in  common  use.  The  stalk  is  jo'-ned  like  the  sugar  cane.  The  straw  makes  excellent 
fodder;  and  the  grain,  as  a  bread  corn,  is  liked  by  some;  but  though  it  abounds  in  mucilage, 
it  contains  little  or  no  gluten,  and  is  not  likely  to  be  much  used  by  those  who  can  procure 
wheaten  or  even  rye  bread. — (Loudon's  Encyclopwdia  of  Agricti/ture,  <SjC.)  For  the  im- 
ports of  maize,  duties,  &c.,  see  Ciittx  L.^ws  and  TiiAni;. 

MALAGA,  a  city  and  sea-port  of  Sptiin,  in  the  kingdoi 

Ion.  4°  25'  7"  W.     Population,  perhaps,  55,000.* 

//iirJwi/r.-  Malaga  he  .  an  excellent  harliotir.  It  is  iirotected  on  its  eastern  side  by  a  fine  ninle,  full 
700  yards  in  length.  At  its  e.vtremity  a  light-liouse  has  heen  conslrucled,  furnished  with  a  powerful 
lit'lii,  revolviuir  on-.o  evcny  minute.  At  a  distance  it  appt^ars  (disciired  for  45  seconds,  when  a  lu  illiant 
O.ish  succeeds  fi.r  the  other  15  seconds.  A  shoal  has  growu  tip  round  the  mole  head,  and  'he  depth  of 
water  thiiuighoul  the  harhnur  is  said  to  he  diminisliing.  Latterly,  however,  a  dredgiii|,'  machine  lias 
lii'cn  employed  to  deepen  it,  hy  clearing  out  the  mud  and  acciiniiiiating  siind.  Tl.o  depth  of  water,  at 
tlic  entrance  to  the  liarhoiir  and  within  the  mole,  is  from  20  to  30  feet;  ami  close  to  tln^  city,  from  8  to 
iiifci't.  The  harhour  ccnild  easily  ticcoinniodute  more  than  450  iiiercliaiit  ships  :  it  may  be  entered  with 
all  winds,  and  allbrds  perfect  shelter. 

Trade,  Ac. — Owing  to  the  want  of  official  returns,  and  to  the  prevalence  of  smuggling, 
tvliich  may  be  said  to  have  annihilated  ail  fair  trade,  it  is  not  |)ossiblc  to  obtain  any  accurate 
iircounts  of  the  trade  of  Malaga,  or,  indeed,  of  any  Spanish  port.  The  great  articles  of  ex- 
port arc  wine  and  fruits,  particularly  raisins  and  ahnonds,  grapes,  figs,  and  lemons ;  there  is 
also  a  considerable  exportation  of  olive  oil,  with  quantities  of  brandy,  anchovies,  cummin 
6ccil,  aniseed,  barilla,  soap,  &c.  The  lead  exported  from  Midaga  is  brought  from  Adra. — 
(fNoc  liKAi).)  The  im[)orts  are  salt  fish,  iron  hoops,  bar  iron,  and  nails  ;  cotton  stull's.  hides, 
curthenwave,  &c.,  with  dye  stulls,  all  sorts  of  colonial  produce,  butter  and  cheese  from  Hol- 
hiul  and  Ireland,  linens  from  Germany,  &c.  The  trade  with  England  seems  to  be  dimi- 
nishing, and  that  with  tho  United  States  to  be  increasing.  This  is  a  consequence,  no  doubt, 
of  Malaga  wine  being  very  little  in  demand  in  the  former,  while  it  is  pretty  largely  con 
Bumnd  in  the  latter.     The  Americans  are  also  tho  largest  consumers  of  ISIalaga  fruit. 

The  following  details,  abstracted  from   Mr.  Ingliss's  valuable  work,  entitled  "Spain  in 

1S30,"  contain  the  fullest  an  1  by  far  the  best  account  that  we  have  met  with  of  tho  trado 

of  Malaga.     Their  authenticity  may,  we  believe,  be  depended  upon. 

'•  llidf.— The  wines  of  Malaga  are  of  two  sorts,  sweet  ami  dry  ;  and  of  the  former  of  these  there 
ate  fen r  kinds;  first,  the  common  'Miilaga,'  known  and  exported  under  that  name.  In  this  there  is  a 
certain  proportion  of  boiled  wine,  which  is  allowi^d  to  hum,  and  which  coniniiinicates  a  slightly  burnt 
taste  to  the  'Malaga.'     The  grape  from  which  this  wino  is  made  is  a  white  grape,  and  every  pipe  of 


dom  of  Granada,  in  lat.  36°  43^'  N., 


I  (vll 


I 


a 


% 
i 

I 


*  The  consul  says  75,000;  but  we  have  little  doubt  that  this  is  very  much  beyond  the  mark. 
I  ciuiur  Almanack  the  {lopulatiuii  i:-'  set  down  at  52,370. 


\ii  tha 


164 


MALMSEY,  MALT. 


•  Malafra'  cnntatn*  no  less  than  eleven  callnns  of  brandy.    Secondly, '  Mountain.'    This  wine  la  made 

from  thp  saiiip  srape  ns  the  oilier,  iinil  like  it  contains  colonring  n)att«rnn(l  lirnndy  ;  the  only  difforence 
is  that,  for  '  Moiinlairi,'  Ihp  grapn  is  allowed  to  liecoiiie  riper.  Thirdly,  *  I.agriinas,'  the  richest  and 
finest  of  the  Hwect  wines  of  MaluKn  ;  the  name  of  wliicli  almost  explains  the  manner  in  which  it  is 
made.  It  is  the  droppings  of  the  ripe  grape  liniig  up,  and  is  obtained  witiiout  the  application  of 
presoiirc. 

"The  dry  win(;  of  Malaga  is  produced  from  tlie  same  Rrape  as  the  sweet  wine,  but  pressed  wlien 
(trceiii'r ;  in  this  wine  there  is  an  (Mi;h>h  part  more  of  brandy  than  in  tlic  sweet  wine;  no  less  than 
l-12th  part  of  the  dry  Malaga  lining  brandy. 

"  'I'lie  whole  produce  of  the  Mahifja  vineyards  is  estimated  at  from  .15,000  to  40,000  pipes;  but  owing 
to  the  incri'asiuR  slock  of  old  wine  in  the  cellars,  it  is  impossible  to  be  precise  in  this  calculation.  The 
export  of  all  sniis  of  Malaga  wine  may  he  stated  at  about  27,000  pipes.  The  principal  market  is  the 
lliiit<'d  Slates  and  South  America  ;  and  to  these  the  export  is  upon  the  increase.  The  average 
price  of  the  winoM  shi|ip(Ml  from  Mal.iga  does  tint  exceed  So  dollars  per  pipe  ;  but  wines  are  occasion- 
ally I'vported  at  the  price  of  170  dollars.  Many  attempts  have  been  made  at  Malaga  to  produce  sherry, 
but  not  with  perfeit  pmcccss.  The  slierry  grape  has  been  reari.'d  at  Malaga  upon  a  soil  very  similar  to 
that  of  Xcres;  lint  the  merchants  of  .Ma'l.iga  have  not  ventured  to  enter  the  wine  for  export.  (Jne 
reason  of  the  very  low  price  of  the  wines  nf  Malaga  is  to  be  found  in  the  cheapness  of  labour;  field 
lalioor  is  only  2;  reals  a  day  {M-J.).    In  the  fruit  and  vintage  time  it  is  about  double. 

"  fVi?j/.— Next  to  its  wines,  the  chief  export  of  Malaga  is  fruit,  consisting  of  raisins,  almonds, 
prapi's,  lies,  and  lemons  ;  but  of  these,  raisins  are  principally  exported.  I  hav(!  before  me  a  note  of 
llie  exports  of  Malaga  for  the  months  of  .September  and  October,  1830— the  chief,  Ihinigh  not  the  sole, 
exportirie  months— and  I  find  that  during  tliat  time  the  export  of  raisins  amounted  to  208,815  boxes, 
and  .11.011)  smaller  packages.  Of  this  qnantily,  125,.134  boxes  were  entered  for  the  United  Slates; 
4."). 51')  for  Tngland  ;  the  remaining  quantity  being  for  rrance,  the  West  Indies,  llie  Spanish  ports, 
SoaTh  America,  and  Holland. 

"  The  rai.'iins  exporlid  frcur  IMalaga  are  of  three  kirjs,  mvsrnte!,  bloom,  c-  iitn'raisin,  and  lezias. — 
The  muscatel  is  the  tinest  raisin  in  the  world.  In  its  pr  paralion  no  art  is  ,  .,ed  ;  the  grape  is  merely 
placed  in  the  son,  atid  frennently  Hirned.  The  bloom,  oi  sun  raisin,  is  a  dift'erent  grape  from  the  mus- 
catel ;  but  its  preparation  is  tlie  same.  The  lexias  acquire  tliis  name  from  the  liquor,  or  ley,  in  which 
Ilii'v  are  dipped,  and  which  is  composed  of  water,  ashes,  and  oil ;  these,  after  being  dipped,  are  also 
dried  in  the  sun.  All  muscatel  raisin.s  are  exported  in  boxes,  and  also  a  part  of  the  bloom  raisins.  In 
IS20,  the  (!\ports  of  innscalcl  and  bloom  raisins  were  325,000  boxes  of  25  lbs.  each  ;  in  all,  8,125,000 
lbs.  'I'liis  (inantity  is  iiiilependent  of  the  export  of  bloom  raisins  in  casks,  and  of  lexias;  the  latter 
aiiioiiiilirm  to  1  oiHil  30.01)0  arrohas.  The  export  of  raisins  to  Englatid  has  fallen  off,  while  that  to 
America  has  coiisideralily  increased.  In  IS24,  75  ships  cleared  from  Malaga,  for  EngUua  villi  fruit : 
in  \<.W,  down  to  the  1st  of  iNovember,  3t  vessels  had  cleared  out. 

"  Of  llie  other  fruits  raised  near  Malaga,  grapes,  almonds,  and  lemons  arc  the  most  extensively  ex- 
ported. In  the  months  of  September  atid  Octobe.-,  Ih.TO,  11,012  j;irs  of  grapes  were  shipped  for  Eng- 
land  ;  l).120  for  .\merica  ;  aiul  1.050  for  Knssia.  During  the  same  months,  5.335  arrobas  of  almonds 
(13.'!,375  Ids.)  were  shipped  for  England,  this  being  nearly  the  whole  export ;  tjiere  were  also  exported, 
during  the  same  period,  3,749  boxes  of  lemons  for  England ;  4,201  dilto  for  Oermuny ;  and  810  ditto  for 
Kiiisia. 

"  0(/.— There  is  also  a  largo  export  of  oil  from  Malaga  ;  but  the  exportation  during  the  latter  part  of 
1830,  would  be  no  criterion  of  the  average  ;  because,  the  Greenland  whale  fishery  having  failed,  ex- 
tensive orders  had  i..,en  received  from  England. 

"  Sliiiipiiiir. — The  trade  between  England  and  Malaga  is  on  the  decline  :  that  with  both  the  Americas 
is  increasing,  ttspecially  in  wines.  The  number  of  Dritish  vessels  etiter(ul  at  the  port  of  Malaga,  in 
1^27,  1  lind  from  an  official  note  furnished  by  the  British  consul  to  have  been  104;  in  1828,  120;  in 
ls2;l,  105;  and  in  IKiO,  to  the  1st  of  November,  83,  exclusive  of  small  'Jibrallar  vessels.  The  nnniher 
of  Anieiii  an  vessels  entering  in  1820,  was  55;  but  the  average  burden  of  the  Americans  being  175 
tons,  ami  ihil  of  the  English  vessels  not  exceeding  100,  the  whole  American  is  nearly  eiiual  to  the 
whole  English  trade."— (Vol.  ii.  pp.  190—106.) 

.;1/i;?f(';/.  — Accounts  are  kept  in  reals  of  31  maravedis  vellon. — (For  the  coins,  and  their  value,  used  at 
Mai  iga.  ':ee  t-ADiz.) 

U'msUtf:  nnd  Afiasures. — The  weights  are  the  same  as  those  of  Cadiz.  The  arroba,or  cantara=:4'I9 
English  wine  sallons  ;  the  regular  pipe  of  Malaga  wine  contains  35  arrobas,  but  is  reckoned  only  at 
.14  ;  a  lioti  of  I'edro  Ximenes  wines  =  535-  arrobas  ;  a  bnla  of  oil  is  4.1,  and  a  pipe  35  arrobas  ;  the 
latter  weighs  about  800  lbs.  avoirdupois :  a  carga  of  raisins  is  '2  baskets,  or  7  arrobas ;  a  cask  con- 
tains a?  much,  though  only  called  4  arrobas  :  as  a  last  for  freight  are  reckoned — 1  bolas  or  5  pipes  of 
wine  or  oil  ;  4  bales  of  orange  peel  ;  5  pipes  of  I'edro  Ximenes  wine  or  oil ;  10  casks  of  almonds 
(each  aliout  380  lbs.  English) ;  20  chests  of  lemons  and  oranges  ;  22  casks  of  almonds  (of  8  arrobas 
each) ;  44  casks  of  raisins  (of  4  arrobas  each) ;  SShalf  casks  of  raisins  ;  50  baskets  of  10(1  jars  of  rai.^iiis. 
I'orl  Cli(irirr.^.—T\w  port  and  harbour  dues  amount,  on  an  English  vessel  of  300  tons,  to  about  'ill,; 
on  a  Spanish  vessel,  of  the  same  burden,  they  would  be  about  11/.  10s. 

II  (//■c//,)Hsi/in-.— Goods  may  be  warehoused  for  12  months,  paying  2  per  cent,  ml  valorem  in  lien  of  all 
charces  ;  but,  at  the  end  of  the  year,  they  must  be  either  entered  for  consumption  or  reshipped.  Tlie 
2  per  cent,  is  charged,  whether  they  lie  a  day  or  the  whole  year. 

Tliere  is  an  excellent  account  of  Malaga  in  Toirnsend's  Travels  in  Spain,  vol.  iii.  pp.  10 — 12.  The 
^nsirers  by  the  consul  at  Malaga  to  the  Circular  Queries  contain  little  or  no  infuriiiation. 

M.M.MSEY.     See  Wi.ne. 

MAI.T  (GvT.  Ma/i/ .-  Da.  Mouf ,-  Ft.  Mai,  Bledgermd  ,■  li.  Malto;  Sp.  Ctbada  refnmtda 
6  entdUechla ;  Rus.  Sulod ,-  hat.  Mallum).  The  term  malt  is  applied  to  dcsigtinto  grain 
which,  iieing  .steeped  in  water,  i.s  made  to  germinate  to  a  eertaiit  extent,  after  which  the  pro- 
ce.-s  is  ehecked  hy  the  application  of  heat.  This  evolves  the  saccharine  principle  of  the 
grain,  which  is  the  essence  of  malt.  The  process  followed  in  the  manufacture  is  very  sim- 
I)le.  Few  changes  have  hcen  made  in  it;  and  it  i.s  carried  on  at  this  moment  very  imicli  in 
the  same  manner  that  it  was  carried  on  hy  our  ancestors  centuries  ago.  Itice,  and  aliuo.st 
every  s[iecies  of  grain  has  hecn  used  in  malting;  but  in  Europe,  and  especially  in  England, 
mall  is  [)repared  almost  wholly  from  barley.  It  is  the  principal  ingredient  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  beer,  and  is  not  used  for  any  other  purpose, 

Diilics  on,  anil  Cunsiiinpfiiin  of  Miilf.  Jnjluence  of  the  reduction  of  the  Diiti/  and  the 
Oprnini^  of  the  Trade. — Owing  to  malt  liquor  havmg  early  become  the  favourite  beverage 
of  the  people  of  England,  the  manufacture  of  malt  has  carried  on  amongst  us,  for  a  longth- 


cned  peri 

wealth  an 

years.     T 

by  the  inci 

there  cann 

and  the  ah 

inij)osed  or 

regulations 

barley;  wl 

lent  to  an  (, 

was  not,  ho 

being  as.sest 

brewed  by  j 

use;  and  as 

tinction  was 

brew  any  bo 

malt  he  mad 

have  been  m 

iiig.     Origini 

being  increas 

to  (be  gross  i, 

lenglb  forcibb 

beer  in  inerea 

E(lhil)urir/i  I, 

sulisiaiKial  ju; 

Wuke  of  Well 

tbe  liceii.'siiig  s 

'J'he  repeal  < 

cipations  of  th 

Would  be  no  gi 

lias  lu'cn  raise- 

liiunkeiiness,  i.< 

as  it  certainly 

Dished  (ho  consi 

lii'ial  change. 

of  Iiecr;  but  it 

ocrasioiifd  no  ci 

country,  has  bee 

b».siiies.s,  the  tra 

.sljofis  have  been 

(ion  of  alehouse; 

people ;  but  that 

imiltilude  of  alel 

lii.'^positioii  is  by 

less  grovelling  en 

lo  promote  sobrie 

lower  classes  mor 

aiiil  to  stimulate  t 

The  following  ' 

(ii)«ii  to  18;};j,  aji, 

malt  had  been  abn 

hm\  more  than  lU 

increased.     In  |,oi 

period— for  more  f 

viry  well-iriformed 

tilt'  (|iiaiitity  of  nia 

fiiilifig  with  1723, 

ni'Xt  1 0  years  wa.s 

tlx'  malt  duty  a.s  if 

«'»ays  be  taken  im 

•\ii)|)le  information 

save  the  trouble  of  r 

'lit'ir  repeal,  into  on 


MALT. 


165 


only  at 
l)»ri ;  the 
Vk  con- 
jpipos  of 

'riii^iiis. 
|)Ut  2U. ; 

l>n  of  all 
IJ.    Tlie 

h-    Tlie 


itmmda 
grain 
Ihc  pro- 
of  the 
Iry  sim- 
luicli  in 
1  iilinost 

aiiufac- 

ind  the 
IvcraRO 
llcir4li- 


ened  period,  on  a  very  large  scale.  Instead,  however,  of  increasing  with  the  increasing 
wcallii  and  population  of  the  country,  it  has  bceu  nearly  stationary  for  the  last  hundred 
years,  Tliis  apparently  anomalous  result  is  probably  in  some  measure  to  be  accounted  for 
by  the  increased  consumption  of  tea  and  coflee,  which  are  now  in  almost  universal  use ;  but 
tiierc  cannot  be  a  question  that  it  is  mainly  owing  to  the  exorbitant  duties  with  which  malt, 
and  tlie  ale  or  beer  manufactured  from  it,  have  been  loaded,  and  to  the  oppressive  regulations 
imposed  on  the  manufacture  of  malt  and  the  sale  of  beer.  The  etfect  of  these  duties  and 
regulations  was  to  impose  a  tax  of  about  7*.  on  the  malt  and  beer  made  from  a  bushel  of 
barley ;  which,  taking  the  average  price  of  barley  at  from  4s.  to  5s.  a  bushel,  was  equiva- 
lent to  an  (id' valorem  duty  of  from  140  to  17.')  per  cent. !  The  exorbitancy  of  the  duty 
was  not,  however,  its  most  objectionable  feature.  It  was  about  equally  divided — one  half 
being  assessed  directly  on  mult,  and  the  other  on  beer:  but  the  beer  duty  alFectcd  only  beer 
brewed  by  public  brewers,  or  for  sale,  and  did  not  affect  that  which  was  brewed  for  private 
use;  and  as  rich  families  brewed  all  the  beer  they  made  use  of,  the  consequence  of  this  dis- 
tinction was,  that  the  beer  duty  fell  wholly  on  the  lower  and  middle  classes,  who  did  not 
brew  any  beer;  or,  in  other  words,  the  poor  man  was  compelled  to  pay  twice  the  duty  on  the 
malt  he  made  use  of  that  was  paid  by  the  rich  man !  That  such  a  distinction  should  ever 
have  been  made,  or  subinittid  lo  for  any  considerable  period,  is  certainly  not  a  little  astonish- 
ing. Originally,  however,  the  distinction  was  tiot  so  great  as  it  afterwards  became  ;  and 
being  increased  by  slow  rlegrees,  the  force  of  habit  reconciled  the  parliament  and  the  country 
to  the  gross  ine(]uality  and  oppressiveness  of  the  tax.  IJut  the  public  attention  being  at 
length  forcibly  attracted  to  the  suiijcct,  and  the  elUict  of  the  exorbitant  duties  on  malt  and 
beer  in  increasing  the  consumption  of  ardent  spirits  having  been  clearly  pointed  out — (see 
Ijf/iii/iurir/i  Ilfview,  No.  98.  art.  1.),  the  Iwer  duty  was  repealt'd  in  \S'M).  This  measure  of 
siilistantial  justice  and  sound  jxilicy  reflects  the  greatest  credit  on  the  administration  of  the 
Duke  of  Wellington  ;  which  is  also  entitled  to  the  public  gratitude  for  having  put  an  end  to 
tlit>  licensing  system,  and  established,  for  the  first  time,  a  really  free  trade  in  beer. 

'J'he  repeal  of  the  duty  has  materially  increased  the  consumption  of  malt;  and  the  anti- 
cipations of  those  who  contended  that  its  abolition,  if  combined  with  a  free  trade  in  beer, 
uotdd  be  no  great  loss  to  the  revenue,  are  in  a  fair  way  of  being  realised.  The  clamour  that 
has  been  raised  against  the  measure,  on  account  of  its  supposed  influence  in  increasing 
drunkenness,  is,  we  firmly  believe,  wholly  without  foundaiion.  If  the  measure  has  increased, 
as  it  certainly  has  done,  the  consumption  of  beer,  it  has  at  the  same  time  eijually  dimi- 
nished the  consumption  of  gin  ;  and  it  is  surely  superfluous  to  add,  that  this  is  a  most  bene- 
lirial  change.  It  is  true  that  a  number  of  new  public  houses  have  been  opened  for  the  sale 
of  beer ;  but  it  has  not  hitherto  been  proved  that  this  circumstance,  though  it  seems  to  have 
occasioned  no  conmiun  alarm  among  the  clergy  and  magistrates  in  different  [larts  of  the 
country,  has  been  productive  of  any  public  inconvenience.  Like  all  newly  opened  lines  of 
business,  the  trade  of  beer  selling  has  been  overdone;  and  a  considerable  number  of  beer 
shops  have  been  shut  up.  "  It  is  not,"  as  Dr.  Smith  sagaciously  remarkec',  "  the  multiplica- 
tion of  alehouses  that  occasions  a  general  disposition  to  drunkenness  among  the  counnon 
lico])le;  but  that  disposition,  arising  from  other  causes,  necessarily  gives  employment  to  a 
imiltitude  of  alehouses." — {Wial/h  nf  Nalioihi,  vol,  ii.  p.  146.)  The  way  to  eradicate  this 
disposition  is  by  giving  a  better  education  to  the  poor,  and  inspiring  them  with  a  taste  for 
loss  grovelling  enjoyments.  All  that  the  fiscal  regulations  and  police  enactments  intended 
lo  promote  sobriety  have  3\er  done,  is  to  make  bad  worse,  to  irritate  and  disgust,  to  make  the 
lower  classes  more  enamoured  of  that  which  they  conceive  is  unjustly  withheld  from  them, 
and  to  stimulate  them  to  elude  and  defeat  the  law. — (See  vol.  i.  p.  l.'i.) 

The  following  Tables  show  the  consumption  of  malt  in  England  and  Wales  from  1787 
down  to  183;?,  and  in  the  whole  knigdom  from  1821.  They  show  that  the  consumption  of 
malt  had  been  about  stationary  for  nearly  half  a  century,  notwithstanding  the  population  had 
been  more  than  doubled  in  that  ()eriod,  and  that  the  wealth  of  all  classes  had  been  materially 
increased.  In  point  of  fact,  however,  the  consumption  had  been  stationary  for  a  much  longer 
period — for  more  t/ian  an  entire  cenfiiri/  !  For  it  appears  from  the  accounts  given  by  the 
VI  ry  well-informed  Mr.  Charles  Smith,  in  his  tracts  on  the  Corn  Trade  ('2d  ed.  p.  I'J'J.),  that 
the  quantity  of  malt  that  paid  duty  in  England  and  Wales,  at  an  average  of  the  10  years 
eliding  with  1723,  was  3,!542,000  quarters  a  year;  and  that  the  annual  average  during  the 
next  10  years  was  .3,3,'J8,071  quarters.  The  beer  duties  being,  in  effect,  as  much  a  part  of 
till'  malt  duty  as  if  they  had  been  laid  directly  on  malt,  it  is  indispensable  that  they  should 
iiiways  be  taken  into  account,  before  drawing  any  conclusions  as  to  the  influence  of  the  duty. 
Ai!i|ile  information  with  respect  to  them  will  be  found  in  the  article  Ale  ami  Bkku  ;  but,  to 
save  the  trouble  of  references,  tlie  whole  is  brought,  as  far  as  respects  the  10  years  previous  lo 
tlicir  repeal,  into  one  point  of  view  in  the  subjoined  Table,  No.  I. 


I 


2 


8 


I 


/'       ': 


'M: 


160 


MALT. 


1.  An  Account  of  the  Number  of  aimrtors  of  Malt  charged  with  Duty,  the  Amount  of  the  snid  Duty, 
the  Hall-  pi-r  Uiiarter  in  each  Year;  also,  the  Number  of  Huarters  of  Malt  used  liy  Urewers  and 
Vlclualler.m  the  Number  of  Harrels  of  (Strong,  Intermediate,  uiid  Table  Heer,  separately;  the 
Amount  of  Duty  on  Heer,  and  the  Rale  of  Duly  per  llarrel  for  each  sort  of  Beer,  in  each  Year,  from 
the  5th  of  January,  1821,  to  the  5th  of  January,  1833;  in  Imperial  Measure. 


If 

England. 

Malf. 

Beer. 

Quarters 

Quarters 

Stroiie, 

Table,  at 

Inter- 

fi  = 

Amount  of 

ustrd  by 

at  9..  lOrf. 

It.  II4,(. 

Amount  of 

•"ni 

mte  per  Quarter. 

Duly. 

Brewers  and 

per 

per 

Uuly. 

Duty, 

ViLiuallers. 

Barrel.* 

Barrel.* 

Barrel. 

£           «.  rf. 

"1  No  account 
lias      lieen 

Harreh. 

Snrreh, 

ilarrrls. 

£        s.    d. 

1821 

2.9'^5.53( 

285.  lOi  ^%d. 

4,311,440    2    6 

.5,066,81711,518,695 

-      -    2,838,149    1     1 

1N22  3,2l'.7,3fll 

4,718,300  10    0 

5,969,891 11,528,575 

-      .  12,987,366    8    6 

1H23  3,3;)(i,()(n 

Froin23Feb.  IS22,20t.Sd. 

3,024,242    8    0,    J^aii'V^n, 

6,.300,98  111, .570,043 

- 

,3,1,53,601    5    7 

1821  S.IOJ.dl'l 

3,203,502  17    Ol     (he,,  years 

0,395,835!  1,483,015 

7,018 

.3,190,008  12    8 

182-1  H,I5I,»22 

-             -              . 

3,560,093    0    Ol  2,704,514 

6,1)60,9681 1,, 5 14,0  Ih 

15,fi(i0 

3,326,277  14    2 

182(>  3.fi<)f),3!)2 

•             -              - 

3,813,072    7    «   2,820,940 

7,014,3951  l,C06,8()9 

6,160 

3,495,597    9    I 

1827  :!.ll(),(l9f 

-             .              . 

3,,5S0,084  19    8i  2,029,626 

0,697,13311,603,053 

7,707 

3,268,655    9    9 

182S  3.1, •17,(142 

-             -              - 

3,211,010    6    6 

2,.57 1,879 

6,403,302 

1,532,308 

17,11)8 

.3,131,662    6    0 

182(1  3,8!  1,727 

-             -              - 

3,911,884  19    1 

2.610,621 

6,.570,310 

1,530,419 

62,617    3,222,807    2  III 

18311  2,«28,.^n£ 

-             .              - 

3,026,126    6    9 

2,406,991 

5,901,048 

1,. 380,469 

55,498 

2,923,118    1    5 

lH3l;3,3(i2,(il3 

... 

3,474,699  16  10 

2,364,939 

3,570,332 

1,006,262 

41.834t 

. 

1832;  1,120,134 

... 

4,257,781  10  10 

2,284,919 

-     . 

-     - 

- 

- 

1833  3,938,721 

-       14,090,678    9  11 

3,235,519 

-     - 

-     - 

-     - 

- 

Scotland. 

From 
B.irley. 

».     d.        f 

From  Bear  or 

Bigg. 
8s.l0h-^jd. 

1 

1821 

147,770 

28  loi/y. 

From 

5July,1820, 

24.S  9tV 

212,282   6   6 

<  count   as  > 
( above.     ) 

123,114 

207,983 

-      - 

80,972   0   0 

1822 

163,207 

*'•  •  •'■2  1 

From 

5July,1821. 

2'is.Si4\d. 

i23 1,605   9  3 

78,406 

128,939 

219,546 

-     - 

85,060   4   0 

IS23 

175,390 

f  From  25  Feb.  1822, 
l20s.6d.     lis.5j'{d. 
Froni 
5July,1822, 
lbs.  9i  ,/*,- 

j 183,071  16  7 

78,607 

128,107 

227,478 

85,117  12   0 

1821 

203,073 

. 

. 

198,695  1510 

75,100 

110,292 

226,332 

- 

80,532   8   0 

182.')    318,57fi 

. 

. 

335,505    8    1 

74,979 

118,813 

239,956 

- 

81,894  10   0 

1826    4<)0,730 

_ 

. 

402,144    6   6 

85,430 

133,903 

264,035 

. 

91,731    2   2 

1827    340,819 

. 

16*. 

339,101    810 

72,956 

122,1.58 

271, .3,35 

. 

79,910    0    1 

1'828    339,259 

. 

33.5,488  1811 

79,481 

112,007 

241,293 

- 

72,877    0  10 

1829    483,394 

. 

. 

478,507  15   2 

82,577 

118,943 

247,443 

- 

76,9!t4  10   8 

1830    461,120 

. 

. 

457,587  12   4 

75,305 

111,071 

229,384 

. 

71,786  19   5 

1631    502.743 

. 

. 

505,651    4   6 

92,416 

75,272     178,01  It 

. 

. 

1832    52.!,  309 

. 

. 

515,578    8    1 

118,0,33 

- 

.     - 

. 

. 

1633    4.'iH,096 

. 

. 

458,096    5   7 

123,800 

-     - 

-     - 

-     - 

- 

Ireland. 

1821 '  224,208' 

28«.  101  -fKd. 

319,683  14   0 

165,1.30 

1822'  213,004; 

From  5  April,  18a,20».M. 

317,424    0   0 

1.50,640 

1823    2l9,5l8j 

.           .           - 

27,5,012  14   0 

174,466 

1821 

213,.S64 

-           .           - 

216,725    2   6 

187,268 

1825 

971,219 

. 

208,330    0   0 

170,695 

jVflM.— No  return  can  be  ni.tde 

1820 

319,0.'56 

... 

344.000  10   0 

167,124 

of  the  quantity  of  beer  brewed  in 

1827 

,300,821 

... 

315,029  15   2 

176„349 

Ireland,  the  same  not  being  subject 

1828 

825,819 

... 

232,899  12  10 

189,076 

to  excise  duly. 

1829 

301,192 

... 

311,19!  19  0 

17.5,331 

1830 

251, .579 

... 

259,809  17   2 

167,175 

1831 

241,051 

-           .           . 

251,610    1  11 

141,401 

18,32 

262,730 

... 

263,307    8   7 

186,674 

1833 

250,794 

- 

250,277    9   8 

192,867 

II.  Prices  of  Malt,  per  Winchester  Quarter,  at  Greenwich  Hospital,  from  1730  to  1832. 


Years. 

Prices, 

Years. 

Prices. 

Years. 

Prices. 

1730 

20«.  6(/. 

1805 

8.55.  ~d. 

1S25 

71s.  lOJd. 

1710 

27,9.  3'id- 

1810 

84s.  5rf. 

1S26 

arts.  \ii. 

17,50 

2-!«. 

1815 

69s.  7irf. 

1827 

fiU.  I(W, 

1760 

21*.  (Id. 

1820 

68s.  8i(/. 

1828 

61s.  7r/. 

1770 

28...  3(/. 

1821 

61s.  \\d. 

1829 

6I.S.  W.>l. 

1780 

31,?.  Id. 

1822 

52.«.  H!,/. 

1830 

56.S.  U,/, 

1790 

3.5s.  6rf. 

1823 

59s.   11(/. 

1831 

70s.  r^id. 

1800 

84,«. 

1824 

62s.   Id. 

1832 

58s.  8,/. 

in,  .\n  Ae 


Ycai, 

encbd 

Ml  Ju'y. 


♦  From  the  year  1,827,  the  rate  of  duty  per  barrel  forstrongbeer  was— common  brewers,  9.s'.  j  vldii^l- 
lers.  9.S.  10,/. ;  tuble  beer,  common  brewers.  Is.  9id. ;  vjcluallers.  Is.  Hid.;  the  same  also  fur  Scullaiid. 
lUeerduty  ceased  llie  lOlh  of  October,  1830. 


IV.  A  netiirn 

earli  Col 

Co.lpciion 

i  Harnslaple 
i  Hilh 
j  III!  il  ford  . 
j  llrisiol    . 

j  (-.intiTbiiry    . 
Cliosler  - 
foruwall 
t'ovenlry 

M'liniberland  - 
I  llcrhy     . 

■  l>il|-.«ot     - 

!  l>iirli,-iiii 

i  Kssox 

I  n.vel,.r     - 

(f.'liiiireRter 

I  f-'mnlliaiii 

jiriliCa.v  . 

I  llniils      . 

I  H.ireford 

;  Hcrlford 

lifiill 

I  NIe  (If  Wight 

■'  l.:iiicaster 

I.CI'lls 

!  l.ii'lilicid 
I  l.inciilii  - 
^  Liverpool 
,  l.yriii 

I  M.iiiclie.stor     - 
I  NiMvcastle 
'  .^iirtliaiiij)ton  - 
\iirllHvich     . 
.Viinvicli 
O.vfnrd    - 
I'lymoutli 
Heading  - 
It'icliester 
8a nun    . 
8;il()p 
'^lii'ffield 
•^laffird  - 
8loiirl)ri(|ge    . 
i^iitHilk    ." 
Surrey    . 
■'Sussex   - 
I'vhrid^'e 
^\'ales.  Mast   . 
MIdrllo 
North 
West  - 
JVellingt,,,,      . 

Whitliy   . 

^^iircester 
Vork      . 


I  roiiniry  collections 
I  London  - 


Total 


MALT. 


167 


III.  An  Account  of  the  Total  Qimtillly  of  Malt  iniide  in  England  and  Wains  in  each  Year,  from  1787 
to  1820,  biitli  incliitiivv,  the  llateH  of  Duty,  anil  tho  Aniuiint  ot'thu  Duty. 


I  made 
L'pd  in 
Lliji:cl 


Y- 

i),l. 

ii. 

_.._! 

;  vi<1 

lal- 

lUll' 

Yijpi 

RllB 

Vf.irs 

anc 

enil>'t] 

Mill. 

of 

Amount  of  Duly. 

cirl  <l 

Mill. 

(.f 

Amount  of  Duly. 

5ih  Ju'y. 

Duly. 
s.     d. 

.5111  July. 

Duty. 

Or.*,      hln. 

£          s.    d. 

Qm.      1)1.1. 

».        </. 

£           8.      d. 

17'*7 

3,109,101  7 

10  6 

I,78!),7'f0     1     2 

1801 

2,60-2,721  7 

34  8 

5,772,112    9     0 

nss 

S.-S.W.SHO  1 

-     - 

1,76I,2(U  11     3 

1805 

2,792,9--'3  1 

.     . 

4,811,(HM)  15     0 

1TH9 

3,031,314  2 

.     . 

l,.'i91,i:)9  19    7 

1806 

3,435,990  0 

.     . 

5,<X>\'\a    0     0 

IT'.in 

2,N33,697  3 

-     . 

1,187,61)1     2    5 

1807 

3,114,020  3 

.     . 

5,.'t97,»i35     6     4 

i;yi 

3,489,876  2 

12  6 

2,138,908  14     1 

1808 

2,H00,787  3 

.     - 

4,851,698    2     4 

1792 

3,582,671  6 

f  12  6  I 

2,142,950  12  10 

1809 
1810 

2,851, .598  7 
3,0,3.-j,101  4 

-     - 

4,912,771    7    8 
5,261,362  12     0 

1793 

3,056,001  5 

1,001,717    8    6 

1811 

3,349,760  5 

_ 

5,806,251    15     0 

1791 

3,191,708  7 

-     - 

1,677,253  13     2 

1812 

2,332,330  5 

- 

4,012,716  16     4 

179.'. 

3,086,693  7 

-     - 

1,620,515     6    8 

1813 

2,797,741  7 

. 

4,819,419    5     0 

1796 

3,517,758  4 

.     - 

1,816,823     4     3 

1814 

3,263,785  5 

5,057,228    8    4 

1797 

3,865,427  3 

- 

2,029,349    7    5 

1815 

3,384,001  0 

-   . 

5,865,606  18    8 

179S 

3,370,131  6 

.     - 

1,769,476  13    4 

1816 

.3,281,929  3 

- 

5,6B^,077  11     8 

n9'.) 

3,6!)8,955  5 

-     - 

2,083.701   14     0 

1817 

2.1 12,002  4 

18  8 

1,999,202    0     8 

IMH) 

1,810,089  3 

.     . 

950,296  18     5 

1818 

3,307,81)6  5 

- 

3.087,312    3    8 

1801 

2,320,868  2 

.     . 

1,218,455  10     7 

1819 

2,793,2S2  3 

- 

2,007,003  11     0 

1W)2 

3,792,297  6 

18  8 

2,612,010    6  11 

1820 

3,060,891  3 

23  0 

,    4,675,500    8  10 

1803 

3,809,000  2 

-     - 

3,555,908  18     0 

1 

IV.  A  Ilnturn  of  the  Nu 
each  Collection  of 


.niher  of  Bushels  of  Malt  made,  and  the  Amount  of 
f  K.Kcise  in  the  United  Kingdom,  in  tlie  Year  ended 


Unties  collected  thereon,  ill 
5th  of  .laniiarv,  1836. 


Nuiiitier  nf 

1 

NuUilitTof 

Co  led  ions. 

IlU'lleU 

Amount  of  Duty. 

Collectiona. 

Bushels       1 

Amounl  of  Duty. 

M:ill. 

£       s.     d. 

of  .Mall.      1 

England. 

Scotland. 

£      s.    d. 

Barnst!i|)le      - 

3IO,4.')8 

40,100  10     6 

Aberdeen 

208,572  i 

21,611  13     5 

llulh 

828,427 

107,005     3     1 

Ayr          -        -        - 

273,127 

31,180  18     6 

llftilford  - 

1,581,737 

201,307  13  11 

Argyle,  North 

49,704 

4,979  10     3 

Itristol    - 

538,616 

69„575     2    2 

South 

414,516  : 

4.5,927  13  11 

rainOridsre      - 

1,319,0.15 

171,2.00     7     1 

Caithness 

65,893 

6,920  19  10 

1  (.'iiiiterhiiry    - 

415.902 

53,720  13     6 

Dumfries 

79,.382 

10,155  10     9 

Chi'sler  - 

0 19,909 

83,8')0     3     3 

Elgin 

177,8.'-)0 

21,6.32     5     9 

Ciiriiwall 

.376,760 

48,004  16     8 

Fife 

203,151 

26,210  11    6 

Ciivenlry 

931,602 

120,331  18    6 

filasgow 

581,2.'')9 

73,408    6    9 

Ciiniherland  - 

40.3,981 

52,181     5    4 

Haddington    - 

189,051 

21.191     1    9 

;  Derby     -        -        - 

881,3.58 

11.3,842     1     6 

Inverness 

11.5,303  1 

14,782  11    0 

1  Diirsct    -        -        - 

3 13,425 

44,017    7  11 

Linlithgow 

29S.230 

38,291   12  11 

!  Durham 

238,775 

30,811   13    5 

Montrose 

139,107 

17,922  15    7 

i  INscx      -        -        - 

970,804 

125,395  10    4 

Perth      - 

265, 120 

34,152     1    0 

j  K.veli'r    -        -        - 

260,263 

33,617    0     1 

Stirling  ... 

593,260 

70,3.36    7    0 

1  (;linirester 

532,865 

68,828    7  11 

Edinburgh 

771,816 

99,930  11    5 

I  (iraiilham 
ll:ilila.x  - 
ll:\nl8      - 

1,186,807 
652,175 
437,008 

153,295  18     1 
84,239    5    5 
56,446  17    4 

Total 

4,158,770 

551,010    0    4 

Hereford 

209,259 

34,779    5    9 

Hertford 

1,445,411 

186,698  18    5 

illnll        -        - 

315,201 

44,588    9    3 

j  l.-le  of  Wight 

463,553 

69,875  17     1 

Ireland. 

:  I.Hiii'aster 

39.1.195 

50,787  13    9 

Armagh  ... 

94,451 

0,647  12    1 

iLoeiU      - 

2,143,969 

276,929    6    7 

Allilone  ... 

32,739 

4,223    9    0 

!  Molilield 

1,060,411 

130,969  15     1 

Clonmel- 

76,978 

9,912  19  10 

1  l.iiu'iiln  -        -        - 

1,18,'.,021 

153,112  14    3 

Coleruine 

51,970 

6,197    0    0 

1  Liverpool 

100,877 

13,029  18  11 

Cork 

321,923 

41,969    4    5 

I.VTin       -        -        - 

630,077 

81,384  !8  11 

Drogheda 

68,173 

8,814     8    7 

1  M;iiiclie.stor    - 

vil. 

vil. 

Dundulk 

203,908 

21,011   12    9 

j  NiMvcanlie 

41.3,195 

53,409  15    5 

Foxford  ... 

40,387 

4.0.39  15    7 

'  Xortliaiii|tton- 

665,088 

8,5,907    4    0 

fialway  ... 

52,225 

6.732  19    8 

iNnrlliwith 

152,287 

19,070    8     1 

Kilkenny 

210,670 

31,087    6    4 

.\(invic!i 

1,222,320 

157,883    0    0 

Limerick 

8.1,568 

10,791    4    0 

Oxford    - 

053,882 

71,.513     1   10 

Lisbiirn  ... 

152,990 

10,022  11  11 

I'lymnutli 

500,018 

7,3,188    3    2 

Londonderry  - 

80,920 

8,111   !6    8 

Keaiiing  -        -        - 

830,288 

107,215  10    8 

iMallovv  ... 

131,673 

17,007  15    3 

Udclieater 

374,803 

48,412     1     1 

Maryborough  - 

73,077 

9,697    8  11 

Siirain    -        -        - 

814,753 

10.5,238  18    7 

Naas       .        -        - 

03,010 

7,860  13    2 

.•<alnp      ... 

675,442 

87,244  11  10 

Sligo       - 

40,219 

4,648    4    9 

Slieffield 

743,877 

90,084    2    3 

Tralee     ... 

17,883 

2,.309  17    9 

.■^latrird  - 

.573,573 

74,080  10    3 

Waterford 

125,187 

10,208  14    9 

Siniirbridse    - 

789,519 

101,979  10    9 

Wexford 

321,341 

41,500  10  11 

t<uinilk   .'      .       . 

1,. 529,707 

197,.587     3    1 

Dublin    ... 

68,710 

8,733    6    5 

1,271,743 

161,266  10     1 

hurrey    -        .        - 

Sussex   .        .        - 
Txliriiljie 

5.39.!  24 
588,926 

69,636  17    0 
76,069  12    2 

2,353,008 

28S..597  12    9 

Wales,  K-ast   - 

490,518 

61,137    9    0 

Middle 

294,367 

38,022    8     1 

1             North 

2<IO,807 

.38,;).37  U     5 

West  - 

219,697 

28,377  10    7 

Wellington 

312,367 

40,347    8     1 

Totals. 

Wliitliy  - 

214,981 

27,708  15    4 

Wiircuster 

380,134 

49.100  12  10 

England  - 

36,078,712 

4,600,166  19    4 

York      - 

570,125 

73,611     2  11 



Scotland  - 

4,458,770 

551,010    0    4 

rnunlry  collections 

3(),0 19,290 

4,052,491  12    6 

London  -        -        - 
1            Total 

59,422 
36,078,712 

7,675    6  10 

Ireland    - 
United  Kingdom     - 

2,353,608 
42,891,090 

288.597  12    9 

4,660,166  19    4 

5,499,780  12    5 

I 


2 

i 

I 


I 


IM 


MALTA. 


RffuMf  t07M  Of  tn  the  Manufacture  nf  Afa/r— Tli««f  arf  rmhfxlieil 
in  the  nc\%  7  fc  H  Geo.  4.  c.  fli.  and  1 1  Geo,  4.  c.  17.  'Ihe  fordHT  act 
ii  rxceedinilty  conii'lrx  :  it  h<is  nn  fewer  Iti.in  tifhty  thrre  cl nines; 
and  the  rf^uhtii'nn  utntKxIieil  in  it,  thuiii{h  frequeiitjy  it>|iiitii.int  to 
common  lenu;,  -itp  enfnrceJ  hy  IDti  pf^nallies,  amountini;  in  nil  lu  ttiu 
rnnrninun  •luin  of  13,50(1/. !  Ihnler  luch  a  dtatute,  it  nas  tiaplly  \}n$- 
aible  Tor  tliP  nioti  honest  and  caulioui  malfster  tn  .ivfiid  incurrin(( 
prnaltjrfl.  .Such,  iiiilee  I,  is  the  nnture  of  lliin  acr,  that  one  in  ainioal 
lemptcil  to  ht'lieve,  in  IfMiking  into  it,  that  if  its  frameni  had  any 
object  more  thim  anolher  at  heart,  it  was  U}  condense  into  it  whitevfr 
was  niott  contradictory  and  ahsiird  in  the /(.»(y  alatutes  Ihat  had 
previniialy  In-en  pasni;!  for  the  collection  of  the  malt  iliity  and  Ihe 
oppression  of  Hie  Irade!  Rut  it  was  not  in  the  nature  of  thnnjs  that 
luch  a  law  cnuld  be  allowed  to  exist  fnr  any  considerable  pt-riod.  H 
uas  not  only  Ion  lly  and  untvcrstUy  comlemned  by  Ihe  millstera,  but 
ly  all  Ihe  ninrc  inrflli<ent  oHncn  of  excise.  In  cons*  nnencp,  Ihf  11 
liuu.  4.  c.  17,  Wi»s  pasted.    'J  his  l.^tler  slalute  is  cntilled  to  very  con- 


i  si<lprab1p  praise ;  il  rf  peals  a  rood  many  of  the  penalties,  and  some 
j  of  the  most  veiialions  and  nielen  rennlatinns,  in  llie  former;  so  that 
'  the  bimines!!  ni.ij  now  he  carried  on  with  rtjuAl  security  In  (lie  reve- 
nue, and  with  it  finitely  less  risk  and  annoyance  on  ihe  part  of  tha 
nnnnfacturer,  I'hti  txislinfc  rt-Kutalions  principally  reft^r  tn  tho 
gaiiKinf(  of  ihi'  cisterns,  the  \veltini(  of  the  mall,  the  rniplyinft  nf  ihs 
citilerns,  Ihe  f^auirin;  nf  the  malt  \%  hen  in  tli«  couch  fnimes,  (he  pay. 
niRnt  of  (he  dniii  s,  i^c.  Itut  as  no  om-  would  think  of  underiaKinK 
till' business  of  a  niallster  without  bavin?  a  copy  of  both  ads  in  hia 
possi'uion,  it  wouid  be  tjnlte  unnecessary  for  U!i,  ev«'n  if  our  limits 
jiermittrd,  to  i;iv()  any  at)strnct  of  thes«'  acts.  The  li(-fnn<-  duly  on 
mallsters,  and  the  number  of  nnltslers  who  look  (Uit  licensee  in  lVj<) 
di^lribuhd  into  classes  accordlmc  lo  Ihe  extent  id'  ilieir  bu^iinesa,  will 
be  loiind  Npecilied  in  the  article  /.iccnae-f  (Exiifr). 

Malt  may  not  he  imported  into  Ihe  United  Kintfdoni  for  home  iiso 
under  pain  of  forfeilure;  but  it  may  Imj  waruhouuxl  for  expurtaliuii, 
—(6  lico.  -I.  c.  107.  tect.  52.) 


MALTA,  an  island  in  the  Meiliterrancan,  nearly  opposite  to  the  southern  extremity  of 
Sicily,  from  which  it  is  about  »54  miles  distant. 


Valcfta,  Ihe  capital,  is  situated  on  thn  north  coast  of  the  island,  the 
Iij(ht-hnuse  in  the  ci"tle  of  St.  Klino  being  in  liMiV^  6-1'  6"  N.,  I'ln. 
H^  31'  lU"  K.  .M  da  is  about  ^0  miles  lon^,  and  10  or  12  broad. 
TJie  isl.ind  of  Gozo,  about  a  fourth  pari  of  the  size  of  Malta,  lies  to 
the  norih-wi'st  of  the  latter,  nl  about  4  miles' di^tnnce;  and  in  the 
strait  between  them  is  the  small  island  of  Cumlno.  In  IS3i,  the 
resident  ixipulaljon  of  .Malta  amounted  to  100,1.51;  and  including 
tnmps  and  stn)n<e)?,  the  total  pnpulition  .miounted  to  l()(i,578.  The 
population  of  (lozo,  at  Ihe  sune  period,  was  16,517.    The  total 

fiopulation  of  both  islands  making  |j;t,l2>.  The  entire  revenue  col- 
ecled  in  M.ilta  anmunts  to  about  100,000^  a  ..  ir,  of  which  about 
23,000/.  is  derived  frtmi  Ihe  rent  uf  lands;  the  expenditure,  exclusive 
f>f  Ihal  inci!rre<l  in  England  on  account  uf  t  ":  island,  auiunuts  lu 
about  ^S()(KJ/. 

Valelta,  Iht  capital  of  Ihe  island,  is  defended  by  almost  impregna* 
!)le  forlificalions.  "Thise,"  siys  Mr.  Brydone,  *'are,  indeed,  most 
stupendous  works.  All  Ihe  boasted  caLicandis  of  Kouie  an  1  Naples 
are  a  IriHe  to  the  immense  excavations  that  have  been  made  In  this 
little  island.  Tue  ilitches  of  a  vist  si/e,  are  all  cut  out  of  Ihe  solid 
rock ;  these  extend  for  a  e;reat  many  niilts  ;  and  raise  our  astonish* 
nient  lo  think  thai  "i  small  a  stile  hns  ever  1  ecu  able  to  make  them.'' 
—(Ttair  through  SiciJi/  ami  A/n/f«,  Letter  15.)  Since  the  island 
came  irttn  our  poi^session,  the  forlificalions  have  been  consider- 
ably improved;  bo  that  at  present  it  is  a  place  of  very  great 
strength. 

After  the  cipture  of  Rhodes  hv  the  Turks,  the  Emperor  Chirlcs  V. 
made  a  present  of  Malta  t-i  the  kuisilits  of  St.  Jidm  of  Jerusalem,  in 
whose  possession  it  lemained  tilt  I7ilH,  when  it  was  taken  by  the 
French.  It  w.as  taken  fi-nni  the  tatter  by  (he  Knfjtisti  in  tSOO ;  and 
was  rietiriitively  eedeil  to  us  in  1814. 

The  island  consists  mostly  of  a  rock,  ven,'  thinly  covered  wilh  soH, 
a  good  deal  of  ivhich  has  been  brought,  at  an  immense  expense,  from 
Sicily;  but  being  cultivated  with  Uie  ulmost  care,  it  proilucis  excel- 
lent fruits,  (larlicularly  the  celebrated  Maltese  oranges,  corn,  collon, 
with  siitall  quantities  of  indigo,  stlVron,  and  sugar.  The  principal 
dependence  of  Ihe  inhabitant>  is  on  their  cotton  ;  the  crop  of  which, 
amounting  to  about  4,00').000  lbs.  a  vear,  is  inrllv  exported  raw  -nnd 
partly  manufactured  to  the  value  r<(  from  ^0,0007.  to  100,000/.  The 
corn  raised  in  Ihe  ittand  is  rot  sufficient  to  feed  the  inhabiiants  for 
more  than  5  or  6  months.  The  trade  in  corn  used  to  be  monopolised 
by  government;  and  after  Uie  monopoly  was  abandoned,  duties  on 
importalion,  varying,  like  those  in  this  country,  with  the  price,  wen- 
imposed.  I*ut  in  IS.!!  these  duties  were  abolished;  and  the  tixed 
-  duties  on  corn  entered  for  consumolion,  specified  in  the  subjoined 
laritt",  were  sid-strtuted  in  their  stead. 

Malta  presents  unusual  facilities,  which  have  not  hitherto  been 
taken  proper  ailvantage  of,  for  becoming  the  entrepot  of  Ihe  corn 
trade  of  the  Mediternnertn  and  Ulack  Sea.  Her  warehouses  for  corn 
are,  like  those  of  Sicily  and  BarKary,  excavated  in  the  rock  ;  and  are, 
perhaps,  the  best  fitted  of  any  in  Europe  for  thes.-ife  keeping  of  corn. 
The  wheal  lodged  in  them  maybe  preserved  for  an  indefinite  period  ; 
and  it  isa/Tirmed  that  though  it  should,  on  being  deposited,  I*  affected 
by  the  weevil,  it  is  very  soon  freed  from  that  destructive  insect.  It 
is  not  often  thit  corn  can  be  brought  direct  from  Odessa,  'I'aganro^, 
kc.  to  England,  without  the  risk  of  beir^g  damaged;  but  were  il 
brought  in  Ihe  fir*!  instance  lo  Malta,  anrl  t>oniled  there,  it  might 
afterwards  he  conveyed  in  the  best  order  lo  JjOndon,  or  any  where 
else.  M.Ita  is  a^o  admirably  well  suited  for  becoming  tha  centre 
of  the  corn  trade  of  Egypt,  Barbary.  Italy,  Arc. 

During  the  late  war,  particularly  during  Ihe  period  wlien  Napo- 
leon's anti-commercial  system  was  in  opentiDii,  Malta  berame  a 
great  eritrep  't  for  colonial  and  other  iroods,  which  were  thence  con- 
veyed, according  as  op[)ortimities  otl";red,  lo  the  adjacent  ports. 
This  commerce  cea<e:i  with  Ihe  circumstaTices  that  gave  it  birth: 
and  for  wnne  years  after  the  return  of  peace,  the  trade  of  the  islanti 
was  depresseif  below  ils  natural  level,  by  the  imposition  of  various 
oppressive  discriminating  duties.  Tn  IHIO,  this  vexatious  system  was 
partially  rdiviatetl ;  hut  il  continue'l  to  exert  a  pernicious  influence 
till  1337,  when,  punuant  to  the  recommendation  of  Messrs.  j^ustin 
and  Lewis,  Commissioners  nf  Inquiry,  Ihe  then  existing  tariHa  nf 
customs  duties  an  I  port  ''liarT^es  were  wholly  abolished  ;  and  a  new 
tarirt'  (which  is  sub.ioine.l)  was  issued  in  (heir  slead.  It  inipt-ses 
moderate  duties,  for  Ihe  sake  of  revenue  only,  on  a  few  articles  in 
general  demand,  without  regard  to  the  country  from  whence  tfiey 
come,  at  tlie  sime  time  that  it  cijualises  the  tonnaze  duties,  and 
reduces  the  warehouse  rent  on  articles  in  bond  to  the  lowest  level. 
Every  thing  has  thus  been  done  that  was  possible  to  sei^ond  the  naln- 
ral  advantages  enjoyed  by  Malta  for  beconnng  the  erand  rntrep- 1  of 
the  Metlittrranean  trade  :  and  we  have  little  doubt  they  will  power- 
fully contribule  (o  lirin?  about  tliaf  result. 

There  are  some  good  springs  of  fresh  water.  Valelta  is  partly 
supplied  by  water  brought  by  an  aque<luct  a  distance  of  about  b' miles, 
and  partly  by  the  rain  water  colhcted  in  cisterns, 

Hiirhaur. — The  harbour  of  Valetta  is  double,  and  is  one  of  the 
finest  in  the  world.  The  city  is  built  on  a  narnnv  tongue  of  land, 
having  the  ca&lle  and  light  of  SI.  Elmo  at  iLs  extremity  and  an  adnii* 
rable  port  on  each  side.  That  on  the  south  i-jwtern  side,  denominated 
the  grand  port,  is  the  most  frequented.  The  entrance  tn  il,  about 
250  fathoms  wide,  has  the  fornntlable  batteries  of  St.  Elmo  on  Ihe 
one  hand,  and  those  of  Fort  Ricasoli  on  the  other.  In  entering,  it  is 
necessary  not  to  come  within  .'jO  or  tH)  f.ithoms  of  Ihe  former,  on 


nel  there  is  from  10  to  12  f.ilhoms  water.  The  port,  which  runs 
al>out  I  3-1  niile  inwanhs,  has  tieep  water  and  excellent  anchonge 
thrnughout ;  Ihe  largest  men  of  w  ir  coming  close  to  Ihe  quays,  port 
MaraamUBceit,  on  the  norih-western  side  of  the  city,  n  also  a  noMo 
harbour.  The  entrince  to  it,  which  is  about  the  same  breadth 
as  Ihal  of  the  Grand  Tort,  is  between  St.  Elmo  and  Kort  Tiuue.  In 
Ihe  centn^  nl  the  basin  is  an  i&land.  on  which  are  built  a  casllc  .mil  a 
lazaretlo,  for  llie  convenience  of  the  !thi[)s  performing  quarantine,  hy 
which  Ihe  port  is  principally  userl.  Owing  to  Ihe  narrowness  of  tho 
entrance,  and  Ihe  usual  variableness  of  the  wind,  it  is  cuslomAry  fur 
most  vessels  bound  for  Valeda  lo  take  a  pilot  on  board  before  cideriiu; 
the  harbour. 

Tariff  (A).— Ptities  on  Imports,  ninl  Dues  for 
Store  Uent,  which  the  Collector  of  CtiHtoiiis  iff 
nH|iiir«*(I  to  Icivy  on  the  Accounl  of  the  Govern- 
ment of  Malta. 


Beer,  per  Maltese  barrel        ,  .  . 

Cattle:   bullock",  and  other  animals  oT  the 
kind,  per  heid  .  .  -  - 

Horses  and  mules,  per  he.id 
Charcoal,  per  salm     •  .  .  - 

Grain  :— 

Wheal,  per  salm  .  ■  . 

Indian  corn,  per  salm      • 
Barley,  per  salm  ... 

Snegina,  per  salm  ... 

Other  inferior  grains       ... 
Manufactur*'d  grain,  per  cantar  • 
Wheat,  lndi.in   corn,  barley,  or  other 
inferior  grains,  if  damaged  so  as  to  he 
until  for  Ihe  food  of  man  (commonly 
called  7nirnc;j(«2ZO),  per  saUn 
Manufactured  grain,  "f  danvaeed  so  as 
to  be  unfit  for  the  fuo<l  uf  man,  per 
cantar  ..... 
Oil,  olive,  per  cafTiao  ■  .  .  . 

folatoc",  per  cantar    .  -  -  . 

Pulse  and  seeds 

Beans,  ciravances,  chick-peas,  kidney- 
beans,  lentils,  lupins,  peas,an.i  vetches, 
per  salm  .... 

Caroh'beans  and  cotton  seeds,  per  cantar 
Spirits;  viz,  for  every  Maltese  barrel  of  such 
spirits  of  any  afrength,  not  exceeding  the 
strength  of  pro  f.  by  Sykes's  hydrometer 
(namely  Ix)ndon  pniof),  and  so  in  pnjpor- 
tion   for   any   greater  strength   than   Ihe 
strength  of  i)rr)of    .... 
Vinegar,  per  Maltese  barrel  - 
Wines,  the  value  of  u  hich  shall  exceed  15/. 


0 

10 

0 

0 

n 

0 

ti 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

c 

n 

n 

0 

3 

n 

0 

0 

0 

s 

0 

0 

0 

u 

ti 

u 

u 

0 

0    2    0:  0    0    2 


0  10 


I'erpipe  of  II  Maltese  barrels,  per  Matteai! 
b.' 


t.irrel 
AH  other  wines,  per  Maltese  barrel 


0  II 

■  i  0    2 


Ol>H7Vatifma.—\.  The  diifies  pajat-le  by  Ihe  salm  nu  eni'n,  putsp, 
ami  seeds  (except  large  Sieilian  beans)  iW  be  cliargril  hy  the  sfnko 
nieisure.  The  duties  nii  larire  Sjciliati  beans  auil  on  charcoal  to  be 
chaitfed  !iy  the  h^ap(■(I  nieasnre. 

2.  Every  liquid  compounded  of  spirit  and  any  other  inffredicntor 
ingredients,  and  cootainini;  more  than  25  per  cent,  of  sj.iril  of  the 
strength  of  proof,  to  be  liable  to  the  duty  on  spirits  which  is  inijHkstd 
by  the  present  tarilf. 

3,  'I'he  store  rents  on  ?rain  loil^ed  in  bond  to  be  payable  frnni  the 
day  on  which  the  ^rain  was  IfKltfed.  The  storr  rents  on  every  n'ti*r 
art'irle  mentioned  rn  Ihe  present  laritT  to  I  e  payaOle  from  the  teiilli 
day  after  the  day  ou  which  such  article  was  lodJ;ed. 

TABif  F  (B).— Tonnage  dues  wliirfi  the  r'nllpftnr 
nf  Customs  is  rerjiiired  to  levy  on  the  Aciouiit 
of  the  Governinenl  of  Malta. 

Vessels  discltarginir  merchandise  in  the  island,  shall,  on  dcaririf 
outwards,  pay  for  every  ton  or  any  part  thereof  -  .  ty. 

Tariff  (C).— Fees  which  the  Collertor  of  Cii.sfnms 
is  reqiiiriul  to  levy  on  the  Account  of  tlie  (.'n- 
verniiient  of  Malta. 

/,.  J.  rf. 


For  eacli  certificate  under  Ihe  office  seal        •  «  -  0    2    6 

account  of  a  spit  wliich  projects  from  it ;  but  iu  the  rest  of  Ihe  cbau-  I  for  each  sheet  of  printed  official  fornu         •  -  0  0  2 


Tariff  of  r 
of  (Jove 
ranline, 

S/iipfiiiig  ,11 
fo  pay,  for  eaci 

Veiicli  not  ei 

—  from    ; 

—  from    i 

—  from  It 

—  fioiii  1.^ 

—  from  2C 

—  from  2'i 
2.  Vessels  nf  w 

upon  the  pe 
no  else  mor 
quarantine. 

3  Vessels  halde  I 
ance  thereof, 

4.  Vessels  compe, 
lo  be  >ubjecl, 

Tadle  exhib 


Species  of 


I  Minufacfures  of 

Siij,ir,  refined  am 
I  Corfre  and  cocoa 
1  In  ligo     • 

Hum       ■ 

.''(lices      . 

Raiv  sujar 

Tea         . 

Brimstone 

Drujs    and    arlic! 

dyinj  . 
Fl.ix,  hemp  and  to 
Hides,  salted  and  d 
R'isin  an  I  tar 
Seels  in  general 
I  ftuvsilk 
Tiihacco  leaf 

I  (Vnoil  (timber,  deali 
Wmtl  and  cotton  wn 
Misct-llinies  (raw  ni 
Beans,  pms,  caravj 

I      na,  Ac. 
Biscuit 


List  of  Vessels  heloni 
Malta  on  the  1st  o 


Sizes 


11  under  lOlonseic 
i  from  10  to  2i 
'  i  iii  to  no 

'  I  50  to  100 

M  100  to  I.tO 

I  130  lo  200 

M  200  to  230 

'  I  2-,Uto300  J 

I  300  tons  anc 

_of  all  sizes,  making 


The  central  imition,  exc 
ins  II  an  admirable  naval 
".■li'.menof.warandmerc 
Jnd  renil-r  its  posspssinn  of 

Civ""  ,*'^"''*  •"'''"•« 

o'»ln|i:l.iiild.iig  has  materia 
""IJ'irifhfs  are  diligent  exi 
iij-xleraieilisafavourahre 

"  have  Iheir  bottom;  eiami 
I'-'Pose.    This,  snrelv,  sloi 

j;;l -lie  cliarg,,  are  less  thi 

Malta  is  now  ihc  centre  of 

rl2TT-  '"'■'  ""'«''•  ports 


,.  MAN  (J.SLE  O 
distance  from  Eti-rl 

t-fo^d-    Thointcrb, 
Vol,  If.-_p 


>sl 


MAN  (ISLE  OF). 


169 


6    0  0    l| 

o'  0  0 

Oi  0  0 

0    0  0 

0    0  0 

0    0  0    21 

o;  0  0  2| 


0   0 


0'  0  0  21 
6  0  0  1 
10    0    0    2 


0    0    0    2 
6    0    0    2 


I  o;  0  0  2 

Oi  0    0    21 


lo'  n  0 

1  p    0    0_2j 

I  erain,  pulse, 
Ihy  llic  slnku 
T:\rc(ial  (0  be 

|in!:rflifn'''f 

iipiril  of  llie 

Ih  is  iini"*^"^ 

Jihli'  frnm  'h« 
■ti  eviTV  oMit-r 
\(,W  111*  trillll 


Aci-miiit 


no  cli-arir? 
.  6;l. 

Tiistnnis 
If  tlie  (io- 

/..  ..  rf- 

.026 
.0   0   2 


TariflTof  Dues  nutlmrisficl  to  bo  levied  for  Account 
of  (idvermuiMit,  by  tliu  SuperinlciidBiit  of  Qiia- 
rttiitiiiu,  Miiltii. 

Shtpving  lit  Q'Kirnntiiir.—l,  Vea«U  fnterPil  wpf>ti  a  qunnntine 
(0  pay,  for  each  Jiy  of  ilieir  conliu'unce  in  porl,  u  folljwj:— 

i.  tt. 
VcMcli  not  exccedinn  23  loin     -  •  •    0    8 

_      from    26loimoM    —       .  .  .  .10 

_      from    51     —     lUO    —       .  .  .  -16 

_     from  101     —     150    —       .  .  ■    'i    0 

_      f.nin  151     —    200    —       •  -  .  -26 

_     from  201     -     2v0    —      •  .  .  .29 

_     from  2)1  anil  iip\urli        •  .  •  .30 

2  VfSitels  of  vvhalnver  fli/i^,  Railing  in  (piarantinc,  having  rnterrJ 

upon  llio  perfoniiance  llwreof,  lo  iiay  a|  ihi-  nliove  ratw,  bul  in 
no  case  more  than  it,  a  day  for  Ine  reuiaiuder  of  the  term  of 
nii.irariliiit'. 

3  Vesseti  liatile  to  qnarantme,  not  havin?  cptere  I  upon  the  perform- 

ance thereof,  to  pay  2i,  for  each  day  of  their  continuaiicu  in  port. 

4.  Vessels  crmipelled  t>y  stress  of  weallier  to  enter  the  gri!at  hart,our, 

to  be  subject,  while  they  remain  there,  lo  the  additional  charge 


or3,f.  a  day,  for  every  ifuard  boat  whirh  the  .Superintendent  of 

(Jiiar.in'iiie  nny  dn-iii  I  necfssary  to  place  over  lliem. 

*«*  Any  vrssir   In  ipiaianiii>e  en'eriug  tile  great  harljour,  without 

a  jnsiilial  le  caoii-,  im  mt  ili,-  pi-naliy  of  ;00  if  illars  ini|.o»,il  h)  ihn 

tec'ind  article  of  the  proclauiiiion,  dated   I2ih  IJctober,  If20.  (No, 

liii.) 

1.  Vi'iiels  hiving  contagious  diseases  on  boanl  lopayanel'ra  rait 
in  proportion  lo  tlit-  expense  lint  niav  lie  incuncd,  but  m  ito 
case  Id  ejtCfBil  20t.  a  day,  in  a  Irlilioii  lii  llie  usual  rate, 
/JJT'c'' received  into  the  laziret  for  drpuralinn  to  bi-  cliargiuhl* 
witn  a  due  proportion  of  tl.e  actuil  elpi-nse  Ihereof,  whirli,  at  pre. 
sent,  fui  imlinary  iicca.,iim8,  is  at  Ihe  rale  of  2f,  (if.  a  d,y  for  eich 
giianlian,  and  It.  b<y.  a  day  for  each  labourer,  whom  it  may  be  neces- 
sary to  employ. 
I'atik  lauded  in  the  lay.aret  to  be  charge.ible,  for  each  f.  i/. 

Horse,  mule,  or  ass  •  .  •  •  .30 

Dullock,  or  oilier  animal  of  the  kind        •  -  .20 

Sheep,  goal,  pit;,  or  other  ninall  aniinal     •  •  -10 

i'lrwnt  peil'oriiiin.;  (pi  iraiiline  in  the  t.^.7Arel,  to  pay  at  Ihe  rate  of 
2s.  \ii1.  a  il.iy,  for  e  icti  giiardian  employed,  but  no  single  individual 
to  be  chargeable  with  iiiine  than  i.i.  3<i.  a  liiy. 
Documtiiti  issued  under  the  olfice  seal,  2i.  titf.  each. 


Tadlg  exhibiting  tlie  various  Articles,  iinil  thnir  Value,  in  Slerlins  Montiy  imported  into  the  Island 
of  Malta  during  each  of  the  Four  Vears  endiii),'  willi  181)7. 


Species  of  ImporU. 

1834. 

1835. 

1836. 

1837. 

Species  of  Imparts. 

1^34. 

1833. 

1830. 

1837. 

/,.     1     /.. 

/.. 

r. 

r. 

A. 

/.. 

Minufactures  of  all  sorts 

160,962  12  l,Gil 

133,96s 

118,096 

niillncks,  pigs,  and  sheep 

24,418 

27,729 

21,220 

11,711 

Susar,  rehiied  and  crushed 
Coifee  and  cocoa 

2l,3:.3i    I6,6.'3 

19,182 

I6,.02i 

Ciroli-beaiis 

3,102 

3,,148l     5,ll-.' 

2,4-|| 

I6.9«9|    I2,7C6 

19,896 

18,741 

Coals  and  charco.al 

10,3.8 

I0,,l4i  23,521 

18  778 

InJigo     -           -           ■           • 

2,643'     1,462 

1,190 

781 

Cheese     .... 

4,5J2 

4,474 

I2,;!8I 

12,6T6 

1,191:     1,031 

2,130 

2,550 

Fish,  sailed  and  dried     . 

11,476 

12,IKJ 

15,501 

3,356 

Spices     -          -           "           ■ 
Raw  sugar 

6,060      3,Si9 

10,4  IS 

2,740 

Flour       .... 

'l62 

619 

l,n:i 

2>U 

27,3^0     17,481 

22,439 

17,799 

Fniils,  dried 

16,860 

I4,IG7 

C4,i:os 

10,736 

2,l,i1      2,019 

2,922 

2,089 

Gram,  viz.— Wheat 

93.;)37 

106,577 

II 4, "SI 

87,4 >3 

1,171      2,9;o 

2,178 

1,932 

Indian  corn     • 

(i,97S 

5, 1  «S 

621 

3,10i 

Druss    and    articles    used     in 

Barley 

6,380 

7,IC6 

6,JI8 

8,549 

dying  •           - 
Flax,  hemp  and  tow 

2,610      4,437 

3,4''3 

2,116 

.Meat,  8illel,and  dried   - 

6,--.ll 

2,322 

2,98J 

426 

2,9201        91)6 

3,249 

2,:i40 

Mules,  horses,  and  asses 

318 

527 

51B 

99 '> 

Hides,  salted  and  dried  • 

4,'I77     14,88!- 

10,034 

.5,579 

(■live  and  linseed  oil 

26,7  W 

24,4.'2    36,718 

29,  ,4-. 

R'lSin  and  tar 

545       1,539 

l,97,« 

3,007 

OJ'ves,  sailed 

1,0  iO 

431 

738 

432 

Seels  in  general 

4,187      4.093 

4,22.^ 

4,U'i4 

(Dive  ston|.s  and  firewood 

8,'.IX 

6,9S7 

5,703     6,3l9| 

13 

1,233 

5 

«48 

i'asle  and  macaroni 

700 

1,32  > 

9:.2 

806 

Toliacco  leaf 

15,31:. 

21,768 

20,445 

14.396 

Potatoes  .           -            .           . 

1,314 

l,60ti 

2,I(K 

3,140 

Wax        -            •             -            • 

464 

1^21 

1,804 

2,173 

Kice        .... 

2,665 

4.143 

1,1.56 

1,121 

Wood  (timlier,  de.lls,  kc.) 

8,373 

IO,4-J7 

6,118 

8,450 

Spirits  {brandy  and  ^-in) 

6,032 

17,629 

lli,OJI 

9,463 

Wool  and  rollon  wool    • 

3;i7 

2,5  6 

1.8-.5 

2,985 

Viiifear   .... 

1.433 

2-2 

I.KiO 

82 ; 

Miscrlliiiies  (raw  materials)     ■ 

2,103 

2,876 

2,CJ4 

l,2C3 

Wines     .... 

42,691 

40,3S9 

67,722    7I,9,S3 

Beans,  peas,  caravances,  saggi- 

na,  iic. 
Bisfuit 

29  065 

OQ  BQJ 

42,529 
1,615 

29,838 
none 

.Miscellanies  (provisions) 

1,636 

2,037 

1,8271       834 

'lob    "'277 

Totals    . 

391,666 

570,382  685,331  547,4^  | 

List 

of  Vessels  belonging  to  the  Island  of 
Malta  on  Ihe  Is!  of  January,  1838. 

Movement  of  SUippinf  at  Malta,  during  each  of  Iho  Four  Years  cndinj 
wilh  18;)7. 

Average  Prices  of 
Wheat  in  Flntre* 
pit    at     Malta, 
during   each  of 
the  Ten    Years 
ending        with 
1837.  per  Salni.a, 
in  Slerling  Mo- 
n»y. 

Vcs. 

. 

Tons, 

The  Year  and  Sizes. 

Ships  inwards. 

Ships  oulw.ards. 

sels. i 

No. 

Tons. 

Men. 

No. 

Tons, 

Men. 

3S    uiiiler    10  Ions  each  • 
2)    from      10  to    25  tons 

215 
361 
168 
1,402 
4, 6 -.9 
3.637 
2,265 
2,720 
2,040 

1834. 

Vessels  above  40  Ions  . 

under  40 

Total 

939 

788 

140,632 
14.289 

134,921 

187,1.59 
18,179 

10,052 
7,586 

17,638 

12,421 
8,836 

l,02i 
715 

1,710 

1,232 
955 

153,116 
13,682 

l(;8,79S 

10,092 
7,832 

19,844 

0 

18 
3S 
21 
ID 
10 
6 

50  to  100 
100  to  150 
I,)01o200 
200  to250 
2-.0to300        - 
300  tons  and  upwards 

of  all  sizes,  making  - 

Year, 

Price. 

1,723 

1835. 

Vessels  above  40  Ions  • 

under  40 

Tola! 

1,151 
916 

197,6-3 
18210 

13,230 
6,071 

1828 
1829 
IStO 
l'3l 
1832 
1833 
1834 
I83> 
\H6 
1837 

/..J.     (/. 
1   16     134 
1   15  10  1-4 
1     9    2  1-2 
1   12    312 
1   12    3  12 
1     9     13-4 
1     n  10  1  4 
1   10    93  4 
1     7     11-4 
1     6    9 

17,500 

2,067 

205,638 

186,616 

I2,8.'i4 

199,500 

157,079 
8,275 

21,237 

2,187 

1,351 
732 

215,883 

19,301 

1836. 

Ve8sclsali<ive40lolis  - 

under  40 

Total 

1,263 

70L) 

12,S9I 
6,745 

202,737 
13.330 

I3,?03 
7,039 

20,922 

1,963 

19,626 

2,083 

216,267 

1837. 

Vessels  above  40  tons  . 

under  40 

Total 

1,129 
420 

11,673 
3,924 

I,I9S 
439 

168,398 
8,624 

12,434 
4,101 

1,549 

163,334 

15,397    1,637 

177,022 

16,33^3 

1 

Thf  central  (wwition,  excellent  port,  and  great  strength  of  Ma)ta, 
imV  ir  %n  alinirable  naval  alalion  for  the  repairam)  arconimodation 
():•(;  menof-waranJ  merchant  ships frequenlin* the  Me'lifcrranean, 
mdrend-r  its  possession  of  material  importance  to  rhe  Hrilish  tm- 

fire.  Since  Malta  built  vessels  were  aJinitletl  into  the  ports  of  the 
niicd  Kinjilom  on  the  same  terms  as  those  of  nrjtish  huilt,  the  tr.nle 
of  sliii'-l'iiilihn?  has  materially  increaseil  in  the  isUnil.  The  Maltpse 
sliiprtTi^htu  are  diligent  expert  workmen;  and,  their  wa^es  being 
niP(ierate.  it  is  a  fai,ounih'e  place  for  careening.  Owing  to  the  want 
of  a  dr>'  dock,  all  ships  almve  the  size  of  a  simp  of  war,  that  require 
In  have  tlu'ir  hottoms  examined,  have  to  come  to  Kngland  for  that 
juirptwe.  Thii,  siirelv,  slmuld  be  obviated.  (Jninntint!  is  strictly 
fiifirred  al  Malta;  biit  there  is  every  ficility  for  i's  perfi^rmance, 
ani  the  charges  are  less  than  at  any  other  port  in  the  Mediter- 
niiein. 

Malta  isnnw  the  centre  of  a  very  extensive  .steam-packet  system  : 
lliPstMMifr»  fnim  KngUiitl  fur  (he  lotiim  Isl  nids.  Constanlinoph', 
Alt*sinlria,  .md  other  porta  of  the  Levant,  it)iiching  ht-re.  The 
French  steamers  froai  these  ports  usually  perfitrni  (juarantine  at 
Milla. 


Money.— In  1P25,  British  silver  mone,y  was  Introduced  into  Malta; 
Ihe  Spaiiiiih  dollar  being  made  legal  tender  at  the  rate  of  An.  4(/. ;  (ha 
Siciliin  dntlar  at  4s.  2d. ;  and  the  scudo  of  Malta  at  \a.  Sd. 

li'ei^hts  and  Mzamres.—The  pound  or  rnttolo,  cnnimercial 
weight  =  JIO  oncie  ~  I2,2l6  Knglish  grains.  Heiici-  100  rottoli  (the 
cantaro)  =  174  I  2  lbs.  avninJupois,  or  79'I4  kilng.  Merchanli 
usually  reckon  the  cantaro  at  175  lbs. 

Tlie  stilnn  of  corn,  stricken  measure  =  8-22 1  Winchester  bushels  ; 
heaped  measure  is  reckoned  16  per  cent.  more.  The  calTiso.  or  niea* 
sure  for  nil.  contains  ."i  \-2  English  gallons  =  20-HIS  litres.  The  bar- 
rel  Isdoulde  thecaffiso.  Ttie  Maltese  foot  ^  II  l-6lh  Knglish  inchei 
=  ■^t'3i  nu';tres.  Thecanna—  8  palmi  ~8I9  English  inches  = 
2  07t>  nicfres.  Merchants  usually  convert  Malta  mcsasuie  inin  Kng- 
lish in  the  proportion  uf  3  t-2  palnii  lo  a  yard,  or  2  2''th  yards  to  I 
canna. 

Bills  on  London  are  usually  drawn  al  30  and  60  days'  sight,  Tha 
deputy  commissary  general  is  obliged  lo  grant,  at  all  linns,  bills  on 
the  tre.isury  here  for  Brili.>li  silver  tendered  lo  him,  at  the  rate  (if 
lOOi.  bill  for  every  10!/.  IDs.  silver,  receiving,  at  the  same  timtj 
other  silver  at  a  Huctuaiing  rate  of  exchange. 


MAN  (ISLE  OF)  is,  as  cvory  one  knows,  situated  in  the  Irish  sea,  at  about  an  equal 
distance  from  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland,  It  is  about  30  miles  long,  and  10  or  13 
broad.    The  interior  is  mountainous,  and  the  soil  no  where  very  productive.     Population 

Vol.  II.—P  22 


.^^      1 


St 


s 


I 
I 


M 


no 


MAN  (ISLE  OF). 


in  1831,  40,9S5.  This  island  used  to  be  one  of  the  principal  stations  of  the  hcrrinj?  fishery; 
but  fi.r  a  i'on»iiler!»lilc  period  it  has  l)ceii  oornparativcly  drscrlcd  liy  llin  iifrrinn  Hhoal^, — a 
circumslanrc  which  is  not  to  l)e  regretted  ;  for  the  fishery,  hy  wilhiiruwiiiu;  the  attention  of 
the  inhahitaiits  from  agriculture  and  manufactures,  and  leading  them  to  ens;ai;e  in  what  has 
Uiiually  heen  a  gamblin)^  and  unproductive  huMinrss,  has  lieen,on  the  whole,  injurious  to  tiie 
igjand.  The  steam  padietd  from  Glasgow  to  Ijiver|>ool  touch  at  the  Isle  of  Man ;  wiiich 
hu8,  in  consecpience,  begun  to  he  largely  frequented  liy  visiters  from  these  cities,  and  other 
parts  of  the  empire,  whose  influx  has  niateiiaily  contributed  to  the  improvement  of  Douglas 
and  other  towns. 

The  feudal  sovernignty  of  Man  was  formerly  vested  in  the  Earls  of  Derby,  and  more  re- 
cently in  the  Dukes  of  Athal, — a  circumstance  which  accounts  for  the  fact  of  the  duties  on 
most  conunoditics  consumed  in  the  inland  having  been,  for  a  lengthened  period,  much  lower 
than  those  on  the  same  commodities  when  consumed  in  Great  Urituin.  'J'his  distinction, 
which  still  subsists,  has  produced  a  great  deal  of  smuggling,  and  been  in  no  ordinary  degree 
injurious  to  the  revenue  and  trade  of  the  em|)ire.  During  the  present  century,  indeed,  thft 
clandestine  trade  of  Man  has  been  conllned  within  comparatively  narrow  limits;  but  to  ac- 
complish this,  a  considerable  extra  force  of  Custom-house  ollicers  and  revenue  cruisers  is 
re(iuire(l,  and  the  intercourse  with  the  island  has  to  be  subjected  to  various  restraints. 
Nothing,  as  it  ap|)ears  to  us,  can  be  more  impolitic  than  the  continuance  of  such  a  system. 
The  public  has,  at  a  very  heavy  expense,  purchased  all  tin!  feudal  rights  of  the  Athol  family; 
and  having  done  so,  it  is  certainly  high  time  that  an  end  were  put  to  the  anomalous  al)sur(liiy 
of  h.iving  a  considerable  island,  l^ing,  as  it  were,  in  the  very  centre  of  the  empire,  and  in 
the  direct  line  between  some  t)f  the  princifial  trading  towns,  with  dillVrent  duties  on  many 
imj)ortant  articles!  It  might  be  necessary,  perhaps,  to  make  some  compensation  to  i\\p  inha- 
bitants for  such  a  change ;  and  this  might  be  done,  with  advantage  to  tliein  and  without 
expense  to  die  public,  by  modifying  and  improving  the  internal  regulations  and  policy  of  tho 
island,  which  are  very  much  in  need  of  amendment.  Wc  do  not,  indeed,  imagine  that  the 
island  woidd  lose  any  thing  by  tiic  proposed  alteration  ;  for  the  temptation  which  the  present 
system  holds  out  to  engage  in  smuggling  enterprises  diverts  the  poi)ulatioii  from  the  regular 
pursuits  of  industry,  and,  along  with  the  herring  lottery,  is  the  principal  cause  of  that  idle- 
ness for  which  the  Manx  are  so  notorious.     Wu  subjoin  an 

AnsTHACT  OF  3  &  4  Will.  IV.,  c.  00.,  for  reoii.atino  the  Thade  of  the  I.si.e  of  Man. 

CfHiK/eiiffmc/if.— To  cniiitiiemo  tJK!  1st  of  Septciiilier,  IhH.'i.— J  I. 

Diilirs  jiiijiiible  on  the  Iiiipdrldtion  of  (loodfinlo  the  l<le  of  J\liin. — Tliorc  f-lialj  lie  raised,  tnvicil,  colloct- 
crt,  anil  [laiil  iiiitii  his  .'Maji.'sly,  his  hiMrs  .nml  siicrcssnrs,  ilie  several  tliities  ot'cusloms  respectively  ■n'l 
forth  ill  the  lalile  herein-iifter  enntiiiiied,  (leiiiMiiiiiated  '"I'iihli!  of  Dulies,"  apuii  iiii|i(iitati(iii  into  the 
Isle  of  M.iii  of  the  several  goods,  wares,  and  nierrhaiidise,  iiccordini;  to  the  i|naMlily  or  value  llnrfof 
specilied  in  such  table,  and  so  in  proporlioM  lor  any  greater  or  less  quantity  or  value  ut'  the  same; 
(tliat  is  to  say,) 

Tabic  of  Duties. 


L. 

jT. 

d. 

F 

ree 

0 

0 

4 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

li 

10 

0 

0 

0 

4 

6 

0 

3 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

6 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

6 

16 

0 

0 

12 

0 

0 

in 

0 

0 

10 

0 

0 

i.  >    (L 

i  to  a 


5    0    0 


15    0    0 


A  Talile  of  the  niifipi  of  rtistonrw  piyible  on  Cioods,  Wares,  and 
Merctiaii.iise  iuijiortiJ  iiilu  Uie  isle  ot  M.111. 

Coals,  f-nm  the  t'ntlei  KrnijiinTn 

CoflVp.  thedulif.  nt  ctinsum|i1inn  in  the  I'liilPtI  Kingdom 

not  liivin?  ht'en  then  jiaid  thiTeoii,  'he  lb. 
Hem]v.  the  cwt.      ...... 

Hops,  from  lite  t'liited  Kinednm,  the  lb. 
Iron,  fmm  furtigii  parts,  for  every  lOOf.  of  the  value 
thereof   ....... 

Spirits;  viz. — 

Foreign  spirits,  the  gallon      .... 

HiiMi  of  the  Rriti.h  phntatinns,  not  exceeding  the 
strength  of  proof  liy  Sihess  hydrometer,  and  so  iu 
Iiroporlion  for  any  greater  strength  ttie  gallon 
Sugar,  muscovado,  the  cwt.  .... 

Tea  ;  viz.— 

nohei,  the  lb.  ..... 

Green,  the  lb.  ..... 

Tntiaceo,  the  lb.     • 
Wine ;  viz  — 

French,  the  tun  of  ii52  gallons 
any  other  sort,  the  tun  of  252  gallons 
WoofI,  from  foreign  jiarts  ;  viz. — 

Oeil  Ixiards,  for  every  lOOt.  of  the  value  thereof 
l"iinlier,  for  every  ItX*/.  of  the  value  thereof 
Goods,  '•■ir-.j,  and  merchandise  imported  from  the 
l/ni'ed  Kingl.'in;  and  enlitli^I  to  any  bounty  or  draw, 
tjack  of  ctclse  on  ex|iort;itinn  from  thence,  and  not 
herein  hefxe  enumerated  or  charged  with  duty,  for 
every  tOrtl. of  th  :  value  thereof  •  •   '       - 

Goods,    \vari*s,  and    nierehandise  Imported   from  the 

Britinh  Ooouj  from  the  United  Kinsfdom  to  appear  vpon  the  Cockrts. — Nn  poods  shall  be  entered  in  the 
Isle  of  Man  as  btiin}!  Ihe  growth,  produce,  or  iiinnitfarture  of  tlie  United  Kin^idoin.  or  as  heiiiir  import- 
ed from  thi-n<,c,  except  such  goods  as  shall  appear  upon  the  cocket  or  coikets  of  the  ship  or  ve.<«p| 
litiportiiii:  the  same  lo  have  been  duly  cleared  at  some  port  in  tlie  United  Kingdom,  to  be  exported  to 
the  said  Isle.— J  3. 

Oiiods  f  numerated  in  Ihefolloiring  Schedule  iniportnble  only  under  f.ieenre.— The  several  sorts  of  ijnnilj 
entiMierateil  or  described  in  thi!  schedule  herein-after  contained,  deiioniinated  '•Schedule  of  I.iicnce 
Goods,"  shall  not  be  imported  into  the  Isle  of  .Miin,  nor  exported  from  any  place  to  be  carried  tot  lie  Isle 
of  Man,  without  the  licence  of  Ihe  cominissioiicrs  of  customs  first  oliiaiiieil,  nor  in  (.'reater  (piaiililii:'J 
in  the  whole,  in  any  one  year,  than  the  respective  qiiutitities  of  such  L'onils  spec  ilied  In  the  said  srlic- 
dii'.";;  and  such  goods  shall  not  lie  so  exported  nor  so  imiiorted,  e.xcept  from  the  respective  places  sel 
forth  in  the  said  schedule,  and  according  to  tlie  rules  subjoinec'  (hereto;  (that  is  to  say,) 


ttiiited  Kinarrlom,  and  not  hereln-tiefnre  charged  wilh 
duly,  for  every  It'll.',  of  thu  v.iliie  tliiTCof 
Go'id-,  \»ares,  or  men  li.".r,dise  iniporud  from  any  place 
from  »  lieiire  such  goo  Is  inny  be  law  fully  iinpoiled  iie 
In  the  Isle  of  Man,  and  not  Kerein  before  charged  with 
duly,  for  every  110/,  of  the  value  thereof 

Fxrept  the  several  rooils,  wares,  and  merrhanilise  followinij,  and 
w  bieh  are  to  be  imported  inlo  the  Isle  of  .Man  duty  free,  (ilut  is  to 
say,) 
Flax.  Ilax  seed,  raw  or  brown  linen  yarn,  wood  ashes,  weed  aslies, 
tlesh  ol  all  sort*  ;  also  corn,  ria-n,  or  meal  of  all  sorts,  \\hen  ini. 
pnr'able  :  .•»iiy  of  svhii  h  g^vids,  wares  or  nit-icliandisi.  nny  be  iin. 
ported  inlo  the  sai.l  isle  front  any  place  in  any  ship  or  vessel. 
Any  sort  of  white  or  brown  linen  elo'h.  beinp,  hemp  seed,  hones, 
black  cattle,  sheep;  all  utensils  and  instruments  fit  and  necessary 
to  be  fnii>lnyed  in  manufarlures,  in  fisheries,  or  in  afjririifture; 
bricks,  tiles,  all  suns  of  yniin<  tre(s,  sea  shells,  time,  soapen' 
ss-asfe,  packlhread.  small  cordaze,  for  nets,  sail,  Imanls,  Imili-r, 
woihI  lioops,  being  Ihe  growth,  iirodnrtion,  or  manufacture  of  ilia 
I'nited  Kingdom,  and  imporlej  from  thence  in  Itrilisli  ships. 
Iron  in  rods  01  liars  cotton,  inligo,  naval  stores,  and  any  sort  of  wood 
commonly  called  lumber,  (■.'iz.  deals  of  all  sorts,  tiniher,  I'alks  of 
all  sizes,  barret  boards,  clipboards.  |.i).e  boards,  or  pipe  hold,  while 
boards  for  shoemakers,  I  room  and  c.-iiit  spats,  bow  s'aves.  c.(pra. 
van,  claii  holt,  ebony  woivl,  headings  for  pipes  and  for  ho<shn.ii]s, 
and  for  tiarrels,  hoops  for  coopers,  oars,  pip"  and  ho^^diead  s'lvps, 
barrel  staves,  firkin  stanes.  Irui.n  ds.  speckled  wood,  sweet  Hiw;;, 
small  spars,  oak  jilank,  and  waiiisiot.)  beiiiij  of  the  gmwth.  i  ro- 
duclinn,  or  mamifilctiire  of  anv  Hr.tish  colony  or  lilanlaliim  ill 
America  or  the  West  Indies  ant^  imporleU  front  the  Cnited  King- 
dom in  British  shijis.— Sect.  2. 


Wine,  llOini 

Spirits;  vit.~ 

>'oii  un  I 

i'oroi.'n  t 

Kiom  I 

sanie 

SIJIlip 

Riini  of  II 

From  (i 

Itohea  Ira   TO.t 

Ore- 11  i.-a,  ii.otl 

Ciiffi'e  tunlrss  I 

hive  been  tli 

Toliaceo,  (iii,fl()( 

ItUH'uvadil  silf: 

W.ayiiig  cards,  < 

fV'im  K(i 

Refute  i  sii:(ar,  *l 

Foin,  Ihe 

And  siirji  aijililii 

Uie  coiniiiifc.ione 

under  a  iv  specii 

respeclurly.  lu 

I.  All  sueti  g.ii 

his  .Mijesly's  sol 

•f  V)  I'lns  or  iipit 

2.  Such  lobaec. 

Iiarro  Is  allowed 

of  duly: 

3  Such  u-ine  (o 
not  hs<  than  ,s  l„ 
i  delen  ripuled  q 

■^/iplirnHiin^ 
to  iiiiiiiiri  niiv 

tWI'fU  til'.  .It'll 

port  ol'  Jloiii'l; 

ciili'i'ie.  jiikI  II 

>vliiili  Piu  li  lie 

(iiiok  to  lie  keji 

diirlii';  the  |),,„ 

within  11  (1,1,^ 

entries,  specifj 

or  tr.ihsinit  siii 

Ooverv.ir  tii  1 

tcibiiit-t'ovcrnfi 

t/ie  afiplicaiits  I 

aii|illei|  for  by  r 

plicints.  In  siicl 

refHirt  ttierpon  1 

of /lis  .Vajestv's 

pJicale  of  such  i 

Commi.s,<ioner> 

of  customs  shall 

soiiii',  for  the  im 

to  Im;  so  importe 

«liiili;  portion  111 

and  stiili  llceiici; 

Ite  liy  lliem  deliv 

of  this  act.—}  7. 

,     Before  Deliveri 

persons  to  wlioiii 

per.«i)Ms  to  his  M; 

.irlieles  for  uhich 

iiifflhe  delivery  o 

teeiliiiir  the  wlioU 

micli  licences,  ns  1 

to  uhoin  such  lici 

ncM  lifter  the  Bra, 

Kiiil  isle,  if  hesha 

.take  iipibesHine, 

dorsemeni  on  the 

Cniinierftiiinir  „, 

any  licence  or  otii 

Woulil  otherwise 

use  ef  anysach  li 

fur  every  such  olfe 

Ureore  Goodt-  mi 

?'ioils  tvhich  have 

al<ires;i|i|;  and  it  s 

t'liiiiniher,  excttpi  j 

(T'iikIs  Were  iiii|iorii 

of  tlie  .said  isle  m  a 

/•■niarn  Good.-!  no 

"1  >Iati  to  anv  part 

lun-  nfany  fiirciisn 

Goods  ioiporteUor 

"ported  from  the  I 

lie  same,  or  slmli  |„ 

l')liesoeip„rtedor 

lircctmns  or  provisi, 

b'SHher  with  all  gjij 

every  jiersot.  ofiendj 

«'  ■0!  duties  which  v 

satiie,  ill  the  ii„i„,,, 

Goods  prohibited  to 


2  10    0 

15    0    0 

I  (nll.nviiij,  m\ 
f  free,  I'lul  uto 

ha,  wecil  JsliBi 
L'trlH,  ulieii  tni- 
|li5.'  nny  1«  i">' 
)  or  vf*sfl. 
jii|i  set-il.  hones, 
tl  JTiil  iircrsury 
Tin  iRricullure; 
i  lime,  soipen' 
[iminl*,  liniljiT, 
liulaciure  "I  Its 
lli»li  «lii|i»' 
linv  Wirt  of  >»<»» 
liiiilwr,  I'llk'  "f 
liiiieliHlJ."!!* 
[»•  jiavei,  cipri- 
1  (or  lio<sl)M<is, 
,,,i!'lie;il  s'Jvei, 
'I,  sweet  «i»i'., 
le  8r<i"lli.I™' 
Iir  iiUnl.iliini  in 
lie  UiiileJ  Km;- 

Itercil  ill  llic 
liiii!  inipi'f- 
Ip  iir  vcs^pI 
Vxporled  to 

Irtsnf  I»r>nil3 
111"  l.iriMice 

Idtotlii'Isli! 

(liii\ntilii:< 

I  salil  M-Iio- 

:  places  set 


MAN  (ISLK  OF). 

Schedule  of  Licence  Oauilt. 


171 


Win',  1 10  Hint. 


Spirit 


f.m 


itn  hmnilv,  10,000  nlliMll. 

■     .llci 


fiiroiiii  unien,  lll,UiO«.llcini. 
fr'tnrii  the  triite,!  KiriX'tr)nt,iir  rrnni«ny  phe^  from  which  the 
Mine  ni'Khi  !>*■  iiii|K)riB(t  into  the  L'uilcd  KiuKJitiii|  fur  cut- 
.iiiii|t1i(>'i  ili'T,  HI. 
Rum  lif  the  llriiish  ipl.-iiilitiont,  GO.OOO  t^llnna. 
Krriiii  (ireal  lint.. Ml. 
Bohes  tea    70.01)0  iln. 
Orr'l  l.r\,  J\tf<ltHtn. 
Cnfl'ir  (unless  Ihr  <lu'ie<  if  rnnsumrllnn  In  tlie  United  Kin;doni  ilull 

h:ive  hern  linn  pii'l  Iherrun),  S,UOU  Itil. 
ToImccm,  (iil,nofl  ltj». 

|1ii^eov.si1i>sn(4r.  •!  Ilie  Hrilith  posseuianf,  10,000  ctvt. 
fhiiini  c»r.l».  4,000  patki. 

rririn  Kn^lan'l. 
Hcnnel«"«ar.  8U)ciit. 

Fioni  the  |i"rt  nf  Liverpool. 
Ami  siirh  ail.lilionil  i|iiaMiiiin<  nf  anv  such  wvemt  inrli  of  »oo(l«  us 
tiie  (-(iiiiiiiiH-iauers  (if  hit  iMajeily't  Irffasnry  ilrill  frnni  time  to  liiiie, 
muter  a  iv  s(iecnl  rircninstancest'f  refessi'ty,  ilire,'t,  Irnin  Mu-li  jiotls 
respectueiv  .  tuhject  tn  the  rulei  fnllou  III ; ;  (that  is  t<i  i.iy,) 

1.  All  inVh  lt"ii"is  tnt«  iinporle.t  ifi'o  the  [tort  nf  Ditiitt.is,  an.l  t.y 
his  M'Mesly'i  snl'jeetSf  anil  li.  Hrilith  slii]  »  or  v«i^ets  nl  llie  Lurleii 
(f  ,W  t'.iis  or  ii|i»ar'ls  : 

2.  Such  tohaccit  In  he  slii|.lieit  c  ly  i.i  pni's  in  KmUin),  where  to- 
haefri  is  allowed  to  be  iilip'irl'j.I  an^i  warehousi-it  wiilmut  p.synient 
ofiln'v: 

3  Si'ich  wine  to  heiioiniiv,rt.*.t  only  in  casks  or  p-ickai:*!  containint; 
not  tiNt  'hail  .1  hoi^h'-i'l  ru'li.cr  in  vsts  roiit.iiiinn;  lift  less  than 
3  lii'liii  rt[iijn-il  >|iiart  hotl.es,  nr  Q  ilo7.en  reputed  pint  hottles  each  i 


4.  Such  liran.ly  anil  (rnevt  lo  be  imported onljr  in  uiki  containing 

r  degret 


100  ii.illona  cicli,  al  leisl 
&   ,^urh  hranily  and  i 


I  lie  of  I 


'  hilhel 


crfiler  r 
■IrenKlhtliau  that  of  I  tollninr  liMlroineler  proof: 
8.  Such  i(oo.ls,  when  e«|iorteil  tr  ill  (ireal  Hrilain,  may  ti.' sn  el« 
IHir'ed  from  Ihe  vvarehouse  in  winch  ihey  have  been  aecurud  w  ilhout 
|lA\ll.erit  (it  ili.ty  ; 

7.  If  the  ihiiies  of  iiiiporlalinn  liave  hren  p.».,l  in  the  IJiiilcd  Kimf* 
tloni  on  siirii  Kon.ls,  a  lull  drawl.ick  of  such  duties  shall  l.u  allowed 
on  Ihe  eK|iorl.i'i'iii : 

8.  L'tKin  ilie  esporlalinii  from  Liver|innl  of  such  rrlincd  siii^ar,  tha 
Mine  Ixiuiily  shall  he  allowed  at  would  he  jlliiwahic  on  cx|,oilatioo 
to  foreiKii  parts : 

9.  Upon  f  niiortation  from  Ihe  rniled  Kiu^doni  nf  any  iiirh  Konrle 
from  the  warrlioiiic,  or  f-ir  drawhack,  or  foi  hiiunly,  so  much  of  thn 
form  of  the  bon  I,  or  of  the  declaration,  or  of  any  other  ifocijueiit,  ro* 
(pined  111  Ihe  case  of  exfiorlation  of  surll  ko(mI<i  (eiieralty  lo  toreigu 
par's,  as  is  intendeil  lo  prevent  the  Undinx  of  the  aainu  in  Ihe  lile  of 
Slaii  ft'alt  leoiiiilted  : 

10.  No  drawhack  or  bounty  to  he  allowed,  nor  e.i|K)rt  tiond  cun- 
Celp.'l,  iinid  a  ciTlilicaleof  llieipie  landing  ot  llieKon's  n\  Uie  port 
of  Dinnflas  he  prixlijced  fnjii)  the  collector  and  coinptruller  of  the 
customs  at  thai  port. 

11.  If  any  goisla  he  laden  at  any  foreign  |iort  or  place,  the  speclee 
and  ipianlily  of  such  kikxIs,  with  the  niarl,s,  niimbeis,  and  dei.oml- 
na'ioiisof  tic  casks  or  packages  coi,'aiiiiiii(  'he  lanie,  shall  be  in- 
dorse.l  on  the  licence,  and  siiriied  hy  the  llritish  consul  at  the  port  of 
lalihi;,  or,  if  lliere  be  no  Urilibh  consul,  by  Iwo  known  Bnlish  iner- 
chanis; 

12.  I'pon  importation  in'o  Ihe  |iort  of  !)oin»las  of  any  such  i^nodf, 
the  licence  fnr  the  same  sli  ill  he  delivered  up  to  the  collcc'or  or 
conipiroller  of  that  port.— Sect.  4. 


j]H))Unitii>»fiir  f.irnirr  tit  he  ililirrrcd  lo  Officershelvrrn  Miiij  mid  Jiihi — Kvcry  npplii'nlion  fur  llronce 
to  iiiiiiiirl  iitiy  'ifllii'  i:iiimIs  afuri'siilil  inio  ijii'  Isit^  nf  Mini  sliiill  he  niiiilt!  in  wriliiiK,  iiiid  ilclivrnid,  he- 
IHi'HM  th"  .'illi  (l.iv  of  IMiiy  1111(1  lli(!  5Hi  (lay  of  .Inly  in  cticli  your,  lo  llii'  oolliMinr  or  coitiptrnlliT  of  the 
purl  of  DiiiiL'liiH  in  llif;  s.iiil  isle  ;  iind  hiii  li  tippliciition  tiliiill  Kpiirify  tin-  iliiK!  thprf()f,  anil  the  ntiiiip,  ro- 
njilei'ii'. 'iiiil  ofciip.itioii  of  the  pt-r.son  a|i(i|yinir,  mid  Ihe  dnsrriplion  tiiid  iinaiitity  of  (Mich  tirticlt!  for 
>v|iii  It  fiiii  h  licciirc  is  rcriiiircd  ;  iiiid  all  sinh  appllt  nlioiiH,  with  siirh  particulars,  xliall  lie  cnlcrcd  in  a 
lidiik  til  lie  l<i'P'  "I  ''"'  ('nstotn-lionsc  al  the  port  of  l>oni>tas,  and  to  liu  thcrit  open  for  pnldlc.  inspection 
(iiiriti!:  ihi'  hours  of  litisint^ss  ;  and  on  the  .^th  day  nf  .Inly  In  oarh  year  such  hook  shall  In;  closed  ;  and 
wllliiii  1 1  days  thereaftitr  tin;  collei'tor  and  comptroller  shall  iiiiike  out  and  sinn  a  Iriii!  copy  of  such 
ciilrlfi!,  s|i«cifyliii!  the  applicaiilH  resident,  iiiid  the  applicunts  not  resident  In  Ihe  sitid  i.sle,  anil  didlver 
or  truisinil  stiili  copy  to  the  gov(  rnor  or  lietileiiaiit-)!overnor  of  Ihe  said  isle  for  Ihe  tliiit  he  in;;.— J  5. 

Oiirerv.'r  til  iillor  Qiiatitiliey. — Within  II  days  after  llio  rev  eipt  of  such  copy,  th'-  povernor  or  lieii- 
teti.inl-L'overnor  of  tlie  saiii  isin  shall  allot  the  whole  ((imtitily  of  each  article,  in  Ihe  lir.st  pl.ice,  among 
the  aplilicaiilij  resident  in  Ihe  said  isl.'iiid,  in  case  the  whole  (|iianlity  nf  any  article  siiiill  not  have  heen 
apjilieil  fir  liy  residenti ;  then  shall  allot  the  (|iiaiitily  not  ho  applii'd  for  aiimM);  Ihe  non-resident  ap- 
plic.inls.  in  siicti  propnrlinns  in  all  cases  ns  he  shall  jiidife  inosl  fair  .Tid  eqiiitahle  ;  and  shall  cause  a 
re|Kirl  lliereon  to  he  dniwii  i<p  in  wriliiii;,  and  si^n  >i"il  iransmit  the  same  to  the  l.(>rds  ('omiiiissionors 
of  Ills  Majesty's  Treasury  of  the  rniteil  Kiiiffdoin  of  (ireat  itritalti  and  Ireland,  and  shall  cause  a  du- 
plicate (if  such  report  so  signed,  t'l  he  traiisinitled  to  the  coinmissioin  rs  of  ciirtoms.— }  (i. 

Coiiiiiiifmiiiners  I'f  Citftniiis  to  sravt  /.icenfc.i.— ll|i(in  receipt  of  such  duplicate  report  thecoinniissioncrs 
of  customs  shall  urant  licenses,  to  continue  in  force  for  any  period  until  the  5li>  of  .Inly  then  next  en- 
suing;, for  Ihe  importation  into  the  Isle  of  Man  of  tlie  i|iiantilies  of  such  (foods  as  aii'  allitved  hy  liiw 
tn  li(t  so  imported,  with  their  licence,  accordiii;;  to  the  allotments  in  such  report,  am!  dividing;  Ihe 
whole  portion  allotted  to  any  one  aiiplicani  into  sevttral  licences,  as  they  shall  he  desiied  and  see  (it  t 
and  siit'h  licetict!s  shall  be  transmitted  without  delay  to  the  collector  niid  conipiroller  of  Donttlas.  to 
be  liy  llieiii  delivered  tu  the  diJlerciit  upplicuiits,  ufter  taking  l>oiid  for  the  suine  under  the  pruvisiuna 
of  tliis  act.—}  7. 

Brfiire  Delirery  nf  Lirevcen,  /tnvd  to  hefriren. — Previniis  to  the  delivery  of  any  such  licences  to  the 
prrsiitis  to  whoni  they  are  granted,  Ihe  collectoe  and  comptroller  of  Uoiitflas  shall  lake  the  liomi  of  such 
pcrsiitis  to  his  Majesty,  his  heirs  and  successors,  with  sndicienl  security,  for  the  iniporiation  of  Hie 
.irtiili"*  fir  which  the  .laid  licences  are  respectively  (jranled,  on  or  liefore  the  5th  day  of  .Inly  siicceed- 
iiiir  Ihe  (Iclivery  of  such  licences,  with  such  conditions,  and  for  the  forfeilnre  of  siicli  sums,  i^nl  cx- 
ceeiliiiir  the  whole  amount  of  diitieB  payalile  in  tireat  lirilain  on  articles  similar  to  those  s(iocilied  in 
Hiicli  licences,  as  the  commissioners  of  cii..^toms  shall  think  fit:  provided  always,  that  if  any  person 
to  wliom  sitch  lii-eiice  shall  he  Brauted  shall  not  have  civen  such  bond  prior  to  the  ."ilh  day  of  January 
itpM  alter  Ihe  cranliiiR  such  licence,  it  shall  lie  lawful  for  the  governor  or  lieuleiianl-aovernor  of  the 
(caIiI  \*W.  if  he  sliall  see  tit,  to  transfer  any  such  licence  to  any  other  person  who  shall  be  desirous  to 
.take  up  the  same,  and  willing  and  able  to  give  sncii  bond;  and  such  transfer  shall  he  nutitied  by  in- 
dorseineiil  on  tlie  licence,  sinned  hy  such  governor  or  lieutenant-governor.—}  8. 

Cinivtcrfdling  tir  fahifijinu  l.iceiwe.  Heiiallii  500/.— If  any  person  or  persons  F.hall  counterfeit  or  falsify 
any  licence  or  other  doriinietil  riMiuired  for  llie  imporialion  into  the  Ish;  of  Man  of  any  jfuods  whicli 
wiiulil  otherwise  be  prohibited  to  be  imported  into  the  said  i.-.le,  or  shall  knowingly  or  wilfully  make 
HS(?  of  any  such  licence,  or  other  document  so  counterfeited  or  falsified,  such  person  or  ii.jrsons  shall, 
fur  every  such  olfence,  forfeit  the  sum  of  500/.— J  it 

/Ariiire  Oiiiiile  nut  tu  be  re-cipnrted,  i^r  —It  shall  not  be  lawful  to  re-export  from  the  Ule  of  Man  any 
pneils  which  hav(!  been  imporled  into  the  said  isle  will)  licence  of  Ihe  commissioners  of  customs  an 
.iforesaiil ;  and  il  shall  not  be  lawful  to  carry  any  such  goods  coastwise  from  one  part  of  the  said  isle 
In  aiioilier,  except  in  vessels  of  .50  tons  burden  at  the  least,  and  in  the  same  packages  in  which  sucli 
pniiils  were  imported  into  the  said  isle  ;  and  it  shall  not  be  lawful  to  remove  any  wine  from  one  part 
of  the  said  isle  lo  another,  by  and  except  in  such  packages  or  in  bottles. — i  10. 

Ffi-fi^n  Oiiiid.i  not  In  he  exjiorted  tn  United  Kinj!diiin.-—h  shall  not  he  lawful  to  export  from  the  Isle 
nf  M,in  lo  any  part  of  Ihe  United  Kingduui  any  goods  which  are  uf  the  growth,  produce,  or  manufac- 
luri'  iif  any  foreign  country.- J  U. 

f7oii(/.s'  iiiiiiiirleiiiir  eriinrifd,  i^-c.  contrary  to  LuiD  forfeited,  {{•e. — If  any  goods  shall  be  imported  into  or 
exjiiirleil  from  the  Isle  of  Man,  or  carried  coastwise  from  one  part  of  llie  said  isle  to  another  part  of 
the  sAtne,  or  shall  be  waterliorne,(ir  brought  to  any  wharf  or  oilier  place  with  intent  lo  be  watcrborne, 
In  lie  sii  eitpiirted  or  carried,  or  sliall  be  removed  by  land  within  tin;  said  i^le,  contrary  lo  any  of  tli6 
directions  or  provisions  of  this  act,  the  same,  and  the  packages  containing  tiie  same,  shall  be  furfeitcd, 
Mgelher  with  all  ships,  vessels,  or  boats,  and  all  cattle  and  carriages  used  or  employed  therein  ;  and 
every  person  oflending  therein  shall  forfeit,  for  every  such  olfence,  the  siiiii  of  100/.,  or  llie  full  amount 
of  all  ilaties  which  would  be  payable  in  respect  of  such  or  similar  goods,  for  home  consuinptioii  of  the 
same,  in  the  I'liited  Kingdom,  al  tlie  cleclitm  oftlie  commissioners  of  customs.— J  1'2. 

Goods  pruhiHud  to  be  imparled  into  the  Isle  of  Man. — Ttic  several  sorti  of  goods  vuumeratcd  or  de- 


I 


% 


172 


MANGANESE— MANIFEST. 


iicrihi>(l  in  tho  urtinliilp  horcln-Bftcr  rnninlnml,  itcnnmlnaled  "Hcheilulo  of  Prohlbllloni,"  ihall  nut  b« 
iiii|i(irtt'(l  liitu  tliti  lulu  o(  Mun  ;  (lliut  in  to  auy,) 

S:hedul»  of  Prohibiliorm. 


nil  ilir  iniiliicenf  the  Rriliih  poutnloiu  in  Amtrici,  or  of  tht 

C*\\K  of  (iiKHt  tin). el 
Rrllitli  .liillliri!  iiJiritll 
All  (ixkI)  ptiihiliiti'l  In  he  Imporlnl  inin  Ihr  UniM  Kin(<l»n<  to  li« 

imeil  f>r  roiiiuiiiffd  ittrniot  ua  ftcciiuiit  u(  (lie  Kjrt  ur  Jwcriptiou  of 

tiMijiiiii.— SmI.  13. 


Ooflil*,  t'lp  pr'xiurr  nr  nianiiUcfure  nf  plarn  within  tlir  lliniti  of  thr 

iriiiifti   K.iit  liiiiii  CoiiipAiiy'i  cti.irleri  cicepl  fnilii  lite  I  iiile<l 

Kin<l<>iri : 
CO'lnn  >Mrh,  cotton  fif.th,  lin**!!  flolh,  kI  iM  nmilifAC'iirM,  wo-illi'ii 

ii.miur.u'Miri'a,  uMlr>i  la  im /i(/ii  I licii  III  4ii'l  iiii|niili'il  .liiccUy 

tr  III  llio  I'liiti-'l  KiniC'loiii  . 
Hpiiitii  nfifrf liter  ■treiiKlti  tluii  I  to  9  oviT  lly'iro(Tl^llT  pniof  rirfpt 

l.imifing  Ihr  (^imnlilii  nf  Spiriln,  'I'm,  anil  Vtihiittn  (nr  XU(»  nf  Sc/iwcn  — If  nny  (li'cked  vc««fl,  hniind 
frniii  Ilir  IhIi>  lit'  Mail  lii  any  |Mirl  (if  (;rr;it  lirilaiti  or  frcliiiiil,  uliall  liavt!  on  liiiani  fnrllir  iutt  nf  itit!  nrn- 
riii'ii.  any  H|iiri!s  I'tici'iliiiK  llii'  i|iiiiiilily  <>f  i  )(all"»  lor  '''xli  HiMiiiiitii,  or  any  toiiiii  I'n  t'.xiM't-iliii^r  1  ili. 
wcittlil  lor  (•ac.li  ."caniaii.  or  aiivli'a  cxiri'iliitu  i  \\<*   wi'i'.'lil  for  Ilii-  wliolc  ofllii-  Hi-niiian  on  lioaril  smli 

V(t-iio'l,  or  if  any  opi'ti  lioal,  liiiriiiil  IV lilt!  Inlc  of  Man  to  any  purl  of  (Jrral   llrilaiii  or  Irclainl,  »lia|| 

have  on  iioaril,  fur  llic  iho  of  iIk!  ncaiin'n.any  Hiiirilm'Xi  rfillim  I  ijiiart  f  irraili  Nrania r  any  lohaciii) 

evrci'ilma  i  III.  \vcii/lil  fir  cadi  Hrainan,  or  aii)  t<'a  I'Xi  ttrdinc  I  111.  wciijlil  for  ilic  wli^lr  of  lli«  HtMinini 
on  linaril  mnli  Imat,  all  hiiiIi  fiirc;|.'ii  H|iirlt-,  loluiiro,  anil  li-a  ri'iiiicitivt'ly,  loKriln-r  with  llii!  cuMi<«  or 
paika^i'H  I'lintainiiii;  Ho'  name,  anil  also  rvcry  sinli  vcswnl  or  lioat,  loL'rllii'r  with  all  lli«  giliiH,  fiiriii- 
liire,  aininiiniiion,  tm  kl<',  anil  appariil  tiirrrof,  hiiall  hi'  forfi  iliil.  -^  i  I. 

Ctrnficite  fir  (inmh  llie  I'rwime  ,'t'llif  hir  nf  .W«/H.- Ili'forc  any  i!ooilrt  hIiiiII  Iw  Hlil|i|)nil  in  the  IhIi- of 
Man  f  I'r  i'\|inrlalinn  to  tlii>  rniinl  U'lncilmn,  an  liciii!}  'Ii''  |iroiliuir  or  inaniifnitnro  of  tlial  iHlaiiil,  proof 
Hliiill  111'  iiiaili'  by  tin;  writli'ii  (li'ilaralion  of  hoiiii!  coin|ii'li'iil  ptTHon,  lo  llii'  HallHlaclion  of  llii'  collicior 

mill  I  oiiililiollir'of  till- I  iiMioniH  at  tint  pott  of  Hliipincnt,  that  miiiIi  v Ih,  ilcHiTlliinK  anil  iilrntifyiiiK 

fill'  mini',  arr  ilii'  proiliiri'  or  llin  inaniif  irliiri!,  ai<  tin'  caMii  tiiay  hi',  of  tin.'  naiil  jslainl,  anil  in  hiiiIi  di'. 
claraiion  uliall  lii>  slati'il  liie  naioi>  of  llii>  pi'rNoii  hy  whom  niii  h  irooittt  iir<!  inlcmli'il  to  l)i>  ctilitri'il  uinl 
f<lii|i|ii'il  ;  anil  Ninli  pir.siin,  at  till'  tlniL' of  entry  (not  lirliiK  iiioriMliaii   t   iiioiilli  after  llio  date  of  hihIi 

ij.'i  larit )  siiali  iiial<e  ami  .-iihsirlhe  a  ilei  laratlon  liefore  hiiiIi  i-oliertor  or  loniplroller,  Unit  llie  l'ooiI.i 

to  h'  Hliipp.'d  in  virtue  of  ilie  entry  are  the  Name  nn  are  ineiilioiied  in  hiicIi  derlaratioti  ;  and  lliere- 
iipon  till'  I'ollec'tor  and  eoin|ilro|ier  shall,  on  di'inaiid,  uivc  to  llie  iiiaHter  of  iliu  Hhip  in  wliit.h  tliu 
pmiilH  ire  to  ln'  ex[iorteil  a  cerlitii  ate  of  hiiiIi  proof  of  produce,  or  of  nianiifitlnre,  liavinK  lieeii  iiiadis 
in  res|ii'rl  of  aiicli  sooiIh,  ileHcriliinK  the  »ani<",  iind  Kettinu  fortli  the  naiii'!  of  the  exporter,  and  of  tin; 
exportini:  slijp,  and  of  tlie  riiaater  lliereof,  nnd  the  destination  of  the  kooiIh  ;  atiil  tini'li  cerlilicatt!  Niiall 
he  r  rce  1 1' I'd  at  the  port  of  iinportiition  in  the  United  Kin'."'oin,  instead  of  llie  cerliliiali'  of  the  governor, 
lii'iilinaiil-'.'oxerniir.  or  toiniiiiinder-in-i' liief  of  liie  saiil  ixlaiid,  lieiRiofore  r<'i|niit'd.— }  IS. 

Miiiiiijiiiii  III  o/yj«(ie.<.  — Settioti  10.  relaleB  to  the  uppropriiilioii  of  the  ilulies,  and  id  of  no  coiimicr- 
cial  linpiirtani't!. 

MAMiANE'SE  (Ctor.  Bmumtein,  G tnssel.se ;  Du.  Brulmleen  ,-  Yr.  Mansrnnese,  Mwjra' 
kne,  S.inm  du  rcrre  ,-  It.  Maiif^nnema ,-  Sp.  Mitntrnnesia ;  Lat.  Mognesiu  i}ii(ra,  Manu;(i)ie- 
slum),  n  metal  wliich,  when  pure,  Ib  of  a  greyish  wliito  colour,  like  cust  iron.unil  hiw  u  good 
(ieai  of  hiiliiincy.  Its  texture  is  grnnular ;  it  haw  neither  taste  nor  smell;  it  ix  suiter  than 
ca.st  iron,  and  may  he  filed;  ita  specific  gravity  is  8.  It  is  very  hritllc,  and  can  neither  lie 
liiiiiiiiierpd  nor  drawn  out  into  wire.  Its  tenacity  is  unknown.  When  exf)osed  to  the  uir, 
it  attiiu't.s  oxygon  with  considcrahle  rajiidity.  It  soon  loses  its  lustre,  and  hecotnes  grey, 
violet,  lirowii,  and  at  la.st  hiaek.  These  changes  take  place  still  more  rapidly  if  the  incttil  ho 
heated  in  an  o[)en  vessel.  Ores  of  manganese  are  common  in  Devonshire,  Somersetshire, 
&c.  The  ore  of  manganese,  known  in  Derhyshire  hy  the  name  of  black  wudd,  is  reinark- 
ahle  for  its  spontaneous  inllammation  with  oil.  Oxide  of  manganese  is  of  consideralilu 
use;  it  is  employed  in  making  oxymuriatic  acid,  for  forming  bleaching  liquor.  It  is  also 
uspil  in  gla/iiig  hiack  earthenware,  for  giving  colours  to  enamels,  and  in  the  manufacture  of 
porcelain.  It  is  the  sulistanco  generally  used  by  chemists  for  obtaining  oxygen  gas. — 
(77iii'iisiin'fi  C/ienii.sfri/,  Jfc.) 

M.\i\GEL  WIjKZEI.,  oil  FIELD  BEET  (Fr.  Bctfcrnres ,■  Ger.  Mangold  Wurzel ; 
It.  Iliitliila),  a  mongrel  between  the  red  and  white  beet.  It  has  been  a  good  deal  cultivated 
in  France,  (Jermany,  and  Switzerland,  partly  as  food  for  cattle,  and  partly  to  be  used  in  dis- 
tillation, and  in  the  extraclion  of  sugar.  Its  culture  in  Great  Britain  is  very  recent;  and 
Mr.  Loudon  <|uestions  whether  it  has  any  advantages  over  the  turnip  for  general  agricultural 
purposes.  The  preparation  of  the  soil  is  exactly  the  same  as  for  turnips,  and  immense  crops 
are  raised  on  strong  clays.  The  produce  per  acre  is  about  the  same  as  that  of  the  Swedish 
turnip  :  it  is  applied  almost  entirely  to  the  fattening  of  stock,  and  the  feeding  of  milch  cows. 
— ( I.ondntis  Eniy.  of  Agriculture,) 

MANNA  (Fr.  Mmne  ,■  Ger.  Mannaesche  ,■  It.  Manna),  the  concrete  juice  of  the  Frax- 
mwv  onms,  a  species  of  ash  growing  in  the  south  of  Europe.  The  juice  exudes  spontane- 
ously in  warm  dry  weather,  and  concretes  into  whitish  tears;  but  the  greater  part  of  the 
manna  of  commerce  is  obtained  by  making  incisions  in  the  tree,  and  gathering  the  juice  in 
baskets,  where  it  forms  irregular  masses  of  a  reddish  or  brownish  colour  often  full  of  iinpii- 
rities.  Manna  is  imported  in  chests,  principally  from  Sicily  and  Calabria.  'J'he  best  is  in 
obliitig  pitcos  or  flakes,  moderately  dry,  friable,  light,  of  a  whitish  or  pale  yellow  colour,  and 
in  some  degree  transparent :  the  inferior  kinds  are  moist,  unctuous,  and  brown.  It  has  a 
slight  [teculiar  odour,  and  a  sweet  taste,  with  some  degree  of  bitterness  not  very  pleasant,  and 
leaving  a  nauseous  impression  on  the  tongue. — {T/iomfiuti's  Dinpensatart/.) 

MANIFEST,  in  commercial  navigation,  is  a  document  signed  by  the  master,  containing 
the  ii;iine  or  names  of  the  [)laccs  where  the  goods  on  board  have  been  laden,  and  the  place 
or  places  for  which  ihey  are  respectively  destined  ;  the  name  and  tonnage  of  the  vessel,  the 
name  of  the  master,  and  the  name  'A'  the  place  to  which  the  vessel  belongs;  a  particulai 
account  and  description  of  all  the  packages  on  board,  with  the  marks  and  numbers  tliereon, 
the  gouds  contained  in  such  packages,  the  names  of  the  respective  shippers  and  consignees 


an  far  a«  « 
tobacco, 
places  whr 

INM    KxPd 

MANir, 

pal  neltlrmi 

lalion   niioi 

on  (he  shor 

small  vesKcl 

Manilla  roni 

river's  nioul 

lengites  (o  tl 

»H.  W.  windf 

fortress  on  tl 

tions  arc  wel 

Though  si 

rafo;  the  on  I 

the  principal 

very  different 

vpgrtablo,  am 

puhlishrd  at  ] 

to  2,249,8,52, 

to,  only  8,8.37 

are  said  lo  he 

pelago.     "  'i'h 

those  of  Eiirt 

joiners,  smiths 

found  them  kit 

treat  them  witi 

to  lie  imputed  ( 

Perousc,  c.  l.'j. 

The  principai 

Iripnng  or  b/'c/ie 

import  are  stuflj 

Acco 


Ameriran 
tliin'fe  junki 
ll.inisli 
Uutcli 


Inlipi,  lat 
2d 
3<1 

liquid 

><'f»t 

Rice 

Hemp 

Oil,  cofoi  nut 

Torloiie  ibell  tit  . 
2d  ■ 
3d  . 
falio 


Total  value 

•Amoitnt  of( 
In  13,12,  1,16  ships  n 

Wiy.i,i„||„rg  J.. 
dollars. 

It  was  believed  thn 
c^'iL""^  iHoinent,  th< 
M'WO/.  to  100,000/  a  ' 
rially  Increase  our  int 

Considei-ing  the  j 

lifirly  favourable  siti 

Willi  its  late  increasi 

wrcttrhcd  policy  of  i 

'Iff  all  foreign  ship 

and  Mexico  and  So 

wc  excluded.    "  p 

(lance  here,  and  extrt 

excessively  high  pric 

P  2 


MANILLA. 


na 


IWurzel  ; 
;;uUivnt('d 
ed  ill  dis- 
lent;  and 
IricuHural 
|nse  crops 
Swedish 
llch  cows. 

he  Frax- 
Lpontanc- 
Irt  of  the 
1  juice  in 
lof  imini- 
lest  ia  ill 
llour,  and 
lit  has  a 
|sunt,  and 

Ltaining 
Ihc  vl;ico 
Lssi'l.  iho 
Varticulat 
tlitTt'on, 
Insignces 


an  fi»r  an  iurh  particularo  arc  known  to  Iho  mn§tor,  Acr.  A  nrparnto  manifont  in  roquircd  for 
tohnci'o.  'I'hn  itmniffitt  mUKl  be  tniidi'  out,  <Ialr(l,  nnil  niRnrd  liy  thu  rnptiiiii,  nt  llii'  jilucc  or 
plnrrM  whore  llio  Kood*,  or  uiiy  part  uftlio  gooilM,  are  tuituii  uii  buurd. — (iSi^o  iMiMiiirATioir 

iixii    KxPOllTATIOKr.) 

MANIFjI.A,  lh«i  cnpital  of  Lueonin,  the  htrpoBt  of  iho  Philippine  iHlnndH,  and  thn  priiici- 
pnl  wttlrmeiit  of  the  Spaninrdn  in  the  l^im*,  in  hit.  14°  'MV  8"  N.,  Ion.  l!:(»°  Cy.\f,'  ]].  i>„pu. 
Iiition  nl)out  40, ()()<>,  of  whom  from  1,200,  to  ^.'SOO  miiy  tie  KuropeiuiH.  Miinilln  is  liuHt 
on  the  nhorc  of  a  npaciouB  bdy  of  tho  name  nirne,  at  the  mouth  of  n  river  iinviifuhli-  for 
final!  veHscIrt  a  conitideraliic  way  into  the  interior.  'J'he  Hiniiller  cIuhh  of  hliipH  tinehor  in 
Manilla  roiids,  in  .')  fathoms,  the  nortii  bastion  lieiiriiiR  N.  IlV  E.,  the  fishery  Hlukes  at  tho 
river's  month  N.  18°  E.,  distant  about  a  mile;  but  largo  Hhips  anelior  iit  tJnviiii,  nlmut  3 
Icnuiies  to  the  southward,  where  there  is  a  Rood  h.irbour,  well  sheltered  from  the  VV.  and 
S.  W.  winds.  'I'he  arsennl  \a  at  ('avifa,  which  is  defended  by  Fort  Wt.  IMiilip,  the  stronnegt 
fortress  on  tho  islands,  'i'he  city  is  surrounded  by  a  wall  and  towers,  and  some  of  the  bas- 
tions are  well  furnished  with  artillery. 

'J'hough  situated  within  tiio  tropics,  the  climate  of  the  Philippines  is  sulTieiently  tempe- 
rate; tho  only  considerable  disadvuntnnc  under  which  they  labour  in  this  respect  beinq;  that 
the  principal  part  of  tlie  Rroup  comes  within  tho  range  of  the  typhoons.  The  soil  is  of 
very  different  qualities ;  but  for  the  most  part  singularly  fertile.  'I'hey  are  rich  in  mineral, 
vei^etable,  and  niiimal  productions.  It  is  stated  in  a  statistical  account  of  the  I'hilippincs, 
published  nt  Manilla  in  1818  and  1810,  that  the  entire  population  of  tho  islands  amounUul 
to  2,249,8.52,  of  which  1,370,222  belonged  to  Luconin.  There  were,  nt  the  period  referred 
to,  only  2,837  Europeans  in  the  islands,  ond  little  more  than  (i.OOO  Chinese.  The  natives 
arc  said  to  be  the  most  active,  bold,  and  energetic,  of  any  belonging  to  the  Eastern  Archi- 
pelago. "  These  people,"  says  a  most  intelligent  navigator,  "  ajipear  in  no  respect  inferior  to 
those  of  Europe.  They  cultivate  the  earth  like  men  of  understanding ;  ore  eiirpentere, 
joiners,  smiths,  goldsmiths,  weavers,  masons,  tStc.  I  have  walked  through  their  villages,  and 
found  them  kind,  hospitable,  and  continunicative ;  and  though  tho  8paniards  speak  of  and 
treiit  them  with  contempt,  I  perceived  that  the  vices  they  attributed  to  the  Indians,  ought  rather 
to  be  imputed  to  the  government  they  have  themselves  established." — (  rui/ut^e  de  M.  Dc  la 
Perot' fic,  c.  1.').) 

The  principal  articles  of  export  consist  of  indigo,  sugar,  rice,  snpan  wood,  birds'  nests, 
tripang  or  A/c//*"  </e  ffifr,  dried  beef,  hides,  ebony,  gold  dust,  &c.     'I'he  principal  articles  of 
import  arc  stuffs  for  clothing,  iron,  han'.vare,  furniture,  fire-arms,  and  ammunition,  &c. 
Account  of  the  Trade  of  Manilla  for  the  Year  1831,  from  the  Official  Report. 
Shippinff. — Arrivals  and  Departures  in  1831. 


Americsn       •           • 

iS  arrived 

29  uiled. 

Kngliih 

, 

ID  airivel,  lb  uilrd 

Pr«ni.tn       •           •    1  arrived 

1  nilt4 

tliin.fi:  junki 

6     — 

6     — 

French 

.      1      _         2     _ 

SpuiiBh        .           •  43      — 

42    — 

Iltniih 

7      - 

6     - 

H«iiiliurKh    •           .      2     —         2     — 

^_.            - 

-^ 

Uulcb 

4      - 

4     - 

Portugu 

Fie    .           •      S     —         i      — 

IIS 

iia 

Statement  of  the  principal  Articles  of  Export  from  Manilla  in  1831. 

Arrot'ai.    ArroUu, 

ArroUu. 

Arrobat. 

Arroha*. 

lodijo,  I«t 

. 

•    2.722 

Cnflee,  clean              ..... 

14,624 

2il 

. 

.    3,102, 

Wax  raw                   -             •              •              -32 

3<i 

• 

•       310t 
6,14.1^ 

niaiiufaclured   •            ■             •             -    964 

9M 

liquid 

• 

•  24,9151 

iridM           ...... 

29,958 

3MI9 

IIoiiu           •             .            •             ... 

303 

Jupr 

• 

. 

C-1 7,737 1 

MniherKi'.pearlihelli             .... 

i,2«l 

Rice 

- 

- 

1,074,170 

Rum             •            •    plloiii  8,716 

Hemp      • 

■ 

•              ■             > 

154,917 

.lapan  wood               ..... 

50,«7I 

Oil,  cocoa  nut 

• 

.             •             . 

0,964 

Tobacco                     .            .            .            .           - 

4,279 

Torloiw  ikdl,  lit  • 

• 

33 

ad  ■ 

• 

•        245, 

Eicluiive  of  lird't  ncils,  pepper,  niat),  ibarka'  fliii, 

bicht  <• 

^ 

^ 

iner,  tec 

352 

Total  value  of  imports  in  1831,  including  specie              -              -    1,4.S9,776  dollars. 

— 

of  exports  - 

..         -     1,30.1,021       — 

Amount 

of  duties  - 

- 

- 

• 

-       244,006      — 

In  1?.?2,  136  ships  arrived  nt  Mnnilla,  of  which  35  were  .\mericnn,  34  English,  nr.d  .53  Rpnnish.  The 
Imi'nrls  diiritiff  tlie  saiiio  year  were,  goods  1,204,8<I4  dollars,  and  treasure  461,300  do.,  lining  tngether 
l,r69,li)4dollnrs.  The  exports  were,  goods  1,531,540  dollars,  treasure  317,900  do.,  together  1,849,530 
ddllarsi. 

It  was  believed  thnt  the  crop  of  sugar  in  I.uconia  in  1833,  vvo\ild  amount  to  about  2S,000  000  lbs. 

At  this  iiiniueiit,  the  imports  of  Ilritish  g.iods  into  the  Philip|iinns  are  estimated  to  amniiiii  to  from 
fO.nno/.  to  100,000i.  n  year ;  hut  we  have  no  doubt  that  the  opening  the  tradt;  to  China  will  very  mate- 
rially Increase  onr  intercourse  with  Manilla. 

Considering  the  great  fertility  and  varied  productions  of  the  Philippines,  and  their  peca- 

iiarly  favourable  situation  for  carrying  on  commerce,  the  limited  extent  of  their  trade,  even 

witli  its  late  increase,  may  excite  surprise.     This,  however,  ia  entirely  a  consequence  of  the 

wretched  policy  of  the  Spanish  government,  which  persevered  until  very  recently  in  exclud 

in;r  all  foreign  ships  from  the  ports  of  the  Philippines — confining  the  trade  between  them 

and  Mexico  and  South  America  to  a  single  ship!     Even  ships  and  settlers  from  China 

were  excluded.     "  Provisions,"  says  La  Perouse,  "  of  all  kinds  are  in  the  greatest  abun- 

(lance  here,  and  extremely  cheap;  but  clothing,  European  hardware,  and  furniture,  bear  an 

eiceesively  high  price.    The  want  of  competition,  together  with  prohibitions  and  restraints 

e  2 


S 


I 


I 


174 


MARBLE,  MARITIME  LAW. 


of  every  kind  laid  on  commerce,  render  (he  prndud'ions  and  merchandise  of  India  and 
China  at  least  as  dear  as  in  Europe .'"  Hiippily,  however,  this  miserable  policy,  the  elFccts 
of  which  have  been  admirably  depicted  by  M,  de  la  J'erous-e,  .' as  been  materially  modi- 
fied  durinK  ihe  last  few  years.  The  events  of  the  late  war  destroyc  1  for  ever  the  old  colonial 
system  of  8pain;  and  the  ships  of  all  nations  are  now  freely  adn  iited  into  Manilla  and  tho 
other  ports  in  the  Philippines.  An  unprecedented  stimulus  has,  ni  consequence,  been  given 
to  all  fiorts  of  industry;  and  its  progress  will  no  doubt '■"come  more  rapid,  according  as  a 
wider  experience  and  acquaintance  with  foreigners  makes  the  natives  better  aware  of  the  ad- 
vantages of  commerce  and  itidustry,  and  dis^abuscs  them  of  the  prejudices  of  which  they 
have  been  so  long  the  slaves. 

The  Monies,  Weights,  and  Measures,  used  at  Manilla,  are  nearly  the  satne  as  in  Spain.— 
(See  Caiiiz.)  They  have,  however,  this  dilference,— that  they  estimate  weight  by  piastres: 
16  piastres  are  supposed  to  =  1  lb.  Spanish  weight,  though  they  are  not  quite  so  much;  U 
ounces  or  piastres  =  1  tale  of  silk ;  22  ounces  =  1  catty ;  8  ounces  =  I  marc  of  silver ; 
and  10  ounces  =  1  tale  of  gold.  16  piastres  or  ounces  =15^^  ounces  avoirdupois;  100 
catties  =  1  picul  =  133^  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

(Account  of  the  Quantity  und  Value  of  the  Produce  exported  from  Manilla  in  1837. 


I 


Articles. 

By  Foreign  Vessels. 

Ry  Spaui'-ti  Vfsfels. 

Total. 

Trice. 

Gross 

&mount. 

Bull.  Jtlt. 

DM. 

nil. 

Sugar  -           .           .           - 

I9SS-.2       pic. 

26,331      pic. 

2.'2,1''3      pic. 

4        2 

944,277 

B 

Sapairn'ood     • 

ii.ihn     — 

9,(91        — 

23,69.1       — 

•   ,  •  • 

'a  693 

Ik'iiip  .... 

57,;l;i3        — 

2,101        — 

51.  l67       — 

4        2 

252,734 

6 

Coilcn- 

2,SV)        _ 

2,)<I4       — 

.'■).t64        — 

lii   '  -  • 

84,960 

Cniree- 

6,206       — 

632        — 

6,SW|.2_ 

13 

.  . 

8»,894 

BulV.ilo 

7,.'iH       _ 

2,124  |.2  — 

9,6  a  1-2  — 

3 

7 

37,413 

•  - 

lOi 

Mother  nf  pearl  sliells 

1,004       — 

II       — 

l,iiri       — 

14 

.  . 

14,210 

niile  cut  iiii!>  . 

1,417        — 

l,'2I       — 

2.!i-)S       — 

3 

.  • 

H,SI4 

Hemp.  conla°e 

»Tt       — 

300  1-2  — 

I,l9il2  — 

9 

•  • 

in,7iS9 

4 

Streikeci  ebimy 

9,421        — 

3*2       — 

9.fra     — 

1 

2 

12.2.W 

6 

Roots  of  saiiatiwrjoil    . 

6,r,20       — 

1,716       — 

2,-'SG      - 

.  . 

4 

1,133 

Pieces  of  luolove  (tinil)er) 

4,3«S       — 

4,;i6s     — 

5 

4 

24,02.1 

Iniisa. 

l,B'3l  2— 9!)ctys 

142       ~99ctys. 

1,79)1-2  — 99  ctys. 

00 

-   . 

llS,:-)03 

I.eaf  tobarco  . 

3i       - 

* 

33       - 

12 

.   . 

420 

'I'nilnise  Bhtll  • 

2,700  ctvs. 

1,910  1-2  clys. 

4.618 '2  clys. 

7 

4 

34,623 

6 

Rice     .... 

4S,llii7  - 

70.990  coys. 

12(i.0t'3  c  -ys. 

I 

2 

137,503 

6 

fa.l.ly- 

16, ■(i4  pic. 

19,018  pic. 

aj.liB  pi,.. 

4 

17,S06 

Cotlee  in  liiisk 

Mi  - 

. 

S6  - 

3 

6 

1224 

Hats     .... 

19.39'i  in  no. 

231  in  no. 

19,629  in  no. 

1 

6 

34,3.'>0 

6 

Cigar  cases 

5.HSI     — 

70    - 

&,a21     - 

.  - 

4 

2,960 

4 

ligars. 

3, Ml  boies 

l,4»7  lioxes 

4,-9SI  lies 

25 

-   . 

Il4,9!i0 

Manilla  ticnip  cloth   - 

19.050   pieces 

10,000  pieces 

29,0)0  1  ieces 

3 

10,893 

6 

IJilto   .... 

4,07-,  1  a  - 

50     - 

4.121      — 

U 

773 

3 

10 

Cocoa-nut  oil  • 

H-6  12  casks 

. 

K76  12  casks 

'  2 

C 

2,410 

3 

llilio   .... 

76K1-2   — 

768  1  2     - 

2 

2 

l,72S 

Ruin    .... 

6,!IM  gallons 

132  gallons 

7,083  gillons 

3 

2,030 

1 

lanes  .... 

;,4io 

. 

1,440 

4 

720 

Li'piiJ  in'Iigo  • 

230  pic. 

2.10  lic- 

4 

920 

Ditto    .... 

. 

606  casks 

60P  cisks 

3 

4 

2,121 

Cotton  canvas . 

. 

560  pieces 

661  pieces 

12 

6,720 

Mats    .... 

762 

702 

•  • 

2 

190 

4 

Total  ■ 

2,012,0.38 

6t  i  2ni  1 

.Si(;i.) 

M.^RBLE  (Gcr.  Rus.  and  Lat.  Marmor .-  Du.  Manner  ,•  Fr.  Marhre ,-  It.  Marmo ;  Sp. 
Marntol),  a  genus  of  fossils,  composed  chiefly  of  lime  ;  being  a  bright  and  beautiful  stone, 
moderately  hard,  not  giving  fire  with  steel,  fermenting  with  and  soluble  in  acid  menstrua, 
and  calcining  in  a  slight  iirc. 

The  colours  hy  which  marbles  are  distinguished  are  almost  innumerable.  Some  are  quite  black; 
others,  neain,  are  of  a  snowy  white  ;  some  are  greenish,  otliers  greyish,  reddish,  bluish,  yellowish, 
♦'cr. ;  wliile  some  are  variegated  and  spotted  Willi  many  ditloreiil  colours  and  shades  of  colour.  'I'lie 
finest  solid  modern  marbles  are  tliose  of  Italy,  Ulaiikenhurg,  rrance,  and  I'lanilurs.  (ireai  quantilies 
of  very  beautiful  marble  have  been  lately  discovered  at  I'ortsoy  in  Uanii'sliire,  and  at  Tiree  and  other 
pl.'ices  in  the  Western  Islt;S.  Kilkenny,  in  Ireland,  has  abuhdaiiee  of  bvauiifnl  black  marble  inter- 
mixed with  white  spots,  called  Kilkenny  marble.  Derbyshire  abounds  in  this  mineral.  Ne.-ir  Keiii- 
lyn-biiy,  in  Anglesea  there  is  a  quarry  of  beautiful  marble,  calliMl  verde  di  Cuvfica,  from  its  iilso  liiiiig 
found  ill  Corsica.  Its  colours  are  green,  black,  white,  and  dull  purple,  irregularly  disposed.  Italy 
produces  the  most  valuable  inarl)le,  and  its  e.vpnrtation  makes  a  considerable  brunch  of  her  I  rei),'n 
commerce.  The  black  and  the  milk-white  marble  of  Curara,  in  the  duchy  of  Massa,  are  particularly 
esteemed. 

The  marbles  of  Germany,  Norway,  and  Sweden  are  very  inferior,  being  mi.xed  with  a  t,ort  of  scaly 
limestone. 

Marble  is  of  so  hard,  compact,  p.nd  fine  a  texture,  as  readily  to  take  a  bcautifMl  polish.  Tliat  ninst 
esteenieil  by  statuaries  is  brought  from  the  island  of  Paros,  in  the  Archipelago  :  it  was  employed  lij 
I'raxittdes  and  Phidiiis,  both  of  wlioni  were  natives  of  that  island;  vvliente  also  the  famous  Aruiiiie- 
lian  marbles  were  brought.    The  iiiarbh!  of  ('arara  is  likewise  in  high  repute  among  sculjilors. 

The  specific  gravity  of  marble  is  from  2700  to  2800.  Black  marble  owes  its  colour  to  u  sliitlit  mix- 
ture of  iron. 

MARITIME  L.\W,  By  maritime  law  is  meant  the  law  relating  to  harbours,  ships,  and 
Bcamen.  It  forms  an  important  branch  of  the  commercial  law  of  all  maritime  nalions.  It  is 
divided  into  a  variety  of  different  departments  ;  such  as  those  with  respect  to  harbours,  to  llio 
property  of  ships,  the  duties  and  ri;Thts  of  masters  and  seamen,  contracts  of  affreightment, 
average,  salvage,  &c.  The  reader  will  find  those  subjects  treated  of  under  their  respective 
heads. 

Sketch  of  the  Progress  of  Maritime  Law. — The  earliest  system  of  maritime  law  was 
compiled  by  the  Khodians,  several  centuries  before  the  Christian  era.    The  most  celebrated 


authors  o 

ily,  howe 

commend 

xiv.)     'J' 

such  was 

cited  to  d( 

it  ought 

cases,  unit 

law.— ("  J 

tici-i  pncsi 

Divus  ijxm 

conirihuiio, 

cargo,  is  e.\ 

sion  seems 

Jations  of  J 

adopted  by 

or  rather,  at 

those  by  w 

Khodiaii 

published  at 

The  first 

—a  city  at 

will  be  for 


at 


I 
ev 

mariner's  con 
phllana.     Bi 
_  been  publi.sl; 
who  have  ref. 
mcnt  of  Fioci 
H.').)     And 
A'aplos  at  (he 
tirely  disappea 
that  it  con.si.'iti' 
known,  preser^ 
else. 

But,  besides 

towns  of  the  A 

commerce  and 

•seonis  rea.soiiab 

those  of  Rome, 

accommodate  tli 

other  way,  it  is  , 

much  confusion 

'ioiijjtless  contrili 

time  law.     ]V„tl) 

time  de  P Europe 

work  a  large  pro 

lion,  (hat  the  I»is; 

.greater  part,  of  tl 

his  learned  and 

Bro-ccluna,  (omo  i 

piled  at  Barceloni 

Uarceloncsc  had  r 

It  is  certain  that  t 

llie  early  Italian  a 

f^iKllcieiiily  proved 

lliiit  several  of  the 

l^ut  it  does  not  up 

tlial  the  rcseiiililaii 

nil}'  not  fairly  |,o  ( 

formed  persons  leg 

dfiived  from  the  ci 

•"■  I'arde.ssu.s,  in 

■'■'*«  been  suflieiVrii 

favour  of  .Vlarseil/ci 

"ilmiLs  that  such  a  i 

oi'mioii.-."  Quoi,,u 

sauce,  (in'aucuri  ovc 


MARITIME  LAW. 


authors  of  antiquity  Iiavc  spokon  i„  l.i.h  .  ^  ^^ 

ily,  however,  we  are  not  wl  .,||y  ".f?  K"?  '"':'"«  "^  «l'e  wisdom  of  the  RI.  r  . 
comn.endatorv  staiemcnts  of  (''  r"' "•-•""•  "("'>•.>„  Z.n  ,  ^'""''••"'  '«W8.-  luck- 
^iv.)  7'he  laws  of  Rhoiesv.tr;'  "'"  «'^«l">-(  C  mV  ;/!"'"',*;'  "'"  ^•■'«"«  "'ou4 
«uclj  was  ,he  esti,„atio„  i,  wh  d  ,'"'"•"'  '*>'  '^'"TU-stus  i.,,?  he  t^,  '^"^'"  •'  '^■'-'^-  'i'^ 
cued  to  decide  a  contested  po'wihT  ^'''^  '""'^'  """  "'<•  1^  M  eror  J, '" '  ""'  '^'""<''  ""J 
It  ought  to  he  decided  hy 't  e  JtT  V  T"' ''' •'*'''i'l'i''f?  r^  rep  ed,'''''"^' '''''"'? --^'-li- 
cases,  unless  thev  hann.  ,„  i  .    ,"'''"''«"  'aws,  whi,'|   wem    '■  '    '"^''  '"'^vc  answered    thu 

;--c"^  yiJ;rs^:,  ;;r=:/^  -'  ---  *vh,  isr™' ;'-''';n^.v  .n's;::^; 

con.„but.ons  i„  tfre  evenu  f T.a criri  "  ''"''^  •""  ""-'  "^'"..lian  hw  ^  ^"'■-  ^^"'  ''^^"^ 
cargo,  ,s  expressly  laid  down  n  the  f)  '"r  """'"  "^  -"  '  -r  . he  s^  "■'r'T' '"  "^"'"?o 
sion  seems  to  ho   t\,-,,  m,w    r    ,    '•-  ^'"^■«'-  ('  l>.  xiv   tji   -?  ^  ,    ""'''''>•  of  die  shin  •in,l 

lations  of  Justhl  Xve  h  :^  f  .-gulatio.ls  as  ti:Zi^;l  ::r  "'  T'  ''-'"'"''e Z.^^ 
-lopted  hy  all  modern  nab"  are?''  """'  "^^ '^'^^  -  '  "!"'■""!'""-'  '"  '1k>  con  ". 
or  rather,  as  we  have  s"^  fr  m  L  ^T''  "''"'  '"'^'"v  a  ,v  1  f  'r ""^  "^  '"  --^'^o 
those  hy  whom  (l,n„  t     i  ■  ""'  «')')ilian  law '— .,    ."        •    ""^"^'i""".  fioni   the   R,„n«^ 

I^hodia^  iaw:"r  'Z^  .  'S;"  ^^^'^^'-''^  '-nl^i;       ,;:;;--  ,P-'r  of  the  s^.^  ^^"^ 
puhlishe.!  at  lUle  in  1  fe     is  ''  ^T'-      '^''«  ^''''''tio     e    it ,.  ""■'";';  ''""^'"""''^  "^1^ 

/.^■•/«««.     Bui  if  .such  a  bJr''''","'"'  '-•'^''"  '«  «ai.)  to  ha  ;.       ,  '"  ■'"'''•:'-^^'''  '"^•'"'i')"  of  t^o 

-  been  publish..!,  nor  e  en  a  ^1  r  'T  T"^  ^^'""■'''  »-,„;, '';r;"!;'^'[-'  ''-^'"/a  A,n.l 

who  have  referred  to  tl      a   "^  «■>■" ncUs  Irom  it.     M   p.,   ,     '"-"'T  'I'al  it  sJmuI.I   never  h.vl 

-n  of  Frec^^''i^,;!r,^-'^jt/?'?'"'  ---^'  S^:.  s.^T  ^'-  ■^^  '"-..1:: 

Aaples  at  the  time  when  I  r  «;  .     .   r"'  "'*^  •■^'"'alphuan  code  p     r   ^'^''"'"""■.  ('"ne  i.  „ 
S^-PreservedtheifasLj-Et-- 

-merce  and  t:So;r"i:Z  ^  ^■^'"■^'''^''^  ^^ "' "^^^t  ^^f '^'r''  -"  -^- 
seems  reasonable  to  suppose      •.  '"''''''  "''  *'">■  l'"«ilive  in  brm    •  '"'''  "'^'>'  '^''"i^'d 

those  of  Rome,  hut  with  such  l  '•'■  '"''"'^''"^  'a^s  wou  |  '  '  •"  ""  ''"^  «"''jcct,  it 
acco„m.odate  tliem  tol-  it nf  "''•'"' "'"^  '"-'dilicat  I  nir';"'';'"^  '"'^-^'^l  fr^m 
"'her  way.  it  ,s  certain  I  rvSn''''-T  "'' ''"'''"'■"'te.  b"  S'  "  "T'^  '''^^'^  t^ 
>n''ch  confusion  and  unceuir?'/'''''"^  regulations  were  es  [  ■ '." '"'  "•"  '"  ^"'"e 
'iuiibtle.s  contributed  (n  r'^ '  "'"^  "'«  t>xp,.ri,.nce  of  tb,.  i         ^''tabhshed,  which  led  to 

""'e*m..;.«,  fom         p'%'^77,.f  to  the  ongin  of  £  e£/  7/^%^    "^  "ad-' 
vork  a  large  proportion  of 'A;uni'~,?"T,  ''"'^^''  •'"^i"-  C.^fek  J'""'  ^^'•'''^  ^/m- 
t=o",  that  the  Pisans  are  enthleS  totb       "''"•^  translated)  conto  3s  i  .  f"'""^"'  '™'"  ^'"'^^ 
greater  part,  of  the  Comolu     d,  Tm     ^'V.  "*'  ''"^i"'?  ^•'>'npi led    L  '    h  T'^     '''  '"■'''^'-■^''^■ 
h>s  learned  and  evcellent.    V     '"''•     ^"  the  olhT  hand    n       a    ^"''-■'  "'■  ''t  least  the 
W«.«,tomoi^;p'     'ij.7^'5-,  t'-  connne.ce  of  D      efon':  ^f".."';'  '^'^  ^='P"-ny, I 
P'lod  at  Barcelona/  'a„d   hat   t  ;?'/"'  '"."^ ''"-<' "red  to  shovv  thaf^/  V^''"^""  ^""'^'•""  de 
--lonese  had  esLbl  sh    I   „  n  rd  ,'"^, "'"  '"'"'^  ■•»-'''''i"T  o  wl  id  '  ,?'''^''/"^''  -a«  co.n- 
It  's  certain  that  th..  rv,»w  /  ''"  l''='*"''«  ''"o  •'arlv  as  l-'1i«  .  ""  ^'^''suk  which  the 

"--rly  Italian  Z  F^  fti^^'"  P''"'-'  '-"  '"h^  .i^J  ;i  ;!'!;  b^!  J"  -»?'-  their. iecisio^ 
-'  cicntly  proved,  (ha  X  rw'b  7  "■"?'""'-  t-n/d.cS  1^    :'"'"'  ''^*;^ '  """^  that 
'»t  several  of  the  re.-ulat  ons  in  t      '^  "  '■"^''-  ''^'  "'"ritin.e  laws  >  '"'"  '»"'''  '"J^d, 

«"t  it  does  not  appear  "  "'"''  ^^"''sta,,tiallv  the  In  .        .u  '''''■^'  ^'"'3'  Period,  and 

'""'  .he  rcse,nbla!.le  le  11  :,^,r"'7'*;"  ^•''-  ---of"  ^^'^uhr  '"  Z','''  ''"--/""- 
n-^J  not  finrly  be  ascribed  t  ,1  'T  "'"■^''  '"  ""^  ^-'•W«  "  i^  m  .'l''^  "  ""^.  /''«»"«•  or 
-'rmed  persons  legislating  up,     the  f '''■'''''-■  ^'"'^  '^«»   ''ardly  fa  l  to  ob,  "'"^"•""'  ^  °r 

tout  ce  ,jui  est  en  fuvcur  de 


II. 


I 

I 


170 


MARITIME  TAW. 


Marseilles,  je  dois  reconnoitre  franchement  que  les  probabilit^s  remportent  en  faveur  de 
Barcelone." — (Tome  ii.  p.  24.) 

But  to  whichever  city  the  honour  of  compiling  the  Con.sn!afo  may  be  due,  there  can  bo 
no  doulit  that  its  antiquity  has  been  greatly  exaggerated.  It  is  airirmed,  in  a  preface  to  the 
different  editions,  that  it  was  solemnly  accepted,  subscribed  and  promulgated,  as  a  body  of 
maritime  law,  by  the  Holy  See  in  1075,  and  by  the  Kings  of  France  and  other  potentates 
at  dilforcat  periods  between  1075  and  1270.  But  Capmany,  A/Aini,  and  Pardessus,  have 
shown  ill  the  clearest  and  most  satisfactory  manner  that  the  circumstances  alluded  to  in  this 
preface  could  nv)t  possilily  have  taken  place,  and  that  it  is  wholly  unworthy  of  the  least 
attention.  The  most  prohal)le  opinion  seems  to  be,  that  it  was  compiled,  and  began  to  bo 
introduced,  about  the  end  of  the  1 3th  or  the  beginning  of  the  14th  century.  And  notwith- 
standing its  prolixity,  and  the  want  of  precision  and  clearness,  the  correspondence  of  the 
greater  number  of  its  rules  with  the  ascertained  principles  of  justice  and  public  utility,  gra- 
dually led,  without  the  intervention  of  any  agreement,  to  its  adoption  as  a  system  of  maritime 
juii.sprudencc  hy  all  the  nations  contiguous  to  the  Mediterranean.  It  is  still  of  high  autho- 
rity. Casarcgis  says  of  it,  though,  perhaps,  too  strongly  "  Consulafus  marin,  in  matei-ii/t 
maritimis,  fan/jucm  univcrnalis  consuciudu  hahens  vim  legis  inviulabiUter  atlcnda  cdapud 
oinnes  pnivincJas  et  natiiines." — (Disc.  213.  n.  12.) 

'J"he  collection  of  sea  laws  next  in  celebrity,  but  anterior,  perhaps,  in  point  of  time,  is  that 
denominated  the  Hao/e  dcs  Juge/ttenfs  d'Okron.  There  is  as  mucli  diversity  of  opinion  as 
to  the  origin  of  these  laws,  as  there  is  with  respect  to  the  origin  of  the  Cunsiilofn.  The 
prevailing  opinion  in  Great  Britain  has  been,  that  they  were  compiled  by  direction  of  Queen 
Eleanor,  the  wile  of  Henry  II.,  in  her  quality  of  Duchess  of  Guienne;  and  that  they  were 
afterwards  enlarged  and  improved  by  her  son  Richard  I.,  at  his  n^turn  from  the  Holy  Land  : 
but  this  statement  is  now  admitted  to  rest  on  no  good  foundation.  The  most  probable  theory 
Bcems  to  lie,  that  they  are  a  collection  of  the  rules  or  practices  followed  at  the  principal 
French  ports  on  the  Atlantic,  as  Bordeaux,  Rochelle,  St.  Malo,  «Scc.  They  contain,  indeed, 
rules  that  are  essential  to  all  maritime  transactions,  wherever  they  may  be  carried  on ;  but 
the  references  in  the  code  sulTiciently  prove  that  it  is  of  French  origin.  The  ciicumstance 
of  our  monarch's  having  large  possessions  in  France  at  the  period  when  the  Rules  of  Oleron 
were  collected,  naturally  fticilitated  their  introduction  into  England;  and  they  have  long  en- 
joyed a  very  high  degree  of  authority  in  fliis  country.  "I  call  them  the  Laws  of  Oleron," 
said  a  great  civilian — (Sir  Lenline  Jtnkiug,  C/iaigc  fo  the  Cinque  Ports),  "not  but  that 
they  are  peculiarly  enough  English,  being  long  since  incorporated  into  the  customs  and  sta- 
tutes of  our  admiralties  ;  but  the  equity  of  them  is  so  great,  and  the  use  and  reason  of  them 
so  general,  that  they  are  known  and  received  all  the  world  over  by  that  rather  than  by  any 
other  name."  Molloy,  however,  has  more  correctly,  perhaps,  said  of  the  laws  of  Oleron,  that 
"  they  never  obtained  any  other  or  greater  force  than  those  of  Rhodes  formerly  did  ;  that  is, 
they  were  esteemed  for  the  reason  and  equity  found  in  them,  and  applied  to  the  case  emer- 
gent."— {Dc  Jure  Miiritiino  et  Navali,  Introd.) 

A  code  of  maritime  law  issued  at  Wisby,  in  the  island  of  Gothland,  in  the  Baltic,  has 
long  enjoyed  a  high  reputation  in  the  North.  The  date  of  its  compilation  is  uncertain;  but 
it  is  comparatively  modern.  It  is  true  that  some  of  the  northern  jurists  contend  that  the 
Laws  of  Wisby  are  older  than  the  Rules  of  Oleron,  and  that  the  latter  are  chiefly  copied 
from  the  former !  But  it  has  been  repeatedly  shown  that  there  is  not  so  much  as  the  shadow 
of  a  foundation  for  this  statement. —  (See  Pardcssun,  Collection,  c^c.  tome  i.  pp.  425 — 468. 
Foreign  Qiiurterli/  Review,  No.  13.  art  Hanseafic  League.)  The  Laws  of  Wisby  are  not 
certainly  older  than  the  latter  part  of  the  14th  or  beginning  of  the  15th  century  ;  and  have 
obviously  been  compiled  from  the  Consolato  del  Mure,  the  Rules  of  Oleron,  and  other  codes 
that  vi'ere  then  in  use.  Grotius  has  spoken  of  these  laws  in  the  most  laudatory  manner: — 
"  Qnx  dc  rnnritimus  negntiis,"  says  he,  "  instilas  Gothlandix  hubitatoribus  plucucnint, 
tantum  iu  fe  habent,  turn  ei/ttitatis,  turn  prudent isr.,  tit  omnes  oceani  accohr.  to,  nun  tan- 
{juani  proprio,  fed  veliit  gentium  jure,  utanfur." — (Prulegnmena  ad  Procopiuiii,  p.  01.) 

Ce?,ides  the  codes  now  mentioned,  the  ordinances  of  the  Hanse  towns,  issued  in  1597  and 
lfil4,  contain  a  system  of  laws  relating  to  navigation  that  is  of  great  authority.  The  judg- 
ments of  Damme,  the  customs  of  Amsterdam,  &c.  are  also  often  (juoted.* 

But  by  far  the  most  complete  and  well  digested  system  of  maritime  jurisprudence  that 
has  ever  ap|)eared,  is  (hat  comprised  in  the  .amous  Ordonnanec  dc  la  Murine  issued  by  Louia 
XIV.  in  1681.  This  excellent  code  was  compiled  under  the  direction  of  M.  ('olbert,  by  in- 
dividuals of  great  talent  and  learning,  after  a  careful  revision  of  all  the  ancient  sea  laws  of 
France  and  other  countries,  and  upon  consultation  with  the  different  parliaments,  the  courts 
of  admiralty,  and  the  chambers  of  commerce,  of  the  diderent  towns.  Ii  combines  whatever 
experience  and  the  wisdom  of  ages  had  shown  to  be  best  in  the  Roman  laws,  and  in  the 
institutions  of  the  modern  maritime  states  of  Europe.     In  the  preface  to  his  treatise  on  the 

♦  A  translation  of  tlie  F.aw  of  Oleron,  Wlsl-y,  and  the  Unnen  towns,  is  given  in  Hie  .Id  piliiinn  of 
Mal\  im'"h  Iai  Mrraiariii ;  liiit  the  cdiiion  of  llicm  in  the  wui  k  uf  .M.  I'urdesaus,  referred  to  in  ilii;  text, 
is  iiifiiillL'Iy  superior  to  every  other. 


Law  of  S 
refi'rences 
to  the  ma 
prosperity 
of  a  wise 
most  Viiluu 
thod,  and  t 
'i'he  ord 
tary  liy  M. 
(ary,  tiie  le 
no  iiicon.sid 
dence  to  a  ( 
'I'liat  pur 
copied,  wi.h 
been  made  ; 
l\o  .sy.slei 
The  laws  an 
founded  pri' 
the  Laws  uf 
siuns  of  our 
a  pidgre.ssive 
coi-rcs|)()ii(l.s, 
with  tliose  u 
tiaiisactioiis 
Tile  (leci.si 
/■'ct  the  niiri 
dt'cisions  of 
llictiiig  pre(( 
di)cliiii('s  vvl 
niiut  braiichi 
tiiiM  is  prulia 
to  llie  claims  o'l 
tliis  excusable 
country  can  lio; 
Jiiiiuse  and   vei 
wisdom,  and  tli 
— ( I'll  J/i.surat) 
'J'he'-Trealis 
Justice  of  the  C 
il-i  nohle  and  |ea 
sition  of  the   m( 
equAl  facility  qik 
■"'•■rjeant  Marshal 
iii.iriiiiiie  law,  in 
•^aLraciiy.     'J"he  v^ 
CI'  tlie  earli<>r  tre 
the  [icriod  of  it.s  i 
SUitutes  ivii/i  I 
remarks  refer  inei 
Iioh'ovlt,  Iiavc  oi't, 
i'iiilti|ilication  of  ; 
liiis  o/tcji  involved 
I't'cM  most  injuriou 
llic  siilijcci,  would 
i'foiii  tlie  Hevoluii 
i^lilitioii,  diiiiiiiutid 
'y  c.visiiiig  ill  the  <■ 
''■"i-:il'l(',  that  hardi 
ailK  le,  or  tlie  cour.s 
I'll'.ive  it,  entir-ly  ( 
'"  I'ircct  him  how  t, 
l'"«eil"u!  is  tin.  i„,]„ 
i'''it  Ibis  monstrous 
'"'""'•t'd  as  iiitolcni, 
i'lfu  diis  chaos.     L'l 
"■|"'dcd.  and  now  oi 
talents,  so  fur  at  lea-^ 


MARITIME  LAW. 


177 


altic,  has 
ain;  but 
that  the 
Iv  copied 
shadow 
5 — 162. 
are  not 
nd  have 
er  codes 
inner  :— 
Icucrunt, 
\wn  tan- 

?.  010 

1597  and 
lie  judg- 

Incc  that 
fiy  Louis 
|t,  liy  in- 
jlaws  of 
|o  courts 
Ivhatcvcr 
in  tho 
on  the 

liliiinn  of 
1  lUc  text. 


JjOU-'  of  Shipping,  Lord  Tcntcrden  says, — "  If  the  reader  should  be  ofTended  at  the  frequent 
referpnces  to  this  ordinance,  I  must  request  liiui  to  recollect  that  those  references  are  made 
to  the  maritime  code  of  a  great  commercial  nation,  which  has  attiihuted  much  of  its  national 
prosperity  to  that  code:  a  code  com|)osed  in  the  reign  of  a  [)olilie  prince  ;  under  the  auspices 
of  a  wise  and  enlit^hlened  nnnister;  hy  laborious  and  learned  persons,  who  selected  the 
most  valuable  princi|>les  of  all  the  maritime  laws  then  existing;  and  which,  in  matter,  me- 
thod, and  style,  is  one  of  the  most  linished  arts  of  legislation  that  ever  was  promulgntod." 

Tlie  ordinance  of  I  (IS  I  was  publisrhed  in  1700,  with  a  detailed  and  most  elaborate  cornmen- 
tarv  hy  M.  Valin,  in  2  volumes,  Ito.  It  is  impossihle  which  to  admire  most  in  this  connnen- 
tary.  the  leariiitig  or  the  sound  good  sense  of  the  writer.  Lord  Mansfield  was  indebted  for 
no  inconsiderable  |)ortion  of  his  superior  knowledge  of  the  principles  of  maritime  jurispru- 
dence to  a  caiel'ul  study  of  M.  Valiii'M  work. 

'i'luit  part  of  the  Ciic/r  <le  <  otiiiiierci  which  treats  of  maritime  affairs,  insurance,  &c.  is 
copied,  wi.h  very  little  altciatioti,  from  the  ordinance  of  1681.  The  few  changes  that  have 
lieen  made  are  not  always  improveiiients, 

No  system  or  code  of  maritime  law  has  ever  been  issued  Uy  iiiithority  in  Great  Britain. 
The  laws  and  practices  that  now  obtain  amongst  us  in  reli'retice  to  miritime  all'iirs  have  been 
founded  (iri'.ei|)ally  on  the  piartices  of  merchants,  the  |)iiMci|iIes  laid  (li>vvn  in  the  civil  law, 
the  Laws  of  (Miron  and  V\  isliy,  llie  works  of  distinguished  juris.'oijsult.--,  the  judi  ial  deci- 
sions of  our  oun  an  i  foreign  countries,  &c.  A  law  so  constructed  has  necessirily  lieen  in 
a  progressive  state  ki(  improvement;  and,  though  still  susceptible  of  material  innendjnent,  it 
corresponds,  at  this  moment,  more  nearly,  perhaps,  tban  auy  other  sy-^tiin  of  maritime  law, 
With  those  universally  recognised  principles  of  jii>tice  and  general  convenience,  by  which  tho 
transactions  of  merchants  and  navigators  ought  to  be  regrjiated. 

The  decisions  of  Lord  .VLiustield  did  nuicli  to  fix  the  priii  iples,  and  to  improve  and  [)er- 
Icct  the  iniritiuie  liw  of  England.  It  is  also  under  great  (jbli^atkms  to  Lord  .Stowell.  The 
(jcci.sions  of  the  latter  cliielly,  indeed,  respect  questions  of  neutrality,  growing  out  of  tbe  con 
liktiiig  pretensions  oi  belligerents  and  neutrals  during  the  late  war;  but  the  princijiles  and 
doctrines  which  he  unfolds  in  treating  those  questions,  Ibrow  a  strong  and  steady  light  on 
mo^t  liranches  of  maritime  law.  It  has  occa>iioiii)lly,  indeed,  been  alleged, — and  tlie  allega- 
tion is  probably,  in  some  degrei'.  well  founded, — that  his  Lordship  has  conceded  too  much 
to  the  claims  ol'  belligerents.  Still,  however,  his  ju.lgmeiils  must  be  regarded,  allowing  for 
this  excusable  bias,  as  among  the  noblest  moi.uments  of  judicial  wisdi)in  of  which  any 
ciiunlry  can  boast.  '•They  will  he  ci)ntemplated,"  says  Mr.  .Serjeant  Marshall, '•  with  ap- 
plau.'^e  and  veneration,  as  long  as  depth  of  learning,  soundness  of  argument,  enlightened 
wisdom,  and  the  chaste  lieauties  of  eloquence,  hold  any  place  in  tlie  estimation  of  mankind." 
— [On  Insurance,  Prelim.  Disc.) 

The  "Treatise  of  the  Law  relative  to  Merchant  Ships  and  Seamen,"  by  the  late  (^hicf 
Justice  of  the  Court  of  King's  Ueiich,  does  credit  to  the  talents,  erudition,  ami  liberality  of 
\u  noble  and  learned  author.  It  gives,  within  u  brief  compass,  a  clear  and  admirable  expo- 
sition of  the  most  important  branches  of  our  maritime  law  ;  and  may  be  C()nsiilted  with 
f(jual  facility  and  advantage  by  the  merchant  or  general  scholar,  as  by  the  lawyer,  .Mr. 
Serjeant  Marshall  has  entered  veiy  fully  into  soi.ic.  and  has  touched  upon  most  points  of 
iii;iritiine  law,  in  his  work  on  Innun/iice  ,■  and  has  (liscusse<l  them  with  great  learning  and 
.sai;acity.  'i"he  works  of  .Mr.  Justice  Park,  Mr.  Holt,  and  a  few  others,  are  also  valuable. 
Of  the  earlier  treatises,  the  Lejc  Mtrcatorin  of  Malynes  is  by  far  the  best;  and,  considering 
the  [leriod  of  its  jjublicatiori  (Ki'^'-t),  is  a  very  extraordinary  |)erformance. 

SUitiiles  willi  respect  to  Importdtton  and  E.vpnrtution,  Nuri^aliun,  iVc- — The  preceding 
remarks  refer  merely  to  the  principles,  or  leading  doctrines,  of  our  maritime  law.  These, 
however,  have  often  been  very  much  modilied  by  statutory  enactments ;  and  the  excessive 
multiplication  of  acts  of  Parliament  susjjending,  re[)ei'ling,  or  altering  parts  of  other  acts, 
h;is  often  involved  our  commercial  and  maritime  law  in  almost  inextricable  confusion,  and 
lucii  most  injurious  to  the  public  interests.  No  one,  indeed,  who  is  not  pretty  conversant  with 
the  subject,  would  readily  imagine  to  what  an  extent  this  abuse  has  sometimes  been  carried. 
l-'miii  tbe  Revolution  down  to  178(),  soim;  hundreds  of  acts  were  passed,  each  enacting  some 
aJJitioii,  diminution,  or  change,  in  the  duties,  drawbacks,  bounties,  and  regulations  previous- 
ly existing  in  the  customs.  In  conse(|uence  the  customs  laws  became  so  irtrieate  and  unin- 
ti'lli'.^iblc,  that  hardly  one  merchant  in  fifty  could  tell  the  exact  amount  of  duty  allecting  any 
article,  or  the  course  to  be  followed  either  in  entering  or  clearing  out  vessels;  being  obliged 
to  have  it  entirdy  to  the  clerks  of  the  Custom-house  to  calcul  ite  the  amount  of  duties,  aiu' 
tc  direct  him  how  to  |>'oceed  so  as  to  avoid  forfeiting  the  goods  and  the  ship!  and  yet,  so 
liDwerl'ul  is  the  influence  of  habit  in  procuring  toleration  tor  the  most  pernicious  ahsin'dities, 
that  this  monstrous  abuse  was  allowed  to  go  on  increasing  for  iiO  years  after  it  had  been  de- 
ntiuiiced  as  intolerable.  Mr.  Pitt  has  the  merit  of  having  introduced  .sometliii.g  lik''  order 
into  this  chaos.  Under  his  ausiiices,  all  the  se[)arate  customs  duties  existing  n  1787  v\'era 
rijicded,  and  new  (Uies  substituted  in  their  stead  ;  consisting,  in  most  instances,  of  the  eijui- 
vulcuts,  so  far  at  least  as  they  could  he  ascertained,  of  the  old  dutieti.     In  carrving  this  inea> 

23 


i 


178 


MARITIME  LAW. 


Bure  into  elTert,  the  House  of  Commons  passnl  no  fewer  than  3,000  resolutions.     The  regu- 
lations  as  to  entries  and  clearances  were  also  simplified. 

The  advantages  resulting  from  tnis  measure  were  very  great ;  but  during  the  war,  so  many 
new  duties  and  regulations  were  passed,  that  the  necessity  for  a  fresh  consolidation  hecame 
again  very  urgent,  and  was  elTected  in  1819.  It  was  not,  however,  in  the  customs  department 
only,  or  in  the  mere  article  of  duties,  that  the  merchant  and  ship  owners  ,vere  bewildered  liy 
the  multiplicity  of  statutory  regulations.  'I'here  was  not  a  single  bn>nch  of  the  law  regulat- 
ing their  traiisnction  that  escaped  the  rage  for  legislation.  Previously  to  182S,  no  few^r 
than  113  statutes  had  been  passed  relating  to  the  fisheri'^s,  anil  the  makers  and  buyers  o" 
sails  and  cordage  were  supposed  to  be  familiar  with  the  various  obscure  and  contradictory 
regidiilion<  embodied  in  the  twenty-lhrfe  acts  of  parliament  relating  to  these  articles  !  But 
the  enormity  of  the  abuse  will  be  rendered  more  apparent,  by  laying  before  the  reader  the 
following  extract  from  the  Rppint  iif  Ihc  Lords'  Committee  on  t''<irei>rn  Trades  in  1820. 

"  Uefore,"  siiy  their  Lordshijis,  '-your  committee  proceed  to  advert  to  the  points  which 
have  been  the  principal  olyects  of  their  inquiry,  they  are  anxious  to  call  the  attention  •"  ♦he 
House  to  the  excessive  accumulation  and  complexity  of  the  laws  under  which  the  cor.  .nercc 
of  the  country  is  regulated,  with  which  they  were  forcibly  impressed  in  the  very  earliest 
stage  of  their  proceedings.  These  laws,  passed  at  dilferent  periods,  and  many  of  them  aris- 
ing out  of  temporary  circumstances,  amoimt,  as  stated  in  a  recent  computation  of  them,  to 
Hj)war(ls  of  fico  thousand,  of  which  no  less  than  1,100  were  in  force  in  1815;  and  many 
adihtions  have  been  since  made.  After  such  a  statement,  it  will  not  appear  extraordinary 
that  it  should  be  mutter  of  complaint  by  the  British  merchant,  that,  so  far  from  the  course 
in  \vhi<'h  he  is  to  guide  his  transactions  being  plain  and  simple — so  far  from  being  able  to 
un(lcrt;d{e  his  operations,  and  to  avail  himself  of  favourable  o[)enings,  as  they  arise,  witli 
promptitude  ami  confidence — he  is  frcipicmtly  reduced  to  the  necessity  of  resorting  to  the 
services  of  professional  advisers,  to  ascertain  what  he  may  venture  to  do,  and  what  he  must 
avoid,  lict'orc  he  is  able  to  embark  in  his  commercial  adventures  with  the  assurance  of  1  'iiig 
secure  fiom  the  conseipiences  of  an  infringcMuenl  of  the  law.  If  this  be  the  case  (as  ia 
stated  to  your  coinniittee)  with  the  most  experienced  among  the  merchants,  even  in  l-^ng- 
laiul,  in  how  much  greater  a  degree  nmst  the  same  per|ilexity  and  apprehension  of  danger 
operate  in  foreign  coutitiies  and  on  forciufn  merchants,  whose  ac(iuaintance  with  our  statute 
book  iiuist  be  supposed  to  be  comfiaratively  limited,  and  who  are  destitute  of  the  professional 
authority  which  the  merchant  at  home  may  at  all  times  consult  for  his  direction  ]  When  it 
is  recollected,  besides,  that  a  trivial  unintenti<''..\l  deviation  from  the  strict  letter  of  the  acts 
of  parliament  tnay  expose  a  ship  and  cargo  to  the  inconvenience  of  seizure,  which  (whether 
sustained  or  abain'oned)  is  attended  always  with  delay  and  expense,  and  frequently  followed 
by  litigiition,  it  cannot  be  doubted  tha'  such  a  state  of  the  law  must  have  the  most  prejudi- 
cial iniluence  both  uf)on  commercial  enterprise  in  the  country,  and  upon  our  mercantile 
relations  and  intercourse  with  foreign  nations;  and  perhaps  no  service  inore  valuable  could 
be  rendered  to  the  trade  of  the  empire,  nor  any  measure  more  ellectually  contribute  to  pro- 
mote the  objects  contemplated  by  the  House,  in  the  ap[)ointment  of  this  committee,  than  an 
accurate  revision  of  this  vast  and  confused  tnass  of  legislation  ;  and  the  establisliment  of 
some  certain,  simple,  and  consistent  principles,  to  which  all  the  regulations  of  commerce 
might  be  referred,  and  under  which  the  transactions  of  merchants  engaged  in  the  trade 
of  llie  United  Kingdom  might  be  conducted  with  facility,  safrty,  and  confidence." — (p.  4,) 

Since  this  Report  was  printed,  a  very  considerable  progress  has  been  made  in  simplit'viii"' 
and  clearing  up  the  statute  law,  on  the  [)ri»)ci|)los  laid  down  in  it.     The  law  as  to  sliijipiiig 
and  navigation  has  been  particularly  imjiroved.     The  principles  laud  down  in  the  famous 
navigation  acts  of  16,50  and  IGCO  were,  indeed,  sufiicientlv  distinct  and  obvious;  but  when 
these  nets  were  passed,  there  were  above  200  statutes  m  existence,  many  of  them  antiipiated 
and  contradictory,  which  they  did  not  rejieal,  except  in  so  fir  as  the  regulations  in  ihcin 
might  be  inconsistent  with  those  in  the  new  acts.     But  besides  these,  a  iiumber  of  statutes 
were  passed  almost  in  every  session  since  1060,  explaining,  limiting,  extendino;,  or  modifvinir 
in  one  way  or  other,  some  of  the  provisions  of  the  navigation  acts;  so  that  ultimately  tliero 
were  questions  perpetually  arising,  as  to  which  it  was  very  difficult  to  discover  the  precise 
law.     Ou  such  occasions,  recourse  was  often  had  to  the  courts;  and  the  good  sense  and 
equity  which  generally  characterised  their  decisions  mitigated  the  mischievous  conseijuences 
resulting  from  the  uncertainly  of  the  statute  law,  and  even  gave  it  the  appearance  of  consis- 
tency.    Latterly,  however,  this  uncertainty  has  been  well  nigh  removed.     One  of  the  bills 
introduced  l)y  Mr.  M'allai'c  for  the  im|)rovemeut  of  the  navigation  laws  repealed  above /»r 
//7?irf;vr/ statutes  ■   and  the  new  acts   substitu'ed  in  the   place  of  those  that  were  repealed 
were  drawn  up  with  laudable  brevity  and  clearness.     Hut  various  alterations  having  lieen 
fiubsecjuently  made  iii  these  acts,  new  statutes  en-  .odying  the  chang'^s  were  passed  List  se.s 
sion.     'J'he  priu'ipal  arc — the  3  tSt  4  Will.  4.  c.  ol.,  for  the  encourai^emen),  of  Brill:;!'  ship 
jiing  and  navigation,  which  may  be  called  the  present  navigation   law — (see  N^vkjatkiv 
Laws)  ;  the  3  ofc  4  Will.  4.  c.  55.,  for  the  registry  of  British  vessels — (see  Rkuistht); 
the  3  &,  4  Will.  4.  c.  52.,  coiilaining  the  regulations  w.ith  respect  to  importation  and  cxpor- 


taiion— 

nxnilati 

Thamk^ 

cipal  sh 

talents  ( 

It  ma; 

or  fewer 

these  chi 

cijdes  or 

in  -separa 

tlic!  law,  I 

act  on  till 

Kil)le  to  pi 

of  statute 

in  which 

dictory  vU 

subtleties 

which  (hei 

ever  he  de( 

sliitule  are 

MARK, 

especially  ^i 

I02deniers 

'IVoy  weigh 

it  is  dividi'd 

Tin;  pniind 
France  prrvii 
(Irs.  =r  .-jsj  ,1,, 
i  'Ti'S,  jhiids  I, 
liy  a  siiiijilo  ni 

1  = 

2  ■-=        I 

3  ^ 

MARK,  a 

countries  t()r 

'Scotch  mark 

hiirtrh,  is  a  n» 

MARKET 

be  f  '^pt  withii 

stalls  and  star 

person  who  h; 

custom,  tl,r  th 

in  any  oilier  n 

i-iuine, — (S,.(>  } 

.MAK.>SEfLl 
in  lat,  1:1°  1 7' 

Jfiirhnitr.—TU, 

cmilrixiriliHcity 

81  IIS, Me;   l,iit  til, 

"lieii  ilie  wind  i.' 

IVimi  12  Id  2i  t'init 

are  tonslaiiily  ;i| 

acces.sible  io  l|i«  j 

ni.Kleralu-sizeil  11 

al'iiit'si,!,.  ilie  q,,;, 

'•'le  lie  ItauoMi'iiii 

I'll'  taller,  wliiii, 

liP'j.TilrijF  |,|,i„(  ,1 

a"il  otiicr  l;ir"i' 


Wli 


ll'll    (■iMIlillo'  |-,|, 


:W"t;.    All 


IMi;  ,iMM 


;iu-li() 


siieceeil 


Miifis  lli.-u  have  III 
e'irllieilv  I'.ir  tlic 
I" ''Ve  to  r„r  ;,  ,„|„ 
Pil'i  nil  li,iur,i ;  Inn 
itli'V  selilnin  dlspiMi 
»''^-'l-.  ami  III,,  vo 
inlla-  (nrt  .St^  ,),,,,„ 

;"':' "'  '•:i'rn,„..  1,,., 

I  "l'n,li|:,|H  „.|,„^,.  I 
'■"i^"'>-  I'ni  siirli  ve 
'leai 111!.'  mil  fr„„i,  ,\ 
Tnide,  <.Sr.~M 
commerce.    Jfavr 


MARK— MARSEILLES. 


179 


lictorv 
But 
er  the 
*'20. 
which 
f  'he 
.   nercc 
earliest 
Mil  aris- 
hom,  to 
.1  many 
)riVinary 
3  cnnise 
alile  to 
se,  with 
\r  to  the 
he  must 
of  I  -ill? 
ise  (as  is 
in  liiis- 
j(  danser 
ur  statute 
ofessional 
When  it 
if  the  acts 
(wht-ther 
followed 
|st  pvfjmli- 
icrcantilc 
ible  could 
te  to  pro- 
than  an 
ihmeiit  of 
Icommcice 
tlie  trade 
(p.  4.) 
mplityiiii; 
shipimig 
lie  famouii 
t)iit  when 
ntiiiualed 
in  ihcin 
if  statutes 
Imodifyinc; 
iirly  lliere 
le  ptecii-e 
.>nse  and 
ispcjuenccs 
f  ronsis- 
Ih.-  bill' 
Isiliove  lire 
repealed 
fi\n?  I'een 
111  last  ses 
litir.l"  ship 

|vliHTlll>' 

luisTHt); 

luJ  expor- 


t^linn — (see  Impoiitatiojt  ami  Expoiitation)  ;  and  the  act  3  &;  4  Will.  4.  c.  5'  for 
rei;uli>tiii5  the  trade  with  the  British  possessions  abroad — (ace  Coloxiks  ami  ('oiont 
Tiiaiik).  Mr.  Hume,  formerly  of  tiie  customs,  now  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  had  the  )rin- 
cipal  share  in  the  compilation  of  these  acts,  which  do  honour  to  his  sagacity,  industry,  and 
talents  for  arrangement. 

It  may  he  worth  wiiiie  observing,  that  hardly  a  session  passes  without  giving  birth  to  more 
or  fewer  acts,  making  certain  changes  or  modifications  in  those  referred  to  above.  Where 
these  changes  apply  only  to  some  particular  emergency,  without  ailecting  the  general  prin- 
ciples or  rul(!s  laid  down  in  the  statutes,  there  can  he  no  doubt  that  they  should  be  embodied 
in  separatf  arts ;  but  where  any  modilication  or  alteration  is  to  l)c  made  in  the  principles  of 
tlie  law,  the  better  way,  as  it  ajipears  to  us,  would  be  to  introduce  it  directly  into  the  leading 
act  on  the  subject — re-enacting  it  in  an  amended  or  altered  form.  In  no  other  way  is  il  pos- 
sible to  preserve  that  unity  and  clearness  which  are  so  very  desirable.  'J'he  multiplication 
of  statutes  is  a  very  great  evil,  not  ordy  from  the  dilliculty  of  ascertaining  the  exact  degree 
in  which  one  modilles  another,  but  from  its  invarialily  leading  to  the  enactment  of  contra- 
dietiirv  eliUises.  'i'he  property  and  transactions  of  merchants  ought  not  to  depend  upon  the 
subtlelicf'  and  niceties  of  forced  constructions,  but  upon  plain  and  obvious  rules,  about 
which  there  can  be  no  mistake.  It  would,  however,  be  idle  to  ex])ect  that  such  rules  can 
ever  be  deduced  from  the  uonllictiiig  jirovisions  of  a  number  of  statutes:  those  in  the  same 
statute  are  not  always  in  h.irmony  with  each  other. 

MARK,  OH  AI.VKC,  a  weight  used  in  several  parts  of  Europe,  for  various  commodities, 
esjieciidly  gold  and  silver.  In  France,  the  mark  was  divided  into  8  oz.  =-  04  drachms  ■-- 
\[)-Z  tieniersor  pennyweights  ^  4,()(I8  grp''\s.  in  Holland,  the  mark  weight  was  also  called 
Troy  weight,  and  was  e(pial  to  that  of  Frunct.  When  gold  and  silver  are  sold  by  the  mark, 
it  is  divided  into  24  carats. 

Tlifi  pDiiiid,  or  lirre,  puida  ilc.  viiirr,  tlie  weiL'lit  most  cninmonly  used  hi  retail  ilciiliiics  tliroiiphoiit 
Fiiiiiri'  previdusly  to  llio  Uuvolutiipii,  was  r(iiial  to  'i  man's,  and  <'ciiisei|iicMiliy  ciintiiiiu'il  lli  dz.  =  1'2S 
(Irr:.  =  H"'4  den.  =  0,210  firs.  One  l<i!(if:ri\iiiriii'  is  m>iirly  e<iiiiil  In  2  livrcs. — SiilijuiiKid  is  ii 'l'al)li)  of 
;  ,  ri'S,  puiih  lie  vHirr,  t'rnm  0  to  1(1,  coiivurted  into  liiloyramiiies.  Any  greater  nnniliur  may  lie  learni;U 
bv  a  simple  innlti|)lieutiun  and  itddilion. 


'_,ivr^^s. 

A' ;..?. 

J.U-rts. 

A'.),)?. 

iii'iOJ. 

A'i7o<. 

Lioru. 

Kiln;. 

0  1  .'j3 

4        = 

l-!li>-0 

7        = 

»  l.'b'> 

9        = 

4- 111  G 

^           ::3 

P  (IT90 

5        = 

2' 1175 

8        = 

a'UlW) 

10 

4\S;i;>l 

3 

146SJ 

6 

•2■i>i^o 

1 

M.'\RK,  a  term  sometimes  used  among  us  for  a  money  of  account,  and  in  some  other 
coiuitrirs  for  a  coin.  The  English  mark  is  fds  of  a  pound  sterling,  or  lH.v.  4^/. ;  and  the 
l^i'otch  mark  is  -gds  of  a  pound  8cotch.  The  mark  Lnbs,  or  Lubeck  mark,  used  at  Ham- 
burirh,  is  a  money  of  account,  c<\\.\;\\  to  14-^(/.  sterling. 

.MARKET,  a  public  [ilace  in  a  city  or  town,  where  provisions  are  sold.  ]Vo  market  is  to 
be  1  ^pt  within  7  miles  of  the  city  of  London ;  but  all  butchers,  victuallers,  &c.  may  hire 
stalls  and  standings  in  the  llesh-markets  there,  and  sell  meat  and  other  provisions.  Every 
person  who  has  a  market  is  entitled  to  receive  toll  for  the  things  sold  in  it;  anil,  by  ancient 
costoui,  for  things  standing  in  the  market,  though  not  sold  ;  but  those  who  keep  a  market 
in  any  other  manner  than  it  is  granted,  or  extort  toils  or  fees  where  none  are  due,  forfeit  the 
same. — (See  Fa  ins  ) 

.MAR-'SEILriES,  u  large  commercial  city  and  sea-port  of  France,  on  the  Mediterranean, 
in  hit.  4:5^  17'  49"  N.,  Km.  .'j°  22y  E.     Population  125,000. 

//ii;/).'»r.— The  liarbonr,  the  access  to  which  is  del't'mled  l)y  acverat  strong  fortirications,  is  in  the 
ci'iilnMil'lhe  city,lorniini:  a  hayin  ;')25  f:illioms  in  lenirth,  liv  alimit  tail  ilo.  in  breadlli.  The  tide  isliardly 
81  iis.lilw  ;  hut  tlie  depth  'I'  water  at  tlie  e  'trance  to  the  harlxmr  varies  from  10  to  H  feet,  lieina  lowest 
«li(;n  the  wind  is  N.W  .  and  hii;hesl  whei:  it  is  S.W.  Within  the  basin  the  depth  of  water  varies 
I'riiin  12  to  2t  feet,  lieiiiL'  shallowest  on  the  nor'h.  aiut  dt'epest  on  tin;  south  sid^^  Dredfjiiii:  machines 
■mi:  constantly  at  work  to  clear  out  the  iimd,-'iinl  to  prevent  the  harhcnir  from  lilliiiK  up  Tlionph  not 
aicessibli' to  the  lar};est  class  of  ships,  Marsr  lies  is  one  of  the  best  and  safest  ports  in  the  world  for 
iiPHlerate-sizfid  mercliantmnn,  of  which  It  w;il  accommodate  aliove  1,0110.  Ships  in  the  ba  iin  lie  close 
alMiiu'side  the  ([uays  ;  and  there  is  every  facility  for  ijelting  tliein  speedily  loaded  and  unloaded.  The 
I:^li'  di'  llaitonean,  Pomesjiies.  and  the  strongly  fortitied  islet  or  rock  of  li',  lie  W.H.W.  from  the  port  ; 
till'  latter,  which  is  the  tii;ar(!sl  to  it,  lieiufr  only  \i  mile  distant,  and  not  more  than  .{  of  a  mile  from  the 
|ii'i.j''iliii«  point  of  land  to  the  south  of  liie  city.  There  is  good  amlioraRe  {.'round  <br  men-of-war 
iimi  other  larjji!  ships  liHtween  the  Isles  de  Uattoiieaii  and  Poiiiei;ues,  to  tlie  west  of  tlK;  Isle  d'If. 
Wlii'ii  ciiiniMu'  t'rom  the  south,  il  is  usual  to  make  the  Tsle  de  I'lanier,  in  ha.  i:V  U'  01"  ,N.,  Ion.  5°  l,i' 
.Vi"  Iv  A  li^'lK-houseereitedoii  this  island  is  131  feet  high;  the  tiaslies  of  the  Hull',  which  is  a  rcvnlv- 
iiii;  oil'',  Slice  eeil  each  other  every  .V  inlnnti;,  and  in  clear  weather  it  may  W.  seen  7  leaunes  oil". 
.Ships  lliat  have  made  ilie  Isle  de  I'lanier,  or  that  of  I.e  Maire,  lyiiij;  east  from  it  alioet  li  miles,  steer 
inirilii'ily  lor  the  Isle  d'If,  distant  about  7  miles  from  each,  and  having  ).'ol  within  \  or  .'  mile  <if  it, 
li':ivi'  111  for  a  pilot,  who  carries  them  into  harbour;  it  is  not,  however,  obligatory  on  ships  to  take  a 
|iii  it  I'M  liiard  ;  but  beiiu;  oliliged  to  pay  for  one  w  lietlier  thi'y  avail  themselves  of  his  services  or  not, 
tiii'v  seldioii  dispense  with  them.  'I'lie  chargi;  is  4  sons  per  ton  in,  and  2  sons  per  lio.  out,  for  French 
vi>-el:,  and  till'  vessels  of  countries  havinit  r<'ciprocity  ti^'  ilii'S  with  franco.  'I'liere  is  a  li}:ht-hoiise. 
in  tile  I'lrt  .'Si,  .lean,  on  the  north  side  of  the  entrance  t.i  ihe  port.  The  lazurclto.  which  is  one  of  the 
;.>l  III  I'.iiri'pe.  lies  ,1  little  to  the  north  <if  the  city  ;  and  there  is  an  hospital  on  Uattoneaii  Island,  for 
iMilu  idu. lis  whose  health  i.i  dnliious.  With  the  e.vcepi  ion  of  the  above  charge  for  pilotage,  and  the 
(!nr!."'s  tin  such  vessels  as  perfoim  quarantine,  tliere  are  no  port  charges  on  ships  enteriiij;  at,  or 
(k'aniiL'  out  I'roiii,  Marseilles. 

Tnidf,  <.Sc. — .Marseil'es  is  a  city  of  great  antiq  lity,  and  has  long  enjoyed  a  very  extensive 
fommcrcc.    Havre,  portly,  ao  douht,  from  its  bt  ing,  as  it  were,  the  port  of  Paris,  used  to 


I 

I 


3 


s 


2 


I 


180 


MASTER. 


rnjoy  a  greater  share  of  the  trade  of  France;  but, notwithstantliiig  the  increased  importance) 
of  the  former,  it  lias  recently  been  surpaHsed  by  Marseilles.  The  customs  duties  collccletl 
at  Havre,  in  1831,  were  22,410,689  fr.,  whereas  those  collected  at  Marseilles  during  the  same 
year,  amounted  to  25,813,0«3  fr. ;  and,  in  1832,  the  dillerence  was  still  more  decided  in 
favour  of  the  latter.  The  f  )llowing  is  a  statement  of  the  customs  duties  collected  at  Mar 
seilles  during  each  of  the  5  years  ending  with  1832  : — 

Fiautt,  Francs. 


1828 
1^29 
H30 


-  si.ais.i.w 

-  2:i,(tl4,2t7 

-  25,8y»,3y'i 


IS.Il     - 
1833    - 


-  2,'>.H13,nf)3 

-  30,«T«,584 


'J'his  statement  shows  conclusively,  that  the  trade  of  Marseilles  is  not  only  increasinti 
rapidly,  but  that  it  is  already  very  extensive.  She  is  the  grand  emporium  of  the  commerce 
between  France  and  the  countries  bord^ring  on  the  Mediterranean.  To  the  Levant  sha 
exports  colonial  products,  light  woollens,  silks,  «fec.  To  Italy,  the  exports  consist  of  all  kinds 
of  colonial  produce,  woollens,  linens,  liqueurs,  oil,  hardware,  and  lead.  The  exports  U. 
England  consist  of  silks,  brandy,  madder,  wines,  verdigris,  brimstone,  soap,  oil,  preserved 
fruits,  gloves,  ribands,  shawls,  capers,  ancbovies,  syrups,  essences,  jjerfumery,  &c.  'I'lio 
principal  imports  arc,  wheat  from  the  Black  Sea  and  the  coast  of  Africa,  sugar  and  collco. 
cotton,  indigo,  lisb,  pepper,  iron,  lead,  dye  woods,  hides,  &c.  Ivegulationa  ts  to  warehousiiij; 
similar  to  those  of  Jiordeaux  ;  which  see. 
ArriraL^. — In  1831  lliere  arrived  at  Mrirseiilos  : — 


Fronch  sliijis  frntii  I'nreign  cnuntrips 

frdiii  I'roiicli  colonies 

roiiriliTS     -        -        - 

fr<Mn  the  lislierj' 

Foreign  vessels       -        .        -        . 


Totals 


l,i,,s. 

Tons.      1 

800 

N) 

3,32'J 

13 

i.-io: 

82,012 
20,-10!l 

]7fi,3:>:i 
18:),!)  11  1 

6,731 

1 

472,230  j 

The  arrivnls  in  1832  v^  ere  r(iMsi(l(>ral)ly  greater,  and  among  tlieni  were  77  Briiisli  sliips.  of  the  Imrilun 
of  12, ''HI  tons. — tl'iir  liirtlier  piirliciiliirs  sen  ./imuiairr  tin  Viniinirrrc  Miiiilm.c  for  l^:)3,  |).  217.  ;  Jlrrkiiti 
dii  Commerce,  liun.  i.  p.  183. ;  Jiilminialratiun  ries  Douimcs  for  1831,  p.  312.  &r.  The  rinswcrs  sent  ty 
the  consul  to  the  Cirriilar  (iiieries  (liil  not  allbril  us  any  iiiforiiiiition  of  any  sort  whiitcvcr.) 

The  jVeKiV.f,  tVei^rhls,  n}\d  Measura  of  Marseilles  are  the  tjanje  as  those  of  the  rest  of  France,- - 
(See  IkiRnEAix.) 

MASTEH,  in  commercial  navigation,  the  person  intrusted  with  the  care  and  navigation 
of  the  ship. 

The  situation  of  master  of  a  ship  is  so  very  impoitunt,  that  in  some  countries  no  one  can 
be  appointed  to  it,  who  has  not  submitted  to  an  examtnation  by  competent  persons,  to  ascer- 
tain his  fitness  for  projjcrly  discharging  its  duties. —(See  the  famous  French  Ordonnaiice 
of  1681,  tit.  ii.  art.  1. ;  and  the  Ordonnance  of  the  7th  of  August,  IS'-if).  The  latter  speci- 
fies the  various  subjects  on  which  candidates  shall  be  examined,  and  the  modi;  of  coiiductiiiLf 
the  examinalion.)  I'ut  in  this  country  the  owners  arc  left  to  their  own  discretion  as  to  tlie 
skill  and  honesty  of  the  master;  and  although  he  is  bound  to  make  good  any  damage  that 
may  hap[)eii  to  the  ship  and  cargo  by  his  negligence  or  unskilfuliies.s,  he  cannot  be  punished 
as  a  criminal  for  mere  incoi.ipetence. 

iVo  one  is  (jualilied  to  be  the  master  of  a  Britisli  ship,  unless  he  be  a  natural-born  British 
subject,  or  naturalised  by  act  of  parliament,  or  a  denizen  by  letters  of  denization;  or  have 
become  a  subject  of  his  Majesty  by  cononcst,  cession,  &c.,  and  have  taken  the  oaths  of 
allegiance ;  or  a  foreign  seaman  who  has  served  3  years,  in  time  of  war,  on  board  of  his 
Majesty's  ships. 

"  The  master  is  the  confnlential  servant  or  agent  of  the  owncr.s;  and  in  conformity  to  'he 
rules  and  maxims  of  the  law  of  England,  i/ie  owners  are  bound  to  !he  pirfurntance.  of  every 
latvfitl  amtracl  made  I)}/  him  relative  to  the  usual  emphymeni  of  t/ie  shij  ' — {Alihutt 
(late  Lord  Teiiterden)  on  the  Law  of  Shi])pin<r,  fiart.  ii.  c.  2.) 

From  this  rule  of  law,  it  follows  that  the  owiit  rs  ara  bound  to  answer  for  a  breach  of  con- 
tract, thoui^h  committed  by  the  master  or  mariners  against  their  will,  and  without  tlieir 
fault. — {Id-)  -V'T  CiU)  the  expediency  of  this  rule  be  doubted.  The  owners,  by  selectiing 
a  i)erson  as  master,  hold  him  forth  to  the  public  as  worthy  of  trust  and  confidence.  Ami 
in  order  that  this  selection  may  be  made  with  due  can;,  and  that  ail  opportunities  of  fraud 
and  collusion  may  be  obviated,  it  is  indisptn.sable  that  they  :ihould  be  made  responsililc  for 
his  acts. 

'J'he  master  has  power  to  hypo'liccate,  or  pledge,  both  shi|)  and  cargo  for  ncre/isar//  rfpiiira 
exiculid  in  firriirn  porta  during  the  course  of  the  voyage;  but  neither  the  ship  nor  cargo 
can  ho  hvp'ii!iecated  for  repairs  exrcuted  at  home. 

Tbe  master  has  no  lien  u[)on  th"  ship  for  his  wajes,  nor  f)r  money  advanced  bv  him  for 
stores  or  repairs.  In  delivering  judgment  ui)oii  a  ca.sc  of  this  sort.  Lord  Nf-ansllikl  s:iiil — 
"  As  to  wages,  then'  is  no  ])aiticii!ar  contract  that  the  sliip  should  be  a  pledge  ;  there  is  no 
ns&l     in  trade  to  that  purpose;  nor  any  implication  Irom  the  nature  of  the  dealing.     Ualhc 


contrary,  i 

owner;  ai 

other  pers 

for  the  ben 

might  be  a 

or  any  oth» 

a  ship  ill  I 

parts  the  ci 

that  he  onb 

'i'he  mas 

ers,  and  is  i 

I  any  jioriion 

engagement 

and  he  cann 

During  « 

under  convo 

cuted  by  the 

for  any  term 

commands  o 

c.  16(1.) 

Wilfully  d 

master  or  mt 

with  the  carg 

Geo.  4.  c.  29., 

After  the  V( 

destination,  w 

shortest  cour.s( 

stress  of  weati 

ships  ill  <listre.> 

en  liisnidDce, 

table,  and  inii 

ceasej.     A  de> 

and  exposes  tin 

consei|uence  of 

of  the  goods,  w] 

the  goods  were 

If  a  merchan 

lieumi  to  do  his 

the  comparative 

By  tlie  comm 

hfiiig  their  duty 

sliifi,  and  the  pr< 

riiy  with  modera 

home  he  may  bf 

or  iinjirisoned  d 

ohasti.siiig  the  irm 

Ij-i  flamd  liable  i 

(kailly  weapon  a: 

anoriiing  to  the 

part  ii.  e.  4.) 

The  master  nia 

iliclioii  over  the  ci 

the  proper  tiibuna 

h'  by  shipwreck 

lain,  he  found  in  i 

M\is\\  merchants, 

in  iiicrchant  ship,.' 

('ley  limy  .send  the 

M'  "iiail  be  o!)lii,r> 

""'»■•  ami  the  mas 

P^eriior,  miiiister, 

'i''  I'iaiiitaiiied  then 

i'li'iiieiit  of  men.— 

!"'."'''l.v  of  1(10/.  on 

''"!"!,'  home  any  sea 

"I';;,"  '=''''ig  rcpiirej 

'  he  iiiasier  of  a 

Vol.  IJ.-_q 


MASTER. 


181 


one  can 
to  asccr- 
loimaiito 
;'r  sjiec'i- 
mUu'tiii;; 
IS  to  i\w 
;iu,o  tlwt 
liiiiiishtJ 

British 
or  have 
oaths  of 
ril  of  his 

ty  to  the 

(,f  every 
-{Ahhu'tt 

l\  of  rnn- 
■out  ihoir 
Isch'ctins; 
l-c.     Aii'l 

J  of  fraud 
li.silili'  for 

1/  rrpairs 
lor  cargo 

him  for 

\  siiiil— 

lit-  i>  i"> 
Oiitho 


contrary,  the  law  hns  always  considered  the  captain  as  contracting  personally  with  the 
owner;  and  the  case  of  the  captiiin  has,  in  that  respect,  lietii  distinguished  from  that  of  all 
other  persons  helonging  to  the  shij).  Tiiis  rule  of  law  may  have  its  foundation  in  pohcy, 
for  the  henelit  of  navigation  ;  for,  as  ships  may  he  making  profit  and  earning  every  day,  it 
might  he  attended  with  great  inconvenience,  if,  on  the  chanite  of  a  captain  for  mishehaviotir, 
or  any  other  reason,  he  should  he  entitled  to  keep  the  ship  till  he  is  paid.  Work  done  for 
a  ship  in  England  is  supposed  to  he  done  on  the  personal  credit  of  the  employer:  in  foreign 
parts  the  captain  may  hypothecate  the  siiip.  The  defendant  might  have  told  the  tradesman, 
that  he  only  acted  as  an  agent,  and  that  they  must  look  to  the  owner  for  payment." 

'I'iie  master  is  hound  to  employ  his  whole  time  and  attention  in  the  service  of  his  employ- 
ers, and  is  not  at  liberty  to  enter  into  any  engagement  for  his  own  henelit  that  may  occupy 
any  portion  of  his  time  in  other  concerns;  and  therefore,  if  he  do  so,  and  the  pri(;e  of  such 
engagement  happen  to  he  paid  into  the  hands  of  his  owners,  they  may  retain  the  money, 
and  he  cannot  recover  from  them. — (Abbu/t,  part  ii.  c.  4.) 

During  war,  a  master  should  he  particularly  attentive  to  the  regulations  as  to  sailing 
under  convoy  ;  for,  iiesides  his  responsihility  to  liis  owners  or  I  I'ighters,  he  may  be  prose- 
cuted liy  the  Court  of  .\diniralty,  and  (ineil  in  any  sum  not  exceeding  500/.,  and  im|irisoned 
for  any  term  not  exceeding  1  year,  if  he  wilfully  disoiiey  the  signals,  instructions,  or  lawful 
commands  of  the  commander  of  the  convoy ;  or  desert  it  without  leave. — (43  O'cu.  3. 
c.  160.) 

Wilfully  destroying  or  casting  away  the  ship,  or  procuring  the  same  to  be  done  by  the 
master  or  mariners,  to  the  prejudice  of  the  owners,  freighters,  or  insurers;  running  away 
with  the  cargo;  and  turning  pirates;  are  capital  oU'ences  punishable  by  death. — (7  &  8 
6'to.  4.  c.  29.,  and  antecedent  statutes.) 

After  the  voyage  has  been  commenced,  the  master  must  proceed  direct  to  the  place  of  his 
destination,  without  unnecessarily  stopping  at  any  intermediate  port,  or  deviating  from  the 
shortest  course.  No  such  deviation  will  be  sanctioned,  unless  it  has  been  occasioned  by 
stress  of  weather,  the  want  of  necessary  repair,  avoiding  enemies  or  pirates,  succouring  of 
ships  in  distress,  sickness  of  the  master  or  mariners,  or  the  mutiny  of  the  crew. — {Marn/ioll 
till  liisiiitince,  hook  i.  c.  6.  §  3.)  To  justify  a  deviation,  the  necessity  must  be  real,  inevi- 
table, and  imperious;  and  it  must  not  he  prolonged  one  moment  after  the  necessity  has 
ceased.  A  deviation  without  such  necessity  vitiates  all  insurances  upon  the  ship  and  cargo, 
and  exposes  the  owners  to  an  action  on  the  part  of  the  frcif^hters.  If  a  ship  he  captured  in 
coiise(iuence  of  deviation,  the  merchant  is  entitled  to  recover  from  the  owners  the  prime  cost 
of  the  goods,  with  ship|>ing  charges ;  but  he  is  not  entitled  to  more,  unless  he  can  show  that 
the  giiods  were  eidianced  in  value  lieyond  the  sum  above  mentioned. 

If  a  ini-rchant  ship  has  tho  misfortune  to  be  attacked  by  pirates  or  enemies,  the  master  is 
bouiul  to  do  his  duty  as  a  man  of  courage  and  capacity,  and  to  make  the  best  resistance  that 
the  comparative  strength  of  his  ship  and  crew  will  allow. 

By  the  common  law,  the  master  has  authority  over  all  the  mariners  on  board  the  ship, — it 
liiing  their  duty  to  obey  his  commands  in  all  lawful  matters  relating  to  the  navigation  of  the 
siii|i,  and  the  [ireservation  of  good  order.  But  the  master  should,  in  all  cases,  use  his  autho- 
riiy  with  moderation,  so  as  to  be  the  father,  not  the  tyrant,  of  his  crew.  0\\  his  rutura 
home  he  may  be  called  upon,  by  action  at  law,  to  answer  to  a  mariner  he  has  either  beat 
or  imprisoned  during  the  course  of  the  voyage;  and  unless  he  show  sullicient  cause  for 
chastising  the  mariner,  and  also  that  the  chastisement  was  reasonable  and  moderate,  he  will 
[)?.  found  liable  in  damages.  8hould  the  master  strike  a  mariner  without  cause,  or  use  a 
ilcadly  weapon  as  an  instrument  of  correction,  and  liuath  ensue,  he  will  he  found  guilty, 
according  to  the  circumstances  of  the  case,  either  of  manslaughter  or  murder. — {Abbutt, 
part  ii.  c.  4.) 

Tiie  master  may  by  force  restrain  the  commission  of  great  crimes ;  but  he  has  no  juria- 
diftioii  over  the  criminal.  His  business  is  to  secure  his  person,  and  to  deliver  him  over  to 
the  jiroper  tiibunals  on  his  coming  to  his  own  country. — (See  art.  Skamkn.) 

If  by  shipwreck,  capture,  or  other  unavoidable  accident,  seamen,  subjects  of  Great  Bri- 
tiiin,  be  found  in  foreign  parts,  his  Majesty's  governors,  m.nisters,  consuls,  or  two  or  more 
British  merchants,  residing  in  such  parts,  may  send  such  seamen  home  in  ships  of  war,  or 
ill  niorchant  ships  homeward  bound  in  want  of  men ;  and  if  such  ships  cannot  lie  found, 
they  may  send  them  hoiiie  in  merchant  ships  that  are  fully  manned,  but  no  such  merchant 
ship  shall  be  ohiig.'d  to  take  on  board  more  than  four  sucli  persons  for  every  100  tons  bur- 
then: and  the  master,  upon  arrival,  and  producing  to  the  Navy  Hoaril  a  certiticatc  from  the 
gDveriior,  minister,  consul,  &c.  where  he  shipped  the  men,  and  his  own  alhdavi:  of  the  lime 
he  maintained  them,  shall  receive  l.s.  (ir/.  per  diem  for  all  such  seamen  above  his  own  com- 
lilcmciit  of  inen. — (53  Gia.  3.  c.  85.)  A.  suhseipient  statute  (."iS  (JJeo.  3.  c.  38.)  inflicts  a 
iiciialty  of  100/.  on  any  master  of  a  merciiant  vessel  who  shall  refuse  to  take  on  board  or 
briiii;  home  any  seafiring  man,  a  subject  of  (ireat  Driiain,  left  behind  in  any  foreign  country, 
upoii  being  reipiircd  to  do  so  by  th(!  comiielent  authorities. 
The  masier  of  a  ship  forcing  any  man  on  shore  when  abroad,  or  refusing  to  bring  back 
Vol.  U.— Q 


I 

m 


182 


MASTER. 


such  of  the  men  he  carried  out  with  him  as  arc  in  a  condition  to  return,  shull,  upon 
conviction  of  such  olFencc,  bo  imprisoned  for  such  term  as  the  court  shall  award. — 
(S)  Geo.  4.  c.  HI.) 

A  |)fiinlty  of  20/.  is  imposed  on  every  master  of  a  vessel,  who,  havincr,  on  account  of 
sickness,  left  any  seafarin;;  man  nt  any  foreign  port  or  {)lace,  shall  ni^^lcet  or  refuse  to  de- 
liver an  account  of  tht;  wages  due,  and  to  pay  the  same. — (.58  Geo,  H.  c.  .58.) 

'J'he  law  makes  no  distinction  between  carriers  by  land  and  carriers  by  water.  The  master 
of  a  in(Tchant  ship  is,  in  the  eye  of  the  law,  a  carrier;  and  is,  as  such,  bound  to  lake  rea- 
sonable and  proper  care  of  the  goods  committed  to  his  charge,  and  to  convey  them  to  the 
place  of  their  ilestination,  barrina;  onli/  the  (ids  of  Giid  and  the  kini^'s  eneiiiies.  Every 
act  which  may  be  provided  against  l)y  ordinary  care  renders  the  master  responsible.  He 
would  not,  for  example,  be  liable  for  damaf^e  done  to  goods  on  board  in  consecjuenee  of  a 
leak  in  the  ship  occasioned  by  the  violence  of  the  tempest,  or  other  accident;  but  if  the  leak 
were  occasioned  by  rats.  In?  would  be  liable,  for  these  might  have  been  exterminated  by  or- 
dinary care,  as  by  putting  cats  on  board,  iVc.  On  the  same  principle,  if  the  master  run  tlio 
ship  in  fair  weather  against  a  rock  or  shallow  known  to  expert  mariners,  he  is  responsibli'. 
If  any  injury  be  done  to  the  cargo  by  impropiTor  careless  stowage,  the  master  will  be  lialile. 

'J'he  master  must  not  take  on  board  any  contraband  goods,  by  which  the  ship  and  other 
parts  of  the  cargo  may  be  rendered  liable  to  forfeiture  or  seizure.  Neither  must  he  take  on 
board  any  false  or  colourable  |)apers,  as  these  might  subject  the;  shij)  to  the  risk  of  captinv 
or  detention.  But  it  is  his  duty  to  j)rocure  and  keep  on  board  all  the  papers  and  docu- 
nients  required  for  the  manifestation  of  the  ship  and  cargo,  by  the  law  of  the  countries  froui 
and  to  which  the  ship  is  bound,  as  well  as  by  the  law  of  nations  in  general,  or  by  treaties 
between  parti(;ular  states.  These  papers  and  dociunents  cannot  bo  dispensed  with  at  any 
time,  and  are  tjuite  essential  to  the  safe  navigation  of  neutral  ships  during  war. — (See 
Snies'  Pack  us.) 

It  is  customary  in  bills  of  lading  to  insert  a  clause  limiting  the  responsibility  of  the  master 
and  owners,  as  follows: — "  The  act  of  Gin/,  the  hinir'n  eneniien,  fire,  mid  everi/  other  dan- 
gers ami  aecidenls  of  the  seas,  riuers,  and  navi'irafion,  of  whatever  nature  and  hind  soever, 
sai'c  rish-  of  lioats,  as  fur  as  ships  are  liafi/c  thereto,  excepted."  When  no  bill  of  lading  is 
signed,  the  master  and  owners  are  bound  according  to  the  common  law. 

The  most  ditricult  part  of  the  master's  duty  is,  when,  through  the  perils  of  the  sea,  tho 
attacks  of  enemies  or  pirates,  or  other  unforeseen  accidents,  he  is  prevented  from  completinir 
his  voyage.  If  his  own  ship  have  sullL'red  from  storms,  and  cannot  be  repaired  within  a 
reasoiialile  tinu',  and  if  the  cargo  be  of  a  perishable  nature,  he  is  at  liberty  to  employ 
anotlier  slii|i  to  convey  it  to  the  place  of  destination.  lie  may  do  the  same  if  the  shij)  have 
been  wrecked  and  the  cargo  saved,  or  if  his  own  ship  be  in  danger  of  sinking,  and  he  cjn 
get  the  cargo  transferred  to  another,*  and  in  extreme  cases  he  is  at  liberty  to  disjwse  of  the 
cargo  for  the  benefit  of  its  owners.  But,  to  use  the  words  of  liord  Chief  Justice  Tentor- 
dcn,  "the  disposal  of  the  cargo  by  the  master  is  a  matter  that  recjuires  the  utmost  caution 
on  his  iiart.  He  should  always  bear  in  mind  that  it  is  his  duti/  to  convey  if  to  the  place 
of  df>/i/iotion.  This  is  the  ])urpose  fur  which  he  has  been  intrusted  with  it,  and  this  pur- 
pose he  is  bound  to  accomplisli  by  every  reasonable  and  practical  method.  What,  then,  is 
the  master  to  do,  if,  by  a!)y  disaster  happening  in  the  course  of  his  voyage,  he  is  unable  to 
carry  tlie  goods  to  the  place  of  (lestination,  or  to  deliver  them  there?  To  this,  as  a  general 
question,  I  ajjprehend  no  answer  can  be  given.  Every  case  must  depend  upon  its  own  pe- 
culiar circumstances.  The  conduct  proper  to  be  adopted  with  res[)ect  to  perishable  goods, 
will  be  improper  with  respect  to  a  cargo  not  perishable:  one  thing  may  be  fit  to  be  done 
with  fish  or  fruit,  and  another  with  tind)er  or  iron :  one  method  may  he  proper  in  distant 
regions,  another  in  the  vicinity  of  the  merchant;  one  in  a  frecjuented  navigation,  another  on 
unfrequented  shores.  The  "reck  of  the  ship  is  not  necessarily  followed  by  an  impossibility 
of  sending  forward  the  goods,  and  does  not  of  ilself  make  their  sale  a  measure  of  necessity 
or  exjiedieiice:  much  less  can  the  loss  of  the  season,  or  of  the  pro|)er  course  of  the  voya2;e, 
have  this  effect.     An  unexpected  interdiction  of  commerce,  or  a  sudden  war,  may  defeat  liic 

♦  The  most  celebrated  maritime  codes,  and  llie  opinions  of  tlie  ablest  writers,  have  difTured  con- 
sidcrilily  as  to  tlicst-  points.  Atrordihg  to  llio  Rlioili.ui  law  (I'and.  I.  10.  }  1.)  tlr-  raptain  is  riilfiiscl 
from  all  Ins  cnKiiEennMits,  if  the  ship,  hy  Ihi'  perils  of  the  sea,  and  williout  any  fanll  on  his  purl,  lu'- 
conii^  iiir:ipiil)le  of  procei'dinj;  on  her  voyage.  The  laws  of  Olcron  (art.  4),  ami  lliosi-  of  Wishy  uirh. 
It).  .'IT.  .')5,),  say  tlnit  tin;  cnntain  viaii  hire  anoiher  ship ;  InirmonisinK  in  this  respec't  with  tin;  present 
law  of  I':iii;laiid.  Thi,'  fani  'Us  rriMich  ordinanco  nf  lliHI  (lit.  Dii  Fri-i,  an.  11.),  and  the  Coile.  ilu  Cm- 
mr.rr.e.  (.irl.  'JiU'i),  nnlir  the  riipluiii  to  hire  iiniilher  ship  ;  nnil  if  In'  raiinol  prcxMiro  ono,  IViMglit  is  In  lio 
duo  (Mily  for  that  pari  of  tlie  vnyatri'  whiili  has  lii'cn  prrfiirincd  (pro  ral'i  iiiiieris  penicli).  X'aliii  li;n 
ohji'Ctcd  to  this  article,  and  stales  that  practicallv  it  meant  <ojlv  that  the  caplain  must  hire  ani'llnr 
ship  if  he  wonid  earn  the  wliule  freight.  I'anericon  (t(ini.  i.  p.  l"'2s.)  holds  that  the  captain,  lieini'  lliR 
at'ent  not  only  of  the  owners  of  the  ship,  hnt  also  of  the  shippers  of  the  foods  on  hoard,  is  houml,  in 
the  absence  of  both,  to  nse  his  best  endeavours  to  preserve  the  L'oods,  and  to  do  whatever,  in  the  lir- 
cninstanies,  he  thinks  will  most  conduce  to  tin;  interest  of  all  conceriuMl ;  or  what  it  may  lie  |iri!- 
snmeil  Ihe  shippers  W(mld  d..,  were  tlie\  present.  'I'his,  which  seems  to  be  the  best  and  wisest  nilc, 
las  bei'ii  1,11(1  down  by  Lords  .Manslield  and  Tenterden,  as  stated  above,  and  may  be  regarded  as  llw 
law  of  England  on  this  point. 


ndvcntui^ 

itself  alone 

the  ship  tf 

obligation  I 

that  he  is  a 

may  be  sail 

the  ben  I /it 

will  not   ha 

teach.     .Son 

interest  of  t 

tioii,  if  it  be 

]K(se  :  it'  thii 

tageous  sale 

he  should  th 

human  laws, 

The  inasK 

as  Lord  .Man 

get  him.self  r 

however,  ent 

tiieir  neglect. 

If  any  pasi 

and  if  no  clai 

but  answeral: 

become  the  pi 

head,  and  thei 

If  a  mastei 

money,  he  shi 

and  profits. 

No  master 
coming  to  an 
shall  forfeit,  fi 
36.  §  1.) 

The  master 
of  the  ponaltiei 
disobedience,  ti 
collector  of  the 
of  forfeiting  tr( 
Masters  of  v 
any  otfix-r  of  c 
to  them  by  the 
of  the  port  to  v 
For  the  duty 

T.ITIOV    ANU    i 

of  this  importai 
ping,  jiart  iii.  c, 

ClIAUTKIII'AUT 

MASTICH, 

Almastica,  Aim 
cia  lentiscus,  a  t 
obtained  by  mal 
roastic  slowly  e.i 
is  lirought  to  thi 
ish,  traiispareiit 
able  otlour ;  die 

are  trilling (A 

MATE,  in  a 
There  are  somet 
to  her  .size  ;  dem 
serijitions  of  pers 
in  the  latter,  and 
In  men-of-war 
But  the  w«,v/r'r, 
ship,  has  certain 
carpenter,  &c.  h 
'i'he  officers  su 
paiiy,  were  called 
manders  performi 


MASTICH,  MATE. 


183 


II,  upon 
wiird. — 

count  of 
86  to  dc- 

ic  mastor 
ti;ke  ri'u- 
m  to  the 
.     Every 
ible.     He 
nice  of  a 
f  the  k'ak 
ti'd  by  or- 
T  run  tlie 
■siHinsililo. 
1  111!  liable, 
niid  other 
:ie  take  on 
of  capliUL' 
and  docu- 
[itries  from 
by  trcalit's 
/ilh  at  any 
var. — (See 

the  master 

other  (Uiii- 

and  soever, 

uf  lading  is 

the  sea,  the 
1  coinpletiiii; 
•ed  within  a 
I  to  cm(iloy 
ic  shi)!  have 
and  ho  cjn 
([lose  of  iho 
lice  Tenter- 
lost  cautimi 
'o  the  jihicc 
Ind  this  [lur- 
hat,  then,  is 
lis  unalilc  to 
lis  a  general 
its  own  pe- 
liiblo  goixl?, 
to  be  done 
Ir  in  distant 
,  another  on 
jTipossibiiity 
[of  necessity 
the  voya'^e, 
ly  defeat  the 

IdillVred  con- 
|in  is  ri'li'iisi'il 
Ills  piirt.  111.'- 
\Vi:^lly  wrlL'. 
|i  tlio  iirfsciit 
f^dile,  (III  dm- 
iglit  is  111  lie 
1).     Valiiili:H 
1  |iir(.'  aiii'lli'T 
|\jii,  lii'iiiL'tlm 
V  is  IkhiihI,  in 
(cr,  ill  lliedr- 
iiiav  lie  I'"-" 
I  wisest  rule, 
Lirdeil  as  tlM 


adventure  and  oblige  the  ship  to  stop  in  hor  course ;  but  neither  of  these  events  doth  of 
itself  alone  make  it  necessary  to  sell  the  cargo  at  the  place  to  which  it  may  Im?  proper  for 
the  ship  lo  resort.  In  these  and  many  other  eases,  the  master  may  lie  discharged  of  his 
obligation  to  deliver  the  cargo  at  the  place  of  destination  ;  but  it  does  not  therefore  follow 
that  he  is  authorised  to  sell  it,  or  ought  to  do  so.  What,  then,  is  he  to  do  ?  In  general,  it 
may  be  said,  he  in  to  do  fhat  which  a  ivi.se.  and  prudent  man  will  think  most  cuuducive  to 
the  lieiitfil  of  (ill  concerned.  In  so  doing,  he  may  expect  to  bo  safe,  because  the  merchant 
will  not  have  reason  to  l)c  dissatisfied  ;  but  what  this  thing  will  be,  no  general  rules  can 
teach.  Some  regard  may  be  allowed  to  the  interest  of  the  ship,  and  of  its  owners;  but  the 
interest  of  the  cargo  must  not  Im5  sacrificed  to  it.  l'rans-shi[)ment  for  the  place  of  destina- 
tion, if  it  be  practicable,  is  the  first  object,  because  that  is  in  furtherance  of  the  original  pur- 
pose :  if  that  lie  impracticable,  return,  or  a  safe  deposit,  may  be  exiKsdient,  A  disadvan- 
tageous sale  (and  almost  <!very  sale  by  the  master  will  lie  disadvantageous)  is  the  last  thing 
he  should  think  of,  because  it  can  only  be  justifiud  by  that  necessity  which  sui^rsedes  all 
human  laws." — (IjCw  of  Shipping,  part  iii.  c.  '.i.) 

The  master  of  a  ship  is  liable  for  goods  of  which  she  is  robbed  in  part;  and  the  reason, 
.IS  Lord  Mansfield  stated,  is,  lest  room  should  Iw  given  for  collusion,  and  the  master  should 
•ret  himself  robbed  on  purpose,  in  order  that  he  might  share  in  the  spoil.  The  master  is, 
however,  entitled  to  indemnify  himself  out  of  the  seamen's  wages  for  losses  occasioned  by 
tiieir  neglect. 

If  any  passenger  die  on  hoard,  the  master  is  obliged  to  take  an  inventory  of  his  eflects ; 
and  if  no  claim  be  made  for  them  within  a  year,  the  master  becomes  proprietor  of  the  goods, 
but  answerable  for  them  to  the  deceased's  legal  representatives.  Bedding  and  furniture 
become  the  property  of  the  master  and  mate ;  but  the  clothing  must  be  brought  to  the  mast 
head,  and  there  appraised  and  distributed  among  the  crew. 

If  a  muster  die,  leaving  money  on  board,  and  the  mate,  becoming  master,  improve  the 
money,  he  shall,  on  allowance  being  made  to  him  for  his  trouble,  account  both  for  interest 
and  jirofits. 

IVo  master  is  to  proceed  on  any  voyage  for  parts  beyond  the  seas  without  previously 
coming  to  an  agreement,  in  writing,  with  his  mariners,  for  their  wages.  If  he  do  so,  he 
shall  forfeit,  for  every  mariner  so  taken  without  a  written  agreement  51. — (2  Geo,  8.  c. 
36.  §  1.) 

The  master  of  every  vessel  is  required  by  the  2  Geo.  2.  c.  36.  to  keep  a  regular  account 
of  the  penalties  and  forfeitures  due  to  Greenwich  Hospital  in  consequence  of  the  mariners' 
disobedience,  to  deduct  the  same  from  their  wages,  and  to  pay  the  amount  thereof  to  the 
collector  of  the  Greenwich  Hospital  duty,  within  3  months  after  such  deduction,  upon  pain 
of  forfeiting  treble  the  value  thereof  to  the  use  of  the  said  hospital. 

Masters  of  vessels  laden  with  coals  are  (directed  by  6  Geo.  4.  c.  107.  §  120.  to  produce  to 
any  oflix^r  of  customs  demanding  its  production,  a  copy  of  the  certificate  originally  delivered 
to  them  by  the  fitters  or  vendors,  and  to  deliver  the  certificate  to  the  collector  or  comptroller 
of  the  port  to  which  the  coals  are  carried. 

For  the  duty  of  the  master,  as  respects  Custom-house  regulation,  see  the  articles  Lvpon- 
TATiojJ  AM)  ExpoKT.«TioN,  QuAiiANTiNK,  Sm rfjKLiNH,  <Stc. ;  and  for  a  further  discussion 
of  this  important  suliject,  see  the  excellent  work  of  Lord  Tenterden  on  the  Law  of  Ship- 
ping, part  iii.  c.  3.  «fec. ;  Chitti/  on  Commercial  Laiv,  vol.  iii.  c.  8.  &c. ;  and  the  articles 
CiiAiiTKni'AiiTr,  FiiEiGHT,  &c.  in  this  Dictionary. 

MASTICH,  on  MASTIC  (Ger.  Mastix ;  l>u.  Mast ik  ,-  Ft.  Mastic, ■  It.  Mastice ,■  Sp. 
Almmlicu,  Almaciga  ,•  Arab.  Ardh).  This  resitious  substance  is  the  produce  of  the  Pista- 
cia  lentiscHS,  a  native  of  the  Levant,  and  particularly  abundant  in  the  island  of  Chios.  It  is 
obtained  by  making  transverse  incisions  in  the  trunks  and  branches  of  the  trees,  whence  the 
roastic  slowly  exudes.  About  1,.'>00  cwt.  are  annually  exported  from  Chios,  part  of  which 
is  brought  to  this  country,  packed  in  chests.  The  best  is  in  the  form  of  dry,  brittle,  yellow- 
ish, transparent  tears ;  it  is  nearly  inodorous,  except  when  heated,  and  then  it  has  an  agree- 
able odour ;  chewed,  it  is  almost  insipid,  feeling  at  first  gritty,  and  ultimately  soft;  its  virtues 
are  trilling. — {Aimlie^s  Materia  Indicn  ;   Thomson's  Dispensatory.) 

MATE,  in  a  merchant  ship,  the  deputy  of  the  master,  taking  in  his  absence  the  command. 
There  are  sometimes  only  1,  and  sometimes  2,  3,  or  4  mates  in  a  merchantman,  according 
to  her  size ;  denominated  1st,  2d,  3d,  &c.  mates.  The  law,  however,  recognises  only  2  de- 
6cri|iti()ns  of  persons  in  a  merchantman — the  master  and  mariners;  the  mates  being  included 
in  the  latter,  and  the  captain  being  responsible  for  their  proceedings. 

In  nicn-of-war,  tlic  oificers  immediately  subordinate  to  the  captain  are  called  lieutenants. 
But  the  master,  or  olficer  whose  peculiar  duty  it  is  to  take  charge  of  the  navigation  of  the 
ship,  has  certain  mates  under  him,  selecte<l  from  the  midshipmen.  The  boatswain,  gunner, 
carpenter,  &c.  have  each  their  mates  or  deputies,  taken  from  the  crew. 

The  oificers  subordinate  to  the  commander  in  the  ships  belonging  to  the  East  India  Com- 
pany, were  called  1st,  2d,  3d,  &c.  oificers.  East  Indiamen  had  no  sailing  masters,  the  com- 
manders performing  that  duty. — [Falconer's  Marine  Dictionari/,  ^c.) 


S 


5 


I 

I 


184 


MATS— MEDITERRANEAN  PASS. 


MATS  (Da.  Matten  ;  Pr.  Natleit ,-  Ger.  M„f/en  ,■  It.  Stiwje,  Shje .-  Port.  EMeiras  .•  Ru». 
rnigns/iki ;  Sp.  Kstiriin),  trxliircR  ci)iii|ioHt'(l,  Air  the  nuiHt  [nirt,  of  flnu;K,  reeds,  llio  bark  of 
trees,  ruHhes,  grnsH,  ruttnna,  old  ropew,  iVc.  In  this  rountry  mnlH  nre  used  (or  a  Rreiit  vcricty 
of  purposes.  The  coarser  sort  are  very  hirgely  employed  in  the  packiiiit  of  furnitiiri-,  and 
goods;  in  the  stowai^e  of  corn  and  viirious  other  articles  on  board  ship;  in  horticultural 
oi)erations;  in  covering  the  floors  of  churclics  and  other  public  buildings,  &c.:  the  finer 
sorts  nre  principally  employed  in  covering  the  floors  of  private  houses. 

In  EurojM'  mats  are  principally  manufactured  for  sale  in  Kussia,  where  they  nre  produced 
in  immense  (luniitities,  forming  an  article  of  very  consideridile  value  and  importance.  They 
are  partly  formed  of  flags;  but  princi|)ally  of  the  inner  bark  of  the  liiiu;  or  linden  tree,  tho 
latter  being  known  in  this  country  by  the  name  of  liast  mats.  'I'lie  Rus>.'  mi  peasants  manu- 
facture this  sort  of  material  into  shoes;  and  in  conseijuence  of  the  vast  ipiantity  of  matting 
made  use  of  in  this  way,  and  in  shipments  abroad,  the  ilcslrnction  of  the  linden  tree  is 
immense;  though,  as  it  grows  rapiiily,  then'  is  jiroii'ibly  less  risk  of  its  exhaustion  than  Mr. 
Tookt^  seems  to  have  supposcii. — (  Vieut  of  liussiii,  vol.  iii.  ji.  W'i.)  In  \W.Vi  above 
84(),()0()  pieces  of  mat  wer(^  e.x[)orti  ,1  from  Archani^el  only  ;  and  in  addition  to  this  there  is  a 
very  considerable  exportation  from  I'etersburgh,  IJiga,  and  other  ports.  Kiissian  mats  fetch 
at  present  (.January,  I8IM),  in  the  London  market,  •!/.  Itl.v.  |)er  !(>(),  duly  ( I /.;},«.  9r/.  the 
100)  included.  Mats  not  otherwise  enumerated  or  described  are  sidiject  to  u  duty  of  '20  per 
cent,  (1(1  valorem. 

V'aiious  descri|)tion,s  of  reed  mats  are  extensively  manufactured  in  Spain  and  Portugal; 
8ome  of  them  being  very  beautifully  varied.  In  8pain  lurge  (juantities  of  mattiug  are  niado 
of  the  esparto  rush. — (Hee  Espakto.) 

Rush  floor  mats,  and  rattan  table  mats  of  a  very  superior  dcscri()tion  are  brought  from 
China.  'I'hey  should  be  chosen  clean,  of  a  bright  clear  colour,  and  should,  when  packed, 
be  thoroughly  dry. 

'J'ho  mats  of  the  .Japanese  nre  soft  and  elastic,  serving  them  both  for  carpets  and  beds; 
they  are  made  of  a  peculiar  species  of  rush  cultivated  for  the  j)urpose. 

'i'he  batjs  in  which  sugar  is  imported  from  the  Mauritius  consist  of  matting  formed  of 
the  leaves  of  a  tree  growing  in  the  island,  interwoven  in  broad  stripes.  They  are  very  strong 
and  durable,  and  may  be  washed  and  cleane<l  without  sustaining  any  injury.  Being  im- 
ported in  large  quantities,  they  are  sold  very  cheap, — (Besides  T(hiI{v's  Russia,  already  re- 
ferred to,  see  Milljuru's  Oritnlal  Coiiuuercf,  and  the  valuable  little  work  entitled  Vtirptahk 
Substances,  Materials  of  Manufactures,  published  by  the  Society  for  the  Dillusion  of  Useful 
Knowledge,  pp.  116 — 123.) 

It  is  probable  that  mats  formed  the  first  sort  of  wove  fabrics  |)roduce<l  by  man  ;  and  it  is 
worthy  of  remark  that  but  few  savage  tribes  have  been  discovere<l  that  have  not  ttained  to 
considerable  eminence  in  their  manufacture.  On  the  coast  of  Guinea  and  other  places  on 
the  west  of  Africa,  pieces  of  fine  mat,  about  a  yard  long,  and  of  a  pretty  uniform  texture, 
were  (lenon)inated  mukkutts,  and  formed  a  sort  of  money  ;  the  value  of  commodities  being 
rated  and  estiniated  in  them  ! — {Morellet,  Prospectus  d'un  Dictlunmiire  de  Comuterce,  p, 
122.)  'I'hey  enjoyed  this  distinction,  no  doubt,  from  their  utility,  and  the  great  care  and 
labour  bestowed  on  their  preparation.  There  is  hardly  an  island  in  the  South  Seas  in  wliich 
the  natives  have  not  acquired  great  skill  and  dexterity  in  the  ninking  of  mats.  The  liner 
sorts  consist,  generally,  of  dyed  reeds  or  grass ;  and  have  a  very  brilliant  appearance. 
MAURITIL'S.     See  Poht  Loiis. 

MEAD,  OR  METHEGLIN  (Ger.  Me/,f,  Melh  .■  Du.  Meeik,  Meedrank ,-  Fr.  F;,dronai; 
II.  Idromele ;  lias.  Lipez),  the  ancient,  and  for  a  long  time,  the  favourite  drink  of  the 
northern  nations.  It  is  a  preparation  of  honey  and  water.  Manufacturers  of  mead  for  .-lalo 
must  take  out  an  annual  licence. 

MEAL  (Ger.  il/p/</;  Du.  Meel .•  Fr.  and  It.  Farine ,-  Sp.  Farina;  Rus.  Muka ,■  Lat. 
Farina),  the  edible  part  of  wheat,  oats,  rye,  barley,  and  pulse  of  dillerent  kinds,  ground 
into  a  species  of  coarse  flour. 

MEDALS,  arc  pieces  of  metal,  generally  in  the  form  of  a  coin,  and  impressed  with  some 
peculiar  stamp,  intended  to  commemorate  some  individual  or  action.  Medals  arc  of  very 
dilTerent  prices — varying  according  to  their  rarity  and  preservation,  the  fineness  of  the  mctai, 
the  beauty  of  the  workmanship,  &c. 

MEDITERRANEAN  PASS.  The  nature  of  this  sort  of  instrument  has  been  desnibed 
by  Mr.  Reeves,  in  his  TreatiKe  on  the  Law  of  Sh'ppinijr,  as  follows: — 

"  In  the  treaties  that  have  been  made  with  the  Barbary  states,  it  has  been  agreed,  that  the 
subjects  of  the  King  of  Great  Britain  should  pass  the  seas  unmolested  by  the  cruisers  of 
those  states;  and  for  better  ascertaining  what  ships  and  vessels  belong  to  British  subjects,  it 
is  provided  that  they  shall  produce  n  pa.is,  under  the  hand  and  seal  of  the  Lord  Hiijh  Adiiii- 
lal,  or  the  Lords  Commissioners  of  the  Admiralty.  In  |)ursuancp  of  these  treaties,  passes 
are  made  out  at  the  Admiralty,  containing  a  very  few  words,  written  on  [)archment,  with 
ornaments  at  the  top,  throui^h  which  a  scolloped  indenture  is  made  :  the  scullnprd  lops  are 
Bent  to  Barbary  ;  and  being  put  in  possession  of  their  cruisers,  the  commanders  are  instructed 


to  RuflTer  all 

tion  afTordi 

these  roven 

dies,  the  Lt 

far  need  of 

For  the  ace 

the  Adtiiirii 

granted  to  i 

piece  of  sec 

power,  the  c 

jesty,  who, 

which  these 

granted  for  i 

of  the  mnrir 

in  tho  sum  o 

delivering  u\ 

port  to  anoth 

"  It  has  be 

to  recal  and 

This  has  bee 

1  ither  a(Tidei 

carried  on  in 

had  been  pur 

That  the  Bar 

indenture  to  t 

tish  subjects." 

Tlif  act  52  r>«i.  3. 
jaw  fclipiiy  williout 
llu!  no  Me(li(err.ini';i 
f-ri  ,11  lieriij  an  hihiilj 
jienHin  L'ri'itlud  (o  tie 
lurli  iipiMili  slmll  li.i 
L|avarila  of  15  years  |i 

An  Account  oft 
(.T.iiitcd,  tlie  n 
applied.- (yu; 

No.  of  Paues, 


2.'0 
3U 


m 


200    • 

On 

330    • 

At 

2S0    . 

Isii 

( 

The  foregoing  fi 
appli"d,  as  all  oiIk 
of  llic  .\dmlralty 

MEMEL,  a 
E.    Population 
nated  the  Curri! 
pal  entrepot  of 
commerce. 

//iirftoKr.— The  ll 
lias  seldiim  more  I 
iiinri'  Ihan  10  fret  \ 
wliere  tli-  aiicliora 
ginally  T.'i,  |,„i  now 
lioiir.  The  light,  v 
iiiiie.s  disl.tnce.  Tl 
bears  from  it,  S.E 
north,  nnd  red  on  t 
lead  directly  into  tl 
both  in  depth  and 
pilot;  but  this  ig  m 
(l2 


MEMEL. 


185  ! 


to  iuffer  all  penons  to  pass  who  have  paaiies  that  will  fit  lh««e  scolloppd  tops.  The  protec- 
tion affonlrd  hy  thowi  pnssrH  iH  Huch,  that  no  HliipM,  which  triivcrHC  Ihi-  HOiin  tVoiiuriiled  by 
these  rovers,  ever  fuil  to  furniHh  theiiiselveH  with  them,  whether  in  the  tiaile  to  the  Kiist  In- 
dies, the  Ticvant,  8pain,  Italy,  or  any  part  of  the  Mediterraiieun ;  and  tioiii  the  more  piirticu' 
lar  need  of  them  in  the  latter,  they,  no  douht,  obtained  the  nninc  of  Mulilrrraiiean  piisscn. 
For  the  aeeoininodation  of  merehuntH  in  distant  parts,  blank  passes,  siKiied  hy  the  Lords  of 
tlic  Admiralty,  are  lodged  with  the  (governors  abroad,  and  with  the  Uritish  consuls,  in  he 
grunted  to  those  who  comply  with  the  retiuisites  necessary  for  obtaining  them.  As  this 
piece  of  security  is  derived  wholly  from  the  stijiulations  made  by  the  crown  with  a  foreign 
power,  the  entire  regulation  and  management  of  it  has  been  under  the  direction  of  his  Ma- 
jesty, who,  with  the  advice  of  his  privy  council,  has  prescribed  the  terms  and  conditions  on 
which  these  passes  shall  be  granted.  Among  others  are  the  following ; — They  are  to  be 
granted  for  none  but  British-built  ships,  or  shi|)s  made  free,  navigated  with  a  master  and  .•^thii 
of  the  mariners  nritish  subjects,  or  foreign  protestants  made  denizens.  Bond  is  to  lie  given 
in  the  sum  of  300/.  if  the  vessel  is  under  100  tons,  and  in  500/.  if  it  is  that  or  more,  for 
delivering  u|)  the  pass  within  12  months,  unless  in  the  case  of  ships  trading  from  one  foreign 
port  to  another;  and  such  passes  need  not  lie  returned  in  less  than  '<i  years. 

"  It  has  been  found  expcilient,  at  the  conclusion  of  a  war,  and  sometimes  during  a  peace, 
to  rccal  and  cancel  all  [jaases  that  have  been  issued,  and  to  issue  others  in  a  new  form. 
This  has  been  done  for  2  reasons,  1st,  That  these  useful  instruments,  by  various  means, 
,ither  accidental  or  fraudulent,  came  into  the  hands  of  foreigners,  who,  under  cover  of  them, 
carried  on  in  security  a  trade  which  otherwise  would  belong  to  British  subjtu'ls,  and  which 
had  been  purchased  by  the  crown,  at  the  expense  of  keeping  up  this  sort  of  alliance.  2dly, 
That  the  Barbary  states  complained,  that,  adhering  to  the  rule  of  lilting  the  other  j)art  of  the 
indenture  to  the  passes,  they  were  obliged  to  sutler  ships  to  pass  that  did  not  belong  to  Bri- 
tish suiijects." 


Till'  jcl  62  Oeo.  X  c.  141.  mikfii  llie  fnritinfr  of  «  Mi-Jitf  mncan 
p*s  felony  witlmut  bciicfit  nf  clergy.  Tlie  9  Geo.  4.  c.  76.  enacts, 
lliit  no  Mediterralie:in  |>a»)  shall  tie  iwued  f<tr  Ilie  ticnetit  of  any  ptr- 
fnri  .\s  tHiiitf;  an  tnhaljitant  (if  Malla  or  of  (tiliraltar  but  not  beinjr  a 
ncnori  en'illed  to  Im  an  owner  oC  a  Britisli  reftialered  ship,  unless 
luch  penrxi  shall  have  resided  at  Malta  or  Gibraltar,  respectively, 
upwards  of  15  years  previously  to  the  lUtli  of  Octot>cr,  \Hn, 


I  Mediterranean  pasnes  are  either  fcranled  for  I  voysi^e,  or  ara 
attached  to  the  ship's  curliticate  of  re.^istry,  and  are  in  force  so 
lout  as  the  ii'nX  cerliticale.  A  stamp  duty  of  M  is  ehar»ced  oa 
each  p.aM  so  is.siie'l.  When  issued  in  the  coliinies,  Ihey  cnnlinue 
in  force  for  12  nio:itbs  to  ciilonial  ships,  and  f'<r  I  voyage  Io  hritish 
ships  supplied  with  thein.     The  duly  on  such  p.-usea  is  5t. — Wo 

I  subjoin 

An  Account  of  tlie  Ainotint  paid  by  Ships  for  the  iMLMliterrannan  Pass  ;  statin;  the  Nnnihpr  of  Passes 
granted,  the  agj^rKgato  Aiiioiiiit  rtici^ivod  in  the  Years  lb28-9,  and  to  what  Purpose  the  same  wag 
applied.— (fuW.  Paper,  No.  132.  Sess.  1830.) 


No.  of  Passes, 

For  what  Time  In  Force. 

Stamp  Duly 
ou  each. 

A?e:re^ate 

Cbaree  on 

each. 

Total. 

2.'0    . 
342    ■ 

200    • 

200    • 
330    • 

250    . 

1828. 
One  voya|i;e    ...... 

Attached  to  the  ship's  certificate  of  registry,  and  in  force  so  long 

as  the  said  certilicale          *           •            •           •            .           • 
Iisued  in  the  colonics,  and  in  frrcc  for  12  nion'hi  to  colonial  ships, 

and  fur  1  voyage  to  British  :uiin  supplied  with  theiu      ■ 

1829. 
One  voyage    -...•-. 
Attached  to  the  ship's  certificate  of  registry,  and  in  force  so  long 

as  the  said  cerliticate          ...... 

Issued  in  the  colonies,  and  in  force  for  12  months  to  colonial  ships, 

and  for  1  voyage  to  British  ships  supplied  with  them 

/..    I.   d. 
2    0    0 

2    0    0 

0    5    0 

Deduct  stamp 

2    0    0 
2    0    0 
0    6    0 

Deduct  stamp 

L.    1.    d. 
2  10    0 

5    6    0 

2    0    0 

duties 

2  10    0 
5    6    0 
2    0    0 

dutioi 

/,.      I.    d. 
650    0    0 

1,795  10    0 

400    0    0 

•2,745  10    0 
1,174    0    0 

1,571  10    0 

610    0    0 

1,732  10    0 

600    0    0 

2,742  10    0 
1,062  10    0 

1,680    0    0 

The  foregoing  fees  for  Mediterraniian  passt^s,  after  dediictini;  the  sums  pnid  for  stamps,  have  been 
applind,  as  all  other  fees  are,  in  aid  uf  thu  sum  voteil  on  the  navy  estimate  fur  the  contingent  vwpenses 
of  the  Admiralty  Office. 

MEMEL,  a  commercial  town  of  East  Prussia,  in  lat.  55°  41'  42"  N.,  Ion.  '-i.  S'  14" 
E.  Population  8,500.  Memel  is  situated  on  the  north-east  side  of  the  great  bay,  denomi- 
nated the  Currlscfie  Huf,  near  its  junction  with  the  Baltic.  It  is,  consequently,  the  princi- 
pal entrepot  of  the  country  traversed  by  the  Niemen,  and  as  such  enjoys  a  pretty  extensive 
commerce. 

/farftoiir.— The  harbour  of  Memel  is  large  and  safe  ;  but  the  bar  at  the  innutli  of  the  Currischn  Haf 
lias  seldom  more  than  17  feiit  water,  and  sonictini(.'s  not  more  than  13  or  14  feet ;  so  that  ships  drawing 
mori'  than  10  fiiet  water  are  freiinenlly  obliged  to  load  and  unload  a  part  of  their  cargoes  in  the  roads, 
where  lb'-  anchorage  is  but  inditlerent,  particularly  when  the  wind  is  N.  or  N.W.  A  liglit-house,  ori- 
ginally ".'),  but  now  100  feet  in  height,  has  been  erected  on  the  N.E.  side  of  the  entrance  to  the  har- 
bour. The  light,  which  is  fixed  and  powerful,  may  be  distinguished  in  clear  weather  at  more  than  20 
miles  distance.  The  outer  buoy  lies  in  6  fathoms  water,  about  a  mile  without  the  light-house,  which 
bears  from  it,  S.E.  '.)y  E.  J  E.  The  channel  tlience  to  the  harbour  is  marlted  by  white  buoys  on  the 
north,  and  red  on  the  south  side.  Tliree  beacons  to  the  north  of  the  town,  when  brought  into  a  line, 
lead  directly  into  the  harltour.  Inasmuch,  however,  as  the  channel  is  stilyect  to  frequent  changes, 
both  in  depth  and  direction,  it  is  always  prudent,  on  arriving  at  the  outer  buoy,  to  heave  to  for  a 
pilot;  but  this  is  not  obligatory ;  and  the  Prussian  autliorities  have  issued  directions  for  ships  enter'- 


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Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WBT  MAIN  STRliT 

WfBSTiR,N.Y.  145S0 

(716)  872-4503 


186 


MERCURY. 


Ing  without  a  pilot,  which  may  be  found  in  Mr.  Norrie's  Sailing  Directions  for  the  Cattegat  and  Baltic, 
p.  36. 

'/Vnrfe.— Titnlicr  forum  the  principal  article  of  export  j  for  though  that  of  Danlzic  be  considered  bet- 
ter, it  in  Ke'ii'rally  cheaper,  and  ultnost  always  more  ulinndniit,  at  .Meiiiel.  It  cooich  priiiiipally  from 
the  cKtaleH  nf  Triiite  Kud/.ivil,  and  18  floated  down  tlie  river  in  rafts.  ll<'re.  as  at  Danlzic,  llie  best 
ipiality  of  ail  sorlH  of  wood  articles  is  called  AroAn,  or  triiwn,  the  3<i  brack,  and  llie  'ii\  hrackn  bruck, 
Ijirtie  <|iiaiilili('H  of  licinp  and  tia.x  are  almi  e.xporti.'d,  asare  hrislies,  liiileH,liiisuiMi  (llie  (inesi  furcrunh- 
Jnu  broiiuht  to  I''<ii|!land),  wax,  pitch  and  tar,  A.c.  The  txpnrls  of  frraiii  are  Konieliines  very  consider- 
olile.  The  wlieat  of  I.ilhiiania  is  reciioiied  the  best.  All  flax  and  hemp  nhipped  from  Mcniel  iiinst  be 
bracked,  or  assorted  by  swiirn  selectors.— (See  Klax,  and  IIk.mp.)  The  impurls  consist  principally  of 
colfi'i-,  sugar,  spices,  dye  woods,  tobacco,  mm,  cotton  sliiffs  and  yarn,  cutlery,  wine,  &c.  Mi-rcliants 
at  Aleniei  Kcnerally  send  llieir  bills  to  Kiinif!»<lii-r|{  to  Ite  sold,  cliaruiii!;  their  correspondents  with  1  per 
rent,  for  liunk  commiNsion,  postages,  Jic.  Tliu  navigation  generally  closes  about  the  latter  end  uf 
Dt'cemlier,  and  opens  aliont  the  middle  of  Marcli. 

N'Mlvvillislanding  the  dilliiiillies  wliicli  our  corn  laws  and  timber  duties  throw  in  the  way  of  our 
coinmerce  with  I'rusMla,  we  liave  a  very  extensive  inlerccmrse  with  IVIeinel.  Our  imporls  consist 
princip.iily  of  lir  limber,  and  the  siiips  tliat  go  out  are  inustly  only  partially  loaded,  or  in  builubt.  We 
lulijoiii  an 

Account  of  the  Ships  entering  and  clearing  out  from  Mcniel  in  1830,  distinguishing  those  belonging  to 
each  Coiinlry,  and  those  that  entered  and  cleared  out  in  Uallust. 


n 

... 

Shipl. 

Laili. 

1.714 

Loided. 

In  BilLtlt. 

ti«gi« 

Shi|n. 

IjltK. 

Ship., 

I.1SIS. 

1,^03 

U.iiii9h 

•    imuni 

22 

7 

.Sll 

15 

outward 

21 

1,72  • 

21 

1,722 

Mecklenburfh 

■    iniv.ir(l 

3 

:i3i 

2 

21i 

1 

116 

oiilward 

3 

an 

3 

331 

Ruisiaa 

•    inward 

S 

172 

4 

PI 

1 

41 

outward 

S 

l"2 

S 

172 

Swediih 

•    iliwant 

5 

64~l 

2 

ISO 

3 

394 

outward 

5 

614 

3 

391 

2 

l.W 

Norwegian      • 

-    In  want 

39 

i.mi 

•M 

1,(116 

IS 

975 

outward 

3<< 

I.WI 

39 

1,991 

BriliJh  • 

"           •           -    inward 

330 

43.2»2 

28 

3,Ml 

302 

39,451 

outward 

3.13 

43. 2.^ 

3.T3 

«,.!3« 

llnnovRrian 

•    inward 

3i 

2.3  4 

10 

4« 

25 

1,898 

outward 

35 

2.314 

3S 

8,314 

Oldenburgh      • 

-    iowaI^t 

14 

.'.17 

3 

100 

II 

417 

outward 

14 

617 

14 

517 

Neiherl»ndi     • 

-    in  want 

32 

2.2C6 

6 

251 

27 

2,035 

outward 

32 

2,2I'6 

32 

2,286 

PrUHiM 

•           •           -    inward 

212 

2t),2->4 

f>9 

7.M9 

IS3 

20,705 

outwat^l 
Total    - 

213 

2f<,2f>l 

212 

2-,227 

1 

37 

1,397 

I62,S22 

841 

9.i,400 

556 

67,422 

The  Monies,  tl'eiphtg,  and  Measures  of  Meinel  are  tile  same  as  tliose  of  Danlzic  j  which  see. 

For  fiirtiier  particulars  see  Oddij's  European  Cummercc,  pp.  22(1—224. ;  CouUer  sur  les  Pharrs ;  Fer- 
ber's  M'rw  Cnntrihutiona  to  a  Kvuirleilfre  of  the  Covimerciol  State  of  the  Prvsiian  Monarchy  (Germ.), 
Berlin,  1832 ;  Jacob's  First  Report  on  the  Agriculture  of  the  JVorth  of  Europe,  (^c. 

MERCURY,  OR  QUICKSILVER  (Fr.  Vif  argent ;  Ger.  Qiiicksilber ,  It.  Argento 
vivo ;  Sp.  Azogtie  ,■  Rus.  RttU  ,•  Lat.  Hydmrgijnim ;  Arab.  Zihdkh  ;  Hind.  Pura/i ; 
Sans.  Pdrada).  This  metal  was  known  in  the  remotest  ages,  and  seems  to  have  been  em- 
ployed by  the  ancients  in  gilding,  and  separating  gold  from  other  bcKlies,  just  as  it  i.s  by  the 
moilerns.  Its  colour  is  white,  and  similar  to  that  of  silver;  hence  the  names  of  hydrargy- 
rum, argenttim  vivum,  quicksiluer,  by  which  it  has  been  known  in  all  ages.  It  has  no  taste 
or  smell.  It  possesses  a  good  deal  of  brilliancy  ;  and  when  its  surface  is  not  tarnished,  it 
makes  a  very  goml  mirror.  Its  specific  gravity  is  1 3-568.  It  diflers  from  all  other  metals 
in  being  always  fluid,  unless  when  subjected  to  a  degree  of  cold  equal  to — 39°,  when  it  be- 
comes solid.  The  congelation  of  mercury  was  first  observed  in  1759. — {Thomson^s  Che- 
mistry.) 

Mercury  is  founil  in  vnrlous  parts  of  the  world.  Among  the  principal  mines  are  those  of  Almaden, 
near  Cordova,  in  Spain  ;  Idria,  inCarii.dia;  Wolfstein  and  Morsfield,  in  the  Palatinate;  Giiancave- 
lica,  in  Peru,&c.  "Most  of  the  ores  of  mercury  are  readily  dislinguished  from  those  of  any  other 
metal ;  in  the  1st  variety,  globules  of  the  metal  are  seen  attached  to  or  just  starting  on  the  surface, 
which  is  at  once  a  RUfficient  criterion,  mercury  being  unlike  every  other  metal ;  in  the  2d,  by  the  flns 
white  colour,  and  the  action  of  the  blow-pipe,  which  siibliineB  the  mercury  and  leaves  the  silver  behind  ; 
the  3(),  bjr  its  beautiful  deep  red  tint,  varying  from  cochineal  to  scarlet  fed,  excepting  in  those  termed 
hepatic  cinnabars,  which  are  generally  of  a  lead  grey ;  the  4th,  by  its  grey  colour,  its  partial  solubility 
in  water,  and  its  complete  volatilisation  by  heal,  emilling  at  the  same  time  an  arsenical  odour.  Be- 
fore the  blow-pipe,  these  varieties  burn  with  a  blue  flame  and  sulphurous  odour,  leaving  more  or  less 
residue  behind  them,  and  which  may  consist  of  earthy  matter,  as  silex  and  alumina,  together  with  the 
oxides  of  iron  and  copper."— (yoyee'»  Chem.  Min.) 

Mercury  is  often  adulterated  by  the  admixture  of  lead,  bismuth,  zinc,  and  tin.  When  the  metal 
quickly  loses  its  liisire,  is  covered  with  a  film,  or  is  less  fluid  and  mobile  than  usual,  or  does  not 
readily  divide  into  round  globules,  there  is  reason  to  suspect  its  purity. 

It  is  slated  by  Dr.  A.  T.  Thomson,  in  his  Dispensatory — a  work  generally  distinguished  for  its  accu- 
racy—that most  of  the  mercury  used  in  this  country  is  brought  from  Germany.  But  whatever  niny 
have  been  the  case  formerly,  this  is  not  certainly  true  at  present.  On  the  contrary,  of  314,286  lbs.  of 
quicksilver  imported  in  It^SI,  none  was  brought  from  Germany  ;  269,5SH  lbs.  were  brought  direct  from 
Bpain,  and  13,714  lbs.  from  Gibraltar;  of  the  latter,  a  part  was  derived  from  Carnlola,  and  a  part 
ft'oiii  Spain  ;  31,014  lbs.  were  brought  from  Italy.  Only  193,310  lbs.  were  retained  fur  home  consump- 
tion in  1831.— (PoW.  Paper,  No.  350.  Sess.  1833.) 

Quicksilver  is  produced  in  several  of  the  provinces  of  China.  During  the  war,  when  the  inter- 
course between  Europe  and  America  was  interrupted,  the  price  of  quicksilver  rose  to  such  a  height 
in  the  latter,  that  it  answered  to  import  it  from  China.  But  since  the  peace  it  has  been  regularly  ex- 
ported to  the  latter.  At  an  average  of  the  14  years  ending  with  1828,  the  imports  of  quicksilver  by  the 
Engliih  and  Americans  into  Canton  amounted  to  648,085  lbs,  a  year,  worth  340,263  doUari.— (i^orib' 
/l«i>ort(./1831,  p.  647.) 


Ther 
mercui 
whole 
red  .hot 

red  coll 
by  the  i 

Caloi 
oblaine 
of  7i:fl 
whole  r 

Hesidi 
nielals, 
ronietei 


MILE— MINING  COMPANIES. 


187 


inJ  Baltir., 

clereri  bet- 
pally  from 
:,  till!  huat 
arku  briifk. 

fur  crush- 
'  ciiiiHiil<!r- 
;l  1111181  be 
iii:i|mlly  of 
Mi-rcliiiiits 

Willi  1  per 
ttr  end  of 

vny  of  our 
iris  (0118191 
llabl.    We 


cloiiging  to 


67,422 


see. 

Pharrs ;  Fer- 
hy  (Germ.), 

:t.  Argento 
Purah f 
been  em- 
it is  by  the 
hydrargy- 
laH  no  taste 
irnished,  it 
[her  metals 
hon  it  be- 
ison's  CAe- 


If  Almaden, 
1  Guaiicave- 
t(  any  other 
tthe  surfiice, 
1  by  the  fine 
Iver  behind  ; 
lose  termed 
\\  solubility 
Idotir.  Be- 
liore  or  less 
ler  with  the 

the  metal 
|)r  does  not 

[)r  its  accu- 
llever  may 
1,286  lbs.  of 
(irect  from 
ind  a  part 
I  consunip* 

i  the  inter- 

a  height 

kniarly  ex- 

iverbythe 


There  are  9  sulphurets  of  mercury ;  the  blacic  or  elhinps  mineral,  and  tlie  red  or  r.innahnr.  When 
mercury  and  sulphur  are  triturated  tiigelher  in  a  mortar,  the  former  (tr'tdiially  ilisapiiiMr!),  mid  the 
whole  assumes  the  fiiriii  nf  a  black  powder,  denoininatiMl  etliiopn  mineral.  If  this  iiowiler  lie  heated 
red-hot,  it  sublimes  ;  and  on  a  proper  vessel  being  placed  to  receive  It,  a  riike  is  obiauieil,  of  a  lino 
red  coliuir,  which  is  called  cinnabar.  This  cake,  when  reduced  to  (Hiwder,  is  well  kmiwn  in  cunimerci: 
by  the  name  of  vermilmn.     Cinnabar  may  be  prepared  in  varioiis  oilier  ways. 

Calomel,  or  prntochlnride  of  mercury  (mercurius  dalcia),  is  Ihe  most  iiHeful  of  nil  the  preparations 
obtained  from  it.  It  is  in  the  form  of  a  dull  white,  semi-transparent  iiiai'S,  havini;  a  speritir  gravity 
of  7  ru.  It  is  more  generally  employed,  and  with  better  etfoct,  than  almost  any  uiher  remedy  in  the 
whole  ranve  of  the  materia  iiiedica. 

Besides  its  uses  in  medicine,  mercury  is  extensively  employed  in  the  amalgamation  of  the  noble 
metals,  in  water-gilding,  the  making  uf  vermilion,  the  silvering  of  looking-glasses,  the  making  uf  ba- 
rometers and  thermometers,  ttc. 

MILE,  the  usual  measure  of  roads  in  England,  being  8  furlongs,  or  1,760  yards. 

MILK  (Fr.  Lait !  It.  La/te,-  Lat.  Lnc),  a  fluid  secreted  by  the  female  of  all  those 
uniinals  denominated  mammalia,  and  evidently  intended  for  the  nourishment  of  her  otlspring. 
The  milk  of  every  animal  has  certain  fieculiarities  which  distiiiguiHh  it  from  all  other  milk. 
But  the  animal  whose  milk  is  most  used  by  man,  and  with  which,  consequently,  we  are 
licst  acquainted,  i-s  the  cow.  .The  external  character  of  all  milk  is  that  of  a  while  opaque 
ihiid,  having  a  sweetish  taste,  and  a  specific  gravity  somewhat  greater  tiuiii  that  of  water. 
When  allowed  to  remain  at  rest,  it  separates  into  2  parts ;  a  thick  whitish  fluid  called  cream, 
collecting  in  a  thin  stratum  over  its  surface,  and  a  more  dense  watery  body,  remaining  be- 
low. Milk  which  has  stood  for  some  time  after  the  separation  of  the  cream,  beconies  aces- 
cent, and  then  coagulates.  When  the  coagulum  is  presised  gently,  a  serous  fluid  is  forced 
out,  and  there  remains  the  caseous  part  of  the  milk,  or  pure  cheese. 

Butter,  one  of  the  moat  valuable  animal  products,  is  solidified  cream,  and  is  obtained 
artiticially  by  churning. — (See  Buttkr.) 

Milk  has  always  been  a  favourite  food  of  most  European  nations,  and  especially  of  the 
Briti.-ih.  Larlf  et  came  vivunt,  aaya  Ctesar  of  our  ancestors;  a'ld  the  same  articles  still 
contiime  to  form  a  lerge  part  of  our  subsistence.  Mr.  Middleion  estitnaies  (Agricullnral 
SuriTi/  of  Middlesex,  2d  ed.  p.  419.),  that,  in  1806,  no  fewer  than  8,r)00  milch  cows  were 
kept  for  the  supply  of  London  and  its  environs  with  milk  and  cream;  and  lie  estimates  the 
average  quantity  of  milk  obtained  from  each  cow  at  nine  r/iiarfu  a  day,  or  :},".i8.5  quarts  a 
year,  leaving,  every  deduction  being  taken  into  account,  3,200  quarts  of  marketable  produce. 

If  Mr.  Middleton  be  well  founded  in  these  estimates,  we  may  reasorialily  calculate  the 
number  of  cows  that  are  at  present  kept  in  London  and  its  environs  at  9,000,  and  their 
annual  produce  at  28,800,000  (juarts  of  milk.  Now,  as  milk  is  sold  by  the  retailers  at  4d. 
a  quart  after  the  cream  is  separated  from  it,  and  as  the  cream  is  usually  sold  at  'is.  a  quart, 
and  there  is  reason  to  suspect  that  a  good  deal  of  water  is  intermixed  with  the  milk,  we 
believe  we  should  not  be  warranted  in  estimating  that  the  milk,  as  obtained  from  the  cow, 
is  sold  at  less  than  Gd.  a  quart  which  gives  720,000/.  as  the  total  price  of  the  milk  con- 
sumed in  the  city  and  its  immediate  vicinity.  If  to  this  sum  were  added  the  further  sums 
paid  for  cheese  and  butter,  the  magnitude  of  the  entire  sum  paid  in  the  metropolis  for  milk, 
and  the  various  products  derived  from  it,  would  appear  astonishing. 

MILLET  (Ger.  Hime .•  Fr.  Millet,  Ml,-  It.  MIglio,  Panicaslrello ,-  Sp.  Mjo;  Lat 
Milium,  I'anictivi  miliiiceum).  There  are  3  distinct  species  of  millet;  the  Polish  millet, 
tlie  common  or  German  millet,  and  the  Indian  millet.  It  is  cultivated  as  a  species  of  grain ; 
and  is  sometimes  employed  to  feed  poultry,  and  as  a  substitute  for  rice.  The  Indian  millet 
grows  to  a  large  size ;  but  the  autumns  in  England  are  seldom  dry  and  warm  enough  to 
allow  of  its  being  cultivated  here. — (LMtidou'a  Encif.  of  Agriculture.) 

MILL-STONES  (Ger.  il/uAA»/ejne,-  Fr.  Pierres  menlieres ,-  It.  Mole  macine  ,•  Sp.  Mue- 
las  de  molino ,-  Rus.  f<chernowoi  kamen),  the  large  circular  stones,  which,  when  put  in  mo- 
tion by  machinery,  grind  corn  and  other  articles.  The  diameter  of  common  mill-stones  is 
from  5  to  7  feet,  and  their  thickness  varies  from  12  to  18  inches.  These  stones  have  been 
principally  imported  from  Rouen  and  other  parts  of  France;  the  burr-stones  of  that  country 
being  supposed  more  durable  than  our  own.  Mill-atones  are,  however,  found  at  Conway, 
North  Wales,  and  in  some  parts  of  Scotland,  which  are  said  to  equal  any  imported  from 
foreign  countries.     Good  mill-stones  usually  last  35  or  40  years.  , 

"  Milo,"  says  Mr.  Urquhart,  "  abounds  in  admirable  mill  stones,  which  I  believe  answer  better  than 
the  French  burr  for  the  hard  wheat  of  the  Black  Sea,  so  much  preferred  in  the  Levant  lo  the  soft, 
Ibniigh  not  so  in  England,  for  want  of  proper  stones.  Tliese  stones,  of  full  dimensions,  might  be  ship- 
ped at  Milo  for  51.  or  6/.  the  pair.  Bui  were  they  brought  here,  they  would  he  met  with  a  duty  of  11/ 
Us.  the  pair,  whereas  French  burrs,  a  pair  of  which  cost  3!>l.,  pay  but  10.».  the  \0a."— {Turkey  and  it» 
liesourcen,  p.  14H.)  This  extraordinary  difference  in  the  duly  depends  on  the  stones  beiii);  under  or 
ovi'r  4  feet  in  diameter.  Surely,  however,  if  a  duty  must  be  laid  on  such  an  article  as  mill-stones, 
common  sense  would  suggest  that  it  should  be  charged  according  to  their  weight  or  cubical  contents. 
Were  it  not  for  the  absurd  way  in  which  it  is  imposed,  it  is  probable  that  stones  from  Milo  might  be 
brought  home  as  ballast  in  some  of  the  Turkey  ships,  all  of  which,  except  lliuse  loaded  with  currant! 
and  grain,  are  light. 

MINING  COMPANIES.     By  this  designation  is  commonly  meant  the  associations 
formed  in  London,  a  few  years  ago,  for  working  mines  in  Mexico  and  South  America. 
The  mania  for  mining  concerns,  which  raged  in  London  and  the  empire  generally  in  1821 


I 
I 

Si 


188 


MINING  COMPANIES. 


and  1825,  after  the  opening  of  Mexico  and  other  parts  of  Spanish  America  to  our  inter- 
course, forms  a  rcmarkaMe,  and,  wc  are  sorry  to  add,  disgraceful  era  in  our  commercial  his- 
tory. Now  that  the  madness  is  past,  we  have  difiiculty  in  conceivini?  iiow  men  in  the  habit 
«f  soIht  calculation  could  be  led  to  entertain  such  romantic  expectations,  and  to  pay  such 
hi^h  premiums  for  shares  in  distant  and  uncertain  undertakinRs.  Wc  may,  therefore,  1)6 
excused  for  appropriating  a  page  or  two  to  the  history  of  an  infatuation  hardly  second  to  that 
which  led  to  the  South  Sea  and  Mississippi  schemes. 

The  mining  companies  formed  at  the  outset  had  some  sort  of  basis  for  favourable  expec- 
tations, their  directors  liavini?  made  contracts  for  a  number  of  mines  in  Mexico,  described 
by  II;in)l)oldt  as  having  enriched  many  hundred  families.  This  particularly  applies  to  the 
Kcal  (111  Monte  Company,  whose  mines  are  situated  in  the  mountainous  district  of  that 
name ;  to  the  Anglo-Mexican  Company,  whose  mines  are  at  (Juanaxiiato,  the  principal 
mining  (pinrter  in  Mexico  ;  and  to  the  United  Mexican  Company,  whose  contracts,  though 
far  too  widely  spread,  comprise  several  valuable  mines  at  Zacatccas,  Sombrereto,  Guanax- 
uato,  and  other  parts. 

These  associutions  were  formed  in  TiOndon  early  in  1824,  and  during  the  spring  and  sum- 
mer of  that  year  their  stock  or  shares  bore  only  a  small  premium ;  but  towards  the  winter  it 
began  pr^>gre.s^ively  to  rise,  to  the  surprise  of  several  of  the  directors;  seeing  that  it  arose 
less  from  any  favourable  intelligence  of  the  mines  (for  the  accounts  from  Mexico  merely 
reported  the  arrival  of  the  English  agents)  than  from  a  blind  ardour  and  s[iirit  of  speculation 
in  the  public, — a  spirit  which,  seeing  nothing  tempting  in  our  own  funds,  or  in  those  of  con- 
tinental Europe,  directed  itself  to  distant  objects,  and  particularly  to  tSpanish  America.  It 
appeared  as  if  our  countrymen  were  abuut  to  reap  an  immediate  harvest ;  to  lay  their  hands 
on  a  treasure  hid  for  ages.  America,  it  was  said,  had  been  discovered,  in  one  sense,  above  .3 
centuries ;  but  this  was  the  true  discovery, — the  effectual  access  to  its  resources.  Every 
new  contract  for  a  Mexican  mine  produced  a  rise  in  the  shares  of  the  companies,  as  if  this 
fresh  undcrtiiking  must  necessarily  be  a  source  of  profit  to  the  others !  And  the  result  was, 
that  in  January,  1825,  the  premium  on  the  shares  of  each  of  the  companies  mentioned  above 
exceeded  cent,  per  cent.,  although  no  substantial  reason  could  be  given  for  any  advance 
whatever.  It  must  not,  however,  l>e  imagined  that  this  rise  of  price  was  occasioned  solely 
by  the  competition  of  individuals  who  intended  to  continue  to  hold  stock,  and  to  trust  to  the 
dividends  made  by  the  companies  for  a  return.  That  this  was  the  case  in  the  first  instance, 
is,  speaking  generally,  true.  But  others,  actuated  by  very  different  views,  speedily  entered 
the  field.  A  peculiar  combination  of  circumstances,  at  the  head  of  which  must  be  placed 
an  almost  incredible  degree  of  ignorance  and  folly  on  the  part  of  a  considerable  portion  of 
the  public,  spread  a  spirit  of  gambling  among  all  classes.  Many  who  were  most  eager  in 
the  pursuit  of  shares,  intended  only  to  hold  them  for  a  few  days  or  weeks,  to  profit  by  the 
rise  which  they  anticipated  would  take  place,  by  selling  them  to  others  more  credulous  or 
bold  than  themselves.  The  confidence  of  one  set  of  speculators  confirmed  that  of  others. 
Meanwhile  the  public  gullibility,  or  rather  its  indiscriminating  rapacity,  was  liberally  admi- 
nistered to.  Company  after  company  was  formed  without  any  previous  contract ;  in  other 
words,  without  any  foundation  whatever !  The  plan  was  to  fix  on  a  district  in  America  un- 
derstood to  contain  mines ;  to  form  a  company  bearing  the  name  of  such  district ;  to  obtain 
a  first  payment  from  the  shareholders,  and  to  send  out  agents,  or  commissioners,  as  they  were 
termed,  to  survey  the  district  and  engage  mines.  Such  was  the  case  of  most  of  those  having 
the  names  of  districts  in  South  America,  subjoined  to  the  present  statement :  it  was  the  case 
also  of  the  Hispaniola  or  St.  Domingo  Company,  formed  on  the  basis  of  accounts  given  by 
Dr.  Kol)ertson  of  mines  wrought  in  that  island  some  3  centuries  ago !  And  yet  lawyers, 
clergymen,  and  even  the  nobles  of  the  land,  were  candidates  for  shares  in  these  miserable 
bubbles,  in  the  hope  of  finding  (in  which,  luckily,  most  of  them  were  disappointed)  some 
dupe  to  buy  their  shares  at  a  premium.* 

As  the  year  1825  proceeded,  the  mining  mania  gradually  declined,  not  from  any  falling 
off  in  the  prospects  of  the  companies,  but  in  the  supply  of  money  in  London.  Speculative 
merchants  had  made  immense  importations  of  cotton,  silk,  wool,  timber,  and  other  articles; 
money  was,  of  course,  wanted  to  pay  for  these ;  the  banks  were  drained  ;  discounts  became 
difficult ;  mining  shares  and  South  American  stock  were  brought  to  sale ;  and  the  holders 
found,  to  their  cost,  that  the  public  hod  recovered  its  senses.  The  panic  in  December,  1825, 
took  j)lace ;  the  shares  of  the  3  principal  companies,  some  of  which  had  been  at  a  premium 
of  500  per  cent,,  fell  to  par:  that  is,  100/.  in  money,  and  no  more,  could  begot  for  100/. of 
the  company's  stock  !  This  price  they  maintained  a  considerable  time,  because  most  of  the 
parties  interested  continued  to  have  a  favourable  impression  of  the  issue  of  their  undertakings. 

*  Those  who  mny  be  desirous  nraeeingthe  extent  to  which  the  public  credulity  was  practised  upon 
in  iH2'l  and  ISU,  may  consult  n  pamphlet  published  by  II.  English,  broker,  in  1H27,  which  contains  an 
account  of  all  the  joint  stock  coinpnnics  ftirnied  and  projected  in  these  memorable  yenrs.  It  presents 
a  most  extraordinary  picture.  There  were  in  all  74  mining  companies  formed  and  projected!  The 
■(■inilier  and  quality  of  the  other  schemes  were  similar.  It  is  due  to  Mr.  Bnrinft  to  say  that  be  de- 
nounced the  evil  when  in  progress;  and  warned  the  unthinking  muUiiudc  of  the  ruin  they  were 
bringing  upon  themselves ;  but  to  no  purpose. 


Demands, 

Bharelio|,|( 
diiced  by 
so  that  i() 
destroyed. 
Even  til 
not  the  di 
whatever  I] 
sliarcholdei 
on,  such  in 
I'y  I  lie   dire 
hiid  advanr 
incur  the  fo 
Jcs.H  degree; 
'i'hey  rai.sed 
petty,  or  pre 
ns  far  as  can 
hie  lesson  o 
nature  of  a 
not  been,  in 
nuinher  of  sj 
200  or  .300,  t 
their  whole  j 
'I'iie  nianaj 
fliey  fii'spasst 
little  commun 
Old  Sjmin  ha' 
the  civil  wars 
way  to  lhi.s  c(i 
the  f)ubli8hed 
formed  the  chi 
tliis  instance,  I 
merchants  kne 
try  of  Mexico, 
tliey  had  no  id 
the  amount  of 
aware  how  liitl 
"lines,  like  pye 
natives  of  Old  i 
cans  succeeded 
"iitive  Mexican 
without  any  du( 
men  to  drain  tin 
the  use  of  whic 
and  creating  a  g 
to  the  last  and  n 
silver  from  the 
(Germany  during 
hy  thi'm  in  a  ver 
the  whole,  or  an 
was  nicreiy  to  ca" 
to  their  people  f< 
tl'ey  (the  Mexicc 
resources,  or  had 
Actuated  by  t; 
agents  of  the  con 
All  the  companie 
<lu»'ling  them,  for 
|l"'y  proceeded,  st 
1"  ipiantity,  scldo 
trading  the  silve 
(iistiuice  of  the  u 
the  agents  of  Hie  _ 
atlord  any  great  cl 
poiiitnients,  to  war 
fair  character  and 
""ig-     Hence  the 


n 


MINING  COMPANIES. 


189 


Dfimanilii,  however,  were  made  for  additinnal  Bums  to  mpct  the  expenditure  ahrnnd:  the 
Bharfh(»liliT8  felt  iill  the  prrssure  of  these  drniandH,  iiflor  their  inrurneH  at  Imiiie  lind  heeu  re- 
duced hv  the  chan(;e  nf  litncs:  and  in  I82fi  and  1827  iiiiiiiiit;  shiires  prii^;ressivfly  declined, 
80  that  100/.  stock  fetched  only  20/.  or  2HI.  in  money.  'J'he  iiublile  companies  were  entirely 
destroyed,  and  the  few  only  remained  who  had  some  foundation  to  stand  upon. 

Even  these  would  have  hcen  relinquished,  or  have  shrunk  into  very  small  dimensions,  had 
lint  the  directors  been  able  to  enfiree  further  payments,  by  forfeiting,  in  delimit  of  such, 
whatever  liad  been  previously  paid  by  the  subscribers.  The  usas^e  was.  that  on  becoiniinr  a 
shareholder  each  person  subscribed  the  deed  of  iho  company,  en^a(;in);  lo  pay,  when  called 
on,  such  instalments  or  sums  to  account  (generally  10/.  on  each  share)  as  should  be  required 
by  the  directors,  until  he  had  compietetl  payment  of  the  100/.  Now,  a  shareholder  who 
had  advanced  5{)l.  or  00/.  naturally  consented  to  pay  10/.  from  time  to  time,  rather  thati 
incur  the  forfeiture  of  nil  that  he  had  [laid.  Those  who  held  only  a  few  shares  felt  this  in  a 
jess  degree ;  but  to  the  holders  of  a  number  of  shares,  the  grievance  was  mo-t  serious. 
They  raised  the  money  with  great  ditfieully;  often  selling  at  a  heavy  loss  tbeir  family  pro- 
peity,  or  prevailing  on  relations  to  make  them  advances,  to  their  great  inconvenience,  and, 
as  far  as  can  yet  be  seen,  with  very  little  prospect  of  a  return  from  the  mines ; — a  memora- 
hle  lesson  of  the  caution  that  should  be  exercised  before  i^igning  any  eimagenienl  in  the 
nature  of  a  company  deed.  Resentment  would  be  excited  against  tlie  directors,  had  they 
not  been,  in  general,  the  heaviest  sulferers:  their  regulations  required  iheni  to  hold  a  certnia 
number  of  shares  (perhaps  20  or  30)  ;  but  in  their  blind  conlidence  they  fre(|nently  held 
200  or  300,  and  drew  on  themselves  a  proportionate  sacrifice ;  in  several  cases,  the  loss  of 
their  whole  property. 

'I'he  managers  of  the  companies  formed  in  the  outset  are  chargeable  with  ignorance  only : 
they  trespassed  not  knowingly,  but  from  want  of  information.  There  had  till  then  beea 
little  conununication  between  this  country  and  Spanish  America  ;  the  monopoly  enforced  by 
Old  SS[)ain  having  prevented  it.  Of  the  Spaniards  sctttled  in  Mexico,  and  driven  from  it  by 
the  civil  wars  and  consequent  emancipation  of  the  country,  none,  or  almost  none,  found  their 
way  to  this  country  ;  they  repaired  to  Cuba,  to  the  south  of  France,  or  to  Spain.  Nor  were 
the  published  accounts  of  the  country  entitled  to  much  conlidence:  Humboldt's  Travels 
formed  the  chief  authority ;  but  their  illustrious  author,  though  generally  cautious,  seems,  in 
this  instance,  to  have  placed  too  much  confidence  in  vague  exaggerated  statements.  Our 
merchants  knew  generally  that  silver  mines  formed  a  main  branch  of  the  productive  indus- 
try of  Mexico,  and  had  enriched  very  many  families  originally  in  humble  circumstances;  but 
they  had  no  idea  of  the  extent  of  injury  sustained  by  the  mines  during  the  civil  war,  nor  of 
the  amount  of  ex|)enditure  reo'iired  to  bring  them  into  a  working  state:  nor  were  they 
aware  how  little  useful  information  could  be  expected  from  the  natives;  the  working  of  the 
mines,  like  every  operation  requiring  skill  and  intelligence,  having  been  su|)erintended  by 
natives  of  Old  Spain,  who  had  either  fallen  in  the  civil  war,  or  been  expelled  after  the  Mexi- 
cans succeeded  in  the  contest.  Hence,  the  agents  of  our  companies  found  on  the  spot  only 
iiiitive  Mexicans, — men  without  education  or  experience  in  business,  and,  it  must  bo  added, 
without  any  due  sense  of  the  importance  of  candour  or  probity.  They  urged  our  country- 
men to  drain  the  mines,  not  by  machinery,  of  which  they  had  no  idea,  but  by  animal  power, 
tlie  use  of  which  was  of  advantage  to  the  Mexican  landholders,  by  employing  their  horses, 
and  creating  a  great  consumption  of  maize,  the  principal  grain  of  the  ciiuntry.  Then,  as 
to  the  last  and  most  important  stage  in  the  business  of  mining, — tiie  mode  of  extracting  the 
silver  from  the  ore, — the  Mexicans,  wholly  unacquainted  with  the  improvements  made  in 
Germany  during  the  last  half  century,  recommended  amalgamation, — a  process  conducted 
by  them  in  a  very  rude  manner,  and  which,  in  most  qualities  of  silver  ore,  fails  to  extract 
the  whole,  or  any  thing  like  the  whole,  of  the  metal.  The  object  of  the  Mexicans,  in  short, 
was  merely  to  cause  English  capital  to  be  circulated  among  them;  thus  giving  employment 
to  their  people  for  a  time,  and  bringing  the  mines  into  an  improved  stale, — in  which  state 
they  (the  Mexicans)  might  hope  to  resume  them  after  our  countrymen  had  exhausted  their 
resources,  or  had  become  weary  of  their  contracts. 

Actuated  by  these  views,  the  Mexicans  pressed  one  undertaking  after  another  on  the 
agents  of  the  companies,  who  were  but  too  eager  to  enter  on  them  without  such  incitement. 
All  the  companies  fell  into  errors  of  the  same  kind,  viz.  engaging  too  many  mines,  and  con- 
ducting them,  for  a  time,  as  if  their  funds  were  unlimited.  They  reckoned  on  finding,  as 
they  proceeded,  supplies  in  the  produce  of  the  mines;  but  that  produce,  though  considerable 
ill  quantity,  seldom  yielded  the  expected  result,  owing  to  the  very  imperfect  method  of  ex- 
tnicling  the  silver  from  the  ore,  as  well  as  to  the  various  disadvantages  attendant  on  the  vast 
distance  of  the  undertakings  from  this  country.  These  disadvantages  were  ill  supplied  by 
the  agents  of  t!.e  companies.  Mining  in  England  is  not  conducted  on  a  scale  sutHcient  to 
afford  any  great  choice  of  superintendents  for  mines  abroad  :  it  was  necessary,  in  such  ap- 
pointinetits,  to  waive  the  qualification  of  mining  knowledge,  and  to  he  satisfied  with  men  of 
iiiir  character  and  reputed  ability  in  their  respective  professions,  however  diU'erci  I  from  mi- 
ning.   Hence  the  appointments,  as  agents,  of  several  olficcrs,  naval  and  milUury,  on  the 


:  i»S : 


100 


MINING  COMPANIES. 


half  pay  list  /  whose  habits,  whatever  might  he  their  personal  merits,  were  very  difTerent 
from  those  required  for  surh  conrerns.  Mercantile  men  might  have  heen  more  suitahle; 
but  a  niorrhaiil  fully  employed  in  hiiMiness  was  not  likely  to  relincjuish  or  suspend  it ;  and 
those  who  ill  miildle  age  are  not  fully  employed,  frecpiently  are  indelited  for  their  leisure  to 
vacillation,  want  of  exertion,  or  deficient  judgment.  This  sulFices  to  account  for  the  disap- 
pointments of  the  companies  in  a  very  material  point — the  conduct  of  their  commissioners 
or  agents  abroad  ;  for,  of  the  whole  number,  it  would  he  dilficult  to  point  out  more  than  2  or 
3  entitled  to  the  praise  of  judicious  management.  'I'he  same  applied  to  most  of  the  inferior 
Cinpl<ii/rs, — to  the  practical  miners,  clerks,  and  mechanics. 

'J'hc  expense  of  conveying  the  re<|uiHiie  machinery  from  the  coast  of  Mexico  to  the  mining 
districts,  generally  nt  a  great  distance  in  the  interior,  absorbed  much  capital.  'J'he  country  has 
few  pr;ictii-able  ro;ids,  draught  carriages  are  almost  unknown,  and  burdens  are  carried  on  the 
backs  of  mules  and  horses:  add  to  this,  that  Mexico  being  uncU'r-jieopled,  labour  is  nearly  as 
high  in  it  as  in  the  United  States  of  North  America;  and  the  mechanical  arts  being  in  a 
manner  unknown,  all  skilled  workmen,  such  as  carpenters,  blacksmiths,  and  working  engi- 
neers, had  to  be  sent  from  England  at  a  heavy  expense. 

8uch  were  the  chief  causes  of  the  failure  of  the  Mexican  mining  companies;  and  several 
of  these  may  be  referred  to  one  radical  disadvantage — the  non-existence  of  silver-mines  in 
England.  We  have,  in  Cornwall  and  in  North  Wales,  considerable  mines  of  tin  and  cop- 
per, while  in  the  northern  counties  we  have  mines  of  lead;  but  of  silver  we  have  none  that 
deserve  the  name.  How  much  better  had  it  been  had  our  countrymen  set  out  with  a  con- 
sciousness that  Germany  is  the  only  country  in  Europe,  or,  indeed,  in  the  world,  in  which 
the  treatment  of  silver  ore  is  conducted  on  scientific  principles!  The  Saxons  at  Freylwrg 
succeed  in  extracting  a  [)rofit  from  ore  of  very  inferior  quality,  often  worth  only  a  fourth  or 
fifth  part  of  the  ore  raised  in  abundance  by  the  Mexicans  on  account  of  our  companies,  hut 
which,  wrought  by  their  crude,  inelficient,  and  expensive  process,  fails  to  alford  any  thing 
like  a  satisfactory  return.  There  seems  no  reason  to  doubt  that  the  German  process  may  bo 
applied  to  silver  ore  in  Mexico  as  in  Europe  :  the  dilficulties  arise,  not  from  dilfereiice  in  the 
quality  of  the  ore,  hut  from  the  want  of  experienced  smelters,  and  the  general  backwardness 
of  the  Mexicans  in  mechanics.  A  German  mining  company  established  in  Mexico  has  not 
as  yet  succeeded ;  but  they  have  had  to  contend  with  the  same  difficulties  as  the  English 
companies,  with  the  additional  disadvantage  of  insufficient  capital ;  so  that  their  methods 
have  not  had  a  fair  trial. 

But  though  the  companies  were  in  all  other  respects  successful,  they  have  a  serious  draw- 
back to  contend  with  in  the  unsettled  state  of  the  country.  No  government  has  as  yet 
been  established  in  Mexico,  or  in  any  other  of  the  newly  constituted  .American  states,  with 
power  sufficient  to  put  down  disturbances,  or  to  enforce  the  observance  of  contracts.  So 
long  as  the  companies  were  struggling  to  put  their  mines  into  order,  they  seem  to  have  sus- 
tained little  inconvenience  from  the  circumstances  now  mentioned ;  but  the  moment  they 
had  succeeded  in  bringing  them  once  more  into  a  productive  stale,  and  were  beginning  to 
have  a  reasonable  prospect  of  obtaining  some  return  for  their  enormous  outlays,  they  were 
annoyed  by  questions  as  to  title,  and  by  the  setting  up  of  claims  on  the  mines,  of  which 
they  had  never  heard  before.  Recently,  we  understand,  the  claimants  have  occasionally  had 
recourse  to  violence,  and,  in  some  instances,  the  companies'  servants  have  been  forcibly 
ejected  from  their  works !  We  hope,  though  we  can  hardly  say  we  believe,  that  these  out- 
rages may  lie  repressed  and  punished.  If  they  be  permitted  to  contiime.  it  is  difficult  to  see 
how  the  companies,  how  well  soever  they  may  be  otherwise  established,  can  escape  ruin. 

Witlioiit.  however,  pretending  tn  antirip:ite  the  result  of  these  reninte  speculations,  we  sliall  con- 
clude with  a  hrief  notice  of  tlif  considerations  on  hoth  sides  nt°  the  ((iiesiinn.  'I'lie  circ.iinii'tanct'g  ad- 
verse to  the  success  of  mining  cuiiipanies  in  America,  conducted  fur  account  of  parties  in  IJiigland  or 
in  any  part  of  Europe,  are — 

1.  The  various  disadvantages  of  distant  ninnngement.  Thnse  are  so  many  and  so  sprioiis,  as  to 
admit  of  only  one  corrective,— selling  the  ore  as  soon  as  raised,  and  transferring  to  individuals,  for 
tiieir  own  account,  the  extraction  of  the  niefl.  as  is  donn  in  ('ornwall,  and,  in  a  scimi'wliai  dilfi'rent 
manner,  in  Saxony.  The  ores  also  ought  to  be  raised  by  paying  the  worltnien,  not  fixeA  wages,  but  a 
tribute  or  portion  nf  the  proceeds. 

a.  The  half-civilised  state  of  the  inhabitants,  their  unsettled  political  condition,  and  tlu'  want  of 
power  or  disposition  on  the  part  of  the  parties  in  power  to  nial<e  contracts  be  observed  ;  and  to  hinder 
the  fiiriner  proprietors  of  the  mines,  or  those  connected  with  them,  from  setting  up  fictitious  claims, 
and  enforcing  them  by  violence. 

3.  Tlie  high  price  of  labour;  the  ignorance  of  the  natives  as  to  mechanics,  and  still  more  as  to 
science.  Hence  the  necessity  of  liaving  artisans  and  confidential  superintundents  from  Europe  at  a 
heavy  expense. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  circumstances  in  favour  of  such  undertakings  are — 

1.  The  abundance  of  silver  ore,  which  is  far  greater  than  in  any  part  of  Europe. 

2.  The  former  success  of  mining  in  Me.xico,  under  a  system  extremely  rude  and  expensive,  compared 
to  thai  which  is  now  followed  in  Oermany. 

3.  The  probability  of  continued  peace  in  Europe,  and  of  an  abundance  of  monicd  capital ;  so  that 
the  failure  of  the  present  companies  would  not  involve  a  relinquish  men  t  of  their  enterprises,  any  more 
than  the  failure  of  the  first  New  ttiver  (.'oinpany,  about  two  centuries  ago,  implied  an  nhaiidoiinieiit 
of  their  project.  Succeeding  adventurers  might  come  forward,  and  pursue  the  same  object  on  a  more 
judicious  plan,  and  with  more  ample  funds. 

4.  The  probability  of  Old  Spain  recognising  the  independence  of  Mexico  and  the  other  new  Stales; 
and  of  the  governments  becoming  more  powerful  and  disposed  to  do  justice. 


Untliih  Min 

I'liilnl  Mf«,r 
ll.;M.|.\l.,„ 

»,0lHI,O(XI/.  II, 
Milling  li„„^ 


MINFUM 

oflen  inclinii 
used  in  tlic  n 
MOCIfA, 
Arabia  called 
19'.10"N.,  I 
from  5,000  tc 
from  the  sea 
Mocha  is  s 
tween  2  poini 
water  may  ati 
wilhont  the  l> 
and  the  fort  t( 
g'cat  article  o 
quality.     It  J, 
but  wc  bclievt 
to  Djidda  and 
whence  some 
deida,  direct  fo 
arc,  dates,  adjo 
sharks'  fins,  tr 
civet,  aloes,  sa| 
hardware,  Ac. 
oi)posife  coast 

The  greater  pi 

to  deal  with  the 

on  all  coorts  jm,, 

the  sales.     The 

rrcdii,  and  the 

aijrceil  on.    Cof 

f'ii"ilry,  a  credit 

V^neii  goods  an 

accoiiiit  of  the  n 

taken  nt  random 

bi'tiflheydono 

J  be  qimntiiies  b 

seller,  and  the  di 

(.'00(1  (leal  of  c'XIf 

be  defeated  by  pr 

400  Mocha  dollar 

water  is  dear  :  tl 

»y  all  but  the  po(] 

liiit  not  very  goot 

Mimetf.~The  ci 

eniiimassees  =  i 

H'eiffhta  and  M 

15  Vakias  z 
40  Vakias  ; 
Tliere  in  also  a 


MINIUM,  MOCIIA. 


101 


Engliih  Mining  Ccmpaniti  rtmuected  with  ^nurim,  lohtch  are 

itUl  tarrud  crt.  . 

Umlnl  Mriinn.  1    Mfiltau. 

H<mM>  I  Moiitf,  lluxiii.tii  (twDCompaniei.) 

IVtriiuil.      Ali^lnMfliir;tn,  I     (.  olntid  lAll. 

Ttif  411 it(  nf  citiiUl    inveitrU  by  thcke  cnniiaiiin  ii  about 

6,0lKI,(HH)i.  sttrliliK,  i 

Mining  ('iintfKintts  contierted  wth  ^merira^  formtti  i>i1825, //ut  | 
ioiig  ttmr  iltuUvrd. 


/iiiflo  I'l'tiiviin. 
flolivar.  Cliilinn. 

C'hiliiii  iiDtJ  I'DMiviaii, 
(astt  III).  Fiiii.i  itii. 

(iriii'nil  Sf)iith  Aineri<-aii, 


(ihll  1  nait(Afriri). 
llMViinn,  r:iM'i)  Peruvian. 

IVniviari.         VuUmi  la  Car. 
Hin  (It!  In  Plata. 
'rialpuiihu.-i. 
I'liileil  Pacilir, 


The  "iitin  ni'K^I  hy  i!  c«e  cnnnisniM  wrrf  not  lir?t* ;  in  fenrril 
<inlv  ft  |tfr  rrnt.  en  tiV ir  (iri  (nni  f  ripM:*!. 

Tlifrr  wrn-  4lw>  VAriotii  c'.nii..tiiit*  ti.nnrd  in  In.V^,  for  nijninr  in 
Fn^iiixl  :  Hiry  wvrt  to  ihe  nuuitrr  of  :H)  .mil  iiiMvintai  liul  ihef 
Imtvtil  ill  Kdirrnl  atxirtioiii,  »ith  the  r»'T|iti»m  o(  Iht- hndkti  Iron 
rttmiiany  (wilh  woiki  (hji-flv  in  SutrnrdWiirt'),  whiili  haidr.mn  A 
tar^r  tuiii  fnmi  ita  ithArrlmlrti-ts. 

'Ihf  fn||M«  Ml*  i\inr'  fioiti  the  .sA(ir,- /,t»r  ftirKii*  l^ilt  nf  October, 
IM3,  (utblihlieil  by  Mr.  K<lninit'N,  brokir,  Kivt-«  an  acifiiml  of  ihf  ri- 
tatiii|C  nuninic  coiiipanii  ■  ,  itif*  iitinibcr  nf  ^||4M1l  in  rat  h  ;  the  lumt 
paid  nn  ^t-rniint  of  »u<-h  tbares;  ami  Ibi'ir  M*Mini(  \irrt,  Ar.  It 
la   an  instructive  cunuiitfulary  ub  Uic  |ito«|i«cluafs  and   prices  of 


Nil.  of 
Nli.irM. 

MiiiJDg  ConipAnicf. 

Alnoiint 
nf  Share. 

Avenge  Ciitl. 

Price  per 
.Share. 

I)ivii'en(l 
per  Aiinuni. 

DivilenI 
jayahlr. 

/..    ».     rf 

/..    ..    rf. 

L.    1.    d. 

U.OflO 

AmloMixiran 

100 

lUO    0    0  p.iiil 

M    n    0 

i.i-m 

Itohlios 

im 

I.tO    0    0     — 

\n2  10    0 

II    0    0 

Oct.  Jan. 

lO.IKK) 

llMhv^r 

so 

20    0    0    — 

I.I    0    0 

( leloi.er. 

IU,(M) 

llMzilian  (iuunl  at  &;.  preniiunO 

3S 

2>    0    0- 

?1S    0    0 

7  10    0 

May,  Nov. 

7,(1  .s 

lln.       .            .           '. 

l> 

1    10    0    — 

S     0    0 

li.rlO 

Do.  (NaliiMial)  . 

23 

2f)    0    0    — 

?1  10    0 

2n,(iOO 

Hriiiih  Inm 

60 

.'.O    0    0- 

27   10    0 

III.IKO 

('i)l(initiiA  {i«uetl  at  61,  premium) 

8.1 

.11  10    0    — 

Ii  15    0 

2o.om 

(iciicrt)  Mining 

29 

II     0    0     - 

»    0    0 

9,201 

llib'Tiiun          .... 

50 

10    0    0    — 

3  10    0 

VMi 

Kt-at  <Wl  %forite  niiuM,  Mexican  • 

&I 

64     0    0    — 

65    0    0 

30,0W) 

I'nitcd  Mexican 

Ik).  '■(Tip 

I'nitp.l  Mexican  'In,  (New)          .             ■ 

40 

40    0    0     - 

a   0   n    - 

.S    0    0     — 

13  0  0 
2  0  0 
16    0    0 

20.000 

Milling  Couipinv.  Irelaixl 

in 

ii  10    0    — 

1     9     0 

S,  no 

Hia^ilran.  St.  Jo'lm  Del  l(py 

20 

10    0    0    — 

6    0    0 

2.S-.0 

Kn^li^li  .Milling  Cnin|iaiiy 

2-. 

IJ   10    0    — 

2)<    0    0 

3    0    0 

April,  Oct. 

(>,lfli 

Mexican  Company 

100 

4»    0    0     — 

12    0    0 

MINFTJIVT,  on  RED  OXIDE  OF  LEAD,  a  taptelcss  powder  of  nn  intense  red  colour, 
often  inclining  to  orange,  and  very  heavy  ;  its  specitic  gravity  being  8-'Jl.  It  is  extensively 
used  in  tlio  arts. 

MOCII.\,  the  principal  port  in  the  Red  Sea  frequented  by  Europeans,  in  that  part  of 
Arabia  called  Yemen,  aliout  40  miles  to  the  north  of  the  Strait  of  Uab-cl-inaiuleb,  lut.  13" 
19'  HO"  N.,  Ion.  43°  20'  E.  Population  variously  e.<tiinatctl ;  but  may,  perhaps,  amount  to 
from  5,000  to  7,000.  It  is  encircled  with  walls,  and  hKlilllrently  furtilied.  Its  appearance 
from  the  sea  is  imposing. 

Mot'ha  is  situated  on  the  margin  of  a  dry  sandy  plain.  It  is  built  close  to  the  shore,  be- 
tween 2  points  of  land  which  project  and  form  a  bay.  V^essels  drawing  from  10  to  12  feet 
water  may  anchor  within  this  bay  at  about  a  mile  from  the  town ;  but  large  ships  anchor 
without  the  bay  in  the  roads,  in  5  or  7  fathoms  water — the  grand  mos(|ue  bearing  E.S.E., 
and  the  fort  to  the  south  of  the  town  S.  by  E.,  distant  about  two  mile.'4  from  the  shore.  The 
great  article  of  export  from  Mocha  is  coll'ee,  which  is  universally  admitted  to  be  of  the  finest 
(piality.  It  is  not  possible  to  form  any  very  accurate  estimate  of  the  (]uantity  exported  ; 
but  we  believe  it  may  be  taken  at  10,000  tons,  or  perhaps  more.  The  greater  portion  is  sent 
to  Djidda  and  Suez ;  but  there  is  a  pretty  large  export  to  Bombay,  and  other  parts  of  India, 
whence  some  is  sent  to  Europe  ;  occasionally,  however,  the  exports  from  Mocha  and  Ho- 
deida,  direct  for  Europe,  are  very  considerable,  besides  coH'cc,  the  princijial  articles  of  export 
arc,  dates,  adjoue,  or  paste  made  of  dates,  myrrh,  gum  Arabic,  olibanum,  senna  (c«.w/«  .senna), 
sharks'  (ins,  tragacanth,  horns  and  hides  of  the  rhinoceros,  balm  of  tJilead,  ivory,  gold  dust, 
civet,  allies,  sagapenum,  &c.  'J'he  principal  articles  of  import  arc,  rice,  piece  goods,  iron  and 
hardware,  &c.  The  ivory,  gold  dust,  and  civet,  met  with  at  Mucha,  are  brought  from  tlie 
opposite  coast  of  Abyssinia  ;  whence  are  also  brought  slaves,  gticc,  &c. 

Thn  greater  part  of  tliR  foreign  trade  of  Mocha  is  transacted  liy  tlm  Uanians  ;  and  it  is  much  safer 
to  deal  wilh  tht*m  than  wilh  eitlier  Turks  or  Aralis.  Kunipeans  pay  u  duly  of  S  per  cent,  ad  I'alorrm 
on  all  (foods  imported  l>y  thoiii  troni  Europe,  Iiidiii,  or  China  ;  tlio  duty  lii'liii;  levied  on  llie  amount  of 
the  sales.  The  buyer  pays  hrokerape,  coidey  and  Imat  hire.  All  kinds  of  JToreien  goods  are  sohl  on 
credit,  and  the  payment  is  made  in  3  instalments,  or  at  n  certain  day,  according  as  may  have  been 
ttjirced  on.  Coffee  is  always  paid  for  in  ready  money.  On  the  sale  of  dllier  goods,  Uie  produce  of  the 
country,  a  credit  is  given  ;  or  if  ready  money  lie  paid,  a  discount  is  allowed  at  the  rale  of  9  per  cent. 
When  goods  are  discharging,  the  master  nuist  furnish  Ihe  (Misloni-liouse  officer  wilh  a  manifest,  or 
arcount  of  the  marks,  nuinhers,  and  contents  of  each  package.  He  then  opens  two  or  tliree  hales, 
taken  at  random  ;  and  if  they  correspond  with  the  account  lU'livered.no  further  examinalion  is  made  ; 
but  if  they  do  not  correspond,  the  whole  bales  are  opened,  and  donlile  duty  is  cliiirged  upon  the  excess. 
The  (|uantities  being  thus  ascertained,  their  value  is  leartied  from  the  account  of  sales  rendered  by  the 
BPlier,  and  the  duty  charged  accordingly.  In  this  respect  there  is  nothing  to  object  to  at  Mocha  ;  huta 
good  deal  of  extortion  is  practised  in  the  exaction  of  port  charges,  presents,  ice,  which  may,  however, 
be  defeated  by  proper  firmness.  The  port  charges  on  ships,  or  three-tiKift  vessels,  may  amount  to  about 
400  Mocha  dollars,  and  those  on  brigs  to  about  half  as  much.  Provisions  are  plentiful  and  cheap  ;  but 
water  is  dear  :  that  in  the  vicinity  being  lirackish  and  unwboh^some,  whatever  is  used  for  drinking, 
by  all  but  the  poorest  persons,  is  brought  from  Musa,  about  20  miles  otf.  Fish  are  abundant  and  cheap, 
lilt  not  vorv  good. 

JJfime;/.— The  current  coins  of  the  conntrv  are  carats  and  commassees :  7  carats  =  1  commassec ;  60 
conimassees  =  1  Spanish  dollar  ;  100  Spanish  dollars  =  12J  Mocha  dollars. 
H'eiffhis  and  Measures. — The  commercial  weights  are — 

15  Vakias  =  1  Rottolo  =  1  lb,  2  oz,  avoird.       I      10  Maunds  =  1  Frazcl  =  30  lbs.  avoird. 
40  Vakias  =  1  Maund  =  .3  lbs,  avoird,  |      15  I'razels  =  1  Uahar  =  4.')0  lbs,  avoird. 

There  Ui  also  a  small  maund  of  only  30  vakias :  1  Mocha  bahar  =  16^  Bombay  maunds ;  I  Mocha 


102 


MOGADORE— MOLASSES. 


bnlmr  =  IS  Siirnl  mniinrtii  .=  1S123  uporn.    (irnin  In  nipnniirnil  by  ihp  kiOHh.  40  of  which  =  I  tnmniKt, 
alicMir  170  lliK.  iiVMiriliipoiii.    Thi- ll<|<iiil  iiK'iiKiirrH  arc  Hi  vukric  ^=  I  niixio-.'ih ;  N  nimiii-iih!!  =  I  nidii, 

almiu  'i  KiiuliHh  wliii>  milloiis.    Tlic  limir i^iirpii  are  thi:  giiz  ='i!>  UiiKlinh  iniliKs ;  the  liiiiiil  covid 

=;  IH  llii  llttH,  mill  tllf  liiiii;  iron  cnviil  =^  'i'  ilirlli-o. 

In  rniiiplliiiK  llii.')  iirtli'le,  WR  iiindi'  xi^v  n(  .Mtlhnrn'n  Orientnl  Cnmmrrrr,  nni\  F.lmnrt'f  Hirrrlory. 
NiHlMlhr  Una  ulvcli  a  plnii  <if  llw  piTt  of  Mm  Im  In  IiIm  f'fn/nirr  en  Jtruhir,  liinif  1.  |i  ;i|H.  ril.  Aiiiril.  177ft. 
Ill' hiiH  iiIhi)  iilviMi  Hiiiiii' ili'tails  !ii4  to  itH  triiili-  III  his  l>f^rnptiiin  ilf  r.lnihir.  ]f  \'M.  lint  Itin  Iii'kI  nr- 
Ciiniil  wr  IliiVfi  Mi'cn  iif  Miicliii  in  in  lliimillun'n  .firruunt  oftlir  Kit»l  Intlitu  .vol.  i.  |)|i.  40— 5-;i,  all  ncciirute 
and  valiiulilc  work,     iliirckliardt  did  not  visit  iMotIm  ;  which  \»  iiiucli  to  In-  ri'(!ri'lliid. 

MOO.XDdlJE,  n  spn-port  town  on  the  west  roast  of  Morwco,  lat.  31°  Sd'  N.,  Ion.  9°  20' 
W.  Po|uilalion  about  1(1,000.  It  i.s  iinliHiTPtillv  forlificd  ;  tlio  country  in  the  iiniiiidiuto 
vicinity  ia  low,  flat,  sanily,  ami  unprodnctivi'.  VVator  is  Krarce  ami  rather  dear  ;  licing 
rillirr  ruin  water  eollecieil  and  preHerved  in  ci'<ternfi,  or  l)roii!?li(  from  n  river  alioiit  1^  inilo 
distant.  'J'lie  |iort  is  formed  by  a  small  island  lyin(?  to  the  southward  of  liie  town  ;  but  as 
there  is  not  more  ih.ui  10  or  Vi  feet  water  in  it  at  ebl)  tiile,  lari^e  HliijiH  anehor  without,  tlio 
liiniT  buttery  beariiisr  K.  distant  \\  mile.  'I"he  city  of  Morocro  drrives  its  most  considerable 
fiu|i|ilies  of  Knropean  articles  from  Mopfailore,  from  which  it  isdistint  a!iout4  days' jouriu'y 
(caravan  travellinir),  'J'he  |irin('i|ml  imports  are,  l'jn;;lish  woollen  and  cotton  wtuHs  ami 
hardware,  fierman  linens,  tin,  eo|)|)er,  earthenware,  mirrors,  glass,  suiiar,  pepper,  pajier,  and 
a  variety  of  other  articles,  'i'he  exports  principally  <'onsist  of  sweet  ami  liitter  ulinond;!, 
gum  Arabic,  and  other  gum!<,  bees'  wax,  cow  and  calf  skins,  ivory,  ostrich  feathers,  gold 
dust,  olive  oil,  dates,  &c. 

Jl/u/ify.— Ai  ronnts  are  kept  in  iiiilkenls  nf  10  miners  ;  tlip  nniire  lipini;  dividi  d  into  4  lil.inkpRln,  and 
the  lilaiikiel  into  '21  tlnrc.  From  tlii'ir  prijiiiriinn  to  tlie  Spaiiisli  dollar,  the  hluiikecl  may  he  valued  at 
1(^,  llie  iiiinre  il  'Xd.,  and  tin*  iiiilkpcl  or  dncat  at  .1.«.  4<y. 

H'liirhif  mill  .1/iii.s/i;t.v.— 'fhe  coiiinierrial  pniiiid  is  (jpncrally  repiilatPd  hy  the  wpitlit  of  20  Spaiiisli 
dollars  ;  and,  ilicril'urp,  lOOIIis.  MitMilnri!  wciplil,  or  the  <|iiintal,  =  11!)  IIih.  avnirdnpuis.  The  niarki.'t 
liiiiind  fur  provisions  is  ,'.()  per  cnit    luavirr,  or  I  III.  12J  o/.  nviiiriliipoiK. 

I'hi!  corn  measures  are  for  the  ino.st  part  similar  to  tluise  uf  rspain,  but  there  are  comiideralile  dis- 
cri'pam  ies. 

The  ciiliit,  or  ranna,  =  21  I'nirlisli  inches,  is  the  principal  lone  nipa.itirp. 

The  iiio.<t  ample  details  with  riwppcl  to  llii'  trade  of  Motailore,  and  the  trade  and  prodiirtlonn  of 
Morocco  ill  general,  nij|y  he  found  in  Ja<:kiii>n's  Account  of  JMurvccu,  c.  6,  7.  and  13. ;  gee  also  Ktlli/s 
Cuiiibinl. 

MOHAIR  (Ger.  Mnhr ,-  Fr.  Muire ,-  It.  Mnerrn ,-  Sp.  Mup,  Murr),  the  hair  of  a  variety 
of  the  common  goat,  famous  for  being  soft  and  fine  as  silk,  and  of  a  silvery  whiteness,  h 
is  not  produced  any  where  but  in  the  vicinity  of  Angora,  in  .'\sia  Minor.  The  exporiatiori 
of  this  valuable  and  beautiful  article,  unless  in  the  shape  of  yarn,  was  formerly  proliiliited ; 
but  it  may  now  be  exjiorted  unspun.  'I'he  production,  preparation,  and  sale  of  mohair  have 
long  engrosseil  the  principal  attention  of  the  iidiabitaiits  of  Angora;  and  it  used  to  form  an 
inifiortant  aiticic  of  Venetian  commerce. — It  is  manufactured  into  camlets  and  other  expen- 
sive .slutl's.  Hitherto  but  little  has  been  imported  into  England. — ('See,  for  further  particu- 
lars. Tour)} 'flirt,  fiii/f/i^e  du  Levant,  tome  ii.  p.  46.3.,  where  there  is  a  figure  of  the  goat; 
and  Urqnhiirt  on  Turki'i/  and  its  Rcsaurccs,  p.  184.) 

MOLASSES,  on  MEL  ASSES  (Fr.  Simp  de  Sucre,  ilMwsw  .•  fl-^r.  Si/riip  .■  It.  ^fie- 
lazzo  di  zucchcro.-  Sp.  Miel  dc  azurar,  Cliancar.n  ,•  Port.  Milas.io,  A^micar  lii/uidn  ,•  Kus. 
Patokii  sac/iurnaju'),  the  uncrystalli.sable  part  of  the  juice  of  the  sugar  cane,  separated  from 
the  sugar  during  its  manufacture.  It  is  of  a  brown  or  black  colour,  thick,  and  viscid;  has  a 
peculiar  odour,  and  a  sweet  empyreumatic  taste.  Molasses  imported  from  the  West  India 
colonics  and  the  Mauritius  is  charged,  on  being  entered  for  home  consumption,  with  a  duly 
of  9,9.  a  cwt.  It  is  not,  however,  used  in  its  original  state,  but  is  purchased  by  the  sugar- 
bakers,  who,  when  it  is  of  an  ordinary  degree  of  strength,  extract  from  it  a  coarse,  soft 
species  of  sugar  called  bastards,  and  treacle.  But  it  is  obvious,  inasmuch  as  the  duty  on 
niolas«c8  is  fixed,  that  the  duty  on  the  sugar  extracted  from  it  will  vary  indirectly  acconliiig 
to  the  quantity  of  saccharine  matter  which  it  contains;  and  we  understand  that,  in  conse- 
quence, molasses  is  frequently  imported  so  rich  as  to  yield  excellent  crystallised  sugar.  We 
do  not  know  whether  the  practice  has  been  carried  to  such  an  extent  as  materially  to  injure 
the  revenue ;  but  it  seems  pretty  clear  that  the  duty  ought  to  be  made  to  depend,  in  part  at 
least,  on  the  quality  of  the  molasses,  or  on  the  quantity  of  saccharine  matter  which  it  con- 
tains, as  well  as  on  the  weight.  It  is  difficult, — unless  advantage  has  been  taken  of  the 
way  in  which  the  duty  is  assessed,  to  elude  the  sugar  duties, — to  account  for  the  inaeased 
importation  of  molasses. 

About  8  gallons  of  proof  spirit  may,  it  is  said,  be  obtained  from  a  cwt.  of  molasses,  such 
as  has  recently  been  imported  ;  but  this  depends,  of  course,  wholly  on  the  richness  of  the 
molasses. 

Part  of  the  refuse  that  remains  after  refining  muscovado  sugar,  is  a  sweet  syrup,  which, 
as  well  as  the  syrup  thit  remains  after  boiling  molas.-!e.4  to  obtain  bastards,  is  called  treacle. 
But  the  treacle  obtained  from  the  former  is  always  preferred  to  that  obtained  from  the  latter, 
and  fetches  2.s'.  per  cwt.  more. 

Molasses  is  sometimes  used  in  preparing  the  coarser  sort  of  preserves;  and  on  the  Conti- 
nent it  is  extcufiivoly  used  in  the  manufactUiO  of  tobacco. 


Acrniint  of 

if-sn,  Willi 

<{f  Trade. 


,   'n  1S33,  the 
Insses  are  qiiii 

MONEY. 

bartered  for  c 

of  wine,  cnde 

surplus  of  wi 

however,  that 

been  aubjectec 

carries  produe 

B.  is  not  suita 

.fupplied  with 

occurrence  wh 

tile  parties ;  ar 

The  extremi 

on  the  atfcntioi 

it  would  sjieedi 

was  lo  exchang 

known  value, 

inclined  to  refui 

commodity  had 

duals  would  bee 

pay  for  the  prodi 

liny  future  perioi 

readily  to  procur 

circulating  slowlj 

appreciated,  begij 

would  thus  come 

mon  medium  of « 

■Now  this  comt 

An  infinite  var 

nods.    But  none 

qualities.     The  s 

sufficient  to  conv 

that  the  commodi 

portions;  (2)  that 

(3)  that  it  should, 

ported  from  place  i 

always  he  equal,  ii 

mmation;  and  (51 

ption  as  possible. 

into  portions  of  e\ 

almost  no  use,  and 

o^  of  the  same  valt 

SKnnd,  or  the  capai 

'0  exchange  commo 

re-exchange  that  mt 

money  could  not  be 

distance:  without  tl 

"ate  the  value  of  di 

steadiness  of  value, 

*  The  difficulties  (hn 

«?.'"V'''''n.  have  been 
Wealth,"  p.  291.  "*^" 

V0l.II._R       . 


MONEY. 


103 


Arcniint  of  tin;  Qimntitii'fi  nf  MnlaiacR  inipiirtiMl,  ex|inrii'il,  ami  miiTi'il  Tur  Ilimie  Cniiauiiiplinn  pinra 
lb'20,  Willi  thu  Itiites  of  Duty  tlivrunii,  uiul  tliu  I'miliict!  u(  tin;  Un\y.—{l'fiiirra  piMuhtd  by  Hoard 
vf  Trade.) 


ijiurt  at 

lit  con- 

of  the 

Icrt-'ased 

p,  such 
of  the 

which, 
I  treacle, 
latter, 

Conli- 


Van. 

((uanlity 
iniiHirtei). 

()ii»ntitjr 

i^uantiiy  clesrtii 

Diitjr  nn,  fritn 

I>nly  on,  friiln 

Net!  Revenue. 

i!K|K)rte(l. 

rcir  Cdiuumpliou. 

»'(irBi(|ii  Parli. 

nrih%h  riiMMsutM. 

C'Ull. 

Cwl. 

(■u>«. 

Pir  Cult. 
1..    1.  rf. 
1    3    9 

e<r  ('U)(. 

/.. 

ino 

3P.AIII 

30,991 

n,3i4 

I>) 

I3,9nH 

■  Nil 

•ti.w 

l,79i 

67.111 

— 

— 

J",  US 

\Hi 

w.am 

749 

7H„lfi7 

_ 

^ 

39,i-S 

}Hi\ 

IHI,*!') 

t<(iS 

161,^43 

.. 

^ 

w.ej] 

l»il 

2:iu.(Wi« 

IJW 

23>),M0 

— 

■« 

ll«,T40 

l»i> 

3:.-i,-.')l 

HMI 

3l2,r>4 

— 

-« 

l«li,.".i 

\nto 

2fKi,'in4 

5,41H 

»79,749 

<— 

-. 

IM/l-iS 

IW7 

3W,441 

9^14 

4li,bli6 

— 

— 

2"«.:l:U 

l«JH 

Rinjiis 

441 

SHI. 781 

— 

— 

IlKl."-,! 

IH.'9 

aU4.4.1i 

2.:)I2 

3SU,l4i 

— 

— 

19.1,1)72 

IKW 

i;nM<* 

4.'>H 

117,-.>H 

— 

9 

1  .»,6M 

IS3I 

•Mi.»-:a 

«M 

axt^MH 

*» 

— 

I56,«>3 

1832 

563,6S5 

l,lil 

sw.Bsn 

— 

— 

I2>4,6.il 

In  1833,  the  conaumntinn  wni,  we  undcritaiiil,  coiisidurably  larger.  The  iiiipurtg  or  foreign  iiio- 
laases  ure  quite  inconaidcr.'iblu. 

MONEY.  When  the  division  of  labour  was  first  introduccil,  commodities  were  directly 
bartered  for  each  other.  Those,  for  example,  who  had  a  surplus  of  corn  atid  were  in  wunt 
of  wine,  cndcavoure*!  to  find  out  those  who  were  in  the  opposite  circumstances,  or  who  had  a 
surplus  of  wine  and  wanted  corn,  and  then  exchanged  thu  one  for  the  other.  It  is  obvious, 
however,  that  the  power  of  changing,  and,  consequently,  of  dividing  employments,  must  have 
been  sulycctcd  to  perpetual  interruptions,  so  long  as  it  was  restricted  to  mere  barter.  A. 
curries  produce  to  market,  and  B.  is  desirous  to  purchase  it ;  but  the  produce  belongnig  to 
13.  is  not  suitable  for  A.  C,  again,  would  like  to  buy  B.'s  produce,  but  B.  is  already  fully 
supplied  with  the  equivalent  C.  has  to  offer.  In  such  cases — and  they  must  be  of  constant 
occurrence  wherever  money  is  not  introduced — no  direct  exchange  could  take  place  between 
the  parties;  and  it  might  be  very  difiicult  to  bring  it  al)out  indirectly.* 

The  extreme  inconvenience  attending  such  situations  must  early  have  forced  themselves 
on  the  attention  of  every  one.  JilForts  wouhl,  in  consequence,  be  made  to  avoid  them ;  and 
it  would  speedily  appear  that  the  best  or  rather  the  only  way  in  which  this  could  be  effected, 
was  to  exchange  either  the  whole  or  a  part  of  one's  surplus  produce  for  some  commodity  of 
known  value,  and  in  general  demand ;  and  which,  consequently,  few  persons  would  bo 
inclined  to  refuse  to  accept  as  an  equivalent  for  whatever  they  had  to  dispose  of.  After  this 
commodity  had  begun  to  be  employed  as  a  means  of  exchanging  other  commodities,  indivi- 
duals would  become  willing  to  purchase  a  greater  quantity  of  it  than  might  be  required  to 
pay  for  the  products  they  were  desirous  of  immediately  obtaining  ;  knowing  that  should  they,  at 
any  future  period,  want  a  further  supply  either  of  these  or  other  articles,  they  would  be  able 
readily  to  procure  them  in  exchange  for  this  universally  desired  commodity.  Though  at  first 
circulating  slowly  and  with  difficulty,  it  would,  as  the  advantages  arising  from  its  use  were  better 
appreciated,  begin  to  pass  freely  from  hand  to  hand.  Its  value,  as  com:;ared  with  other  things, 
would  thus  come  to  be  universally  known  ;  and  it  would  at  last  be  -c-t'  not  only  as  the  com- 
mon medium  of  exchange,  but  as  a  standard  by  which  to  measure  tiio  .  alue  of  other  things. 
Now  this  commodity,  whatever  it  may  be,  is  money. 

An  infinite  variety  of  commotlities  have  been  used  as  money  in  different  countries  and  pe- 
riods. But  none  can  be  advantageously  used  as  such,  unless  it  possesses  several  very  peculiar 
qualities.  The  slightest  reflection  on  the  purposes  to  which  it  is  applied,  must,  indeed,  be 
sutHcient  to  convince  every  one  that  it  is  indispensable,  or,  at  least,  exceedingly  desirable, 
that  the  commodity  selected  to  serve  as  money  should,  (1)  bo  divisible  into  the  smallest 
portions;  (2)  that  it  should  admit  of  being  kept  for  an  indefinite  period  without  deteriorating; 
(3)  that  it  should,  by  possessing  great  value  in  small  bulk,  be  capable  of  being  easily  trans- 
ported from  place  to  place ;  (4)  that  one  piece  of  money,  of  a  certain  denomination,  should 
always  be  equal,  in  magnitude  and  quality,  to  every  other  piece  of  money  of  the  same  deno- 
mination ;  and  (5)  that  its  value  should  be  comparatively  steady,  or  as  little  subject  to  vari- 
ation as  possible.  Without  the  first  of  these  qualities,  or  the  capacity  of  being  divided 
into  portions  of  every  different  magnitude  and  value,  money,  it  is  evident,  would  be  of 
almost  no  use,  and  could  only  be  exchanged  for  the  few  commodities  that  might  happen  to 
be  of  the  same  value  as  its  indivisible  portions,  or  as  whole  multiples  of  them :  without  the 
HcomI,  or  the  capacity  of  being  kept  or  hoarded  without  deteriorating,  no  one  would  choose 
to  exchange  commodities  for  money,  except  only  when  he  expected  to  be  able  speedily  to 
re-exchange  that  money  for  something  else :  without  the  third,  or  facility  of  transportation, 
money  could  not  be  conveniently  used  in  transactions  between  places  at  any  considerable 
distance:  without  the  fourth,  or  perfect  sameness,  it  would  be  extremely  difficult  to  appre- 
ciate the  value  of  different  pieces  of  money :  and  without  the  fifth  quality,  or  comparative 
steadiness  of  value,  money  could  not  serve  as  a  standard  by  which  to  measure  the  value 

♦  Tho  difficulties  that  would  arise  nn  such  occasions,  and  the  devices  that  would  be  adopted  to  over- 
come tbem,  hnve  been  very  well  illustrated  by  Colonel  Torrens,  in  bis  work  on  the  "  Production  of 
Wealth,"  p.  291. 

Vol.  II.— R  25 


101 


MONKY. 


of  olhrr  rummodiiicH;  Btnl  no  oiw  would  1h^  iliH[>nD('(l  to  cxchiini;o  the  produce  of  hia  indus- 
try for  nil  artii'li'  (liiit  iiiii;lit  Nhnrlly  diTliiic  coiiHidcnilily  in  ilH  power  of  |iiirrhiiHiiiK. 

'I'lic  union  of  tlie  ditltTcnt  ijuuiilicH  of  roiiipiiriitivt'  Hd'ndint'riH  of  viiluv,  diviniliility,  dura- 
bility, facility  of  triiiiKportution,  iind  |ii'rfi'ct  HaniriimH,  in  the  prccioiix  iiictiiU,  doiibtlcsH, 
formed  the  irrehinlililc  rciixoii  tliiit  Iisim  induced  every  civiliseil  couiinunity  to  employ  tlirin  ax 
money.  The  value  of  i^old  and  »ilvrr  iH  certainly  not  invariable,  hut,  Bcneraily  hpeakinif,  it 
C'hnii^e!<  only  liy  hIow  de^rccH;  lliey  arc  divi.sii)lo  into  any  numlicr  of  |iartM,  and  have  the 
BiiiKuiir  pro|ieriy  of  heintf  easily  reunited,  liy  nieaiiii  of  f Hion,  without  Iobh;  they  do  not 
di  tcriorale  liy  lieiim  kept ;  and,  from  their  lirm  ond  compact  texture,  they  are  very  diHicull 
to  wear.  'I'heir  eonl  (if  production,  CHjiecially  that  of  K'dd,  is  no  consideriililc,  that  they 
]ios<<esH  xreat  value  in  small  luilk,  and  can,  of  course,  lie  traiiHportcd  with  comparative  facility  , 
and  an  ounce  of  pure  uold  or  silver,  t;iken  troni  the  niincfi  in  any  quartrr  of  the  world,  is 
jirccisely  eijual,  in  point  of  ipialily,  to  an  ounce  of  pure  Rolil  or  silver  du>,'  from  the  mines 
in  any  other  i|uarlcr.  No  wonder,  therefore,  when  all  the  (jualiticH  necessary  to  constitiile 
money  are  possessed  in  ho  eminent  a  dcijree  by  the  precious  metals,  tliat  thr-y  have  Urii 
useil  as  such,  in  civilised  societies,  from  u  very  remoto  era.  "They  liecame  universal  inu- 
lipy,"  as  M.  Turcot  has  observed,  "not  in  con«e(|uence  of  nny  arbitrary  agreement  ainuiii; 
men,  or  of  the  intervention  of  nny  law,  but  by  the  nature  and  fon.c  cif  lliingH." 

When  first  used  as  money,  the  precious  metals  were  in  an  unfashionod  state,  in  bars  or 
inRolst.  'I'he  I'artieH  having  apireed  about  the  quantity  of  metal  to  be  given  tor  a  eommodity, 
that  i|uantily  was  then  weif^hed  oflf.  Uut  this,  it  is  plain,  must  have  lieen  n  tedious  and 
troublesome  process.  Undoubtedly,  however,  the  greatest  obstacle  that  would  be  expeiicnccil 
in  early  ages  to  the  use  of  gold  and  silver  as  money,  would  lie  found  to  consist  in  the  ditli- 
riilty  of  determining  the  degree  of  their  [lurily  with  sullicient  precision  ;  and  the  dis<'overy 
of  some  ineaiis  by  which  their  weight  and  fineness  might  be  readily  and  correctly  asicr- 
tained,  would  be  felt  to  be  indispensable  to  their  extensive  use  us  money.  Fortunately, 
tlii'se  meuiis  were  not  long  in  being  discovered.  The  fabrication  of  coins,  or  the  practice 
of  impressing  pieces  of  the  precious  metals  with  o  stamj)  indicating  their  weight  and  purity, 
belon'.;s  to  tlie  remotest  antiquity. — {(inirittt  l)e  l' Online  (ks  Loix,  <.\c,  tome  i,  p.  2('i'J.) 
And  it  in;iy  safely  be  afllrmed,  that  there  have  been  very  few  inventions  of  greater  utility, 
or  that  have  done  more  to  accelerate  the  progress  of  improvement. 

It  is  material,  however,  to  observe,  that  the  introduction  and  use  of  coined  money  make 
no  change  whatever  in  the  jtrincipk  on  which  exchanges  were  previously  conducted.  'I'ho 
coinage  saves  the  trouble  of  weighing  and  assaying  gold  and  silver,  but  it  does  nothiiii? 
more.  It  declares  the  weight  and  purity  of  the  metal  in  a  coin ;  but  the  I'ulne  of  that  inetiil 
or  coin  is  in  all  cases  determined  by  precisely  the  same  principles  which  determine  tho 
value  of  other  commodities,  and  would  be  as  little  alFccted  by  being  rccoincd  witli  a  new 
denomination,  as  the  burden  of  a  ship  by  a  change  of  her  name. 

Inaccurate  notions  with  respect  to  the  influence  of  coinage  seem  to  have  given  rise  to  the 
opinion,  so  long  entertained,  that  coins  were  merely  the  ,S7i,';),s'  of  values !  But  it  is  ckvir 
they  have  no  more  claim  to  this  designation  than  bars  of  iron  or  copper,  sacks  of  wheat,  or 
nny  other  commodity.  They  exchange  for  other  things,  because  they  are  desirable  articlrs, 
ami  are  possessed  of  real  intrinsic  value.  A  draft,  check,  or  bill,  may  not  improperly,  per- 
haps, be  regarded  as  the  sign  of  the  money  to  be  given  for  it.  But  that  money  is  nothing 
but  a  commodity ;  it  is  not  a  sign — it  is  the  thing  signified. 

Money,  however,  is  not  merely  the  universal  equivalent,  or  warchandise  hnnalc,  nsed  by 
society  :  it  is  also  the  standard  used  to  compare  the  values  of  all  sorts  of  products ;  and 
the  sfijiulations  in  the  great  bulk  of  contracts  and  deeds,  as  to  the  delivery  and  disposal  of 
property,  have  all  reference  to,  and  are  commonly  expressed  in,  quantities  of  money.  It  is 
plainly,  therefore,  of  the  utmost  importance  that  its  value  should  be  preserved  as  invariable 
as  possible.  Owing,  however,  to  improvements  in  the  arts,  the  exhaustion  of  old  mines  and 
the  discovery  of  new  ones,  the  value  of  the  precious  metals  is  necessarily  inconstant: 
though,  if  we  except  the  elFccts  produced  in  the  Ifith  century  by  the  discovery  of  the  Aiiic 
rican  mines,  it  does  not  appear  to  have  varied  so  much  at  other  times  as  might  have  bmi 
anticipated.  Great  mischief  has,  however,  been  repeatedly  occasioned  by  the  changes  that 
have  been  made  in  most  countries  in  the  weight,  and  sometimes  also  in  the  purity,  of  coins; 
and  since  the  impolicy  of  these  changes  has  been  recognised,  similar,  and  perhaps  still  more 
extensive,  disorders  have  sprung  from  the  improper  use  of  substitutes  for  coins.  It  is,  in- 
deed, quite  obvious,  that  no  change  can  take  place  in  the  value  of  money,  without  propor- 
tionally ailecting  the  pecuniary  conditions  in  all  contracts  and  agreements.  Much,  how- 
ever, of  the  influence  of  a  change  depends  on  its  direction.  An  increase  in  the  value  of 
money  is  uniformly  more  prejudicial  in  a  public  point  of  view  than  its  diminution :  the  latter, 
though  injurious  to  individuals,  may  sometimes  be  productive  of  national  advantage;  but 
such  can  never  be  the  case  with  the  former. — (See  my  Principles  of  Political  Ecummij, 
2d  ed.  pp.  .^00—504.) 

No  certain  estimate  can  ever  be  formed  of  the  quantity  of  money  required  to  conduct  the 
business  of  any  country ;  this  quantity  being,  in  all  cases,  determined  by  the  value  of  mo- 


ney iUelf,  the 
meiit.     (lener 
silver,  it  oeea? 
lessen  iIiIn  exj 
cial  nations  ii 
various  substii 
Its  employ  niei 
vaneing  soeiet 
the  observunci 
will  pay  certa 
they  are  indeb 
no  doubt  can  I 
when  the  circi 
begin  to  jtercei 
for  being  readi 
the  origin  of  1 
confidence,  bui 
payable  on  der 
dence  placed  i 
borrower  as  if 
will  yield,  so  \i 
banker  who  iss 
loan  of  his  wrii 
sum  itself,  or  ol 
income,  he,  at  t 
S[)ecie8  of  currt 
I>er(luous  coins 
maiiufactun-d  g 
since  the  introdi 
by  means  of  pa 
ness  of  society ; 
coins,  or  for  the 
maintained  on  t 
value  of  money 
In  common  n 
to  buy  ;  the  part 
where  the  contr 
matwl  or  rated  ii 
and  for  tin  accoii 
MONOPOLY 
peteiit  authority, 
of  buying,  sellin 
modifies.     Such 
■Stuart,  and  were 
Elizabeth,     'i'he 
position  of  govcr 
valuable  part  of 
Jac.  I.  c.  .3.    Th 
selling,  and  maki 
for  fourteen  yea 
rcalii),  to  the  true 
law,  nor  mischie\ 
ration,  company, 
making  of  gunpc 
Britain ;  and  has 
accelerate  the  pro 
MONTEVIDI 
hank  of  the  Rio  c 
ously  estimated ; 
amphitheatre,  on  ; 
revolutions  to  wh 
Montevideo  is  siti 
i.a  J'liua.     Vcs8(!ls 
lielweeii  it  and  the  i 
t«  the  Isle  of  Klorea 
ligln.    From  FInres 
A  liglit-lioyse,  475  f( 
whence  the  town  hi 
•Is  S.  side.    Tliis,  w 


MONOPOLY,  MONTEVIDEO. 


103 


ISO  to  the 
is  cli':ir 

wheat,  or 
iirticlcs, 
rly.  iKi- 
notliiiig 

nscd  by 
lets;  ami 
■;|iosal  of 
•y.     It  is 
nvariabh' 
nines  and 
constant : 
the  Ainc 
a\'i!  ln'on 
ngcs  tiiat 
of  coins; 
still  rni)re 
It  is,  in- 
it  |iro{ior- 
ich,  how- 
•  value  of 
the  latter, 
tage;  but 
Ecunoimj, 


n«V  iUi'lf,  thfl  iCrvicM  it  ha*  to  perform,  antl  the  ileviccn  uwd  for  PconomiMJnd  iln  rtniiloy- 
nietit.  (irneriilly,  liowrvcr,  it  i<  very  conxiderabU! ;  and  when  it  coiiHintM  wludly  of  gold  and 
silver,  it  oeoa-ionn  ii  very  heavy  expenne.  There  ran,  indeed,  he  no  doiilit  that  the  wish  to 
leHsen  ihiH  ex|M>tiMe  liaH  liien  one  of  the  ehief  cuuHeH  that  huvo  led  all  eiviii/.ed  anil  eornujcr- 
rinl  nationH  to  falirieale  a  portion  of  their  money  of  xoine  lefts  vuhiuhlc  materiiil.  Of  thn 
varionH  HulMtitutea  reHorted  to  for  tliiM  purpoiu>,  pajier  ix,  in  ull  re)i|i4>rtt),  the  tnoMt  elit;it>lc. 
ItH  etnployaient  MceniM  to  have  grown  nutnruliy  out  uf  thn  cireutnMtarierit  incident  to  an  ad- 
vancing Bociely.  When  goverinnent  heeoinex  HulFiciently  powerful  anti  intelligent  toenforco 
the  oliHerviince  of  contracts,  individuals  poHnessed  of  written  proiniHCH  from  olhern,  that  they 
will  pay  certain  suniH  at  certain  Hpecilled  |>i'riod.H,  begin  to  asHign  them  to  those  to  whom 
they  are  indebted ;  and  when  the  HubscrilxTi*  are  perxonH  of  fortune,  and  of  whose  solvency 
no  doubt  can  be  entertaineil,  their  obligations  arc  readily  ncce|)ted  in  payment  of  debls.  liut 
when  the  circulation  of  proniiseM,  or  liills,  in  this  way,  han  continued  for  awhile,  individuals 
begin  to  perceive  that  they  may  derive  a  profit  by  issuing  them  in  such  a  form  as  to  fit  them 
for  Iwing  readily  used  as  a  substitute  for  money  in  the  ordinary  transactions  of  life,  llenco 
the  origin  of  bank  notes.  An  individual  in  whose  wealth  and  discretion  the  public  have 
confidence,  being  applied  to  for  n  loan,  say  of  .5,000/.,  grants  the  upi)l!.ant  his  l>ill  or  note, 
payabU>  on  demand,  for  that  sum.  Now,  us  this  note  passes,  in  consciiuence  of  the  confi- 
dence placed  in  the  issuer,  currently  from  hand  to  hand  as  cash,  it  is  i|iiite  as  useful  to  the 
borrower  as  if  it  had  been  gold  ;  and  supposing  that  the  rate  of  interest  is  Ji  |)er  cent.,  it 
will  yield,  so  long  us  it  continues  to  circulate,  a  revenue  of  S.'iO/.  a  year  to  the  issuer.  A 
banker  who  issues  notes,  coins,  as  it  were,  his  credit.  He  derives  the  same  revenue  from  the 
loan  of  !ii»  written  promise  to  pay  a  certain  sum,  that  he  could  derive  from  the  loan  of  the 
sum  itself,  or  uf  an  ci|uivalent  amount  of  produce!  And  whi!i?  he  thus  increases  his  owii 
income,  he,  at  the  same  time,  contributes  to  increase  the  wealth  of  the  public.  The  cheapest 
8))ecics  of  currency  iH'ing  substituted  in  the  place  of  that  which  is  most  expensive,  the  su- 
]icrfhio«s  coins  are  either  used  in  the  arts,  or  are  exported  in  exchange  for  raw  materials  or 
manufactured  goods,  by  the  use  of  which  both  wealth  and  enjoyments  arc  increased.  Ever 
since  the  introduction  of  bills,  almost  all  great  coiumcreial  transactions  have  been  carried  ori 
by  means  of  pa[)er  only.  .Notes  are  also  used  to  a  very  great  extent  in  the  ordinary  busi- 
ness of  society  ;  and  while  they  arc  readily  exchangeable  at  the  pleasure  of  the  holder  for 
coins,  or  for  the  precise  ({uantities  of  gold  or  silver  they  profess  to  represent,  their  value  is 
maintained  on  a  |iar  with  the  value  of  these  metals ;  and  all  injurious  fluctuations  in  the 
value  of  money  are  as  efTectually  avoided  as  if  it  consisted  wholly  of  the  precious  metals. 

In  common  mercantile  language,  the  party  who  exchanges  money  for  a  commodity  is  said 
to  buy  ;  the  party  who  exchanges  a  commodity  lor  money  being  said  to  sell.  I'rice,  unless 
where  the  contrary  is  distinctly  mentioned,  always  means  the  value  of  a  commodity  esti- 
matwl  or  rated  in  money. — (For  a  further  account  of  metallic  money,  see  tho  article  Coin; 
and  for  an  account  of  paper  money,  see  the  article  Banks.) 

MONOPOLV.  By  this  term  is  usually  meant  a  grant  from  the  Crown,  or  other  com- 
petent authority,  conveying  to  some  one  individual,  or  number  of  individuals,  the  sole  right 
of  buying,  selling,  making,  importing,  exporting,  &c.  some  one  commodity,  or  set  of  com- 
modities. Such  grants  were  very  common  previously  to  the  accession  of  the  Hou.se  of 
.Stuart,  and  were  carried  to  a  very  oppressive  and  injurious  extent  during  the  reign  of  t^uccn 
Elizabeth.  The  grievance  became  at  length  so  insupportable,  that  notwithstanding  the  op- 
position of  government,  which  looked  upon  the  power  of  granting  monopolies  as  a  very 
valuable  part  of  the  prerogative,  they  were  abohshcd  hy  the  famous  act  of  1624,  the  SI 
Jnc.  1.  c.  3.  This  act  declares  that  all  monopolies,  grants,  letters  patent  for  the  sole  buying, 
selling,  and  making  of  goods  and  manufactures,  shall  he  null  and  void.  It  excepts  itatcnts 
for  fourteen  years  for  the  sole  working  or  making  of  any  new  manufactures  within  tho 
realm,  to  the  true  and  first  inventors  of  such  manufactures,  provided  they  be  not  contrary  to 
law,  nor  mischievous  to  the  state.  It  also  excepts  grants  by  act  of  parliament  to  any  corpo- 
ration, company,  or  society,  for  the  enlargement  of  trade,  and  letters  patent  concerning  the 
making  of  gunpowder,  &c.  This  act  eircctually  secured  the  freedom  of  industry  in  (ireat 
Britain ;  and  has  done  more,  perhaps,  to  excite  the  spirit  of  invention  and  industry,  and  to 
accelerate  the  progress  of  wealth,  than  any  other  in  the  statute  book. 

MONTEVIDEO,  a  sea-port,  and  the  capital  of  the  republic  of  Uruguay,  on  the  north 
bnk  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  lat.  34°  54'  11"  S.,  long.  56°  13'  lb"  W.  Population  vari- 
ously estimated;  but  may  probably  be  about  12,000.  The  town  is  built  in  the  form  of  an 
am|ihitheatre,  on  a  regular  |)lan,  and  is  well  fortified.  It  has  sufTered  much  from  the  various 
revolutions  to  which  it  has  been  subject  during  the  last  30  years. 

Montevideo  i«  sitiiateil  2°  3'  33"  W.  of  Cape  St.  Mary,  the  nortliurn  limit  of  the  cnil>oiicluirc  of  llie 
La  i'lata.  VcsbcHs  from  llic  north  lioiind  to  Montevideo  gonerully  niuke  tliis  cape,  entering  tlio  river 
between  it  and  the  small  island  of  Lol)os,  in  from  14  to  IT  fathoms.  The  course  is  thence  nearly  W. 
to  the  Ulc  of  Flores,  on  which  is  a  light-house  112  feet  aliuve  the  level  of  the  sea,  with  a  revolving 
light.  Kroni  Flores  to  Montevideo  is  16  miles  in  a  direct  line,  and  the  course  W.  by  S.  by  conipasg. 
A  li|;lit-ho^8c,  475  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  has  been  erected  on  the  summit  of  the  Montevideo, 
whence  the  town  has  its  name.  The  latter  is  built  on  a  projecting  tongue  of  land,  the  port  being  on 
iiB  8.  side.    This,  which  is  the  best  on  the  La  IMata,  is  a  large  circular  basin  open  to  the  S.  W. ;  ge- 


I 

i 


IM 


MONTEVIDEO. 


ncrnllv  lh«  wnlf  r  I*  ihnllnw,  nnl  eirpnllng  from  I  \  lo  10  fcrl,  liin  Iho  bottom  h««lnB  «oft  miid,  reM>>li 
urn  Nrliliiiii  iIiiiiiiiiiimI  liy  RniiiniltiiR.  Il  ulioiilil,  liowi'vcr,  Iw  <>lini>rvfil  Itiiil  llii>  ili'|illi  «l' wntiir  In  Ihu 
hiirbiiitr,  iia  wtMl  ii*  tlironiitioiit  llu;  wlmln  of  llio  Kii.ilc  In  I'lalii,  iti-|ii-iiilii  vrry  iiiiiili  on  tin;  illriMliim 
and  airi'iiKth  ol'lhi!  wliiiN.  TUr  H.  W  winil,  iiilli'il  imiiiiirrnr,  IiImwk  riKlH  Inio  (In-  l)iiy  of  Munlcvlilcii 
Willi  nnii'li  rori'i!,  not  iinl'ri-i|iii'iilly  iiiuiiInK  ii  rl«i-  of  ii  f:iih<>in  or  morn  In  tin-  clc|illi  of  wiiirr !  Ilnl  II 
rnri'ly  ocrtiHlotm  milrh  ilu'naKii  In  vi'MfU  |iro|ii>rly  inoori-il  Willi  iinihora  lo  III*!  ri.  VV.,  H.  K.,  anil  one 
lo  lint  N—  (Hlunl'g  Jimrrirun  I'tlnt,  |i|i.  ftlU-WS. ;   Cnulirr  nur  let  fhurif,  Ur .) 

Monli'Viclfo  liJia  n  roniililfriililr  I'oninii'ri)'.  'I'lii'  urrnl  iirliclra  of  cxporl  lonalnl  of  nnlninl  prodiirlf, 
fir  of  liiili-M,  pork  unit  lici-f.  iiiljow,  linni'ii,  vri-imr,  wool,  &i'  Tlic  lni|ii>rlii  |irliirl|mlly  rmialiit  of  llrl- 
liiiti  riiilonH,  wodili'im,  iiiid  hiirilwur)',  tlmir,  winr  iiml  ii|ilrllii,  lini'iit.  xiiK'ir,  lolmrro,  IiooIh  mid  iiliii)>a, 
■all,  lie.      Till!  Iiil|<i\t  nil!  tiilili'ii  III VI'  >i  vii'w  nf  llii!  Ir:iilii  and  iiiivikuIioii  of  .Minili'vidro  In  \K\\  and  IHllS. 

/(M/iiirfK, -'riiii  I'liiiM'  viiliii!  of  lliii  illllVriMit  iirlirli'H  liiipiirtcd  Into  Miinlr\  lilrn,  in  I".').'*,  wi-rc  i'hII- 
niiiti'd  III  3,01)5,1111)  ituUura.  Tliu  i|uuntillua  mid  viiliiu  of  loiiiu  of  lliu  prinilpul  arllclua  wvru  at 
folliiw  ;— 


Valiw. 

IMtart. 

rimir  • 

ll,8»l  InrrrI 

I»K,440 

Ririi    ■ 

2li,4ii0  u-ruUe     ..... 

3I,.14M 

lariiiA 

6i.D53    —...... 

ifl.liOO 

Nu^ir  ■ 

ti.tiri,  - 

i(>7,auk 

llrawly 

U'lll  liilini,  7  barrala,  iIKi  Ixilet 

M'"*! 

(aiia    • 

1,-,|U       _   177       -      iJBbaati'tl 

Dvlfilrt. 

tl3,2llt 

VVim,  rnl 

R.O.OJ  |il|iM,  1  fl.'!)l«i«ri               .... 

•      IWI.^AI 

while     • 

7IU      —        <?8    —    76  buktti,  72  iluUD  barrel! 

•       4l,it3 

121,7113 

Miltn* 

4i,T67  armliai      ...... 

W,>67 

.Sail      . 

I  alii  iii.l  (,a|ir  Vfnl2»,U7,  oilier  phCM      . 

tanmat        7.MIM 

&4,B7H 

'I'lilJCCO 

llr.Kil  14,1101  .irroliia.  I'aiaxuav  MMi,  .North  Aniiririn 

2,420 

I3I,IIM 

Ril/r  • 

I78,<HM  yanli  .iml  161  liirrn  iirlliin 

112,1.10 

lliHita  M\>\  Slkiffl 

, 

value 

7K.I)(« 

ChiO 

7,669  do«en        ...... 

66,303 

Klifilmh  <T,n,l*  fnini  the 

»rtrk  III  Ihc  "Lira" 

73,136 

Milk  tKillt 

7,874  varai,  8,230  yarli,  26  niecei 

67,i:i6 

(in-y  ilMiiinlict 

2'M3l  pirin,  6,H(iO  tiiai   ..... 

MI.IKII 

(lllllCll.ltlll 

I'i«i.nii  yanlt          ...... 

2  l.um 

SliK'ltino 

U,ijiii  itii/rii  coltou,  1,397  iloxvii  ailli,  bJO  ilozen  woollen 

41, 170 

ShirhiiKi 

li,4Ji  pieces        ...... 

34,11116 

lUinlkmchieb,  thawli  • 

Ili7,02,> 

70,nfin  yiriii      ...... 

l7B.I7i 

Priiiia  . 

M.ilUi  piiirt        ...... 

7,0.10 

Tili-a    . 

3'JI.',<I0     ....... 

1  in,:l(ii) 

Imn     • 

4,139  quiulala    ...... 

13,7.10 

ll-irilivarn         - 

H^xa 

rimlifir 

6S.O.I0  Brazil,  29.M!!  North  America,  ll,W4  other  placet      - 

BO.IW 

Kuriiiliirc 

IJ,7(is  Iraiice,  27,003          -            I6,'il»           - 

6.'>,.'I09 

*  Paragua  lea. 

Account  of  tbe  Quautitien  of  the  principnl  Arliclei  exported  from  Montevideo  In  1835. 


(Ii  anil 
Cow 
lliilei. 

florae 
Hiiln. 

Ilomt. 

Hair. 

.^rriytiaf. 

Wool, 
Arrolnt. 

Tallow. 

Reef. 

Oreaie. 

.Sheen 
Skini. 

>riitria 
Skill! 

Jrrt^liU. 

«lli. 

Jrrobat, 

Doien. 

Dintu, 

Jinuary 

3«,7I2 

6,120 

66,070 

I,(>44 

4,2W 

6,616 

21.000 

1,768 

100 

Fi-liniary 

4,332 

3.400 

16,000 

768 

3.040 

13,613 

no 

March     .              .             •              . 

26,751 

2,IIN0 

37,320 

96 

7,770 

4,277 

29,745 

l.2H<l 

391 

40 

Aj.ril       .... 
May         .... 

26,321 

1,640 

39,1(0 

1,800 

»,37i| 

7,Alt 

12,616 

1,215 

30 

27,597 

6,3H6 

70.7:>6 

918 

l,8»l 

200 

18,804 

30 

. 

45 

JuriH        .... 

42.370 

ma 

1K„^H1| 

1,080 

1,110 

600 

20,ltl9 

1,830 

1,400 

July         .... 

64.(i»i8 

7,W)2 

b.|.40l 

2,156 

3,(170 

4,W3 

l!l,«72 

1,560 

607 

Aufiiat     .... 

41,910 

ll,'>44 

.le.O.'H 

2,0.8 

2,710 

2.083 

3.7.15 

1,459 

78 

Sfpifintier 

61,180 

4,1174 

79,0ns 

9«0 

2,710 

1,478 

6.8110 

1,860 

2,6110 

(li'iilicr    .... 

62,141 

7,125 

39,2«0 

l,1(>6 

20 

Am 

13,060 

460 

901 

Niivenilier 

19,641 

1,001 

45,075 

1,322 

no 

4"i8 

I3,4.i0 

750 

19-1 

Ucceuilier 

26,1 -.7 

I0,U60 

47,*W 

2,872 

7,)0fl 

7tW 
32,710   ' 

24,691 

198,774 

400 

2,650 
I4,D67 

3,173 
.5,I37~ 

420,900 

69,422 

549,588  1 

17,070 

33,v9e 

6,741 

A  Hiiiteniunt  of  the  Niimlier  of  Vessels,  with  their  Tnnnni;c  nnd  CrewM,  and  the  ToIdI  Invoice  Value 
oftliiiir  Ciirgoiis,  distiiiBiilshlnR  the  Countries  to  which  Ihi-y  belonged,  which  arrived  at  and  de- 
parted from  till!  port  of  .Montevideo  in  IH34. 


Cuuntriea. 

Arriveil. 

I)e| 

arted. 

Vcaseli. 

Invoice 
Value  of 
Carnoei. 

Vetaeli. 

Invoice 
Value  u( 
tarjoei. 

X  '■■ 

f  616,929 

No. 

Toui. 

t'rewi. 

No. 

Tona. 

Crewa. 

Ormt  Britain  • 

Fiance 

riiite<l  Statea  • 

Bnril 

AH  oilirr  nationi 

65 
31 
49 
33 
No  re 

12.339 

7,135 
12,869 
4,»12 

urn  of  Shippii 

664 
433 

611 
423 

K  maile. 

C  538,962 

64 
2S 
67 
39 

11,916 
6,  no 

11,077 
4,8M 

646 
394 
633 
482 

free. 


DUTIKS  ON  IMPdRTS. 
fti  Natiimal  or  rurci'irii  VattU,  at  Mtintivi<Uo. 

1.  Machinery,   AKricultural   iniplenienta,    inftlrumenta 

uaeil  in  the  arts  and  Kiencea,  books,  prints,  and 
maps  ...... 

2.  Silk,  nw  and  wrought,  lacea,  Monde,  koM  and  silver 

eiiibnii  Itry.  waiches,  jfwellrrv.  saltpetre,  plaster 
of  Paris,  coal,  tinitier,  cotton  fringe,  and  wooden 
hoopi  •  .  -  ■    5  per  cent. 

3.  Powder,  pitch,  tar,  rosin,  and  naval  stores  •  .13        — 

4.  All  raw  materials,  and  mannfnclured  articles,  not 

iiicliidi-l  ill  the  preccliiii?  eniinieratiiin     -  .16        — 

6  Silaar.  P.ira^iiiyaiid  China  tea.,  cocoa,  cassia  lignea, 
and  cinnamon,  apices,  drugS|  and  provisions  in  ge* 

nir.il 20       — 

B  Furniture,  pictures,  lonkinr-classea,  musical  in* 
slriiineiils,  all  s.irls  of  carriages,  carts,  Ac,  and 
h.iriii*!*.  sa  I'llta,  horse's  fiirnitiirefficeptiiijc horse 
cloths  of  the  iiianulacture  of  the  adjacent  pro- 


I)t'TIF,.S  ON  F.XrORTS. 

/n  \atimtat  or  Fi'rti^u  TeurZl. 

Oi  and  cow  hides,  2  reals,  25  centisinios,  for  rccon'.iidor  valuations 

of  I  dollar,  and  I  per  cent.  couauLailo. 
Horse  hides,  1  real  for  reconnidor,  on  valuations  of  6  reals  for  re. 

connidor  each,  and  I  per  cent,  consulado. 
All  other  proiluce  of  the  country  pays  4  jier  cent,  on  the  market 

value,  and  I  per  cent,  consulado. 
Jerkeil  and  Kilt  beef,  pork,  tic. ;  also  all  foreign  goods  that  have  paid 

the  import  duty,  free. 
Gold  and  silver,  cuiued  or  in  bullion,  I  per  cent. 

rcMrlJ. 
Fartign.    Kalimal, 
Fori  C/lnr/rf«— Tonnaie  from  beyond  sea,  3  reals.       2  icali. 

Uurine  loading  and  unloading  both  classes  |«i  I 

dollar  per  day. 
Pralinue,  with  pilot  •  •  .8  dollars.  4  dollan. 

ll„at      •  -  -  •  .2     -      2     - 

Withoul  pilot     •  •  •  .  4     _      2     - 


fit  f 
viaeis,  » 

ClolllI'S,    I, 

vinerar,  a 

l^ll,  2  real. 

Ili-lnnl  all 

,  €"»,  in  I. 

A  SHiallrhir 

lliniujh  tlie  („ 

f-ii".!,  during 

l»«l. 

•  'irrign  llour 
ad, •Han  (,«r  !•» 
,  .       al.iiit  m 

•  didlin|»r  liai 
4dii||.irs,  xlirn 

2  inlljrt,  whrn 
I  'I'lllir.  Hlun  1 

VVhrsi ;  _ 

3  dnilapi  prr  hn 
idi.llars,  whrn 

I  d.ilUr,  Mh'ii  H 
Niilhing  whrn  « 
•jooils  trtiishipiN 
"reign  <iiod«.  si 
ports  of  llw 
a     All  gnculs  in 
pay  an  addii 
jiercent.  to 
copper  nione 
(hat  pay 
Onallgonl,  that 
<ln  all  gooda 
(In  llour 
On  wheal 

•  Thia  liaa,  niiic 
already  acconiidial 
poses. 

We  nro  Ind 

for  the  ri'imlil 

MOKOC( 

Marrixjui  ,• 
from  the  Le 
extensively  i 
(MOUhM 
Brilinh  prov. 
town  of  Mar 
serves  as  a  n 
be  thrown  in 
N.,  long.  97" 
Campliejl  as 
above  the  lev 
the  mountain 
Iiromises  to  I 
timlier  and  ric 
cutch,  cocoa-r 
fine  stores. 
Miidras,  Rang 
Ship-huilding 
population;  b 
Maulmuin  C 
a  week : — 

"In  order  to  < 
we  place  tlie  toi 


Calcutta     . 
Maitras 
SInits 
Rangoon     . 
Trnasserim  Coast 
Other  Purts 


"  From  this  it 
two  lacs  and  a  hi 
•pirituous  liquor 
in  the  staple  proc 
tliat  five  lacs  of  i 
be  odded,  what  d 
ritiug,  for  the  pur 
wethinlt.beiinp 
«t  tbe  several  do< 
b2 


40 

45 

C07 
78 

(101 

191 

3,nJ 


616,929 


r  vilualioM 
Lis  for  re- 
I  thr  market 
It  have  pail 


Ml        , 

Salimau 
2  vait. 


4  dollan- 
a    - 
2     - 


MOROCCO,  MOULMEIN. 


197 


miTlM  f)N   IMPflRTH-rimliniurf. 
tn  Satu'ttai  tit  Pitrtigtt  i'tMtti,  ai  MottUvtdtiK 
vincit,   whiih   pay    Ift  p^r  n-ut.),   rrailjr   nuila 
cItiUica,  t.fM>tf  4ih|  ahiirt,  li<|iieiir«,  liraii'l),   i*  iiir, 
vinvcar,  ala  an<l  |Hirt«r,  ri<lrr,  ii^liirrn,  aiwl  wiap    ii  par  rfni. 
Rdl,  i  nuU  lh«  f4nr|a,  aav  llrf.  )wr  ^tlU  Mm. 
lli-lNnf  all  rUiait,  hjiir,  iHtrna,  lallttt*!  ailvnr,  aiid 

(iibl.  in  l'Mllt)>n  iir  iniii      ■  .  ■  .         trrr. 

A  aiiiali  rhinip  ii  itia  Ir  for  warrhoualitf  ainl  iMirtxraft  nn  |'j»in( 
thnmah  lli«  ('.tivtuiii  hoiiwt,  (liMMla  iii«v  l>r  lMin<l«-'l  f»r  an  in'l''lliiitr 
I'DknT,  itiirmK  nlitch  liniv  thry  arr  iiiljrrf  to  a  in<iilrral«  watfliuuM* 
nai. 

lorei<n  rtottr  |>ati  ai  fiilloMra  :— 
ft  <JclUrt  iwr  hiiTfl,  Mhaii  wIimI  ia  worth  9  to  3  dollan  b«r  fawipi, 

alxiil  lU  llx. 
6  ilnlhri  |H-r  I'lrri-I,  whfn  whrat  la  wnrih  3  to  A  ilnllan  |i«r  fattcfa. 
4  iloll.in,  Mtlrti  witual  la  Wf)rtli  S  to  7  tlollara. 
<  Jollin,  wlirn  »hral  Ii  worlh  7  to  0  .lullara. 
I  itoll.tr,  wtu'n  Mlirat  eai'«wl«li  ilnllan. 

Wllt-al:- 

3  tinllan  \ttr  fanrri,  whi'n  wimat  ia  north  3  tn  3  ttollan  p«r  faitaffa* 

]ilollara,  when  wlirat  la  wiirlh  :l  tottilolUra. 

I  ilollari  Mlfn  wlit.ii  ■•  worth  litn  IU>lolUra. 

N<ilhOM(  whfn  whial  it  worth  ahovr  lOilollan  p«r  rane^A, 

(iukIi  tranBlii|>|x^l,  or  ihipiKil  out  of  Ixiiiil,  |tH)  i  |H-r  ri-nt, 

Pnreiftn  pKyt«,  ahipiiwl  in  vr**eta  of  lr«a  thin  IMJ  lona  i.upIm,  (or 
p«>rt«  of  lli«  I  ni<(jay  aivl  I'arMtiiy,  p-iy  only  I  (Mr  rriit. 

fl.  AI)  Kraxta  inifiorleil,  paying  ilulira,  arv  auliinct  tn 
pay  an  aiMitional  I  |ier  criil.  In  (hr  rnnaiilailo;  l>ll 
|)«r  rent,  to  llir  tmatntal ;  aiHl  for  the  ritinrtlun  nf 
rnppernioiiey*.  I  |i«r  cent.  aiMiiionaloii  all  fooila 
that  pay  •  -6  per  renl. 

On  all  (noli  that  pay  13,  IS,  ami  2f)  per  cent.  •    3       — 

f)n  all  fiiTKla  that  pay  J8  per  cent.  •  -    S       — 

(til  Hour  •  •  •  •  10       — 

(hi  wheat  •  -    3       — 


Dl'TIK.t  l>N  r.XmRT«-e«ilifiiMil. 

hi  .Vtif lonaf  tie  Fimifn  I'ttttii. 

National  ami  fnreian  veaaela.  that  neither  iliarluirK^  niir  loa.!  eargn, 

aiKl  ili.li  ilo  iiiit  rvuMin  iiioir  than  an  ilaya,  |,ay  n>>ihiii4  ;  lh««*  litu 

r-ii.  iin  III  the  hartNiur  more  than  iia  <l.tyi  |iay  iuk'  third  of  ihr  alNi%« 

kinna^t'  duea. 

National  vraaell,  and  veaarla  lirlonf  ititf  hi  the  pr<iv,ni'*«  of  llurnon 
Ayii«,  rMiphi>eil  wMhiii  tlM  ii%er  >'Uir,  calle<l  ci^aiiuf,  pay  (or  a 

licviiae  for  ei,.h  wtyatfr  aa  folio,,!  : 


If  3  to     7  tuna, 

II  -    n    - 

in  -    3U    — 

31  -    4^    - 

4t  -  6(1  — 
61  -MI- 
NI —  100  — 
101  and  aU've 


4  reala, 

10 

IH 

tn 

3t) 
311 
4tt 
M 


or  I  dollar,  iren'a. 

iir  i  —  1  — 

iir3  -  i  — 

or .)  —  0  — 

or  4  -  «  — 

„r»  _  e  - 

«r«  -  11 


//ueftf/ll /^4e*.— N.iitonal  ami  lorncn  vraaala,  aailiiiii  for  a  forelga 

(Kirt  tM'yoii.l  Mia  or  in  tin-  rurr  iTite,  pay  i  .Inll.ira  for  the  vrnvd, 

4  reali  lor  the  captain,  I  reali  for  each  •eammi  I  dollar  for  each 

jaaaeiiffrr. 

/'ifoforc  Inini  Mnntevidro  iiilluemia  Ayrea  hi  lie  paid  in  Mon.aviJaa. 

If  tlw  iirau(lit  of  Mater  do  mit  eaire  I 

(1  feel  lliiritoa  nicaaure,       W  dolltra, 
«  tu  lU  fret,  m    ~ 

10  -  1 1   -  70    — 

11  -  U  -  HO    — 

Ii-  13  —  100  — 

13-  U  —  110    — 

14  -  1^  —  140    — 

13—111—  li/l     — 

i«  -  i:  --  ISM  — 

17—  I"  —  iia  — 

M'tniett  HVi^Atf,  rtinf  5fr/lJtirr«.  — Wper  money  there  la  non«. 
Current  nioney  the  Hia/ilian  |>alai-«n  and  Spamali  dollar  i  they 
paaa  f<ir  MO  cinle^iiiuMi. 
100  nrita  inake  a  rt-al. 
Wtll  reniB,  iir  «  ri.O«.  make  >  dollar. 
*  Thia  liaa,  much  tn  the  honour  of  the  anthorlliea  and  |i«npl0,l>een  I  9t)0  irenta,  or  tl  reaU  hO  criili,  iii.ike  I   1*4  currtnt  dollar,  or  I  hard 
already  aceonipliil  rd  ;  but  tha  duty  i«  niaintauinl  fir  (eneral  pur-        dollnr  or  p.it  inm. 
poaea,  I       Weiifhta  audiiii'Aaureauiiie.u  ttioaeof  S|iain;  for  utii'lmee  Vtidxz, 

We  nrn  Imlclitcit  fur  the  alinve  vultiublu  liifuriimlion  to  Jiiliii  Hall,  I'liti.,  Vlce-t.'uiiniil  Ht  LIvvrpool 
for  the  rt'iiiiblu' of  UraKiiny.— Sm/i.) 

MOROCCO,  uii  MAROyUIN  (Otr.  Saffiam ,-  Fr.  Marof/uin  ,■  ll.  Matr(ieefiirw .-  8p. 
Marro(/ui ,-  Hub.  Siijiun),  a  line  kind  of  Iwilluir  |irep,iml  of  tlio  Hkiiis  of  ^oatH,  iiiiportfit 
from  the  Levant,  Darbary,  Hpuin,  Flanders,  &c.  It  in  red,  black,  grccii,  yclluvv,  &.i-.  It  in 
extensively  uhciI  in  the  binding  of  books. 

(MOULMKIN,  OK  MAULMAIN,  a  sna-port  town  of  India  beyond  the  Ci.inprs,  rap. 
BritiMh  prov.  Martaban,  at  the  mouth  of  the  f^reat  river  Than-lueng,  having  N.  the  Uirinciie 
town  of  Martaban,  un  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  and  W.  the  island  of  Haiti,  which 
serves  as  a  natural  breakwater  to  defend  the  port  from  the  heavy  seas  that  would  otherwise 
be  thrown  in  from  the  W.,  100  in.  S.  8.  E.  Rangoon,  27  m.  N.  N.  E.  Amherst ;  Int.  lfi°  30' 
N.,  long.  97°  38'  E.  It  was  founded  so  late  as  1825,  when  the  site  was  selected  by  Sir  A. 
Campbell  as  eligible  as  well  for  n  commercial  as  a  military  station.  It  is  about  200  feet 
aliovo  the  level  of  the  river,  and  extensive  and  fertile  plains  stretch  eastwards  from  it  towards 
the  mountains.  Its  port  is  good,  and,  from  iin  extciifivc  command  of  internal  navigation,  it 
jiromises  to  become  a  considerable  emporium.  'J'it«  principal  articles  of  export  are  leak 
timlnir  and  rice ;  but  there  is  also  a  considerable  export  of  tobacco,  stick-lac,  betel-nut,  ivory, 
cutch,  cocoa-nut,  &c.  The  imports  consist  principally  of  European  cotton  goods,  and  ma- 
rine stores.  The  principal  trade  of  the  place  has  hitherto  been  arried  on  with  Calcutta, 
Madras,  Rangoon,  and  Pinang;  but,  in  18.37,  a  direct  trade  was  commenced  with  London. 
8hip-building  is  carried  on  to  a  considerable  extent.  We  have  no  recent  accounts  of  the 
population;  but,  probably,  it  is  not  under  8,000  or  10,000.  An  English  newspaper  (the 
Maulmain  Chronicle),  from  which  we  borrow  the  following  details,  is  published  once 
a  week : — 

"In  order  tn  exhibit,  at  one  view,  tho  decided  incrense  of  our  trade  in  1837  over  tlic  preceding  year, 
we  place  tlie  totals  to  and  from  eacli  port  in  juxtiipositiun. 


Iniporta. 

Eipnrta. 

1636. 

1837. 

Increaae. 

1836. 

1837. 

Increaae. 

Ra. 

Ra. 

1(>. 

Ra. 

Ra. 

Hi. 

Calcutta     • 

5,M>,<l|9 

^Sit.MI 

S,S2,0T2 

Calcutta      • 

94,244 

2,08,011 

1.13,767 

Ma^lraa       ■ 

77,(102 

1,39,476 

til.674 

Madna 

26,200 

1.23,935 

9"  ,735 

SIraita 

SI, 622 

91,137 

39,515 

SIraita 

49,3ilO 

:.6.998 

7,608 

Rinjnon     • 

1,00,874 

1,97,532 

95,659 

M.iuritiua    • 

• 

84,305 

64,306 

Tenuserim  Coaat     • 

43,730 

62,174 

8,444 

RantiKin 

2,04,457 

l,4'<,0!'l 

OUwr  iVirta 

34,SI0 

41,155 

6.915 

Tenaaaerim  Coaat     • 

32,614 

18,471 

Other  I'orU 

18,090 

28.609 

10,519 

Total 

8,83,357 

14,60,665 

5,95,308 

Total       . 

4,24,99:5 

6,69,410 

2,43,415 

'  "From  this  it  will  appear, that  the  imports  have  increaFed  nenrlysix  Incs  nf  rupees,  and  the  exports 
two  Iac8  nntl  a  half.  AmnnKthc  imports,  the  increase  is  found  clilcfly  under  the  liead  of  marine  stores, 
apirituous  liquors,  and  articles  of  European  and  Birmese  manufacture.  AnionK  the  (!xport8,  it  18  found 
in  the  staple  productions  of  the  country,  rice  and  timber.  Under  tiic  head  of  imports,  we  may  notice 
that  five  lacs  of  rupees  were  received  during  tlic  year  into  tlie  government  treasury;  tn  wliich  may 
be  added,  wliat  does  not  appear  in  our  statement,  about  half  a  lac  of  rupees,  perhaps,  from  Ihe  Mau- 
ritius, for  the  purchase  of  cargoes  of  rice  and  timber.  Under  the  head  of  exports,  also,  it  would  not, 
we  thinl(,  be  improper  to  include  the  estimated  value  of  the  vessels  built  and  launched  during  ihe  vear 
at  the  several  dock  yards.  The  following  is  a  very  rough  estimate  :— 
b2 


^ 


■■v       I 


198 


MUNJEET,  MUSCAT. 


No. 

Tonnage. 

EitimatM  Value. 

Vesiels  launched 

. 

. 

e 

_ 

_ 

2500 

- 

250,000 

Ditto  fitted  for  aea 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

185,000 

Total 


Rs.  375,000 


"We  are  not  nwnre  that  the  mode  in  whirh  onr  statements  are  drawn  up  requires  any  imrticiilar 
explanation.  The  word  "Hiindries"  may  l)e,  pnrlmps,  thought  too  coiiipreliensive,  but  we  have  di- 
vided it  uinon;;  articles  of  European,  Indian,  Chinese,  and  liirmese  produce  or  inanuTacture. 

"The  Tollowing  is  a  statement  of  tlie  imports  into  Maulmain  from  llie  neighbouring  Shan  States 
during  1837 : — 

Nn.  Value. 

Elephants 08----  13,000 

Ponies 110        -        .        -        -  17,5aO 

HiiiriiloflS sw        .        .        .        -  9!K) 

CnwB  and  bullocks           -        -        .  3480        -        -        -        -  45,000 

Sundries ....  4,500 


Rs.  81,610 


"Of  the  exports  to  those  states,  we  can  procure  no  detailed  statement.  Little  else,  however,  is 
taken  to  them  from  hence  but  piece  goods,  either  European  or  native,  the  value  of  which  may,  per- 
haps, be  estimated  nt  about  00,000  rupees. 

"Takiiifs,  then,  into  consideration  the  various  items  above  alluded  to,  and  which  are  not  brought 
into  our  statements,  we  shall  have  the  following  as  the  amount  of  in)ports  and  exports  for  tlie  year 
1B37:—  Imports     -       -      Rs.  20,92,275     |     Exports     -        -      Rs.  11,0.1,410"  Sup.) 

MUNJEET,  a  species  of  Ruhia  tindorum,  or  madder,  produced  in  Nepaul  and  in  vari- 
ous districts  of  India.  That  which  is  brought  to  England  is  imported  from  Calcutta,  and  is 
cultivated  in  the  high  lands  about  Natpore  in  Purneah.  The  roots  are  long  and  slender, 
and  when  broken  appear  of  a  red  colour.  It  is  used  in  dyeing;  the  red  which  it  produces 
being,  though  somewhat  peculiar,  nearly  the  same  as  that  produced  by  European  madder. 
IDr.  Bancroft  says,  that  the  colour  which  it  imparts  to  cotton  and  linen  is  not  so  durable  as 
that  of  madder;  but  that  upon  wool  or  woollen  cloth  its  colour  is  brighter  and  livelier;  and, 
when  proper  mordants  arc  used,  nearly,  perhaps  quite,  as  permanent. — {Permanent  Colours, 
vol.  ii.  p.  279.)  The  best  munjeet  is  in  pieces  about  the  bigness  of  a  small  quill,  clean  and 
firm,  breaking  short,  and  not  pipy  or  chatfy.     Its  smell  somewhat  resembles  liquorice  root. 

Heing  a  very  bulky  article,  as  compared  with  its  value,  the  freight  adds  greatly  to  its  cost.  This 
seems  to  he  the  principal  reason  of  its  being  so  very  little  used  in  Great  Britain,  that  the  entire  im- 
ports, during  the  3  years  ending  with  18.12,'  amounted  to  only  3,897  cwt.  In  1824,  4,023  cwt.  were 
imported  ;  lliis  increased  importation  being  accounted  for  by  the  then  comparatively  low  rate  of 
freight.— (PuW.  Papers,  No.  22.  Sess.  1830,  and  No.  425.  Sess.  1833.)  The  brokers  estimate  that  41. 
per  ton  of  freight  is  equal  to  1I«.  Id.  per  cwt.  on  the  value  of  the  article  j  51.  per  ton  being  equal  to 
l.la.  lOd. ;  61  to  16*. 7d. ;  and  7/.  to  19.?.  4d. ;  and  as  the  price  of  nainjeet  in  bond  varies  from  20s.  to  25s. 
a  cwt.,  it  is  plain  it  cannot  bo  imported  in  any  considerable  quantity,  except  when  freights  are  very 
much  depressed.  It  is  mostly  imported  in  small  packets  or  bundles  of  000  or  800  to  the  ton ;  but  some- 
times it  is  packed  in  bales  like  cotton. 

MUSCAT,  a  city  and  sea-port  situated  on  the  east  coast  of  Arabia,  about  96  miles  N.  W. 
of  Cape  Rasselgate  (Ras-el-had),  in  lat.  23°  38'  N.,  Ion.  .58°  37^'  E.  Population  uncer- 
tain;  but  estimated  by  Mr.  Fraser  at  from  10,000  to  12,000;  of  these  1,000  maybe  Hin- 
doos from  Sinde,  Cutch,  and  Guzerat,  the  rest  being  Arabs  and  negro  slaves.  The  latter 
are  numerous,  and  are  generally  stout,  well  made,  and  active. 

The  harbour,  which  is  the  best  on  this  part  of  the  Arabic  coast,  opens  to  the  north,  and  is  shaped 
like  a  horse-shoe.  It  is  bounded  on  the  VV.  and  S.  by  the  lofty  projecting  shores  of  the  mainland,  and 
on  the  E.  by  Muscat  Island,  a  ridge  of  rocks  from  200  to  .100  feet  high.  The  town  stands  on  a  sandy 
beach  at  the  south  end  or  bottom  of  the  cove  or  harbour,  about  l|  mile  from  its  mouth.  The  depth  of 
water  near  the  town  varies  from  3  to  4  and  5  fathoms.  Ships  at  anchor  are  exposed  to  the  north  and 
north-west  winds  ;  but  as  the  anchorage  is  every  where  good,  accidents  are  of  very  rare  occurrence. 
The  harbour  is  protected  by  some  pretty  strong  forts.  Vessels  are  not  allowed  to"  enter  after  dnsk, 
nor  to  leave  before  sunrise.  If  the  usual  signal  be  made  for  a  pilot,  one  will  come  off,  but  not  other- 
wise. It  is  best  to  make  them  attend  till  the  vessel  be  secured,  as  they  have  excellent  boats  for  carry- 
ing out  warp  anchors. 

Muscat  is  a  place  of  considerable  importance,  being  at  once  the  key  to,  and  commanding  the  trade 
of,  the  Persian  Gulf  The  dominions  of  the  imaum,  or  prince,  are  extensive,  and  his  government  is 
more  liberal  and  intelligent  than  any  other  in  Arabia  or  Persia.  The  town,  situated  nt  the  bottom  of 
a  high  hill,  is  ill-built  and  flithy  ;  and,  during  the  months  of  July  and  \ugu8t,  is  one  of  the  hottest 
inhabited  places  in  the  world.  The  country  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  town  is  extremely  bar- 
ren ;  but  it  improves  as  it  recedes  from  the  shore.  Dates  and  wheat,  particularly  the  first,  are  the 
principal  articles  of  produce.  The  dates  of  this  part  of  Arabia  are  held  in  high  estimation,  and  are 
largely  exported,  those  of  Bushire  and  Bussorah  being  imported  in  their  stead.  A  date  tree  is  valued 
at  from  7  to  10  dollars,  and  its  annual  produce  at  from  1  to  1|  dollar.  An  estate  is  said  to  be  worth 
S,000,  3,000,  or  4,000  date  trees,  according  to  the  number  it  possesses. 

But  the  place  derives  its  whole  importance  from  the  commerce  and  navigation  of  which  it  is  the 
centre.  I'he  imaum  has  some  large  ships  of  war,  and  his  subjects  possess  some  of  the  finest  trading 
vessels  to  be  met  with  in  the  Indian  seas.  The  part  of  Arabia  adjoining  to  Muscat  is  too  poor  to  have 
any  very  considerable  direct  trade  ;  but  owing  to  its  favourable  situation,  the  backward  state  of  the 
country  round  the  Persian  Gulf,  and  the  superiority  of  its  ships  and  seamen,  Muscat  has  become  an 
important  entrepdt,  and  has  an  extensive  transit  and  carrying  trade.  Most  European  ships  bound  for 
llussorah  and  Bushire  touch  at  it ;  and  more  than  half  the  trade  of  the  Persian  Gulf  is  carried  on  in 
ships  belonging  to  its  merchants. — (See  Bushire.)  But,  exclusive  of  tlie  porta  on  the  gulf,  and  the 
south  and  west  coasts  of  Arabia,  ships  under  the  flag  of  the  imaum  trade  to  all  the  ports  of  British 
Tndia,  to  Singapore,  Java,  the  Mauritius,  the  east  coast  of  Africa,  &.c.  The  pearl  trade  of  the  Persian 
Gulf  is  now,  also,  wholly  centered  at  Muscat.  All  merchandise  passing  up  the  gulf  on  Arab  bottoms, 
pays  a  duty  of  |  per  cent  to  the  imaum.  He  also  rents  the  islands  of  Ormuz  and  Kishmee,  the  port  of 
Gombroon,  and  some  sulphur  mines  from  the  Persian  government. 


.#v 


MUSK—MYROBALANS. 


199 


shaped 
111,  mill 
sandy 
!plli  of 
rill  and 
rrence. 
dusk, 
otlier- 
■  carry- 
trade 
nent  is 
torn  of 
hottest 
ly  bar- 
ire  the 
md  are 
valued 
worth 

It  19  the 
grading 
lo  have 
I  of  the 
tme  an 
[ind  for 
Id  on  in 
Ind  the 
iBritish 
[•ersian 
bttonia, 
port  of 


In  the  magazines  of  Muscat  may  be  found  every  spncies  of  produce  importrd  into,  or  exported  from 
the  Persian  Gulf.  Various  articles  are  also  imported  for  the  use  of  the  siirriiiiniliiiK  rouiitry,  and  for 
the  internal  consumption  of  Arabia.  Among  these,  the  principal  are  rice,  siiRnr,  coffee  from  Mocha, 
cotton  and  cotton  cloth, cocoa  nuts,  wood  for  building,  slaves  from  Zaiigiiebar,  dates  from  Itiishire  and 
liussorah,  &c.  Payment  for  these  is  chiefly  made  in  specie  and  pearls  ;  hut  they  also  export  driit's  of 
various  descriptions,  ivory,  gums,  hides,  ostrich  feathers,  horses,  a  sort  of  earthen  j:irs,  ciillecl  niartu- 
Lan,  to  Tranquebar,  dried  fish,  an  esteemed  sweetmeat  called  hiilieah,  and  a  few  oiher  articles. 

The  markets  of  Muscat  are  abundantly  supplied  with  all  sorts  of  provision.  Beef,  mutton,  and  ve- 
getables of  good  quality  may  be  had  at  all  times,  and  reasonably  cheap.  The  bay  literally  swarms 
with  the  greatest  variety  of  most  excellent  fish.  Water  is  excellent,  and  is  conveyed  to  tlie  hearh  in 
such  a  manner  that  the  casks  of  a  vessel  may  be  filled  in  her  boats  while  afloat.  Kire-wood  is  also 
abundant,  and  is  cheaper  than  at  Bombay. 

Mohammedans  pay  a  duty  of  2i  per  cent,  on  imports  and  exports  ;  and  all  other  nations  pay  5  per 
cent. 

Money,  Wewhts,  and  Measures. — Accounts  here  are  kept  in  goz  and  mamoodies :  20  coy,  =:  1  mam- 
moody  ;  and  20  mamoodies  =  I  dollar.  All  Persian,  Turkish,  and  Indian  coins,  as  well  as  Trench  and 
German  crowns,  and  Spanish  dollars,  are  met  with:  their  value  fluctuating  with  the  demand;  and 
Ihey  are  generally  sold  by  weight. 

The  weights  are,  the  cucha  and  maund  ;  24  cuchas  =  I  maund  :=  8  lbs.  12  oz.  avoirdupois. 

Neibuhr  thinks,  that  Muscat  occupies  the  site  of  the  Mosca  of  Arrian  and  other  Greek  writers — 
(Voyage  en  Jirabie,  vol.  ii.  p.  71  ed.  Anist.  1780.)  ;  a  conjecture  which  seems  to  be  confirmed,  not  merely 
by  the  rescmlilance  of  the  name,  but  also  by  tlie  terms  applied  by  Arrian  to  Mosca  being  siilliciently 
descriptive  of  Muscat ;  and  as  the  port  is  bounded  on  all  sides  by  rocks,  it  must  now  present  almost 
the  same  appearance  as  in  antiquity.  Dr.  Vincent,  however,  though  he  speaks  doubtfully  on  the 
mibject,  is  inclined  to  place  Mosca  to  the  west  of  Cape  Rasselgate.— (Commerce  and  J^'ovhroUon  of  the 
/?ncicnf»,  vol.  ii.  pp.  .144 — 347.  For  further  particulars,  besides  the  autlioriiies  above  referred  to,  see 
Hiimilton'a  JVeia  .Account  of  the  East  Indies,  vol.  i.  p.  03. ;  Frazer's  Journey  to  Khorasan,  pp.  5 — 19.  : 
Milbum's  Orient.  Com.,  tc.  The  longitude  given  above  is  that  of  Arrowsmilh's  Chart  of  the  Persian 
Gulf.) 

MUSK  (Fr.  Muse ,-  Ger.  Bisam ;  Du.  Muskus  ,•  It.  Muscliio ;  Sp.  Almizele ,-  Rus. 
MuKCHS  ;  Arab,  and  Pera,  Mishk)  is  obtained  from  a  species  of  deer  (Moschun  mn.sc/iiftrus) 
inhabiting  the  Alpine  mountains  of  the  east  of  Asia.  The  musk  is  found  in  a  small  bag 
under  the  belly.  Musk  is  in  grains  concreted  together,  dry,  yet  slightly  unctuous,  and  free 
from  griliiness  when  rubbed  between  the  fingers  or  chewed.  It  has  a  peculiar,  aromatic, 
nnd  extremely  powerful  and  durable  odour  ;  the  taste  is  bitterish  and  heavy  ;  and  the  colour 
deep  brown,  with  a  shade  of  red.  It  is  imported  into  England  from  China,  in  caddies  con- 
taining from  60  to  100  oz.  each ;  but  an  inferior  kind  is  brought  from  Bengal,  and  a  still 
baser  sort  from  Russia.  The  l)est  is  that  which  is  in  the  natural  follicle  or  pod.  Being  a 
very  high-priced  article,  it  is  often  adulterated.  That  which  is  mixed  with  the  animal's 
blood  may  be  discovered  by  the  largeness  of  the  lumps  or  clots.  It  is  sometimes  mixed  with 
a  dark,  highly  coloured,  friable  earth ;  but  this  appears  to  the  touch  to  be  of  a  more  crumb- 
ling texture,  and  is  harder  as  well  as  heavier  than  genuine  musk.  20  cwt.  of  mu.sk  are 
allowed  to  a  ton.  It  is  not  permitted  to  be  brought  home  in  the  China  ships  belonging  to 
the  East  India  Company,  but  maybe  imported  in  others. — {^Thomson'.  Dkpensatory  ; 
Milburn's  Orient.  Com.)  At  an  average  of  the  3  years  ending  with  1832,  the  imports  of 
musk,  from  all  places  eastward  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  with  the  exception  of  China, 
amounted  to  4,965  oz.  a  year. — (Pari.  Paper,  No.  425.  Sess.  1833.) 

MUSLIN  (Ger.  Mmselin,  Ncsselluch;  Du.  Neleldoek ,-  Fr.  Mnusseline ,-  It.  Mousso- 
Una;  Sp.  Mdselina;  Rus.  Kissea),  is  derived  from  the  word  moiisale  or  viouseln,  a  name 
given  to  it  in  India,  where  large  quantities  are  made.  It  is  a  fine  thin  sort  of  cotton  cloth, 
with  a  downy  nap  on  the  surface.  Formerly  all  muslins  were  imported  from  the  East ;  but 
now  they  are  manufactured  in  immense  quantities  at  Manchester,  Glasgow,  &c.  of  a  fine- 
ness and  durability  which  rival  those  of  India,  at  the  same  time  that  they  are  very  considera- 
bly cheaper. — (See  Cotton.) 

MUSTARD  (Ger.  Mustert,  Senf,-  Fr.  Moutarde ,-  It.  Modarda ;  Sp.  Moslaza  ,•  Rus. 
Gurtschiza ;  Lat.  Sinapis  ,•  Arab.  Khlrdal,-  Hind.  Rdi),  a  plant  (Sinapis)  of  which  there 
are  several  species,  some  of  them  indigenous  to  Great  Britain.  It  was  formerly  extensively 
cultivated  in  Durham,  but  it  is  now  seldom  seen  in  that  country.  At  present  it  is  princi- 
pally raised  in  the  neighbourhood  of  York,  and  throughout  other  parts  of  the  North  Riding; 
and  being  manufactured  in  the  city  of  York,  is  afterwards  sold  under  the  name  of  Durham 
tnustard.  Two  quarters  an  acre  are  reckoned  a  good  crop.  Mustard  is  of  considerable  im- 
portance in  the  materia  inedica,  and  is  extensively  used  as  a  condiment.  It  was  not,  how- 
ever, known,  in  its  present  form,  at  our  tables,  till  1720.  The  seed  had  previously  been 
merely  pounded  in  a  mortar,  and  in  that  rude  state  separated  from  the  integuments  and  pre- 
pared for  use.  But,  at  the  period  referred  to,  it  occurred  to  a  woman  of  the  name  of  Cle- 
ments, residing  in  Durham,  to  grind  the  seed  in  a  mill,  and  to  treat  the  meal  in  the  same 
way  that  flour  is  treated.  Her  mustard  was,  in  consequence,  very  superior;  and,  being  ap- 
proved by  George  I.,  speedily  came  into  general  use.  Mrs.  Clements  kept  her  secret  for  a 
considerable  time,  and  acquired  a  competent  fortune.  In  Bengal,  and  other  Eastern  coun- 
tries, mustard  is  extensively  cultivated,  as  rape  is  in  Europe,  for  the  purpose  of  yielding  oil. 
— (Bailey's  Survey  of  Durham,  p.  147.;  Loudon's  Ency.  of  Agric.) 

MYROBALANS,  are  dried  fruits  of  the  plum  kind,  occasionally  brought  from  Bengal 
and  other  parts  of  India.  There  are  said  to  be  5  different  species.  They  vary  from  the  size 
of  olives  to  that  of  gall  nuts ;  have  an  unpleasant,  bitterish,  austere  taste ;  produce,  with 


I 

3 

I 
I 


/^^■■ 


200 


MYRRH— NANGASACKI. 


iron,  a  strong,  durable,  black  dye  and  ink ;  and  with  alum,  a  very  full,  though  dark,  brownish 
yellow.  They  are  used  in  calico  printing  and  medicine  by  the  Hindoos.  They  have  also 
Iteen  employed,  though  to  a  comparatively  trilling  extent,  in  the  arts,  and  in  pharmacy,  in 
Europe ;  but  they  are  now  discarded  from  our  Pharmacopoeias. — {Lewis's  Mat,  Med. ; 
Bancroft  on  Permanent  Colours,  vol.  i.  p.  351.) 

MYRRH  (Ger.  Mijrr/ien ,-  Du.  Mirrhe  ,•  Fr.  Mf^rrJie ,-  Ital.  and  Sp.  Mlrra  ,•  Lat. 
Mi/rr/ia  ,•  Arab.  Murr),  a  resinous  substance,  the  produce  of  an  unknown  tree  growing  in 
Arabia  apd  Abyssinia.  It  is  imported  in  chests,  each  containing  from  1  to  2  cwt.  Abyssi- 
nian myrrh  comes  to  us  through  the  East  Indies,  while  that  produced  in  Arabia  is  brought 
by  the  way  of  Turkey.  It  has  a  peculiar,  rather  fragrant,  odour,  and  a  bitter  aromatic  taste. 
It  is  in  small  irregularly  shaped  pieces,  which  can  hardly  be  called  tears.  Good  myrrh  is 
translucent,  of  a  reddish  yellow  colour,  brittle,  breaking  with  a  resinous  fracture,  and  easily 
pulverised.  Its  specific  gravity  is  1-36.  When  it  is  opaque,  mixed  with  impurities,  and^ 
cither  white,  or  of  a  dark  colour  approaching  nearly  to  black,  with  a  disagreeable  odour,  it 
should  be  rejected. — ( Thomson's  Dispensatory.) 

N. 

NAILS  (Ger.  N^igel,  Spiker ;  Du.  Spykers ;  Fr.  Clous ;  It.  Chiodi,  Chiovi,  Aguit ; 
Sp.  Clavos ;  Rus.  Gwosdi),  are  small  spikes  of  iron,  brass,  &c.,  which,  being  driven  into 
wood,  serve  to  bind  several  pieces  together,  or  to  fasten  something  upon  them.  There  is 
scarcely  a  town  or  village  in  Great  Britain  in  which  nails  are  not  forged ;  but  the  principal 
seats  of  this  useful  branch  of  the  iron  manufacture  are  at  Birmingham,  Bilston,  Wolver- 
liampton,  Dudley,  ShcfTield,  and  a  small  district  in  Derbyshire.  The  consumption  of  nails 
is  immense  ;  and  the  aggregate  value  of  those  annually  produced  is  very  large. 

NANGASACKI,  a  sea-port  town  on  the  south-west  coast  of  the  island  of  Ximo,  one  of 
the  Japanese  islands,  being,  according  to  Krusenstern,  in  lat.  32°  43'  40"  N.,  Ion.  130°  11' 
47"  E.  The  harbour  extends  N.E,  and  S.W.  about  2^  leagues,  being,  in  most  places,  less 
than  a  mile  in  width.  Ships  lie  in  5  or  6  fathoms  water,  within  a  gunshot  of  the  town, 
near  the  middle  of  the  bay,  where  they  are  protected  from  all  winds. 

The  .Tapnncse  islands  are  situated  within  the  temperate  zone.  They  are  believed  to  contain  50,000,000 
nf  people,  superior  in  industry  and  civilisation  to  every  other  Eastern  nation,  with  the  exception  of  the 
Chinese.  Hut,  notwithstanding  .lapan  has  some  thousand  miles  of  sea-coast,  all  foreigners  are  rigidly 
e.vcluded  from  it,  with  the  exception  of  the  Dutch  and  (Jliinese;  and  they  are  only  allowed  to  visit 
Nangasacki,  the  former  with  2  ships,  and  the  latter  with  10  Junks. 

Tlie  Japanese  themselves  are  prohibited  by  the  laws  of  the  empire  from  quitting  their  own  shores ; 
and,  notwithstanding  they  formerly  emigrated  freely,  and  traded  extensively  with  the  neighbouring 
nations,  they  have  resolutely  adhered  to  this  anti-social  regulation  since  163",  or  for  nearly  200  years. 
Both  Dutch  and  Chinese  are  suhjected  to  a  rigorous  siirvtillancc  during  their  residence  in  Japan. 
"The  ships,"  (Dutch)  says  Mr.  Crawford,  "no  sooner  arrive,  than  their  rudders  are  unshipped,  their 
guns  dismounted,  their  arms  and  ammunition  removed,  a  military  guard  put  on  board,  and  row  boats 
appointed  to  watch  them.  Their  cargoes  are  landed  by,  and  placed  in  charge  of,  the  officers  of  the 
Japanese  government,  and  the  Dutch  have  neither  control  over,  nor  access  to  them,  except  through 
eolicilntion.  The  island  of  Desima,  to  which  they  are  confined,  is  an  artificial  structure  of  stone 
raised  upon  the  rocks  of  the  harbour,  measuring  in  its  greatest  length  230  paces,  by  a  breodth  of  (<2. 
It  communicates  with  the  town  of  Nangasacki  by  a  bridge  and  gate,  and  is  palisadoed  all  round,  as 
well  as  surrounded  by  a  guard.  From  this  imprisonment  the  Dutch  are  allowed  to  peep  twice  or 
thrice  a  year,  rather  to  he  exhibited  to  the  great  as  a  curiosity,  than  out  of  indulgence.  A  corps  of 
constables  and  interpreters  are  appointed  to  watch  over  their  minutest  actions ;  and  the  most  de- 
grading servilities  are  exacted  from  the  highest  among  them,  by  the  meanest  ofiiccrs  of  the  Japanese 
government." 

The  Chinese  trade  with  Japan  is  understood  to  be  conducted  from  the  port  of  Ningpo,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Chekiang,  which  is  so  conveniently  situated,  that  2  voyages  may  be  performed  in  the  year, 
even  by  the  clumsy  junks  of  China.  The  commodities  with  which  the  Chinese  furnish  the  Japanese, 
consist  of  raw  sugar,  cow  and  buffalo  hides,  wrought  silks,  consisting  chiefly  of  satins  and  damasks, 
eagle  and  sandal  wood,  ginseng,  tutenague  or  zinc,  tin,  lead,  fine  teas,  and,  for  nmre  than  100  years 
back,  some  European  broad  cloths  and  camlets.  The  exports  consist  of  copper,  limited  to  15,000 
piculs,  or  about  900  tons  ;  camphor,  sabre  blades,  pearls,  some  descriptions  of  paper  and  porcelain,  and 
some  Japan  ware,  which  is  either  curious  or  handsome,  l>ut  not  so  substantial  as  that  of  China. 

Japan,  could  a  trade  be  freely  carried  on  with  it,  would  unquestionably,  from  its  extent,  populatinn, 
and  civilisation,  afford  a  great  opening  for  the  commerce  of  Europe.  All  attempts  hithertu  made  have 
been  battled  by  the  watchful  jealousy  of  the  Japanese  government.  The  only  fair  prospect  of  success 
is  to  leave  the  matter  entirely  to  the  enterprise  and  ingnnuity  of  the  British  merchants,  to  whom  the 
trade  uf  the  neighbouring  Chinese  empire  is  now  thrown  open.  After  considering  Japan,  anmng 
Eastern  nations,  as  second  only  in  population,  extent,  and  civilisation  to  China,  and  that  the  whole 
empire  is  situated  beyond  tlie  tropics,  and  in  the  same  region  as  Turkey,  Italy,  Spain,  and  a  part  of 
the  south  of  France,  we  may  easily  discover  the  sort  of  commodities  which  Europe  or  European  co- 
lonies could  furnish  in  a  trade  with  it.  They  would  consist  of  broad  cloths  and  other  woollnns,  cot- 
ton fabrics,  iron,  spelter,  tin,  lead,  glass  ware,  sugar,  drugs,  and  spiceries.  These  would  be  paid  for 
in  camphor,  raw  silk,  unwrought  copper,  gold,  and  silver.  Of  the  3  metals  now  mentioned,  there  can 
be  no  question  that  Japan  contains  very  rich  mines.  Down  to  1710,  when  the  quantity  of  copper  per- 
mitted to  be  exported  was  limited,  the  exports  by  the  Dutch  and  Chinese  amounted  to  4,500  tons. 
With  respect  to  silver,  before  its  exportation  was  prohibited,  the  Portuguese  brought  it  away  in  lari;e 
quantities,  having,  in  1026,  exported  no  less  than  2,350  chests,  equivalent  to  2,350,000  taels,  or  (at  Tw. 
the  lael)  705,000/.  stei  ling.  As  to  gold,  it  has  been  always  supposed,  from  its  relative  abundance  in 
.^apa;i,  to  hear  a  nmuller  proportionate  value  to  silver  than  in  any  other  country. 

The  following  arc  the  quantities  and  value  of  goods  exported  and  imported  by  the  Dutch  in  their 


trade  wii 
is  exclusj 


Sandal  woo 

I  S.ip,ii,  wmK 

Butfalo  (,i,|, 

Klerlianrj'i 

ALilay  oiiii 

Java  iii;i(j,  ^ 

Cocoa  nut  oi 

I  L'Jovt's,  113, 

.'>"?.Tr.  6,9!)1 

'I  III,  MBilci. 

llen.-al  jiil.^ 

I  llardivnreai] 

Jcvve.itry 

<tlu3  ware 

Ni-lliirlandi  I 

l.t.i.l,  u:  |ijc 

iVetherlaijJi  c 

Mt'diciLie  and 

Tn'al  v.i|ue  „| 
Or,  al  12  F. 

We  may  t 

»"l  atleni|Hii 
rfin,  which  ) 
'''aptaiu  (.'or 
<''t  the  head  ( 
pose  of  ( jirrj 
she  wna  r]t,g 
odicers  woul 
preaiest  jioss 
shown  thorn, 
don  thinks  tli 
of  the  Cantoi 
p.  310— .'(.jii; 
Indian  Jlrrhi,), 
un  the  Affair's 

>foiiry.~Accimt 

niicliriiiL-s  uake  I 

^iisawcki  tni'l  .n 

C'uris  current  are  Hi 

silver  ccini  irc,  tlie 

general  very  .i,„|,|, 

ol  incNi  inlliniil  .iir 

mil  any  cleferniine,! 

liy  "It  nierchanis,  v 

"lal  lliecoin  isitan 

I  lie  new  col)an?» 

2  Indies  br<i.i,l,  ,c.ir 

Vflloiv  colour;  the 

•  »iiilie.l ;  and  al  Uil 

li'lersnn  it,  and  be 

rclLf.    On  llieolhe 

II ;  m.l   wiihin  ilu" 

■fillips  with  raised  li 

"revaluej  ai  00  n,j 

"ill,  "hicharenfii 

"ii- "Id  cohanjo  « 
llw'Jild  IS  Slid  tn|» 
v;:iie  of  tlie  old  colia 
Slvli-is  only  S:  inuch 
rnliiiijlojii.  lof.     ■ 

al«.i.ll(iraral»nne,  a 
value  ,,f  the  n,la„l 

Jllflljlbi,  called  h 

f"!'!,  ufa|iarallel-.|rr. 

'Iiinif.  with  many  rai 

fiji'ersin  relief  o„ih 

1  dm- are  old  iljih,  ,i 

iKiv  ones,  and  in  valu. 

^indinKinis  a  mral 

""S"   ahilfpennv,  I 

6""  silver.  TheeJeei, 

rased  dots.     One  side  i 

"'Ili-Mmils  lower  in, 

;"''■'">  Mine  time  e, 

'iiiaceScandarines. 

IHsaime  and  kodania 

NANKEEN 

1^'itnkiii  i  It  Ni 
country.  It  tak 
the  capital  of  tli 
w'lich  also  furn 
wholly  confined 
of  a  1)1  ue  colom 
Pany's  nankeen? 
esteemed.     We 

*  The  Imports  oi 

t  It  was  stated  i 

'n.  tliai  the  inanufa 

Of  fiict,  the  manufa 


NANKEEN. 


201 


■P 


trade  with  Jnpnn  in  1S25 ;  the  ahtpg  employed  being  one  of  600,  and  one  of  700  tons  burden, 
is  exclusively  carried  on  witli  the  port  of  liiitaviu. 


Tlie  trade 


Exports  to  Naiigaucki. 

Imports  fnuii  Nangaiiaclti,                                   1 

Articles. 

Vaiue. 

Articles. 

Value. 

Samlal  wood,  100  piculs            •             • 

S.ip:iii  W(»«l,  1,167  do.               ... 

HuUaIo  liiilui,  600  111  number    • 

Kle;  hams' Irrlll,  l,B38  Ills. 

Malay  camphor,  61  Ibi. 

Java  iii;ita,  t2h  in  iiiinibcr 

Cocna  nut  oil,  24  piculs 

Cloves,  113  do, 

Siijcar,  6,9!ll  do,                         ... 

Tin,  33Mdo.  ..... 

Iteiual  piece  goods       .... 

Hardware  and  iKircelain 

Jene.lery       ..... 

ttlass  ware     ..... 

Ncllitrlaiids  broad  cloltu 

1.0.1.1,  i47  liiculs           .... 

NettierlanOB  cotton  eoodfl         ... 
Medicine  and  suudries 

Toral  value  of  cxiiorl  cargoes  .            -          F. 
t)r,  at  12  f.  per  /.    •             .             •          L. 

Florini. 

3,247 
3,224 

18,926 
104,<!6a 

18,936 

20,!>96 
2,2>0 
1,100 
3,748 

75,209 
2,793 

81,332 

Camphor,  720  piculs  .... 
Copper*,  in,74ido.    .... 
Crape,  426  pieces         .... 
Collon  cloth    ..... 
Medicine        ..... 
Frovisioiis      ..... 
Sakkie  and  soy            ...            . 
Wheal,  -207  bagl           .... 
Silks              ..... 
iiuudriei        ..... 

Total  value  of  im|wt  cargoes  .             •          F. 
llr,  at  12  r.  per  /-                .              -           /., 

Fh^im. 

u<i,i2a 

6I7,>62 
I7,74» 
I3,!)78 
2,270 
3,327 
14,3:12 
2,l'i(i 
31,600 
96,0SS 

37J,^i:l 
31,154    8    4 

S6«,4S2 

72,3;;i  10    0 

VV«  may  take  Ihia  oppormnity  of  stilting  tliat  the  iasl  authentic  account  we  have  of  any  Hriiish  ves- 
sel attempting  to  carry  on  an  intercourse  vvilli  Japan,  was  that  of  a  sliip  commanded  l»y  Captain  (Jttr- 
dnn.  which  touched  at  the  entrance  of  tlie  hay  of  Jeddo,  in  1818,  in  a  voya;;*:  from  CalctUta  loDchnisk. 
Captain  Cordon  remained  at  anchor  8  days,  waitinir  the  receipt  of  instructions  from  the  rapilal,  Jeddo, 
at  llie  head  of  the  hay,  distant  about  100  miles.  He  requested  leave  to  return  next  year  for  the  pur- 
pose of  carrying  on  trade,  w!iich  in  civil  but  perempt(>ry  terms  was  refused,  Durtng  the  ship's  stay, 
ebe  was  closuly  watched  hy  an  immense  police  force,  Init  liberal  otfcrs  were  made  of  supplies.  The 
oUicers  would  permit  im  species  of  trade  to  be  carried  on,  for  which,  however,  the  peopU^  evinced  tlie 
preaiesl  possilde  d.'sire,  admiring  tlie  broad  cloths,  calicoes,  and  otlier  European  articles  which  were 
shown  them.  The  ship  was  visiK'd  by  some  tht)usand  natives,  chietly  from  curiosity.  Ctpiain  d'or- 
don  thinks  that  a  contraband  trade,  sitiiilar  to  that  conducted  hy  the  Hiiropean  mitions  ort*  the  mouth 
of  the  Canton  river,  may  be  successfully  carried  on  with  Japan. — {Ktntipfer\^  Ifiatory  of  Japan ^  vol.  i. 
p.  310—3^0;  KrusenAtertCs  Voyage  round  the  H'orld^  vol.  i.  p.  201.  English  translatictn  ;  Crnwfnrd's 
Indian  ^rrhipeliis^n,  vol.  iii.  p.  '207. ;  Kvidenre  of  John  DeanSy  Esq.^  FirM  Rtport  of  the  Select  Committee 
on  the  Affairs  of  the  East  India  Company.  1830,  p.  242, ;  Personal  covimanxcations  from  Copt.  P.  Gordon.) 


Money.— Accounts  .ire  kept  in  taeh,  tnnce,  and  candariuPfl  ;  10 
ri[i<liriiit.-5  make  I  iiiaci^  and  lU  mice  I  tael.  i'lie  Dutch  reckon  the 
Ni'iffawcki  lacl  at  3  I  2  Horins,  p(|ual  to  alxiut  Gs.  '2d.  Tlie  goM 
coins  current  are  (tie  new  and  old  iijilj  and  coban^,  or  coiMiigs  ;  ttie 
silver  ci^ini  .ire,  the  iiandingiii,  itaj^Anne,  and  kolaina.  Ihey  are  hi 
general  very  snnp'*^<  Biruck  pinin,  and  unadorned,  the  greater  part 
(if  iheiii  wittiniit  any  rim  round  the  margin,  and  most  ot  llieni  with- 
out any  determined  value,  for  tliis  reisnn  Ihcy  are  always  weighed 
by  the  tiierchanis,  who  nut  their  chop  or  stamp  upon  theui,  to  signify 
th.it  the  cnin  is  Htarid:ira  weight  and  unadolteraled. 

'Ihe  new  cobanps  are  oblong,  rounded  at  the  ends,  and  fiat,  about 
2  inches  bnud,  sc.ircely  thicktT  than  an  English  farthing,  of  a  pale 
yellow  colnur;  the  die  on  one  side  consists  of  several  cross  lines 
s:aiiiped  ;  and  at  lolh  ends  there  is  a  rectangul.ir  figure,  with  raised 
h'lters  on  it,  and  beside*,  a  monntike  figure,  with  a  flower  on  it  in 
relit  f.  On  the  other  side  is  a  circular  stamp  with  raised  letters  on 
it;  M\'i  within  the  margin,  touanls  nne  end,  two  smaller  sunk 
s'lnips  with  raised  letters,  which  are  different  on  each  cobang  ;  they 
are  \  lined  ai  GO  mace.  There  are  old  cohangs  occasionaliy  met 
wi'h,  which  are  of  tine  eold.  somewhat  broader  than  the  new. 

1  lit*  old  cobaniT)  weigh  371  Dutch  .tsen,  or  273  English  grains,  and 
tlx'  ?'ild  is  Slid  to  l>e  21  carats  fine,  which  would  give  44f.  Id.  for  the 
vilucof  the  old  cobang.  Hut  the  Japanese  coinn  are  reckoned  at 
Milnisoiily  ?T  touch,  which  is  20  22-25  cants;  this  reduces  the  old 
rnbaii^to  4^*,  I'M.  The  new  cohangs  weigh  If'O  grains  ;  the  gold  is 
abuiit  \\i  carats  fine,  and  the  value  is  2\i.  3d,  The  oban  is  thrice  the 
value  r,f  the  aihang. 

The  itjib  is  called  by  the  Dutch  golden  bean,  and  is  made  of  pale 
poM,  uf  a  parallel-igmmicat  figure  and  flat,  railur  thicker  than  a  far* 
thin«,  with  many  raised  letters  on  one  side,  and  two  figures  or 
HiMers  in  reliif  (Ui  the  olhcr  ;  the  value  of  this  is  1-4  of  a  cobang. 
There  are  old  itjibs  also  to  he  met  with  ;  these  are  thicker  than  the 
new  niieci,  and  in  value  22  mace  5  candarines, 

N'mdiogin  is  a  (wraltclograiiiicil  fl.itsilver  coin,  of  twice  the  thick- 
ness of  a  hilfpenny,  I  inch  lone,  and  1-2  inch  broad,  and  formed  of 
fiiif  silver.  The  e<Ue  is  slaniped  with  stars,  and  within  the  edges  are 
raisi'd  dots.  Due  side  is  marked  all  over  with  raised  letters:  and  the 
other,  on  its  lower  and  larger  moie'y,  is  fille<l  with  raised  letters, 
anl  at  t'  e  same  time  eihibils  a  double  moonlike  figure.  Its  value  is 
7  niace5candarinea. 
Itagantie  and  kodama  arc  denominations  by  which  various  lumps 


of  silver,  without  form  or  fashion  are  known,  which  are  neither  of 
the  same  siee,  shape,  nor  value.  The  for'iier  of  these,  however,  ar© 
I'blong,  and  the  latter  roundish,  for  the  most  part  ihick,  but  some- 
times, liiough  seldoin,  flat.  These  pass  in  tnde,  but  are  always 
weighed  in  payn.ent  from  one  individual  (o  another,  and  have  a  dull 
leaden  appearance. 

Seni  is  a  denomination  applied  to  pieces  of  cop|)t>r,  brass,  and  iron 
coin,  which  bear  a  near  resemblance  to  our  old  firlh.ngs.  They  difler 
in  size,  value,  and  external  appearance,  but  are  always  cast,  and 
have  a  square  hole  in  the  middle,  by  means  of  i\Iich  they  may  be 
strung  together;  and  likewise  have  always  broad  t-dees.  Of  these 
are  current  sjunieii  seni,  of  the  value  of  4  common  seni,  niade  of 
brass,  and  almost  as  liroa(i  as  a  !ialf|>enny,  but  thin.  'I'he  commou 
seni  are  the  size  of  a  fat  thing,  and  ni.ide  of  red  copper ;  GO  of  them 
=  1  mace  Doom  seni  is  a  cast  imn  coin,  in  a|tpeuar.ce  like  the 
last,  of  the  same  size  and  value,  but  is  so  brittle,  that  it  is  e.asily 
broken  by  the  hand,  or  breaks  in  pieces  when  Lt  tall  on  the  grounu. 

The  seni  are  strung  100  at  a  time,  or.  -ts  is  most  commonly  the 
case,  96  on  a  rush.  The  coins  in  one  of  llle^e  parcels  are  seldom  alt 
of  one  sort,  but  generally  consist  of  2,  3,  or  i-.ore  dilli-rent  kinds;  in 
this  case,  the  larger  ones  are  strung  on  lir-f.  and  then  follow  the 
imaller;  the  number  diminishing  in  pro|H'rli>'ii  to  tl.e  number  of 
larce  pieces  in  the  parcel,  which  are  of  grenfr  value  than  the 
smaller, 

Theschnit  isa  silver  piece,  of  4  oz.  ISdwts.  Iti  ers.  Troy,  and  it 
II  oz.  tine,  which  gives  its  value  It.  ot.  3d.  The  n.inie  is  l)ulch,  re- 
ferring, probably,  to  its  shape,  like  a  l»oat. 

(nrigAl*.— These  are  the  candarine,  mace,  tael,  catty,  and  picul| 
thus  divided : — 

lOcandarines-^       ^1  mace. 
10  1 
16  t 
100  t 

The  picul  =  125  Dutch  pounds,  or  13J  13  lbs.  avoirdupois.  It  i_ 
however,  said  to  weigh  only  130  ll)s.  ' 

Afiafifiti.— The  revenues  of  Japan  are  estimated  by  two  me*- 
Bunw  of  rice,  the  man  and  kolf;  the  former  contains  10,000  kolfs, 
each  3,000  bales  or  bags  of  rice. 

The  long  measure  is  the  inc,  which  is  about  4  Chinese  cubits,  or 
6  12  feet  Enelish  nearly  ;  and  2  1-2  Japanese  leacues  are  ct)mputed 
to  be  about  I  Dutch  league.— (.\Wiuni'*  Orient.  Coou) 


lcandarines-\       ^1  mace. 
)  mace      •    f  _3  '  **'**^'' 
jiaels       •    I  ~  i  •  Mtty. 
)  catties     -J       C.  I  picul. 


NANKEEN,  on  NANKIN  (Ger.  Nanking.-  Du.  Nankings  linnen  .■  Ft.  Tolle  de 
Nankin  ,-  It.  Nanqtiino  ,•  Sp,  Nanf/uiiia),  a  species  of  cotton  cloth  in  extensive  use  in  this 
country.  It  takes  its  name  from  Nanking,  in  China,  a  European  corruption  of  KyanR-nincr, 
the  capital  of  the  extensive  province  of  Kyang-nan,  where  it  is  principally  prwluced,  and 
wliich  also  furnishes  tlie  greater  part  of  the  green  teas.  In  the  East,  the  manufacture  ia 
wholly  confined  to  China.f  The  cloth  is  usually  of  a  yellowish,  though  occasionally  it  ia 
of  a  blue  colour,  and  of  difTcrent  degrees  of  fineness ;  the  broad  pieces,  called  "  the  Com- 
pany's nankeens,"  arc  generally  of  a  better  quality  than  the  narrow  ones,  and  are  most 
esteemed.     We  produce  imitation  nankeens  at  Manchester  and  other  places,  but  it  must  be 

♦  The  imports  of  copper,  in  1858,  nmounted  to  11,631  piculs,  worth  988,035  florins. 

I  It  wns  stated  in  tlie  former  edition  of  tiiis  work,  on  authority  that  should  not  have  lieeu  trusted 
to,  that  the  ui»nufacture  of  nankeen  wns  ctrried  to  great  perfection  in  tlie  Rust  Inilies  :  but,  in  point 
of  f:ict,  the  nianufaciuru  ia  wholly  unknown  every  wliere  In  the  East  except  China. 

26 


I 

3 


I 


202 


NANTES,  NAPLES. 


admitted  that  they  are  inferior  to  the  Chinese ;  neither  lasting  so  long,  nor  holding  their 
colour  so  well.  The  colour,  whether  yellow  or  blue,  in  given  to  the  cloth  by  dyeing ;  for, 
though  yellow  cotton  wool  be  raised  in  the  East,  the  clotli  made  from  it  is  too  glaring.  'I'ho 
nankeens  brought  to  England  come  under  the  general  denomination  of  piece  goods.  They 
are  mostly  made  injlo  trowsers  and  waistcoats  for  gentlemen's  wear  during  summer,  ladies' 
pelisses,  &c.  In  some  of  the  more  southern  parts  of  Europe,  the  warmer  parts  of  Asia  and 
America;  and  the  British  settlements  in  Africa,  nankeen  is  worn  by  both  sexes  all  the  year 
round,  and  constitutes  the  principal  article  of  attire.  It  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  while  the 
Indian  cotton  fabrics  have  ceased  to  be  imported,  the  imports  of  nankeen  have  gone  on 
increasing.  The  quantities  imported  into  Great  Britain  in  the  undermentioned  years  have 
been — 


Viarj. 

Pieces. 

yean. 

rieces. 

Years. 

J'ieces. 

1793 
1704 
1795 

77,898 
374,398 
146,365 

1814 
1815 
1816 

76.3,253 

896,797 
396,453 

18.30 
1831 
1832 

591,3.39 
857,171 

195,748 

— (Report  on  Affairs  of  the  East  India  Company,  2d  Finance,  Commercial  Appendix,  part  iii.  p.  706.,  and 
Pari.  Paper,  No.  425.  Sesa.  18.33.) 

Exclusive  of  the  nankeens  exported  from  Canton  by  the  English,  amounting  in  183ft-31  10  922.700 
pieces,  and  in  1831-32  to  315,570  do.,  the  Americans  e.vported,  in  1831-32,  122,285  pieces  ;  considerulilu 
quantities  hcing  also  taken  liy  the  Spaniards,  Uiitch,  kc.  It  is  probable  that,  under  the  new  arraniie- 
meiils  with  respect  to  the  Chinese  trade,  the  exports  of  nankeen  from  Canton  will  be  inatcriully  in- 
creased.—(See  vol.  i.  pp.  302  and  305.) 

NANTES,  a  large  commercial  city  and  sea-port  of  France,  on  the  Loire,  about  34  miles 
from  its  mouth,  in  lat.  47°  13'  6"  N.,  Ion.  1°  32'  44"  W.  Population  78,000.  Vessels  of 
200  tons  burden  come  up  to  the  city ;  but  those  of  a  larger  size  load  and  unload  in  the  roads 
of  PaimboEuf,  about  24  miles  lower  down  the  river. 

Entrance  tn  the  Loire. — There  are  3  entrances  to  the  Loire.  The  first  and  most  generally  frequented 
is  between  the  bank  called /.e  Four  and  Point  Croisic;  there  is  a  second  between  I.e  Four  and  the 
bank  called  La  Banche ;  and  the  third,  which  in  southerly  winds  is  much  resorted  to,  between  tlic  lat- 
ter and  the  rocks  called  La  Cunronne.  The  navigation,  which  is  naturally  rather  difficult,  has  been 
much  facilitated  by  the  erection  of  light-houses  and  beacons  Of  the  former,  one  has  been  recently 
constructed  on  the  north  part  of  Le  Four,  about  a  league  from  Croisic,  in  lat.  47°  17'  53"  N.,  Ion.  2"  38' 
3"  W.  It  is  56  feet  high.  The  light  is  a  revolving  one  ;  the  dash,  which  continues  for  7  seconds,  being 
succeeded  by  a  dark  interval  of  53  seconds.  Two  light  -houses,  called  the  Aiguillon  lights,  stand  on 
the  north  side  of  the  river,  near  its  mouth;  the  lower  light  adjoining  Point  de  Levi,  being  in  lat.  47° 
14' ,33"  N.,  Ion.  2°  15' 46"  W.  The  light  is  fixed,  and  is  111  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The 
upper  Aiguillon  light,  situated  about  a  mile  N.  31°  E.  from  the  lower,  is  127  feet  high  ;  it  also  is  a  fixed 
light,  varied,  however,  by  a  flash  every  3  minutes.  A  beacon  tower,  called  the  Turk,  is  erected  on 
the  southermost  extremity  of  La  Banche  ;  the  course  for  vessels  entering  between  it  and  La  Couronne, 
is  to  bring  the  Aiguillon  lights  in  one.  The  depth  of  water  on  the  bar  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
varies  from  2  to  2}  fathoms.  At  springs  the  rise  is  14,  and  at  neaps  7  or  8  fuel.  High  water  at  full 
and  change  3}  hours. 

Trade,  <^c. — Her  situation  renders  Nantes  the  emporium  of  all  the  rich  and  extensive 
country  traversed  by  the  Loire,  so  that  she  has  a  pretty  considerable  import  and  export  traile, 
particularly  with  the  West  Indies.  The  exports  consist  of  all  sorts  of  French  produce,  but 
principally  of  brandy,  wine  and  vinegar,  silk,  woollen  and  linen  goods,  refined  sugar,  wheat, 
rye,  biscuits,  &c.  The  principal  imports  are  sugar,  colTce,  and  other  colonial  products,  cot- 
ton, indigo,  timber,  hemp,  &c.  Nantes  is  a  considerable  entrepot  for  the  commerce  of  salt, 
the  duty  on  that  article  in  1831  having  amounted  to  4,657,408  fr.  During  the  time  that 
the  slave  trade  was  carried  on,  Nantes  was  more  extensively  engaged  in  it  than  any  other 
French  port. 

The  customs  duties  of  Nantes  produced,  inclusive  of  those  on  salt,  in  1831,  15,100,374 
fr.;  and  in  1832,  13,907,400  fr.  The  falling-off  in  the  latter  year  is  attributed  to  the 
drought  having,  for  a  considerable  period,  rendered  the  upper  parts  of  the  Loire  unnaviga- 
ble ;  and  to  the  uncertainty  caused  by  the  agitation  of  the  question  as  to  the  sugar  duties. 

Arrivals, — In  1831  there  entered  the  port  of  Nantes: — 


French  ships  from  foreign  countries 

from  colonies    - 

from  fishery 

coasting  trade  - 

Foreign  ships  -        -        -        -       - 


Totals 


Ships. 


Tons. 


08 

8,899 

8S 

22,035 

865 

7,821 

2,257 

91,093 

06 

12,S10 

3,338 


H0,2.')S 


In  18.32,  there  entered  Nantes  17  British  vessels,  of  the  burden  of  1,782  tons. 

Mmieg,  H'eights.  and  Measures  same  as  the  rest  of  France. — (See  Bordeaux.) 

Tares.— ^  per  cent,  on  coffee  in  bags  ;  real  on  ditto  in  hhds.,  casks,  ice. ;  6  per  cent,  on  cottons; 

real  on  indigo;  17  percent,  on  Brazil  muscovado  sugar,  19  per  cent,  on  Martinique  and  Guadeloupe 

ditto,  13  per  cent,  on  ditto  clayed, 

NAPLES,  a  very  large  city  and  sea-port  in  the  south  of  Italy,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom 
of  the  same  name,  the  light-house  being  in  lat.  40°  50'  12"  N.,  Ion.  14°  14'  1.5"  E.  Popu- 
lation, on  the  1st  of  January,  1830,  358,550. — {Annul,  di  Statisiica,  1830.)     Naples  is  well 


situated  fo 
able  to  its 

Ilurhntir.- 

is  forUMMl  bj 

the  nioli;  tin 

tlieri!  is  no  li 

•  heir  etrmts, 

to  fake  a  pili 

Jilonet/. — A 

'nry  .-ysK^iii 

JOcarlini ;  ii 

carliiio  art!  ii 

»'ril.'ht.s  iin 

=  100  rottcdi 

dam.    Tlie  c 

In  dry  nica 

In  vvijie  nie 

EuKlish  wine 

^  'ii  oil  ineii; 

JNaiiles  =  42^ 

larger. 

Ill  long  mi!,i 

Hence  llie  pal 

Eleven  siiln 

Exports  a 

country.     0\ 

from  Gallipo 

exports  of  oii 

36,333  tuns  < 

valent  to  the 

silk,  wine,  bi 

staves,  rags,  a 

teemed  is  the 

in  reality,  the 

for  the  royal  c 

the  vicinity  of 

the  name  of  /, 

svveet  wines  o; 

price  of  wine 

quantity  cornel 

tvyist,  hardwa 

of  the  best  int 

The  import 

but  are  mixed 

tom-house  are 

accurate  staten 

the  following  i 

Statement  of  th 
tish  Bottoms, 
Articles  ex|)or 

Imports  into 


Cod-fish     . 
Pilchards  ■ 
Coftee 
Sugar 
Manufactured  I 
Twist 
Hardware 
Iron  and  tin 
Woollen.s  - 
Worsteds  - 

Total 


We  have  no  ni 
countries;  but  i 

Cmtom-hoiue  Re^uh 
williin24  hours  nflhci 
ffntrai  manifest  nf  Ih 
niasler,  when  consigni 
hours  afler  the  arrival  ( 
fral  Ml  ilelail,  of  all  gcxv 
raider  (he  manifesl  iii  ( 
fine  of  ao  per  cent,  upo 
1  hjs  ileclanlion  or  n 
are  elapwd  :  and  the  m 
cats  for  every  |iarkage  c 
»lly  remitlcd,  unless  the 
"«  oireclor-geuerai  of  I 


NAPLES. 


203 


8,899 
22,035 

7,821 
91,093 
12,810 


situatpd  for  commerce ;  l)ut  the  perverse  policy  of  the  government  has  been  most  unfavour- 
able to  its  growth,  and  ha.s  confmcil  it  within  comparatively  narrow  limits. 

Harbour. — The  hay  of  Naples  is  spacious,  and  is  cclehralcd  for  its  pirlures(|iic  views.  The  harbour 
J«  foruied  by  a  mole, 'built  nearly  in  the  fiirinnftlie  letter  I..,  havin|$a  li:;lil -house  on  its  elbow.  Wjthln 
the  mole  there  is  from  3  to  4  fathoms  water,  the  ground  being  soft.  The  water  in  the  bay  U  deep,  and 
there  is  no  bar :  it  is,  however,  a  cood  deal  exposed  to  the  south-westerly  winds ;  and  to  guard  against 
their  ('irerts,  vessels  lyinj'  in  the  bay  moor  with  open  hawse  in  that  direction.  There  is  no  obligation 
to  lake  a  pilot  on  board,  but  it  is  usual  to  take  one  the  lirst  time  that  a  ship  ancllor.^  wilhiii  the  mole. 

JI/»Hci/.— Accounts  are  kepi  at  Naples  in  dncati  di  regno  of  100  ijrani.  According  to  the  new  mone- 
tary .-iyMlem  Inlroiluced  in  ISIH,  the  unit  of  coins  is  the  silver  ducat  =  3«.  5-2i/.  sterling.  The  ducat  = 
10  curliiii ;  and  there  are  coins  of  I,  2,  0,  anil  12  carlini  in  proportion.  Coins  of  a  less  value  than  1 
carlino  are  in  copper.     The  smallest  gold  piece  Is  the  oncetta  =  IDs.  S.lrf.  sterling. 

H'eiirlit.-:  mid  Minsurei!. — The  commercial  weights  are  the  cantaro  and  rottolo.  The  cantaro  grosno 
=  100  rotKdi  ~  I'.mi  lbs.  avoirdupois  —  89  105  kilog.  =  184  lbs.  of  Hamburgh  =  1804  lbs.  of  Amster- 
dam.    The  cantaro  piccolo  =  106  lbs.  avoirdupois  =  48  kilog. 

In  dry  measure,  thecarro  of  corn  cfmtains  36  lonioli.     The  tomolo  =^  115  Winch,  bush. 

In  wine  measure,  the  carro  is  divided  into  2  botii,  or  24  barili,or  1,140  caralVe.  The  carro  =  264 
English  wine  gallons.     The  regular  pipe  tif  wine  or  brandy  =  1.12  lOnalish  gallons. 

In  oil  measure,  the  salnia  is  divided  into  10  staje,  2.')0  qiiiirii,  or  I,5;i6  niisurettn.  The  salnia  nt 
Naples  =  42J  English  wine  gallons  ;  at  Gallipoli  it  is  from  3  to  4  per  cent,  less ;  at  Bari  it  is  a  little 
larger. 

In  long  measure,  the  canna  is  divided  into  8  palmi,  or  96  onzio,  and  is  =  6  feet  11  inches  English. 
Hence  the  palmo  =  10-38  English  inches. 

Eleven  salme  are  allowed  to  a  ship's  last.— (JW/ienftrec/ier ;  Dr.  Kellij.) 

Exports  and  Imports. — The  oxfjorts  principally  consist  of  the  products  of  the  adjacent 
country.  Of  these  olive  oil  is  by  far  the  most  important.  It  is  commoidy  called  Gallipoli  oil, 
from  Gallipoli,  a  town  in  the  Terra  d'Otranto,  whence  it  is  largely  exported.  'l"he  entire 
exports  of  oil  from  the  kingdom  of  Naples  have  been  estimated  at  about  200,000  salme,  or 
36,333  tuns  a  year;  which,  taking  its  mean  value,  when  exported,  at  21/.  per  tun,  is  equi- 
valent to  the  annual  sum  of  762,903/. — (See  Olive  Oil.)  The  other  articles  of  export  are 
silk,  wine,  brandy,  dried  fruits,  brimstone,  red  and  white  argol,  liquorice,  oak  and  chesnut 
staves,  rags,  saffron,  &c.  There  is  a  great  variety  in  the  Neapolitan  wines.  The  most  es- 
teemed is  the  lacrima  Christi,  a  red  luscious  wine,  better  known  in  England  by  name  tha« 
in  reality,  the  first  growth  being  confined  to  a  small  quantity  only,  which  is  chiefiy  reserved 
for  the  royal  cellars.  There  arc,  however,  large  quantities  of  second-rate  wines  produced  in 
the  vicinity  of  Naples,  such  as  those  of  Pozzuoli,  Ischia,  Nola,  &c.,  which  are  sold  under 
the  name  of  lacrima  Cftristi,  and  are  largely  exported.  Several  parts  of  Calabria  produce 
sweet  wines  of  superior  quality. — (Hendersun's  Ancient  and  Modern  Wiries,  p.  239.)  The 
price  of  wine  at  Naples  depends  entirely  on  the  abundance  of  the  vintage ;  only  a  small 
quantity  comes  to  England.  The  imports  consist  principally  of  English  cottons  and  cottoii 
twist,  hardware,  iron  and  tin,  tt'oollens,  sugar,  colfee,  indigo,  spicery,  &c.  Naples  is  one 
of  the  best  markets  for  pilchards,  and  it  requires  a  large  supply  of  dried  and  barrelled  cod. 

The  imports  from,  and  exports  to,  Naples  arc  not  given  separately  in  our  trade  accounts, 
but  are  mixed  up  with  those  of  the  rest  of  Italy  ;  and  the  accounts  of  the  Neapolitan  Cus- 
tom-house are  not  made  public.  We  are,  consequently,  without  the  means  of  forming  any 
accurate  statement  of  the  amount  of  our  trade  with  Naples,  but  there  is  reason  to  think  that 
the  following  estimate  is  not  very  wide  of  the  mark. 

Statement  of  the  Quantity  and  Value  of  the  principal  Articles  annually  imported  into  Naples,  in  Bri- 
tish Bottoms,  from  Great  Britain  and  her  Colonies  ;  and  of  the  Quantity  and  Value  of  the  principal 
Articles  exported  in  such  Bottoms,  from  the  former  to  the  latter. 


Imports  into  Naples  from  Britain  ami  tier  CuloiiiM. 

Eiports  froui  Naples  to  Britain  and  her  C^oloiiics. 

Ankles. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Articles. 

(Quantity, 

Value. 

Cod-fish    -        -    quintals 
Pilchards  -       -         hhds. 
Coffee        -       -        -  cwt. 
Sugar        .        -        .      — 
Manufactured  cottons,  yds. 
Twist        -       -        -    lbs. 
Hardware          -        -        - 
Iron  and  tin      -        -  tons 
Woollens  -        -        -   yds. 
Worsteds  -       -       -      — 

Total  value 

60,000 

9,000 

563 

16,523 

5,478,480 

2,342,494 

3,000 
111,111 
457,453 

£ 

30,000 

18,000 

2,000 

30,000 

200,000 

175,000 

15,000 

15,000 

50,000 

40,000 

Argol         .        -        -  cwt. 
Liquorice  paste        -      — 
.Silk  organzined        -      — 
Brandy      -        -         pipes 
Oil     -       -       -        -  Ions 

Total  value 

4,000 
5,000 
1,000 
1,000 
4,500 

£ 

5,000 
10,000 
60,000 

9,000 
90,"I0 

. 

£575,000 

- 

£174,000 

We  have  no  means  of  forming  any  estimate  of  the  amount  of  the  trade  between  Naples  and  other 
countries  ;  but  it  is  trifling  compared  to  wliat  it  might  and  ought  to  be. 

careful  in  manifeatin?  (heir  salt  and  tobacco,  as  the  slightest  error 
with  respect  to  them  snlijerts  the  vessel  to  seizure.  All  goods,  pro- 
visions,  &c.,  not  iiKnifesteil,  arc  li.\hle  to  seizure. 

Qtiaraiitine  Regttlatiuna,  we  rigi>rously  aiiJ  arbitrarily  cnforcftl. 
The  free  atliiiiMioii,  conililioiial  recejition,  or  absolute  refusal  of  a 
vattel  arriving  at  ihe  |>ort  is  deterniineil  by  the  wholesome  or  un 


Cmtom-hotue  ;?f?Nta(iom.—Ma8tere  of  merchantmen  .-ire  boiintl, 
witjiin  24  hniirs  of  their  arrival,  to  furnish  the  Custom*house  with  a 
pentral  manifest  of  their  cargoes,  provisions,  auil  stcres;  aiM  the 
master,  when  consignee,  or  the  consignees,  are  bound,  within  43 
liours  after  the  arrival  of  the  ship,  to  send  in  a  declaration  or  mani- 
fest ill  detail,  of  all  gmxls  on  bo:inI.  Should  th*'  consignees  omit  to 
reii.iiT  liip  manifest  in  detail  within  48  hours,  tl'cy  are  subjected  to  a 
fine  nf  30  per  cent,  upon  the  non-Bpecified  articles. 

This  declantion  or  manifest  cannot  be  corrected  after  the  4S  hours 
are  elapsed  :  and  the  master  or  consignee  is  liable  to  a  fine  of  30  du- 
cati  for  every  package  erroneously  declared.  This,  however,  is  usu* 
tWj  remitttxl,  iinlen  there  be  suspicion  of  fraud,  upon  application  to 


wholesome  character  oV  the  place  from  which  she  comes.  The  place 
may  be,  1.  Infected.  2.  Suspicious.  3.  Endangered.  Or,  4.  Secure. 
In  the  first  case,  the  vessel  is  refused  altni^ether :  in  the  2(1,  she  is  ad- 
mitted on  a  long  (Quarantine ;  m  theSd,  ^he  is  received  on  a  short 
quarantine  ;  iu  the  4th,  shu  is  allowed  free  pratique.  If  the  vessel 
be  a  ship  of  war,  her  quarantine  is  performed  in  tfie  Pay  of  Naples , 


I 


tlie  director-geueral  o(  Ibe  ciytonu.    Alasten  should  lie  particularly     the  dayt  of  her  pauage  being  allowed  iu  the  calculation ;  if  a  met. 


204 


NAPLES. 


1 

60 

.   1 

W 

•  12 

0 

.— ^ 

D.  14 

to 

-   0 

ss 

-   6 

6<l 

■   0 

14 

fl.  7 

29 

■   1 

n 

■  6 

60 

-   0 

14 

•   2 

40 

•  0 

20 

.   0 

60 

-  0 

20 

-  120 

10 

chaiitmnrn,  qii»nintIno  is  performed  at  Nrsita,  an  iilnn'l  aliout  6nulei 
from  Naples.  U  roninit-iires  fnnii  the  day  tif  her  arhvil,  if  in  bal- 
lut,  or  ]i>.-i<It-<I  with  uiisuscrpliblt!  iiierchaiiiij»e  ;  if  otlitTivise,  from 
fhe  day  of  the  disrliarite  of  her  car^o.  For  vnsi'ls  from  endanf^rvd 
ports,  the  quarantine  is  not  lesi  thin  N,  nor  more  than  2ii  day?, 
for  vfueU  from  HUsnic-ioUs  plact-s,  nut  less  than  il,  nnr  iiuire  than 
40  days.  For  vpsseU  from  exce)»teil  places,  not  lesa  thnn  7,  nor 
iiiiire  than  21  (|.iys,  No  (mil  lazarrt^tlo  exists  at  Napln;  liut  at 
Nisita  (here  is  a  lazirretto  of  expiiriEation  for  vessels  from  siiipicinnt 
or  end.)n^er(?<l  dislricts  or  territories.  Vessels  from  inftctui  places 
usually  (fo  to  l^i;li<tin  or  Genoa,  where  they  may  unhwd  in  a  laza- 
TtUo  x^porco.  The  frcn  charited  on  ships  perfnrniitiii;  quarantine  are 
heavy.  No  dislinctmii  is  made  tietween  nation;il  am!  fornirri  hot- 
tr)m».  Thu  Cfiiiduct  of  the  Ixwrd  of  health,  in  frwpiently  deilaring 
places  infected  or  Hiiapicious  nii  mere  unfounded  re|K)r(a,  is  loultv 
nhjected  to  hy  the  merrhaiits ;  the  innrc  especially  siiiC'-.  when  such 
d.'Ll.ir.ition  h  mule,  it  is  not  revoked  (ill  the  reiwtrt  he  ufticially  cou* 
Iradicltil  hy  the  Kovernnient  of  tlie  cmmtry  in  question. 

S/iti>ping,  l\>n  C7i'i'"ff(J,  ^c  — in  IWI,  there  entered  tlie  port  of 
Nijites  202  foreiijn  vessels.  Of  these,  101  v^ere  Hriiish,  -14  trench, 
3.i  .Sardinian,  ti  Sp.irii>h,  5  Tuscan,  .Vc,    Tnnnaife  not  stritwl. 

The  chart^es  of  a  [)ulilir  nainre  nn  a  nationnl  ihip  of  300  Inns  hur- 
den  entering  and  cltaring  out  ttom  the  port  of  Naples,  are  aa  u»ter  :— 

/>.  pr. 
0/1  eTi(en'/ig.— For  eT|>editin(;      ■  -  •  •      1     60 

(Kqu.il  to  at.  8d.  sterling) 
On  cUariHg  oi^.~F.xt<editinir     • 
Hill  of  health  • 
Tonnage  duty  at  4  grains  per  ton 

(Equal  to  about  2L  9s,  4d.  sterling.) 

Charges  on  a  foreign  ship  of  300  tons  burden  ;— 
Oil  enUriug.  — Vixa         .... 
Kxpediling 
Stamp     -  .  .  - 

(Equal  to  about  U.  i3.  id.  sterling.) 

On  clearing  ou(.— Pasjpnrt 

Expediting     >  •  . 

HtAinp 

Bill  of  health- 

Police 
Port  nnicftrs 
Kcjj;isteriii^  papers 
Tonnage  duly  at  40  grains  per  ton  ■ 

(Equal  to  about  21/.  lis.  \d.  sterling.)       D.  131     14 

Brokersy  Commission^  SfC. — No  person  can  legally  act  as  a  fcmker 
unless  authorised  hy  govenmient.  All  patented  hmkers  are  ohli^el, 
by  way  of  seeurity.  to  hold  funded  property  producing .'jOOducila  of 
*'  rente,'* or  a  dividend  of  83/.  6s.  Sa.  sterling.  Many  persnjis,  how- 
ever, act  as  brokers  without  being  patenttd,  but  no  cimtract  ma.le  i>y 
them  Is  adniilted  in  a  court  of  law.  Any  penion  may  set  up  as  a 
merchant,  by  giving  due  nutice  to  the  Camera  d\  Commtrcio. 

Tiie  rales  of  cumuiissiun  generally  eslahliBlied  at  Naplce  are  as 
urrder : — 
Jiates  of  Commission  and  Charges  ittahliihed  by  the  Merchants  at 

J^apks, 
Commission  nn  sales  of  fish  •  •  -3   per  cent. 

Do.  on  manufactures  of  all  kinds  •  •  3         — 

Do.  on  all  other  gnoils     •  •  >  -  2         — 

Do.  on  goods  purchased  •  .  >  •  2         — 

Do.  on  receiving  and  forwarding  •  .      (.2    — 

Do.  on  aMenipting  i''les  -  .  -  •  1         — 

Do.  on  rcMie  of  giv>ds  for  the  same  account  on 

whicha  purch-isinicommi'sion  hasbeencharged  I  1-2  — 
Do.  on  chartering  vessels,  or  procuring  charters  •  3  — 
Do.  on  cnllectiti«  freights  on  chartenil  ships  -2         — 

Do.  on  ships  both  inwards  ami  otilwards  •  .  4         _ 

Do.  on  advancpj*  on  letters  of  credit  -  •  1  — 

Do.  on  ett'ectinir  insurances  •  •  •1-2   — 

Do.  on  negotiating  bills  ■  -  -     1-2   — • 

t)<i.  nn  receiving  and  paying  or  remitting  •     12  — 

Del  oredere  on  sales  -  •  -  -2         — 

Do.  on  purchase  of  oil,  not  exceeding  3  months     -  1  — 

Do.  (In,         do,     not  exceeding  6    do.  -2         — 

Do.  per  uuilerwriters      -  •  .  -      1-2  — 

Tares  usually  allowed  by  the  Custom-house  at  Naples  on  the  lead- 
ing  articles  of  importation  ;— 

Sumr,  in  hogsheads  -  ■  >  12  per  cent. 

Do.  in  boxes  or  barrels  -  -  •  14        — 

Do.  in  Rrazil  chests         -  -  •  18  to  20  — 

Do.  in  bags         •  •  •  -6  rottnli 

Loaves,  in  casks     •  •  •  .  real  tare 

Do.    eitra  for  paper  and  strings  •  •  5  per  cent. 

Indigo       -  .  -  .  .  real  tare 

Tin,  in  barrels,  each  -  -  -  12  rot  toll 

Alum,  in  casks       ....  10  per  cent. 
Wax,  real  tare  and  extra    -  ■  •  2  to  3  per  cent. 

Cod.  ami  stock  fish  *  ■  -1  percent. 

Cofl'ee,  in  casks     ....  real  tare 
Do.    in  bags,  each  •  •  -3  roltoli 

Pepper      —      —  •  •  •        — 


Pimento,  In  bags,  each 
Cocoa        —      — 
Cocoa,  in  ca*its 
Cinnamon,  in  single  hile    - 
Do.       in  doulile  ba)«    • 
Cissia  lignea,  cnrhii.eal,  and  tnrk 


.  3  mttoli 

■  3  do.  2  ad.     per  cent. 

•  for  diisl,  real  tare 
-  I8ll«s.  of  Naple* 

•  ift  lbs.      — 

real  tare. 


Instuaiice. — There  are  4  or  6  companies  fur  the  insurance  of  ships 
and  I  for  Uvea  Their  terms  are  generally  higher  than  those  of  simi' 
lar  establishments  in  lyindon.  Houses  are  nevt-r  insured  at  .Naples, 
their  roii.ttruction  rendering  fires  very  rire.  The  ctpntpanies  are  es- 
lahh.slied  hy  royal  antherily,  the  shaiehoUlere  being  only  liable  for  the 
amount  of  their  Hhnrm. 

iian* i?i^.— The  princi|)al  merrhantsof  Naples  are  all,  more  or 
less,  hankers,  inasuiueh  as  they  advance  money  on  letters  of  credit, 
and  deal  in  foreign  exchanges,  and  oltur  tii>aneinl  operations.  Hut 
the  only  l<anking  es>abli«tinitnl  at  pn^-nl  in  f  xis'eiice,  i^  the  Pank 
of  the  two  Sic  lies,  founded  hy  Koverninent,  and  Kuinnleeil  by  lite 
posse»sinnof  landed  prtiperty.  I(  is  not  a  hank  for  Ihc  isnue  of  iioiea 
Ltn  credit,  like  the  Rink  of  Ensjland,  but  for  their  issue  on  deitoflit-i^ 
S(imew|i;it  on  the  piinciple  of  the  ll.ink  of  Handiuigh.  Itovern- 
men!  makes  all  its  payments  liv  nieans  of  notes  or  nnters  nn  the 
bank  ;  and  they  ar*-  issued  to  indiv  iduils  for  whatever  sums  (hey  I'.v- 
bite,  on  their  paying  an  equivalent  sun)  of  money  to  the  bu.k. 
These  notes  or  orders  form  a  con^i  Ieriil>le  part  of  the  circulating 
medium  of  Naples  ;  they  are  pai<l  in  cisli  on  deinind. 

(iovernmert  ha.s  also  e!<tiihli»1tr<l  a  di.scount  otiice,  where  hills  in- 
dorsed by  2  persons  of  gtHxi  credit,  and  not  at  oimv  than  3  uioiitlis* 
date,  are  di^icounleU  at  4  per  cent. 

Prices  1)/  /YouiJioM.1.— Naples  is  a  favourable  place  for  obtaining 
supplies  of  Jre:th,  hut  not  of  m/f  provisions.  'J  he  pricLS  of  the  prin- 
cipal articles  of  cuiisuuiption  iu  IbJl  were  as  fottuus:— 


H'arehoiisiT}^  Syttcm.-^The  whole  policy,  if  we  may  so  term  it, 

of  the  Neapolil.in  govenmient,  wirh  respect  to  conmierce,  is  such  m 
would  disi^race  a  nation  of  H-iMentois.  We  believe  that  it  is  entitled  to 
the  not  very  envialih?  distinction  of  beitii,'  the  only  go\emment  that 
has  suppressed,  after  having  established,  the  warehousing  system,  or 
scala  franca.  I'his  Wits  done  in  )bJ4.  At  preiteul,  all  g'nmls  im- 
])orted  into  Naples,  ni.iy  he  dtrposilwl.  on  paying  rent,  in  ware'iou'-es 
nmler  the  joint  locks  of  the  king  and  the  importer,  for  2  ye;irs.  At 
the  end  of  the  Isl  year,  half  theiui|xirt  duty  must  ijepaid,  and  at  tlie 
eml  of  the  2d  ye.ir,  the  other  h-alf.  Whether  sold  or  not,  the  ironds 
must  then  be  removed  from  the  warehcmses  j  and  in  iwyitiK  the 
duties  no  deduction  is  made  on  account  of  da-natty  in  the  wareboiisc, 
unless  certain  fopiw  be  complied  with,  the  observance  of  which  is 
invariably  reckoned  more  burden.«uiie  than  the  pnynieni  of  Ihedti- 
ties.  No  drawback  oj  the  import  duty  is  aliotued  in  thccjforlatii  n 
iif  any  sort  oj  Jureign  prod;tce:  on  (he  contrary,  should  it  h.ippen 
to  be  of  'he  same  speclrs  as  native  pniduce  sutiject  to  a  duty  on  ex- 
port, it  is  charged,  in  addition  lo  the  duty  it  li.id  p'lidon  iniporlatin;i, 
with  an  export  duty  equal  lo  tliat  laid  on  the  correspondn.^  native 
product ! 

The  influence  of  this  system  is  most  disastrous.  So  large  a  city  as 
Naples,  and  so  adv.intaneously  situated  for  the  commerce  with  the 
Black  Sea,  the  I^vanl,  Cireere,  Sp.ain,  Northern  Italy,  Nonhern 
Africa.  &c.,  wouhl,  had  it  iTt-n  allowed  to  avail  itself  of  its  uatuial 
advanlaires,  have  Ijecomp.i  niost  important  tntripot.  Put,  in  cmis,- 
quence  of  the  resjulafions  now  specilied,  no  gotnls  are  carried  to  it 
except  thnso  destined  for  home  consumption,  and  the^e  are  always 
supplied  sparirt^ly  J  for,  however  much  the  price  of  an  article  may 
be  (lepresst*/  at  Naples,  it  is  imjwissible.  owiig  to  the  oppressive  du- 
ties charged  on  its  importation  not  being  drawn  back  on  exportation, 
for  the  merchant  to  stind  it  to  f^eylinrn,  Genoa,  'I'ricjte,  or  any  other 
place  where  it  is  more  in  demniid.  It  would  really  seem  as  if  the 
government  had  been  exerting  its  ingenuity  to  find  out  the  means  of 
driving  cnnimerce,  and  with  it  enterprise  and  industry,  f'om  i*s 
bbores ;  and  it  has  not  been  denied  that  it  has  been,  in  so  Ttr,  suc- 
cessful. 

Credit^  ^'.— Goods  are  universally  oold  at  long  credits,  nuislly 
from  4  to  8  months  ;  and  for  manufactured  goods  sometimes  lonijer, 
On  sales  of  indii,:i,  from  12  to  IS  months'  credit  is  given.  Discnuiit 
for  ready  money  is  at  (he  r.ite  of  6per  cent,  per  annum.  Meich;in's 
are  arranged  by  the  Chamber  of  Conmierre  in'o  5  dillerent  cla^si-s ; 
and  a  6  month's  credit  is  given  at  the  Custoni-honse  for  duties  to  the 
extent  of  60,000,  40,000,  3n.0()0,  20,000,  ami  15,000  ducats,  to  in.li- 
vi  luals,  acconline  to  the  cla^s  in  whirh  they  happen  to  he  enroIUiI. 
Put  this  is  of  little  importance,  Cntess  (he  trauwctions  of  a  mer- 
chant be  very  limited  indeed,  the  duties  he  has  lo  pty  amount  to 
much  more  than  (he  credit  he  is  allowed. 

Tariff. — T!ie  duties  on  exports  and  imports  are  snch  as  might  be  expected  from  a  government  that 
has  suppressed  the  warehousing  system,  and  aUowe*!  no  drawbacks. 

The  duties  on  most  sorts  of  iniporled  articles  are  extremely  oppressive,  beinp  seldom  under  100.  and 
often  ahove  150  per  cent,  ad  valorem  f  On  coffee,  tlie  duty  is  no  less  than  U^a.  Sti  per  cwt. ;  on  snpar 
it  varies  frntn  ILsylOf/.  to  62.f.  9rf.  (wr  do.;  on  tea  it  is  30.<.  per  do. ;  on  cotton  wool  it  varies  from  HU. 
Sd.  to  37.s\  4//.  p"r  do.  The  duty  on  cotton  and  woollen  manufactures  is  imposed  by  the  piece,  and  is, 
in  common  with  all  the  other  duties,  most  exorbitant.  Even  the  indispensaide  artiiMe,  irnii,  is 
charcwl  with 85.  4d,  per  cwt. !  These  duties  have  been  itnposed  partly  for  tlie  sake  of  revenue,  and 
partly  in  the  view  of  encouraging  domestic  manufactures  ;  hut  they  have  not  accomplished  either  ob- 
ject. The  inordinate  extent  to  which  they  have  been  carried  has  made  them  advatitageous  only  to 
the  smugghir,  and  ruinous  to  everyone  else.  How,  indeed,  couhl  it  he  otherwise'?  The  coast  (tf  Xa- 
ples»  excttisive  of  Sicily,  stretcltes  from  800  to  1,000  miles  ;  in  many  places  it  is  uninhaitited,  while,  in 
a  great  number  of  others,  the  people  are  not  more  than  half  civilisetl.  Tiie  facilities  fr»r  simigiili'ii,' 
are,  therefore,  incalcuhibly  great;  and,  combined  with  the  inadeiiuate  remuneration  of  the  cusiotiis' 
oflicers,  and  the  ease  with  which  they  are  corrupted,  our  only  wonder  is,  not  that  smuggling  is  in  a 


thriving  fltQ 
fined  to  Na| 
•^'es.  in  cou! 
country  ntiU 
He  is,  in  fuci 
and  make  hi 
ciejyihathe 
aefeaied  oth 
J'J»e  follow 


Cocoons  for 
,  Cotton  - 

Horse  hair 
,  Wool    - 
^il  in  native 
iu  foreigr 
I^Jtch,  while 
black 
'''nuorice  ro( 
I  »oda  seed  (n 
'  ^ponges 

"ags,  white 
I  -,    .    coloure 
Cork     - 
Argol    - 
*^atfron 
Wheat,  and  al 
ed  in  nativi 
_exporied  in 

pf  liiese  duiie 
poiyofthis  valu 
Prmcipie.    But  i 
the  keen  compel 
IS  in  the  last  degi 
country,  and  giv( 
dntyof  30*.  a  tui 
native  ships  :  bui 
Its  only  effect  bei 
ported  in  Neapnlj 
to  those  by  whom 
<J»  tne  direct  la 
yft.ar.    Itwasinu 
ceived  by  the  lam 
cHned  in  price,  w, 
inrrea.sed,  its  une. 
T  be  perverse  p( 
longer.    The  reas 
government  of  ih( 
ever  since  its  rest( 
the  results  of  the 
one,  ami  to  inipres 
varied  productions 
inan  freedom  and  n 
fishing  countries  o 
inhabitants  of  a  m 
industry  and  invei 
barbarism.    It  jg  st 
'"ay  he  undertaken 
useAil  or  valuable 
materially  worse  tl 
Ihe  ioundations  of; 
tiniies  and  restricti. 
on  iniportation  to  | 
^ivenue;  at  the  sa 
mem  the  wealth  of 

(AStatement  of  tlu 

of  Naples;  distin 

_YearI835.-(Cfl„, 


Totals 


NAPLES. 


205 


thriving  Btate,  but  thnt  tliore  shmili)  !)(<  nny  ippillmntR  trairic.  Tlii;  Intlt-r,  indeed,  is  principally  con- 
fined to  Naples,  where  a  stricter  police  is  eHtalilislied  ;  tor  it  is  not  iiiiriiiiinion  to  tiiid  tlie  same  arti- 
cles, in  country  towns  at  no  great  distance  from  tlic  cHpital,  selliiiK  for  1-  or  J  of  their  cost  in  it.  In  a 
country  RUl>jectcd  to  such  a  commercial  code  as  Naples,  the  sriiiiuKler  is  n  Krent  piihlir  heiiefactor. 
lie  is,  In  fact,  tlie  natural  enemy  of  oppressive  duties  and  proliiliitioiis.  These  hrInK  i>ini  into  tlie  field, 
and  nial<e  him  put  forth  ail  hid  enterprise  and  energy :  and  it  is  furtiiiiate  for  tlie  liest  interests  of  so- 
ciety that  he  is  uniformly  victorious  over  penalties,  eonfisriitions,  ratios,  niid  gililiets;  and  cannot  be 
defeated  otherwise  than  by  the  adoption  of  enlarged  and  liberal  principles  of  comiiieriiiil  policy. 
The  following  are  the  duties  charged  on  tlie  principal  articles  of  export  from  Naples  : — 
Tariff  of  the  principal  Articles  of  E.Yport  in  force  at  Naples  in  1833. 


ArticlM. 


Cocoons  (prohibited) 

Cotton 

Horse  hair    ---..... 

Wool 

Oil  in  native  vessels    ...... 

in  foreign  vessels    ---..- 
Pitch,  white         ....... 

black  --.--... 
Liquorice  root      ---.... 

Soda  seed  (prohibited) 

Sponges        ---...-. 

Hugs,  white  ....... 

coloured     --.-... 

Cork 

Argol 

Haffron 

Wheat,  and  all  other  sorts  of  grain,  when  export- 
ed in  native  vessels,  pay  no  duty. 
exported  in  foreign  vessels       -        -        .        . 


Nei|)olitan. 


Weiglili. 


per  cantaro 

per  salma 
per  cantaro 

per  cantaro 

per  lb. 
per  cantaro 


Money. 


D.  gr. 

1  1 

.■>  0 

0  50 

a  38 

4  02 

2  40 

1  80 
I  20 


50 
0 
0 


0  50 
3  0 
0    t)5 


0    30 


Ennliih. 


V'elghti. 


Money. 


per  cwt. 
per  tun. 


per  lb. 


per  cwt. 


£  I.  d. 

0  1  10 

0  9  8 

0  0  11 

3  0  0 


4  10 
0  4 
0  3 
0    2 


0  fi  8 
0  15  2 
0  5  8 
0  0  11 
0  5  8 
0    0    2i 


0    0    6i 


Of  these  duties,  that  on  oil  is  by  far  the  most  objectionable.  Even  though  Naples  enjoyed  a  mono- 
poly of  this  valuable  product,  the  imposition  of  such  a  duty  would  be  wholly  indefensible  on  any  sound 
principle.  But  when,  instead  of  having  a  monopoly  of  the  oil  trade,  the  ^feapolilans  are  exposed  to 
the  keen  competition  of  the  Tuscans,  Genoese,  Spaniards,  &c.,  the  imposition  of  a  heavy  export  duty 
is  in  the  last  degree  destructive.  It  depresses  that  branch  of  industry  which  is  more  suitalde  for  the 
country,  and  gives  a  corresponding  encouragement  to  its  extension  amongst  foreigners.  Tlie  increaset 
duty  of  30s.  a  tun  on  oil  exported  in  foreign  ships,  is,  of  course,  intended  to  force  the  eniployment  of 
native  ships  :  but  it  has  not  had,  and  could  not  rationally  be  expected  to  have,  any  such  consei)iience ; 
its  only  effect  being  to  tempt  foreigners  to  make  a  corresponding  addition  to  thedi'ities  on  oil,  wlien  im- 
ported in  Neapolitan  ships.  Such  regulations  arc  never,  in  fact,  productive  of  any  thing  except  injury 
to  those  by  whom  they  are  enacted. 

Of  the  direct  taxes,  the  most  productive  is  the /unrfioria,  or  tax  on  rent,  producing  about  1,240,000/.  u 
year.  It  was  imposed  during  the  French  occupation,  when  it  was  fixed  at  25  per  cent,  of  the  sum  re- 
ceived by  the  landlord.  It  has  not  been  altered  since  ;  and  as  agricultural  produce  has  materially  de- 
clined in  price,  while  the  rents  of  houses  in  towns,  and  particularly  in  the  capital,  have  very  much 
increased,  its  unequal  pressure  is  much  complained  of. 

The  perverse  policy  we  have  thus  endeavoured  to  develope,  cannot  surely  be  permitted  to  exist  much 
longer.  The  reasonings  of  Filangicri,  and  other  able  native  economists,  might  have  forewarned  the 
government  of  the  real  nature  of  that  system  of  prohibition  and  restriction  which  it  lias  laboured, 
ever  since  its  restoration,  to  protect  and  defend.  But  facts  have  now  taken  the  place  of  theory  ;  and 
the  results  of  the  system  are  too  obvious  and  too  mischievous  not  to  arrest  the  attention  of  every 
one,  ami  to  impress  the  necessity  of  some  radical  alterations.  Considering  the  great  natural  fertility, 
varied  productions,  and  advantageous  situation  of  Naples  and  Sicily,  it  is  plain  tliat  nothing  more 
than  freedom  and  security  are  rei|uired  to  render  them  among  the  richest,  most  industrious,  and  flou- 
rishing countries  of  Europe.  But  instead  of  this,  the  fetters  laid  upon  commerce,  by  depriving  the 
inhabitants  of  a  market  for  their  productions,  and,  consequently,  of  the  most  powerful  stimulus  to 
industry  and  invention,  have  paralysed  all  their  eiu^rgies,  and  immersed  them  in  poverty,  sloth  and 
barbarism.  It  is  surely  high  time  that  a  different  line  of  policy  were  adopted.  At  Naples,  a  reform 
may  be  undertaken  withoiU  (which  is  not  always  the  case  elsewhere)  endangering  any  thing  either 
u$Gt\il  or  valuable.  Its  political  economy  is  such  that  no  change,  be  it  what  it  may,  can  make  matters 
materially  worse  than  they  are  at  this  momi^nt.  But  it  would  be  the  easiest  thing  in  the  world  to  lay 
the  foundations  of  a  great  and  rapid  improvement.  To  effect  this,  government  has  only  to  abolish  all 
duties  and  restrictions  on  exportation,  to  establish  the  warehousing  system,  and  to  reduce  the  duties 
on  importation  to  |  or  i  part  of  their  present  amount.  If  it  do  this,  it  will  add  prodigiously  to  its  own 
r:venue  ;  at  the  same  time  that  it  will  do  10  times  more  to  rouse  the  dormant  energies,  and  to  aug- 
ment the  wealth  of  its  subjects,  than  it  is  possible  to  do  by  any  other  means. 

(.\  Statement  of  the  Number  and  Tonnage  of  British  Vessels  which  entered  and  cleared  from  the  Port 
of  Naples;  distinguishing  the  Nature  of  their  Cargoes,  and  the  Trade  with  each  Country,  in  the 
\eaT  IS35.— (Consular  Return.) 


Countriea. 

Entered. 

Cleared. 

Vessels. 

Tonnage. 

Nature  of  Cargoes. 

Veuels. 

Tonnage.              Nature  of  Cargoes. 

England     • 

Scotland      ■ 

Newfoundland 

.Malta 

Sicily 

Leshora 
Spain 

Gdlipoli     • 
Gibraltar    - 
Franco 

Totals  - 

83 

4 
16 
3 

2 

2 
2 

10,^81 

63i 

2,419 

532 

159 

319 
620 

17  with  fish,  14  iron,  3  coals, 

49  general 
Coals. 
Cod  fish. 
1  in  ballast,  I  coals,  1  nrool  and 

leather 
1  sulphur,  1  general  - 

1  coals,  1  herrinitj 
Codfish 

9 

2 

71 

I 
4 
8 
2 

I 

900 

418 

9,545 

128 
711 
910 
274 
167 

13,053 

General. 

Grain. 

37  in  ballast,  29  part  of  general 

cargoes,  3  coals,  1  fiib. 
In  ballast. 
Ditto. 

4  ditto,  4  part  of  cargoei. 
1  ditto,  1  Indian  corn. 
General  and  ballast. 

112 

14.865 

98 

Vol.  II._S 


206 


NAVIGATION  LAWS. 


A  Htntnnipnt  of  llin  Niimlx'r,  TnnnagR,  and  Crewa  of  Driligh  iinrt  ForelRn  Vcsgeln,  diHtinguiHliing  the 
CoiintrieM  to  which  thuy  belonged,  which  eiilerud  and  cluurud  from  tlie  I'url  uf  Nuplns  in  tho 
Year  IS35. 


rkf 

H%p\n. 

Enleml. 

CItand.                                  1 

VUKll. 

Tana. 

Crewa. 

Veoela. 

Torn. 

Crewa. 

Hriluh 

112 

I4,H6) 

8H7 

98 

I3,avi 

770 

French 

S3 

6.!Min 

477 

63 

6,901) 

477 

S-inliitian 

28 

3,m) 

224 

23 

3,l>60 

224 

S|Mill 

6 

■M7 

30 

6 

347 

30 

Austrian 

6 

7H 

48 

6 

718 

48 

'i'tiscan 

17 

Sii 

(IH 

17 

622 

68 

HiM^ian 

3 

37S 

27 

3 

378 

27 

1 

K) 

S 

1 

83 

B 

AlDt-rican     • 

1 

210 

16 

1 

210 

16 

227 

n,-n 

1,7H2 

213 

23,961     _ 

l,66i    Sup.) 

In  cnnipitinir  this  ar'icte,  we  liavr  be«ii  much  InilehteJ  tn  the  care*  I 
fully  ilrawii  up,  niiJ  i;t*nenillv  jiidirioui  Jmwtn  (if  the  nrlllflh  con- 
aul,  (Ml.  UiioihvJMj  li  the  L'ir'«4/ar  Vueriri,  t(i  A/iHmt(,  Ci/up  rfYEi/ 
«ur  It  Itoyaiinie  de  SnitlfM,  .irnl  tn  anine  v.ilii<ihlr  priivi/e  tmnmnnt-  [ 
rA(i«/i«.  Wu  have  also  Inokctl  iritn  the  works  tif  a  <ofHl  many  Kni^. 
liah  an>l  foreign  trivellt-rs,  hut  aclilniii  with  much  aitvantagH.  'I'hey 
are  hllej  with  accnunts,  a  thoutanil  limca  re|iratH,  of  aiiliiiuitie^ 
Veauviiis,  the  churches,  theatrea,   laz7.irf)ni,  &c. ;    hut  few  amoui^ 


them  communicate  any  information  from  which  any  ^ual  i<Iea  can  be 
formeil  of  the  ttate  of  iniiuttry  atid  commerce,  the  financial  lyatem 
of  the  country,  &c.  The  statistical  worka  of  tiie  Neajiolitani  are 
e<|ually  defeciive.  They  are  overlaid  with  tnaicnificant  details,  while 
they  neglect  alloKetlier,  or  pass  slightly  over,  the  niore  imporlaat 
du])artnients.  This  niay  arise  from  the  jealousy  of  government ; 
hut  the  English  travcllera  can  make  no  atich  a[)ology  for  their 
defects. 


N A VICiATION  LAWS.  These  laws  form  an  important  branch  of  Maritime  Law.  In 
this  country  they  are  understood  to  comprise  the  various  acts  that  have  been  passed,  defining 
British  ships,  the  way  in  which  such  ships  arc  to  be  manned,  the  peculiar  privileges  enjoyed 
by  them,  and  the  conditions  under  which  foreign  ships  shall  be  allowed  to  engage  in  the 
trade  of  the  country,  either  as  importers  or  exporters  of  commodities,  or  as  carriers  of  com- 
modities from  one  part  of  the  country  to  another. 

Sketch  iif  the  History  and  Princtplen  of  the  Navignfion  Lnws. — The  origin  of  the  Navi- 
gation Laws  of  England  may  be  traced  to  the  reign  of  Richard  IL,  or  perhaps  to  a  still  more 
remote  period.     But,  as  no  intelligible  account  of  the  varying  and  contradictory  enactments 
framed  at  so  distant  an  epoch  could  be  compressed  within  any  reasonable  space,  it  is  suflicient 
to  observe,  that,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VII.,  two  of  the  leading  principles  of  the  late  naviga- 
tion law  were  distinctly  recognised,  in  the  prohibition  of  the  importation  of  certain  commo- 
dities, unless  imported  in  ships  belonging  to  English  owners,  and  manned  by  English  sea- 
men.    In  the  early  part  of  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  (5  Eliz.  c.  5.),  foreign  ships  were  excluded 
from  our  fisheries  and  coasting  trade.     The  republican  parliament  gave  a  great  extension  to 
the  nnvigation  laws,  by  the  act  of  1 650,  which  prohibited  all  ships,  of  all  foreign  nations 
whatever,  from  trading  with  the  plantations  in  America,  without  having  previously  obtained 
a  licence.     These  acts  were,  however,  rather  intended  to  regulate  the  trade  between  the 
difTerent   ports   and  dependencies  of  the  empire,  than  to  regulate  our  intercourse  with 
foreigners.     But  in  the  following  year  (9lh  of  October,  16.51)   the  republican  parliament 
passed  the  famous  Act  of  Navigation,    This  act  had  a  double  object.     It  was  intended  not 
only  to  promote  our  own  navigation,  but  also  to  strike  a  decisive  blow  at  the  naval  power  of 
the  Dutch,  who  then  engrossed  almost  the  whole  carrying  trade  of  the  world,  and  against 
whom  various  circum.stances  had  conspired  to  incense  the  English.     The  act  in  question 
declared,  that  no  goods  or  commodities  whatever,  of  the  growth,  production  or  manufacture 
of  Asia,  Africa,  or  America,  should  be  imported  either  into  England  or  Ireland,  or  any  of 
the  plantations,  except  in  ships  belonging  to  English  subjects,  and  of  which  the  master  and 
the  greater  number  of  the  crew  were  also  English.     Having  thus  secured  the  import  trade 
of  Asia,  Africa,  and  America,  to  the  English  ship  owners,  the  act  went  on  to  secure  to  them, 
as  far  as  that  was  possible,  the  import  trade  of  Europe.    For  this  purpose,  it  further  enacted, 
that  no  goods  of  the  growth,  production,  or  manufacture  of  any  xiountry  in  Europe,  should 
be  imported  into  Great  Britain,  except  in  British  ships,  or  in  such  ships  as  were  the  real 
property  of  the  people  of  the  country  or  place  in  tvhich  the  goods  were  produced,  or  from 
which  they  could  only  be,  or  most  usually  were,  exported.    The  latter  part  of  the  clause 
was  entirely  levelled  against  the  Dutch,  who  had  but  little  native  produce  to  export,  and 
whose  ships  were  principally  employed  in  carrying  the  produce  of  other  countries  to  foreign 
markets.     Such  were  the  leading  provisions  of  this  famous  act.     They  were  adopted  by  the 
regal  government  which  succeeded  Cromwell,  and  form  the  basis  of  the  act  of  the  1 2th  Car.  2. 
c.  18.,  which  continued,  to  a  very  recent  period,  to  be  the  rule  by  which  our  naval  inter- 
course with  other  countries  was  mainly  regulated ;  and  has  been  pompously  designated  the 
Charta  Mariiima  of  England ! 

In  the  statute  12  Car.  2.  c.  18.,  the  clause  against  importing  foreign  commodities,  except 
in  British  ships,  or  in  ships  belonging  to  the  country  or  place  where  the  goods  were  pro- 
duced, or  from  which  they  were  exported,  was  so  far  modified,  that  the  prohibition  was  made 
to  apply  only  to  the  goods  of  Russia  and  Turkey,  and  to  certain  articles,  since  well  known 
in  commerce  by  the  name  oi  enumerated  articles,  leave  being  at  the  same  time  given  to  im- 
port all  other  articles  in  ships  of  any  description.  But  this  modification  was  of  very  little 
importance ;  inasmuch  as  the  enumerated  articles  comprised  all  those  that  were  of  most  im- 
portance in  commerce,  as  timber,  grain,  tar,  hemp  and  flax,  potashes,  wines,  spirits,  sugar, 


&e.     Pai 

much  hai 

statute  wi 

the  prece( 

mans,     'i 

Up  the  bit 

our  jealou 

we  (lid  noi 

of  fraud,  t 

the  coiomt 

the  14tli  C 

commoditit 

the  iienalty 

Holland,  tl 

merrial  wo 

its  principa 

The  poll 

f'j'ogy.    It 

inosity  did, 

"  When  the 

actually  at  \ 

during  the  ) 

soon  after  in 

possible,  the 

national  anir 

deliberate  wi 

which  the  m 

power  of  Hoi 

act  of  naviga 

which  can  ar 

nations  is,  lik 

buy  as  cheap 

number  of  sel 

to  buy  foreigi 

freedom  of  tra 

of  navigation  i 

Wealth  of  Nw 

It  may,  how 

the  effects  her 

that  of  this  kit 

passing  of  thi.> 

ponderancc  wu 

countries,  and 

had  to  sustain 

their  merchant 

was  altogether 

navigation  law 

It  is  certain,  ho 

country.     Exci 

of  profits,  and  o 

guerres,"  says  t 

les  traites  de  ]> 

Chapelle,  ont  su 

faire  des  cmprur 

somme  immense 

iive  dlnipots,  <|< 

pays  qui  n'a  qt 

done  fallu  faire  e 

seulement  restre 

fieure,  mais  elle 

^  la  plus  precieu 

chere,  et  augmen 

les  ouvrages  des 

la  main-d'cBuvre 


*  In  (he  treaty  of 
undertook  to  proem 
liwise  of  parliauieni 


NAVIGATION  LAWS. 


207 


ig  the 
n  tiMj 


n    Sup.)\ 

i,\ri  c»n  be 
cial  «y«lem 
Kilitint  are 
!l«il»,  while 
•  iiii|i(>rl»nl 
iivernntent ; 
y  for  llieir 

iw.     In 

defining 

enjoyed 
e  in  the 

of  cora- 

he  Navi- 
Btill  more 
lactments 
sufficient 
te  naviga- 
Q  commo- 
glish  sea- 
B  excluded 
tension  to 
rn  nations 
y  obtained 
stween  the 
lurse  with 
parliament 
ended  not 
power  of 
nd  against 
n  question 
anufacture 
or  any  of 
naster  and 
iport  trade 
re  to  them, 
er  enacted, 
pe,  should 
the  real 
d,  or  from 
the  clause 
[port,  and 
to  foreign 
(ted  by  the 
;thCar.2. 
Lval  inter- 
■nated  the 


e 


lies,  except 
]were  pro- 
,  was  made 
Jell  known 
Iven  to  im- 
jvcry  little 
most  im- 
Irits,  sugar, 


Ac.  Parliament  seems,  howrever,  to  have  very  sixntdily  come  round  to  the  opinion  that  too 
murh  had  been  done  in  the  way  of  relaxation  ;  and  in  the  14th  of  ('harles  II.  asuppleniental 
statute  was  iiassed,  avowedly  with  the  intention  of  obviating  some  evasions  of  the  statute  of 
the  prece<jing  year,  which,  it  was  atUrnied,  had  been  practised  by  the  Hollanders  and  tier- 
mans.  This,  however,  seems  to  have  been  a  mere  pretence,  to  excuse  the  desire  to  follow 
up  the  blow  aimed,  by  the  former  statute,  at  the  carrying  trade  of  Holland.  And  such  waH 
our  jealousy  of  the  naval  and  commercial  greatness  of  the  Dutch,  that,  in  order  to  cripple  it, 
we  did  not  hesiuitc  totally  to  proscribe  all  trade  with  them;  and,  to  prevent  the  possiljility 
of  fraud,  or  of  clandestine  or  indirect  intercourse  with  Holland,  we  went  so  far  as  to  include 
the  commerce  with  the  Netherlands  and  Germany  in  the  same  proscription.  The  statute  of 
the  I4th  Car.  2.  prohibited  all  importation  from  these  countries  of  a  long  list  of  enumerated 
commodities,  under  any  circumstances,  or  in  any  vessels,  whether  British  or  foreign,  under 
the  penalty  of  seizure  and  confiscation  of  the  ships  and  goods.  So  far  as  it  depended  on  us, 
Holland,  the  Netherlands,  and  Germany  were  virtually  placed  without  the  pale  of  the  com- 
merrial  world  !  And  though  the  extreme  rigour  of  this  statute  was  subsequently  modified, 
its  principal  provisions  remained  in  full  force  until  the  late  alterations. 

The  policy,  if  not  the  motives  which  dictated  these  statutes,  has  met  with  very  general 
eulogy.  It  has  been  said,  and  by  no  less  an  authority  than  Dr.  Smith,  that  national  ani- 
mosity did,  in  this  instance,  that  which  the  most  deliberate  wisdom  would  have  recommended. 
"  When  the  act  of  navigation  was  made,"  says  he,  "  though  England  and  Holland  were  not 
actually  at  war,  the  most  violent  animosity  subsisted  between  the  two  nations.  It  had  begun 
during  the  government  of  the  long  parliament,  which  first  framed  this  act,  and  it  broke  out 
soon  after  in  the  Dutch  wars  during  that  of  the  Protector  and  of  Charles  H.  It  is  not  im- 
possible, therefore,  that  some  of  the  regulations  of  this  famous  act  may  have  proceeded  from 
national  animosity.  They  are  as  wise,  however,  as  if  they  had  all  been  dictated  by  the  most 
deliberate  wisdom.  National  animosity  at  that  particular  time  aimed  at  the  very  same  object 
which  the  most  deliberate  wisdom  would  have  recommended, — the  diminution  of  the  naval 
power  of  Holland,  the  only  naval  power  which  could  endanger  the  security  of  England,  The 
act  of  navigation  is  not  favourable  to  fureif^n  commerce,  or  to  the  growth  of  that  opuknct 
which  can  arise  from  it.  The  interest  of  a  nation  in  its  commercial  relations  to  foreign 
nations  is,  like  that  of  a  merchant  with  regard  to  the  different  people  with  whom  he  deals,  to 
buy  as  cheap  and  to  sell  as  dear  as  possible.  But  the  act  of  navigation,  by  diminishing  the 
number  of  sellers,  must  necessarily  diminish  that  of  buyers ;  and  we  are  thus  likely  not  only 
to  buy  foreign  goods  dearer,  but  to  sell  our  own  cheaper,  than  if  there  was  a  more  perfect 
freedom  of  trade.  As  defence,  however,  is  of  much  more  importance  than  opulence,  the  act 
of  navigation  is,  perhaps,  the  wisest  of  all  the  commercial  regulations  of  England." — (Smith's 
Wealth  of  Nations,  vol.  ii.  p.  293.) 

It  may,  however,  be  very  fairly  doubted,  whether,  in  point  of  fact,  the  navigation  law  had 
the  effects  here  ascribed  to  it,  of  weakening  the  naval  power  of  the  Dutch,  and  of  increasing 
that  of  this  kingdom.     The  Dutch  were  very  powerful  at  sea  for  a  long  period  after  the 
passing  of  this  act ;  and  it  seems  natural  to  conclude,  that  the  decline  of  their  maritime  pre- 
ponderance was  owing  rather  to  the  gradual  increase  of  commerce  and  navigation  in  other 
countries,  and  to  the  disasters  and  burdens  occasioned  by  the  ruinous  contests  the  Republic 
had  to  sustain  with  Cromwell,  ('harles  II.  and  Louis  XIV.,  than  to  the  mere  exclusion  of 
their  merchant  vessels  from  the  ports  of  England.     It  is  not  meant  to  say,  that  this  exclusion 
was  altogether  without  effect.     The  efforts  of  the  Dutch  to  procure  a  repeal  of  the  English 
navigation  law  show  that,  in  their  apprehension,  it  operated  injuriously  on  their  commerce.* 
It  is  certain,  however,  that  its  influence  in  this  respect  has  been  greatly  over-rated  in  this 
country.     Excessive  taxation,  tind  not  our  navigation  law,  was  the  principal  cause  of  the  fall 
of  profits,  and  of  the  decline  of  manufactures,  commerce,  and  navigation,  in  Holland.     "  Les 
guerres,"  says  the  well-informed  author  of  the  Commerce  de  la  Hollande,  "  terminees  par 
les  traites  de  Nimegue,  de  Ryswick,  d'Utrecht,  et  enfin  la  derniere  par  le  traite  d'Aix-la- 
Chapelle,  ont  successivement  ol)lige  la  Republique  de  faire  usage  d'un  grand  credit,  et  de 
faire  des  cmprunts  enormes  pour  en  soutenir  les  fraix.     Les  dettes  ont  surcharge  I'etat  d'uno 
somme  immense  d'interets,  qui  ne  pouvoient  etre  payes  que  par  une  augmentation  exces- 
sive d'impots,  (k)nt  il  a  fallu  faire  porter  la  plus  forte  partie  par  les  consommations  dans  un 
pays  qui  n'a  qu'un  territoire  extromement  borne,  et  par  consequent  par  I'industric.     II  a 
done  fallu  faire  encherir  infiniment  la  main-d'osuvre.   Cette  cherte  de  la  main-d'ceuvre  a  non 
seulement  restreint  presque  toute  sorte  de  fabrique  et  d'industrie  a  la  consommation  int6- 
rieure,  mais  elle  a  encore  porte  un  coup  bien  sensible  au  commerce  de  fret,  partie  accessoire 
et  la  plus  precieuse  du  commerce  d'economie :  car  cette  cherte  a  rendu  la  construction  plus 
chere,  et  augmente  le  prix  de  tons  les  ouvrages  qui  tiennent  a  la  navigation,  meme  de  tons 
les  ouvrages  des  ports  et  des  magasins.     II  n'etoit  pas  possible  que  I'augmcntation  du  prix  de 
la  main-d'ceuvre  ne  donnat,  malgre  tous  les  efforts  de  reconomie  Hollandoise,  un  avantage 

*In  the  treaty  of  Breda,  agreed  upon  in  1667,  between  the  States  General  and  Charles  II.,  the  Intter 
undcrtnok  to  procure  the  repeal  of  the  navigation  law.  But  the  subject  was  never  agitated  in  either 
tuuise  of  parliament. 


2 


208 


NAVIGATION  LAWS. 


tenHJIilo  mix  nutrca  nations  qui  voudroicnt  ae  livror  au  commerce  ilY'Conomio  et  A  cclui  de 
fr,'.t."— (Tome  ii.  p.  811.) 

'I'hJH  extract,  which  mi^ht,  were  it  neceggary,  bo  corroborated  l)y  otherg  to  the  game  cfTcct 
from  nil  the  best  Dutch  writerg,  ghow  that  it  is  not  to  our  navjp;ation  law,  nor  to  the  regtric- 
tivc  rcKuliitiong  of  other  foreign  |>owcrH,  but  to  the  abugc  of  the  fundintf  system,  and  the 
exocHg  of  taxntioii,  that  the  jleciine  of  the  commercial  Rrcatness  and  maritime  power  of  Hol- 
land was  really  uwini^.  Neither  docH  it  ap|>ear  that  the  opinion  maintained  by  Dr.  Smith 
and  others,  tliat  the  navigation  law  had  a  powerful  inlluence  in  au^mentinf^  the  naval  iH)wer 
of  this  country,  restg  on  any  better  foundation.  'J'he  taste  of  the  nation  for  naval  enterprise 
had  been  awakened,  the  navy  had  become  exceedingly  formidable,  and  IJIakc  had  achieved 
bis  victories,  before  the  enactment  of  thin  famous  law.  Ho  far,  indeed,  is  it  from  bfinx  certain 
that  the  naviKntion  act  had,  in  this  regpect,  the  ellect  commonly  ascribed  to  it,  that  there  arn 
Kood  )j;roundsf()r  thinking  it  had  a  precisely  ojiposite  eirect.aiid  that  it  operated  rather  to  dimi- 
iijjih  tiian  to  increase  our  mercantile  navy.  It  is  stated  in  Uoj^er  (-oke's  Trratine  on  Trade, 
published  in  l(i7l  (p.  30.),  that  this  act,  by  lessening  the  resort  of  strangers  to  our  ports,  had 
u  most  iniurii)n8  ellect  on  our  con»merco  ;  and  he  further  stiites  that  we  had  lost,  within  2 
years  of  the  [mssimr  of  the  act  of  1  CiO,  the  greater  part  of  the  Haltic  and  (Jreenland  trades. — 
(p.  4H.)  iSir  .losiah  Child,  whose  treatise  was  published  in  16'J1,  corroliorates  (Joke's  state- 
ment :  for  while  ho  decidedly  ap[)roves  of  the  navigation  law,  he  admits  that  the  English 
slii|)ping  employed  in  the  Eastland  and  Baltic  trades  had  decreased  at  least  two  thirds  since 
its  enactment,  and  that  the  foreign  shipping  em]iloyed  in  these  trades  had  pro|)ortionally 
increased. — {Treatise  on  Trade,  p.  8tf.  (Jlasg.  edit.)  Exclusive  of  these  contemporary 
authorities,  it  may  be  worth  while  to  mention,  that  8ir  Matthew  Decker,  an  extensive  and 
extremely  well-iidbrmed  merchant,  condemns  the  whole  principle  of  the  navigation  act;  and 
contends  that,  instead  of  increasing  our  shi|)ping  and  seamen,  it  had  diminished  them  both ; 
and  that,  by  rendering  the  freight  of  ships  higher  than  it  would  otherwise  have  been,  it  had 
entailed  a  heavy  burden  on  the  public,  and  been  one  of  the  main  causeg  that  had  prevented 
our  carrying  on  the  fishery  so  successfully  as  the  Dutch. — {Essays  vn  the  Causes  of  the 
Decline  of  Foreign  Trade,  p.  60.  ed.  1756.) 

'J'here  does  not  seem  to  be  any  very  good  grounds  on  which  to  question  these  statements ; 
and  they  are  at  all  events  sufficient  to  show,  that  the  assertions  of  those  who  contend  that 
the  navigation  laws  had  a  prodigious  efl'ect  in  increasing  the  numlier  of  our  ships  and  sailors, 
nnist  be  received  with  very  great  moditication.  But,  suppose  that  all  that  has  been  said  by 
the  apologists  of  these  laws  were  true  to  the  letter;  suppose  it  were  conceded,  that,  when 
first  framed,  the  Act  of  Navigation  was  extremely  politic  and  proper  ;— that  would  aflbrd  but 
a  very  slender  presumption  in  favour  of  the  policy  of  supporting  it  in  the  present  day. 
Human  institutions  are  not  made  for  immortality :  they  must  be  accommodated  to  the  vary- 
ing circumstances  and  exigencies  of  society.  But  the  situation  of  Great  Britain  and  the  other 
countries  of  Europe  has  totally  changed  since  1650.  The  envied  wealth  and  commercial 
greatness  of  Holland  have  passed  away :  we  have  no  longer  any  thing  to  fear  from  her  hos- 
tility :  and,  "  he  must  be,  indeed,  strangely  influenced  by  antiquated  prejudices  and  by-gone 
apprehensions,  who  can  entertain  any  of  that  jealousy  from  which  the  severity  of  this  law 
]irincipally  originated."  London  has  become,  what  Amsterdam  formerly  was,  the  grand 
emporium  of  the  commercial  world — unlversi  orbis  terrarum  emporium :  and  the  real 
question  which  now  presents  itself  for  our  consideration  is,  not  what  are  the  best  means  by 
which  we  may  rise  to  naval  greatness?  but — what  are  the  best  means  of  preserving  that 
undisputed  i)re-eminence  in  maritime  affairs  to  which  we  have  attained  ^ 

Now,  it  docs  not  really  seem  that  there  can  be  much  difliculty  in  deciding  this  question. 
Navigation  and  naval  power  are  the  children,  not  the  parents — the  ellect,  not  the  cause — of 
commerce.  If  the  latter  be  increased,  the  increase  of  the  former  will  follow  as  a  matter  of 
course.  More  ships  and  more  sailors  become  necessary,  according  as  the  commerce  between 
dirterent  and  distant  countries  is  extended.  A  country,  circumstanced  like  Great  Britain  in 
the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  when  her  shipping  was  comparatively  limited,  might  perhaps  bo 
warranted  in  endeavouring  to  increase  its  amount,  by  excluding  foreign  ships  from  her  har- 
bours. But  it  is  almost  superfluous  to  add,  that  it  is  not  by  any  such  regulations,  but  solely 
by  the  aid  of  a  flourishing  and  widely  extended  commerce,  that  the  immense  mercantile  navy 
we  have  now  accumulated  can  be  supported. 

But  it  is  extremely  easy  to  show,  that  to  have  continued  to  enforce  the  provisions  of  the 
old  navigation  law,  in  the  present  state  of  the  world,  would  have  been  among  the  most  elll- 
cient  means  that  could  have  been  devised  for  the  destruction  of  our  commerce.  The  wealth 
and  power  to  which  Brit'r'n  has  attained,  has  inspired  other  nations  with  the  same  envious 
feelings  that  the  wealth  of  Holland  formerly  generated  in  our  minds.  Instead  of  ascribing 
our  commercial  and  manufacturing  euj)eriority  to  its  true  causes, — to  the  comparative  free- 
dom of  our  constitution,  the  absence  of  all  oppressive  feudal  privileges,  the  security  of  jiro- 
perty,  and  the  fairness  of  our  system  of  taxation, — our  foreign  rivals  contend  that  it  has  lieen 
entirely  owing  to  our  exclusive  system  ;  and  appeal  to  our  example  to  stimulate  their  respec- 
tive governments  to  adopt  retaliatory  measures,  and  to  protect  them  against  British  competi 


tion.    Thcf 

legislature 

intention  o 

powers  thrr 

effect,  but  I 

destroy  the 

called  an  ur 

had  we  com 

example  to 

should  have 

sighted  and 

For  these 

been  eflectei; 

lace  in   182 

tailed  the  Rt 

intercourse  v 

footing.     Th 

certain  of  oui 

late  our  com 

mercantile  oj 

removes  a  gr 

considerably  i 

without  consi 

The  distin( 

new  regulatio 

Kingdom,  eill 

were  prodncc( 

tliey  may  bo  i 

the  produce,  o 

This  is  a  very 

ducts  of  diffcre 

in  a  foreign  pt 

belonging  to  tl 

great  hardship 

When  the  fore 

them  to  remaii 

any  iinportanc 

legally  iniporte 

of  British  ships 

might  otherwi.s 

law  obviates  th 

ships  of  the  bu 

of  the  country  c 

inhabitants  of  s 

country  to  beco 

Another  new 

it  was  not  long 

America,  could 

This  law  had  al 

were  allowed  to 

respect  to  Asia, 

to  find,  in  Soutl 

the  other  quarto 

extremely  advan 

on  board,  under 

ship.     The  regu 

board  all  article.^ 

Asiatic,  African 

ciple  to  Europea 

articles  from  ivh 

ships  might  be  n 

this  circumstanc< 

our  consumption 

employment  of  1 

were,  in  a  great  i 

bility  of  danger  : 

required  for  hom< 

82 


NAVIGATION  LAWS. 


200 


lis  of  the 

liost  elli- 
le  wealth 
envious 
Jiscribiiig 
live  frre- 
of  pro- 
has  heen 
Ir  rcsjiec- 
Icompcti 


tion.  These  reprritcntationi  have  hail  the  moHt  injurious  operation.  In  17ft7,  tho  American 
lei^islaturc  pasHed  an  act,  copied  to  the  very  letter  from  our  navii^ution  law,  wiih  the  avowed 
intention  of  its  operating  as  a  retaliatory  measure  ai^ainst  this  country.  'I'lie  Norlhert) 
powers  threatened  to  act  on  the  same  principle;  and  would  have  carried  their  threats  into 
elVect,  but  for  timely  concessions  on  our  part.  'I'he  same  engines  by  which  we  laboured  to 
destroy  the  trade  of  Holland  were  thus  about  to  be  brought,  by  what  we  could  not  have 
called  an  unjust  retribution,  to  operate  against  ourselves.  Nor  can  there  be  a  doubt  that, 
had  we  continued  to  maintain  our  illiberal  and  exclusive  system,  and  refuxed  to  si't  a  better 
example  to  others,  and  to  teach  them  the  advantage  of  recurring  to  soumler  principles,  wo 
should  have  rnn  a  very  great  risk  of  falling  a  victim  to  the  vindictive  spirit  which  such  short- 
sighted  and  selfish  policy  would  have  generated. 

For  these  reasons,  it  seems  difHcult  to  question  the  policy  of  the  changes  that  have  recently 
been  ellected  in  the  navigation  laws,  partly  by  the  bills  introduced  by  Mr.  (now  Lord)  Wal- 
lace in  1821,  and  Mr.  Huskisson  in  18'2.'j,  and  partly  by  the  adoption  of  what  has  been 
called  tlie  Heciproeifi/  Si/slem.  Under  the  existing  law  (6  (Jeo.  4.  c.  10!).,  see  po-st.)  tho 
intercourse  with  all  European  countries  in  amity  with  Ureat  Britain  is  placed  on  the  samo 
footing.  Tho  memorials  of  our  former  animosity,  and  of  our  jealousy  of  the  jirospcrity  of 
certain  of  our  neighbours,  have  thus  been  abolished  ;  and  the  same  law  is  licnceforth  to  regu- 
late our  commerce  with  tiic  Continent.  This  uniformity,  besides  giving  greater  scope  to 
mercantile  operations,  and  extending  our  traffic  with  some  of  our  most  opulent  ueinlibours, 
removes  a  great  source  of  embarrassment  and  litigation  ;  at  the  same  time  that  it  detracts 
consideralily  froni  that  selfish  character  which  had  been  believed  on  the  (Jontinent,  and  not 
without  considerable  reason,  to  he  the  animating  principle  of  our  commercial  system. 

The  distinction  between  enumerated  and  non-enumerated  goods  is  still  kept  up  under  the 
new  regulations ;  but,  instead  of  confining  the  importation  of  tho  former  into  the  United 
Kingdom,  cither  to  British  ships,  or  ships  belonging  to  the  country  or  place  where  the  goods 
were  produced,  or  from  which  they  originally  were  exported,  the  new  regulations  permit  that 
tliey  may  be  imported  either  in  British  shijw,  in  ships  of  the  country  of  which  the  poods  are 
the  produce,  or  in  ships  of  the  country  or  place  from  which  they  are  imported  into  England. 
This  is  a  very  important  alteration.  Under  the  old  law,  when  a  number  of  articles,  the  pro- 
ducts of  dillcrcnt  countries,  but  all  of  them  suitable  for  importation  into  England,  were  found 
in  a  foreign  port,  they  could  not  be  imported  except  in  a  British  ship,  or  se|)arately  in  ships 
belonging  to  tho  dilfcrent  countries  whoso  produce  they  were.  This  was  obviously  a  very 
great  hardship  on  the  foreigner,  without  being  of  any  real  advantage  to  our  own  shipowners. 
When  the  foreign  merchant  had  vessels  of  his  own,  it  was  not  very  probable  he  would  permit 
them  to  remain  unoccupied,  and  freight  a  British  vessel ;  and  there  were  very  few  ports  of 
any  importance  in  which  foreign  bottoms  might  not  l)e  found,  in  which  the  article  could  bo 
legally  imported.  The  real  cfl'ect  of  the  old  law  was  not,  therefore,  to  cause  the  employment 
of  British  ships,  hut  to  oblige  foreigners  to  assort  their  cargoes  less  advantageously  than  they 
might  otherwise  have  done,  and  thus  to  lessen  their  intercourse  with  our  markets.  The  new 
law  obviates  this  inconvenience ;  while,  by  restricting  the  importation  of  European  goods  to 
ships  of  the  built  of  the  country  of  which  the  goods  are  the  growth,  or  to  those  of  the  built 
of  the  country  or  port  from  which  the  goods  are  shipped,  and  which  are  wholly  owned  by  the 
inhabitants  of  such  country  or  port,  it  is  rendered  very  difficult  for  the  people  of  a  particular 
country  to  become  the  carriers  of  the  produce  of  other  countries  to  our  markets. 

Another  new  regulation  is  of  such  obvious  and  unquestionable  utility,  that  it  is  surprising 
il  was  not  long  ago  adopted.  By  the  old  law,  all  articles,  the  produce  of  Asia,  Africa,  or 
America,  could  only  be  imported  directly  in  a  British  ship  from  the  place  of  their  production. 
This  law  had  already  been  repealed  in  so  far  as  respected  the  United  States,  whose  ships 
were  allowed  to  import  their  produce  directly  into  this  country ;  but  it  was  maintained  with 
respect  to  Asia,  Africa,  and  South  America.  And  hence,  although  a  British  ship  happened 
to  find,  in  South  American,  African,  or  Asiatic  ports,  articles,  the  produce  of  one  or  more  of 
the  other  quarters  of  the  globe,  suitable  for  our  markets,  and  with  which  it  might  have  been 
extremely  advantageous  for  her  to  complete  her  cargo,  she  was  prohibited  from  taking  them 
on  board,  under  penalty  of  forfeiture  and  confiscation,  not  only  of  the  goods,  but  also  of  the 
ship.  The  regulation  has  been  repealed ;  and  it  is  now  lawful  for  British  ships  to  take  on 
board  all  articles,  the  importation  of  which  is  not  prohibited,  on  meeting  with  them  in  any 
Asiatic,  African  or  American  port.  Lord  Wallace  originally  intended  to  extend  this  prin- 
ciple to  European  ports,  or  to  make  it  lawful  for  British  ships  to  import  all  non-prohibited 
articles  from  wherever  they  might  find  them.  But  it  was  supposed  by  some,  that  foreign 
ships  might  be  more  cheaply  navigated  than  ours ;  and  that  foreigners,  taking  advantage  of 
this  circumstance,  would  import  the  Asiatic,  African,  and  American  products  required  for 
our  consumption  into  the  contiguous  continental  ports,  and  would  consequently  restrict  the 
employment  of  British  ships  to  their  carriage  thence.  We  believe  that  these  apprehensions 
were,  in  a  great  measure,  visionary.  But  the  law  is  so  contrived  as  to  avoid  even  the  possi- 
bility of  danger  on  this  head ;  such  of  the  products  of  Asia,  Africa,  and  America,  as  are 
required  for  home  consumption,  being,  with  a  few  trifling  exceptions,  inadmissible  from  Eu< 
8  2  27 


S 


210 


NAVIGATION  LAWS. 


rope ;  nml  only  ailmiMililn  when  ihoy  ore  imported  in  Dritiiih  Bhipn,  or  in  i«hip»  of  the  country 
or  phire  of  whirh  the  kooJh  «re  the  pnNhire,  and  I'roui  whifh  they  iire  liroiinht.  'I'he  only 
cxceptionx  to  thia  rule  nre  articlea  I'ruin  Aiiutic  and  African  'i'urkey  iniiMirUid  from  iho 
Levant,  niid  hullion. 

lleaideM  the  reMtrictive  regulntioHH  already  nihided  to,  it  hiid  iieen  a  purt  of  our  policy  to 
cncourui(e  tiie  enipli>ynient  of  our  tihippinK,  hy  inipoiiinK  hiKher  dutieH  on  ciiiiiiiKxIitiea  iin- 
|i<ii(t>d  into  our  liiirltourH  in  foreign  vuhm'Im,  than  were  iinponetl  on  them  when  imported  in 
llritixh  veKHfln ;  and  it  liiid  alno  lieen  euntomory  to  chur^e  foreign  vexHeln  with  hiuiier  port 
nod  linht-iioiiMe  diitieH,  Ate.  Thin  Hysteui  wua  idwayn  loudly  eompliiiiied  of  liy  t<trv\ffi\cn; 
hut  we  hiid  little  dilliculty  in  rnuirituininif  it,  no  Ionise  nn  the  atute  of  uur  niioiuliirtureH  en- 
oiiji'd  UH  todiHreRiird  the  retidiatory  menHuren  of  other  powern.  Uut  the  cxlrucinliniiry  inrrenHO 
tliiit  took  place,  Hince  the  coiniiieiicement  of  the  late  war,  in  our  inaiiiil'aclurcH  for  foreign 
consumption,  and  the  necenHily  under  which  we  were,  in  couMeiiuence,  placed,  of  conciliahnij 
our  cuHtomcrn  ahroud,  led  to  the  adoption  of  the  recipmcili/  ni/s/eni,  'l"liin  Myxtem  wan  fuHt 
introduced  into  the  trade  with  tiie  Inited  .Stated.  After  the  North  American  colonies  had 
(tuccecded  in  catahlishinn  their  indc|H'ndence,  they  set  ahout  frainiun  ii  code  of  navi(;atiou 
laws  on  the  model  of  those  of  this  country.  Ainonj?  other  reRuiatioiis  of  u  restrictive  char- 
acter, it  was  enacted,  that  all  forci|;n  vessels  trudiiiK  to  the  ('nited  iStatcs  should  pay  ^  a 
dollar,  which  was  aflerwards  roiscd  to  n  dollar,  per  ton  duly,  heyond  what  was  paid  hy 
American  ships  ;  and  further,  that  goods  in)ported  in  foreign  vessels  should  p.iy  a  duly  of  10 
|)er  cent,  over  and  ahove  what  was  payahle  on  tho  same  description  of  goods  imported  in 
American  vchscIs, 

This  law  was  avowedly  directed  against  tho  navigation  of  Great  Hrituin;  though,  as  it 
was  hottomed  on  tho  very  sumo  principles  as  our  navigation  laws,  we  could  not  openly  com- 
plain of  its  operation.  Under  these  circumstances,  it  would  have  heen  sound  policy  to  have 
ot  once  |)roposcd  nn  accommodation  ;  and  instead  of  attempting  to  meet  retaliation  hy  retalia- 
tion, to  liave  oirered  to  modify  our  navigation  law,  in  ho  far  as  American  Hhi|>ping  was  con- 
cerned, on  condition  of  tho  Americans  making  roci|>rocul  modifications  in  our  favour.  A 
dillercnt  course  was,  however,  followed.  Various  devices  were  fallen  upon  to  counteract  tiio 
navigation  system  of  the  Americans,  without  in  any  degree  relaxing  our  own:  hut  they  all 
failed  of  their  ohjcct ;  and  at  length  hecame  ohvious  to  every  one  that  wo  had  engaged  in  an 
unc({ual  struggle,  and  that  the  real  etl'ect  of  our  policy  was  to  give  a  bounty  on  the  impor- 
tation of  the  manufactured  goods  of  other  countries  into  tho  United  States,  and  thus  gra- 
dually to  exclude  both  our  manufactures  and  ships  from  the  ports  of  the  Republic.  In 
consequence,  the  conviction  of  the  necessity  of  making  concessions  gained  ground  progres- 
sively ;  and  it  was  ultimately  fixed,  hy  the  commercial  treaty  agreed  upon  between  Great 
Britain  and  the  United  States  in  1815,  that  in  future  equul  charges  should  be  imposed  on 
the  ships  of  either  country  in  the  ports  of  the  other,  and  that  equal  duties  should  be  laid 
upon  all  articles,  tho  produce  of  the  one  country,  imported  into  tho  other,  whether  such  im- 
portation were  effected  in  the  ships  of  the  one  or  the  other. 

The  new  States  of  South  America  were  naturally  anxious  to  establish  a  commercial  ma- 
rine; and,  to  forward  their  views  in  this  respect,  they  contemplated  enacting  navigation 
laws.  But  this  intention  was  frustrated  by  the  interference  of  the  British  government,  who, 
without  stipulating  for  any  peculiar  advantage,  wisely  offered  to  admit  their  ships  into  our 
ports  on  a  fair  footing  of  reciprocity,  or  on  their  paying  the  same  charges  as  our  own  ships, 
on  condition  that  they  admitted  British  ships  into  their  ports  on  a  similar  footing.  Cum- 
raercial  treaties  framed  on  this  sound  and  liberal  principle  have  since  been  entered  into  with 
most  of  these  States. 

The  principle  of  the  reciprocity  system  having  been  thus  conceded  in  the  case  of  the 
intercourse  with  the  United  States,  whose  commercial  marine  is  second  only  to  that  of  (ireat 
Britain,  it  was  not  possible  to  refuse  acting  on  the  same  principle  in  the  case  of  such  Euro- 
pean countries  as  might  choose  to  admit  our  ships  into  their  ports  on  a  footing  of  equality.* 
The  first  demand  of  this  sort  was  made  on  the  part  of  the  Prussian  government,  by  whom 
an  order  in  council  was  issued  on  the  20th  of  June,  1822,  which  made  large  additions  to 
the  port  dues  charged  on  all  ships  belonging  to  those  nations  which  did  not  admit  Prussian 
ships  on  a  footing  of  reciprocity.  The  real  object  of  this  order  was  to  injure  the  navigation 
of  this  country ;  and  it  was  speedily  found  that  it  had  the  desired  effect,  and  that  its  opera- 
tion on  British  shipping  was  most  pernicious. 

Under  these  circumstances,  the  British  merchants  and  ship  owners  applied  to  our  govern 
ment  for  relief.  "Wo  were  assailed,"  said  Mr.  Huakisson,  "with  representations  from  all 
quarters  connected  with  the  shipping  and  trade  of  tlie  country,  against  the  heavy  charges 
imposed  upon  British  ships  in  the  ports  of  Prussia.  In  such  circumstances,  what  course 
did  bis  Majesty's  government  take  ?     We  felt  it  to  bo  our  duty,  in  the  first  instance,  to  com- 


*  By  the  fourth  section  of  the  act  6  Geo.  4.  c.  1.  it  ia  enacted,  that  his  Majesty  may,  by  an  order  in 
council,  admit  the  ships  of  foreign  states  into  our  ports,  on  payment  of  the  like  duties  that  areclmrged 
on  British  vessels,  provided  that  British  ships  are  admitted  into  the  ports  of  such  foreign  states,  on 
payment  of  the  like  duties  that  are  charged  on  their  vessels. 


•r  i 


n 


NAVKJATION  LAWS. 


211 


muntrate  with  tho  PruiMian  iniiiiiitpr  in  thin  country ;  nriil  niir  miniiitrr  nt  Horlin  mm,  I 
k'licvp,  iiIno  (liri'ctt'd  to  cuiili'r  witli  the  I'nixHiiin  RoviTnmmt  on  the  Kiib)cct.  I  niyiw'lf  liiul 
II  coiiforonco  with  the  I'ruHHiaii  ininiiitor  nt  thin  (•mrt,  mid  I  well  rci-ulliM  t  lhi<  Niilwliinco  of 
lii^  r«'|)ly  to  nu'  ;^'  \'  ""  h«vf,'  \w  »m\,  '  hcI  um  thii  i<xiim|ih',  hy  your  port  and  linht  rluirm^H, 
and  your  diwrriminiitinK  <luli<'3  on  I'riiHHiitn  ii|ii|M;  and  we  hiivo  not  none  ht'vorid  thi>  hniitM 
of  that  oxumplo.  Hitherto,  w<*  have  ronlliu'd  tho  inrrtMiMP  of  our  port  nnd  toiiiiiitc  chiirm'H 
to  Hl»i|Mi  only  ;  Ititt  it  ia  the  intenliiill  >f  i"  i  froirnimrni  next  i/nir,'  (iiiul  of  tliiw  ho  nliowt-d 
uw  th«!  written  proof,)  'to  tiintnle  you  still  //lure  cliivli/,  hy  iin/)i>^iii<j  disrriiniiiatin^  itiitlm 
nil  the  ffimdii  imjii'rteii  in  i/nur  nhifit  Our  ohjfii  in  n  junt  protertion  of  our  own  imvina- 
tion ;  anil  »o  1om«  ,.  he  nii-asurt'  ol"  itiir  protection  dm-ii  not  exceed  that  which  in  alVordcJ 
in  your  ports  to  UritiNli    'hj/h,  wc  cannot  see  with  what  renwon  you  run  cornphiiii.' 

"  A^aiuHt  Huch  a  reply  wlif^l  rfiminstrance  could  we  in  fiirnesH  make  to  the  I'ruKHian  ro- 
vernnient  ?  We  might  have  ad.lfenHcd  ourHelven,  it  may  Ijc  said  hy  Rome,  to  tlio  friendly 
feolinga  of  that  govornment ;  we  iiuhIiI  have  pleaded  long  unago  in  support  of  our  diHcriini- 
natint{  JutieH:  we  might  have  urRcd  the  advantages  which  I'ruxHia  derived  from  her  trade 
with  England,  Appealn  like  thcHo  were  not  forgotten  jri  the  diHCUHHion  ;  hut  they  were  of 
little  avail  agaiiiHt  the  fact  8tat(<d  hy  the  consul  at  Uantzic, — that '  the  I'ruHitian  ship  owners 
were  all  going  to  ruin.' 

"  IJy  others  it  may  Imj  said,  '  Your  duty  wiw  to  retaliate,  hy  increasing  your  own  port 
charges,  and  discriminating  duties  on  Prussian  shipjiing.'  I  have  already  stated  generally 
my  reasons  against  the  policy  of  this  latter  course.  Wo  were  not  prepared  to  liegin  a  sys- 
tem of  connnercial  hostility,  which,  if  followed  up  on  liotli  sides  to  its  legitimate  conse- 
quences,  could  only  tend  to  reciprocal  prohihitioii.  In  this  state  of  things,  more  prudently, 
as  1  contend,  we  entered  upon  un  amicahle  negotiation  with  the  Prussian  government,  upon 
the  principle  of  our  treaty  with  the  United  Mtates, — that  of  aholishiiig,  on  both  sides,  all 
discriminating  duties  on  the  ships  and  goods  of  the  respective  countries  in  the  [lorts  of  thu 
other. 

"  Having  concluded  an  arrangement  with  Prussia  upon  this  basis,  we  soon  found  it  ne- 
cessary to  do  the  same  with  some  other  of  the  Nortliern  states.  fSimilar  conventions  wero 
accordingly  entered  into  with  Denmark  and  Sweden.  Hcciprocity  is  the  foundation  of  all 
those  conventions:  hut  it  is  only  fair  to  add,  that  they  contain  other  stipulations  for  giving 
facility  to  trade,  and  from  which  the  commerce  of  this  comitry,  I  am  confident,  will,  in  the 
result,  derive  considerable  advantage." — {Mr.  Htis/cissan'n  Speech,  I2lh  of  May,  18'JC,  oil 
the  Slate  of  the  Shippiiifj  liilerent.) 

This  statement  shows  conclusively,  that  the  establishment  of  the  reciprocity  system,  with 
respect  to  which  so  violent  a  clamour  was  raised,  was  not  a  measure  of  choice,  hut  of  neces- 
sity. In  the  state  in  which  our  manufactures  are  now  placed,  we  could  not  all'ord  to  hazard 
their  exclusion  from  a  country  into  which  they  are  annually  imported  to  a  very  lorge  extent. 
80  long  as  the  Prussians,  Swedes,  Uancs,  &c.  chose  to  submit  to  our  system  of  discriminat- 
ing duties  on  foreign  ships,  and  un  the  goods  im|)orted  in  them,  without  retaliating,  it  was 
no  business  of  ours  to  tell  them  that  that  system  was  illiberal  and  oppressive.  But  when 
they  found  this  out  without  our  telling  them ;  and  when  they  declared,  that  unless  we  mo- 
dified our  restrictions,  they  would  retaliate  on  our  commerce,  and  either  entirely  exclude  our 
commodities  from  their  markets,  or  load  those  that  were  imported  in  British  ships  with  pro- 
hibitory duties ;  should  we  have  been  justified,  had  we  refused  to  come  to  an  accommoda- 
tion with  them  !  Were  we  to  sacrifice  the  substance  to  the  shadow  1 — to  turn  away  some 
of  our  very  best  customers,  because  they  chose  to  stipulate  that  the  intercourse  between  them 
and  us  should  be  conducted  either  in  their  ships  or  in  ours,  as  the  merchants  might  think 
best  ]  Our  government  had  only  a  choice  of  ditTiculties ;  and  they  wisely  preferred  adopting 
a  system  which  has  preserved  free  access  for  the  English  manufacturer  to  the  markets  of 
Prussia,  and  to  the  English  ship  owners  an  equal  chance  with  those  of  Prussia  of  being 
employed  in  the  tralllc  between  the  two  countries,  to  a  system  that  would  eventually,  and  at 
no  distant  period,  have  put  an  end  to  all  intercourse  between  the  two  countries,  and  which 
had  already  subjected  it  to  great  ditficultics. 

It  was  said  by  the  ship  owners,  and  others  opposed  to  the  late  alterations,  that  the  Prus- 
sians can  build,  man,  and  victual  ships  at  a  cheaper  rate  than  we  can  do ;  and  that  tho 
ultimate  effect  of  the  reciprocity  system  would,  consequently,  be  to  give  them  a  decided 
superiority  in  the  trade.  But,  admitting  this  statement  to  be  true,  still,  for  the  reasons 
already  given,  it  is  pretty  evident  that  the  policy  wc  have  pursued  was,  under  the  circum- 
stances of  the  case,  the  best.  Had  we  refused  to  establish  the  reciprocity  system,  we  must 
have  submitted  to  be  entirely  excluded  from  the  markets  of  the  United  States,  Prussia,  &c. 
In  grasping  at  what  was  beyond  our  reach,  we  should  thus  have  lost  what  we  were  already 
in  possession  of.  We  should  not  only  have  injured  our  ship  owners,  by  getting  them  for- 
cibly excluded  from  the  ports  of  many  great  commercial  states,  but  we  should  have  done  an 
irreparable  injury  to  our  manufacturers, — a  class  which,  without  undervaluing  the  ship 
owners,  is  of  incomparably  more  importance  than  they.  Although,  therefore,  no  doubt 
could  be  entertained  with  respect  to  the  statements  of  the  ship  owners  as  to  the  comparativa 


y  >. 


212 


NAVIGATION  LAWS. 


cheapness  of  foreign  shippinfr,  that  would  be  no  good  objection  to  the  measures  that  have 
been  adopted.  But  these  statements,  though  probably  in  some  respects  true,  were  certainly 
much  exaggerated.  In  comparing  the  cost  of  British  and  foreign  shipping,  it  is  usual  to 
estimate  it  by  the  tonnage :  but  this  is  a  very  false  criterion ;  for,  while  foreign  ships  are 
accurately  measured,  our  ships  are  measured  so  that  a  vessel  of  150  tons  register  generally 
carries  220  tons  of  a  mixed  carton,  and  a  vessel  registered  at  400  tons  seldom  carries  less 
than  600,  If  this  difference  bt  iken  into  account,  it  will  be  found  that  the  Prussians,  and 
other  Northern  nations,  from  whom  the  greatest  danger  was  apprehended,  have  no  considera- 
ble advantage  in  the  cheapness  of  their  ships ;  and  it  is  generally  admitted  that  ships  built 
in  the  ports  on  the  Baltic  will  not  last  the  time,  nor  bear  the  wear  and  tear,  that  ships  built 
in  this  country  or  France  will  do.  The  wages  of  American  seamen  are  higher  than  ours  ; 
and  it  is  stated  by  those  engaged  in  the  shipping  trade,  that  the  wages  paid  by  the  Northern 
ship  owners  arc  about  as  high  as  in  England,  and  that  their  crews  are  larger  in  proportion  to 
the  burden  of  the  ship.  Tlie  ditference  in  the  cost  of  victualling  must  be  immaterial,  for, 
in  all  distant  voyages,  our  ships  procure  provisions  and  stores  of  all  sorts  at  the  same  rate 
as  the  foreigner.*  On  the  whole,  therefore,  it  would  appear  that  the  alarm  with  respect  to 
the  apprehended  decay  of  our  shipping  was  in  a  great  degree,  if  not  entirely,  imaginary. 
And  while  the  late  modilications  in  the  navigation  laws  were  imperiously  required  by  a  just 
regard  to  our  manufacturing  and  commercial  interests,  there  are  no  good  grounds  for  think- 
ing that  they  will  be  injurious  to  our  shipping. 

Abstract  of  an  Act  entitled  for  the  Encouraoement  of  British  Shippino  and  Navigation. 

3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  54. 

This  act  shall  come  into  and  be  and  continuctii  full  force  and  operation,  from  and  after  the  Ist  day 
of  September,  1S33.— }  1. 

Shipn  in  lehicli  only  enumerated  Goods  of  Europe  viaybe  itnporled.—T\\e  several  sorts  of  goods  herein- 
after emimeralcd,  being  llie  produce  of  Europe,  viz.  musits,  timber,  bonrds,  tar,  tallow,  hemp,  flax, 
currants,  ruisiius,  tii!»,  prunes,  olive  oil,  corn  or  grain,  wine,  brandy,  tobacco,  wool,  shunmc,  madders, 
madder  roots,  barilla,  brimstone,  bark  of  oak,  cork,  oranges,  lemons,  linseed,  rape  seed,  and  clover 
seed,  shall  not  be  imported  into  the  United  Kingdom  to  be  used  therein,  except  in  British  ships,  or  in 
ships  of  the  country  of  which  the  goods  are  the  produce,  or  in  ships  of  the  country  from  wliich  the 
goods  are  imported. — 1>  2. 

Places  from  irliii:h  any  Ooods  of  ^sia,  Africa,  or  ^merira  viay  be  imported. — Goods,  the  produce  of 
Asia,  Africa,  or  America,  shall  not  bo  imported  from  Europe  into  the  United  Kingdom,  to  be  used 
therein,  except  the  goods  herein-after  mentioned  ;  (that  is  to  say,) 

Gouils,  the  produce  of  pl.ices  within  tlie  limits  of  the  East  Inilia  Com* 


Goods  Ilie  [irodiice  of  the  diuiiinions  of  the  Lmperor  of  Morocco, 
which  may  be  imported  from  places  in  Europe  within  the 


pany*s  ch.irler,  which  (havinelfeen  imported  fron)  those  pjacci 

nito  Gibraltar  or  Malta  in  Itritish  ships)  may  be  imported 

from  Gibraltar  or  Malta  ; 
Goods  taken  by  way  of  reprisal  by  British  ships : 
Bullion,  diamonds,  pearls,  rubies,'emeralds,  and  other  jewels  or  p-e- 

ciuus  stones.— Sect.  3. 


Straits  of  Gibraltar 
Goods,  the  produce  of  Asia  or  Africa,  which  (having  been  brought 
info  places  in  Kurope  within  the  Strai's  of  Giltraltar,  from  or 
through  places  in  Asia  or  Afric.i  within  those  Siraits,  anil  not  j 
by  way  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean)  m.ay  be  imported  from  places 
in  Europe  within  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar  :  I 

Sliips  in  which  only  Goods  of  Jlsia,  Africa,  or  America  may  be  imported. — Goods,  the  produce  of  Asia, 
Africa,  or  America,  sliall  not  be  imported  into  the  United  Kingdom,  to  be  used  therein,  in  foreign  ships, 
unless  they  be  the  sliips  of  the  country  in  Asia,  Africa,  or  America,  of  which  the  goods  are  the  pro- 
duce, and  from  which  they  are  imported,  except  the  goods  herein-after  mentioned  j  (that  is  to  say,) 

porte,!  fmm  the  dominions  of  the  Grand  Seignior  in  the  Levant 


seas,  in  ships  of  his  dominions : 
BullioD.— Sect.  4. 


Goods,  the  jjroducc  of  the  dr)minions  of  the  Grand  Seignior,  in  Asia 

or  Africa,  which  may  tic  imported  from  his  duminions  in 

Kurn|te,  in  shi|)B  of  his  dominiont. : 
Raw  silk  anil  mohair  yarn,  the  produce  of  Asia,  which  may  be  im- 

Manufacture  deemed  Produce. — All  manufactured  goods  shall  be  deemed  to  be  the  profl'tce  of  the 
country  of  which  they  are  the  manufacture. — }  5. 

From  Guernsey,  ^c.—No  goods  shall  be  imported  into  the  United  Kingdom  from  the  islands  of 
Guernsey,  .Jersey,  Alderney,  Sark,  or  Man,  except  in  British  ships. — }  6. 

Exports  lojisia,  i^-c.  and  to  Guernsey,  d^-c. — No  goods  shall  be  exported  from  the  United  Kingdom  to 
any  British  possession  in  Asia,  Africa,  or  America,  nor  to  the  islands  of  Guernsey,  Jersey,  Alderney, 
Sark,  or  Man,  except  in  British  ships. — }  7. 

Con,vf/fi,«c— No  goods  shall  be  carried  coastwise  from  one  part  of  the  United  Kingdom  to  another, 
except  in  British  ships, — }  8. 

Between  Guernsey,  Jersey,  ^e. — No  goods  shall  be  carried  from  any  of  the  islands  of  Guernsey,  Jer- 
sey, Alderney,  Sark,  or  Man,  to  any  other  of  such  islands,  nor  frDui  one  part  of  any  of  such  islands  to 
another  part  of  the  same  island,  except  in  British  sliips. — J  9. 

Between  British  Possessions  in  .^sia,  ^-c. — No  goods  shall  be  carried  from  any  British  possession  In 
Asia,  Africa,  or  America,  to  any  other  of  such  possessions,  nor  from  one  part  of  any  of  such  posses- 
sions to  another  part  of  the  same,  except  in  British  ships. — }  10. 

Imports  into  British  Po.s.iessions  in  Asia,  Sf-c. — No  goods  shall  be  imported  into  any  British  possession 
in  Asia,  Africa,  or  America,  in  any  foreign  ship,  unless  they  be  ships  of  the  country  of  which  the 
gooiis  are  the  produce,  and  from  which  the  goods  are  imported.—}  11. 

J^o  Ship  British,  unless  registered  and  navigated  as  such. — No  ship  shall  be  admitted  to  be  a  British 

•  See  on  this  subject  an  able  pamphlet,  entitled  "  Observations  on  the  Warehousing  System  and 
Navigation  Laws,"  by  Sir  John  Hall,  Secretary  to  the  St,  Katharine's  Dock  Company.  The  follow- 
ing extract  from  the  evidence  of  Mr,  Edward  Solly,  before  the  Lords'  Committee  of  1820,  seeiiis  to  be 
conclusive  as  to  the  accuracy  of  the  statements  in  the  text : — "  I,"  said  he,  "was  formerly  a  consi- 
derable owner  of  Prussian  ships,  and  therefore  I  had  a  good  deal  of  experience  in  Prussian  shippine, 
and  I  can  safely  say  that  Prussian  ships  cannot  compete  with  English  ships  in  time  of  peace  :  the 
English  ships  are  navigated  cheaper  than  Prussian  ships ;  the  Prussian  vessels  are  more  heavily 
masted  and  rigged,  and  require  a  greater  complement  of  men,  whilst  the  English  ship  is  manneil  mostly 
by  apprentices;  the  English  ships  re(|uire  less  ballast;  the  economy  of  shipping  is  better  understood 
and  practised  in  them  ;  there  is  greater  activity  of  the  captain  and  crew  ;  they  are  insured  in  clubs  at 
till!  average  riite  of  5  uer  cent.,  while  the  Prussian  ships  ctmnot  get  the  same  insurance  done  for  12; 
and  as  to  the  outfit,  the  provisions,  and  other  necessaries  for  the  ship,  both  parties  have  their  choice 
where  they  will  lay  in  tlicir  stock,  whether  in  a  Prussian  or  an  English  port :  if  provisions  are  cheap 
in  the  Prussian  port,  the  English  captain  lays  in  his  stock  of  provisions  there.  Generally,  I  am  uf 
opinion  that  British  ships  can  sail  cheaper  than  those  of  any  other  nation." — {Evidence,  p.  14.) 


ship,  unk 

rei'islry  n 
sbip)  shal 
every  pnr 
art'  Hrillsl 
Kingdom  i 
soy.  Alder 
either  of  t 
or  of  liny  ( 
Exrep'lio 
tons  liiirde 
fball  lie  ai 
"oiled  Kin 
limits  of  III 
Rpeclively  i 
JiTts,  not  e 
"olely  ill  fis 
tind  shores 
Lawrence,  • 
"iibiii  the 
as  such  hoai 
//('Uiluras 
built  in  the 
'illed  to  the 
Hrili.^li  |i„j,j| 
'-■lie  iiiiiler  1 
'"'lore  111  III  tl 
•'.V  llrill.sh  sii 
"ii'iils  for  ev 
*/((/)  of  am 
and  iiiu-ifraie, 
country,  mil,; 
or  have  been 
•"■•■'di!,  and  co 
I'ltilt  (not  ha\ 
she  he  niivlirn 
at  le.ist  are  si 
iisiiallv  residi 
i-bip  shall  be  i 
such  ship  belr 
Jifdster  and 
to  lie  a  iiiastei 
iiattirra-born  i 
Zf'is  by  letters 
i|ite.s|  or  cessit 
bis  .^lajesty,  oi 
ijitircd  countrv 
of  lii.H  Majestv 
iKitives  of  plii 
dciiiiiiiion,  sha 
vided  always, 
■'■biill  he  iiavig! 
I'lieigti  ship,  f( 
alilidiiHli  the  n 
""ililiig  hereii 
year  of  the  rel| 
ill  force  Willi 
cliiirtor.— J  IB. 
t'lireiirners  h 
.1' sly,  liv  his  ro 
i'liy  of  ills  Maji 
urUiis  act.— ^  1 
Hnlifh  Ship  : 
piilCered  to  dep; 
(wlietlier  with 
Iradiiid  betwee 
ward  of  the  C.i 
galeil  by  I.iiscai 
//  Excess  of  i 
time  liiive,  as  p 
master  or  ownr 
alwayti,  that  if 
place  within  tin 
'ir  if  such  propii 
b'rnf  such  ship 
kiMnvn  British  ii 
fniiii  the  British 
tlie  want  of  sue: 
''■I'lorand  coiiipi 
part  of  the  wor 
'lavigaieil,— {  |<, 

Prnportion  of 
priirlaination,  d 
iibilis  shall  be  le 
P'  'ion  of  Brilisi 
as  such  prnclam; 
Goods  prohibit, 
produce  of  nnyp 
niay  be  iiiiporieil 
"•-■iiig  a  British , 


NAVIGATION  LAWS. 


213 


tey,  Jer- 
^lands  to 

[ission  in 

[108868- 

hssession 
Ihich  the 


Item  and 

follow - 

Inis  to  lie 

la  consi- 

^hippine, 

|ni:e  :  tliu 

lienvily 

■(!  ninslly 

liicrstond 

I  clubs  ut 

J  for  12 ; 

lir  choice 

Ire  cheap 

]  1  am  ul' 

I) 


dhip,  iinlesa  duly  rngislercd  and  navisaled  as  siirli :  and  every  British  rejjiater  ship  (so  long  as  the 
registry  of  such  sliip  shall  he  in  force,  or  the  cerliticate  of  such  renistry  retained  for  the  use  of  such 
ship)  shall  he  navigated  during  the  whole  of  every  voyage  (whether  with  a  cari»o  or  in  hallasi),  in 
every  part  of  the  world,  hy  a  master  who  is  a  Urilish  suhject,  and  by  a  crew,  whereof  3-4tlis  at  least 
are  llritisli  seamen  :  and  if  such  ship  he  employed  in  a  coastinp  voyage  from  one  part  of  the  t'nited 
Kiiiffdoni  to  another,  or  in  a  voyaRc  between  t(ie  United  KiiiKdom  and  the  islands  of  Ouernsey,  Jer- 
sey, Alderney,  Sark,  or  Man,  or  from  one  of  the  slid  islands  to  another  of  them,  or  from  one  part  of 
either  of  them  to  another  of  the  same,  or  be  employed  in  fishing  on  the  coasts  of  the  United  Kingdom 
or  of  any  of  the  said  islands,  then  the  whole  of  the  crew  shall  he  Hritisli  seamen.—}  12. 

F.iri'plion  infarniir  of  yrsnels  uiiiler  15  Tuns  Burden,  X-r. — All  llrilish-built  boats  or  vessels  under  15 
tons  burden,  wholly  owned  ami  navigated  by  llritisli  subjects,  although  not  registered  as  llritisli  ships, 
shall  he  admitted  to  he  liritish  vessels,  in  all  navigation  in  the  rivers  and  upon  the  coasts  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  or  of  the  Urilish  possessicjiis  abroad,  and  not  proceeding  over  sea,  e.vcept  within  tlte 
limits  of  the  respective  colonial  governments  within  which  the  managing  owners  of  such  vessels  re- 
spectively reside  ;  and  all  Uritish-built  boats  or  vessels  wholly  owned  and  navigated  by  Kritish  sub- 
jects, not  exceeding  the  liurdeii  of  30  tons,  and  not  having  a  whole  or  a  fixed  deck,  and  being  employed 
solely  in  fishing  on  the  banks  and  shores  of  Newfoundland  and  of  the  parts  adjacent,  or  on  the  banks 
atid  shores  of  the  provinces  of  Canada,  Nova  Scotia, or  New  Hruiiswick,  adjacent  to  the  (inlf  of  8aint 
Uawrence,  or  on  the  north  of  (Jape  Canso  or  of  the  islands  within  the  same,  or  in  trading  coastwise 
within  the  said  limits,  shall  be  admitted  to  be  Rritish  boats  or  vessels,  although  not  registered,  so  long 
as  such  boats  or  vessels  shall  be  solely  so  employed.— J  13. 

Ilnviluras  Ships  to  be  as  Brilisli,  in  Tratle  vith  Uiiiied  Kiveihim  and  Colonies  in  Jiwfrita. — All  ships 
built  in  the  Itrltish  settlements  at  Honduras,  and  owned  and  navigated  as  liritish  ships,  shall  be  en- 
tilled  to  the  privileges  of  llritisli  registered  ships  in  all  direct  trade  lii'tween  the  United  Kingdom  or  the 
Urilish  possessions  in  America  and  the  said  settlements  ;  provided  the  master  shall  proilme  a  certifi- 
cate under  the  haiiil  of  the  superintendent  of  those  settlements,  that  satisfactory  proof  has  been  made 
befiire  him  that  such  ship  idi'scril)iiig  the  same)  was  built  in  the  said  settlements,  and  is  wholly  owned 
by  Uriti.sh  subjects  ;  provided  also,  that  tin-  time  of  the  chfarance  of  such  ship  fnnn  the  said  settle- 
ments for  every  voyage  shall  be  endorsed  upon  such  certificate  by  such  superintendent.— J  II. 

Shiji  of  any  Forcif^n  Counlri/  to  be  of  I  lie  Built  of.  or  Prize  to  such  Country  ;  or  Hritiah-built,  avd  oirned 
and  niirifraled  by  Subjects  of  the  Country. — No  ship  shall  be  admitted  to  lie  a  ship  of  any  particular 
coiuilry,  iiidess  she  be  of  the  built  of  siicli  country  ;  or  have  been  made  prize  of  war  to  such  country  ; 
or  have  been  forfeited  to  such  country  under  any  law  of  the  same,  made  for  the  prevention  of  the  slave 
tr;ide,  and  coiidi'iuiied  as  such  prize  or  forfeiture  by  a  comiietenl  court  of  such  country  ;  or  be  Ilrilish- 
biiilt  (not  having  been  a  pri/.e  of  war  from  llritisli  subjects  to  any  other  foreign  country)  ;  nor  unless 
she  be  navigated  by  a  master  who  is  a  subject  of  such  foreign  country,  and  by  a  crew  o.'whom  3-4ths 
at  lenst  are  siil'jects  of  such  country  ;  nor  unless  she  be  wholly  owned  by  subjects  of  such  country 
usually  residing  therein,  or  under  the  dominion  thereof:  provided  always,  that  the  country  of  every 
ship  shall  be  deemed  to  include  all  places  which  are  under  the  same  dominion  as  the  place  to  whicli 
such  ship  belongs. — }  15. 

Jfnster  and  Seamen  not  Britinh,  unless  natural-born,  or  naturalised,  ^-c. — No  person  shall  he  qualified 
to  be  a  master  of  a  liritish  ship,  or  to  be  a  liritish  seaman  within  the  meaning  of  this  act,  except  the 
iiatur.il-borii  subjects  of  his  IMajesty,  or  persons  naturalised  by  any  act  of  parliament,  or  made  deni- 
zens by  letters  of  denization  ;  or  except  persons  who  have  become  liritish  subjects  by  virtue  of  con- 
i|iiest  or  cession  of  some  newly  acrpiired  country,  and  who  shall  have  taken  the  oath  of  allegiance  to 
bis  .Majesty,  or  the  oath  of  fidelity  required  by  the  treaty  or  capitulation  by  which  such  newly  ac- 
ipiired  country  came  into  his  Majesty's  possession;  or  persons  who  shall  have  served  on  hoard  any 
of  his  Majesty's  ships  of  war  in  lime  of  war  for  the  space  of  .3  years  ;  provided  always,  that  the 
nntives  of  places  within  the  limits  of  the  Kast  India  (/'onipany's  charter,  allhongh  under  liritish 
diiminioii,  shall  not,  np<in  the  ground  of  being  such  natives,  he  deemed  to  he  British  seainen  :  prn- 
viiled  always,  that  every  ship  (except  ships  required  to  be  wholly  nav  !:,ated  by  British  seamei:)  wliicli 
>h;ill  be  navigated  by  1  British  seaman,  if  a  British  ship,  or  1  seaman  of  the  country  of  such  ship,  if  a 
fuinigii  ship,  for  every  20  tons  of  the  burden  of  such  ship,  shall  be  deemed  to  he  duly  navigated, 
allliimgli  the  number  of  other  seamen  shall  exceed  l-4lh  of  the  wholu  crew  :  provided  always,  lli<:t 
iinlbiiig  herein  contained  shall  extend  to  repeal  or  alter  the  provisions  of  an  act  passed  in  the  4th 
year  of  the  reign  of  his  late  Majesty  King  George  IV.  for  consolidating  and  amendiiig  the  laws  then 
ill  force  with  respect  to  trade  from  and  to  places  within  the  limits  of  the  East  India  Company's 
cliarler. — H  Iti. 

Foreioners  linrinf;  served  2  years  on  board  H.  M.  Ships  durinir  War. — Tt  shall  be  lawful  for  his  Ma- 
jrsiy,  by  his  royal  proclamation  during  war,  to  declare  that  foreigners,  having  served  2  years  on  board 
any  of  ills  Maji  sty's  ships  of  war,  in  lime  of  such  war,  shall  he  British  seamen  within  the  meaning 
of  this  act.— $  17. 

Hriiish  Ship  not  In  depart  British  Port  unless  duly  nnricated.  S;e. — No  liritish  registered  ship  shall  be 
piill'ered  to  dep.irt  any  port  in  the  United  Kingdom,  or  any  British  possession  in  any  part  of  the  world 
(whether  with  a  cargo  or  in  ballast),  unless  duly  navigated  :  provided  always,  that  any  British  ships 
trading  between  places  in  America  may  be  navigated  liy  British  negroes  ;  and  that  ships  trading  east- 
ward of  the  Cape  of  <3ood  Hope,  within  the  limits  of  the  East  India  Company's  charter,  may  he  navi- 
jtaleil  by  Lascars,  or  other  natives  of  countries  within  those  limits  — J  18. 

//  F.icrssof  Foreign  Seamen,  Penally  10/.  for  each,  Jj-c- If  any  British  registered  ship  shall  at  any 
lime  have,  as  part  of  the  crew,  in  any  part  of  the  world,  any  fnreign  seaman  not  allowed  by  law,  the 
iiiiisier  or  owners  of  such  ship  shall  for  every  such  foreign  seaman  forfijit  the  sum  of  10/.:  provided 
always,  that  if  a  due  proportion  of  British  seamen  cannot  he  procured  in  any  foreign  port,  or  in  any 
place' within  the  limits  of  the  East  India  Company's  charter,  for  the  navigation  of  any  British  ship; 
(ir  if  such  proportion  be  destroyed  during  tlie  voyage  by  any  unavoidable  circumstance,  and  the  mas- 
ter of  such  ship  shall  pr<Hluce  a  certificate  of  such  facts  under  the  hand  of  any  British  consul,  or  of  2 
Kiiiiwn  British  merchants,  if  there  he  no  consul  at  the  pi. ice  where  such  facts  can  be  ascertained,  or 
frdiii  the  British  governor  of  any  place  within  the  limits  of  the  East  India  Company's  charter  ;  or,  in 
the  want  of  such  certificate,  shall  make  proof  of  the  truth  of  such  facts  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  col- 


eclor  and  comptroller  of  the  customs  of  any  British  port,  or  of  any  person  authorised  in  any  other 
[lait  of  the  world  to  imiuire  into  the  navigation  of  such  ship  ;  the  same  shall  he  deemed  to  be  duly 
iiavigaicd. — }  19. 

Proportion  of  Seamen  maybe  altered  by  Prorl amation.— If  his  Majesty  slinll,  at  any  time,  by  his  royal 
prnclamation,  declare  that  "the  proportion  of  British  seamen  necessary  to  the  dtie  navigation  of  liritish 
ships  shall  be  less  than  the  proportion  required  by  this  act,  every  British  ship  navigated  with  the  pro- 
[tt  'ion  of  British  seamen  required  by  such  proclamation  sliall  be  deemed  to  he  duly  navigated,  solong 
as  such  proclamation  shall  remain  in  force.— {  20. 

Goods  prohibited  only  by  Miti/ration  Law  may  be  imported  for  F.iportalinn.—Go(H\a  of  any  sort  or  tho 
produce  of  any  place,  not  otherwise  prohibited  than  by  the  law  of  navigation  herein-liefore  contained, 
inav  be  imported  into  the  United  Kingdom  from  any  place  in  a  British  ship,  and  from  any  place  not 
being  a  British  possession  in  a.  foreign  ship  of  any  country,  and  however  navigated,  to  be  warehoused 


I 

3 


^-> 


214 


NEW  ORLEANS. 


for  oxpnrtatinn  only,  under  the  provision  of  any  Inw  in  force  for  the  time  being,  made  for  the  ware- 
housing of  goods  without  payment  of  duty  upon  Ihi;  first  putry  thereof—}  21. 

Fni-feituris  hiiic  incurred. — Any  gon(is  ituportcd,  exported,  or  carrit'd  coastwise,  contrary  to  the  law 
of  navigation,  shall  be  forfeited,  and  the  musters  of  shipa  carrying  the  same  shall  furleit  each  the 
Bum  of  100/.—}  22. 

Heciivenj  uf  Furfeitures.—KW  penalties  and  forfeitures  incurred  under  this  act  shall  be  sued  for,  pro- 
seruled,  recovereil,  and  disposed  of,  or  sliall  be  mitigated  or  restored,  in  lilte  manner  as  any  penalty  or 
forfeiture  can  be  sued  for,  prosecuted,  recovered,  and  disposed  of,  or  may  be  mitigated  or  restored, 
under  an  act  passed  in  the  present  session  of  parliament  for  the  prevention  of  smuggling.—}  23. 

NEW  OKIiEANS,  the  capital  of  Louisiana,  one  of  the  United  States,  situated  on  the 
eastern  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  about  105  miles  from  its  mouth,  in  lat.  29°  57'  45"  N.  Ion. 
90°  9'  W.     Population  in  1830,  46,.309.     The  new-built  streets  are  broad,  intersecting  each 
other  at  right  angles ;  and  the  houses  are  mostly  of  brick.     It  is  the  grand  etnporium  of 
all  the  vast  tracts  traverse.'  by  the  Mississippi,  the  Missouri,  and  their  tributary  streams, 
enjoying  a  greater  command  of  internal  navigation  than  any  other  city  either  of  the  Old  or 
New  World.     Civilisation  has  hitherto  struck  its  roots,  and  begun  to  flourish,  only  in  some 
comparatively  small  portions  of  the  immense  territories  of  which  New  Orleans  is  the  sea- 
port ;  and  yet  its  progress  has  been  rapid  beyond  all  precedent.   It  appears,  from  the  accounts 
printed  by  order  of  Congress,  that  during  the  year  ended  the  30th  of  Scptemlier,  1835,  the 
value  of  the  native  American  produce  exported  from  this  city  amounted  to  31,265,015  dol- 
lars, while  the  value  of  that  exported  frotn  New  York  was  only  21,707,867.     With  respect 
to  imports,  the  case  is  materially  dillerent ;  the  value  of  those  of  New  Orleans,  in  the  year 
just  mentioned,   being   17,519,814   dollars,    whereas   those   of  New   York   amounted   to 
88,191,305.     It  is  believed  by  many,  seeing  how  rapidly  settlements  are  forming  in  the 
"  West,"  that  New  Orleans  must,  at  no  very  distant  period,  exceed  every  other  city  of 
America,  as  well  in  the  magnitude  of  its  imports  as  of  its  exports;  and,  considering  the 
boundless  extent  and  extraordinary  fertility  of  the  uncultivated  and  unoccupied  basins  of  the 
Missi.s.^ijipi  and  Mis.souri,  the  anticipations  of  those  who  contend  that  New  Orleans  is  des- 
tined to  become  the  greatest  emporium,  not  of  America  only,  but  of  the  world,  will  not 
appear  very  unreasonable.     Steam  navigation  has  been  of  incalculable  service  to  this  port, 
and,  indeed,  to  the  whole  of  Central  America.     The  voyage  up  the  Mississippi,  that  used 
formerly  to  be  so  difficult  and  tedious,  is  now  performed  in  commodious  steam  packets  with 
ease,  celerity,  and  comfort.     "  There  have  been  counted,"  says  Mr.  Flint,  "  in  the  harbour, 
1,500  -flat  boats  at  a  time.     Steam  boats  are  arriving  and  departing  every  hour ;  and  it  is  not 
uncommon  to  see  50  lying  together  in  the  harbour.     A  forest  of  masts  is  constantly  seen 
along  the  levee,  except  in  the  sultry  months.     There  are  often  5,000  or  6,000  boatmen  from 
the  upper  country  here  at  a  time ;  and  we  have  known  thirty  vessels  advertised  together  for 
Liverpool  and  Havre.     The  intercourse  with  the  Havannali  and  Vera  Cruz  is  great,  and 
constantly  increasing." — ( Geography  and  History  of  the   Western  States,  vol.  i.  p.  557.) 
From  1811,  when  the  first  steam  boat  was  launched  in  the  Mississippi,  down  to  the  beginning 
of  1830,  no  fewer  than  33(  steam  boats  had  been  built  for  the  navigation  of  this  river,  the 
Missouri,  Ohio,  &c.,  of  whi  'h  213  were  employed  at  the  latter  period.     In  December,  1834, 
the  aggregate  burden  of  the  steam  vessels  belonging  to  this  port  amounted  to  46,292  tons ! 
Vessels  of  the  largest  burdens  may  navigate  the  river  several  hundreds  of  miles  above  New 
Orleans.     A  large  proportion  of  her  foreign  trade  is  carried  on  in  foreign  bottoms  ;  and  as  a 
shipping  port,  she  ranks  much  below  several  of  the  other  ports  of  the  Union.     The  total  of 
the  registered,  enrolled,  and  licensed  tonnage  belonging  to  New  Orleans  on  the  31st  of 
December,  1834,  amounted  to  74,741  tons;  of  which  46,437  tons  were  employed  in  the 
coasting  trade ;  but  of  this  a  large  proportion  consists  of  steam  ships.     The  depth  of  water  in 
the  river  opposite  to  New  Orleans  is,  at  a  medium,  about  70  feet;  and  it  maintains  sound- 
ings of  30  feet  till  within  a  mile  of  its  confluence  with  the  sea.     Besides  3  or  4  of  inferior 
consequence,  the  Mississippi  has  4  principal  passes  or  outlets.    In  the  south-east,  or  main  pass, 
at  Balize,  the  water  on  the  bar  at  ordinary  tides  does  not  exceed  12  feet ;  and  as  the  rise  of 
tides  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  is  not  more  than  2  or  2^  feet,  vessels  drawing  much  water  cannot 
make  their  way  from  the  ocean  toNewOrleans. — {Darby's  Viewofthe  UnitedStotes,  p.467.) 
'i'he  unhcallhincss  of  the  climate  is  the  great  drawback  on  New  Orleans.     This  probably 
arises  from  the  low  and  marshy  situation  of  the  city  and  surrounding  country,  which  is  under 
the  level  of  the  Mississippi,  being  protected  from  inundation  only  by  an  artificial  levee  or 
mound,  varying  from  5  to  30  feet  in  height,  and  extending  along  the  bank  of  the  river  a  dis- 
tance of  100  miles.     The  unhealthy  season  includes  July,  August,  and  September ;  during 
which  period  the  yeilow  fever  often  makes  dreadful  havoc,  particularly  among  the  jjoorer 
classes  of  immigrants  from  the  North  and  from  Europe.     Latterly,  great  efforts  have  been 
made  to  improve  the  health  of  the  city,  by  supplying  it  abundantly  with  water,  paving  the 
streets,  removing  wooden  sewers,  and  replacing  thoin  with  otlieis  of  stone,  «&c.     Many 
places,  where  water  used  to  stagnate,  have  been  filled  up;  and  large  tracts  of  swampy  ground 
contiguous  to  the  town  have  been  drained.     And  as  such  works  will  no  doubt  be  prosecuted 
on  a  still  larger  scale,  according  to  the  increase  of  commerce  and  population,  it  is  to  be  hoped 
that  the  ravages  of  fever  may  be  materially  abated,  though  the  situation  of  the  city  excludes 
any  very  strong  expectation  of  its  ever  being  rendered  quite  free  from  this  dreadful  scourge. 


Apple  Im 
Hacuii,  ass 


B»con  hair 

Bvnn  in  bi 
5'i?i;iiis,  K 


nail 


Ileaij; 
fiutiLT 


ilee$'-v 


rope 


Beef 

dried 
Bullalo  rnbP! 
tolloD,  Loui 

Mobile    • 
Lake       . 
Norlh  AM 
'ieiinesse 
Misiriuri  & 
Arl<arisas. 
Kloriila    . 
I       I'exij      . 
Corn  meal  . 
I      in  ears     . 
abelled     • 
Cheese 
Can'Iles 
Ci'ler 

Coat,  K{•^te^^ 
nrii-d  peaches 
Irred  appJej 
ri'alhers 
Klameed     . 
i'lnur 
Fura 


Gin- 
Ginseng 


b^S\ 


Hemp 

Hempen  yirn 

•'■iclimgyara 

Hitifs 

Horns 

Hay 

Iron,  pi^ 

"Touelit 
LaiU 


I^'ather 
I.inie,  western 


bar 


pig 


kegta 


Jiui 


Oats 
(}i)ions 
Oil.  linseed  • 

bear 

cMor 
Peach  brandy 
I'ecins 
i'icklos 

P"ti(nes       . 
I'ork 

in  bulk    - 
Pirler  and  ale 
Kiim 

Skins,  deer  - 

bear 
Shot 


Soap 
Shi;ieles 
Staves 
Spears 

M'Ks.  Spanish 
lal.'nw 

Tobaecn,  leaf 
chewing  kegs  and 

Tivino 

JVnison  hami 
Vineffar 
Whiskry      . 
Wmrlow  glass 
What        bbl..  and 


NEW  ORLEANS. 


215 


The  following  Tables  give  a  very  complete  view  of  the  trade  of  this  great  and  growing 
emporium  : — 

I.  Account  of  the  Quantity  of  the  various  Articleg  imported  from  the  Interior  to  New  Orleans  during 
the  Nine  Years  ending  with  the  30lh  of  Septuniber,  IbSO.  These,  of  course,  form  also  tlie  Articles 
of  Exportation. 


Arlicln. 

1836. 

1835. 

1S34. 

1933. 

1832. 

L«3I. 

1830. 
8,702 

1329. 
1,779 

li23. 
10,225 

A|>|>ln        ■            ■    bbls. 

2;-.,Klt 

4,871 

9, '•66 

11,131 

12,219 

4,300 

Apple  lirAndjr          -      — 

44 

7 

60 

. 

61 

2 

169 

69 

79 

Bacuti,  aswn'ed  hlidA.  and 

casks. 

7,271 

8,962 

6,046 

4,228 

4,851 

6,427 

30,698 

3,629 

4,147 

iMnia 

370 

779 

523 

216 

370 

1,207 

312 

732 

1,190 

Bacon  hamt           •  htiila. 

7,31,-. 

8,243 

7,319 

1,821 

2,724 

2,0'j6 

322 

2,902 

1,423 

boxes 

305 

l,2-,7 

758 

15 

65 

305 

170 

1,157 

436 

Bicon  in  bulk         •      lbs. 

85I.2B8 

1,519,329 

615,321 

£65,219 

907,380 

1,282,334 

309,017 

291,001 

229,736 

Hj^i^iii:;,  Kentucky  pieces 

y>fili^ 

47,972 

23,324 

29,391 

23,930 

25,;  30 

12,306 

13,472 

5,972 

Bute  rope    •           .    coils 

3i,»M 

3I,W4 

23,263 

20,719 

22,973 

43„360 

20,28" 

16,0>4 

17,038 

Brnns           •            -    bbls. 

1,922 

339 

1,123 

13,919 

2,63) 

l,64« 

2,989 

1,1)20 

773 

Butler         •           -  hbJs. 

49 

3S 

. 

] 

13 

6 

1 

1 

4 

kegs  and  flrkins 

6,6(i3 

6,190 

8,072 

8,919 

6,014 

4,219 

6,8.16 

4,140 

4,047 

bbls 

OM 

66 

80 

160 

163 

446 

83 

Bees'-wax   •          ■    blils. 

a.ii 

196 

478 

381 

2 

332 

811 

793 

770 

boxet 

Al 

20 

5 

183 

374 

193 

73 

40 

69 

lbs. 

22,  mo 

50,93,> 

29,7.50 

50 

500 

441 

5,400 

6,484 

Beef           ■           .    bbls 

9,(*JI 

10,061 

6,435 

5,350 

4,550 

10,69b 

7,566 

6,403 

6,622 

hhds. 

r.G 

18 

180 

204 

3 

80 

22 

133 

33 

dried        .           -      lbs. 

115,223 

30,032 

69,100 

83,910 

172,410 

40,600 

200 

2,100 

17,272 

BulliUo  robes          -  packs 

3,lrt) 

2,6, -4 

l,8Jo 

1,937 

1,!I92 

2,334 

3,061 

15,210 

19,987 

ColtoD,  Louisiana  &  .Miss. 

bales 

35S,931 

345,970 

307,421 

292,748 

198,620 

242,427 

174,194 

150,570 

191,176 

Mobile    ■           .    — 

10,172 

17,456 

6,063 

1,333 

17,663 

367 

6.093 

6,350 

3,484 

Lake        -           .    — 

ll,16ti 

10,^26 

9,223 

11,974 

7,334 

10,338 

9,302 

8,7,;3 

8,017 

North  Al.it)ama  and 

Tennessee        .    — 

98,142 

148,132 

135,542 

93,303 

114,934 

171,616 

168,906 

99,3-.3 

92,648 

Missouri  &  Illinois  — 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

7 

20 

109 

Arkans.is.            .     — 

5,7.'»8 

3,l'34 

1,616 

2,862 

1,167 

1,769 

1,623 

1,332 

1,201 

Florida    .           .    — 

6,S-2 

2,764 

6,321 

6,278 

9,499 

2,02.1 

3,-.21 

2,9()7 

1,543 

Tex^«      •           .    — 

3, -.64 

3,084 

917 

153 

540 

333 

193 

284 

Corn  meal  -           .    bbls. 

8,7>2 

l,r,32 

1,635 

2,963 

l,'j9d 

2,313 

2,143 

6,^49 

498 

in  e.ira     -           .    — 

2ii,4C2 

227,8  r. 

98,554 

91,3''3 

71.017 

42,19.1 

4!,3I7 

91,882 

89,876 

shelled     •           -  sacks 

293,862 

172,613 

62,9  0 

66,693 

7,112 

2^)0,754 

21,190 

Cheese         •           .  cisks 

217 

217 

117 

145 

329 

120 

179 

8-1 

147 

Candles       ■           •  boxes 

21(i 

46 

511 

1,819 

127 

103 

622 

318 

731 

Cilcr           -           .    bbls. 

1,790 

26 

1,199 

898 

789 

239 

aii 

435 

646 

Coal,  w(■^te^n         •    — 

83,328 

45,756 

65,000 

24,120 

60,000 

> 

40,800 

Drii'rl  peaches        •    — 

443 

21 

319 

29 

47 

50 

136 

336 

338 

Dried  apples           -    — 

l,l7d 

60 

1,090 

1,190 

250 

65 

231 

126 

140 

Ft?athers      -           •    baes 

222 

386 

361 

200 

143 

438 

9!- 

373 

283 

Flaxseed     .           ■    bbls. 

3,381 

6,26.-i 

3,720 

910 

887 

400 

721 

541 

260 

Flour          •           -    — 

287,191 

293,703 

320,663 

262,739 

210,887 

360,380 

133,700 

157,323 

132,593 

Furs            ■           •  hhds. 

72 

192 

67 

279 

149 

103 

80 

67 

6 

boxes 

8 

5 

6 

76 

12 

17 

12 

21 

9 

bundles 

1,815 

2,627 

479 

876 

671 

318 

387 

431 

271 

Gin-           -           .    bbls. 

70 

lb3 

330 

609 

463 

- 

in 

143 

283 

Ginseni;       bags  and  cases 

87 

31 

. 

191 

270 

162 

138 

47 

66 

lbs. 

9,6  M 

9,200 

13,600 

. 

■ 

. 

3,50 

Ifemp          •           bundles 

7 

'32 

376 

497 

27 

6,429 

2,137 

724 

Hempen  yirn         .    reels 

21 

27 

85 

333 

18 

398 

379 

266 

r.icking  yarn         •    — 

. 

905 

36 

16 

KS 

Hides 

21,832 

35,036 

41,439 

22,352 

12,929 

22,716 

1.5,8-23 

19  439 

12,934 

Horns 

44,878 

35,967 

38,934 

28,045 

30,267 

32,086 

29,192 

17,327 

23,298 

Hay              •            bundles 

1C,I94 

1,12? 

998 

1.634 

1,153 

217 

1,023 

777 

167 

Iron,  pi);      .            ■     tons 

973 

3,611 

3,12J 

1,274 

30 

411 

329 

wrought              .    — 

47 

131 

68 

148 

Lard           .           .  hh'ls. 

9 

. 

> 

10 

6 

19 

11 

bbls. 

1,697 

3,340 

2.339 

680 

1,241 

1,338 

117 

,531 

1,082 

ke;s 

169,31.5 

256,036 

199,204 

126,276 

151,420 

131,111 

70,276 

110,206 

115,646 

lbs 

2,100 

3,274 

. 

• 

603 

- 

12,000 

74,073 

leather      ■           bundles 

701 

1,024 

636 

856 

325 

4S9 

214 

519 

312 

sirles 

391 

25 

. 

. 

> 

240 

135 

386 

Lime,  western        ■    bbls. 

500 

1,332 

3,820 

164 

Lfi  1,  pig    -           -     piip 

29J,614 

251,733 

203,100 

190,062 

122,933 

151,251 

234,905 

146,203 

183,712 

bar          kegs  and  boxes 

703 

681 

429 

2,904 

353 

2,022 

2,ai4 

792 

471 

lbs. 

. 

, 

244,000 

245  500 

. 

409,641 

Oats             -            -    bbls. 

17,9-.0 

15,516 

16,854 

10,415 

2,169 

1,852 

4,110 

6,2;o 

1,763 

Onions        •            -    — 

3,794 

91 '9 

1,433 

892 

634 

8<i9 

i,3r. 

.■•.IH 

357 

Oil,  linseed-            •    — 

107 

641 

615 

493 

67 

1,666 

1,940 

2,940 

2,637 

bear         -            -    — 

40 

68 

93 

134 

48 

131 

146 

234 

63 

castor      •           •    — 

1,299 

603 

363 

275 

347 

672 

726 

166 

91 

Peach  brandy         •    — 

170 

389 

2(-9 

407 

23 

6 

206 

217 

192 

Pec.ins         •            •    — 

310 

23 

11 

80 

6 

2 

234 

242 

747 

Pickles        -            -    — 

37 

44 

73 

57 

19 

108 

1.36 

88 

kep 

1,098 

1,260 

293 

849 

230 

P83 

1.060 

219 

780 

Potatoes       -           -    bbls. 

13,568 

8,433 

7,045 

13,128 

7,842 

2,722 

5,148 

6,883 

1,852 

I'ork           .           -    — 

78,816 

93,381 

91,983 

59,378 

67,672 

62,152 

33,407 

49,110 

35,817 

hhds. 

87 

124 

298 

175 

30 

117 

33 

60-1 

362 

in  bulk    •            .      lbs. 

5,416,976 

7,160,934 

2,603,860 

4,196,192 
733 

4,114,090 

953,200 

211,128 

941,400 

863,690: 

Porter  and  ale         -    bbls. 

7,56 

49 

1,723 

1,516 

206 

631 

424 

636 

Kuni           -       ptlncheons 

140 

537 

500 

66 

bbls. 

1,39S 

1,410 

2,089 

1,776 

397 

684 

87 

416 

296 

Skins,  deer  -           •  packs 

4,:«8 

2,610 

5,093 

6,223 

3,809 

3,805 

4,089 

6,215 

3,160 

brar         *           -    — 

65 

91 

174 

311 

197 

140 

128 

1.50 

1.35 

Shot             -             ■     kegs 

1,361 

2,477 

2,064 

1,223 

1,190 

3,096 

4,3.'.8 

2,443 

1,127 

ba^ 

• 

4 

20 

72 

• 

1 

146 

213 

Soap           -           .  boxes 

100 

1,415 

1,588 

1,867 

76 

408 

1,340 

4,475 

6,906 

Sliiiigles 

580,000 

368,«W 

55,000 

702,000 

251,000 

• 

• 

331,030 

S1.1VI'! 

1,020,000 

l,000,0(X) 

2,000,00(1 

850,000 

700,000 

990,000 

933,000 

860,000 

827,000 

Sfgars         •           -    bbls. 

10". 

37 

60 

27 

i 

• 

22 

11 

Moss.  Spanish        >  bales 

6,887 

1,2-0 

680 

1,110 

720 

192 

i              779 

Tallnv        -            •    bbls. 

33i 

440 

712 

1,936 

1,587 

631 

i           1,337 

3,900 

612 

Tobacco,  leaf          -  hhds. 

49,934 

36,787 

24.963 

21,361 

30,015 

32,709 

33,781 

29,432 

30,345 

chewing  kegs  and  Imxes 

1,065 

l,.19:l 

2,383 

2,841 

11,409 

1,873 

1,668 

4,371 

4,978 

carrots 

iM6 

145 

1,800 

1,447 

1,028 

£31 

2,137 

2,821 

bales 

I, .559 

3,204 

1,238 

2,822 

2,272 

Twine        -           bundles 

271 

513 

23S 

238 

126 

202 

264 

445 

193 

boxes 

45 

78 

66 

42 

11 

21 

67 

139 

234 

Venison  hatni 

4,272 

4,906 

9,222 

6,229 

970 

4,698 

4,135 

^^'li 

6,670 

Vtneffar       •            *    bbls. 

58 

136 

159 

9.38 

64 

124 

1                63 

79 

1,725 

Whiskey     •           •    — 

33,193 

36,410 

32,437 

33,931 

37,012 

30,579 

24,391 

'^'^i,"; 

44,407 

Winrlow  glass         •  boxes 

2,864 

7,898 

3,496 

3,170 

1,196 

2,115 

4,741 

912 

459 

Wheat        bbls.  and  sacki 

1,090 

10,038 

I 

2 

3 


I 

52' 


^^'j^ 


I  t 


216 


NEW  ORLEANS. 


II.  Exports  of  Cotton  and  Tobacco  from  New  Orlcnna  during  each  of  the  Nine  Years  ending  the  30th 

of  September,  1836. 


WMlher  eiported. 

Balef  of  Cotton.                                                                       | 

1835-36. 

1834-35.  1  1833-34. 

1832-.33. 

1831-32. 

1830-31.      1829-30.  |  1828-29.      1827-28. 

1828-27. 

Great  BriUin     • 
France   • 
North  nf  Ruropfl 
South  of  Europe 
Coailwise 

Total    . 

OrKil  Britain     - 

Fniice 

North  of  Europe 

8oulh  of  Europe 

Coastwiie 

Total    - 

236,526 

133.881 

17,989 

12.074 

92,535 

259,123'      289,189 

141,872        101,253 

4,368           9,742 

6,91S           1,384 

122,4m        60,705 

■225.667 

82,,3()2 

3.3;I8 

1,690 

94,223 

203,365 

78,l:l8 

4,423 

5,7V2 

64,728 

22;!,374 

60,913 

2,911 

2,400 

13'i,U8li 

191,892 

93,446 

4,213 

1,223 

56,116 

130,514 
78.,370 
I2,9i3 
r.,095 
41,017 

142,546 

G6,42'> 

8.215 

1,379 

86,283 

193,-539 
60,101 
9,279 

66,763 

493.005 

634,765!      462,2w3 

407,2:a 

356,406 

421,68-1'      351,890 

267,949 

304,848 

329,682 

Hogshrails  of  Tobacco. 

15,492 

1,193 
6,942 
1,980 
19,329 

6,338 
1,460 
4.262 
1,962 
20,343 

8,112 

3utj 

4,610 

1,455 

10,418 

4,8751         8,448 

35              678 

4,320          7,157 

424           1,401 

14,0-17        15,392 

6,131            1,792 
258              451 
4,815           5,161 
2,524           6,644 
21,210|         13,980 

4,567 

23) 

3732 

8,288 
8,674 

6,400 !          2,8.12 
3)-2;             770 
6,526,          4,183 
4,294  i         2,763 
18,309         16,022 

43,941 

31,365 

24,931         23,701 1       32,974 

34,968,       23,028 

2i,491 

35,111         2li,570 

III.  Arrivals  of  Ships,  Brigs,  Schooners,  Sloops,  and  Steamboats,  for  Four  Years,  ending  the  30th  of 

Sppteiiiber,  1S36. 


Months. 

1835-36. 

18.14-35. 

1833- 

34. 

i 

1                   1632-33.                  1 

1 

n 

II 

i 

Kw 

V3 

& 

1 

i. 
3. 

CO 

i 

was 

i 

C 

J3 

35 

Steam 
Boats. 

Ships. 

e 

S. 

! 

a 

II 

(telotwr 

46 

38    25:  2 

111 

94 

41 

38 

41 

1 

123 

74 

25 

23 

23 

0 

71 

62    21 

26 

33 

0 

80 

86 

November 

66 

40-  37    0 

143 

113 

73 

47 

37 

1 

158 

101 

53 

42 

3i 

1 

128 

109    31 :  24 

.10    0 

8-. 

73 

December 

69 

69    66    1 

195 

144 

79 

63 

66 

1 

198 

141 

52 

8^ 

60 

1 

195 

118    65    .52 

.17 1  0 

1.54 

MO 

Jiiiuary 

32 

52    70    1 

Iji) 

1.56 

40    55 

57 

1 

163 

1.15 

42 

7!1 

8,1 

0 

184 

97    39    46 

46!   1 

131 

173 

February 

57 

40    63    1 

161 

120 

411  40 

65 

0 

146 

115 

19 

49 

68 

1 

135 

112    62    59 

72    0 

183 

112 

March  ■ 

39 

42,  64   2 

147      160 

70    6:5 

8'2 

0 

217 

119 

67 

f.4 

58 

3 

182 

lis,  32    46 

6I|  0 

1.18 

125 

April    - 
^/ly     . 

52 

56    60    1 

169      144 

34    65 

82 

2 

183 

101 

.57 

48 

57 

n 

162 

1071  46    48 

52'   1 

147 

104 

56 

41.  51    1 

149      127 

56    35 

63 

0 

144 

108 

44 

46 

34 

2 

1-26 

100    46    45 

46,  0 

1,17 

84 

June     - 

18 

34    28    2 

82      114 

13    25 

49 

2 

91 

105 

34 

31 

34 

0 

99 

691  29    27 

3U    0 

86 

68 

July     . 

IH 

18    25    1 

62        68 

15    20 

30 

1 

68 

fiJt 

6 

99. 

22 

1 

50 

51    20    28 

18;  0 

68 

,15 

August  • 

20 

23    29    1 

13!       56 

17,  22 

24 

1 

64 

48 

4 

19 

2,1 

] 

47 

43      7     15 

25 

0 

47 

31 

September 

,35 

19    19    0 

73'      76 

24     13 

18 

' 

58 

69 

16 

12 

15 

0 

43 

19i    17,    13 

20 

0 

50 

40 

Totals 

498  472  537  13 

1,520,  l.372;507  490 1393 

11 

1,601, 

1,172 

4ia_ 

507  487 

10 

1,422 

1,005  405  423 

469 

2 

1,304 

1,0SI 

We  arc  indebted  for  the  above  valuable  information  to  the  Circular  Statement  of  IVilliam  Alderson, 
Esq.,  New  Orleans,  the  1st  of  October,  1836. 

[For  the  information  which  follows  concerning  the  commerce  of  New  Orleans,  we  are 
indebted  to  Hazard's  Commercial  and  Statistical  Register. 
Imports  from  the  Interior  at  New  Orleans,  for  Three  Years,  ending  with  the  30th  September,  1839. 


Articles. 

1S39. 

1839. 

1837. 

Articles. 

1839, 

1838. 

1537. 

Apples  • 

-    bl)ls. 

6,395 

24,908 

20,625 

Horns     • 

. 

27,150 

7.050 

16,376 

Bacon,  assorted    hhds.  &  casks 

13,631 

11,328 

7,781 

Hay        . 

bundles 

9,915 

12.9631         20,9-13 

Ixiies 

2S5 

174 

358 

Iron,  pig 

-     tons 

411 

1,812 

437 

Bacon  hams 

.  hhds. 

6,118 

6,275 

6,303 

wrought 

— 

17 

boxe! 

160 

145 

265 

Lard      - 

-   hhds. 

313 

3C 

in  bulk    - 

-     lbs. 

1,-501,900 

984,490 

1,493,287 

bbls. 

8,635 

3,745 

3,636 

Baling,  Kentucky 

■  pieces 

49,539 

42.331 

34,761 

kegs 

218,673 

2l9.('80i        211,975 

Bale  rope 

•    coils 

63,107 

62,897 

28,1  (.6 

lbs. 

2,300 

10,000 

Beans     - 

.    bbls. 

417 

3,973 

6,501 

Leather  - 

bundles 

615 

495 

824 

Butter    ■ 

.  hhds. 

5 

61 

1 

sides 

200 

kegs  and  firkins 

8,475 

11,279 

8,055 

Lime,  western  • 

-    bbls. 

900 

600 

.•i9(^ 

bbls. 

431 

279 

197 

Lead,  pig          - 
bar          kep 

■     Pi^ 

293,097 

310,1021        244.090 

Beeswax 

•   bbls. 

144 

121 

212 

1  and  boxes 

821 

1,526 

411. 

boxes 

21 

1 

4 

Oats 

-   bbls. 

39,110 

26.269 

30,19.81 

lbs. 

4,250 

7,900 

563 

Onions    - 

— 

681 

1,398 

4,02 ll 

Beef       ■ 

•    bbls. 

10,754 

6,131 

9,870 

Oil,  linseed 

— 

180 

363 

24i>| 

hhds. 

72 

36 

17 

bear 

_ 

1 

9 

2i 

dried 

•      Ills. 

39,090 

44,0-0 

130.642 

castor 



ais 

666 

8281 

Buffalo  robes     • 

•  packs 

3,562 

3,029 

6,033 

Peacb  brandy     - 

.- 

61 

157 

1931 

Cotton,   L.ouisiana 

and 

Pecans    • 

— 

• 

. 

12ll 

Mississippi- 

■   bales 

477,949 

661,225 

442,257 

Pickles    - 



207 

31 

420| 

45!1 

28.4  Ibl 

Lake  • 

— 

12,082 

22,900 

7,655 

kegs 

415 

154 

North   Alabama 

and 

Potatoes  • 

.    bbls. 

7„534 

12,956 

Tennessee  - 

^ 

71,457 

13,892 

11,643 

Pork       - 



166.113 

138,583 

115,95,-1 

Arkansas 

— 

7,003 

124,495 

132,124 

hhds. 

1,180 

1,.5'23 

51  ll 

Mobile 

— 

16,768 

11,969 

7.101 

in  bulk     ■ 

•      lbs. 

7,192,156 

3,474,076 

8,939.13-1 

Florida 

— 

1,080 

5,437 

1,053 

Porter  and  ale    < 

■    bbls. 

336 

86 

I.IN'i 

Texas  - 

— 

2,942 

3,300 

2,645 

Kum 

puncheons 

47S 

484 

raol 

Corn  meal 

-  bbls. 

3,204 

3,004 

3,004 

bbls. 

454 

421 

4,31-4 

in  ears 

— 

161,588 

261,354 

194,301 

Skins,  deer 

-  pack» 

3,183 

2,92-. 

4,014 

shelled      - 

•  sacks 

363,104 

169,293 

361,975 

bear 



74 

13 

9 

Cheese    - 

•  casks 

315 

432 

283 

Shot       - 

-     kegs 

270 

2,017 

i,f2;i 

Candlei  ■ 

-  lioiea 

^■« 

800 

23 

bags 

106 

HI 

Cider      • 

■    bbls. 

188 

1,621 

737 

Soap 

-  boxes 

300 

587 

33 

Coal,  western     - 

^^ 

94,362 

99,22A 

61,118 

Shingles - 

66,000 

140,000 

fs.Cfiol 

Dried  peaches    • 

— 

31 

37 

239 

Slaves     - 

t,700,000 

600,000 

l,0(JO,00ll 

apples 

— 

. 

35 

792 

Segar^     • 

-    bbls. 

■S 

3-1 

40 

Feathers 

•    •>'!!» 

457 

141 

152 

Moss,  Spanish   - 

■   bales 

1,368 

I, CM 

3,9J1 

Flaxseed 

-    bbls. 

316 

541 

1,220 

Tallow  • 

.    bbls. 

798 

110 

lOS 

Flour     . 

-- 

436,237 

307,610 

264,356 

Tobacco, leaf    - 

-  hhds. 

28,310 

37,700 

28.1116 

Furs 

■  hhJs. 

114 

28 

26 

chewing  k 

sgsftlHixes 

1,769 

3,974 

1,604 

boxes 

12 

6 

1 

carrots 

, 

3-6 

bundles 

301 

Sfg 

602 

bnles 

1,386 

144 

1.473 

Oin 

■    bbls. 

. 

46 

179 

Twine   - 

bundles 

988 

591 

29SI 

Ginseng  ■            Ings  and  cases 

38 

2 

70 

boxes 

16 

26 

lbs. 

3,8&5 

3,000 

9,500    Venison  hams    . 

1,910 

1,470 

550 

Hemp    • 

bundles 

4,044 

450 

Vinegar  • 

■   bbls. 

1,874! 

435 

1.'3 

Hempen  yam    . 

-    reels 

■ 

91 

40     Whiskey 



29,949 

60,011 

43.«i 

Packing  yarn     • 

— 

1,(M0 

471 

138     Window  glass    - 

•  boxcfl 

2,819 

2.859 

2,0:i9 

Hides     . 

• 

19,613 

12,2.15 

22,241     Wheat    ■           bbls 

and  sacks 

17,956 

2,0271 

6.422 

liNtu)  Otttam  Price  CumiiQ 


Arrivals  of 


Months. 


October 
November 
Ueoeiiiber 
!  Janu.iry 
Febru.iry 
March 
April    . 


April 
May 


lay  . 
juiia  . 
July  . 
August  • 
September 

Total 


E.xports  of  Ci 


Whither  ei 


Liverpool 
Londiin    . 
Ol-isgow  and  Or 
Cowes,  Filmoul 
Cork,  Belfast,  Su 
Havre 
Bordeaux . 
Marseilles 
N.inli 

Celle  and  Rouen, 
Amsterdam 
Frciiten     • 
Antwerp,  Stc, 
Hanitttirg  • 
Gottenburc 
SlHinindGibralt 
West  Indies 
Genoa   Tries'e,  fti 
(lllier  fnreign  porli 

Comparative  A 


Years. 

IS.w-.'jg 

18,17-.18 
lS.i6-37 
183,)-3G 
1834-35 

Exports  of  Sugai 


Whither  export! 


New  4'nrk 
Philalelphia 
Chirlesinn,  S.  C. 
Siv.itunh     - 

I'mviilenceandBrislo 

llnsion 

Billimore 

Nirfilk 

HichiiiondftPetenbur, 
Alexin.lria,  D.  C, 
.M.iliile  . 
Apilachicnia  nnd  Pens 
Oiher  Ports 


Total 


E.xport8  of  Tobacc 


Whithi 


er  exported 


Liverimil 

Liii.Inn 

(ilis.'o.v  and  GreenocS 

Ciiwe,,  (jimoulh,  *c. 

l^leiiix 
M.lrseilles 
Nin-z     . 
Anisft-nLiin 
B-enien 
Antiverji,  Sjc. 
Hinili  ir< 
O'liienliiirj 

Spiin  inl  Gibraltar 
>Ve«t  Ii,,|i,., 

Gerini,  Trie.le  .^,|. 

^Iilii-r  foreign  riorls 

Vol]  IJ.-_t~ 


NEW  ORLEANS. 


217 


66( 

731 


6ii 
36 
3ll 

40l 


,  1839. 


1S37.     1 

16,376 

20,943 

437i 


3.636, 

211,975; 

824' 

20()i 
590, 
244.090! 
4311 
33,198) 
4,021 
2491 
2' 
828| 
193 
12l! 
4201 
459 
20,4161 
115,95*1 
531 
8,939,I3^ 
I,1W 
6)91 
4,3t'4| 
4,014 
9 
1,623 

in 

;  33 

f«,0flO 

1,000,000 

'40 

I  3,921 

108 

2d.  1 96 

1,6(M 


1.4731 

2981 

261 

.660 

123 

43.632 

2,0.59 

6.422] 

Tcwnni.) 


Monllu. 


Oclober 
November 
Deceiiiber 
January 
Februiry 
March 
April    . 
May     • 
Juita     - 
July     • 
Aui(utt  • 
September 

Total 


1(38 

-u9. 

i 

t. 

i 

■g 

a 

m 

X 

/3 

2 

H 

61 

23 

31 

107 

96 

46 

tn 

0 

197 

86 

47 

M 

5 

201 

K6 

69 

103 

U 

247 

78 

44 

84 

2 

iUS 

73 

fin 

9H 

2 

231 

68 

37 

79 

6 

190 

57 

39 

62 

2 

I6'.) 

14 

16 

41 

2 

72 

23 

19 

47 

3 

94 

17 

10 

34 

3 

64 

18 

17 

18 
716 

28 

54 

670 

IWi 

1836-37. 


Arrivals  of  Ships,  Ilrlifs,  Schooners,  Sloops,  »nd  StcaiiibDat!),  fur  Tlircu  Years,  ending  30tn  Sept.,  1839, 

i 


II 

163 

lUi 

17. 1 
IT, 
Hj 
IH- 
144 
76 
53 
62 


1-37  3i 


.8  3 


s. 


62 

137 

16.4 

173 

1 43 

188 

173 

168 

99 

71 

64 

56 


74 

M3 

204 

194 

165 

180 

1)0 

144 

166 

79 

35 

57 


ii, 


i 

_• 

V 

7i 

|2 

tAS 

1 

SI 

117 

0 

107 

168 

0 

193 

2l'l 

0 

184 

146 

0 

1«» 

148 

146 

186 

0 

1)1 

155 

2 

ittu 

111 

? 

74 

101 

62 

92 

0 

61 

60 

1 

59 

6« 

6 

1478 

r.i9 

(iVeu;  Orttani  Price  Cuirtnt) 

Exports  of  Cotton,  from  the  port  of  New  Orleans,  for  the  Ifisi  Three  Years,  commencing  Ist  October, 

and  ending  30th  aeptemher. 


Wliithcr  Mported. 


Liverpool 

London     • 

Gt.isKnw  >n^  Greenock 

Cnwea.  Filmouih,  &c. 

Cork,  Relfut,  &c«  • 

Havre 

Bnrdeatii . 

Marseilles 

N.iniz 

Cetie  and  Rouen,  • 

Anistrrdam 

Bri'iuen     • 

Antwerp,  &c. 

Ifanil'ur^  * 

Gotienburc 

Spiiii  nnd  Gibraltar 

West  Indira 

Genoa   Triea'e,  ftc. 

Oilier  rnrci^n  ports 


Bales  of  Cotlun.                i 

I93&-39. 
297,774 

1837-33. 

1836-37. 

463,193 

333,832 

6 

123 

41 

7,390 

16,147 

l-,077 

2,459 

48 

2,968 

2,139 

. 

I,1H0 

112,779 

110,609 

112,410 

1,348 

4,407 

6,100 

6,2  55 

7,2«5 

9,110 

2,070 

6,527 

6,2i9 

763 

49 

<>32 

202 

27 

6.6 

123 

. 

1,598 

2,7  «2 

310 

3,149 

2,533 

947 

343 

553 

1,225 

4,713 

4,300 

4,259 

2,611 

2,050 

3,656 

7.171 

7,873 

113 

902 

233 

Whither  eiported. 


New  York 

Boston     - 

Providence,  R.  I. 

Philadelphia 

Raliinifire 

hirtiiinnulh 

Other  coastwise  ports 

Total    . 


Bales  of  Collon. 

1838-39. 

1837-38. 

1S36-37. 

62,091 

39,352 

24,734 

4",2l2 

40,271 

3>,-.09 

4,038 

1,607 

1,177 

6,150 

8,.626 

6,0.2 

3,4.60 

6,148 

2,978 

5,.169 

4,819 

8.041 

7,171 

6,020 

3,781 

580  817 

737,186 

.691,538 

RECAPITULATION. 


Great  Britain 

France     • 
North  of  Europe  - 
South  of  Europe  • 
Coast  >v  ise 


Total 


309,768 

l22,4-.2 

1,446 

9,040 

138,111 

58  ',817 

481,501 

127.^28 

7,6.80 

14,628 

103,749 

737,186 

355,0911 

I3I.'4I 

6,431 

14,225 

8.5,145 


694,534 


Comparative  Arrivals,  E.xports  and  StocJts  of  Cotton  of  Now  Orleans,  for  Ten  Years,  coniiiiencing 

Ist  Ociulier. 

Mockt. 
)l.il.! 


Vcars. 

is:i8-.'i9 
1837-38 
1836-37 
183.J-36 
1831-35 


Arrivals 

n.ilcs. 
580,281 
743,218 
601,475 
498,895 
531,368 


ExporU. 

B.iles. 
580,S17 
737,1^0 
596,068 
493,005 
534,765 


16,307 
8,813 

15,302 
8,702 
4,812 


Jtrrivall. 

ilrjmrrj. 

S^tockt. 

Years. 

B.les. 

B.ilra. 

B.ilr«. 

1833-34 

40.6,103 

469.253 

8,7,^6 

1832-33 

418,8.i3 

407,220 

7,400 

1831-32 

349,797 

356,406 

7,oa8 

1>*.10-31 

42S,hT6 

424,684 

13,697 

1629-30 

303,611 

351,890 

9,505 

(AVu)  Oileam  Price  Cmrent.) 

Exports  of  Sugar  and  Molasses  (up  the  River  excepted)  for  Three  Years,  ending  30th  September,  1839. 


Whither  exported. 

1E3H-39. 

1837-38. 

1 

IKW-37. 

ses. 

Sug,ir. 

Mol.isses. 

Sugar. 

Mol 

nn.       i 

Su^r.          1       Jlolas 

Hbils. 

Bbls. 

Hhcls. 

Hbl«. 

flliiN. 

Bbls. 

IlhJs. 
4,827 

Bbls.    i 
8,012 

llh.K 
1 1  MB 

Bbls. 
53 

[this. 
5,I7S 

Hbls. 
8,816 

Newifiirk   • 

9.9l;l 

229 

7,6*1 

3,>-81 

109l)D 

73 

Philaleljihia 

4,714 

126 

17:1 

692 

5,42  i 

• 

782 

7'6 

5.257 

19 

3;17 

403 

Chirleslnn,  S.  C.     • 

l,-3i 

97 

861 

2,814 

1,673 

• 

591 

3,696 

1,774 

171 

2 16 

3,3i3 

67.1 

30 

IS2 

1,174 

404 

81    ■       - 

1,322 

450 

. 

2,8-7 

I'mviilcnce  and  Briitnl,  R.  I. 

3 

3 

273 

69^ 

29 

3«3 

162 

. 

52 

155 

1,612 

131 

436 

328 

34> 

• 

227 

1.826 

82.6 

36 

727 

Billimore    . 

5,914 

396 

1,734 

3.652 

4,413 

• 

1,216 

3,5.63 

4,884 

120 

2S1 

3,431 

Nnrfilk 

6.9 

5 

- 

391 

188 

• 

1        770 

5:19 

- 

.  t 

57E 

Richiiiond  &  Pelersburj,  Va. 

1,216 

19 

231 

765 

844 

110 

236 

'      I  tiOO 

876 

- 

8 

1,67C 

Atex^nilria,  D.  C.    • 

137 

. 

• 

399 

69 

15 

237 

108 

. 

.   1 

36> 

Mobile 

1,S36 

1401   • 

2,6(W 

1,229 

231    -        . 

2,018 

1,047 

157 

3.087 

A|iilachicola  :ind  Peiuacola 
Oilier  Ports  • 

Total 

4'iO 

661 

232 

1,533 

38ii 

1,219            13 

906 

229 

1.034 

3 

1.304 

47:5 

1,174 

l,3:S7 

1,328 
20,413 

232 
26,098 

1,V28 
3.662 

1,610 

2,474 

70 
27,581 

679 

22J 

6,326 

1,342 

28.124 

29,143 

3,011 

13,115 

10,14) 

27,133 

2.269 

(A'eu)  Orleans  Price  Cntrfnl.) 

E.tport3  of  Tobacco,  from  the  port  of  New  Orleans,  fur  the  lust  Three  Years,  coininencing  Isl  Octo- 
ber, and  endtni;  30th  September. 


Whillier  exported. 

Ho<!lieaJs  of  Tobacco.          1 

Whither  exported. 

Hngsheads  of  Tobacco. 

1S38-39. 

1837-38. 

2,757 
3,679 

3.095 

2,868 

504 

1,781 

*  2,035 

206 
676 
1,982 
791 
663 
IS6 

1436-37. 

1838-39. 

If37-3S 

H36-37. 

4,207 

3.510 

1.3  6 

047 

6:0 

Liverpool 

I.iii.lon 

(iKs.'ow  and  Greenock 

Cdwtvi,  Falnioiitli,  &c. 

ilivrrt 

Bor^leiiix 

Mirspilles 

Nin'z      • 

Anisli-nlam 

B'enien 

Anlvverp,  &c. 

Hitnli  ir< 

Gfiilenlmri 

Spiin  ml  Gibraltar 

WhsI  Ill'li.'S 

Gpiioi,  Trie,Te.  kc. 
Oltirr  f'lrc i<ri  j)nrts 

3.937 

3,725 

37 

f-71 

1,455 

100 

22.» 
1,231 

939 
3,0. '4 
0-16 
694 
316 

2,003 
1,609 

5.492 

2,3S6 

320 

699 

3l2 

1.2-4 

3,320 

713 

674 

312 

1.2-2 

1,327 

612 

New  York 

Boston     . 

Fhil.\ili'lphia 

Ballininre 

Oilier  coa.^twise  ports 

Total     • 

7,848 

2.H  6 

1,336 

296 

225 

10.072 

2..599 

1,6.2 

6t'4 

576 

29,630 

37,076 

32,725 

RKrAPI' 

rtii,*Tio> 

(. 

~97ld4~ 
.1,-17 
6,''44 
3,  ISO 
IO,3yO 

32,723 

(i.-e.it  Britain 

Frniice    • 

N  trill  of  Europe 

.S'luth  of  Kurope  • 

Coastwise 

Total 

8,570 
1.565 
2,539 
4.448 
12.618 

29.630 

10.031 
.6,143 
2.9-3 
3  366 

15.563 

37,l".7« 

Vol.  II.— T 


2S 


«l 


3 


I 


;*li, 


218 


NEW  ORLEANS. 


Comparative  Arrivals,  KxportH,  and  Stncio  nf  Tnhnrrn  nr  New  Orleans,  for  Ten  Years,  commencing 

Ul  OclohiT. 


^rrivalf. 

F.ip')rt1. 
Hliilv 

m  <:»!. 

Arrival: 

Krpnrlt. 

S(oc»». 

Yrara. 

IIMs. 

HiKlS. 

V«r». 

Hilda. 

llku. 

HIkIi. 

18.W-39 

28,310 

20,030 

015 

IK3.1-.34 

9t,0«3 

21,031 

216 

J 837-38 

37.70fi 

.37.(r7fi 

2,301 

1H;)2-33 

21.361 

23,701 

717 

lH3H-:<7 

28,190 

32,7.5 

1.511 

1831-38 

.30,015 

32,074 

3,857 

1835-36 

40,034 

43,941 

7.277 

I8:<0-3I 

32,708 

34,968 

6,416 

1834-33 

35,890 

34,31)5 

1,284 

1829-30 

33,781 

28,028 

9,493 

Com  pa 

ralive  Number  of  Vegsels,  in  the  Port  of  New  Orlear 

8. 

Seplembrr  30.  IK)!). 

IS3S. 

IM7. 

1836. 

1833. 

1834. 

I83& 

Shipfl, 

17 

20 

- 

26 

43 

. 

25 

. 

11 

-        16 

Barks, 

1 

3 

. 

4 

a 

. 

2 

- 

0 

« 

hhgg, 

17 

15 

. 

8 

17 

. 

24 

- 

11 

15 

Sctiuoncrs 

21 

38 

- 

18 

-        24 

. 

25 

. 

13 

-        20 

Total,       56 


76 


56 


85 


76  45  57 

(JVew  Orleans  Price  Current.) 

^n  Ordinance  Conterning  the  I.rree  Duties  in  and  for  the  Port  of  JVeio  OWfon.»  — Tlie  General  Coun- 
cil of  the  Municipalities  of  New  Orleans,  in  conformity  with  the  20th  section  of  the  Act  of  Incorpora- 
tion, approved  8tli  March,  IH.'ifi,  ordain  as  follows: 

Article  1.  The  levee  or  wharfajfe  iliilies  on  sliipg  and  other  decked  vessels,  and  on  steam  vesseU 
arriving  from  sea,  sliall  be  lixed  us  follows  : 

On  each  sct  vessel  under  75  tons,     ...  .  -         ^12 

—  ol  75  and  under  100  tons,        .  .  15 

—  100  —  125  —  -  -  20 

—  125  —  l.-iO  —  -  -  25 

—  150  —  200  —  -  -  30 

—  200  —  250  —  -  -  40 

—  2.')0  _  .-iOO  —  .  -  60 

—  300  —  350  —  -  -  55 

—  350  —  400  —  .  -  60 

—  400  —  450  —  -  -  65 

—  450  —  500  —  -  -  75 

—  650  —  (iOO  —  -  -  85 

—  600  —  650  —  -  -  95 

—  650  —  700  —  -  -  110 

—  700  —  750  —  -  -  120 

—  over  750 130 

Art.  2.  The  payment  of  these  duties  shall  Iw  exacted  and  collected  by  the  municipality  within  whose 
limits  such  vessels  may  have  moored,  after  their  arrival  from  sea  in  |Mirt ;  and  an  extra  duty  of  one 
third  of  these  rates  sliall  be  paid  by  all  vessels  which  may  remain  in  port  over  two  months,  llie  same 
to  be  recovered  at  till!  commencement  of  the  third  niontli;  and  if  they  remain  in  port  four  months, 
then  tliey  .sliall  pay  a  further  additional  wliarfage  of  one  third  of  said  rates,  at  tlie  commencement  of 
tlie  fifili  montli,  and  be  privileged  to  remain  until  the  expiration  of  six  months  from  date  of  original 
arrival  and  moorinp,  without  a  further  charjie  beiiiu  imposed  on  Ihem. 

Art.  3.  When  any  vessel  shall  be  removed  from  tliat  division  of  the  port  in  which  it  shall  have  ori- 
ginally paid  duty,  to  another  division  of  said  port,  under  tlie  jurisdiction  of  another  municipality,  said 
latter  municipality  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  from  tliu  municipality  to  whicli  said  duty  has  been  first 
paid  in  the  following  ratio,  vix. : 

One  half  of  the  duty  actually  paid  or  due,  if  said  vessel  have  not  remained  loncer  than  fifteen  days 
in  tlial  part  of  the  port  in  wliicli  it  was  first  moored ;  one  third,  if  said  vessel  have  remained  lonjer 
than  fifteen  days,  but  not  more  than  twenty-five  days  ;  but  if  beyond  twenty-five  days,  not  any  part 
of  said  fluty  siiall  be  recovered.  Nevijrtlieless,  the  municipality  in  whose  limits  said  vessel  shall 
afterwards  be  moored,  sliall  have  tlie  riplit  tolevy  and  ci  Uect  the  extra  duty  of  one  tiiird  of  the  rates 
nientiiuied  in  Article  I,  on  tlie  conililions  iiientioiu'ii  in  Article  2;  provided,  tliat  no  furtiu^r  char^'e  i;r 
extra  duly  shall  be  exacted  from  any  vessel  which  may  have  removed  from  one  part  of  the  port  to 
another,  fur  the  mere  purpose  of  fortliwitli  proceediii);  to  sea. 

Art.  4.  All  vessels  or  steamboats  comiiis  from  sea,  which,  after  their  arrival  in  port  shall  proccedto, 
and  relnrn  from  any  plantation,  or  other  place,  with  a  cargo,  or  part  of  a  cargo,  of  any  kind  of  pro- 
duce whatever,  and  shall  again  enter  llie  port  for  the  purpose;  of  discharging  the  same,  shall  pay,  on 
returning  from  any  such  trip,  a  levee  duty  of  eight  dollars  over  iind  above  the  duties  fixed  by  the  1st 
article  of  this  ordinance,  the  same  to  be  collected  by  the  municipality  within  whose  limits  said  vcs- 
nels  may  discharge  said  produce. 

Art.  5.  The  levee  duties  oti  steam  vessels  navigating  on  the  river,  and  which  shall  moor  and  land 
In  any  part  of  the  incorporated  limits  of  the  port,  shall  be  fixed  as  follows  : 

On  each  steatner  under  75  tons,     -        -        .  -  .         ^  8 

—  of  75  and  under  100  tons,         -  .  12 

16 
20 
25 
30 
35 
40 
45 
60 
55 
60 

Art.  6.  All  steam  vessels  employed  as  pickets,  and  plying  regularly  between  this  port  and  ports  in 
the  nulf  of  Mexico,  including  Havana,  sliall  pay  no  otiier  or  higher  rate  of  wharfage  than  is  iiiipoiicd 
by  this  ordinance  on  steamboats  navigating  the  Mississippi. 

Art.  7.  The  duties  specified  in  the  preceding  article,  shall  be  paid  on  the  mooring  and  landing  of  snid 
steamers  in  port,  by  their  captains  or  other  agents,  to  the  oHicer  entrusted  with  their  collection  by  tha 
municipality  wittiin  whose  limits  said  vessels  shall  have  moored  and  landed. 

Art.  8.  After  tl:e  payment  of  these  duties,  said  steamers  shall  be  entitled  to  remain  thirty  days  in 
thut  part  of  the  port  which  may  liave  h  -en  designaled  by  the  municipality  to  which  it  belongs  ;  ,ind 
any  steamer  remaining  oV(,'r  thirty  consecutive  ilays.  sliall  pay  an  additional  duty  of  two  dollars  per 
day,  until  its  final  departure  from  port,  the  same  to  be  collected  daily  ;  and  if  any  steamer  leaves  its 


100 



l.'iO 

l.iO 

— 

200 

200 

— 

250 

2.')0 



300 

300 

— 

350 

350 

— 

400 

400 

— 

4.50 

4.')0 

— 

.500 

500 

— 

550 

over  550 

- 

. 

flm  lanrtl 

duly  of  IV 

removed. 

Art.  «.  ! 

whiile  or  I 

same  duty 

per  oflicer 

Art.  10. 

lars  to  the 

Art.  II.  ' 

and  other  i 

On  each 

any  kind. 

On  each 

On  all  ba 

On  alt  bo 

On  each  c 

The  owrii 

of  ^1  per  di 

The  follow 

On  their  I 

On  each  s 

On  raffs  o 

On  each  ri 

On  each  CI 

description  r 

On  all  crs 

duty  of    . 

Art.  12.  Al 

eggs,  or  any 

markets,  sha 

of  craft,  oih« 

according  to 

Art.  13.  Th 

goes  in  port,  i 

daily  an  addil 

And  less  th 

And  ill  the  i 

place  oflandi 

of  twelve  daj 

The  time  ai 

is  fixed  at  tw 

floats,  shall  lie 

each  day  they 

ers  or  consign 

with  the  dispi 

nal,  on  the  ev 

into  effect.     P 

niiinicip:iliti«s 

op  and  used  w 

Art.  14.  It  is  I 

cause  to  Ite  sold 

spirituous  liqiu 

said  fine  to  be 

It  is  also  exp 

craft,  under  tin 

Art.  15.  All  I 

part  of  the  por 

goods  or  iiierch 

leans,  exceptini 

than  $,')0  nor  e\ 

Art.  16.  Inca 

sigiiees,  or  the  i 

officers  of  the  s 

or  persons  so  ci 

for  each  cnntra\ 

Art   17.  It  sh! 

owners,  and  kei 

their  respective 

iniinicipaliiy,  in 

from  one  divisio 

Art.  IS.  All  th 

which  any  coiili 

of  the  wliarfinL'i 

they  he  resiste<t 

tent  jiirisdicti<in. 

Art.  19.  It  sha 

to  the  comptrolle 

day  enter  and  n 

shall  h,.  carefull) 

regiiliir  rotation 

Art  20.  Be  it  f 

Wharfage  collecK 

custom-house,  a 

from  sea,  specify 

three  marginal  gr 

shall  he  from  tint 

Cling  that  they  1 

«ne  expense  of  pr 

equal  proportions 


NEW  ORLEANS. 


SIO 


I83& 
IS 
0 
15 
20 


lid  ports  in 
lia  imposed 

ling  of  said 
Ition  by  tha 

Iriy  days  in 
loiiffs ;  ani 
dolliirB  pet 
[leaves  iw 


firtt  landlnii  plnce,  to  tnke  a  berth  and  he  moored  In  another  miinirlpnllty,  it  shall  pay  unid  additional 
duty  of  two  dolliirs  per  diiy,  tn  Ihn  riilli'ctor  iif  llie  iiiMiiiciimlity  into  wliosi"  liiiiitg  it  shall  Imvc  been 
removed,  whvllior  tiiiid  li'rni  of  llilrly  diiyH  sliiill  tiiivn  expired  or  not  nt  llie  lime  of  siicli  reiiiovnl. 

Art.  9.  Steniiier»  employed  as  tow  Ik>:iIh,  idkI  which  shall  have  received  on  board  any  produce,  the 
whole  or  any  part  of  the  cargo  of  n  vessel,  and  shall  ilischarge  the  same  on  tins  levee,  shall  pay  the 
same  duty  as  is  specified  in  Article  ,1,  according  to  their  tonnage  ;  said  duty  to  he  collected  by  the  pro- 
per oflicer  of  ihe  iiiiiiiicipalily  within  whose  limits  such  discharge  shall  be  effected. 

Art.  10.  Tow  boats  shall  pay,  for  each  time  they  may  moor  to  take  in  wood  or  other  fuel,  eight  dol- 
lars to  the  municipality  within  whose  limits  they  may  moor  and  take  in  said  fuel. 

Art.  11.  The  following  levee  dues  shall  be  exacted  on  all  Hat  boats,  barges,  keel  boats,  pirogues, 
and  other  raft,  crafts,  &c. : 

On  each  flat  boat,  either  fully  or  in  part  laden  with  produce,  materials,  or  merchandise  of 
any  kind,       .--. ^]0 

On  each  barge,  measuring  70  feet  or  more  in  length,        ........  jo 

On  all  barges,  keel  lionts,  or  boats  measuring  less  than  TO  feet,  and  not  exceeding  15  tons  burthen,      6 

On  all  boats  not  described  in  the  present  ordinance,         ........  4 

On  each  coasting  pirogue,  .............  1 

The  owners  or  keepers  of  boats  used  as  places  of  dep6t  for  any  article  whatever,  shall  pay  a  duty 
of  ^1  |>er  day. 

The  following  duties  shall  also  be  levied : 

On  their  being  broken  up,  if  in  the  incorporated  limits  of  the  port,  each  flat  boat,    •        .        -       f  4 

On  each  steamer,  or  other  vessels  limn  flat  boats,  being  broken  up  within  said  limits,    -        -        10 

On  rafts  of  timber  not  containing  more  than  25  logs  each  raft,  .--.-..  5 

On  each  raft  of  timber  containing  more  than  85  logs,  then  in  the  ratio  of  that  increase. 

On  each  craft  measuring  40  tipns  or  under,  em|)loyed  to  carry  sugar,  molasses,  wood,  or  any  other 
description  of  merchandise,  tliere  shall  be  levied,  on  each  trip,  a  duty  cf     .....  4 

On  nil  craft  e.xct^ding  40  ions  each,  employed  as  above,  shall  also  be  levied,  on  each  trip  a 
duty  of 6 

Art.  12.  All  boats  or  other  vessels  arriving  within  the  limits  of  the  port,  with  fish,  meat,  vegetables, 
eggs,  or  any  and  every  other  kind  of  provisions,  e.\pre8Bly  for  the  purpose  of  supplying  the  several 
markets,  shall  be  entirely  exempt  from  paying  any  levee  dues  ;  but  the  same,  and  all  other  description 
of  craft,  otherwise  employed,  whether  particularly  mentioned  in  this  ordinance  or  not,  shall  pay  duty 
according  to  the  tarifl*  above  ordained. 

Art.  13.  The  time  allowed  for  all  pirogues,  flat  boats,  barges,  boats  and  keel  boats  to  land  their  car- 
goes in  port,  shall  be  fixed  at  twelve  days  from  their  original  arrival,  after  which  said  craft  shall  pay 
daily  an  additional  duty  on  each  barge,  boat,  or  keel  boat  over  TO  feet  in  length,    -        -        -        $100 

And  less  than  TO  feet  long      --..--.......  75 

And  in  the  event  of  any  of  said  vessels  removing  from  one  municipality  to  another,  from  their  first 
place  of  landing,  they  shall  pay  daily  said  additional  duty  to  the  latter  municipality,  whether  said  term 
of  twelve  days  shall  have  expired  or  not. 

The  time  allowed  for  discharging  of  boats  or  other  craft  not  otherwise  described  in  this  ordinance, 
is  fixed  at  twelve  days  from  their  arrival  in  port,  after  which  said  boats  and  craft,  and  all  rafts  and 
floats,  shall  be  taken  out  of  the  incorporated  liuiita  of  the  port,  under  penalty  of  being  fined  $25  for 
each  day  they  may  be  found  in  violation  of  the  law,  said  fine  to  be  paid  by  all  owners,  masters,  keep- 
ers or  consignees  of  said  flat  boats,  rafts  or  floats,  for  each  and  every  day  they  may  refuse  to  comply 
with  the  dispositions  of  the  present  ordinance  ;  said  fine  to  be  recovered  before  any  competent  tribu- 
nal, on  the  evidence  of  the  proper  officer  whose  duty  it  is  to  see  the  levee  or  port  ordinances  carried 
into  eflect.  Provided,  however,  that  this  clause  in  the  present  ordinance  shall  not  deprive  any  of  the 
municipalities  of  the  right  of  granting  a  specific  privilege  for  said  flat  boats,  rafts  or  floats,  to  be  broken 
op  and  used  within  any  one  of  their  respective  limits. 

Art.  14.  Ills  hereby  ex|iressly  forliidden  to  all  owners,  masters,  consignees, or  other  persons,  to  sell,  or 
cause  to  be  sold, on  board  of  any  of  t  lie  aforesaid  craft,  under  any  pretence  whatever,  wine,  beer,  cider,  and 
spirituous  liquors  in  quantities  less  tlian  a  Itarrel,  under  a  penalty  of  fifty  dollars  for  each  contravention  ; 
said  fine  to  be  paid  by  them  in  the  like  manner,  and  on  the  like  evidence  as  are  described  in  Article  13. 

It  is  also  expressly  forbidden  to  smoke,  or  allow  to  be  smoked,  meat  of  any  kind  on  board  of  said 
craft,  under  the  penalty  in  the  manner  levied,  and  on  the  evidence  above  mentioned. 

Art.  15.  Ail  barges,  flat  boats,  keel  boats,  or  other  craft,  in  which  shall  be  exposed  for  sale  in  the 
part  of  the  port  assigned  for  their  accommodation  during  tlie  said  term  of  twelve  days,  any  produce, 
goods  or  merchandise  brought  on  board  from  a  distance  less  than  100  miles  above  tlie  cities  of  js'ew  Or- 
leans, excepting  sugar,  molasses,  and  cotton,  the  staples  of  Louisiana,  shall  be  fined  in  a  sum  of  not  less 
tlian  $.'>0  nor  exceeding  8100,  the  same  to  be  recovered  in  the  manner  set  forth  in  Article  13. 

Art.  16.  In  case  any  person  should  furnish  any  false  reports  relative  to  the  cargoes,  owners,  or  con- 
signees, or  the  date  of  such  crafts  entering  the  port,  or  in  any  manner  interfere  with,  or  impede  the 
olficers  of  the  several  municipalities  in  the  free  exercise  of  the  duties  devolving  on  them,  said  person 
or  persons  so  contravening  shall,  on  conviction,  pay  a  fine  of  not  less  than  $20,  nor  exceeding  #100 
for  each  contravention. 

Art  17.  It  shall  be  obligatory  on  the  part  of  captains  of  vessels  and  steamers,  and  also  on  masters, 
owners,  and  keepers  of  all  crafts,  flat  boats,  rafts  and  floats,  to  pay  the  aforesaid  duties  on  board  Of 
tlieir  respective  vessels,  a  receipt  for  which  shall  he  delivered  to  them  by  the  proper  oflicer  of  each 
iminicipalily,  in  order  to  prove  payment  thereof,  in  case  any  of  said  vessels,  craft,  &.c.  be  removed 
from  one  division  of  the  port  to  anollier. 

Art.  IS.  All  the  fines  imposed  by  this  ordinance  shall  be  for  the  benefit  of  the  municipality  within 
which  any  contravention  thereof  may  have  been  committed  ;  the  same  to  be  levied  on  the  evidence 
of  the  wliarfiniier,  and  if  voluniarily  paid,  Ihe  receipt  for  same  shall  be  given  by  the  treasurer  ;  hut  if 
they  be  resisted,  then  their  rec<ivery  shall  be  cfl'ected  by  and  before  an  authority  or  court  of  compe- 
tent jurisdiction. 

An.  19.  It  shall  be  a  special  duty  of  the  wharfinger  for  each  munrcipality  to  make  a  weekly  report 
to  the  comptroller  thereof,  of  all  and  every  description  of  vessels,  their  tonnage,  &:c.  whicii  may  each 
dav  enter  and  moor  within  the  limits  of  the  port  under  his  superintendence;  which  weekly  report 
ehnll  he  carefully  filed  in  tlie  olfice  of  said  comptroller,  for  further  reference  and  examination,  and  in 
resular  rotnlion  of  dates. 

Art  20.  Beit  further  ordained,  that,  from  and  after  ten  days'  promulgation  of  this  ordinance,  the 
wharfage  collectors  of  the  three  municipalities  shall  cause  to  be  kept,  by  the  enrolling  clerk  at  the 
cusloin-house.  a  record  Iniok,  in  which  daily  entries  shall  be  made  of  every  vessel  which  may  arrive 
from  sea,  specifying  their  names,  their  masters,  consignees,  where  from,  and  their  tonnage,  having 
three  marginal  spaces  on  Ihe  riglit  hand,  headed  Municipality  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  respectively,  which  space 
shall  he  from  time  to  time  filled  up  with  the  signatures  of  the  three  several  wharfage  collectors,  indi- 
eating  that  they  have  received  the  wharfage  due  to  their  respective  municipalities,  by  each  of  whom 
the  expense  of  procuring  and  maintaining  said  book  of  record,  if  any,  shall  be  borne  and  paid  in  thre* 
equal  proportions. 


3 

i 
I 


220 


NEWSPAPERS. 


Art.  21.  Ilfi  it  rIdo  nrdnlned,  thnt,  in  Ihn  nvont  of  ilir  roftiirnntinn  or  anHnnnnInn  of  nny  officer  or 
officers  employed  lis  collectnrH  of  iiriy  ofilie  hriinclii'S  nflhii  revenues  lielonxinff  to  i>itlier  of  (lie  niuni- 
Clpaliliei,  he  or  they  xhall  he  I'orthwith  required  to  deiiver  up  to  tlie  trensurer  of  the  nuinicipniity 
whence  hia  or  their  appoiiitincnt  wus  derived,  all  his  or  their  hooka,  acuounti,  and  voucliers  npper- 
MininK  thereto. 

Art.  22,  The  present  ordinance  rIirII  he  pitt  in  force  in  lendnyi*  nfler  its  proniiilEniiDn  hy  the  Miiyor; 
■nd  the  execution  of  such  diDpnitiiions  thereof  as  relate  to  th<'  police  of  tlie  port,  aliall  speciiilly  helong 
to  the  otflcers  appointed  by  each  of  tlie  niiiniii|Kiliiii's  for  this  pnrpoHe. 

Art.  23.  All  previous  ordinances,  or  parts  of  ordinaiires  relative  to  levee  dues,  nnd  to  the  police  of 
the  port,  and  which  may  he  at  variance  with,  or  opposed  to,  the  pri>visions  of  the  present  ordinance, 
■ball  be,  and  the  same  are  hereby  repealed.— (JVtw  UrUana  Price  Current.) 

The  following  are  the  rates  imposed  on  every  description  of  merchandise,  by  an  ordinance 
of  the  general  council  of  New  Orleans,  which  was  put  in  execution  on  the  first  day  of 
November,  1839. 

Ob  Mch  hale  of  cotton,  h,iy,  or  mou    .  •  .  ■ 

On  eacti  !iii((Nhei'l  (ifsun.ir        .  .  .  •  • 

On  each  hfushea^l  (if  molaaiei    .  .  -  ■  • 

ftj  each  hr)((Oie  1 1  of  totiiccn     ..... 
Oawch  I.OUO  feel  of  lumber  or  1,000  Haves 
Ob  each  barrel  of  flur,  whuHey,  spirits  of  any  kind,  hccf, 

pork,  potatoes,  onions,  linie,  or  other  articlwi  packet  in 

urrels,  except  leaJ,  iron,  or  other  articles  of  great  weight  ■    3 
Ob  each  c  tsk  of  haroii,  hanw,  *c.  •  •  -  .6 

Ob  each  ton  of  piir  leut,  pif(  iron,  iron  and  copper  nails, 

iron    artii-les,   coil,  salt,  slates,  (tag  stones,  tiricks,  pav. 

inxt  curb,  ami  eiitler  stone,  stone.  b.tr  iron,  sand  or  ballast, 

or  other  art.cles  of  greftt   weight,  cuuipulinK  the  ton   it 

«,OiX)  lbs. !•> 

Ob  each  k'-e  of  lard,  butter,  kc,  -  •  -  -    1 

Oa  each  firkin  of  do.       •  -  •  -  •  '2 

On  each  piece  of  bi^^in^,  coil  hale  rope,  packinfc  yarn,  &c.    •    21-2 
Od  each  iiack  or  »mail  trnss  uf  skins,  sack  of  com,  corn  meat, 

oats,  bran,  or  olt'Cr  grain        •  ■  -  •  .21.2 

On  e.irli  crite  of  ear'hen  or  stoneware  -  •  •  -10 

On  each  crate  of  bottles  -  •  •  -  -5 

On  each  title  of  blai.keta.  or  articles  parked  in  bates,  or  cases 

of  the  bulk  and  weight  thereof  (say  400  II1S.J  ■  .    6 


Centt, 
<■ 
10 

It) 

i2i-;> 

1212 


Cenlt. 
■2 


On  each  tjox  of  tin  p'alps-  .... 

tin  each  bale,  box,  c.ise.  trms,  or  other  packiee  of  less  weight 
and  diniiMisi'ins  tlun  a  bale  of  blaiike:s,  includ.nj  soap,  lish, 
caridhs,  \e.     ■  •  *  •  «  -    4 

On  tach  pipe  of  v^  inr,  bran  ly,  or  other  liquors,  exce.iJ.nj  t  0 
gill  IIS  .......  2S 

On  racli  cask  of  wine,  brandy,  or  other  liquors,  of  GO  i^allorii 
01  I  ss  . 

On  eaih  case.  Iiisk't,  or  box  of  wine,  C'lrdials,  liquors,  and  oil, 
con  ainiiiif  one  doz  n  b:itt|e9  ..... 

On  each  case,  ba>kt-t.  or  box  of  wine,  cordials,  liquors,  oil,. %C., 
coiiiiii,iiii(  more  than  one  d  zt-n  b.ittieK,  then  in  pro|iortion 
to  thit  excess  is-ly  two  reii  s  iHTituzenj, 

On  bulk  pork,  p.  r  ton  of  i,00,  lbs.        .... 

tin  each  i.a,e  of  Cfinp^r  .-...- 

tin  each  liaic  of  colli-e      ...... 

On  e^ich  liox  of  suuir     ...... 

On  each  empty  lioj^^Iiead,  tierce,  bundle  of  chiirs,  buckets,  ftc. 

On  all  packages  of  nieri-liandi&e,  not  particularly  described  in 
the  fore^ouu  taiitf.  shall  be  ■  inr<ed  with  port  -r  whaifa.o 
duty  a^  near  as  may  lie  in  conf  irmi'y  with  the  provi\inns  of 
thi^ordinince,  and' on  the  scale  s|iecdied  'heiein,  to  wit:  at 
the  rale  of  three  t  eiils  tor  every  four  cubic  feet,— .^oi.  Ktl  J 


1212 
9 


IS 


There  were  in  this  city,  in  1830, 4  banks,  with  n  caiiilal  of  9,no0,000  ilollars.  exclusive  of  a  branrh  of  the 
Bank  of  the  United  States,  hiiving  a  capital  of  1,000,000  dollarti.  Tlie  afttireijale  iimoiint  of  divitlciids 
on  bank  stock  during  thnt  year  amounted  to  512,  lOt)  tlollars.  But  one  of  the  batiks,  having  a  capilal 
of  2,.'S(I0,(I00,  had  only  coniinenciMl ;  anil  as  the  whole  capital  <)f  nnoilior  hank  had  not  been  paid  up,  the 
dividend  was  really'  the  proiluce  of  a  capital  of  0,7.^0,000  dollars  ;  being  at  the  rate  of  H037  per  tent, 
thereon.  In  April,  18.15,  there  were  10  banks  in  the  city  h'lving  an  aggregnle  paid  up  capital  of 
26,122,145  dollars,  exclusive  of  abtuit  0,000,000  to  he  paid  in.  There  were,  in  InW,  6  insitrnnce  conipa- 
niea  in  the  city,  having  an  aptfregate  capital  of  2,400,000  ilnllars. — Slalemenl  by  J.  H.  Oodtlaril,  Ksq., 
JVcjo  York  Dailii  Mvertiser,  29th  of  January,  1831 ;  and  Letter  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  5th 
of  January,  1830.) 

For  Mutiien,  IVeights,  and  Measures,  see  New  York. 

NEWSP.\PERS.  Publications  in  numbers,  consisting  commonly  of  single  sheets,  and 
published  at  short  and  stated  intervals,  conveying  intelligence  of  passing  events. 

Importance  and  Value  of  Newspapers  in  a  Commercial  Point  of  View. — It  is  foreign 
to  the  purposes  of  this  work  to  consider  the  moral  anil  political  eflects  produced  by  news- 
papers :  of  the  extent  of  their  influence  there  is  no  doubt,  even  among  those  who  difler 
widely  as  to  its  eflect.  Their  utility  to  commerce  is,  however,  unquestionable.  The  adver- 
tisements they  circulate,  though  these  announcements  are  limited  in  Great  Britain  by  a  heavy 
duty,  the  variety  of  facts  and  information  they  contaiti  as  to  the  supply  and  demand  of  com- 
modities in  all  quarters  of  the  world,  their  prices,  and  the  regulations  by  which  they  are 
affected,  render  newspapers  indispensable  to  commercial  men,  supersede  a  great  mass  of 
epistolary  correspondence,  raise  merchants  in  remote  places  towards  an  equality,  in  point  of 
infortnation,  with  those  in  the  great  marts,  and  wontjerfully  iiuicUen  all  the  movements  of 
commerce.  But  newspapers  themselves  have  become  a  considerable  commercial  article  in 
Great  Britain.  In  the  year  1830,  the  produce  of  the  stamp  duty,  deducting  the  discount, 
levied  on  newspapers,  was  41(1,980/.  6.s,  67.  The  gross  produce  of  the  sale  must  have  been 
more  than  double  this  sum,  without  allowing  for  the  papers  sold  at  a  higher  price  than  Td. ; 
80  that  the  consumption  of  newspapers  must  have  amounted,  in  that  year,  to  nearly  1,000,000/. 
sterling. 

Newspapers,  in  London,  are  sold  by  the  publishers  to  newsmen  or  newsvenJers,  by  whom 
they  are  distributed  to  the  purchasers  in  town  and  country.  The  newsmen,  who  are  the 
retailers,  receive,  for  their  business  of  distribution,  a  regulated  allowance.  The  papers 
which  arc  sold  to  the  public  at  Id.,  which  form  the  great  mass  of  London  newspapers,  are 
Bold  to  the  newsmen  in  what  are  technically  called  quires.  Each  quire  consists  of  27  papers, 
and  is  sold  to  the  newsmen  for  13,s. ;  so  that  the  newsman's  gross  profit  on  27  papers  is  S,?. 
9</.  In  some  instances,  where  newspapers  are  sent  by  the  post,  i^d.  additional  on  each  paper 
is  charged  by  the  newsmen  to  their  country  customers.  Some  of  the  clerks  at  the  post-oflice, 
called  clerks  of  the  roads,  are  considerable  news-agents.  The  stamp  duty  on  a  newspaper 
is,  at  present,  nominally  \d. ;  but  a  discount  is  allowed  on  those  papers  which  are  sold  at  a 
price  not  exceeding  Id.,  of  20  per  cent.,  which  reduces  the  stamp  duty  actually  paid  to  3  \-hd. 
Each  paper  being  sold  to  the  newsman  at  a  little  less  than  .5^7,,  the  sum  which  is  received 
by  the  newspaper  proprietors  for  paper,  prititing,  and  the  expenses  of  their  establishinenis,  is 
a  small  fraction  more  than  2j(/.  for  each  copy.     Advertisements  form  a  considerable  source 


of  profit  ti 

could  not 

tinction  of 

wus  3,v,  6fl 

l.'),248/.  1 

sum  derive 

should  unt 

atlvcrtisem 

The  sum  r 

Ncwspai 

tioners  to  I 

advertiseini 

monthly;  I 

moderate  st 

The  Lon 

which  they 

racy  and  co 

pcnditure  at 

obtained  by 

of  4^  of  an  hi 

with  less  thi 

part  of  a  mo 

Jiegululions 
neivspaper,  m 
abode  of  the  f 
paper,  and  a  d 
paper  is  to  be  i 
The  act  .S9  r, 
presses,  shall  I 
types  or  presst 
A  printer  is  I 
and  last  sheet 
also  required  ti 
of  bis  cinployci 
Persons  piibl 
carried  before  t 
to  search  for  pr 
may  carry  theii 
The  I  Geo.  4. 
tne  2  days,  cont 
taining  more  th 
be  subject  to  th 

Influence  o 
the  stamp  lavt 
cannot  afford 
with  others,  ai 
that  arc  circuh 
I'Ut  it  may  be 
not  at  present 
papers  seem,  h 
the  free  and  of 
the  least  rcput 
unfrequently  m 
The  better  wa 
principle,  makii 
one  sold  at  "id,, 
vantages  would 
attaches  to  low- 
lageous  to  write 
seems  probable 
more  utterly  wc 
racfer ;  and  if  f 
apprehend,  intn 
jects,  which  is 
into  the  same 
treated  in  a  low- 
versant  with  its  l 
•■are  nothing  for 
not  occupy  a  pro 
daily  served  up  t 
proposed  system 
t2 


NEWSPAPERS. 


221 


M 


of  profit  to  ncwspapors ;  and  without  this  source,  some  of  the  most  widely  circulated  of  them 
could  not  support  their  great  expenditure.  E;uh  advertisement  is  now  charged,  without  dis- 
tinction of  length,  with  a  government  duty  of  l.v.  Gi/. ;  but  until  last  year  (1833),  the  duty 
was  S.v.  G(/.  In  183'^,  the  advertisements  produced  155,4UU/.  lti«.  in  Great  Britain,  and 
15,248/.  \7a.  Ad,  in  Ireland.  We  have  no  means  of  ascertaining  exactly  the  portion  of  this 
sum  derived  from  newspapers,  as  distinguished  from  other  publications,  but  we  believe  we 
should  under-estimate  it  by  taking  it  at  3-4th8  of  the  whole.  The  charges  of  newspapers  for 
advertisements  arc  proportioned  to  their  length,  and  to  tlie  character  of  the  newspajKir  itself. 
The  sum  received  for  them  may  now  be  taken,  inclusive  of  the  duty,  at  800,000/. 

Newspaper  stamps  are  obtained  at  the  Stump  Ollice,  where  the  paper  is  sent  by  the  sta- 
tioners  to  be  stamped.  The  stamps  are  paid  for  before  the  paper  is  returned.  The  duty  on 
advertisements,  which  is  also  under  the  management  of  the  commissioners  of  stamps,  is  paid 
monthly ;  and,  for  securing  these  payments,  the  printer  and  2  sureties  become  bound  in 
moderate  sums. 

The  London  newspapers  have  become  remarkable  for  the  great  mass  and  variety  of  matter 
which  they  contain,  the  rapidity  with  which  they  are  printed  and  circulated,  and  the  accu- 
racy and  copiousness  of  their  reports  of  debates.  These  results  are  obtained  by  a  large  ex- 
penditure and  considerable  division  of  labour.  I'he  reports  of  parliamentary  proceedings  are 
obtained  by  a  succession  of  able  and  intelligent  reporters,  who  relieve  each  other  at  intervals 
of  jf  of  an  hour,  or  occasionally  less.  A  newspaper  cannot  aim  at  copious  and  correct  reports 
with  less  than  10  reporters  for  the  House  of  Commons;  and  the  expense  of  that  particular 
part  of  a  morning  newspaper's  establishment  exceeds  3,000/.  per  annum. 

Rtffulutions  (IS  to  JVfirspnpers. — The  38  Oeo.  3.  o.  78.  enacts,  tlmt  no  person  shall  print  or  pnlilisli  a 
newspaper,  until  itn  attidiivit  lius  been  delivered  at  the  Stump  Olfice,  stittiiig  (lie  name  and  places  of 
abode  oi'  the  printer,  publisher,  and  proprietor  ;  specifying  tlie  amount  of  the  shares,  the  title  of  the 
paper,  and  a  description  of  the  liiiildin)'  in  which  it  ia  intended  to  be  printed.  A  copy  of  every  news- 
paper is  to  be  delivered  within  0  days,  to  the  commissioners  of  stamps,  under  a  penalty  of  Kin/. 

The  act  39  Oeo.  3.  c.79.  requires  that  the  niiine  of  every  printer,  type  founder,  and  maker  of  printing- 
presses,  shall  be  entered  witli  the  clerk  of  the  peace,  under  a  penalty  of  20{.  j  and  every  person  selling 
types  or  presses  must,  if  required  by  a  justice  of  the  peace,  state  to  whom  they  are  sold. 

A  printer  is  hound  to  print,  upon  "the  front  of  every  paRe  printed  on  one  side  only,  and  upon  the  firRt 
and  last  sheet  of  every  publication  containing  more  tlian  1  leaf,  his  name  anil  place  of  abode.  lie  is 
also  required  to  keep  a  copy  of  every  work  he  prints,  on  which  sliall  he  written  or  printed  the  name 
(if  Ills  employer ;  ami  shall  produce  the  same  to  any  justice,  if  required,  within  6  months. 

Persons  publishing  papers  without  the  name  and  abode  of  the  printer  may  be  r.pprehrndod,  and 
carried  before  a  magistrate  ;  and  a  peace  officer,  by  a  warrant  of  just  ice  of  peace,  n)ay  enter  any  place 
to  search  for  printing  presses  or  types  suspected  to  be  kept  without  the  notice  re(iuired  by  the  act,  and 
may  carry  them  off,  together  with  all  printed  papers  found  in  the  place. 

The  1  Geo.  4.  c.  i).  enacts,  that  all  periodical  pamphlets  or  papers,  published  at  intervals  not  exceed- 
ing 2  days,  containing  public  news,  intelligence,  or  occurrences,  or  any  remarks  thereon,  and  not  con- 
taining more  than  2  sheets,  or  published  for  less  price  than  6(<.,  shall  be  deemed  newspapers,  and  shall 
lie  subject  to  the  same  regulatiims  and  stamp  duties. 

Influence  of  the  Tax  on  Neu)S])apera. — At  present  it  is  impossible,  without  a  violation  of 
the  stamp  laws,  to  sell  newspapers  under  Id.  or  T^d. ;  so  that  those  poorer  persons,  who 
cannot  afford  so  large  a  sum,  or  who  have  no  means  of  getting  a  newspaper,  in  company 
with  others,  are  obliged  either  to  be  without  one,  or  to  resort  to  those  low  priced  journals 
that  arc  circulated  in  defiance  of  the  law.  It  has  been  proposed  to  reduce  the  duty  to  2d. ; 
hut  it  may  be  doubted  whether  this  would  be  any  improvement,  and  whether  the  duty  be 
not  at  present  sufficiently  low  on  a  paper  sold  at  7d.  or  upwards.  All  fixed  duties  on  news- 
papers seem,  however,  to  be  essentially  objectionable,  inasmuch  as,  by  effectually  hitidering 
the  free  and  open  circulation  of  the  cheaper  sort,  they  throw  their  supply  into  the  hands  of 
the  least  reputable  portion  of  the  community,  who  circulate  them  surreptitiously,  and  not 
unfrequently  make  them  vehicles  for  diffusing  doctrines  of  the  most  dangerous  tendency. 
The  better  way,  therefore,  would  be  to  assess  the  duty  on  newspapers  on  an  ad  valorem 
principle,  making  it,  in  all  cases,  ."jO  per  cent.,  that  is,  Gd.  on  a  newspaper  sold  at  1*.,  Id,  on 
one  sold  at  id,,  id.  on  one  sold  at  Id,,  and  so  on,  proportionally  to  the  price.  Several  ad- 
vantages would  result  from  such  a  plan.  It  would  remove  the  unjust  stigma  that  now 
attaches  to  low-priced  papers  ;  and  men  of  talent  and  principle  would  find  it  equally  advan- 
tageous to  write  in  them  as  in  those  of  a  higher  price.  Were  such  an  alteration  made,  it 
seems  probable  that  the  present  two-penny  papers,  than  which  nothingcan.be  conceived 
more  utterly  worthless,  would,  very  soon,  be  superseded  by  others  of  a  very  different  cha- 
racter ;  and  if  so,  the  change  would  be  in  the  highest  degree  beneficial.  It  would  also,  we 
apprehend,  introduce  into  newspaper  compiling,  that  division  of  labour,  or  rather  of  sul)- 
jects,  which  is  found  in  every  thing  else.  Instead  of  having  all  sorts  of  matters  crammed 
into  the  same  journal,  every  different  topic  of  considerable  interest  would  be  separately 
treated  in  a  low-priced  paper,  appropriated  to  it  only,  and  conducted  by  persons  fully  con- 
versant with  its  principles  and  details.  Under  the  present  omniverous  system,  individuals  who 
care  nothing  for  the  theatre  are,  notwithstanding,  unable  to  procure  a  paper  in  which  it  does 
not  occupy  a  prominent  place ;  and  those  who  cannot  distinguish  one  tune  from  another  have 
daily  served  up  to  them  long  dissertations  on  coticerts,  operas,  oratorios,  and  so  forth.  The 
proposed  system  would  give  the  power  of  selecting.  Those  who  preferred  an  olla  podrida 
t2 


I 

-4. 


I 


222 


NEAVSPAPERS. 


\ 


to  any  thitiR  eUe,  woiilil  lio  wiri-  of  fiiiditiR  an  iilniiidimt  «ii|>|>I.v  ;  wliilt!  IIiohp  who  wi^ihcd  for 
a  more  firlcct  rrninien — who  prcli'rrrtl  (iiie  or  two  (<(>|mrati!  diHlu'*  Id  n  multitude  liuddlcd 
togelhor — would  lie  ahle, — wliicli  at  prfsi'iil  tliry  ure  not, — to  Rrulify  their  timte.  IS'either 
can  there  be  much  doubt  that  nn  ad  vnhurm  duty  would  be  more  productive  than  the  pre- 
aent  duty  ;  inasmuch  as,  by  legitimatiHin;;  the  circulation  of  low-priced  paper*,  their  number 
would  lie  prodigiouHly  augmented.  It  bIho  would  have  the  advantage  of  being  euHy  of 
collection ;  for,  being  a  certain  portion  of  the  price,  no  question  could  arise  with  respect 
to  it. 

Instead,  however,  of  imposing  an  ud  valorem  duty  on  newspapers,  it  has  been  proposed  to 
repeal  the  duty  entirely,  and  to  substitute  in  its  stead  a  post-oltlcc  duty,  similar  to  that 
charged  in  the  United  States.  A  scheme  of  this  sort  would  entirely  exempt  all  newspapers 
printed  and  sold  in  large  towns  from  the  duty  ;  a  result  which,  we  confess,  we  do  not  think 
is  in  any  respect  desirable,  but  the  reverse.  In  our  view  of  the  matter,  the  object  ought  not 
to  be  to  relieve  newspapers  from  the  tax,  or  to  create  dilferenccs  in  their  price  by  charging  a 
duty  only  on  those  carried  by  post,  but  to  assess  the  duty  so  that  it  should  fall  equally  on 
them  all. 

Notices  of  Newspapers. — The  history  of  newspapers,  and  of  periodical  literature  in  gene- 
ral, remains  to  be  written ;  and  weru  the  task  executed  by  an  individual  of  com[ietent 
'  ability,  and  with  due  care,  it  would  be  a  most  interesting  and  important  work.  It  appears, 
from  the  researches  of  Mr.  Chalmers,  that  the  first  newspaper  pulilished  in  modern  Europe 
made  its  appearance  at  Venice,  in  153G  ;  but  the  jealousy  of  the  government  would  not  allow 
of  its  being  printed;  so  that,  for  many  years,  it  was  circulated  in  manuscript!  It  would 
seem  that  newspapers  were  first  issued  in  England  by  authority,  in  1588,  during  the  alarm 
occasioned  by  the  approach  of  the  Armada  to  our  shores  ;  in  order,  as  was  stated,  by  giving 
real  information,  to  allay  the  general  anxiety,  and  to  hinder  the  dii>semination  of  false  and 
exaggerated  statementa.  From  this  era,  newspapers,  of  one  sort  o  other,  have,  with  a  few 
intermissions,  generally  appeared  in  London  ;  sometimes  at  regular,  and  sometimes  at  irre- 
gular intervals.  During  the  civil  wars,  both  parties  had  thei:  m  wspapers.  The  earliest 
newspaper  published  in  Scotland  made  its  appearance  under  the  huspices  of  Cromwell,  in 
1652.  The  Caledonian  Mercury  was,  however,  the  first  of  the  Scotch  newspapers  of  native 
manufacture;  it  made  its  appearance  at  Edinburgh,  under  the  title  of  iV/ercurma  Caledonius, 
in  1660;  but  its  publication  was  soon  afterwards  hiterruptcd.  In  1715,  a  newspaper  was, 
for  the  first  time,  attempted  in  Glasgow. 

The  Daily  Courant,  the  firpt  of  the  daily  newspapers  piibliHhed  In  Great  Britain,  made  its  appearance 
at  London  in  the  early  part  or  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne.— (See  the  Life  vf  Ruddiman,  pp.  103—131.) 

From  the  Stamp  Otiice  Acrninitg,  it  appears  that  tbr  ncinher  of  newspapers  sold  annually  in  Eng- 
land, durins  the  S  years  ending  with  1733,  was  7,41)  'V-t  ;  in  1760,  g,4Ui,7t>0 •  in  I'UO,  14,035,639:  in 
1792,  15,005,760. 

I.  Account  of  the  Aggregate  Number  of  Stamps  issued  for  Newspapers  in  each  of  the  undermentioned 
Years  ;  distinguishing  the  Numbers  in  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland. 


Tan. 
1801 

England. 

Scotland. 

Great  Drilain. 

Yean. 

England. 

Scotland. 
850,816 

Great  Britain.  1     Ireland* 

15,090,805 

091,280 

16,085,085 

1817 

20.916,252 

21,797,063 

2,480,401 

1802 

14,204,289 

967.750 

15,232,039 

1818 

21,015,129 

1,018,900 

22,064,329 

2,651,212 

1803 

15,888,921 

1,060,210 

16,919,1.11 

1810 

21,901,834 

1,143,615 

23,048,449 

2,782,903 

1804 

16,921,708 

1,156,525 

18,078,293 

1S20 

25,177,127 

1,2.16,560 

26,413,687 

2,974,156 

1805 

17,610,069 

1,172,200 

18,782,269 

1821 

23,099,752 

1,162,434 

21,862,186 

2,931,037 

1806 

19,218,984 

1,313,709 

20,532,793 

1822 

22,709,159 

1,223,244 

23,932,403 

3,088,472 

1807 

20,097,602 

1,337,259 

21,434,861 

1823 

23,422,526 

1,217,739 

24,670,265 

3,339,492 

1808 

20,714,566 

1,343,925 

22,058,491 

1824 

21,556,660 

1,017,019 

25,573,909 

3,364,999 

1800 

22,5.W,331 

1,470,5.^2 

24,006,883 

182.5 

25,485,503 

1,405,191 

26,950,094 

3,500,482 

1810 

22,519,786 

1,459,775 

23,979,561 

1826 

25,681,003 

1,296,549 

26,980.552 

.1,473,014 

1811 

22.977,963 

1,443,750 

24,424,713 

1827 

25,863,499 

1,795,771 

27,659,270 

3,545,846 

1812 

23,719,000 

1,573,600 

25,292,600 

1828 

26,632,566 

2,162,643 

28,795,209 

3,790.272 

1813 

24.8.39,397 

1,503,221 

26,342,618 

1829 

26,337,006 

2,699,328 

29,036,334 

3,953,550 

1814 

24,931,910 

1,376,093 

26,308,003 

1830 

27,.S70.092 

3,1.13,988 

30,504,080 

4,0.15,314 

1815 

23,075,985 

1,.^09,523 

21,385,508 

1831 

30,170,093 

3,280,072 

33,450,165 

4,361,430 

1816 

21,053,627 

990,727 

22,050,354 

1832 

29,427,.'i80 

3,264,851 

32,692,431 

4,518,260 

1833 

27,690,929 

3,033,292 

30,724,221 

3,791,000 

1834 

27,552,829 

3,111,299 

30,664,128 

4,084,442 

1835 

28,490,569 

3,024,454 

31,515,023 

4,290,836 

*  Until  1817  no  distinct  account  was  kept  of  the  stamps  issued  for  newspapers  in  Ireland. 


II.  A  Returns 

howing  the  Number  of  Stamps  issued  for  London  Newspapers  during  the  undermen- 
tioned Years,  ending  with  1835. 

1825. 

1830. 

1831. 

1832. 

1833. 

1834. 

1835. 

16,910,086 

19,765,921 

22,048,509 

21,432,882 

20,247,325 

19,159,583 

19,417,826 

JVote. — As  ft  few  of  the  London  newspapers  are  supplied  with  stamps  through  stationers  (w,ho  also 
procure  stamps  for  the  provincial  newspapers),  the  total  number  of  stamps  issued  for  the  whole  of  the 
London  newspapers  cannot  be  furnished. 


Blackburn  A 

a 

Bnllon  Chmi 

Boston  0.iz«t 

Brighton  llri 

0.11 

Gui 

Briitol  Oizrt 

I  Joiirn 

j  Mirrti 

Merci 

Tirnm 

Buckf  Ciwif 

Herald 

Bury  Tost  ■ 

and  Slid 

and  Sutf 

I'.lintirian  - 

Clnil)ri,|geri 

Carliile  Journ 

fMm 

Carmirllicn  J 

I  Carmrvnn  Hu 

•Chelmsford    I 

llerild  . 
Chellenliim  C 
J( 
Cheater  Chron 
('onrj 
rheilerneid  G: 
Cnlrheiter  G.ij 
CornubUn  (I'a 
Cornwall  (iizc 

We. 

Coventry  Hera 

Merc 

County  Preii.  } 

Cumlierlin<l  Fi 

Derby  M*tcui) 

Reiwrte 

Devizes  Uazrili 

Uevon|iorl  'I'eli 

Ind, 

*l)evonihire  V\\ 

Journal,  aFi<t 

Doncaster  (i.ize 

Diirchea'er  Jour 

Donet  County  ( 

Durliani  Advert 

Chroni 

Euex  Standard 

Indenen  It 

Kleler  Flying  H( 

and  I'lyrn 

F.ilmoutli  Faiki; 

tflonreiter  Joun 

HaliTti  Kipre,, 

Guanh 
Himpahire  Adve 
lou  Herald 

Tele, 

Chro 

Hereford  Journal 

Timet 
Herts  Mercurv 
I  Hull  Packet 
I  Advertiwr 

Rockinjiian 
Muntingdnn  (iaze 
I  [piwich  Journal 
I  Kentiih  Chmnicli 
Gazette 
OlMerver 
Kent  Herald 
Uncaiter  Herald 
I  Gazette 

Leamington  .Spa  C 
•l-eedi  Intellijenc 
I Journal  - 

A'olf — Thii  returj 
b^  siationen,  who  p 
Toe  papers  marked 
name  the  stamps  are 
not  be  distinguished. 
»»•  We  eatraci  f" 
by  Mr.  Wool,  the  it 
joined  to  the  Part,  i 
teluru  given  above, 
not  be  much  depen.h 
ci'i  ill  the  accounts  c 
"Supposing,  howe 
of  the  book,  in  ihis 
■101  have  atfirded  ace 
papers.  Thecircum 
returns  must  bealiva 
"latbeiiuiaaceol 


NEWSPAPERS. 


III.  An  Aeenuiit  ihnwlng  the  Niinibpr  of  Ktiiiripii  limioil  to  cncli  nf  ih-  Provinrlal  N   w*|>!>fv-r«  In 
England,  in  the  Year  endinR  the  til  of  April,  Ih.I.I,  wIiIi  tlir  ilnly  on   tilvorllHi'iM''>>ii    ;<i>i<l  ht  Ih 
■mne  (luring  the  Year  ending  the  ftthof  Jaiiiiitry,  103,1— (/>ur/.  I'aiitra,  N<m.  'M*.  iitui  534  ^*».  WU> 


Indermen- 


11835. 


Title  of  Ntw ipapar. 

Numlier 
of 

Advertisement 

Slampi. 

Duly. 

L.    1.    A. 

Bilhllmld 

66,100 

411  12    0 

fhroiiicl*      . 

47,000 

428  16    0 

JourriAl 

66,1X10 

460  19    0 

>ml  Challenhun  Ouatt* 

6#,000 

487    7    6 

Bee,  Slaniforti 

13^000 

1.10  It    0 

ll(!ri(ihtr«  Chronicle 

S0,0S0 

23S  14    6 

Herwirlc  Atlvcrliwr 

17,000 

2.13  16    0 

Birniiii||luni  Uilelte  (Aril'i) 

ili.ixn 

l,H91  II     « 

Journal 

IIH.OOO 

638    2    6 

Blackburn  Airrrd   • 

1,040 

26    0    6 

0«elle 

4,000 

130    4    0 

BnUnn  Chmnicio    • 

40,000 

220    «    6 

Boston  Oarelte 

10,000 

178  13    6 

Brighton  ilrnli     • 

26,000 

482    •    6 

Uaulie    • 

41,000 

461  16    0 

Ouirdiin  • 

44,000 

392  17    6 

Brittol  Gazet'e 

25,000 

445  18    0 

Jouriia) 

86,000 

7M  11    6 

Mirror 

I07,IS0 

MM    9    6 

Mercury 

45,337 

281    1    0 

TiniM 

7,500 

47    8    6 

Buck!  (M»lie 

39,44H 

201  12    0 

llenM 

15,500 

160    6    0 

Bury  Poit  .... 

73,600 

461  13    0 

>ii(l  SutTnlk  Prm 

»,000 

31  10    0 

»nil  SulTolk  Herald      • 

19,000 

681     3    6 

('ainliriaii  .            .            .            - 

80,100 

481  15     0 

Cinitiri'tce  Chronicle 

6S,0i0 

173  12    0 

Carlisle  Journal 

66,0(10 

340  18    0 

Patri'it 

30,000 

2S15     1     6 

Carmarthen  Journal 

2.5,900 

219    5    6 

Carrnrvou  Herald  ■ 

19,000 

190    4    6 

>L'heliiisrnrd   Chronicle,  and   Enex 

Her  lid    .              .              .              . 

98,000 

559    6    0 

ChrMenham  Chronicle 

36.500 

M7    4    6 

Journal 

I3,0(i0 

234    6    6 

Cheater  Chronicle  • 

61,000 

5.19  10    6 

Con  rant     • 

4 '1,000 

490    3    6 

Chnterfleld  OaMtte 

2S,00) 

Colrhrsler  Gazette 

18,000 

232  II     6 

Corniibian  (I'alinouth) 

l-',000 

86  12    6 

Cornwall  (lazetle    • 

24,'W 

228    7    6 

We«t  Briton 

60,900 

293  16    6 

Coventry  Herald  and  Observer 

32,625 

244    0    6 

Mercury  • 

18,000 

274     1    0 

County  Press.  Hertford 

26,100 

193  18    0 

Cumberland  Packet 

25.000 

244  13    0 

Derby  Mcrcuiy 

48,000 

639  17    6 

Reporter 

40.2(10 

318    6    6 

Devizes  Oazetle      • 

32.100 

28li  13    0 

Uevonport  'I'elcxraph 

38,2 -.0 

375    0    6 

Independent 

6,000 

•  Devonshire  ('hrcmicte,  North  Devon 

Journal,  and  P.aeler  News 

21,950 

249    6    6 

Doncaster  (tazette  • 

76,000 

590  12    6 

Dnrches'er  Journal 

60.100 

324    9    0 

Donet  County  Chronicle     • 

47,750 

355  12    0 

Durham  Advertiser 

30,000 

319    4    0 

Chronicle 

27,000 

335    3    6 

Essex  Standard 

35,900 

251     2    6 

Indenenient • 

26,375 

91  14    0 

Klcter  Fl)  in»  Host  • 

and  Plymouth  Gazette 

4«,.500 

480  14    6 

75,225 

625    7    0 

1  Falmouth  Packet    - 

26,821 

169  11    6 

tilnucesler  Journal  • 

102,300 

816    4    0 

Halifax  Kipress     - 

21,500 

200  11    0 

Guardian   • 

8,500 

Hampshire  Advertiser,  or  Soulhamp. 

Ion  Herald 

60,000 

606  12    6 

Trlei;nph 

166,000 

801  10    0 

Chronicle 

67,2iO 

485  12    6 

Hereford  Journal    - 

7^425 

671  18    0 

Times     • 

3'),2M) 

120  11     6 

Herts  Mercury 

2A650 

218  18    6 

Hull  Packet 

29,000 

276  13    6 

Advertiser     ■ 

6«,K25 

644  12    0 

Rockingham  . 

35,000 

2tM  18    0 

Huntingdon  Gazette 

95,000 

647  10    0 

Ipswich  Journal 
Kentish  Chronicle  - 

100,000 

6l2    8    6 

12,000 

196    0    0 

Gazette      • 

78,000 

627    0    6 

Observer   - 

27,000 

31  17    0 

Kent  Herald 

66,000 

438    7    6 

Uucaster  Herald    • 

22.46t 

120  !1    6 

Gazette  - 

22,000 

194  12    0 

Leamington  Spa  Courier 

29,000 

303    9    0 

•I>reds  Intelligencer,  and  Newcutle 

Journal  •             .             .             . 

168,7,'.0 

1,027  19    0 

Title  ot  Newspeper. 


I.eedi  Times 

Mercury     •  •  • 

Patriot 
Leicester  Cbronicl* 
Herald     • 

Journal  .  •  - 

Lincoln  Herald 
Lincolnshire  (Chronicle 
I.itchlield  Mercury 
Liverpool  Courier 
Albion  • 

Mercantile  Advertiser     * 
General  Advertiser 
Mercury 

Satunlay  Advertiser 
Chronicle 
Journal 
Standard 
Times   ■ 
Macclesfield  t^ourier 
.\laids(une  (it/etle  ■ 

Journal 
Manchester  'I'lmes 

("hronicle 
(fuardiaii 

and  Salionl  Advertiser  • 
*  Courier,  and   Manches 
ter  Herald 
Merthyr  Guanlian 
Monmouthshire  Merlin      * 
Newcastle  t'hronicle 
Newcastle  utmn-Tyne  Mercury 
Newcas'le  Courant 
Norfolk  Ctirnnicle 

lleraM  and  East  Anglian 
Norwich  Mercury 
Nortliauiptun  M(;rcury 
Free  Press 
Herald 
Northumberland  Advertiser 
Nurth  Devon  Advertiser 
Wales  Chronicle 
Nottingham  Journal 
Rf-virtw 

and  Newark  Mercury 
Oxford  Herald 
Journal 
Plymouth  Herald    - 

and  Devonport  Journal 
Portsmouth  Herald 
Preston  Chronicle 

Pilot 
Reading  Mercury  • 
llTchester  Gazette  ■ 
Salisbury  Journal  • 
Silopian  Journal    - 
Sheffield  lnde|)endenl 
Courant  - 
Mercury 
Iris 
Sherborne  Mercury 
Shrewsbury  Chronicle 
Staffordshire  Mercury 

Advertiser 
Stamford  News     . 
Mercury 
Stockport  Advertiser 
SulTolk  Chrimicle  - 
Sunderland  Herald 
Sussex  Advertiser  • 
Taunton  Courier    • 
Wakefield  and  Halifax  Journal 
Warwick  General  Advertiser 
Welshman,  The     • 
Western  Luminary  (Eieter) 
Tiniea  (Bieler)     • 
Westmoreland  Advertiser  • 

Gazette 
Whitehaven  Herald 
Wiltshire  Standard 
Windsor  Express  - 
Wolverhampton  Chronicle 
Worcester  Journal 
Herald  • 
York  Chronicle 

•  Herald  and  York  Counnt 
Yorkshire  Gazette  • 

Racing  C.alendar 


Number 

of 
Btamtit. 


2,100 
311,0110 

n,o.  0 

43,40J 

4,075 
89,,.00 
ll,i;25 
2U,IX)0 

«,7iiO 
0 1,500 
85,01X) 
27,';.'* 
41»,-«l 
172,  lOO 
10,  00 
2 ',000 

;7.u(K) 

37,1100 
42,0>M 
87,1  I'M 
42..500 
62,Ua0 
I8i,il0 
47,^.50 
1 82.0(10 
1511,033 

112.31)0 
lO.ioO 

34,!K)IJ 
121,1(10 

;ij,5  0 

1  dl,n5 

i)ti,l»  0 
/tl.iOO 
86,01,0 
114.'  tK) 
2i.)00 
36.(IU0 
\X'-M 
ll,5U0 
17,TliO 
4>,(XI0 
70,M)0 
44.IXX) 
4b,lO0 

117,500 
■2ti,;it<) 
18  500 
65,.'i'  0 
29,')00 
21,000 

114,700 
3,1.00 

150,000 
66,000 

3i,aoo 

23,500 
37,2 .0 
25,' 00 
47.0  0 
93,700 
15,'iOO 

135,000 
52,500 

272,500 
34,736 
8101^0 
19,000 
6'',80O 
22,000 
26,300 
60,1X10 
29,900 
31,500 
4ti,000 
12,000 
1,1,000 
22,000 
2400 
34,500 
41,100 
60,000 
73,(H» 
16.000 
120,000 
72,500 
5,150 


Advefttsenie' 
h.     ,.     *■' 


l,4f'3  17 

» 

177   12 

6 

2114  15 

6 

HO    .1 

0 

580     6 

0 

142  16 

0 

25  14 

6 

747    5 

0 

1,261     4 

6 

1,7:10  15 

0 

1,276     9 

0 

3-2  18 

II 

5(il    II 

6 

353  13 

6 

615    0 

6 

2r>  15 

0 

431)  13 

6 

4:1s  14 

6 

3  IS  11 

6 

614    7 

6 

Lini     1 

6 

604  II 

0 

868    7    0 


28-,  n 

6^2    6 

>>  U 


1,217  l;l    0 


9  9  HI 

6 

2<ll   14 

6 

1)12  16 

0 

818  IS 

6 

201    i."> 

6 

3114  1  ) 

6 

12 1  16 

6 

81     4 

0 

2  0    2 

0 

414  13 

6 

3  5  18 

0 

274  II 

6 

364  17 

6 

877  16 

0 

2-2    2 

0 

210  17 

6 

316    0 

0 

225  11 

6 

176  18 

6 

667     5 

6 

57  18 

6 

1,070  16 

6 

619    3 

0 

257    8 

6 

211   15 

0 

334     1 

6 

291     8 

0 

371   14 

U 

6i-2    3 

U 

I-.4  10 

6 

719  12 

0 

1S3     1 

0 

1,509    7 

B 

197  13 

U 

663     1 

6 

ai6  7 

0 

577    6 

6 

267    4 

6 

I6'<  11 

0 

409  13 

6 

128    2 

0 

220    3 

0 

287    7 

0 

103    6 

0 

99    4 

6 

200    0 

6 

270  10 

0 

408    9 

0 

666     1 

0 

698    e 

6 

93    5 

6 

935  14 

6 

643    C 

6 

19    6 

0 

iVoIe.—Thii  return  ii  founded  upon  penodicil  accoiintt  renilered 
br  slatiunert,  who  procure  (he  stampt  At  thit  nfiice  for  newipapen. 
Tbe  pApers  marked  thus  *  being  the  properly  of  I  pennn,  in  whose 
nuiie  the  tt:imt}S  are  taken  out,  the  number  used  for  each  paper  cau> 
Dot  be  distinifutshed. 

*4*  We  extract  the  rollowiu;  important  paragraph  from  a  note 
by  Mr,  Woor],  the  intcllifcent  chairman  of  the  Board  of  Stamps,  sub* 
jDined  to  the  ParU  Paper^  No.  75S.  Sesn.  1833.  It  shows  that  the 
return  given  above,  of  the  circulation  of  country  newspapers,  can- 
not bR  much  depenJed  upon.  Uf  course,  there  are  no  such  inaccura* 
riei  in  the  accounts  of  advertiaemealt : — 

'*  Supposing,  however,  that  the  returns  had  been  correct  tnnscripti 
of  the  bonk*  in  'his  office,  it  is  worthy  of  remark  that  they  would 
lint  hive  atli)rde>l  accurate  inforniattou  as  to  the  circul.iliou  uf  newt- 
pipers.  The  circumitances  hereinafter  detailed  will  show  that  such 
returns  muit  be  always  incomplete  and  fallacious. 

"  la  the  instaace  of  the  Loimod  aewspaper«|  the  account  may  ap> 


proach  to  toleral>le  correctness,  as  the  stamps  are  usually  obtained 
by  the  parties  directly  from  this  office;  but  it  may  be  observed  that 
tl^ete  papers  borrow  from  each  other,  and  we  h.ive  alio  reason  to  be- 
lieve that  af^ents  of  country  papers  have  been  induced  by  London 
printers  to  take  out  stamps  in  the  ainie  of  the  latter  which  were  in- 
tended for  country  use  ;  so  that,  even  with  regard  to  the  London  pa- 
pers, perfect  accuracy  cannot  be  attained. 

"  But  in  the  case  of  country  papers,  still  less  reliance  can  be  placed 
nn  these  accounts.  The  supply  of  stamps  (o  country  papers  is  effect- 
ed throuif^h  lx>nilon  stationers  and  paper-makers,  and  sometimes  also 
through  country  stationers.  Theiie  persons  take  out  Urge  quantltiee 
of  stanipo,  and  furnish  them,  from  time  to  time,  to  the  re!<pective 
new8|>apersas  rei}uired.  U  is  only  from  (he  returns  miide  by  those 
stationers  that  (he  number  of  stamps  obtained  by  each  country  paper 
are  known  at  (his  office.  The  stationers  are  bound  to  make  these 
returns,  iHit  in  ceneral  they  furnish  them  with  much  reluctance  anu 
irregularity,  and  frequently  omit  them  altogether.    It  is  well  knowa 


I 


224 


NEWSPAPERS. 


that  fh«  BoanI  htr*  nn  nwliit  of  JahM'ttM  or  puniihini  vny  mi«- 
•utrtnrnl,  *ii<l   K  In  thrrcfnrr  bfli«v«il  tfial,  tv«n  when  furoithfil, 

litlla  rr<ir<t  it  p»i  I  'o  imirtry, 

*'  TliM  iriHil'la  nrruionrfl  a)  thivnlHrit  oiiKht  not  lo  ha  a  i-dinrlrni- 
liriM,  ir  (he  rrrurii*  Mrr«  rr.illy  .1  ttiurreor  it^ful  in«l  authrolic  in 
|(>rni4linn.     Hut  Iha  |tracrJiiit(  obarrvaliotia  thnw  ih^f  no  iitafut  r«- 

IV.  A  Return  of  ihe  Numlier  of  Hlftrnpi  Imtied  by  tlu'  Hliimp  Offlrp,  for  Ihu  foMowlnR  Londor*  Nowi- 

imperH,  tn  tho  V«iir«  \tiXU  1h:h.  and  1H35. 


nilti  aria* ;  on  Ihf  'v^ntrary,  auch  rtlurna  neraaton  tocllnt  fnwplainU 
fnim  |»rr*iirt  wluwi  rircuUthin  li  tjutjar-ratttl,  aul  nn  whom  piwilivt 
injury  «•  Ihut  inrtirtp.l. 

•'  It  It,  Dirrrfnrr.  worthy  of  conalJcratioa  wh«llMr  ahuilar  r«liirna 
thouU  lu  tulurt  U  allowml.  "  J.  W.'' 


TIIlM  o(  Nawiptiwn. 

l«13. 
WI.Wi) 

IN34. 

int. 

Tllleaof  Newipapen. 

1(133. 

1 

not. 

IHA. 

An    . 

Alhlnn  and  Star 

SIO,VIII 

Milling  Journal 

. 

. 

H),I76 

KM.UNi 

20i,uno 

2'il.iJllil 

Maiiiri|ial  Corporation  Hi>- 

Ailt 

IJI.MK) 

130,100 

l/Wl.WK) 

former 

• 

' 

6M 

Ili'll'i  Wrik'y  Mwi.'tiirr     . 

ftHi.VK) 

bi\,m) 

6D1.OUO 

Newl 

108,000 

04,SdO 

3ll,7>0 

flriii'i  Monthly  l.ilcrtry  Ail- 
v^^lin•^ 

iii6,auo 

i.,i,'m 

273,000 

and  Sunday  Herald 

. 

• 

72,000 

Nicholaon'a  Commercial  lla^ 

9,m 

U,S7» 

13,000 

icllr 

34,300 

80,175 

23,500 

V.imnrr 

U'l.aiio 

Sbit.ouo 

4l^l,'i(W 

New  Court  Journal  • 

4,»')U 

Cuurjiv   ChroulcUi    County 

(ilnirrvrr,  llill  iLifaioI/iadun 

• 

619,000 

923,825 

Itirilil 

l3<,ltCU 

130,000 

125,000 

1  lid  Knilaud  • 

23,700 

Court  Jnurnal :    Nnvtl   ijm) 

t'nlled   Service 

Milil.iry  U>7f'll«    • 

MK.OO 

122.6^ 

107,535 

Gaaell*      ■ 

39,000 

107,100 

Cliiittiin  A<lvMcnle    ■ 

74,iU0 

77,DU 

HU,300 

United    Service 

tcipi.rii'i   MVtkly  Fulilkal 

Giielte  k  Kurrey  ijlandanl 

. 

1(16,000 

Hi-Kiiler 

WW 

56.1M 

611,000 

I'alriot 

99,500 

130,000 

133,^00 

riini  TrajB  CircuUr 

3.M> 

1,0(10 

I'erry'i  Bankrupt  and  Iniol- 

t'irrular  In  R.iiikt'n  . 

U.onn 

li,»SO 

15,200 

vent  Gazrite 

13,295 

13,594 

I6,19'> 

CniirM*  (if  llie  Kli'haii|e 

xim 

1  MO 

300 

I'uhlic  Ledger 

> 

. 

1.14,5('0 

KLiiiiiiirr 

2li,lbJ 

l7li,M« 

178,450 

HrronI 

254,250 

262.100 

»>6,(K<I 

I'liiAnrt.il    and    CouiniercUl 

Haoiim  Calrnil.ir 

26,IUA 

23,(»0 

27,276 

HfrnnI 

3,fi10 

1,920 

S,g«« 

Slaii'lard;  .St.  Jamei'i  rhm- 

OInhf  and  Travfllfr  ■ 

l,09i,000 

IgOlfigOUO 

615,000 

njcic ;     London    Tackrt; 

Guanlian  and  I'nhlic  f^dKcr  ; 

{..ondon  Weekly  Journal  • 

1, '.00.000 

1,457,368 

l,6S0,5fC 

Briliili  Traveller;  Werkly 

Sun     .... 

001,500 

M(I,(XW 

7tW,S0(l 

Tiniei 

130,500 

Sunday  Tiniei;    Euez  and 

Onanlim  and  I'ldilir  Lrdcrr 

C7,(XiO 

Heria  Mercury 

38.5,1100 

385,000 

3)0,000 

General  Advi-rtiier  fur  Tuwn 

Timet 

• 

>          • 

25,000 

and  Cruinlry 

. 

115,000 

05,050 

llenld   awl  .Merle'i 

John  Mull 

26^,000 

2tM,732 

240,5911 

Werklv  HMliler   • 
Herald 

2*,000 

IjouJun  (Vizftte 

lij.om 

1*1,000 

140,000 

27,000 

Mcrrarilile  Journal  ■ 

lil,003 

29,3tli 

16,030 

Herald    and    I'ailed 

^!l•^^anljle       Prices 

Klntdoni    ■ 

• 

I2!).707 

44,7U 

CurrenI  ("  rriceV'l 

4,t00 

l,S0O 

2,230 

Spectator 

103,233 

101,300 

Niiv  Fricet  Current 

S|*ctaIor ;    Municipal   Cor 

("  Nichnlnni")     • 

14,(131 

3,727 

06 

poration  Rcfurmer 

• 

63,000 

I.ilernry  (i.i/fMe        • 

Sii,^^) 

30,700 

2«,47-. 

Spectator 

. 

• 

60.0(10 

lawChronicle;  [<awGazetle 

e,ow 

8,8W 

5,1^3 

Saliriat 

136,000 

293,5311 

11)3,500 

Mnrninif  Advertiai-r  • 

1,173,000 

I,l6l,b00 

1,320,250 

Timet ;  Evening  Mail 

3,671,491 

3,386.499 

2,744,994 

<"hronkle;  Obwrv. 

True  Sun;  Weekly  True  Sun 

631,000 

6W,500 

009,600 

en     Endishn^ani     Boll'i 

Town 

4»,6* 

IH,3i& 

Life  ill  l/iiid<in 

1,569,392 

721,997 

Truth 

6,('«) 

Chronicle    . 

33g,i00 

Trade  Lilt     • 

. 

•         • 

4,000 

Chronicle;  Evening 

United  Kinitdom 

173,500 

ChronicI"   • 

, 

. 

l,a58,S00 

Uiiivenal  Corn  Reporter 

ll,UVO 

9,075 

6,603 

Herald;      Engliih 

Weekly  l)i>|.atch      - 

1,515,(142 

1,434,168 

l,S32,C00 

Chronicle   • 

2,«)2,000 

2,612,007 

2,219,000 

I)iapalch(TheNeu') 

20,5»0 

Fnit 

673,000 

727,000 

68t<,000 

Ditjiatch  i      Britiih 

Newt    and   Public 

Liberator   . 

•         • 

64,966 

Udpir 

. 

1M,600 

Ditpatch ;      Briliih 

Mark   l^ne   Eaprai;  New 

and  American  Inlelligeuccr 

•        ■ 

16,200 

FarmerV  Journal   > 

60,960 

6S,4M) 

60,100 

Watchman    • 

• 

• 

123,600 

.V.  B.  The  foreroin^  are  all  4  d.  itampt,  with  the  eiceplion  of  the  General  Adverliier  for  Town  and  Country,  and  Bent't  Monthly  Lite- 
rary  Advertiser,  which  are  2  d. 

Where  2  or  nitire  piperi  appear  together,  they  were  puhliiheil  by  one  and  the  ume  party,  in  whote  namn  Ihe  atawpt  were  taken  ouL 
The  number  furiiiahe,!  for  each  paper  could  not,  therefore,  be  diatiosuithed. 

V.  An  Account  of  the  Sums  paid  liy  the  Publishers  ofthe  rollowing  London  Newspapers,  for  the  Duty 
on  Advertisements  in  the  Years  1833,  1834,  and  183S. 


Title  of  l-aper. 

1833. 

1834. 

1836.     1 

Title  of  Paper. 

1833, 

1834.             1835. 

L.      a.  d. 

L.      1.  d. 

L.      1. 

d. 

/..      t.  d. 

/..      ».  d.      L.     I.  d. 

Albion     • 

584    0    0 

349    7    0 

337  18 

0 

Morning  Chronicle 

2,389    0    6 

1,627  16    6  3,100    5    U 

4C0  II     0 

230  15    6 

425    3 

6 

Ne»s    . 

- 

600    9    61 

Atlas 

390    6    0 

249     1     6 

243    4 

6 

Herald  ■ 

6,916  14    0 

4,470    3    0  4,704    0    0 

Bell's  Life  in  London      • 

1S>3    9    6 

109  10    0 

150  16 

6 

Poat       - 

4,218  16    6 

2,5f2    4    6  3,075  IS    0 

Briliih  Literator. 

39    9    6 

1    2    6 

Naval  &  Military  Gaulle 

96    3    0 

1»3  12    0 

214  11     6 

Traveller- 

204  18    ti 

News       . 

171  18    6 

108  18    0 

96    9    0 

anl  American  In. 

New  Court  Journal 

41     2    6 

, 

36  13    6 

tellifrencer 

• 

, 

12    1 

6 

Farmers'  Jourail 

8    8    6 

3  16    6 

Champion 

■ 

17    6    6 

Weekly  Dispatch  • 

. 

102  12    6 

20    8    0 

Christian  Advocate 

124    3    6 

69  12    6 

66  IS 

0 

Weekly  .Meseenger- 

168  IS    6 

UK  11     6 

139    7    0 

Cobbett's  Be«istcr 

26  10    6 

16  19    0 

9  18 

0 

Observer  - 

501     1    0 

293  12    6 

338    2    0 

Commercial  Gazette 

7    4    6 

9  12    0 

e  12 

0 

Old  England 

«6    3    6 

70    6    6 

69    9    6 

Record 

14  14    6 

9    9    0 

7    4 

0 

Patriot      ■ 

201    6    0 

130    1    0 

158    0    6 

County  Chronicle 

470    0    6 

244     1    0 

245    6 

6 

Public  Ledger     . 

1,607    4    0 

Herald     ■ 

1S8    9    0 

114    0    0 

122  IS 

6 

R.icini  Calendar  ■ 
Record     - 

102    4    6 

S8    9    Si      56  12    6 

Courier    ■ 

1,8(32    0    6 

1,156    8    6 

1,248  19 

6 

613    2    0 

402  19    01     434    5    0 

Court  Jnurnal 

339    1    0 

223    5    6 

224  11 

0 

.Satirist     - 

238    8    6 

178  10    o:     244  14    6 

Courtw  of  the  Eichange  - 

1     1    0 

1  16    0 

0  16 

6 

.Saint  James's  Chronicle  . 

600  17    6 

40O  19    0;    362  12    6 

Eni(lishman 

26  12    6 

7  14    6 

Spectator  • 

311     9    0 

1^3    4    6      237  10    61 

Enjliah  Chronicle 

24  17    6 

24  12    0 

39  13 

6 

Standard  - 

1,103  12    0 

823  11    6   1,133    9    el 

Evening  Chronicle 

. 

■ 

71  II 

0 

Surrey  Standard  - 

• 

. 

26    6    6 

Mail      ■ 

82  17    6 

62    6    6 

74    S 

6 

Stock  Lilt 

1  17    6 

0  16    6 

0  18    0 

Eiaminer 

315    7    0 

205  14    6 

216  18 

0 

Sun 

706  10    0 

444    7    6 

660  19    6 

General  Advertiser 

348    1    6 

748  11 

6 

Sunday  Herald     - 

18  11    0 

345  19    6 

20    0    0 

Globe  and  Traveller 

1,648    16 

1,096  16    0 

1,076    9 

6 

Times     - 

649  19    0 

356  17    0 

358    5    6 

Guardian  k  Public  Ledfter 

2,573  17    6 

763  19    0 

Timet 

12,555    1    6 

8,620  17    6  7,946   2   Ol 

Herts  and  Essei  Mercury 

2>2    8    0 

149    6    0 

126    0 

0 

Town 

106    9    0 

94    6    6 

John  Bull ' 

690  13    U 

382    7    0 

419  18 

6 

and  Country  Ad- 

law Chronicle    ■ 

0    1    6 

0  19    6 

0  12 

0 

vertiser 

Lilenry  Advertiwr 

118  16    0 

76  11    6 

85  13 

0 

True  Sun  - 

840    9    6 

278  11    0 

93  16   6 

Cizetle 

323  18    6 

219    0    0 

218    5 

0 

l'nite<l  Kingdom  - 

Service  Gazette    . 

257    0    6 

203  14    0 

London  Gnzelle 

649    8    0 

367  17    6 

371  14 

0 

61  IS    6 

74  II    0 

40  16   0 

Journal 

26  11    6 

14  12    6 

IS  12 

0 

Universal  Corn  Reporter 

n  17    0 

2  12    6 

2    9   6 

Mercanfise  Journal 

5  11    6 

6  18    0 

Weekly  True  Sun 

113    9    6 

125  14    0 

42  13   6 

Packet       - 

16    3    6 

10  13    0 

6  11 

0 

Disjiatch 

651  17    6 

399  18    0 

.'J63    7    6 

Mirk  lAne  Eipmt 

51  19    6 

33  12    0 

90  10 

6 

Messenger 

447    2    0 

307  19    0 

278    3    6 

Merle's  Weekly  Register 
-Mininf  Journal    • 

75    8    6 

Timet    . 

202  16    6 

. 

20    5 

0 

World      . 

30    9    0 

Morning  Advertiser 

4,564    8"  0 

2,795    3    6 

2,<M4  12 

0 

Watchman 

• 

110  12    6 

W,-/», 


''hfisti 
Uuliiiii 


Kvi'iii 

KvtMII 

Dull  J  /' 
Murntiij 
MofiMtfy 

(JiMi'rvi- 
I'iUit  . 

I'wcofil 

HillrlHt 
■■^iiiiidrra 
'^'''witrl'i 
I'lHlcil  Hi 
Wiirder 
W'fultly  J, 


C. 
.trim  : 
•'.'"irust 

Nnrliici 
(itiiinliii 
N'>rili(!r 

Atllllllli!  III! 

Alliliiiie 

VVl'HtlMC 

t'lirli : 

Coric  Coi 

Kv( 

«        «i'ii 

I^i'npltj'B 

„  Mercmiii 

Jliillysliiii 
Uoivti : 
Netvry  T 

E 

Broffliudii : 

l>fogliuila 

''"(■riniinnirh  a 
l^iiniskilii; 
I'ii|iiirii:i| 
KiiniHicilii, 

(Jul Way  : 

''"iitiaiigli 
<Jdl »vny  \\ 


VII.  All  Accoui 


jVears  end.  I 

'"<jih..f  I 
Jinuary. 


181 1 
1112 
Mi 

IHU 
l.flS 

iKii; 

I"!? 
ISM 

ISIS 
ISW 

li.'l 

I'i.'-i 

lv.'3 

IUJI 

I -,'3 

IS.'S 

I.SJ7 

18^8 

U13 

I8.1II 
IN3I 
IS.I2 
1833 
IH3I 
IN3.3 


En 

I. 

328,4 
S3-. 
3|-.,iii 
mi  i- 
33.1,  ■ 
3'i3,4J 

•IK)  8:j 

;+49,lil 
3ioi-i 
355,(18 
419  61 

37-i4H 
3.')(|  :t7.: 

iny  ■i-t\ 
4.'>,l.-,| 

4'.'S  6JS 
4.11.7)8 
431687 
4'K>.97a 
S(«.S97 
4!)0.4.5| 
451.457 
458,U33 
473,910 


NKWSPAPKRS. 


Ui 


▼l."»Al*  Account  nt  Itin  Niimlicr  of  Hiiinip*  imiiifiil  ici  rnrli  Ni>wi<|if(|ii<r  In  1ri-tntil1,  fi-pp^rllvi'ly,  (Vam 
MkeAlhiir  Jitiiiiiiry,  l>4:i^,  In  lh«  Mh  of  JHi.tisry,  inSll.— (fiiW.  /'«f»r,  No.  I  |A,  Hmm.  I^,'1•l ) 


44,7» 


4,000 


i«,'2oa 

I23,M0| 
nlhly  Lite- 
I  taken  out. 


1835. 


1,100 


I.  d. 
6   U| 


4,704    0 

3,075  15 

214  II 

06    9 


3*i  13    6 


90 
139 
338 

69 

158 
1,607 

56  12 

434    5 

244  14 

362  12 

237  10 

11.133    9  , 

26    6  6 

0  18  0 

660  19  6 

20    0  01 

.    35fl    5  6 

1 7,946    2  0 


93  16   « 

40  |6   0 
2    9    " 

42  13 
363   7    61 
278   3   6 


no  12    6l 


No.  or 

— ^ 

N r 

Tllln  nf  N«wi|iip<K 

.Hkiiiii 
IhiiiJ. 

Tillo  lit  Niwi|w|iir, 
CouHlrn  A'«ie(t|i(jperi— continued. 

MlllilH 
|.>urj. 

Dublin  ^eirspaptrt. 

riiristian  .liiiirniil 

n,,M)n 

(inlwiiy  ; 

Duliliii  Kvi'iiliiK  Mull 

4'il,tfJI 

ralrlot  -         •        ■        . 

. 

I4,7t3 

Kvcniiig  I'oit 

jni.diMi 

IriHiinian       .        .        - 

. 

1,100 

NU/.)!tl(1    ■ 

li.nno 

K«rry ; 

M(»rn«..,i||i.  AilvcrtUnr 

t7,ft(NI 

Kirry  Fvi-nlng  Po»t     - 

. 

0.025 

Kvinii'  K  I'lirknt 

MJ,.V1(1 

WfHii'rn  lli'rnid    - 

. 

5.IHH) 

Kif^ni    u  I'rni'iiinn      - 

5:t,,i(i(i 

'rrnici-  .Mi'fi  iiry     - 

- 

I'i.lOO 

I»iiii\   /'reiMii  in  - 

l().'>,r>oo 

Kllki'iiiiy  II ml  Carlow  : 

M>^rniMK  lli'KmtRr 

3I7,0IKI 

Kllki  nil)'  .liMiriial 

. 

IH.H.-iO 

Mooii(.y'i  Circular    - 

3,.Mm 

.M.iilcrtttor     . 

. 

22,1.50 

OiMcrviT   -        -       - 

l(M),tlil7 

('arlow  Miiriiiiig  I'oit  . 

. 

l,.V» 

I'lU.l  -        -        .        . 

l.')-i,(M)(l 

Hcnlliii'l    . 

• 

15,050 

Kitrinff  Culnndar 

l,'^lll 

Kinu'M  iiiiil  (iui'cn'H  Coiinliui 

: 

Hm'onl 

9M,.'1 10 

1,1,'liii'liir  lIxprcHU  - 

. 

2i,0.5n 

H.itlriHt       ... 

«itt,;(w 

liiilfpi'iident  - 

.        . 

17, has 

S.iiiiiili'm'N  Nowi  I.ttttcr 

41 1,(HM) 

l.iiiicrli  k  mill  Cliiri' : 

Hiiiwiirl'H  Diaimtrh   . 

4ll.'ill 

Limerick  ('hrnnliln 

. 

171.100 

I'li-ticil  pttirvlcu  Jiiiiriiul 

9ll,8.(.1 

Wiiir  iiimI  Rvi'iiinii 

Pint  - 

40,0(10 

W.iriliT      - 

Km.tMi 

Kvi'iiliig  lli;rald 

- 

»,  l.'iM 

Wt'ukly  rrvcmun 

.        -        . 

10 1.0(1(1 

'I'liiiei    - 

. 

lf<,!l75 

r|:ire  .Toiiriiiil 

. 

1I,4H4 

3,3U!),3Ui 

I.iiniliintlcrry  : 

Country  M'tvupantrn. 

Londonderry  Hpntlnel  . 

. 

51.700 

.trim  : 

Journat  . 

. 

20, lUO 

;;Mll»iit  ('ommiTclnl  Chronicle      - 

isn.nno 

Mayo: 

lliilllna  Impartial  . 

Ni'WH  I.eitor 

. 

114,000 

. 

6.120 

Nnrlhcrn  Whig    - 

... 

«H„')50 

Mayo  Ciiiislltiition 

. 

H»,7.55 

(iniirdiaii 

... 

BO,,'i-iS 

'I'l'lcuriiph   - 

. 

81,023 

N(irili<>rri  Ituralil  - 

-        -        . 

5l,h'J3 

Wcslcrii  Star 

. 

7'» 

Athimii!  mill  VVi^Mlineath 

I.oniiruril  and  KoHroniinon  : 

Athliint*  liiili'peiiilunt 

- 

S.flM 

lto8COIIimOII  (iil'/.l'ltl!        . 

. 

6,875 

Hi'iilliicl  - 

... 

9,100 

Journal     . 

. 

o,:iiu 

WcHtincnlU  Uuitrilian 

... 

6,a07 

HIign; 

Cork : 

Sllgo  Jnnrnul 

. 

7,075 

Cork  OonRtitntinn 

... 

150,075 

Tippi-rary  : 

KvHninK  llnrnlil 

... 

5H,:<00 

Clonimell  Advcrtiurr     . 

. 

1S,!),10 

•Siiiithi^rn  Uvporlur 

lH!t,:00 

Ili'rald  . 

. 

7,>>50 

P('o|ili;'«  I'rcHS 

.        .        - 

U,028 

Tlppcrary  Tree  Press  - 

. 

2'.l,7.0« 

MHrcaiiiile  Chronicle 

-        .        . 

3U,U01 

CoiiHtltntioii 

. 

6,000 

Donegal : 

Tyrone  : 

Ilallyslmnnoii  Herald 

... 

7,185 

rtiralinne  Mnrniiig  Post 

. 

4,324 

Down : 

Watcrfiird  : 

Newry  Telflgraph 

... 

62,650 

Waterford  ("hroniclo    - 

- 

42,0.')0 

Exuininer 

... 

50,311 

Mirror 

- 

21,000 

DroKhiuIa : 

Mail    .        - 

. 

32,575 

Uroghuila  Jniirnnl 

... 

25,218 

Wexford : 

Argus    - 

.        .        - 

4,345 

Wexford  Frennian 

. 

io,.5no 

Fcrinannirh  and  (^avan  : 

Independent  - 

. 

33,000 

Kniiixkillun  ('hroniclo 

... 

0,650 

Conservaiivo 

. 

'J  1,025 

Iii|iarii:il  |{i!portur 

-        .        . 

10,0.')0 

F.iiniskilliner 

... 

6,<J00 

I,<I00,375 

(Jalway  : 

Dublin  Newspapers,  brought  forward 

2,39i,204 

Comiaiight  JoiirnnI 

.        .        - 

,'(,300 

Calway  Weekly  Advc 

rtiser 

20,6S5 

Total 

- - 

4,292,579 

VII.  Ail  Account  nf  the  Gross  Produce  of  the  Duties  on  Newspapers  and  Advertisements  during  each 
of  the  uiidermeiitioned  Years,  in  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland. 


Years  nid. 

MX,  ,)th  .)f 
J-iliuary. 

Nevv»p.ipcr». 

Ailvertispmtiitf, 

Eniflaiiil. 

Scollanil. 

Irehnil. 

Enslanil. 

Scotland 

Irelnnd. 

/.        f. 

i. 

L.       1.    d 

/..        f.    d. 

/..       1 

if. 

I         I. 

rf. 

r.     ... 

rf. 

ISll 

328,413  10 

II 

ai,'«8    7    8 

(Xn   Ihiiw  years "1 

113,546  19 

< 

15,041     8 

0 

15  723  11 

7 

fH 

S3>u:iri    6 

II 

21,11.54  13    9 

'here    ^v,ii    no 

114,193  11 

.5 

II397     9 

0 

20,479    .5 

3 

H13 

3|-.,90i    1 

8 

2-2,948    6    8 

separalQ        ac- 

115,875 18 

3 

14,448     6 

n 

20.915    5 

10 

HI4 

35^^41     4 

4 

21.9il  19    7 

- 

count    kept   u(  .> 

114,111   12 

10 

14  623    7 

0 

2 1,2 -.3    3 

1114 

IH15 

333,  WO    0 

0 

20,153    7    7       1 

s*ani(M     is»iie*l 

106,575    9 

8 

13,410    3 

II 

19,7.51  17 

6 

iKin 

3i;3.4l4     3 

5 

20.A81   12  lot 

Titr  newspaper* 

1I0,»41     6 

6 

I4.U17    7 

0 

20.475  16 

1  12 

1-17 

3-1(1873  15 

8 

16.612    2     4 

.ill  I'elaiKl. 

11 8, -2112    3 

4 

15.3.53    8 

6 

18498     7 

5 

ISH 

:i49,l"4     4 

0 

14  180    5    4       1     18.8'<5     t     212 

1l6,3i2     4 

11 

16,666  13 

0 

18.191   12 

7 

1SI9 

3.)ii  •r>7    3 

II 

17  4'il  13    4       1     20,  JIU  16    6 

119,7^8  19 

4 

17,210    6 

0 

18  5:«  12 

6 

ISJI) 

39-1,0811  11 

4 

19IIS0    5    0       1     21,187     1  II  34 

1.'-2,227    .1 

a 

16011     9 

6 

16,7>1      1 

81-4 

H>1 

419  618  15 

8 

20,109    6     8        i     2^2,693  10  lU 

123,772  15 

6 

16.416  15 

0 

15.491     0 

0 

\^ti 

3fH.!i9i  17 

4 

19.373  18    0            J2.345    9    7 

125  9(i5  17 

5 

16  095    2 

0 

15  102    5 

0  1-2 

lv>3 

37i  4Si  19 

8 

20  3n    8    0           23,556    1    01-4 

131 .2S8  12 

0 

17,0,10  16 

6 

13,708    7 

3M 

inn 

3911  375    8 

8 

20,795  13    U           21 448    2    5 

125  475    5 

7 

16.020  II 

0 

U,.524    3 

8  14 

l^.'j 

4119 'Ml     0 

0 

22:W7    9    4            25.833  13    812 

134.6.M  19 

H'r 

17  825  17 

0 

16,426  10 

9 

IHjU 

4J->,lr.l  10 

8 

24.419  17     0            25,6.59     9     3  12 

144,751     2 

\^ 

18,71)8  18 

u 

15,9117  15 

0 

H27 

tBMl  15 

2 

2'.013    6    4       1     25.187  11     914 

13.3  ii37    7 

17  779  13 

1) 

15.720    0 

0 

\HU 

4-.'8  629    9 

R 

29.929  10    4 

25.561     3  1114 

133.978  16  11 

18,400  14 

6 

14  379  17 

6 

lii29 

431.718    8 

n 

33  5->S    2    8 

27.310  16     8 

13li,3'H  17 

10 

17,939  12 

5 

13  532  IS 

0 

I8:*i 

43S.667  10 

8 

42.301     6    0 

28,578  16    7t4 

13S.II52  IS 

10 

17,.592    .5 

7 

14.985    6 

0 

1S31 

41.5.972  10 

« 

49.466  10    0 

29.36U  18    334 

137.915  19 

4 

19  566    8 

U 

16  ..37  14 

0 

IS« 

502.697  19 

4 

52,090  J5    3 

31.846  16     3 

137.838  12 

3 

19,060    U 

0 

15,672  10 

2 

1833 

490.451     6 

8 

51.465  14     8 

33.513    9    412 

137  12-2  10 

0 

18,278    6 

0 

15,248  17 

4 

18^1 

461,4  >7    3 

0 

48.1110  14    0 

31,591   13    5 

114.506     2 

2 

16,191     4 

4 

12.240    2 

4 

1835 

458,033  IS 

S 

49,;«9  19    8 

29,782    7    9  I -a 

73,308     1 

6 

10,114  16 

2 

V.\M\  14 

8 

1836 

473.910  12 

6 

47,999    4    8 

31,'2.S7    6  11 

77,853    2 

9 

10,,587  17 

0 

8.4.8  12 

2 

•in 


29 


226 


NEWSPAPERS. 


VIII.  An  Accmtiit  nt'tlu!  Nil  -.  h"r  nf  Sianii  s  it^siii'il  lo  tvicli  nfilie  Newspapers  and  Advertising  Papora 
ill  .Si'iiil.iiiil,  ill  i;i  f  Vu  ir  is:i.j;  iiisii,  uii  Acuiiuiil  ol'  llii!  Amount  of  Adverlisuiiieiil  Duty  paid  in  tlie 
BUiiiu  Ve.ir  by  iiacli  i'aper. 


,  Number  of  ,S!  imps 

A'lvt^rlisenirnt 

Number  of  Stamps 

Advertisement 

Naiiiea  of  I'ai»t:ra. 

issuf  1  to  tacli 

Duly  |p.ii  1  hy 

N.ime8  of  Papen. 

issued  In  each 

Du'y  (laid  by 

Pai-tr. 

c.icli  I'aper. 

IMper. 

each  i*aper. 

L.     4.  d. 

L.     ,.  d. 

Edinburgh : — 

Olajjtow;— 

Cnuiaiti 

23I.n'^0 

f21    2    6 

Courier 

96,500 

537    7    0 

Mercury 

9z,rm 

303    <>    0 

tjnunial 

■               • 

II    0    6 

Aifvertiser     - 

II  •1,000 

2b3    0    6 

tChronicIe 

M,!)00 

184  16    0 

G-.Z,:  le 

7,(K)0 

114  19    6 

Herald 

204,nOO 

928  17     6 

Jnuiiial 

7r..ooo 

Kin  17    0 

••Kree  Press    • 

21,500 

139  19    0 

Chrnii  cle 

3r,,7.0 

I0>  10    6 

True  Krc  Press 

20    8    0 

Sc  Isiimi 

171.670 

392    2    0 

Scon  Times  - 

23,500" 

144    0    0 

OlHt'rver 

G5,«)0 

178  II     6 

•  Sit.  Kven.  Post 

. 

30  16    6 

N.  B,  AJverliner       - 

289,000 

i,rr>  16   6 

Lilieralnr 

65,475 

104    8    0 

8at.  Rvtii.  Vo>l 

51,200 

IK)    0    0 

Scoitisli  Guardian     - 

92,500 

159  18    0 

Ktlnol 

56.230 

79  10    0 

An;us 

72,000 

268  II     6 

CiHisliuiion  • 

I2,UOO 

6J    0    0 

ttWeckly  Renorler     . 
Liberal 

22    2    6 

Grfy's  Mfui.  Recnrd - 

. 

121     2    6 

i,ooo' 

9     I    6 

•  Aikiiiaii'it  A'lveiiiscr 

• 

4  10    0 

CoDslituiional 

10,500 

63    4    6 

Abenleen  ■ 

Greenock  :— 

Jouniil 

95,000 

605    S    6 

InlrlliKencer- 

19,7iO 

187  19    0 

••Fieml.l 

. 

163  13    0 

Advertiser     - 

28,500 

140    0    0 

Obserier 

21,000 

145    7     0 

Inverness:— 

Advertiser     - 

ij.ooo 

69  15    6 

Journal 

21,,W0 

137  18    6 

Ayr:- 

Courier 

31,000 

148  11     6 

Advertiser     - 

42.000 

120    7    6 

Kcl*  :- 

Ob'iTver 

3a,230 

94    1    0 

Mail  ■ 

42,600 

179  IS    6 

Dumrnes: 

Chronicle      - 

25,200 

64  It    6 

Tiiiie* 

21.000 

62  10    6 

Kiliiiarnocic;— 

Cnuriep 

72,  00 

IM    7    0 

Journal 

l:>,250 

87  19    6 

Jltrald   and  Adver- 1 
tiser           •            5 

20,323 

34    7    0 

Mnntroje  :— 

64,100 

65    3    6 

Review 

30,000 

159    6    0 

Dumfee:  — 

faislpy:— 

A'lveniwr     - 

. 

228    0    0 

A'lverliser     - 

20,000 

85    I    0 

Chronicle 

21,500 

96  16    6 

Penh  :- 

Courifr 

10,000 

133  11    6 

Courier 

21,500 

123  19    6 

Guirdiau 

8,000 

36     1    6 

AJverliser     - 

3)-,500 

127  17    0 

EUin:- 

Consliiulional 

17,000 

78  12    0 

CnuntDt 

13,000 

83    0    6 

Siir.in?:— 

Fife:- 

Journal   and  Adver* 

HtraM 

29,000 

91    7    0 

tiser 

28,000 

99    1    6 

Journal 

19,000 

71  15    6 

2.671,620          1 

10,^97    7    6 

•  Not  subject  to  stamp  duty.  •*.*'tamps8nppoael  to  have  been  purchased  in  London. 

Paperi  marked  thus  t  belong  to  (he  aame  proprietors,  and  the  slainpn  nued  by  each  cannot  be  disliiigui:>hed. 

Stamps  used  by  papers  marked  It  cannot  be  aACert.iined. 

The  increase  of  newspapers  in  Great  Britain,  though  it  is  shown  by  these  documents  to 
have  been  pretty  considerable,  has  been  materially  repressed  by  the  mode  in  which  the 
stamp  duty  has  been  assessed.  The  circulation  of  the  Parisian  daily  papers  much  exceeds 
that  of  the  London  journals ;  a  result  which  can  only  be  ascribed  to  their  greater 
cheapness. 

American  Newspapers. — The  increase  of  newspapers  in  the  United  Slates  has  also  been 
a  good  (leal  more  rapid  than  in  England ;  a  consequence,  partly,  no  doubt,  of  the  greater 
increase  of  population  in  the  Union,  but  more,  probably,  of  their  freedom  from  taxation,  and 
of  the  violence  of  party  contests.  The  total  number  of  newspapers  annually  issued  in  the 
Unitm  has  been  estimated  at  from  .5.'i, 000,000  to  60,000,000,  while  the  total  number  issued 
in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  in  1833  (see  No.  I.)  was  only  34,51.5,221 ;  so  that,  making 
allowance  for  ihc  difference  of  population,  every  individual  in  America  has,  at  an  average, 
more  than  twice  the  supply  of  newspapers  enjoyed  by  individuals  in  England.  "  From  this 
exuberant  supply  of  daily  and  weekly  papers,  and  the  low  price  charged  as  compared  with 
the  English  and  French  news[iapers,  they  are  liberally  patronised  by  all  classes,  and  are 
found  ill  almost  every  dwelling  and  counting  house,  and  in  all  hotels,  taverns,  and  shops; 
and  attract  a  large  share  of  the  public  attention.  As  the  pnths  of  honour  and  promotion 
are  alike  open  to  ever)'  one,  it  follows  that  public  discussion  forms  the  principal  staple  of  the 
newspapers.  There  is  no  country  where  the  ptess  has  a  more  powerful  inlluence  over  pub- 
lic opinion." — (Picture  of  New  York,  p.  391.) 

We  are  not,  however,  to  estimate  the  influence  of  newspaper  literature  by  its  quantity 
only,  but  must  have  regard  also  to  its  f/urt/it,y.  The  latter  is,  indeed,  the  principal  thing  to 
be  attended  to  ;  and  in  whatever  degree  the  Americans  may  exceed  us  in  the  number,  thoy 
certainly  are  immeasurably  below  us  in  the  quality,  of  their  newspapers.  Speaking  gem!- 
rally,  we  do  not  hesitate  to  say  that  the  newspaper  press  is  a  disgrace  to  the  Union.  The 
journals  indulge,  with  few  exceptions,  in  the  most  offensive  personalities.  Instead  of  ex- 
amining the  principles  of  the  measures  brought  forward,  they  assail  the  character  and  mis- 
represent the  motives  of  those  by  whom  they  are  introduced.  It  is  impossible,  we  believe, 
to  name  an  individual,  who  has  attained  to  any  high  olFice  in  the  United  Slates,  or  to  con- 
sideration in  Congress,  who  has  not  been  libelled,  traduced,  and  calumniated  by  a  large 
portion  of  the  press,  to  a  degree  thiit  can  hardly  be  imagined.  The  magnitude  of  the 
evil  will,  probably,  lead  to  its  cure.  An  intelligent  and  well  instructed  people  cannot, 
surely,  continue  to  patronise  a  press  whose  principal  features  arc  misrepresentation,  exagge- 
ration, and  abuse 


(An 
relating 
newspa 
in  the  f 

For  every  , 

neiv.spap,. 

And  vvfi 

on  on 

mar»i 

»nd  m 

of 

Anl  whi 

a  supe 

press, 

of      . 

Proyiiled 

tainins 

of  (lie  I 

inches, 

supplcii 

of    the 

with  thi 

And  111,.  f,,|i„, 

cliariealije  v 

Any  paper  co 

priiilf  I  in  a 

niali!  public 

Also  any  p.ipp, 

or  offenpr.  oi 

or  principalli 

And  also  any  p 

currcnres,  or 

part  of  the  i;, 

fieiriilatio 

printed  in  I 

III  order  t 

ccMilier,  I8,1 

No  persoi 

the  S(:iiiip.( 

"f  tho.  print 

will'itlly  ma 

meniior.— J 

Tliere  are 

anil  prnpriet 

penally  of  2 

«-'d;  anil  it  is 

sinners  in  tli 

wlnre  the  ot 

default  of  pa 

1,  ralRndar  n 

Penalty  fo; 

.'iistices  ni 

printing  the 

sistine  ntncet 

Influence 
'ng  (he  disct 
great  major 
papers,  whi 
'lo'.;  and  tl,_ 
man's  profit 
Srf.  papers. 
The  redui 

old  or  eslabl. 

into  existeiic 

.  *  For  Boine 
m  •^meriea,  vo 
otatea. 


NEWSPAPERS. 


227 


Papers 
1  in  tha 


ifmeiit 
liJ  liy 

~t~ir 

7    0 

0    6 

16    0 

1  n    6 

I  19    0 

I    8    0 

1  0  0 
)  16  6 
\  8  0 
9  18  0 
S  11     " 

2  2 
9     I     6 

a   4 


Thn  fcillowins  Table  contains  n  HtatPinRnt  of  llm  Niiinher  of  Ni'wspannrs  puMishfii)  in  \\\<\  United 
Sillies  at  IliH  ("oiiimeiicenient  of  tlie  Kevolnlioimry  Wiir,  and  tlie  .Number  of  Newspapers  and  oilier 
Periodical  Works  piililUliud  in  the  same  in  IHIO  and  1828. 


6 


!7  19  0 
10  0  0 

37  18  6 
W  It  6 

-9  13  6 
64  II  6 

87  19  8 

159  6  0 

85  I  0 

123  19  6 

127  17  0 
78  12  0 

99  1  6 


iO,S97 


7  6 


cument3  to 
which  the 
ch  exceeds 
eir   greater 

[8  also  been 
the  greater 
ixation,  and 
iued  in  the 
.iber  issued 
Jiat,  making 
jn  average, 
I"  From  this 
ipared  with 
pes,  and  are 
[and  shops; 
promotion 
[staple  of  the 
;c  over  pub- 

kts  quantity 
Ll  thing  to 
lumber,  thoy 
laking  gen'!- 
Lion.    The 
kead  of  ex- 
ler  and  mis- 
we  believe, 
or  to  con- 
by  a  largo 
litude  of  the 
jplc  cannot, 
lion,  cxaggc- 


Maine      ... 

MaHKarliiisetts 

New  Hampshire 

Vermont 

Rliixle  Island  - 

Connerticut    - 

New  York 

New  .le.sey    - 

Pennsylvania 

Di'laware 

Maryland 

Dislrict  of  Colombia 

Virginia  -        -        . 

North  Carolina 

South  Carolina 


1775.      1810.      1828. 


.12 
12 
14 
7 
11 

m 

8 
71 

2 
21 

6 
2.S 

in 

10 


29 
78 
17 
21 
It 
33 

161 
22 

18,5 
4 
37 
9 
34 
20 
16 


Slntes. 


Oeoreia  -        -        - 

Florida    ... 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Louisiana* 

Tennessee 

Kentucky 

Ohio        ... 

Indiana  -        -        - 

Michigan 

Illinois    ... 

Missouri 

Arkansas 

Cherokee  nation    - 

Total 


177'i.      1810.  I   1828. 


13 
1 

4 
10 

0 
17 
14 


37       358      802 


18 

2 

10 

6 

9 

8 

23 

68 

17 

2 

4 

5 

1 

1 


(An  important  alteration  was  made  in  1836,  in  the  duties  on,  and  in  the  regulations 
relating  to,  newspapers.  The  act  6  and  7  Will.  4  cap.  76.  has  repealed  the  former  duty  ox\ 
newspaper  stamps  (see  anle,  p.  221.),  and  has  imposed  in  its  stead  the  duties  specified 
in  the  following  schedule : — 


L.    t.  d. 

For  ever)'  sheet  or  other  piece  of  paper  whereon  any 

newspapf  r  sli.iU  be  printed         •  ■  .  -001 

And  where  suclt  sheet  or  piece  of  p.iper  shill  contain 

on  one  side  lhere.of,  a  superficies,  exclusive  of  the 

mwsfin  of  the  letter  press,  i-xrec  lin<  I,'i30  inches, 

and  not  exceeding  2,29j  inches,  the  additional  duty 

nf       •  •  -  -  -  ■  0    0    Of 

An  I  where  the  sameshall  contain  on  one  side  thereof 

a  superficies,  exclusive  of  the  margin  of  the  lelter. 

pre-ss,  exceeding  2,29    inches,  the  additional  duly 

of 0    0    1 

Proviile^l  always  that  any  sheet  or  piece  of  paper  con- 
taining on  one  side  thereof  a  superficies,  exclusive 
of  the  ni:ir»in  of  the  letter-press,  not  exceeding  765 
inches,  which  shall  he  published  with,  and  as  a 
suppferneni  to.  any  newspaper  ctiar.'eatde  with  any 
of  the  duties  aforesaid,  shall  be  chargeal>le  only 
with  the  duty  of     -  .  -  -  .    0    0    Oi 

And  the  f'lllowiim  shall  be  deemel  and  taken  to  be  newspapers 

char:reahle  with  the  said  duties  :  vi7.— 
Any  paper  containing   public  news,    iritcllii^ence.  or  occurrences 
prinlel  in  any  part  of  the  United  Kin^iloiii   to  be  dispelled  and 
male  public : 
Also  any  paper  printed  in  any  part  of  the  Tniterl  Kins  !nm  weekly 
or  oftener.  or  at   intervals  not  exceeding  26  Jajs,  containing  only 
or  principally  advertisements  I 
And  also  any  piper  containing  any  public  news,  intelliijence,  or  oc- 
currcnres,"  or  any  remarks  or  obs-rvations  thereon,  printed  in  any 


in  parts  or  nundiers  at  intervals  not  exceeding  26  days  between  the 
publication  of  any  2  such  papers,  parts,  or  numbers,  where  any  of 
the  said  papers,  parts,  or  numbers  respectively  shall  not  exceed  2 
shee'g  of  tlie  dimensions  hereinafter  specified  (exclusive  of  any 
covir  or  blank  leaf,  or  sny  other  leaf  upon  which  any  advertise- 
nient  or  o'ber  notice  shall  he  printel),  or  shall  be  published  for 
sale  for  a  less  sum  thru  6(/.,  exclnsivc  of  the  duty  hy  this  act  iin. 
posed  thereon  :  provided  ahvays  th.at  no  (juaiitify  of  paper  less  than 
a  ((uantity  equal  to  21  inches  in  length  and  17  inches  in  hre.adth,  in 
wlntever  way  or  form  the  same  may  be  made  or  may  be  divided 
into  leaves,  oi-  in  whatever  way  the  ^^anie  may  be  printed,  shall, 
with  reference  to  any  such  paper,  part,  or  iiuniber  as  aforesaid,  be 
deemed  or  taken  to  lie  a  sheet  of  paper  : 

Anil  provi-Ied  also,  that  any  of  the  several  papers  hereinbefore  de- 
scribed shall  be  liable  to  the  duties  by  this  act  imposed  thereon,  in 
whatever  way  or  form  the  same  may  be  printed  or  filded,  or  di- 
viiled  into  leives  or  stitched,  and  whether  tlie  same  shall  be  folded, 
divided,  or  stitched,  or  not: 

Extmjdittns  — Any  paper  called  "  Police  Oazette,  or  Hue  and  Cry," 
published  in  Great  Britain  by  authority  of  the  .'^ecretary  of  State, 
or  in  Ireland  by  the  aii'hnrity  of  the  Lord  I.ietilenaut. 

Daily  accounts  or  bills  of  goo  Is  imported  and  exported,  or  warrant* 
or  certifiiates  for  the  delivery  of  eoods,  an'!  Ihe  weekly  bills  of 
mortality  :  and  also  papers  conlainin?  any  lis*  ot  prices  current,  or 
of  the  state  of  the  markets,  or  any  account  of  the  arrival,  sailinf^, 
or  other  circum-.tances  relating  to  merchant  ships  or  ves.sels.  orany 
oilier  matter  wlicd'y  of  a  commercial  nature  ;  provided  such  bills, 
lists,  or  accounts  do  not  contain  any  other  matter  than  what  hath 
been  usually  comprised  therein. 


part  of  the  United  Kiiii^dom  for  sale,  and  published  periodically  or 

Re<riilatinn.i,  ^-c. —  4.  discount  of  25  percent,  is  to  be  allowed  on  the  above  duties  on  newspapers 
priiileil  in  Ireland.— J  2. 

In  order  to  prevent  fraud,  in  the  returns  as  to  newspapers,  it  is  enacted,  that,  from  the  31st  of  De- 
cember, 1830.  a  separate  or  distinctive  stamp  or  die  shall  be  used  for  each  newspaper. — }  3. 

No  person  is  to  print  or  publish  a  newspaper  until  after  a  declaration  has  been  made  and  lodged  at 
the  Stiimp-Office,  coiitaiiiing,rertain  ptirticiilars  (.speeilied  in  the  act),  as  to  the  names  and  aildresscs 
of  the  printer,  and  certain  of  the  proprietors  of  such  paper,  &c.,  under  a  penalty  nf  50/.  Persons 
wilfully  making  a  false  or  defective  declaration  are,  upon  conviction,  to  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  niisde- 
nioanor.— )  }  6,  7. 

Tlii're  are  a  number  nf  regulations  intended  to  provide  for  the  discovery  and  liability  of  the  printer 
anil  proprietors,  the  security  of  the  duties,  and  tlie  prevention  of  the  sale  nf  unstanipi'd  papers.  A 
penally  of  20/.  is  imposed  on  any  person  printing,  publishing,  selling,  &c.,  newspapers  not  duly  stamp. 
cd;  and  it  is  declared  to  be  lawful  for  any  ntfirer  of  stamps,  or  any  person  authorised  by  the  commis- 
sioners  in  that  behalf,  to  seize  any  such  ofTender,  and  take  him  before  any  justice  having  jurisdiction 
whi're  the  olftince  is  committed,  who  ehall  summarily  determine  the  matter,  and  upon  conviction  and 
default  nf  payment,  shall  cniniuit  such  offender  to  prison  for  some  term  not  exceeding  3,  nor  less  than 
1,  calendar  niontli.— }  17. 

Penally  for  sending  abroad  newspapers  not  duly  stamped,  50/. — }  18. 

.Itistices  may  grant  warrants  to  search  for  unstamped  newspapers,  and  to  seize  presses,  &c.  used  in 
printing  the  same ;  and  on  refusal  of  admittance,  othcers  may  break  open  doors.  Sec.  Persons  re 
sistina  oflicers  liable  to  a  penalty  of  20/.—}  {  22,  23. 

Influence  of  the  Rcductinn  of  the  Duty. — The  duty  which  formerly  amounted,  deduct 
ing  the  discount,  to  3  l-.5rf.  (see  ante,  p.  220.),  being  now  reduced  to  If/.,  the  price  of  the 
great  majority  of  the  London  newspapers  has  been  reduced  from  Id.  to  5d.  Provincial 
papers,  which  are  got  up  at  comparatively  little  expense,  are  now  sold  generally  at  4Jrf.  or 
'If/. ;  and  this,  also,  is  the  case  with  one  or  two  of  the  metropolitan  journals.  The  news- 
man's profit  on  selling  a  quire,  or  27  papers,  at  Id.,  used  to  be  2s.  9d.,  it  is  now  on  the 
5f/.  papers,  2,9.  3d. 

The  reduction  of  the  price  has  occasioned  a  considerable  increase  in  the  demand  for  the 
old  or  established  papers ;  and  a  considerable  number  of  new  weekly  papers  have  also  started 
into  existence  since  the  reduction  of  the  duty  in  the  metropolis  and  throughout  the  country. 

♦  For  some  curious  details  with  respect  to  newspapers  in  Louisiana,  see  Mr.  Stuart's  Three  Yeart 
in  Jlmtrica,  vol.  il.  p.  210.— the  most  instructive  and  trustworthy  of  all  the  recent  works  on  the  United 
States. 


3 

I 
I 


228 


NEW  YORK. 


I     ■' 


Hitherto,  however,  no  new  daily  paper  has  been  established.  The  preceding  Tables  exhibit 
the  circulation  of  each  of  the  principal  papers,  and  the  total  consumption  of  stamps,  in  each 
of  the  three  years  ending  with  1835;  and  will,  consequently,  serve  as  standards  by  which 
to  measure  the  precise  inlluence  of  the  late  change  on  the  demand  for  each  paper.  The 
general  influence  of  the  new  system  is  seen  in  the  subjoined  table. 

If  it  were  proper  to  reduce  the  duty,  and  to  preserve  it  at  a  uniform  level,  the  new  arrange- 
ments are,  perhaps,  as  unexceptionable  as  any  that  could  be  devised.  But  we  are  not  sure 
that  the  better  way  would  not  have  been  to  have  assessed  the  duty  on  an  ad  valorem  prin- 
ciple, making  it,  in  all  cases,  a  certain  aliquot  part  of  the  price. 

A  Return  of  the  Ninnber  of  Newspapers  to  wliich  Stamps  were  issued,  and  of  the  Number  of  Stamps 
issued  to  Newspapers,  in  the  Years  ending  l.5lh  September,  18,Sfi  (when  the  fcirmor  System  termi- 
nated) and  IH.tT,  and  tlie  Half  Year  ending  I5t)i  March,  1H3H;  distinguishing  tlie  NnmlSer  issued  to 
London  NeWKpapers,  to  Englisli  Provincial  Newspapers,  and  to  Irish  and  Scotch  Newspapers  re- 
spectively, and  showing  the  Total  Number  and  Amount  each  Year;  also,  the  Amount  of  Newspaper 
Stamp  Uiily  received  in  each  of  the  above  Periods. — {Pari.  Paper,  No.  307.  Sess.  1838.) 


TiOniton  Newspapprs  - 
Kii'^lish  l*iovtiici.i]  (I-). 
Scotch                     lit). 
Iriih                      do. 

Tola! 

Ve.ireiiilins 
15th  Sspteiiibcr,  1S36. 

Year  ending 
I5lh  September,  1337. 

Half  Year  endin? 
13th  Maich,  18^8. 

Num- 
ber of 
News- 
papers, 

N^^J''"          Amount 

Num- 
ber of 
News- 
papers. 

Number 

of 
Stamps 
issued. 

Amount 

of 

Duty. 

Nimi- 
ber  of 
Neivs- 
papei-s. 

86 

223 

66 

62 

Number 

of 
Stairps 
issued. 

Aniount 

of 
Duty. 

71 
I9i 

S4 

78 

1      /,.        *.  d. 
19,241,640  2-)8,i56    0    0 
8..'i3),3'l6  I13,8:'4  16    0 
2,6i4,43<l  .IS.S^i  10    2 
5,144,i~2:  37,525     2     0 

8,5 
237 
65 
71 

29,17?,797 
14,996,113 
4,  M.^tO 
5,21)3,967 

L.        I.  d, 

121,553    6    5 
62,4-3  16     1 
17,1-0  10  10 
16,263    3  11 

rt,4t«,5-fi 

7.366,f42 
2,216.400 
2,620,181 

L.        t   d. 

60,160  13    0 

30,69.5    3    6 

9,235    0    0 

8,197    8    5 

397 

35,,i76,0.«'4l3;278    8    2 

458 

53,496,207  '217,480  17    3'     437 

26,641,979    108,288    4  111 

svr.) 


Maine.  --------41 

New  Hampshire,  -----        .    2(i 

Vermont,      -------31 

Massachusetts,  (at  Boston  65)      -        .        -  124 

Rhode  Island, 14 

flonneclicut,  ..-..-    31 

New  York,  (at  New  York  city  71)        -        -  274 
New  Jersey,         .......    39 

Maryland,  (at  Raltiinore  20)         -        .        -    48 
Pennsylvania,  (at  Philadelphia  71)      -        -  253 

Dulawiire, 3 

District  of  Columbia,  (at  Washington  11)   -    10 
VirL'inia,  (;it  Richmond  10)  -        -        -        -    52 

North  Carolina,    ------    30 

South  Carolina,    -        -        -        -        -        -    20  i 

Georgia, 33  I 


[The  number  of  newspapers,  magazines,  and  other  periodicals  published  in  the  United 
iStates,  as  appears  from  returns  made  to  the  Post  Office  Department  in  1839,  is  as  follows : 

Florida  Territory,  -----  9 
Alabama,  -.--.--34 
Mississippi,  --.....36 
Louisiana,  (at  New  Orleans  10)  -  -  -  26 
Arkansas,  -..--.-4 
Tennessee,  .        ------50 

Kentutk;  , 31 

Ohio,  (at'Cincinnati  27)        -       -        -       -  I64 

Michigan,     -.-..-.31 
Wisconsin  Territory,    -----      5 

Iowa  Territory,    ------      3 

Indiana,        .......    CO 

Illinois,         -------33 

Missouri,      .--.-.-25 

1,555 

Of  the  above,  116  are  published  daily,  14  tfi-weekly,  30  semi-weekly,  and  091  once  a  week.  The 
reniaindi  r  are  issued  semi-inoiithly,  monthly,  and  quarterly,  priiiciptilly  magazines  and  review,-). 
Many  of  the  daily  papers  also  issue  tri-weeklies,  semi-weeklies,  and  weeklies.  Tliirly-eiglit  are  in 
the  German  language,  four  in  the  Trench,  and  one  in  the  Spanish.  Several  of  the  New  Orleans  pa- 
pers are  printed  in  French  and  Spanish. — Jim.  Ed.] 

NEW  YORK,  the  capital  of  the  state  of  that  name,  and  the  commercial  motropoli.s  of 
the  United  States,  in  lat.  40°  42'  N.,  ion.  74°  8'  W.  It  is  situated  on  the  southern  extre- 
mity of  Manhattan  Island,  at  the  point  of  confluence  of  the  Hudson  river,  which  separates 
Manhattan  from  New  .lersey,  with  East  River,  which  separates  it  from  Long  Island.  New 
York  bay,  or  inner  harbour,  is  one  of  the  most  capacious  and  finest  in  the  world  ;  it  is  com- 
pletely land-locked,  and  aflbrds  the  best  anchorage.  The  entrance  to  the  bay  through  the 
Narrows  is  extremely  beautiful.  On  each  side,  the  shore,  though  wooded  down  to  the 
water's  edge,  is  thickly  studded  with  farms,  villages,  and  country  seats.  At  the  upper  end 
are  seen  the  spires  of  the  city  ;  and  in  the  di.-<tance  the  bold  precipitous  banks  of  the  Hudson. 
From  New  York  to  the  bar  hetween  Handy  Hook  Point  and  Schrycr's  Island  (the  division 
between  the  outer  bay  or  harbour  and  the  Atlantic)  is  about  17  miles.  Fortifications  have 
been  erected  at  the  Narrows,  Tiovernor's  Island,  and  other  places,  for  the  defence  of  the  city 
and  shipping.  The  wood-cut  on  the  opposite  jiage  represents  the  city  and  bay  of  New 
York,  and  tlie  surrounding  country. 

The  Hudson  river  was  first  explored  in  1609,  by  the  famous  English  navigator  whoso 
name  it  bears,  then  in  the  service  of  the  West  India  Company  of  Holland.  In  1612,  New 
Amstt-nlain,  now  New  York,  was  founded  by  the  Dutch,  as  a  convenient  station  for  the  fur 
trade.  In  1664,  it  was  taken  by  the  English.  The  Dutch  again  recovered  po.s.session  of  it 
in  1673;  hut  it  was  retaken  by  the  English  in  the  following  year,  and  continued  in  their 
occupation  till  the  termination  of  the  revolutionary  war. 

Nev  Vork  has  increased  faster  than  any  other  city  in  the  United  States.  In  1699.  it  con- 
tained 6,()0ii  inhabitants.  In  1774,  previously  to  the  coinmenccinent  of  the  war  of  iiide- 
peiulence,  the  population  nmounteil  to  '22,750.  During  the  war,  the  population  eoiilimied 
utationary  ;  but  since  1783,  its  increase  has  been  quite  extraordinary.     In  1790,  the  poj  ula- 


jSprioS 


^ 


Entrance  to  Harb 
d"e  W.  from  ,1,0  01 
passed,  and  then  r 
without  the  bar  :  ft 
insurances,  their  se 
near  he  extremity  , 
Mlled  Sandy  Hook. 

Voi.  If.__u 


chibH 
each 

which 
The 

range- 
it  sure 
ptin- 


3tamp8 
I  terini- 
sued  10 
)(!rs  re- 
vs paper 


NEW  YORK. 


229 


8,288  J:  nj 

s  United 
ullows : 

-  9 

-  34 

.  36 

-  26 
.   4 

-  50 
.  31 

-  104 
.  31 
.  5 
.   3 

-  e9 

-  33 

-  23 

1,555 

-ook.  The 
(I  revii'ws. 
|il!til  are  in 
>rleans  pa- 


llor whoso 
(g12,  New 
for  ihc  fur 
Lion  of  it 
l\  in  their 

)'J.  it  ron- 
of  iiiili'- 
Iconliiuu'il 
lie  po^ulii- 


tion  amounted  to  33,131 ;  in  1800,  to  60,489  ;  in  1810,  to  96,373  ;  in  1820,  to  123,706  ; 
and  in  1830,  to  above  213,000  !  Originally  the  houses  were  mostly  of  wood,  and  the  streets 
narrow  and  confined.  In  these  particulars,  however,  a  great  improvement  has  taken  place 
during  the  last  half  century  ;  most  of  the  old  houses  having  been  pulled  down,  and  rebuilt 
with  brick.  The  new  streets,,  which  arc  broad,  and  intersect  each  othvr  at  right  angles,  are 
well  paved  and  lighted.  Broadway,  the  principal  street,  is  one  of  the  largest  and  finest  in 
the  world.  Many  of  the  public  buildings  are  commodious  and  elegant.  The  pools,  that 
wore  formerly  abundant  in  the  city  and  its  vicinity,  have  been  completely  iUled  up;  a  mea- 
sure that  has  done  much  to  improve  the  health  of  the  population.  In  respect  of  cleanliness, 
however,  New  York  is  not  to  be  compared  with  an  English  town.  There  is  hardly  such  a 
thing  as  a  sink  or  common  sewer  in  the  whole  city  :  the  night-soil  and  filth  are  collected  in 
pits,  of  which  there  is  one  in  every  house,  and,  being  conveyed  to  tbje  nearest  quay,  are 
thrown  into  the  water ;  but  as  these  quays  are  made  of  timber,  with  many  projections,  a 
great  deal  of  filth  is  retained  about  them,  producing,  in  hot  weather,  an  abominable  stench. 
The  yellow  fever,  by  which  New  York  is  sometimes  visited,  uniformly  breaks  out  in  the 
lower  and  dirtiest  part  of  the  town ;  and  seldom,  indeed,  extends  to  the  new  and  more  ele- 
vated streets.  It  is  now  much  less  prevalent  than  formerly  ;  and  the  general  opinion  seems 
to  be,  that  if  stones  were  substituted  for  timber  in  the  quays,  sewers  constructed,  and  proper 
regulations  enforced  as  to  cleanliness,  the  scourge  would  entirely  disappear. 


Entrance  to  Harbour,  Light-hovsfs,  ^c.—The  course  in  entering  the  harhnur  of  New  York  is  nearly 
due  W.  from  the  ontcrmost  while  buoy  on  the  bar,  till  the  buoy  on  the  S.W.  point  of  the  east  bank  be 
passed,  and  then  nearly  due  N.  The  navigation  is  extremely  easy.  Pilots  generally  board  wbilft 
without  the  bar  ;  for,  otherwise,  they  are  only  entitled  to  half  lees.  Were  it  not  for  fear  of  violating 
insurances,  their  services  would  seldom  be  required— (See  Rates  of  Pilotage,  post.)  The  light-house 
near  the  extremity  of  the  long,  low,  narrow  tongue  of  land,  projecting  from  the  New  Jersey  shore, 
called  Sandy  Hook,  is  in  lat.  40°  26'  N.,  Ion.  74°  6'  W.    It  is  fitted  up  with  a  very  powerful  fixed  light, 

Vol.  II.— U 


r*"   >■ 


UkM 


230 


NEW  YORK. 


which,  in  clenr  weather,  may  be  seen  by  vcssi'ls  cnniine  from  the  westwaril  10  lengnei  off.  But,  from 
il8  poaiiion,  it  if)  not  readily  dlscnvercil  by  Hhi|i8  r.(iiiiiii)2  rroin  the  H.  till  too  near.  To  obvliitc  this  in- 
cnnveiiieiite,  a  flontinK  light  was  iiinorcd  about  7  miles  E.  from  Sandy  Ilook  Point.  In  18*28,  however, 
S  llght-lioiiHes  were  eretted  on  Neversink  hills,  nearly  4  miles  S.  by  E.  from  8andy  Honk.  They  ore 
300  IVet  apart ;  the  most  northerly  bcine  funiiNlied  with  a  fixed,  and  the  other  with  a  revolving  light, 
both  of  great  power.  The  lights  are  elevnteil  8.W  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea  ;  and  may  be  seen, 
in  clear  weather,  in  all  directions,  from  40  to  50  miles.  Since  they  were  fitted  up,  the  floating  light 
has  been  discontinued.     Vessels  load  and  unload  at  the  wharfs  on  both  sides  the  city. 

New  York  is  indebted,  for  her  wonderful  increase,  to  her  admirable  situation,  which  has 
rendered  her  the  greatest  emporium  in  the  New  World,  The  rise  of  the  tide  is  about  6 
feet;  and  even  at  ebb,  there  is  21  feet  water  on  the  bar;  and  the  water  in  the  outer  and 
inner  bays,  and  in  the  river,  is  so  deep,  that  ships  of  the  largest  burden  lie  close  to  the  quays, 
and  may  proceed  to  a  great  distance  up  the  river.  The  navigation  of  the  bay  is  but  rarely 
impeded  by  ice.  The  great  strength  of  the  tide,  and  the  vicinity  of  the  ocean,  keep  it  gene- 
rally open,  even  when  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  bays  arc  frozen  over.  The  influence 
of  the  tides  is  felt  in  the  Hudson  as  far  as  Troy,  160  miles  above  New  Yorl.,  aflbrding  very 
peculiar  facilities  for  its  riavia;ation.  These  natural  advantages  have  been  vastly  extended  by 
a  system  of  canalisation,  which  has  already  connected  the  Hudson  with  Lake  Ontario  and 
Lake  Erie;  and  which,  when  completed,  will  connect  it  with  the  Ohio  river,  and  conse- 
quently with  the  Mississippi  and  the  (Julf  of  Mexico!  So  prodigious  a  comtnand  of  inter- 
nal navigation  is  not  enjoyed  by  any  other  city,  with  the  exception  of  New  Orleans ;  but 
the  readier  access  to  the  port  of  New  York,  the  greater  salubrity  of  the  climate,  and  her 
situation  in  the  most  industrious  part  of  the  Union,  where  slavery  is  abolished,  give  her  ad- 
vantages over  her  southern  rival,  which,  it  is  most  probable,  will  secure  her  continued  pre- 
ponderance. 

Trade,  Jyc. — The  commerce  of  New  York  is  very  extensive.  The  value  of  the  mer- 
chandise annually  loaded  and  unloaded  in  the  port  is  estimated  at  from  100,000,000  to 
120,000,000  dollars.  'J'he  number  of  vessels  in  the  port  in  the  busy  season  varies  from  500 
to  750,  exclusive  of  about  50  steam  packets.  The  number  of  arrivals  from  foreign  ports 
amounted  in  1832  to  1,808;  and  the  roasting  arrivals  are  between  4,000  and  5,000.  'J'he 
total  value  of  the  imports  into  the  United  States  in  the  year  ending  the  30th  of  September, 
1832,  was  101,029,266  dollars;  of  which  no  less  than  53,214,'102,  or  more  than  the  half, 
were  imported  into  New  York  !  The  customs  revenue  on  the  goods  paying  duties,  imported 
into  this  city,  amounts  to  about  13,000,000  dollars,  while  the  total  customs  revenue  of  the 
United  States  seldom  exceeds  22,000,000  dollars.  'I'he  imports  comprise  an  infinite  variety 
of  articles.  The  principal  are  cottons,  woollens,  linens,  hardware,  cutlery ;  earthenware, 
brass  arid  copper  manufactures,  &c.  frotn  Great  Britain ;  silk,  wine,  brandy,  &c.  from  France 
and  Spain ;  sugar  and  cofTee  from  the  Havannah  and  Brazil ;  with  tea,  spices,  cochineal,  in- 
digo, dye  woods,  &c.  The  value  of  the  exports  from  New  York  in  the  year  ending  the  30th 
of  September,  1832,  amounted  to  26,000,945  dollars,  l)eing  between  j  and  i  part  of  the  total 
exports  from  the  United  States.  The  exports  principally  consist  of  wheat  Hour,  corn,  rice, 
and  cotton  ;  beef,  pork,  butter,  dried  fish,  and  all  sorts  of  provisions ;  furs,  tobacco,  coarse 
manufactured  goods,  lumber,  &c.  The  great  excess  of  the  imports  into  New  York  over  the 
exports  is  accounted  for  by  the  fact,  that,  while  mostly  all  articles  of  export  from  the  West- 
ern Stales  are  shipped  at  New  Orleans,  the  greater  part  of  the  more  valuable  articles  brought 
from  abroad,  and  destined  for  the  consumption  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  and,  in  some  de- 
gree, even  Kentucky,  are  principally  imported  into  New  York. 

The  tonnage  of  New  York  is  greater  than  that  of  Liverpool,  or  any  other  city,  with  the 
single  exception  of  London.  The  registered  tonnage  belonging  to  the  port  on  the  last  day 
of  December,  1831,  amounted  to  122,458  tons,  and  the  enrolled  and  licensed  tonnage  to 
163,980  tons ;  making  a  grand  total  of  286,438  tons,  being  between  ^  and  ^  of  the  whole 
tonnage  of  the  United  States. 

Account  of  the  Quantities  of  some  of  the  principal  Articles  of  Native  American  Produce  exported 
from  New  York  during  each  of  the  Three  Years  ending  with  the  1st  of  January,  1833. 


ATlklea. 

ltJ30. 

1831. 

IS32. 

Ashes,  pot      -       .       - 

barrels 

19,613 

19,393 

18,241 

pearl    -       -       - 

— 

4,152 

5,694 

2.356 

Beef       -       -       .       . 

— 

15.022 

17.913 

17,223 

Pork        .... 

— 

13,085 

20,147 

29,418 

Lard        -        -        .        . 

-  kegs 

14,136 

24,885 

11,101 

Butter     -        -        -        - 

.   — 

6,7fil 

12,282 

9,286 

Cotton    -        -        -        - 

bales 

104,940 

118,502 

108,741 

Cotton  goods  -       -        . 

-  packages 

5,.106 

3,030 

7, ,545 

Flour  (wheat) 

barrels 

304,3.')2 

437,104 

195,614 

Corn       -        .        .        . 

-     bushels 

174.182 

245,368 

o.vie 

Rice        -        -        .        - 

tierces 

13.,T72 

15,205 

16,678 

Tar         -        .        .        . 

barrels 

I9,.397 

18,879 

18,.\17 

Turpentine     ... 

— 

102,441 

121,762 

144,878 

Hides      .... 

.     number 

. 

• 

169,493 

Whale  oil 

gallons 

. 

. 

1,392,»JII0 

Soap        .... 

boxes 

. 

_ 

76,981 

Tobacco  .... 

hogsheads 

8,088 

7,815 

7,783 

n 


British 

United  t 

France 

Spain 

Netherln 

Oermani 

Holland" 

Hanse  T 

Sweden 

The  arri 
sloop.a,  6 ; 
Ilainburgli 
the  Driiish 
Rfffulatk 
made  at  thi 
exempt  froi 
at  tilt!  office 
on  exhiliiiii 
inspected, 
may  he  the 
are  liable  tt 
pass  free. 

An  entry 

pay  each  20 

payment  of 

article  is  foii 

the  person  i 

Besides  m 

of  a  vessel  a 

24  hours  aftt 

and  in  case  c 

tion  of  ever 

voyage,  upoi 

lars  for  evci 

as  aforesaid. 

Masters  of 

senger  to  ihe 

«ble  on  the  ci 

tatinn.    The 

in  the  undern 


Vean. 


1828 
1829 
1830 
1831 
1832 
18.33 
1834 
1835 


Lines  of  Vk 

and  also  to  ev( 

city,  and  redoi 

jected,  and  thf 

packet  ships, d 

with  that  port. 

and  15  in  the  tr 

of  the  smallest 

now  be  estiniiii 

Vork.    Thfy  ai 

fully  modelled, 

the  most  ex  pen 

voyages  is  qniti 

York,  may  he  ei 

Independen"e,  ( 

of  Iht^  present  yi 

New  York  to  P( 

reckoned  from  li 

The  packet  sh 

or  ratlier  Cowet 

Those  bound  f 

hound  for  New 

Cabin  passage 

l-iverpon|  |40  do 

the  same.    This 

provide  any  thin 

Each  sbip  has 

date  liBo  passeng 

li  passage,  that  i 

Packets  for  Pli 

and  4  of  Uiese  ahi 


But,  from 

;!  this  in- 
linwever, 
Tliey  ore 
ing  WgM, 
l»e  seen, 
iting  light 

hich  has 
about  6 
)ut«r  and 
the  quays, 
but  rarely 
!p  it  gene- 
influence 
ribng  very 
iteiuled  by 
ntario  and 
and  conse- 
id  ofinler- 
rlcans;  but 
,c,  and  her 
ve  her  ad- 
liiiued  pre- 

af  the  mer- 
,000,000  to 
Bs  from  500 
jreign  ports 
>,000.     'I'he 
■  September, 
an  the  half, 
ies,  imported 
renue  of  the 
finite  variety 
earthenware, 
from  France 
■ochineal,  in- 
ling  the  30th 
[rt  of  the  total 
X,  corn,  rice, 
lacco,  coarse 
"ork  over  the 
the  West- 
.icles  brought 
in  some  de- 

lity,  with  the 

the  last  day 

tonnage  to 

lof  the  whole 


Jure  exported 
1833. 


IfSi 


18,24> 
2.356 
17,223 
2P,418 
11,101 
9,286 
1 188,741 
,545 
1 195,614 
93,716 
16,678 
,   18,537 
1 144,878 
1169,493 
l3<,»2.'560 
76,981 
7,783 


NEW  YORK. 

SAippin^.— Arrivals  from,  and  Departure  for,  Foreign  Ports,  in  1831. 


98» 


ritgi. 

ArriviJ. 

Depirled.         1 

Flag!. 

Arrived. 

Dep^rteil.          | 

No.  of 

VhmIi. 

Tonnage. 

41,758 

306,529 

6,710 

1,762 

200 

2,798 

315 

260 

3,339 

Nn.  of 

Vesii  Is 

Tonnige. 

No.nf 
VmhIi. 

■r™'-«'-'iW^Ji 

Tiran.%fe. 

British      - 
United  States  - 
France     - 
Spain 

Netherlands     - 
Germany  - 
Holland     - 
Hanse  Towns  - 
Sweden   ■■ 

478 

l,2!ll 

25 

8 

1 

10 

2 

1 

14 

273 

1,275 

22 

7 

1 

7 

2 

1 

12 

31,716 

26-.,20.5 

3,228 

1,076 

i:o 

2,042 
315 
260 

2,473 

Ilavti       - 
Hrii/il 

fieiioa 
Russia 
Mc.vico     - 
Denmarl(- 

Total     - 

2 
2 
1 

1 
18 

330  1        2 
134           2 
260        still 
260            1 
260            I 
3,709          16 

330 
134 
in  pill  t. 
260 
260 
2,003 

1,658     368,684 

1,622 

316,473 

The  arrivals  in  1831.  from  foreign  ports,  were,  ships,  496 ;  liariines,  1 19  ;  bries,  886  ;  schooners,  425 ; 
stoops,  6  ;  heirijr,  in  all,  1,9.32.  Of  these  Ihere  were,  American,  1,486  ;  Urilish,303;  French,  27  ;  Diilcli, 
llaiiihiir|!h,  nnil  Kremen,  33  ;  Swedish,  28;  Spanish,  18;  Danisli,  II.  &c.  Hy  far  the  greater  part  of 
the  Hriiish  ships  are  from  onr  colnnies  in  North  America  and  the  Wi'st  Indies. 

Rrgnlatiims  as  to  Pasntngers  arriving  at  M'ew  Vork.—(ii\  the  arrival  of  passengers,  an  entry  must  be 
made  at  thu  Ciistom-hoiise  of  their  names,  clotlies,  implenien's  of  trade  or  profession  (all  of  which  are 
exempt  from  duty),  and  an  oalh  tal<en  respecting  them;  the  form  of  wliich,  and  the  entry,  may  be  had 
at  the  office  ifraiis.  Cabin  passengers  malte  tliisentry  tlieniselves,  and  pay  20  cents  each  foru  permit; 
on  exhibiting  which  to  the  ntficer  on  board,  they  are  allowed  to  move  tluMr  baggage  after  it  lias  licen 
inspected.  Only  1  entry  and  permit  is  necessary  for  a  family,  and  only  20  cents  demandeil,  wlialever 
may  be  the  number  of  the  family.  Remains  of  sea  stores,  snch  as  lea,  sugar,  foreign  spiritsand  wines, 
are  liable  to  pay  duties;  but  unless  these  arc  of  great  bulli  or  quantity,  they  are  generally  allowed  to 
pass  free. 

An  entry  is  usually  made  by  the  master  of  the  vessel  of  steerage  passengers  and  their  baggage  :  they 
pay  each  20  cents  for  a  permit.  When  entry  is  made  by  any  person  not  the  owner,  he  gives  bond  for 
payment  of  duties,  if  any  ;  and  if,  after  entry  is  made  at  tlie  Custom-house,  and  the  oath  taken,  any 
article  is  foimd  belonging  to  a  passenger,  liable  to  pay  duty,  not  specifiedin  the  entry,  it  is  forfeited,  and 
the  person  in  tvhose  baggage  the  article  is  found  sulijected  in  treble  the  value. 

Resides  making  entry  at  tlie  Custom-house,  it  is  provided  by  a  law  of  the  State,  that  every  master 
of  a  vessel  arriving  from  a  foreign  country,  or  from  any  other  port  of  the  United  States,  "  shall  within 
34  hours  after  entering  his  vessel  at  the  Custom-house,  make  a  report  in  writing,  on  oalh,  to  the  mayor, 
and  in  case  of  his  sickness  or  ahsence  to  tlie  recorder  of  tlie  said  city,  of  the  name,  age,  and  occupa- 
tion of  every  person  who  shall  have  been  brought  as  passenger  in  such  ship  or  vessel  on  lier  last 
voyage,  upon  pain  of  forfeiting,  for  every  neglect  or  omission  to  make  such  report,  the  sum  of  75  dol- 
lars A)r  every  alien,  and  the  sum  of  50  dollars  for  every  other  person  neglected  to  be  so  reported 
as  aforesaid." 

Masters  of  ships  bringing  passeng.ors  to  New  York  must  also  pay  a  dollar  on  account  of  each  pas- 
senger to  the  cnrp.iratiiin,  as  commutation  money,  or  give  bond  that  none  of  them  shall  become  charge- 
able on  the  city  poor  rates  for  the  space  of  2  years.  They  almost  uniformly  prefer  paying  the  commu- 
tation. The  number  of  immigrants  arriving  at  New  York  from  the  British  Islands,  and  from  all  placeSt 
in  the  undermentioned  years,  was  as  follows  : — 


Van. 

From  Eogtand. 

From  Ireltnd. 

From  ScollinJ. 

ToUl  Briliih  Iiles. 

From  all  Farti. 

1828 

6,631 

6,197 

2,717 

15,547 

1829 

6,110 

2,443 

948 

11,501 

16,064 

1830 

16,352 

3,497 

1,.584 

21,433 

30,224 

1831 

13.808 
1^947 

6,721 

2,078 

22,607 

31,739 

1833 

6,050 

3,286 

28,283 

48,589 

1833 

1                                                   c 

16,100 

41,752 

1831 

>               Particulars  not  specified.               < 

26,540 

48,110 

1835 

>                                                                      I 

16,749 

Lines  of  Packets. — The  establishment  of  regular  lines  of  packets  from  New  York  to  foreign  porta, 
and  also  to  every  principal  port  in  the  United  States,  has  produced  a  new  era  in  the  commerce  of  the 
city,  and  redounded  equally  to  ihe  benefit  of  the  enterprising  individuals  by  whom  they  were  pro- 
jected, and  the  public.  The  principal  intercourse  is  carried  on  with  I.iverpool ;  there  being  ab(mt  30 
packet  ships,  distributed  in  4  lines,  employed  at  present  (1836)  in  maintaining  a  regular  communication 
with  that  port.  A  dozen  packet  ships  are  also  employed  in  the  trade  between  New  York  and  London; 
and  15  in  the  trade  between  New  York  and  Havre.  These  ships  vary  in  size  from  450 tons,  the  burden 
of  Ihe  smallest,  to  800  tons.  Their  tonnage  has  latterly  been  increasing  ;  and,  at  an  average,  it  may 
now  be  estimated  at  about  600  tons.  These  ships  are  all  American  property,  and  built  chiefly  in  New 
York.  They  arc  probably  the  finest  and  fastest  sailing  merchant  vessels  in  the  world ;  being  beauti- 
fully modelled,  of  the  best  workmanship,  and  fitted  up  with  every  convenience  for  passengers,  and  in 
the  most  expensive  style.  The  safety,  regularity,  and  expedition  with  which  they  perform  their 
voyages  is  quite  astonishing.  The  average  length  of  a  voyage  from  Liverpool  and  Portsmouth  to  New 
Yiirk,  may  be  estimated  at  about  34  days,  and,  from  tlie  latter  to  the  former,  at  about  20  days.  The 
Indcpenden-e,  of  7.30  tons.  Captain  Nye,  made  the  voyage  from  New  York  to  Liverpool,  in  the  course 
ofthrt  present  year,  in  14  days;  and  the  Toronto  of  6.50  tons.  Captain  Griswold,  made  the  voyage  from 
New  York  to  Portsmouth  in  the  same  time.  And  it  is  material  to  observe,  that  these  voyages  are  not 
reckoned  from  land  to  land,  but  from  port  to  port. 

The  packet  ships  from  New  York  sail  from  London  on  the  7th,  17th,  and  27th ;  and  from  Portsmouth, 
or  rather  Cowes,  at  whicti  place  ihoy  touch,  on  the  1st,  10th,  and  '.iOth  of  each  month. 

Those  bound  for  New  York  from  Liverpool,  sail  on  Mie  Isl,  8ih,  lOth,  and  34th  of  each  month  ;  those 
bound  for  New  York  from  Havre  sail  on  the  same  days  as  those  firom  Liverpool. 

Cabin  passage  to  New  York  from  London  and  Liverpool  .35  guineas  ;  from  New  York  to  London  and 
Liverpool  140  dollars ;  a  cabin  passage  to  New  York  from  Havre  140  dollars,  from  New  York  to  Havre, 
the  s;ime.  This  includes  provisions,  wines,  beds,  tec,  so  that  the  passengers  have  no  occasion  to 
proviile  any  thing  except  personal  apparel. 

Each  ship  has  a  separate  cabin  for  ladies ;  each  state-room,  in  the  respective  cabins,  will  accommo- 
dnte  lioo  passengers ;  but  a  ichole  state  room  may  be  secured  for  1  individual  by  paying  nt  the  rate  of 
li  passage,  that  is,  52^  eiiineas  to  New  York. 

Packets  for  Philadelphia  sail  from  Liverpool  on  the  8th  and  20th  nfevery  month  throughout  the  year; 
and  4  of  these  ships  sail  from  Philadelphia  for  Liverpool  on  the  20tb  of  each  month ;  the  others  do  nol 


28« 


NEW  YORK. 


•Iways  return  iireefTot  Liverpool,  but  Bometimes  go  to  Charleston,  Savannah,  ttc,  to  bring  cargoei 
of  produce  to  Liverpool. 
Cabin  passage  same  as  that  to  and  fVom  New  York. 

These  ships,  6  in  number,  are  all  American  built  and  owned,  and  average  about  500  tons  burden; 
some  of  them  are  ag  splendid  as  the  New  York  packets,  and  are  all  fitted  ui>  with  every  regard  to 
comfort. 

Three  American  packet  ships  are  employed  In  the  trade  between  New  York  and  the  Clyde  ;  and  an 
American  packet  ship  sai'.s  from  Liverpool  for  Boston  twice  every  month. 

The  rate  of  steerage  passage  varies,  in  the  course  of  the  year,  considerably;  depending  on  the  num- 
ber of  ships  and  tlie  number  ofpasseuKcrs  iL'oing  at  the  time,    liy  the  packet  ships  it  fluctuates  from  S 
to  6  guineas  for  each  full-grown  person;  and  children  under  14  years  are  taken  at  half-price.    By 
other  ships  the  rate  of  steerage  passage  varies,  at  Liverpool,  frniii  II.  10s.  to  61. ;  being  sometimeg 
reduced,  by  competition,  so  low  as  tWs. ;  but  the  average  rate  may  be  taken  at  41.    For  these  rales,  the 
ship  provides  nothing  but  berths,  tire,  and  water  ;  the  passensers  provide  their  own  provisions,  bed- 
ding, &c.    The  expense  of  provisions  for  a  poor  person,  who  might  wish  to  be  as  economical  as 
possible,  for  the  voyage  out  to  the  United  States,  would  not  be  more  than  from  40;>.  to  S0.<. 

The  cabin  passage  by  the  common  traders  (and  many  of  them  nreipiite  equal  to  the  packets  in  equip- 
ment and  safety)  varies  from  \5l.  to  251. ;  no  wines  being  provided  by  the  siiips  at  these  rates,  but  pro- 
visions, bedding,  malt  liquor,  and  spirits. 
The  rates  of  freight  to  New  York,  are- 
Fine  gondi  per  ton  measurement  of  40  cubic  feet 
Itardtvare     ....... 

Coarse  low-priced  Konde         .  .  -  -  - 

Iron,  per  ton  of  20  cwt.  ..... 

CmIs,        do.        do.  ..... 

Cra;*!!  of  earthenware,  per  ton  of  40  cuhic  feet  • 

Salt,  |.M;r  ton  of  40  bushels       ..... 

Steam  pai'*(if«.— It  has  been  proposed  to  establish  steam  packets  between  New  York  and  Valcntia 
harbour,  on  the  west  coast  of  Ireland  ;  but  as  yet  little  progress  lias  been  made  in  the  undertaking.  It 
may  be  doubted,  indeed,  seeing  how  well  the  intercouise  is  maintained  by  the  sailing  packets,  whether 
the  introduction  of  steam  packets  would  he  of  material  service.     [See  art.  Steaih  Vtssf.i.s.] 

Bankn,  Insurance  Companies,  etc.— We  borrow  frotn  a  detailed  and  authentic  statement  by  Tho- 
mas H.  Goddird,  Esq.,  published  in  the  JVcw  York  Daily  Advertiser  for  the  '29lh  of  January,  IH31,  the 
following  pa/ticulars  in  relation  to  the  banks,  insurance  companies,  &c.  of  New  York,  in  1830,  with  a 
view  of  ihcir  progress  from  1819  to  1630. 


By  Packets. 

Cy  other  Ship*. 

L.  ».  d.      /,.  ».  d. 

L.  1.  d.     L.  :  d. 

t    0    0  to  0    0    0 

_ 

1     6    0  to  1  10    0 

1   10    0  -  0    0    0 

.. 

0  17    6-1     i    6 

10    0-160 

_ 

0  12    6  -  0  17    6 

0  10    0  >  0  12    6 

_ 

0    9    0  -  0  12    6 

1     0    U  -    1     6    0 

- 

0  12    6  -  0  l.'i    0 

0  10    0  -  0  12    « 

_ 

0    8    0  -  0  12    6 

0  17    6-160 

- 

0  12    6  -  0  16    0 

Banks. 

When 

Len«lh  of 

No.  of 

Amount 

Amount  of 

Time  and  Rate 

Aniouat  nf 

chartered. 

Cliarter. 

Shares. 

of  Share. 

Capital. 

of  Dividend. 

Dividend. 

Dollar!. 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 

Dollurt. 

United  Slates  Brancli  • 

. 

. 

25,000 

too 

2,50n,rD0 

Jan.  3  1-2  — July  3  1.2 

176,000 

America 

1822 

20  years 

20,000 

too 

2,000.000 

Jan.  2  1-2  — July  2  1-2 

100,000 

Mechanics* 

1810 

22  do. 

80,000 

25 

2,000,000 

Jan.  3  1  2  —  July  3  1-2 

140,000 

Manhattan  Company  • 

1790 

perpetual 

41,000 

80 

2,060,000 

Jan.  3  12  —  July  3  1-2 

1.13,800 

Delaware  and   Hudson 

Canal  Company 

I82S 

do. 

15,000 

100 

1,500.000 

June  0       —  Dec.  0 

Merchants' 

1805 

27  years 

28,000 

50 

1,400.000 

June  3       —  Dec.  3 

84,000 

City      - 

1812 

20  do 

25,000 

50 

1,230.000 

May  3        —  Nov.3 

75,000 

New  York       • 

18- 

. 

1,900 

600 

9r>o,ooo 

May  4       -  Nov.4 

76,000 

Fhoinix 

|R|2 

20  do. 

2O,0JO 

25 

600,000 

Jan.  3  1-2  —  July  3  12 

3^,000 

North  River     . 

1S21 

21  do. 

10,(100 

60 

.500,000 

Jan.  4       —  July  4 

40,000 

Tradesmen's     • 

1822 

10  do. 

12.000 

40 

48(1,100 

Jan.  3       —  July  3  |.2 

31,000 

Chemical 

1824 

21  do. 

20,0(10 

25 

.500,000 

Jan.  3  1.2— July  0 

22,500 

Union  • 

1811 

20  do. 

20,000 

60 

6,000,000 

May  3       —  Nov.3 

60,000 

Fulton  • 

1834 

20  do. 

20,000 

30 

600,000 

May3l-2— Nov.3  1-2 

42,IK)0 

Dry  Dock 

. 

perpetual 

14,000 

60 

700,000 

Jan.  2       —  July  0 

14,000 

GiMDWich 

1830 

new 

8,000 

25 

200,000 

not  determined 

859,900 

18,130,000 

J, 007,700 

Jteeapifutefi'im.— There  were,  in  1830, 16  banks  in  this 
city,  whose  a)(|rre|;ate  cipita)  was 

And  these  nude  dividends  for     .... 

Of  these,  the  Hutson  and  Delaware  made  nn  dividend, 
in  consequence  of  apprnpriatinf;  their  means  to  the 
great  work  of  completing  the  canal  between  the  2 
rivers,  which  promises  a  great  advantage  to  the  city. 
The  Greenwich  had  just  commenced  ;  so  thit  the  di- 
vidend accrued  upon  «  capiiil  of  17,930,000  dollars- 
making  an  interest  of  6*7875  per  cent.,  as  the  paper 
discounted  would  average  60  days'  notes,  and  6  per 
cent,  discount  deducted,  there  must  have  been  dis- 
counted during  the  year  paper  to  the  amount  of 

Marint  Mturatia— During  1830,  there  were  in  this 
city  6  marine  insurance  comjtanies,  with  aii  aggre* 
gate  capital  of  ■ 

And  these  made  dividends  for     • 

Bvt  2  companies,  whnee  capital  amounted  to  450,000 
dollars,  divided  nothing,  so  that  tiie  dividend  really 
arose  out  of  a  capital  of  2,600.000  dollars,  making  an 
interest  of  15'67S!  per  cent.  The  American  Company 


Dollars. 


18,130,000 
1,037,700 


103,769,952 


3,010.000 
403,000 


commenced  in  1815,  and  its  dividends  to  1830  inclu- 
sive were  3)2  per  cent.,  amounting  to 

The  Ocean,  with  a  capital  of  350,000,  has,  from  1823  to 

1830  inclusive,  made  dividends  for  126  percent, 
^irf  /fisnrarice,— During  1830,  there  were  in  this  city 
20  fire  companies,  whose  aggregate  capital  was         •» 
And  these  made  dividends  for     • 
But  2  cruiipanies,  whose  capital  amounted  to  780,tX)0 
dollars,  divided  nothing,  so  thai  the  dividend  really 
arose  out  of  a  capita'  of  7,060,000  dollars,  making 
an  interest  of  6t05  per  cent.    The  Washington  com- 
menced 1814.  and  has  made  a  uniform  semi-annual 
dividend  of  4  t-2  per  cent.,  making  in  all  144  per 
cent.,  amouniine  to      - 
From  1823  to  the  year  1830  inclusive— 

The  dividends  of  the  Eagle  were  69  1-2  per  cent.  • 
Globe  -         62  —         - 

Franklin      •         44  1-2     — 
North  River         64  — 

New  York  -         76  —         - 


Dollars. 

1,560,000 
Dollan. 

441,000 

7,800,000 
479,750 


720,009 

347,500 
620,000 
133.000 
224,000 
380,000 


Progress  of  Stocks  in 

the  City  of  New  York,  from  1S19  to  1830,  *oth  incaiisive. 

Tears. 

Banks  in  New  York  City. 

Marine  Insurance  Companies. 

Fire  Insurance  Companies. 

Amount  of 

Amt.  of  Div. 

Rate 

Amount  of  Pa- 

Amount of 

Amount  of 

Rate 

Amount  (If 

Amt.  of  Div. 

Rite 

Capital. 

declared. 

percent 

per  discounted 

Cmpital- 
Dollars. 

Div.declar. 
Dollars. 

per  Cent. 

Capital. 

declared. 

per  Cent. 

DoHarj. 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 

1819 

15.900,000 

782.000 

4-918 

78,199.992 

3,«i0,0fl0 

412,250 

10-707 

4.500,000 

237,  ,00 

5-277 

1820 

15.900.000 

921,500 

5 '795 

92,149.980 

3,8i0,fl00 

250,7,0 

6513 

4,500,000 

36,,000 

8-111 

1921 

15.900  000 

92n,.500 

6-789 

92,649,984 

3,850,000 

2i0,65O 

6-510 

4,500  000 

364.500 

8-100 

1822 

16,000,000 

921,200 

6-7)7 

02,119,976 

3,8.50,001) 

320,1,0 

8-310 

4,500,000 

365.501 

8122 

1823 

n.500,000 

992,500 

6-403 

n9,2M),0  0 

,1,|->0,000 

276.500 

8-777 

7.400,0(10 

485  000 

6--.54 

IS24 

15,600.000 

617.0,0 

3947 

61,70  .020 

4,6,0,OiTO 

317.000 

6817 

7,401000 

652500 

7-466 

1825 

17.450,000 

016,500 

5.166 

9.1,619,972 

5,300,000 

321,0110 

4-169 

1.190,000 

767..500 

6-4  <9 

1826 

17.500.000 

l,03l,i00 

5-894 

I01,N9.856 

5,300,000 

260,000 

4-905 

12,150.000 

717.7.50 

5-825 

1827 

17.8'iO.OOO 

1,025,400 

5-751 

102.5.19,996 

4,3i0,0fl0 

228,000 

5-241 

12,450.000 

60',()"0 

4-8.15 

1828 

18.3.10,000 

1,039.200 

5fi6<» 

101.919.972 

4,100,000 

301.500 

7-.153 

10,100.000 

467.000 

4-524 

1829 

17.'<.1O,0flO 

977.000 

5  479 

97.699,992 

3,000,000 

•142,000 

14-7.13 

7,800,000 

464,500 

5-955 

1830 

18,130,000 
12  years    - 

1,037,700 

5-7M 

103,7t«.952  1 

3,050,000 

403.000 

13-213 

7,900,000 

479,750 
6,868,500 

6-150 

ll,2t»,050 

1,120,201,752  * 

3,682,800 

Tn  the  pret 

interest  is  dc 

Hemarku  on 

some  details 

York  as  in  ai 

that  still  exis 

of  1826,  the  ( 

with  the  forii 

defraud  the  |i 

viotisly  been 

rlty,  that  thei 

wos  eslalilisli 

Lombard  Ass 

but  theasBoci 

been  paid  up  I 

worse  than  iti 

With  the  et 

notes  of  so  lot 

In  order  to  | 

the  Slate  of  1 

their  charters 

by  whom  it  is 

certain  restric 

nulhority  to  e 

dilferent  banki 

This  system 

be  formed  as  ti 

to  eradicate  th 

than  to  tax  the 

set  on  font  for 

responsibility  < 

than  the  mtiitii 

rica,  as  in  Eng 

for  payment  nf 

material  servic 

mismanaseineri 

Forgery  is  ex 

consequence  of 

transactions. 

less  satisfaclor] 

much  deteriorni 

Sales  bv  Au 

auction,  is  of  lo 

appointed  by  th 

Statement  of  S 


Yean. 


1810 
1611 
1813 
1813 
■►ISU 
1615 
1810 
1817 
1818 
1819 
1820 
1821 
li>23 
18'i3 
1821 
1825 
1826 
1827 
1828 
tl829 
1830 


.JlilracI  0/  (Ac  pHneij 

The  duties  are— 

1.  On  wines  an  I  ardent 

2.  On  goods  imported  f 
in  packagee,  Inles.  & 

3.  On  all  other  articles, 

The  following 

1.  Ships  and  vessels. 

2.  Utenfils  of  husb,andr 

3.  Articles  grown,  prw 
dutilled  spirits.         ^ 

*  The  returns  o 
by  estimating  the 
correct  as  staled. 

t  The  amount) 
u2 


NEW  YORK. 


233 


i.seo.ooo 

DoUan. 
441,000 

7,900,ono 

4A15* 


72D,00e 

347,500 
6i0,000 
133.000 
2Z4,000 
380,000 


anio. 

Ri'e 

per  Cent. 

5-277 

KIM 

8' 100 

BI22 

e-'M 

7-466 

6-4  ■'» 

5-8  M 

6-V'>4 

7-466 

6-4  ■'» 

5-8  M 

4-8,15 

4-524 

5-955 

S-160 

Tn  the  prflvinu*  estlmnte*,  the  rnle  per  cent,  on  the  actiinlly  prndiirtlve  cnpitnl  wan  given.  Here  tbs 
intereRt  is  iletRrmined  by  r.ninpnrini;  the  whole  capitnl  with  the  whnli-  ilivitleriij. 

Htmarks on  Banking  at  JVew  KurA.— The  remlur  will  find  in  the  nrllrlr  IIankd,  I"onEl0N(vol.  i.  p.  195.), 
nome  details  a§  to  the  banking  syslcm  of  the  ITnited  Slates.  It  seems  to  he  unite  as  defcttive  in  New 
York  Bs  in  any  other  part  of  the  Union.  Heveriil  hanks  in  that  State  have  failed,  and  some  of  llioBO 
that  still  exist  obtained  their  charters  by  resorlini;  to  the  most  disgraceful  praclir<-s.  In  the  siiininor 
of  1826,  the  grand  jury  of  the  city  entered  npon  an  Investigation  of  certain  circiinistances  ronnccted 
with  the  forniation  of  some  of  these  establishments,  which  ended  in  the  conviction,  as  cnnsiiirators  to 
defraud  the  pnblic,  of  not  a  few  citizens,  and  even  of  some  members  of  the  legislature,  who  had  pre- 
viously been  deemed  highly  respectable!  The  Court  of  Errors  afterwards  decided,  by  a  small  majo- 
rity, tliat  these  convictions  were  Illegal  ;  but  the  fact  of  the  most  scandalous  abuses  having  prevailed 
was  established  beycmd  all  question.  We  may  mention,  by  way  of  example,  that  the  United  Hiatet 
Lombard  Association,  incorporated  in  1H35,  was  sworn  to  as  having  a  paid  up  capital  ofSno.dllO dollars  ; 
but  the  association  having  failed  in  18%,  it  was  ascertained  that  not  more  than  30,000  dollars  had  ever 
been  paid  up!  There  were,  we  are  sorry  to  say,  several  other  cases  quite  as  had,  or,  if  possible,  even 
worse  than  this.— (Rcpur<  and  Obserralinnn  on  the  Bonka,  Sfc.  of  the  Stale  of  J^ein  York,  p.  10.) 

With  the  e.rception  of  the  branch  of  the  United  States  Bank,  all  the  other  New  York  banks  issue 
notes  of  so  low  a  value  as  1  dollar.     They  all  discount  bills;  generally  at  6  per  cent. 

In  order  to  protect  the  public  from  the  mischief  resulting  from  the  failure  of  banks,  the  legislature  of 
the  State  of  New  York  enacted  a  law.  In  1829,  compelling  all  hanks  chartered  in  future,  or  getting 
their  charters  renewed,  to  pay  from  i  to  1  per  cent,  of  their'capltal  stock  to  the  treasurer  of  the  Slate, 
by  whom  it  is  invested  and  accumulated  as  a  guarantee  fund.  When  a  bank  fails,  its  debts,  under 
certain  restrictions,  are  to  be  paid  from  this  fund.  Conunlssioners  have  also  been  appoinied,  having 
authority  to  examine  upon  oath,  andfto  inquire  Into  any  particulars  as  to  the  manugcinent  of  the 
different  banks  subjected  to  this  regulation. 

This  system  has  not  been  established  for  a  sutncient  length  of  time  to  enable  a  conclusive  opinion  to 
be  formed  as  to  Its  practical  operation.  We  believe,  however,  that  it  will  be  found  quite  in:idequate 
to  eradicate  the  evils  complained  of.  Even  were  it  otherwise  successful,  what  can  he  more  unjust 
than  to  tax  the  capital  of  solid  and  well-managed  concerns,  to  create  a  fund  to  pay  the  debts  of  those 
set  on  fool  for  the  purpose  of  swlndllngl  The  interference  of  the  cuuMuissioners,  by  lessening  the 
responsibility  of  the  directors,  must  be  a  good  deal  worse  than  useless  ;  and  can  have  no  I'flect  other 
than  the  mnitlplicatlon  of  abuses.  We  have  not,  indeed,  the  least  doubt,  that  it  will  be  found  in  Ame- 
rica, as  in  England,  that  banking  can  acquire  no  real  solidity  till  a  stop  be  put  to  the  issue  of  all  notes 
for  payment  of  which  security  has  not  previously  been  given.  Nothing  short  of  this  can  be  of  any 
material  service.  It  is  mere  error  and  delusion  to  suppose  that  it  is  possible  to  prevent  fraud  or 
mlsmanaseinent  by  any  system  of  official  superintendence. 

Forgery  Is  extremely  prevalent  in  the  State  of  New  York,  and,  indeed,  throughout  the  Union ;  a 
consequence  of  the  low  value  at  which  notes  are  Issued,  and  of  their  employment  even  in  the  smallest 
transactions.  It  is  not.  In  truth,  easy  tn  imagine  that  the  paper  currency  of  any  country  can  he  in  a 
less  satisfactory  conJltion  than  that  of  the  United  Slates.  And  it  will  not,  certainly,  be  improved,  but 
much  deteriorated,  should  the  president  succeed  in  hlselforts  to  destroy  the  Bank  of  the  United  States. 

Sales  Bv  Auction.— The  practice  of  selling  goods,  particularly  those  imported  from  abroad,  by 
auction.  Is  of  long  standing  In  New  York,  and  is  carried  to  a  very  great  extent.  Auctioneers  are 
appointed  by  the  senate,  on  the  nomination  of  the  governor. 

Statement  of  Sales  at  Auction  in  the  State  of  New  York,  from  1810  to  1830  inclusive,  from  Return! 
made  by  the  Auctioneers  to  the  Comptroller. 


Yon. 

Amount  o(  Duties. 

Amount  of  Salea  dutiable. 

Amount  of  Sale*  not 
dutiatile. 

Total. 

Dollart,      cents. 

IMIars.        cmtt. 

Dollari. 

cenli. 

DoUan.      cenit. 

1810 

126,404    62 

5,602,662    59 

510,760 

28 

6,113,422    87 

1811 

110,220    76 

4,.')93,987    51 

342,1.')5 

2t 

4,730,142    75 

1813 

121,236    92 

5,'203,566    67 

425,451 

30 

5,629,017     97 

1813 

156,481     05 

6,001,162    40 

1,051,646 

40 

7,052,808    80 

*1814 

86,067    76 

3,527,155    88 

387,631 

12 

3,914,787    00 

1815 

182,936    57 

12,124,054    76 

1,037,695 

01 

1.3,161,749    77 

1816 

171,907    40 

11,349,826    07 

765.889 

76 

12,115,715    83 

1817 

199,123    38 

12,472,446    92 

726,165 

73 

13,198,612    65 

1818 

17fi,032    2t 

11.873.658    42 

1,614,418 

83 

13,488,077     25 

1819 

141,570    96 

9,538,202    51 

1,727,3.^6 

31 

11,265,558    82 

1820 

153,999    86 

10,182,907    00 

1,833,229 

75 

12,016,196    75 

1821 

154,543    92 

10,525,791     05 

1,819,434 

72 

12,345,275    77 

1823 

180,761    68 

12,340,127    54 

1,798,880 

88 

14,139,008    42 

1823 

208,254    01 

13,754,821    57 

3,117,128 

86 

16,871,950    43 

1821 

226,218    13 

15,716,432    88 

3,587.586 

48 

19,304,019    36 

1825 

285,037    62 

19,713,686    67 

4,530,600 

69 

24,214,287     36 

1826 

242,810    06 

16,328,198    52 

4,722,154 

73 

21,050,353    25 

1827 

247,809    24 

16,401,fi4.S    68 

3,063,.'>76 

64 

19,465,220    32 

1828 

aw,  180    40 

17,449,544    64 

8,590,116 

29 

26,039,600    93 

tlS29 

242,552    54 

16,.').S6,906    60 

8,685,802 

29 

25,222,708    89 

1830 

218,513    66 

15,465,405    99 

10,300,705 

79 
10 

25,766,111    78 

3,892,661    78 

216,502,219    87 

60,638,437 

307,140,686    97 

AlutTcut  of  the  prineipal  Prmuimi  of  the  Law  concerning  Jbu- 
liotK. 
Tlie  dut'iH  are— 

1.  On  wine.^  an  I  ardent  spiriti,  forei^  or  domestic,  2  per  cent. 

2.  On  ^ood3  imported  fiom  ticyond  ttie  Cape  of  Good  Hoiie,  aud  itold 
In  puckntcea,  tnles,  kc  ,  aa  imported^  I  per  cent. 

3.  On  all  otiier  article!,  subject  to  duties,  I  1-2  per  cent 

The  following  articles  are  not  subject  to  duties  :— 

1.  Ships  »nd  vessels. 

2.  Utennlls  of  husbandry,  horses,  neat  cattle,  hn;s,  and  sheep. 

3.  Articles  (mwn,  produced,  or  manufactured  in  this  state,  except 
distilled  spirits. 


4.  All  fabrics  of  cotton,  wool,  hemp,  and  flai,  manufactured  wilhia 
the  juritdirlion  of  the  Uniteil  Slaies. 

CKiods  are  exempted  fmni  auction  duties,— 

1.  When  they  lielong  to  the  United  .Slates  or  this  Stale. 

2.  When  sold  by  the  authority  nf  a  court,  or  when  seize  I  by  a  publie 
officer  on  accuuut  of  auy  forfeiture  or  penalty,  or  under  a  distress 
for  rent. 

3.  The  eSiM:t*  of  a  deceased  person  sold  by  eieculors,  or  administra- 
tors, or  by  a  person  authorised  by  a  surrorate. 

4.  The  elTects  of  a  bankrupt  or  insolvent  sold  by  his  assignees,  ap- 
pointed pursuant  to  law,  or  by  a  general  assignment  fur  the  benefit 
of  all  his  creditors. 

5.  GiHids  damaged  at  sea  and  sold  within  20  days  after  being  landed, 
for  the  owners  or  insurers. 


♦  The  returns  of  sales  for  1814,  having  been  mislaid  at  the  comptroller's  office,  the  amounts  are  stated 
by  estimating  the  average  of  the  4  preceding  years  in  proportion  to  the  duties  paid,  which  are  exactly 
correct  as  stated. 

fThe  amount  of  real  estate  sold  in  1839  (included  in  the  above  not  dutiable)  was  #2,131,390  62  centi. 
u2  30 


«1 


•jr-JJ 

& 

P 

Ssjll 


1184 


NEW  YORK. 


Any  eUfun  of  thii  State  tnajr  lell  it  ■uclion  (except  In  the  city  of 
New  Ynrk)  all  such  p;ondf  m  are  nnt  iubject  tn  dutin.  Rtit  in  the 
city  nf  New  York,  or  where  th«  gnodt  p«y  duliei,  the  sate  muit  be 
ty  an  aulhoritcd  auctioiiMri  bis  partner,  or  clerk.  And  any  prnoo 
■ellin^  contrary  to  the  »aid  proviiioiii  is  Kuil'y  of  a  Diiwlemeanour. 

When  an  auctioneer  cannot  attend  an  aiirtinn  by  nckittju,  by  duty 
a»  a  fireman,  by  militaiy  ivden,  or  necaiary  aUendauce  m  a 
evurt  of  jxuticf.,  or  when  Ae  Is  teniporarity  abwnt  from  the  plnce 
for  which  he  is  appointed,  he  may  eiiipluy  a  partner  to  attend  iii  his 
behalf. 

He  munt  t'wt  bondio  the  people  of  this  State,  with  2  freehold  mrre- 
tien,  coiiditioiifd  in  the  penally  of  n,(K)0  dollars,  for  (hr  nayineni  of 
the  dutien  iintjosed  by  law  aud  acrruinK  on  the  tulrs.  Tnr  |ienalty 
of  sdlinif  without  the  bond  is  125  dollars  for  each  article  oftered  for 
late. 

No  anolKineer  in  any  city  shall  at  the  fame  time  have  more  thnn 
I  hcuse  or  store  for  hnldrnjc  his  auctions,  nnd  shall,  tiefore  entering 
on  his  n/Ticf,  drsijcnnte  in  wrilinii,  lo  bf  filed  with  the  clerk  of  the 
city,  such  hotiM  or  store,  and  his  partner  or  partners.  Rut  K"<^t*  snid 
in  the  p:irkaff<>ii  in  u  bich  they  were  inifiorird,  firrnilure,  and  such 
bulky  arlii'lfs  as  have  usually  been  sold  in  warehouses,  in  the  streets, 
or  on  the  wharfs,  need  not  be  srdd  in  the  liouiie  or  store  desigtiated  in 
such  writing,  if  such  sale  be  advertised  at  least  2  days  previously  in 
I  or  more  ne^^spapers. 

Auctioneers  are  tn  receive  2  IS  percent,  on  the  amount  of  all 
•ales,  unlt-ss  by  previous  agreement  in  writing:  and  (nr  dnnandin/f 
or  receiving  an  unlawful  rommiKsion,  shall  forfeit  250  dollars,  and 
refund  the  monies  so  received. 

No  aiictlnneer.  on  the  same  day  and  at  the  same  place  where  his 
public  auction  itmll  l>e  held,  nor  any  other  |>crson  ai  the  sxme  time 
and  place,  shall  sell  at  private  sale  nny  goods  liable  to  auction  duties, 
under  peuall^^  of  forfeiting  their  price. 

Every  auctioneer  shall  make  nut  in  writing  a  quarterly  account, 
dated  on  the  I  si  days  nf  April,  July,  October,  and  January  in  the 
year  for  which  be  is  appointed,  staling  minutely— 

1.  'J'he  sum  for  which  any  goods  shall  have  been  sold  at  every  auc* 
tion  held  by  or  for  hint,  front  the  time  of  his  giving  bund,  or  from 
the  date  of  his  List  quarterly  account. 

2.  I'he  days  on  which  sales  were  so  made,  and  the  ammint  nf  each 
day^l  bale,  designating  the  s-iles  made  by  himself,  or  in  his  pre* 
■encc,  and  those  made  in  his  absence  by  his  partner  or  clerk,  and 
thit  cause  of  his  absence. 

3.  The  amount  of  all  private  sales  made  by  himself  or  his  partnere, 
and  the  tlmea  thereof. 

4.  The  aniouni  of  duties  chargeable  on  all  sales  made. 

Every  sud)  account  sh:tll,  within  20day«af  er  its  date,  beeihibit- 
ed,  by  auctioneers  for  a  city,  to  the  mayor  or  recnnler ;  and  if  by  an 
auctinneer  for  a  county,  to  a  county  judge,  and  be  verified  by  oath. 
Kvery  partner  nf  an  auctinneer,  and  every  clerk  who  has  made  any 
sales,  shall  also  swear  lo  his  belief  in  the  truth  and  justice  of  every 
particular  of  such  account. 

The  State  duties  (together  with  the  addition  nf  2  1-2  per  cent,  nn 
the  whnle  amount  of  them)  are  to  be  paid  within  10  days  after  exhi- 
biting such  account. 

Any  deceit  or  fraud  in  violating  any  provision  of  the  law  respect- 
ing auctioneers,  is  made  a  miwlemeannur,  and  subiecls  the  oflending 
party  to  the  payment  of  treUe  damages  (o  the  party  injured. 

Coim, 

A  TaUe  of  varioui  Foreien  Coint,  ^.  urtfA  their  Valut  in  Fede- 
ral Money, 

Sixteenth  of  a  dollar  •  -  .  . 

Haifa  pistareen         .  •  -  . 

Real  plate  of  Spain    •  •  - 

An  English  sixpence  •  .  . 

Eighth  of  a  dollar      -  •  .  . 

Livre  Tnurnois  of  France       -  -  - 

Frane  of  France        .... 
A  pistareen  -  -  -  .  - 

An  E.iglish  shilling  •  -  >  • 

Qriarter  of  a  dtdlar    ■  -  .  • 

Marc  banco  of  Hamburgh 
The  florin  or  guilder  of  the  United  Netherlands 
Half  dollar   ..... 
Rupee  of  Bengal       .  •  .  , 

Hixiioiiarnf  Denmark  ... 

Rix-dollar  of  Sweden  ... 

Spanish  dollar  .... 

Rouble  of  Russia        -  .  .  • 

Crown  of  England  and  Fnnce  • 

Milree  of  Portugal     -  •  .  - 

Tale  of  China  .... 

Pagoda  of  India         .... 
French  pistole  .... 

Spanish  pistole  .  -  .  • 

Ft)und  oi  Ireland       .... 
Pound  sterling  of  Great  Britaia  •  • 

French  guinea  .  •  .  • 

Enelish  guinea         .  .  •  • 

A  moidore    -  .  .  «  • 

Hair  Johanoai  .  •  •  • 

A  doubloon  •  .  •  -  • 

A  Johannas •  -  .  •  . 

Real  vellon  of  Spain  ... 

Real  nf  Gibraltar      .... 
Rix  dollar  of  Bremen  ... 

Fezza  of  Leghorn     >  •  >  . 

Ducat  of  Naples        .... 
Ounce  of  Sicily         .... 

CoiTU  of  the  United  States. 
Gold  Coins. 
Eagle,  value  10  dol.,  wt.  270  grs.  stand,  gold.    = 
Half  eagle,     5    do.         135  .do.        —  « 

Quarter  2^  do.  67^  do.        —  a 

Standard  gold  is  11  parts  pure  and  1  alloy. 
Silver  Coins. 
Dollar,  val.  10  dimes,  wt.  416  rn.  stand,  silver 
Half  dollar    5    do.  203  do.  — 

Quarter,        2i  do.  104  do.  — 

Dime,  10  cents,  41 3-6ths        — 

Half  dime.    5    do.  20  4-5ths         — 

Standard  silver  is  1,485  parts  pure,  and  179  alloy. 
A  pound  of  pure  gold  is  valued  at  15  lbs.  of  pure  silver. 


Dolt.  eU.  m. 

•    0     6    21 

•090* 

•    0    10    0 

-    0    II     1 

•    0    12    6 

•    0    18    6, 

■    0    18    7t 

•    0    18    5 

-    0    22    2 

-    0    25    0 

•    0    23    0 

•    0    40    0 

-    0    50    0 

-    0    60    0 

•    i      0    0 

-     1      0    0 

-     1      0    0 

■     1      0    0 

■    1      9    0 

■    1    24    0 

•    1    49    0 

-    1     84    0 

-    3    68    7 

.    3    77    3 

-    4    10    0 

-    4    44    0 

•    4    60    0 

•    4    66    7 

•    6     0    8 

-    8     0    0 

•  14    93    4 

•  16     0    0 

-    0     6    0 

•    0     8    6 

.    0    75    0 

■    0    90    0 

-   0    80    0 

•    2    60    0 

L.  1.  d. 

2    3    8iterl. 

I     1  10    — 

0  ICIl    - 

1.    d. 

4  3-75«IctI. 

2  4-87    — 

I  0-93    — 

0  6'46    - 

Coiiu  of  the  United  Slatee  demnnlly  rft'rtlifffi— 10  mills  mik*  I 
cent,  10  cents  I  dime,  10  dimes  1  dollar,  10  dollars  I  engt«. 

Riilet  for  reducing  the  Currencin  of  the  difftfaxt  Staia  info  e«cA 
othrr. 

To  reduce  the  curf^ncies  of  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts, 
Rhode  iBlaiid,  Connecticut,  and  Virginia,  into  those  of  New  York 
and  North  Carolina,— tn  the  given  luui  add  l-3d  part  thereof.  Uf 
reniisylvama,  New  Jeriev.  DeUivare,  and  M-iryland,— tn  the  given 
sum  add  l-lth  thereof,  (n  South  Carolma  and  Gwrgia,— from  Iht 
given  sum  aiibtraci  ^9ths  thereof. 

To  reihjce  New  York  and  North  Carolina  into  New  Hampshire, 
Mawicliusetts,  Rhode  Island,  C«innecticul,  and  Virginia,-  from  Die 
Kiveti  sunt  deduct  l-4th  thereof,  loin  rennsylvaiua,  New  Jersey, 
l)el:iware,  and  Maryland,— from  thcuivin  iinn  deduct  l-6lh  therm, 
iiito  South  Carolina, -to  the  Buni  givvn  add  I -Kith,  then  lake  1 -id  of 
thr,  whole. 

To  rrduce  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  Pelaware,  and  Maryland, 
into  New  llmipshire,  Massachusetts,  Kliode  Isl md,  Cuuhecticut.and 
Virginia*.— fnim  the  sum  given  defluct  l-Slh  Iht  reof.  Into  New 
York  and  North  rarolina,~to  the  sum  given  add  l-fith  tliereoC  Into 
South  Carolina  and  Georgia,— multiply  by  3  and  l-Ulh,  and  divide 
the  protluci  by  5  ;  or  multiply  by  2^,  and  divide  liy  45 

To  reduce  South  Carolina  and  Georgia  into  New  Mainpihire,  Mas- 
sachusetts, Rliode  Island,  Connecticut,  and  Virginia,— to  the  given 
sum  add  2<7lbii  thereof.  Into  I'enn^iylvania,  New  Jer&ey,  Delaware, 
and  Maryland,— multiply  the  given  sum  by '16  and  divide  by  28. 
Into  New  York  and  N<Tlh  Carolina,— from  the  given  sum  subtract 
I-7lh,  and  dnut)h?  the  remainder. 

Cwfom-Afii^  W(gi(/rt(iOTi«.— Vessels  must  be  reported  to  the  col- 
lector by  the  n>asler24  hours  after  n nival;  n:ust  rome  to  a  full 
entry  4S  hours  aftir  arrival,  at  which  (inie  the  commander  swears  lo 
a  detailed  account  of  his  cargo,  stores,  and  passengers,  and  that  he 
has  deposited  all  letters  in  the  JKist  ojlice,  except  such  as  are  for  his 
ship's  huslKind,  at  wi]ich  time  lie  must  alvj  dt  posit  the  ship's  regis- 
ter, clearance,  and  cockels,  in  the  Custom-house. 

Warthuuimg.—  Y\\v\a  is  no  warehousing  system,  but  goods  are  re- 
ceived into  the  public  stores,  whf^re  they  an*  altewed  to  remain  9 
months  at  the  risk  and  eapense  (for  fees  of  cartage-,  labourige,  and 
storage,  as  fixed  by  the  Chamber  of  (^umnurce,  see  poet)  of  the  owner, 
without  any  duties  being  deniandalde.  Woollens  are  the  only  excep- 
tions In  this  rule  :  since  1833,  interest  is  charged  upon  the  amount  of 
duty  payable  on  their  account  from  the  time  of  their  importation. 

Port  Charf^a.— For  American  vessels,  or  those  of  iitates  having  ffr 
ciprocity  treaties  :— 

Doll.  cti.    L.  I.      d. 
Fees  on  entering  -  •  •6    70orl673-4 

Fees  on  clearing   -  •  -    2    70  —  0  12    I  34 

CiutamhtniK  Fees— I.  Fees  vayabU  tn  Collector.— fintry  o{  i  vet' 
sel  of  100  tons  or  upwanis,  2  dollars  and  60  cents;  clearance  of  a  ves- 
sel of  100  Inns  or  upwards,  2  dollars  and  50  cents ;  entry  of  a  vusel 
under  100  tons,  I  dollar  and  50  cents;  clearance  of  a  vessel  under 
100  tons,  I  dollar  ami  50  cents  ;  every  post  entrv,  2  dollars  ;  permit 
to  land  goods,  20 cents;  evpr>'  bond  taken  ofticially,  40 cents;  permit 
to  load  gof'ds,  for  the  export;ition,  for  drawback,  30  cents;  debenture 
or  other  official  certificate,  20  cents ;  ofTicial  document,  (register  ex- 
cepted), n-«iuired  by  nny  person,  20  cents. 

2.  Feu  piiyaJfle  tn  the  .Vifri<£^nr.— Admeasuring  and  certifying  the 
same,  of  every  ship  or  vessel  of  100  tons  and  under,  per  ton,  1  per 
cent. ;  admeasurement  of  ever}'  ship  or  vessel  above  KM)  tons,  and  not 
exceeding  -^tO  Inns,  1  dollar  and  50  cents  ;  above  200  -ons,  2  dollars; 
for  all  other  services  on  tjoard  any  ship  or  vessel  of  100  tons  and  up- 
wanis, having  on  board  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise  subject  to 
duty,  3  dollars ;  for  like  services  on  board  any  shin  or  vessel  of  leu 
than  100  tons,  1  dollar  and  .iO  cents;  on  alt  vessels  not  having  on 
board  goods,  wares,  or  iiterchandine  subject  te  duly,  66  2-3d  cents. 
Certificate  of  registry  of  vessels,  2  lollars.  Endorsement  on  registry 
or  record,  1  dollar.  Kvery  bond  required  by  this  act,  25  cents; 
every  t)ond  for  a  Mediterranean  passport,  40  cents ;  every  seaman's 
protection,  25  cents. 

f7r«ffr  the  Coatting  .tfc/.— Admeasuring  every  vessel  in  order  (o 
the  registering,  enrolment,  licensing,  or  recording  the  same,  of  5  tons 
or4ipwards,  and  less  than  20,  50  cents ;  20  and  not  exceeding  70,  75 
cents;  70,  1  dollar;  above  100,  160  cents.  For  every  certificate  of 
enrolment,  fiO  cents;  every  endorsement  of  ditto,  20  cents;  every 
IVcMtce,  including  the  bond,  not  exceeding  20  tons,  25  oents ;  above 
20  tons,  and  not  more  than  100,  50  cents  ;  more  than  100,  1  dollar. 
Recording  certificate,  manifest,  and  granting  permits  of  less  than  20 
tons,  2.i  cents ;  alwve  50  tons,  50  cents.  Foi  certifying  a  manifest 
and  granting  permit  for  registered  vessels,  150  cents.  For  receiving 
certified  manifest  and  granting  permit  for  registered  vessels,  150 
cents.  Granting  permit  for  a  vessel  not  l>elnnging  to  a  citizen,  nn  ar- 
rival, to  proceed  from  district  to  district,  and  receiving  a  manifest,  2 
dollars ;  receiving  manifest  and  granting  permit  to  unload,  as  above, 
2  dollars.  Granting  permit  for  a  vessel  to  carry  nn  fishery  in  a  fo- 
reign port,  25  cents.  For  report  and  entry  of  any  foreign  goods  im- 
ported in  such  last- mentioned  vessel,  25  cents. 

DoUi.     L,  i.d. 
Expense  of  loading  a  vessel  of  300  tons,  in 

ttie  port  of  New  York,  with  the  hsu»1  cargo 

exported  from  thence 
Ditto  of  discharging 

For  discharging— 
Coals,  per  chaldron  •  .  • 

For  loaifing— 
Tobacco,  per  lUid.  -  •  - 

Cotton,  per  bale 

Flour,  per  bl.  -  •  • 

Flax  seed,  do.         - 

Rates  of  Wharfdge.--Veme\%  under  SO  tons,  60  cents  per  day  eZr. 
3d.;  and  for  every  50  tons  more,  12^  cents  additional  ^7(f. 
N.B.—Vflaxh  are  all  private  property. 

Rates  of  Commission.— recnnwundtd  for  general  Adopiiorij  and 
allowed  by  the  fiew  York  Chamber  of  Commercej  when  no  Agree* 
meiit  subsists  to  the  contrary. 

On  Foreign  Business.— On  the  sale  of  merchandise,  5  per  cent- 
sate  or  purchase  of  slocks,  I  per  cent.— Specie,  1-2  per  cent.— Pur- 
chase and  shipment  of  merchandise,  with  fund  in  hand,  on  the  aggre- 
gate amount  of  costs  and  charges^  21-2  per  cent.— Drawing  or 
indorsing  bills,  in  all  cases,  2  1-2  per  cent.— Vessels,  selling  or  pur- 
chasing, 2  1-2  per  cent.— Procuring  freight,  5  per  cent.— CoHectin? 
freight  on  general  average,  2  1-2  per  cent.— Outfits  or  disbursements, 
with  funds  in  band,  2 1-2  per  ceut.— ffifecting  marioe  insuraucei  in 


160 

,16 

0 

0 

80 

18 

0 

0 

Cent: 

25 

0 

I 

I 

25 

0 

1 

I 

25 

0 

1 

1 

312 

0 

0 

IW 

7 

0 

0 

33-4 

111  out,  Wll« 

amount  infu 

cent,,  on  the  a 

on  tewk,  1-2  I 

percenl.-A.ll 

BMclvinjt  ""cl 

aerjvml,  I  p^rt 

landing  and  i 

2  l-i  per  cent.- 

toni-hnuK,  mi 

•iljililin  incur 

On  Inland  I 

— PurcluMj  in( 

wilhoiil  fun.Ii  I 

ofitofk.,  I  p.-r 

of  bills  nf  ricl 

nniM  nr  drafl. 

of  tixchnn^r^  2  I 

cent.— Clurleri 

Procuriiir  or  c< 

irif nil,  212  pir 

Kffectinj  niariii 

nnl  exci-etl  10  pi 

the  prrniiutii  ej 

jwr  cent  -Ailjii 

Colleclinn  divid 

piyinjover  Ihi^ 

no  other  conmiii 

injf  gnoJs,  on  Ik 

duly  or  debenlui 

per  cent. 

The  atjove  cnr 
for  Mlri  on  creil 
ally  incurr(^l.— 'I 
and  of  rnbtiery,  I 
care  he  liken  to  i 
the  pmpr  einr  of 
and  are  relumed 
the  aaiue  rnnini 
hnnourt-d.  On  cm 
full  cnininiMion  \< 
bilitics  iitcurre'i, , 

Itata  of  Storage, 

Almondi,  'n  fraili 
Alum,  in  caskn  or 
Ajhei,  not  .iikI  pe; 
Beef.  bbl. 
Bottles,  quart,  in  r 
Rirk,  (|ueri-jlmn, 
Bluing,  cn'ton,  In 
Butler,  in  firkini  o 
Brandy.    See  I,i(|ii 
Candles,  in  boxes  t 
Chocolate,  in  boie 
Coco,»,  in  biKs,  pci 
in  casks,  dil 
Coflee,  in  casks,  di 
in  Ijijfs,  dill 
Copperas,  in  cisks 
Copper,  in  pi<s,  di 
in  sheets  n 
braziers'  b 
Cordage,  per  ion 
Cassia,  in  mats  or  I 
Cotton,  American, 
diltn,  in  rm 
West  In^lij 
Kast  Indian 
Cheese,  casks.  Iinxt 
Duck,  heavy,  per  h 
Ravens  or  R 
Dry  goods,  in  boxes 
Fish,  pickted,  per  h 
dry,  in  casks  < 
in  bulk. I 
Fijs,  in  frails,  [mxei 
Flax,  per  Ion 
Flu  seed,  or  other  d 
Flour,  or  other  dry 
£artbenn'arc,  in  era 
-,    .     .  in  hh' 

"ram,  in  bulk,  per  1 
(linger,  in  bags,  per 
Cflass,  window,  in  b 
Gin.    See  Liiiuors. 
Hemp,  |ier  ton  - 
Hides,  drie<l  or  saltei 
Hanlivare,  inca<ksi 
Indigo,  in  serous  or  t 
Iron,  in  bars  or  bolts 
in  hoops,  shee*! 
I-iquori,  in  puncheoi 
in  1-4  casks 
inpiprinrc 
hotlled,  in  c 
walher,  per  side 
j-anl,  in  firkins  of  60 
"ad,  pig  or  sheet,  pi 
dryorgr.  in  oi 
Mf'.asses,  per  hhd.  nf 
Nails,  in  casks,  per  c 
Oil,  in  hhds.  or  casks, 
in  chests  of  30  flai 
.  boUled,  in  l»ixes  . 
"inls,  in  casks  or  kei 
Pork,  per  bbl.     . 
Porter.    S««  Liquors. 
"Pper,  in  bags,  per  c 
Pimento,  in  caiks  or  b 
nice,  in  tierces,  per  ti 
in  1-2  ditto,  per 
«■•>?».,  m  hales,  per  cw 
K>«iu»,  AUlagi,  in  ca 


tims  ami  up- 

;  sutjfCt   to 

esxel  nf  less 

liaving  on 

66  2-3<l  cents. 
it  on  registry 
t,  25  cents; 

every  teaniaD's 

in  order  to 
same,  of  h  tons 
cectliiij?70, 75 

KcerlificalL'of 
cents  i  every 
cents;  almvo 
100,  I  (Inllar. 
less  than  20 
'2  a  manifest 
For  receiving 
vessels,  150 
citizen,  on  ar- 
,  a  inanift-st,  2 
nail,  aBal>ove, 
fUhery  in  a  fo* 
ign  goods  im- 

t.  f.d. 


56    0   0 
18   0   0 


0    1    1 


1    1 
1 


13-4 
3  3-4 


Bperday  bZi. 
=  7d. 


_,  5  per  cent.— 
Ksr  cent.— Pur- 
,  on  the  aggrt' 
^Drawins  or 
selling  or  pur- 
nt.— Collecting 
di»bursemen(Bt 
e  iDiurauce,  la 


NEW  YORK. 


985 


all  casetf  when  lh«  nremium  does  not  eiceed  10  per  cent,  oti  tK$  \ 
amount  tntur§d,  \-i  |ffr  cent.~VVhen  the  premium  eiceeiln  )0  per  i 
cent.,  on  the  amount  n/prrmiiim,5per  cent.— Collecting  diviilemli  | 
on  stock,  1-2  per  cent.— Cdlh^cllng  nelayed  or  litigalnl  accouiila,  ft  i 
per  cent. —Ailjustinit  and  collect  ing  Iniurance  loasrs,2  1*2  per  cent- 
Receiving  ami  paying  monicH,  from  which  no  other  commiMinn  is 
derived,  1  percnt.— Remitiances  in  bills,  in  all  cases,  I  2  per  cent.— 
Landing  anil  reshippmg  gr>oth  from  vessels  in  distress,  on  thr  ra/tte, 
X  1*2  per  cent.— Receiving  and  forwardine  gnoJi  unlered  at  (he  Cut* 
toni*hniise,  oti  tht  vatiu^  I  per  cent.— and  2  1-2  per  cent,  on  resfKiu* 
sihililies  Incurred. 

(>ti  Inland  //luineis.— On  the  sale  of  merchandisr,  2 1-2  per  cent. 
—Purchase  ami  shipment  nf  nutch.mdise,  or  accepting  for  purchase, 
without  funds  or  propertv  in  hand,  2  1-2  per  rent— Sale  or  purchaive 
oftitnrki,  1  p^-r  cent.— S:ite  or  purchase  of  specie,  1-2  per  cent.— Sale 
of  bills  nf  exchange  with  indiirsement,  12  per  cent,— Sale  nf  bank 
nor  OS  or  drafts  not  current,  I  2  per  cent.— Sellinic  or  indorsing  bills 
of  eichange,  2  1-2  [wr  cent.— Selling  or  purchasing  vessels,  i  1-2  per 
cent.- Chartering  in  proceed  to  olliur  ports  to  load,  2  1-2  per  cent.— 
Pnicuriiic  or  collecting  freiicht,  2  1-2  per  cent,— Oulfi's  or  disburse- 
ment!, 212  pi  r  cent.— Ciillecling  general  average,  2  1-2  per  cent.— 
Effecting  marine  in^urance<i,  in  all  cases  when  the  premium  does 
not  L-zct-ed  10  per  cent.,  n«(A«  rtmoun^  im»/rfrf,  I -2  per  cint.— When 
the  preniiuiii  eirents  10  |H-r  cent.,  en  the  anuiunt  of  xi>rTiiium,  6 
percent  —Adjusting  and  collertiue  insurance  losses,  2  I-2  per  cent.— 
Cnllecting  dividends  on  stocks,  1-2  fier  cent.- Collectinfr  bills,  am) 
plying  nver  the  antount,  or  n>ceiving  and  paying  monies  fmm  which 
no  other  commission  is  derived,  1  per  cent.— Krceiving  and  forward- 
ing goods,  mt  the  value,  1*2  |)er  cent. — I'he  same  when  ente ml  fnr 
duty  or  debenture,  I  pvr  cent.— Remittances  in  bills,  in  all  cases,  1-2 
per  cent. 

The  above  cnnimissiois  to  be  exclusive  of  the  guarantee  nf  debts 
for  sales  on  credit,  slongc.  brokeraice,  and  every  other  charge  actu 
ally  incurri-d.— 'I'hf  risk  of  loss  by  fire,  unless  insurance  be  onlerM. 
and  of  mbhery,  thett.  and  other  unavoidable  ()ccnrren>.'es,  if  the  usual 
care  Iw  taken  to  secure  the  pniperty.  is  in  all  cases  to  be  borne  by 
the  pmpretor  of  the  goods.  When  bills  are  remitted  for  collection, 
and  are  returned  under  protest  for  non-acceptance  or  non-payment, 
the  same  cnninii^inn  tn  be  charged  as  tt^nugh  they  were  duly 
honnurt-d.  Un  conaixnmentsnf  merchamline  withdrawn  or  re^hlppeil, 
full  commission  to  bi-  charged  tn  the  extent  of  aJvances  or  resuonsl* 
bilities  incurred,  and  half  commission  on  the  residue  of  the  value. 

Hctie*  of  Storafef-^chargcabfe  per  motif  A,  as  ettablished  by  the  New 


Yurk  Chamber  of  Commerct. 
Almonds,  :n  frails  or  packages,  cwt.     • 
Alum,  in  casks  or  bags,  per  Ion 
Ashes,  pot  and  pearl,  bbl. 
Reef.  bbl.  .... 

Bottles,  quart,  in  mats,  cr.  or  hmp.  gr. 
R-irk,  tpiercitmn,  in  casks,  ton 
Bigtjing,  cn'ton,  loose  or  in  bates,  pe.   • 
Butter,  in  firkins  of  60  lbs.,  per  lir.       ■ 
Brandy.    See  tjipiors. 
Candles,  in  b'lies  of  50  or  60  lbs.,  box  • 
Chocolate,  in  boxes  of  50  lbs.,  box 
Cocoa,  in  bans,  per  cwt. 

in  ca<ikn,  ditto     .  -  . 

Coffee,  in  casks,  ditto     • 

in  bigs,  ditto       - 
Copperas,  in  casks,  per  ton 
Copper,  In  pigs,  ditto     ■ 

in  sheets  or  bolts,  ton   • 
brazieis'  bottoms,  ton  • 
Cordage,  per  ion  ... 

Cassia,  in  mats  or  boxes,  per  rwt. 
Cotton,  American,  in  stpiire  bales,  300  Iba, 

ditto,  In  round  half>i<,  ditln 

West  Indian,  in  proportion  to  round. 

F.ast  Indian,  in  bales,  per  300  lbs. 
rhee«e,  casks,  boxes,  or  loose,  cwt. 
Duck,  heavy,  per  Imlt    • 

Ravens  or  Russia  sheeting,  piece 
Dry  goods,  in  boxes  or  bales,  40  cubic  feet 
Fish,  pickled,  per  bbl.    • 

dry,  in  casks  or  boxes,  cwt. 
in  hulk,  per  cwt. 
Fi^,  in  frails,  boxes,  or  drums,  cwt.     - 
Flax,  per  ton 


Cenit, 


-40 
-    8 


.    2 

-  2 

.  21-2 
.    3 

.  212 
.    2 

.40 
-20 
.  30 
-75 

•  60 
.  10 

-  121-2 
.  16 

-  9 
.    3 

.  1  1-2 
.  03-4 
.  40 

•  6 

-  4 

-  21-2 

-  21-2 
.60 


Flax  seed,  or  other  dry  articles,  in  tierces  of  7  bushels  per  tierce  10 

Flour,  or  other  dry  articles,  in  bbls.      -  •  -  -4 

Earthenware,  in  crates  of  2'>  to  30  feet  •  -  -  -  15 

in  hhds.  nf  40  to  50  feet  •  •  -  -  30 

Grain^  In  bulk,  per  bushel         •  *  -  •  •    1 

Ginger,  in  bags,  per  cwt.  •  .  -  -  .2 

Glare,  window,  in  boxes  of  50  feet        •  -  -  >    11>2 
Gin.    See  I.i(innr8. 

Hemp,  iH-r  ton   -  -  .  -  .  •  -75 

Hides,  dried  or  salted,  per  hide  -  •  -  -11-2 

Hardware,  in  ca»iks  of  40  cubic  feet      -  •  •  «  40 

Indigo,  in  sernns  or  tmxes,  per  cwt.      •  •  ■  •4 

Iron,  in  bars  or  bolts,  per  ton    •  •  ■  -  -20 

in  hoops,  sheets,  or  nailrods,  ton  •  •  •  -30 

Liquors,  in  puncheons  of  120  gallons,  per  puncheon    •  •  30 

in  1-4  casks       •  •  .  •  >  -    6M 

in  pipes  or  cvks,  120  gallons  -  •  -  -30 

bottled,  in  cisks  or  boxes,  doz.  Iwttles  -  -    11-2 

Leather,  per  side  •  •  -  -  -  -    I 

Urd,  in  firkins  of  60  lbs.  -  •  -  -2 

Lead,  pii;  or  sheet,  per  ton        •  •  -  -  -20 

dry  or  gr  in  oil,  ditto       -  •  .  •  -20 

Mf^Vis^es,  per  hhd.  of  IIO  gallons  fother  casks  in  proportion)  ■  30 

Nails,  in  ca-iks,  per  cwt.  •  •  .  -  .2 

Oil,  in  bh  Is.  or  cuks,  110  gallons         •  -  -  -30 

in  chests  nf  30  flasks,  per  chest       -  .  -  -    4 

bottled,  in  iNtxes  or  baskets,  doE.    .  •  -  -    1 1-2 

Faints,  in  casks  or  kegs,  per  ton  -  -  •  -  40 

Pork,  per  bbl.     •  •  .  -  .  -  •    6 

Porter.    See  Liquors. 

Pepper,  in  bags,  per  cwt.  -  .  •  -  •21-2 

Pimento,  in  canks  or  ba^,  cwt.  -  -  •  -  -    2 1-2 

Rice,  in  tierces,  per  tierce         -  •  ■  -  -  12 

in  1-2  ditto,  per  1-2  ditto 8 

Rigs,  in  bates,  per  cwt.  •  -  .  .  .  -6 

Baisius,  Malaga,  in  caalu  >  •  •  •  -    3 


Centt, 
I 
2 


Raisins,  Malaga,  In  traxeit 

in  other  p.ack.ige»,  per  cwt. 
Rum.     ,SVc  Liquors. 
Saltpetre,  in  liaits,  per  cwt.        •  •  .  .  .2 

in  ca^ks,  ditto  •  .  .  .  >    2 1-3 

Salt,  in  bag^  or  bulk,  per  bushel  •  -  •     1 

Shot,  in  ranks,  per  dm   •  •  •  .  •  *  37 

Soa|i,  in  bnxesofr>0)n60  llM.     .  .  .  .  -2 

Steel,  in  bars  nr  btnulles,  per  ton  •  •  .  .30 

in  iKixes  or  tubs,  ditln      >  •  .  .  .40 

Sugar,  raw,  in  bags  or  iMixet,  per  cwt.  •  •  .  >    2 

ditto,  in  caskii,  ditto         -  .  .  .  .    21>8 

refuied,  in  casks  ur  packages      •  •  >  '3 

Tallow,  in  c.iNks  or  senms,  cwt.  -  •  •  -    2 

Tea,  bohea^  in  whr^le  chests      -  •  •  •  -15 

ditto,  in  1-2  chests  •  >  .  .  .8 

grtien  or  black,  in  l'4  chests  •  .  -  •41-2 

HI  liftxes,  in  proportion  to  1-4  cheats. 
Tin,  block,  per  ton         •  -  •  .  .  -20 

in  txixes  of  usual  size,  per  box       -  •  .  •     I  1.2 

Tobacco,  in  hh<ls.,  per  hhd.        -  -  •  .  .  37 1-2 

in  bales  or  sernns,  per  cwt.    •  .  -  .4 

manufactured,  in  kegs  of  100  lbs.       .  •  .8 

Wines.    See  Liquors. 

Woods,  for  dyeing,  under  c/iver,  per  ton  •  -  .60 

ditto,  in  ya.rds         •  .  •  -  25 

Whiting,  in  hhds.,  per  ton         •  •  >  .  -37 1-2 

On  articles  on  which  the  rate  is  fixed  by  weixht,  it  Is  umlerstooil 
tn  he  on  the  ero«»  "eti(ht ;  and  on  liquors,  oil,  ^c.  on  whirli  the  rate 
refers  to  gillnns,  it  is  understood  to  Iw  on  the  whole  capacity  of  the 
casks,  whether  full  or  not.  The  proprietors  of^  goods  to  be  at  tha 
expense  of  putting  them  in  store,  stnwin?  away,  and  turning  out  of 
store.- All  goods  taken  on  ptnrage  tn  be  subject  to  1  month's  storage; 
if  taken  nut  wiihin  \h  days  after  the  expiration  of  the  iU(Mith,  to  pay 
1-2  a  month's  btorage;  ifjifter  I6days,a  wholemonlh^s  alorage. 

Ratm  of  Cartage. 
Ale  or  l)eer,  per  hhd, 

hhl.  fmm  60  to  00  gal  Ions 
Alum  or  copperas,  from  12  to  16  cwt.,  per  hhd. 
from  15  tn  20  cwt. 
over  !  ton 
Bar  iron,  per  load    -  . 

Boards  and  plank,  per  load  . 
Brindy,  pipe  over  100  gallons 
Bre.id,  4  tierces        ... 
Bricks,  ner  load 

namllul  and  piled    • 
Building  or  paving  stnnes,  laid 
(!alvea,  sheep  and  lambs 
('i<ler,  cheese,  and  cocoa       -  - 

('lay  and  sand,  12  bushels    - 
Coal,  half  chaldron,  per  load 
Cocoa,  per  load 
Coffee,  m  bags  or  bbla. 

above  10  cwt.,  per  hhd. 
Cordage,  small,  per  load 
Cotton,  per  load  of  3  bales    - 
Cut  stone,  per  load  •  • 

Dried  fish,  loose,  load 
Dye  wood,  per  laid  .  - 

Earthenware,  loose,  per  load  ■ 

K'lropeaagnods,  per  load    - 
Flax,  in  Itales  and  bundles,  load 
Flaxseed,  3  tierces 
Fire  A-ood,  per  load 
Flour,  in  bags,  12  per  load    - 

7  bbls.  per  load 
Gammon,  or  hams,  per  load 
Gin,  pipe  over  100  gallons  - 
flay,  in  trusses,  bundles,  bales,  per  load 

loose- 
Heading  or  staves,  per  load  - 
Hides,  50  per  load  • 
Hemp,  in  bale^  or  bundles,  per  load  • 

loose,  not  over  12  cwt.  • 

Hoop«.  in  bundles  • 
HfMip.poles,  per  load  -  - 

Hollow  ware,  per  load         -  • 

Household  furniture  -  • 

Molasses,  from  60  to  90  gallons 
from  90  to  140  gallona 
Oil,  per  load  of  3  bbls. 
Oysters,  ditto  shells.  &c.  load 
Potashes,  per  load  of  3  bbls.  - 

Faints,  common,  load 

per  hhd.,  frf)m  12  to  15  CWt.  - 

from  15  to  20  c    t.    -  • 

above  20  cwt. 
Pantiles,  per  load    • 
Plaster  of  Paris,  ton 

Fork,  beef,  t\r,  pitch,  and  turpentine,  5  bbls. 
Rum,  per  hhd. 
S.-ilt,  20  bushels 
Shingles,  long  cedar,  pine,  in  bundles 

Cyprus,  2.000  (12  inch) 
Stone,  paving  or  building     . 
Sugar,  Havannah,  3  boxes 

from  9  to  15  cwt. 

from  1.5  to  20  cwt.    -  • 

above  20  cwt.  •  • 

Scantling,  or  timber,  per  load 
Tea,  per  load 
Tiles  or  slate,  per  load 
Tobacco,  in  hhds.  from  9  to  15  cwt  per  hhd. 
from  15  to  20  cwt 

above  20  cwt. 
Wheat,  or  other  grain,  per  load 
Wine,  pipe,  over  100  gallons 

m  4  quarter-casks     •  • 

Whiting,  common  load 

ner  hhd.,  12  to  15  cwt 
rrom  15  to  20  cwt 
above  20  cwt 


l.iL 

2  0 

2  0 

I'j. 

2  6 

3  0 

4  6 

2  0 

2  0 

3  0 

2  0 

2  0 

2  6 

2  0 

2    6 

2  0 

2  0 

2  6 

2  0 

2  0 

■2  6 

■  2  0 

2  0 

2    8 

2  6 

■2  0 

2  6 

2  0 

2  6 

2  0 

•2  0 

2  0 

2  0 

■2  0 

■3  0 

Z  6 

6  0 

2  0 

■  2  6 

■  2  6 

■3  6 

•2  0 

-2  6 

2  6 

■4  0 

2  6 

-3  0 

■2  0 

■2  6 

■  2  0 

2  0 

■2  6 

3  0 

4  6 

2  6 

4  0 

2  0 

3  0 

2  0 

2  0 

3  0 

2  0 

2  6 

2  6 

3  0 

4  e 

2  0 

2  6 

2  6 

2  6 

3  0 

4  6 

2  0 

3  0 

3  0 

2  0 

2  6 

3  0 

4  6 

-■I 


3 


i 


<f  j^ 


$36 


NEW  YORK. 


i: 


Cahia.  I 

7or  every  catjie,  whole  ihnl  of  ft  inches  Id  circumference  to     t.  rf,  { 

7  incl.t^  ■  •  *  •  -60 

I)o.  half  *hot  of  like  dlmrn«inni     •  •  •  -28 

po.  whole  Khol  »r  7  to  10  iiii  Nn      -  •  •  •  13    0 

l)o.  hall  ih'ti  or  l>k<«ilinienni(>nt      •  -  -  •6    0] 

|)(>  whole  thot  ul  10,  knJ  nol  eicretlinK  12  Inches  in  circum*  | 

ferrnce  •  •  ■  •  M    0  , 

Do.  whole  shot  of  12,  and  not  etit^rdins  14  inchn  in  circum*  | 

ferenrr  ■  •  •  20    0  , 

Do.  half  shot  of  the  ttitneniiinrii  nf  the  two  I»t  mentioned        •  10    0 
l)o.  whole  bIioI  oI  14  and  not  eiceedinK  "^  iiicliei      •  •  24    0 

1*0.  h:tlf  ihni  of  like  diiiiensiona     •  •  •  •  li    0 

Do.  whole  ^hol  of  li  inchw  -  •  •  •  3^    0 

I>o,  halt  thot  or  likK  dnite-i«innB      •  -  •  •  16    0 

•^»  tiitxin,  udrti,  mtichauJiiey  itr  other  artkUt  not  htrein 

0tt}tintratid.  ptr  lt<id      •  •  •  •  -20 

In  all  Ci\ne*  v^hett-  (he  distance  exceedi  1-2  a  mile,  and  not  3  milea, 
1*2  in  addilioii  to  he  allowt d. 

Ratei  oj  I'u> tirade. —  Vnr  any  diitancn  not  eiceedinK  1*2  »  mi'e. 
12  I  ictn'Ui  over  l*i.i  mile,  and  not  exn'edinfra  mile,  i£5renti,  ami 
in  that  [)ro|Kirtion  for  .my  Rreaier  di»t.inrii.  For  ctnyinft  a  load 
u^ion  a  hand-l'.irniw,  f'lr  any  distanc**  not  eictediiiK  l-Za  mile,  23 
centi;  over  1-2  a  mile,  and  not  exreeiVin^  a  mile,  44  cenli;  and  in 
that  (iniiKiriion  tor  any  rre.iler  distance. 

Handiartmtn  —Kor  any  distance  not  exceeding  1-2  a  mile,  183-4 
cent! ;  over  1-2  a  mde,  and  not  exrecdini;  a  mile,  31  1*4  ci*uli{  and 
in  tlMt  liruporiiun  fur  any  ftrealer  d.arance. 
Harbour  Matter. 

The  office  nf  harbour  niaiter  wai  created  in  IPO**,  hy  legiitative 
enartmeni,  \\\'h  power  to  regulate  and  alalion  all  veuels  in  ihc  har- 
bour, or  at  the  w  harfu,  to  accommodate  vewela  wiahini;  to  discham 
their  carKoes,  and  lo  dix-ide  iiromptly  all  disputei  connected  with  (he 
foreKoinic  buhjecls.  He<»iiitinK  hit  aulhor.ty  luhjerla  to  a  fine  of  50 
dollars  and  cotii.  for  the  lientlit  ol  the  New  York  hosniial. 

fct.i.~i)u  vi-utis  uidoailin^,  1  12  cent  per  Inn.  Vessels  paying 
foreign  duties  and  tnotLtse,  (/cti/j/e;  which  muit  be  paid  within  48 
hours  after  arrival.  SchnoncTS  and  slofipa  in  the  coastinfc  trade,  2 
dollars.     For  aljuslini;  any  ditference  respectinic  situation,  2  dollan. 

Pilots  must  re^i^ter  ihejr  vessel  names,  and  places  of  alxxle,  in  his 
office  i  and  are  i  hii^td  to  put  to  st-a  whenever  nnlered  by  him.   The 
penalty  fur  refusing  is  6  dollars  and  loss  of  licence. 
Pilitla^e. 

There  areObranch  andftdepuly  pilots, and  as  many  registered  boats. 

Katcx  of  /M((fi|te— Kvery  pilot  who  shall  tnke  charge  of  any 
vessel  to  liie  eastward  or  south wanl  nf  the  While  Duny on  the  eastern 
ridge  near  the  bir,  and  conducts  and  moors  sifely  such  vessel  tn  a 

E roper  wliarf,  or  fioni  (lie  ci!y  to  the  southward  or  eastward  of  said 
uov,  is  enti'led  by  law  to  the  Adlowing  rates,  lo  wit :— For  vessels 
of  the  United  Mttea,  ami  those  who  are  entitle<l  by  treaty  to  enter 
upon  the  Name  terms  as  American  vessels,  the  sums  which  follow  :— 
Kvery  vessel  drawing  less  than  14  feet,  I  dot.  60ctB.  per  foot;  do. 
drawing  14  feet,  and  less  than  IS.  I  dol.75  els.  per  foot;  do.  drawing 
18  feet  or  upwanls,  2  dots.  25  cts,  per  font.  The  same  rales  of  pilot- 
age to  be  allowed  fur  .iny  vessel  (hat  may  be  piIo(ed  anywhere  within 
the  Hook,  whoM  ntatter  or  owner  does  nttt  wish  tiie  same  to  be 
brought  to  the  city  wharfs.     Half  pilotage  only  to  be  allowed  to  any 

£ilot  who  khall  take  charge  of  a  veuet  to  the  westward  of  the  White 
uoy.  No  pilotatre  whatsoever  to  be  given  to  any  pilot,  unlets  he  shall 
take  charge  of  a  vessel  tn  the  souihwardof  the  upper  Middle  (iround, 
nor  utdtss  such  vessel  shall  tie  of  70  tons  burden,  providetl  the  usual 
signal  be  nol  given,  in  which  cise  half  pilotage  is  to  be  allowed. 
Between  the  1st  of  November  and  the  Itt  of  April,  inclusive,  4  dols. 
additional  to  be  allowed  for  vessels  of  10  feet  water  and  upwards; 
if  less  ihan  10  feel,  2  dols.  One  fourth  additional  to  be  given  to  the 
pilots  who  shall  take  ch>rge  of  vts-elsoul  of  sight  of  the  light-house. 
For  every  day  any  pilot  shall  be  required  to  remain  on  l)oard,  3  dols. 
per  day.  Foreign  veuels  not  entitled  by  treaty  to  enter  on  the  same 
terms  as  thn-e  nf  the  foiled  S(ates,  to  pay  l-4lh  additional  to  the 
pilots,  and  also  5  dols.  over  and  above  the  foregoing  rate*  of  pilotage. 
Wardent  of  the  Port. 

Vessels  and  goods  arriving  in  a  damaged  state,  and  required  to  be 
•oM  by  auction  for  the  benefit  of  uitderwriiers  out  of  the  city  of  New 
York,  niU!>t  be  under  the  inspection  of  the  wardens,  who  may  be 
required  to  certify  the  cause  of  the  dam'.ge,  and  amount  cf  sale  and 
charges. 

Fat."  1 1  2  per  cent,  on  gross  anion.it  of  sales ;  and  for  each  survey 
on  board  of  any  vessel,  at  any  storf ,  or  along  (he  docks  or  wharfs,  3 
dots,  on  damaged  gr>ods;  <  a(h  survey  on  hull,  spars,  rigging,  Ac,  6 
dols.;  each  cerlincate,  1  dol.  25  cts. ;  ditto  of  distress  of  said  vessel, 
2  dots.  50  c*s. ;  same  services  for  vessels  paying  foreign  duties  and 
tonnage,  doitbU. 

Qiuintity  of  Goodt  to  compnn  a  Ton. 
Extract  from  the  Sy-Latot  of  the  New  ynrh  Chanttxr  of  Commeret. 

Aef o<ue</,— Thai  when  vessels  are  freighted  by  the  ton.  and  no  spe- 
cial agreement  is  made  between  the  owner  of  the  vessel  and  freighter 
of  the  goods,  res[)ecting  the  proportion  of  tonnage  which  each  parti- 
cular article  shall  tw  computed  at,  the  following  reflation  shall  be 
the  standard  of  computation:— 

That  (he  articles,  the  bulk  of  which  shall  compose  a  ton,  tn  equal 
a  ton  of  heavy  materials,  shall  be  in  weight  as  follows:— 1,568  Ibi. 
of  coflee  in  casks,  1,830  ditto  in  bags;  1,120  lbs.  of  cocoa  in  casks, 
1^  ditto  in  bags. 

952  lU.  of  uimentoin  casks,  1,110  ditto  in  bags. 

6  turrets  of  flour,  of  196  lbs.  each. 

6  barrets  of  beef,  pork,  tallow,  pickled  fish,  pitch,  tar,  and 
lurpcntite. 

20  cwt.  nf  pig  and  bar  iron,  potashes,  sugar,  logwood,  fustic,  Nica- 
ragua wood,  and  all  heavy  dye  woods,  rice,  bouey,  copper  ore,  and 
all  other  heavy  goods. 

16  cwt.  of  colVee,  cocoa,  and  dried  codfish,  in  bulk,  and  12  cwt.  of 
dried  codfish  in  casks  nf  any  size. 

6  cwt.  nf  ship  bread  in  casks,  7  cwt.  in  bags,  and  8  cwt.  in  hulk. 

200  gallons  (wine  measure)  reckoning  the  full  con  tents  of  the  casks 
of  oil.  wine,  brandy,  or  any  kind  of  liquors. 

22  bushels  of  griin,  pCAi,',  or  beans  in  casks. 

36  bushels  of  ditto  in  bu'k. 

86  bushels  of  European  salt. 


SI  bushels  of  ult  from  the  West  lodiei* 

29  bushels  of  sea  coal. 

40  feel  (cubic  measure)  of  mahopnr,  square  tlin1>er,  oak  planki 
pine  and  other  boitrds,  beaver,  fun,  peltry,  bees'  waa,  cotton,  woolf 
and  bale  goods  of  all  kinds. 

I  hogshead  ot  tobacco,  and  ID  cwt.  of  dry  hides. 


hopheads,  extra 


8  cwt.  of  China  raw  silk,  10  cwt.  nei 
Tara  allowtd  by 

Alum,  in  bars 
in  caAks 
Almonds,  iu  cases    • 
in  bales    > 
double  tutea 
In  bags 
Cheese,  In  cai>k>  or  tubs 
Cocoa,  in  Nfrnns 
Cop(>eras,  in  casks    - 
CasMia,  in  Imixcs 
in  mats 
Cinnamon,  in  t>oxes  • 
in  bales  • 
Cloves,  in  casks 
in  baga 
Currants,  in  casks    • 
in  boxes   • 
Figs,  in  boxes 

in  mats  br  frails 
in  drums 
in  casks 
Glue,  in  casks 
in  boxes 
Hemp,  in  bales 
Indigo,  in  cases 
Lead  (while,  in  oil)  in  krgs 

do.  if  the  kep  are  packed   tn 

allowed  for  the  hogshead  is 
(while,  dry)  in  casks 
(red,  dry)  do.   • 
(red,  in  oil)  do. 
m  casks 
Nails,  in  bags 
Nutmegs,  in  casks    ■ 
in  bags     - 
Ochre  (in  oil)  in  casks 

(dry),  do. 
Powder,  gun,  in  I  4  casks 
in  1-2  do. 
in  whole  do. 
Plums,  in  boxes 
I'rune.t,  in  do.  - 

Paris  white,  in  casks 
Raisins,  in  jars 
in  boxes 
in  casks 
in  frails 
in  drums     - 
Rice 

Snutr,  in  boxes 
Sugar-candy,  in  tubs 
Sugar  in  loavea 
Steel,  per  bundle 
Shumac,  no  tare :  sometimes  1  lb.  per  bag  is  allowed. 
Sheet  iron,  in  casks  ■ 
Steel,  in  cases  and  casks 
Spikes,  in  casks 
in  bags 
Tallow,  in  bales 
in  casks 
in  serons     « 
in  tubs 
Twine,  in  boxes 
in  casks 
in  l>ales 
Tobacco,  in  boxes    • 
Wire,  in  ca.^ks 
Whiting,  in  do. 
Actual  lare  is  allowed  on  fruit,  if  required, 

Tara  oltouwd  ty  law. 
On  candles,  in  boxes 
Cheese,  in  tiam[)ers  or  baskets 
in  boxes 


t  bohea,  and  8  cwt.  greeD  tM« 

Cuifotu. 

SIba. 

10  per  eent 
8     — 
BIbe. 

le- 

4  per  cent 
15     - 

B  — 
10      — 

actual, 

6  per  cent. 

actual. 

6  per  cent 
12      — 

4  — 
12  — 
10  — 
10      — 

4      — 

8  — 
12  - 
20     — 

15  — 
ft      — 

16  — 


Chncnlate,  in  boxes  • 
Coffee,  in  bags 
in  bales 

in  casks         •  • 

Cocoa,  in  bags 
in  casks 
Cotlon,  in  bales 

in  serous      ■  • 

Indigo,  in  do. 
Nails,  in  caitks 

Pimento,  in  bags       •  • 

Pepper,  in    do. 

Sugar,  other  than  loaf  sugar,  in  casks  • 
in  boxes 
in  mats  or  bags 
Salts,  Glauber 

Sugar  candy,  in  boxes  •  -  •  .  |0     — 

Soap,  in  boxes  •  •  -  -  -  10     — 

Shot,  in  casks  •  •  •  -  .    3     — 

Every  whole  chest  of  bohea  tea  -  -  -  70  lbs. 

1-2       do.       do.    •  -  -  •  •  36  — 

1-4       do.       do.    •  .  -  -  •  20  — 

Every  chest  of  hyson  or  other  green  tea  of  70  lbs.  or 

upwards         .  -  -  ■  -  20  — 

Every  box  of  other  tea  between  GO  and  70  lbs.  •  18  — 

do.       do.       if  80  lbs.      •  •  -  .  20  — 

do.       do-       from  80  lbs.  and  upwards     -  •  22  — 

The  above  to  include  ropes,  canvass,  and  other  coverinp.  On  al* 
other  boxes  of  teas,  according  to  the  invoices  or  actual  weight 
thereof. 


100  lbs. 
6  per  cent 
A      — • 
10     — 
3      — 

3  — 
13     — 

4  — 
12  — 
10      — 

ftlbt. 

9  — 
23  — 

8  percent. 

8  — 
10  — 
18  lb*. 

15  iMr  cent 
12     — 

4  — 
10  — 
10     — 

16  — 
15     — 

lUlbh 
3       — 

IS  per  cent 

5  — 
8  — 
3  — 
8      — 

12  - 

8  — 

IS  — 

IS  — 

12  — 

3  — 

IS  — 

8  per  cent 

10  - 


'    8 

■  10 
'20 
'  10 
'  2 
'    3 

■  12 

■  I 
'    4 

■  2 
.  6 
'  10 
•    8 

■  3 

■  2 
'  12 
'  IS 

■  B 


We  have  derived  these  statementB  from  the  Jfew  York  Annual  Regisler,  for  1831 ;  The  Picture  of  JVWe 
York ;  the  Consul's  Anstoera  to  the  Circular  Queries,  und  private  communications. 


Prices  m 
articlcH  of 
teiiiber,  \H[ 

CoHnn—impoi 
New  Orlmi 
Alalanm,  rfo 
l'pl.ijil,  .lo, 
Tf  rmeiicc,  i|( 
Coltoii  tiuntnn 
lleiiip,  iwr  yj 
I'lax,  du. 

AnierM 
rinur  and  innl- 
New  Vork,  ii 
Troy,  do. 
Wfgtern  (am 
riiiladelphia, 
lUllilnoru,  llfj 
Richmond  Coi 
Geornelown.  i 
itiejtaridrja,  d( 
Fffderrckibun 
PeifnlmrKli.  if 
Scralihed  ami 
Midliiri^,  Am 
llyc  Hour,  do. 
ludiiii  iiiial,  i|( 

Tun—linpuTt  du 

«d,  free. 

Beaver,  parchii 

N.irlli, , 

Soiilh,  (1 

Weil,  d 

Otier.  per  <hiii 

naccoon,  .S.  an.i 

.        ""Inii 

Muiknit,  s.  and 

Marltii,  Caii.ida 

N.  W, 

Red  fox,  do. 

Minx,  s.  and  N. 

Nulna  .kini,  do. 

Il.ire  skins,  Husi 

Gn'in—Impitrl  ttu, 

Wheal,  Virginia, 

Ni.rlh  t; 

Rye,  Norlliern,  d 

Com,  yellow,  N, 

while.  Lor 

Southern,  t 

Barlfv,  Norlh  Ri 

OaU,  Northern  ai 

[The  Tahl 
the  articles  Is 

Stw  Yurk  Cannli 
fore  the  reader  in  vi 
anjnunt  of  lolla  cnllt 
ending  the  30lh  of  s 

Erie  and  Champla 
Osweito  Canal 
Cayuga  and  tieuec 


Tlie  eiprnsea  nf  co 
loila  received  h' 
•ay  " 

Total  amount 

The  iiett   revenue 

Canal  fund, after 

lo 

The  debt  alanding 
If33,  for  the  several  ( 


Erie  and  Champlaii 
(hweito  rio. 
Ciyuja  and  .Seneca 
Chftiiung  do. 
Cronked  Like  do. 
Chenango  do. 


Tarifp  of 

United  .States  i 

years  ending  w 

the  people,  part 

skill  in  navigati 

would,  at  least, 

try.     That  it  d 

with  the  extraoi 

gress  seems  to  I 

house  regulatior 

industry,  and  tu 

No  one  who 


-:    ( 


NEW  YORK. 


M7 


Prifti  at  AV»r»rA.— The  following  ulatKiiientB  of  ilm  wliolennlR  prices  of  koiiic  of  llie  |irinri|ml 
artiuli-8  of  <!.t|iiirtutioii  at  Now  Vorli,  urc  lukuii  from  tliu  JVtio  York  Price  Current  for  tliu  ITlli  of  Heu> 
teiiibur,  1H36. 


DU.  dt. 


Dli.  ctt. 


0  U        to  0  21 

0  13  1-2  —  0  22 

0  12  1-2  —  0  20 

0  12        —  0  It 


0    21 

-  0    17 

—  0     0 


9 


0 
0 
0 
0 

■  8    50 

•  9    7» 

•  0     0 
-    0     0 

■  0     0 

•  8    M 

■  8     0 

■  0     0 

•  S     0 

■  22    50 


Colinn— /rnporf  duly,  3  Mnto  p«f  lb. 

>ew  UrUaiii,  |>er  lb.    • 

AUtanin,  ill), 

I'pknd,  >fn. 

'I'f  tiiieut'r,  iln.   • 
Cotton  li3miii|(-;iHj)or«  duty,  3  1-2  MnU  per  uuare  y«rd. 

Ileiii)),  jicr  yard  -  •  •    0    IM 

l'l>l,  ilu.  ■  .  ■  ■    0    15 

AniKriran,  do.     -  •  •    0    20 

FInur  and  iii»l— /muorl  duly,  M  cenU  per  1 12  Iba, 

New  Vork,  luiierhiie,  per  Carrel  •    0     U 

Troy,  do. 

Weaterii  Canal,  do, 

I'hiUdelpliia,  do. 

Ilallliiiore,  Howard  Street,  do,  ■ 

nictiliKuid  Couiitry  mills,  do.   • 

Georgetown,  do. 

Aleaandna,  do.  •  • 

Fredenckibnreh,  do.      - 

Fetrnl)urifti.  m. 

Scrati'lied  and  tine,  do.  - 

Middliri^i  line,  <to. 

Rye  flour,  do.    •  .  • 

ludiau  meal,  do. 

npr  hniahend 
Tun—linpurl  duly,— dieawd,  12  I  -2  per  cent,  ad  valorciit :  uiidi 
ed,  frt'f, 


—  10 

—  0 

—  0 

—  0 

—  0 


0 

0 

1)0 

0     0 

9    75 

0     0 


0 
—  23 


0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

8    25 
6    25 


Beaver,  |iarchment,  per  lb. 

Nnrlli,  do. 

South,  do. 

West,  do. 
Otter,  per  skin  ■ 
Raccoon,  S.  and  W. 

Detniit,  Ac.    ■ 

Muskrat,  S.  and  N.,do. 

Marten,  Caniila,  do.      - 

N,  W,do.      - 

Red  fol,  do. 

Mina,  S.  and  N.,  do.     - 
Nutria  skins,  do. 
Hare  skins,  Husiia,  do. 


6  0- 

5  0         — 

2  60         — 

4  60         — 


6    60 
6      0 


0 
10 


0    25         — 


0 
0 
0 
20 


0    35 
0    21 


0  S5         —     I 

1  12  1-3  —     I     60 


I    37  1-3 


0  85 

0  20  —    0    40 

0  20  —    0    30 

0  12  1-2  — 


Grain— /rM^'crr  duty,  Wheat  25  centi  per  buahl.,  other  aorta  free. 

Wheat,  VirKini.-!,  per  liusliel     -            •     I    60         —  I  75 

North  Carolina,  do.     ■            •     1     87  1-2  —  2  0 

Rye,  Northern,  do.         -            ■           -    I     12  1-2  —  I  15 

Com,  yellow.  Northern,  do,     .            -    I     12  1-2  —  I  18 

while,  Lon^  Island  &  Jersey,  do,    I     12  I -.f    -  1  18 

Southern,  do.       -           -           -10        —  I  12 

Barley,  North  River,  do.           •           -    0    74         —  0  0 

Oats,  Northern  and  Southern,  do.         •    0    48        —  0  S2 


nu.  til.        nil. 

-  10     0        to  u 
•70         —    U 


—  IS 

—  19 

—  0 

—  a'. 

—  0 

—  52 

—  4'> 

—  32 

—  33 

—  40 

—  18 

—  25 

—  0 

—  0 

—  10 


Reana,  per  Here*  of  7  buahcit  ■ 
Tims,  while,  dry,  do. 
LuinUr— Filrrf  f«l(wi|  firicet. 
Hiards,  North  Hiver,  per  mille  feet     •  17      0 
taalern  nine,  do.  •  •  18      0 

Albiiny  do.,  per  piece  •  *    0     lit 

riaiik,  iietirgnn  do.,  \tvr  niille  feet      •  2.'>      0 
llraduif;,  \V.  ().,  per  mille       •  -  54      0 

Slavea,  W.  (I.,  piiir,  do.  -  •  6U      0 

lio<shead,  do.    •  •  43      0 

barrel,  do.         •  .  30      0 

R.  <).,  hogshiad,  do.     •  -  32      0 

Hoops,  do.  •  •  30      0 

Scanlliiif(,  pine,  do,        >  •  '15      0 

oak,  do,  •  -  •  20      0 

Timber,  oak,  per  square  foot    •  •    0    20 

Ueornian  yt;llow  pine,  do,      ■    0    28 
Shingles,  cypress,  per  mille     -  -40 

Nav.tl  .Mores — 
Tar,  per  banvl  -  •  • 

Fi'cti.do, 

Rosin,  do.  •  . 

Turpentine,  WilminKton,  soft,  do. 

North.  Co.,  do.  do. 
Spirits  nf  turpentine,  per  gallon 
Pruvisiiins — 

Beef,  mesa,  per  barrel  •  •  -10     0        —  10 

prime       •  •  •  -60-8 

cirgo         •  •  •  -    4    60         —    0 

Fork,  mess,  do,  -  ■  •  •  24    50         —  25 

prime       .  .  .  •  IB    50         —  17 

cari(o,  do.  -  -  •  14      0         —0 

Hog's  lard,  per  lb.         • 

Butter,  (toshen  dairy,  do.         • 

West.  do.  do.    • 

shippinc,  do.     - 

ThiladeTphia    - 

Cheeae,  American  do.  - 

Hams,  smokeil,  do. 

Toliacco- /?»(jjw(  duly,  Leaf,  15  per  cent. 

Riclininnd  and  Peterbburgh,  per  lb. 

North  C'irolina,  do.       • 

Kentucky  do,     -      '     • 

Cuba  (in  parcels),  do.    • 

St.  Domingo,  do. 

Manufactured,  No.  I.,  do. 

No.  2.,  do. 

No.  3.,  do. 

Ladies*  twist,  do.  >  -  - 

Cavendish,  do.   <         > 


2  12  12  - 

2  0- 

1  37  1-2  - 

3  60        - 

2  75         — 
0  38         — 


17 

l<j         — 

18  — 

12  — 
10  — 

8  — 

15  — 
advaiortm. 
0  6- 
5  — 
7  — 
IS         — 

14  - 

15  - 

13  1-2  — 
12  1-2  — 

19  — 

14  — 


ctl. 
0 
0 

0 

0 
IB 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 
25 
30 

0 

25 

12  1-8 
6U 

0 

0 
42 

25 
60 

0 

0 
SO 

0 

17 1-a 

23 
20 
17 
IS 
10 
IS 

9 

7 
10 
23 
20 
17 

14  1-2 
13 
22 
40 


Sew  York  Canal),  1833.— In  addition  to  the  information  laid  be 
fnre  the  reader  in  vol.  i.  p.  289,  we  have  now  to  stale,  that  the  total 
amount  of  lolls  collected  on  all  the  canals  of  the  State,  for  the  year 
ending  the  30th  of  September,  1833,  waa  as  follows,  viz. — 

DoUt. 
Erie  and  Champlain  Canals        •  -    l,,')24,42l 

Os«eKO  Canal       .....         20.950 
Cayuga  and  belieca  Canall  ...         14,783 


ct: 

63 
23 

69 


Tlie  eipenses  nf  collection  are  deducted  from  the 
tolls  received  by  the  collectors,  which  add, 

•»y 


1,360,155    45 


Total  amount  of  tolls 


The  nett   revenue  of  the  Erie  and  Champlain 
Canal  fund, after  paying  all  expenses,  amoUDti 


25,800     0 
£.1,385,955    45 


1,135,161    33 


Thi^  debt  standing  against  the  State,  on  the  30th  of  September, 
ISB,  for  the  several  canals,  was  ai  follows,  to  wit  :— 


[The  Tables  omitted  in  this  article  are  comprehended  in  those  which  have  been  added  to 
the  articles  Imports  and  Exports,  and  Saips. — Am.  Ed.] 

Bills  of  Exchange.— By  a  revised  law  of  the  State  of  New  York* 
the  fidlowing  damages  on  bills  drawn  or  negotiated  in  this  State,  and 
protested  for  non-payment,  are  allowed,  viz, — 

Rills  drawn  on  the  Sta'es  of  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont, 
Masaachusetts,  Rhode  Isl.ind,  Connecticut,  New  Jersey,  Feni  sylvania, 
Ohio,  l)t;law:tre,  Maryland, Virginia,or  district  of  Columbia,  3  per  cent. 

North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Kentucky,  or  Tennetaee, 
6  per  cent. 

Any  other  State  or  territory  of  the  United  Stales,  or  any  other  place 
on  or  adjacent  to  this  continent,  and  north  of  the  equator,  or  Any 
British  or  other  foreign  possessions  in  the  West  Indies,  or  elsewhere 
on  the  Western  Atlantic  Ocean,  or  any  port  or  place  in  Europe,  10 
per  cent. 

Such  damages  shall  be  in  lieu  of  interest,  charges  of  protest,  and 
ill  other  charges  incurred  previous  to  and  at  the  tiiiie  of  giving  notice 
of  non-payment,  tint  the  holder  of  such  bill  shall  be  entitletl  to 
demand  and  recover  lawful  interest  upon  the  aggregate  amount  nf  the 
principal  sum  specitie<l  in  such  bill,  and  of  the  d.iniages  thereon, 
from  the  time  at  which  notice  of  protest  for  non-payment  shall  have 
been  given,  and  payment  of  such  principal  sum  shall  have  been  de* 
manded.— Sect.  19. 

If  the  contents  of  such  bill  be  expressed  in  the  money  of  account 
of  the  United  Slates,  the  amount  due  thereon  and  of  the  danugee 
herein  allowed  for  the  non-payment  thereof,  shill  be  ascertained  and 
deterniiiu!d  without  any  reterence  to  the  rate  of  ezchange  existing 
between  this  State  and  the  place  on  which  such  bill  shall  have  been 
drawn,  at  the  time  of  the  demand  of  payment  or  of  notice  of  noa- 
payment.— Sect.  20. 

If  the  contents  of  such  bill  be  expressed  in  the  money  of  account 
or  currency  of  any  foreign  country,  then  the  amount  due,  exclusive 
of  the  damages  pay^iblc  thereof,  shall  be  ascertained  and  determined 
by  the  rale  of  exchange  or  the  value  of  such  foreign  currency,  at  the 
tioiB  of  the  demand  of  payment. — Sect,  21, 

Tariff  of  the  TJNiTEn  States. — Notwithstanding  the  unprecedented  progress  of  the 
United  States  in  wealth  and  population,  their  foreign  trade  was  nearly  stationary  for  the  10 
years  ending  with  1 830  !  And  yet,  considering  the  spirit  of  commercial  enterprise  by  which 
the  people,  particularly  in  the  New  England  States  and  New  York,  are  animated,  and  their 
skill  in  navigation,  it  might  have  been  fairly  presumed  that  the  growth  of  their  foreign  trade 
would,  at  least,  have  kept  pace  with  the  development  of  the  internal  resources  of  the  coun- 
try. That  it  did  not  do  so  is  wholly  owing  to  the  policy  of  government.  Not  satisfied 
with  the  extraordinary  advances  their  constituents  had  maile  in  numbers  and  wealth.  Con- 
gress seems  to  have  bielieved  that  their  career  might  be  accelerated  by  means  of  Custom- 
house regulations ! — by  giving  an  artificial  direction  to  a  portion  of  the  public  capital  and 
industry,  and  turning  it  into  channels  into  which  it  would  not  naturally  flow  ! 

No  one  who  has  the  slightest  acquaintance  with  the  condition  of  America — who  knows 


Erie  and  Champlain  Canal  debt 

thwegtt  do. 

Cayuga  and  Seneca  do,     . 

ChVn.ung  do, 

f  niokcil  l.ike  do. 

Chenango  do. 

Total  - 


Ihllt.  ctl. 

6,622,659  29 

427,347  0 

237,0(10  0 

316.000  0 

I20,0(X)  0 

50,000  0 


£.6,673,006    29 


4t 


238 


NEW  YORK. 


that  Khr  in  jionMcswd  of  bmindlrM  trnrfu  of  frrtilo  nml  unnppropriatrd  liinil — thnt  lirr  popu- 
lation i>«  coiiipariitivi'ly  thin,  nnd  Wll^t■■l  Itiuh — cnti  dmilit  for  it  iiioinont  thiit  iitiricidnirc  must, 
for  a  liinf^  HcrjcH  of  yi'iirx,  [te  thi^  innMt  prollliilili'  H|i<!('ifH  of  iMiiployrni'tit  in  which  hiT  citizona 
can  rnKiiKC.  Thfri'  ciin  ho  no  (|ui>Ktiiiri,  indi'i-d,  that  lui'h  hriiiichrM  of  iniiniifiirtiirc  nil  aro 
naturally  adapted  to  hi>r  |K>r.idiar  itiluation,  will  gradually  ((row  ii|>  and  llourixli  in  Aniorica, 
without  any  arlilu'ial  rnrourai^riniMit,  nrrorditiK  an  hrr  population  hfcomci  dfriKcr,  and  aH  the 
advaiiiaufi"  vvhirh  now  rxiHl»  on  the  nide  of  nuriculturo  iMTOtncn  le«ii  derided.  Hut  to  force, 
liy  nieaiiH  of  diitiex  and  prohibilioni*,  the  prenialuri^  (growth  of  inannfaclnreH,  ix  plaiidy  to 
force  a  portion  of  the  induHtry  and  ca|>ital  of  the  country  into  buHinoHHOH  in  which  it  will  ho 
leant  produi'live. 

Such,  howtiver,  ha«  l)con,  for  a  lenntheneil  period,  the  policy  of  the  American  letjinlature. 
The  exploded  HophiHrnn  of  the  mercantile  Hy Klein,  though  renounced  hy  every  statesman  in 
Euro|M',  a((|iiiied  a  noxioux  influence  in  connreHH,  and  were  put  forth  with  as  much  confi- 
dence, an  if  their  HoundncHs  neither  had  lieen,  nor  could  lie,  (piestinned  !  Fro/n  181(1  down 
to  Mi'.i'i,  the  object  of  the  American  legiHlature  was  to  holster  up  a  manufacturing  interest, 
by  irnposinft  opfirusHive  duties  on  most  manufactured  articles  imported  from  abroad.  Now, 
it  is  obviou^<  even  had  the  articles  produced  in  America  throuith  the  ai^ency  of  this  |ilan  been 
as  cheap  as  those  they  superseded,  that  nothing  would  hove  been  (gained  by  it;  for,  to  whot- 
cver  extent  the  importation  of  foreitj;n  articles  may  be  diminished,  there  must  be  a  corres- 
pondiiiK  diminution  in  the  exportation  of  native  American  prcHlucts;  so  that  the  only  result 
would  have  been  the  raising  up  of  one  species  of  industry  at  the  expense  of  some  other 
specieff,  entitled  to  an  etjuality  of  protection.  Hut  the  "American  system"  was  not  so  inno- 
cuous. Instead  of  the  goods  manufactured  in  the  Hiatcs  being  as  cheap  us  similar  ones 
manufactured  in  Europe,  they  were  admitted  to  be,  at  an  average,  from  HO  to  100  per  cent, 
dearer!  The  extent  of  the  pecuniary  sacriiico  that  was  thus  imposed  on  the  Union  has 
been  variously  estimated  by  American  writers;  but  we  have  been  assured  hy  those  who 
have  the  !)est  means  of  knowing,  that  it  may  bo  moderotcly  estimated  at  from  50,000,000  to 
60,000,000  dollars,  or  from  about  1 1,000,000/.  to  13,000,000/. !  And  this  immense  burden 
— a  burden  nearly  three  times  as  great  as  the  whole  public  expenditure  of  the  republic — was 
incurred  for  no  purpose  of  public  utility,  and  was  prmluctive  of  nothing  but  mischief.  Tho 
whole  elfect  of  the  scheme  was  to  divert  a  certain  amount  of  the  national  capital  from  tho 
production  of  cotton,  wheat,  rice,  tobacco,  &c.,  the  e(iuivalents  sent  to  foreigners  in  payment 
of  manufactured  goiMls,  to  the  direct  pro<luction  of  these  goods  themselves!  And  as  tho 
latter  sfiecies  of  industry  is  nowise  suitable  for  America,  a  tax  of  13,000,000/.  a  year  was 
imposed  on  the  Union,  that  the  manufacturers  might  be  enabled  to  continue  a  losing  busi- 
ness. We  leave  it  to  others  to  determine  whether  the  absurdity  of  the  system,  or  its  costli- 
ness, be  its  tnore  prominent  feature.  That  its  influence  was  not  more  injurious,  is  solely 
owing  to  the  smuggling  it  occasioned.  With  a  frontier  like  that  of  America,  and  with  a 
half  or  more  of  the  population  hostile  to  the  tariff,  it  would  have  been  worse  than  absurd  to 
suppose  that  it  could  be  carried  into  full  effect.  But  it  had  enough  of  influence  to  render 
it  in  the  last  degree  prejudicial — to  occasion  a  great  rise  in  the  price  of  many  important  arti- 
cles— to  cripple  the  trade  and  navigation  of  the  country — and  to  throw  a  considerable  part 
of  it  into  the  hands  of  foreigners,  who  carried  it  on  in  defiance  of  the  law. 

It  is  ditiicult,  however,  to  say  how  long  this  perverse  system  might  have  been  maintained, 
but  for  its  piditical  effects.  It  was  principally  patronised  by  the  Northern  Slates.  We 
believe,  indeed,  that  it  is  quite  impossible  to  show  that  they  either  did  or  could  derive  any 
benefit  from  it;  but,  at  all  events,  it  is  quite  certain  that  it  was  highly  injurious  to  the 
Southern  States.  Their  staple  products  are  cotton,  tobacco,  and  rice,  of  which  by  far  tho 
largest  portion  is  exported  to  foreign  countries:  and  the  planters  speedily  found  that  every 
restriction  on  importation  from  abroad  occasioned  a  corresponding  difficulty  of  exportation. 
This  led  to  a  disunion  of  interests,  and  to  strong  remonstrances  against  the  tariff  by  tho 
Southern  Slates.  These,  however,  were  disregarded.  Provoked  by  this  treatment.  South 
Carolina  took  the  decisive  step  of  refusing  to  enforce  tho  customs  acts;  and  threatened,  if 
coercion  were  attempteil,  to  repel  force  by  force,  and  to  recede  from  the  Union !  This  was 
a  death-blow  to  the  tariff.  Congress  now  saw,  what  all  sensible  men  had  seen  long  before, 
that  it  was  necessary  to  recede ;  that,  in  fact,  either  the  tariff  must  be  modified,  or  tho  inte- 
grity of  the  Union  be  brought  into  jeopardy.  A  law  was  accordingly  passed  on  the  14th 
of  July,  1832,  which  directed  a  considerable  deduction  to  be  made  from  the  duties  on  various 
articles  after  the  3d  of  iMarch,  1833;  and  a  subsequent  act,  commonly  called  "Mr.  Clay's 
New  Tarifl"  Bill,"  was  passed  on  the  8d  of  March,  1833,  providing  for  tho  future  gradual 
reduction  of  the  duties.  These  judicious  acts  restored  tranquillity ;  and,  there  can  be  no 
doubt,  will  be,  in  every  point  of  view,  highly  beneficial  to  the  republic. 

We  snhjnin  the  act  of  tlie  22d  of  Marcti,  1833,  and  the  explanatory  letter  of  Mr.  M'Lane,  Secretary 
to  the  Treasury. 

Mr.  Clay's  New  Tariff  Bill, 
To  modify  the  Act  nf  the  Hth.  of  .Inly,  18.12,  and  all  other  Jletg  imposing  Duties  on  Imports. 
Be  it  enacted  tty  ihe  Huiiale  and  House  iif  Kepresentatives  of  the  United  States  of  Ann^riea,  in  con- 
gress assumljled,  that,  from  and  after  the  31it  of  Uecuinbur,  ld33,  in  all  cases  where  duties  nru  iinpused 


nn  fnrclirii 
lnlpllll|||^  I 

tiMllh  |i:irl 
P'irl  ihi>rt'i 
(hiill  {<!■  ,\,. 
ducti'il  j  II  r 
b«  llciliirli' 

Hi'cl.  II 
.Inly  II  lore. 
kiTHi'y^,  iir 

riMllH  II  iai|i| 

nrlli'liN  hIl'i 
iiiiinnl'iii'tiii 
Kitrliiiii  III'  I 
Heel  III 
eilHlinii  liiv 
(he  iliiy  liiHl 
nlloivi'il  liy 

III  III  I'ur  Un- 
til)' unvi-rnii 
goinlD.  wiirr 

lllllll   lll>  (Mil 

H.Tt    IV.- 
Ilthiif  .liiiv 
friini  mill  iii'i 
entry  Irci-  fr 
cainiirli'H,  lu 
nf  NJIk,  or  III 
Capo  ofCJiHi 
H...I.  v.- 
rleBBliiilj  |i,> , 
Htoni's,  riMlin 
di-r,  in;iili|i>r 
llnrttunity  |)| 
pliititH  I'lir  liii 
niiiHk.  niilM  II 
Ihi',  III!  vcBi'l 
clilcdy  fur  ily 
anil  nlirat.i  <i 
may  opiTHle, 
21)  per  com.  a 
entry,  niiIiJi-c 
MiMl.  Vi- 
na in  iiiciinHJ 
lii-riiiii  nintiii 
of  .(lino,  is\-i 
nlHh  ovaHiiiii 
the  until  of  .111 
ilntlos  (in  lift 
duty  tliiin  211 1 
ruvenuo  to  eil 


The  7th  son 

ActH  iinpiiHinif 

licroiiflor  may 

liy  l,i\v,  ho  ri'K 

any  otlior  i|iiiii 

rate  of  duly  oi 

of  the  oiillecloi 

lliproiif,  at  the 

llnlteil  Slates, 

tjimntltiKH,  anc 

case,  lie  the  ili 

who  shall  act  :i 

tain,  estiniato, 

notwithittnndii 

whence  the  sii 

parcels,  orqiiai 

The  i)lh  secti 

under  the  diroc 

and  regnlntion! 

mates  shall  thi 

merchandise  as 

value  thereof,  t 

such  actual  val 

all  such  rules  ai 

Tho  Ist  soctii: 

of  July,  I8.'?2,  ai 

of  Deceiiiher,  I 

July,  I8;ia,  entit 

any  other  act,  s 

deducted,"  tec. 

It  is  believed 

by  any  net  of  C 

estimated  and  li 

quantity  or  pare 

the  authority  co 

tUttI  execution  o 

Tlie  fulluwing 


i    i 


x\K\V   YORK. 


as0 


before, 

tho  inte- 

Ihe   14th 

Dii  various 

r.  Clay's 

re  gradual 

•an  be  no 


,  Secretary 


irts. 

ii;!i,  incon- 

iru  imposed 


nti  fnri>iin  Impnri*  hv  thn  ni't  of  July  H,  tNl9,  pnlllliiil  **  An  Art  tn  nlinr  unit  fimi>n<1  thn  *nvpnl  Axli 

Inipimlnii  I)iilli>p4  on  liiipiirlii,"  nr  hv  .iiiy  oiIht  ml.  «tmll  i>x I  *.'()  \,vt  I'l-iit.  mi  i|ii>  viilmt  llirrrcif,  una 

liuiltl  [I'lrl  III'  mull  I'Xri'na  hIiiiII  he  iIimIiii  ti>il  ;  trmii  iinil  itl'li'r  llli'  .'Hat  iil'  lli-ri>iiilii'r,  Inil.'i,  iiiii>i|i,-r  Imith 
P'irt  llH'ri'iif  nil  ill  III'  ili'iliii  i.'il  1  t'rniii  iiml  iiI'iit  tlir  :iUl  i.r  Dri'i'iiiliiT,  Ix.'i;,  iiiiiiiiicr  li'iilli  |i:irt  tlii>ri>«f 
•  htill  hii  ili'iliii'ti'il  ;  rriiiii  iinil  iiI^it  llir  IHkI  of  lli'ii'iiilii-r,  iNltl,  iiiinlliir  IkiiiIi  p:irt  IIhti'mI  all  ill  lii'  ili>- 
ilili'd'il  i  mill  rrniii  iiiiil  iiI'liT  llli'  :llat  III'  IIi'ii'iiiIiit,  |H|t,iiiii<  liiill' o|' thn  rralililc  iit' aiirli  I'Xrcai  aliiiU 
bi<  ili'ilili  li'il  ;  mill  Iroin  nnii  iilli't  llin  KOtli  nl'  .liiiir.  IHI'.',  Ijic  iithiT  hllll'  llii'mit'  aliiill  hi'  ili'iliuii'il 

Him  I.  II   -   Anil   lii>  It  t'nrttliT  iMiilrli'il.  tliiil  an   niinii  iit'  thi' ai'iniiil  aiMtinn   nl' llic   ml   nt  ilm    |  |tll  iif 

July  iit'iria'ilil,  iia  llvra  llii>  rnti'  i<l'  iliil\  on  nil  inillnil  iinil  Inlli'il  ilutli,  kniiw  n   liv  IIk'   nil >t'  pliiiini, 

klTHl'ya,  nr  Kl'inllll  I'lltlnllr  ,  nl'  Ulllrll  U'nnI  ia  llll'  nllly  iimti'rnl,  tlni  Vllllll!  wIll'tl'Ml'  ilni'a    lint  I'Xi' I  IIS 

rtMita  II  ai|ii;iri>  yiiril,  lit  .^  pi'r  ri'iil.  ml  rnlurnii,  alinll  lii>  iiiiil  tlii'  aiiiiii'  la  hi'fi'liy  ri'pivili'il.  Anil  llii'  aiinl 
nrtli'li'a  almll  hr  Hiili|i'rt  In  thr  amiii'  ilnty  nt'  .Ml  piT  ri'lit.  iia  la  prnvlili'il  liy  llii'  hiiiiI  'jil  ai-itlnn  fur  iitliiT 
iimiiiil'irtiiri'a  n|'  wniil,  wliirli  iliily  aliali  hi!  liiilili-  to  (liu  aiiini!  ri'iliietloim  im  uru  prracrlhcil  hy  lliu  Ut 
aiictlon  of  Hum  ni'l. 

Hi'il    III     -Anil  111-  it  fiirttli-r  I'limti'il,  Hint  iiiitl'  tlio  ."lOtli  of  Si'pti'nilii'r,  ]'*\'i,  tin'  iliilii'a  linpoanl  liy 

i-llalinir  liiwa,  iia  ninillDi'il  hy  thla  ml,  aliiill  ri iin  miil  innliniiii  tn  hii  inlli'ili'il.     Ami  from  miil  iiOiir 

tllR  liny  liial  nrnri'aiilil,  nil  iliilli'a  on  Inipnrla  aliall  hr  in'.li  rti'il  In  rrmly  niniii-y,  iiiiil  nil  iri'illla  now 
nllowi'il  hy  I'lW,  to  lhi>  imyiniMil  nf  iloilra,  alinll  lii'  iiimI  htw  iirrrhy  iiholiahi'il,  ninl  am  h  iliillfa  all  ill  liii 
Inlil  I'nr  till-  piirpoai'  nf  rnlainif  aiii'h  rrvi'iini'a  na  mny  hi'  ii''ri'<anry  t  i  an  I'loiinniirMl  mliiiliilalrnlinn  of 
till!  Knvi'riiiiiiMil  ;  mill  from  nml  nl'ti-r  tin'  ilny  Inat  nfori'aniil,  thn  ili'llra  ri'iiniri'il  In  li"  pmil  liy  Inw  on 
i:ooila.  wnrra,  anil  tiiiTi'hnndiai',  ahnll  lii>  naai'i<anl  n|inn  Ihi'  vnl'ii'  llnrinir  ut  lliu  port  ulirri*  lllu  auiiio 
■linll  III'  oiili'ri'il,  iinili'r  anrli  ri'Kiilnlinna  na  inny  hi'  prcairihi'il  hy  Inw 

HiM't  IV.-  Anil  III'  It  I'll rl III' r  I'lini  ti'il,  tliiit,  in  nilillimn  to  tin-  nriirh'N  nnw  fXPiiiptnij  hy  thn  nrt  of  lliR 
lull  of  .Inly,  l'<l)'2,  nml  Ihi'  I'xlallni!  lawa,  from  tin:  pnyilii'iil  nf  ilnlji'a,  tlin  rnllnwiim  nrlli'li'a  Impnrtt'll 
from  niiil  ai'li'r  Ihi!  ;ilat  nf  Di'ii'inliir,  l*i'i:i,  nml  niilil  tin'  ;il)lh  nf  .liiin',  l^l'J,  •<linll  iilan  hi>  ailnillti'il  lo 
entry  fri'i- frnm  iliily  :  to  wit,  hli'ailii'il  mill  iinhli'mhi'il  lini'iia,  inlilr  liiii'iia,  lini-n  naiikina,  anil  llnon 
i-nmiirli'H,  nml  wnratnl  atnU'itnniU,  alinwia,  ami  nilii'r  innnilfiiliinH  nf  ailU  ami  wnralnl,  niannfniliirot 
nf  allk,  nr  of  w  liii'li  ailk  aliall  hi'  Ihi'  rninpuni'iil  innturini  of  cliluf  valiii;,  coinii  u  t'roiii  lliia  aiije  of  the 
Cupi!  of  (iooil  llnpi',  t'XCi.'pt  Hiiwinu  allk. 

Hi-rl.  v.  — Ami  III-  it  further  I'liarti'il,  Hint  from  nml  iiftpr  thn  anliinOlhnr.litnn,  INIS.tlin  rnllowlnRartl- 
rloRah.ill  III'  niliiillli'il  III  entry  free  from  iliily  ;  to  wll,  lint  Inn.  i|iili'kH  liver.  Hiilphnr,  ciiiili'  anllpetre.Ki'iml- 
utonea,  relineil  hornx,  emery,  opium,  tin  in  pinlea  or  alieela,  ({iiiii  .\rnhir,  uiini  i^eni'unl,  hie  ilyi.',  muit- 
iler,  in.iililer  ront,  iiiitii  nml  herrlea  liaeil  In  liyeini!,  anirrnn,  tnrinerii',  wnnil  nr  pnalel,  alnea,  ninheritrl!), 

lliirKiinily   pitrli,  roelilneni,  riiinomili'  tinvvera,  inri.inili'r  a I,  ralatip,  ilinlk.  eni'iiilna  Imlinia,  horn 

pInliiH  for  Imilerna,  ox  linrna,  other  liorim  nml  tipa,  Imlln  riihher,  iinnimiiifiu'iiiruil  ivory,  Inniper  herriea, 
inliak.  iiilta  of  all  kiiiiln,  oil  nf  jiinlper,  iinmannfirtiireil  rnltniia  nml  reeila,  tnrlnlai'alirll,  tin  t'nil,  aliel- 
Ini',  nil  veeelnhlea  iiaeil  prlliripilly  in  ilyeini;  nml  i'ntii|inalnu  ilyea,  wi'lil,  ami  nil  arliili'a  eiii|iliiyi'(l 
cllielly  fnr  ilyeinc  except  nlii in.  eopperna,  hirlimilinle  nf  potnali,  priiHaialenf  pnlnsli.clirnmale  nf  potuHli, 
ami  iiitrntii  of  leml,  ni|iinfnrtla  nml  larlnrle  iirlil.  Ami  nil  impnriK  on  which  Hie  lai  arction  of  thla  nrt 
Miny  opernte,  nml  all  nrticlea  now  lUlinlttiHl  to  entry,  free  frniii  iliily  nr  pnyiiiu  a  leaa  rale  nf  iliity  tliuil 
21)  per  cent,  ail  rnlnrem  hefnre  the  aniil  3lltli  nf  June,  IN  12,  fmni  anil  after  ilint  iliy  may  hi'  mlmilteil  to 
entry,  Milhject  In  such  duly,  nnt  exceeilinis  2l)  per  cent,  iitt  ralornii,  na  ahnll  he  prnviil.il  for  iiy  law. 

rtect.  VI  —Ami  he  It  further  eiiacti'il,  tlint  an  imirh  of  tini  ml  of  July  II,  Is.'l-i,  or  of  any  oilier  act, 
na  in  incoiiaistent  with  thia  acl,  ahall  he  ami  Hie  aaine  Is  herehy  repenleil  :  provlileil  til  it  iiolhiiiK 
herein  conlniiieil  ahall  he  ao  cnniilrueil  as  In  prevent  Hie  pnsanL'e,  prior  or  Hiihsei|ui'nt  In  the  aniil  3Utli 
nf  .Iiine,  l^Vi,  of  any  act  or  acta  from  lime  to  time.  Hint  mny  he  nereaanry  lo  deli'i  I,  prevent,  nr  pu- 
nish evasion  of  Hie  iliiiies  on  imporia  imposed  hy  law  ;  nor  lo  prevent  Hie  pnssaiie  of  any  iicl  prior  to 
the  :ifltli  nf  .Inne,  IHI'i,  in  inntinitency  either  nf  e.vress  or  ileticleiicy  of  reveiiiii',  alleriiiK  the  rate  nf 
duties  nn  articles  which,  hy  the  nfnre.^inid  net  •>(  the  llth  of  .Inly,  Is:i2,  nre  anhjert  In  a  Was  rale  nf 
duty  than  Sllpi'r  ciMit.  iid  rulorcm.  In  aiiili  inaniier,  an  nut  tu  exceed  tliut  rale,  and  bo  aa  lo  udjusl  tho 
revenue  to  either  of  the  aaid  cuiiliiiKencies. 

Circular  to  Officers  of  the  Ciittnmt. 

Trenaiirv  l)ep:\rlinent,  .\pril  ?0,  1833. 
The  7th  section  of  the  act  nf  the  Hlh  nf  .Inly,  1832,  entitled  "  An  Act' to  niter  ami  aiiii'iid  llieaevcral 
Acts  impoBiiiR  the  Duties  on  liiiporta,"  provlili's,  that  In  all  cases  where  the  duty  which  now  ia  or 
hereafter  may  he  linpnHed  nn  any  i;nnila,  wares,  nr  inerchandiae  liii|inrli'il  into  the  llnited  Sl.ites,  shall, 
liy  law,  he  reiiuinted,  or  be  directed  to  he  eatimated  or  levied  upon  the  value  nf  the  Mpinre  yard,  or 
any  other  i|uanllty  or  parcel  thereof,  and  in  all  cnaea  where  there  is  nr  shall  lie  iinpnsed  any  ml  i-nlureia 
rate  of  duty  on  any  goods,  wares,  or  iiierchnndisi!  imported  Into  the  Dniled  Sintea.  ii  ahnll  he  the  duty 
of  the  cnlluctor,  within  whose  district  the  saiiie  shnll  lie  imporled  or  entered,  to  cause  the  actual  value 
thereof,  at  the  lime  purchased,  and  place  from  which  the  Name  shall  have  been  impnrted  into  the 
United  Slates,  to  he  appraised,  estimated,  and  ascertained,  nml  Hie  numhi'r  nf  such  yards,  parcels,  or 
quantities,  and  such  actual  value  of  every  of  them  as  the  case  may  rei)uire ;  and  il  shall,  in  every 
case,  he  the  duty  of  the  appraisers  of  the  liniied  StatcK,  and  every  nf  Ihuiii,  and  every  nlher  perton 
who  shall  actus  such  appraiser,  by  all  the  reasonable  ways  or  ineniia  in  his  or  their  power,  to  ascer- 
tain, estimate,  and  appraise  the  true  and  acliinl  value,  any  invoice  or  nitidavit  thereto  to  the  contrary 
notwllhstandin;,  nf  the  aaid  goods,  wares,  and  nierchnmlise,  al  the  lime  purdhased,  and  place  from 
whence  the  same  bIiiiII  have  been  imported  into  the  United  States,  and  the  number  of  such  yards, 
parcels,  nrqiiantilies,  and  such  actual  value  nf  every  of  them  as  the  case  may  require.  iVc.  .to. 

The  9lh  section  nf  ihe  same  act  provides,  "  Ihal  itshall  he  the  duty  of  the  secretary  of  the  treasury, 
under  the  direction  of  the  rresidenl  of  the  United  State's,  from  lime  to  time  lo  est:ibli--li  such  rules 
and  regulations,  nnt  inconsistent  with  the  laws  of  the  Viiited  Stales,  as  the  President  of  Hie  United 
Stales  ahall  think  proper,  to  secure  a  just,  faiihfnl.  and  imparlial  appraisal  of  all  poods,  wares,  and 
merchandise  as  aforesaid,  imported  into  the  Iniled  States,  and  just  and  proper  entries  nf  such  actual 
value  thereof,  and  of  Ihe  square  yards,  parceia.  or  other  quantilies,  as  llie  case  may  require,  and  of 
such  actual  value  of  every  of  them  ;  and  il  shall  he  the  duty  of  Hie  secretary  nf  the  treasury  to  report 
all  such  rules  and  regillalinns,  with  the  rensona  iberefor,  to  the  next  session  of  ("onjiress." 

The  1st  section  of  the  act  of  the  2il  of  March,  183;l,  entitled  "  An  acl  lo  modify  the  Acl  nf  the  14lh 
of  July,  1832,  and  all  other  Acts  iinpoainu  Unties  on  Imports,"  declares,  "  that  from  and  after  the  Slat 
of  December,  18,53,  in  all  cases  where  duties  are  imposed  on  foreicn  iniporta  by  the  act  of  iho  Hlh  of 
July,  18:i2,  entitled  '  An  Acl  to  alter  and  amend  the  several  Acts  imposing  Duties  on  Imporla,'  or  by 
any  other  act,  shall  e.xceed  2ll  per  cent,  on  the  value  thereof,  one  tenth  part  of  such  excess  shall  be 
deducted,"  tic. 

It  is  believed  that  by  this  provision,  and  as  necessary  to  the  execution  of  the  law,  all  duties  imposed 
by  any  act  of  Coufiresa  upon  foreign  imports  are  substantially  regulated  hy,  and  are  directed  lobe 
esliinnted  and  levied  upon,  the  value  of  the  square  yard,  where  that  is  the  form,  and  upon  some  other 
quantity  or  parcel  in  casea  where  the  duly  is  not  imposed  by  the  square  yard;  and  that  consequently 
the  authority  conferred  hy  the  (Mh  section  aforesaid  must  necessarily  be  exercised,  for  the  more  effec- 
tual execution  of  the  said  acl  of  the  2d  of  March,  1833. 

The  following  rules  and  regulations  are  tUerefore  establisUed,  under  the  direction  of  the  President 


240 


NEW  YORK. 


t  ■  i 


(.  . 


of  the  United  States,  for  the  purpose  of  securing  a  Just,  faithful,  and  impartial  appraisal  of  all  ^ods, 
wares,  and  murcliandise  imported  into  the  United  States  from  and  after  the  3l8t  of  December  next, 
and  for  the  Just  nnd  proper  entries  of  the  actual  value  thereof,  and  of  the  square  yard,  parcels  or  other 
quantities,  as  the  case  may  require. 

In  all  cuiies  of  aA  valorem  duties  under  the  act  of  the  14th  of  July,  1832,  or  any  other  act,  the  regula- 
tions at  present  authorised  by  law,  for  ascertaining  the  actual  value,  will  remain  unaltered.  With  re- 
spect to  those  articles  liable  to  a  specific  duty,  or  other  duty  than  that  of  ad  valorem,  the  actual  value 
thereof  at  the  time  purchased,  and  place  from  which  the  same  shall  have  been  imported  into  the 
United  Slates  or  in  the  country  wherein  the  same  may  have  been  originally  nmniiractured,  or  pro- 
duced, as  the  case  may  be,  will  be  appraised,  estimated,  and  ascertained,  and  the  number  of  yards,  or 
square  yards,  tons,  pounds,  gallons,  bushels,  or  other  parcels  or  quantities,  and  such  actual  value  of 
any  of  them  as  the  case  may  require,  and  Just  and  proper  entries  thereof  he  made,  in  the  same  man- 
ner and  according  to  the  same  regulations,  as  are  required  by  the  said  act  of  the  14th  of  July,  1832, 
and  other  acts  now  in  force  in  regard  to  articles  paying  ad  valorevi  duty  ;  and  in  all  such  cases  the 
same  verification  of  invoices  and  other  proofs  will  be  rei|uired  and  produced  as  are  at  present  autho- 
rised in  respect  ti  articles  liable  by  previous  acts  to  an  ad  valorem  duty.  The  value  of  all  such  arti- 
cles being  thus  itjcertained,  the  proportion  which  the  duly  now  paid  by  such  articles  bears  to  the  said 
value  will  be  calculated,  and  from  the  excess  thereof  beyond  20  per  cent,  there  will  be  deducted,  from 
and  after  the  Jlst  of  December  next,  10  per  cent. ;  that  is  to  say,  where  such  proportion  shall  be  equal 
to  SO  per  ceiit.,  there  shall  be  deducted  10  per  cent,  upon  30  per  cent.,  or  3  dollars ;  and  from  and  after 
the  31st  01  December,  1835  the  like  deduction  shall  be  made  from  the  same  excess,  or  10  per  cent. 
upon  30  per  cent.,  being  3  dollars  more;  and  in  the  same  manner,  at  the  several  periods  specilied  in 
the  sa'd  act  of  the  2d  of  March,  1833,  until  the  31st  of  December,  1841 ;  from  and  after  which,  one 
hi>lf  of  the  residue  of  such  excess  will  be  deducted,  and  the  other  half  thereof  from  and  ai\cr  the  30th 
of  June,  1842. 

From  the  proportion  of  the  duty  thus  ascertained  upon  the  wines  of  France,  in  addition  to  the  said 
10  per  cent.,  the'  vill  also  be  deducted  such  further  per  cent,  as  will  be  necessary  to  preserve  the 
discriminatior  u  ■■.  rour  of  such  wines,  stipulated  in  the  convention  between  the  United  States  and 
his  Majesty  ,  «<'  g  of  the  French,  concluded  at  Paris  on  the  4th  of  July,  1831, and  authorised  by 
law. 

It  may  be  pt.-,  3T  to  observe,  that  all  manufactures  of  cotton,  or  of  which  cotton  shall  be  a  compo- 
nent part,  will  be  appraised,  estimated,  and  ascertained,  and  the  number  of  yards,  square  yards,  or 
otherwise,  parcel  or  quantities,  and  of  such  actual  value  thereof  as  the  case  may  require,  will  be  as- 
certained, and  Just  and  prciper  entries  thereof  made,  according  to  the  foregoing  reg\ilatlons. 

It  is  believed  that  the  value  of  foreign  imports  referred  to  in  the  act  of  the  2d  of  March,  1833,  is  not 
the  assumed  value  on  which  the  duty  upon  all  manufactures  of  cotton,  or  of  which  cotton  shpil  be  a 
component  part,  is  directed  to  be  estimated  under  the  act  of  the  14th  of  July,  1832;  viz.  of  rAirfy 
eenla,  if  not  dyed,  coloured,  painted,  or  stained,  though  valued  at  less  than  30  cents ;  and  of  thirty-five 
cents,  if  dyed,  coloured,  painted,  or  stained,  though  valued  at  less  than  3!>  cents  the  square  yard.  This 
value  is  merely  artificial,  and  assumed  by  previous  laws  as  a  means  of  augmenting  the  ad  valorem 
rate  of  duty,  imposed  for  the  purpose  of  protection,  upon  such  articles ;  and  the  amount  of  the  duty, 
although  ascertained  by  the  adoption  of  the  minimum  principle,  is  the  proportion  which  the  sum  col- 
lected by  the  government  bears  to  the  actual  value  of  the  article  ;  and,  therefore,  a  quantity  of  such 
cottons,  costing  in  fact  80  dollars,  but  valued  for  the  purpose  of  the  act  of  the  14th  of  July,  1832,  at 
240  dollars,  really  pays  a  duty  of  75  per  cent,  upon  the  true  value  thereof 

The  act  of  the  2d  of  March,  1833,  however,  proceeds  upon  a  different  principle,  and  aims  at  a  differ- 
ent purpose.  It  obviously  intends  to  make  an  equal  deduction  from  the  duty  on  all  foreign  imports, 
and  ultimately  to  reduce  it  to  a  rate  not  exceeding  20  per  cent,  upon  the  real,  and  not  an  assumed, 
value  of  the  articles  imported.  This  last  purpose  is  explicitly  stated  in  the  last  clause  of  the  5th  sec- 
tion, which  provides  "that  all  imports  on  which  the  1st  section  of  this  act  may  operate,  and  all  arti- 
cles now  admitted  to  entry  free  of  duty,  or  paying  a  less  rate  of  duty  than  20  per  cent,  ad  valorevi, 
before  the  said  30th  of  June,  1842,  from  and  after  that  day  may  be  admitted  to  entry,  subject  to  such 
duty,  not  e.xceeding  20  per  cent.  a(2  vutorem,  as  shall  be  provided  for  bylaw."  And  the  1st  section, 
which  has  been  already  referred  to,  expressly  provides  for  the  deduction,  after  the  30th  of  June,  1842, 
of  all  excess  of  foreign  imports  abi<ve  20  per  cent,  on  the  value  thereof,  which  shall  have  been  imposed 
by  previous  law.'?,  and  to  which  they  may  then  be  subject. 

The  object  of  thus  establishing  a  general  ad  valorem  duty  on  foreign  imports,  and  of  equalising  tlic 
rate,  can  only  be  attained  by  calculating  the  duty  on  the  real  instead  of  the  assumed  value.  This 
purpose  is  moie  particularly  manifest  from  the  last  clause  of  the  3d  section,  which  provides,  that  from 
and  after  the  30th  of  June,  1842,  "the  duties  required  to  be  paid  by  law  on  goods,  wares,  and  mer- 
chandise, shall  be  assessed  upon  the  value  thereof  at  the  port  where  the  same  shall  be  entered,  under 
such  regulations  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law."  Each  of  these  clauses  relates  to  the  actual  value  of 
the  foreign  import,  and  they  differ  only  in  estimating  that  value  ;  previously  to  the  30th  of  June,  1842, 
the  value  in  the  foreign  port  being  taken,  and  after  that  time,  the  value  at  the  port  of  entry.  The 
object  of  neither  can  be  accomplished  at  any  period,  by  adhering  either  to  the  nominal  value  assumed 
by  previous  acts,  or  to  the  rate  of  ad  valorem  founded  upon  such  assumption. 

In  alt  importations  of  manufactures  of  cotton,  therefore,  or  of  which  cotton  shall  be  a  component 
part,  after  the  31st  of  December,  1832,  the  value  thereof  will  be  ascertained  in  the  manner  aforesaid ; 
and  from  the  amount  which  the  rate  of  duty  under  the  act  of  the  14th  of  July,  1832,  or  any  other  art, 
shall  exceed  20  per  cent,  on  such  value,  the  deduction  required  by  the  act  of  the  2d  of  March,  1833, 
will  be  made  according  to  the  foregoing  rules. 

Though  these  rules  and  regulations  will  not  go  into  effect  until  the  1st  of  January  next,  they  have 
been  thus  early  adopted  and  made  public,  for  the  purpose  of  giving  timely  notice  to  the  manufacturers 
and  merchants,  and  all  others  concerned  ;  and  especially  as  to  the  verification,  by  the  consuls  abroad 
of  the  invoices  of  importations  to  be  made  after  that  time. 

Levis  M'Lanb,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 


Drawback.— AW  articles  lubject  to  duty  imported  into  Itie  United 
States,  not  liavin;;  lieen  landed  more  than  3  years,  are  allowed  a 
drawback  of  'he  duties,  on  exportation  of  the  same  (except  forcii;n 
dried  and  picliled  fish,  and  other  salt  provisions,  aud  chain  cables)^ 

Crediti.— When  the  duty  on  an  article  of  which  wool  is  not  a 
component  part  does  not  exceed  200  dollars,  it  niuFt  be  paid  in  cash 
without  difcount ;  ii'hen  it  exceeds  200  dollars,  a  credit  of  3  ninths 
Is  allowed  for  the  t-2,  and  of  6  months  for  the  other  1-2,  reckoning 
from  the  date  of  the  vessel's  entry.  Duties  on  wool,  and  all  manu- 
factures of  wool,  to  lie  paid  in  casli  without  discount. 

Dttcoutit. — When  the  duties  on  any  article,  except  wool  and  wool- 
len manufactures,  exceeil  200 dollars,  and  thry  are  paid  in  cash  at  ttle 
time  of  enlr>',  th&  "oiporter  is  entitled  to  a  discount  of  4  per  cent. 

Llakage  and  £reakagt.—Oa  spirits,  2  per  cent.}  ate,  beer,  and 
porter,  in  bottles,  10  per  cent. ;  alt  other  liquors,  in  bottles,  S 
per  cent. 

AMfncfionj.— No  Koods  to  be  imported  in  Teisels  less  than  30  tons 
tnudcn.    Mo  beer,  ale,  and  porter,  iu  casks  of  Icm  capacity  UuB  40 


fEallons,  t>eer  measure ;  or,  if  in  bottles,  in  packages  less  than  6  dovn. 
No  distilled  spirits  in  casks  of  less  capacity  than  W  gallons  wiue 
measure,  except  brandy,  which  may  1m  imported  in  casks  of  any 
capacity,  not  less  than  15  (gallons. 

Tonuase  Duty. — On  American  vessels,  and  the  vessels  of  Den. 
markj  Central  America,  Nelherbnds,  Itambur^,  Bremen,  Lubeck. 
Prussia,  Sweden,  Norway,  Oldenburgh,  Russia,  Austria,  llnzil, 
Hanover,  Papal  Dominions,  Portuj^al,  and  Sardinia,  frt.ra  whatever 
port  or  place,  and  on  French  vessels  aiming  from  Mu-tiiiique  and 
Guadeli.upe,  free.  On  French  vessels  from  other  jwrts,  and  cii  all 
other  foreign  vessels  (except  as  above  enumerated)  coming  from 
ports  where  Americans  are  permitted  to  trade,  I  dollar  per  ton ;  arid 
from  portb  wticre  Americans  are  not  permitted  to  trade,  2dollars  atid 
60  cents  per  ton. 
tin  Spanish  vessels,  coming  direct  from  Spain,  5  rents  per  ton._ 
Free  Oood^— The  following,  among  other  articles,  are  adniilted 
free  of  duties;— Antimony,  almonds  aloes,  aunollo,  amber,  anibtr. 
gi.*,  aixoli,  arrowroot,  anenic,  anafoeliila.— Balsams,  barilla,  itat 


wai,  bleachinc  I 
crude;  c^neri,  i 
copiier,  in  pigs  ai 
Dye  woods  of  all 
not  dressed  — Qir 
oilla  and  Siul,  h 
isory.  Jalap— fj 

The  follow 
of  the  princi{ 


Wool  mamifaclu 

Porlation  less  t 

Wool,  exceeding 

exportation,  4 

1      «"••.  equal  to  : 

Woollen  cloths, 

name  of  plains 

which  wool  is 

cecdingasci-nll 

I   .  byH.  Clay'sbil 

Alt  other  woollen 

flannels,  bocking, 

equal  to  averagt 

I  Cottons,  white,  cc 

yard,  valued  at 

I  n  ^l"*'  '0  average 

Cottons,  coloured,  1 

„W?o  per  cent., 

Naili,  6  cents  per  II 

Spikes,  4  cents  per 

Brarier's  rod,  spike 

iron,  3  cents  per 

Pig  iron,  60  cents  p 

Bar  iron,  rolled,  I  d 

hammered 

[We  subjoit 
New  York  Shi 


Steamers 
Ships 

Barques  - 
Brigs 
Galliots  - 
Schooners 


Of  which  there 
American 
English 
French 
Swedish - 
Bremen  - 
Hamburg 
Danish    - 
Colombian 
Sicilian  - 
Dutch     - 
Spanish  - 
Austrian 
Prussian 
Russian  - 
Portuguese 
Norwegian 
Belgian   - 
Haytien  - 
Brazilian 
Neapolitan 
Tuscan   - 
Hanoverian 
Sardinian 
Texian    - 

it  may  be  remi 
>au8e8  in  operatio 
lively  slight  impn 
ber,  1835.  The  v; 
for  the  purpose,  a 
Contrary  to  gener 
quence  of  these  lo 

Losses  frotn  fire 

tute  a  material  dri 

«tated,  in  the  prea 

one  year,  192  fires 

Vol.  ir.— X 


NEW  YORK. 


241 


they  have 
Inufttcturers 
hsult)  abroad 

iTreasury. 

■enthan6<1o»n. 
Iw  gjl\on>,  wiue 
■  ill  cask«  o(  any 

J  ve«els  nf  Den- 
■rennen,  Liilieck, 
BAuslria.  Hf'"'! 
1  from  whatever 
J  Muliuique  luJ 
l|)OrtB,  snd  on  a!l 
Ed)  coniiDK  fnim 
lur  per  ton ;  m\ 
ladeiZilolUriaini 

^nta  per  Ion- 
■es   art  ailmittM 
",  amber,  amber- 
I,  biriila,  b««* 


wai.  bleachinf  powder,  brinutnne,  borax.— CanlharUn ;  camphor, 
crude;  einen,  chalk,  cinnamon,  cloves,  cocoa,  cochineal,  coffee; 
cop|)cr,  in  pin  and  bars,  and  sheathinjc ;  cream  of  tartar,  currants.— 
Dye  woods  of  all  kinds.— Fruits  of  all  kinds,  flax :  furs  of  all  kin  (s, 
not  dressed  — Gineer,  t^ins  of  all  kinds,  i^unny  bag^.— Hemp,  Ma* 
nilla  and  Sisal,  hides,  horns,  honey. — Iperacuanhi,  juniper  berries, 
jTory,  jilap.— Lac  dye,  liquorice  paste.— Mace,  madder,  minna, 


marble,  munjeel.— Nuts  of  all  kinds,  nutmeirs,  nutgills.— Oils— of 
almonds,  aniseed,  cassia,  cmnamnn,  cloves,  palm,  juniper,  lavender, 
bergamot,  lemons,  roses,  opium,  olives.— Vepper,  Peruvian  bark, 
pimento,  plaster  of  Paris.— Quicksilver.— Rai^,  rhubirb.— Sarsapi* 
rilta,  sulphur,  hhetlac — Teas,  from  China;  tin,  in  bars,  plates,  or 
sheets ;  tartar,  tortntse-shell.- Verdigris.- Wood ;  wool,  not  casting 
uver  8  cents  per  lb. 


The  followinit  Table  exhibits  the  progressive  reductions  that  will  take  place  in  the  duties  on  some 
of  the  principal  articles  imported  into  the  United  States,  under  Mr.  Clay's  Bill. 


1842 

Articles. 

Per  Cent. 

ad 
Valorem, 

1833. 
Dec.  31. 

l-lOth 
per  Cent. 

1835. 
Dec.  31. 

MOtli 
per  Cent. 

1837. 
Dec.  31. 

I.IOlh 
per  Cent. 

1839. 
Dec.  31. 

i-IOth 
per  Cent 

1941. 

Dec.  31. 

Half  of 

Excess 

per  Cent. 

June  30. 
Remainder 
of  Excess 
per  Cent. 

ad 
Valorem. 

Wool  manufactured,  the  value  at  the  place  of  ex- 

portation less  than  8  cents  per  lb. 
Weol,  exceedinr  8  cents  per  lb.  at  the  place  of 
exportation,  i  cents  per  lb.  specific,  and  40  per 

free 

free 

free 

free 

free 

free 

20 

cent.,  equal  to  averai;e    .... 

E4 

60«) 

47-20 

43-80 

40-40 

30-20 

20 

Woollen  cloths,  milled,  fulled;  known  by  the 

name  of  plains,  kersevs,  or  Kendal  cottons,  of 

which  wool  is  the  only  material,  the  value  ex. 

ceedinx  35  ct-nts  a  squaie  yard,  5  per  cent.,  raised 
by  H.  Clay's  bill  to         .           .           .           . 

SO 

47 

44 

41 

38 

29 

20 

All  other  woollen  cloths     .... 

60 

47 

44 

41 

38 

29 

20 

Flannels,  bocking,  baizes,  16  cents  the  square  yard, 

equal  to  average  ..... 

60 

47 

44 

41 

33 

29 

20 

Cottons,  white,  costing  under  30  cents  a  square 

yard,  valued  at  30  cents,  and  pay  23  per  cent.. 

equal  to  aver.ige  ..... 
Cottons,  coloured,  valued  at  35  cents  a  square  yard, 

421-2 

40-25 

33 

35-75 

33-60 

26-75 

20 

pay  23  per  cent.,  equal  to  average 

421.2 

40-23 

38 

35-75 

33-50 

26-75 

20 

Nails,  6  cents  per  lb.,  equal  to  average 

78 

72-20 

66-40 

60-60 

64-80 

37-40 

20 

Spikes,  4  cents  per  lb  ,  equal  to  average    • 

98 

88-40 

80-80 

73-20 

63  60 

4280 

20 

Braxier's  rod,  spike  rod,  sheet,  hoop,  slit,  or  rolled 

iron,  3  cents  per  lb.,  equal  to  average    - 

113 

103-70 

94-40 

85-10 

75-80 

47  90 

20 

Pig  iron,  50  cents  per  cwl.,  equal  to 

43 

40-70 

38-40 

3810 

3380 

2690 

20 

Bar  iron,  rolled,  1  dol.  50  cts.  per  cwt.,  equal  to  - 

96 

8750 

80 

72-50 

65 

4250 

20 

33 

31-70 

3040 

2910 

27-09 

23-90 

20 

[We  subjoin  a  statement  of  the  arrivals  at  Nev«r  York  from  foreign  ports,  taken  from  the 
New  York  Shipping  and  Commercial  List. 


Arrivals  in  1839. 

Steamers 

.. 

_ 

. 

21 

Ships       . 

_ 

. 

. 

552 

Barques  - 

- 

. 

. 

254 

Brigs 

- 

- 

.. 

910 

Galliots  - 

• 

• 

• 

5 

Schooners 

- 

- 

- 

411 

Total 

. 

. 

2159 

Of  which  there  wert 

;.^ 

American 

. 

. 

- 

1,569 

English   - 

. 

- 

. 

337 

French    - 

• 

. 

. 

50 

Swedish - 

. 

. 

. 

48 

Bremen  - 

• 

. 

_ 

42 

Hamburg 

• 

• 

_ 

21 

Danish   - 

• 

. 

_ 

17 

Colombian 

. 

. 

. 

11 

Sicilian  - 

. 

. 

. 

11 

Dutch     - 

. 

. 

. 

9 

Spanish  - 

. 

. 

- 

7 

Austrian 

. 

« 

• 

ti 

Prussian 

. 

. 

m 

6 

Russian  • 

. 

. 

. 

0 

Portuguese 

. 

-. 

. 

4 

Norwegian 

- 

- 

- 

3 

Belgian   - 

- 

- 

- 

3 

Haytien  - 

- 

- 

- 

3 

Brazilian 

. 

. 

• 

3 

Neapolitan 

. 

. 

. 

1 

Tuscan   - 

. 

. 

. 

1 

Hanoverian 

. 

. 

. 

1 

Sardinian 

. 

. 

- 

1 

Texian    - 

. 

- 

- 

1 

In  1830 
In  1831 
In  1832 
In  1833 
In  1834 
In  1835 
In  1836 
In  1837 
In  1838 
In  1839 


Number  of  Arrivals. 


-  1510 
1634 
1808 
1926 
1933 
2043 


2071 
1790 
2159 


Arrivals  of  British  vessels  included  in  the  above . 


In  1830 
In  1831 
In  1832 
In  1833 
In  1834 
In  1835 
In  1836 
In  1837 
In  1838 
In  1839 

I 

In  1830 
In  1831 
In  1832 
In  1833 
In  1834 
In  1835 
In  1836 
In  1837 
In  1838 
In  1839 


93 
378 
369 
371 
303 
287 
367 
241 
330 
337 


Number  of  Passengers. 


-30,334 

-  31,779 
-48,589 
-41,753 
-48,110 

-  35,303 

-  60,541 
-51,975 

-  25,581 

-  48,152 


it  may  be  remarked  that  no  fact  can  be  adduced  more  illustrative  of  the  energy  of  th« 
causes  in  operation  to  advance  the  prosperity  of  the  city  of  New  York,  than  the  comparar 
lively  slight  impression  upon  it  which  was  produced  by  the  great  fire  of  the  1 6th  of  Decem- 
ber, 1835.  The  value  of  the  merchandise  destroyed,  was  estimated  by  a  committee  appointed 
for  the  purpose,  at  $13,115,692 ;  the  buildings  destroyed,  in  number  529,  at  $4,000,000. 
Contrary  to  general  expectation  abroad,  few  or  no  failures  ensued  as  an  immediate  conse* 
quence  of  these  losses. 

Losses  from  fire  are  indeed  so  frequent,  and  often  so  extensive,  in  New  York,  as  to  consti- 
tute a  material  drawback  on  the  rate  of  its  advancement  in  wealth.     We  find  it  officially 
Btated,  in  the  present  summer  (1840),  that  there  occurred  in  this  city,  during  the  period  of 
one  year,  192  fires,  being  an  average  of  more  than  one  for  every  48  hours ! 
Vol.  II.— X  31 


a 


24 


i 


242 


NICARAGUA— NUTMEG. 


V^\ 


Of  these,  06  originated  in  brick  tind  fireproof  hiiildinsrs. 

Tlie  property  destroyed  liy  till- said  lires,  nniiiiinted  in  nil  to        -----  #S,225,409 

On  wliicli  tliere  were  inRi\ran(e  for --.  2,983,310 

The  collective  iiiiioiinls  paid  l)y  tlie  Insiiranec  Companies,  was           .        -        .        .  S,00l,991 

Leaving  a  balance  of  actual  loss  to  the  persons  insured,  of-        .        .        -        .        -  981,319 

The  value  of  properly  destroyed,  on  which  there  was  no  insurance,  amounts  to         -  212,099 

See  Imports  and  Expoiits,  Ships,  and  Taiiiff. — Am.  Ed.] 

NICARAGUA,  oil  PEACH  WOOD  (Ger.  Nicaragaholz,Bliitholfz .•  Bu.  Bloedhattt ; 
Fr.  Buis  de  .sang,  Bui's  de  Nicarague,-  It.  Legnn  sanguigno ,•  Sp.  Palo  de  .langre,-  Port. 
Pao  fiangitinho),  a  tree  of  the  same  genus  (Ccc^alpiniu)  as  the  Brazil  and  snpan  wood; 
but  the  species  has  not  been  exactly  ascertained.  It  grows  principally  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
lake  of  Nicaragua,  whence  its  natne.  It  is  said  hy  Dr.  Bancroft  to  be  almost  as  red  and 
heavy  as  the  true  Brazil  wood,  but  it  does  not  commonly  afford  more  than  a  third  part,  in 
quantity,  of  the  colour  of  the  latter ;  and  even  this  is  rather  less  durable  and  less  beautiful, 
though  dyed  with  the  same  mordants.  Nicaragua  or  jieach  woods  dilFer  greatly  in  their 
quality  as  well  as  price;  one  sort  being  so  deficient  in  colouring  matter,  that  6  pounds  of  it 
will  only  dye  as  much  wool  or  doth  as  1  pound  of  Brazil  wood ;  while  another  variety  of 
.  It  will  produce  nearly  half  the  eirect  of  an  equal  quantity  of  Brazil  wood,  and  will  sell  pro- 
portionally  dear. — {Bancroft  on  Ciilours,  vol.  ii.  p.  332.) 

The  London  dealers  distinguish  Nicaragua  wood  into  3  sorts,  viz.  large,  middling,  and 
small ,-  the  price  of  the  l#t  sort  (duty  included)  being  from  14/.  to  20/.  per  ton  ;  of  the  2d, 
from  8/.  to  10/.  per  do. ;  and  of  the  3(1,  from  7/.  to  8/.  per  do.  The  entries  of  Nicaragua 
wood  for  home  consumption  amounted,  in  1831,  to  1,48.5  tons:  in  1832,  they  amounted  to 
1,880  tons;  an  increase  that  was,  no  doubt,  in  part  at  least,  occasioned  by  the  duty  having 
been  reduced  in  1831  from  15s.  to  5.?.  a  ton. 

NICKEL,  a  scarce  metal,  which  occurs  always  in  combination  with  other  metals,  from 
which  it  is  exceedingly  difficult  to  separate  it.  When  pure,  it  is  of  a  iine  white  colour 
resembling  silver.  It  is  rather  softer  than  iron  :  its  specific  gravity,  when  cast,  is  8*279  ; 
when  hammered,  8-932.  It  is  malleable,  and  may  without  difficulty  be  hammered  into 
plates  not  exceeding  j^^th  part  of  an  inch  in  thickness.  It  is  attracted  by  the  magnet ;  and 
is  not  altered  by  exposure  to  the  air,  nor  by  being  kept  under  water.  It  is  employed  in  pot- 
teries, and  in  the  manufacture  of  porcelain. — (7'/w/ha'0«'s  Chemhiry.) 
NITRE.     See  S.vltpetuk. 

[NORFOLK,  a  seaport  situated  on  Elizabeth  river  in  Virginia,  and  8  miles  from  Hampton 
Roads,  in  lat.  37°  12'  North,  and  longitude  70°  42'  West.  Its  harbour  is  capacious  and 
deep,  of  easy  access,  and  safe  in  all  weathers.  The  Roads  are  formed  by  an  enlargement 
of  .Fames  river,  at  its  mouth  in  the  Chesapeake  Bay  ;  and  they  afford  an  anchorage  for  ves- 
sels, unsurpassed  anywhere  else  in  the  world.  These  circumstances,  together  with  the 
advantages  of  transportation  furnished  by  the  Dismal  Swamp  camd  and  the  Portsmouth  and 
Roanoke  railroad,  have  rendered  Norfolk  a  place  of  considerable  trade.  In  this  respect  it 
takes  precedence  of  any  other  place  in  the  state  of  Virginia.  We  annex  a  plan  of  the 
Chesapeake  Bay,     See  opposite  jmge. — Am,  Ed.] 

NOTE,  PROMISSORY.     See  Baniusg,  and  Banks. 

NUT,  on  HAZEL  NUT  (Ger.  Ha.se/nii.ssc;  Fr.  Nuiselles,  Avelincs,-  It.  Nacciiiok, 
Arclanc;  Sp.  Arel/unns  ,•  Port.  Avell'las ,-  Lat.  ylrc//«/?a;),  the  fruit  of  different  s[)ecies  of 
Co>\i/ll,  or  hazels.  The  kernels  have  a  mild,  farinaceous,  oily  taste,  agreeable  to  most 
palates.  A  kind  of  chocolate  has  been  prepared  from  them  ;  and  they  have  soinetimes  been 
made  info  bread.  The  expressed  oil  of  hazel  nuts  is  little  inferior  to  that  of  almonds.  Be- 
sides those  raised  at  home,  we  import  nuts  from  different  parts  of  France,  Portugal,  and 
Spain,  but  principally  from  the  latter.  The  Spanish  nuts  in  the  highest  estimation,  though 
sold  under  the  name  of  Uarcelona  nuts,  are  not  really  shipped  at  that  city,  but  at  Tarragona, 
a  little  more  to  the  south.  Mr.  Ingliss  says  that  the  annual  average  export  of  nuts  from  I 
Tarragonf.  is  fioni  2t},0()0  to  30,000  bags,  of  4  to  the  ton.  They  cost,  free  on  board,  in 
autumn,  (830,  17s.  (!(/.  j)er  bag. — (Spain  in  1830,  vol.  ii.  p.  362.)  The  entries  of  nuts  for 
home  consumption  amount  to  from  100,000  to  125,000  bushels  a  year;  the  duty  of  2.«.  a 
bushel  producing  from  10,00C7.  to  12,500/.  nett. 

J^llTMEG  {(Jet.  Mu.shatcnnih.se  ,■  Du.  Musknilt ;  Fr.  Muscadcs,  Nnix  muscades  ,•  It, 
Noce  tnuscada;  Sp.  Moscada ,-  Arab.  Jowzalteib  ;  Sans.  Jdtiphala ,-  Malay,  Biiah-pula), 
the  fruit  of  the  genuine  nutmeg  tree  (Mi/ri.sfica  Moschaia),  a  native  of  the  Moluccas,  but 
which  has  been  transplanted  to  Sumatra,  Pcnang,  &c.  An  inferior  and  long-shaped  nutmeg 
is  common  in  Borneo  ;  bu  the  fruit  nowhere  attains  to  the  same  perfection  as  in  the  Moluc- 
cas. Of  the  several  varieties  of  the  tree,  that  denominated  the  Queen  Nutmeg,  which  bears 
a  small  round  fruit,  is  the  best.  The  kernel,  or  proper  nutmeg,  is  of  a  roundish  oval  form, 
marked  on  the  outside  with  many  vermicular  furrows,  within  of  a  fleshy  farinaceous  sub- 
stance, variegated  whitish  and  bay.  Nutineg.s  are  frequently  punctured  and  boiled,  in 
order  to  obtain  the  essential  oil ;  the  orifice  being  afterwards  closed  ;  but  the  fraud  is  easily 
detected  by  the  lightness  of  the  nutmeg. — ( 2'homson's  Dispensatory  ,•  Ainslie's  Materia 
Jndica.) 


39 


GEOJ 


ALE 


^'^M 


OA-/, 


\ 


"'*^ft 


'*«fflo 


NORFOLK. 


243 


225,400 

,983.310 
,001,991 
981,319 
242,099 


jedhaut  ; 
re.-  Port, 
in  wood; 
ity  of  the 
i  red  and 
I  part,  in 
licauliful, 
f  in  their 
undsof  it 
variety  of 
[I  sell  pro- 

lllns;,  ami 
of  "the  2d, 
Nicaragua 
nounted  to 
uty  having 

netals,  from 
^hite  colour 
,  is  8-279  ; 
imercd  into 
nagnet ;  and 
eyed  in  pot- 


)m  Hampton 
ipacious  and 
enlargement 
rage  for  ves- 
ler  with  the 
tsmouth  and 
[lis  respect  it 
plan  of  the 

[t.  Nacci)iok, 
[nt  species  of 
ible  to  most 
.letimes  been 
imonds.    13e- 
'ortugal,  and 
[ation,  though 
it  Tarragona, 
,of  nuts  from 
|on  board,  in 
s  of  nuts  for 
Iduty  of  3j.  a 

\fiiiscades ;  It. 

Moluccas,  but 
Iiapcd  nutmeg 
lin  the  Moluc- 
L  vvhich  bears 
Ish  oval  form, 
liliaceous  sub- 
Ind  boiled,  in 
[fraud  is  easily 
\dk's  Materia 


^. 


5» 

i 

i 


♦♦' 


344 


NUTRIA. 


I    ) 


Kutmegi  should  b«  choien  large,  round,  heavy,  and  firm,  of  a  lightish  grey  colour  on  the  ontiide, 
■Bd  the  inside  beautifully  marbled,  of  a  strong  fragrant  smell,  warm  aromatic  tasto,  and  a  fut  oily 
body.  They  are  very  subject  to  be  worm-eaten.  The  best  manner  of  packing  ihem  is  in  dry  chunam. 
The  oblong  kind,  and  the  smaller  ones,  should  be  rejected.  15  cwl.  are  allowed  to  a  ton.—{Mtlbum'$ 
Oritnt.  Com.) 

The  dried  produce  of  a  nutmeg  tree  consists  of  nutmeg,  mace  (which  see),  and  shell.  Supposing 
the  whole  produce  to  be  divided  Into  100  parts,  there  are  l3i  of  mace,  33}  of  shell,  and  53}  of  nutmeg. 
In  the  ancient  commerce,  and  down  to  the  establishment  of  the  Dutch  monopoly,  nutmegs  were  al- 
ways sold  and  exported  in  the  shell.  The  natives,  whenever  the  cimunerce  is  left  to  their  manage- 
ment, continue  the  practice,  which  is  strongly  recommended  by  Mr.  Crawfurd.— (£att  Indian  JrcMpe- 
tago,  vol.  iii.  p.  396.) 

The  jealous  and  miserable  policy  of  the  Dutch  has  reduced  the  trade  in  nutmegs  to  a  mere  trifle, 
compared  to  what  it  would  otherwise  have  been.  They  have,  in  so  far  at  least  as  it  was  possible, 
exerted  themselves  to  exterminate  the  nutmeg  plants  every  where  except  in  Banda.  They  bribe  the 
B*tive  princes  of  the  surrounding  islands  to  root  out'the  trees ;  and  annually  nend  a  fleet  to  see  that 
the  work  of  destruction  has  been  efliBcted,  and  that  the  bribes  have  not  been  bestowed  in  vain.  To 
CBgage  in  an  illicit  trade  in  spices  is  death  to  an  inferior  person,  and  banishmtntio  a  nobles  and  yet, 
notwithstanding  these  tremendous  penalties,  it  is  siippoHeil  tlmt  about  60,000  lbs.  of  nutmegs,  and 
15,000  lbs.  of  mace,  are  clandestinely  exported  each  year  !  In  Hands,  the  aboriginal  inhabitants  have 
been  expatriated,  and  tlie  island  parcelled  among  settlers  from  Holland,  under  the  name  of  park  keepers. 
These  persons,  who  may  be  turned  out  of  their  farms  on  the  most  trifling  pretext,  have  about  2,000 
■laves,  who  cultivate  and  prepare  the  nutmegs.  The  prices  paid  to  the  cultiviilor  are  all  fixed  by  go- 
vernment ;  and  it  deserves  to  be  mentioned,  as  affording  one  of  thi;  most  Btrii<ing  illustrations  of  the 
ruinous  effects  of  monopoly,  that  the  fixed  price  which  the  government  is  now  obliged  to  pay  fur  nut- 
megs is  FIVE  times  greater  than  the  price  at  which  they  bought  them  when  the  trade  was  free  I  Such  is  a 
rough  outline  of  that  monstrous  system,  which  has  reduced  wliat  used  to  be  one  of  tlie  most  important 
branches  of  Eastern  commerce  so  low,  that  it  is  unable  to  alford  employment' for  the  capital  of  a  single 
wealthy  merchant.  We  cannot  conceive  how  so  enlightened  and  liberal  a  government  as  that  of 
Holland  should  continue  to  tolerate  such  scandalous  abuses— abuses  destructive  alike  of  the  rights  of 
those  subjected  to  its  authority  in  tlie  East,  and  the  commerce  and  wealth  of  its  sulijects  ut  home. — 
{Modern  Universal  History,  vol.  x.  p.  457— 4C7.  8vo  ed. ;  and  Crawfurd's  Eastern  .Archipelago,  vol.  iii. 
p.  394—413.) 

Mr.  Crawfurd  estimates  the  produce  of  the  Banda  Islands  at  about  600,000  lbs.  of  nutmegs,  and 
150,000  lbs.  of  mace. 

During  the  period  that  the  English  had  possession  of  the  Spice  islands,  nutmeg  plants  were  carried 
to  Penang,  Bencoolen,  and  some  of  the  West  India  islands.  In  the  latter  they  have  altogether  failed, 
at  least  as  far  as  respects  any  useful  purpose  ;  but  very  good  nutmegs,  and  in  consideralile  quantities, 
•re  now  raised  at  Penang  and  Bencoolen.  Mr.  Crawfurd,  however,  alleges  that  the  cost  of  bringing 
them  to  market  is  there  so  high,  that  the  restoration  of  a  free  culture  in  the  native  country  of  the  nut- 
meg would  instantly  destroy  this  unstable  and  factitious  branch  of  industry. — (Kastern  Archipelago, 
▼Dl.  iii.  p.  409.) 

The  duty  on  nutmegs  was  reduced,  in  1819,  from  5s.  5d.  to  is.  6d.  per  lb. ;  and  the  quantities  entered 
for  home  consumption  have  since  rapidly  increased.    We  subjoin 

An  Account  of  the  Quantities  of  Nutmegs  retained  for  Home  Consumption  in  the  United  Kingdom,  in 
each  Year  since  1810,  the  Nett  Amount  of  Duty  received  thereon,  and  the  Rates  of  Duty. 


Ton. 

retained 

for  Home 

Coniuuip. 

lion. 

Nett  Amount 
of  Duty 
received 
theieoD. 

Ratei  of  Duly  charged  thereon. 

Vean. 

Quantitin 
retained 
for  Home 
Coniiimp- 
tion. 

Nell  Amount 
of  Duly 
received 
thereon. 

Rate*  of  Duty  charged  thereon. 

1810 

39,127 

L.     t.  d. 
11,166  11    1 

(  4>.  8<i  per  lb.  ind  21. 13i.  4d. 
I     per  cent.  »d  valorem. 

1820 
1821 

90,771  M 
94,589  1.4 

L.     t.  d. 

11,212    8    9 
ll,';2l    2    S 

2..  ed.  per  lb. 

ditto 

1811 

tO,660 

14,462  U    4 

ditto 

1822 

ll2,0iJ6 

14,000  10    6 

ditto 

1812 

47,188 

11,206    2    9 

ditto 

1923 

117,7673  4 

14,723    7    9 

ditto 

( (From  16  April) 6>.  6  l'2d.  per 

Ib24 

129,702 

16,176  19    7 

ditto 

1813 

Record!  deilroyed. 

i     lb.  and  31.  3i.  4d.  per  cent. 

1825 

99,21412 

12,406  13    2 

ditto 

C     ad  valorem. 

1826 

101,1171-4 

12,623  13  10 

ditto 

1814 

43,160 

14,710    8    3 

(From  10  April)  6i.  Sif,  per  lb. 

lt27 

Iii,.'i29 

15,7U7    2    8 

ditto 

18IS 

69,839 

16,209  11     1 

ditto 

\»2i 

140,0021-2 

17,54    6    4 

ditto 

1816 

54,677 

14,803    2    8 

ditto 

1829 

113,2731-2 

14,114     6    2 

ditto 

1817 

66,74712 

17,808    1     8 

ditto 

1830 

121,260 

16,158    0     0 

ditto 

1818 

66,26  >  1-2 

17.944    8    6 

ditto 

1831 

152,369 

19,025    0    C 

ditto 

1819 

107,576 

17,805  18    6 

(From  S  July)  2t  6d.  per  lb. 

It32 

117,405 

14,1)79    0    0 

ditto 

[See  Imports  and  Exports. — Am.  Ed.] 

NUTRIA,  OR  NEUTRIA,  the  commercial  name  for  the  skins  of  Myopotamus  Bonari- 
enais  (Commerson),  the  Coypou  of  .Molina,  and  the  Quuiya  of  D'Azara.  In  France,  *.he 
■kins  wert',  and  perhaps  still  are,  sold  under  the  name  of  racoonda ;  hut  in  England  they 
are  imported  as  nutria  skins — deriving  their  appellation,  most  probably,  from  some  supposed 
similarity  of  the  animal  which  produces  them,  in  appearance  and  habits,  to  the  otter,  the 
Spanish  name  for  which  is  nutria.  Indeed,  Molina  speaks  of  the  coypou  as  a  species  of 
water  rat,  of  the  size  and  colour  of  the  otter. 

Nutria  fur  is  largely  used  in  the  hat  manufacture  ;  and  has  bnconie,  within  the  last  15  or  20  years, 
an  article  of  very  considerable  commercial  importance.  The  imporls  fluctuate  considerably.  In  lH'i.% 
they  amounted  to  1,570,1^1  skins  ;  but  they  have  not  in  any  other  year  been  much  more  ihan  huif  that 
number.  In  1826,  they  were  only  60,871.  In  1831  and  1832,  the  imports  were,  at  an  average,  358,280 
■kins  a  year.  Those  entered  for  home  consumption  pay  a  duty  of  lid.  a  skin.  Tlit-y  are  principally 
brought  from  the  Rio  de  la  Plata.  Nutria  skins  are  very  extensively  used  on  the  Continent.  Ueol- 
froy  mentions*,  ihat  in  certain  years,  a  single  French  furrier  (M.  Bechein),  has  received  from  15,000 
to  20,000  skins.— (See  Fur  TnADE.) 

The  coypnu  or  quoiya  is  a  native  of  South  America,  very  common  in  the  provinces  of  Chill,  Buenos 
Ayres,  and  Tucuinan,  but  more  rare  in  Paraguay.  In  size  it  is  less  than  the  heaver,  which  it  resem- 
bles in  mtiny  points.  The  head  is  large  and  depressed,  llie  ears  small  and  rounded,  the  neck  stout 
and  shiirt,  the  muzzle  sharper  than  that  of  tlie  beaver,  and  the  whiskers  very  long  and  slifl'.  There 
are,  as  in  the  beaver,  3  incisor  teeth,  and  8  molar,  above  und  below— 20  teeth  in  all.    The  limbs  are 


short.    Th( 

tlie  same  ii 

endi,  and  t 

pressed, lor 

the  li.iirs  ar 

in  of  a  lirow 

the  lips  .ind 

Like  the  1 

the  tone  of  ( 

is  of  niiicli  i 

The  h.'ibiti 

cipal  food,  i, 

foctly  Well,  I 

alivnys  acco 

The  cnypo 

*•*  We  ;ii 

work,  to  W. 

NUX  V' 
nos,  growin 
covered  with 
dcd  several  i 
and  has  a  vi 
virulent  pois 
ter  breweries 
son's  Dispen 


OAK  (Gei 

Carballo;  P 

There  are  sev 

robur)  claims 

inferior  to  th 

especially  in 

"  unwedgoablt 

(from  50  to  ' 

dillicult  to  rcn 

three  qualities 

resisting  a  strt 

every  other. 

A  fine  oak  i 
of  strength  an 
und  does  not  tt 
cedar  of  Lebai 
actly  spring  fro 
which  is  stem 
its  beauty ;  anc 
pletes  the  idea 


—even  such  a 
case  looks  plea.s 


*  Annates  du  Museum,  vol.  vi.  p.  82.    The  figure  given  is,  generally  speaking,  good :  but  the  tail  is 
too  hairy,  and  contradicts  the  description. 


Tlie  oak  is  r 
whence   he  youi 

The  colour  o 
shades;  that  inc 
arc  in  general  vt 
septa  are  siiiall, 
natcly  compact  l 
and  in  irregular 
kinds,  particular! 
astringent.  It  ci 
X  2 


NUX  VOMICA,  OAK. 


245 


Bhort.  The  fore  feet  have  each  5  fingorB  not  webhed,  the  thiimh  heing  very  gninll :  the  hind  feet  have 
the  Banie  iiiinilxtr  of  tops  ;  the  ureal  toe  niid  3  next  toes  being  juincil  liy  a  wcli  whirli  exteiida  to  their 
ends,  and  tlie  little  toe  Iteinir  free,  but  edged  Willi  a  nienibraiie  on  ilK  inner  sidi!.  Tlii!  iiaila  an-  corn- 
pressed,  loni;,  crooked,  and  sliarp.  The  tail,  unlike  that  of  the  beaver,  is  loni;,  round,  and  hairy  ;  bnt 
the  h.iir8  are  not  numerous,  and  permit  the  scaly  texture  of  the  skin  in  this  part  In  bi^  seen.  Tbi!  back 
ifi  of  a  lirownish  red,  which  beconits  redder  on  the  flanks  :  the  belly  is  of  a  dirty  red.  The  edges  of 
the  lips  and  extremity  of  the  muzzle  are  white. 

Like  the  heaver,  the  coypou  is  furnished  with  2  kinds  of  fur  j  viz.  the  long  ruddy  hair  which  pivoa 
the  tone  of  colour,  and  the  brownish  ash-coloured  fur  at  its  base,  which,  like  the  down  of  the  beaver, 
is  of  much  importance  in  hat  making,  and  the  cause  of  the  animal's  connm^rcial  value. 

The  habits  of  the  coypou  are  much  like  those  of  most  of  the  other  niiuatic  rodent  animals.  Its  prin- 
cipal fooil,  in  a  state  of  nature,  is  vegiaabli;.  Tt  alfecls  the  neighliiiurhood  nf  watrr,  and  swims  per- 
fectly well,  and  burrows  in  the  ground.  The  female  brings  forth  from  5  to  T  at  a  time  ;  and  the  young 
always  accompany  her. 

The  coypou  is  easily  domesticated,  and  its  manners  in  captivity  are  very  mild. 

♦«♦  We  are  indebted  for  this  account  of  nutria — the  lirst,  we  believe,  that  appeared  in  any  English 
work,  to  W.  J.  llrodcrip,  Esq.,  V.  11.  S.,  &c. 

NUX  VOMICA  (Fr.  Noix  Vomique ,-  Hind.  Knacltla),  the  fruit  of  a  species  of  Sfn/ch- 
nos,  growing  in  various  places  in  the  East  Indies.  The  fruit  is  about  the  size  of  an  orange, 
covered  with  a  smooth  crustaceous  yellow  bark,  and  filled  with  a  fleshy  pulp,  in  which  are  imbed- 
ded several  orbicular  flatted  seeds,  about  ^  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  Nux  vomica  is  inodorous, 
and  has  a  very  bitter,  acrid  taste,  which  remains  long  on  the  palate.  It  is  known  as  a  very 
virulent  poison.  A  suspicion  has,  however,  been  entertained,  that  it  has  been  used  in  por- 
ter breweries ;  but  its  introduction  into  them  is  prohibited  under  heavy  penalties. — {T/win- 
son's  Dispensatory,  <^c.) 


o. 


Bonari- 

ranee,  'he 

jland  they 

supposed 

otter,  the 

species  of 


OAK  (Ger.  Eiche ;  Ba.EUc,-  T)a.  Erg;  Sw.Ek,-  ¥r.  Chene ;  li.  Qnercia ,-  Sp.Rnbk, 
Carballo;  Port.  Ruble,  Carhal/io ;  Rus.  Z)ui ;  Pol.  Drib,-  Lat.  Querciis ,-  Arab.  Baalul). 
There  are  several  varieties  of  this  valuable  tree ;  but  the  common  English  oak  {Qucrcus 
robur)  claims  precedence  of  every  other.  The  oak  timber  inifiorted  from  America  is  very 
inferior  to  that  of  this  country :  the  oak  from  the  central  parts  of  Europe  is  also  inferior, 
especially  in  compactness  atid  resistance  of  cleavage.  'I'he  knotty  oak  of  England,  the 
"  unwedgeable  and  gnarled  oak,"  as  Shakspearc  called  it,  when  cut  down  at  a  proper  ago 
(from  50  to  70  years),  is  the  best  timber  known.  Some  timber  is  harder,  some  more 
dillicult  to  rend,  and  some  less  capable  of  being  broken  across ;  but  none  contains  all  the 
three  qualities  in  so  great  and  ecjual  proportions ;  and  thus,  for  at  once  supporting  a  weight, 
resisting  a  strain,  and  not  splintering  by  a  cannon  shot,  the  timber  of  the  oak  is  superior  to 
every  other. 

A  fine  oak  is  one  of  the  most  picturesque  of  trees :  it  conveys  to  the  mind  associations 
of  strength  and  duration,  which  are  very  impressive.  The  oak  stands  up  against  the  blast, 
and  docs  not  take,  like  other  trees,  a  twisted  form  from  the  action  of  the  winds.  Except  the 
cedar  of  Lebanon,  no  tree  is  so  remarkable  for  the  stoutness  of  its  limbs ;  they  do  not  ex- 
actly spring  from  the  trunk,  but  divide  from  it ;  and  thus  it  is  sometimes  difiTCult  to  know 
which  is  stem  and  which  is  branch.  The  twisted  branches  of  the  oak,  too,  add  greatly  to 
its  beauty;  and  the  horizontal  direction  of  its  boughs,  spreading  over  a  large  surface,  com- 
pletes the  idea  of  its  f  ivereignty  over  all  the  trees  of  the  fore.-^t.     Even  a  decayed  oak, 

" dry  and  dead. 

Still  clad  with  reli(|UPS  of  its  trophies  old. 

Lifting  to  heaven  its  aged,  |v)ary  head. 
Whose  foot  on  earth  has  got  but  feeble  hold," 

—even  such  a  tree  as  Spencer  has  thus  described,  is  strikingly  beautiful ;  decay  in  this 

case  looks  pleasing.     To  such  an  oak  Lucan  compared  Pompey  in  his  decline : — 

"  (iualis  frugifero  qucrcus  sublimis  in  agro 
Exuvias  veteres  populi,  sacrataque  gestans 
Ikina  (liicum ;  nee  jam  validis  radicibus  hierens, 
Pondere  fixa  suo  est ;  nudoscjui;  per  aiira  ramos 
Effundens,  Irunco,  non  frondibus,  elliiit  umbram. 
At  (iiiamvis  primo  nutet  ca.sura  sub  Euro, 
Tot  circum  silvte  tirmo  se  robore  lollant, 
Sola  tanien  colitur."— (Lib.  i.  liii.  136.) 

The  oak  is  raised  from  acorns,  sown  cither  where  the  oak  is  to  stand,  or  in  a  nursery 
whence   he  young  trees  are  transplanted. 

The  colour  of  oak  wood  is  a  fine  brown,  and  is  familiar  to  every  one :  it  is  of  different 
shades ;  that  inclined  to  red  is  the  most  inferior  kind  of  wood.     The  larger  transverse  septa 

Where  the 
texture  is  alter- 
nately compact  and  porous;  the  compact  part  of  the  annual  ring  being  of  the  darkest  colour, 
and  in  irregular  dots,  surrounded  by  open  pores,  producing  beautiful  dark  veins  in  some 
kinds,  particularly  pollard  oaks.  Oak  timber  has  a  particular  smell,  and  the  taste  is  slightly 
astringent.    It  contains  gallic  acid,  and  is  blackened  by  contact  with  iron  when  it  is  damp. 


are 
septi 


in  general  very  distinct,  producing  beautiful  flowers  when  cut  obliijuely. 
:a  are  small,  and  not  very  distinct,  the  wood  is  much  the  strongest.     The  te 


g 


^ 
ri^ 


246 


OAK. 


The  young  wood  of  English  oak  is  very  tough,  and  oflen  cross-grained,  and  difficult  to 
work.  Foreign  wood,  and  that  of  old  trees,  is  more  brittle  and  workable.  Oak  warps  and 
twists  n)uch  in  drying;  and,  in  seasoning,  shrinks  about  ^^  of  its  width. 

Oak  of  a  good  quality  is  more  durable  than  any  other  wood  that  attains  a  like  size.  Vi- 
truvius  says  it  is  of  eternal  duration  when  driven  into  the  earth  :  it  is  extremely  durable  in 
water;  and  in  a  dry  state  it  has  been  known  to  last  nearly  1,000  years.  The  more  compact 
it  is,  and  the  smaller  the  pores  are,  the  longer  it  will  last ;  but  the  open,  porous,  and  foxy 
coloured  oak,  which  grows  in  Lincolnshire  and  some  other  places,  is  not  near  so  durable. 

Besides  the  common  British  oak  ( QKCrcws  rubtir),  the  sessile-fruited  bay  oak  (Quercua 
sessilijlora)  is  pretty  abundant  in  several  parts  of  England,  particularly  in  the  north.  The 
wood  of  this  species  is  said  by  Tredgold  to  be  darker,  heavier,  harder,  and  more  elastic  than 
the  common  oak ;  tough,  and  difficult  to  work  ;  and  very  subject  to  warp  and  split  in  sea- 
soning. Mr.  Tredgold  seems  disposed  to  regard  this  8|)ecies  as  superior  to  the  common  oak 
for  ship  building.  But  other,  and  also  very  high  authorities,  are  opposed  to  him  on  thia 
point ;  and,  on  the  whole,  we  should  think  that  it  is  sufficiently  well  established,  that  for  all 
the  great  practical  purposes  to  which  oak  timber  is  applied,  and  especially  fur  ship  building, 
the  wood  of  the  common  oak  deserves  to  be  preferred  to  every  other  species.  A  well- 
informed  writer  in  the  Quarterly  Review  has  the  following  remarks  on  the  point  in  ques- 
tion : — 

"  We  may  here  notice  a  fact  long  known  to  botanigts,  hut  nf  which  our  planters  and  purveyors  of 
tinibRr  appear  to  hnvH  had  no  suspicion, — that  there  are  two  distinct  species  of  oal<  iji  England, — the 
Quercus  roAur,  and  the  Querctis  sessiliflora ;  the  fiirnier  of  which  affords  a  close-grained,  firm,  solid 
tiniher,  rarely  subject  to  rot ;  the  other  more  loose  and  siippy,  very  liable  to  rot,  and  not  half  so  dura- 
ble. This  difference  was  noted  so  early  as  the  time  of  Ray ;  and  Marlyn  in  his  Flora  Ru.itica,and  Sit 
James  8mitli  in  liis  Flora  Britannica,  have  added  their  testimonies  to  the  fact.  The  second  species  % 
supposed  to  have  been  introduced  some  2 or  .1  ages  ago,  from  the  Continent,  where  the  oaks  are  chiefly 
nf  this  latter  species,  especially  in  the  German  forests,  the  limber  nf  which  is  known  to  be  very 
worthless.  Hut  what  Is  of  more  importance  to  us  is,  that  de  facto  the  imposture  abounds,  and  is  pro- 
paeated  vigorously,  in  the  New  Forest  and  other  pans  of  Hampshire  ;  in  Norfolk,  and  the  northern 
counties,  and  about  London  ;  and  there  is  but  too  much  reason  to  believe  (hat  the  numerous  complaints 
that  were  lieard  about  our  ships  being  infetted  with  what  was  called,  improperly  enough,  dry  rot, 
were  owing  to  the  introduction  of  this  species  of  oak  into  the  naval  dock-yards,  where,  we  under- 
stand, the  distinction  was  not  even  suspected.  It  may  thus  be  discriminated  from  the  true  old  English 
oak: — The  acorn  stalks  of  the  rofrur are  Jon^,  and  its  leaves  short;  whereas  the  sessilijlora  has  the 
acorn  stalks  short,  and  the  leaves  lon^;  the  acorns  of  the  former  grow  singly,  or  seldom  two  on  the 
same  footstalk;  those  of  the  latter,  in  clusters  of  2  or  3  close  to  the  stem  of  the  brunch.  We  believe 
the  Russian  ships  of  the  Baltic,  that  are  not  of  larch  or  fir,  are  built  of  this  species  of  oak  ;  but  if  thia 
were  not  the  case,  their  exposure  on  the  stocks,  without  cover,  to  the  heat  of  sunmier,  which,  though 
short,  is  excessive,  and  the  rifts  and  chinks  which  fill  up  with  ice  and  snow  in  tlie  long  winter,  are 
enough  to  destroy  the  stoutest  oak,  and  q\iitc  sutticient  to  account  for  their  short-lived  duration." 

A  great  deal  of  iniiuiry  and  discussion  has  taken  place  at  different  periods  as  to  the  supply  and 
coneumptinn  of  oak  timber;  but  the  results  have  not  been  very  satisfactory.  In  a  Report  of  the  Com- 
missioners of  Land  Revenue,  printed  in  1812,  it  is  stated  that,  taking  the  tonnage  of  the  navy  in  1606  at 
776,087  tons,  it  would  reiiuire,  at  U  load  to  a  ton,  1,164,08.5  loads  to  build  such  a  navy  ;  and  supposing 
the  average  duration  of  a  ship  to  be  14  years,  the  ann\ial  quantity  of  timber  required  would  be  8.1,149 
loads,  exclusive  of  repairs,  which  they  calculate  would  be  about  27,000  loads;  making  the  whole 
about  liO,000  loads:  of  which,  however,  the  commissioners  reckon  may  be  furnished  21,341  loads  as 
the  annual  average  of  the  prizes  ;  and  of  the  remaining  88,65'.)  loads,  they  tliiiik  it  not  unreasonable 
to  calculate  on  28,659  from  other  sources  than  Dritish  oak.  "This,"  they  observe,  "leaves  60,000 
loads  of  such  oak,  as  the  quantity  which  would  be  sufficient  annually  to  support,  at  its  present  unex- 
ampled magnitude,  the  whole  British  navy,  including  ships  of  war  of  all  sorts;  but  which  maybe 
taken  as  equivalent  together  to  20  74-gun  ships,  each  of  which,  one  with  .i.'other,  contains  about 
2,000  tons,  or  would  require,  at  the  rate  of  U  loud  to  the  tun,  3,000  loads;  makiig  just  60,000  loads  for 
SO  such  ships." 

Now,  it  has  been  supposed  that  not  more  than  40  oak  trees  can  stand  on  an  acre  of  ground,  so  as  to 
grow  to  a  fidl  size  fit  for  ships  of  the  line,  or  to  contain  each  li  load  of  timber :  50  acres,  therefore, 
would  be  required  to  produce  a  sufHcient  quantity  of  timber  to  build  a  74-gun  ship,  and  1,000  acres  for 
20  such  ships ;  and  as  the  oak  requires  at  least  100  years  to  arrive  at  maturity,  100,000  acres  would  be 
required  to  keep  up  a  successive  supply,  for  maintaining  a  navy  of  700,000  or  800,000  tons.  The  com- 
missioners further  observe,  that  as  there  are  20,000,000  acres  of  waste  lands  in  the  kingdom,  a  200th 
part  set  aside  for  planting  would  at  once  furnish  the  whole  quantity  wanted  for  il:".  use  of  the  navy. 

According  to  Mr.  Barrow,  this  calculation  is  over-rated  by  about  a  half  "In  the  first  place,"  says 
he,  "  it  is  supposed  a  state  of  perpetual  war,  during  which  the  tonnage  of  the  whole  navy  is  considered 
as  more  than  double  of  what  it  now  actually  is  :  and,  in  the  second  place,  it  reckons  the  average  du- 
ration of  the  navy  at  14  years  only  ;  which,  from  the  improvements  that  have  taken  place  in  the  con- 
struction and  preservation  of  ships  of  war,  with  the  resources  of  teak  ships  built  in  India,  we  should 
not  hesitate  in  assuming  at  an  average  of  twice  that  number  of  years ;  and  if  so,  the  quantity  of  oak 
required  for  the  navy  will  be  nothing  like  that  which  the  commissioners  have  stated. 

"The  fact,  however,  is  certain,  that  long  before  the  conclusion  of  the  late  war,  a  scarcity  began  to 
be  felt,  especially  of  tlie  larger  kind  of  timber  fit  fur  ships  of  the  lino ;  and  so  great  was  this  scarcity, 
that  if  Sir  Robert  Seppings  had  not  contrived  the  means  of  substituting  straight  timber  for  that  of  dif- 
ferent forms  and  dimensions,  before  considered  to  be  indispensable,  tlie  building  of  new  ships  must 
entirely  have  ceased. 

"  If,  however,  the  growth  of  oak  for  ship  timber  was  greatly  diminished  during  the  war,  so  as  to 
threaten  an  alarming  scarcity,  there  is  little  doubt  that,  from  the  increased  attention  paid  by  individu- 
als to  their  young  plantations,  and  their  great  extension,  as  well  as  from  the  measure  of  allotting  off 
portions  of  the  royal  forests  to  those  who  had  claims  on  them,  and  inclosing  the  remainder  for  the  use 
of  the  public,  this  country  will,  in  future  times,  be  fully  adequate  to  the  production  of  oak  timber  equal 
to  the  demand  for  the  naval  and  mercantile  marine."— (Supp.  Ency.  Brit.  art.  JVauy.) 

The  bark  of  the  oak  tree  is  very  valuable.  It  is  preferred  to  all  other  substances  for  the  purpose  of 
tanning,  and  brings  a  high  price.— (See  Babk.) 

The  foreign  oak  timber  imported  into  Great  Britain  is  principally  derived  from  Canada  and  Prussia. 
The  latter  is  ibe  most  valuable— its  price  being  to  the  former  in  the  proportion  of  about  9  to  6 ;  that  is, 


if  a  load  ( 
61.  Theq 
feet  each  ; 
quantities 


Vnn 

1627 
1828 


For  fiirtl 
also,  Tredi 
resting  wo 
piedia,  ^e. 

OATS 

Avena;  S 

aatlva  of  1 

to  l)e  indig 

in  cold  not 

ley  can  be 

tudes  north 

is,  howevei 

considerabi 

of  the  peo 

also  very  < 

northern   c 

but  the  oal 

south. 

There  an 
and  brown  i 
the  potato  o 
in  the  north 
London  inai 
of  potatoes  i 
produced  the 
except  in  soi 
shire,  Derliy 
raised  in  Coi 
pp.  47—52 

In  1705,  J 

Wales  at  C5 

lieve  they  an 

the  greatest  ( 

kept  for  busi 

culture  of  ou 

Ireland.     Pe 

the  ground  is 

rich  soils,  we 

Oats  yield,  at 

For  inforii 

tlieir  prices 

TdAIIK. 

ODESSA, 

between 

puMtion  said 

by  order  of  tl 

an  entrepot  ftL 

Azoff,  and  hat 

rial  ukase,  da 

exempted  froii 

rapid.   The  ba 

the  bottom  bei 

which  renders 

one  of  whici 

300  ships. 

model  of  that 

under  which  tl 

canal  which  c( 

vicinity,  which 


It 


BO  as  to 
,  therefore, 
00  iicrea  for 
js  would  be 

The  com- 
lom,  a  aoOlh 
the  navy, 
ilace,"  says 
1  considered 
iverage  du- 

in  the  con- 
_  we  sliould 
iitiiy  of  oak 

ty  began  to 

Ilia  scarcity, 

•Ihatofdif- 

ghi|i8  must 

ar,  80  as  to 
iy  individu- 
illotting  off 
for  the  use 
iinber  equal 

1  purpose  of 

ind  Prussia. 
.0  6 ;  that  iS) 


OATS,  ODESSA. 


247v 


if  a  load  of  Prusslnn  oak  timber  brought  01.,  a  load  of  Canada  ditto  would  not  hrins  more  than  iihont 
6/.  The  quantity  Imported  variex  ;  hut  may,  at  an  nvprniie,  nnmiint  to  niinnt  10,00(1  loadR,  oi'.'iO  cubic 
feet  each;  the  Rrenter  part  from  (juebec.  Onlc  plank  ifl  almost  wholly  imported  from  Prussia.  The 
quantities  imported  during  the  (i  years  ending  the  5lh  of  January,  1833,  were— 


Ynn. 

lioadi. 

Yean. 

Lo.i>lt. 

Van. 

Lui  It. 

2,.')85 

1,789 

1627 

1828 

5,470 
9,449 

1829 
1830 

1,434 
1,542 

1831 
1832 

For  further  details  with  respect  to  the  importation  of  oak,  Its  price,  duty  on,  &c.,  see  Wood,— See 
also,  Tredguld's  Principle!  of  Carpentry ;  art.  JVowy,  Supplement  to  F.nty.  Brit.  ;  the  very  inte- 
resting work  on  Timber,  Trees  and  Fruits,  in  the  Library  »/  Entertaining  Knowledge ;  liets's  Cyclo- 
ptedia,  ^c. 

OATS  (Gcr.  Hafer ,-  Di'..  Havre,-  Da.  Havre,-  Sw.  Hafre ,-  Fr.  Avoine ,-  It.  Vena, 
Avena,-  Sp.  Avena,-  Port.  Avea ,-  Rasa.  Owe.s ,-  Pol.  Ow/at),  a  species  of  grain,  the  .<4Dena 
saliva  of  botanists.  There  are  innumerable  varieties  of  this  grain,  some  of  which  are  said 
to  be  indigenous  to  Britain.  It  is  the  hardiest  of  all  the  cereal  grasses,  growing  luxuriantly 
in  cold  northern  climates,  and  in  ro^irse  mountainous  districts,  where  neither  wheat  nor  bar- 
ley can  be  advantageously  cul'  od.  It  thrives  best,  and  in,  indeed,  chiefly  raised,  in  lati- 
tudes north  of  Paris ;  being  bui  little  known  in  the  south  of  France,  Spain,  or  Portugal.  It 
is,  however,  cultivated  in  Bengal,  so  low  as  the  25th  degree  of  latitude,  and,  it  is  s:iid,  with 
considerable  success.  In  Scotland,  where  it  has  long  formed  a  principal  part  of  the  food 
of  the  people,  it  is  far  more  generally  cultivated  than  any  other  species  of  grain.  It  is 
also  very  extensively  cultivated  in  Ireland.  In  England  it  is  grown  principally  in  the 
northern  counties,  and  in  the  fens  of  Lincoln,  Huntingdon,  Cambridge,  and  Norfolk; 
but  the  oats  of  Northumberland  and  Scotland  are  reckoned  superior  to  those  raised  farther 
south. 

There  are  4  leading  varieties  of  this  grain,  cultivated  in  England,  viz.  white,  black,  grey, 
and  brown  or  red  oats.  The  sub-varieties  of  the  white  are  numerous.  That  denominated 
the  potato  oat  is  at  present  almost  the  only  one  raised  on  land  in  a  good  state  of  cultivation 
in  the  north  of  England  and  the  south  of  Scotland,  and  usually  brings  a  higher  price  in  the 
London  market  than  any  other  variety.  It  wa.«  accidentally  discovered  growing  in  a  field 
of  potatoes  in  Cumberland  in  1788;  and  from  the  produce  of  that  single  stalk  has  been 
produced  the  stock  now  in  general  cultivation.  Black  and  grey  oats  are  little  cultivated, 
except  in  some  places  in  the  north  of  Scotland.  The  red  oat  is  chiefly  confined  to  Che- 
shire, Derl)y6hire,  and  Staflbrdshirc.  A  species  of  naked  oats,  provincially  called  pillar,  is 
raised  in  Cornwall. — (Loudon's  Encyc.  of  Agriculture ,-  Browti's  Rural  Economy,  vol.  ii. 
pp.  47—52.) 

In  17G5,  Mr.  Charles  Smith  estimated  the  numlier  of  consumers  of  oats  in  England  and 
Woles  at  023,000.— (7'mc/.s  on  the  Corn  Trade,  2d  edit.  p.  140.)  ;  but  at  present  we  be- 
lieve they  are  very  considerably  fewer.  The  feeding  of  horses  has  at  all  times  occasioned 
the  greatest  consumption  of  oats  in  this  part  of  the  kingdom ;  and  as  the  numl)er  of  horses 
kept  for  business  and  pleasure  has  been  vastly  increased  within  the  last  30  or  40  years,  the 
culture  of  oats  has  been  considerably  extended,  notwithstanding  the  increasing  imports  from 
Iroluiid.  Perhaps  the  produce  of  no  species  of  grain  varies  more  than  that  of  oats.  Where 
the  ground  is  foul  and  exhausted,  not  more  than  20  bushels  an  acre  are  obtained  ;  but  on 
rich  soils,  well  managed,  64,  72,  and  sometimes  80  bushels  and  upwards  have  been  reaped. 
Oats  yield,  at  an  average,  8  lbs.  meal  for  14  lbs.  corn. 

For  information  as  to  the  laws  regulating  the  importation  and  exportation  of  oats, 
their  prices,  the  quantities  imported  and  exported,  &c.,  see  Corn  Laws  and  Cohn 
TriAiiK. 

*DESSA,  a  flourishing  sea-port  of  Southern  Russia,  on  the  north-west  coast  of  the  Black 
between  the  rivers  Dniester  and  Bug,  in  lat.  46°  28'  54"  N.,  Ion.  30°  43'  22"  E.  Po- 
puiition  said  to  amount  to  40,000.  The  foundations  of  Odessa  were  laid  so  lately  as  1792, 
by  order  of  the  Empress  Catharine,  after  the  peace  of  Jassy.  It  was  intended  to  serve  as 
an  entrepot  for  the  commerce  of  the  Russian  dominions  on  the  Black  Sea  and  the  sea  of 
Azoff",  and  has  in  a  great  measure  answered  the  expectations  of  its  founders.  By  an  Impe- 
rial ukase,  dated  the  7th  of  February,  1817,  it  was  declared  a  free  port,  and  the  inhabitants 
exempted  from  taxation  for  30  years ;  since  which  period  its  increase  has  been  extremely 
rapid.  The  bay  or  roadstead  of  Odessa  is  extensive,  the  water  deep,  and  the  anchorage  good, 
the  bottom  being  fine  sand  and  gravel ;  it  is,  however,  exposed  to  the  south-easterly  wind, 
which  renders  it  less  safe  in  winter.  The  port,  which  is  artificial,  being  formed  by  2  moles, 
one  of  which  projects  to  a  considerable  distance  into  the  sea,  is  calculated  to  contain  about 
300  ships.  It  has  also  the  advantage  of  deep  water.  There  is  a  convenient  lazaretto,  on  the 
model  of  that  of  Marseilles.  The  want  of  fresh  water  used  to  be  the  greatest  disadvantage 
under  which  the  inhabitants  laboured ;  but  this  has  been  obviated  by  the  construction  of  a 
canal  which  conveys  an  abundant  supply  of  water  into  the  town.  There  are  no  trees  in  tho 
vicinity,  which  has,  in  consequence,  a  bleak  and  arid  appearance. 


•*^ 


^ 


.v 


248 


ODESSA. 


I  . 


'.     ! 


Lipkt-hnufHi.—K  light -hoiine  hns  hcpn  nrectcilon  Capo  Fnntnn.nboutfiinnutlcal  itilini  R.  nf  Odeim. 
The  liiilit,  which  forim^rly  rcvolvcil,  is  now./t/erf,  nml  ia  iihoiit  203(Hiis!*liiii)  f«Kt  nbove  the  level  nftho 
■ea.  Al  llii!  (liHtitice  of  1 1  Ifngui's  l',.S.r,.  J  S.  from  Oili.'Bsa,  on  the  north  end  of  llie  lon(f.  narrow,  low 
Isliinil  of 'I'lMiilrii,  ii  IJL'hl-lionse  h.iri  heen  erected,  of  irreiit  nse  to  shipH  approachlii);  OdesHH  from  the  8. 
or  \V.  'I'lH.'  lantern,  elevated  92'  (Iliissian)  ferl  above  the  level  of  Ihe  sea,  vvaa  liijhtcd,  for  the  first 
time,  on  tie;  I'lth  of  Sepleniher,  1827.  It  lonsistH  of  3  rellectinK  liphlH,  siiHpended  in  the  form  of  a  trl- 
aniile,  rev(dvltii;  in  lli<!  apace  of  t  minutes,  ho  that  each  lamp  arrives  at  its  niaxinnim  nf  brilliancy  after 
nn  interval  of  1  nilii.  20  aec.  Ilein)!  aUo  <if  a  red  colour,  this  li(,'ht  ia  readily  dialiiianiahed  from  Fontnii 
lif,'lit,  and  llu"  other  lluhla  in  llie  Hlack  Sen.  In  fo(!(ty  weather,  a  bell  in  kept  rin(,'lni!.—( Coii/ier  aur  Ui 
i'harca,  2d  cd. ;  J^'ornc's  isMling  IJirccliiim  fur  Ihe  Jledilerranean  and  Black  Seas,  ilJT.) 

For  several  years  after  Odessa  was  founded,  wlicat  forrnoJ  almost  the  only,  as  it  still  forms 
the  principal,  aiticli!  of  export. — (For  details  wliieli  re.-ipect  to  tlio  corn  trade  of  Odessa,  seo 
vol.  i.  p.  .'i  1 :{.)  Hut  tallow  is  now  of  nlntost  equal  importance,  and  considcrat)lo  quantities  of 
wool,  iron,  hides,  copper,  wax,  caviare,  potash,  salt  beef,  furs,  cordage,  sail-cloth,  tar,  butter, 
isinglass,  Sec.  are  also  exported.  Tlie  tallow  of  Odessa  is  of  a  bright  yellow  straw  colour, 
and  is  said  to  be  superior  to  that  of  Petersburgh.  The  following  account  of  the  (luantity 
(since  182 1)  and  value  of  the  tallow  exported  from  Odes.sa  froiii  1817,  sets  the  rapid  increase 
in  the  trade  iti  this  article,  and  its  importance  in  a  very  striking  point  of  view  : — 


v..-     1   Value  of  Tillow 
''^*"'     1         enporte.!. 

V..,—      i    Vahie  of  Tallow 
''""•     1          tX|.(irlc,l. 

(Inantily. 

Poods. 

209,118 
310,157 
.331,873 
10,%4i5 
13,086 

Yoan. 

Value  of  Tallow 
eiprirteil. 

Quantity. 

1817 

1818 
1819 
1820 
1821 
1822 

BiiUel. 

00,318 

iH.-.,iin 

308,702 
1,1.37,101 
l,.iOI,V10 

0;il.323 

1823 
1821 
1825 
ISOO 

I8-i7 
1828 

Riili'tl. 

2,181,762 
l,O7l,.50O 
2,0N7,331 
2,800,000 
1,601,112 
166,701 

1820 
1830 
1831 
1832 
1833 
1834 

RhVci. 

1,122,311 

2,100,802 

2,903,125 

3,160,000 

6,299,327 

0,000,000 1 

Pimiii. 
100,024 
215,0.38 
287,210 
291,172 
400,116 
788,851 

Tills  Tiilile  serves  togive  some  idea  of  the  vast  means  which  the  south  of  Russia  possesses  forcarry- 
in|i  on  ciiniin"rc(!.  'I'he  exports  of  fillow  have  increased  twenty-fold  in  10  years;  materially  aug- 
liientin"  the  value  of  tlic  herils,  and  enrichint;  vast  countries,  which  must  have  remained  compara- 
tively poor,  had  not  this  outlet  been  found  for  their  produce. 

Till'  iiirri'  isi;  in  the  exportation  of  wool  is  also  very  considerable.  Within  the  last  20  years,  the  Me- 
rino breed  of  slicvp  has  been  extensively  introduced' into  the  KDVerninents  of  Taiirida,  CJIierson,  and 
Ekatcriiioslriv  ;  sotliat  there  has  been  not  only  a  great  increase  in  the  quantity,  but  also  a  very  decided 
iniproveiiienl  in  Ihe  quality,  of  the  wool  exported. 

Tlie  iron  sliippiil  at  Odessa  is  princiiially  broucbt  from  Siberia,  partly  by  the  Wolga,  and  partly  by 
the  Don  to  TaKiinroj!,  whence  it  is  conveyed  to  Odessa.  A  good  deal  of  it  is  in  a  manufactured  state, 
from  the  foniideiies  at  Tula;  but  the  demand  lor  it  both  in  Kiirope  and  Asia  lias  been  perceptibly  (ti- 
niiiiisliiim  for  some  years  past,  and  Ihi!  e.xports  are  now  comparatively  small.  Tiiulier  for  sbip-biiild- 
iiiK,  and  pllili,  and  tar,  are  also  broUL'liI  from  Taganro!;.  In  fact,  from  its  not  beiuR  at  Ihe  mouth  of 
any  treat  river,  nor  baviiip  any  consiilerable  manufactures,  Odessa  is  not  a  port  for  the  exportation  of 
what  may  be  termed  articles  of  native  growth  :  but  in  conse(iiieiice  of  its  convenient  situation,  and  the 
privileges  which  it  enjoys,  it  is,  as  already  remarked,  the  emporium  where  most  of  Ihe  produce  of 
Southi'rii  lliissi  I,  destined  for  foreign  countries,  is  collected  previously  to  its  being  exported,  and  where 
most  of  the  foreJL'n  articles  required  for  home  consumption  are  primarily  imported.  The  shallowness 
of  the  water  at  Taganroir,  and  the  short  period  during  which  the  Sea  of  AzolV  is  navigable,  hinder 
foreign  vessels  of  consideralile  burden  frimi  visiting  her  port,  and  occasion  the  Btiipment  of  a  considor- 
abl.!  part  of  the  produce  brought  down  the  Wolga  and  Ihe  Don  in  lighters  to  Caffa  and  Odessa,  par- 
ticularly the  latter.  A  good  deal  is,  however,  exported  direct  from  Taganrog  to  the  Mediterranean.  All  the 
products  brouslit  down  the  Dniester,  the  Hug,  and  the  Dtiieper,  are  exported  from  Odessa  ;  but.  owing 
to  thedilliciilt  iiavigution  of  the  first  iHid  last  mentioned  rivers,  most  part  of  the  corn  brought  to  Odessa 
from  Poilolia,  the  Ukraine,  &,c.  is  conveyed  in  waggons  drawn  by  oxen. — (See  vol.  i.  p.  513.) 

Corn  Trade. — The  principal  trade  of  Odessa  is  with  Constantinople,  Smyrna,  and  other  towns  in  the 
Levant,  Naples,  lieghorn,  ti  uioa,  Marseilles,  &c.  "  It  is  generally  stated,"  says  Mr.  Jacob  (Jfcnimr 
on  the  Trade  of  the  Blark  Sea,  ill  the  Jlpjtendix  to  the  8vo  edition  of  Tracts  on  tlie  Corn  'Trade).  "  that  the 
supply  of  Constantinople  requires  annually  100,000  quarters  of  Itlack  Sea  wheat.  The  (Jreek  islamls 
scarcely,  on  the  average  of  years,  produce  siirticieiit  wheat  for  their  own  consumption,  and,  in  some 
years,  require  a  large  supply,  which  is  furnished  partly  from  the  neighbouring  continent,  and  partly 
from  the  Black  Sea. 

"The  Asiatic  coasts  of  the  Turkish  empire,  especially  in  Anatolia,  are  nearly  in  the  same  predica- 
ment. .\t  times  the  market  of  Smyrna  is  very  favourable  for  the  sale  of  the  corn  of  Southern  Kiissia. 
The  islands  of  Malta  and  Gozo  produce  only  about  half  as  much  corn  as  the  120,000  inhabitants 
require. 

"  Sicily,  though  it  has  greatly  declined  from  its  ancient  productiveness,  liag  still  a  quantity  of  grain 
to  spare  for  the  less  fruitful  parts  of  Italy,  in  most  years;  and  its  wheat  enters  into  competition  willi 
that  of  the  Black  Sea,  in  llie  ports  of  Naples,  Genoa,  anil  I,eghorii. 

"There  ari^  (1)^/  years  in  which  Tuscany  grows  a  suiriciency  of  wheat ;  and  its  chief  port,  I.eglinrn, 
Loiugone  of  those  in  which  ships  can  unload  their  cargoes  of  corn,  without  being  detained  to  pi^rferiu 
quarantine,  has  been  at  all  times  a  place  of  deposit  for  the  wheat  of  the  Ulack  Sea.  A  market  at 
some  price  may  always  be  found  there,  as  the  capitalists  are  disposed  to  purchase;  relying  on  Hie 
uncertain  productiveness  of  some  adjacent  country,  in  which  they  may  realise  a  profit  at  no  groat 
distance. 

"Genoa,  like  Leghorn,  is  a  port  where  wheat  can  he  unloaded  within  the  bounds  of  the  la/.arelto. 
The  country  around  it  yields  but  lillb;  wheat ;  and,  at  some  periods,  it  enjoys  a  trade  in  that  article 
even  as  far  as  Sunderland.  This  internal  demand,  and  the  chance  of  advantageous  re-exportation, 
induces  much  trade  in  corn.  There  is  said  to  be  seldom  less  than  100,000  quarters  in  store  at  the  two 
ports  of  Genoa  and  Leghorn  ;  and  at  some  periods,  a  far  greater  quantity. 

"  Nice,  though  not  having  the  sami,'  advantageous  qiiaraiiliiie  regiilaiiona,  and,  consequently,  not 
being  a  deppit  for  corn  beyond  its  own  demand,  from  the;  sterile  soil  that  surrounds  it,  requires  every 
year  a  large  importation  of  wheat.  That  of  Sicily  and  Odessa  create  a  coinpetitiun  in  its  port;  and  Hie 
government  draws  a  revenue,  by  imposing  a  heavy  duty  on  both. 

"Though  the  corn  laws  of  Trance  have  kept  the  ports  closed  against  the  introduction  of  foreign  corn 
for  domestic  use,  yet  it  is  allowed  to  be  bonded  for  re-exportation.  From  the  frequent  local  and  partial 


CnlTee  . 
Sugar,  raw 

refined 
Olive  nil 
Cotton,  raw 
Iwiit 
Silk     ■ 
Tea      . 
Pepper 
Tin  plain 
Incense 
Olives  - 
Tnlwcco 
Wine  - 

Fruit,  for 

Cotton  inanu. 
farlures 

Woollen  do.  ■ 
ctolh. 

Silk  manufac- 
tures. 

Dye  woods  and 
colours 


Wheat      .  chef 
Hve 

Barley       . 
Oils  .        _ 

Wlieat  flour     - 

I  I.inseed  .  _ 
Tallow  .  „ 
HidcB,  raw 

tanned 

youfis 
Potashes   - 
Cordage    . 
Flix 
Wax 
Henip 
Copper     . 
Iron 

Sail  butter 
Caviare 
Wool 

Total  value 
of  export) 
byiei    .  H 

DiHo  of  im- 
ports    . 


ODESSA. 


249 


rO(le«tli. 

irel  of  tho 
rii'.v,  low 
III)  the  8. 
\\\p  first 
1  of  a  tri- 
incy  lifter 
III  Koiitnn 
ier  sur  lea 

till  forma 
Icssa,  SCO 
nlitics  of 
ir,  butter, 
w  colour, 
quantity 
il  increado 


;iu»ntiljr. 

P«o<t». 
Ili0,02t 
21S,038 
287,210 
201,172 
400,116 

7Sd.851 


Bsforcarry- 
nrially  aug- 
id  cuiiipara- 

nrs,  tlie  Mn- 
iliHrsoii,  and 
very  Jecidetl 

nd  partly  by 

riiired  state, 

irceptilily  <li- 

r  sliip-biiilil- 

ilie  tiiniitli  of 

pdrlalionof 

loll,  and  tho 

produce  of 

.4,  and  whcri! 

shallowness 

;al)le,  hinder 

fa  ciinsiilor- 

Odessa.  par- 

an.  Alllho 

,  lint,  owlni! 

lit  ti)  Odessa 

towns  in  llie 
cub  (Mcmmr 
c).  'Mlialllni 
rt^eli  islands 
nd,  in  sonio 
and  pailly 


;1 


line  predica- 

hern  llussia. 

inhabitants 

tity  of  grain 
letition  willi 

rt,  T,e;,'hnrn, 

d  to  p(!rfi)rni 

|A  inarkiit  at 

flying  on  tlu! 

at  no  great 

lie  lazaretto, 
that  articli! 
le.xportatiiin, 
le  at  the  two 

Iriuently,  not 
■luires  every 
lufl;  andtlie 

I  foreign  corn 

II  and  partial 


■earcitlcR  which  occur  on  the  enilern  coast  of  Spain,  nt  which  poriodit  wheat  li  allowed  to  he  lawftillv 
Imported,  and,  it  is  said,  from  the  facility  of  ila  iiilrodiicliun  by  contraband,  when  not  legally  allowed, 
MarseilleH  has  been  a  K'eat  lUpdi  for  the  wheat  of  the  lilack  iSea. 

"  From  th'nce,  as  also  from  Gibraltar,  where  there  |g  generally  aome  in  More,  it  can  easily  be  trani- 
ported  tn  Hpain,  to  Sardinia,  to  Corsica,  to  Tunis,  to  Tripoli,  or  wherever  scarcity  has  created  a  bune- 
llcial  niiirltet. 

"  The  coasts  of  Rarbary,  though  often  having  a  surplus  of  wheal,  much  of  which  occaflionally  assist! 
to  feed  Portugal,  In  some  seasons  have  been  anected  with  most  deficient  harvests.  This  was  recently 
the  case  in  a  remarkable  deitree.  Tripoli  and  Tunis  experienced.  In  the  year  1820,  a  harvest  most 
miserably  short,  and  were  siipplled  from  otiier  countries." 

Charges  on  Shipping  Curu.—ln  1810,  the  expense  of  delivering  a  chetwert  of  wheat  free  on  board, 
Including  commission,  warehouse  rent,  and  shipping  charges,  amounted  to  upwards  of  5  roubles;  but 
at  present  (1830)  It  does  not  exceed  3  roubles.    The  duties  per  chetwert  are  as  follow  :— 


Export  dutjr 
Ouaraiiline  • 

Town  and  harbour  duliea 
Lyceum  duty 


Wheat. 
21  3.'>lhi.  cop. 

1.4  _ 
7  I  «  - 
9  — 


38  1.8 


Othar  grain. 

II       cop. 

1-4- 

2         - 


2i  l-t 


The  warehouse  rent  of  corn  at  Odessa  Is  from  8  to  10  copecks  per  chetwert  per  month.  M.  De  Hage- 
meister  supposes  that  Turkey,  and  theditt'erent  ports  of  the  Mediterranean  require,  at  an  average,  an 
annual  supply  of  1, 100,000  chetwerts,  or  about  !,0.'50,000ii«arters,ofwhich  1,000,000  chetwerl8,or7.'Hl,000 
(liiarters,  are  furnished  by  Southern  Russia,  and  principally  shipped  from  Odessa.  Wallnchia  and 
Moldavia  are  both  very  fertile  in  corn  ;  and  were  tranquillity  and  good  order  introduced  iiiio  them, 
and  the  free  navigation  of  the  Danube  secured,  Oalac/.  and  Brailntf  would  be  two  of  the  priniipal  Eu- 
ropean grain  shipping  ports.  (See  the  e.xcellent  report  of  Hagemeister  on  the  Trade  of  the  Ulack  Sea, 
pp.  96— 114.  Eng.  Trans.) 

Tullow  exported  from  Odessa  pays  an  export  duty  of  8  roubles  per  10  ponds. 

E.vc.lusive  of  corn,  the  other  articles  mentioned  as  being  exported  from  Odessa,  And  their  way  to  the 
different  markets  in  the  Mediterranean.  Those  shipped  for  Turkey  are  iron,  tallow,  sail-cloth,  cordage, 
anchors  for  ships  of  war,  butter,  &c.    The  exports  tn  Italy  and  other  European  countries  arc  similar. 

Tlic  inipiirlation  of  all  foreign  articles  into  the  Russian  dominions  on  the  Ulack  Sea  and  the  Sea  of 
Azotf  is  confined  to  Odessa,  Theodosia  or  Kafia,  and  Taganrog.  The  import  trade  is,  however,  of  in- 
ferior importance  when  compared  with  the  export  trade.  The  principal  articles  are  sugar  and  coffee, 
dye  woods,  wine  and  brandy,  cotton  stuflTs  and  yarn,  woollen  ami  silk  manufactures,  spices,  cutlery  ; 
(irunges,  lemons,  figs,  and  other  fruit;  lemon  juice  oil,  tin  and  tin  plates,  dried  fruits,  paper,  silk, 
specie,  &.C. 

Principal  Articles  imported  into  Odessa  in  the  following  Years  -.— 


Articlet. 

1824. 

1825. 

1826. 

1827. 

1828. 

1829. 

1830. 

1831. 

C'lffee  -            •  poodi 

2,882 

2.615 

2,747 

8,024 

6,664 

8,6)2 

8,005 

.5,014 

Su(^r,  raw      -    — 

2,183 

2,746 

653 

6,744 

4,262 

6.753 

8,362 

10,357 

refined  •    — 

- 

- 

• 

12,253 

12,280 

11,234 

22,125 

21,188 

Olive  nil          .    — 

27,017 

27,649 

25,797 

18,227 

7,0J0 

18.308 

'•.<J,9.7 

i>8,636 

Cotton,  raw     .    — 

6,410 

3,801 

6,478 

3,436 

1,110 

1,4-^3 

t.im 

0,184 

iwiit  ■    — 

Il,9l6 

8,832 

6,6'>0 

8,005 

2,380 

310 

3,  i;:. 

3,121 

Silk     ■          •    - 

747 

643 

2,953 

3,765 

I0J9 

107 

2,146 

1,658 

Tea      •          -    - 

■ 

> 

> 

345 

S22 

606 

i20 

tiOO 

Pepper           -    — 

. 

. 

. 

4,8W 

2,267 

7,643 

6,971 

Tin  ptatei       -    — 

■ 

• 

■ 

. 

1,131 

1,973 

1,160 

2,682 

Inceiise           •    — 

• 

•                      • 

• 

. 

8,306 

6,(1-27 

7,7,50 

14,403 

Olivea  ■          •    — 

• 

• 

•                      • 

. 

12,S-9 

4,544 

18,779 

16.502 

TnlHCCO           -     — 

. 

. 

. 

13,901 

5,801 

13,022 

12,826 

Wine  •           oxhorii 

2,485 

2,498 

2,195 

13,424 

12,524 

8,034 

21,823 

13,861 

botlles 

6,341 

8,136 

11,995 

31,055 

12  691 

24,040 

63.449 

ilfliU 

Fruit,  for        -   Rou. 

1,175,015 

1,217,024 

1,138,905 

946,102 

570,143 

1,067,132 

1,180,354 

1,865,558 

Cotton    rnanu* 

fartures        •    — 

66.160 

118.614 

35<>,446 

611,419 

399,877 

432,321 

744,384 

Woollen  do.    -    — 

42,647 

134,936 

132,093 

326,973 

286.719 

246,468 

354,476 

cloth-    — 

- 

• 

- 

326,061 

152,617 

307,070 

311,799 

1,5.36,306 

Silk    manufac- 

tures.          •    — 

267,954 

337,267 

258,741 

494,428 

324,202 

248,953 

2.56,830 

Dve  woods  and 

colours        .    — 

473,620 

I64,7C8 

55,847 

102,858 

8,867 

58,641 

125,123 

181,661 

Principal  Articles  exported  from  Odessa  in  the  following  Years :— 


Article!, 

1827. 

1828. 

1829. 

1830. 

1831. 

1832. 

1833.               1834. 

r     68.217 

lu     1833 
there    was 

Wheat      -  chelwerls 

1,200,826 

28,860 

317,683 

1,215,189 

487,382 

807,903 

46-.,5,59 

Rye 

— 

39,940 

2,050 

. 

3,276 

14,249 

17.155 

2,045 

an    almost 

Barley       . 

— 

6,852 

377 

2,507 

62,543 

1. '1,029 

5,277 

2.291 

<  101.11     fail. 

Oils 

_ 

6 

707 

3,030 

29,244 

33,600 

33,182 

12,363 

ure  of  the 

Wheat  flour 

~ 

■ 

10,282 

22,156 

15,358 

40 

17 

3i5 

harvest    in 
Southern 
.Russia 

l.inseed     . 

_ 

931 

• 

• 

6,327 

18,356 

38,765 

68,823 

16,563 

Tallow      . 

poods 

195,425 

13,686 

160,0-24 

245,038 

287,240 

291,172 

400,146 

7S8,861 

HiJca,  raw 

_ 

30,996 

3,932 

15,246 

23,705 

42,0S0 

26,079 

■  80,906 

V  No  returns. 

tanned 
youfta 

z 

66,430 

6,045 

39,944 

3,462 

, 

1         4,675 

9,984 

Polanhes    . 

_ 

3.1 18 

. 

!»,059 

. 

3,317 

3,900 

14,6.2 

16,912 

Cordage    • 

— 

71,320 

11,317 

12,826 

63,901 

gi.-iiW 

77,916 

49,6i  2 

29,989 

Flix 

— 

1,488 

- 

. 

7 

1,352 

I6,9<2 

8,709 

Wax 

— . 

4,1.2 

49 

698 

4,379 

8,751 

12,468 

8,376 

1,397 

Hemp 

_ 

13,040 

> 

751 

14,805 

522 

6,426 

19,60^ 

20,598 

Copper     . 

— 

2,S85 

194 

. 

■ 

19,000 

12.920 

5,5ti8 

5,533 

Iron 

— 

73,513 

3.452 

2,524 

17,364 

. 

14,417 

32,5.9 

19,954 

Salt  butler 

— 

1.200 

1,304 

10,257 

6.9!  i 

^•SZ 

4,545 

5,655 

1  No  retunu, 

Caviare 

^ 

2,«I0 

2,1)89 

4,942 

J,393 

1,629 

3,204 

2,420 

Wool 
ToUl  value 

~ 

30,000 

6,115 

3,402 

21,381 

35,058 

41,568 

66,457 

66,901 

of  exports 

by  sea    - 

Rou. 

18,479,652 

1,248,643 

7,240.025 

27,031,960 

20,063,953 

29,108,269 

24,552,205 

17,855,896 

DjUo  of  im- 

ports    - 

— 

I0,l85,3i7 

5,735,225 

7,R10,906 

15,357,461 

12,322,056 

14,983,929 

14,387,806 

14,425,536 

1 

3 


32 


250 


ODESSA. 


:     i 


I       I 


Movement  c 

IMS. 

f  Shipping  at 

I8!7. 

lie  Port  of  Odemrt  In  the  Tollnwlng  Yean. 

Vraeli. 

tnn.        1        1829.        1        mx 

1831. 

Arrivf't. 

S.lilci.l. 

ArrivR'l. 

Siilel.    [ArrivMl. 

■uilsl.    Arrive  1.     Sailt.l.    Arrlve.l.{  .Sailail. 

Arrived. 

Slilril. 

KtiMiaii  •           • 

<'A 

Ill 

I«7 

Hi 

M 

38 

24 

30 

172 

IU4 

I6> 

136 

im 

IK6 

2ia 

278 

6H 

41 

81 

80 

2l9 

2.7 

114 

107 

S.ir<liiiiiiii 

li 

ll« 

23d 

21. 

u 

II 

48 

33 

2i4 

231 

4A 

iH 

KiKllih* 

104 

lOj 

I6i 

Ui 

4 

M 

43 

117 

i(.g 

81 

83 

Frtiioh  • 

1 

• 

4 

2 

9 

1 

2 

2 

Sivnl.lll- 

. 

2 

2 

• 

• 

• 

• 

8 

g 

1 

Di.lih     • 

. 

• 

. 

1 

• 

* 

1 

2 

2 

Spamih  - 
Niip«|ii.in 

. 

. 

• 

. 

1 

1 

i 

s 

2 

2 

. 

. 

. 

2 

.     . 

a 

2 

16 

14 

6 

6 

Turki.h- 

N 

10 

9 

7 

1 

1 

• 

II 

11 

3 

4 

Ainerh  an 

. 

. 

- 

• 

2 

i 

(irrrk     ■ 

. 

. 

> 

• 

> 

• 

64 

64 

27 

24 

Tu»  an  - 
T(i(.il    ■ 

•     • 

•      • 

"     ' 

•    • 

•     • 

3 

3 

is; 

'.J9 

S>'2     '       7^8 

130 

no  1    2.'4    '     m 

8-2 

•60 

435 

411 

I 


The  provioiis  statemi'ntH,  for  which  wc  arc  indt-bted  partly  to  the  Report  of  M.  Pe  Hnge- 
meister,  iiiul  piiriiy  to  ofliiial  mid  private  Hourccs,  sliow  the  ellect  of  tlie  war  between  KuHsia 
and  'J'urkey  on  the  trade  of  Odessa  ;  but  it  has  nRnin  resumed  its  fi  rmer  activity  ;  and  will, 
doulitle!<s,  continue  progressively  to  increase  with  tiie  iiii|iroveiiient  if  ''ic  vast  countries  of 
which  it  is  the  principal  c/Zn/^t)/,  Several  American  nicrchantnieii  appeared,  for  the  first 
time,  in  the  Ulack  fiea,  in  1830. 

A  lrilmii:il  nri'oiiinierce  was  eHlntilislird  at  Odessa  in  1821,  tlie  jiirisilictinn  of  which  extends  overall 
disputes  ciiMin'clrd  with  Irade.  'riiere  is  no  ii|i|iimiI  frciiri  its  devision,  except  tn  the  Hcnatc.  Its  insti- 
tiitiiiii  issiiid  111  liiivr;  lii'cn  pr<idiii'liv(!  ofciiTisidcraldi!  advaiitnee. 

Tlicre  are  l'2  swcirii  linikers,  approved  and  lici'iised  liy  the  Tribunal  of  Commerce,  who  have  depu- 
ties iippdinled  liy  ilieinselves.  They  ri'ceivo  i  per  cent,  fniiii  each  party  ns  coiniiiissioii.  They  are 
boanii  til  reiiistrr  ;lie  varimis  trniisacliniis  in  which  lliey  lire  employed. 

A  iliscimiit  iir  luaii  hank  was  estalillshi'd  at  Odessa  in  182'<,  which  diseniints  hills,  not  having  more 
than  1  iiiiinilis  to  run,  at  the  rate  of  ti  per  cent,  interest ;  and  iiwikea  advances  upon  the  security  of 
goods.  Two  insiitutions  fur  marine  insurance,  and  one  fur  tire  insurance,  have  been  eslablislied 
within  the  list  I  or  ^  years. 

Most  arlirli  s  of  provision  are  very  cheap.  Ileef  may  he  bought  for  Id.  or  !</.  per  lb. ;  a  qimrter  of 
lainli  fi.r  .'.i/. ;  anil  poultry  at  proportionally  low  prices.  Fish  costs  almost  nothing,  and  is  e.vcellent, 
Water  is  an  expensive  article  ;  and  firewood  is  fortlie  most  parr  scane  and  dear.  I.alterly.  however, 
the  iiihaliilaiits  have  lie);uii  to  supply  themselves  with  coal  from  iiakhmonte,  in  the  government  of 
Ekatcrinosliiv.  A  t'ood  deal  of  Rnulish  coal  has  been  taken  to  Odessa  as  ballast,  and  sold  at  a  fair 
price. — (Miirlon's  '1'ravii.i  in  Hiis.'ia,  p   2()2.  Ac  ) 

Muiiie.-,  ll'eiffhlK,  and  Meaaun-s,  same  as  at  Petersburg  ;  which  see. 

Odessa  has  a  considerable  and  increasing  trade  with  Redout-kale,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Pha- 
sis,  and  with  'J'reiusond  and  several  ports  on  the  south  coast  of  the  Black  Sea.  CJeori^ian 
and  Ariiieiiiaii  merchants  arc  already  considerable  purchasers  at  the  Leipsic  and  other  (JJcr- 
man  fairs;  and  civilisation  is  beginning  to  strike  its  roots  throughout  all  the  extensive  coun- 
tries between  the  Black  Sea  and  the  Caspian,  It  is  probable  that,  at  no  very  remote  period, 
the  Phasis  will  be  frequented  by  British  ships  ;  and  that  our  merchants,  without  any  en- 
chantress to  aid  them,  and  depending  only  on  the  superior  cheapness  and  excellence  of  their 
goods,  will  be  hospitably  received  in  the  ancient  Colchis,  and  bear  away  a  richer  prize  than 
fell  to  the  lot  of  Jason  and  his  Argonauts. 

Account  of  Imports  at  Redout-kal6  from  Odessa,  from  182,5  to  1830,  both  inclusive. 


Arlicles. 

182:".. 

1828. 

1827, 

1828. 

1829. 

18.10. 

liouU.s. 

Rmthlfs. 

RulMv. 

Roubles. 

RauUtt, 

Huulki. 

Wine 

4,(i00 

mm-- 

40,700 

I.',5fl0 

20.(i75 

2,600 

Suir.ir,  rtfilted            .... 

91, (WO 

igu.wio 

100,000 

28,500 

129,610 

7I,0S0 

CoUon  5iMxIa              .... 

7n,2Si 

4M,69S 

3r-,,r,^ 

l,414,-.60 

711,915 

21,  (,0 

Silliilo. 

li',130 

20,1-30 

.12,435 

(iO.433 

10',-'  0 

4,723 

Clolh 

111,7.0 

328.125 

132,500 

138,:oo 

613,9><) 

WiKiIlen  ^ootls         .... 

3i,78i 

161,23-1 

1IO,(TO 

290,545 

a37,ioo 

1,013 

'lei 

1,900 

SO.f^jO 

■14,0i« 

7,110 

4',  ICO 

l,.»0 

Hardware,  e.irthenware,  glass,  tobacco,  &c. 
Ti.tal    - 

7I,N73 

53,2b  1 

103,537 

asi.ow) 

1(3,110 

10, -.KS 

3Sl7,'2:> 

1,^82,231 

918,S47 

2,001,390 

l,9t8,^0j 

12I,6p3 

For  some  further  details  as  to  the  trade  of  the  Black  Sea,  sec  the  article  Sinope. 

Epuc/is  in  the  Trade  nf  the  Black  Sea.  Depth  of  Water.  Difficult i/  nf  Naviiialion,  <^c 
—The  trade  of  the  Black  or  Euxine  Sea  was  of  great  importance  in  antiquity.  'J'he  shores 
of  the  Crimea,  or  Tanrica  Chersonesus,  were  settled  by  Milesian  adventurers,  who  founded 
Paiiticapiuurn  and  'I'heodosia.  The  exports  thence  to  Athens  were  nearly  the  same  as  those 
which  are  now  sent  from  Odessa  and  Taganrog  to  Constantinople,  Leghorn,  &c. ;  viz.  corn, 
timber,  and  naval  stores,  leather,  wax,  honey,  salt  fish,  caviare,  &.c.,  with  great  number  of 
slaves,  the  best  and  most  serviceable  that  were  anywhere  to  be  met  with.  The  Athenians 
set  a  very  high  value  upon  this  trade,  which  supplied  them  annually  with  about  400,000 
medimni  of  corn  ;  and  to  preserve  it,  they  carefully  cultivated  the  alliance  of  the  'I'hracian 
princes,  and  kept  a  garrison  at  Sestus,  on  the  Hellespont. — (See  the  authorities  in  Anachar- 
sis's  Travels,  c.  .').'). ;  and  in  Clarke's  dmnexion  of  the  Saxnn  and  Engli.sh  Coins,  pp.  54 — 
64.)     During  the  middle  ages,  the  Genoese  acquired  an  ascendancy  on  this  sea,  and  laboured 

*  Maltese  and  lonians  included 


with  pt 

at  (,'ali; 

tiliDple 

exclii.-i( 

known. 

ships  of 

lily  of  I 

Ainieii.s, 

by  the  I 

at  least, 

Notwi 

sea  withi 

have  boi 

shoals. 

brouirlit  , 

dually  111 

Clarke  sc 

extremely 

Polyliius. 

bottom,  w 

sets  from 

Marmara, 

stem.     T| 

Bosphorut 

(See  'Jhio 

0'e(i<rri/ph. 

The  na' 

writers,  as 

geration  in 

subject  to  c 

and  the  inf 

dangerou.s. 

gallon  of  ih 

ain.ti  dire,  , 

giterci  ptii, 

(Tri/L'ch;  v 

opinion;  at 

fort?     The 

whom  the  I 

mated  by  i(. 

the  eraof  th 

neither  char 

turns  tovvan 

for  wonder  a 

Se.i,  the  gre: 

gill,  "are  all 

until  you  art 

shore  with  a 

Turks  have  t 

are  of  little  n 

lights  from  it 

t'roiii  the 
so  much  dilui 
a  great  part 
Odessa  .seldoi 
not  completec 
venture  to  en. 
At  Tagann 
there  are  scan 
be  safelv  iiavi 

OIL  '(Fr. 
The  term  oil  j 
paper,  sink  in 
'i'hese  bodies 
Chemists  have 
from  Dr.  'i'hoir 

I-  Volatile 
olien  almost  as 


OIL. 


t51 


2 
6 
4 

24 


rC  coun- 
period, 

any  en- 
of  their 

rize  than 


ih;)o. 

Utrullii- 

i.COO 

7I,0>0 

2i,  >0 

4,725 


1,013 

1/KX) 
lO.iK} 

121,6!<5 


with  pretty  ronsuloraMo  nurrpss  to  monopolUo  itg  trodo.  Thoir  prinfi[ial  pslahlislimpnt  woi 
at  (.'iillii,  whiih  was  tlio  roiilrt'  of  u  coiisiilcrnlilc  (■(iinincrco.  IJut  tlic  i'i)iii|ii('st  of  ('i)iintaii- 
tinopli'  by  tlic  Turkn,  in  ll');},  was  soon  after  foilowfd  t)y  the  coiii|m'st  of  fJall'i,  aihl  the  total 
oxclii^ion  of  I'liiropoan  vrsscls  from  tlii'  Hhick  Sea,  whifh  lii'cainc  in  a  (;rcat  nii'asurc  un- 
known. 'I'liis  exclusion  was  niaintaiiird  for  aliout  'MO  Years,  or  till  it  was  o|ii<n('(i  to  tho 
ships  of  |{iissia  i'y  tho  treaty  of  Kainard^i  in  1774.  'I'he  Anstrians  obtained  a  similar  eciua- 
lily  of  privileges  in  1784  ;  and  liritish,  Freneh,  &r.  Hhips  were  admitted  by  the  treaty  of 
Amiens.  There  were,  however,  some  restraints  still  kept  U[);  iiut  these  have  been  abolished 
by  the  late  treaty  between  the  Turks  and  Russians  in  IH'J'J  ;  and,  for  commercial  purposed 
at  least,  the  hiack  Hea  is  nmv  as  free  as  the  Mediterranean. 

IVotwiihstandinn  the  number  of  English  and  other  Kuro|)Pan  ships  that  liave  visited  lliiii 
sen  within  the  last  20  years,  its  geotrraphy  is  still  very  imperfeetly  known.  A  notion  seems  to 
have  been  lonn  jircvaleiit,  that  it  was  not  (Uily  stormy,  but  also  infested  witii  numerous 
shoals.  I'olybius,  indeed,  eontends,  that,  owin)r  to  the  vast  ipiantities  of  uHuvial  deposit!! 
hroiitjlit  down  by  the  Danube  and  other  large  rivers  that  fall  into  the  Ulaek  !Sea,  it  was  gra- 
dually tilling  U|i,  and  would  become,  at  no  very  remote  period,  an  inunenso  morass  !  Dr. 
(ylarke  seems  to  liave  espoused  the  same  theory.  IJut,  how  probable  soever  it  may  ai)ppar, 
extremely  little  progress  has  hitherto  b;'ca  ina<le  towards  tho  consumm:ition  described  by 
Polybius.  Ill^■tead  of  being  shallow,  the  water  is  for  tho  most  part  remarkably  deep  ;  with  a 
bottom,  where  soundings  have  been  obtained,  of  gravel,  sand,  and  siieils.  A  strong  current 
sets  from  the  Ulack  Sea,  through  the  Ho.'^pharus,  or  C'aiial  of  {Constantinople,  into  tho  Sea  of 
Marmara,  and  from  tho  latter  throug!"  the  Dardanelles,  which  it  reiiuires  a  fresh  breeze  to 
stem.  This  current  is  said  to  be  sensibly  felt  in  the  Ulack  Sea,  10  or  I'-J  miles  from  the 
Bospiiorus ;  and  it  may  probably  carry  oil'  some  of  the  mud  brought  down  by  tho  rivers, — 
(See  Tiiurnefort's  \'oij(igc  ilu  I.' rant,  Lett.  15,  10.;  Art.  9.  in  No.  I.  of  tho  Juurmtluf  the 
Ueoi^niphtcal  Societi/  ,-   jMitc^ill's  Tnivcln  in  Tiirkri/,  vol.  i.  p.  245.,  &C.) 

The  navigation  of  the  Black  Sea  has  been  represented,  by  most  modern  ond  all  ancient 
writers,  as  exceedingly  dangerous.  Wo  believe,  however,  that  there  is  a  good  deal  of  exag- 
geration in  the  greater  number  of  the  statements  on  this  subject.  It  is  said  to  be  particularly 
suhject  to  dense  fogs,  and  to  currents ;  but  the  former  are  prevalent  oidy  at  particular  seasons, 
and  the  influence  of  the  latter  is  not  greater  tlian  in  many  other  seas  which  are  nut  reputed 
<langerous.  'J'ournefort,  one  of  tho  best  and  most  accurate  of  travellers,  considers  the  navi- 
gation of  tlie  Black  Sea  as  safe  as  that  of  the  Mediterranean: — "  II  n'a  riru  de  iiuir,  pour 
ahisi  dire,  ijiif  k  nam  :  Us  veii/s  iCy  miujjlent  pun  avrc plus  dr.  f uric,  cl  lis  orages  tie  sunt 
frueres  plus  frcijucns  >/ue  sur  Ics  aulrc.s  mers, — (Tome  ii.  p.  164.  4to  ed  )  Dr.  ("larko 
{Triivcis,  vol.  ii.  p.  :'87.  8vo  ed.)  allects  to  doubt  this;  but  he  assigns  no  grounds  for  liis 
opinion;  and  who  would  think  of  putting  his  authority  in  competition  with  that  of  Tourne- 
fort?  The  truth  is,  that  any  sea  would  be  dangerous  to  the  (ircek  and  Turkish  pilots,  by 
whom  tho  Black  Sea  is  principally  navigated.  If  the  progress  of  navigation  were  to  bo  esti- 
mated by  its  state  amongst  them,  we  siiould  iiave  to  conclude  that  it  had  been  stationary  from 
the  era  of  the  Argonauts.  They  seldom  venture  to  get  out  of  sight  of  the  coasts ;  they  have 
neither  charts  nor  (juadrants ;  and  hardly  even  know  that  one  of  the  points  of  the  needle 
turns  towards  the  North  ! — {Tnunufurt,  in  loc.cil.)  There  is  not,  certainly,  much  room 
for  wonder  at  shipwrecks  being  frequent  among  vessels  so  navigated.  On  leaving  the  Black 
Sea,  tho  greatest  diHiculty  is  in  making  the  Bosphorus.  "  The  mountains,"  says  Mr.  Mac- 
gill,  "are  all  so  much  alike,  that  it  is  dillicult  to  determine  which  of  them  is  at  the  entrance, 
until  you  are  within  a  very  few  miles  of  the  coast :  then,  with  a  fair  wind,  you  are  on  a  lee 
sliore  with  a  lee  current ;  and  if  you  make  a  mistake,  destruction  is  almost  inevitable.  The 
Turks  have  two  light-houses  at  the  entrance;  but  unless  you  see  them  before  sunset,  they 
are  of  little  use:  in  the  forests,  on  its  borders,  great  quantities  of  charcoal  arc  made,  and  the 
lights  from  it  bewilder,  and  often  mislead,  the  unhap|iy  mariner." — (Vol.  i.  p.  245.) 

From  the  vast  quantity  of  fresh  water  poured  into  the  Black  Sea,  the  saline  j)article3  are 
so  much  diluted,  that,  with  a  slight  frost,  the  surface  becomes  covered  with  ice ;  hence,  during 
a  great  part  of  the  year,  hardly  any  navigation  is  attempted.  The  vessels  that  resort  to 
Odessa  seldom  arrive  at  that  port  before  the  latter  end  of  May  ;  and  these  whose  cargoes  are 
not  comi>leted  before  the  end  of  October,  more  frequently  wait  the  return  of  spring,  than  ad- 
venture to  encounter  the  dangers  of  an  autumnal  or  winter  voyage. 

At  Taganrog  tho  frost  commences  earlier,  and  continues  longer,  than  at  Odessa ;  so  that 
there  ai  e  scarcely  more  than  4  or  5  months  in  the  year,  during  which  the  Sea  of  Azoll'  can 
be  safely  navigated. 

OIl/(Fr.  Huik;  Ger.  Oel ;  It.  Olie,-  Lat.  Oleum,-  Rus.  Maslo ;  Sp.  Aceite.) 
The  term  oil  is  applied  to  designate  a  number  of  unctuous  liquors,  which,  when  dropped  upon 
paper,  sink  into  it  and  make  it  semi-transparent,  or  give  it  what  is  culled  a  greasy  stain. 
These  bodies  are  very  numerous,  and  have  been  in  common  use  from  time  immemorial. 
Chemists  have  divided  them  into  two  classes ;  namely,  volatile  and  fixed  oils.  We  borrow 
from  Dr.  Thomas  Thomson  the  following  statement  with  respect  to  these  bodies  : — 

I.  Volatile  Oils,  called  also  essential  oi/o, are  distiniiuishiul  by  tlie  foIlowinR  properties  :— 1.  Liquid, 
often  almost  as  liquid  as  water,  sometimes  viscid ;  2.  Very  combustible  ;  3.  An  acrid  taste  and  a  strong 


iff 


262 


OIL. 


!  t 


.    I 


rVa(rnnt  ndniiri  4.  Vnlntlllflfd  At  ii  iRmpftrntiirR  not  hlffhnr  thiin  919°  i  9.  Holubia  In  alcohol,  and  lm< 
purfni'tly  In  wntpr )  0.  Kvnpurnte  withiiiil  li-iiviiiK  any  ■tnin  'in  pnpnr. 

Ily  (lilN  luiit  Icit  it  Ik  i>n«y  to  dliieovi'r  tvliinhfr  Ihoy  hnvn  hum  niliiltnrntfil  with  nnynfthn  llxi>d  nllt. 
I>nt  n  (Imp  of  the  volatile  oil  fiill  upon  a  iheel  orwrltlnR  pitpnr,  nnil  tlinn  npply  a  ||<'>>>l"  l»''>t  lo  It )  If  11 
PvaporuifH  wllliuiit  Irnving  nny  itnin  upon  the  piipnr,  tli»  oil  li  pure;  bnl  If  it  luuvri  a  ilain  upon  lh« 
pspitr.  It  ha*  ticen  contnnilnrilt'd  with  lonio  IIdmI  oti  or  othnr. 

Volatile  olln  nro  alniiiit  nil  ohtnlneil  from  vejieliihlei,  and  they  exlit  In  every  part  of  ptnnti,— ihn 
•not,  tliH  linrk,  thu  wood,  the  leaven,  the  (lower,  and  even  the  fruit;  thouRh  they  are  never  found  In 
.he  HuliRti\nru  of  the  cotyledon! ;  whervai  thu  tixed  ulli,  on  the  contrary,  are  uliiioiit  alwiiyi  contained 
'•n  theiie  Ixidlei. 

When  the  volntlle  olln  are  contained  In  (real  abundance  In  planlM,  they  nre  noinetlnieii  obtained  by 
simple  i-xpreiiHlon.  Thia  m  the  rniie  with  oil  of  ornnfei,  of  leinoni,  and  berRatnolte  ;  but  In  Reneral 
thoy  can  only  bn  obtained  hy  diHtillnlion.  The  part  of  the  plant  contnliilriR  the  oil  ii  put  Into  a  itill 
with  a  quantity  of  water,  which  In  dlntilled  otf  by  thu  applicathm  nf  a  moileriite  heat.  The  oil  conies 
over  alonK  with  the  water,  and  iiwiinii  upon  ita  nurfuce  In  the  receiver.  Ily  thii  nroremt  are  ohiniiied 
the  oil  ofpepperinilit,  thyme,  lavender,  and  ii  (treat  ninny  other*,  which  are  prepared  and  employed  by 
the  perl'iinier  :  otherit  are  procured  by  thu  dlHtillation  ofrealnoui  boiliea.  TIiIh  in  the  case  in  particular 
with  oil  of  turpentine,  which  Ih  obtained  by  dUtlllinii  a  kind  of  ruHliioui  Julcu,  called  turpuulinu,  that 
e.xndeH  from  llie  Juniper. 

Volatile  oil*  nre  excecdinffly  numernim.  They  have  been  Innir  known;  but  ai  their  ime  Inchenilatry 
h  but  limlteil,  they  have  not,  hitherto,  been  aubjected  to  an  accurate  rlienilrnl  InveatiKntion.  Tliey 
dilTer  greatly  in  their  propertiu*  fruiu  each  other;  but  It  la  linpoaalblu  at  preaunt  to  give  a  Uutallud 
ncrount  of  t^nch. 

1.  The  sreiiter  number  of  volatile  oila  are  tiiiuid  ;  ninny.  Indeed,  are  aa  limpid  na  water,  and  have 
none  of  that  appearuncu  which  wo  uaimlly  conaiiler  oily.  Thla  In  the  cnae  with  the  followln;; ;  namely, 
oil  of  turpentine,  orungea,  lemona.bergnuiottc,  roaea.— Others  have  the  oily  vUcidity.  It  varieilii  them 
In  nil  (h'Kreea.  This  la  the  cnae  wiili  the  olla  of  mace,  cardnmon,  aaaaafraa,  clovea,  cinnamon.— Others 
have  the  property  of  becoming  aolid.  Thia  la  the  rase  with  the  oils  of  paraley,  fennel,  aniseed,  balm. — 
Otliera  cryHtiilllae  hy  alow  evaporation.  Thia  la  the  case  with  oil  of  thyme,  peppermint,  mnrjornni.— 
The  oil  ol  nutmega  has  usually  the  consistence  of  butter.  This  Is  thu  coae  also  with  the  oils  of  hops 
nnd  of  pepper. 

2.  The  colour  nf  the  volatile  nils  is  ns  various  as  their  other  properties.  A  great  number  nre  limpid 
mill  colourli'HS  ;  as  oil  of  turpentine,  lavender,  roaemnry,  aavinc,  nniaeed  :  aoiiie  are  yellow  ;  na  apike, 
liereainotte  :  some  are  brown ;  as  thyme,  savory,  wormwood  :  others  blue  ;  na  cnniomile,  motherwort : 
others  green  ;  na  inllfoil,  pepper,  hops,  parsley,  wormwood,  cajepiit,  Juniper,  aage,  valerian  :  others, 
thoDgh  at  llrat  cnlourlcaa,  become  yellow  or  brown  by  ago  ;  ns  clovea,  cinnamon,  aaaaafraa. 

3.  The  odours  are  ao  various  na  to  defy  nil  description.  It  Is  sutllclent  to  say,  that  nil  the  frngrnnca 
of  the  vegetable  kingdom  resiiles  in  volatile  oils.    Their  tnstc  is  acrid,  hot,  and  exceedingly  iinpleaannl. 

4.  Their  apecillc  gravity  varies  very  considerably,  not  only  In  different  oils,  but  oven  In  the  same  oil 
in  dilTerent  circumstances.  The  following  are  the  specific  gravities  of  several  of  the  volatile  oils,  au 
ascertained  by  Dr.  Lewis  ;— 

Oil  of  Tmiijr  •  •  ■        -946 

Ctninj  Mcdt  -940 


Oil  of  Sanafnu 
Cinnamon 

ClOVM 

Fffnnel 

Dill  - 

Pennyrojral 

Cuniniin 

Mini 

Nutmogt 


1094 
I  ■03.5 
t'034 
•997 


•978 
•975 
•97S 
'948 


Origanum 
Spilig 
Rinemiirf     - 
JuDiper  berries 
Oninffe* 
Tur|ientine    • 


•940 
•936 
•904 
•911 
•M8 
•799 


When  the  volatile  oils  are  heated  In  the  open  air,  they  evaporate  readily,  nnd  without  alteration 
dlfTiise  their  peculiar  odours  nil  around;  but  there  is  a  considerable  difference  between  the  different 
nils  in  this  respect.  When  distilled  In  close  vessels  they  do  not  so  readily  nsaume  the  form  of  vapour. 
Hence  they  lose  their  odour,  become  darker  in  colour,  and  are  partly  decomposed.  Oils  do  not  seem 
very  susceptible  nf  nssnming  the  gaseous  form,  unless  some  other  substance,  as  water,  be  present. 

II.  FixEO  Oils  nre  distinguished  by  the  following  characters  :— 1.  Lii|uid,  or  I'aslly  become  so  when 
exposed  to  n  gentle  heat ;  2.  An  unctuous  feel ;  3.  Very  combustible  ;  4.  A  niilil  taste  ;  5.  noiling  point 
not  under  fiOO° ;  6.  Insoluble  in  water,  and  nearly  so  In  alcohol ;  7.  Leave  a  greasy  stain  upon  paper. 

These  oils,  which  are  called  fat  or  expressed  oils,  are  numerous,  and  are  obtained  partly  from  ani- 
mals and  partly  from  vegetables,  by  simple  expression.  As  instances,  may  be  mentioned  whnle  oil  or 
train  oil,  obtained  from  the  blubber  of  the  whnle  and  from  cod ;  olive  oil,  obtained  from  the  fruit  of 
the  olive  ;  linseed  oil  and  almond  oil,  obtained  from  linseed  and  almond  kernels.  Fixed  nils  may  also 
be  extracted  from  poppy  seeds,  hemp  seeds,  beech  mast,  and  many  other  vegetable  substances. 

All  these  oils  difTer  from  each  other  in  several  particulars,  but  have  also  many  particulars  in  common. 

1.  Fixed  oil  is  usually  a  liquid  with  a  certain  degree  nf  viscidity,  adhering  to  the  sides  nf  the  glass 
vessels  in  which  it  is  contained,  and  forming  streaks.  It  is  never  perfectly  transparent ;  has  always 
a  certain  degree  of  colour,  most  usually  yellowish  or  greenish ;  Its  taste  is  sweet,  or  nearly  insipid. 
When  fresh,  it  has  little  or  no  smell. 

There  exist  also  in  the  vegetable  kingdom  a  considerable  number  nf  bodies  which,  at  the  ordinary 
temperature  of  the  ntmospliere,  are  solid,  and  have  hitherto  been  considered  ns  fixed  oils.  Palm  ml 
may  be  mentioned  as  an  example.  The  various  substances  used  In  India  and  Africa  as  substitutes  for 
butter,  nnd  as  unguents,  may  likewise  be  mentioned. 

2.  All  the  fixed  oils  hitherto  examined  are  lighter  than  water  :  bnt  they  differ  greatly  from  one  an- 
other in  specihe  gravity.  The  same  difference  is  observable  in  different  samples  of  the  same  oil.  The 
following  Table  contains  the  specific  gravity  of  such  oils  as  have  been  examined : — 


Oil  of  Palm 

•968 

Kazel  nuts    - 

•941 

Poppies 

•939 

Linneeil 

•932 

Almnn'Ii 

•932 

Walnuls       ■ 

•9M  to  -947 

Oil  of  Reech  nuti 
Ren  - 
Olives 
Rapeieed 
Cacao 


'923 

•917 
•913 
•913 
-892 


Fixed  oil,  when  in  the  state  of  vapour,  takes  fire  on  the  approach  of  an  ignited  body,  and  burns  with 
a  yellowish  white  flame.  It  is  upon  this  principle  that  candles  and  lamps  burn.  The  tallow  or  oil  is 
first  converted  into  a  state  of  vapour  in  the  wick  ;  it  then  takes  fire,  and  supplies  n  sufficient  quantity 
of  heat  to  convert  more  oil  into  vapour  ;  and  this  process  goes  on  while  any  oil  reinniiis.  The  wick  is 
necessary,  to  present  a  sufficiently  small  quantity  of  nil  at  once  for  the  heat  to  act  upon.  If  the  heat 
were  great  enough  to  keep  the  whole  oil  nt  the  temperature  of  600°,  no  wick  would  he  necessary,  ns  is 
obvious  from  oil  catching  fire  spontaneously  when  it  has  been  raised  to  that  temperature.  When  oil 
is  used  ill  this  manner,  cither  in  the  open  air  or  in  contact  with  oxygen  gas,  the  only  new  products 
obtained  are  water  and  carbonic  acid. 

The  drying  oils  are  used  as  the  vehicle  of  paints  and  varnishes.  Linseed,  nut,  poppy,  and  hcinp- 
■eed  oils,  belong  to  this  class.    These  oils  in  tbeir  natural  slate  possess  the  property  of  drying  oils,  but 


I 


ImpnrfertI) 

lime  III  nil 

their  iinrtii 

llenru  It  I, 

Ink,  which 

Nut  oil  III 

nrqulrea  ilu 

ne.nt  after  ii 

freed  from  I 

In  the  hnndi 

yellow. 

For  the  re 

OUDA] 

resin,  the  ji 
iinported  in 
from  till-  foi 
of  a  jiinkco 
its  tQHto  is  L 
steuily  clear 
oaiil,  a  whiti 
(lively  used  I 
in  the  coreni 
Chemintn/  ,- 
OLIVE,  ( 
Azeitonas; 
olive  tree.     ' 
Mount  Atlas, 
Spain,  Italy, 
but  its  fruit  i, 
in  length,  am 
within,  flitter 
nut.     Olives 
object  is  to  rei 
a  brine  of  aro 
of  the  olive  tn 
cubinet-inaker 
OLIVE    O 
aceiluuas  ,•  L 
its  oil.     This 
the  feel,  inflan 
is  the  lightest  < 
and  France,  aa 
used  in  this  co 
The  ripe  fru 
which  arc  set  s 
in  bags  made  o 
a  second,  and  t 
ing  the  kernel, 
recent  oil  has  a 
it  deposits  a  wh 
if  it  be  put  into 
however,  be  pre 
mixture  of  popp 

The  best  olive  ( 
leghorn,  in  chest 
markets  by  the  ni 
cipal  article  of  exj 
vinces  most  celeb 
manufacturers,  bj 
Eiigiaiiil  is  import 
lat.40"3'N.,|„n. 
sides  Italy,  Spain 
'"man  Islands.,  &( 
o39,4titnn.  from  S 
ifom  tho  Ionian  Is 
i'he  price  of  oliv 

Calli|)oli 

SpiDiih  Calabria      . 

Calcia,  Genoa,  and  Prov 

The  duty  of  8/.  8 
as  olive  oil  is  an  ai 
parliciilarly  the  W( 
■«•  2s;  a  tun,  we  be 
or  price  consequen 

Vol,.  ll^Y 


OIJIIANUM— OLIVF  OIL 


253 


'923 
•917 
•913 
[•9I3 
•892 


ImpnrffiRlly.  To  prepnrn  tliriii  Tnr  l\w  \i»v  oriliK  piiliilcr  nnd  vnrtiiah  iivtkpr,  thry  nro  liiillcil  fur  mnia 
tliiiit  III  an  Iron  pot,  niicl  noiiii'iliin'ii  liitnit  till  lli<<y  Iii'idmii'  vIhc'iiI.  NViicn  limy  Ixirii  fur  nciiiii^  tiiiio, 
tliuir  iiiii'liiniiD  i|i|[tlily  In  iiiiirh  iiiiiri*  cunipliUi'ly  ili>i<lri>y>:il  tliiin  liy  iiiiy  ihi'IIkmI  ihiit  liim  Imth  priiiliHi'd. 
lii.'iK'i)  It  IM  t'lillimiiil  rri>i|iiiiMtly  In  prrpitriiiK  tln>  ilryinit  oiIh  Tor  viiriilnlii'M,  uiiil  ulwayit  fur  printer*' 
Ink,  whii'h  rvi|nlrt-i  In  Iik  dk  frri*  ih  pon^ilili'  rrniii  all  ninlnDiiliy. 

Nut  ml  lifiM  lii'iin  t'lMiinl  iirrl'i'mlili'  in  nil  ntlicr  nil.n  IVir  prinlrrn'  Ink  ;  tliiniiih  thn  tliirk  riiliitir  which  It 
ar(|iilri'fi  ilnrliiK  hnlllnu  ri'iiiliTH  It  mil  mh  prnpcr  t'ur  rnl  Ink  iih  I'nr  liliiik  Miixcnl  oil  Ih  i'iinii|ili>ri><t  ni 
tii'Xl  aOrr  lint  oil  In  iIiih  rcHprrl.  ()ilii>r  oiIh  i  luinnl  lir  rinplnviil,  lii-canm'  llii-y  ranimi  lii<  nnllii  linlly 
I'ri'uil  rriiin  tlii'lr  iinrindHlly.  Ink  iiiaili'  with  lln.'in  wnulil  lii!  iipl  ti>  cmni!  c>il°aiiil  mni'ar  tin*  paper  whilu 
In  till!  hniiili  oftliu  buoklilnilur,  ur  even  to  «preail  beyond  the  murk  iil'  thu  lypviiiml  iitaln  thu  pupur 
yi'llow. 

r'or  Iho  rcitnlnlliiiiH  wllli  rcapRCt  t><  the  liiipnrtatlon  nnd  rxportatlnn  of  train  oil,  lui!  p.  nt. 

OLIUANl'M  (Kr.  ICncen.^i ,-  Uvr.  Welninrfi  ,-  It.  Oli/xtno  ,■  Aral).  Lonhaii),  a  Rtim- 
rcsin,  the  proiluco  of  n  lurno  tn  ^^  {LllinniiH  thiirifcra)  nMvviii'^  in  Ariibiii  uml  Iiidiii.  It  ia 
impnrtnd  in  chuxtH,  contitiniiii;  rucli  about  I  cwt.  Iron)  tlii'  I.evitiit  iiiid  India;  tlic  iM-Htc-oinus 
from  till!  former,  and  in  tlii>iiroductiof  Antbiii.  Good  ulibaiiuin  in  in  Hi<nii-trunH|inr(>iit  toara, 
of  a  pink  colour,  britllo,  and  adhoHive  wiicn  warm  ;  wlicn  burnt,  tho  oilour  in  vrry  a^rwalilo  ; 
it8  tuMto  is  biltorigli,  and  Hoincwhat  pungent  and  uromutic  ;  it  llaincH  for  u  long  time  with  a 
steady  clear  light,  which  Ih  not  cattily  cxtiiignixhed,  leaving  behind  a  black  (not,  um  hri  been 
tiaid,  a  whitish)  axh.  Ulibanum  ia  the  frankinceiiHe  {Unix)  of  the  unc'iintH  ;  and  w-.x  exten- 
tiively  used  by  them  in  BacriliccH. — (I'lin.  limt.  Sat,  lili.  xii.  c,  14.)  Il  luw  alsc  luen  used 
in  the  ceremonies  of  the  (Jrcek  and  Konian  chu"hes. — {A  .■ulir'a  Ma  .  lad  .  ,■  'J'/wmnun'a 
Cheinintry  ,■   Kipphifjii  Aiilii/.  Rom.  lib.  i.  c.  1 1.) 

OLIVli,  OLIVES  ((Jer.  0//«en  ,-  Fr.  V!>,es.  It.  V//>*.  OHvt .  Pp.  A-  hinaf ;  Port. 
Azeitonas;  Lat.  Ollvie),  a  fruit  yielding  n  largo  ()i'Li.>*.iiy  of  li),  ihe  ;)ii"ucij  oi  the  Oka,  or 
olivo  tree.  The  wild  olive  Ih  indigenouH  to  Syria,  (ireu^o,  niiii  AlVua, '  '.  t!ie  lower  slopes  of 
Mount  AtlaH.  Tho  cultivated  Hpccics  growH  spontancou'ly  (n  Hyriu.  and  it  easily  rcan'd  in 
Spain,  Italy,  and  the  south  of  France.  It  hiis  even  beeii  r.  Im  (i  iii  th  .J|;en  air  in  Ijiiriand, 
but  its  fruit  is  said  not  to  have  ri[)ened.  The  fru!l  ii»  a  ruooti'i  ovii!  I'lui'i.  about  :  n'"  ii.i  in:fi 
in  length,  and  i  an  inch  in  diameter,  of  a  deep  violet  oLki.'."  ''/Iie.i  r.pe,  .vhiliaii  i«ri<^  'lebiiy 
within, bitter  and  nauseous,  but  replete  v.ith  a  blan  I  il :  c(;vc:i"  i?an  >ibl"r;i;  pii,'  ^d,  /ougti 
nut.  Olives  intended  for  preservation  arc  (ja'h  v,.!  li..ft,i«  Ibe-'  aro  i\yi,  )ii  ()icklin(?.  '.ha 
object  is  to  remove  their  bitterness,  and  to  pr',  .vu  them  S'eea,  by  iiiipr-jfiuitiiii}  th>7i,  v.i'.'i 
a  brine  of  aromatiscd  sea  salt ;  for  this  purjiusc  vnriuuH  inetliods  n  .  'n»plov'C'.i,,  '''hf  iwii.ul 
of  the  olive  tree  is  beautifully  veined,  and  hns  uu  ai;re'.-i\!)le  anuil  i'  h  in  ga-tC  cUtoij.  vith 
cabinet-makers,  on  account  of  the  fine  j'olish  of  which  it  U  su^ct ,  tibio. 

OLIVE  OIL  (Gcr.  Baumol ,  Fr.  Huik  d'ulivcs .-  It.  O/i'o  'fuiiva  ,■  Sjv  Accite  de 
aceitunas  ,•  Lat.  Oleum  olivaium).  The  olive  tree  i>  principi.ll^. c.l.i  f,/ieil  d/'  the  snuo  of 
its  oil.  This  is  an  insi|)id,  inodorous,  pale  grr'enish  yellow  co' jurc!  \i'!(:id  fluii'.,  uiictuo.iii  to 
the  feel,  inflammable,  incapable  of  combining  with  water,  ani't  nearly  insoluble  in  alcohol.  It 
is  the  lightest  of  nil  the  fixed  oils;  and  is  largely  usrd,  par'.irr.larly  \\  Greece,  Italy,  Spiin, 
and  France,  »»  an  article  of  food,  and  in  medicine,  and  !lvT  art.^.  ) ;  is  also  vcy  i^xtensively 
used  in  this  country,  particularly  in  tho  woollen  manut.'ciuitt. 

Tho  ripe  fruit  is  gathered  in  November,  and  iinmediat-^ly  brulsid  ia  ;i  mil!,  thc'st-  n'^s  of 
which  are  sot  so  wide  as  not  to  crush  the  kernel.  The  pulp  is  then  siUijic'. d  '.o  tb-<.  pir3.^ 
in  bags  made  of  rushes;  and  by  means  of  gentle  pressure,  the  best,  or  vin^in  cii,  f  jwu  first,, 
a  second,  and  aflerwards  a  third,  quuhty  of  oil  is  obtained  by  moistening  iherosiduuivi  break- 
ing the  kernel,  &c.,  and  increasing  the  pressure.  When  the  fvaii  is  not  sutficientb  ri,  e, .  ic 
recent  oil  has  a  bitterish  taste;  and  when  too  ripe,  it  ia  fatiy.  A;'lci  :l  i  oil  has  beea  li.-awa, 
it  deposits  a  white,  fibrous,  and  albuminous  matter ;  but  when  thisdnpoiitiun  has  taken  place, 
if  it  be  put  into  clean  glass  flasks,  it  undergoes  no  further  a1\?ration  ;  tho  common  oil  cannot, 
however,  be  preserved  in  casks  above  1^  or  2  yoai  i.  ft  is  .-ou  e  inwfi  r-lulterited  by  the  ad- 
mixture of  poppy  oil. — {Thomson's  Dispensatory.) 

Tile  best  olive  oil  is  said  to  be  made  in  the  viclnitv  o'  W;  in  Fraiire.  That  which  is  brought  from 
Legiiorn,  in  chests  containing  30  bottles,  or  4  Gnt;!)  ,1  gn'.iot:? ,  \»  ulao  V':ry  nipcrior ;  it  is  known  in  our 
markets  by  tlie  name  of  Florence  oil,  and  is  iiied  /-ostly  for  iii'.inary  pinposes.  Olive  oil  is  the  prin- 
cipal article  of  export  from  the  kingdom  of  Nar''  i  --(See  Naples.)  Apulia  and  Calabria  are  the  pro- 
vinces most  celebrated  for  its  production  T  -h  Apulian  U  the  best,  and  is  preferred  by  the  woollen 
manufacturers,  by  whom  it  is  cxtcp'^i  .'ely  .iscd.  Uy  fur  the  largest  portion  of  the  olive  oil  brought  to 
England  is  imported  from  Italy  ;  \.i'\  if-ipally  from  Gallipoli,  on  tlie  east  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Taranto,  in 
lat.  40°  3'  N.,  Ion.  1S°  Xi'  f'S"  E.,  whence  it  is  commonly  known  by  the  name  of  GallipnJi  oil.  Hut,  be- 
sides Italy,  Spain  sendi  i;j  a  fargu  quantity ;  and  we  derive  smaller  supplies  from  Malta,  Turkey,  the 
Ionian  Inland!,,  &r.  T.'-.iis,  ol  2,791,057  gallons  of  olive  oil  imported  in  1830,2,034,237  were  from  Italy ; 
639,46b  CO.  from  Spain  ;  62,004  do.  from  Malta,  partly  at  second  hand;  21,467  from  Turkey  ;  11,300  do 
from  tlio  Ionian  Islands ;  about  30,000  do.,  at  second  hand,  from  the  Netherlands  and  Germany. 

The  price  of  olive  oil,  duty  paid,  in  London,  in  January,  1S34,  was  as  follows  :— 

L.  t.     L.  t,  \  Z.   ».     I.  I. 

Gallinoli        ...            tun  (2S2  gals.)    69  0  lo  60  0  Barbary       ■  •  -  tun  (252  gali.)  63   0  to  64    0 

Spaniih  Calabrii      .           .           -            —            65  0  —  0  0  |  l.ucca,  in  jars  ■  •  -           •          -  6  16  —  0    0 

Calcu,  Genoa,  and  Provence,  lit    •            —            75  0  —  80  0  I  Florence      -  •  •  1-2  chot        •  11—00 

The  duty  of  82.  8s.  a  tun  (252  wine  gallons)  amounts  to  about  20  per  cent.,  or  l-5th  of  the  price.  But 
as  olive  oil  is  an  article  much  used  in  the  household  economy,  and  of  essential  importance  in  the  arts, 
particularly  the  woollen  manufacture,  such  a  duty  seems  to  be  quite  oppressive.  Were  it  reduced  lo 
iU.  is.  a  tun,  tve  believe  it  would  be  very  little,  if  at  all,  less  productive  than  at  present,  while  the  fall 
of  price  consequent  upon  such  a  reduction  would  have  many  beneficial  consequences.    Nothing  can 

Vol..  IL—Y 


254 


OLIVE  OIL. 


be  more  absurd  than  to  elevnlo  duties  till  tliey  becnmc  less  productive  than  they  would  be  were  they 
lower  ;  but  when  the  arlii-.les  so  overtaxed  are  of  great  utility,  the  inischievousnesa  of  the  practiceex- 
ceeds  its  irrationality.  Olive  oil  is  necessary  to  the  preparation  of  the  best  species  of  soap  ;  but  the 
high  duty  prevents  it  from  being  so  employed  in  this  country,  and,  cousequently,  obliges  us  to  make 
use  of  uu  inferior  article. 

An  Account  of  the  Quantity  of  Olive  Oil  entered  for  Home  Consumption  in  each  Year  since  1820; 
distinguishing  tlie  Rate  of  Duty,  and  stating  the  amount  of  Duty  received  in  each  Year. 


i  -  ,> 


Qiianlitiea 

Qu.tnMties 
entered  for 

^ 

Home  (on 
B'.imption 

Amount  of 

Duly  receiveJ 

thertion. 

Rales  of  Duty  charged. 

s 

Home  C(ui' 
surriplion 

Amount  of 
Dutv  received 

Rates  of  Duly  charged. 

>* 

in  tlie 

i^ 

ill  Ihe 

tlieriion. 

Uriill^d 

Uniled 

Kinijdoni. 

ICiD^dom. 

Per  Imp.  Tun, 

Per  7mp.  Tun, 

Imp.  Turn. 

L.        1.   d. 

r..  I.  d. 

$  18  13  7  in  Dritish  ships, 
(19  19  7  ill  for.  »lii|K. 

fmj).  Turn. 

/-.      ».    d. 

L.  ).  d. 
(9    9  0  in  ships  of  Naples 

1821 

2,373 

41,705  17    7 

1829 

6,939 

68,380    5     1 

J                        aiiu  Sicily. 

IH23 

3,162 

2,e)9 

59,161  to    .1 
SO.-^M  12  10 

— 

f  10  10  0  in  ships  of  Naples 

1824 

3,529 

66,293    2  11 



\m 

3,299 

43,230  12    0 

^                     an:l  Sicily. 

IS25 

3,996 

44,2!*8    4    9 

(8    8  0  in  any  ship,  from 
(                      6th  July 

1830 

8,524 

71,S7S  It    9 

(8    8  0  in  other  ships. 

1826 

3,378 

23,366    9    6 

_ 

1831 

7.573 

64,243    0    0 

— 

1827 

4,249 

33,S77  18  10 

8    80      — 

1832 

5  0M 

43.3  M    0    0 

^ 

Olive  oil,  the  produce  of  Europe,  may  not  be  imported  into  the  United  Kingdom  forborne  consump- 
tion, except  in  liritish  ships,  or  in  ships  of  the  country  of  which  it  is  the  produce,  or  from  which  it  is 
imported,  on  forfeiture  of  the  same  and  IDOL  by  the  master  of  the  ship.— (3  &  4  IVill.  4.  c.  54  }  {  2.  22.) 

It  is  irdered  by  a  Customs  Minute  of  tlie  23d  of  July,  1838,  that  when  the  actual  tare  is  not  taken, 
l-3d  for  tare  on  each  jar,  and  l-7th  for  foot,  may  be  allowed. 

Oil  Trade  of  JVupZes.— The  oils  of  the  kinpiloin  of  Naples  are  produced  in  Apulia,  from  Bari  to  its 
aonlhi'ni  extremity,  the  Capo  di  I.euca;  a  district  comprising  the  territories  wliidi  (export  from  Galli- 
p -li  and  Taranto  ;  and  in  Calabria,  from  Rossano,  on  the  gulf  of  Taranto.  across  to  Gio.ja.  The  whole 
coast  from  Ciioja  as  far  as  Gaota  is  covered  with  olive  trees.  They  are  also  abundant  in  the  Abruzzi 
and  the  Terra  di  Lavoro ;  but  Apulia  and  Calabria  furnish  by  far  the  greatest  quaniity  of  oil. 

The  principal  magazines,  or  r.aricalori,  for  oil,  are  alGalipoli  and  Gioja. 

Gallipnli  supplies  England,  Holland,  the  north  of  Europe,  and,  in  short,  all  those  countries  that  re- 
quire the  most  perfectly  purified  oil.  It  is  clarified  to  the  highest  degree,  by  merely  keeping  it  in  cis- 
terns hollowed  out  of  the  rock  on  which  the  town  is  built.  The  voyages  it  has  to  perform  being  long, 
it  is  put  into  casks  so  well  constructed,  that  it  frequently  arrives  at  Petersburgh,  in  the  heat  of  sum- 
mer, without  the  least  waste  or  leakage,— an  advantage  attributed  to  the  seasoning  of  the  staves, 
which,  before  they  are  put  together,  are  woll  soaked  in  sea  water. 

We  borrow  the  following  details  with  respect  to  the  preparation  of  oil  at  Galllpoli,  from  a  very  in- 
teresting paper,  communicated  by  an  English  gentlemnn  who  had  resided  in  the  town,  in  the  volume 
cnliWct]  yeirrlable  Substances  Materials  of  Manufactures,  published  by  the  Society  for  tlie  Diffusion  of 
Useful  Kninvleilge. 

"  The  rock  on  which  the  town  is  built  is  easily  excavated  ;  and  in  caverns  thus  constructed  oil  cla- 
rifies sooner,  and  keeps  without  rancidity  much  longer,  than  in  any  other  place.  Hence  numerous  oil- 
liouscs  are  established  at  Gallipoli,  and  a  very  considerable  portion  of  the  rock  is  cut  into  cisterns.  A 
Oallipnlitan  oil  warehouse  generally  occupies  the  ground  floor  of  a  dWi>||ing-house,  and  has  a  low 
arched  roof.  Some  are  more  extensive,  but  on  an  average  they  are  about  30  ft>et  square.  In  the  stone 
floor  you  see  4,  6,  or  more  holes,  which  are  circular,  about  2  feet  in  diameter,  ami  like  the  moiitlis  of 
wells.  Each  of  these  holes  gives  access  to  a  separate  cistern  beneath  your  feet ;  ami  when  the  oil  ia 
poured  into  them,  care  is  taken  not  to  mix  different  qualities,  or  oils  at  different  stages,  in  the  same 
reservoir.  One  cistern  is  set  apart  for  oglio  mosto,  or  oil  that  is  not  clarified,  another  for  pure  oil  of  the 
season,  another  for  old  oil,  &o.  I  have  seen  oil  that  had  thus  been  preserved  for  seven  years  in  a  per- 
fect state,  or,  as  the  Gallipoli  merchants  have  it,  cliiaro,giallo,  e  lainpante, — words  which,  during  some 
luoiilhs,  I  have  heard  at  least  100  times  a  day.  I  also  many  times  verified  the  fact :  the  mosto,  or  nil 
in  its  turbid  stale,  which  arrived  almost  as  black  and  thick  us  pitch,  soon  became  bright  and  yellow  in 
these  excellent  reservoirs,  without  any  help  from  man. 

"All  the  oil,  whatever  may  be  its  quality,  is  brought  to  the  magazine  in  sheep  or  goat  skins,  which 
are  generally  carried  on  mules — there  being  but  few  strade  rutabile,  or  roads  fit  for  wheeled  carriani^s, 
in  these  pacts.  In  a  good  year,  and  at  the  proper  season,  I  have  counted,  in  the  course  of  an  al'ter- 
lioon's  ride,  as  many  as  100  inules  returning  from  Gallipoli,  where  they  had  been  to  deposit  their  line 
tnoiis  burdens,  to  difierent  towns  and  villages  in  the  Terra  d'Otranto,or  the  more  distant  province  of  Bari. 
The  quantity  of  oil  required  may  be  conceived,  when  I  state,  that  at  one  time  (in  the  year  ISUi)  1  saw 
9  English,  3  American,  2  French,  and  6  Genoese  vessels,  (not  to  mention  some  small  craft  from  tlie 
Adriatic,)  all  waiting  in  the  port  of  Gallipoli  for  entire  or  partial  cargoes  of  it.  When  the  oil  is  to  be 
shiiiped,  it  is  drawn  off  the  cistern,  into  uteri,  or  skins,  and  so  carried  on  men's  shoulders  down  to  a 
small  house  on  the.  sea  shore.  In  that  house  there  is  a  large  open  basin,  capable  of  containing  a  given 
quantity,  and  of  measuring  the  oil ;  and  Into  that  the  porters  empty  their  skins  as  they  arrive.  A  tube 
communicates  from  the  basin  to  a  large  cock  at  the  outside  of  the  house.  When  the  basin  is  full,  well- 
made  casks,  of  various  sizes  for  the  convenience  of  stowage,  are  placed  under  the  cock,  which  is  tlien 
turned,  and  the  casks  are  filled.  As  the  casks  are  closed  up  by  the  cooper,  the  porters  roll  tlioiii  down 
to  the  brink  of  the  sea,  where  the  sailors  secure  several  of  them  together  with  a  rope,  and  taking  Hie 
end  of  the  cord  into  the  boat,  they  row  off  to  the  vessel,  towing  the  oil  casks  through  the  water  after 
them. 

"  I  first  became  acquainted  with  the  Gallipolitans  shortly  after  the  fall  of  Napoleon,  whose  system, 
whatever  good  parts  of  it  may  have  done  in  the  rest  of  Italy,  was  certainly  most  ruinous  to  the  pro- 
vinces of  Lecce  and  Bari.  Unable  to  export,  or  find  any  market  for  their  produce,  the  proprietorsi  in 
many  parts  of  those  provinces  let  the  olives  lie  and  rot  upon  the  ground.  For  some  years,  indeed,  the 
price  of  oil  scarcely  paid  the  cost  of  its  preparation,  to  say  nothing  of  transport  and  other  neeess.iry 
expenses.  During  the  Continental  system,  tlie  best  chiaro,  giallo,  e  lampante  oil  was  sold  at  Gallipnli 
for  8  Neapolitan  ducats  the  aulma ;  in  1816  and  1817,  it  found  a  ready  market  at  from  60  to  70  ducats 
per  salina! 

"  Those  who,  during  the  evil  time,  had  penetration  enough  to  foresee  better  days,  and  that  a  system 
opposed  to  the  general  commercial  prosperity  of  Europe  could  not  last ;  and  who  had,  at  the  same  time, 
money  enough  for  such  objects  ;  by  annually  making  their  oil  as  usual,  and  buying  up  the  oil  of  others 
at  the  low  current  prices  of  the  day,  realised  enormous  profits  when  peace  threw  open  the  portoftial- 
lipoli,  and  ships  of  all  nations  flocked  thither  as  before. 

"  The  olives  of  which  the  Gallipoli  oil  is  made,  are  never  gathered,  but  allowed  to  drop  in  their  ma- 


turity from 
to  the  mill. 
"The  mil 
provenieiitf 
The  pi.'asaii 
tune  and  ra 
and  are  apt, 
bii'iii'  aniina 
ciioiicb  ) 

"  The  poo 
Engl.ind  i.s  < 
tasted  oil  pri 
and  iMassa,  i 
The  rurira 
tliroiigh  the 

'i'lie  carirui 

cijial  of  whic 

no  conveniei 

The  oils  (if 

used  only  fur 

The  oil  trai 

several  pluiit 

Ihe  size  of  th 

tions,  orders 

rtifori.  'J'hese 

who  receives 

only  responsil 

oftlie  order,  n 

and  till  the  31: 

to  anotlier,  tin 

lime  are  eileci 

of  January,  oi 

purchaser's  dii 

ney  precedes  t 

mem  of  this  so 

III  purchases 

c.tse  the  ad  van 

oil  is  kept  fi)r  d 

The  oil  reina 

demand  to  the 

every  siiccessiv 

ranty.— (We  ai 

Roijaume  de  JVu 

(In  conseqi 

forth  the  serioi 

oil    (p.  253.), 

89.  §  15.)     T 

but  her  MajesI 

tun,  by  an  ord( 

facilitating  the 

exorbitant  duti 

is  to  be  hoped 

for  the  largest. 

(Gallipoli,  see 

mea-sure.     Tho 

the  woollen  ma 

50,000/.  a  year, 

or  reduced  to,  ai 

.  O.VINIUM,  a 

(lilferent  stocks  i 

Tlius,  in  the  lo 
cent,  reduced  aim 

I'lie  loan  was  c 
cent,  reduced,  .14; 
advanced,  were  vv 

13 
4 
1 


which  would  be  th- 
lor  prompt  pay  men 

ONION  (Ger 
known  bulbou.s  { 
The  t^trasburgh,  ! 

ONV'X  (Ger. 
liibiling  layers  of 
fhalcedony,  &c.,  1 
with  opaque  and  I 
i'lg  of  3  or  more  1 


were  they 
rnctice  ex- 
I ;  bill  ttie 
s  to  make 

lincc  1820; 
eur. 


OMNIUM— ONYX. 


255 


ty  chwgeil. 


p.  Tun. 

hip!  of  Naples 
auu  Sicily. 

illierililin- 

hii»  nf  NapliiS 
iiii.l  Sicily. 

illitr  ships- 


r\e  consuinp- 

II  wliicli  it  is 
.51  H2.22) 
13  not  taken, 

III  Biiri  to  its 
t  from  Oalli- 
i.  Tliewlioli; 
n  tlie  Abruwi 
toil. 

itrics  that  re- 
ping  it  in  cis- 
■111  lieiiiR  l'"iSi 
:  licat  of  sum- 
of  the  staves, 

mm  a  very  in- 
in  tlic  volume 
le  Diffusion  of 

tructeil  oil  cla- 
iiumerous  oil- 
to  cisterns.    A 
and  has  a  low 
,    In  the  atone 
the  nioiitlis  of 
[when  the  oil  ia 
:»,  in  the  same 
pure  oilof  tlie 
years  in  a  per- 
il, iliiriiii;  some 
liu  mo.ito,  or  oil 
and  yellow  iii 

It  skins,  which 
eled  carrinsi's, 
j?o  of  an  afler- 
Iiosit  their  uiic- 
IroviiiceofUari. 
lear  ISlii)  1  s;iw 
1  craft  from  tlic 
,  the  oil  is  to  be 
Iters  down  to  :i 
Itaininijagiveii 
1  arrive.  A  tube 
tin  is  full,  well- 
I,  which  is  tben 
Voll  thcMi  down 
fund  taliinjjilie 
Ihe  water  after 

Iwhose  system, 
lius  to  the  pro- 
proprietors  in 
irs, indeed, the 
Ither  necessary 
lold  at  fJalhpnh 
160  to  70  ducats 

Id  that  a  system 
1  the  same  time, 
Ihe  oil  of  others 
lihe  porlofCial- 

U  in  their  ma- 


lurity  frnm  the  true  on  the  ground,  where  they  are  picked  upchicfly  by  women  and  children,  and  carried 
to  tlie  mill. 

"  The  machinery  employed  in  expressing  the  oil  is  of  tlie  rudest  kind,  and,  no  doubt,  numerous  im- 
provements miulit  he  introduced,  not  only  irilo  this  branch,  hut  into  tliut  of  culiiviitiim  the  (dive  tree. 
The  pcnisaiilry,  however,  and,  in  the  kin;;doin  of  Naples,  lliiise  who  stand  hlL'her  in  tin?  seah.'  of  for- 
tune and  rank,  arc  too  ofiiHi  hut  boors  in  intellect,  arc  ohstlnalu  in  their  atlachment  to  ohl  praciiceg, 
and  are  apt,  when  any  of  these  are  reprehended,  to  stop  discussion  hy  sayliia — Faccio  coaic  fmcnt  la 
biuiii'  aiiiina  iti  into  padre,  e  cio  biistii.  (1  do  as  my  father  of  blessed  memory  did  before  me,  and  lliat'tj 
ciioubIi  ) 

"  The  poor  people  of  the  country  make  culinary  uses  of  the  same  oil  that  is  exported,  and  which  in 
Engl.iml  is  only  used  in  manufacHires  or  Imrnt  iii  lamps  ;  but  in  llie  houses  of  Ihe  genlry  1  have  often 
tasted  oil  prepared  with  more  care,  which  was  truly  delicious,  beiii^  ei|ual  to  that  of  Horrciito,  Vico, 
and  Massa,  or  even  to  the  best  oils  of  Tuscany  or  I'rovence."— ll'p.  200—201.) 

The  rnrkaluri  of  Bari  and  Monopoli  furnish  oils  for  the  consumption  of  Upper  Italy  and  Germany, 
tlirou!,'li  the  medium  of  Ven.ce  aiul  Trieste.     They  also  driiw  .supplies  from  Ihindisi  and  Otrauto. 

The  ciiriraturi  of  Taranto,  of  Uasterii  t'lilahria  or  Helromariiia,  and  of  Western  Calabria,  tin;  prin- 
cipal of  which  is  (iioja,  furiiisli  supplies  for  Marseilles,  &c.  lint  the  raricatori  now  mentioned,  having 
no  conveniences  fir  clarilicatioii,  produce  only  the  thick  oils  used  for  soap-maUiiij,'. 

The  oils  of  fSii.'ily,  like  those  of  Tunis,  are  too  thin  to  he  used  singly  in  the  making  of  soap;  and  being 
used  only  fur  mi.viiig,  arc  less  valuable  than  must  others. 

The  oil  trade  in  the  provinces  is  in  the  hands  of  respc'clahle  houses,  which  purchase  by  retail  of  the 
several  planters.  The  oil  thus  collected  is  sidd  in  Naples  at  a  prolil  ctiual  to  the  diU'erence  between 
llK'  size  of  the  measures  hy  wliicli  it  is  bought  ami  those  by  which  it  is  sold.  To  facilitate  transac- 
tions, orders  or  ceitulrs  are  circulated,  represenliiitf  quantities  of  oil  di'posiled  in  the  provincial  cari- 
tatori.  These  orders  are  negotiable,  like  bills  of  exchange,  and  are  endorsed  by  the  intermediate  holder, 
who  receives  tlieir  value  in  cash,  without,  however,  becoming  liable  for  their  due  satisfaction.  The 
only  responsible  parties  are  the  drawer  and  drawee.  The  latter  is  (diliged  to  deliver  the  oil  at  sisht 
of  the  order,  or  to  hold  it,  at  the  bearer's  disposal,  till  the  10th  of  November  for  the  cdriciirori  of  Apulia, 
and  till  the  ;!lst  of  December  for  thn;-.'  of  Calabria.  If  the  contract  be  for  time,  that  is,  from  one  year 
to  another,  the  oil  is  usually  placed  at  the  purchaser's  commaiid  on  the  1st  of  March.  I'urchases  for 
time  are  ed'ectcd  by  means  of  a  contract,  wherein  the  vendor  undertakes  to  deliver  the  oil  by  the  end 
of  January,  on  receiving  payment  of  the  money  ;  but  the  oil,  as  observed  above,  is  not  really  at  the 
purchaser's  disposal  before  the  beginning  nf  March.  Hence,  in  time  bargains,  the  payment  of  the  mo- 
ney precedes  the  delivery  of  the  oil  more  than  a  month  :  scarcu  an  instance  is  on  record  of  an  engage- 
ment of  this  sort  having  been  broken,  and  the  order  is  as  readily  negotiable  as  any  other  security. 

In  purchases  of  oil  at  command,  payment  likewise  precedes  the  delivery  (if  the  article  ;  hut  in  thia 
c.ise  the  advance  is  contiiicd  to  Ihe  5  days  necessary  to  transmit  the  order  to  the  caricatore  where  the 
oil  is  k(!(it  for  delivery. 

The  oil  remains  in  the  caricatore  under  the  care  and  responsibility  of  the  vendor,  to  be  delivered  on 
demand  to  Ihe  bearer  of  the  order,  free  of  all  costs  and  charges  whatever  for  the  first  year ;  but  for 
every  successive  year  froui25to  HO  grains  per  salma  are  charged  for  keeping,  and  for  renewal  of  war- 
ranty.— (We  are  indebted  for  these  details  to  a  brochure  of  M.  Millenet,  entitled  Coup  d'(EU  sur  le 
Royaume  de  J\'aples.     Naples,  1632.) 

(In  consequence  of  petitions  and  representations  from  t  .o  woollen  manufacturers,  setting 
forth  the  .serious  injury  they  sustained  from  the  oppressive  duty  of  8/.  Ss,  a  tun  hid  on  olive 
oil  (p.  253.),  it  has  been  reduced  50  per  cent.,  or  to  41.  is,  a  tun. — (4  &  5  Will.  4.  c. 
89.  §  15.)  The  reduction  does  not,  however,  extend  to  oil  brought  from  Naples  or  Sicily ; 
but  her  Majesty  is  empowered,  if  she  see  cause,  to  reduce  the  duty  on  such  oil  to  41.  4s.  a 
tun,  by  9n  order  in  council.  This  exception  is  understood  to  have  been  made  in  the  view  of 
facilitating  the  negotiation  now  in  progress  with  the  King  of  Naples  for  a  reduction  of  the 
exorbitant  duties  laid  on  pilchards  and  other  British  articles  imported  into  his  dominions.  It 
is  to  be  hopeil  that  the.se  negotiations  may  be  speedily  brought  to  a  satisfactory  conelu.sion; 
for  the  largest,  portion  by  far  of  the  olive  oil  made  use  of  here  being  brought  from  Naples 
(Gallipoli,  see  p.  254.),  the  continuance  ,-f  the  high  duties  on  it  goes  far  to  nullify  the 
measure.  Those  who  take  into  view  the  importance  of  olive  oil  in  the  arts,  particularly  in 
the  woollen  manutacturc,  and  arc  aware  that  the  revenue  derived  from  it  has  not  exceeded 
50,000/.  a  year,  will  probably  join  with  us  in  opinion,  that  the  duty  should  either  be  repealed, 
or  reduced  to,  iit  most,  2/.  2s.  a  tun. — Sup.) 

OMNIUM,  a  term  used  at  the  Stock  Exchange  to  express  the  aggregate  value  of  the 
dilTeient  stocks  in  which  a  loan  is  now  usually  funded. 

Tbu.s,  in  llii!  loan  of  3(ifi00,0(\0l.  contracted  for  in  .Tune,  ISl.'i,  the  omnium  consisted  of  130/.  3  per 
cent,  reduced  annuities,  11/.  3  per  cent,  consols,  and  10/.  4  per  cent,  annuities,  for  each  100/.  subscribed. 

Tile  loan  was  c(mtracled  for  on  the  1  Ith  of  .June,  when  the  prices  of  the  above  slocks  were— 3  per 
cttit.  reduced,  .14 ;  3  per  cent,  consols,  55 ;  4  per  cents  ,  70  :  hence  the  parcels  of  stock  given  for  lUO/. 
advanced,  were  worth — 

130/.  reduced,  at  51 
44/.  consols,  at  55 
10/.  4  per  cents.,  at  70      .... 


£ 

s. 

d. 

-    70 

4 

0 

-    21 

4 

0 

.      7 

0 

0 

Together,  -  -  -  £101        8       0 

which  would  be  the  value  of  tlie  omnium,  or  1/.  8s.  per  cent,  premium,  independently  of  any  discount 
for  prompt  pay  ment. 

ONION  (Ger.  Zwi'ebel ,■  Fr.  Oiirnnn ;  It.  Clpolla ,-  Sp.  Cebolla ;  Rus.  Liik),  a  well 
known  bulbous  plant  {Allium  Cep'a  Lin.)  culliviited  all  over  Europe  for  cuUnary  purposes. 
The  Strasburgh,  Spanish,  and  Portuguese  varieties  arc  the  most  esteemed. 

ONYX  (Ger.  Oiii/x ,-  t"r.  Onix,  Onice ,-  Sp.  Onlt/ue ,■  Lat.  Onyx).  "  Any  stone  ex- 
hiliiiing  layers  of  2  or  more  colours  strongly  contrasted  is  called  an  onyx;  as  banded  jasper, 
chalcedony,  &c.,  but  more  particularly  the  latter,  when  it  is  marked  with  white,  and  stratified 
with  opaque  and  translucent  lines.  But  the  Oriental  onyx  is  considered  a  substance  consist- 
ing of  2  or  more  layers  or  bands  of  distinct  and  different  colours.     A  sard,  or  sardoine,  hav 


;>='.v 


256 


OPAL,  OPIUM. 


: 


ing  a  layer  of  white  upon  it,  would  be  called  an  onyx  ;  and  according  to  the  number  of  layers 
it  would  be  distinguished  as  an  onyx  with  3  or  more  bands.  Some  of  the  antique  engravings 
are  upon  onyxes  of  4  bands." — (Mawe's  Treatise  on  Diamonds,  c^c.) 

OPAL  (Ger.  Opal;  Fr.  Opale,-  ItOpalo,-  Sp,  Opalo,  Piedra  iris,-  Port.  Opalui 
Lat.  Opaluc),  a  stone,  of  which  there  are  several  varieties,  found  in  different  parts  of  Europe, 
particularly  in  Hungary,  and  in  the  East  Indies,  «&c.  When  first  dug  out  of  the  earth  it  is 
soft,  but  it  hardens  and  diminishes  in  bulk  by  exposure  to  the  air.  'i'he  opal  is  always 
amorphous;  fracture  conchoidal ;  commonly  somewhat  transparent.  Hardness  varies  con- 
siderably. Specific  gravity  from  1  '958  to  2'54.  The  lowncss  of  its  specific  gravity  in  some 
cases  is  to  be  ascribed  to  accidental  cavities  which  the  stone  contains.  These  are  sometimes 
filled  with  drops  of  water.  Some  specimens  of  opal  have  the  property  of  emitting  various 
coloured  rays,  with  a  particular  ellulgenry,  when  placed  between  the  eye  and  the  light.  The 
opals  which  possess  this  property  are  distuiguished  by  lapidaries  by  the  epithet  Oriental ; 
and  often,  by  mineralogists,  by  the  epithet  iioIhUd.  This  property  rendered  the  stone  much 
esteemed  by  the  ancients. — {Tlionison's  C/iniiintry  ,•  see  also  riin.  lliit.  A'b/.  lib.  xxxvii. 
c.  6.,  where  there  are  some  very  curious  details  as  to  this  stone.) 

Mr.  Minve  gives  the  following  stntcineiit  with  rcspert  to  tlie  precious  opal,  or  opal  nohilh : — "The 
colour  of  tlic  op;i!  is  white  or  pearl  grey,  and  when  held  between  the  i^ye  and  the  lifihl  is  pale  red,  or 
wine  yellow,  with  a  milky  traiishioency.  l!y  reflected  light  it  exhiliits,  as  iis  position  is  varied,  ele- 
gant and  most  beautiful  iridescent  colours,  particularly  emerald  green,  ccdden  yellow,  tlanie  ami  fire 
red,  violet,  purple,  and  celestial  blue,  so  beautifully  hiemled,  and  so  fascinalinL',  as  to  captivate  the 
admirer.  When  the  colour  is  arranged  in  small  spangles,  it  takes  the  name  of  the  harlequin  opal. 
Sometimes  it  e.\hibits  only  1  of  the  above  colours,  ami  of  these  the  most  esleemed  are  the  vivid  eme- 
rald green  and  the  orange"  yellow.  When  the  stonu  possesses  the  latter  of  these  colours,  it  is  called 
the  golden  opal. 

"'I'he  precious  opal  i.s  not  quite  so  hard  as  rock  crystal :  it  is  frequently  full  of  flaws  ;  which  greatly 
conlrilmte  to  its  beauty,  as  the  vivid  iridescent  colours  which  it  displays  are  occasioned  by  the  rrtlec- 
tion  and  refract  ion  of  light,  which  is  decom  posed  at  these  fissures.  It  is  never  cut  in  facets,  hut  always 
liemispherical.  It  is  generally  small,  rartdy  so  large  as  au  aluKUid  or  hazel  nnt,  thuugh  1  have  seen 
E(unc  specitnens  the  si/,e  of  a  sjuall  walnut,  for  which  several  liu  mired  pounds  were  demanded.  At  pre- 
sent, a  pretty  opal  may  be  bought  at  from  1  to  3  or  5  guineas,  sufficiently  large  for  a  pin  or  ring  stone.  It 
requires  great  care  ami  judgment  in  the  cutting,  as  it  is  fragile  !!iul  easily  spoiled. 

"The  opal,  in  all  ages,  has  been  highly  esteemed:  the  history  of  the  Koman  senator,  who  pre- 
ferred death  rather  than  give  up  his  opal  ring  to  the  Emperor  Nero,  is  familiar  to  every  cue.  Among 
the  Eastern  nations,  the  opal  ranks  higher  than  in  Europe. 

"A  spurious  substance  is  sometimes  sold  for  black  and  green  opal,  and  often  set  in  jewellery:  it 
occurs  of  the  size  of  n  small  almond,  but  more  commonly  not  larger  than  a  lentil  or  pea.  This  pre- 
cious srcm  is  nothing  more  than  the  cartilage  of  the  hinge  of  a  large  shell.  Class,  and  even  scoria, 
having  an  iridescent  appearance,  have  also  often  been  sold  for  opal." — Ci'reatUe  on  Viumonds,  A'-c.  2d 
cd.  pp.  123-125.) 

OPIUM  (Ger.  Mohnsaft  ,•  Fr.  Opium ;  It.  Oppio ;  Sp.  and  Port.  Opio  ,•  Lat.  Opium  ,• 
Arab.  Vfyoon,-  Hind.  Ufcem ,-  Turk,  Madjoon),  the  cm  .rete  juice  of  the  white  poppy 
{Papuver  sonmiferum),  which  is  most  probably  a  native  of  Asia,  though  now  found  grow- 
ing wild  in  the  southern  parts  of  Europe,  and  even  in  England.  Opium  is  chiefly  prepared 
in  India,  Turkey,  and  Persia ;  but  the  white  poppy  is  extensively  cultivated  in  France,  and 
other  parts  of  Europe,  on  account  of  its  capsules,  and  of  the  useful  bland  oil  obtained  from 
its  seeds.  It  has  also  been  cultivated,  and  opium  made,  in  England  ;  but  there  is  very  little 
probability  of  its  ever  being  raised  here  to  any  considerable  extent. 

The  poppy  is  an  annual  plant,  with  a  stalk  rising  to  the  heigbt  of  ',\  or  4  feet ;  its  leaves 
resemble  those  of  the  lettuce,  and  its  flower  has  the  appearance  of  a  tulip.  When  at  its  full 
growth,  an  incision  is  made  in  the  top  of  the  plant,  from  which  there  issues  a  white  milky 
juice,  which  soon  hardens,  and  is  scraped  off  the  plants,  and  wrought  into  cakes.  In  India, 
these  are  covered  with  the  petals  of  the  plant  to  prevent  their  sticking  together,  and  in  this 
situation  are  dried,  and  packed  in  chests  lincrl  with  hides  and  covered  with  gunny,  each  con- 
taining 40  cakes,  and  weighing  2  maunds  or  149i  lbs.;  they  are  exported  in  this  state  to  the 
places  where  the  opium  is  consumed.  Turkey  opium  is  in  flat  pieces,  covered  with  leaves, 
and  the  reddish  capsules  of  some  species  of  rutiiex  ;  which  is  considered  an  indication  of  its 
goodness,  as  the  inferior  kinds  have  none  of  these  capsules  adhering  to  them. 

According  to  Dr.  A.  T.  Thomson,  Turkey  opium  has  a  peculiar,  strong,  heavy,  narcotic 
odour,  and  a  bitter  taste,  accompanied  by  a  sensation  of  acrid  heat,  or  biting,  on  the  tongue 
and  lips,  if  it  be  well  chewed.  Its  colour  when  good  is  a  reddish  brown,  or  fawn  colour; 
its  texture  compact  and  uniform.  Its  specific  gravity  is  I -.330.  When  soft,  it  is  tenaciou.s; 
but  when  long  exposed  to  the  air,  it  becomes  hard,  l)reaks  with  a  uniform  shining  fracture, 
is  pulverulent,  and  affords  a  yellowish  brown  jiowder. 

East  Indian  opium  has  a  strong  empyreumatic  smell ;  but  not  much  of  the  peculiar  nar- 
cotic, heavy  odour  of  the  Turkey  opium  ;  the  taste  is  more  bitter,  and  equally  nauseous,  but 
it  has  less  acrimony.  It  agrees  with  the  Turkey  o|)iutn  in  other  sensible  qualities,  except 
that  its  colour  is  blacker,  and  its  texture  less  plastic,  although  it  is  as  tenacious.  Good  Tur- 
key opium  has  been  found  to  yield  nearly  3  times  the  quantity  of  nwrphia,oT  of  the  peculiar 
principle  of  the  drug,  that  is  yielded  by  East  Indian  opium. 

Opium  is  regarded  as  bad,  when  it  is  very  soft,  greasy,  light,  friable,  or  of  an  inten.eely 
black  colour,  or  mixed  with  many  impurities.     A  weak  or  empyreumatic  odour,  a  slightly 


bitter  or 

streak  wl 

I'he  n 

peculiarly 

agrees  wi 

ajipointed 

another,  p 

to  allure  n 

In  Eng 

tily  cntere 

principal  f 

the  Loiido 

Consumpt 
and  in  snio 
countries,  \\ 
tJie  ermh?  r>| 
the  reniaiiiii 
offensive  an 
in  a  large  w 
four  or  five  i 
incoiisiderali 
not  carry  tin 
The  siippii 
former.    Tin 
sumption  of 
ceedin^rsof  tl 
the  power ;  s 
was  at  first  ( 
driven  by  the 
'J'lie  opium  is 
12  lying  toge: 
Canton,  wlioj 
file  tMiinesesi 
jiiirchases  flu 
trade,  never  d 
laws  are  e(|ua 
are  said  to  be 
The  constim 
century,  tlie  o, 
the  iiitrodiiciif 
4,'J28  chests ;  ii 
evporls  in  JS3 
allele  of  this 
engage  in  a  bus 
are  believed  to 
c.vport  of  opiut 
Citlliruliun  o 
mniinpoly,  and 
Everyone  witi 
pared,  must  a 
price  at  vvhicli 
inadequate  dep 
minded  to  bv  AI 
afnv  sii nation; 
in  it  with  reluct 
obliged  to  make 
Tlie  monopol 
ever,  ihis  reven 
of  Malwa,  and  t 
established  in  I' 
market  by  the  A 
The  system  ui 
eulogy,  and  has 
lining  ihecultiv. 
in  Iliem  shall  be 
'"  linlia;    whili 
treasury.     It  is 
lliat  they  obtain 
lii^'li  price  they 
P'-n.^-ily  to  indii'l" 
"I'n  for  these  eiil 
"III!  Ihe  higher  f 
hnwever,  so  clea 
s.v.'^lem  had  been 
tlie  Illicit  cultivat 
the  e.vtensive  c< 
monopoly  in  insi 
produced  under 
very  often  f.itchei 
IS  kept  up.     The. 
It  lias  been  prepa 
£«"■'  Indiu  Comp: 
opimn  maintains, 
produced  in  India 

'  Til 


its  leaves 

at  its  full 
hite  milky 

In  India, 
unil  in  this 

each  con- 
state to  the 
ith  leaves, 
ation  of  its 

narcotic 
the  tongue 
ivn  colour; 
tenacious ; 
ig  fracture, 

culiar  nar- 

tseous,  but 

^ies,  except 

JGooil  Tur- 

Ihc  peculiar 

|i  intensely 
a  slightly 


OPIUM. 


257 


bitter  or  acrid,  or  a  sweetish  taste,  or  the  power  of  niarkincf  a  brown  or  Mack  continuous 
streak  when  drawn  across  paper,  arc  all  symptoms  of  inferior  o[)i\n". — (Di,fpfnsr//(iri/.) 

'I'he  raising  of  opium  is  a  very  I.azardous  business ;  the  popjiy  beiny;  a  d(^licate  plant, 
peculiarly  liable  to  injury  from  insects,  wind,  hail,  or  unseasonable  rain.  The  product  seldom 
agrees  with  the  true  average,  but  commonly  runs  in  extremes;  while  one  cultivator  is  dis- 
appointed, another  reaps  immense  gain;  one  season  does  not  pay  the  labour  of  the  culture; 
another,  peculiarly  fortunate,  enriches  all  the  cultivators.  This  circumstance  is  well  suited 
to  allure  man,  ever  confident  of  good  fortune. — (  Cukbronlie's  Hiisb/indn/  nf  Benfr///,  p,  1 1!).) 

In  England,  opium  is  little  used,  except  as  a  medicine.  In  1831  and  IS'.i'Z,  the  (juan- 
tily  entered  for  home  consumption  amount,  d,  \t  an  average,  to  28,097  lbs.  a  year.  The 
principal  part  of  our  supply  is  brought  from  Tu-key.  0[)ium  from  the  latter  was  worth,  in 
tiie  London  market,  in  December,  1833,  10*.  tr  ITs.  per  lb.     The  duty  is  4s. 

Consiiiiipthn  and  Trade  of  Opium  in  China. — Opium  is  prrtty  extensively  used,  liotli  lis  a  niaslicatnry 
and  in  pniokinft,  in  Turkey  ami  India;  lint  its  (,'rnat  ronsiiniptinn  is  in  ("liina  and  the  siii  rminding 
countries,  where  llie  lialiit  of  smoking  it  lias  become  ulninst  nnivcrsal.  The  Cliinese  hojl  or  si'tihu 
the  crude  opium  ;  and  hy  this  process  the  impuritii-s,  resinous  and  Kuinmy  matlor,  are  si'parat<'d.  anil 
the  reinaiiiing  extract  only  is  reserved  for  use.  Thus  prepared,  the  drug  loses  its  ordinary  slroni;  ami 
offensive  aromatic  odour,  and  has  even  a  fraernnt  and  aiireeahle  perfume.  A  small  hall  of  it  iuserteil 
in  a  large  wooden  pipe  with  some  condinstihle  matter,  in  lighted,  and  the  amateur  proc<'eds  to  inhale 
four  or  live  whiffs,  when  he  lies  down  and  resigns  himself  to  his  dreams,  which  are  said  to  have  no 
inconsiderable  resemblance  to  the  sensations  produced  by  inhaling  the  oxiile  of  a/.ote.  Those  who  do 
not  carry  the  indulgence  to  excess,  i!o  not,  it  is  said,  experience  any  had  effects  from  it. 

The  supplies  for  the  (Chinese  market  are  derived  from  India  and  Turkey,  hut  princijially  from  the 
former.  The  government  of  (,'hiria  has  issued  edict  upon  edict,  forliidiling  the  importaliou  and  con- 
sumption of  the  drug,  hut  without  elf.'Ct.  Most  part  of  the  anlhorities  openly  connive  at  the  pro- 
ceediiiL's  of  the  smugglers,  while  the  few  who  might  be  desirous  to  eriforci'  ilie  law  are  wholly  without 
the  power;  so  that  the  trade  iu  conducted  with  thi!  greatest  ficilily,  ami  almost  perfect  securily.  It 
was  at  first  cariieil  on  at  Win. mpoa,  about  15  miles  below  (,'anlun ;  next  at  Macao,  wlieiKc  ii  was 
driven  by  the  exactions  of  the  I'ortugiiese ;  and  now  the  principal  entrepot  is  in  the  bay  of  I,iut(Mi. 
The  opium  is  kept  on  hoard  sliiris,  commonly  called  receiving  ships,  of  which  there  arcMil'ieu  10  or 
12  lying  together  at  anchor.  The  salcj  are  mostly  elfected  by  the  English  and  American  agents  in 
(?aiiton,  who  give  orders  for  the  delivery  of  the  ojiiuin  ;  which,  on  producing  the  order,  is  haiidod  over  to 
the  (Uiinese  smuggler,  who  comes  alongside  at  night  to  receive  it.  Freiiueiitly,  however,  the  smuggler 
purchases  the  opiuii:  on  his  own  account,  paying  for  it  on  the  spot  in  silver;  it  beim.'  a  rule  of  the 
trade,  never  departed  from,  to  receive  the  money  betore  the  drug  is  delivered.  When  it  is  laiuled,  iho 
laws  are  equally  set  at  defiance  in  its  conveyance  throughout  the  country  ;  and  public  smoking  houses 
are  said  to  be  every  where  established! 

The  eonsiimption  of  opium  in  China  is  rapidly  extending.  During  the  first  10  years  of  the  present 
century,  the  exports  .lom  India  to  ('liina  were  about  •2,.')()0  chests  (of  1 1'.'i  lbs.  each).  In  lh"2l-2vi,  alter 
the  introduction  of  Mahva  opium  into  the  markets  of  Calcutta  and  liombay,  the  exports  inireased  to 
4,028  chests  ;  and,  owing,  no  doubt,  to  the  greativ  increased  supply  and  lower  price  of  the  article,  the 
exports  in  IS3l-:)2  exceeded  •20,(100  chests,  worth  above  i:),000,000  dollars !— (See  V(d.  i.  p.  290.)  The 
iviiide  of  this  immense  trade  is  in  the  hands  of  private  individuals;  the  Company  not  choosing  to 
engage  in  a  business  prohibited  by  the  Chinese  government.  The  imports  of  Turkey  opium  into  Cliina 
are  believed  loamnnnt  al  presiint  to  about  1,000  chests,  tjmyrna  is  the  principal  Turkish  [lort  for  the 
export  of  opium. — (See  S.mvh.sa.) 

Cullii'iitiun  nf  Opium  in  India.  Monopoly. — The  cultivation  of  opium  in  India  is  a  government 
monopoly,  and  is  coiiliiied  to  the  provinces  of  Hahar*  and  Benares,  and  Malwa  in  Central  India. 
Everyone  within  the  prescribed  limits  may  engage  in  the  opium  cultivation;  but  the  drug,  when  pre- 
pared, must  all  be  sold  at  a  lixed  price  to  the  Company's  agents.  The  price  is  very  far  below  the 
price  at  which  it  is  al'ferwards  sold  for  exportation  ;  and  the  rircunisiance  of  its  being  lixed  and 
inadequate  deprives  the  cultivators  of  most  part  of  the  favourable  "hances  in  the  lottery  previously 
alluded  to  by  Mr.  (Jolebrooke.  Indeed,  Mr.  C.  distinctly  tells  lis  {).'■■, i/.  Bengal,  p.  IIS.)  that,  except  in 
a  few  situations  that  are  peculiarly  favourable,  its  cultivation  is  unprotitable.  The  peasants  engage 
in  it  with  reluctance  ;  and  are  tempted  only  hy  the  immediate  advances  the  government  agents  are 
obliged  to  make  to  enable  them  to  carry  on  the  business. 

The  monopoly  has  sometimes  produced  a  net  revenue  of  about  1,000,000/,  a  year.  Latterly,  liow- 
cver,  this  revenue  has  been  materially  diminislied.  This  ha.s  been  occasioned,  partly  by  the  conquest 
of  Malwa,  and  the  impossibility  of  extending  the  same  sort  of  monopoly  into  that  [irovince  that  was 
established  in  Hahar  and  benaVes,  and  partly  to  the  introduction  of  Turkey  opium  into  the  Chinese 
mnrket  by  the  Americans. 

The  system  under  which  the  Indian  opium  trade  lias  been  conducted,  has  been  the  theme  of  much 
eulogy,  ami  has  been  supposed  to  allord  the  only  examjih.' of  an  liHCjcc/i/iiinaft/e  moiiopoZv  •'  Ity  con- 
linihLMlie  cultivation  of  the  iilaut  to  particular  dis"tricts,  and  taking  rare  that  the  whole  produce  raised 
ill  them  shall  be  exporli'd,  we  prevent,  it  is  said,  the  use  of  this  deleterious  drug  I'roin  gaining  ground 
ill  India;  while  tin'  high  price  at  which  it  is  s(dd  produces  a  large  revenue  to  the  Company's 
treasury.  It  is  allirnied",  tot),  that  even  the  interests  if  the  Chinese  are  consulted  hy  the  system; 
that  they  obtain  the  druu'  in  a  state  of  purity,  which  w^uld  otherwise  be  adulterated  ;  and  that  the 
liigli  prici!  they  are  (diligiMl  to  pay  for  it  merely  acts  a>  a  wholi'some  restraint  on  their  vicious  pro- 
peii.jity  to  indulge  in  wliat  is  so  very  injurious.  We  doubt,  however,  whether  there  be  mui  li  founda- 
tion I'li'r  these  eulogies.  There  caiibe  no  quesiiou  that  opium  is  a  vi:ry  excelhnit  subject  lor  taxation  ; 
and  the  higher  the  diitv  can  be  raised  on  it,  withdUl  eiicouragiiiir  smuggling,  the  beHer.  It  is  not, 
however,  so  clear,  that'the  monopcdy  system  is  tht!  best  way  of  accomplishing  this  ;  and,  though  the 
system  had  been  originally  a  good  luie,  it  is  no  longer  possible  to  enforce  it.  To  imagine,  indeed,  that 
till'  illicit  cultivation  of,  aiid  trallic  in,  opium  can  be  prevented,  now  that  it  is  raised  in  niest  parts  of 
the  extensive  country  of  Malwa,  is  altogether  ludicrous.  As  to  the!  supposed  influence  of  tho 
monopoly  in  insuring  the  piiriiy  of  the  drug,  it  is  sullicieiit  to  observe  that  Malwa  opium,  which  is 
produced  under  a  comparativeiy  free  system,  has  been  rapidly  improving  in  its  quality,  and  now 
very  often  fetches  a  higher  price  than  the  opium  of  Ilahar  and  lienares,  where  the  strictest  siirvcillanc* 
is  kept  up.  The  latter,  indeed,  has  sometimes  been  nearly  unsaleable,  from  the  careless  way  in  which 
it  has  been  prepared,  and  the  extent  to  which  it  was  adulterated.— (Cniir/iiriJ  oil  the  .Monopoly  of  the 
East  India  Company,  p.  X).)  It  is  needless,  however,  to  say  more  on  this  point,  than  that  Turkish 
opium  maintains,  in  respect  of  purity  and  careful  preparation,  a  decidedly  higher  reputation  tlian  any 
produced  in  India. — {Thomson's  Dispensatory.) 


,i«^ 


5f' 


*  The  opium  of  Uahar  ia  known  in  commerce  by  tho  name  of  Fatna  opium. 
x2  23 


258 


OPIUM. 


We  doubt,  too,  whether  the  use  of  opium,  when  taken  in  nindcrnie  quantities,  be  really  so  injurious 
as  has  been  represented.  That  it  niny,  lii<c  spirits  and  wine,  be  itlnised,  is  nliiiiidantly  ccrtnin  ;  but  it 
hits  not  been  shown  thnt  it  is  ninrc  liable  to  ahiisc  than  eilhcr  nf  these  articles.  No  one  doubts  that 
the  Chinese,  by  whom  it  is  principally  consumed,  are  a  highly  indnslrinus,  sober,  frugal  people;  but 
though  it  were  otherwise,  we  really  do  not  see  that  the  East  India  Company  arc  warranted  in  sub- 
jecting a  profitable  article  of  cultivation  in  India  to  the  fetters  of  moiuipoly,  that  the  morals  of  the 
<."hitiese  may  be  preserved !  It  is  unnecessary,  however,  to  dwell  upon  this  view  of  the  matter.  The 
Turks  and  Anieruans  have  no  scruples  of  this  sort ;  and  the  only  etfert  of  the  Company's  attempting 
to  force  up  the  price  of  opium  to  an  extravagant  height,  would  be  to  throw  a  still  ereater  proportion 
of  the  trade  into  the  hands  of  their  active  compelitois,  to  the  great  injury  of  the  Iiuiian  cultivators. 

Neither  must  the  interests  of  the  ciillivators  in  India  be  lost  sight  of,  who  are  materially  injured  by 
the  existing  system.     Even  were  it  in  other  ri'spccls  proper,  their  ollowiinrcs  are  far  too  small. 

I'poii  the  wliole,  therefore,  we  do  not  see  any  solid  grounds  for  supposing  thiit  this  monopoly  forms 
an  excepti(ui  to  llie  common  rule  ;  and  we  agrt'e  with  those  wim  tliiiik  lliat  the  better  way  would  bo 
to  establish  the  same  system,  as  to  the  trade  in  opium,  that  is  estalilishcd  wilh  respect  to  the  spirit 
trade  in  this  country  ;  that  is,  to  allow  every  one  to  cullivale  it  upon  taking  out  a  license,  and  to  lay 
an  excise  duty  on  the  prepared  article.  Such  a  plan  would  put  an  end  to  some  most  oppressive  regu- 
lations ;  and  while  it  would  open  a  new  source  of  wenllli  to  the  cultivators,  the  revenue  derived  by 
government  would  be  materially  augmented. 

Besides  the  works  previously  referred  to,  we  have  consulted,  in  compiling  this  article,  Mnalie's 
Mat.  Indira;  MilburrCa  Orieiil.  Cum.;  Bell's  Revieir  nf  the  Cnmvicrce  uf  Bengal;  Evidence  on  Eaut 
Indian  affair.",  hrfure  the  Parliavtenlary  Committee,  in  lb30  and  IbSl,  ^-e.  S{c. 

(Account  of  the  Quantity  and  Value  of  the  dill'erent  Sorts  of  Indian  0|iium  imported  into  China  during 

the  Nine  Years  ending  with  1635-30. 


Pains. 

Bcuarcs. 

M. 

Iwa. 

Total. 

Chests. 

Value. 

Chitis. 

Value. 

Cheats. 

Value. 
Doll. 

Chests. 

Value. 

Doll. 

DM. 

Doll. 

Season   1827-29 

4,006 

4,019,3i0 

1,123 

I,10-,t-05 

4,401 

6,29«,9'0 

9,63,5 

10,425,075 

—         1928-29 

4.831 

4.574,650 

I,i:f0 

1,02!),683 

7,171 

6,'  2«,SH) 

13,132 

1 2,5:13,105 

—        1829-30 

6,66  » 

4,«20,448 

1,579 

1,323,129 

6,C-,7 

fi,t07.5!<Q 

14,000 

12.0-.7,I57 

—         IS30-3I 

5,08.5 

4,4.14,809 

1,575 

1.33-..39i 

12.100 

7,114,059 

18,760 

12,^04,263 

—        l''31-32 

4,442 

4,234.hl5 

l.ftlS 

1,448.194 

^•,265 

6,818,571 

14,229 

11,501,684 

—         tH32-33 

ti,4IO 

5,113.126 

l.SSt) 

1,455,603 

1.5,4P3i 

8,781,7..') 

2j,603i 

1.5,3 ,2,4i;i 

—         I,-.'J3-,14 

7,S9J 

.1,023,173 

l,l>42 

l,0C0,4-.9 
1,427;604 

11,715 

7,916.9-1 

21,250 

14,006,605 

—        1814-35 

7,55S 

4,16.^,245 

2,549 

0,982 

1,<J62,930 

20,089 

11,-58,-79 

—        IW5-38 

9,0 11 

6,713,195 

2,00j 

1,407,510 

15,002 

8,9^6,198 

20,018 

I7,1C«,903 

Sup) 

[In  March,  1839,  a  special  commissioner  was  appointed  by  the  Emperor  to  cause  the  laws 
prohibiting  the  importation  of  opium  into  China  to  be  rigidly  enforced.  By  means  of  stop- 
ping for  a  time  the  whole  commerce  of  Canton  with  foreigners,  as  well  as  by  imposing  re- 
Blraints  on  the  personal  liberty  of  the  foreign  merchants  then  in  that  city,  the  latter  were 
obliged  to  deliver  up  to  the  commissioner,  it  is  said,  no  less  than  20,283  chests  of  opium,  valued 
at  £3,000,000,  ornear  §15,000,000.  And  the  opium  trade  has,  in  consequence,  been  en- 
tirely discontinued. 

Much  stress  has  been  laid  by  the  Chinese  government  on  the  injurious  and  even  destruc- 
tive effects  on  the  human  system  of  the  use  of  opium,  in  justilitation  of  the  course  which  has 
been  pursued  by  it  in  relation  to  this  article.     But 

"The  export  of  sycee  silver,"  we  quote  the  words  of  a  petition  of  certain  Uritis'ii  merchants 
resident  at  Calcutta,  in  the  East  Indies,  to  the  Queen's  Trivy  Council  in  England,  "is  also  con- 
traband in  China,  and  as  bullion  was  always  received  in  payment  for  opium,  it  is  to  this  fact 
that  the  recent  violent  proceedings  of  that  government  may  be  chiefly  attributed.  The  export 
of  silver,  by  the  law  of  China,  is  death.  Like  other  half  civilized  nations,  which  understand  not 
the  principles  of  political  economy,  the  Chinese  consider  the  export  of  bullion  as  injurious  to  their 
well-being,  and  thunder  edicts  against  the  'leakage  of  sycee'  and  'the  oozing  out  of  dollars,'  as 
though  such  exports  were  actually  a  loss  to  the  State.  It  is  necessary  to  say  uut  little  in  proof 
of  this  fallacy.  China  possesses  silver  mines  of  immense  value,  but  which  are  worked  only  to  a 
limited  extent,  and  the  circulation  of  whose  products  the  government  would  fain  restrict  exclu- 
sively to  the  imperial  domains.  These  mines  are  exhaustlcss,  save  in  the  fear  of  their  government, 
whose  proceedings  in  prohibiting  the  export  of  bullion  are  truly  lamentable.  As  reasonable  would  it 
be  for  the  British  government  to  prohibit  railroads  and  steam  vans,  because  the  one  might  exhaust 
the  iron,  and  the  other  the  coal  mines,  of  Great  Britain.  The  export  of  opium  from  India,  which  has 
thus  defeated  the  restrictive  policy  of  the  Chinese  government,  and  which  has  caused  the  mines  of  that 
empire  to  be  wrought  far  more  extensively  than  would  otherwise  have  been  the  case,  in  order  to 
replace  the  vacuum  in  circulation  created  by  the  continued  export  of  sycee  from  China,  has  thus  been 
of  essential  benefit  to  commerce ;  for  it  has  drawn  forth  the  resources  of  the  most  fertile  and  popu- 
lous empire  in  the  world,  and  the  bullion  thus  brought  back  in  exchange  for  opium,  has  covered  vast 
tracts  of  British  India  with  smiling  fields  and  flourisiiing  population  ;  it  has  enormously  extended  the 
import  of  British  manufactures  throughout  Ilindoostan  ;  has  increased  largely  the  shipping  and  gene- 
ral commerce  of  these  seas  :  has  brought  into  the  British  Indian  Treasury  a  revenue  exceeding  the 
land  revenue  of  an  entire  Presidency— that  of  Bombay  ;  and  has  thus  paid  in  London  the  dividends 
of  the  proprietors  of  India  Stock,  amounting  to  630,000/.  per  annum,  if  not  indeed  the  whole  surplus, 
of  2,000,000i.  sterling,  required  for  the  expenses  of  the  home  government  nf  India." 

"  The  extent  to  which  the  trade  had  been  carried  on  will  be  understood  from  the  undermentioned  ex- 
tract from  the  custom-house  books  of  Calcutta,  where  the  proportion  of  opium  shipped  to  China  direct, 
and  that  sent  to  all  other  places  whatever,  is  separately  specified. 


Years. 

China. 

All  oilier  places. 

Total. 

1832-33 

7,598 

1,810 

9,408 

1833-34 

10,216 

1,790 

12,096 

1834-35 

9,485 

1,5,'?0 

10,995 

1835-36        - 

13,094 

1,757 

14,851 

1836-37        - 

10,393 

-        2,213        - 

12,606 

1837-38        - 

16,297 

-        3,303 

19,600 

- 1     , 


Total    -        -       67,083  12,303  79,446 

It  appears  fVom  this  table,  that  of  an  aggregate  of  79,446  cbesta  actually  despatched  from  Calcutta 
in  6  years,  07,083  chests  were  exported  to  China  direct." 


The  fol 
Value  of 

Seal 

April  3I«I  lo 

1816  t( 

1817  tc 

1818  tr 

1819  to 

1820  to 
IS'il  to 
1822  to 
1.S23  to 
1/S24  to 
1825  to 
182fi  to 

1827  to 

1828  to 
18'39  to 
18,S0  to 
1831  to 
1N.S2  to 

1833  to  1 

1834  to  1 
18;i5  to  I 

,      18.'?6  to  1 
j__1837jo_l 

The  opiiin 
18.12-3,  since 

rractions  i 
if  critically  e 

OPOBA 
OPOPO] 

Arab.  Jaivei 
It  is  a  nalivi 
5  feet,  with 
flows  from 
lumps  of  a  I 
Specific  grav 
medicine,  tl^ 
Indica.) 

OPORTC 
of  the  river  1 
It  is  a  beautii 
hostilities,  70 

Ilarhonr. — T 

considerable  b 

llian  16  feet. 

rocks,  some  of 

of  llicso  rocks, 

ill?.    Cabedelo 

lieing  liable,  fri 

alterations,  it  i 

are  always  on 

weather  be  so 

(lelained  for  3 

Catharine  in  a  I 

frntii  10  to  12  fi 

ahniit  600  yards 

Tile  swelling.^ 

caused  by  heavj 

times  is  freqiici 

lliat  no  dependc 

out  previous  w;i. 

pillars  erected  o 

see  Mr.  Purdy's 

Trade. — Op 

enjoys  a  prett} 

Port,  from  its  1 

The  exports  va 

much  the  large 

ally  obtained  fo 

it  had  no  natur 

is  probable  it  w 

tits-    At  an  avi 

England  22,121 

quantity  of  red 


merchants 
is  also  con- 
to  this  fact 
_"he  export 
;rstand  not 
JUS  to  tlieir 
fdollurs,'  as 
lie  in  proof 
U  only  to  a 
Itricl  exclu- 
jvernment, 
|)Ir  would  it 
[ht  exhaust 
which  has 
lines  of  that 
Jin  order  to 
Is  thus  heen 
.  and  popu- 
ivered  vast 
ttended  the 
|g  and  gene- 
jeediiig  the 
le  dividends 
lole  surplus, 

Intioned  cx- 
Ihina  direct, 


OPOBALSAM— OPORTO. 

The  following  Table  is  from  the  New  York  Journal  of  Commerce : — 


260 


Value  of  Opium  delivered  at  Lintin  i 

1  China  during  the 

■<ei>?niis  from  1816  to  1818,  ending  31st  March 

of  each  year; 

exclusive  ol  Turltey. 

Seasons. 

Patna  and  Benares. 

Mahva. 

Total. 

April  SIM  toSlst  March. 

Chesti. 

Price. 

Value. 

Che&ls. 

Prire. 

Value. 

Clies's. 

Value  It)  Dollars. 

IHieto  1817 

2,010 

1,200 

•83,132,000 

600 

875 

$525,000 

3,210 

3.6.57.000 

1817  to  1818 

2,530 

1,265 

3,200,4.'iO 

1,150 

612 

7O3,K0O 

3,0S0 

3.90I..2.50 

1818  to  1819 

3,050 

1,000 

3,CMI,0'!S 

1,530 

725 

l,109,2ri0 

4,580 

4,1.59.250 

1819  to  1820 

2,970 

1,235 

3,6rj7,9;>0 

1,630 

1,175 

1,915,250 

4,000 

5.583.200 

1820  to  1621 

3,050 

1,900 

5,79.'),000 

1,720 

1,515 

1,005,800 

4,770 

8,400.800 

1821  to  1822 

2,910 

2,075 

6,038,250 

1,718 

1,.S25 

2,276,350 

4,628 

8,311.000 

1822  to  1823 

1,822 

1,5.'J2 

2,M28,>J30 

4,000 

1,290 

5,160,000 

5,822 

7,988,935 

1823  to  1824 

2,910 

1,600 

4,0.')0,000 

4,172 

925 

3,859,100 

7,082 

8,515,100 

1821  to  1825 

2,655 

1,175 

3,119,025 

6,000 

750 

4,500,000 

8,655 

7,629,025 

1825  to  1820 

3,442 

913 

3,141,755 

6,179 

730 

4,460,4.50 

9,021 

7,608,205 

1820  to  1827 

3,061 

1,002 

3,068,508 

6,308 

912 

5,941, .520 

9,909 

9,010,085 

1827  to  1828 

5,134 

998 

5,125,155 

4,401 

1,204 

5,299,920 

9,535 

10.4'J5,075 

1828  to  1829 

5,905 

940 

5,004,-.;35 

7,771 

9(i8 

0,928,b60 

13,132 

12,5.35,115 

1829  to  I8.'}0 

7,143 

860 

0,149,577 

0.857 

802 

5,907,580 

14,000 

12,057,157 

18.10  to  1831 

6,«f)0 

870 

5,790,204 

12.100 

588 

7,114,059 

18,700 

ll,'.i04,203 

1831  to  1832 

5.672 

967 

5,484,340 

7,831 

695 

5,447,,S55 

l.3,.503 

10.931.095 

IH32  to  1833 

8,267 

792 

0,551,059 

15,403 

570 

8,781,700 

23.670 

15,322,759 

1833  to  1831 

8,672 

639 

5,51.5,845 

11,114 

076 

7,510,095 

19,7f0 

13.0.56..510 

1831  to  1835 

7,707 

572 

4,431,845 

8,747 

595 

5,223, 1 2.5 

16.51 1 

9,0.55,010 

18;i5  to  1830 

6,173 

690 

4,292,900 

10,012 

580 

0,M  6,975 

10,785 

10,539.875 

1830  to  1837 

8,078 

724 

5,848,230 

13,430 

628 

8,439,094 

21.509 

14,287,3;iO 

1837  to  1838 

6,165 

633 

3,903,129 

13,875 

503 

6,980,028 

20,040 

10,683,157 

Im  Calcutta 


The  opium  trade  upon  the  coast  of  China  east  of  Canton  began  to  he  of  importance  in  the  years 
16.S2-3,  since  then  it  has  rapidly  increased,  and  bids  fair  to  exceed  that  carried  on  at  tlie  I.iiilin  slation. 

Fractions  of  clicsts  and  of  dollars  in  fine  are  rejected,  which  would  make  llie  table  appear  inturrect 
if  critically  examined. — ^in.  i'l/.] 

OPOBALSAM.     Sec  Baisam. 

OPOPONAX  (Ger.  Opopnnax ;  Fr.  Opopanax;  It.  Opoponnsso ,•  Sp.  Opoponaca  ; 
Arab.  Jatvesheer),  a  gum-resin,  obtained  from  the  Pastinacu  Ojiopoinix,  a  species  of  parsnep. 
It  is  a  native  of  the  south  of  Europe  and  Asia  Minor.  The  stem  rises  to  the  height  of  4  or 
f)  feet,  with  a  thick  branched  yellow-coloured  root.  The  roots  being  wounded,  a  n.ilky  juice 
flows  from  them,  which,  being  dried  in  the  sun,  is  the  opoponax  of  the  shops.  It  is  in 
lumps  of  a  reddish  yellow  colour,  and  white  within..  Smell  peculiar.  Taste  bitter  and  acrid. 
Specific  gravity  1'622.  It  is  imported  from  Turkey.  Being  u.sed  only  to  a  small  extent  in 
medicine,  the  consumption  is  inconsiderable. — (Thomso7i^s  Chemistry ;  AintiUt^s  Mat. 
Indlcft.) 

OPORTO,  on  PORTO,  a  large  city  and  sea-port  of  Portugal,  situated  on  the  north  bank 
of  the  river  Douro,  about  2  miles  from  its  mouth,  in  lat.  41°  10'  30"  N.,  Ion.  8°  37'  18"  W. 
It  is  a  beautifully  situated,  well-built  city  ;  and  is  supposed  to  have  contained,  before  the  late 
hostilities,  70,000  inhabitants. 

llarhonr. — The  harbour  of  Oporto  is  a  bar  harbour,  and  can  only  be  entered,  at  least  by  vessels  of 
considerable  burden,  at  high  water ;  and  it  is  seldom  at  any  time  practicable  for  vessels  drawing  more 
Ihaii  16  feet.  On  the  north  side  of  the  entrance  is  the  castle  of  St.  Joao  de  Foz,  whence  a  ledge  of 
rnclts,  some  of  which  are  at  all  times  above  water,  extends  in  a  south-\Nest  direction.  The  outermost 
of  these  rocks,  named  Filgucira,  which  is  always  visible,  is  left  on  the  left  or  larboard  side  on  enter- 
ing. Cabedelo  Point,  forming  the  southern  extremity  of  the  entrance,  is  low  and  sandy.  The  bar 
being  liable,  from  the  action  of  the  tides,  and  of  sudden  swellings  oi  freshes  in  the  river,  to  perpetual 
alterations,  it  is  exceedingly  dangerous  for  any  vessel  to  attempt  crossing  it  without  a  pilot.  Pilots 
are  always  on  the  alert,  and  ready  to  offer  their  si^rvices  when  a  vessel  comes  in  sight,  unless  tlie 
weather  be  so  bad  that  they  cannot  go  off.  On  some  few  occasions  of  this  sort,  vessels  have  been 
detained  for  3  weeks  off  the  port,  without  having  an  opportunity  of  entering.  The  chapel  of  St. 
Culharine  in  a  line  with  that  of  St.  Michael  leads  over  the  bar.  The  ordinary  rise  of  spring  tides  is 
frniii  10  to  12  feet,  and  of  neaps  from  6  to  8  feet.  A  light-house  with  a  fixed  light  is  erected  on  a  hill 
aliont  600  yards  N.  N.  W.  of  St.  .Io»"  de  Foz. 

Tlie  swellings  of  the  river,  or  fresnes,  as  they  are  called,  most  commonly  occur  in  spring,  and  are 
caused  by  heavy  rains,  and  by  the  melting  of  the  snow  on  the  mountains.  The  rise  of  water  at  such 
times  is  frequently  as  much  as  40  feet ;  and  the  rapidity  and  force  of  the  current  are  so  very  great, 
Hint  110  dependence  can  be  placed  on  anchors  in  the  stream.  Fortunately,  afresh  never  occurs  with- 
out previous  warning  ;  and  it  is  then  tlie  practice  to  moor  with  a  cable  made  fast  to  trees,  or  stone 
pillars  erected  on  the  shore  for  that  purpose.— (For  further  information  as  to  the  harbour  of  Oporto, 
see  Mr.  Purdy's  valuable  Sailing  Directions  for  the  Bay  of  Biscay.) 

Trade. — Oporto  is  the  emporium  of  a  large  portion  of  the  kingdom  of  Portugal,  and 
enjoys  a  pretty  considerable  foreign  commerce.  The  well  known  red  wine,  denominated 
Port,  from  its  being  exclusively  shipped  at  that  city,  forms  by  far  the  largest  article  of  export. 
The  exports  vary  in  different  years,  from  about  16,.'i00  to  above  40,000  pipes.  England  is 
much  the  largest  consumer  of  port.  The  high  discriminating  duties  on  French  wine  origin- 
ally obtained  for  it  a  preference  in  the  British  market,  to  which,  though  an  excellent  wine, 
it  had  no  natural  claim  ;  and  its  long  continued  uae  has  so  confirmed  the  taste  for  it,  that  it 
is  probable  it  will  maintain  its  ascendancy  notwithstanding  the  late  equalisation  of  the  du- 
ties. At  an  average  of  the  10  years  ending  with  1833,  there  were  shipped  from  Oporto  for 
England  22,121  pipes  a  year;  but  exclusive  of  the  port  shipped  from  Oporto,  a  considerable 
quantity  of  red  wine  is  now  brought  from  Figucira.    Next  to  England,  Brazil,  Russia,  and 


^3t 


860 


ORANGES,  ORCHILLA  WEED. 


the  north  of  Europe  in  general,  arc  the  principal  consumers  of  port.  The  other  exports  are 
oil,  orani?cN,  anil  other  fruits,  wool,  rcliiicd  sugar,  creuni  of  tartar,  shumac,  leather,  cork,  &c. 
The  imports  are  corn,  rice,  beef,  salt  fish,  and  other  articles  of  provision  ;  sugar,  coflee,  &c. 
from  Ui'azil ;  cotton,  and  woollen  goods,  hardware,  tin  plates,  &c.  from  England ;  hemp, 
flax,  and  deals,  from  the  Ualtic,  &c. 

Hesidi'S  llin  llritisti  iiinniifac  turiul  t:nni]n  iinportpii  into  Pnrliiefil  fur  llin  usn  nf  llm  nntivos,  n  con- 
sidur.ilili!  iiHiiiitiiy  is  ilcsiiiu'd  fur  ilii'  cMjiitiiiinplixii  of  Spain  ;  Ijciiif  simitfylt'd  into  tlial  country  tliroujili 
Uiaf;iiii/,ii  and  oilier  towns  on  llie  (Vonlier. 

J\lonic.-;  H'viahl.t,  and  J\Uafiure!<  same  as  tlioae  of  Ijslinn  ;  wliidi  see. 

We  subjoin  an  arcoiint,  olitained  from  tlie  rortiigucse  Ciistoiii-liouse,  of  the  wine  sliippcd  from 
Oi)orto  (Inriny  Hie  10  yrara  eiidin|{  witli  1S33. 

Account  of  i\w  (inantilies  of  Wine  exported  from  Oporto  during  the  Ton  Years  down  to  18,'I3  inclu- 
sive, specil'yins!  tlie  Countries  to  wliicli  lliey  were  sent,  and  tlie  Quantities  sent  to  eacli. 


Courttijei. 

1P31. 

1832. 

IS3I. 

1S30. 

tW!). 

1328. 

IS27. 

1S26. 
61 

1823. 
36 

IS2I. 

nrazil      •            •     {)i|>e8 

131 

434 

3,iGS 

6,212 

9,5«.5 

7,410 

Denimrk 

as 

IlU 

w 

US 

8!) 

67 

jj 

11 

13 

43 

U.  S.  of  America 

4IS 

Gibniliar  ami  Sjuin 

37 

2 

10 

f, 

IG 

• 

42 

H.iti)I(iir'ti 

248 

771 

1,446 

373 

2i-6 

t.WO 

I ,.')  J  J 

12 

33 

72 

II..|i:.,„l  . 

51 

4S 

r>\ 

U 

82 

31 

12,1 

9 

41 

PJ 

'I'tiL'  A/nrps 

1 

1 

i 

1 

I 

2ti 

2 

3 

1 

(Jri'.'il  Untiin 

I9,43i 

13,573 

20,171 

19,333 

I7,f32 

27,932 

24,207 

18,310 

40,277 

9,968 

ll.ily 

3 

1 

3 

4 

. 

42 

13 

4 

3 

2 

I'urts  in  I'ortugal 

3 

306 

lltissii 

f,\ 

■la.) 

143 

SG 

22 

129 

62 

. 

1 

I3S 

Neivfoun:lI.iml    • 

84 

13 

Si 

76 

170 

no 

21 

1 

22 

7 

Siveilen   • 

2JG 

433 

311 

30O 

225 

231 

. 

8 

23 

I'orts  in  tlie  Dallic 

• 

6 

3 

. 

. 

. 

. 

II 

Imlia       . 

1 

1 

. 

. 

2 

120 

Cipi- V.T.I  Islauils 

. 

. 

2 

1 

39 

Fniice     . 

. 

1 

2 

4 

7 

5 

- 

• 

233 

An?'il:i    • 

. 

. 

• 

3 

13 

71 

S'.mii  Aiiicrica   • 

. 

R'.8 

2CG 

327 

361 

1,367 

337 

143 

6 

6,^40 

Ciuenis'  V  :lU'J  Jeney 

• 

• 

. 

73 

(19 

3S 

. 

24 

llri'iiU'ii  - 

■ 

. 

. 

• 

• 

• 

31 

Shipi'  stures 
Tnlll 

s 

• 

• 

• 

4 

41,227     1 

2 

3 

6 

26,117 

20,.|9J 

Iti.JJO 

i;3.4;i9 

24,i(;-. 

25,371 

34,237 

18,507 

40,447 

1    • 


JV'.  B. — It  was  not  till  1620,  that  the  e.xcliisivo  privileRe  po-^sessed  hy  the  Oporto  Wine  Company,  ot 
sliippijig  wine  for  Brazil,  was  put  an  end  lo,  previously  to  which  period  the  i^liiiMiients  for  thai  country 
were  not  (jiven. 

It  is  hardly  possilile  to  form  any  estimate  of  the  value  of  the  wine  sliipped  from  Opnrto;  the  price 
varying  from  5/.  to  50/.  per  hojishead.  The  export  duty  on  wine  approved  for  exportation,  (vinho 
(l'cnib<ii-(jut),  is  about  00  5(IOr,«.  per  pi|)e,  or,  at  tlie  present  (.lamiary  l^;il)  rate  of  ex('haii!,'(',  1/,  o,'.  a 
pipe.  Separated  wine  (rinlio  sepiirittio)  is  not  generally  allowed  to  he  exported  ;  hut  at  present  it  may 
he  shipped  on  paying  IS0  500/'»-.  more,  or  51.  ll.«.  '2d.  a  pipe.  The  other  expenses  are  liidin".  l''rei|.'lil 
to  this  lountry  varies  froiu  U.  to  U.  Uo-.  6d.  per  pipe.— (l''or  an  account  of  the  Oporto  Wine  Company, 
see  Wine.) 

Soini^times  wine  is  pure linaed  from  the  farmer  in  the  wine  country.  In  this  case,  tlie  c.Tsks  are  sent 
about  00  miles  up  the  river,  in  boats,  to  be  tilled.  Owing  to  the  miserable  state  of  the  roads,  the 
expense  of  carriiigu  is  very  considerable ;  the  cartage  from  and  to  the  riverside  freiincntly  costiiiK 
from  1/.  to  2/.  per  pipe.  The  freight  from  the  U|)per  country  down  the  river  lo  Oporto  is  about  eipial 
to  that  from  the  latter  to  Enjjiand.  There  is  also  an  internai  duty  of  about  1/.  2,s-.  per  pipe  on  all  wine 
brouiilit  down  the  rivir.  Inasmuch,  however,  as  these  charfjes  are  perpetually  varying,  it  is  not 
possible  to  l.iy  before  the  reader  iu\y  pro  form'!  account  oflliecost  of  wine  bought  in  the  Upper  Donro. 

The  Oporto  Wine  Company  have  the  monopoly  of  the  brandy  as  well  as  of  the  wine  trade  of  llio 
Dourn.  The  coiiseiiuence  is,  that  brandy  costs  at  this  moment,  at  Oporto,  about  30/.  per  pipe  ;  while 
equally  good  brandy  may  be  bought  in  Lisbon,  and  much  belter  in  Cognac,  for  about  IN/,  per  r.ipo: 
The  aboliiion  of  this  cou^pany  would  certainly  be  one  of  the  most  desirable  reforms  that  couiil  lie 
accomplished,  even  in  Portugal. — (Private  information.) 

ORANGES  (Ger.  Ponieranzen  ,■  Uu.  Orangen  ,■  Fr.  Oranges  ,•  It.  Mchirmicc  ,•  Sp. 
Narunjus ;  lias.  Pomeranczii  ,•  Hind.  Naninge ,-  Malay,  Stniao-Ditinis),  the  fruit  of  the 
orange  tree.  The  common,  or  sweet  orange  (Citrus  sincusi.s,  or  Citrun  nulnlin),  and  the 
Seville,  or  liittcr  orange  (Ci/rtts  auranfiuni),  are  natives  of  China  ;  anil  the  Portuguese  arc 
entitled  to  the  honour  of  having  transferred  the  plant  to  other  countries.  Particular  s|)crics 
of  Citrus  seem  to  be  indigenous  to  various  Eastern  countries  ;  but  the  birth-place  of  the 
proper  orange  may  be  distinctly  traced  to  China.  It  is  now  to  be  found  in  our  grecn-houso.s. 
Oranges  arc  imported  in  chests  and  boxes,  packed  separately  in  jiapcr.  The  best  come  from 
the  Azores  and  Spain;  very  good  ones  are  also  brought  from  Portugal,  Italy,  Malta,  and 
other  places. 

The  orange  trade  carried  on  by  this  country  is  of  considerable  value  and  importance.  Oranges  are 
not  much  more  expensive  than  most  of  our  superior  domestic  fruits,  while  tln^y  are,  perhaps,  the  most 
refreshing  and  wholesome  of  those  of  wanner  climates.  The  entries  for  Inune  eonsuiiipiiin  in  l"-:)! 
and  1(532  amcuinted,  at  an  average,  to  27(l,(i00  boxes  a  year;  and  assuming  each  box  lo  conlahi  7(li) 
oranges  and  lemons,  the  number  entered  for  eonsuniption  w  ill  have  been  189,421,000!  The  duly  pro- 
duced, at  an  average  of  the  above  years,  G1,0;!0/.  a  year.  The  number  of  persons  employed  in  llm 
importation  and  sale  of  oranges  must  be  very  considerable.  The  policy  of  charging  any  duty  on 
oranges  seems  questionable.  They  are  very  apt  to  spoil ;  and  as  no  abatement  is  made  t'rom  the  iliily 
on  account  of  any  damage,  its  inlluence  on  their  price  is  much  more  considerable  than  might  at  tirst 
be  supiiosed. 

ORCHILLA  WEED,  ORCIIELLA,  or  ARCHIL  (Ger.  Or.^eille;  Fr.  OrscHk ,-  It. 

Oricellii,  Orc.clln ,-  Sp.   Orcfii/la),  a  whitish  lichen  (Liclirn  arcella)  found  in  the  Isle  of 

Portland  ;  but  that  which  i.s  used,  is  imported  from  the  Canary  and  Cape  de  Verd  Islands, 

Barbary,  and  the  Levant.     From  it  is  obtained  the  archil,  or  orchal,  of  cotnmerce,  which 


yields  a 
orchilla 
tcnsivch 
sometim 
the  wcet 
this  mor 
while  thi 
from  10/ 
tons. 
OKGf 

OR  pi: 

Auripigi 

prepared, 

parts  of  I 

the  last  t 

IVative  or 

of  a  verm 

sparkling 

inclining  i 

is  as  a  col 

biir)i\f  Or, 

OR8EI 

Klalrrgiiu 

leaf,  [irepai 

fact u red  in 

osi'Rrt 

OVViSE 

fabricating 
A'o  ship 
as  such,  an 
with.— (Sei 
A  Britisl 
by  the  act  j 
one,  shall  lii 
as  an  owne 
slatuto,  that 
time.     Com 
meinliers  to 
Neither  tl 
ferred  from  ( 
and  before  tl 
conifit  roller, 
of  shares  sol 
the  certificate 
Rut,  thouu 
ferenre  of  th 
security  to  a 
vour  to  get  p, 
ac(|iiired,  by  i 
nialitics  of  sa 
session  of  th* 
"Sht  to  it,  to 
only,  it  is  eno 
{Lord  Tenter 
Property  in 
and  private  sh 
fi'rs  acquire  a 
Admiralty  or  ( 
consi.lered  to 
chased  them. 

'i'he  act  a  &. 
share  of  a  ship 
owner,  of  such 
visions  of  the  a 
ruptcy  ofthem 

RKOISTIir.) 

In  tlie  article 


i   . 


)rts  are 

rk,  &c. 

i-e,  &c. 

hemp, 


s,  n  con- 
ilnouisli 


pcd  from 
33  inclu- 


43 

42 
12 
1^9 

0,968 
2 

13S 

7 

23 

M 

120 

233 
24 


26.1  n  I 

oiiipaiiy,  ot 
hill  country 

:i;  tlic  price 
tiou,  (ritiho 
v^i',  H.  IV.  a 
;seiit  it  may 
I'reitilit 
e  (,'ompiiiiy, 

sks  aro  ?oiit 

e  roails,  lliu 

iilly  cosliiiR 

iihniU  cipial 

on  all  wiiio 

y,  ii  is  not 

\7\mr  Donro. 

iraili;  "f  llic 

(lipi! ;  wliilo 

/.  per  r.ipe: 

ut  coulil  lie 

hmce ;  Sp. 
Iruit  of  the 
1),  and  the 
luguosc  are 
lilar  spcrics 
llace  of  the 
Wn-houses. 
come  from 
iMalla,  and 

■)ranffcs  an; 

|p:i,  till!  niii?t 
lien  in  l'-:*l 
(Mintain  'M 
10  duly  pro- 
oyeil  in  tliu 
\ny  lUily  "» 
lon'i  tilt;  duty 
liglit  at  first 

trscUk  ;  It- 
llhe  Isle  of 
Ird  Islands, 
l^rce,  which 


ORGOL— OWNERS  OF  SHIPS. 


361 


yields  a  rich  purple  tincture,  fugitive,  indeed,  but  extremely  beautiful.  The  preparation  of 
orchilla  was  long  a  secret,  known  only  to  the  Florentines  and  Hollanders;  but  it  is  now  ex- 
tensively manufactured  in  this  country.  Archil  is  generally  sold  in  the  form  of  cakes,  but 
sometimes  in  that  of  moist  pulp;  it  is  extensively  Ufcd  by  dyers;  and  in  times  of  scarcity, 
the  weed  or  lichen  has  sold  as  high  as  1,000/.  per  ton  ! — {'I'/wmson's  Diyprnscifnri/.)  At 
this  moment  (January,  1834),  Canary  orchilla  fetches,  in  the  London  market,  '.VZOl,  a  ton, 
while  that  which  is  brought  from  Madeira  fetches  ordy  300/.,  and  Barbary  not  more  than 
from  10/.  to  2.5/.  The  total  quantity  imported  in  1829  amounted  to  1,813  cvvU,  or  UOJ 
tons. 
OKGOL.     Sec  Anoot. 

ORPLMENT  (CJer.  Operment ,-  Fr.  Orpimoit ,-  It.  Orplmcnin  ;  Sp.  Ornpiiiiente  ,■  Lat. 
Auripi^nienluiii),  the  name  usually  given  to  sulphuret  of  arsenic.  When  arlificially 
prepared,  it  is  in  the  form  of  a  fine  yellow-coloured  powder ;  but  it  is  found  native  in  many 
parts  of  the  world,  particularly  in  Bohemia,  Turkey,  China,  and  Ava.  It  is  exported  from 
the  last  two  in  considerable  (piantities;  and  is  know  in  the  East  by  the  name  of  hartal. 
IS'ative  orpiment  is  composed  of  thin  plates  of  a  lively  gold  colour,  intermixed  with  pieces 
of  a  vermilion  red,  of  a  shatfery  foliaceous  texture,  tlexible.  sol't.  to  the  touch  like  tide,  and 
sparkling  when  broken.  Specific  gravity  3-45.  The  inferior  kinds  are  of  a  dead  yellow, 
inclining  to  green,  and  want  the  bright  appearance  of  the  best  sjieciniens.  Its  principal  uso 
is  as  a  colouring  drug  among  painters,  bookbinders,  &.c. —  {T/iunt son's  C/teiiiibtri/  ;  Mil- 
buni'.t  Orlrnt.  Com.) 

()HS<EDEVV,  OKSIDUE,  MANIIEIM  on  DUTCH  COLD  (Ger.  Flillergnlil ;  Du. 
Khtlrririnul ;  Fr.  Oripeiiu,  Oliipiant ,-  It.  Orpello  ,-  Sp.  Oropcl),  an  inferior  sort  of  gold 
leaf,  i)repared  of  copjier  and  zinc.  It  is  sometimes  called  leaf  brass.  It  is  principally  manu- 
factured in  Manhcim. 

OSTHICH   FEATHERS.     See  Fkatiikiis. 

OWNERS  OF  SHIPS.  Property  in  ships  is  acquired,  like  other  personal  property,  by 
fabricating  them,  or  by  inheritance,  pureha.se,  &c. 

No  ship  is  entitled  to  any  of  the  privileges  of  a  British  ship  until  she  be  duly  registered 
as  such,  and  all  the  provisions  in  the  Registry  Act  (3  <St  4  Will.  4.  c.  .'io.)  be  complied 
with. — (See  Rkoistht.) 

A  British  ship  may  belong  either  to  one  individual  or  to  several  individuals.  It  is  ordered 
by  the  act  just  cited,  that  the  property  of  every  vessel  of  which  there  are  more  owners  than 
one,  shall  be  divided  into  64th  shares ;  and  that  no  person  shall  be  entitled  to  be  registered 
as  an  owner  who  does  not,  at  least,  hold  one  64th  share.  It  is  further  provided  by  the  same 
statute,  that  not  more  than  thirty-two  persons  shall  be  owners  of  any  one  shiji  at  any  one 
finie.  Companies  or  associations  holding  property  in  ships,  may  choose  three  of  their 
n!eml)ers  to  act  as  trustees  for  them. 

Xeilher  the  property  of  an  entire  ship,  nor  any  share  or  shares  in  such  ship,  can  be  trans- 
ferred from  one  individual  to  another,  except  by  bill  of  sale  or  other  instrument  in  writing; 
and  before  the  sale  is  valid,  such  bill  or  instrument  must  be  produced  to  the  collector  and 
comptroller,  who  are  to  enter  the  names,  residences,  &e.  of  the  seller  and  buyer,  the  number 
of  shares  sold,  (Stc.  in  the  book  of  registry  of  such  vessel,  and  to  indorse  the  particulars  on 
the  certificate  of  registry. —  (Sec  the  clause  in  the  statute,  art.  IlKCiisniY.) 

But,  though  compliance  with  the  directions  in  the  statute  accomplishes  a  complete  trans- 
ference of  the  property,  when  the  transaction  is  not  in  its  nature  illegal,  it  gives  no  sort  of 
security  to  a  transference  that  is  otherwise  bad.  The  purchaser  should  in  all  cases  endea- 
vour to  get  possession  of  the  ship,  or  of  his  share  in  her,  as  soon  as  his  title  to  her  or  it  is 
ac(iuired,  by  the  registration  of  the  particulars  of  the  bill  of  sale ;  for  though  all  the  for- 
malities of  sale  have  been  completed,  yet,  if  the  sellers  continue  as  apparent  owners  in  pos- 
session of  the  ship,  their  creditors  may,  in  the  event  of  their  becoming  bankrupt,  acquire  a 
right  to  it,  to  the  exclusion  of  the  purchasers.  In  the  case  of  a  sale  or  agreement  for  a  part 
only,  it  is  enough  if,  the  sale  being  completed,  tiie  seller  ceases  to  act  as  a  part  owner. — 
{Lord  Tenterden  on  the  Law  of  shipping,  part  i.  c.  1.) 

Property  in  ships  is  sometimes  acquired  by  capture.  During  war,  his  Majesty's  ships, 
and  private  shi[)s  having  letters  of  marque,  are  eiUitled  to  make  prizes.  But  before  the  cap- 
tors acquire  a  legal  title  to  such  prizes,  it  is  necessary  that  they  .should  be  condemned  in  the 
Admiralty  or  other  court  constituted  for  that  purpose.  When  this  is  done,  the  captors  are 
considered  to  be  in  the  same  situation,  with  respect  to  them,  as  if  they  had  built  or  pur- 
chased them. 

The  act  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  5.5.  has  ruled,  that  no  person  having  the  transfer  of  a  ship,  or  a 
share  of  a  ship,  made  over  to  him  as  a  security  for  a  debt,  shall  be  deemed  an  owner,  or  part 
owner,  of  such  ship.  And  when  such  transfer  has  been  duly  registered  according  to  the  pro- 
visions of  the  act,  the  right  and  interest  of  the  mortgagee  are  not  to  be  atfected  by  the  bank- 
ruptcy of  the  mortgagor,  though  he  be  the  reputed  owner,  or  part  owner,  of  such  ship. — (See 
Rf.oistui.) 
In  the  article  Masteks  of  Ships  is  given  an  account  of  the  liabilities  incurred  by  the 


262 


OYSTER. 


T 
I 


owners  of  sliips  for  the  aria  of  the  masters.  But  it  hns  been  ntteinptcd  to  encouraRC  naviga- 
tion l)y  limiting  tlie  responsibility  of  ibe  owners,  williout,  iiowever,  (lo|)riving  the  fri"i)j;iiter  of 
a  sliip  of  an  aiieciuate  Foeurity  for  tiie  failiiful  [H-rfoiinance  of  the  contract.  To  ellect  tliia 
tlesiralile  object,  it  has  been  enacted,  lliat  tiio  owner  or  owners  shall  not  be  liable  to  mako 
good  any  loss  or  damage  happening  willidtit  their  fault  iir  /irlvi/i/,  to  any  goods  put  on 
board  any  ship  or  vessel  belonging  to  such  owner  or  owners,  further  than  the  value  of  such 
ship  or  vessel,  with  all  its  appurtenances,  and  tho  freight  due,  or  growing  ilue,  during  the 
voyage  that  may  be  in  prosecution,  or  contracted  for,  at  the  time  when  the  loss  or  damage 
haslidien  jiiace.— (53  (ini.  3.  c,  1.59.) 

'J'liis  limitation  was  first  introduced  into  our  law  by  the  7  Geo.  2.  c.  l.").  But  it  had  pre- 
viously l<een  ado|)ied  in  the  law  of  Holland,  and  in  tho  justly  celebrated  French  Ordinance 
of  Kiwi.  In  the  Ordinance  of  Rotterdam,  issued  in  1721,  it  is  expressly  declared,  that  "tho 
owners  shall  not  be  answerable  for  any  act  of  the  master,  done  without  their  order,  any  further 
than  their  part  of  the  shit)  amounts  to."  Independently,  however,  of  this  general  agreement, 
the  expeiliency  of  the  limitation  appears,  for  the  reasons  already  stated,  sulliciently  obvious. 

li  was  also  enacted  in  178G  (26  Geo.  3.  c.  60.),  that  neither  the  master  nor  owners  of  any 
sbij)  or  vessel  shall  he  liable  to  answer  for  or  make  good  any  gold  or  silver,  dianmnds,  watches, 
jewels,  or  precious  stones,  lost  or  embezzled  during  the  course  of  the  voyage,  unless  the  ship- 
per thereof  insert  in  his  bill  of  lading,  or  declare  in  writing  to  the  master  or  owners,  the  true 
nature,  (|nality,  and  value  of  such  articles. 

The  res|)onsil)ility,  at  common  law,  of  a  mmtcr  or  mariner  is  not  affected  by  tlie  first- 
mentioned  limitation,  even  though  such  master  or  mariner  be  owner  or  part  owner  of  tho 
vessel ;  neither  does  the  limitation  extend  to  the  owner  or  owners  of  any  lighter,  barge,  boat, 
&c.  used  solely  in  rivers  or  inland  navigation,  nor  to  any  ship  or  vessel  not  duly  registered 
according  to  law. 

When  several  freighters  sustain  losses  exceeding  in  the  whole  the  value  of  the  ship  and 
freight,  they  are  to  receive  compensation  thereout  in  proportion  to  their  respective  losses : 
and  any  one  freighter,  on  behalf  of  himself  and  the  other  freighters,  or  any  part  owner,  on 
behalf  of  himself  and  the  other  part  owners,  may  file  a  bill  in  a  court  of  equity  for  the  dis- 
covery of  tho  total  amount  of  the  losses,  and  of  the  value  of  the  ship,  and  for  an  eiiual  distri- 
bution and  I'ayment.  If  the  bill  be  filed  by  or  on  behalf  of  the  part  owners,  the  plaintilfmust 
make  allidavit  that  he  does  not  collude  with  the  defendants,  and  must  ofl'crto  pay  the  value 
of  the  ship  and  freight,  as  the  court  shall  direct. 

It  is  usual  in  most  countries,  where  the  part  owners  of  a  ship  disagree  as  to  her  employ- 
ment, to  give  those  possessed  of  the  greater  number  of  shares  power  to  bind  the  whole.  But 
in  this  countiy,  while  the  majority  of  the  owners  in  value  have  authority  to  employ  the  ship 
as  they  j)lease,  the  interests  of  the  minority  are  secured  from  being  prejudiced  by  having  their 
property  engaged  in  an  adventure  of  which  they  disapprove.  For  this  purpose  the  Court  of 
Admiralty  has  been  in  the  practice  of  taking  a  stipulation  from  those  who  desire  to  send  the 
ship  on  a  voyage,  in  a  sum  equal  to  the  value  of  the  shares  of  those  who  object  to  it,  either 
to  bring  back  and  restore  to  them  the  ship,  or  to  pay  them  the  value  of  their  shares.  When 
this  is  done,  the  dissentient  part  owners  bear  no  portion  of  the  expenses  of  the  outfit,  arc  not 
entitled  to  a  share  in  the  jjrofits  of  the  voyage  ;  the  ship  sails  wholly  at  the  charge  and  risk 
and  for  the  profit,  of  the  others. — {Abbott,  part  i.  c.  3.) 

For  the  statutory  enactments  as  to  the  s:ile  and  transfer  of  ships,  see  RF.oisTnr. 
OYWTEH,  OY8TERS  (S\cx.  Amtern  ,■  Fr.  Huitres ,-  It.  Ostriche ,-  Sp.  Ostras ;  Lat. 
Ohtrca;).  'J'his  well  known  shell-fish  is  very  generally  dilTused,  and  is  particularly  plentiful 
on  the  British  coasts,  which  were  ransacked  for  the  supply  of  ancient  Rome  with  oysters. 
They  diller  in  quality  according  to  the  ditfercnt  nature  of  the  soil  or  bed.  The  best  British 
oysters  are  found  at  Purlleet ;  the  worst,  near  Liverpool.  The  nursing  and  feeding  of  oysters 
is  almost  exclusively  carried  on  at  Colchester,  and  other  places  in  Essex,  'i'he  oysters  are 
brought  from  the  coast  of  Hampshire,  Dorset,  and  other  maritime  counties,  even  as  far  as 
Scotland,  and  laid  on  beds  or  layings  in  creeks  along  the  shore,  where  they  grow,  in  2  or  3 
years,  to  a  considerable  size,  and  have  their  flavour  improved.  There  are  said  to  be  about 
200  vessels,  from  12  to  40  or  50  tons  burden,  immediately  employed  in  dredging  for  oysters, 
having  from  400  to  ."iOO  men  and  boys  attached  to  them.  The  quantity  of  oysters  bred  and 
taken  in  Essex,  and  consumed  mostly  in  London,  is  supposed  to  amount  to  14,000  or  15,000 
bushels  a  year. — (Siipp.  to  Ency,  Brit.  art.  Fisheries.) 

The  imports  of  oysters  fluctuate  very  much.  From  1824  to  1828,  both  inclusive,  none 
were  imported.  But,  at  an  average  of  1831  and  1832,  the  imports  amounted  to  52,095 
bushels  a  year. 

The  stp-iliiif!  (if  oysters,  nr  oyster  lirnod,  from  any  oyster  l)ed,  layin!».  or  fishery,  is  larceny,  nntl  tlio 
ofTeiKler.  Iieiiii:  convicled  tlinrei)f,  slinll  Ih>  piiiiisliod  accordingly  ;  and  if  any  pei-son  sliiill  lii  lawl'nlly 
and  will'iilly  use  .-my  druiliie,  net,  ti.c.  for  tho  purpose  of  lakinK  oysters,  or  oyster  l)roo(l,  w  iiliin  tliu 
liiuils  of  im  oyster  IxmI  or  fishery,  every  such  person  sliall  be  deemed  Rnilty  of  a  inisdenieanur,  aiul, 
upon  lieiiitf  noivicleil  thereol,  shall  he  punished  hy  line  or  imprisonment,  or  both,  as  the  ( mirt  may 
award  ;  sik  h  line  not  to  exeeed  2(i/.,  and  such  imprisonment  not  to  exceed  ,'!  calendar  iiionihs.  U  is 
j)rovideil,  that  iKjlliirif:  in  the  act  shall  I  e  construed  as  preventing  any  one  fnnii  catcliintr  Jlituntitr  jisA 
within  tho  limits  of  any  oysli^r  fishery,  with  any  net,  iiislruiuent,  or  engine  adapted  to  tlle'calchinKof 
such  fihh.— {7  &  H  lieu.  -1.  c.  2'J.  $  aii.) 


PA( 

port  (,f 

of  alien 

Uurii 

ported  I 

imjjorti'i 

prevails 

in  so  far 

ing  that 

chandise 

states,  ill 

real  advi 

enacts,  tl 

all  other 

by  naturi 

nothing  ( 

exported 

any  dutie 

the  city  I 

British  si 

The  di 

they  Were 

great  deal 

the  prejud 

edition  of 

the  liberal 

would  be  { 

to  have  to 

c.  66.  uuil] 

city.     Thi 

TJierc  is  a 

PACK! 

PALER 

islam!  of  S 

8'  15"  N., 

The  hay  o 

innle,  fuiiy  j 

eriy  directio 

taining  a  gro 

tion;  hut  Ih 

port,  wliicli 

anchor  aboii 

sometimes  n 

and  chain  ca 

for  these  are 

Sicily,  p.  70. 1 

Money. — Si 

difTerini;.— (.s 

but  accounts 

oncia  =  3  dui 

Sgrani. 

Il'iiffhts.—' 

lolisotiili  of 

of  12oiicie. 

177  Ihs.  of  At 

2i3  lbs.  Troy 

100  Sicilian 

Of  Amsterdam 

Measures. — 

The  principi 

1  liarile  =  2  q 

Tlie  yard  or 

Tares.— Cot] 

toll  per  scron, 

and  3  per  cent 

weight  of  pad 

in  short  cases, 

cent.,  or  13  per 

Jrotolotaken  i 

Charges  on  (, 

S'on,  3  per  cen 

With  2  per  ceiii 


PACKAGE— PALERMO. 


263 


P. 


ras ;  T-at. 
plentirul 

\\  oysters. 
St  British 
of  oysters 
ystcrs  arc 
as  far  as 
,  in  2  or  3 
)  l)C  about 
3r  oysters, 
5  bred  and 
or  15,000 

Isivc,  none 
|to  52,095 

ny,  and  tlio 
"   lawfully 

\\\  iiliin  tliu 

(raimr,  and, 
.iiirl  may 

Imlis.  U  is 
Hdiilivir  fisl\ 

Ituuliinguf 


PACKAGE,  SCAVAGE,  llAIIiLA(JE,  AMI  PORTAGR,  wero  dulien  eliiutred  in  tho 
port  if  London,  on  llio  goods  imported  and  exported  hy  aliens,  or  by  denizens  being  the  sons 
of  aliei<8. 

During  tho  dark  ages,  it  was  usual  to  lay  higher  duties  upon  the  goods  imported  or  ox- 
ported  l)y  aliens,  whether  in  British  or  foreign  ships,  than  were  laid  on  similar  goods  when 
imported  or  cx|)orted  l)y  natives.  But  according  as  sounder  and  more  enlarged  principles 
prevailed,  thiH  illiberiil  distinction  was  gradually  modified,  and  was  at  length  wholly  abolished, 
in  so  far  at  least  as  it  was  of  a  public  character,  by  the  21  Geo.  3.  c.  Hi.  'J'his  act,  after  recit- 
ing that  "  the  several  duties  and  restrictions  imposed  by  various  acts  of  parliament  upon  mer- 
chandise are,  by  the  alterations  of  the  trade  now  carried  on  between  this  kingdom  and  foreign 
states,  in  some  cases  become  an  unnecessary  burden  upon  commerce,  without  [roducing  any 
real  advantage  to  the  public  revenue,  and  that  it  is  expedient  they  should  no  longer  continue," 
enacts,  that  the  duty  conunonly  called  "  the  petty  customs,"  imposed  by  the  12  Car.  2,,  and 
all  other  additional  duties  imposed  by  any  act  u[ion  the  goods  of  aliens  above  those  payable 
by  natural-born  subjects,  should  be  no  longer  payable.  The  net  then  goes  on  to  provide,  that 
nothing  contained  in  it  shall  "  alter  the  duties  due  and  payable  ui)on  goods  imported  into  or 
exported  from  this  kingdom  in  any  foreii^n  ship,  nor  tho  duties  of  paclwi^e,  and  scuvasre,  or 
any  duties  granted  by  charter  to  the  city  of  London  ;''  and  then  follow  i)rovisions  to  prevent 
the  city  being  defrauded  of  such  duties  by  false  entries  of  aliens'  goods  in  the  name  of  a 
British  subject. — (C/»7///'s  Commercial  Law,  vol.  i.  p.  160.) 

'J'ho  duties  thus  preserved  to  the  city  were  not  very  heavy  :  but  tho  principle  on  which 
they  were  imposed  was  exceedingly  objectionable,  and  their  collection  was  attended  with  a 
great  deal  of  trouble  and  inconvenience.  Not  being  levied  in  other  places,  they  operated  to 
the  prejudice  of  the  trade  of  the  metropolis.  For  these  reasons,  wc  observed,  in  the  former 
edition  of  this  work,  that  "  if  the  funds  of  the  corporation  will  not  admit  of  their  following 
the  liberal  example  of  the  legislature,  by  voluntarily  abandoning  this  vexatious  impost,  it 
would  be  good  policy  to  give  them  a  compensation  for  relinquishing  it."  And  we  are  glad 
to  have  to  state  this  suggestion  has  since  been  carried  into  effect.  The  act  3  «&  4  Will.  4, 
c.  66.  authorised  the  Lords  of  the  Treasury  to  purchase  up  the  duties  in  question  from  thu 
city.  This  has  been  done,  at  an  expense  of  about  140,000/.,  and  the  duties  arc  now  p.bolishud. 
There  is  a  Tabic  of  the  duties  in  the  former  edition  of  this  work. 

PACKETS.     Sec  New  Yoiik,  Passknoeus,  and  Post-office. 

PALERMO  (anciently  Paxoumus),  a  large  city  and  sea-port,  the  capital  of  the  noble 
island  of  Sicily,  on  the  north  coast  of  which  it  is  situated,  the  light-house  being  in  lat.  38^ 
8'  15"  N.,  Ion.  13°  21'  56"  E.     Population,  170,000. 

The  lifiy  of  Palormo  is  alinnt  5  miles  in  doptli,  tlie  city  being  situated  on  its  soutli-woFt  slinre.  A  finn 
mnic,  Tiilly  ^  of  a  mile  in  length,  having  a  light-house  and  hattery  at  its  extremity,  projects  in  a  south- 
erly direction  from  the  arsenal  into  9  or  10  futhnnis  water,  forming  a  convenient  port,  capable  of  con- 
taining a  great  number  of  vessels.  This  immense  work  cost  about  l,()00,Ol)OZ.  sterling  in  its  construc- 
tion ;  bat  the  liglit-hiiMse,  though  a  splendid  structure,  is  said  to  be  very  ill  lighted.  There  is  an  innei 
port,  which  is  reserved  for  the  use  of  the  arsenal.  Ships  that  do  not  mean  to  go  within  the  mole  may 
anchor  about  i  a  mile  from  it,  in  from  10  to  23  fathoms,  the  mole  light  bearing  N.W.  i  W.  A  heavy  sea 
sometimes  rolls  into  the  bay,  but  no  danger  need  be  apprehended  by  ships  properly  I'ouiiiViu  anchors 
and  chain  cables.  In  going  into  the  bay,  it  is  necessary  to  keep  clear  of  the  nets  of  the  tunny  tishery, 
for  these  are  so  strong  and  well  moored,  as  to  be  capable  of  arresting  a  ship  under  sail.— (Swij/tA' 
Skilij,  p.  70.  and  Mppcn.  p.  4.) 

Money. — Since  1818,  the  coins  of  Sicily  have  been  the  same  as  those  of  Naples,  their  names  only 
differing.— (See  Naples.)  The  ducat,  =  3s.  5-2(/.  sterling,  is  subdivided  into  100  biijocrliia.m\  lOpiccioli  : 
but  accounts  are  still  generally  kept  in  oncie,  tari,  and  irrani :  20  grani:=  1  taro  ;  30tari  =  1  oiicia.  The 
oncia  =  3  ducats ;  and  1  carlino  of  Naples  =  1  taro  of  Sicily.  The  Spunisli  dollar  is  current  at  12  tari 
Sgrani. 

Weights. — These  are  the  cantaro  ffrosso,  subdivided  into  100  rottoli  grossi  of  33  onzie,or  into  110  rot- 
toli  sottili  of  30  oncie ;  and  the  canlaro  sottile,  subdivided  into  100  rottoli  sottili  of  30  oncie,  or  250  lbs. 
of  12  oncie.  The  rottolo  of  33  ounces  =  1'93  lbs.  avoirdupois  =  234  lbs.  Troy  =  873  hectogranunes  = 
1"7  lbs.  of  Amsterdam  =  18  lbs.  of  Hamburgh.  The  rottolo  of  30  ounces  =  175  lbs.  avoirdupois  = 
213  lbs.  Troy  =  7U1  hectogranimea  =  16  lbs.  of  Amsterdam  =  104  lbs.  of  Hamburgh. 

100  Sicilian  pounds  of  12  ounces  =  70  lbs.  avoirdupois  =  8511  lbs.  Troy  =  3170  kilog.  =  04'23  lbs 
of  Amsterdam  =  6558  lbs.  of  Hamburgh. 

Measures. — The  salina  grussa  =  9'48  Winch,  bush.:  the  salnia  t^enerale  =  '!C>'i  Winch,  bush. 

The  principal  liquid  measure  is  the  tonna,  divided  into  4  barili,  each  equivalent  to  9i  wine  gallons. 
1  barile  =  2  quartare ;  1  quartara  =  20  quartucci.    The  caftlso  of  oil  :=  4f  Eng^  gallons. 

The  yard  or  canna  =  8  palmi ;  2J  palms  =  1  yard  Eng.— (JVeWejifcrrcfter ;  Smyth,  p.  02  App.) 

Tares.— Cofftie,  indigo,  pepper,  and  dye  woods,  2  per  cent,  and  weight  of  package.  Cinnamon,  6  rot- 
toli per  seron,  with  1  wrapper,  or  8  rottoli,  with  2  wrappers  ;  cocoa,  2  per  cent.,  weight  of  package, 
and  3  per  cent,  for  dust  j  cod-fish,  3  per  cent. ;  herrings,  12  per  cent. ;  tin,  13  rottoli  per  barrel ;  wa\, 
weight  of  package,  and  3  to  4  per  cent,  e.xtra  allowance  ;  Ilavannah  sugars,  IC  per  cent. ;  Brazil  do., 
in  short  cases,  18  per  cent.,  and  in  long  cases,  20  per  cent. ;  crushed  sugar,  weight  of  cask,  and  5  per 
cent.,  or  13  per  cent,  in  all,  at  the  option  of  the  buyer;  East  India  do.,  In  bags,  8  rot.  to  10  rot.  per  bag. 
Irotolo  taken  as  weight  of  bag,  for  coffee  and  cocoa  in  bags. 

Charges  on  Ooods.^Thc  regular  cliarges  on  the  sale  of  goods  consigned  to  Palermo,  are— commis- 
eion,  3  per  cent. ;  brokerage,  4  per  cent. ;  warehouse  rent,  J  per  cent. ;  and  porterage  and  boat  hire ; 
with  2  per  cent,  del  credere',— imports  being  almost  always  sold  on  credit.   The  charges  may  occasior  . 


# 


t^. 


id 


1'?' 


rT"  '  .!•' 


264 


PALERMO. 


I        ! 


I 


nlly  vnry  I  to  1  prr  rnnt,,  nnil  iinpnrtit  nrc  fn-riiirntly  noUI  duty  paid;  thopricci, linwcvor,  inohtaincd, 
fully  ronipctmalr  for  tliu  IrlHliiir  Iiicdmini'  ol'(')iiirgi>H. 

Till!  (Imr«f!i  on  (rood*  (.'xporlful  are— 3  per  cent.  rointnlnHlon  ;  lirokt-rnRc,  go  iniirh  por  eantaro  falma, 
Ilc,  sniiorully  uinounlliig  Id  ubuut  i  per  cent.,  except  uii  rrult,  on  whicli  it  is  eiiulval(!iit  to  rruiii  U  tu  3 
per  cunt. 

/mpiTla  anil  F.rpiirti>  —The  grent  nrtlrlofi  of  export  from  Mirily  nrc— (rrnin,  pfirliriiliirly  wlicat  niid 
hurley  ;  bi'iiim,  witii?,  Iiriiudy,  oil,  liiinlWi,  Iimiioiih  ii»d  oraiiyrn,  lemon  jiilcu,  iilmondH,  hiiII,  Hliiimm-, 
(iiiIi-IImIi,  clieeHf,  vvilli  lirimVtoiie,  iir|.'"l,  iimnnu,  ll(iiiorlie,  purnjie  Blone,  ragH,  Hkinn,  lioney,  niiioii 
wool,  nntK,  llnKevd,  aairron,  &.C.  Wheat  in  largely  exported.  It  in  of  n  niixuil  quality,  liaril,  and  if 
eenerally  »(dd  from  tlie  pul>lic  mnga/.inen,  or  cariculiiri  (»eo  vo»l),  hy  ineanure,  witlniul  weiglit.  Hut  tlio 
hext  hard  wheat,  grown  in  tlie  iiei^thliourhood  of  I'aleruio,  14  Hold  liy  tlie  xalum  of  27'2  rottoli  =  I'lllliu. 
Eng, ;  tlie  dillVreiice  hiMween  weight  and  meanure  heing  made  good  hy  llic  Heller  or  huyer,as  ihecasu 
may  be.  Wine  is  principally  shipped  fr(uu  Marnala  ;  leaionn,  oraMge.><,  and  li^nim  jiiiie,  iVoiu  MesBiiia  ; 
■alt,  from  Trnpani ;  anil  barilla,  from  the  goutliern  ruant.  Hut  all  tlie  arlirleH  to  lie  found  on  the  roast 
may,  for  the  iiioHt  part,  lie  had  at  ralermo;  nnlcHH,  however,  the  ipianlily  required  he  Hiiiall,  it  i.i 
ilHiially  lienl  to  ship  them  from  the  out|iorlsi,  the  e.xpeime  of  their  loiiveyanee  to  ralermo  being  very 
heavy.  The  ercqi.s  of  barilla  and  Hhoinac  rome  to  market  in  August ;  iiut  hriniHlonc,  Halt,  oil.  wine, 
ragH,  Sec.  may  generall>  be  had  all  the  year  round.  The  llrsl  HhipnieiilH  of  Iciuoiih  and  orange;*  iii.iy 
be  made  in  the  btgiiiniiig  of  November.  I'lireliasen  of  produce  are  always  paid  for  in  ranh,  generally 
I  on  making  tiie  purehuue,  and  the  other  i  un  delivery,  wlien  in  ralermu,  and  un  receiving  ordor  for 
delivcrv,  on  tlie  coant. 

The  iiiiporls  ronsist  of  sugar,  rofTee,  coroa.  Indigo,  dyo  woods,  spicca.  Iron,  tin,  hides,  Newfound- 
land cod,  cotton  and  woollen  slulfH,  limber  for  building,  Siv.  We  have  no  means  of  forming  any  esti- 
mate eitlier  of  the  quant  it  y  or  the  value  of  the  principal  articles  of  import  and  export,  riilk  is  a  staple 
produce  of  the  island  ;  hut  its  exportation  in  an  uiuvroiight  statt',  except  to  Naples,  Is  prohibited. — 
(We  have  gleaned  these  details  principally  from  prinitc  ciimmniiiraiiunn.  The  best  iiccoiint  of  the  trade 
of  Hicily,  though  now  u  little  antiquated,  tint  we  have  met  with  in  any  llnglish  work,  is  contairie{|  in 
Sieinhiirni's  Traveli  in  the  'I'lco  Suilien,  4to  ed.  vul.  ii.  |ip.  4U1— 413.  tiee  also  the  urticlu  Natlo  in 
this  work.) 

Remarks  on  the  Trade,  t^c.  of  Si'ci/i/. — Thi.'?  noMc  islatitl  contains  about  10,500  sciuarc 
miles,  lu'ing  the  largest  in  the  Meiliterruncan.and  one  of  the  most  fertile  and  best  situated  in 
the  world.  Its  population  is  about  1,900,000.  In  ancient  times,  Sicily  was  celebrated  for 
the  nuniber, magnitude,  and  0]iulencc  of  its  cities;  and,  notwithstanding  its  population  was 
then,  at  least,  treble  its  |)resent  amount,  it  obtained,  from  its  furnishing  vast  supplies  of  corn 
and  other  articles  of  provision  for  the  use  of  Rome,  the  appropriate  epithet  of  horrcum  Roinun- 
ortiin.  When  the  Roman  power  had  been  overthrown,  Sicily  was  occupied,  first  by  the 
Saracens,  then  by  the  Normans,  and  after  them  by  the  French.  The  Sicilian  Vespers  put 
a  fatal  period  to  the  dominion  of  the  latter;  and  a  prince  of  the  house  of  Ara^on  having  been 
called  to  the  Sicilian  throne,  the  i.sland  became,  in  course  of  time,  a  dependency,  first  of  the 
crown  of  Spain,  and  more  recently  of  that  of  Naples. 

It  is  to  this  dependence  that  we  are  induced  to  ascribe  the  backward  state  of  Sicily.     The 
multiplied  abuses  which  grew  up  in  Spain,  under  Ferdinand  the  Catholic,  and  his  successors 
of  the  Austrian  line,  flourished  with  equal  luxuriance  in  Sicily,  and  have  proved  no  less  de- 
structive of  the  industry  and  civilisation  of  its  inhabitants  than  of  those  of  Sjiain.     The 
Bourbon  or  Neapolitan  regime  has  been  equally  pernicious.     "  The  government  of  this 
island,"  says  a  recent  and  most  intelligent  observer,  "  seems  to  unite  in  itself  nearly  all  the 
defects,  both  theoretical  and  practical,  of  which  political  institutions  arc  susceptible.     It  is  a 
model  in  its  way.     We  find  here  a  system  of  laws  quite  barbarous,  and  the  administration 
of  them  notoriously  corrupt ;  high  taxes,  levied  arbitrarily  and  unequally  ;  the  land  generally 
held  on  such  a  tenure  as  makes  it  unalienable,  so  that  few  can  ever  lie  [)roprietors ;  and  fann- 
ing leases,  for  church  land  at  least,  are  binding  on  the  farmer  only,  and  not  on  his  landlord. 
For  want  of  roads,  produce  cannot  be  exported  from  one  part  of  the  island  to  another;  the 
consequence  of  which  is,  that  a  scarcity  and  a  glut  may  and  frequently  do  exist  at  the  same 
time  in  different  parts  of  the  i.sland,  without  the  means  of  timely  and  effectual  communica- 
tion."— {Simo7id's  Italy  and  Sicily,  p.  539.)     But  the  grand  curse  of  Sicilian,  as  well  as 
of  Sardinian,  industry — (see  Cagliaui) — is  the  restriction  on  the  exportation  of  corn.     Itis 
true  that  the  difficulties  in  this  respect  are  not  so  great  now  as  formerly,  but  they  are  still 
such  as  to  oppose  an  invincible  obstacle  to  the  spread  of  improvement,  and  to  the  develope- 
ment  of  the  national  resources.     No  exportation  of  corn  can  take  place  without  leave  of 
the  real  palrirnonio, — a  tribunal  that  pretends  to  take  a  yearly  account  of  the  crop,  and  of 
the  supply  required  to  meet  the  home  demand.     When  this  body  has  determined  that  an 
exportation  may  take  place,  it  issues  (or  rather,  we  believe,  sells)  its  licences  to  export  certain 
specific  quantities,  to  a  few  favoured  individuals*,  who,  in  consequence,  are  able  to  regulate 
the  price  ;  so  that  they,  and  not  the  corn  growers,  reap  all  the  advantage !     Thus,  says  M. 
Simond,  "neither  scanty  nor  plentiful  crops  affording  a  chance  of  gain,  farmers  are  dis- 
couraged, and  corn  is  frequently  scarce  in  a  country  once  the  granary  of  Imperial  Rome, 
although  its  own  population  be  now  reduced  to  l-6tli  of  what  it  was  at  that  period.-t"     Such 
is  the  system  of  minute  and  vexatious  regulations,  tliat  a  man  cannot  go  in  or  out  of  town 
with  a  loaf  of  bread  or  a  joint  of  meat  without  special  permission.     The  revenue  laws  in 
England  are  sufficiently  vexatious,  but  they  at  least  answer  their  fiscal  purpose.    Here  the 

♦The  late  Queen  is  said  to  have  been  a  groat  dealer  in  corn  on  her  own  account  t 
t  We  cannot  help  looking  upon  this  as  on  exaggeration.    There  do  not  seem  to  be  any  good  grounds 
.'or  thinking  that  Sicily  ever  contained  more  than  6,000,000  inhabitants,— tliat  is,  a  httle  more  tlian  3 
ill'  a  as  many  as  ?.t  present. 


vexation  i 

of  rt^venui 

'i'hero  I 

rise  to  the 

(ill  an  o[i|i 

nnliliilt), 

it  is  wareli 

beinff  Hulli 

ziiie,  is  ne( 

exchange  t 

'I'hc  (IcpOHJ 

accounted  i 

calcareous  1 

proof,  contf 

of  the  bottif 

preserved  ft 

after  the  lap 

of  the  oil  ca 

Hemp  gr 

abundantly  1 

tiirc  is  now,  c 

extensively  < 

extinct. 

^ere  the 

she  would  un 

requires  is  se 

a  few  years  v 

to  a  very  higF 

PALM  Of 

8p.  Aceite  dt 

from  that  of  il 

nando  Po,  ani 

yellowish  colo 

its  colour,  whi 

imitated  with  , 

inhabitants  of 

— {Lewis's  M 

Account  of  the 
Amoi 

Qii.-in 

eiitfrei 
Ilonie 
suntpl 

Cie, 
100,0 
69,  h 
73,6 
74,e 
W,9! 
9.|,2( 

The  price  of  pa: 

Almost  all  th 

Africa,  south  of 

PAMPHLET 

It  is  enacted  by 
out  the  name  and 
ivriiicn  or  printed 

It  is  enacted  by 
sheets.  In  8vo,  or 
deemed  a  pamplile 
puhlished.    ThiBd 
1,000/.  or  \,\m.  a  ■ 

PAPER  (Gcr 

Lat.  Charta,-  A 

knows,  thin,  flexi 

and  printing  upo: 

reduced  to  a  sort 

post),  the  leaves  i 

sheets,  quires,  anc 

Historical  Ske 

often  lieen  a  subit 

Vol.  II._z  '' 


tlncd, 

nalina, 
'ilo3 

It  niut 
mmiii', 

I'Otlllll 

mill  i'« 
Kiitiliu 
.1701118. 

UtTllDU 

iNtfinii : 
iri'iiimt 
ill,  it  U 
iiK  vi'ry 
1.  will'', 
>v3  iiiiiy 
I'licriiUy 
riler  I'or 

wfouiid- 
iiiy  BHti- 
I  a  Htiiplo 
liDiti'il. — 
lliptri»(l<> 
taiiK'il  in 

Al'LES   ill 


0  square 
tuated  ill 
)rutetl  for 
ition  was 
3  of  corn 
Roman- 
at  liy  the 
;spers  put 
iving  been 
,rst  of  the 


PALM  OIL— PAPER. 


205 


Ld  grounds 
liore  tUau  3 


vexation  in  gratuitous  ;  for  litllo  or  nothing  coincH  of  it  ulliniatcly,  drainrtl  an  the  Utile  Hourcf  4 
of  reveiiui)  are,  in  their  way  to  the  treaxury,  l)y  ninl|iraeticeH  of  all  mirls." — (p.  GHO.) 

There  are  only  certain  ports  from  which  corn  can  ho  exported.  TliiK  liinitntior)  ha.*)  niven 
rirtc  to  the  eHtahlishinent  of  puhlic  niagu/hien  or  rariaittiri,  where  the  corn  may  he  ile|)(isileil 
till  an  opportunity  occurs  of  shippini;  It  olf.  Provided  it  he  of  good  ([uulity  {mtrcitntihili'  or 
nrr/iliih),  and  provided  it  he  hruught  in  immediately  after  harvest,  or,  at  farthest,  in  August, 
it  i«  warehoused  free  of  expense  ;  what  it  gains  in  hulli  after  that  period  (ahoiit  ,'>  per  cent.) 
being  sullicient  to  defray  all  expenses.  The  receipt  of  the  citricitlur,  or  keeper  of  the  maga- 
zine, is  negotiable  like  a  hill  of  exchange,  and  is  the  object  of  siiccnlative  purchases  on  the 
exchange  at  Palermo,  Messina,  &c.  according  to  the  expected  rise  or  fall  in  the  price  of  corn. 
The  depositor  of  a  iiuantity  sells  it  in  such  portions  as  he  |ileases,  the  whole  being  faithfully 
accounted  for.  The  public  magazines,  in  some  parts  of  the  island,  are  either  excaviilionsinto 
calcareous  rocks,  or  holes  in  the  ground  shaped  like  a  bottle,  walled  up,  and  made  water- 
proof,  containing  each  about  SOO  salme  of  corn,  or  about  1,()00  English  bushels.  The  neck 
of  the  buttle  is  hermetically  closed  with  a  stone  fastened  with  gypsinn.  ('orn  may  be  thua 
preserved  for  an  indelinito  length  of  time;  at  least,  it  has  been  found  in  perfectly  good  order 
after  the  lapse  of  a  century. — {Slniond,  j).  .'540. ;  Swinburne,  vol.  ii.p.  405.  For  an  account 
of  the  oil  caricalori  of  Naples,  see  Olivk  Oi  i.) 

Hemp  grows  very  well  in  Sicily ;  and  when  the  English  were  there,  their  shijis  were 
abundantly  supplied  with  that  article;  hut  its  exportation  being  no  longer  permitted,  its  cul- 
ture is  now,  of  course,  neglected ! — (Slinond,  p.  H'M.)  Sugar  canes  were,  at  one  time,  pretty 
extensively  cultivated  in  Sicily  ;  but  their  culture  has  been  long  declining,  and  is  now  nearly 
extinct. 

Were  the  bounty  of  nature  towards  Sicily  not  counteracted  by  vicious  laws  and  institutions, 
she  would  undoubtedly  be  one  of  the  richest  and  finest  of  European  countries.  All  that  she 
requires  is  security  of  property  and  freedom  of  industry.  Let  but  these  be  given  to  her,  and 
a  few  years  willdcvelope  her  gigantic  resources,  and  elevate  Uirgcnti,  Termini,  and  Sciacca, 
to  a  very  high  rank  among  corn-shipping  ports. 

PALM  Olli  (Gcr.  Palinol;  Fr.  Httik  de  paline,  Huilc  de  Sene>;ali  It.  Olio  di  palma  ; 
Sp.  Aceite  de  pii/ma)  is  obtained  from  the  fruit  of  several  species  of  palms,  but  especially 
from  that  of  the  E/ais  Guineensis,  growing  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa,  to  the  south  of  Fer- 
nando Poj  and  in  Urazil.  When  imported,  the  oil  is  about  the  consistence  of  butter,  of  a 
yellowish  colour,  and  scarcely  any  particular  taste :  by  long  keeping  it  becomes  rancid ;  lo.ses 
its  colour,  which  fades  to  a  dirty  white;  and  in  this  state  is  to  be  rejected.  It  is  sometimes 
imitated  with  hog's  lard,  coloured  with  turmeric,  and  scented  with  Florentine  iris  root.  'J'ho 
Inhabitants  of  the  coast  of  Guinea  employ  palm  oil  for  the  same  purposes  that  we  do  butter. 
—{Lewis's  Mat.  Mtd.  ,■   Thomson's  Dispensatory.) 

Account  of  the  Quantities  of  I'alm  Oil  entered  for  Home  Cnnsuniplion  in  the  I'nited  Kingdom,  the 
Aaiouiit  of  Duty  received  thereon,  und  the  Rate  of  Duty,  each  Year  since  1821. 


Ye.irt. 


IRil 

mi 

ISM 
18^4 
1W5 
1826 


Qunntities 
entered  for 
Home  Con- 

suniplion. 


Cwl. 
100,0  ",9 
69,857 
73,666 
74,K!4 
M,996 
9.|,'iB8 


Amniint  nf  Piity 
received  tliureoiu 


/,. 

K,.U'9 
9,0.|f> 
9,173 
10,102 
ll,7tl3 


d. 

6 

8 

1 

0 

4 

3 


ftilri 

of  Duly 
clargeJ. 

Years, 

Per  Cwl. 

2i.  6d. 

1S27 

ditto 

1X28 

ditto 

IH9 

dillo 

1S30 

ditto 

|V31 

ditto 

1SJ2 

(junnlities 
entereii  fur 
Honie  Con- 

Rimiptinii. 


Cwl. 

9«,070 
120,M9 
17 -.,393 
179,6->S 
17j,452 
22n,32S 


Aninnnt  of  Duty 
received  thereon. 


Ritei 
of  Uuty 
cdarged, 


/..  J, 

12,3)6  ID 

iri,0-4  13 

21,9;>2  0 

22,468  S 

21.932  0 

27,642  0 


Ar  Cwt. 
2>.  €J. 
ditto 
diitn 
ditto 
ditto 
ditto 


The  price  of  palm  oil  (duty  paid)  varies  from  331.  to  34/.  a  ton. 

Almost  all  the  palm  oil  made  use  of  in  this  country  is  brought  from  the  western  coast  of 
Africa,  south  of  the  Rio  Volta. 
PAMPHLET,  a  small  book,  usually  printed  in  the  octavo  form,  and  stitched. 

It  is  enacted  hy  10  Ann,  c.  IE),  }  113,,  that  no  person  shall  sell,  or  expose  to  sale,  any  pamphlet,  with- 
out the  name  and  place  of  abode  of  some  known  person,  by  or  for  whom  it  was  printed  or  published, 
written  or  printed  thereon,  under  penalty  of  20Z.  and  costs. 

It  is  enacted  by  the  55  Geo,  3.  c,  185.,  tliat  every  book  containing  1  whole  sheet,  and  not  exceeding  9 
sheets,  In  8vo,  or  any  lesser  size;  or  not  exceeding  12  sheets  in  'Ito,  or  20  sheets  in  folio,  stiiill  be 
deemed  a  pamphlet.  The  same  act  imposed  a  duty  of  3s.  upon  each  sheet  of  one  copy  of  nil  pamphlets 
published.  This  duty,  which  was  at  once  vexatious  and  unproductive,  hardly  ever  yielding  more  than 
IfiOOl.  or  1,100/.  a  year,  was  repealed  in  1833. 

PAPER  (Gcr. and  Du.  Papier,-  Fr.  Papier  ;  It.  Carta,-  Sp.Papel,-  Rus.  Bumaga ,• 
Lat.  Charia ,-  Arab.  Kartas ,-  Pers.  Kaghas).  This  highly  useful  substance  is,  as  every  one 
knows,  thin,  flexible,  of  diflferent  colours,  but  most  commonly  white,  being  used  for  writing 
and  printing  upon,  and  for  various  other  purposes.  It  is  manufactured  of  vegetable  matter 
reduced  to  a  sort  of  pulp.  The  term  paper  is  derived  from  the  Greek  ?ra7rif:^(  {papyrus,  seo 
post),  the  leaves  of  a  plant  on  which  the  ancients  used  to  write.  Paper  is  made  up  into 
sheets,  quires,  and  reams ;  each  quire  consisting  of  24  sheets,  and  each  ream  of  20  quires. 

Historical  Sketch  of  Paper,  Difference  fjetween  ancient  and  modern  Paper. — It  has 
often  been  a  subject  of  wonder  with  those  learned  and  ingenious  persons  who  have  written 

Vol.  II.— Z  34 


260 


PAPER. 


conrrrniriff  i\w  arts*  of  iho  unciciit  world,  lliitt  tlui  (irri'ks  atnl  Roman*,  iiItIioii({!i  ihcy  poti- 
■I'NHfil  II  |iriNlii{iouM  nutiilMT  of  liookH,  iiikI  iipiiroarlii'il  very  iii  Mr  to  priritinp;  in  lliu  Htiiinpinit 
wortirt  iiiiil  liltcrM,  mid  Hitnilur  ilt^viecH,  hIiouIiI  not  hiivc  fiillcn  upon  tlio  nrt;  tlio  firnt  ruilo 
uttoiii|its  lit  ty|ioi{rii|iliy  licini^  HuH'icii'iitly  obvioiiM,  tlioimh  imicii  tiino  and  contrivnnco  have 
Ihcii  rtMinircd  to  lirinj;  thi^  procrsM  to  tin;  |MTft'<-tioii  in  wliicli  it  now  |)n'v:iil(4.     Tiicy  oiinht 
riitluT,  iicrliiipH,  to  iiavt-  wonilcrcd  that  tlio  more  civilised  nations  of  anti«|uily  di>l  not  invent 
pii()cr,  vvliich  iiiUHt  prwrdc  the  invention  of  printing,  as  may  he  easily  mIiowii.     The  rockn, 
pillarn  of  stone  or  of  nmrhle,  and  especially  the  walls  of  edifices,  supply  lixed  surfaces,  upon 
which,  were  we  unprovided  vviih  more  convenient  talilets,  much  valuable  infonuation  ini^^ht 
1)0  [ireserved  ;  and  were  all  our  puldic  and  many  of  our  private  huildiuRs  thickly  covered  with 
inscriptiotiH,  the  nicinory  of  divers  historical  facts,  and  other  matters  of  importance,  miKht  he 
hunded  down  to  jiosierity.     Men  wrote  thus  in  very  remote  anes;  and  the  old  usa^o  is  Rtill 
retained  in  many  instances,  particularly  in  our  churches  and  cemeteries.     In  very  remote 
n;fes,  also,  we  read  that  they  were  accustonu'd  to  write  upon  portahle  surfaces  of  various 
kinds:  ami  if  it  were  possildt;  to  deprive  us  of  our  ordinary  means  of  lixiii)i;  ami  eoninuini- 
catiiij;  our  thoii(;hls,  modern  intjenuily  would  speeilily  reinvent  numerous  expedients  whicii 
have   lonn   lieen  superseded;  and  we  should  linvo  recourse  to  plates  of  metal  of  various 
dimensions,  sometimes,  probably,  as  thin  as  foil;  to  slices  of  soft,  light  wood,  not  thicker 
than  those  of  which  band-boxes  arc  sometimes  made;  to  cloth,  l(>ather,  and  the  like.    These 
materials  would  often  be  primed  like  the  canvass  of  painters,  that  they  mij^ht  more  readily 
receive,  and  more  [ilainly  show,  the  ink  or  paint  that  formed  the  characters.     It  is  iivident 
that,  in  the  course  of  time,  larpc  libraries  mifjlit  bo  Kfadually  composed  of  books  constructed 
in  this  manner;  and  the  whole  amount  of  human  learning  mii;lit  still  be  very  coiisidcriiblc. 
'I'.he  substances  which  wo  have  enumerated  are  all  somewhat  costly  :  it  would  1m!  desirable, 
therefore,  to  find  one  that  was  cheaper;  anil  wc  should  doubtless  direct  our  attention  very 
early  to  that  which  has  served  the  oll'ice  of  paper  in  all  times,  and  is  used  as  such  in  some 
countries  of  the  East  at  this  day, — wc  mean  the  leaves  of  trees.     Some  of  the  palms,  and 
other  vei,'e(ables,  that  are  natives  of  hot  countries,  furnish  the  Orientals  with  books  that  arc 
not  incommodious:  the  leaves  of  the  indiRenous  plants  of  (ireat  IJritain  ore  not  so  well 
suited  for  the  purpose;  l)Ut  by  cnrc  in  Iho  selection  and  skill  in  the  preparation,  some  might 
ccrlainly  be  chosen,  which  would,  in  some  degree,  be  lit  to  receive  writing.     Leaves,  when 
they  are  dry,  are  apt  to  split  in  the  direction  of  the  fibres ;  it  lias  coinmonly  been  found  ex- 
pedient, therefore,  to  glue  others  at  the  back  in  an  opposite  direction  ;  and  by  thus  crossing 
the  fibres  at  right  angles,  the  texture  is  strengthened ;  and  when  it  has  been  pressed  and 
polished,  the  pa«fe  is  less  unseemly  and  inconvenient  than  might  have  been  supposed.   Such, 
in  the  main,  was  the  structure  of  the  ancient  paper.    In  Sicily,  and  in  other  countries  on  the 
shores  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  hut  principally  in  Egypt  and  in  the  Nile,  or  rather  in  the 
ponds  and  ditches  that  communicate  with  that  river,  grows,  in  the  nineteenth  century  after 
the  death  of  the  last  of  the  Ptidemies,  as  of  old  under  that  illustrious  dynasty,  and  under 
their  |ireilecessors  the  Pharaohs,  a  lofty  and  most  stately  reed  or  rush,  the  Ci/periis  J'api/rits 
of  niodcrn  botanists.     It  has  been  introduced  into  the  hot-houses  of  some  of  our  liotuiiical 
gardens,  where  it  may  he  seen  conspicuous  with  its  long,  drooping,  and  griiccful  plume.     A 
description  of  the  various  piujioses  to  which  tlie  ancients  apjilicd  this  useful  plant,  would  fill 
a  volume;  we  shall  sjieak  of  that  only  from  which  it  has  earned  an  immortality  of  renown. 
The  inner  bark  was  divided  with  a  needle  into  very  thin  coats;  these  were  placed  side  by 
side  longitudinally,  and  the  edges  were  glued  together ;  similar  layers  were  glued  across  tiic.se 
behind,  at  right  angles,  to  give  the  page  the  requisite  strength  ;  and  the  sheets  were  pressed, 
dried,  polished,  and  otherwise  prepared  for  use.    Ancient  writers  have  described  the  process, 
and  especially  Pliny,  (Hist.  Nut,  lib.  xiii.  c.  11,  12,  13.).     From  that   naturalist,  and  the 
notes  of  Hardouin  and  his  other  commentators,  it  may  ho  fully  traced  ;  and  Mr.  Bruce  has 
collected  the  authorities,  and  has  added  his  own  observations,  in  the  7th  vol.  of  the  8vu  uJi- 
tion  of  his  Travels.     That  remarkable  person  even  attempted  to  make  paper  from  the  papy- 
rus ;  in  which,  however,  he  was  not  very  successful ;  and  he  imputes  his  failure  to  the  erro- 
neous directions  of  Pliny ;  for  it  seems  not  to  liavc  occurred  to  him,  that,  had  he  endeavoured, 
trusting  to  written  directions,  without  experience  and  traditional  art,  to  make  modern  paper, 
or  even  a  pair  of  shoes,  he  would,  most  probably,  have  been  equally  infelicitous.    Alexandria 
was  the  chief  seat  of  this  valuable  manufacture ;  but  in  later  periods  much  was  also  made  at 
Rome,  where  an  article  of  superior  beauty  was  produced.     Pliny  enumerates  the  various 
kinds  of  paper  that  were  composed,  from  the  coarsest,  which  was  used,  like  our  brown  paper, 
for  packing,  to  'lie  most  expensive  and  finest.     The  consumption  of  paper  was  very  con- 
siderable ;  it  seems  to  have  been  tolerably  cheap ;  and  since  the  principal  part  was  made  at 
Alexandria,  it  was  an  important  article  in  the  commerce  of  that  city — furnishing  employ- 
ment for  many  workmen  and  much  capital.     Flavins  Vopiscus  relates,  that  in  the  3d  cen- 
tury, the  tyrant  Firmus  used  to  say  there  was  so  much  paper  there,  and  so  large  a  (juantity 
of  the  glue  or  size  used  in  preparing  it,  that  he  could  maintain  an  army  with  it : — "  Tantum 
kabui.sse  de  chartis,  ut  publice  sxpe  diceref,  exercitum  se  alere  posse  papyro  et  i^lutino." 
We  may  doubt  whether  the  value  of  the  paper  which  any  single  city  now  contains  would  do 


i 


(he  like, 
huble  (hii 
raslily  to 
in  ii  poei 
ro4'M,  and 
rient  p:i|i 
wiis  not  fi 
the  ink  fr 
ture,  lh;it 
paper  in  j 
("  riser ni 
across  tlici 
extraordin 
with  Jime 
<lrawn  o/f 
represent  ( 
throiighoul 
troubled  wi 
water  is  tui 
li'red  to  Rill 
tern,  and  is 
passage  of  t 
by  it,  and,  r 
bctwci!!!  fej 
and  Ulidergr 
filinw  that  th 
sediment  at 
nothing  in  ( 
The  applicat 
results  been 
the  cistern  ol 
vessel,  receivi 
transfers  it  ui 
thus  an  endl 
water  chargc( 
resting ;  for  v 
is  constructed 
could  not  su 
and  its  tougiu 
able  circumsto 
true  that  legi 
torn,  or  injure 
pressions  of  a 
the  ancients  ; 
of  the  best  p( 
struct  presses, 
unless  we  poss 
Wc  owe  the 
uncertainty  as 
gin  of  the  prei 
cannot  conceiv 
paste  into  a  lar; 
The  labour  of  li 
and  severe.     It 
than  linen  ragi 
pieces  by  a  pon 
in  large  heaps  i 
remain  undistu 
''ccayed,  it  migl 
a  niystcry,     T}, 
not  how  long  th 
them.    'I'he  illii 
ffse  a  species  o; 
J'lie  basis  of  pt 
straw,  as  well  as 

*  V,'k  are  indebl 
'"-ill -In w.  Thi>  I 
0"  11  in  Hecs's  Cyc 


PAPER. 


2«7 


ilu-y  po*- 

JrHl  riulo 
mco  have 
icy  ounht 

lot  illvtMlt 

'hi!  rockH, 
K't'n,  upim 
ion  iniRhl 
viroil  with 
.,  ini«ht  lu! 
lii^i!  is  Hlill 
cry  niinotc 
of  various 
coniiiumi- 
iiilrt  which 
ol'  various 
not  thicker 
ikc.    ThcHi' 
uoro  reaihly 
[t  is  nviilcnt 
constructed 
!onsiilcri\lilc. 
HI  (Icsirabli!, 
lention  very 
,el\  in  some 
a  j)ahnH,  and 
loks  that  arc 
not  80  well 
,  some  mi^ht 
^aves,  when 
•n  found  ex- 
thus  crossinR 
1  pressed  and 
iposed.   Such, 
jntries  on  the 
rather  in  the 
century  after 
ty,  and  under 
rits  rupuriis 
our  \)otaiuciil 
x\  plume.    A 
ant,  would  fill 
y  of  renown, 
daced  side  by 
d  across  these 
were  pressed, 
d  the  process, 
dist,  and  the 
.  Bruce  has 
the  8vu  eJi- 
•om  the  papy 
•c  to  the  erro- 
endeavourcil, 
nodern  paper, 
I.    Alexandria 
)  also  made  at 
■s  the  various 
brown  paper, 
was  very  con- 
,  was  made  at 
diing  employ- 
tn  the  3d  cen- 
•gc  a  (piantity 

. »  Tantum 

\o  et  irluibio:' 
lains  would  do 


Ir 


the  likft.     TiOnrncd  men  Imvc  iHscnssnl  tlie  iiniii|uity  nf  this  in;nuif.ioturo.     It  in  not  impro- 
balile  (hut  an  carher  dale  oui{hl  to  lie  assii;rMed  Id  ii  tliiin  is  roiiiinohly  t;iven:  nor  ou<;lit  wn 
rashly  to  rotirhule  that  it  was  unknown  iit  a  particular  period,  heeause  it  i:<  not  nuntioned 
ill  a  poem  of  that  time;  for  the  poet  Hoiiu;lit  to  eele!init)>  the  neliiivements  of  piods  and  he- 
roes, and  not  to  compoNe  an  I'liieyi'lopiudia,  or  a  Diellonarv  of  the  .\rt-t  and  Sciences.      An- 
cient p;i|ier  WHS  white,  smooth,  duratde,  and  well  adapted  in  all  respects  fur  wrilini|;  hut  it 
was  not  suited  for  the  printer:  liy  reason  of  the  closeness  of  the  uriiin,  it  would  not  reeeive 
the  ink  from  the  types  more  kindly  llian  shavinj^s  of  wood,  «fec. ;  utid  so  brittle  was  its  tex- 
ture, that  it  would  have  shivereil  into  pieces  under  the  |)ress.     Nor  did  it  resemble  modern 
(laper  in  its  structure:  it  was,  in  truth,  an  inartilieial  mass  ;  leaves,  or  rather  strips  of  b.irk 
("  rifrrni  iiivrn  virentixtni  fifrlidntni"),  Is'inn  [tasted  to(?ellier  by  the  edges,  others  were  laid 
across  tlu'iu  behind;  whereas  the  pajHT  which  we  now  use  is,  perhaps,  the  most  subtle  and 
extraordinary  of  human  inventions.     If  u  <'istern  or  other  vessel  be  fdled  with  water  turbid 
with  lime  or  clay,  and  the  earth  allowed  to  subside  slowly,  the  water  beinj;;  evaporated,  or 
drawn  olf  neutly,  and  the  sediment  left  to  dry,  the  calcareous  or  ardillaceouH  deposit  will 
represent  faithfully  the  formation  of  paper  ;  and  it  will  he  smooth,  and  of  an  ('(jual  tliicliiicss 
throuj^hont;  for  un  ecpial  portion  of  the  earth  of  which  it  is  formed  was  suspended  in  the 
troubled  water  over  each  point  in  the  bottom  where  it  finally  lodged.     In  making  paper,  the 
water  is  turbid  with  the  pulp  or  paste  of  triturated  rags,  and  the  suspended  pulp  is  not  suf- 
ficed to  subside  slowly;  but  a  sieve  or  frame  of  wire  gauze  is  dip|ied  eipially  into  the  cis- 
tern, and  is  raised  gently  to  the  surface,  and  agitated  in  a  level  position,  which  facilitates  tho 
passage  of  the  water  through  tho  wires,  while  the  (ibresof  rag  are  in  some  degree  interwoven 
by  it,  and,  remaining  on  the  surface  of  the  sieve,  form  the  sheet  of  jiapcr.     This  is  pressed 
between  felts,  to  exclude  the  water,  and  to  render  its  texture  closer;  it  is  dried  and  sized, 
and  undergoes  various  operations,  which  it  is  unnecessary  to  enumerate,  as  we  seek  only  to 
show  that  the  result  of  this  wonderful  invention  is  as  much  an  acjueous  deposit  as  the  earthy 
ficdiment  at  the  bottom  of  n  cistern,  although  it  is  obtained  more  rapidly.    Modern  paper  has 
niithing  in  common  with  tho  ancient,  save  the  vegctalile  fibre  which  is  the  basis  of  both. 
The  a|)plication  of  rotary  motion  has  clfected  wonders  in  many  of  the  arts ;  nor  have  tho 
results  been  less  astonishing  in  tho  paper-mill:  instead  of  dipping  the  sieves  or  frames  into 
the  cistern  of  turbid  water,  a  circular  web,  a  round  towel  of  woven  wire,  revolves  under  tho 
vessel,  receives  the  deposit,  conveys  it  away,  and,  hy  an  adjustment  of  marvellous  delicacy, 
transfers  it  uninjured,  although  as  frail  as  u  wet  cobweb,  to  a  similar  revolving  towel  of  felt : 
thus  an  endless  web  of  paper  is  spun,  as  long  as  the  machine  continues  to  move,  and  the 
water  charged  with  pulp  is  supplied.     We  are  unable  to  pursue  the  process,  however  inte- 
resting; for  we  desire  merely  to  explain  the  general  principle  according  to  which  our  paper 
is  constructed.    It  is  to  this  admirahle  material  that  we  owe  the  invention  of  printing,  which 
could  not  subsist  without  it :  its  pervious  and  spongy  texture  imbibes  and  retains  the  ink, 
and  its  toughness  resists  the  most  violent  pressure;  and, in  a  well-hound  book, under  favour- 
able circumstances,  its  duratioti  is  indelinite,  and,  fur  all  practical  purposes,  eternal !     It  is 
true  that  legal  documents  are  sometimes  printed  on  parchment,  which  is  less  liable  to  be 
torn,  or  injured  by  rubbing ;  and  the  luxury  of  typograjdiy  occasionally  exhibits  a  few  im- 
pressions of  a  splendid  work  upon  vellum;  and  that  these  two  substances  were  known  to 
the  ancients;  but  they  are  necessarily  ex])cnsive,  and  the  cost  of  either  far  exceeds  the  price 
of  the  best  penmanship ;  so  that  it  would  he  altogether  unprofitable  to  cast  types,  to  con- 
struct presses,  and  to  incur  the  various  and  heavy  charges  of  an  establishment  for  printii  {;., 
unless  we  possessed  a  cheaper  material. 

We  owe  the  introduction  of  paper  nito  Europe  to  the  Arabians  or  Moors.  There  is  some 
uncertainty  as  to  the  precise  era  of  its  first  appearance ;  and  we  are  unable  to  trace  the  ori- 
gin of  the  precious  invention,  or  even  to  imagine  hy  what  steps  men  were  led  to  it.  We 
cannot  conceive  how  any  one  could  be  tem()ted  to  pound  wet  rags  in  a  mortar,  to  stir  tho 
paste  into  a  large  body  of  water,  to  receive  the  deposit  upon  a  sieve,  to  press  and  to  dry  it. 
The  labour  of  beating  rags  into  pulp  hy  the  hand  would  be  as  hopeless  as  it  would  be  tedious 
and  severe.  It  is  true  that  paper  was  originally  made  of  cotton, — a  substance  less  obstinate 
tlian  linen  rags,  which  are  now  commonly  used.  At  present,  the  fresh  rags  are  torn  in 
pieces  by  a  powerful  mill :  formerly,  it  was  the  practice  to  sutfer  them  to  rot ;  to  place  them 
in  large  heaps  in  a  warm  and  damp  situation,  and  to  allow  them  to  heat  and  ferment,  and  to 
remain  undisturbed  until  mushrooms  began  to  grow  upon  them ;  so  that,  being  partially 
decayed,  it  might  1)0  less  diflicult  to  triturate  them.  Nevertheless,  the  invention  of  paper  ia 
a  mystery.  Tlie  Chinese  possess  the  arts  of  making  paper  and  of  ])rinting ;  but  we  know 
not  how  long  they  have  had  them,  nor  whether  the  Mohammedans  learned  the  former  from 
them.  The  illiterate  inhabitants  of  some  of  the  islands  in  the  South  Seas  were  able  to  com- 
pose a  species  of  paper,  which  they  used  in  fine  weather  for  raiment,  of  the  bark  of  trees. 
The  basis  of  paper  being  the  vegetable  fibre,  it  has  been  made  of  various  substances,  aa 
straw,  as  well  as  of  rags.* 

♦  We  are  Indebted  for  this  valuable  historical  sketch  to  our  learned  friend,  T.  J.  Hogpr,  Esq.,  barris  • 
t«r-iil-law.  Thi!  reader  may  resort,  for  further  information  as  to  the  history  of  paper,  to  tlic  article 
ou  it  in  Hees's  Cyclopcedia. 


^ 


55 

i 


if'^M 


268 


PAPER. 


Manufacture  of  Paper  in  England. — The  application  of  paper  to  the  purposes  of  writing^ 
and  printing,  and  the  fact  of  its  being  indispensable  to  the  prosecution  of  the  latter,  render 
its  manufacture  of  the  highest  utility  and  importance.  But,  even  in  a  commercial  point  of 
view,  its  value  is  very  considerable.  France,  Holland,  and  Genoa  had,  for  a  lengthened 
jieriod,  a  decided  superiority  in  this  department.  The  finest  and  best  paper  being  made  of 
linen  rags,  its  quality  may  be  supposed  to  dopen-,  in  a  considerable  degree,  on  the  sort  of 
linen  usually  worn  in  the  country  where  it  is  manufactured  ;  and  this  circumstance  is  said 
to  account  for  the  greater  whiteness  of  .ue  Dutch  and  Belgian  papers,  as  compared  with 
those  of  the  French  and  Italians,  and  still  more  the  Germans.  The  rags  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  writing  paper  in  Great  Britain,  are  collected  at  home  ;  but  those  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  the  best  printing  paper  are  imported,  principally,  from  Italy,  Hamburgh,  and  the 
Austrian  States,  by  way  of  Trieste. — (8eo  Kins.)  We  believe,  however,  that  it  was  owing 
rather  to  the  want  of  skill,  than,  as  has  sotnetiines  been  supposed,  to  the  inferior  quality  of 
the  linen  of  this  country,  that  the  manufacture  of  paper  w;ik  not  carried  on  with  much  sue- 
ress  in  England  till  a  comparatively  recent  {)eriod.  During  the  17lli  century,  most  part  of 
our  supply  was  imported  from  the  ('ontincnt,  esprcially  from  France,  'i'he  manufacture  is 
said  to  have  been  considerably  improved  by  the  French  Refuarees  who  fled  to  this  country 
in  168.5.  But  it  is  distinctly  stated  in  The  British  Merchant  (vol.  ii,  p.  2(!().),  that  hardly 
any  sort  of  pajier,  except  brown,  was  madc^  here  previously  to  the  Hevolution.  In  1690, 
however,  the  manufacture  of  white  paper  was  attempted  ;  and  witiiin  a  few  years,  mosf, 
branches  were  much  improved.  In  1721,  it  is  su|)posed  that  there  were  about  .300,000 
reams  of  paper  annually  produced  in  Great  Britain,  which  was  eipial  to  about  two  thirds  of 
the  whole  consumption.  In  1783,  the  value  of  the  paper  annually  manufactured  was  esti- 
mated at  780,000/.  At  present,  besides  maliing  a  sufficient  quantity  of  most  sorts  of  [taper 
for  our  own  use,  we  annually  export  about  100,000/.  worth  of  books.  We  still,  however, 
continue  to  import  certain  descriptions  of  paper  for  engraving  fnmi  France,  and  a  small  sup- 
ply of  paper  hangings.     The  duty  on  both  amounts  to  about  2,S00/.  a  year. 

In  IS1;3,  Dr.  Colquhoun  estimated  the  value  of  paper  aimually  produced  in  Great  Britain 
at  3,000,000/.;  but  Mr.  Ste\enson,  an  inomparably  better  authority  upon  such  subjects, 
estimated  it  at  only  half  this  sum.  From  information  obtained  from  those  engaged  in  the 
trade,  we  incline  to  think  that  the  total  annu^il  value  of  the  paper  manufacture  in  the  United 
Kingdom,  exclusive  of  the  duty,  may  at  pres.ent  amount  to  about  1,200,000/.  or  1,300,000/. 
There  are  about  700  paper-mills  in  England,  and  from  70  to  80^in  Scotiimd.  The  number 
in  Ireland  is  but  inconsiderable.  Of  these  mills,  we  believe  very  few  have  lately  been  un- 
employed. About  37,000  individuals  arc  supnosed  to  be  directly  engaged  in  the  trade :  and, 
besides  the  workmen  employed  in  the  mills,  the  paper  manufacture  creates  a  considerable 
demand  for  the  labour  of  millwrights,  machinists,  smiths,  carpenters,  iron  and  brass  founders, 
wire-workers,  woollen  manufacturers,  and  others,  in  the  machinery  and  apparatus  of  the 
mills.  Some  parts  of  these  are  very  powerful,  and  subject  to  severe  strain;  and  other  parts 
arc  complicated  and  delicate,  and  require  continual  renovation.  Owing  to  this,  the  manu- 
facture is  much  greater  in  importance,  as  a  source  of  employment,  than  might  at  first  bo 
supposed,  or  than  it  would  seem  to  be  considered  by  government,  who  have  loaded  it  with 
an  excise  duty  amounting  to  more  than  three  times  as  inu:h  as  the  total  wages  of  the  work-- 
people  einphii/e(f  ! 

The  modern  discoveries  in  chemical  science  have  not  only  materially  facilitated  the  manu- 
facture, but  have  greatly  enlarged  the  supply  of  materials  from  which  paper  may  be  made. 
L'ntil  within  these  few  years,  the  sweepings  of  cotton  nulls,  owing  to  the  grease  and  dirt 
with  which  they  are  mixed  up.  were  of  no  value  whatever,  except  as  manure.  But  means 
having  been  discovered  of  rendering  them  white,  they  arc  now  made  into  very  good  paper; 
and  the  neighbourhood  of  Manchester  has,  in  consequence,  become  a  principal  scat  of  the 
manufacture. 

During  the  present  century,  so  remarkable  for  imnrovements  in  the  firls,  this  manufacture 
has  l)een  signally  promoted,  notwithstanding  the  excise  regulations,  by  the  application  of 
machinery  to  the  conversion  of  pulp  into  paper.  The  first  idea  of  this  originated  in  France: 
a  model  of  the  machinery  was  brought  to  this  country  by  a  M.  Didot,  which,  though  very 
far  from  giving  assurance  of  success,  was  yet  suiricient  to  induce  English  capitalists  and  en- 
gineers, jiarticularly  Mr.  Donkin,  to  follow  up  the  scheme  ;  and  in  the  course  of  a  ti'w  years 
they  have  brought  it  to  a  high  degree  of  perfection.  Mr.  Dickinson,  of  Hertfordshire,  one  of 
the  most  intelligent  mechanists  and  extensive  paper  maimfacturers  in  Eui-^Iand,  has  invented 
a  machine  of  a  dillerent  construction  for  the  same  pui[)ose,  and  has  also  introduced  various 
subsidiary  improvements  into  the  manufacture.  Tie  result  is  all  but  miraculous.  By  tlie 
agency  of  a  greut  deal  of  cornpli''afed  machinery,  so  aciinirably  contrived  as  to  produce  the 
intended  eflect  witl\  unerring  precision  and  in  the  very  best  manner,  a  process,  which  in  the 
old  system  of  paiier-makinc;  occupied  al)otit  three  weeks,  is  performed  in  as  many  minutes! 
A  continuous  stream  of  fluid  pulp  '\^,  within  this  brief  space  of  time,  and  the  short  ilislanco 
of  30  feet,  not  only  made  into  paper,  but  actually  dried,  polished,  and  every  sepaiiile  sheet 
cut  round  the  edges,  and  rendered  completely  ready  for  use !     The  paper  manufactured  by 


PAPER. 


2G9 


inufiicturc 
cation  of 
France: 
lugh  very 
ts  and  cii- 
t'cw  yCATS 
ra,  one  of 
inventeJ 
1  various 
15y  the 
(iiUicc  tlie 
,-h  m  tlie 
niiiuitesl 
t  distance 
rati'  sheet 
tiireJ  by 


this  wonderful  combination  of  intelligence  and  power  is,  at  once,  moderate  in  price,  and  for 
most  juirpos^es  suiicrior  in  (lualily  to  that  which  was  formerly  made  by  hand.  The  sample 
before  the  reader,  though  not  the  finest  that  is  made,  will  warrant  what  is  now  stated.  Mr. 
Dickinson  has  very  recently  made  an  important  im|)rovemcnt  in  the  paper  manufacture,  on 
tlic  princiiilc  of  veneering  iji  cabinet  work.  He  makes  two  webs  of  paper,  each  by  a  sepa- 
rate process;  and  by  laying  them  together  while  in  nn  early  stage,  they  arc  rendered  insepa- 
rable by  the  pressure  to  which  they  arc  subjected.  This  paper  is  useil  in  copi)erphite  printing ; 
and  by  adopting  a  peculiar  method  of  preparing  the  pulp,  and  selecting  a  (iner  rug  for  the 
web  which  forms  the  face  of  the  paper,  't  is  much  better  calculated  for  taking  a  line  impres- 
sion. This  admirable  invention  has  put  nearly  a  total  stop  to  the  im[iortation  of  French 
paper,  which  was  formerly  used  in  considerable  quantities  by  copperplate  printers, 

rjiity  on  Paper.  F.rcisc  Reirulutinvs. — !t  in  difflciilt  to  say  wlietlier  llin  ilnty  on  paper,  or  the  rogula- 
tiona  under  wlikli  I'.iat  duty  is  ciillccted,  l)o  the  more  <)hj(Mtioiiahle.  All  writing,  coluiired,  or  wrap- 
pine  paper,  card-hoards,  and  pasteliourd:^,  are  duiiciniinated  1st  class  paper,  and  pay  'Sd.  per  II).  duty 
{iSs.  a  cwt.) ;  liidess  man n fart ured  wliidlij  of  tarred  ropes,  icitliout  the  tar  heiiirr prfrinnflij  exlnicled,  in 
which  case  the  paper  is  denominated  2d  class,  and  pays  i\d.  per  lb.  (1 1^-.  a  iwt.).  Mllllioitrdsand  scale- 
hoards,  made  of  the  same  m:\tirials  as  2d  class  paper,  pay  'ifd.  per  Ih.  (•i.\is.  a  ('Wt.)  duty. 

The  duty  on  the  various  descriptions  of  1st  class  paper  varies  (Voni  aliout  25  (ir  3(lpi'r  rent,  un  the 
fiiu'st,  to  ah'ut  200  per  cent,  nn  the  coarsest;  A  duty  so  oppressive  has  led  to  the  ccnnmissiDO  of  very 
(ireat  frauds,  which  all  the  vijiilanceof  the  oHicers.and  the  endless  multiplication  of  che<ks  amlpenal- 
ties,  have  lieen  iniahlelo  prevei.t;  the  real  ett'ect  of  such  uiiser;ihle  devices  lieina  to  injure  the  huiiest 
•naiinfacturer,  ami  to  give  those  of  a  dilTerent  character  greatiirfacilith's  lor  carryinu' (in  their  fraudu- 
lent schenn^s.  Ilul,  laying  out  of  view  for  a  moment  tiie  i)|)|iressiveness  of  the  duly,  can  any  thinf; 
lie  more  preposterously  alisnrd,  than  to  interdict  the  minufacturer  of  wrappiiiL'  paper  (.for  it  is  to  hiui 
that  the  regulation  applies)  frnin  using  any  other  material  than  tarred  ropes!  If  there  must  he  a  duty 
on  paper,  let  it  he  assessed  upon  the  finished  arlicle  nn  an  ad  valorem  principle  ;  lint  do  luit  let  the 
lilaiis  and  coinhinalionsof  the  manufacturer  he  interfered  with.  Were  it  nut  for  thtM'xistins;  refinlaliun, 
wrapping  papiir  of  eiiual  strength  and  helter  appearance  than  what  is  nnw  niannlaclured,  nii^'hl  Iio 
made  of  notch  less  cosily  maleriaN.  Since  the  peace,  and  the  very  ceneral  introduction  <if  iron  cables, 
t:irreil  ropes  have  advanced  considerably  in  price  ;  hut  as  the  use  ii( aiiii  oilier  material  irhateeer  would 
(jccaslon  an  increase  of  ll,s'.  a  cwt.  of  duty,  advantage  cannot  he  taken  nf  this  circumstance  ;  sn  that 
the  e.\cise  r(  gulation,  without  pulling  om;  si.\pcm'e  into  tin?  pockets  of  government,  oliliges  the  public 
til  pay  an  tm:reased  price  for  an  inferior  artidel  IN'eitheris  this  itsoiily  eM'ect ;  a  goed  deal  nf  the  re- 
fuse thrown  out  in  sorting  rags,  which  might  be  used  in  the  manufacture  of  coarse  wrapping  pa|ier,  is 
lit  present  sold  by  the  manufaitnrers  fur  about  3«.  a  cwt.  ;  w  hile  a  gniid  deal  that  might  he  used  in  Ihe 
i^inie  way  cannot  he  sold  at  all,  but  is  absolutely  lost.  It  is  plain,  therefore,  that  this  reiiulatiiiii  has  a 
livo-fold  operation :  first,  in  adding  to  the  cost  of  wrapping  paper,  hy  coinpelling  it  to  be  nnoir  from  a 
comparatively  expensive  article;  ami,  secoiully,  in  adding  to  the  e.vpetise  of  line  paper,  by  preventing 
llie  refusi;  of  the  rags  used  in  its  maiiufacluri!  from  Ih'Iul'  beneficially  employeil. 

The  other  regulations  in  the  e.vcise  acts  (13  (ieo.  H.  c.  UO.  and  12  (J<mi.  H,  c.  ill.)  as  to  paper,  are  nf  a 
piece  with  that  now  brought  under  the  reioler's  nolico.  Every  step  of  the  manufacture  must  he  con- 
ilucied  under  the  .■iurrcillaiice  of  the  e.vcisi' ;  and  the  pr<ivisioiiB  as  to  entries,  folding,  weighni!;,  sort- 
ing, labelling,  reiiiovinu'.  Ate.  are  not  only  exceeilingly  nninerous,  but  are  in  tlie  last  degre"  vexations, 
at  ihe  s:inie  time  that  conipliance  with  them  is  enforced  under  ruinous  penalties.  That  this  is  not  ,iii 
exaggerated  staieinent  will  he  obvious  from  the  tbllowing  extracts  from  the  statements  ofinannfac- 
tarers,  given  in  Mr.  I'oulctt  Thomson's  admirable  siieechon  the  taxation  of  the  empire,  20th  of  March, 
ISIiO. 

"  We  are  hound,"  says  a  manufactureron  whose  accuracy  and  honour  I  (Mr.  V.  Thomson)  can  rely, 
"lu  give  21  or  48  hours'  notice  (accordiiiff  to  the  distance  the  exciseman  lives),  before  we  can  change 
niiy  |iaper,  and  to  keep  it  in  our  mills  for  it  hours  allerwards  before  we  send  it  to  market,  unless  it 
bis  been  reweiithed  by  the  supervisor  ;  to  have  the  different  rooms  in  our  inanufactori'S  lettered  ;  to 
liave  our  engines,  vats,  chests,  and  presses  iiuinbered  ;  and  labels  pasted  on  each  ream  :  should  we 
iese  one  label,  the  penalty  is  200i.  1  generally  write  a  request  for  500  labels  to  the  excise  at  one  time  ; 
and  should  any  person  get  into  my  mill,  and  steal  or  destroy  them,  the  penalty  would  be  l()0,(H)il/,  I 
believe  there  is  not  an_\  kind  of  paper  pays  more  than  20.<.  per  ream  duty.  If  the  penalty  were  lO.*.  it 
would  be  (luite  suliicient  to  answer  every  purpose  for  the  security  of  the  revenue.  We  are  obliged, 
also,  to  take  out  a  yearly  licence;  and  a  mill  with  1  vat  pays  as  much  as  one  that  has  10." 

Another  says, — "  It  is  no  slight  aggravation  of  the  evil,  that  tin?  laws  are  so  scattered  and  coiit'iised  as 
to  render  it  almost  impossible  for  any  body  to  have  a  knowledge  of  them  ;  and  fre(iuently,  what  Is  a 
great  annoyance  to  an  honest  man,  is  no  check  to  a  rogue.  It  is  true,  the  excise  laws  are  seldom,  or 
perhaps  never,  acted  upon  to  their  ntniost  rigour;  hi.t  still  tln^y  confer  almost  iinliinited  power  on 
tliosi?  who  have  the  adn.inistering  of  them,  over  the  property  of  all  who  come  under  their  influence  ; 
;iMil  1  am  persuaded  that  they  never  could  have  existed,  if  they  had  effected  the  whole  of  the  com- 
iiiiiiiity." 

It  is  singular  that  nothing  should  hilhi'rlo  have  been  done  to  amend  regulations  so  justly  complained 
of,  In  point  of  fad,  they  are  good  for  nothing  but  the  oppression  of  the  trade.  It  has  not  been  shown 
t'Tit  llieir  mainlenance  is  indispensable  to  enable  the  duty  to  be  assessed  and  collected  ;  lint  if  such 
'i;>  Ihe  case,  It  is,  of  iiself,  a  sullicienl  ground  for  the  re|ieal  of  the  duty.  Oiir  condition  is  not.  for- 
tiinati'ly,  such  as  to  reiinire  that  one  of  the  nii.'st  initiortant  manufactures  carried  on  in  the  einpiro 
^li'Hild  lie  subjected  to  a  system  of  oppressive  regulations  lor  the  sake  of  700.(1110/.  a  year. 

Iliit.tliongh  it  were  possible  to  assess  and  collect  the  duly  so  as  to  prevent  fraud,  without  interfer- 
iie;  with  the  maniificture,  we  sl'.ould  very  mnch  doubt,  consider iim  Ihe  purposes  to  which  piper  Is  ap- 
plied, the  policy  of  sulijectm,'  it  to  any  duty  whatever.  Primers,  slationers,  hookbinilers,  type. 
I'eiinilers,  artists,  copp.'riilale  and  lithograpliic  printers,  card-makers,  paper-stainers  and  pa|)er- 
liaiigers,  ttc.  are  all  injured  by  the  duty  on  pa|ier.  lint  the  greatest  evil  of  all  is  its  inlluence  in 
increasing  file  price,  and  himlering  the  piiblicalion  of  books  "  This  places  a  great  obstacle  in  the 
way  of  the  progress  of  knowledge,  of  useful  and  necessary  arts,  and  of  sober,  Indiislrions  hahita. 
Hooks  carry  the  pr  ^di.ction  of  the  human  mind  over  the  whole  world,  and  may  he  truly  called  the 
rnw  materials  of  every  kind  of  science  and  art,  and  of  all  social  improvement." — (iSee  the  admirable 
work  of  .Sir  11.  Parucll,  on  t'taaucial  Reform,  I'd  ed.  p.  .10  ) 

At  all  events,  the  exi^tiiiL'  dulu's,  varyiig  as  they  do  from  .10  to  200  per  cent,  ad  valorem,  are  quite 
e.Mrbitani  ;  nor  can  there  he  a  doubt  that  they  would  be  more  proiluctive  were  they  adequately  re- 
duced, and  assessed  on  risisonable  principles.  Hut,  as  we  have  shown  in  the  art.  Hooks,  it  is  iiotpos- 
pilile  to  lay  a  .iiity  on  Ihe  paper  intended  to  he  used  in  pr-nling,  without  committing;  injustice.  No  one 
can  torelell,  wilh  any  thing  approaching  to  certainty,  whether  a  new  hook,  or  even  a  new  edition  of 
an  old  book,  will  sell ;  and  the  fact  is,  that  one  third  of  the  books,  and  nineteen  ticenlietli^  of  the  paia 
z2 


270 


PAPER. 


■phlets  published,  do  not  pay  their  expensfis.  Now,  we  ap1<  wliether,  «nder  such  circiimstnnces,  any 
thing  Clin  he  iiinri!  ohvioiisly  unjust,  uinre  utterly  fliihvcrrfivi-  of  evrry  f;iir  priiiciiilc,  Ihim  tlie  iinpo.sl- 
tinn  oflho  sruue  heiivy  ta.xi;s  upon  all  puhliciitious, — upon  those  tint  do  not  Bell,:iH  well  as  upon  those 
tlial  do  ?  tipon  a  successful  work,  the  duly  may  only  he  a  reasonahle  deduction  from  the  profits  of  the 
author  and  pnhlisher;  but  when  (as  is  the  case'witli"  1  out  of  .'1  hooks,  and  I'Jout  of  20  pamphlets)  thn 
work  docs  not  sell,  there  are  no  profits  from  wlii.  h  to  defray  the  duly,  wliicli  has,  of  course,  to  he  paid 
entirely  out  of  the  capital  of  the  author  or  pulilisln'r!  Such  is  the  encouragement  given  to  literature, 
Buch  tlie  ficilities  afforded  lo  the  diffusion  of  useful  information,  hy  tlie  popular  priveriimont  of  Eng- 
land :  All  otlier  businesses  meet  with  very  dillerc-nl  treatment.  U.;alera  in  i;i:i  or  brandy,  for  exam- 
ple, Ml  ly  li)d!,'e  th/ir  coods  in  honded  wareli-uisi's,  and  an;  not  obli;,'(>d  to  pay  any  duly  upon  them 
until  iliey  ari'  sold  fir  home  consumption;  but  such  privil(!!,'e  is  rletiied  to  the  bookseller,  thou;.'h  the 
arlicle  in  which  he  ileals  be  a  thousand  limes  niiir(t  capricious.  He  must  pay  tlie  rliity  on  the  whcde 
iuipression  of  every  liook,  before  liriiii!iiii;  a  siii^h-  I'opy  of  It  to  markcit  ;  so  Unit  he  not  unl'r"(]uenUy 
Jitiys  duly  upnn  1. 1)00  voliim  >•,  th'iii!;li  unaldi'  lo  sell  iihove  l.'iO  or  2(10,  except  as  wasli!  paper:  K.vimi 
this  is  not  ilie  «  liolf  injury  done  him  :  fir  up  iii  an  advertisement  annoum;in^'  the  sale  uf  a  ();/.  pam- 
phlet, as  heavy  a  duly  is  charjied  as  if  it  announced  the  sah'  of  an  estate  worth  llKl.dlH)/.  ; 

'I'liere  are  hiit  two  ways  of  puttini,'  an  end  to  this  scandaloas  injustice  ;  viz.  eitiier  hy  entirely  re- 
pealiiiL'  'he  pap'r  duty,  or  hv  imttiu!.'  puhlisle'rs  under  the  .■'iirreillitnrr  of  the  e.xcise,  and  assessinc  the 
duty  oM  works  acciuding  to'tlie  uumliersold  at  the  puldicaticui  price.  'I'lie  former  W(uild  bet  the  simple 
luet'liod  ;  but  if  the  state  of  the  linam-es  will  not  allow  of  the  sacrifice  of  the  paper  duly,  there  are  no 
iMsiipiT.able  dilFicullies  in  the  way  of  the  latter  allernative.  And  were  it  adopted,  and  the  dulii.'a 
reduced  and  simplified,  JH.vriic  woiild  be  done  to  auiliors  and  iiublishers,  and  a  very  great  stimulus 
friviMi  to  the  paper  manufacture,  without  any  loss  of  revenue. 

.\n  Account  of  the  Quantities  of  the  dllterent  .-Sorts  of  Paper  charged  with  Duties  in  each  of  llie  .T 
Vears  ended  ttu!  .'ilh  of  .lauuary,  18:13 ;  tlii^  Hates  of  Duty  on  such  Taper  ;  the  tJross  and  Nett  Pro- 
duce of  tin:  Dulles  ;  the  Xrawlcicks  on  I'ajier  exported,  and  the  Cusl  per  Cent  at  wliicli  the  Mett 
Ueveiiue  is  collected,  sejiarating  the  Accounts  of  Kni,'l.ind,  Scollaml,  and  Ireland. 


(l.i.-lllt 

:ieB  cliar^i-il  wilh  Duly. 

Gross  ProJuce. 

Nett  ProJuoc. 

Allowances 

EnglanJ 
ScoiLiiiJ 
treland 

Kinl  Class 
Pajjer. 

Sec'd  Cla.« 
Paiit-r. 

1 

d. 
1 1. 

.J 

.Millbnl.,   5 

liiazel     ■-' 

Paper,     =• 

*":•       -a 

Cwt.      s. 

I     I.S=I7  it 

j  27,t;).)  21 

4,23.|2> 

311:. 

Pafic 

bij.ir.l. 

s 

I 

S. 

29 
14 

2-i 
M 

2 : 

\l 

Drawbacks      ^.J;^^,„^ 

exj,o.le,l.       Hell'r..s5,TS, 
ic. 

Lbs.      Id. 

39,:.J0,Vii    3 

7,IM,I21    - 
l,2»7,3t4    • 

Lit. 

12,90S,4:0 

l,4G*,3a2 
5rtS,972 

Cwl. 

9,ei3 

2,2J8 

Jl.-lti 

(  2,J20 

\      ^ 

/,.        ..    rf. 

i  020,30-1  10    9 

i  IOG,5liS  13    5 
1  20,037    8    3 

L.       ».    d. 

JS4,539    4    8 

9S559  17    9 
18,720  17    2 

L.     ».    d. 

2I,S32    0    9 

0,5:3    3  11 
1,123    6    0 

L.     1.     d. 

14,137     6    4 

1,463  13    9 
193    6    1 

15.796    5    2 

IVir  i-n  li- 1     '                                           '     1                ' 
5ili  .iiM.  1-.11.    .i7.n,iJ.n2o  .    it.nnsor   -1    31,070  • 

1  >.nos 

1 
•  i     74-,114  14     5     701,S.n  19     7 

29.46«    0    1 

En^latul 

ScnMliid 
Ireland 

Voir  ni  li"I 
'ilh  Jei.  l-i3; 

.iS.&iO.ini 

6,7:5, )32 
1, 302,1 « 

ifi.'O'i.  ri 

3 

l3,2o-,7.7 

1,579,476 
4f9.64-' 

Ij 

S     l,7^^ 
I  21,0J7 

3,S76 

252 

J** 
1\ 

21 

S,776 
2,2:1) 

J,,«5 

iv, 

14 

■2S 
14 

2s 

1 

J607,4r.2    8    8 

1  101,903  12    3 
19,506  15    6 

72-<.S02  U!     -1 

571,040    9    4 

92.Si3    5    9 
18,814    3    6 

22,414  12    3 

7,031  10    3 

579  15  10 

13,997    6  11 

2,01S  16    3 
112  16    3 

1 

'  i.'i  3'7,=:'. 

■lOOM 

14,18! 

6S2.717  IS    G 

30,025  18    6 

I6,I2S  19    5 

F.ns.aml 
Scillaml 
trclanJ 

Veir  ptitU'J 
•Sth  Jan-  1-^.13. 

4!Vl'J2,IM 
7,20J.03' 
t.709,2i.' 

4!),4n4,40t> 

3 

13,457,233 
1,603.74-> 

470.0';i 

_ 

7 

^     I,.'i77 
I  22,247 

4,031 
4-0 

21 
21 

2,3S3  l|4 

1,'JI:;  '.I-i 

1,039    1 1 

2;   2- 

i          1   il4 

jli29,93i    U    0 
i  10.-',331     9    0 
1    24,S34    8  11 

5;l  1,569  10  11 
99,778    2    7 
2:.395  11  10 

2,5,290    3    5 

6,06.-!  12    8 

3S3     1    4 

13,07S  11    S 

2,4.i*-l  13    !> 

65  15    9 

15,«ig    I    2 

l,'i,IJ31,M9 

2^,325 

. 

15,I4« 

763.104    3  II 

715,743    5    4 

31,741  IT    5 

.\'ite. — The  cost  per  cent,  at  which  the  duty  on  paper  is  collected,  cannot  he  stated  with  any  de<;rce 
nf  accuracy,  the  officers  bcMiij;  employed  in  dnirsrina  e.xcise  duties  generally  ;  but  the  sum  which  w  luld 
pridiably  he  saved  to  the  revenue,  under  the  head  of  "»<alaries  to  Officers,"  if  the  duties  on  p.iper 
should  lie  repealed,  may  he  estiuiate<l  at  5,.')l)(l/.  ;  and  for  stationery  supplieil  by  the  revenue  for  piir- 
jioses  connected  with  the  paper  duties,  a  further  saving  of  750i.,  making  altogether  6,250/ ,  wliicli  is 
uliout  J  per  cent,  on  the  nett  revenue  of  the  last  year. 

(Ill  the  edition  of  this  Supplement  i.ssueil  in  October,  1835,  we  stated,  "The  Com- 
missioners of  Excise  Inquiry  have  made  a  very  important  suggestion  with  respect  to  the 
duty  on  paper.  They  recommend  that  tlic  existing  distinction  between  lirst  clas.-)  and 
second  class  paper  should  be  put  an  end  to;  and  that  a  duty  of  l^(/.  per  lb.  be  charired 
indiscriminately  on  all  descriptions  of  paper.  Were  this  recommendation  adopted,  a  /la/f 
would  be  deducted  from  the  duty  now  charged  on  all  paper  used  for  writing  and  printiiip;; 
and  the  manufacturer  of  inferior  or  wrapping  jiaper,  wjuid  be  allowed  to  make  use  of  vvliat- 
cver  materials  he  [ileased.  This  judicious  suggestion  will,  no  doubt,  be  ado]itod.  'I'he 
stimulus  to  consumption  that  would  be  given  by  the  full  ifi  (he  price  of  paper  coiiseiiuent  to 
a  reduction  of  this  Foit,  makes  it  abundantly  certain  that  the  revenue  would  lose  little  or 
nothing  by  the  change;  at  the  same  time  that  the  manufacturer  would  be  relieved  from 
several  vexatious  regula:  ns,  and  that  the  gross  injustice  inflicted  on  authors  and  publi.sliers 
by  the  |iaper  duties  (sec  vol.  i.p.  197.)  would  be  materially  mitigated.  To  suppose  that,  uiii'.or 
such  circumstances,  the  duty  should  not  be  reduced,  would  be  to  suppose  that  govoriMient 
was  not  anxious  to  encourage,  but  to  discourage,  the  manufacture;  and  that  it  proferrt'd 
dealing  unjustly  by  authors  and  publishers  !" — (See  lAth  Report  of  Commissioners  of  Excise 
In(/uiri/.) 

We  arc  glad  to  be  able  to  say,  that  we  have  not  been  disappointed  in  this  anticipation. 
The  duly  on  all  writing  and  printing  paper  has  been  reduced  a  half  or  from  -id.  to  l^d.  per 
lb.,  which  is  now  the  rate  cliarged  on  all  paper,  millboard,  pasteboard,  &c.    The  oppressive 


derive  all  tli 


ices,  any 
;  iiii|i<isi- 

inn  tlKlSB 

tits  of  the 
il(;tr^)  llin 
1)  bf  pai  1 
Icraliire, 
t  of  Kiig- 
or  exam- 
lion  them 

Mlll^ll    th(! 

lie  wlioli! 
i.iliii'iilly 
rl  Evfii 
,  6d.  pam- 

iliri'ly  re- 
L's,-iiii«  the 
ihe  suiipli' 
(■re  are  no 
the  (liitii;a 
t  slimiilii.s 

h  of  ttio  3 
Nclt  I'ro- 
hlhe  iNcU 


Allnwances 

l.i  Ihe 

I'liivcrsities, 

<ii,<5rriiitcr, 

H.'t  i'rt.ssiTS, 

ic. 

[..     s.     d. 

11,137    5    4 

1,46J  13    9 

193    6    1 

15,7%    S    2 

13,997    6  U 

2,018  16    3 

112  16    3 

j 

16.128  19    r. 

I 


PARCEL— PARTNERSHIP. 


13,D7S  II     S 

2,1*1  13    !l 

55  l'>    « 

r,.619    1    2\ 

li  any  d(!^nM' 
Ivhk'h  \v mill 

L'S    nil    pIli'lT 

liiue  fur  p:ir- 
)0i ,  wliicli  is 

I'riie  Com- 
[)ect  to  till! 
class  and 
Ibo  chariied 
led,  (I  half 
\\  printing; 
\c  of  wliat- 
lited.     The 
isc(iuent  to 
Ise  little  or 
lieved  I'roiii 
publislit^rs 
Ithat,  uiii',.'r 
^overiMU'iit 
It  prolVrri'J 
\sofExcm 

Inticipation. 
Ito  1  y.  per 
oppressive 


271 


duly  of  \%cl,  the  square  yard,  charged  on  paper,  when  printed  or  stained,  over  and  above  the 
ordinary  duty  on  such  paper,  has  been  wiiolly  repealed.  The  ctFect  of  this  wise  and  judi- 
cious measure,  in  reducing  the  price  of  [lajier  used  in  printing,  has  already  been  very  sensilily 
felt.  The  abolition  of  the  discriminating  duty  on  stained  or  jirinted  [)aper  promises,  also,  to 
be  of  very  material  importance.  The  reduction  of  price  it  has  occasioned,  has  enabled  a 
much  larger  class  of  persons  to  get  their  apartments  papered  ;  and  it  will  in  this  way  be 
productive,  not  only  of  a  great  additional  demand  fjr  paper,  but  of  a  great  increase  of  comfort 
and  cleanliness. — Suji.) 

I',A|{CEL,  a  term  indifferently  applied  to  small  packages  of  wares,  and  to  large  lots  of 
goods.  h\  this  latter  sense,  20  hogsheads  of  sugar  or  more,  if  bought  at  one  price,  or  in  a 
single  lot,  are  denominated  "a  parcel  of  sugar." 

PAKCELS,  BILL  OF,  an  account  of  the  items  composing  a  parcel. 
PAKOHMENT  (fJer.  Perg'tmr.iit ,-  Fr.  Parchcmin;  It.  Cartapecora  ;  Pp.  Perfrrimino), 
the  skin  of  slieep  or  g'lats  prepared  in  such  a  manner  as  to  render  it  proper  for  writing  upon, 
covering  books,  &c.  It  is  an  inipnrtrint  article  in  French  commerce:  besides  being  largely 
exported,  the  homeconsurn[)tion  is  very  ronsiderable.  The  name  is  derived  from  Perganius, 
the  citv  where  it  is  said  to  have  been  first  manufactured. 
PARTIAL  LOSS.     See  Ixstin.vcK  (.M.unvf,). 

PAUTiN'ERSHlP,  tliC  association  of  two  or  more  individuals  for  carrying  on  some  busi- 
ness or  undertaking  in  common ;  each  deriving  a  certain  share  of  the  profits,  and  bearing  a 
corresponding  share  of  the  loss  arising  therefroni. 

The  term  partnership  is  usually  ap{)lied  to  those  smaller  associations  in  which  the  partners 
personally  conduct  their  joint  afliiirs  :  the  term  company  being  applied  to  those  great  a-ssocia- 
tions  conducted  by  directors  and  servants  a[>pointed  by  the  body  of  the  partners  to  act  for 
them;  the  latter  having  no  direct  concern  in  the  management  of  the  affairs  of  the  conipuny. 
— (See  CoMi'AN'iKs  ) 

'I"he  advantage.?  of  partnerships  are  obvious.  Many  businesses  could  not  be  successfully 
carried  on  without  a  larger  coniiiiand  of  capital  than  usually  belongs  to  an  individual;  and 
most  of  them  require  the  combination  of  various  species  of  talent.  An  individual  may  have 
capital  sufficient  to  undertake  a  particular  business;  but  he  may  not  be  thoroughly  versed 
in  any  of  its  details,  or  he  may  be  fimiliar  with  certain  parts  of  it  and  not  with  others  ;  so 
that  it  might  be  for  his  advantage  to  assume  one  or  more  iiniivitiuals  as  his  ]iartners,  siijipos- 
iiig  them  to  be  without  capital,  provided  they  posscs.sed  the  skill  and  other  i|U:ilili('iiiions  re- 
quired in  prosecuting  the  business.  Associations  of  this  sort  enable  capital  and  talent  to 
derive  all  the  assistance  that  each  is  capalde  of  lending  to  the  other.  And  as  the  gains  of 
each  partner  usually  consist  of  a  certain  propurlinn  of  the  total  profits  made  by  the  conijiany, 
each  has  the  most  powerful  motive  to  exert  him.self  for  the  benelit  of  the  concern.  It  is  not, 
indeed,  to  be  denied,  that  associations  of  this  sort  are  occasionally  iiroduclive  of  mischievous 
conseipieiices.  The  publii  interest  recjuires  that  the  whole  partners  in  a  llriu  should  be 
bound  by  the  acts  of  any  one  of  their  number;  so  that  the  folly  or  fraud  of  a  single  partner 
may  detail  very  serious  conf.equences  upon  those  associated  with  him.  tienerally,  however, 
tliis  is  not  an  evil  of  frequei.t  occurrence ;  and  there  can  be  no  (juestion  that,  both  in  a  private 
and  public  point  of  view,  pr.rtnerships  are  highly  beneficial. 

To  enter  into  any  thing  like  a  full  discussion  of  the  law  of  partners'aip  would  very  far  ex- 
ceed our  limits.  We  shall,  ihi'refore,  merely  state  a  few  of  those  leading  principles  with  re- 
sjicct  to  it,  as  to  which  it  is  of  importance  that  mercantile  men,  and  the  public  generally, 
should  be  well  acquainted. 

Funnalion  of  Pur/nern/ilps. — The  mere  consent  of  the  partners,  fixed  and  certified  by 
acts  or  contrncts,  is  (]uite  sufficient  to  constitute  a  private  copartnership,  so  that  if  two  or 
more  merchants,  or  other  persons,  join  together  in  trade,  or  in  any  sort  of  business,  with  a 
mutual,  though  it  may  be  uneijual,  participation  in  the  profit  and  loss  of  the  concern,  they  are 
in  every  respect  to  be  considered  as  partners.  No  particular  form  or  words  of  proceeding  is 
necessary  to  constitute  u  partnerf^hip.  It  may  he  entered  into  either  by  an  express  written 
nsreeinciit,  or  by  a  merely  verbal  one.  'I'he  former  ought  in  almost  all  cases  to  be  preferred. 
Tlie  contract  of  co[)artnery  should  state  the  parties  to  it,  the  business  to  be  carried  on,  the 
space  of  time  t'.ie  i>artnership  is  to  continue,  the  cajiital  each  is  to  bring  into  the  business, 
the  proportion  in  which  the  profit  and  loss  arc  to  be  divivled,  the  manner  in  which  the  busi- 
ness is  to  bo  conducted,  the  mode  agreed  upon  for  settling  accounts  at  the  dissolution  of  the 
partnership,  together  with  the  special  covenants  adapted  to  the  circumstances  of  each  particu- 
lar case. 

To  constitute  a  partnersliip,  there  must  he  a  ^larticipation  in  uncertain  profits  and  lo.sses : 
and  the  true  criterion  to  determine,  when  money  is  advanced  to  a  trader,  whether  the  indi- 
wduai  making  the  advance  is  to  be  lookci:  upon  as  a  partner  or  not,  is  to  ascertain  whether 
\\w  premium  or  profit  be  certain  and  defined,  or  casual,  indefinite,  and  dipendinif  upon 
the  accidents  ■f'-ade.  In  the  former  case  he  is  a  lender  merely  ;  in  the  latter  he  is  a  part- 
ner. The  mere  participation  in  the  profits  of  any  business  or  adventure,  without  a  particijia- 
tion  in  tlie  losses,  constitutes  a  partnership,  .so  far  as  to  reader  the  individual  mo  participatini; 


:^9 


«^1 


.#^1 


272 


PARTNERSHIP. 


liable  to  third  parties  for  the  engagements  of  the  concern,  though  as  between  the  parties 
themselves  it  may  be  no  partnership.  Thus,  if  a  clerk  or  other  servant  stipulate  for  a  sharo 
of  the  profits  of  any  business  as  a  reward  fir  /lis  labour,  he  becomes  responsible  to  third 
parties  us  a  partner,  and  no  private  arrangement  can  cancel  his  liability. 

If  an  individual,  by  his  own  actor  inadvertence,  allow  himself /o  appear  to  the  world  as  a 
partner,  he  is  precluded  from  disputing  the  fact,  even  though  he  have  no  interest  in  the  profits. 
A  partner  who  withdraws  from  a  linn  is  liable  on  accountof  the  remaining  partners  continu- 
ing his  name  in  the  firm,  though  without  his  com:  nt.  unless  he  take  the  necessary  precau- 
tions— (see  poul) — to  show  that  he  has  ceased  to  belong  to  it. 

If  there,  be  no  exjiress  stipulation  as  o  the  management  of  partnershii  property,  the  ma- 
jority decide  as  to  the  disposition  and  management  of  the  joint  affairs  of  the  firm  ;  or,  if  there 
be  but  two  j)arlies  in  a  firm,  one  may  manage  the  concern  as  he  thinks  fit,  provided  it  be 
within  the  rules  of  good  faith,  and  warranted  by  the  circumstances  of  the  case.  The  general 
duty  of  a  partner  is  to  keep  in  view,  at  all  times,  and  in  all  transactions,  the  interest  and 
welfare  of  the  partnership,  by  acting  honestly  and  uprightly,  and  as  i  prudent  man  would 
conduct  his  own  atlairs. 

Linliililj/  of  Partners  as  to  third  parties. — It  may  be  laid  down  as  ..  general  rule,  that  part- 
ners, whether  actual,  ostensible,  or  dormant,  are  bound  by  the  act  of  their  partner,  made  in 
the  course  of  and  with  reference  to  the  partneishi[)  business,  and  in  the  regular  course  of 
dealing  by  the  firm;  and  though  the  general  rule  of  law  be,  that  no  one  is  liable  upon 
any  contract,  except  such  as  are  privy  to  it,  yet  this  is  not  contravened  by  the  liability  of 
partners,  as  they  are  supposed  virtually  present  at  and  sanctioning  the  proceedings  they  singly 
enter  into  in  the  course  of  trade,  or  as  being  each  vesteil  with  a  power  enabling  them  to  act 
at  once  as  principals  and  as  the  authorised  iigent  of  their  copartners.  It  is  for  the  advantags 
of  partners  that  tlu'y  are  thus  held  liable  ;  for  the  cr'.dit  of  their  firm  is  in  consequence  greatly 
enhanced,  and  facility  is  given  to  all  their  dealings,  even  when  they  icside  in  dilliirent  parts 
of  the  country,  or  of  the  world.  A  due  regard  to  the  interest  of  strangers  is  at  the  same  time 
observed;  for  where  an  individual  deals  with  one  of  several  partni;s,  he  relics  upon  the 
credit  of  the  entire  linn,  and  therefore,  ought  to  have  his  rcmely  against  all  the  individuals 
who  compose  it. 

Unless,  however,  the  act  of  one  partner  relate  to  and  be  connected  with  the  partnership 
trade,  and  in  the  course  of  dealing;  hi/  the/inii,  such  acting  partner  only  will  be  bound  ;  for 
it  is  only  by  acting  in  the  course  of  their  particular  trade  or  line  of  business  that  an  implied 
authority  is  delegated  by  partners  to  each  other;  and  it  is  only  in  such  transactions  that 
third  parties  have  a  right  to  •.■>  upon  l!ie  partnership  funds.  To  bind  a  partnership,  credit 
must  be  given  to  the  firm  itself  and  not  to  one  merely  of  its  partners.  One  of  them  may  even, 
in  furtherance  of  the  objects  of  the  firm,  enter  into  a  contract  with  some  third  party  ;  but  if 
such  contract  be  made  cxclusiveli/  and  soldi/  upon  the  credit  of  tlie  individual  partner,  it 
will  only  bind  him,  and  not  the  firm.  'J'he  presumption  of  the  law,  however,  always  is,  t!  at 
a  contract  with  one  of  the  partners  in  reference  to  the  business  of  the  firm  has  been  entered 
into  upon  the  credit  of  the  whole ;  and  this  presumption  is  not  to  be  rebutted,  except  by 
very  clear  evidence.  One  jiartner  cannot,  as  such,  except  in  bankruptcy,  bind  another  by 
deed. 

The  authority  of  a  partner  is  revocable  ;  and  it  is  now  fully  established  that  a  disclaimer 
of  the  authority  of  the  partners  in  any  i)articular  transaction  will  i)reclude  him  from  binding 
his  copartners.  Even  during  the  subsisteif  e  of  the  partnership,  one  partner  may  to  a  certain 
degree  limit  his  responsibility  ;  and  if  there  r*  any  particular  speculation  or  bargain  pr()[)()scd, 
which  he  disapproves  of,  he  may,  by  giving  distiii'-t  notice  to  those  with  whom  his  jiartners 
are  about  to  contract  that  he  will  not  be  concerner*.  in  it,  relieve  himself  from  all  consequences. 
Such  notice  would  rebut  his  prima  firie  liability.  The  partnerhhip  would  be  susiiended 
ipioiid  this  transaction.  Thus,  if  a  jiartner  draw,  accept,  or  indorse  a  bill  or  note,  he  will,  in 
all  ordinary  cases,  thereby  render  the  firm  lial>le.  But,  to  use  the  words  of  JiOrd  Ellenbo- 
rough,  "  it  is  not  essential  to  a  partnership  that  every  ])aitner  should  have  such  power ;  they 
may  stipulate  among  themselves  that  it  shall  nut  be  done  :  aiiil  if  a  third  party,  hating  ni,tice 
if  this,  will  lake  such  security  from  one  of  the  partners,  he  shall  not  sue  the  others  upon  it, 
in  breach  of  such  stipulation,  nor  in  defiance  of  notice  previously  given  to  him  by  one  of  them, 
that  he  will  not  be  liable  for  any  bill  or  note  signed  by  the  others." — {Gulwaij  v.  Matlluw, 
lO  East,  264.)  ;  and  so  in  other  cases. 

However  small  the  share  a  partner  may  have  in  a  concern,  he  is  liable  for  the  ivhok  of  the 
debts  contracted  by  the  firm  ;  and  must  seek  his  remedy  in  a  rateable  contribution  against 
his  partners.  Should  one  party  enter  into  a  smuggling  or  other  illegal  transaction  on  tlie 
partnership  account,  the  otjier  partners  are  liable  to  the  duties  and  the  penalty ;  and  the 
{'rown  may  proceed  against  the  real  delincjuent  alone,  or  against  all  the  partners,  A  book- 
Keller,  or  newspaper  pn.prietor,  '  •  answerable  for  the  acts  of  his  agent  or  c()i)artner,  not  only 
civilly,  but  also  criiainalli/. 

Dissolution  of  J'artiier.s/iips. — A  partnership  may  be  dissolved  by  tlie  effluxion  or  expi- 
ration of  the  time  during  which  it  was  originally  agreed  that  it  ehould  continue      When  a 


tncrship 
J  11(1 ;  for 

oris  that 

ip,  credit 

|iay  even, 

but  if 

Iter,  it 

s.tl.at 

entered 

ptl.y 

ler  l)y 

lahncr 
linding 
certain 
pdscd, 
)artner3 
Hiences, 
leiuled 
will,  in 
Ellenbo- 
' ;  tliey 
r  tihtice 
upon  it, 
'  theiu, 
Multhtw, 

••k  of  ihc 
against 
II  on  the 
and  the 
A  hook- 
not  only 

or  expi- 
W'hen  11 


spi 


PASSENGERS. 


273 


copartnership  is  formed  for  a  single  dealing  or  transaction,  the  momci  t  that  is  ronipleled  it  is 
at  an  enc!,  Partncrsliips  may  aLso  be  dissolved  hy  death,  agreement,  '>ankruptcy,  outlawry, 
&,c,  A  court  of  equity  will  interfere  to  dissolve  a  partnership,  in  ca  -s  where  a  partner  so 
iiiiseonducts  himself  as  to  he  injurious  to  the  firm,  or  to  defeat  the  ohjiv-.t  for  which  the  part- 
nership was  formed  ;  or  when  a  partner  hccomes  insane,  or  is  iu  sucl:  a  state  of  mind  as  to 
render  iiini  permanently  incapable  of  transacting  the  peculiar  business  of  the  firm  ;  or  where 
a  [lartnership  is  formed  for  an  impraetieable  purpose.  Indeed,  in  all  cases,  where  even  a 
partnership  may  be  dissolved  without  the  interference  of  a  court  of  equity,  it  may  be  most 
jirudent,  if  the  dissolution  be  oi)posed  by  one  of  the  partners,  to  file  a  bill,  praying  a  dissolu- 
tion and  account,  and  an  injunction  against  using  the  ])artnersl)ip  name. 

When  a  partnership  is  dissolved  by  agreement,  or  one  of  the  partners  withdraws  from  it, 
public  notice  of  the  dissolution  must  be  given  in  the  Lou  dun  (uizdlc  ;  and  a  specijic  I'liflina- 
llnii  (if  the  clrcum.stdnce  must  be  sent  to  am.  iiidividurih  dcoistomrd  to  deal  ivit/i.  the  firm. 
Where  such  intimation  has  not  been  sent,  the  individual  withdrawing  from  the  firm  may  bo 
made  liable  to  third  parties  after  he  has  ceased  to  have  any  thing  to  do  with  it.  A  dormant 
partner,  whose  name  has  never  been  announced,  may  withdraw  from  a  firm  without  making 
the  dissolution  oi  partnership  publicly  known. 

When  the  joint  debts  of  the  firm  are  paid,  and  the  property  duly  distributed  among  the 
jiartners,  the  dissolution  maybe  said,  in  a  general  sense,  to  be  accomplished.  If  any  one  of 
tlie  firm  be  guilty  of  a  breach  of  duty,  in  misapplying  the  ellects  before  the  concern  is  finally 
wound  up,  the  [iroper  course  i.i  to  apply  to  the  Court  of  (Jhancery  to  appoint  a  manager. 

Within  a  reasonable  time  after  the  death  of  one  ])artner,  the  survivors  must  account  to  the 
representatives  of  the  deceased;  and  if  not  willing  to  do  so,  a  court  of  e(|uity  will  compel 
them.  In  taking  partnership  accounts  at  the  death  of  a  partner,  they  must  commence  with 
the  last  slated  account ;  -  if  there  be  n(me  such,  with  the  conmieiicement  of  the  partner- 
ship ;  and  they  must  end  witli  the  state  of  the  slock  at  the  time  of  the  partner's  death,  and 
the  pi  oceeds  thereof  until  it  be  got  in. 

A'()  notice  is  necessary  to  third  partiefs  of  the  death  of  a  partner  ;  the  partnership  is  dissolved, 
ami  all  liabilities  for  subseipient  acts  cease.  The  surviving  parties  are  to  be  sue<l  alone  for 
the  partneiship  liabilities  and  obligations,  for  which  they  aie  liable  to  the  full  extent.  But 
tliey  are  not  liable  for  the  separate  debts  of  the  deceased  partner,  unless,  after  payment  of  all 
the  joint  debts,  they  have  a  surplus  of  the  partnership  effects  in  their  hands. 

I'pon  a  dissolution  by  death,  if  tiie  joint  ellects  he  insuHicieiit  to  ])ay  the  partnership  debts, 
the  separate  estate  of  the  deceaseil  partnci,  if  he  have  ,my,  is  liable  for  the  deficiency. 

The  statements  now  made  will,  ])robahly,  be  suHicient  to  give  our  readers  a  toleiahly  dis- 
tinct notion  of  the  forniatiim  of  partnerships;  andof  the  more  importantrights,  duties,  liabili- 
ties, iVc.  arising  out  of  such  institutions.  'J'hosc  who  wish  to  go  deejier  into  the  suhjec', 
may  consult  the  treatises  of  Watt^on  an<l  Moiifdixuc  on  the  Law  <f  Vartnership  ,-  C/iilti/'n 
Ctiinnnrcial  Law,  vol.  iii.  pp.  225 — 26'J. ;  Woulrych  un  Cumnurciul  Law,  pp.  298 — 
317..  &c. 

[?!ee  Kent's  Conimenletrles  on  Anierlenn  Law,  Lecture  43. — Am.  Ed.] 

PASSENGERS,  in  commercial  navigation,  are  individuals  conveyed  for  hire  from  one 
place  to  another  on  board  ship.  Passage  ships  are  those  peculiarly  appropriated  to  the  con- 
veyance of  passengers. 


I'll  In  t:iKe  more  i.iaii  tiic  iiiDvr  prcipdriiun  oi  pnsseiii'i'is  tor  I'vcry  4  tons  iniu  rriiKiin  iiiiiaden. 
rcniilly  fi<r  rarryiiii'  \-\nrr.  liiun  tirculi/  witlioiit  licijiico,  Mi.;  and  I'or  a  licoiisi'il  vi'sscl  ciuryiiif;  more 
tlnin  lilt;  aliciv(^  propDvliDD  for  I'.acli  4  tons  Inirden,  5/.  tnr  each  passenger.  Mercliiiiil  vi'i  sils  iif  not 
lining  than  100  tons,  n   :  to  carry  iiio.-e  than  10  persons  ;  or  of  not  more  than  200  tons,  not  more  than 


CllilrillR  (111 

as  iiiiiy  III'  |li(;ir  paini's,  ;«.pes,  prcl'i'ssions  nr  orciipatiiiiis,  and 
r:i(li  is  CDiitrail'.'d  to  Ije  landi'd.     Masters  of  ships  conipcUini;  pai 


niinic  (It'  the  port  or  plaic  at  wliicli 
icers  to  land  at  any  (itlKif  place 


IF-'' 


r 


t\ 


274 


PATENT. 


1     f 


It  la  enacted  by  the  9  0eo.  4.  c.  47.,  tlmt  the  mnstcr  of  any  parkct  or  vessel  employed  in  carrylnB 
passeimcrs  IVdiii  nne  part  of  the  Uniti'd  Kiiii!(h)iri  to  another  is  to  l)i!  iicensi-d  l)y  the  cointniasioners  of 
excise  to  rntuil  fcireiiiii  wine,  slronif  hrer,  cider,  perry,  spirituous  li«|nors,  and  tobacco.  Siuli  licenco 
to  lie  aiinuiilly  renewed,  and  to  lie  transl'erulde  by  endorsement.  Uuty  to  bo  paid  by  tlie  owners  on 
obtaininK  hiicIi  a  licence,  1/.     i'enalty  I'lir  stMling  wines,  St-c.  without  a  licence,  tor  every  otVence,  lOl. 

It  is  en.icK'd  by  9  (Jeo.  4.  c.  7t).,  that  every  ,«((•«(«  re.-isel  wiiicli  is  of  the  registered  tuiinajjc  of  140 
tons,  shall  be  deemed  to  l)e  ii  vessel  of  '200  tons  at  least. 

The  act  (itii'o.  4.  c.  110.,  wliicli  regulated  the  conveyance  of  passengers  to  foreign  parts,  was  repealed 
by  7  &  h  (Jen.  4.  c.  10. 

In  some  respects,  passengers  may  bo  considerej  as  a  portion  of  the  crew.  They  may  bo 
called  on  by  the  master  or  cuiiiinaniler  of  the  ship,  in  case  of  imminent  danger  either  from 
tempe.<l  or  enemies,  to  lend  their  assistance  for  the  general  safety ;  and  in  the  event  of  their 
declining,  may  he  punished  for  disobedience.  This  principle  has  been  recognised  in  several 
cases;  but,  as  the  authority  arises  out  of  the  necessity  of  the  case,  it  must  be  exercised 
strictly  within  the  limits  of  that  necessity. — (Biii/ce  v.  Bdcliffc,  1  (yainpbell,  fjS.)  A  pas- 
senger is  not,  however,  bound  to  remain  on  board  the  ship  in  the  hour  of  danger,  but  may 
quit  ii  if  he  have  an  ojiportuiiity  ;  and  he  is  not  required  to  take  upon  himself  any  responsi- 
bility as  to  the  conduct  of  the  ship.  If  he  incur  any  res|)onsibiiity,  and  jierform  extraordi- 
nary .services  in  relieving  a  vessel  in  distress,  he  is  entitled  to  a  corresponding  reward.  The 
goods  of  pas.sengers  contribute  to  a  general  average. — (^Abbull  on  the  Law  (if  shipping, 
part  iii.  e.  10.) 

Re'.iirn  of  the  Number  of  Persons  who  have  emigrated  from  the  United  Kingdom  to  any  of  the 
("nlonies  of  (.'ri'.it  liritain  in  each  Year  since  IMiO,  and  to  the  United  .States  of  America  since  1S25; 
dir-tiiiL'iiit'hin'r  the  (.'olonies  to  whicli  they  have  emigrated. —  (Pari.  Paper,  No.  050.  Sess.  Id30,  and 
No.  O'JO.  Sess.  I«33.) 


Yeirj. 

Ilrii'h  Nnrlh 
Anitr.caii  Ctilonicf. 

British  West  In'lici. 

Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

New  South  VVali-j, 

Van  Diemeii's  Lititl, 

anil  Svvari  Hiver. 

Unilcd  sulci. 

A'o.  of  Pauvts. 

.Vo.  ot  I'rrsontt 

A'o.  of  PertOJU. 

A'o.  of  Pcy^'Tus, 

A'o.  pf  J't:rsvru, 

1S2I 

12, 170 

1,772 

401 

320 

1K22 

ll,2'2 

1,423 

102 

875 

l.S2:i 

8.133 

1,011 

184 

513 

WH 

7,311 

1,353 

119 

780 

1H« 

8,711 

1,082 

114 

485 

5,.551 

IS-20 

12.818 

1,013 

116 

903 

7,003 

1M7 

12,018 

1,1.50 

114 

715 

14,.520 

1!<2S 

12,084 

1,211 

135 

ifir>6 

12,M7 

1820 

13,307 

1,251 

107 

2,010 

15.078 

is;io 

30,574 

. 

204 

1,212 

21,887 

18.11 

58,007 

. 

114 

1,501 

23,418 

18:i2 

00,330 

- 

I9G 

3,733 

32,><72 

The  foregoing  statement,  founded  upon  special  returns  transmitted  from  the  various  ports  of  tlio 
United  Kiniidnm  by  the  local  oflUers  of  customs,  exiiibils  the  number  of  persons  of  both  se.ves,  and  of 
nil  ages,  who  have  emigrated  to  the  cnlonies  in  each  of  the  last  10  years,  so  far  as  the  same  can  be 
ascertaiiieil.  The  nlticers  report  that  they  have  not  the  means  of  distinguishing  males  from  females, 
or  adults  from  chililren,  in  these  returns  ;  and  in  some  eases  they  state  that  tlie  distinction  cannot  be 
drawn  with  accuracy  between  emigrants  and  passengers  of  other  descriptions. 

Tor  the  regulations  as  to  the  lauding  of  passengers  in  New  York,  see  New  York. 

PAT l] NT,  a  privilege  from  the  Crown  granted  by  letters  patent  (whence  the  name), 
conveying  to  the  individual  or  individuals  specilied  therein,  the  sole  right  to  make,  use,  or 
dispose  of  some  new  invention  or  discovery,  for  a  certain  specified  period. 

The  power  to  grant  patents  seems  to  exist  at  common  law  ;  but  it  is  limited  and  defined  by  the  famous 
Etatule  21  ,lac.  1.  c.  3.,  which  enacts,  "That  any  declaratiim  before-mentioned  shall  not  extend  to  any 
letters  patent  and  grants  of  privilege  fcr  the  term  of  14  years  or  under,  thereafter  to  be  made,  of  the 
side  working  or  making  of  any  manner  of  new  manufactures  within  this  realm,  to  the  Inie  ami  first 
inventor  and  inventors  of  such  manufactures,  which  others  at  tile  time  of  making  such  letters  patent 
and  L'raiils  shall  not  use,  so  as  also  they  be  not  contrary  to  the  law,  nor  niisdiievous  to  the  sliite,  liy 
raisins.'  prices  of  cumiiioditics  at  home,  or  hurt  of  trade,  or  generally  inconvenient.  Tile  said  1 1  years 
to  be  ac(ouiited  from  the  date  of  the  first  letters  patent,  or  grant  of  such  privilege  tlu'real'li'r  to  he 
inaile ;  bill  that  tlie  same  shall  be  of  such  force  as  they  should  be  if  that  act  liud  never  been  made,  and 
none  other." 

Poll  CI/  of  Patents. — The  law  with  respect  to  patents  is  .h.-voidably  encumbered  with 
several  ili/Iictilties.  The  expediency  of  granting  patents  ha.s  ;,■  on  disputed ;  though,  as  it 
would  siMMi,  without  any  sutlicit^nt  reason.  Were  they  refused,  the  inducement  to  make 
discoveries  would,  in  many  cases,  be  very  much  weakened;  at  the  same  time  that  it  would 
plainly  be  for  the  interest  of  every  one  who  made  a  discovery,  to  endeavour,  if  possible,  to 
conceal  it.  .\ii(l  notwithstanding  the  dilliriilties  in  the  way  of  concealment,  they  are  not 
insuperable;  and  it  is  believed  that  several  impottant  inventions  have  been  lost,  from  tlio 
secret  dyiti!^  with  their  authors.  On  the  olher  hand,  it  is  not  easy  to  decide  as  to  the  term 
for  which  the  patent,  or  exclusive  privilege,  should  be  granted.  Some  have  propo.sed  tiiatit 
should  be  ma.Ie  perpetual ;  but  this  would  be  a  very  great  obstacle  to  the  progress  of  ini- 
provtmeiit.  and  would  lead  to  the  most  pernicious  results.  Perhaps  the  term  of  11  years, 
to  which  the  dunition  of  a  patent  is  limited  in  Englami,  is  as  proper  a  one  as  could  be  sug- 
gested. It  may  U'  too  short  for  soi  le  inventions,  and  too  long  f'lr  others ;  but,  on  the  whole, 
it  seems  a  pretty  fair  average. 

Upedfuutum, — Previously  to  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne,  it  was  customary  to  grant  patents 


PATENT. 


275 


l\nt  patents 


without  any  condition,  except  that  they  should  be  for  really  new  inventions.  But  a  condi- 
tion waj*  then  introduced  into  all  patents,  and  is  still  retained,  declaring  that  if  the  inventor 
do  not,  by  an  instrument  under  his  hand  and  seal,  denominated  a  specilication,  piirlicultirli/ 
describe  and  ascertain  the  nature  of  his  invention,  and  in  what  manner  the  same  is  to  be 
performed,  and  also  cause  the  same  to  bo  enrolled  in  Cliancery  vvilhin  a  certain  time  (uene- 
rally  a  month),  the  letters  jmtent,  and  all  liberties  and  advantnpes  whatever  thereby  granted, 
nhail  utterly  cease  and  become  void,  'I'his  was  a  very  judicious  regulation.  It  secures  the 
invention  from  being  lost;  and  the  moment  the  patent  expires,  every  one  is  in  a  situation  to 
prodt  by  it. 

Mode  of  Grunfinfr  a  Patent. — Letters  patent  arc  obtained  upon  petition  and  affidavit  to 
the  ('rown,  setting  forth,  that  the  petitioner  has,  after  great  labour  and  expense,  made  a  cer- 
tain discovery,  which  he  describes,  and  which  he  believes  will  be  of  great  pulilic  utility,  and 
that  he  is  the  first  inventor.  'l"he  petition  is  referred  to  the  attorney  or  solicitor  general, 
who  is  separately  attended  by  the  applicant  and  all  com[)ctitors,  if  there  be  any.  'J'hey  ex- 
plain their  projects  to  him,  and  he  decides  on  granting  or  withholding  the  patent.  When 
the  inventions  of  two  or  more  conflicting  applicants  coincide,  he  rejects  all  the  ap])lications. 
It  would  seem,  that  to  decide  upon  such  difficult  questions  in  mechanics  as  arc  often  agi- 
tated in  a;)plications  for  patents,  a  familiar  knowledge  of  the  princi|)les  and  practical  appli- 
cation of  mechanical  science  would  be  indispensable.  Hut  i)y  the  law,  as  it  now  stands,  such 
knowledge  is  not  deemed  necessary.  The  legal  officers  of  the  (Jrown  are  the  sole  judges  as 
to  what  patents  should  or  should  not  be  granted;  their  award  is  final ,-  end  they  are  sub- 
ject to  no  responsibility,  other  than  the  common  remedies  against  public  officers  by  im- 
pe.ichment,  indictment,  6lc. — none  of  which  would  be  entertained,  unless  a  corrupt  motive 
were  established.  After  approval  by  the  law  officers,  the  grant  is  made  out,  sealed,  and 
enrolled. 

Considering  the  authority  under  which  patents  are  granted,  can  any  one  wonder  at  the 
number  that  have  been  overturned  in  the  courts  of  justice  ]  or  at  the  litigation  to  which  they 
have  given  rise  ? 

Expense  of  Patents. — Separate  patents  have  to  be  taken  out  for  England,  Scotland,  and 
Ireland,  if  it  be  intended  to  secure  the  privilege  in  the  three  kingdoms.  The  exj)cnse  of 
stamps,  fees,  &c.  is  in  all  cases  very  heavy.  It  varies  according  to  the  intricacy  of  the  in- 
vention, the  opposition  (if  any)  to  the  patent  being  granted,  &c.  According  to  Mr.  Farcy, 
it  may  be  estimated  at  120/.  for  England,  100/.  for  Scotland,  and  12.5/.  for  Ireland. — (See 
his  valuable  evidence  in  the  Contnions'  Report  on  Patents,  p.  17.) 

Covdilinns  as  to  Pntcvts. — Tlio  novcllij  and  iililitij  of  the  invrntinn  are  essential  to  tl.e  validity  of  a 
patent  ;  if  it  can  Ijc  sliown  to  have  lioen  in  use  provioiisly  to  thi:  eraiit  of  the  patont,  or  to  hi^'of  no 
utility,  it  will  hi'  void.  It  Mlll^<t  nlsohi^  for  sonii'tliing  vcndjhle— soinethins  "  material  and  iiscfnl  niaile 
by  till'  hands  of  man." — (/.md  A'chi/ot?,  H  T.  H.  O'J.)  A  pliilosophical  principle  only,  lujitln'r  or^'anised, 
nor  rapalilfi  of  hcine  so,  is  no  sronnd  for  a  patent ;  hocaiitio  it  is  an  cli'iniMit  ami  nnlinn'nt  of  scionce, 
and  which,  till  applii'd  to  >winin  new  prodmnion  from  those;  eli;tnonts,  cannot,  with  jii.slicn  to  othiT 
inventor!^,  lie  npplii.'d  to  tin;  exclusive  use  of  any  one  of  them.  In  all  patents  tlu're  is  rei)niro(l,  in  the 
words  of  Lord  Tenlerden,  "something  of  ;i  rorporeal  or  suhaln-nliul  nature,  somethini;  that  can  be  made 
by  man  from  the  matters  snhjerted  to  his  art  and  skill,  or  at  tlie  least  smne  new  mmlc  if  cwphiyiitn 
vrncticiillii  hif  art  and  ski/I." — (Ood.-ntn  on  the  Law  of  Patents,  p.  HI.)  I'revionsly  to  Lord  Tcnterden, 
It  hud  been  ruled  that  a  new  process  or  im^thod  was  not  the  snhject  of  a  patent.  Hut  his  Lordship 
having  sncirested  that  "the  word  mannfaclnre  (in  the  statute)  may,  perhaps,  extend  to  a  new  process 
tn  be  carried  on  liy  known  implements,  or  elements  acting  upon  known  snhstiinces,  and  iillini:itely 
prodnciiig  some  otlier  known  substance,  &.c." — {Qodson,  p.  83) — this  principle  of  interpretation  has 
now  been  adopted. 

A  patent  for  a  machine,  each  part  of  which  was  in  nse  before,  but  in  which  tlio  cnmhinalion  of  the 
different  parts  iavew,  and  a  new  result  is  olitiiined,  is  valid,  lint,  in  order  to  its  beiiiK  valid,  the  spe- 
cification must  clearly  express  tiiat  it  is  in  respect  of  such  new  combination  or  application,  and  uf  that 
only;  and  not  lay  claim  to  original  invention  in  the  use  of  the  materials. 

A  patent  may  be  granted  for  an  addition  to  an  old  invention.  Hut  the  patent  must  be  confined  to  the 
add'tionor  improvement,  that  the  public  may  purchase  it  without  being  encumbered  with  other  things. 
If  tlie  patent  include  the  whole,  ii  ivill  ho  void  ;  for  the  property  in  the  addition  or  iniprovuincnts  can 
give  no  right  to  the  thing  that  has  been  improved. — (Godson,  p.  71.) 

A  valid  patent  may  he  obliiined  for  an  invention,  "?ie!o  in  this  realm,"  though  it  may  have  been 
previously  practised  in  a  foreign  country. 

A  patent  is  void,  if  it  he  for  several  distinct  inventions,  and  any  one  of  them  fail  of  originality. 

The  specitiration  must  be  prepared  with  great  care.  It  should  ^et  forth  the  invention  folly  and  cor- 
rectly. The  terms  used  must  be  clear  end  unambiguous;  no  necessary  description  must  be  omitted, 
nor  what  is  unnecessary  be  introduced  ;  .  nd  the  invention  must  be  described  in  the  hcsl  and  most  im- 
proved state  known  to  the  inventor.  If  a  ly  one  of  these  conditions  he  not  complied  witli,  the  patent 
will  be  void.  Any  Inaccurate  or  defective  statement,  were  it  even  inserted  through  inadccrtency,  will 
vitiate  the  whole. 

Cai'Mf.— It  is  not  cnusual  for  inventors  who  have  not  brought  their  inventions  tn  perfection,  and 
who  are  afraid  lest  they  be  anticipated  by  olhi^rs,  to  lodge  ii  caveat  at  the  ollices  of  the  attorney  and 
solicitor  general ;  that  is,  an  instrument  by  whicli  notice  is  requested  to  he  given  to  lln-  person  who 
enters  it,  whenever  any  application  is  made  for  a  patent  for  a  certain  inveniii  n  llierein  described  in 
general  terms.  The  entry  of  a  caveat  is,  therefore,  nothing  more  than  giving  inforinalioii  that  an  in- 
vention is  nearly  completed  ;  so  tliat,  if  any  other  person  slioiild  apply  for  a  patent  for  the  same  thing, 
the  preference  may  he  given  to  him  who  entered  it. 

An  injunction  may  be  obtained  for  llie  infringement  of  a  patent,  in  the  same  way  as  for  a  violation 
of  the  copyright  acts. 

Patents  have  been  sometimes  extended  by  act  of  pnrliament  beyond  the  term  of  14  years,  on  the 
ground  tlial  that  term  was  too  sliort  properly  to  reward  the  inventor. 


?3 


8T* 


PATENT. 


Arrntinl  of  the  Number  of  PiuimiIh  yriiiitL'il  in  llic  Eicilil  Years  ending  with  1S28. 

\i2l      •      ■      111  \^i',      ■      ■      2in  Itii      ■      •      Ui 

i^a     •     .      laa  |  [-m     ■     ■      m  I 

Total  nmiilier  of  patents  in  force  in  May,  1H2!),  IjS.W. 

The  reiiiler  will  (iiid  n  (rreat  cli'ul  of  tiirinns  nii'l  instnintive  inpirmntinn  with  respect  to  patents,  in 
thxf  llcporl  of  Ihe  Ciimniillre  of  llii:  Ihiii.'e  nf  Commoii.s  I'U  lU:n  H\ihjvvl  (No.S.'W.  H(!gs.  lM!ill),  parlicnliirly 
in  the  evidence  and  piipcrs  l.ild  heCurc  llic  CoinMiilleu  by  Mr.  I'arey.  The  treatise  on  the  Law  of  i'lUenls 
anil  Copijrifrhts,  liy  Mr.  (lodson,  is  clear  uiul  aide. 

(The  reader  will  (liiil  in  the  article  Patents,  in  the  Dictiottary,  some  remarks  on  the 
grounds  on  which  they  arc;  granted,  and  on  the  ditlicully  of  legiKlating  on  the  siihject.  'J'he 
object  in  givinu:a  patent  is  iwolbld.  In  the  iir.st  place,  it  is  intended  tositinuilaleaud  tev/ar<l 
invention;  atul,  in  the  second  place,  it  is  inteixlcd  to  prevent  an  invention  lioni  heing  lost, 
by  obliging  the  inventor,  when  he  takes  out  a  patent,  to  dc-^eribe  it  accurately.  The  dilli- 
culty  in  legislating  on  the  subject  is  to  hinder  real  buna  fide  inventors  from  being  hara:<.se(l 
by  unfounded  actions,  and  at  the  same  time  to  prevent  (piaeks  and  pretemlers  from  appro- 
priating discoveries  already  made,  to  the  injury  of  the  public.  To  be  useful,  any  law  on 
such  a  sidiject  must  lie  drawn  up  with  great  care  and  circumspection.  But  such  certainly 
has  not  been  tiie  case  with  the  act  as  to  {latents  (5  Jk,  6  Will.  A.  c.  77),  passed  in  \^'.\^,  of 
wliich  a  copious  abstract  is  subjoined.  It  is  altogether  one  of  the  crudest  and  most  bungling 
aftemjjts  at  legislation  that  has  ever  come  under  our  notice.  It  gives  to  the  patentee  a  right 
to  make  constant  alterations  in  his  specification ;  so  that  it  will  be  next  to  impo.^siblc  to 
learn  from  it  what  the  invention  really  is  for  which  the  patent  is  granted.  Under  the  old 
law,  a  patentee,  who  made  any  material  improvements  on  his  invention,  was  entitled  to  get 
a  new  patent  for  the  improvements,  so  that  no  injury  was  done  him  by  obliging  him  Ui  make 
his  specification  quite  accurate,  at  the  same  time  that  the  public  interests  were  secured.  Uut 
every  one  naturally  wishes  to  conceal  his  inventions;  and,  instead  of  counteracting  this  prin- 
ciple, the  new  law  really  olVers  a  bonus  on  inaccurate  sjiecirications,  by  enabling  the  patentee 
to  disclaim  some  parts  and  to  amend  others ;  and  he  may  do  this  over  and  over  again,  pro- 
vided he  obtain  leave  from  the  attorney  or  solicitor  general,  to  who.se  "  good  pleasure"  the 
nwst  important  interests  would  thus  seem  to  be  left  I  It  is  not  easy  to  imagine  any  thin; 
more  absurd.  But  we  have  little  doubt,  that  the  inconveniences  that  will  result  from  it  will 
lead  to  its  speedy  repeal  or  amendment.  Some  of  the  other  clauses  seem  also  to  be  highly 
questionable. 

Jlnij  person  having  ohtiihied  I.rtters  Potent  for  tiny  hirenlion  way  enter  a  Disehiimer. — Any  person 
who  iialli  olitained  or  shall  herenl'icr  olitriin  letters  patent,  for  Ih'^  side  inaking.  exerrisinc,  ic.  of  any 
invention,  may,  if  he  think  lit,  enter  with  the  clerk  of  the  patents  of  Knjjl.uid,  .Scotland,  or  Irehiini, 
respectividy,  as  the  case  may  lie,  liuviiii;  lirst  obtained  the  leave  of  the  attorncy-tJeneriil,  or  soliciloi- 
petier.il  in  case  of  an  nii(!lish  patent,  of  the  lord  advocate  or  eolicilor-Eeneral  of  Scotland  in  the  case 
of  a  Scotch  patent,  or  of  the  nltorney-ueneral  or  scdicitor-ceneral  for  Ireland  in  the  case  of  an  Irisli 
patent,  a  disclaimei  of  any  part  of  either  Die  title  of  the  invention  or  of  the  specificatinn,  (-tatirig  the 
reason  for  such  disclalTiier,  or  may,  with  .such  leave  as  aforesaid,  enter  a  njeniorandinn  of  any  allera- 
tion  in  the  said  title  or  specification,  not  being  such  disclninn'r  or  such  .-ilteralion  as  shall  extend  the 
exclusive  ri}!ht  granted  by  the  said  letters  patent ;  and  such  disclaimer  or  memorniulum  of  alteration, 
being  hied  hy  the  said  clerk  of  the  patents,  and  enrolled  with  the  specilication,  shall  he  taken  to  be  pan 
of  such  letters  patent  or  such  specilication  in  all  courts  whatever  :  provided  that  any  person  may  en- 
ter a  caveat,  as  caveats  are  now  entered,  against  snch  disclaimer  or  alteration;  which  caveat  shall 
give  the  party  entering  a  right  to  liave  notice  of  the  apidicatton  lieing  heard  by  the  attorney. general  or 
solicitor-general  or  lord  advocate  res|iectively  ;  provided  also,  that  no  such  disclaimer  or  alteration 
shall  be  receivable  in  evidence  in  any  action  or  suit  (except  in  any  proceeding  hy  scire  tasias)  pein|jii^> 
at  the  time  when  it  was  enrolled,  but  in  every  such  action  or  suit  the  orijiinal  title  and  specihcalion 
alone  shall  be  given  in  ?videme,  and  taken  to  l)e  the  title  and  specification  of  the  invention  for  which 
the  lelters  patent  have  ueen  granted  ;  provided  also,  that  it  shall  he  lawful  for  the  attorney-general  or 
solicitor-general  or  lord  advocate,  before  granting  such  fiat,  to  require  the  parly  applying  for  the  same 
to  advertise  his  disclaimer  or  alteration,  as  to  the  said  atlorncy-genernl,  &c.  shall  seem  right,  and 
shall,  if  he  require  such  advertisement,  certify  in  his  fiat  ttiat  tlie  same  has  been  duly  made. — ({  1.) 

Mode  of  Proccedinfr  vhcre  Patentee  is  proved  not  to  be  the  real  Inventor. — If  in  any  suit  or  action  it 
shall  he  proved  or  found  by  the  verdict  of  a  jury  that  a  person  who  has  obtained  letters  patent  for 
any  invention,  or  supposed  invention,  was  not  the  first  inventor  thereof,  or  of  some  part  thereof,  by 
reason  of  some  other  person  or  persons  having  invented  or  used  the  same,  or  some  part  llM^reof,  before 
the  date  of  such  letters  patent,  or  if  such  patentee  or  his  assigns  shall  discover  that  some  other  person 
had,  unknown  to  snch  patentee,  invente<l  or  used  the  same,  (jr  some  part  thereof,  before  the  dati^  nl' 
sucli  letters  patent,  it  sjiall  be  lawful  for  such  patentee  or  his  assigns  to  petition  II.  M.  in  council  in 
confirm  the  said  letters  patent  or  to  grant  now  letters  patent,  the  matter  of  which  petition  shall  he 
lieard  before  the  judicial  committee  of  the  privy  council ;  and  such  committee,  upon  examining  Hie 
said  matter,  and  being  satisfied  that  such  patentee  believed  himself  to  be  the  first  and  original  inven- 
tor, and  being  satisfied  that  such  invention  or  part  tlu^reof  had  not  been  publicly  and  generally  used 
before  the  date  of  such  first  lelters  patent,  may  report  to  II.  M.  their  opinion  that  tlio  prayer  of  sui  li 
petition  ought  to  be  complied  with,  whereupon  II.  M.  may,  if  he  thinks  fit,  grant  such  prayer  ;  and  Ilio 
said  letters  patent  shall  be  available  to  give  to  sucli  petitioner  the  sole  right  of  using,  Inakini.',  and 
vending  snch  invention  :  proviiled  that  any  person  opposing  such  petition  shall  he  enlitled  tohe  heard 
before  the  sa.  I  judicial  conunittee  ;  provided  also,  that  any  person  party  to  any  former  suit  ir  ac  limi 
touching  snch  first  letters  patent,  shall  he  entitled  to  have  notice  of  such  petition  before  presenting  tin; 
same. — (J  2.) 

If  in  any  Action  or  Suit  a  Verdict  pass  for  the  Patentee^  the  Judge  may  rrrtifij,  i^-c. — If  any  actiiui  lit 
law  or  suit  in  equity  shall  be  bron^lit  in  respect  of  any  allet'ed  inlringemenl  of  such  letters  palcnt 
heretofore  or  hereal'ier  granted,  c^r  any  scire  facias  to  ripeal  such  haters  patent,  ami  if  a  verdict  pasj 
for  the  patentee,  or  if  a  final  decree  or  order  he  made  for  him,  upon  thi'  merits  of  the  suit,  it  sir.ill  l.i: 
lawful  for  the  judge  who  tried  such  ai-tion  to  certify  on  tht!  record,  or  the  judge  who  shall  make  sm  h 
order  to  give  a  ( erlilicate  under  his  lii.nd,  that  the  validity  id'  the  patent  came  in  ([uestion  before  bin', 
which  record  or  certificate  bring  L'lven  in  evidence  in  any  other  suit  or  action  tonchim!  sucli  patent, 
if  u  verdict  pass,  or  order  be  made,  in  favour  of  such  patentee,  he  shall  receive  treble  costs  in  suchsuit 


Flap. 


PATRAS. 


277 


tho 


hy  actiDii  ut 

jicrs  pali.'iil 

[iTllil-l    I''!*' 

it  ..Ir.ill  1.'-- 
makf  >"i  li 

Jliefurc  liiii'. 

Inch  piiti'iil. 

Till  such  suil 


or  nclinn,  to  hn  taxed  nt  three  tiinea  tho  taxed  rodli,  iinloHs  llie  Judge  nmkiriR  Riich  second  or  other 
order,  or  trying  aiirh  Hcrniid  or  olhnr  nclioii,  certify  lli:it  lie  imirlit  mil  to  have  tri'blo  costs.— i  J  :).) 

Mi<iir  (if  I'rorcrilin)!  in  ense.  of  Jipiitiraliun  fur  the  fruliiiifrttlinn  if  the  VViih. —Ifaiiy  person  who  Imlh 
or  Bhill  hereiil'ler  obliiin  li^tterM  pi\li^nt  sliiill  advertise  in  the  I.iimiIiiii  (iazelle  3  lirneM,  and  in  3  l.midiin 
papers,  and  \\  liines  in  some  i-onnlry  paper  piildislied  in  the  town  where  or  near  to  which  he  carried  on 
any  rnannfactiire  ol'any  tiling  made  according  to  his  spi-cilicalinn,  or  near  to  or  in  which  he  resides  in 
case  111  carried  on  no  such  nianulaclnre,  or  piibllsln'd  in  the  county  where  lie  carries  on  such  iiiaiiu- 
factnre.  or  where  he  lives  in  case  there  shall  not  he  any  paper  pulilislied  in  sucli  town,  tlial  he  Iniendfl 
to  a)i|ilv  to  II.  M.  in  council  tor  a  prolongalion  ol'liis  term  ol'sole  using  and  vending  his  invention,  and 
shall  pelilion  II.  M  in  council  to  that  edecl,  it  shtill  hi:  lawful  for  any  person  to  enter  a  caveat  at  tho 
conned  oHice  ;  ami  if  II.  M.  refer  such  petition  to  the  judicial  coinniittee  of  ihi!  |)rivy  ccuincil,  and  notice 
shall  first  he  hy  him  given  to  any  person  who  has  entered  such  caveats,  the  petitioner  shall  he  heard 
by  his  counseland  wilneBscs  to  prove  his  case,  ami  the  persons  entering  caveats  shall  lil(ewise  hn 
heard  by  Hieir  counsel  and  witnesses  ;  whereupon  the  judicdal  coniniitlei-  may  report  to  II.  M.  that  a 
further  extension  of  the  term  in  the  said  htti'rs  patent  shall  be  granted,  not  (exceeding?  years  ;  anil 
il.  ,M.  is  hereby  authorised  and  empowered,  if  he  think  lit,  to  grant  new  letters  patent  for  the  said 
invention  for  a  term  not  exceeiling  7  years  after  the  expiraiioii  of  the  first  term  ;  provided  that  no  such 
extension  sliall  be  granted  if  the  application  hy  petition  I.e  not  made  and  prosecuted  with  efl'cct  before 
the  expiratiiui  of  the  original  term  in  sncii  letters  patent.— (J  1.) 

In  rn.-!r  cf  .leliiin,  S^r..,  A'oiirr  In  be  nrivcn.—h\  any  action  brou!;ht  for  infringing  any  letters  patent,  tho 
defendant  on  pleading  thereto  shall  give  to  the  plaintitl',  and  in  any  scire  facias  tn  r  j.eal  such  letters 
patiwit  the  phiintill'shall  file  with  his  declaration  a  notice  of  any  idijections  (m  which  he  means  lo  rely 
at  th(!  trial  of  such  action,  and  no  objection  shall  be  allowed  to  be  made  in  behalf  of  such  defendantor 
plaintirt"  at  such  trial,  unless  ho  prove  the  objections  slated  in  such  imtice  :  providiMl  always,  that  it 
shall  be  lawful  for  any  judge  at  chambers,  on  summons  served  by  such  defendant  or  plainlilf  lui  such 
ulaintilfiir  rIefiMiilaul  reujiticlively  to  show  cause  why  he  should  not  be  allowed  tootl'er  other  objeclioim 
whiTcof  notice  shall  iml  have  been  given,  to  give  leave  to  oiler  such  objections,  on  such  terms  as  tu 
him  shall  seem  tit.— (J  T).) 

Cosl."  laJiclionsfor  infrinirinfr  Letters  Patent. — In  any  action  brought  for  infringing  any  letters  patent, 
in  taxing  the  costs  thereof  regard  shall  be  had  to  the  part  of  such  case  proved  at  the  trial,  which  shall 
be  certilied  by  tho  judge,  and  the  costs  of  each  part  of  the  case  shall  Ur.  given  according  as  either  party 
has  succeeded  or  failed  therein,  regard  being  had  to  tho  notici!  of  objections,  as  well  us  the  counts  in 
the  declaration,  and  without  regard  to  the  general  result  of  the  trial. — (JO.) 

Penaltii  for  nniiiff,  unauthnriscd,  the  JVameof  a  Patentee,  (^-c— If  any  person  shall  write,  paint,  or  print, 
or  nioulil,  cast,  or  carve,  or  engrave  or  stamp  upon,  any  thing  made,  used,  or  sold  hy  him,  for  the  sole, 
making  or  selling  of  which  he  hath  not  obtained  letters  patent,  the  name  or  any  imitation  of  the  name 
of  any  other  person  who  hath  obtained  letters  patent,  for  the  sole  making  and  vending  of  such  thing, 
without  leave  in  writing  of  such  patentee  or  his  assigns,  or  if  any  person  shall  upon  such  thing,  not 
having  been  purchased  from  the  patentee  or  sonie  jierson  who  purchased  it  I'rom  him,  or  not  having  tho 
license  in  writing  of  such  patentee  or  his  assigns,  write,  paint,  or  otherwise  mark  the  word  '•  patent," 
the  words  "  letters  patent,"  or  the  words  "  by  the  king's  patent,"  or  any  words  of  the  like  kind,  mean- 
ing, or  import,  with  a  view  of  imitating  or  counterfeiting  the  stamp,  mark,  or  other  device  of  tlm 
patentee,  he  shall  for  every  such  ortence  be  liable  to  a  penalty  of  60/.,  to  be  recovered  hy  action  of 
delit,  bill,  &c,  in  any  court  of  record  at  Westminster  or  in  Ireland,  or  in  the  court  of  session  in  Scot- 
land, one  half  to  II.  M.  and  the  other  to  any  person  who  shall  sue  for  the  same  :  provided,  that  nothing 
herein  contained  shall  hi;  construed  to  extend  to  subject  any  person  to  any  penalty  in  respect  of  stamp- 
ing or  in  any  way  marking  the  word  "patent"  upon  any  thing  made,  for  the  solo  makiiij;  or  vending 
of  which  a  patent  before  obtained  has  ex|)ired. — {('.)— Sk/).) 

[See  Kent's  Commentaries  on  American  Law,  Lecture  31. — Am,  Ed.] 

PATRAS,  on  PETRASSO,  a  sea-port  in  the  N.  W.  corner  of  the  Morca,  near  the  en- 
trance of  the  Gulf  of  Lcpanto,  in  lat.  38°  14'  25"  N.,  Ion.  21°  4G'  20"  E.  Population 
various'y  estimated,  from  5,000  to  10,000. 

The  port  lies  a  little  to  the  northward  of  the  town  ;  but  the  part  fronting  it  is  unsafe,  and  exposed 
to  heavy  seas,  particularly  in  winti^.  Vessels,  therefore,  go  a  little  further  up  the  gulf,  where  there 
is  a  mole  or  quay,  and  where  they  can  lie  close  to  the  wharf.  I'.itras  has  a  more  extensive  trade  th'in 
any  other  port  of  Cireece.  The  principal  exports  are  currants,  oil,  valonia,  wine,  raw  silk,  raw  cotton, 
wool,  skins,  wax,  &c.  Of  these,  currants  are  by  far  the  most  important.  The  fruit  is  larger,  and  freer 
from  sand  and  gravel,  than  that  of  the  Ionian  Islands.  They  are  shipped  in  casks  of  various  sizes  ; 
but,  as  the  weight  of  the  cask  is  included  in  that  of  tho  fruit,  it  is  said  to  he,  for  the  most  part,  madu 
heavier  and  stronger  than  necessary.  Morea  currants  are  preferred  in  most  countries,  except  Eng- 
land ;  but  here  the  currants  of  Xante  are  held  in  eiiual,  or  perhaps  greater,  estimation.  The  exports 
of  currants  from  I'atras,  at  an  average  of  the  3  years  ending  with  1831,  amounted  to  about  50,000  cwt. 
a  year,  worth  about  33,OO0i.  More  than  half  the  quantity  shipped  in  1830  and  1831  was  for  England. 
The  value  of  the  exports  of  valonia  and  oil  may,  together,  amount  to  from  7,000/.  to  10,000/.  a  year. 
The  imports  at  Patros,  as  at  the  other  Greek  ports,  consist  principally  of  sugar,  cotTce,  and  other 
colonial  products ;  plain  and  printed  cotton  stuffs,  woollen  goods,  salted  fish,  iron,  tin  plates,  hard- 
ware, cordage,  hemp,  deals,  &c.  Imported  articles  are  brought  principally  from  the  Ionian  Islands, 
Malta,  Venice,  Leghorn,  Marseilles,  and  Trieste  ;  hut,  from  the  unsettled  state  of  the  country,  it  U 
quite  impossible  to  form  any  accurate  estimate  of  their  amount,  cither  as  respects  I'atras,  or  any  other 
Greek  port : — 

Hhifpiiig.—'rUe  arrivals  at  Pains  in  1830  and  1B31  have  been  Pvrt  CAarjM.— Foreign  and  Greek  vessels  pay  as  fallows ;— 


1830. 

1831. 

Brilish      • 

Vessels. 

Tonnage. 

Vessels. 

Tonnage. 

10 

1,417 

8 

1,105 

Greek 

234 

9,017 

301 

10,623 

Joni.in 

146 

5,291 

79 

3,143 

Austrian   - 

36 

3,737 

46 

7,541 

Kiniinian  • 

10 

464 

4 

520 

Tuscan      • 

'2 

168 

1 

97 

Ntipolitan 

6 

164 

6 

164 

Kipil 

3 

ISl 

2 

177 

French      • 

S 

499 

3 

316 

Dutch 

1 

130 

1 

170 

Russuin 

8 

8!)8 

11 

1,849 

Ottoni.in    • 

4 

431 

3 

353 

Greek. 


Total  Greek 


Foreign. 
Ph.  I.  L.  I.  d. 

12    74    or    0    9    0 


25     0    —   0  n    8 


I     Foreign  ^16    8 


The  yi/Wf  established  by  the  government,  in  March,  1830,  is  in  force,  according  to  which  all  articles 
■nay  be  imported  and  exporliMl  on  payment  of  the  duties  therein  fixed,  without  distinction  of  foreign 
or  native  dag.  The  rate  of  duty  is  10  per  cent,  ad  valorem  for  imports,  and  6  per  cent,  ad  valorem  for 
exports. 

Vol.  ir.— 2  A 


§5 


278 


PATTERNS,  PAWNBR0KI:RS. 


i    ! 


JlfoHci/  — Sinrn  the  rovoliillon,  tlm  (ircoks  Imvn  entnliliiilieil  a  system  of  rnlnaitR  in  imltntiim  of  ihut 
ori''riiiii'(!.  TliB  plinni.v  Is  itsilviT  I'.diii.tlmt  slniiild  coiiliiiii  <J-I(ltlin  nrpiiri!  int'Ml,  niiil  l-IUtli  ufalliiy, 
or  4()'2!)  pr'iiiiiiics  iif  xhv,  former,  uiiil  IIM  dn.  of  the  liiltnr,  heiiiK  worth  alioiit  H',(/  Kterling.  The  Icipln 
Is  a  cd|i|j('r  roin,  hclim  l-llHlih  part  of  the  pljcpiiix.  lint  the  silver  coins  aru  iilremly  so  iiiiieli  ilebuacd, 
(li:il  they  hiive  hcen  rrfnseil  even  liy  the  olIicerH  of  government. 

Il'fiffhtn  and  JMraionfs.—'Vht)  i|"intnl  is  divideil  into  41okeH,  or  1321bs.  llencu,  lOOllis.  of  Patrass 
HSIhs.  iiv<iirilnpois.     Silk  weiulii  Is  l-rHli  lii'iivler. 

A  Slick  of  cnrrnnts  weighs  I  lOllis.  of  the  common  wuiKlit,  or  ultoul  123U)s.  avoirdupois. 

Tlie  stnro,  corn  measnri',  ;=2J  VVincli,  hnaliels. 

The  h)iig  pic,  or  pik.  Mseil  in  nieii.inring  linens  and  woolleni,  =  27  English  inches.  The  short  pic, 
tised  in  nieiisiiritiL'  i^ilk.-i,  =  'i'>  ditto. 

We  Imve  derived  lliese  details,  partly  from  the  Jiniwera  made  by  the  T'onsnl  «t  Patras  to  the  Cireular 
(iuches  ;  partly  from  tlic  Jlrcliives  da  Commerce,  tome  ii.  pp.  22''— i)2. ;  atid  partly  frcun  other  sources 

Coiiunrrcc  of  Gn  tee. — Considering  the  favourable  situation  of  Greece,  the  number  and 
cxcflloncc  of  her  jmrts,  the  hardy  cntcrpri.sing  character  of  the  people,  and  the  proj^ress  they 
have  already  mailc  in  navigation,  nothing  seems  to  be  recjuircd  to  insure  her  rapid  advanre- 
nirnt  in  comniei,  m!  industry,  but  the  cstaiiHshment  of  good  order  and  internal  tranquillity. 
We  trust  that  ihi.^  .-ine  i/uu  nnn  of  prosperity  will  now  be  realised ;  and  that  the  newly  con- 
stituted government  will  be  strong  enough  to  ctirb  the  factions  into  which  the  population  ha.'* 
been  sjilit,  and  to  i)ut  down  and  punish  every  sjiecics  of  outrage.  If  they  succeed  in  this, 
and  abstain  from  all  attempts,  by  prohibition  or  otherwise,  to  force  manufactures  and  com- 
merce, we  have  no  doubt  that  the  progress  of  Greece  will  be  all  that  her  most  sanguine 
friend.s  could  wish.  It  appears  front  a  report  presented  to  the  congress  at  Napoli,  in  Janu- 
ary, 1832,  that  (ircece  was  at  that  time  possessed  of  2,941  vessels  of  all  sorts,  of  which  (ill 
were  of  the  1st  class,  that  is,  of  more  than  150  tons  burden.  The  value  of  the  imports  into 
Greece,  in  18;)1,  are  estimated  in  the  satnc  document  at  about  1,100,000/.  sterling.  It  must, 
however,  be  observed,  that  a  large  proportion  of  these  imports  is  carried  to  Syra,  which  has 
now  become  an  important  entrepof,  merely  that  they  may  be  sent  at  convenient  opportuni- 
tie.s  to  the  Turkish  provinces  in  Europe,  Asia  Mitior,  &c. —  {See  Archives  dii  Coiniucrce, 
tome  ii.  {>.  239.) 

It  is  dcejjly  to  be  regretted,  that  Candia,  or  Crete,  was  not  either  added  to  the  new  kiiif^- 
dom  of  Greece,  or  made  independent.  We  cannot  help  considering  it  as  disgraceful  to  the 
Christian  nations  of  Europe,  that  this  famous  island,  where  European  civilisation  first  struck 
its  roots,  should  be  consigned  to  the  barbarians  by  whom  it  is  now  laid  waste.  It  is  as  well 
entitled  to  the  favourable  consideration  of  England,  France,  and  Ru.ssia,  as  any  part  of  (Con- 
tinental Greece ;  and  we  do  hope  that  measures  may  yet  be  devised  for  rescuing  it  from  the 
atrocious  despotism  by  which  it  has  been  so  long  weighed  down. — (See  Giir.Kci..) 

PATTERNS,  are  specimens  or  samples  of  commodities,  transmitted  by  manufacturers  to 
their  correspondents,  or  carried  from  town  to  town  by  travellers  in  search  of  orders.  Pat- 
terns, if  not  exceeding  1  ounce  weight,  shall  be  charged  with  only  an  additional  penny  of 
postage,  provided  they  be  sent  under  cover,  open  at  the  sides,  and  without  any  letter  or 
writing,  except  the  name  of  the  person  sending  the  same,  the  i)lace  of  his  abode,  atid  the 
price  of  the  article  or  articles. — (.'32  Gen.  3.  c.  88.) 

PAWiNUROKERS  .wn  PAWNBROKING.  A  pawnbroker  is  a  species  of  banker, 
who  advances  money,  at  a  certain  rate  of  interest,  upon  security  of  goods  deposited  in  his 
hands ;  havitig  power  to  sell  the  goods,  if  the  principal  sum,  and  the  interest  thereon,  be 
not  paid  within  a  specified  time. 

1.  AJvanldges  and  Dhadmntages  of  Pawnhroking. — The  practice  of  impledging  or 
pawning  goods,  in  order  to  raise  loans,  is  one  that  must  neccssari'y  always  exist  in  civilised 
societies,  and  is,  in  many  cases,  productive  of  advantage  to  the  pavties.  I3ut  it  is  a  practice 
that  is  extremely  liable  to  abuse.  By  far  the  largest  proportion  oi"  the  buna  fide  borrowers 
of  money  on  pawn  consist  of  the  lowest  and  most  indigent  classes  ;  and  were  the  lenders  not 
subjected  to  any  species  of  regulation,  advantage  might  be  taken  (as,  indeed,  it  is  frequently 
taken,  in  spite  of  every  precaution)  of  their  necessities,  to  subject  them  to  the  most  grievous 
extortion.  But,  besides  those  whose  wants  compel  them  to  resort  to  pawnbrokers,  the/c  is 
another  class,  who  have  recourse  to  them  in  order  to  get  rid  of  the  property  they  have  unlaw- 
fully acquired.  Not  only,  therefore,  are  pawnbrokers  instrumental  in  relieving  the  pressing 
and  urgent  necessities  of  the  poor,  but  they  may  also,  even  without  intending  it,  become  the 
most  efficient  allies  of  thieves  and  swindlers,  by  affording  them  ready  and  convenient  outlets 
for  the  disposal  of  their  ill-gotten  gains.  The  policy  of  giving  legislative  protection  to  a 
business  so  liable  to  abu.se,  has  been  doubted  by  many.  But  though  it  were  suppressed  by 
law,  it  would  always  really  exist.  An  individual  possessed  of  property  which  he  may  neither 
be  able  nor  willing  to  dispose  of,  may  be  reduced  to  a  state  of  extreme  difficulty ;  and  in 
such  case,  what  can  be  more  convenient  or  advantageous  for  him  than  to  get  a  loan  upon  a 
deposit  of  such  property,  under  condition  that  if  he  repay  the  loan,  and  the  interest  upon  it, 
within  a  certain  period,  the  property  will  be  returned  ?  It  is  said,  indeed,  that  the  facilities 
of  raising  money  in  this  way  fo.ster  habits  of  imprudence ;  that  the  first  resort  for  aid  to  a 
pawnbroker  almost  always  leads  to  a  second ;  and  that  it  is  impossible  so  to  regulate  the 
business,  as  to  prevent  the  ignorant  and  the  necessitous  from  being  plundered.  That  this 
statement,  though  exaggerated,  is  to  a  certain  extent  true,  no  one  can  deny.    On  the  other 


I 


PAWNBROKERS  AND  PAWNBROKING. 


'270 


ll 


of  banker, 
ll  ill  his 
lercon,  be 

Icclginp;  or 
in  civilised 
a  practice 
borrowers 
lenders  not 
frequently 
st  grievous 
rs,  thevc  is 
ave  unlaw- 
le  pressing 
become  the 
lent  outlets 
.ection  to  a 
pressed  by 
lay  neither 
and  ill 
ian  upon  a 
■st  upon  It, 
.e  facilities 
aid  to  a 
!gulalc  the 
That  this 
the  other 


hond,  however,  the  capacity  of  obtainin(j  Buppllrs  on  deponits  of  goods,  by  nlVordint;  tlic 
iiiiaiis  (if  incetinu;  prcHsing  ^xiRcnfii's,  in  so  iiir  tends  to  prevent  crime,  and  to  promote  tho 
securitv  of  property ;  and  it  would  Hoetn  as  if  tho  di'sirc  to  redeem  property  in  pawn  would 
bo  one  of  the  most  powerful  motives  to  industry  and  economy.  At  the  same  time,  i  lo,  it 
iMiist  be  borne  in  mind,  that  it  is  not  pos.sible,  do  what  you  will,  ti>  prevent  tlioHC  who  arc 
poor  and  nninslru<te<l  from  borrowing;  and  that  they  must,  in  all  eai-es,  obtain  hnins  at  a 
ureat  sacrillce,  and  be  liable  to  \>c  inii»osed  upon.  But  the  fair  presumption  is,  that  llieie  ii 
less  chance  of  any  imjiroper  advantage  being  taken  of  them  by  u  licensed  pawnbroker,  than 
by  a  private  and  irres[ionHible  individual.  Although,  however,  the  business  had  all  tlu^  iiicori'- 
veniences,  without  any  portion  whatever  of  the  good  which  really  belongs  to  it,  it  would  bo 
to  no  pur[iosc  to  attempt  its  suppression.  It  is  visionary  to  imagine  tliat  those  who  have 
proi)erty  will  submit  to  be  reduced  to  the  extremity  of  want,  without  endeavouring  to  raise 
money  upon  it.  Any  attempt  to  jmt  down  pawnbroking  would  merely  drive  respectable 
persons  from  llic  trade,  and  throw  it  entirely  into  the  hands  of  tlu)se  who  have  neither 
jiroperty  nor  character  to  lose.  And  hence  the  object  of  a  wise  legislature  ought  not  to  be 
to  abolish  what  must  alwnvs  exist,  but  to  endeavour,  so  far  at  least  as  is  possibh',  to  fr<!e  it 
from  abuse,  by  cnactii-.g  such  regulations  as  may  appear  to  he  best  calculated  to  protect  the 
ignorant  and  the  unwary  from  becoming  the  prey  of  swindlers,  and  to  facilitate  the  discovery 
of  stolen  property. 

2.  Ohlifralidus  under  which  Pawnbrokers  should  he  placed. — For  this  jinrposc  it  seems 
indispensable  that  the  interest  charged  by  pawnbrokers  should  be  limited,  that  they  should 
be  obliged  to  give  a  receipt  for  the  articles  pledged,  and  to  retain  them  for  a  rcnsonulile  time 
iiefore  selling  them;  that  tho  sale,  when  it  does  take  place,  should  be  by  public  auction,  or 
in  such  a  way  as  may  give  tho  articles  the  best  chance  for  being  sold  at  a  fair  jirice ;  and 
that  the  excess  of  price,  if  there  be  any,  after  deducting  the  amount  advanced,  and  the  interest 
and  expenses  of  sale,  should  be  paid  over  to  the  original  owner  of  the  goods.  To  prevent 
pawnlirokers  from  becoming  tho  receivers  of  stolen  goods,  they  should  be  liable  to  penalties 
tor  making  advances  to  any  individual  unable  to  give  a  satisfactory  account  of  the  mode  in 
which  he  liecamc  possessed  of  the  property  he  is  desirous  to  pawn ;  the  oiliccrs  of  police 
should  at  all  times  have  free  access  to  their  premises  ;  and  they  should  be  obliged  carefully 
to  describe  and  advertise  the  property  they  offer  for  sale. 

3.  Law  as  to  Pawnbrokers.—  ll  may  appear  singular  that  pawnbrokers  should  hardly 
have  lieen  named  in  any  legislative  enactment  till  after  the  middle  of  last  century.  It  was 
enacted  by  the  30  Geo.  2.  c.  24.,  that  a  duplicate  or  receipt  should  be  given  for  goods  pawn- 
ed; and  that  such  as  were  pawned  for  any  sum  less  than  10/.  might  be  recovered  any  time 
within  fioo  years,  on  payment  of  the  principal  and  interest ;  but  the  rate  of  interest  was  not 
fixed.  This  defect  was  supplied  by  the  25  Geo.  3.  c.  48. ;  but  the  act  39  &  40  Geo.  3.  c. 
99.  contains  the  latest  and  most  complete  regulations  on  the  subject. 


Ev  ry  jHtrsoii  exerois'iiR  the  trade  of  a  pawnbroker  nitist  take  out 
',,  Iicfiis«,  rvr.f  WiiLtle  ai  nuatly,  10  ilays  at  least  l«J"ore  the  end  of  the 
year,  tor  v  hidi  he  sliail  pay,  within  the  ciliet  of  Lonilon  and  VVeat- 
miiist^T,  and  the  liniilGof  tlie  tvvojjenny  pfst,  15/.,  and  everywhere 
else,  7i.  lUf.  No  person  (itiall  keep  mure  tlian  1  house  by  virtue  of  1 
hrence;  but  persons  In  paitu-rship  iiei"'!  only  take  out  1  licence  for 
I  house.  All  persfmi  rec-'ivini^  goo<is  by  way  ol  pawn  or  pledge  for 
the  rep.iynieiit  of  money  lent  thereon,  at  a  hight  r  rate  of  interest 
than  5  [K:r  cent.,  to  be  deemed  pawnbrokers. 

rjM'U  ei*ery  pleige  on  which  tliere  sIloII  have  been  lent  not  ex- 
reeding  2s,  6d.y  interest  may  be  charged  at  the  rate  of  \-2d.  per 
tiiontii. 


I. 

1.    rf. 

L.  1.    d. 

If  0 

5    0 

0    0    1       per 

montli 

0 

7    G 

0    0    11-2 

— 

0 

10    0 

0    0    2 

_ 

0 

12    6 

0    0    2  1-2 

„ 

0 

15    0 

0    0    3 

.. 

0 

17    6 

0   0    31-2 

_ 

1 

0    0 

0    0    4 

— 

2 

0    0  and  not  exceeding 

2 

2    0 

0    0    8 

— 

And  for  every  sum  ejfcee>Iin^  40*.,:\nd  not  eiceeding  10/.,at  the  rate 
i>i  3d,  ill  the  pinind,  by  tlu;  calendar  iiiutilh,  includiii);  the  current 
flifiiith ;  aiid  s(i  in  prnporlion  f-T  any  fracli'mal  sum, 

Fiwnlirnkeraare  to  f;ive  r.ii'thiii^s  in  cxchani^e, 

IVrsDiis  8iipIyin(E  to  redeem  gorids  jiawned  within  7  days  after  tlie 
fir<t  calciiddir  ii'ini-th  afler  ihc  same  sh.iM  have  been  pled^i-d,  m*y  re- 
tli-ern  itie  same  witJiout  ptyirii;  any  (hiiis  for  the  first  7  days  ;  and, 
upon  apiiIyiiiK  l*efore  the  expiratii'ii  of  14  li.xys  {if  thesecoThi  calen- 
dar nioiiih,  siiall  be.  at  li!;iTty  to  ri;dceni  siiohVooils,  upon  paying  the 
profit  payable  for  1  calendar  month  and  the  half  of  another ;  and  in 
nil  cases 'where  tlie  parties  so  entitled,  and  applyini;  as  aforesaid,  after 
the  expiration  of  the  first  fourtt«n  days,  and  before  the  expiration 
o!"  the  seffitid  munth.  tlie  pawnl)roker  is  allowed  to  take  the  interest 
of  Ihc  whtile  second  moiitti ;  and  the  same  regulations  and  restric- 
titins«h:i!l  take  place  in  every  subse<ptent  month. 

Whin  fjoods  are  pa»vned  formon;  thin  5#.,  the  nawnhroker,  before 
a.lvancin^  the  money,  :<hall  innncdiately  enter  in  histiooks  a  descrip- 
tion (tf  the  pawn,  tlie  money  lent  thereon,  thi^  day  of  the  month  and 
year,  tl-.e  iume  of  ihe  person  pawiiing,  .iiid  the  name  of  the  street^ 
ami  nuii.her  of  the  h"use,  if  nunibt  re<i,  where  such  person  resides, 
and  use  the  letter  L,  ii"  Hie  person  be  a  lodger,  and  the  letters  H  K, 
rf  a  hnust'keeper;  and  aUo  Ihe  name  and  abode  of  the  owner 
of  the  (larty  olFerin?  such  pledge;  and  if  the  money  lent  shall 
not  exceed  5*.,  such  entry  shall  be  miule  within  4  hours  after  Ihe 
(foods  shall  have  been  pawned;  and  tlie  pawnbroker  shall,  at  the 
time  of  tikin^  the  pawn,  give  to  the  fKrson  so  pawning  a  duplicate, 
correspoudiDg  with  Uie  entry  in  the  liok,  whicu  tlie  party  pa.suiug, 


shall  take  in  all  cases;  and  the  ^lawnb^okPr  nhall  not  receive  any 
pledge,  unless  the  party  so  pawnint;  shall  r>.-ceive  such  duplicate. 


Rata  payable  for  Dtiplicates. 


L.   .».   rf, 
gratis. 
0    0    0  1-2 
0    0    1 
0    0    2 
0    0    4 


If  under  5*.  - 

6s.  and  under  10». 
tOf.  and  under  Ji'i.    • 
20j.  and  under  5/. 
6/,  and  upwards 

The  duplicate  to  be  protlwced  t')  the  pawnbroker  before  he  shall  tie 
conHM'llt'd  to  redeliver  the  respective  gooils  and  chattels,  except  m 
hcreiM-after  excepted. 

The  amount  ot^  prniits  on  duplicates  shall  ho  added  on  pledgta  re- 
decMied,  and  such  duplicate  shall  be  kept  by  the  pawnbroker  for  I 
year. 

iVrsons  pawning  other  people's  goods  without  their  consent,  may 
be  appiehi  nded  by  Iht!  warrant  of  I  justice,  and  convicted  in  a  |M'- 
nalty  not  excectling  5/.  nor  h-ss  than  20*.,  and  the  ftiM  value  of  Ihe 
gmjds  pawned;  and  if  the  forfeiture  be  not  ininied)atfty  l>aid,  the 
justice  shall  commit  the  party  to  Itu^  house  of  correction,  to  be  kept 
to  hard  labour  for  3  catend:ir  months;  .-ind  if  within  3  days  befort; 
the  expiration  of  thecoiiimitment  the  forfiitiire  shall  not  l)e  paid,  the 
justice  may  order  the  person  to  le  pddicly  whipj^ed,  and  Ihe  for- 
feiturt'H  shall  l>e  applied  towards  making  satisfactron  to  the  party  in- 
jured, and  defraying  Ihe  cwts;  but  if  the  n.irty  injured  shall  decline 
to  accept  such  satisfaction  and  costs,  or  if  there  be  any  overplus,  such 
forfeitures  or  overplus  shall  ho  paiil  to  the  poor  of  the  parish. 

I'ersoris  fnrgins;  or  cntmterfeiting  d\iidicates  may  l)e  seized  and  de- 
liveied  to  a  cnnslahle,  who  shall  convey  them  beftire  a  justice  ;  and, 
upon  conviction,  such  person  slu.l  be  committed  to  the  house  of  cor- 
rection for  any  time  not  excewline  3  calendar  months. 

Tersons  ottering  pledges,  not  givinea  satisfactory  account  of  liiem* 
selves  or  the  rneiins  by  which  they  l)tcame  pos.sessei'  of  such  goods, 
or  wilfully  giving  any  false  information,  or  if  tliere  shall  be  reason 
to  suspect' that  such  gooils  are  stolen,  or  illegally  obtainal,  or  if  any 
person  not  entitled  to  rcdetin  goods  in  iiawn  shall  endeavour  to  re- 
deem Ihe  same,  thev  may  be  seized  and  deli\ercd  to  a  constable,  to 
be  carrieil  before  a  justice;  and  if  there  should  appear  ground  for  a 
second  examination,  they  shall  Iw  conmiitted  to  the  common  gaol  or 
hou-e  of  correction,  to  Le  dealt  with  according  to  law;  or  where 
such  pniceedings  are  not  auth.iriscil  by  the  nature  of  the  otii'iice,  tlie 
party  shall  be  committed  for  any  lime  not  exceeding  3  calendar 
mouths. 

persons  tiuying  or  taking  in  pledge  iinfmislied  goods,  linen,  or  ap* 
parel,  intrusted  to  others  to  wa^h  or  mend,  shall  forfeit,  double  ttie 
sum  lent,  ai.il  restore  the  goods 

Peace  olllcers  are  empowered  to  search  for  unfinished  goods  which 
tball  be  come  by  unlawfully. 


^18 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


UilM    12.5 

m  m 

m  m 


m 


111^5     ||!^5    1^ 

< 

6"     

► 

Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STMET 

WUSTIR.N.Y.  MSM 

(716)t73-4S03 


o 


r.V 


^ 


280 


PAWNBROKERS  AND  PAWNBROKING. 


t        ) 


I 


When  ^ootli  »re  unliwrully  pawned,  the  pawnbroker  is  (o  rralore 
theni  i  ami  ttieir  houu:^  may  bv  irarclied  (luiiiiif  the  htmn  ot  Liui- 
BDU,  liya  warrant  froiu  a  niagiitrate  for  the  discovery  of  lucli  pro- 
perty. 

Peraont  productnj^  notes  or  memoTaDduini  ar«  tn  be  deemed  (he 
ownem  of  the  property. 


WhtTe  duplicates  are  loit,  the  pawnbmker,  uDnnafTidavil  matehy 
he  owoer  of  i     '  '       '    * 
plicate 


the  owoer  of  luch  loia  before  a  majcislrate,  ■lull  deliver  another  du* 


An  account  of  the  ule  of  pledffetformorp  than  lOf.  It  to  be  entered 

by  pAHiilirokcn  in  a  iMink,  and  Ihe  aur|ilii9  ii  t»  be  paid  tu  ih<!  owner 
of  >he  f^ttdiin  piwiiut,  il  duniandcd  iviihin  thrtt  ytaii  of  the  ule, 
under  |>ciialty  of  lUl.  an  I  treble  the  iiini  lent. 

PavvnbntkL-n  .ire  to  phcp  in  view  the  ul  le  of  profit*;  and  their 
name  and  buiineti  it  to  be  placed  over  the  d'wr,  on  pt-mliy  of  \0t. 

Pa»n)>riikcri  injuring  ^oods,  or  w^llinK  them  lK*fore  the  tune  tperi- 
fied,  nlia  1,  up m  nppiicaiioii  tn  a  in.-t<i^tr4tf,  l>e  conipellrd  to  make 
satiiki-utinn  ffjr  Ihe  tune;  an  I  if  tlie  »ahitt.ictinii  av%arilt:d  shall  Imi 
equal  tn  nr  exci'ed  tht*  principal  and  prolitn  ihe  pawnbrtker  ihall 
deliver  the  ft<>n<li  plelii;ed  to  the  o»uri9  without  being  paid  any  thing 
for  prihci|>al  or  prohl. 

Pawntimki'rt  shall  pmilncc  their  book*  Iiefore  a  ma«i«tnte;  or, 
rtfii-iniCfcolodo,  sh-iil  forfeit  a  sum  not  eii-ct*dlii)t  tO/.  mir  lettlhan  51. 
Pavviitprokenotrt-n  EiiiKa^nuiit  !hiiacl,ihall  forfeit  foi  every  olVrnco 
n^^t  leu  than  4lii.  tmr  more  than  U*l. 

It  haa  Unt  hi: 1 1  by  tlr*  (Vnirt  of  Kind's  Bench,  thit  a  pawnbroker 

has  no  rinht  Invll  Ufiredoemed  iiledR-t,  aft«r  theeipinitinn  of  a  year 

fr.iiii  Ihe  time  the  ipkhN  were  pled.;eil,  if.  while  ti.ey  are  in  his  \Hm- 

leMion,  the  ori:(in.il  nwnir  tenter  him  Ihf.  principal  and   interest 

due.— (ITu/tcr  v.  Stwih.  22\  n{  J.intnry,  ihJO.)     Un  a  m'ltiou  for  a 

new  trial,  l/»rd  Ten'crden  !-aid,  "I  am  of  opiitmn.  ihat  if  the  pledge 

be  not  rc'ftfmed  at  tiie  expirat"on  nl  i  ynr  and  a  diy,  (and  n'>  noine 

;iwn  Ihaf  3  mnj,t!;s  f'irllt  r  aii*  to  tr  aiiuwrd  for  ittn-  l*-iii[iltnii,)  '.he 

I  pawiib'ok' r  has  a  ri^ht  toeufise  It  to  tale  toaonn  at  he  ran,  cnu. 

,  sittenlly  with  the  p  o.ihlous'Y  the  i>-t ;  but  if  at  .uiy  time  Itjiretht 

'  tnlf  hot  tuttnlhi  tohrv  yln'-e  the  owi,er  of  the  <nods  (f-ivler  the  prii- 

Cipil  and  intf  rent,  and  expenet  incurn- 1,  he  hat  a  riiht  tn  his  ::oo>l«, 

I  and  ilir  pawnhroktT  ii  nt'  injined  ;  f-ir  Itie  i«»wer  nf  vile  is  allowfiij 

:   bun  mere'y  tn  vcnre  to  IJm  the  mnncf  whu  h  tit*  ha*  a-lvance  I,  to- 

'  ftellier  'aitii  the  tii::h  rate  of  inleregit  which  the  taw  allows  lu  him  lu 

t  Ins  cliaracler  of  pAWhliMiki-r." 


Gooda  pawned  are  deemed  forfeitetl  at  the  end  of  a  year  ;  but,  on 
notice  Imm  |(er»on9  having  gootti  in  ple<tge,  3  monlbt  further  are  to 
be  allowed  tiiyond  Ihe  year  (ur  redemption  ;  kuih  notice  lo  be  giviii 
before  the  twelvemonth  iteipire<l. 

All  eoodi  puvned  nnv  be  nlil  at  (be  expiration  of  m«  whole  year; 
and  airc'>od»  toforfeilid,  on  which  above  I0«.  and  no!  exceeding  10^ 
ahall  have  been  lent,  bliall  be  Mdd  by  pul'lic  au':'ii>ii,  and  imt  oilier- 
wife;  notice  of  such  tale  being  twice  given,  at  least  3diy«  befon- the 
auction,  in  a  public  newspaper,  upon  pain  of  forfeiting  lo  Ihe  owner 
of  the  goods  not  more  than  ot.  nor  less  (han  21. 

Alt  picturei,  prints,  iHM^kt,  brontet,  Atalue».  busts,  carvings  in  ivory 
and  marble,  cameos,  mta^liot,  muiical,  mathemalKal.  and  plnloso- 
phical  instrumentu,  and  china,  shall  be  sold  by  Ihemv-lvis,  and  ui:h- 
<*ut  other  goods,  4  tunes  only  in  every  year ;  viz.  ou  the  Isl  Monday 
in  •/'■'•uiiri/.  April,  July,  and  <>ctuUr,  in  everv  year. 

Pawnbrokers  aru  not  to  purchise  gixxls  while  in  their  cust'nly,  nor 
take  in  p!e<iges  fnnn  persons  under  12  )car!tof  .age,  or  intoxicated; 
nor  lake  in  any  roods  btfi-re  8  in  Ihe  forenoon,  or  after  8  in  theevei.- 
ing  between  X/.cA  uhnaaday  anJ  Lady-day,  or  beff>re  7  in  tin-  tore- 
Looa  or  alter  9  in  the  evening  during  (he  remainder  of  tbe  viar,  ex- 
cepting only  until  II  on  (lie  evenimcs  of  Satutduy^  and  Ibu  evtnin>;s 
preceding  (*oxl  Friday  and  Chrutmoi-day  and  every  i*»\  or  thaiik<i* 
giving  day. 

Such  is  the  present  state  of  the  law  vviih  respect  to  pawnbrokers.  On  the  whole,  the 
regulations  seem  to  he  judiciously  devisci!.  Perhaps,  however,  the  rate  of  interest  on  sfnall 
<ieposits  might  be  advantac;eously  lowered.  The  law  allows  interest  at  the  rate  of  ^d,  per 
month  to  be  charged  on  loans  of  2.v,  6(L,  which  is  at  the  rate  of  20  per  cent. :  but  the  same 
sumof  ^rf.  per  month  is  exigible  from  all  smaller  loans;  and  as  very  many  do  not  exceed  l.v, 
C(/.,  and  even  Gd,,  the  interest  on  them  is  exceedingly  opjiressivc.  No  doubt  there  is 
a  great  deal  of  trouble  with  respect  to  such  loans;  but  still,  considering  the  vast 
number  of  advances  under  2.y.  6d*  it  would  seem  that  tbe  inten»st  on  them  mii^rht  be 
somewhat  reduced.  Perhaps,  too,  it  might  be  advisable,  still  belter  to  secure  compliance 
with  the  statute,  to  enact  that  no  one  should  be  licensed  as  a  i)awnbroker  without  producing 
fluflicient  security  for  a  certain  sum  to  be  forfeited  in  the  event  of  his  knowingly  or  wilfully 
breaking  or  evading  any  of  its  provisions.  This  would  prevent  (what  Dr.  Colquhoun  says 
is  not  an  uncommon  practice)  swindlers  from  becoming  pawnbrokers,  in  order  to  get  the 
means  of  selling  stolefi  goods. — {Treatise  on  the  Police  of  the  Metropolis,  2d  ed,  p,  156.) 

It  would  be  a  useful  regulation  to  oblige  pawnbrokers  lo  insure  against  losses  by  fire. 
Much  mischief  has  been  occasioned  by  the  neglect  of  this  precaution. 

An  Accnnnl  of  the  Ninnher  of  Pnwtibrokcr.^  nronrt^d  in  the  Metropolis,  nntJ  in  tho  Country,  wiih  thw 
Rates  respectively  rliarired  on  llieir  Licetices,  and  tlip  Dnlv  received  on  111*'  same,  in  each  of  ijio 
Five  Years  ending  the  5ili  of  January,  lb30.— (/'aW.  /*a/jcr,  No.  a»l.  Sess.  1830.) 


Yean  endiiit 

Taken  out  at  Ihe  Head  Ofllci-,  I/)ndnn. 

Tik™  out  in  Ihe  Country.                 | 

Bate  c.f  Duly. 

>unit.er.       1           Duly. 

Rale  of  Du'y. 

NuinbiT. 

Duly. 

L.    1. 

7,0)0    0 

7,223    0 

7,004  10 

240  0 
11,970    0 

705  0 
7,785    0 

6lh  itmiiTj     ■       1826 

—  IS27 

—  1628 

-  1829 

-  1830 

/,     ». 

15    0 

7  10 
IS    0 

7  10 
|-|    0 

7  10 
IS    0 

7  10 
1$    0 

7  10 

261 

8 
267 

5 
274 

7 
411 

6 
295 

7 

A.    «. 

60  0 
4,00-i    0 

37  10 
4,110    0 

52  10 
6,165    0 

75  0 
4,423    0 

62  10 

L.    1. 

15    0) 
7  10  ( 
15    0> 

7  II)  ( 
1.5    0) 

7  in{ 

15  0 
7  10 

lA  0 
7  10 

IG 
1,5% 

47 
1,033 

The  prodiire  of  each  rate  of  duty  not  being  (listinijiiisihnd  in  Ihe  diFtrihutors' nccniinis  until  the 
year  ending  llie  5th  of  January,  1829,  the  number  uf  licences  cannot  be  given  prior  lo  that  date  for  llie 
country. 

4.  Notices  of  Pmvnbroking  in  Italy,  France,  <^e. — The  practice  of  ailvancinp;  money  to 
the  poor,  either  with  or  without  interest,  seems  to  have  been  occasionally  followed  in  an- 
tiquity.— (Beckmann,  vol.  iii.  p.  14.  Ist  Eng.  ed.)  But  the  first  public  establishments  oltMs 
sort  were  founded  in  Italy,  undcrthename  of  Monti di  I'ietd,  in  the  14th  and  l.'Jth  centuries. 
As  it  was  soon  found  to  be  impossible  to  procure  the  means  of  supjmrting  such  estahlish- 
menls  from  voluntary  contributions,  a  bull  for  allowing  interest  to  be  charged  upon  the  lo:in.s 
made  to  the  poor  was  issued  by  Leo  X.  in  ITiSl.  These  establishments,  though  dilliTiiifl;  in 
many  respects,  have  universally  for  their  object  to  protect  the  needy  from  the  risk  of  being 
plundered  by  the  irresponsible  individuals  to  whom  their  necessities  might  obliije  tlicm  to 
resort,  by  accommodating  them  with  loans  on  comparatively  reasonable  terms.  And  thoui^h 
their  practice  has  not,  in  all  instances,  corresponded  with  the  professions  they  have  made, 
there  seems  no  reason  to  doubt  that  they  have  been,  speaking  generally,  of  essential  .service 
to  the  poor. 

From  Italy  these  establishments  have  gradually  spread  over  the  Continent.  The  Mont  de 
Picte,  in  Paris,  was  established  by  a  royal  ordinance  in  1777  ;  and  after  being  drslroycil  by 
the  Revolution,  was  again  openeil  in  1797.  In  1804,  it  obtained  a  monopoly  of  the  business 
of  pawnbroking  in  the  capital.     Loans  are  made,  by  this  establishment,  upon  depopits  of  such 


PEARL-ASII— PEARLS. 


281 


« to  b«  enlere* 
I  10  Ihn  uwner 
,1  of  tUo  Mlei 

fin;  anH  tti«if 
inllyol  101. 
ihcdnieilieci- 
icHdl  'o  nnk« 
ir.lcJ  sluU  Iw 
,vnl)r"ker  ihall 
;  luiJ  'iiy  <I>'°S 

mirlfi»lli»"='- 
[uieveiyollenca 

t  X  nawiibn^kpr 
iiraliou  of  a  year 
J-  art*  in  lii»  I**** 
inl  «ii<l  inierrit 
,  ini'itiiiu  for  a 
hat  if  Ih*  I'IfUe 
,y.  (and  n'lniiliio 
,,.  l,.liilJliori,)lhi! 
1  as  he  ran.  '"■»• 
ly  liiM  /iJiTer/iJ 
J  Livler  till'  pfi  I- 
■i/hl  In  Ilia  lixxl". 
nf  vile  is  allnwoj 
hat  alvancpl.lo- 
all»»'>  to  bun  Id 

B  wholp,  thn 
est  on  small 
c  of  ^d.  i)cr 
mt  the  same 
ntcxcped  Is. 
lubt  there  U 
HIT   the    vast 
Mil  niisht  ho 
!  compliance 
mt  proihicins; 
ly  or  wilfully 
Iquhoun  says 
er  to  get  the 
J.  p.  156.) 
losses  hy  tire. 


nitry,  with  tli« 
in  cacli  ol  tlio 


Duly. 

L.    I. 

7,010    0 

7,223    0 

7,0P4  10 
240    0 

11,9"0  0 
TOJ    0 

7,';8i    0  _ 

lotinls  lllllil  'liu 
Ihal  date  I'ur  llic 


ririR  money  to 
Mlowoil  ill  an- 
Ihinentsof  this 
Jsth  cenlurks. 
lueh  estalilish- 
lufion  the  loans 
Igh  (lilViTiiiil  in 
le  risk  of  bcin? 
|obli!;e  them  to 
Anil  thoui^h 
[>y  have  made, 
^sential  service 

The  Mont  de 
IjT  tlrslroyeil  by 
lof  the  business 
Bepoi'itsofsuch 


coods  ns  can  he  prcscrvcJ,  to  the  amount  of  ttm  thirds  of  the  estimated  value  of  all  goods 
other  than  gold  and  silver,  and  to  four  Jifthso(  the  value  of  the  latter.  IS'o  loan  i.s  for  less 
than  .')  francs  (2«.  6d.),  The  advances  are  made  fur  a  year,  but  the  borrower  may  renew 
the  engagement.     Interest  is  fixed  at  the  rate  of  one  per  cent,  per  month. 

The  Mont  de  Virte,  receives  annually  about  l,"0(t,00()  articles,  upon  which  it  advances 
from  20,000,000  to  21,000,000  francs;  it  ha.s  generally  from  000,000  to  C.50,(M)0  ai tides  in 
its  possession.  The  expense  of  manugement  amounts  to  from  60  to  6.')  cciitiiiits  for  each  arti- 
cle •  80  that  a  loan  of  3  francs  never  defrays  the  expenses  it  occasions,  and  the  profits  are 
wholly  derived  from  those  that  exceed  5  francs.  At  an  average,  the  protils  amount  to  about 
280,000  francs,  of  which  only  about  I.'i.'j.OOO  arc  derived  from  loans  upon  deposit,  about 
125,000  being  the  produce  of  other  funds  at  the  disposal  of  the  company. 


The  articles  In  pawn  are  returueil  in  llie  proportion  of  .  •  . 

Are  continued  io  pawn  by  a  prolongation  of  the  loan  •  .  .  • 

Ifence,  are  pretierved  to  their  proprietors  of  articles  pawnej   •  •  • 

Are  aulil,  suhjecl  (u  in  Englanil)  Io  a  claim  for  surplus  any  lime  during  3  yean 


in  number  and 


TTif  in  value. 
2ff        ~ 


a  3 

gi  in  number  and  =1  in  value. 

_c    .      .    :i     _ 

2  2  "J 


2  3 


23 
21 


(ntilUtiti  da  Scieiuti  Cofraphiquet,  Avril,  1930.) 

There  are  no  moans  of  making  a  statement  of  this  sort  with  res|)ect  to  London  ;  but,  were 
it  possible  to  make  it,  the  proportion  of  forfeited  plcd;rcs  would  be  found,  we  have  no  doubt, 
much  greater. 

In  some  respect,  particularly  the  lowncss  of  interest  upon  small  loans,  and  the  greater 
vigilance  exercised  with  respect  to  the  reception  of  stolen  goods,  the  Mont  dv  I'irtc  has  an 
advantage  over  the  pawnbroking  establishments  in  this  country.  It  may  be  doubled,  however, 
whether  it  is,  on  the  whole,  so  well  fitted  to  attain  its  objects.  The  limitation  of  the  loans 
to  3  francs  would  be  felt  to  be  a  serious  grievance  here,  and  it  can  hardly  be  otherwise  in 
France ;  nor  is  to  be  supposed,  that  the  servants  of  a  great  public  establishment  will  be  so 
ready  to  assist  poor  persons,  having  none  but  inferior  articles  to  oiler  in  security,  as  private 
individuals  anxious  to  get  business.  And  such,  in  point  of  fact,  is  found  to  be  the  case,  not 
in  Paris  only,  but  in  all  those  parts  of  the  Continent  where  the  business  of  pawnbroking  is 
confined  to  a  few  establishments.  And  hence  it  would  seem  that,  were  the  modifications 
already  suggested  adopted,  our  system  would  be  the  best  of  any. 
PEARL-A8H.     Sec  roTAsii. 

PEAKLS  (Uu.  Paiirkm  Vr.  Perlen  ,■  Ger.  I'crkn  ,-  It.  Perk,-  Laf.  MarfrarH.r ;  Rus. 
Slieintsihiii;,  Perli'i ,-  Sp.  Perlas ;  Arab.  Loo/no,-  Cyng.  Mwitoo  ;  llhH\.  Mimlie,)  are  well 
known  globular  concretions  found  in  several  species  of  shell-fish,  hut  particularly  the  mother- 
of-pearl  oyster  {Concha  mari^arilifcra  Lin.).  Pearls  should  l)c  chosen  round,  of  a  bright 
translucent  silvery  whiteness,  free  from  stains  and  roughness.  Having  these  qualities,  the 
largest  are  of  course  the  most  valuable.  The  larger  ones  have  fre<piently  the  shape  of  a 
pear ;  and  when  these  arc  otherwise  perfect,  they  arc  in  great  demand  for  car-rings.  Ceylon 
pearls  arc  most  esteemed  in  England. 

Value,  ^c.  of  Pearls. — Pearls  were  in  the  highest  possible  estimation  in  ancient  Rome, 
and  bore  an  enormous  price. — (Principlum  culmenque  omniuin  rcruin  pretii,  viari^aritu'. 
tenet. — Plin.  lli,it.  Nat.  lib.  ix.  c.  35.)  Their  price  in  modern  times  has  very  much  declined  ; 
partly,  no  doubt,  from  changes  of  manners  and  fashions ;  but  more  probably,  from  the  admi- 
rable imitations  of  pearls  that  m.iy  be  obtained  at  a  very  low  price.  According  to  Mr.  Mil- 
burn,  a  handsome  necklace  of  Ceylon  pearls,  smaller  than  a  large  pea,  costs  from  170/.  to 
300/. ;  but  one  of  pearls  about  the  size  of  peppercorns  may  be  had  for  15/. :  the  pearls  in  the 
former  sell  at  a  guinea  each,  and  those  in  the  latter  at  about  Is.  Grf,  When  the  |>carl8 
dwindle  to  the  size  of  a  small  shot,  they  are  denominated  need  pearls,  and  are  of  little  value. 
'i'hoy  are  mostly  sent  to  China.  One  of  the  most  remarkable  pearls  of  which  wc  have  any 
authentic  account  was  bought  hy  Tavernier,  at  Catifa,  in  Arabia,  a  fishery  famous  in  the 
days  of  Pliny,  for  the  enormous  sum  of  1 10,000/. !  It  is  pear-shaped,  regular,  and  without 
blemish.    The  diameter  is  '03  inch  at  the  largest  part,  and  the  length  from  3  to  3  inches. 

Much  dilFercncc  of  opinion  has  existed  among  naturalists  with  resjiect  to  the  production 
of  pearls  iti  the  oyster ;  but  it  seems  now  to  be  generally  believed  that  it  is  the  result  of  disease, 
and  is  formed  in  the  same  manner  as  bezoar —  (see  UezoAit)  ;  pearls,  like  it,  consisting  of 
successive  coats  spread  with  perfect  regularity  round  a  foreign  nucleus.  In  fact,  the  Chinese 
throw  into  a  species  of  shell-fish  {mijtilus  cygneua,  or  swan  muscle),  when  it  opens,  5  or  6 
very  minute  mother-of-pearl  beads  strung  on  a  thread ;  and  in  the  course  of  a  year  they  arc 
found  covered  with  a  pearly  crust,  which  perfectly  resembles  the  real  pearl. — (M/iurn's 
Orient.  Com.  ,■  Ainslie's  Mat.  Indica,  ^c.) 

Pearl  Fisheries.— T\\K  pnarl  oyster  is  fished  in  varinus  parts  of  the  world,  particularly  on  the  west 
coast  of  Ceylon ;  at  Tiiticnrftnn,  in  the  province  nf  Tinnevolley,  on  the  coast  of  CoromniidiM  ;  nl  the 
Bahrein  Islands,  in  the  tJiilf  of  Persia;  at  tho  Hooloo  Islands;  offthe  coast  of  Algiers;  off  Ht.  Marga- 
rita, or  Pvurl  Islands,  in  tliu  West  Indies,  and  other  plncvs  on  the  coast  of  Colombia ;  and  in  the  Hay 
of  Panama,  in  the  South  Sua.  I'uarls  have  Bouiutinius  bueii  found  on  the  Scotch  coast,  and  in  various 
other  places. 

2a2  88 


c^ 


?3 


282 


PEARLS. 


I     i 


I 


Thu  penri  flihery  of  Tiitlcorenn  Is  tnonnpolized  by  the  EnHt  Inilia  Cnmpnny,  and  that  of  Crylon  by 

?;nv<'riiiiierit  Uiit  tlii>i4u  ninnopnlicH  arc  nl'  no  viiliiu :  iis  in  nviiliur  rniiit  ilou!*  tli>'  sum  Inr  wliicli  th» 
inlirry  is  let  pi|iinl  tlii;  expuiisex  iiirnrri'd  in  Knnrdiiip,  Bnrvrylni!,  iind  iniiniiKlni;  Ibc  h:iiikH.  It  \», 
tiicn-fiire,  siiflii'ii'ntly  ribviiiiiK  thiil  (Ium  AyntPin  iintfht  lo  bo  iibnlJHbnd,  iiiiil  t^vcry  oiiv  nlbiwi'd  to  fish  nn 
payinKii  iiiodi-riile  liconcodiity.  TIik  fenroruxImiiiitinBlb)!  bankH  iiqiiit<>  Indicrniix.  The  liKlii-ry  would 
li«  iilmndcinvd  ns  iinprotitiililu  long  liulorc  tliu  brvi'd  nroyntiirH  Imd  buen  injuriously  diininislied  ;  uiid  in 
n  frw  years  it  would  bi;  as  prodni:liv«  as  ..-vrr.  Ib'sidcs  fjiioR  Irrsli  lil'i,'  lo  llii!  lisln-ry,  llo-  ulinliiion 
of  till!  monopoly  would  put  an  und  lo  somi;  very  oppn  ssivc  rejiulutionti,  vnuctod  l>y  tlii!  Unlc.h  nioru 
than  It  ciMilnry  ngn. 

1'cr.iian  (iulf.—'lhc  nio»t  exIcMiKivi!  pnnri  fisbt'rins  arc  thoiie  on  lh«  Hoveral  banka  not  far  distant 
from  llH!  isliiiid  of  Ilabrciii.  on  Ibc  wvM  siib'  of  llii-  I'l  rsian  Ciulf,  In  btl.  'Hi''  M'  N.,  bm.  Tir  10'  II. ;  but 
piNirl  nystiTM  an;  found  alons  Ibc;  wlinb;  of  Ihi-  Arabian  coaHt,  and  round  almost  ail  tin;  islands  of  tbi> 
KUlf.  Sucli  as  an;  Ilsbi;il  in  Ibo  sea  nrar  llic  islands  i>f  Karrak  ami  ('nri;o  iimlain  pt-arij  said  lo  be  of  ii 
tnipcrlcir  colour  and  destrliiliun.  'I'licy  an;  formi'il  of  8  layi;rs  or  folds,  whilst  otlitrs  liavp  only  Ti,  but 
tlie  wairr  is  loo  deep  lo  make  fishinu  for  Ihciii  cilhcr  very  iiroiitalili;  or  easy.  lii'HJdes,  the  enlirii 
monopoly  of  the  fishery  18  in  the  hands  of  the  slioik  uf  UuHhin;,  who  Heenia  to  eoniiidcr  these  islandii 
as  bis  iminediatc  property. 

"Tlic  lisbini;  season  is  divided  into  two  porliims— tin;  one  called  tlin  short  and  cold,  the  oilier  tbo 
Innu  and  bol.  In  the  cooler  wcalliiT  I'f  llic  monlli  of  Jiiiii',  diviiiK  is  prac  Used  alonu'  tbo  coast  in  shal- 
low water;  but  it  is  not  until  llie  iiili-nsely  hot  mouths  of  July,  ,\n!:iist  uml  September,  that  the  Hali- 
rein  banks  are  nincli  fre(|iiciited.  Tlie  water  on  them  is  nbcMit  7  fathoms  deep,  and  the  divers  nru 
nincli  inconvenienced  when  itiscold  ;  indeed, they  can  do  Utile  when  it  is  not  as  warm  as  the  uir,aiid 
it  freiinenlly  becomes  even  more  so  in  I  he  boitesl  months  of  the  summer.  Wben  I  bey  dive,  lliey  com- 
press the  nostrils  tit'lilly  willi  n  small  peace  of  horn,  which  keeps  ihe  water  out,  and  stuff  their  ears 
Willi  liees'-wa\  for  the  same  purpose  They  allach  a  net  to  their  waists,  to  contain  the  oysters  ;  and 
aid  their  descent  by  means  ofa  stone,  wbich  tliey  liidd  by  a  rope  attached  lo  a  boat, and  shake  It  when 
they  wish  lo  be  drawn  up.  from  what  I  could  learn,  i  miniili's  may  In;  considered  us  rather  above 
the  averau'e  time  of  their  reniainiiii!  underwater.  Altlr'Upli  sev<;re  labour,  and  very  exhausting  at 
the  lime,  divinu  is  not  conslilered  pariiciilarly  injurious  to  the  ciuistiiulion  ;  even  old  men  practise  il. 
A  person  usually  dives  from  I'i  to  1.5  tiiiies  a  day  in  favourable  weather;  but,  when  otherwise,  3  or  4 
times  only.  The  work  is  performed  on  an  eni|ity  slomach.  When  the  diver  becomes  fatigued,  he  goes 
to  sleep,  and  does  not  eat  iinlll  he  has  slept  some  time. 

"  At  ll.ihrein  alone,  the  annual  aniuunt  produced  by  the  pearl  fishery  may  be  reckoned  at  from 
90n.il0:if.  to  '2IO,niiO/.  if,  to  Ihis,  Ibi;  piircbasrs  made  by  the  Ilalirein  mercbanis  or  agents  at  Abooltabee 
Slinrua,  llas-iil  Klivmack,  kc.  beailded,  which  may  anicnini  lo  half  as  niucb  more,  there  will  be  a  loial 
of  ubimi  :fiill,(lll(l/.  or  .Ifin.llOll/. ;  but  lliis  is  caliiilaled  to  incliiile  the  whole  pearl  tradi;  of  Hie  gulf;  fir  it 
is  believed  lliat  all  the  principal  inercliaiils  of  India,  Arabia,  ami  I'ersla,  who  deal  in  pearls,  make  their 
pun  liases,  iliroiigh  agi;nls,  at  Ilalirein.  I  have  not  admilled  in  tlie  above  estimate  much  more  tlinn 
one  sixth  of  Ihe  aminint  some  intive  iiierchanls  have  staled  it  lobe,  as  a  good  deal  seemed  to  be  matter 
of  guess  or  o|iiiiion,and  it  is  difficiilt  lo  get  at  ficls.  My  own  eslim  ite  is  in  some  measure  checked 
by  Ihe  estimaleil  profits  of  the  small  boats.  Hut  even  tin;  sum  which  I  have  estimated  is  an  eiiornioiis 
annual  valiii;  for  an  arlicli;  f  niii.t  in  oilier  pans  of  llie  world  as  will  as  here,  and  which  is  never  used 
in  its  best  and  most  valii.able  stale,  i;xcept  as  an  ornamenl.  Large  iiuantilies  of  ihc  seed  pearls  are 
useil  thronglioiil  Asia,  in  the  composition  of  majoons,  or  electuaries,  to  form  which  all  kinds  of  precious 
Niniies  are  occasionally  mixed,  after  being  pininded,  exceptini;,  indeed,  diamonds;  these  being  consl- 
ilered, from  their  hardness,  as  utterly  indigestible.  The  majooii,  in  which  tiien;  is  a  large  i|iiantily 
of  pearls,  is  much  sought  for  and  valued,  on  account  uf  its  supposed  stimulating  and  restorative 
qualities. 

"  iiabrein  pearl  fishery  boats  arc  reckoned  to  amount  to  about  1,.500,  and  the  trade  is  in  the  hands 
of  merchants,  some  of  whom  possess  considerable  capital.  They  bear  hard  on  the  proijiicers  or  Ushers, 
and  even  those  who  make  the  greatest  exertions  in  diving  hardly  have  food  to  eat.  The  merchant 
advances  some  money  to  the  fishermen  at  cent,  per  cent,  and  a  portion  of  dates,  rice,  and  other  neces- 
sary articles,  all  at  the  supplier's  own  price  ;  he  also  lets  a  boat  to  them,  for  wbich  he  gets  I  share  of 
the  cross  profits  of  all  that  is  fished  ;  and,  finall.v,  be  purchases  the  pearls  nearly  at  his  own  price,  fur 
tbo  unhappy  fishermen  arc  cenerally  in  his  deiit,  and  therefore  at  his  mercy." — (Maniuicripl  XoUn 
coinmv.nirnttdbij  jViijor  J).  Ililaon,  late  I'uliliral  Hrsiilent  at  Bushire.) 

The  fishery  ut  Algiers  wus  funned  by  an  English  ussociutiuii  in  1820,  but  we  arc  ignorant  of  their 
success. 

The  pearl  fisheries  on  the  coast  of  Colomliia  were  at  one  time  of  very  great  value.  In  1587,  upwards 
of  CUT  lbs.  of  pearls  are  said  lo  have  been  imported  into  Seville.  I'hilip  II.  had  one  from  St.  .Marga- 
rita, wliicli  weighed  'HQ  carats,  and  was  valued  at  I50,(I0U  dollars.  Uiit  for  iiiaiiy  years  p.ist  llie 
Colombian  pearl  fisheries  liave  been  of  comparatively  little  importance.  During  the  mania  fir  jnint 
stock  companies,  in  1625,  two  were  formed  ;— one  on  a  large  scale,  fur  prosecuting  the  pearl  li.'liery 
on  the  coast  of  Colombia;  and  anntlier,  on  a  emuller  scale,  for  prosecuting  it  in  the  Bay  uf  I'anuiiia 
and  the  Pacific.    lioth  were  abandoned  in  182(5. 

The  best  fishery  ground  is  said  to  be  in  from  Oto  8  fathoms  water.  The  divers  continue  underwater 
from  a  ininiite  to  a  minute  and  a  half,  or  at  most  2  minutes.  They  have  a  sack  or  bag  fastened  to  die 
neck,  in  which  they  bring  up  the  oysters.  Tlie  exertion  is  extremely  violent;  and  the  divers  are  un- 
healthy and  short-lived. 

Peaiil  Shf.lls,  commonly  callrd  Mother-of-pearl  shdh,  are  imported  from  various  parts 
of  the  East,  and  consist  prindpaily  of  the  shells  of  the  pearl  oyster,  from  the  Gulf  of  Persia 
and  other  places,  particularly  the  Sooloo  Islands,  situate  he'twcen  Borneo  and  tlie  Philip- 
pines, the  shores  of  which  afford  the  largest  and  finest  shells  hitherto  discovered.  On  the 
inside,  th^  shell  is  beautifully  polished,  and  of  the  whiteness  and  water  of  pearl  itself:  it  has 
the  same  lustre  on  the  outside,  after  the  external  laminie  have  been  removed,  iMolhcr-of- 
pearl  shells  are  extensively  used  in  the  arts,  particularly  in  inlaid  work,  and  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  handles  for  knives,  buttons,  toys,  snutf  boxes,  «&c.  i'hc  Chinese  manufacture  tliem 
into  beads,  fish,  counters,  spoons,  &c. ;  giving  them  a  finish  to  which  European  artist.s  have 
not  been  able  to  attain.  Shells  for  the  European  market  should  be  chosen  of  the  largest  size, 
of  a  beautiful  pearly  lustre,  tliick  and  even,  and  free  from  stains.  Reject  such  as  are  small, 
cracked,  or  broken,  or  have  lumps  on  them.  When  stowed  loose  as  dunnage,  they  are  some- 
times allowed  to  pass  free  of  freight.— (/V////!i«rH'«  Orient.  Com.)  The  imports  during  the 
3  years  ending  with  1832  were— 18.30,465,591  lbs.;  1831,  510,492  do.;  1832,  721,527  do.— 
{Pari.  Paper,  No.  425.  Sess.  1833.) 


PEAS-,PEPPER. 


283 


if  Cpylon  by 
ir  wliicli  ih» 
iiikH.  It  is. 
I'd  to  (ish  nn 
islii'ry  would 
!<lie(l ;  uiiil  ill 

llll-  UllllllUIIII 

>  Uiili'.li  more 

ol  far  ilintanl 
,"  111'  K. ;  Imt 
islamlH  of  lh« 
laid  III  be  iifn 
ic  only  Ti,  lull 
vn,  lliu  I'lilirc! 
these  isliinilK 

the  oilier  the 

(•oa«t  in  Hhal- 
thiit  the  Hali- 
liu  iliveru  are 
IS  the  air,  and 
vc,  llii-y  ciiiii- 
tutriht'ir  ears 
I  iivstcra ;  anil 
shake  it  when 
rather  above 
exliaiistiiig  at 
^en  practiHC  it. 
Iierwise,  S  or  t 
ligiied,  he  goes 

knned  nt  from 
i  at  Aboiittaliee 
;  will  lie  a  liilal 
the  KiilT;  fur  it 
iris,  make  their 
nth  mure  llinn 
ed  to  be  matter 
■asiire  chctkeil 
is  an  enorinnuj 
h  is  never  used 
seed  pearls  are 
indsof  preciium 
se  heiii(!  coiisi- 
large  (|uaiitily 
lid   restorative 

is  in  the  hands 
iicerRortishi'rs, 
The  meri'haiit 
ndi.ther  iieces- 
pels  I  (iliare  iif 
s  own  price,  for 
anuscripl  Xota 

jnurant  of  their 

1587,  iii)W!ir(!3 
from  St.  Miirt'a- 
I  years    past  llie 

mania  f>ir  jnint 
|lie  pearl  li-liery 

lay  of  I'uimiiia 

liie  nnder  Wilier 
[fastened  to  llie 
I  divers  are  un- 


i  variotis  part.s 
Jiulf  of  Persia 
Ind  llie  Philip- 
Iretl.     On  the 
\l  itself:  it  has 
Molhor-of- 
J  the  manufac- 
lufacturc  them 
i  ariist.s  have 
lie  largest  size, 
as  are  small, 
Ihey  arc  some- 
Its  during  the 
T!'2l,5S7do.— 


PEAS  (Gcr.  Erbsen,-  Fr.  Pais ;  It.  Pi'iiell!,  Bisi ,■  Sp.  Pcsnles,  Gmsaniex i  Rus.  Go- 
roc/i).  'i'lic  pea  in  one  of  the  most  PRteeiiied  of  the  le<j:uniiiinijs  or  pulse  plants.  It  i?*  sup- 
posed to  be  indigenous  to  the  south  of  Kurope,  and  was  cultivated  by  tlic  (ireeks  and  Ro- 
mans, the  latter  of  whom  probably  introduced  il  into  Urilain.  There  are  many  varielies; 
but  the  common  garden  pea  {Pi.suin  si.liruiu),  and  the  roinmon  grey  or  lield  jhm  (I'lsuin 
crrfHS'),  arc  the  most  generally  cullivulitl ;  being  reared  in  large  (piiuililies  in  ail  parts  of 
the  country,  particularly  in  Kent.  Uut  since  the  introduction  of  the  drill  husbandry,  the 
culture  of  the  pea  as  a  field  crop  has  been  to  a  considerable  extent  superseded  by  the  bean. 
Sometimes,  however,  it  is  drilled  along  with  the  latter;  for,  being  a  climbing  plant,  it  at- 
taches itself  to  the  bean,  so  as  to  admit  the  ground  being  hoed  -,  at  the  same  time  that  tho 
free  admission  uf  air  about  its  roots  promotes  its  growth.  It  is  not  possible  to  frame  any 
estimate  of  the  coiisuiiip'ion  of  peas.  The  field  jiea  is  now  hardly  ever  manufactured  into 
meal  for  the  purpose  of  being  made  into  bread,  as  was  formerly  the  case  in  many  parts  of 
the  country  ;  but  there  is  reason  to  think  that  the  garden  pea  is  now  more  extensively  used 
than  ever. —  (Loudaii's  Ency.  (if  Af!;ricHllure ,-  lirvwn  on  Rural  AJfuirs,  vol.  ii.  p.  7tJ.  For 
an  account  of  the  laws  regulating  the  importation,  &c.  of  peas,  see  Couy  I.wvs  ami  Coiix 
Thaiik.)  Leguminous  crops  are  very  extensively  cultivated  in  India.  The  exports  of 
pui.-e  from  (.'alculta,  in  18.30,  exceeded  1,300  tons. 

I'HClv.  a  dry  measure  for  grain,  jiulse,  (&c.  The  standard,  or  Imperial  peck,  contains  3 
gallmis,  or  r)5l'.35  cul>ic  inches.     Four  pecks  make  a  bushel,  and  4  bushels  a  coiimli. — (."^eo 

VVKIIillTS    AM)   MkASI'UKS.) 

I'KLLITORV,  the  root  of  a  perennial  plant  (Aiif/irniis  pi/rctfirum),  a  native  of  the  Le- 
vaiil,  Harbary,  and  the  south  of  Europe,  'i'he  root  is  long,  tapering,  about  the  thiikness  of 
tho  linger,  with  a  brownish  cuticle.  It  is  imported  packed  in  bales,  somelimi':-!  mixed  with 
other  roots,  from  which,  however,  it  is  easily  distinguished.  It  is  inodoroii.'!.  When  ciieweil, 
it  seems  at  (irst  to  be  insi|ii(l,  but  after  a  few  seconds  it  excites  a  glowing  heal,  and  a  prick- 
ing si>nsatioii  on  the  tongue  and  lips  which  remains  for  10  or  \'Z  minutes.  Tiie  pieces  break 
with  a  short  resinous  fracture  ;  the  transverse  section  presenting  a  thick  brown  bar'i,  stuilded 
wit!i  liiuck  shining  points,  and  a  pale  yellow  radiated  inside,  ft  is  used  in  nv  liciiie  as  a 
Plimulaiit. — {T/iiiiii,soii's  Dispciimlori/.)  The  price  varies,  including  the  duty,  (<»(/.),  from 
'is.  to  2v.  Cuf.  per  lb. 

PENCILS  {Vicr.  Pinsel ,-  J)\i.  Pinscekn ;  Ft.  Pinccaux .-  h.PinnrU!;  Si^.  P;ncrk.s), 
tiie  instruments  used  by  painters  in  laying  on  their  colours.  'I'hey  are  of  various  kinds,  and 
made  of  various  materials;  some  being  formed  of  the  bristles  of  the  boar,  and  others  of  camel's 
hair,  the  down  of  swans,  &c. 

PENCILS,  HL.\(JK  LEAD.     See  Black  Lead  Pf.scils. 

PENKNIVES  ((iv.r.  I'ldermcsrr ;  Ft.  Caiilfx  ,■  h.  Temperhu' ,-  Sp.  Cmia  phtmas), 
gniall  kniv  ?,  too  well  known  to  need  any  jiarticular  description,  useil  in  making  and  niend- 
\\vi  pens.  The  best  and  most  highly  ornamented  penknives  arc  maiiufaclured  in  London 
and  Sheirield. 

PENNY",  formerly  a  silver,  but  now  a  copper  coin.  This  was  the  first  silver  coin  struck 
in  England  by  our  Saxon  ancestors,  being  the  240th  part  of  their  pound ;  so  that  its  weight 
was  about  22 i  grains  Troy. 

J'ENS  (Fr.  Plumes  a  errire ;  Ger.  Schrei/ifx/ern  ,■  It.  Penne  da  scrivere ,-  Rus.  Pern 
Slw()li),wi'U  known  instruments  for  writing,  usually  formed  of  the  quills  of  the  goose,  swan, 
or  some  other  bird.  jMetallic  pens  have  been  occasionally  employed  for  a  lengthened  period: 
Imt  it  is  only  within  these  few  years  that  they  have  been  extensively  introduced.  They  lirst 
began  to  be  largely  manufactured  by  Mr.  John  Perry,  of  London.  Mr.  P.  having  succeeded 
in  giving  to  his  pens  a  greater  degree  of  softness  and  elasticity  than  was  posses.sed  by  any 
metallic  pens  previously  in  use,  they  speedily  obtained  a  very  extensive  sale.  This  succesa 
LrouL'ht  crowds  of  rivals  into  the  field  ;  so  that  metallic  pens  are  now  manufactured  in  vast 
quantities,  and  of  an  immense  variety  of  forms.  But  though  they  have  superseded,  to  a 
very  considerable  extent,  the  use  of  quills,  and  hove  some  peculiar  advantages,  it  does  not 
apjiear  possible  to  give  them  the  elasticity  of  the  quilf,  nor  to  fit  them  so  well  for  quick  and 
eusy  writing, 

PENNYWEIGHT,  a  Troy  weigh*,  being  the  20th  part  of  an  ounce,  containing  24 
grains. 

PEPPER  (Fr.  Poivre;  Ger.  Ppffcr ;  Du.  Pcper ,-  It.  Pcpe,-  Sp.  Pimicnta ,•  Rus.  Pe- 
rez,- Lat.  Piper),  the  berry  or  fruit  of  difTcrent  species  of  plants,  having  an  aromatic,  ex- 
tremely hot,  pungent  taste,  used  in  seasoning,  &c.  The  following  sorts  of  pepper  are  met 
with  in  commerce : — 

I.  Black  PKrpF.n  (Fr.  Poivre,-  Ger.  Sckwarzen  pfrfftr ;  It.  Pept  negro ;  Sp,  Pimi' 
tnta ;  Hans,  Merclia ;  Uinii.  Gnl-mirch ,-  Malay,  Lada ,-  .lav.  iVar/Vm),  the  fruit  of  a  creep- 
ing plant  {Piper  niffritm),  one  of  the  pepper  genus,  of  which  there  are  upwards  of  80  spe- 
cii  s.  It  is  cultivated  extensively  in  Intlia,  Siam,  the  Eastern  islands,  &c.  It  requires  tho 
support  of  other  trees,  to  which  it  readily  adheres.  It  climbs  to  the  height  of  20  feet;  but  is 
said  to  bear  best  when  restrained  to  the  height  uf  12  feet     It  begins  to  produce  at  about  the 


«^k 


^ 
* 


^•Jii'f* 


984 


PEPPER. 


3J  year,  nnJ  is  in  perfection  at  the  7lh ;  continues  in  this  state  for  3  or  4  yearn ;  and  de- 
c'liiies  lor  ulmut  as  many  more,  until  it  erases  to  lie  worth  iiee[iinir.  Tiic  fruit  prows  aliun- 
ilantiy  from  all  the  hrauchrs,  in  long  umall  ciusterH  of  from  '20  to  50  grains ;  when  rijie,  it  is 
of  a  bright  nnl  colour.  After  lioiiipr  gathered,  it  is  spread  on  mats  in  llio  nun,  wlieii  it  loses 
its  red  ((iliiiir,  aixl  hecoinos  black  and  shrivelled  as  we  sec  il.  The  grains  arc  scpaated 
from  ilu-  siiilks  by  hand  rubbing.  'J'hal  which  has  been  gathered  at  the  proper  period  shrivels 
the  U'ii.st ;  but  if  plucked  too  soon,  it  will  become  broken  and  dusty  in  its  removal  from  |)lace 
to  place.  Tlic  vine  produces  two  crojis  in  the  year;  but  the  seasons  arc  subject  to  gicat 
irrt'giil.u'ities. 

I'cpper  .should  he  chosen  of  a  pungent  aromatic  odour,  an  extremely  hot  and  acrid  taste, 
in  large  grains.  I'irm,  sound,  an<l  with  few  wrinkles — for  of  these  it  always  has  some.  Keject 
that  wiiiiii  is  shrivelled,  or  small  grained,  or  which  on  being  rubbed  will  break  lo  pieces. 

In  point  of  quality,  the  pepper  of  Malabar  is  usually  reckoned  the  best;  hut  there  is  no 
material  iliHiTence  between  it  and  that  of  Sumatra,  and  the  other  islands.  In  the  market  of 
Hcngal,  wheie  tliey  meet  on  equal  terms,  the  produce  of  .Malabar  is  generally  about  -  per 
<'ent.  higher  than  the  otlicr.  In  Euro|)e,  there  is  generally  a  ditrerencu  of  id.  per  ib,  in 
favour  ot  .Malabar ;  but  in  China  they  are  held  in  eipial  estimation. 

Ulack  pepper  sold  ground,  is  said  lo  be  often  adulterated  with  burnt  crust  of  bread. 

II.  WiiiTK  I'KerKii  is  made  by  blanching  the  finest  grains  of  the  eonunon  bhuk  pepper, 
by  steeiiing  them  for  a  while  in  water,  and  then  gently  rubbing  them,  so  as  to  remove  the 
dark  outer  coal.  It  is  milder  than  the  other,  and  is  much  prized  by  the  Chinese;  hut  very 
little  is  imported  into  England. 

III.  CvYF.NXK  PKrPKu  is  thc  produce  of  several  varieties  of  the  C(ips!rum,an  annual 
plant,  a  native  of  both  the  Indies.  The  best,  which  is  brought  home  from  the  West  Indies 
r»'ady  prepared,  is  made  from  the  Copsiruin  linraituiu  (bird  pepper).  It  has  on  aromatic, 
extreiiii'ly  iiungenl.  acrimonious  taste,  setting  thc  mouth,  as  it  were,  on  lire,  and  the  inqires- 
sion  retnaiiiiiig  long  on  the  [lalate.  It  is  sometimes  adulterated  with  muriate  of  soda ;  and 
sometimes  with  a  very  deleterious  substance,  the  red  oxide  of  lea>l ;  but  this  fraud  may  be 
detected  liy  its  weight,  and  by  chemical  tests. —  (8ce  Cuili.iks.) 

IV.  liOMi  I'r.ri'Ka. — This  species  is  the  produce  of  a  jierennial  (Piprr  Inui^tiin),  a  native 
of  .Malabar  and  Hcngal.  The  fruit  is  hottest  in  its  immature  state  ;  and  is  therefore  gathered 
while  green,  and  dried  in  the  sun.  It  is  im[iorlcd  in  entire  spikes,  which  are  about  IJ  inch 
long.  Il  has  a  weak  aromatic  odour,  an  intensely  fiery  pungent  ta^te,  and  a  dark  grey  colour. 
The  root  of  Iting  pepjier  is  a  favourite  medicine  among  thc  Hindoos. 

The  tpianlilics  of  the  last  3  species  of  jiepper  imjwrted  are  quite  inconsiderable,  compared 
with  the  quantity  of  black  pepper. — (Milburn's  Orient.  Cum.;  Aiiinlk's  Mat.  Indica ; 
T/ionisnn's  J)ispui,sator)/,  <.\c.) 

Tnidi:  ill  I'r/ipcr,  Conxuinption  of,  (tnd  Duties  on,  in  Ensrldnd. — Pepper  is  extensively 
used,  all  over  Europe  and  the  East,  as  a  condiment.  It  was  originally  imported  into  this 
country  by  way  of  the  Levant  (see  vol.  i.  p.  GI7.)  ;  and  for  many  years  after  the  estalilislimout 
of  the  East  India  Company,  it  formed  the  most  important  article  of  their  imports.  In  nothiiii} 
has  the  beneficial  dlcct  of  opening  the  India  trade  been  so  unequivocally  displayed  as  in  the 
instance  of  pepper.  The  private  traders  have  resorted  to  new  markets,  and  discovered  new 
sources  of  supply  which  had  hitherto  been  wholly  unexjilored ;  so  that  there  has  been  not 
only  a  very  great  increase  in  thc  quantity  of  pejjper  brought  to  Europe,  but  also  a  very  great 
fall  in  its  price,  which  does  not  now  exceed  a  third  of  what  it  amounted  lo  in  1811 ! 

The  (luantilies  in  the  following  'I'able  are  taken  from  the  Purl.  Papers,  No.  2'2.  Scss. 
1830,  and  No.  42.'),  Sess.  1S33;  the  prices  have  been  supplied  by  Mr.  Cook. 
Amount  or  the  Total  Quanlity  of  Pepper  iinpnrteil  from  llic  Kast  Iiulies  into  Ureal  Britain,  witli  iis 


Price 

in  Bond  in  London,  eacli  Year,  from  1«14. 

Vein. 

Peri^r. 

PricM. 

VeAri. 

Pepper. 

Pricei. 

Years. 

Pepper. 

Prirot. 

1814 
ISIi 
1SI6 
1>'I7 
IHIH 
11-19 
1S20 

Lhi. 

ri,762,fi« 

12.7lil,"'.S 
n,HK-|,014 
.1.0-7.1162 
6.i;M,7il 
.^,.i'J0,t4J 
7B-.017 

Per  Ih. 
\\d.      In  l.M. 
•t  1  !  -.    S'9 
7        -    7  1-2 

5  —    .S  1-2 
7  1.2  -    7.1-4 

6  1     —    6  14 
6  6     —    8.1.4 

1821 
1822 

1824 
lS2i 

l.bi. 

845,100 
7.211,376 
.'■.,9V-,,3.>6 

.'5.396,217 
13,103,416 

Ptr  Ih. 
7  l-4d.  lo  7  1-2./. 
R          —  6  1-4 
6          —  6  |.2 
6  1.2    -6 
4-9       -  6-4 
4          -  4  12 

IS27 
1828 
1S29 
l>-30 
IMl 
1»32 

(1,067,-06 
4,1178,102 

2,7«.22i 
6.121,240 
4,6KI,47  i 

Per  II.. 
3  1-UI.)3.1.4li 
3  14    -  3-') 
2'(l      -  i  \.l 
234    -  I 
3         -  0 
33!j   -4 

1 

Pepper  is  one  of  the  most  grossly  over-taxed  articles  in  thc  British  tariff.  Until  1823, 
the  duty  was  2,^.  firf.  per  lb. — a  duly  so  exorbitant,  that  one  would  ho  inclined  to  think  it 
liad  been  imposed  in  order  to  put  a  total  stop  lo  thc  use  of  the  article.  In  1823,  the  duty  on 
pepper  from  a  British  pos.session  was  reduced  to  I.v.  per  lb.;  but  even  this  duty,  as  comiuired 
with  the  price  of  thc  article  (3d.  to  id.  per  lb.)  is  quite  enormous,  amounting  to  no  less  than 
from  400  to  300  per  cent. !  It  will  be  seen  from  the  subjoined  Table  that  the  reduction  of 
the  duty,  in  1823,  has  increased  the  consumption  from  about  1,400,000  lbs.  to  2,22.'),0(t0 
lbs.  a  year;  and  were  the  duty  reduced,  as  it  ought  lo  be,  to  2d.  or  at  most  2d.  per  lb.,  so 
that  pepper  might  l)ccome  accessible  lo  the  lower  classes,  to  whom  its  free  use  would  be  ot 
infinite  importance,  wc  have  not  the  slightest  doubt  tliat  in  a  very  short  period  thc  consump- 


I 


1-21 
IS22 

IS21 

ISJl 
l.'iJi 
1'2« 
1-27 
lf>2'4 
l«2'( 
ISlO 
IS3I 
1832 


PEIMMOU. 


28S 


r;  and  dc-  ^ 

rows  nlmii- 
<n  r\\w,  il  •" 
icii   it  l09P» 

0  Belli; ■ate J 
■m\  shrivels 

1  from  place 
ject  to  gical 

acrid  tanti', 
iniP.  Ui'jctt 
o  j)iecrH. 

there  is  no 
le  market  of 

aliout  -  Y^r 
(f.  per  lb.  ill 

bread, 
blink  pepper. 

0  remove  the 
;sc ;  but  very 

r(i,  an  annual 

>  West  liiilii'rt 

an  arouialie, 

111  ihi!  impres- 

1  of  soda ;  and 
fraud  may  be 

rum),  a  native 
fcfore  gathered 
about  Ii  iueh 
irk  grey  colour. 

able,  compared 
Mul.  hulicu ; 

is  extensively 
irted  into  this 

establishment 
rts.  In  nothiiig 
klayeil  as  in  the 
[liscovered  new 

has  been  not 
so  a  very  great 

1814! 

No.  "'i.  ^css. 

lUritaiii,  \vitli  its 

I'ricpt.  I 

7ir  II:  I 

5|.U  to  J^-W 

3  1-4  -:>-'J 

2-11       -ll-J 
2  3-4    -  t 

3-0  1 

33s    -  4 

Until  isn 
Incd  to  thmk  it 
K3,  the  duty  on 
lly,  as  compared 
1  to  no  less  than 
lie  reduction  of 
Is.  to  2,225,000 
3(/.  per  11'..  Ro 
Jse  woul<l  be  of 
Id  lUc  consump- 


tion would  amount  to  5,000,000  or  C,00w,000  lbs.  There  would  either  be  no  loss  of  reve- 
iiue  Ity  such  a  Measure,  or  none  worth  ineulionini; ;  and  if  is  not  to  bo  endured  that  tho 
bulk  of  the  pcitple  should  be  deprived  of  so  useful  a  con\nii)dity,  and  the  trade  of  liu- ei>untry 
seriously  injure.l,  by  keeping  U|>  oppressive  duties,  which  serve  no  purpose  whatever,  unlesM 
it  lie  to  keep  al  ve  the  remenibninee  of  tlie  ii;noranee  and  rapacity  of  lliiise  by  whom  they 
were  imposed.  We  iiavc  already  shown  (see  vol.  i.,  p.  (i:i!J.)  the  di'iriculties  uiiiler  which  tho 
dealers  in  pejiper  labour,  in  conseijuence  of  the  absurd  regulations  ua  to  the  warehousiiiij  of 


eoiniiiodities  from  India. 

Ai'i'itinl  III'  llin  Uiiiintily  ot"  nil  Sorts  of  l'i'|i|ior  rcl:iiriril  lor  Iloiiic"  Consiiiiiplioii  in  tin 
ilotii,  th<'  Kati's  ut°  Duly  lliunun,  uiiil  tliu  'rotiil  Ul'Vmuiu  (li'rivvd  t'ruiii  lliu  Huiiie, 
sinci!  iMll). 


I'nili'il  KiiiE- 
ni  euili  Vmr 


Vmi* 


!  iflO 

I 

I  IS!  I 

I  mi 

I  I<I3 


1914 

In  (i 
Inl- 
l!)M 

1»'9 

is.'a 
i-.'i 

l-Ji 
1-28 
1-27 

1-2 1 
\tiV) 
IS3I 
IKli 


Qutiililim 
iTi.ip(i.-(l  f.ir 

Moiiip 
Coiisuiiipiion. 

Lbt. 

I,II7,9*J 

I.I32,(W<I 
l,IW,4H9 


NVtt  Amnitnt 

iif  limy 

rcccivej  iliereon. 


L.      I.  d. 

6Si,293    8    4 


0O.U7    I     6 
IUI,>oa  la    6 


Commnn  l'r|iprr. 
Kxtl  liiilia. 


Rilet  of  Duly  chiritnl  therr<>n. 


Keconts  dwlmyej. 


Wl,SS9 

i.nn-i.iii 
l.f>.i,7  '2  1-2 
1,218,75(1  a-4 
l,4i7,1S3 

1,3  '2.027 

l,4ivi.i>2l  I  4 
l.2Sti,ri3'l-4 
I.IIMCOI'I 

I  3l>g,9H3 
l,44T.(l;>0  I  2 
KiO,0-7l-4 
2,'>29,0.7 
1,9I9,"I3I  1-2 
I,!I2:.7I81  2 
1,911,641 
2,C0i,li4 
2,1 '.V  ,0-2 
2,22i,4gi 


0-.,r69  4  10 

11. 1  nil  II  10 

II'MIK)  II  I 

1IJ,-S7  6  7 

12<.(II3  I')  6 

II9.27I  7  I 

174,061  2  9 

l'ti.2''S  2  3 

\-9.:>W  II  4 

i:0.G27  6  8 

l.-^'i.klB  3  5 

I0li,2.'l  I".  0 

lJii,'.l7  4  8 

9T,l9')  't  11 

9l..4u7  12  5 

W'i't  111  2 

Iii>,4n2  0  0 

in2i,J9  0  0 

111,234  0  0 


r  <l.  fd.  pir  111.  .111 1 

21.  IM  id.  pir  L't'iil. 

[  al  I  il..riia. 

cli'l.l 
ilHUl 

iFmml'ih  April, li.lll-W. 
(If  r  111 ,  mill  ,W  Ji.  4'i  \H:r 
ci  rit.  .1 1  v.ilnrt'iii. 
i  From  IJth  April,  If.  lO'^f. ) 
!  porlli,  J 

Ililln 
ilil-n 
di'to 
ilill.i 
[  Fniiii  &tti  July,  It,  Gd, 
!  per  li>. 

dilio 
(lino 
dilln 


but  India. 


I."!!*    I  rminca 

Oilier,     f'fl'"-    I'tpprr. 


w 


4i.  piT  111  ,  .ind 

2/.  1,1.,  4(/.  per  cent. 

ad  vjI  .rctii. 

diltii 

dillo 

4».  9f/.  per  III.,  and 

31.  lit.  4<l.  IHT  cclil. 

a  I  V  it'irciii. 

5».  [wr  III. 
diMn 
diltii 
d.llo 
dillo 
is.  id.  per  lli. 

dillo 
di'lo 
dilM 


J'trlh. 

Ptrll. 

4i. 

U. 

dilU) 
dillo 

dillo 
diilu 

4l.  9d. 

9l-2<i.  1 

dillo 

\0d.     \ 

dilln 
dill) 
dtllf) 
diitu 

dillo     1 
dillo 
dilln 
dil!0 

2f.ti<<. 

It. 

dillo 
dii'n 
dilMi 

dillo 
d.l'n 
dillo 

Ptrlb. 
I>.  id. 


dillo 
dllt) 


ll.  -d. 


dillo 

dillo 
dill.1 
di'to 
dlllo 

It.  6d. 

dillo 
dlllo 
ditto 


From  tOlli  Ociobei,  2t.  liii.  per  lb.  uu  all  HortK. 
ililln 
dlllo 
From  3lh  January,  |j.  per  lb.  if  rrom  Prili>li  poiscMiuiis. 
ditto 
ditto 
dillo 
d.tio 
di'ln 
dilto 


Sii'iplil  of  Pepper. — Tlin  fullowins  in.alriiitive  ilcliiils  wllli  ri'spiTt  lo  llip  supply  of  pepper  are  tnknn 
frmii  tli'i  Stiiirdpore  Chnniicle  ;  to  wliiili  llicy  were  ronlriliiilcil  liy  Jolin  Crawfiiril,  E^n,— liiaii  wlioin 
llicrc  mil  liti  no  more  eoiiipi  tent  iiiitliorily  iis  to  siirli  Niihjri'in. 

or  all  tlie  prodiiits  of  ilii-  Ivisiern  islands,  and  of  ilni  ((iiiiiirios  iinineilititnly  in  their  neiulibourliood, 
ill  ili'MiMiiil  aiiiiiii!;  stranttcrs,  hi  irk  pepper  is  tlif  mosi  iiiiporlaiit.  liolli  in  value  ami  iniaiilily. 

'i'lie  pepper  CdinilriL'S  eMeml  from  alioiit  llie  lont'ilmle  of  '.ili°  tolliat  of  ll.V  I'..,  Iieyomi  wliicli  no 
pepivT  IS  111  lie  fimtiil  ;  ami  lliey  reiicli  from  y  S.  laliliide  lo  alioiit  I'i"  N.,  where  il  a(.'iiiii  ceases. 
Wiiliin  these  limits  we  have  Siiniatru,  Uunieo,  the  Mulayan  peninsula,  niid  coitaiii  countries  lying  an 
the  east  coast  of  the  Gnlf  of  Siam. 

Tiie  « liole  proiliice  of  the  island  of  Siiinnira  is  eslininted  not  to  fall  .ahort  of  108,000  pinils,  of  laSJ. 
IIh.  eai  Ii  ;  tliii  south-west  roast  being  said  lo  prmliice  110,011(1,  and  the  iiorlh-east  roast  18,000  pieiils. 

Till-  pepper  ports  on  the  iiortlieast  coast  of  Sumatra  are  I.ankat  and  Delli,  with  Sardaiip.  Tlie  tirst 
2  |iruiliii-e  I'l.OOO  piiiils,  ami  the  latter  3.000  anmially.  The  ciillivation  is  carried  on  hy  the  Batla 
n:iiiiiii  ill  the  interior. 

'I'he  purls  on  the  south-west  const,  and  the  nnioiint  of  their  produce,  as  ffivcn  in  n  rerent  estiiniite, 
Rre  lis  follow:  viz.  port  and  district  of  Trii  ma  h,  10,000 ;  district  of  I'lilo  lliia,  1,000:  dilto  of  Cluat, 

:tii,oeii;  coast  fr Tamptit  Tiiaii  to  Siisii,  3,1,000;  port  of  Siisii,  1,000;  Kiialla  Itatta,  '20,000;  Analabii, 

'i.m\;  districts  lo  the  north  of  .\nalalm,  20.000;  makini;  in  all,  IliO.OOO  piciils. 

Here  it  is  of  importance  in  remark,  Ihal  the  cnliiire  and  proiliiclloii  are  extremely  fliirtnatinf;. 

Dtiriiii:  I  he  list  pepper  season,  there  obtained  carifoes  on  t  he  west  coast  of  Sumatra,  '27  .Viiiericati  ships, 
fi  (iHiiiiry  tr.ulers,  1  l.irae  I'reiirh  ships,  besides  the  ships  lieloiiuini:  to  the  K.ast  Iii(li;i  ('ompatiy,  which 
(!.'iier:illy  take  away  :'iOO  tons.  Nearly  the  whole  of  this  trade  is  in  the  liands  of  Kiiropeans  or  Ameri- 
cans; llie  jiepper  finds  its  way  to  1-Jiirope,  to  America,  and  in  a  smill  proportion  to  China. 

'I'lie  north-east  coast  of  Sumatra,  from  I'edier  down  to  the  ("ariinoiis,  is  estimated,  as  already  men- 
tiiiiiiil.  to  produce  Is, 000  piciils.  Prince  of  Wales  Island  is  the  principal  ilrpot  tor  this,  from  whence 
tlie  ureiilest  part  is  c.vporteU  to  India  and  C'hinn.  The  produce  of  I'rince  of  Wales  Island  itself  is  about 
l:i.liilil  piculs. 

of  llie  islands  at  the  mouth  of  the  Straits  of  Malacca  and  Sinpapore,  Hinglantr,  on  which  Rhio  is 
siliiatid,  and  adjacent  islands,  produce  10,000  piciils  ;  and  I, iniiBa  about '2,000  A  la  rue  proportion  of 
tills  is  lirouL'lit  to  .sinsapore,  which  u.xporled  last  year  about  '21,000  piculs  ;  soiiie  part  to  iieiii;ul  ami 
(lima.  Iiiit  principally  to  r.iirope  din^ct,  in  free  tradeis. 

Till'  west  coast  of  the  Mal.iyan  peninsula  produces  no  pepper,  with  the  exceplinn  of  about  4,000 
liinil-  aiV.irded  by  the  territory  of  Malacca. 

Oil  llie  east  coast  of  the  peninsula,  the  production  of  pepper  is  very  considerable.  The  ports  of  Pn- 
tiiiii  ami  Calantan— diielly  the  liilter— yield  about  Hi. 000  piculs  annually,  and  Trinsanu  iilimit  S.OOO. 
A  [iiirii f  this  is  broiiKlit  to  Sinuapore  and  I'eiianu;  but  we  believe  the  greater  proportion  goes  di- 
rect III  Cliina  ill  jtiiiks,  of  which  .'I  lariie  ones  frei|Uent  Tringanii  annually, and  1  ('alantan.  The  Ame- 
riiaiis,  ton,  occasionally  visit  these  ports.  In  the  year  lh'21,  3  vessels  of  considerable  burden  ublained 
car:;iii"9. 

Till"  east  coast  of  the  Oulf  of  Siam,  from  the  latitude  of  10.^°  to  that  of  125"  N.,  nflords  an  pvlensive 
pro.line  of  pepper.  This  coast  is  scarcely  known,  even  by  name,  to  the  traders  of  lOiinipe.  The  prin- 
cl|ial  purls  liere  are  (Jhantibiin,  Tiingyai,  I'ongsoin,  and  Kumpop  ;  the  first  2  beinn;  under  the  domiiiioii 
It  Siaiii,  and  the  latter  under  thai  of  liainlioja.  The  whole  prodtlfe  is  esliinated  at  not  less  than  (iO.OOO 
liii'iils;  10,11110  of  which  are  brought  at  once  to  the  capital  of  Siam  as  tribute  to  the  king,  and  the  whole 
liiids  lis  way  lo  (^hina  in  junks.  It  remains  only  to  esliinate  the  produce  of  the  island  of  lloriieo.  The 
wuuiu  produce  of  Uurneu  is  estimated  at  about  '20,0UU  piculs  ;  of  which  u  large  share  is  carried  lo  CUiiiii 


cA 


t*7>    i.-' 


280 


PERCH,  PETERSBURCJII. 


;    t 


1) 


i  i 


dlrrrt  In  Jnnku,  iome  by  Portmnione  vpnncls  ;  iiiiil  iihniit  7.000  piciils  nrn  now  nnnunlly  hroiiaht  by  tha 
liiilivn  ( r.il'l  iif  IlK-  rniiiilry  ilsi'lf  to  SiMKaimri-  in  lln'  roiirHr  ci|'  iliiil  (rrv  lrii(l(?,  wlilcli  \h  lia|>|iily  llnii- 
rlKliiiiL' iiMliix  i«'ltl)'iiii'Ml  Tilt'  (liilii  wliii'li  hiivc  lircii  nIiiu'iI,  will  iniiltli'  ii-4  lo  criiiiiiuti' llic  wlmlo 
Iirddncliiiii  of  iIh'  Mril  lyiiti  Ari'lil|irliii'(i,  IikIikIjpii;  dial  dT  tlir  |i('iiiiiHiil;i  iif  Miiliii  cii.  iiiui  that  nt' lliii 
cast  cci,i«I  cil'lhi'  (;iiirol'Sliiiii,  as  :)(IM.(MI(I  (iiriils  ;  iiiiil  iih  iIicTi-  is  im  oIliiT  |iarl  iil'llir  unrlil  lli.it  iiM'iircU 
|i('|i|i<'r.  I'M  riiiiiiit  llir  wi'slcni  iiiaxl  i>rilii'  |H'iiiii»iila  uriiiilia,  anil  iIiin  airiinls  hut  .'IIMMIII  |itnilH,iir  Ichh 
than  l-lii|li  |iitl  iiTwIial  tin-  places  \\v  have  riiiiini'ralcil  priiiliuf.  \v<'  liavf.  Hi'riiriliiii!ly,  at  niii!  view, 
llic  wli.il.'  priMliirtliin  of  thr  carlli,  liciiii!  :i>,(MlO  piiiilH,  or  l.'>,mi(i,(iC.(l  Ihs.  avniriliipnJH.  'I'lir  avi'raKH 
prill*  III'  pi'ppiT  lian  lircn  lali'lv  almnl  II  Spanish  ilnllars  a  pirni  ;  hh  llni  wlinlc  valnr  drawn  iiilii  Iniliii 
Irmii  I'.iMi'iM'.  t'liina,  ami  tin'  Now  Wnrlil,  mi  arcininl  ol'  iIiim  sin:;!!'  (I'niiiiiiilily.^s  rt.npi.lKl')  ilollarH. 
'I'Ik'  i|iiaMillv  ::ivi'n  in  tliii  Klatrnirnt  niav  appear  )'iiiiriiiiiiiii  ;  lint  il  iiii'ti'il  iiiit  tn  I  ho  wlmli'  pnpnlalion 
iit'llif  L'l>>lii>.'iir  III  j.iHin.dtHI.IKMl  ot'piMipli>,'lt  niiiilil  liu  roiinil  llial  thvaveraKe  annual  ('oiisiiniplnin  orun 
inilivlilii  i|  wi'iilil  iiiiKiiiiit  III  nil  Minn'  than  '.i%i  KraliiH. 
Mr  Criw  iiiril  liusi  very  ruceiitly  Kiipplicil  iis  with  »  rcvlHud  csliinatu  of  the  produrtliui  of  pepper  nil 

follows :  - 

Ih.  IK 


Siiinatrii  (west  ronsi)        -        -  Sn.odO.nnO 

IK.           east  const)          -         -  h.OOll.OdO 

Isl  ii.ils  In  the  Straits  of  Malnrca  3,l''lit),liiiO 

Mai  IV  peiiinsiilii        ...  3,7.');t,'IH3 

lloriieo i2.(i(i(i,mi7 


Siain       . 
Mulubnr 


8,0(1(1.000 
4,(111(1.1100 

TotuI     -       ^O.UOd.lHIO 


The  loi  alliies  in  the  prevloiiB  cstiiiinte  are  i|iiite  correct  ;  and  we,  therefore,  did  not  think  it  would 
be  riglit  lo  suppress  il. 

lint.  ili'oiL'h  (Ins  may  liu  depended  upon  as  beiiiK  a  fair  statement  of  what  lins  been,  till  n  rompnrn- 
lively  l.ilr  pi'riod,  the  averape  supply  of  pepper,  the  evirenie  depression  of  price  has  iiccasloned  a  very 
ronHJileralile  decliiii!  in  the  prodiiclion  of  soiiiu  of  the  places  mentimieil  above,  within  the  List  4  or  i 
years.  The  laie  advance  of  price  will,  however,  prohalily,  check  any  further  diminiilion  of  produc- 
tion, lint  iliMimh  prices  weie  to  risi!  still  iiiore  consiilerulily  than  they  have  ilone,  the  elfect  on  (he 
Hiipiilv.  owiiii.'  to  the  plant  rei|iiiring  n  few  years  to  come  to  maturity,  may  not,  ut  first,  be  so  preut  us 
IiiIkIiI  he  supposed. 

(Till'  (liily  (in  prpiwr,  has  Immmi  rctlucfd  from  \s.  lo  Cxi.  per  Hi.;  a  reduction  that  will 
doulitlc.xs  lead  to  a  very  material  increase  of  consumption. — (6  &  7  Will.  1.  cap.  (iO.) — Hup.) 

[Sec   lMPOIlTr<   ANK  Exi'OIITS, Ani.   Ell.'] 

I*KK('H,  a  loiin  measure,  Ifi^  feet  in  length. — (See  Wkkjiits  anii  Mkasiiuks.) 
I'KUMIP,  a  licence  or  instrument,  granted  by  the  odkcrs  of  excise,  authorisiiia;  the  re- 
moval of  fjDods  suliject  to  the  excise  duties. 

It  is  enaileil  by  the  II  (Jeo.  3  o.  30.,  that  no  per.<<on  slinll  deinnnd  or  receive  n  permit  for  the  removal 
of  brandy,  ariark,  rtiin,  spirits,  and  sironij;  waters,  coft'ee,  lea,  and  cocoa  mils,  without  the  special  di- 
rection IM  irritini!  of  the  person  out  of  whose  slock  Ibey  are  to  come,  on  pain  of  forfeiliiiL'  .')d/,  ;  and  in 
default  of  payment,  to  be  imprisoned  3  months.  I'ersons  takiii);  out  ii  permil,  and  not  removing  the 
goods  williin  the  prescribed  period,  nor  retnrnln);  Ihe  permit  to  the  ollicer,  forfeit  treblv  the  value  of 
Ihepooils  iiiendoned  in  such  permit.  Hy  Ihe  .^T  (ieo.  3.  c.  123.,  persons  sellinc.  Ieniline,<ir  niakini;  use 
of  n  permil  fur  any  oilier  purpose  than  that  for  which  it  was  prnnted,  forfeit  .')00/.  Hy  the  l>  (ieo,  4.  c.N). 
i  110.  il  is  enacieil,  that  any  retailer  of  spirits  sendiiii;  out  more  than  one  palliin  without  a  lawful  per- 
mit; any  rectifier,  compounder,  or  dealer,  receiving  into  his  stock  any  spirits  willxuit  a  permit  ;  or 
any  cnrrier.  bnaiman.  or  other  person,  nssisling  in  the  removal  or  trnnsporlation  of  any  spirits  wilb- 
oiit  a  permit ;  shall  forfeit  200/.  over  and  above  every  other  penally,  together  with  all  siicli  spirits  ;  the 
packages,  carts,  horses.  &.C.  employed  in  the  removal  of  such  goods  sliall  also  he  forfeited,  and  may 
and  fhiill  be  seized  by  any  otlicer  of  e.\cise.  The  9  (Jeo.  4.  c.  44.  J  5.  dispenses  with  llie  necessity  of, a 
permit  for  the  removal  of  cotlee  and  cocoa.  The  commissioners  of  e.xcise  provide  franies  nr  iiionlds 
for  making  the  paper  used  for  permits,  which  has  the  words  "  I'.xcise  Olfice"  visible  in  the  Mibslanct! 
of  it.  It  IS  a  capital  ollencu  to  make  such  frames,  or  to  have  them  in  one's  possessioti  wilhuut  u 
lawful  excuse. 

These  regulations  will,  it  is  most  probable,  be  speedily  modified  ;  the  commissioners  of  e.xcise 
in<|uiry,  of  whom  Hir  Henry  I'arnell  is  chnirmnn,  having  recommended  the  abolition  of  perniils  in 
case  of  (he  removal  of  tea,  and  some  other  articles. 

PERRY,  a  fermented  li(|Uor  made  from  pears,  in  the  same  manner  as  cider  from  apples. 
The  pears  lie.st  fitted  for  producing  this  liquor  are  exceedingly  harsh  and  tart;  hut  it  is  itself 
pleasant  and  wholesome. — (Sec  Cidkii.) 

PETEKSmiRGH,  the  modern  metropolis  of  the  Russian  empire,  situated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  river  Neva  with  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  in  hit.  .')9°  .50' 
23"  N.,  Ion.  30°  18f  E.     Population  (including  military)  480.000. 

This  flourishing  emporium  was  fimndcd  by  Peter  the  (ireat,  whose  name  it  bears,  in  1703. 
In  the  same  year,  the  first  merchant  ship  that  ever  appeared  on  the  Neva  arrived  from  lloiiand  ; 
and  the  c/ar,  to  mark  his  sense  of  the  value  of  such  visiters,  treated  the  captain  uiid  crew 
with  the  g:r('atest  liospitality,  and  loaded  them  with  presents.  In  1714,  10  ships  arrived  at 
Petersl.uroh ;  in  1730,  the  number  had  increased  to  180;  and  so  rapid  has  liccii  the  pro- 
gress of  comitierce  and  civilisation  in  Russia  since  that  period,  that,  at  present,  Iroin  1,-00 
to  1,500  ships  annually  enter  and  clear  out  from  Petersburgh  ! 

It  is  much  to  be  regretted,  that,  although  favourable  to  commerce,  the  situation  of  Peters- 
burgh is.  in  other  resjiects,  far  from  being  good.  The  grouiul  on  which  it  stands  is  low  and 
swampy ;  it  has,  on  diirerent  occasions,  sustained  great  injury  from  inundations ;  and  the 
country  toinid  is,  generally  speaking,  a  morass  and  forest,  so  that  almost  every  lliiiig  re- 
quired for  the  subsistence  of  the  inhabitants  must  be  brought  from  a  distance.  No  one  less 
bold  and  daring  than  Peter  the  Great  would  have  ihtught  of  selecting  such  a  sitiiaiioii  for 
the  metropolis  of  his  empire ;  and  none  possessed  of  less  power  and  resolution  could  have 
succeeded  in  overcoming  the  all  but  insuperable  obstacles  which  the  nature  of  the  country 
opposed  to  the  completion  of  his  gigantic  schemes. 

Cronsladt,  situated  on  a  small  island  about  20  miles  W.  of  Petersburgh,  Jiiay,  in  some 
measure,  be  considered  as  the  port  of  the  latter.     Almost  all  vessels  bound  for  i'eliisburgh 


PETERSnUlfOlI. 


887 


nmhi  hy  tho 
liii|i|iily  ilo'i- 

1,.  Ilic  wtiulo 
,1  iti;ii  >il'  il"> 
I  ihiii  iiiVi.rcU 
(111  iilH.iir  \i'K* 

lit  (llll!   VifW, 

Till'  iivriiK" 
vii  iiili>  Imlia 
|-i,(Ml')  iliillurn. 
,|i'  |ii>|iiilalinii 
mii|ilii>ii  (irun 

1  of  iuppcr  ai 

/.(I 
8,0(1(1.000 
4,(I(I(I.(IU0 

5(I,()()0,0(K) 
tliliili  'I  wodld 

lill  II  cciiiitnrn- 
•  iiHiiiiii'ilii  very 
tin;  liit^l  •*  >>r  '•> 
idii  "f  |>rii(lm'- 

t!   t'lVlM-l   "11   III'" 

,,  !)«  ai)  (jrcal  in 

?tioii  tUrtl  will 
).  CiO.)— *'"/'•) 

IJRKS.) 

jrisiiii;  ihc  rc- 

for  tliK  rcHinval 
It  till'  s|ieri;il  ill- 
tiiii!  -'O/.  ;  mill  ill 
lilt  reiniiviii«  tin- 
iblv  ll>«'  viiliii!  nf 
l!.iir  iniiUiiii!  use 
llieti  (Icii.t.c.MI. 
ml  11  111  Willi  pir- 
lut  a  iiiTMiil  i  iir 
any  cpirils  willi- 
smli  Hiilnlsi:  till! 
rfeimtl,  mill  uiiiy 
lit;  iic^ti'ssily  iilii 
Trmiit'8  c:r  iiimilds 
in  till!  siilisliimc 
iussion  wiiliuiit  a 

lioiiers  of  cxi'iiii' 
Ion  of  piTiiiitd  ill 

|ler  from  apples, 
bul  it  is  itself 


itcd  at  the  con- 
I,  in  hit.  .'■)9''  .%' 

boars,  in  1703. 

[from  Holland; 

jptaiii  ami  crew 
Jihips  arrived  at 
tis  heeii  the  pro- 
tent,  from  l.'^OO 

lation  of  Teters- 
(amis  is  low  and 
litions ;  and  the 
I  every  thing  rc- 
IS'd  one  less 
II  situation  for 
Ition  eoiild  have 
;  of  the  country 

mnv,  in  some 
[for  I'etershurgh 


touch  hrro ;  and  those  dra\vin(][  above  S  feet  water  loml  and  unload  nt  Crciixtaill ;  tho 
iioodu  beim;  riiiivi-yed  from  and  to  the  rity  in  lighterii,  the  ehargeri  of  which  vary  aceordinR 
to  '.he  ilciiiand  at  the  time.  The  mereliaiit:^'  iiarhour  at  (Jronstadl  is  I'lltcd  to  roiilaiii  about 
flDO  shipH  ;  but  it  is  exposed  to  the  westerly  winds,  ('roii'itadt  is  str.int;ly  fortilled,  and  in 
tlu'  principal  Ht.ition  of  ihe  Itiissian  tlect.  Vessels  hound  fur  Pelersliiiri;h  must  pass  hy  tho 
narrow  channel  to  the  «onlh  of  the  island,  eomin:indi-d  hy  the  fortilirations  of  Crniistidt  on 
the  one  side,  and  of  ("roiiHlot  on  the  other.  This  woodcut  on  the  next  paije,  itiken  from  tho 
ollicial  survey  puldished  by  the  Hussj.in  government,  ifives  a  belter  idea  of  tho  xituation  of 
IVlersburuh,  ('ronstadt,  A:e.  than  could  be  derived  from  any  description. 

Tnidi,  iVc — I'etersbiirt^h  lias  the  most  extensive  forei!;n  trade  of  any  city  in  the  north  of 
Kurope.  'J'his  arises  from  its  hcinp;  the  only  ti;reat  maritime  ouilet  on  the  (riilf  of  Finland, 
and  I'rom  its  vast  and  variouH  communications  with  the  interior  of  ihe  eountry.  I''ew  coun- 
tries have  such  an  extent  of  intnrnat  navii^ation  as  Kiissia.  Hy  means  partly  of  rivers,  and 
partly  of  canals,  IVtersbiirRh  is  connected  wilh  the  Caspian  Sea.  lioods  are  conveyed  from 
t!ie  latter  lo  the  capital,  throui;h  a  distance  of  1,'tUi  miles,  without  once  liindiie,'  ihem  !  'I'he 
iron  and  furs  of  Siberia,  and  thfi  teas  of  China,  are  received  at  lVtersburi:jli  in  the  same 
way ;  hut  ovvinij  to  the  ffcoiiX  distance  of  those  countries,  and  tho  short  period  of  the  year 
durinpt  which  the  rivers  and  canals  arc  naviijiible,  they  t:ike  M  yi'ars  in  their  transit.  Im- 
nieiise  ipiantities  of  goods  are  also  convoyed  durin:;  winter  upon  the  ice,  in  sledifcs,  to  the 
dilVcrent  ports,  and  to  tho  nearest  pristunn,  or  places  in  the  interior,  where  barks  are  built 
for  river  or  canal  navigation.  They  are  put  on  board  in  anticipation  of  the  periud  of  siiilin^, 
that  the  barks  may  be  reaily  to  take,  advantage  of  the  high  water,  by  lliatiiu  down  with  the 
current  as  soon  as  the  snow  and  ico  begin  to  melt.  'J'ho  cargoes  carrieil  up  the  river  into 
the  interior  during  summer  arc  principally  conveyed  to  their  ultimate  destinations  by  the 
sledge  roads  during  winter.  Tho  conveyance  hy  the  latter  is  generally  the  most  expediiions  ; 
and  it,  as  well  as  tho  internal  conveyanco  by  water,  is  performed  at  a  very  moderate  expense. 
'J'ho  barks  that  come  from  tho  interior  are  mostly  of  a  very  rude  construction,  llat-bot- 
tmned,  and  seldom  drawing  more  than  20  or  oO  inches  water.  When  they  arrive  at  their 
destination,  they  are  sold,  or  broken  up  for  firo-wood.  'I'hose  that  leave  the  ports  for  the  in- 
terior are  of  a  superior  description,  and  arc  comparatively  few  in  number ;  the  commodities 
imported  being,  at  an  average,  of  much  greater  value  relatively  lo  their  hulk  and  weight 
than  those  that  are  exported. 

I'rinrlpn/  Arliclcn  i if  Export  and  Import. — The  principal  orticlcs  of  export  are  tallow, 
hemp  and  llax,  iron,  copper;  grain,  particularly  wheat;  deals  and  masls,  jiotashes,  bristles, 
linseed  and  hemp  seed,  linseed  and  hemp  seed  oils,  furs,  leather;  fox,  hare,  and  sipiirrcl 
skins;  canvas.s  and  coarse  linen,  cordage,  caviare,  wax,  isinglass,  tar,  &c.  Tallow,  both  for 
candles  and  soap,  is  more  largely  exported  from  this  than  from  any  other  port  in  the  Haltic, 
and  is  an  article  of  great  commercial  importance. — (Sec  Tai.t.ow.)  The  hemp  is  of  good 
(juality,  though  inferior  to  that  of  IJiga:  it  is  assorted,  according  to  its  quality,  into  c/c«m 
htmp,  or  lirsts ;  oufshof  hemp,  or  seconds ;  and  half-r.lenti  hemp,  or  thirds.  The  first  sort 
should  be  ([uitc  clean,  and  free  from  spills;  the  second  is  less  so;  and  tho  third,  or //a//'- 
ckwi,  contains  a  still  greater  portion  of  spills,  and  is,  hesic'es,  of  mi.xed  (lualities-  and  colours. 
Kussian  llax  is  much  esteemed  for  the  length  of  its  fibr  i'  is  naturally  brownish,  hut  be- 
comes very  white  after  the  first  bleaching.  Tiirec  ipial.  .  .-  i^-c  distinguished;  viz.  13  head, 
9  head,  and  f)  head. — (Sec  Hkimp  and  Flax.)  Iron  is  of  ry  good  ipiality,  and  is  prefer- 
able to  that  from  the  other  Kussian  ports :  there  are  two  kinds,  old  and  new  sable ;  the  former 
is  the  host.  Leather  is  largely  exported;  it  is  divided  into  many  diirerent  sorts. — (Sec  the 
details  with  respect  to  it  in  the  art.  Ui'ssia  Lkatiikii.)  The  grain  trade  between  this  coun- 
try and  Petcrshurgh  has,  within  tho  last  7  years,  become  of  very  considerable  importance ; 
and  Russia  will,  probably,  continue  henceforth  to  be  one  of  the  principal  sources  of  supply 
to  this  country.  The  Russian  wheat,  so  called  to  distinguish  it  from  the  uz(  mala,  or  soft 
wheat,  and  the  kuhanka,  or  hard  wheat,  is  tho  lowest  description  of  wheat  shipped  from 
Petcrshurgh.  It  is  very  small-grained  and  dingy  coloured;  behig,  though  sound,  unfit  for 
the  manufacture  of  fine  bread.  Tho  azemaia  is  of  a  larger,  though  still  not  a  large  grain, 
and  better  colour,  and  has  of  late  been  extensively  imported  into  England.  The  kuhanka, 
or  hard  wheat,  is  a  large  semi-transparent  grain.  Its  hardness  has  nothing  of  the  flinty  cha- 
racter of  the  Spanish  hard  wheat,  which  it  most  resembles.  When  first  brought  to  Tiondon, 
the  millers  objected  to  it,  on  account  of  the  difiiculty  experienced  in  grinding  it;  but  it  is 
now  much  esteemed.  All  tho  Kussian  wheats  are  well  calculated  for  keeping,  either  in 
granary,  or  when  made  into  bread :  but  tho  kuhanka  has  this  ([uality  in  a  peculiar  degree ; 
and  is  in  great  demand  for  mixing  with  other  wheats  that  arc  old,  stale,  or  out  of  condition. 
A  shipment  of  100  chctwerts  of  wheat  in  Potershurgh  is  found,  when  delivered  here,  to 
yield  about  72  Imperial  quarters.  The  principal  imports  are  sugar,  especially  from  the  Ha- 
vannah  (the  importation  of  refined  sugar  was  prohibited  in  1822)  ;  collee,  but  not  in  largo 
quantities;  madder,  indigo,  cochineal,  and  dye  woods ;  cotton  stulfs  and  yarn, — the  latter 
I'cmg  by  far  the  principal  article  sent  from  this  country  to  Kussia;  woollens,  oils,  spices, 
salt,  wine,  lead,  tin,  coal,  fine  linen  from  Holland  and  Silesia,  &c. 


<A 


288 


PETERS  FUIRCJir. 


Riipi.!  n*  hns  bcoii  the  ifirronno  of  KiiwHinn  roinmrrrr,  it«  proi^rrMji  has  liocn  nintrriiilly 
rrtnnlcil  l>y  ri'stri(iion?<  on  iniportation,  ('onMiilcrini;  llic  iininrnsn  varirly  of  viilual)lf  nalu- 
rul  |iroiluilii)in  witli  which  Kiissi.i  uIxxiikIm,  lln>  tliiiinrs§  of  the  p >|iulalioii,  nnd  llip  etavory 
uiiil  iirriormico  of  tlip  (»i«Mt  Imlk  of  the  iifoplc.  iiotliiiiR  v.m  he  tnorr  ahsiird  than  tlie  attrmpi 
to  rciiiliT  llu'in,  hy  dint  of  ('ustuiii-hi)iiM('  rri{iiliilioii>i,  rivalH  of  ilir  Kiiuhslt  and  (irmiatiH  in 
niunufarturini(  inihiHtry  !  However,  it  mUMt  be  ronfr«Hril,  that  in  enaclini;  prohiliitioiiH  and 
ri-8trictiuni,  thoy  arc  only  followinq  a  line  of  policy  which  we  have  not  yet  rntircly  ohan- 


L% 


lieftrinres  to  Plan. — A,  Cronslol ;  It,  MiMi-(if-war  luvcii ;  (".  TiillMikcn  light-houso,  6S  fept  tiieh, 
furiiislii'il  Willi  a  fixed  liclit.  Hmimlini's  in  fallioiiiH.  It  ii|i|ii';ir3  from  the  above  plan,  that  llir  ili'plli  nf 
water  lielweeii  Crotistailt  and  I'elersliiirjlli  dnCiJ  not,  iii  seine  ('liires.  exceed  Our  7  feet ;  hiit  it  is  inrrensed 
uhoiit  a  foot  by  cniiliiiiied  wenterly,  and  is  (Ijiiiiiiislicd  ;ihuiit  as  inmli  by  ediitimit'd  easterly,  ninils. 
Crfinstadt  is,  therefore,  as  nlre;idy  observed,  in  reality,  Itie  |iort  nf  i'elersbiirch  ;  and  lias,  indeed,  no 
geparalp  rtislnni-lioiisc  or  jurisdiction.  Tlie  transfer  of  goods  between  the  two  places  by  means  of 
ligtiters  lias  of  late  years  been  materially  facilitated  by  the  viiiployment  of  aieam  tugs. 


FETEUSnUKGlI. 


289 


n  mntrrinlly 
iihial'li'  nnlu- 
,i  I  hi'  flavt-ry 
I  the  ntlmii't 
(mtiikiiih  ill 
hiliitions  ami 
•iitiri'ly  aliau- 


ll 


Use,  6&  fpot  tiich. 
L  that  till' ilcplli  of 

1  but  it  i^ '"'■"'='"''' 
Id  iMPtrrly.  ivimls. 
Ind  lia?'  iiiil''<'<'i  "" 
llncea  l»y  means  of 
1»S». 


ilonril,  thoiinh  it  '  \n  hern  quitP  an  iiijiirioiiH  to  im  n»  it  rnti  ho  to  them.  Wp  had  \\n\w\ 
that  ioiiiul  ciinnirriiiil  |iiin(i|<lt'H  wito  l)i'j,'iiihiiii(  in  iffl  nii  ii«ciiiil;iii<y  ut  IVlrrHliiir«h,  iii:»i«- 
much  at  tlui  iikaiM'  of  llif  -(Ul>  i>f  Marrh,  ln:J(l,  iimtiTiully  moiiilinl  m-vrral  ol'  tlti-  iirovioim 
re-iitriclionst.  Hut  mori!  rcnntiy  a  new  ukasi-  in;i(lc  iln  a|i]M'araii(f,  fum-tiim  a  ctinHidiTalilo 
iiuri-ase  of  (liilitit  <>»  "pvoral  nrlicK-x.  It  in,  \vi>  an^  afraiil.  pn-tly  rli-ar,  that  the  KiiMsinn 
povcriinii'iit  has  |troliti-il  little  by  the  udmiratile  work  of  M.  Siorch  (Cnitrii  il' Kcimnntie  I'uli- 
til/Ill),  tliouRh  wriltiMi  for  llio  Hi>0(i.il  ust-  of  ihc  pn  ticiit  fmpi'ror  of  Uuit:«ia,  unci  hi«  brollier 
the  (•raiiii  Uuke  Mii'hail,  and  |>iilili»hid  by  ordir  of  ilio  lute  ciii[MTor. 

Innpictinii  of  doiiilx. — At  IVliT8!)ur«h,  Hi^'a,  and  otIuT  Uajlic  portfl,  when  uoods  ore 
brouffbl  from  the  iiitorior  to  Iip  wlii|>|>cd.  liny  nri"  iiis|ii'ct«"d  and  ilas tilled  urcortiinu!  to  tiirir 
(|iialiti<'H,  by  oIl'icorH  (/tnic/,rrs)  appoinlrd  by  ^ovcrnincnl  for  lltat  piirpoHi-,  and  sworn  to  tho 
failliful  p«'rforinani'P  of  ihi'ir  <liity.  All  sorts  of  liinbt-r,  linen  und  ranvass,  flax  and  hemp, 
liniMHMl  and  lirinp  scod,  asln-s,  wax,  &c.  ar««  subject  to  uneli  inspection.  'I'liey  are  i^cnerally 
divided  into  three  tiualities:  Kro/in  (crown),  or  Hui)erior;  y/rr/c/r,  or  njiddlinR ;  and  liruchs. 
llrucli,  or  inferior.  'I'his  cIa»8ification  in  said  to  be,  in  most  cases,  made  with  consitlerablo 
fairness.  A  factor  or  commission  ai;ent  in  Knssia,  instructed  to  buy  on  account  of  his  cor- 
respondent in  Kngland  or  Holland,  a  siHvilied  quantity  of  any  dencription  of  produce  subject 
to  the  ollicial  visit,  is  not  lialilc  to  any  action  in  the  event  of  the  article  beinn  found,  upon 
delivery,  to  l)e  of  inferior  quality,  jiroviiled  he  ]>roduce  a  certilicule  to  show  that  it  had  been 
ollicialiy  inspected,  or  bracked.  But  a  factor  is  at  liberty,  should  any  article  delivered  to 
him  be  manifestly  defective,  to  name  1  or  'i  other  brucktrs  to  decide  whether  the  article  bo 
merchantabb-  or  not. 

Nutivf  itnd  I'ordjiu  Mrrrhdtifs,  c^-r. — Every  Hus.sian  carrying;  on  trade  must  Imj  a  burgher, 
and  have  his  name  registered  in  the  burpihers'  book;  he  thus  acquires  an  unlimited  freetlom 
of  trade.  All  whose  names  are  in  the  burghers'  liooks,  are  either  townsmen  who  have  pro- 
perty within  the  city,  or  members  of  a  guild.  'J'here  are  three  guilds.  Those  l)elonging  to 
the  first,  must  possess  from  10,000  to  ,')0,000  roubles;  these  may  follow  foreign  trade,  aro 
not  liable  to  corporal  punishment,  and  may  drive  about  the  city  in  carriages  <lrawn  by  'Z 
horses.  'I'hose  belonging  to  the  second  guibl  declare  themselves  possessed  of  from  ."i.tiOO  to 
10,000  roubles;  they  arc  conlined  to  inland  trade.  A  capital  of  from  1,000  to  ."j.OOO  rouble* 
entitles  its  owner  to  admission  into  the  third  guild,  which  comprises  shopkeepers  and  [letty 
dealers.  The  rates  paid  by  the  members  of  tliese  guilds  amount  to  1  percent,  upon  their 
iloclared  capital,  the  "statement  of  which  is  left  to  tlte  conscience  of  every  individual." 
fiurghers  are  not  obliged  to  serve  in  the  army,  but  may  provide  a  substitute,  or  p,\y  a  lino. 
Tho  f^ite.tfii,  or  foreign  merchants,  who  enrol  themselves  in  tho  city  register  on  account  of 
their  commercial  atVuirs,  enjoy  privileges  nearly  similar  to  those  enjoyed  by  tho  members  of 
the  first  guild. 

None  but  native  Russians  ore  allowed  to  engage  in  the  internal  trade  of  the  country;  and 
hence  a  foreigner,  who  imports  goods  into  Hussia,  must  sell  them  to  Russians  oidy,  and  at 
the  port  where  they  arrive.  A  few  foreigners,  indeed,  settled  in  Russia,  and  having  con- 
nections with  the  natives,  do  carry  on  a  trade  with  the  interior ;  but  it  is  contrary  to  law, 
and  the  goods  are  liable  to  be  seized. 

The  merchants  engaged  in  foreign  trode  are  mostly  foreigners,  of  whom  the  English  are 
the  principal.  The  jieculiar  privileges  formerly  enjoyed  by  the  latter  aro  now  nearly  obso- 
lete ;  and  their  rights,  in  common  with  those  of  other  foreigners,  aro  merely  those  of  iruests. 
The  English  factory  is,  at  present,  little  more  than  a  society  formed  of  some  of  the  principal 
English  merchants,  several  of  whom,  however,  do  not  belong  to  it:  its  power  extends  to  little 
else  than  the  management  of  certain  funds  under  its  control. 

Purchase  and  Sale  of  Comnutdities,  i\c. — Owing  to  the  scarcity  of  capital  in  Russia, 
goods,  the  produce  of  the  country,  arc  frequently  paid  in  advance ;  and  foreigti  goods  are 
most  commonly  sold  upon  credit.  From  the  month  of  November  till  the  shipping  season  in 
May,  the  Russians  who  trade  in  flax,  hemp,  tallow,  bristles,  iron,  &c.  either  come  themselves 
to  Pctcrsburgh,  or  employ  agents  to  sell  their  goods  to  foreigners,  to  be  delivered,  according 
to  agreement,  in  May,  June,  July,  or  August.  The  payments  arc  made  according  to  the 
circumstances  of  the  sellers  and  buyers ;  sometimes  the  buyer  pays  the  whole  amount,  in  the 
winter  months,  for  tho  goods  which  are  to  be  delivered  in  the  summer  or  autumn ;  and 
sometimes  ho  pays  a  part  on  concluding  the  contract,  and  the  remainder  on  delivery  of  the 
goods.  The  manufacturers  and  dealers  in  linen  usually  come  to  Petersburgh  in  March,  and 
sell  their  goods  for  ready  money. 

Fnri'Jij'n  Roods  were  forinerly  almost  ontirply  sold  nt  a  twelvemonth's  credit,  and  some  at  a  still 
longer  term  ;  but  of  Lite  years  several  arliilcs,  as  cotlue  and  sugar,  are  sold  for  ready  money  :  still, 
however,  llie  preat  bulk  of  foreign  poods  for  llie  supply  of  the  interior  is  fold  on  credit.  Most  of  the 
Rus^iliins  who  buy  goods  on  credit  of  foreigners,  for  the  use  of  the  interior,  have  no  other  connection 
or  trade  with  PetershnrKli,  than  merely  coinins  there  once  or  twice  a  year  to  make  purchases:  which 
having  nccoiiiplished,  they  set  olf  with  the  poods,  and  the  foreigner  neither  sees  uor  hears  of  them 
Bgiiiii  till  Ihe  bills  become  due. 

It  is  olivious,  from  this  statement,  that  experience  and  sagacity  are  nowhere  more  requisite  in  a 

mercliant  than  here.    He  has  nothinir,  in  fact,  but  his  own  Unowloilge  of  the  native  dealers  lo  depend 

upon:  :iiid  it  is  highly  creditable  lo  the  Itussians,  that  foreigners  do  not  hesituto  to  trust  them  with 

Immense  sums  on  such  a  guaranty.    A  foreign  nierchunl  carrying  on  business  in  Russia,  must  alao 

Vol.  II.— 2  B  37 


e& 


T-fl 


J1 

1* 


20U 


rilTKHSlUIUCII. 


be  Ar(|iiiinti'il  wllh  llii>  nulonnrv  fiirrim  unit  olihuMiloti*  iirinnlnirtii ;  llin  mniln  uriiiaklnv  pn^mont*  : 
Ihfl  iiiiiiiy  I'liriiiiilillfn  llial  I'lii'iiiiiiKT,  tiiiil  niiiiii'iiiiinK  liini  iiaiil'*  llii'  iciiirac  i>(  luitlii' ;  llii'  H|iiril.  ■III! 
moru  lliiiii  llli- li'lliT,  III' llir  liiritriinil  (In-  <  ihIiiiiiIiiiihi!  rriiiil  itlniii)  i  llm  |irivilf|r<'i<  rliinn'il  liy  Itiii 
rriiwii,  mill  till'  ilill'Ti'iil  iiri|i-r4 1  wiili  it  viiiii!ly  "I'  ulln'r  |iiirlii'iil.tr»,  which  alliMitivr  iiml  ulilu  iiiuii 
niiiy  li'iirn  <iii  llic  Mpul,  niul  iiiiwlirrr  rimv 

"Aiiiilhi-r  I'irriiiiiHliiiiri-  imiiihm  liil  with  lli«  llrllUh  Irililn  U  Ino  riirliiili  to  lin  piKiirit  in  ii||i<nri<. 
Rvory  iiii'rrniiiiji-  linii'o'  In  I'lirrKlmridi  I'lniiinV' i'itIiiiii  nii-n,  nilli'il  In  Ihr  liinKitiiKi*  nf  tlii' cniintry 

trtrttihirkt,  Who  uri'  Ihi'  <  iiiiiillin-liniKf  rni'n.  iiinl |iliiyfil  liy  I'Vi'ry  ini'ri'liiinl  li>  ciilli'il  |iiiviii)'iit  nn 

hlllii,  mill  III  ri>i'i-lv<-  iiiiini'v,  iih  wi'II  iik,  in  iii^my  iiialmiri'*,  In  piiv  II  In  vrry  runnlihTiilili'  ■iiiiin.  'I'liia 
i«  nil  liii|iiirl;iiil  ii.'irl  III'  Ihi'ir  trind  i'lirrn  liriiiK  im  liaiiki'ra  In  itiiaKiii,  <>vi-ry  iiicrriiiililr  Iiiiiikr  kcL'iia 
lilt  iiwn  <  loh  ;  iiiiil  w*  llii'  iiuynii'iilx  lii'twri-ii  nn'rihiiiilH,  iiml  fur  IiiIIh  hI'  vxiIiiiiikK'  iiri'  iiiiiil)-  riillri'ly 

ill  liiiiik  niili'it  iirim  liiuliiT  viiiiii'  llMii  .'>.  II),  'ij,  ,MI,  mill  IINI  ruiilili'*  - I  nrilii-iii  in  no  I.'iIIiti'iI  ii  iit;ili: 

ni  III  ri'<|iiiri-  ^mvcnil  hmirH  to  i-oiiiil  nvrr  ii  hiiiii  oI'  i.lioil/.  or  II.OlMI/  Una  Iiiihiiii-iiii  h  pfrloriiii'il  by 
arlL'tm  lih  kt .  mill  vrry  iVw  iiiHtmni'it  liivi-  oriiirri'il  nl'liiKit  liy  llirlr  Iniittrnllon,  i<ithi>r  in  iiiHi'ininlliiK 
the  iiiili':4,  in  tnklni;  t'lilmt  iinli'x.iir,  wlirrr  tlicy  unt  iniirli  lorn,  In  ri'mvinu  piirtK  ol'ilillVri'iil  l>;ink  iiotun 

"'riii'xi*  iirtclitiliii'kM  iiri'  iiJHo  i'iii{i|iiyi'il  io'i<ii|ii'riiili'iiil  llh'  loiiiliiiK  anil  iinliMiliiiK  tin'  iliirrrrnt  iiir- 
giii'it ;  llii'V  ri'ii>jvi'  till-  iiiiwl  viiln.ililr  into  the  wiirrlioiini',  wlirrn  tlii'V  iiri'  li'l't  nolt'ly  imilrr  llii'lr  riirr  ; 
uiiil  III  tiii'Hc  warchoiiKi'H  not  mcri'ly  iiiiti'ImiiiIhi'.  Inil  iil'trii  tarit)'  i|iimilitii>ii  nl'ilollarrt,  arc  ili'|iiiHiti'il 
Tllf'ii-  UiiHHiaiiN  an-  iiii>«tlv  nalivrs  ol'  \rrliiuit;rl  anil  tin'  iiiljai  rut  t(ovi'riiiiii'iili<,  of  lliii  lowritl  rinxM  ; 
■  ri'  oHi'ii  bliivim,  Bi'iii'riilly  ol'llii'  Trowii  :  iiinl  lln'  only  Hi'iiirily  of  llii'  iiiitrilianl  arlurn  in  «oini'  ili'sri'.' 
from  the  natural  ri'liirtMini'  of  tin'  IliiHKiaii  to  Imtray  (''uiill(l(.'ni'u  ri'pimiMl  in  liliii ;  liiit  in  a  iiiiiih  grvatur 
fnilii  llii'ir  •iHitoi  iatiiiii,  wlilrh  Ik  nillnl  an  arlrl. 

"An  arli'l  i-onxlHiH  of  a  crrlaiii  nniiiln'r  of  lal)oiir(!r»,  who  voluntarily  hfcomn  reRpnniilhIo,  ni  a  bnrty, 
i'or  tliir  honi'iily  of  caiili  iiiillviiliial.  'I'lii'  Hcparalu  •tarnliiun  of  carli  nun  aru  put  Into  tin-  rniiiinon 
Mtni'k  ;  a  iiiontlily  allow  ini  ii  ix  iiiaili'  lor  Iiim  Hiipport ;  anil  at  tin'  mil  nf  tin'  year  llir  HiirpliiH  U  )>i|ii.illy 
iliviJi'il.  Till'  iiiinilii'r  varii's  In  ilitrrrcnl  aHsoilalionii  from  .'ill  to  IINI;  ami  ho  iiilvaiitaKi'oiiH  in  ll  ron- 
Hlilrri'il  to  lii'loiiK  til  mil' of  ihi'si' KiM'ii'tii'4,  tlial  :'ilMI  anil  I'Vi'ii  I,(IIH)  roiilili'n  art'  paiil  for  ailiiiiHiiioii 
Tlit'Hu  aiii'it'tii!4  aril  not  hoiiinl  liy  any  law  of  Ihti  I'lnpiri!,  or  i-vt'ii  wrilli'ii  acrttcini'iil ;  nor  ilot'H  tliv 
iiiiiri'liant  ri'Htralii  llii'iii  iimlrr  any  li'Uil  oliliiiitlon  ;  )■<•{  llii'ri'  lias  liii-n  no  iiinianci'  of  tlii'lr  ohjfriin^' 
to  any  jiiiit  ilaiiii,  or  of  liroli-ttiiiK  an  imliviiliial  wIiomu  contliut  hail  liroiiuhl  a  iluniaiiil  on  the  Hociuly." 
—  (Ciij-f'y  'I'ravFh  la  Hiit-'iii,  vol.  Ill    p.  .'Il.'i  ) 

Krw  Itiiiriian  nii'ri'lianlH  niuMKi'  In  forrlun  truih*.  ll  in  rarriril  on  prinripally  In  forolun  liottoiiin,  of 
wliicli  liv  far  till'  laruiT  propurlion  aru  i'.iiclish.  Marini^  iiisiirann'H  an'  KiMii'rally  I'lliMti.'il  in  l.onilon  m 
AiiHti'riiaiii ;  tlii'ri'  liciiii;  no  t'Hialilitliiiii'iil  for  that  ilrparliiirnl  of  Immiiii'hh  in  UiiHNia.  An  iiiHiiraiio: 
runipiny  agaiintt  tiri<  has  Ih'cii  I'HiahliHlirii  in  l't'(i'rHliiiri;li,  ami  t'lijoya  Nt'vtrral  privlli-Ki'ii.  It  Ih  a  Joint 
Btoik  co'iiipaiiy,  ilivitlt'il  iiiio  aclloim,  or  HliarrM.  It  has  lirrn  very  niii'i'i'ssI'iiI  ;  anil  it«  sliari'ii  uri' at  .1 
vi:ry  lii);h  prriiiiniii.  No  insiirain'i!  on  lioiisi's  or  itooils  in  lliissia,  iiiaili.'  in  a  fori'iKii  roiintry,  ran  liu 
lugally  ri'cuvuruil ;  no  onicial  tlocnmunti)  of  lonti  hi'iiig  allowtnl  tu  bu  fiiriiisliL'd  for  Hiich  u  piirpone. 

5f  •flri/.— Arcciinls  xrv  kepi  at  rrliTsljur^h,  mil  Dimtiifliotil  Kuv 
114,  in  liAiik  niulili-i  of  IIKI  CMittrk*  :  fMriiuTlv,  nrrniutli  Mrn-  ki-pl  iii 
■ilvvr  lii'tiiry  ;  liiil,  liy  an  onlrr  nf  iri)vt>rntni-iit,  tin-  |>rarhri?  i>l  kfrli- 
liv  acrniiiii«  ill  lt.iiik  lioir  niublcs  h.u  btit-ii  uitltircrj  tilicu  l^ll,  iu 
tilt)  fiirliinioii  i>r  Ihr  (illirr. 

Tin;  nnty  ci>l  I  emu  .il  ipniriit  tlriirk  i«  tin-  1  2  Iniprml.nr.^  ronlilt' 
piece,  ^  I  ll.  It'f.  A'orliiii^  very  ntrarly.  'I'he  «Jtv<T  nmhlf  ii  worth 
at.  i  a.4i/.  itt-rliiiic  vi^ry  iie.irty  ;  and  ii  ili'cUrL-<l.  by  .t  tiktii.  luniHl  in 
IHi9.  In  Itt-  tviirlli  .lli()cn|ir(-k9  :  Itlia  woiiM  Kivtt  Ihr  v.iluuiit  Die  |i.1|it'r 
riuhlf  at  ni'arly  I  hJ. ;  hul  il  llnclnain  with  the  exctonce.— (Kiir  an 
accixinl  (ir  the  Conitlierri.ll  Hank  of  ItiiMia,  aee  vol,  j.,  p.  IJl.) 

IVi^lfhti  and  .Vroitiri'i.— The  Huuiau  weiifhti  are  the  aaliic  for 
gotil,  iilver,  anil  llicrch.iiKlite,  vif — 

3  Snilnickt  =  I  IJiih.  I      in  I'oiin  ll  =  1  I'o  hI. 

32  l.<ilhi        :=>  1  I'niiuJ.  10  FixhIi     -  I  Uurkovilz. 


The  Kiiiian  imuinl  contains,  ai'cor.lin<  to  llr.  Kelly,  tt3l***.'i  Knif. 
lilh  Kraihi.  lleiu'e,  100  Iba.  RuMi.in  n  00-2tJ  llii.  avoiriluiioia  ^ 
40'V)  kilof.  The  |UKi.|  ^  36  Iba.  I  o;.  II  <ln.,  linl  iiiioik  nurchantt 
it  isreck'iiii^t  —  ;lli  ll>i.  AcconliliK  lo  .NelkeotirfCher,  lU.)  lln.  Hits- 
■ian  -llO'lil  lbs,  aroirtlu|Kiii -^  40-9  kiiu|i.  ^  *ia  lbs,  ul  AlluUT- 
dam^  Mlltorilinilmuh. 


The  iTjm-tiul  nie.iiiirr  for  corn  is  Ihe  chelwi-rl,  ilivulcl  into  im* 
mini,  1  [taiiKks.  H  chrlwcncks,  or  t>4  Karuil/.  The  chelwerl  j 
hOii  Wiuchnler  biuheli.  Hence,  100 cliclwerli  ^71  I  £ii(li>li 
i|uarterfl. 


In  liiiniil  ineainre, 

11  Tsi.arky  -  1  Kmhki. 

H  Kraihka     -  I  Wolro. 

40  \Ve»ln>«   "  I  Soirktivy. 

The  wnlru     -  3  1-4  Kngliih 
wine  Kallniis, 

I J  1-3  llolilea  =  1  Wnlm. 


3  Walrtu     r-  |  Ankri. 

6  Ankrra     -  I  il»h«li. 

i  (liholl      =  I  I'ipc, 
In  lohic  iiie.tiiire, 

m  Wrrsliok  --=  I  Amheen. 

3  Anhren    •=  |  Siiiipn 

50U  Sasheii      ^  1  Vent. 


1  iishen  =  7  KiiKUili  feet;  1  arahcen  =:  iH  En^liih  inchea,  IftJ 
llimiin  feel  ,=  III  Ii  KimlKll  feil.  The  vers',  or  Itiissl.in  mile.  = 
h  furlongs  \i  |mle>.     The  KiiKlish  inch  ami  fiNil  are  useil  lhmii(linu< 

RilMia,  chielly,  however,  ill  Ihe  lueaaurinnof  limber (Avi/y'i t'liui, 

/oil,  arl,  Httitia  ;  Xtlkmhtrfyr^  Manud  Uimvrfel.) 

In  lixinK  freiKhl  lo  KnKland,  a  Ion  isli3pn(vl9  of  lienip,  fill,  U|. 
low,  in>n,  Clipper,  anil  asli.s  ;  14  (ioikU  of  lirisll|.s,  isini^lass,  Iriltier, 
anil  waij  ■|iloi,n  of  ileals  j  3,5011  hire  akiiu  j  H  cheuverls  of  hIicii 
ur  Iiu.seeJ  ;  anil  tiO  piecci  ol  aail-clolh. 


The  following  regulatiniin  for  the  inipnrtatiiiii  of  rorclgii  goodii  arc  strictly  unforced  : 


All  c^ods  ini|iorleil  mint  be  acconi|iaiiieJ  by  Ihe  follow  ing  Jocu. 
ments:— 

I  Theilcclanlion  of  Ihe  caplain,  uconlinjt  to  the  form  orilereil 
|jy  the  Cttstoni-honse. 

2,  An  aitestitiMii  from  Ihe  Ituasian  consul,  anil  where  there  is  no 
consul,  fmni  Ihe  ('ustom  house  of  Ihe  place,  of  the  ipitiitity  an  I  qua- 
lily  of  Ihe  <oo  ts,  aiiil  a  ileclanilion  lh.lt  they  arc  not  Ihe  prtxiuce,  ma- 
nufaciiire,  nr  pmpertv  of  an  enemy's  country, 

3.  Hills  of  I.t'linv  of  all  gooils,  In  which  the  weight,  measure,  or 
quantity  of  each  pack.t^e  must  lie  B|)ecifie<l.  In  cas.-  the  bills  of 
lailini  are  nnl  eiaclly  after  this  re.{iiliti(in,  the  gooili  pay  double  July 
■a  a  line.  In  case  more  is  found  than  specitietl  in  Ihe  bill  of  la<tinK, 
the  surplus  is  conlucnted  ;  if  less  is  found,  Ihe  duty  must  be  paid  on 
the  quantity  specified,    llf  wine,  it  is  not  sulficieiit  to  s)H'Ctfy  Ihe 


nninlirr  of  pipes  or  hiiiciheads  only,  htil  also  their  cantenis  in  jill-tii. 
\c.  of  Icnioiis,  Ihe  number  in  e,arh  boi  must  be  specttie<l.  of  111.1 
nufaclured  kini.Is,  the  measure  of  cich  pit-ce  biiisI  lie  sptrilii-.l,  jiil 
Ihe  number  of  pieces  in  each  bile.  It  is  iliditlereiit  ivbetbcr  tlnj 
grossor  Ihe  nell  wclnht  besptcineil.  If  the  pachi^ei  lie  all  of  tlniui.f 
wri)(ht,  measure,  or  ciintenti,  a  kirneral  specificatiou  w  ill  do,  .11  fur 
eiample,  1011  casks  alum,  of  17  lis|iound  e.ich.  Of  dve  woods,  the 
wei<ht  of  the  whole  need  only  be  inentioneil.  Of  r;ii»li  of  imall 
bulk,  as  (lepper,  Ac,  it  is  sufticienl  lo  state  Ihe  weight  of  every* or 
10  bales,  but  with  s|iecificalion  of  Ihe  numbers.  There  luuil  ii  il  U 
any  erasures  or  blots  in  Ihe  bill  of  lading.  All  it'iods  not  accimpi- 
niiil  by  these  dociinienls,  or  where  the  divuments  aic  uul  accirlitij 
tu  Ihe  above  reKuIitions,  will  be  sent  back. 
Dills  of  ladinK  may  be  maile  out  either  lo  some  house,  or  lo  orJcr 


The  following  charges  have  hecu  fixed  by  the  merchants  of  Putcrsburgh  : 


Per  cent. 
Commission  on  nlea  and  purchases  ■    2 
Kilra  dunces  on  all  goods     •  •    I 

Commission  and  extra  charges  for 

gooili  delivereil  up  «  ■  •    ~ 

Brokerage  on  sales  and  purchases 
Ditto  on  bills - 

Dillc  on  freight,  per  Ion,  60  (»pecks. 
Slunps  .... 


1-2 
14 


3-8 


Per  cent. 
Charges  nn  duly,  paid  inwards  .    4 

Ditto,  paid  outwards     •  •  .4 

Comniission  for  collecting  freight,  or 

averajie  inwards         -  •  .3 

Commission  for  procuring  freight  out. 

wards-  .  .  .9 

For  clearances,  40  roubles. 


Dues  lo  be  paid  lo  the  church,  10  n  uMes 

each  vessel. 
Clearing    of    ships,    of    or    under 
a  lasts  each,    40  roubles  each  u-ssel. 
25  lo    ."iO  do,     60  _ 

50—    7.i    .      SO  — 

7.1  —  100    .     too  — 

100—  l.iO    .     150  — 

150  or  above,   200  — 


Tare  on  Ooods  exported,  as  fiztd  by  the  Custom-hutiae. 


Dry  Ooodt.  Per  cent. 

In  barrels  or  chests    •  ■  .10 

Id  sacks  -  -  -2 

lo  mats,  or  sacks  made  of  mats        .    3 

Except  Muscovy  leather,  of  which 

is  deducted  •  -  -6 


Mt'iil  fAnirf.. 

Per  cent 

Pressed  caviare 

Soap    - 

Meat  and  salt  fish       • 

Tallow 

.  r. 

.    3 
.20 
.  10 

^0 


,  Ooodt.  Per  cent. 

D  barrels  or  chests    ■  -  .10 

In  vessels  o(  glass  or  earthenware  .  20 
loacka  •         •         -2 


Tare  on  Ooods  Imported. 

Dry  Goods.  Per  cent. 

In  double  sacks  .  -  .4 

Id  mats  -  ■  •  .3 


Moiit  (Jnods. 
Honey 
Treacle 
All  oilier  moist  goods 


Pry  Ooodt. 
In  sacks  and  mats  together 
lulMikela 


Per  Cfn\. 

■  17 
.  10 

■  17 


Ferctnl 
■   i 
•  t 


klni  i»nym«nt«  ; 

;   llll-  Nllirll.  ■till 

I  (lihiii'il  I'y  111" 
ri-  mill  ulilu  iiiuii 

iiiiiril  III  allrnre. 
;,.  of  llix  ciiiiiilry 
iliM'l  iiiivnii'iit  on 
thl<'  •mii».  'rill« 
ilili!  limiKi!  ki't'l>« 
rn  iiiiiilf  mtlri'ly 

II  liilliTnl  a  Hliili: 
H  iiiTlnrniiHl  liy 

>t  III  iiiiMiiiiinliiii! 
rrriil  Ih'iiik  iKituK 
till'  iliir.Ti'iil  riir. 
iiikIit  llii'lr  ran'; 
rn,  iiri'  i|i'|»>»lli'il 
lliii  Iciw  ritl  rlniiK  ; 
I'D  III  miiiii'  ili'Kri'i? 
Mill  iiiiiili  KrtMiter 

iiinllili',  iiK  "»  l""ly. 
Iiilii  llll-  I'liiiiiiiiin 
MiirjiliiH  in  iMiii  illy 
itiiK''"'*'*  i"  "  '"11- 
utl  liir  ailiiiHxi'>ii 
iMil  ;  iiiir  il'ii'H  Hie 
III"  llii'ir  (iliJiMtimt 

III  un  till)  hoi; lei y." 

ircian  linllonn,  of 
•Mliul  III  l.iiniliiiior 
lia.  An  iiiitiitiiiici! 
Ii-Ki-H.  ItlHiijiiinl 
itri  Hliiirrfi  »ri^  at  ft 
(>ii  cmiiilry,  laii  In- 
null  u  imriii'iii;. 

lelwiTt,  iliviilml  ml"  im- 
;aiutlz.  'I'lii'  chetwi'n  ^ 
lu'twrrti  -^  til  KiJitlKl. 

(  Wr.lnn    -  I  Aiikfi, 
i  Aukrri     =   I  Oith.ilt. 
iOlll.id       =    1  l'l\><:- 
I  Umt  iMM-mrf, 
S  Wrl^hcik  ---    I   Ar«li>-c'n, 
1  Ar>lif"'li    •=    I  "("li'ii 
a  Sadicii       =--  I  Vcnl. 


iH  En<li>li  inchn.     1^' 
ml,  or  Kiissi.iu  mill' 

t  ar«  uif'l  thnMi^li  'v.' 
huttx-r.— (KVJ/^'ll'nU' 
uwtrttl.) 
(lis  of  lirllip,  flix.  ti. 

llill!*^,  ilinHl.lM,  ItMlllfi, 

111*  i  H  cliutwcrti  u(  » licit 


i:(t: 


Iheir  conlpntn  in  ^ill'iii. 
list  bf  n^ft•ltil^l.  I  If  llll 
CI*  Bitisl  lif  ititritii-l,  Jill 

ilhlifleri'iit  tthftlifr  tlw 
inrk.tKit  lie  .ill  of  III*'  ^I'l'i' 
■rilicaliim  "ill  iln,  a«  fnr 
each.  Ill  ilyii  winxl*,  tli# 
ilinl.     or  l!<>"l>  i<r>l<»l> 

Iho  Hfi^ltl  'if  i-ven**'if 
libera.    Tlitre  iiuiM  i>  ii  l< 

All  ppioil'  it'll  .u'ciitti()>- 
'Uliients  ate  iiul  acc.r  lit^ 


to  tome  houjp,  or  lo  orJti 


to  the  dturcli,  10  r.  ullfi 

of    IT    timler 
lO  iroublei  iMch  ^tiael. 


Per  flit. 
•  n 
.  10 

.  n 


good* 


■  together 


Pot  cent 
•  i 


PETHUSIUIUr.II. 


S01 


Mai'l  OoHftt  iiiiport*^.— The  fullntvlni  nra  nDiiin  of  ilio  tnri*>  ii|H>rl(1i'il  In  thf  InrllT:— 

.  .  .  ■    I?  i>i-r  .'••III.        1  '■  liiiitfil    ii.iial    tir    M|.|tflir.l    iii  llir   kiilifl    aflr 


IKivo'iil  111  I'"*' 

'il  Inly,  HI  ll««ll>  an'l  •'"* 
of  Jriiii-',  in  tiiukt  •K''  »irlh'n>»if» 
Ml  (l«li  111  Ivuri-U  ■  • , 

Aw\  iMWrillj  '111  ill  ni"i"i  t'l™"  I"  '""•'• 
111  »I«M  ml  MnhfiiKn™' 
Mi«rfltiifi#..|*i  (rfiN-rft. 
( 'illuplwm  111  l'4li-» 

u  .  Iit»n  aitl  li»n»l« 


L'l 
-  ill 

•  V) 

■  M 

■  17 

■  HO 

« 

It 


'(lirl    III  lllr   tiiki    aflrr  lirint 
liki-ll  (riiiii  IIh-  i.uki,  lor  fifty  Mta  of  fniui  4  Ui  7 


(  'M  lllll«4l    ItilKl    Im* 
likril 


<ll«. 
I   - 


u.  kt  "f  Ir'ini  i  III  1 1'i  |iiwi.l4 
IihI'Ci   in   ■rniiii  ;    tvirry   M-ron  of   Ir^im  A  I'd  In  T 
(aliiill     .            •                        ■            ■            ■            ■  M  — 
111  |.J  «('roiii,  i  l-i  In  4  ii'i'i'li                  •           .  JO -.- 
lit  iliMiciiiaU        ....           .  il)  |irr  tvni. 
iiil-ii M 


lu  .  Iit»n  awl  bar™ '*     -  "' '"" "     ~     » 

llilli  ilriiwii  III  Kii""!!'!  """'  ptynliln  afirr  ilalts  an-  nllnwfil  III  ilayn*  grari« :  but  If  pnyiihli'  nl  nIrIiI,  3 
ilaMiiiiilv^  rtiiiiilny  'iinl  luiliilnyn  an!  iiiiliiili-il  in  Imlli  riim'*.  I  lir  Jiiliiin  riilniiliir,  iir  nlil  iil>li',  I* 
Ktlll  ri'taiiii'il  tliriiiivliiint  Kiikhiii.  'I'liiit  in  Iwi'lvu  iliiyn  latiT  lliaii  tint  in'W  iilylv ;  anil  In  Irupyi-arH,  13 
iliiv«.  artur  tlie  iifntli  "f  I'libruury. 


t  IIIDIllll  111    i'ruiuui  ji . 

I'uri  rkiirjftt  imynlilp  on  nrillnli  rtlilpn  at  tin-  I'nrt  of  l*i'ti>ri«liiirRli 


!,«<• 


fniili 


Jfn 
I  In 


Iwulag*    • 

(  kartnf  pam«  Hi  Cron- 

■ull      ■ 
AlJrv*  niuiify    • 

tlwrih  •  .• 
(-nmila'll  church- 
IVi.  rlimlilmn  • 
timiliaiiy''  M'"*  • 


T»Ul 


.111  41    Al    «l     71 


40'  Ut,  DO 
Itfi  M    it    .. 

«ui  Ml  «u;  au 


70    KO 


in   10 

AO    w 


HI     (I     lUI     Ml 

wioo  nil  till 

M    40 

<*>!    «l| 


lil   III    141    IM 
ISO  III  lAil  Ilk 


ini  tn'  10 
M   ai   10 


io,  ty  »•   3i 


:ii|   -49    •"    ity 
7      •!   Ill    11 


10 


40    4A 

14     Hi 


Houbla     ten  lOeljM  i31  r>0  ill 


lo'  ml  in 

tiO  70  71) 

4>    .'lO  .V. 

Ill    17  19 

M    AS  tkl 

lit    M  ii 

,iVi|3ii  340 


M.     H 

•li     Ml 


4H  Al 

till  llll  uu  uu 

ml  10  III  in' 

70  NO  M)  nn 


00    f, 


7(1.   7A 


to'   7i 
ill 


Ml 

i*    3.1 


X»  3M  403  131  4111 


Idri7l,l-I   I'll  iill  ill'iil   ill'^ll   ill  Ml 
_     ..I.       ■-   jio  iij  IJo  i4il  iVi  iijii  iTO 


171)  IIO  Itm  ilW 


«  I  «     H.    R 

U<    7i     711,    Ml 
eu    IM    IWi  fk 

lo!  in   II)    i( 
1110  ini)  no  nil 

MA  I  Ik),  Dtllim 

iOl  31 1  33'  3l 

HI);  91  inOilnfi 

34  m    3>i     III 


l7lii4IM  Aii|.Aau 


H     H     H.    II.    H. 

K|      HN     Hi      !Xi    llll 
DO    11    U)    till    nil 


R.    H 

im  ION 

GO    tiO 


10  to    10  in    lo'  in  10 

lit)  lit  1.10  tail  140  IIO  lAo 

iii.i  no  III  lit)  lil  Mil  13.1 

Iti  3«     411  41     11     I'l  40 

I  in  IIA  Iill  U'l  i:lii  t.ii  140 

4i  41     III  II    All      li  .A4 


flitlpt  clcareil  nut  frnin  rvti'mliurgli  ilurInK  tli«  Nino  Yuitr«  vmlliiR  wlili  Ih33 

Yaara.  \*l\     \      lUO.  |Hi7.  mix. 


5()7  AKA  Ui:l  tun  ii-.(i,ii;ii  too 


riaiu 
Itnliih    ■ 
Anipriraii 
Ullicr  iiaiJuDi     • 

Total  • 


iVAiiii.  Shift. 

Ml  4S3 

7«  A7 

411  40A 


i.nii    I 


dlA 


Aiiiff. 
7iV» 
(i4 
4|-| 


atiifn, 

M 
47A 


I8i9. 


t.23i    1       l,i!k) 


.SAl,!. 

HI  I 
«i 

eo.> 

1,4(11 


1830. 


1111. 


.VAiin. 
fA3 

.SAilil. 
911) 

4U 

AH 

««4 

fJO 

I  mi. 


I,4)>3     I        1,A9« 


SAilx. 

7111 

«) 

W! 

1,381 


tart. 


iSAill. 

Ii!i4 

Iii 

4MI 


i,i3g 


The  truile  of  Potcmburgh  i§  (intilbllcil  In  tlie  following  'I'alilitii  :  — 

I.  umcisl  Stntciiient  of  tliu  Trailu  nf  IV-liTiibtirgli  in  1H33. 


Import*. 

:  '  1 

Eiporl*. 

Total. 

Principal  Arlicl* 

Duly  paid. 

Principal  Arliclea. 

1 

Duty  paid. 

(Quantity, 

V.ilue. 

((uantily. 

Vtlue. 

Valuation. 

PaxU.    Ua. 

KfiMu.      r. 

/•iH.le.    lU. 

H'liiWu.      c. 

Mi^itUti.      c. 

Oolil  ami  lilvrr 

• 

»7..>SI,»:)4  3A 

llcniii 

1,990,334  10 

10,1167.003  21 

Collonlwiil    • 

476,AM    9 

39,i  15,1*4  4i 

Fill 

217,511  23 

2,1,11,258  36 

nw 

Hl,731   16 

i,li7,4»l     0 

I'linihia     . 

4U4,>'73    A 

2,!II7,4IA  20 

Ci'ITm  • 

101,367  'i.A 

4,Hi!l,618  Ai 

Tallow 

4,0(i9,9.'U  37 

41,761,0:11  91 

Siicar,  raw 

I,27%il3    6 

29,91  l,4!'i  i;l 

candle* 

3«,W)7  33 

.|9N,»i7  22 

Siiirp*  . 

Silken  iiiaiiuficlur«  • 

IJ,44I  31 

A6I.74A  a 

I.e.ithfr,  unlvmuihl 

Oa.lsn  13 

2,0Oi,279  93 

I,7n7  IS 

3,!I62,A6»    0 

J'ift. 

3i,(m9  16 

1,283,191  70 

Woollen  ilo.    • 

10,013  ti 

6,lttl,iU  AO 

Iron 

897.723    3 

A,4HI,72I  68 

Cotion  'lo. 

10,467     4 

3, 'lil. 841  90 

Coliper 
Briitlea 

218,698  10 

8,nnfih79    0 

t'laien  io.      • 

A09  2A 

4«<i,A'iA    0 

Un..128    0 

A,9ie,a«A  91 

Winr  in  citki 

111,1.16    0 

A,)l29,9i>  iA 

CorJaxe  and  cables 

2'il,4H8  14 

1,991,148  68 

in  iKillln 

S9A,>«9    0 

2,il20,:li|  W    Lineni 

20A,7;l«    0 

8,068,193    0 

Spiriluoualiiliior* 

a,9l4    0 

7»»t,629  yl 

fifain 

11,016    0 

473.49A  99 

A|iolherari«'  Jrup    • 

> 

l,AM,478  4* 

other  iirtidee 

• 

I9,'J«0,705  77 

Uilier  artitlw  ■ 
Total    . 
(K    the    alKivB    were 

• 

40,4IO,2itl  M 

Total    . 

• 

169,1 4»,KA3  M 

ll6,9AI,9ja29 

2Mi,Ul3,!l04  13 

entervl  by  Kuilian 

merrlianis   ■ 

. 

129,A«,A,I30  88 

•          • 

. 

71,38A,444  67 

20n,950,.A7A  (A 

by  fiirriitii  Ktieali  • 

•                           • 

39,17i,Aii  42 

•          •          • 

•             . 

4A,0l>3,8li  73 

84,2JB,339  15 

by  (uMf  mcra  and 

c.ijilaina 
Value  of  ea|iorta  fall 

>                            • 

411,197  64 

•          •          • 

•             • 

486,692  89 

896,890  43 

ihorl  of  that  sf  im- 

|)orl« 

• 

•            ■ 

•          * 

■             • 

. 

62,193,903  66 

In  IKlilhey  amounted 

lo     ■          •          - 

•                           • 

156,976,657  80 

•          •          • 

-             • 

lt3,U3,f^  8:; 

In  I!I31  the;  increaaed 

by    . 

• 

12,172,196    4 

• 

• 

3,411,124  47 

II.  ORicial  Account  of  the  Values  of  the  Iniports  into  nnd  Exports  from  Pett^rsburgh,  with  the  Produce 
of  the  Custom  Duty  titereon,  In  oarli  Year  since  ISOO. 


Year*. 

Import*. 

Eiporl*. 

Dutiei. 

Vean. 

Imports.         { 

Ei|ior1a. 

Dutie*. 

Himklu. 

RnftbUt. 

RiMn. 

RiiHhIa. 

RtmUn. 

BouWm. 

1900 

20,070,0.15 

32,2.5.'.,354 

4,931,506 

1817 

118,743,838 

100,701,113 

20,986,305 

INIII 

•27,074,1  IH 

31,I10,<.»9I5 

5,684,229 

1818 

151,2.58,901 

100,(575,7;)2 

23,163,291 

1803 

24,735.783 

30,095,501 

«,312,.509 

1819 

111,10(5,315 

84,998,642 

20,(523.8.19 

180.1 

22,840,472 

31,893.082 

7,079,395 

18-20 

l68,2.')<5,Hi)7    ! 

105,085,920 

29,747,994 

ISIII 

21,008,478 

'29,.5(i5,fi(il 

6,972,.V20 

1821 

135,420,718 

100,031,(573 

25,707,705 

isns 

20,478,047 

30,l5l,fi53 

(5,085,2-22 

1822 

101,1(56,73^ 

97,9.32,490 

21,6515,056 

im 

18,710,234 

28,997,388 

6,230,3(HI 

1823 

105,9(59,720 

10t,()70,.326 

22..386,579 

1807 

18,114,443 

28,945,515 

4,982,461 

1824 

120,423,8'.«) 

97,729,518 

27.012,661 

IMIS 

1,45-2,223 

5,875,896 

918,056 

1825 

'    11.5.164,068 

121,174,698 

30,056,764 

lfi09 

5,1.59,798 

20,314,400 

2,277,1H18 

1826 

!     120,188,634 

91,591,514 

31,6.33,413 

1810 

10,058,485 

25,798,279 

3,204,847 

1827 

!     126,(5(1(5,415 

116,794,217 

34,503,722 

1811 

25,472,332 

39,8,'W,8()2 

5,5(52,332 

1828 

1    131,480,572 

107,207,047 

,36,6.58,514 

1812 

41,739,114 

59,620,1(55 

10,023,!H56 

1829 

!    149,135,403 

107,428,928 

41.184,831 

1813 

80,(^13.958 

55,173,681 

15,475,972 

18.30 

144,899,<KI5 

111,255,171 

.37,597,566 

1814 

75,169.4.53 

92,7(58,886 

ll.'.)05,177 

1831 

1    150.303,541 

115,958,678 

43,1I8„367 

!    1815 

65,<.)fil,238 

107,989.493 

40,(581,924 

1832 

1    l.')6,976,657 

113,.543,825 

48,267,378 

:    1S16 

90,204,8-2<) 

77,7(56,729 

13,908,416 

1833 

'    169,14.8,853 

110,954,950 

50,098,914 

C^ 


5* 


292 


PETERSBURGH. 


m.  Official  List  of  Goods  cleared  for  Gxportntion  at  the  Pctersburgh  Custom-boun,  during  the  S!x 

Years  ending  with  I83i. 


!     ! 


Article*. 

1830. 

1831. 

1832. 

1833. 

1834. 

1          1835. 

BriitKcut     • 

•  pood 

s             avi 

608 

464 

947 

722 

I,.'B3 

Oka'ka 

.    ^ 

3,776 

4,580 

6,764 

6,613 

2,637 

6,t64 

Itt  wrt 

.    ... 

2«,i»25 

30,130 

23,434 

29,490 

18,.565 

14..'2S 

2d  iort 

.    .— 

l6,B>e 

16,115 

13,165 

11,440 

9,-82 

10,265 

Suchoi 

.    i^ 

13,074 

15,619 

15,071 

11,835 

10,217 

14,198 

all  other 

.    — 

. 

■ 

. 

1,102 

3,115 

CAnthartdes     - 

.    _ 

670 

921 

894 

832 

638 

1,656 

Cattnreuni;  RuMia     - 

.      lbs 

. 

■ 

> 

. 

16 

87 

Caviar  • 

•  pood 

>            w 

319 

?,81 

463 

198 

149 

Copper 
Cordage,  new  - 

.    — 

ISO.SSl 

77,3-4 

143,3^3 

212,588 

281,120 

180,423 

.    _ 

5S,9>I 

34,129 

8  ,601 

169,  .«0 

60,640 

65,217 

old    - 

•    ^ 

66,036 

55,6  5 

42,325 

61,907 

109,958 

67,952 

Down,  eider    • 

.      lbs 

156 

14 

. 

161 

15 

gooae    - 

•  pood 

103 

41 

26 1 

228 

1,263 

851 

goats'   • 

.    _ 

6,414 

.590 

3,887 

4,160 

1,498 

3,119 

Fealh'-n 

.    _ 

9,281 

10,7'l 

18,5(15 

24.077 

33,839 

31,769 

rial,  12  head  . 

.    — 

126, 'il9 

10,656 

20,507 

7,521 

5,703 

697 

9  head    - 

.    _ 

2S2.2ta 

103,911 

265,9!:3 

137,164 

150.546 

85,765 

ehe^d    - 

.    — 

IiO,M9 

f.fl.J'H) 

185.075 

ll)2,'-26 

1(17,201 

76,010 

co<li]la    - 

■    — 

94,633 

123  0S9 

ll».0!<\ 

101^139 

75,400 

64,095 

yirn 

•    — 

16,260 

17,20 

16  637 

8,81.2 

13,330 

9,812 

Furi:  Ermine- 

•  pieces 

2 

4 

■                                   . 

U 

Squirrel 

.    — 

l,4;i 

1,7S3 

2,621 

765^ 

1,010 

1,899 

Galls     - 

•  poudi 

469 

488 

38-» 

154 

13 

Glue     • 

.    — 

1,690 

4,596 

4,124 

3,112 

1,561 

1,536 

Grain:  Barley 

chtwts 

1,513 

6,-.07 

(Uts     . 

.    — 

8,609 

79,198 

. 

10 

Rve     . 

.    — 

126,094 

176.649 

.59,W0 

3.2i6 

4 

Wheat 

-    — 

243,536 

397,945 

142,r-60 

I3,3;)4 

■ 

2 

Gum,  ammoniac 

-  poods 

61 

178 

29 

22 

• 

138 

^Albanum 

■    ^ 

42 

22 

22 

1 

Hair,  camel     • 

.    —. 

7 

• 

23 

10 

ST9 

goats'      - 

.    — 

1,033 

138 

76 

43 

1,568 

ox  uid  cow 

.    — 

2,  re 

• 

> 

496 

4.:35 

642 

Hemp,  clean    - 

•    — 

631,363 

803,791 

907.234 

1,050,454 

8-8.017 

896,029 

outshot 

•    — 

632.731 

454,274 

a^i,ml 

37l,6!<6 

ai7.r'23 

441.145 

halfcle;., 

.    .. 

301,716 

281.315 

647,013 

668,183 

679,725 

6!!2,393 

cpiilla 

.    — 

26,1 '32 

68,499 

46,526 

11,319 

28,527 

19,772 

yirn     - 

.    — 

191 

• 

24  > 

),yi2 

2.101 

6,,174 

Hides,  raw,  cnw 

.    — 

71,969 

95.924 

107,462 

63,136 

116,097 

73.670 

horse 

.    _ 

39,742 

8,014 

9.488 

6,187 

66,631 

32,883 

ox 

.    — 

27,041 

41,046 

14.900 

3,597 

10,S08 

6.812 

red        . 

.    — 

22,903 

14,197 

19,491 

30,049 

39,0.19 

B,664 

white   • 

■    _ 

1,390 

2,501 

2,591 

1,947 

3,333 

2,161 

black    • 

.    — 

26 

96 

61 

12 

37 

.10 

drewed- 

•  pieces 

285 

150 

6 

128 

44 

502 

Hone  manes    • 

poods 

10,601 

5,150 

9.796 

12,470 

11,484 

22.489 

tails 

— 

8.496 

5.129 

6,053 

11, .185 

8,860 

9,994 

Iron,  in  bars    - 

— 

658,783 

901,611 

1,203,786 

828,315 

490,445 

796,468 

bhri;ks 

— 

2,2i3 

1.452 

1,775 

4,8«6 

1,243 

9,096 

sheets  • 

_ 

1,856 

I9,?95 

36,304 

64,521 

13.613 

62,089 

old 

— 

22,133 

26  890 

29,247 

26.575 

40,3!4 

30.569 

Isinglass 

— 

3,175 

4,.101 

.1,963 

3,619 

3,713 

3,623 

Samovy 

— 

1,0-11 

1,228 

2,052 

1,910 

1,640 

2,(23 

Liquorice 

— 

1,923 

1,216 

2,443 

4,790 

2..57.1 

688 

ManuUctures:  Flems- 

pieces 

65,327 

76, 125 

61.802 

68,121 

62.672 

67,179 

Ravens-duck 

— 

43,506 

46,497 

66,897 

73,465 

68,461 

81,328 

Sail  cloth 

.— 

40.S64 

5!i.9-<J 

50,2(IS 

62,1.50 

66,179 

66  446 

Duper,  broad 

arsh. 

I,46i,2« 

2,3.5,866 

1,262.90 

1,762,430 

2,048,»4S 

2,777,097 

narrow 

— 

57,650 

2 -,2,501 

370,658 

154,081 

190,847 

163,016 

Linen,  broad  • 

— 

60 

70,025 

110,5,58 

57,261 

2,062 

narrow 

_ 

■ 

1,000 

1 12,500 

. 

3,100 

191,703 

Drilliii;;s 

_ 

339,4'i7 

17,452 

189,496 

114,813 

118,625 

322343 

Crash  - 

— 

1,111,301 

1,125.726 

1,240,101 

1,694,806 

1,003,944 

1,700,.132 

Meal,  rve        •           -           c 

htwts. 

10,007 

8,205 

20 

6 

i 

470 

wheat    • 

— 

2,053 

1,720 

226 

201 

?6' 

32 

Nfusk,  Siberia - 

lbs. 

. 

174 

10 

Oil,  aniseed 

poods 

57 

19 

39 

, 

9 

hemp  seed 

— 

490,627 

158,423 

248,829 

2P2,1G8 

269,322 

88,518 

linsosd      .           -            - 

_ 

tai 

1,724 

3,885 

356 

«26 

210 

Pnlashes 

_ 

639,2S7 

681, ><0 

4n8.<>94 

464.873 

367,771 

345.297 

Quills  .... 

1,000 

19,507 

27,221 

33,776 

56,7,57 

67,773 

64,740 

Rhubarb 

poods 

482 

531 

158 

333 

223 

346 

Seeds:  Aniseed 

— 

8,662 

3,801 

2,861 

3,384 

1,488 

2,217 

Cumin-seed      . 

— 

2,29) 

921 

2,899 

6,559 

3,603 

5,396 

Hemp  seed       •           c 

hltvti. 

727 

570 

123 

'l35 

40 

12 

Linseeil 

— 

I8I,2J2 

212,619 

151,193 

156.222 

145,291 

217,944 

Wormseed      • 

poods 

687 

410 

1,021 

l,6:t8 

l,5>-7 

733 

Skins:  Calf     . 

— 

6,003 

6,029 

1,4 '4 

23,215 

30.2^7 

21,777 

dressed     ■ 

pieces 

688 

278 

1,122 

1,320 

3,261 

8,633 

Badger - 

— 

1,655 

3.528 

711 

401 

1,045 

998 

Cat      . 

^ 

953 

2.330 

361 

1,604 

900 

1,636 

Ermine 

^. 

64.690 

14,880 

2,190 

16.757 

6.5.190 

49,500 

Hare,  gray 

— 

108,589 

1,000 

81,246 

83,370 

37,680 

71,730 

white    - 

— 

60,840 

118,260 

33,640 

408,f67 

635,351 

&<I,I50 

Sable   • 

— 

255 

92 

32 

340 

818 

391 

Squirrel 

^ 

148,744 

280,500 

428,94,5 

384,016 

318,199 

COO,  106 

Soip     .... 

poods 

8,936 

3,>82 

7,131 

7,695 

1,673 

1J,178 

Sole  leather     - 

_ 

2.978 

3,346 

3„16G 

911 

678 

603 

Squirrel  tails   - 

pieces 

1,705,3>« 

2,143,640 

1,91.5.600 

1,500.310 

I.9«%410 

988  3-4 

Tallow 

poods 

3,679.229 

3,518,140 

3,717,446 

4,069.920 

3,72l.2;is 

2,631,192 

candles 

— 

36,545 

23,148 

31,177 

3B,t.07 

19,134 

15,225 

Wax,  white    . 

_ 

6,614 

5,024 

3,690 

6,711 

1116 

2 

yell  iw   . 

^ 

6,894 

3,424 

1,05^ 

2,490 

705 

5,59 

candles  • 

— 

379 

233 

298 

211 

181 

173 

Woods:  Kattens 

pieces 

32,830 

174,388 

11.5,848 

90,291 

8i,ira 

161,715 

Feams 

— 

11 

• 

151 

10 

14 

2at 

Deals 

_ 

669,000 

657,394 

614,319 

608.640 

754,866 

674,312 

I-aihwood      . 

_ 

83  967 

34,824 

I64,''65 

57,635 

99.842 

l.'3.tiS7 

Wool,  Sheep    • 

poods 

8,^64 

26,888 

.18,711 

65,979 

36,670 

4!.799 

wool  len  yam   • 

— 

732 

904 

1.019 

2,^81 

2,165 

2,IS4 

Sundr}'  goods,  per  value 
Total  value 

roub. 
Roub. 

1,121.633 
111,255,171 

985,243 

1,097,718 

l,02s,498 

1,839,071 

4,296,''78 

115,938  678 

113,543,825 

116,954,9  0 

119,44'' .91 5     1 

l07,n:icV«n 

Ths  navigation  opened  in  18.12  on  Ihc  I'lh  of  April. 

—  —  1633      ■      2.ili       — 

—  closed  in  1812      •      14ih  of  Nnvrmher. 

—  —        1633      -     2J  of  Uecemtxr. 


In  1833,  the  fini  sliip  arrived  was  Anjrricm,  on  the  26ili  «l  April. 

—  —  sailed       •    I*.us*iin        •        7th  nf  M-»y. 

—  last  arrived    •    l'ru«>ian       -       30  h  of  Nov. 

—  —  iailol       •    Briti.U         •       27tli       — 


,  during  the  Six 


1835. 


I,K3 

B,t64 

14,.'<2« 

I0^tf> 

I4,t98 

3,115 

1,656 

37 

149 

180,423 

bS,2l7 

67,952 

15 

851 

3,119 

1                   31,-69 

697 

,                   85,755 

76,010 

)                 64,098 

)                  9,812 

J                  1,899 

.                        13 

1                   I,5a6 

2 

m 

3           i,s<;8 

5                       642 

7                896,0i9 

-,               441.145 

6r.2,393 

7                  19,772 

)l                     6,374 

)7                   73.670 

)|                  32,SiS3 

)8                   6.812 

19                   B,6!-4 

J3                   2.16' 

57                        .10 

14                      502 

84                 22.489 

BO                   S.WM 

45               79U,468 

43                   9,096 

13                   6-',0S9 

i4                  30.i69 

13                   3,S25 

40                   2,123 

7,1                       688 

72                  67,179 

61                  Sl,328 

79                 66  446 

4S              2,777,097 

47                168,016 

00                191.703 

,a               322343 

44             1,700,332 

1                    470 
f6*                      32 

74                        10 

9 

J22                 88,518 

S26                      210 

771                345,297 

773                   64,740 

22S                      346 

488                    2,217 

603                   5,396 

40                        12 

291              237,044 

,.7                    733 

2«7                 21,777 

261                   8,63^ 

045                     M9 

900                   1,538 

ISO                 49.S00 

tijtO                  71,730 

3--1                 6.1,150 

818                     391 

I<I9               COO,  106 

MS                 KM"" 

S78                     f03 

,410               9SS3-4 

',ZU           2,631,192 

,I3<                 15,i25 

106                         2 

705                     6S9 

181                      I'3 

,!«                 161,715 

'  14                       2M 

,8G6                674,312 

,842                 l-'SBi'' 

>70                  4!.799 

,16-.                    2,1S4 

;o7i            4,29S,'nS 

.81  i    1     I07,n?r,(«« 

,  on  the  26! h  r  f  April 

'    .       ^IhofMiy. 

SniuifNnv 

.       27th       - 

i 


PETERSBURGH. 


293 


IV.  Account  of  the  Quantities  of  the  Principal  Articlea  of  Foreiitii  rrndiice  imported  Into  Petcrsburgli 
in  each  of  the  Four  Years  ending  with  1835. 


Arliclet. 

1832. 

1833 

It34. 

1835. 

Alum             -           *  poodf 

15,253 

63,814 

23,C« 

53.594 

17,767 

10,190 

9,792 

18,781 

''112 

230 

613 

l,39t 

Brandy          -            »"l«™ 
nrinulone     .           •  P<>«I« 

859 

931 

686 

24" 

'^?.'^li 

104,986 

80,799 

151,271 

Camphor                 ,  •    — 

2,118 

2,595 

536 

193 

CinualDOD  and  caMia 

1,996 

1,453 

252 

374 

Cloves           •           "    — 

734 

316 

360 

15 

1,661 

3,768 

2,436 

3,312 

Cocoa  or  chocolate  nuts  — 

3,036 

l.SiH 

35 

1,631 

Coffea           ■           •    — 

101,350 

111,638 

94,728 

78.328 

Cotton,  raw  .           •    — 

70,168 

84,742 

110,786 

167,982 

Cotton  fCoo<]s,  viz> 

Cambrics  .           •  pieces 

156,082 

99,210 

44,698 

106,318 

Muatini  and  hand- 

kerchiefs            •    — 

43,081 

33,754 

28,2.37 

26,610 

printed       •           •    — 
VelveteensJi  velvets  — 

8,3  i7 

15,190 

3,593 

4,929 

l,3i9 

8,321 

8,839 

7,669 

Fruits:  1-enions       -  boxes 

18,341 

27,858 

22,633 

25,744 

Oranees,  sweet      •    — 

20,234 

42,581      33,898 

52,549 

Do.  bitter  -           •    — 

808 

907 

603 

l.lll 

>Ui»ins       ■           -  poods 

3,700 

3,035 

8,861 

3,973 

Gums,    Arabic    and 

Senegal      .           ■    — 

10,9.59 

6,809 

4,674 

9,530 

Benjamin  •          •    — 

803 

79:3 

320 

609 

copal         •           •    — 

951 

l,IS!t 

2,074 

3,!.83 

gulii  or  gamboge  -    — 

170 

157 

97 

51 

olibanum  •           -    — 

5,392       6,121 

3,521 

11,962 

Indigo          -           •    — 

30,726     24,253     23,93'> 

22,72: 

Lead,  in  pigs            •    — 

233,814    121,501    128,643 

13li,773 

in  stieeti         •    — 

10,367 

17,866     12,598 

16  420 

Mace-           •           •     lbs. 

437 

249'         863 

3,716 

Madder         -           •  poods 

75,077 

36,312     69,023 

117,37-. 

Manganese    -           -    — 

14,731 

21,873     16,413 

19,362 

Nutmegs       •           -    — 

87 

34            83 

66 

Oil  apolhec.,  ft  icenl- 

1 

ed,  with  the  vessels    — 

855 

737          698 

995 

salaJ  and  orjinary     — 

125,532   110,072    149,003 

I22,30h 

Articles. 


Pepper 
Pimento 
Porter 
iJo.  . 

Quercitron  bark 
WuicksilTer- 
Hice 
Rum 

ijatllower     • 
SatVron 
SaRo 

Sat  animontac 
Salt  • 

SarsaparilU. 
Sliiiniac 
SkinSf  bear  • 
racoon 
Su((ar,  raw,  Pruil 
I)o.  Havannah 
Do.  all  other  kinds 
Tin . 
Twist,  dyed 

inidy»I 
Wine,  Chanipapie 
Fiencli 

Port,  anil  Span, 
Rhenish     . 
Woo.Is,  Brazil,  Nicho- 

las.anil  St.  ^lar(ha  pofKli 

dye,  rasped 

fustic 

luiTucjod  - 

nrihnirany 
W'lnllen  goods,  viz. 

Camlets   •  ■  pieces 

Carpets     - 

Cloth 

Kerseymere 

Uadies*  cinth 


•  poods 

•  hhds. 

•  bottles 

.   |KlOdl 


ankers 

.   pOiHis 

■       lU. 

•   poods 


■  pieces 
•  poods 


bottles 
hhd: 
pipes 
aanis 


j      1832. 

1833. 

5,642 

b,6«2 

2,0Ol 

6' 10 

583 

735 

4,840 

2,400 

17,973 

6,5'<7 

1,618 

1,062 

25,809 

4n,N2n 

7,28') 

7.ti27 

2,01' 1 

3,n«9 

774 

1,107 

202 

240 

2,801 

3.121 

390,sgi 

666,411 

3814 

6,345 

23.120 

13,116 

1,316 

981 

50,394 

43.612 

21,697 

29,403 

1,357.726 

13.53,167 

K,62l 

484 

33,880 

29,034 

23,8!-9 

20,49'. 

541,014 

532,654 

37b,,5»7 

423,927 

13,911 

9,139 

4,124 

6,05S 

1,363 

1,031 

76,32S 

98,264 

4,824 

1,782 

6.411 

54,294 

274,523 

504.373 

3tj,846 

6<,571 

37,744 

25,7.53 

.502 

712 

7,037 

2,952 

816 

321 

2,336 

996 

1).34. 


1835. 


9,3!I0 

811 

667 

6,760 

6,2-0 

1,46 

21.425 

7,144 

1,786 

.579 

530 

1.612 

428,330,; 

4,679 

10,422 

189 

19,IS5 

47,494 

1,179,837 

450 

19,8-3 

10.393 

441,916 

393,441 

6,539 

4.21 

1,100 

100,301 
2,9&5 
iai,858 
164,421 
61,152 

24,515 

.398 

2.70 

508 

36' 


7,570 

184 

673 

4.748 

27,176 

1,157 

31.610 

3,723 

3,101 

627 

74 

2,99'i 

349.440 

6,268 

10,1.39 

813 

43.439 

7,844 

l,04S22l 

18,417 

15,902 

4,427 

675,512 

329,051 

10,472 

4,.179 

667 

1I6.!^62 

6,507 

52,176 

136,088 
56,865 

21,143 

750 

2,658 

41 

17S 


V. 

Official  Statement  of  the  Trade  of  tlie  principal  Russian  Cities  in  1830  and  1831. 

Places. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

Duties. 

1830. 

1831. 

1S30. 

1831. 

If  30. 

1831. 

Petereburgh    • 

131,943,177 

150,303,541 

111,255,172 

115,958,678 

37,597,567 

43,llS-,367 

Narva - 

207,642 

209,570 

715,740 

939.408 

No  returns. 

Moscow 

3,382,556 

4,949,042 

469.019 

883,942 

€62,107    1             925,508 

Reval  • 

1,838,948 

1,565,622 

1,062,560 

1,074,714 

No  returns. 

Hapsal 

9,805 

32,7,52 

193,917 

25,5,306 

12,728 

18,517 

Kunda 

93,529 

63,933 

51,270 

57.041 

1,1*1 

18,680 

Riga    • 

15,8=3,599 

14,125,893 

45,059.132 

66,267,269 

7,491,643 

7,195,081 

Ar>:hangel 

1,188,096 

1,155,872 

11.9.33,033 

12,829,710 

1,344.872 

1,453,321 

Odessa 

23,450,121 

21,169,121 

27,031,960 

20,06 1,'»3 

3.641.073 

3,520,851 

Taganrog 

4,528,854 

6,410,.352 

8.393,647 

9,403,298 

1,387,123 

1,938,437 

Libau  - 

862,543 

584,313 

3,455,539 

6,«ti3,ll5 

648,127 

449,078 

Windau 

69,708 

65,254 

461.344 

403,498 

No  returns. 

Pcrnau 

262,765 

259,903 

2,1 36.9  .e 

2,313,410 

413,955                   324,158 

Arenrburr 

24,728 

15,993 

265,272 

378,835 

61,912                     29,643 

Bailzivilolr     - 

No  re 

turns. 

No  r« 

turns. 

1,677,604                     997,348 

VI.  Official  Statement  of  the  British  and  Foreign  Shipping  at  the  Port  of  Petersburgh,  during  the  Year 

ending  the  3ist  of  December,  1833. 


Of  what 
Countries 

Win 

lered, 
1832. 

Arrived  in  1833. 

Sailed. 

Lastage. 

Wintering. 

New 
built 

Full 
Car- 
goes. 

Part 
Goods. 

In 
Bal- 
last. 

At  the  Porls 

Of 

Ships 

arrived. 

Of 
Ships 
sailed. 

In 

Peters, 
burgh. 

In 
Cron- 
stadt. 

ToUl. 

Peters- 
burgh. 

Cron- 
stadt. 

New  Ships. 

Peters. 

Cron. 

(ireat  Britain 

4 

372 

32 

290 

694 

30 

664 

696 

72,164 

72,1071-2 

. 

2 

68 

I 

3 

62 

1 

61 

62 

9,2223-4 

9,2223-4 

Bremen 

16 

• 

1 

17 

11 

6 

17 

1,1761  2 

1,1761-2 

Hamburgh    • 

7 

1 

• 

8 

4 

4 

8 

3251-2 

3251-2 

Hanover 

15 

2 

14 

31 

30 

1 

30 

1,461 1  2 

1,421 1-2 

1 

Spain 
Holland 

2 

■ 

2 

- 

2 

2 

218 

218 

3 

25 

2 

ii 

33 

34 

4 

•     • 

3 

34 

1,977 

1,670 

4 

26 

14 

9 

49 

29 

20 

47 

2,255 

2,191 

1 

1 

Lubeck 

9 

38 

5 

. 

43 

31 

12 

46 

2,412  12 

2,626 

6 

Mecklenburg 

8 

- 

2 

7 

7 

. 

7 

2931-2 

2931-2 

Naples 

■ 

. 

2 

• 

2 

2 

2.9 

239 

Norway 

1 

. 

42 

22 

20 

42 

2,086 

2,086 

Oldenburgh  • 

. 

1 

8 

7 

1 

7 

306 

274 

1 

7 

10 

16 

77 

61 

16 

83 

;4,432 

4,7943  4 

- 

I 

Portugal 

• 

1 

1 

1291-2 

1291-2 

4 

7 

19 

8 

52 

16 

36 

10 

49 

11,1633^ 

10,746 

1 

4 

Rostock 

1 

5 

6 

. 

6 

2541  4 

234  1-2 

. 

. 

1 

. 

1 

1 

140 

110 

Frince 

2 

4 

14 

67 

20 

33 

67 

4,099 

4,208 

Sivedet 
Total    . 

3 

10 

44 

31 

13 

44 

1,824 

1,824 

29 

7 

764 

94 

380 

1,238*      339 

899 

10 

3 

1,239 

116,0991.2 

115,9671-2 

14 

8 

In  1832 

, 

, 

. 

1,404     -      - 

.     ■ 

•     . 

.     - 

1,381 

In  1833  a  de- 

1 

crease  of  - 

- 

-         ■ 

• 

168  '  •     • 

•     - 

■      -   1       124 

Remarks  on  Tables.— It  would  appear  from  tlie.  above  Tables,  that  the  trade  of  Petersburgh  has  In- 
creased with  extraordinary  rapidity  since  1812.  Rut  though  its  increase  since  tliat  epoch  has  been  very 
cousiderable,  it  has  not  been  by  any  means  so  great  as  might  be  inferred  flrom  the  previous  statements. 

■*  Of  these,  155  ships  brought  coals. 


•^fcil 


;*^ 


294 


PETERSBURGH. 


The  reason  Is,  that  the  rRturns  are  all  made  in  paper  rniiblci ;  nnd  that  they  have  borne  n  much  lower 
value,  as  compared  with  silver,  siiice  1812,  than  llicy  did  previmisly.  Since  issti,  howcvt^r,  the  value 
of  the  paper  rouble  has  hcen  pretty  constant ;  and  in  tlie  interval  thi?re  li:ia  been  a  conHidfraldB  in- 
crease of  trade.  We  have  no  doubt,  indeed,  that  the  coniinerco  of  Russia  is  yet  only  in  its  infancy  ; 
and  that  it  will  continue  to  increase  accordinK  as  the  increase  of  pnpulation  uiid  the  ^low  l)ut  Rradual 
progress  of  civilisatirin  develope  the  gigantic  resdiirces  of  this  (Treat  country.  It  is  reasonable,  tiio,  to 
tuppn:jK  that  this  developeuiunt  will  be  accelerated  by  the  udoptiun  of  u  more  liberal  system  of  commer- 
cial policy. 

TllAOE  AND  NaVIOATIO!*  OF  TUB  RtlSSIAN  EMPIRE  IN  1831. 

Account  of  the  Total  Values,  as  per  Price  Currents,  of  the  ditferent  Articles  exported  from  Russia  to 
ForeiRn  Countries  in  I8:U,  and  of  those  imported  by  her  from  the  same;  specifying  the  Exports  lo 
and  Imports  from  each  (Country. 


General  View  of  the  Foreign  Trade  of  the  Russian  Empire  in  1831. 


Exports. 


Article  for  coosunipMnn  • 
—  ni:if)Uliirture  • 

~     manufactured 

Sun'lriw  .        .        .        - 

tiulj  auJ  lilver 


Valur  per  price  curreuts  • 
Kxceiti  uf  iinjmrlf   • 


nvEumpean    fiy  Asialic         Tnt^I 
tmnliera.       Froulierj.  |  '■ 


« iiWcj.  I 
8,63ii,9il 

l"l).0J3.S36! 

13,901. 2>>fij 
7,2*1,213' 
8,I»2,4SI«| 


Roubles. 

3,'J<)i),2>0 
8,407.T:">i 
3,9''8,777 
453,905  I 


K'lihlit. 

'J,-:96.3i7 
171,014. 1'-e 
2  ',31)9.023 
11,201,020 

S,64(i,3:jj 


Import!. 


jlly  Knmpean'  By  Aniitic  ' 
Frontit-rs.    '    KmutiKra.  t 


Total. 


208,01S,7S6    I7,9j0,0i3     2.'5,9';g,!l39 
.  -  -     I       t,820,Oli 


Valup  Iter  dccLirationi 
Elceu  (if  imporla  • 

Avf.nte.  value 
Etcesi  of  imports  • 


,  ?22,441,64S,  17,950,053  210.391,701 

1     .           .          -           -I  25,027,817 

215,230,217'  17,950,053  I  2.')3,1«0,270 

i     -           .     ,     .           -I  1(>,&23,9I6 


Articles  for  cnnsumpli-m. 

—  ni:iiii)fichiro- 

—  niaiiuf  .ctureil 
Siinilries 

(ioitt  .mil  silver 
Cuiifiacaleil  (juods     • 

Value  per  price  carrenta  • 
Value  per  declaralioni    - 


Aveni;e  valne 
Exceasof  eaports 


RtiilUt. 
66,2i-,ll3 
92  9.17.617 
26,978,001 

6,3 1  ^..^21 

18,«90,^93 

45l,?48 


R.uUrt. 
7,iK2,-3l 
3.1«7.2)-> 
.'5,694,142 
.'i,f)4S,|)vH 
l,08'>.20l 
3tj,277  . 


R  hUci. 
74,lt>il,044 
9(>,l2l,tl32 
32.672,143 
11,31)7,511 
19,976.099 
4118,123 


211,834,223    22,954,634     2i4,7e8,854 


242,464,^gi 
327,149,532 


22,954,631 
22,9S4,634 


235,419,513 


2'>(>,l40,lg6 
11,927,410 


Account  of  Ships  orrived  in  the  ditrerent  Ports  of  the  Russian  Empire  in  1832. 


Arrived 

at               ^ 

1 

<£ 
i 

3 

ft 
5 

1 

6 
12 

"is 

e 
■z 

5 

a 
■n 

i 

&_ 

68 

7 

3 

185 

■  3 
82 
13 

■i 

a 
J_ 

108 
16 
13 

2 

8 
394 

7 
30 
94 

h 

i 

o 

1 

£ 

129 
9 

III 

6 
9 
7 

273 

32 

32 

»^ 

i_ 
25 
"7 

119 
4 

H 

23 
6 

191 

1 

' 

a 

i. 

135 

1 
2 

81 

9 

I29 

11 

103 

103 

B 

C- 
(/■. 

12 

2 
1 

~1 
3 

3 

1 

s. 

7 
'2 

I'e 

2 

12 

43 

15 

1 

3 

* 

£ 
e 
0 

; 
1 

1 

0 

10 
10 

2 

£_ 
"126 

85 

294 

136 

81 

171 

7 

8 

90S 

,4 

i 
Z 

i 

B 

4 

s 
.56 

3 

5S 

u 

1 

1 

43 

,3 
3 

~ 
10 

10 

4 

1 

16 

Total. 

1,404 
61 
tiU 
5 
18 

1,522 

96 
339 

67 

3,601 

4i7 
15 

47J 

to 
1.1' 
m 

81 
171 

7 

20 

"1^ 

44 
1.37 

201 

5,720 

CronsI  idl  and  I'elers- 

biirish 
Narva 
Reval 
Kiinda 
ILipial 
Hi^a 

Arensburg     • 
Peruau 
I.ilnu 
Wii»lan 
To'al 
Rillic  Sea     • 

581 

34 

14 

2 

2 

341 

16 
18 
3 

95    139 
33        1 
19        2 

2        1 
1,36    101 

4      - 
12        9 
54      37 
10        9 

• 
7 

62 
69 

• 

8 
8 

1,017 

356    299,  372    eiW 

20    3 

4    16 

Arcllanjel     - 
OniTp 
ToUl 
While  Sea    . 

231 
14 

lOJ 

~io3 

1 

1 

2       3 

69 

70 
1 

1 

182 
19 

201 

* 

60 
2 

6'2 

■1- 

- 

1 
17 

247 

(),lKisa 

Theodosia     •           • 
Taciimiff 
Ki^rlch 
Eupatnria 
Ismael 
Anapa 

H'doutkale  - 
Tnial 
niack  Sea     - 

30 

: 

■ 

46 

1 

47 
47 

12 

13 
13 

30 

•   43 

Astrakhan     • 
Bik'i . 
Total 
Caspian  Sei  - 

29 
95 

124 1 

-^ 

- 

751 

• 

- 

Grand  total   - 

158  1,294  i 

462 

301    375 

305 

192 

343 

18 

43 

221 

65 

10, 

DOS 

69 

58 

4i 

.3 

4  : 

In  compilini;  this  article,  we  have  consulted  Sttireh's  Picture  of  Peltrsburfh,  c.  9. ;  Schvif~Mr,  Ftsai 
d'une  StalUilique  Oinirale  de  la  Rus.sie,  pp.  133 — 157.  ;  Ricard,  Traili  OMieral  du  Conmcree,  ed.  1781, 
torn.  ii.  pp.  2ti8— 317. ;  Tooke's  VUxo  of  Kusaia,  book  l'2. ;  Coxc's  Trufch  in  the  JVorth  of  Europe,  fcvo  ed. 
vol.  iii.  pp.  288—358.  &.c. ;  Oddi/s  European  Covtvierce,  p.  C9.  ;  Keturvi  from  the  Consuls  at  relersbiirj;li 
and  Odessa;  but  we  have  derived  our  principal  Information  from  the  pricate  i:ofn7nunicufi(in«  of  emi- 
nent Russian  merchants. 

(f.aiB  as  to  Ships'  Stores  and  Provisions  in  Pelersburgh  and  other  Russian  Ports. — Much  inconvenience 
havini;  arisen  to  shipmasters  in  Russian  ports,  from  their  not  attending  to  the  fullowing  regulations  as 
to  Blori's,  tec,  they  arc  subjoined  for  their  informatinn  : — 

Hhipnmstrrs  arrivinir  in  ports  of  the  Baltic  from  beyond  the  Sound,  or  in  the  ports  of  the  Black  and 
AzofT  sens  from  beyond  the  Dardanelles,  are  allowed  to  pass  fur  the  use  of  their  crews  for  each  maa 
of  the  aaine,  including  the  siiipiuaBter— 


PEWTER,  PHILADELPHIA. 


295 


I  much  lower 
fir,  III'"  value 
isiileriitilc  in- 
I  its  iiifanry  ; 
V  1)111  Rradiial 
inalilc,  to")  W 
111  of  comiiicr- 


rniii  Rnsgla  to 
he  Exportu  lo 


Is.    I     Iniporli. 


,2l'6 
l.tOl 


RiUldn. 
Iii.4'tl,636 
2 1, S3},  I « 
21,210,234 
284,030 


,446  I  214,324,630 


iitiers.  ! 

r/7f». 
2.-31 
«7.2r> 
94,142 

4S,9»8 
.Si.iOl 
36,217 


Total. 

R  nllf. 
74,ltk',044 
gtj,l2l,»32 
22.b7i,143 
11,3(i7,Sll 
19,976.099 
4b8,125 


154,634     2i4,7o»,854 

i 
)54,63t     235,419,519 

I 


1832. 


.r.dl, 


,U   -"I   u  •< 
j    I    3l  4  K 

3   ■    •     ■     ■ 


'o(>l 


16  1,404 
'      61 

bu 

5 

IS 

1,522 

IS 

96 

339 

57 


tsl  ij  3;  4    16' 3,601 

1 

16 


43  lU 


43 


I  I     47* 


:o 


1,446 


44 
157 


201 
[g44l,3   4'^li.''fl 

\iviercey  I'd-  ^~"> 
■  Enrnpe,  fcvo  ed. 
DBlPKtersliiirpli 
niciitions  of  cmi- 

j  inconvnnience 
Ig  regulations  a> 

If  the  Black  and 
\a  for  each  ina« 


Spirittinns  liqiiorn,  2  ankers,  14  gallons;  heer  or  porter,  3  gillnns :  wine,  1  gallon  :  rn(r«?c,  10  tba- 
Russian  weight :  lea,  li  II).  Uiisslaii  wciitlit :  sugar,  1(1  Ih.t   Hiismi m  Wfiisir,  :<(>  11)^.  Kimli^'li 

l)iit>'  is  ti)  be  paid  on  any  overplus  fniind  on  Imiiril  ilie  vi-ssi-l!<,  il'  ^llc  li  g.ioils  Ix;  .kIiiiiIIi-cI  to  tliity. 
Note— If  III!'  overplus  hi*  entcrcil,  It  is  not  rnnliscati'd  :  irimt,  il  is  iiiDiisiMti'il,  und  a  Hiin  1,'Viud  of^^vt 
ti)»(:>'  the  duly  on  ailinineitile  fiuudu,  and  twice  ilie  siile  value  uii  pruhtbiled  j;umIs. 
Account  of  the  Unanlity  ami  Value  of  llir  illirnri'iit  Articles  of  Itnssiaii  I'roiliiri-,  sliiii'ic!il  at  Petcra- 

biirgli  fiirUreat  Uriluin,  during  each  uf  tliu  l''ive  Vt-urs  ending  with  1^35.— (/',ir/.  I'uper,  .No.  5S7< 

Seas.  1836.) 


Article!. 

lf3l. 

1812. 

IS33.                I 

ISM. 

IW3 

Qu.ititily. 

Value. 

(^uanti'y 

Value. 

Quinliiy. 

V.lur,    1 

(juaiiiity.  i     Value. 

(}uaiilily. 

V.iluc. 

Pondi. 

R  fXibUs. 

PtHXtl. 

HmMi 

/><).-/. 

N..iiU». 

/•uiWf.         RiliHrt 

/V«/.. 

R  uUn. 

Tillow 

3  0  9,IH6 

33.llHl.),29 

3,2a6,6l7 

3-.9  3  117 

3«.(i,M1 

40.iii,1.9 

3.419,336   3-,vl|,.ij6 

2,l-0..« 

26  IM),979 

Hciii|i 

1,175,138 

7,0in,'2< 

I,r.:.4b9 

6.94I,S1I 

1,2 '..SSi 

7,:7..2l6 

1.216.11  II     7, 15J,6>iii 

1,119.43 

7.9  6,71)6 

llai  - 

3  1,341 

3.ni3,i:io 

499.  41 

4,5  9  ■.4 10 

311,18; 

3,III.S«) 

341,102;    3,411.f2J 

2  1',  31 

2,101,310 

I'l.iuliei 

14,1,-21 

l.lt!>,76a 

10  201 

M6  8 

in,).i 

1   6,  OS 

2>,62l         I72.9>' 

i.3,:h 

126,'i'?8 

HrisIM 

56  156 

4,49i,l!«) 

33.827 

2,-Ofi  160 

44,10.' 

.3,V,2.)«0 

37,0  7      ZiO^i.tlO 

32.IM1I 

2,571,400 

IiIikUu 

4,6JI 

1 ,6  8,9no 

4.874 

1,7.5,910 

4,v() 

1  .>5,-)ni) 

2,301         876, 11)0 

4,    .1 

1,432,'<30 

lliJM- 

8t>,ll3 

i,2M.iin5 

10).-.  12 

l,r.lh,?SO 

90^21 

1,%  .4t"> 

19l,'9ii    2,'.<2l,H9i 

in),;;'2 

1,.34,3«0 

WoolJ 

5,92  ^ 

i77,h:o 

14314 

411. 140 

31314 

'.1  9,li0 

2  ■,S'3i        89  ..IM) 

2-',-«-, 

m3.ft)(0 

Iriin    • 

36s,011 
Chills. 

2  0934 
Fiecfs 

l,S4U,3jj 

3JC,6:9 

1,753,39, 

2J1,I5> 

1,32  ,7;  i 

111.141 

6i5,70i 

216,J26 

1,08:, 630 

Linseed 

6,028,020 

122,62) 

3,678,750 

125,183 

3,-5),490 

108,70-. 

3,261,1  >0 

139  0,57 

4,171,710 

Ulhwood 

4  ■'  ,83J 

114,971 

638,081 

I5I,S21 

4  19,^23 

112,331 

40V75|        I2%94 

4-3  100 

118,275 

Deals  • 

2,ji5,53l 

2,'ii5.53l 

1,906,011 

1,906,011 

2,173,032 

2.I73,'3> 

2,t57,93S|    2  4.7,138 

i",OI9,567 

2.019,'67 

ToUl  value    - 

b2,414,  66 

61,7i)S.3.G 

6o,ll2li2^ 

62,9IV),18i 

30,174.084 

Orinile'lini- 

r. 

2.714,986 

£.'    i.CSfi.^i 

!              L. 

2  3~8  349| 

t.     2,733,22-1 

r. 

2,141,482 

Sup.) 

PEWTER  (Gnr.  Zlnn,  Zhirtireisscrzimi  .•  Fr.  E/ahi  ,•  If.  Sfafrnn  ,■  Sp.  Eyfann,  Prtfrc  ; 
Rus.  Olowo),  a  factitious  metal  tisod  in  nr.iUiii'4  plaU's,  disln's,  and  other  d.)iiii'.-itic  iiteiisil.t. 
It  is  a  compound,  the  basis  of  which  is  tin.  Tiie  best  sort  consists  of  tin  alloyal  wiili  uliout 
l-20th  or  loss  of  copper,  or  other  metallic  bodies,  as  the  experience  of  the  workmen  has 
shown  to  be  most  conducive  to  the  improvement  of  its  hardness  and  colour,  such  as  lead, 
zinc,  bismuth,  and  antimony.  There  arc  H  sons  of  pewter,  distinguished  by  the  names  of 
phiti%  trifle,  and  Icy-pewtcr.  The  1st  was  formerly  much  used  fir  plate  and  dishes;  of  the 
2d  are  made  the  pints,  ([uarts,  and  other  measures  for  beer ;  and  of  the  ley-pewter,  wino 
measures  and  large  measures. — (Ure.) 

PHIIjADELPHIA,  a  large  city  and  sea-port  of  tlie  United  Stiles,  in  Pennsylvania,  near 

the  confluence  of  the  rivers  Delaware  and  Schuylkill,  in  lat.  39°  57'  N.,  Ion.  75^  10'  W. 

Population,  in  1830,  168,000. 

Jfarbour,  fAg-ltt-hnnsrs,  Pilnlngr.Sfe. — Vessels  of  the  largest  Imrden  ascend  the  river  ns  f.ir  as  New- 
castle, but  those  drawiiic  aliovo  18  or  20  feet  water  laniiot  reach  I'hilailelpliia,  on  accoiinl  of  a  har  a 
little  below  the  city.  The  entrance  to  ilii;  nmjiiilict^m  bay  fnrined  by  tlu'  eiiilioncliiire  ulttiH  Uelaware 
has  Cipe  May  on  its  north,  anil  Cape  Hcniopeii  on  its  south  side.  The  former  in  lat.  :'A^  57'  N.,  Ion. 
7.y  17'  45"  VV.,  is  a  sainly  headland,  risinir  about  12  feet  above  tlie  level  of  the  sea.  It  has  rtM-eiilly 
been  siiniionnted  by  a  li^'lit-hiiiise,f>0  feet  in  heitiht.  The  liylii  revolves  once  a  niinnlt!  ;  an  eclipse  of 
5(1  seconds  beini;  succeeded  by  a  brilliant  flasli  of  10  seconds.  It  is  seen  in  clear  weather  from  20  to 25 
miles  otr.  Ciifie  l!eiilo|)en,  niarkiiii;  the  southern  boundary  of  the  bay,  is  in  lat.  SH''  17'  N..  Ion  75°  4' 
3j"  W.  A  little  south  from  il  is  a  hill,  elevated  about  (iO  fi.'et  above  the  level  of  iIk?  i-ea  :  and  on  it  ia 
erected  a  liglil-hniise,  72  feet  in  hifis-'bt,  fiiiiiislied  with  a  powerful  fixed  liiilit,  visible  in  clear  weather 
10  loa<!iies  off.  To  tlie  N.  of  this  principal  liL'lil,  and  close  to  the  e.vtremity  of  the  cape,  a  second  light- 
house lias  been  constructed,  36  fi^et  abovethe  level  of  Ihe  sea,  which  is  also  fnrnisheil  willi  a  .ffj-fiilight, 
wliicli  may  be  seen  at  about  6  luacuesof)".  The  channel  for  large  ships  is  lietueen  Cape  lli'iilopen  and 
the  banks  called  the  Overfalls.  The  iiavication  is,  however,  a  little  ditticnit,  and  it  is  coinimlsory  on 
plii|is  to  take  pilots  The  latter  frequently  hoard  lliiMn  at  sea  :  but  if  not,  as  soon  as  a  ship  comes 
between  tbe  capes,  she  must  boi^t  the  signal  for  a  pilnl,  and  heave  to  as  soon  as  one  oilers  to  come  on 
board.— (C»H/icr  snr  Its  I'hare.i,  2d  ed      !See  pant,  for  regulations  as  to  pilotage.) 

7V«(/c.— The  exports  principally  consist  of  wheat  and  wheat  tlour,  Iiidinn  rorn,  and  other  agricul- 
tural prndiicia,  Ininber,  coal  and  iron,  various  species  of  mannfactured  goods,  •'^c.  The  principal  iin- 
pnrts  are  cotton,  woollen,  and  silk  goods  :  sugar,  cotfee  and  tea,  wines,  spices,  &c.  In  point  of  shipping, 
I'liiladelpbia  is  the  third  port  of  the  United  Slates  :  being  in  this  respect  inferior  only  to  .\ew  Vork 
and  Boston.  The  registererl,  enrolled,  and  licensed  tonnage  belonging  to  I'liiladelphiii,  in  18.12, 
aiiiflunled  to  79,91)8  tons,  of  which  27,214  were  employed  in  tlie  coasting  trade.  The  total  value  of 
the  articles  imported  into  Pennsylvania,  in  the  year  ended  the  30lh  of  .Siptember,  1832,  was  10,678,358 
dollars  :  the  total  value  of  the  exports  during  the  same  year  being  3,5I60('>6  dollars. 

Bnnk.i.— There  were,  in  18.W,  in  Philadelphia,  12  joint  stock  l)anks,  e.vcliisive  of  the  Bank  of  the 
United  States.  Allowing  for  the  share  of  the  capital  of  the  latter  employed  in  hanking  speculutiona 
in  tin;  cily.  Hie  total  capilul  engaged  in  bank  business  in  Philadelphia  that  year  may  be  taken  at 
10,607,000  dollars,  on  which  a  dividend  accrued  of  fi!l.'i,075  dollars,  being  at  the  rate  of  64'.I7  per  cent.  The 
bank  oft  he  late  Mr,  Girard,  being  a  private  eslablistimenl,  is  not  included  in  thisestiiiiate.— (SiatPtnent 
by  J,  II,  Ooddard,  Fsq.,  JVVw  York  Jhiilij  Mdcertiser,  20th  .Ian.  Ih3l.)  None  of  Ihe  Pliiladelphia  banks 
issue  notes  for  less  than  5  dollars.  They  all  discount  good  hills,  having  fiO  or  00  days  to  run,  at  ()  per 
cent.  In  Pliil.idelphia  the  banks  have  heun  pretty  successful ;  but  in  Pennsylvania,  generally,  there 
hiivc  been  many  failures. 

//i.s«ru«fe.— "There  were,  in  Philadelphia,  in  1830.  9  marine  insurance  companies,  with  an  aggregate 
c.ipital  of  3.280,000  dollars:  they  divided  amongst  them, during  the  same  year, 275,400  dollars,  being  ut 
the  rate  of 8-396  percent. 

There  were  also,  in  1830,  4  fire  insurance  companies  In  the  city,  having  amongst  them  a  capital  of 
1,600,000  dollars.  'Their  dividends,  during  the  year,  were  90,000  dollars  ;  but,  as  one  of  the  companies, 
with  a  capital  of  200,000  dollars,  paid  nothing,  the  dividends  amounted  to  6°428|iercent.  on  the  produc- 
ini!  capital. 

In  Pennsylvania,  (he  dollar  is  worth  7s.  M.  currency  ;  so  that  U.  sterling  =  il.  I3>-.  4(2.  currency.-' 
(See  Nkw  Yoiik.) 
H'tighii  and  Measures  same  as  those  of  England. 


e^ 


4, 


i{r.»' 


296 


PHILADELPHIA. 


J-? 


1  I 
< 


PHILADELPHIA. 


907 


II        ► 


Rggulationt  of  the  Port.— If  »ny  muter  nr  wpfain  of  »njr  ihip  or 
TetMl,  or  other  person,  shall  rrfuw  or  hckIwI  Io  coiipty  with  Ihe 
dirvctimi^cif  thn  lurtKXir  iiiAntfr,  in  matteri  wilhm  llie  juriwlruliun 
ofhiinllue,  such  peri  ii  ihall,  for  each  aaJ  evriy  lurh  nltcnci;.  i  ve- 
rilly  riirleit  aii'l  piy  any  wiiii  iiol  ukceediiis  luO  ttullan.  AnI  (he 
aid  liirtxiur  inaeu^r,  ihiU  in  full  loinprituiioii  for  hii  ser\<res  l<e 
enUikil  10  havf,  recovtr,  and  receive  lioiii  Ihe  ni.ulrr,  cipiaiii, 
owner,  nr  ri>iisunet!  tf  eich  airl  cvtry  hhip  or  vt^ct  anivuix  ji  ihe 

1)ort  (if  Plitl-iiltlphia  (c  asUnj?  ves»e!»  it"I  exceeiliniC  the  Luriieii  !if  7> 
uns  excKpte.1)  iJic  mm  nf  I  JdI  ar  fur  rach  and  every  voy.i^c  by  iuch 
lhip(r  vrt'tl  perf  Tiiii'-l.  ami  nn  iiiirf. 

Kvery  iliiiMir  vessel  that  in  y  iriive  in  Ihii  harhour,  and  (hat  M1.1II 
ennie  to  anchor  ill  lh«s(r<ain  aiiy"iHTe  between  Aliimnl  and  Vine 
Ktreel9,  having  pr«^  iou»ly  cause<l  her  gunpowder,  il  any  she  ha  t  uii 
Lam!,  to  be  lauded  a»  the  law  direcu,  liny  rcni.iiri  in  ilul  niruatinn 
24  h'lira  and  no  loii<er.  t:ikinK  caie  (o  lie  as  ne.\r  to  the  iHlaml  or 
aand  l-ar  as  iniy  be  comiMent  with  thrir  sifely.  Hut  if,  from  the 
ctrciiin^tiiiceof  a  vessel  havini(  servtnts  on  Uiaid.  or  ln>ni  any  otht-r 
c.iii»e,  It  iniy  be  thouichi  mci'\-iary  orcotiviiiient  lo  lie  a  Ininrcr  litiie 
ill  Ihe  ST  aiii.  thru,  and  in  vvvry  such  die,  the  owner,  master,  piiot, 
orotiter  peiwiii  havuu  Ihe  rhart^e  or  Uin-rtion  of  such  vessel,  khdl 
reni'ive  lnr  fnmt  npiKiaite  the  city,  md  shnll  moor  her  or  cause  her 
(o  l>e  niunrtd,  to  Ihe  northward  nf  Vine  Street,  with  I  iitichur  and 
cable  lip,  and  I  anch'n  and  cable  down  the  sireani :  and  in  Uith  the 
ab  'Ve  inen'ioiird  silua'intis,  the  rej^ulaliou  contained  in  the  next  sue 
credint^ar  iile  to  lie  duly  attended  lo. 

If  any  vew>.  I  properly  inotred  in  the  iitre.im  shall  have  hcrandior 
or  rihle  oveilaid  \ty  any  oiht-r  vts>cl  in  .inctioniiK  or  niooriiif;,  ihe 
niasler  fir  i*r»(m  ha\  inj(  Ihe  care  or  directi'Mi  of  such  lis'-meniionel 
ve^^el  i>)>^'l  iniinelatcly,  nr  as  t'Kin  as  niny  be-ftei  .ippltcali«n  niale 
to  liHu  by  the  party  aggrieved,  ciusi  the  said  anchor  ur  cable  s)  over- 
I.iviiij;  tu  l>e  taken  up  and  cleareil.  When  any  ship  or  vessel  shill  he 
iijiik'd  in  to  any  whiif  or  il-ick,  or  iiIoii<Hide  ol  another  visscl,  ihil 
inay  be  lyinij  al  such  whirf  or  do  k,  ibe  owner,  nnMer,  pilot,  or 
whoever  in-iy  hue  the cunmiiiid,  care, or dinction  of  hrr, shall  have 
her  s.'curely  madj  fast,  and  if  ou'iide  of  another  vewfl.  bhati  pet 
one  l!o-»l  last  from  each  end  of  Hie  ve  sel  to  the  shore,  \viih 
sutli."'**!!!  fi-nlers between  them  and  (be  inside  vessel ;  and  <thall  cause 
(lie  tliikt-sof  ijieir  anchora  to  be  taken  in  tmard  ;  ,ind.  within  ^4  houn 
Iht're  ifiKf,  c.iuse  her  jddnMini,  spnlsail  yard,  iiuin  hofim.  spankt-r  an  I 
riji!;':»d  b(Mims.  If  any  Ihey  hive,  to  I  e  rin^etl  in.  and  their  lower 
y\ti\>  toppe^l  up,  ill  such  a  inanner  as  least  10  interfere  wtlh  vt-sseU 
pasiini;. 

It'  the  faslfiof  ve>spls  when  moorcl  at  a  whirf  shill  extend  acroBi 
a  dO'k,  so  at  to  obstiutd  the  passing  or  repining  of  >th\tbipt,  lubter, 
cr 01  lii:r  craft  or  vessel,  the  mister  or  other  peis^ui  bavinj;  the  com* 
nnii)  uf  such  ship  or  \e<><iel  stull,  u[Kin  the  hrst  appLcaiinn,  imiiiC* 
liistely  cause  such  fast  or  fasts  to  be  cist  ofT  or  slacked  do«n. 

NouutwarUhtiund  vissel,  pu'tingoirfmin  a  »htrf,  shall  lie  longer 
in  the  itreain  between  Vine  Street  and  Almond,  in  the  district  of 
SMithwark,  above  nien'inned,  tlun  24  linura.  And  if  vessels  lyini; 
at  the  end  of  w  harfs  *•>  much  interlock  with  each  otht-i  as  to  pieveii' 
vessels  liaulinK  i»  !^n<'  out  of  duckii.  (he  niisler,  owner,  pilot,  or 
otIitT  perwu  bavjinc  the  chtr^e  nf  the  Fame,  shall,  immedalidy  on 
.i|i|dic.iiii'n  lioin  any  pfr>(in  so  w.iitdiiv  to  haul  his  vcs^trl  in  or  out 
of  docks  aforesaid,  have  the  ve*%i'l  (tr  vessels  to  interfering,  moved  in 
such  a  mam  eras  lo  accon.ni'hla'e  (he  one  applied  fori  <"  which 
CISC  the  vessel  inakiii;?  r.iom  f,ir  ano'her  In  haul  in  or  out  shdl  have 
liberty  to  tii.ike  her  wir|  s  f-is(  (o  he  niiw(  convenient  pUce  adjicent, 
ffir  a  reiionahle  lime;  and  all  si-a  vessels,  .vhen  tmiSfKirtin^  or 
wsn'iiij;  to  Itifd  <ii'o  a  whuf  or  dork,  or  (0  make  sail,  in  order  (opio 
eeei  to  sea,  shall  have  the  same  privii<f;e. 

When  any  ship  nr  vrs-el  in.iy  be  lyin^  aton^i  Ic  any  whirf.  and 
not  taking  ill  or  disthtr^tiiy,  she  shall  make  way  for  and  |x;rmit  any 
vessel  Ihit  \vaiits  to  unload  or  load,  to  come  insid-',  itext  the  wharf, 
•iiitil  (lie  discbirites  or  laadt  her  cargo  ;  and  'he  said  vessel,  when  50 
disi'liar4ed  or  InadftI,  shall  haul  nulside  and  give  way  lo  the  ve-^s  1 
th.il  hn»t  occupied  the  wharf ;  provided  that,  from  ih*  IO(h  of  I)e 
amber  (oibe  1st  of  Mirch,  no  vessel  be  comiiell-d  (o  move  fmm 
hpr  berth  (only  Ih  we  at  Gloucester  Point  piers),  excepting  to  let  vts. 
kIs  111  and  out  of  docks. 

No  ship  or  vessel  loadln;^  or  discharging  hemp  at  any  wharf,  or 
vrithiii  any  dock,  shall  be  allowed  to  b.ive  any  tire  on  Ikw'hI  ,  neither 
itnll  any  vissel  lyiiiyC  outside  or  near  her  be  permitted  (o  hive  fire 
onboanl,  while  It  may  bo  considered  dangerous.    Aud  no  tar,  lur 


pentine,  rcwin,  or  pitch,  shall  be  heated  on  ttw  wharf,  nr  on  txurd 
any  vessel  lying  a(  xnv  wl  arf  wilhin  the  liii<l  »  ol  the  ciiy. 

Hatii  tj  /'iMa^r-ln^^ar's,  up  to  IJ  feet,  al  Z  ttl  dollars  per 
fool ;  above  1^  feet,  al  3-.;d  dolLirs. 

(utwanis,  up  to  12  feat,  at  I  doran;  above  li  feet,  al  2'CT 
dollars. 


ltl» 

lul.. 

Hutu 

UiiU. 

ett. 

Vnlh. 

elt. 

S      ft'et  il 

l;l 

33 

5      (  et  is 

10 

0 

3  1-2   _ 

14 

67 

5  1-2   - 

11 

0 

6         — 

Id 

0 

6 

12 

0 

6  12   — 

17 

38 

U  1.2    — 

1:1 

0 

7          - 

IS 

67 

7          — 

14 

0 

7  1-2    _ 

M 

0 

7  12   - 

15 

0 

H          _ 

i\ 

33 

N 

16 

0 

8  1-2    — 

22 

t7 

8  1-2   — 

17 

0 

9         _ 

21 

0 

B 

18 

0 

912   _ 

2i 

33 

a  1-2   - 

IS 

0 

10 

28 

67 

10          - 

20 

0 

10  1-2   _ 

2H 

n 

1012    — 

H 

0 

II          — 

2!) 

M 

11 

22 

0 

11  1-2   — 

;io 

67 

II  1-2    -- 

23 

0 

12         _ 

32 

0 

12 

21 

0 

12  1-2   — 

ai 

67 

12  12    — 

;5 

33 

13         _ 

3; 

93 

IJ 

2<i 

67 

l.l  1-2   _ 

37 

0 

13  12    — 

28 

0 

U 

3.S 

67 

14          — 

2U 

33 

111-2   _ 

40 

33 

1412    - 

30 

67 

15          — 

42 

0 

1".          ~ 

32 

0 

15  12      - 

41 

67 

15  1-2    - 

:;3 

33 

16         — 

45 

33 

16          — 

;m 

67 

I'i  1-2   — 

47 

U 

16  1-2    — 

ro 

0 

17         - 

4t 

67 

17           — 

37 

33 

17  1-2   - 

60 

31 

17  12    — 

38 

67 

IS          — 

f2 

0 

IS 

4(1 

0 

1<  12   — 

M 

67 

IS  1-2    — 

41 

S3 

111         — 

f.., 

33 

19          — 

42 

67 

19  12   — 

67 

0 

Ifl  1-2    - 

44 

0 

20         — 

6a 

67 

20         - 

4J 

33 

Every  vti^rI  arrlvini  from,ortKiund  tn,  a  forei^  port,  Is  rrtpiired 
by  law  lo  recfivt:  a  pilot,  t)r  (o  p.iy  halt  pdot.it;t-  in  (h<'  wirdt-n's  of* 
(i.e.  where  the  iiiasier  of  evt-ry  >uch  Vi  ssel  is  r'<iiiiie<l.  nnder  (lia 
pennhy  of  U>  dollatK,  In  Piake  a  report  within  Utt  hciUisalrei  his  ar* 
1  ival,  and  again  befnre  h.s  departure,  signing  his  naiin-  to  !>.tid  lejiort 
in  the  warden  s  book 

Every  vissel  of  7:»  Ions  and  upv^ards  arriving  fniin,  or  I  nund  to, 
any  poit  vv  ithiii  ihe  I' tilled  Slates,  aud  the  ina.itcr  ol  all  suih  vessels, 
are  bound  as  above. 

The  pilut  of  every  vessel  li  rffptircd  to  inform  Ihe  master  of  his 
having  tn  fjiort  a(  ihe  warden's  ollice. 

As  vessels  obliged  lo  receive  a  iiilot  are  rRijuire  I  to  pay  Id  dollars 
in  addidon.  ai  wm't-r  pilnMge,  fioni  Ihe  2uth  c>f  Nuvtiiiber  to  Ihs 
L'th  of  .Much,  both  i\x\s  inclusive. 

Foieign  vess  Is,  i.  e.  French,  Spanish,  PortuLMiese.  Neajvilifan, 
Oaiiiah,  Rnss;.in,  South  American,  and  llayliiin.  to  \;\y  2  dullan  67 
cen  s  in  a<l  litinn  to  other  pilotage. 

Everj'  pilot  de'  ined  more  than  24  hours  by  any  mas'tr,  owner,  or 
consitcnee,  is  entitled  to  i  dullais  per  day  for  eveiy  i!ay  he  is  so 
dettir.el. 

Kveiy  jiilot  detained  more  than  4S  hours  by  the  ice,  after  ho  has 
conduciwl  hii  vessel  to  a  place  '  f  Mfety,  is  cmitUd  lo  2  di  liars  per 
day  for  every  day  he  is  so  delaiued 

Kvery  pib.t  comiwlled  to  perfnrm  quarantine  is  entilled  to  2  dol- 
lars per  diy,  for  every  day  he  Is  so  detaiiiid,  and  cannot  be  dis* 
charged  in  less  than  b  d-iys,  without  his  consent. 

Every  pilot  oblUed  by  the  ice  or  stress  nf  weiiher  lo  proceed  to 
ano'her  port,  is,  when  there,  enlilletl  to  his  pilotage:  and  if  thers 
discharged,  to  8  cents  a  mile  for  every  niile  he  has  tn  travel  home. 

Every  pilot  is  retiuired,  under  a  penalty  of  l'2  d(.||-irs,  to  make  re* 
port.  Within  -18  hours,  at  the  warden's  olKce,  of  every  vessel  he  con* 
duels  lo  (he  city. 


Rales  nf  Coinniission  recnm mended  for  peneral  Adnpiion,  and  allowed  by  the  Philndrlphia  Chamber 
of  Cornniercc,  when  no  Agreement  subHists  to  the  conirury,  eslublibhed  at  a  stated  Meeting  on  the 
lOihof  March,  1623. 


Foreign. 

Domestic. 

Per  Ceut. 

Per  Cent. 

Mtrchnnlisc,  lalej       ........ 

i 

2  1-2 

on  j^ross  im'^tint. 

I'lin-h^se  anil  shipmentf  or  accepting  billi  for  purchasfl 
i.imliiig  and  rj-sliipp  n|5  goods  from  vcMeli  in  distreis  • 

212 

21-2 

on  cost  and  ch  rges. 

2  1.2 

2  1-2 

on  current  value. 

Kfceiving  and  forwarding           ...... 

12 

1-2 

on  ditto. 

Iloi.lrt 

212 

2  1-2 

on  real  onsllilities  incurred. 

Vessels,  aile  or  purchase         ....... 

21-2 

212 

on  gross  amount. 

i'rc'curin?  freish!  or  charterinn  lo  proceed  lo  another  por* 

212 

2  1-2 

on  dido. 

Cdllfctiu:;  freight  or  general  avenge       ..... 

212 

21-2 

oil  amount  rnllt-i  ^d. 

Paying  uutfits  or 'Itsburseiiients    ...... 

il2 

21-2 

on  aggregate  an.ounts 

Marine  insurances,  effecting,  wiien  rhe  premium  does  not  exceed  10  per  cent. 

1-2 

1-2 

on  amount  insured. 

When  (he  premium  exceeds  10  per  cent.            .... 

5 

fi 

nn  amount  <  f  premiiitn. 

A'ljustiiig  and  collecting  Irjs.-e,  without  litigation 

21.2 

2  1-2 

on  amount  lerovt-ted. 

Fireii>aura;xes.  etTecling         ....... 

5 

S 

on  amount  of  premium. 

Adjusting  and  cnl  ecting  losses     ...... 

1 

1 

on  iiiiiiiunt  recovuicd. 

rortignanl  mlinl  bills  of  eichiiigeand  nol«  of  lland,  drawing  or  indors- 

ilii  anil  negotiiting,  in  all  cises       ...... 

V"rch.i<B  without  indorsing          ...... 

21-2 

21-2 

on  the  proceeds. 

1-2 

I'i 

on  cost  an  1  charges. 

Kile  itilto  ......... 

1.2 

1*2 

on  Ihfi  pr<»ceeds. 

Colleclin?.            ........ 

1-2 

|.'2 

on  am.  uiil  collected. 

I'ayiiig  0  er  the  amount   ....                      .           . 

12 

1-2 

on  amount  paid  over. 

Rtniitiing  ......... 

12 

12 

on  amount  rem i  ted. 

Public  ^1llcks,  specie,  bank  notes,  or  drafli  not  current,  lale  . 

12 

on  proceeds. 

Pun-b.iiie   ....           ..... 

1-2 

12 

on  cost  and  cliarges. 

Collertiiig  dividends  on  putilir  stock        ..... 

1-2 

IJ 

on  amount  collected. 

Ailvancts  in  nmney,  or  by  comina;  uniler  acceptance,  in  all  cases     . 

212 

21-2 

on  amount  advanced. 

Accoiinis,  collecting  disputed  or  lilig»ttd  accounis,  or  cliims  on  insolvent 

estates           ......... 

6 

5 

on  amount  rwnvere-l. 

Monies,  receiving,  from  which  no  other  commisiion  is  derived 

1-2 

1.2 

on  amount  rect  ived. 

I'ayins  ditio           ........ 

1.2 

1-2 

on  am  unt  paid. 

rayiht;  and  receiving  ditto           ...... 

1 

1 

nn  aninunl  recrived. 

Ciitaiaidee,  in  all  c.ises      ....... 

21-2 

21-2 

on  Utc  amount  guaratiteed. 

c^ 


'A 


it-*' 


38 


208 


rillLADELPIIIA. 


( 


i 


On  bills  remittei!  fnr  mUertlon  und^r  pmtwt  for  non-acceptance  or 
Don  |tiyiiien(,  1-2  i'oriiiiii*<inn  lo  lie  rhargt^t 

(hi  rotiKiKiitlifnt  i'(  nmrrh^mliitr  witlnlnwn  or  rc-iiht|ipp  t,  full 
comniiuioti  In  te  (harf[til  to  (lie  f  xlent  (if  nilvanresor  re«|x)nsil'iltliei 
iucurrt^l,  aniJ  1-2  i-oniiiusMMii  uii  ihc  current  value  nf  the  rt'si-lur. 

On  ul(?s  of  iiKTcti.indiNe  oriiciii.tlly  rnnitieneil  tn  anollier  Ik'U^i',  lint 
V'idiilrawii,  jriil  where  no  renjionViliililit'^  are  lucurretl,  only  1-2 
coniinisiiuD  to  be  char)(eil  on  (lie  current  value. 


The  current  value  In  all  ewet  to  be  letlled  by  certificate  of  2  f». 
»pff  faille  niiTchanti,  mtrtiniieen,  or  lirokert. 

The  ahove  r-iniiniMinna  to  lie  exrIuKive  of  Kuiraulee,  brokera)(ei 
ttoraffe,  hikI  every  other  cltarre  actually  incurrt-il, 

The  nitk  of  Iiw  hy  tire,  niiTeMi  iniur.ince  be  ordereil,  anil  of  nib- 
liery,  lliefl,  luJ  other  uuavoi'lahle  oecnrrencca,  If  the  uiual  care  tte 
taken  to  iwcure  llio  pni|ierty,  is,  in  all  cam,  to  be  borue  by  the  pro- 
prietor uf  Ihe  goodi. 


[TIK!  fDllowin?  li 

tliu  1st  ol'Juiiiiiiry 

Vi-.irv 

i:m7 

17SS 
17f-!l 
17!tO 
ITOI 
I7<i2 
17!t3 
17<.I4 
17<.)5 
17(10 
17il7 
17H8 
17'.19 
ISOO 
IHOl 
18112 
1(^03 
180t 
lti05 
18(H) 
1807 
1808 
180!) 
1810 
1811 
1812 


iIiIp  Pxli 

1787,  t( 
Foreign. 
Mtfi 
•111 
321 
ti3!l 
Sii5 


018 
77!) 
858 
Oil 
4S9 
413 
530 
0(>7 
053 
Oil 
498 
520 
701 
701 
2!)8 
351 
405 
500 
323 


ihits  the  Niimhnr  of  Vessels  which  arrived  in  the  port  of  Pliiladolphia  from 
ho  iHt  of  Jamtiiry,  18)0. 


C'oafttu  ISO. 
3*t  - 
4!N)  . 
370  - 
715  - 
853     - 


l.a'iO 
1,228 
1,011 

i)2!) 
1,002 

82j 
1,051 
1,125 
1,100 
1,004 
l,2!^2 
1,235 
1,213 
1,170 
1,951 
1.0.S3 
1,477 
1,425 
1,549 


■ltii.li. 

9t0 

!tOI 

700* 

l,.SJl 

1,1H 


l.^-fiS 

2,(107 

l,Mi9 

l,J70 

1,101 

1,20S 

1.587 

1,792 

1,759 

1,075 

1.790 

1,755 

1,917 

1,871 

2,249}: 

2,0.14 

1,SS2 

1,!)25 

1,872 


Veir«. 

li>13 

1814 

1M5 

ISIO 

1817 

1818 

1819 

1820 

1821 

1822 

1823 

1824 

1825 

1>20 

1827 

1828 

1829 

1830 

1831 

18.12 

1833 

1831 

18,35 

18.30 

18.37 

18.38 

1839 


Foreign. 

74  - 

43  - 

487  - 

538  . 

532  - 

570  - 

450  - 

479  - 

411  - 

491  - 

482  - 

.^01  - 

484  - 

182  - 

4tl9  ■ 

AM  - 

374  - 

415  - 

396  - 

428  - 
474  - 
4.30  - 

429  - 
421  - 
409  - 
404  - 
521  - 


Coast  iviw. 

319 

!)83 
1,113 
1,101 
1,238 
1,101 
1,040 

877 

913 
1,212 
1,018 

!».8| 
1,195 
1,1  !)5 
1,320 
1,217 
2,210 
3,287 
3,262 
2,819 
2..^73  I 
2,080 
.3,573 
.3,701 
7,776 
10,800 
11,188 


Total. 
393  K 
020  I « 

1,000 

1 .039 

1,770 

1,077 

1,490 

1,3.56 

1,354 

1,700 

^.WO 

1,482 

1,079 

1,077 

1,789 

1,097 

2,584 

3,70211 

3,058 

3,277 

3,047 

3,110 

4,002 

4,185 

8,185 
II, .324 
11,709 


The  Arrivals  in  1839,  were 


Colombian 
Danish 
Dutch 
French 
(Jenoese     - 
Hamburg  - 
Ilaytien     - 
I'ortugtiese 
Prussian    - 
Russian 
gjianish     .- 
Swedish     - 


Ships 90 

Bar(|iies      ..--..-37 

Brigs 274 

Schooners-        -        -        -       -        -        -  117 

Galliot 1 

Mislico       .-.----1 
Sloop 1 

Total      -        -        -  521 
Of  these  vessels  there  were  86  belonging  to 
foreign  ports,  viz. : 
Austrian    .------2 

Bremen      -------9 

British --56 

Value  of  the  Goods  Imported  into  this  port  during  the  year  1837  and  1838,  and  three  quarters  of  1839, 

In  1837, *10,l.30.838 

1838, 10,417,815 

1839,  (three  quarters) 12,571,164 

Showing  an  increase  in  the  three  quarters  of  this  year,  of  $2,153,349,  over  the  whole  of  1838. 

Duties  accruing  to  the  United  States  from  Imports  into  this  port  during  the  fiscal  year  in  1838  and  1839. 
1st  quarter,  October  Isl  to  December  31st,  1838,    ...        -« 1.39,682  90 
2(1      do.      January  1st  to  March  31st,  1839,  ...        -     735,080  51 

3d      do.      April  1st  to  June  30lh, 717,003  78 

4th    do.      July  1st  to  September  30th  ------  1,078,695  77 


Total 


-    86 


In  18.38  the  amount  was 
Showing  an  increase  of 


Total, 


#2,971,122  97 

-  1,917,108  80 

-  1,054,014  17 


Statement  showing  the  Amount  of  Domestic  Produce  Exported  from  the  port  of  Philadelphia,  to  Fo- 
reign Ports,  from  the  1st  of  January  to  the  30th  of  September,  1839. 


Articles. 

Wheat  flour, 

bbls. 

132,159 

Rye        do. 

do. 

20,796 

Corn  meal, 

do. 

66,712 

Corn, 

bush. 

11,971 

Ship  bread, 

bbls. 

14,008  ■» 
16,214  ]■ 

do. 

kegs 

Rice, 

tierces 

449 

Pork, 

bliLs. 

1,082  ) 

Hams  and  bacon, 

|ll>ll  tills 

46,107  y 

Lard, 

do. 

300,091  S 

Butter, 

do. 

61,690  ) 
8,895  X 

Cheese, 

do. 

Value. 

#969,882 

lOl.OriO 

221,728 

12,815 

85,204 

13,177 

65,319 
11,259 


Articles. 
Beef,  bbls 

Hides,  No. 

Tallow,  pounds 

Pickled  fish,  bbls. 

Ginseng,  pounds 

Sperm  &  whale  oil,    galls. 
Sperm  candles,       pounds 
Tallow  candles  do. 

Soap,  do. 

Rosin  &  turpentine,  blils. 
Tar  and  pitch,  do. 


282-) 
365  J- 
1,514  3 
1,363 
317,443 
28,084 
31,860 
74,985  ? 
755,186  3 
14,486  I 
926/ 


White  and  coloured  cotton  goods, 


Value. 

5,224 

7,3S7 

117,765 

24,378 

13,811 

80,792 

43,301 
160,956 


.M 


•  From  the  1st  nf  August  to  Slst  December :  no  records  previous  part  of  the  year. 
+  The  dociiiimnts  fur  ilii-se  two  years  lost  or  mislaid.  t  Embargo. 

2  War  with  Great  Britain.  ||  Opening  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal 


i 


PHILADELPHIA 


29a 


Brtificate  of  2  n- 
■au(M,  brolieiagi, 
I.Twl,  »n<l  "'  "',''• 
Uorue  bj  llw  l"* 

idolphia  from 


.Win, 

f,2C.  r 


,wo 

,^| 

.(>S9 

I^B 

,770 

^H 

,C.77 

^H 

,4'.«> 

^H 

,:t.'jii 

^H 

,354 

I^H 

,70ft 

. 

^H 

,500 

^1 

1,182 

^H 

i,ti7a 

^H 

1,077 

^^1 

1,789 

^H 

l,tW7 

^H 

2.584 

^H 

3,70211 

^^1 

3,058 

^H 

3,277 

^H 

3,047 

^H 

3,116 

^H 

4.002 

^H 

4,185 

^H 

8,183 

^H 

ll,.S21 

I^H 

11,709 

^ 

3 

^ 

. 

2 

w 

_ 

1 

'  n 

_ 

2 

i    ^ 

^        « 

1 

!» 

_        _        _ 

2 

» 

_ 

2 

i 

. 

1 

^        ^        .. 

1 

i 

^        . 

2 

_        « 

1 

■J 

- 

1 

1        -        • 

.    86 

quarters  o 

f  1839. 

0,838 

7,815 

1,164 

le  of  1838. 

■  in  1838  and  1839. 

82  90 

^0  51 

63  78 

95  77 

22  97 

08  80 

14  17 

iladelphia,  lo  Fo- 

Value. 

282") 

365  V 

5,224 

1,514 > 

1,363 
7,443 

7,387 
117,7fi5 

8,084 

24,378 

1,860 

13,611 

1,985? 
5  186  5 

80,792 

1,486  1 
926; 

43,301 

ds, 

160,956 

Coniparativp  Stntomnnt  of  the  Viiliii!  of  I'i)ri'i((n  ami  Dntiieittic  Coocls  pxpnrird  frnni  I'liiltult-lpliia 
during  tlic  years  1837  and  1838,  uiid  the  tlirun  i|iiarturg  of  1»3U  ending  lSi-pteinli<!r  lldlli. 

Dimieitic, 


1837— rirst  qnnrlfir, 
Hi rond  do. 
Third     do. 
Fourth  do. 

Total, 

1938— First  nnnrlcr, 
S.!i'i>iid  do. 
Tliird     do. 
Fuurlli  do. 


Knrri.'ii. 
#113,011 
3i:.,(i27 
4h\lsO 
4S'.i,  1(18 


n-unci'lc. 

»3i'3,732 
050,5 17 
7S(i,C,T7 
7'.K(.^,VJ 


$1,130,310 

.$2,507 

,815 

S5 1,227 
3-23,078 
I3I,N35 
2(12,046 

5282,702 
810,001 
SN'i.OSI 
778,5M 

Total,        ^708,780      4»2,403,20.'> 


1839- 


-Kirst  quarter, 
SeiMind  do. 
Third     do. 


KorRiicn. 

f  II  1.708 

41)'.I.N27 

3;!l.0-'3 


^SHI.(i(i2 

l,:!()T,(Mii 

1,180,9117 


Total,     #918,558      #3,3011,030 

RRCAIMTULATION. 

Total  value  in  1837, 

—  IKiri, 

—  three  (luurlers  of  1839, 


#1,001,131 
3,172,051 
4,31»,lba 


Ooinparalive  Staloineiit  of  the  Amount  of  rornlun  Sim.Tr  Iinporti'd  inS.)  tlio  Port  of  Pliilailelpliia  for 
Five  VearH,  from  1835  to  1^39,  Inclusive.  With  the  (luanlity  K.vported  duriiii;  the  same  period  lor 
the  benefit  of  Drawback. 


IS3J. 

Mi'ntlis. 


Si 

M 


.laiiuary  - 
I'elirnary  - 
March  -  - 
April  -  - 
May  -  - 
.Inne  -  - 
July  -  - 
Ausiist  - 
September 
October  - 
November 
December 


22S 

102 

1,310 

2,937 

2,158! 

2,809 

072 

2,134| 

3221 

5421 

2,120 

1,076 


04 

1,018 

1,1.35 

1,035 

1,409 

443 

5(i4 

158 

14 

254 

140 


7391 
1,913 
1,439 
1,411 

425 
2,161 
1,179 
1,024 
1,523 

184 
1,945 


e 
2i 


2,494, 

1,502 

620 1 

6,298 


148 


4,214 


692 


123 


46  167 


Total       -     10,4081   6,124  14,280   15,218    317  859 


.January  - 
February  - 
March-  - 
April  -  - 
May  -  - 
Jii'.e  -  - 
July  -  - 
Ausu.st  - 
September 
October  - 
November 
December 


70 


2,010 
911 

3„537! 

4,033! 

1,105; 
750 

1,305 

1,092 

1,860 
814 


Total 


18,183 


IS37. 


275 
1,093 
905 
1,500 
691 
770 
5t)7 
264 
345 


4,483 

119 

2,288 

.1,440 

6,129 

2,771 

1.091 

207 

318 

375 


5,445      11 


4691 
2^0 
099 
814 
42 
5,902 


198 
182 

143 


11    -. 


1705 
2839 


1M38. 
Moiilhs. 


January  - 
Fel)rii;iry  - 
March  -  - 
April  -  - 
May  -  - 
June  -  - 
July  -  - 
August 
Septeud)cr 
October  - 
November 
December 


Total 


I 


!    I 


269 
123 
2,07'< 
2,2(i6 
2,005 
1,759 
1,66S 
4,058 
2,7h6 
4,137 
1,7.10 
3,537 


9, 


4011    -     - 


8.581    8,012  10,735:  38 


27,922 


1839. 


January  - 
February  - 
March  -  - 
April  -  - 
May  -  - 
June  -  - 
July  -  - 
Aufiiist 
September 
Octolier  - 
November 
Decend)er 


6,416  21,824' 1.3,722    .534i4514      Total      -     23,4.58   11,391   16.807   10.,575    117 


441 

339 
1,788 
3,326 
3,575 
1,412 
1,.3,S0 
.3,778' 
3,007! 
2,700 
1,.592 

1011 


1,832 

1,112 

1,6.371 

1,429 

903' 

522 

547 

0 

135 


9,0.10 


423 

1,455; 

2, 13 1 
401 

1,978 
720 
201 

l,0Kl' 
52; 


107  -  - ;  -  - 


309 


10 


20    .. 


2,866 
3,375 


130 


17,2101  17,112    52      130 


171 

1,814 

1,398 

1,895; 

1.188' 

2,602 

1,080 

722 

318 

92 

111 


1,250 

4 

3,079 

2,0961 

3.30 

l,^^58 

3,593 

1,813 

203 

8()7 

07t) 

1,0,38 


51 


3,259 

1,798 

401 
4,'.HJ9 


IF 


154    - 


January  - 
February  - 
March-  - 
April  -  - 
May  -  - 
June  -  - 
July  -  - 
August  - 
September 
October  - 
November 
December 


Total 


1231 
3,010' 
3,392 
2,369 
1,538 

769 
4,127 
l,585i 

793, 

80' 

2,194' 


257 
599 
2,210 
330 
744 
435 
.3.35 
355, 
8 


979 

6 

853 

570 

106 

1,728 

101 

416 

6 

559 

107 


19,980    5,323|   5,433 


2,408   -  . 
3,450   - 
4,640   - 


326 


50 


2,530   -- 


785 


2018 


14,139     50|2018 


The  Amount  Exported  during  the  same  period 
for  the  benefit  of  drawback,  has  been  as  fol- 
lows, viz. — 

ExiKirtfd  in 


1835  - 

1836  - 

18.37  - 

18.38  - 

18.39  - 


167 1 
1,1351 

4,746| 

403 

4,9421 


10 

219 

44 


4,215!  3,829 

30'  500 

2,805'  1,447 

75  2,898 


2839 


The  gross  weight  of  Refined  Sugar,  exported 
in  1839,  for  the  benefit  of  bounty,  was  214  tons, 
13  cwt.  1  quar.  and  10  lbs. 


Comparative  Statement  of  the  Quantity  of  Coffee  imported  into  Philadelphia  front  Foreign  Forts, 
during  the  Five  Years  commencing  with  1835  und  ending  with  1839. 


Imported  from 

1835. 

IS36. 

1837. 

1838. 

1839. 

Bag., 

Ilhds. 

Tea. 

Bla. 

Dags. 

Tea. 

Bis. 

Baga. 

Hhda. 

nis. 

B,is;s. 

Hilda.    Bis. 

Bags.    Hhdi. 

Tea. 

Bis. 

I.if;uira 

17,200 

24,700 

18,414 

38,527 

25,139    •      - 

Rio  de  Janeiro 

ii,fS2 

,56,108 

36,S37 

4r.,ao9 

46,476    .      . 

.     . 

1 

Si.  Dominjo . 

12,218 

2,78S 

4,4!'8 

12,S7S 

2,601     .      - 

.     . 

Cuba  • 

7,,')36 

6,,'>S3 

12,44i 

9,745 

4,717      80 

2 

117 

Porlo  Rico    . 

2,537 

1,968 

1,4*4 

1,597 

498    .      . 

10 

Jata  . 

11,748 

- 

605 

.  . 

.      .   1  .      . 

.  . 

Maracaibo    . 

1,808 

2,736 

•  ■ 

2,309 

3,122 

.  . 

8,788    -     . 

.  . 

.    , 

Europe 

9« 

• 

. 

. 

.  . 

105    •     - 

.    . 

All  olher  place* 
ToUl- 

S 

47    21 

424 

•     • 

3 

4»' 

-     • 

130 

470 

744 

139      100!      769      18 

1 

27 

66,031 

47    21 

424 

93,8^     3  ;  46 

75,977 1     136  I  470   112,257 

138  1  109;  89,193     98 

2 

155 

55 


I  Canal 


300 


PHILADELPHIA. 


I  : 


Comparative  Rtntcmnnt  oftheOrnsa  Amount  ofwniKhnblp  Forelfirn 

Morclinndiin  Impnrled  inio  PhUa- 

(lt!l|>hia  diir 

ing  the  Five  V'earit  coiiim«iiclii 

g  with  1H39  and  eiidli 

Ig* 

i<af 

vith  Wit. 

i 

1 

Namei  of  Artirliv. 

IS3). 

1836. 

1837. 

. 

in». 

1    's    1!   i 

H    -1  or  _a 

5,039    14     -       10 

Ij'l^ 

1 

1      '» 

1 

s 

( 

i.  'X 

4,i! 

1     IS, 

f 

H 

'-J 

8 

.   :      9 

H       u 
6,0Hi     16 

Iron,  railmaj    . 

4,6»2i     2;   ■   1     4 

5.820 

Kal  r.1  lar      - 

1,101,    »,   •  :    a 

l,44i       1 

3    ii, 

l^4{     S 

3    20    2,li;2 

3 

•      14 

3,614    :i 

3     tt 

H.iiiuiirrrJ»  sheet,  rod,  and 

' 

1 

1 

1 

lt(K>p 

2^6'  13'     3      8 

1,310     li 

23 

M7       4 

3!  13'      ,391 

17 

1     19 

842    18 

1     15 

Pic    • 

43)    li     2    a 

4311     3 

. 

5 

1,163     17 

2    12i      840 

18 

2    26 

314 

13 

.  !  26 

01(1  An<l  trnp 

6'.)      li     ■        b 

a)     1 

8 

31      18 

.271          2      8 

2     ii 

& 

8 

2      1 

Casiinm 

ii     IH     .        S 

44     1 

1 

22 

56     IB 

3    It          f,6:     8 

3     10 

111 

5 

2    26 

i'laiu  cablei  aDi  anchnn 

<)9    I'i      2    20 

40       1 

12 

18       7 

2      61        26^    It 

•       6 

48 

M 

3 

S'cel       .... 

2.1.'      S'     1    27 

37!i;  • 

3 

HI 

3*    17 

i'     *        I!I7 

8 

1     12 

241 

7 

•  ,   12 

Anvili   .... 

81      II    2    2<> 

8J 

» 

3 

If 

SO 

6 

•  1   14          5b 

9 

3    19 

66 

15 

.     21 

NaiU  ani!  ipikei 

34     17      3    2.> 

92 

3 

1     27 

b* 

12 

3'     S        134 

17 

1      H 

170 

4 

•      27 

4     19     2    II 

6 

II 

2    17 

1 

f 

.   1  «           2 

« 

2    17 

2 

18 

3 

i:      8      11 

43 

7 

2.   10 

15 

» 

1     l\          13 

18 

1     14 

21 

4 

1      4 

I.e.i<l,  pi<  atid  nlj 

M\  18     2     7 

2 

18 

3;  27 

97 

19 

.       i         15 

11 

•      15 

21 

16 

3    to 

llfin|i,  Ruuia    • 

2i>4     9    .      25 

452 

6 

2     17 

67 

17 

24 

15 

1    21 

916 

19 

S     8 

Conhjje. 

7   m    2  IS 

. 

2 

3 

14 

4 

12 

3    12    .     . 

. 

. 

3 

2     3 

Tallniv  .... 

11     S    .  '     2 

36     9 

24 

3 

2     4       118 

a 

3      3 

699 

1 

2    ID 

(ilau^vare 

ei    I3l     2      4 

It    16 

. 

11 

17     It 

1     t>          3) 

4 

2      9 

M 

4 

2    25 

Siijir  of  lead  and  paints 

94;     3.1     s 

fO     10 

. 

24 

60      1 

2    20         31 

8 

2      1 

Vi 

5 

3     131 

DrlKltt  .... 

.     .        3:    .  1   . 

2i   Itt 

, 

2-. 

1     16 

.  1   13    .      . 

■  i   . 

. 

It) 

2.  2.'»| 

Olue      .... 

-     •  1     2|     1     13 

.      .        3 

1 

6 

' 

i 

1 

VVnnl      .... 

242    I3|    3    23 

6r6i  . 

3 

26 

208 '    10 

1    IS       193 

7 

3     9 

207 

13 

1 

6 

Fi»h,  itiinkrd  and  dried 

27,   13      1      8 

41     13 

2 

26 

62     19 

.  1     1 

25 

7 

6 

38 

» 

3 

14 

Copper,  rtAjt  an  J  bolls  • 

2:     1'     1    20 

1 

' 

1 

Cnrkj     .... 

I61     6     2    21 

S 

15 

3 

24 

6     9 

2    13 

8 

3 

.      10 

12 

1 

2    15, 

Clieev!  .... 

3    Wl    3    14 

4 

to 

. 

1 

3    11 

3    II 

14 

.      26 

2 

13 

1     17 

rimcolalB 

■     •  1     «!     1 

. 

2 

IN 

1      1     18 

2 

4    11 

3 

3    27 

Soap       .... 

30,    17 1    2 

D 

2 

3 

23 

3 

3      3    22 

3 

li 

2|     8 

9 

14 

3      7 

P^pf  r  and  bopks 

ir  io|  . 

9 

23 

2 

3 

2 

8 

0      2     . 

2 

4 

2    2li 

9 

1^ 

.       22 

Twine    .... 

271     6      3i   12 

6H 

19 

1 

22 

8 

15      2      9         10 

11 

2    lU 

4>' 

19 

1      t 

CoMon    .... 

27i    I8|     1;    16 

If 

4 

2 

19 

6 

7      3 

1   .    . 

. 

16 

4 

3'     9 

Hams     .... 

.      .   :    .    1   . 

1 

3 

3 

1 

1 

II 

. 

>!            2 

18 

.1 

21 

to 

1 

3;  14 

I'ork      .... 

•      •   1    •   1   • 

1 

3 

9 

3 

16,  .     . 

4 

1 

24 

3     2 

Alum     .... 

•      •   1    •       • 

. 

10 

19 

3 

7 

1 

Suear     .... 

9,7o.'      1;   . 

IT 

ll,4S7 

6 

1 

17 

8,235 

13 

1 

2   1?,436 

7 

2 

11 

11,150 

6 

2    23 

»Coir.e- 

6,195     10!     r     3 

6,26-. 

10 

. 

27 

5,168 

2 

1 

15     6,767 

12 

2 

17 

5,517 

11 

•  i     3 

•Tea,  «rpen 

2J2     19      2     . 

aj6 

17 

1 

21 

367 

b 

2 

IS       274 

13 

. 

6 

208 

5 

1      2 

»Black     • 

16      4      2      0 

49 

17 

1 

26 

71 

17         22 

6 

1    24 

37 

7 

2     » 

•CaMij. 

20      7      3     IS. 

2a 

8 

2 

.1 

61 

7 

2 

11            1 

9 

2     8 

8 

13 

.      24 

•('ocoa  .... 

ISI       6      3     . 

81 

13 

, 

26 

58 

7 

2 

18       239 

14 

2    to 

119 

11 

3      6 

*  Pimento 

IC9     I'i      3    21 

I3« 

17 

2 

••2 

5 

12         4'< 

16 

•        4 

4') 

9 

2    23 

•Iniligo .... 

91     17      1    26 

157 

7 

3     12 

2S 

2 

3 

13         73 

2 

1     15 

70 

7 

•   '  I'j 

♦Kaijins,  p'unes,  and  fiss 
*Nufiite?8.  mice,  and  cloves    . 

618     13      3    2. 

Ul> 

15      2       1 

637 

15 

1 

4       964 

13 

1     14 

1,626 

12 

2    24 

8      3      2     15 

1 

10      3 

» 

. 

16 

1 

5i          2 

t 

3    12 

II 

6 

1    2li 

•'Ground  ^in^rr 

-     .        3      2    17 

. 

4      2 

3 

. 

. 

. 

•  1          2 

18 

2    . 

3 

1 

1     l» 

•Almonds         ... 

I2S     10      2      2 

67 

19      1 

12 

42 

7 

. 

is'        68 

6 

2    21 

7» 

3 

•  ,   13 

•Pepper 

.     -        4    .      19 

99 

•        3 

18 

39 

. 

3    16        33 

17 

1 

•(  ainphor 

. 

1      2    10 

•Currants 

r 

H       1       5 

1 

»fl;ll      .... 

10 

15      .  !      3 

Tliose  marked  thus  •  are  (he  estimated  or  invoice  weights. 
Statement  of  the  Quantity  of  Foroian  Wines,  Spirits,  Molasses,  &.C.,  imported  direct  into  riiilndolplilit 
during  the  Five  Years  rotninenting  with  18.15  and  ending  with  IH'i'J;  with  the  Uiiaiility  e.xpurtej 
during  the  same  Period  for  tlie  beiient  of  Drawback. 


Articles. 


Molasses 
Brandy  * 
llollaud  gin 
Rum 
Whiskey 
Cordials- 
Arrack  « 
Shrub  . 
Porter,  ale,  and 

brown  stout    • 
Vinegar  - 
Oil, oiive.in  casks 
I.inseed 
Castor 
Fish  . 
Wine,  Madeira . 

Port    • 

.Sherry 

Teneriffe 

San  Lucar 

Malaga 

Lisbon 

Sicily  . 

Champagne    . 

Ilurgundy 

Rhenish 

Claret 

White  French 

Moselie 

Cape  - 

Muscat      and 
Frimlignac  - 


IS3j. 


1836. 


Imported. 
1837. 


GaUi. 

1,279,195 

329,330 

133,225 

12,134 

1,2:1 

577 


2,407 
3,318 
15,341 
15,246 
50 

34,830 

48,§9S 

75,247 

33,616 

99,978 

174,-70 

45,703 

5,W1 

3,050 

45 

4S8 

F3,431 

200,876 

36 


Galli. 

1,035,981 

321,600 

93,8-3 

416 

2,351 

639 

2118 


650 
992 

S,816 
4,462 


3,642 


237 
15,218 
42,726 
34, '37 
11,053 
79,052 
128,985 
9,206 

1,850 


1.179 
68,417 
125,697 


7,118 


(liiUi. 

1,079.410 

I0S,JI2 

9..26I 

3,302 

2,6S2 

599 


979 
1,6.37 
6.157 
7,250 


9,076 
I5,3')6 
19,980 
40.156 

9,330 
e4,2S,3 
17,541 

3,644 


2,471 
64.983 
73,315 


3,020 


ISJi!. 


Galtt. 

1.610,079 

2V9.4U7 

136,931 

1,748 

4,4  VI 

306 

40 


873 
2,012 

1,963 


1839. 


Galti. 

1,359,025 

2 16,6(1  i 

1111,826 

l.')95 

10,349 

441 

I 


42,191 

67,,i6> 

1,938 

46,177 

2,750 

172.0<2 

6,677 

21s 

971 


2-i6 
3,1.346 

89,608 


27 
6,106 


4,414 

625 

21,565 

5,738 

643 

396 

20,81.2 

71,336 

14,6SJ 

2l,4CI 

5,190 

175,178 

17,570 

6,4S0 


Kx  ported. 


1833. 


IS36. 


Ualh. 
4,t6^ 
2,(63 

'9,410 


31,032 

a>7 


184 

648 

633 

1,0:0 


221 


2,097 
5,425 


269  I     .      . 
96,2.2  ;   25,322 
89,210       .     • 


6.302 


200 


243 


S63 


3,048 

4,102 

33,122 


9,234 


IS37. 


Ua)h. 

2,676 

:-,97 

413 

1,2  ;2 


2,881 
10,7.55 


87 


18.18. 


GaUl. 

5,480 

131 

3,246 


Duty 
jier 

'gallon 


10.8-4 
1,114 


(■(». 
5 
63 


0.1 

I  75 

I  63 

53 

53 


171 

1,307 
758  :     4,U22 


sau  .    .    . 
11,805      16,gt'o 


lA'iO 
4,683 


3.690 
2,370 


l,!;92 


20 

"     I 
■20 

25    ; 

40      I 
15     1 

r.'i.2i 

12  1  2] 
712' 
712, 
33  41 
334; 
712 
71-4 
51-2 
61-2 
71-2 
112 
■l\i 
71  .' 
712 

SI  2 


A'i>(e.— Suhjecl  to  a  reduction  of  S-lOths  of  the  eicess  between  the  value  of  the  articles  at  20  per  cent.,  and  the  amount  at  the  differtnl 
rates  as  staled. 

There  are  now,  1840,  16  banks  in  Philadelphia,  with  capitals  amounting,  exclusive  of 
that  of  tile  Bank  of  the  United  States,  to  §18,050,000. 

The  nunilier  of  marine  insurance  companies  amounts  to  10,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of 
$3,330,000;  and  there  are  9  fire  insurance  companies,  with  a  capital  of  ?3,450,000;  besiilosS 
associations  for  mutual  assurance  against  fire,  operating  without  any  specified  capital. — Am.Ed.] 


PHOSPHORUS— I'lLClIARDS. 


301 


B(l  Into  PhUo- 

s 

). 

1 

IR39.            1 

f 

,     1 

"""       ^i 

w 

ii 

iil 

'J 

6,0H-.    18      1     1» 

'*■ 

3,6,4   ;i    3    » 

M    18      «    ii 

314    13'    •  '  M 

&      »     2      ', 

111      61    2    i6 

48    M,    3        ! 

241      11   •  1  '? 

06    ir>     •      21 

,70      4     ■      21 

2    18      3 

21,     4      1      4 

21     IB      3    10 

aiH    19     3      H 

..323 

699     1      a    1? 

M'    4     2    2.;; 

W      8      3     13 

.     .      19     2    23 

101    is'     tl   ,81 

3S     «     3j  14 1 

>  J 

)      «    i'  »  15i 

2    13      'i   '1 

% 

'     .     .        3^     3    2l! 

S           9i  141     3      1| 

■             9,   12    •        22 

D         4x    191     li     > 

Iti'     4      3      9 

1          10      I      3,  14 

4             1      ■        »|     ^ 

1   11.I5S      0     2    23 
1     5,317    1l'   •.      3 

6|       208      5,     1       « 

*.i3 

4          37       1      2    „« 

L^ 

8           »    131   -J  "i 

10'       119    11      3i     6 

4l         49i     9      21  2? 

131        10      1     •  '  I'J 

14     1,626!   12!    2   24 

'/         'i     ' 

1    zu 
1    19 

B 

21         1»     3 

L 

.      13 

!           ^ 

nto  rhilndcliiliin 


SM. 


tillJ.       <■«"•'• 


k,4«) 
■  131 
1,246 


111 
ll5S 


Du'y 

—  -  -       jH-r 

If 39.    Igiiloi: 

(11. 
5 

10.874      C3 
1,114  ,  ":'> 

.  .  I  75 

.  -  I  M 

.  .  I  33 

.  -  1  53 

.     .    i  20 

.  -  I  8 
1,307  20 
4,022  23 
.      .         40 


■  62U 


l893      16,9C0 


IBOO  I 
1370 


1,192 


1*      , 

li  1  21 
712' 
7U, 
3.1 41 
3.14; 
71-.!| 
71-4 
il-i 
61-2 

71 

11-2 

■2 1  J 

71 

Hi 


612 
lainouDt  »t  Ihe  diSirtot 

h,  exclusive  of 


hjrate  capital  of 
l,0C0;bcsiilcs3 


PHOSPIIORTIS,  a  sulistnnce  of  a  liu;lil  nmlior  colour,  nnd  nenii-trnnsparcnt ;  but,  wlicn 
carefully  nrcpnml,  lu-iirly  colourless  niul  triiiispnri>nf.  When  kfpt  some  tiiiio,  it  lu-romcs 
opnii  Je  externally,'  ami  lias  ihen  a  gr.at  resenililuiice  to  white  wax.  It  may  lie  cut  with  a 
kiiile  or  twisted  to  piceeH  with  the  linncrH.  It  i^^  innoluhle  in  water ;  its  siieridc  p[ravily  ia 
1'77.'  When  cx|K)seil  to  the  atmoHpherc,  it  emits  a  white  Hinoke,  ami  i.i  luiiiiiious  in  tho 
dark.  When  heated  to  1<\S°  it  takes  fire,  and  hums  with  a  very  bright  thiiiic.  When 
phosphorus  is  inflamed  in  oxygen,  the  light  and  heat  arc  incomparably  more  intense ;  the 
former  dazzling  the  eye,  and  the  latter  cracking  the  glass  vessel. — {'r/iinn.soii'.s  Chrinislri/.) 

PIASTRES,  on  UOLL-MIS,  Spanish  and  American  silver  coins  in  very  extensive  circu- 
lation.    Value,  at  an  average,  about  4.1.  '.it/,  sterling. — (Sec  (^oixs.) 

PILCH.\HUS  ((Jcr.  SardfUan  ,•  Du.  S(tr(/i/nen ,-  Fr.  Sardiiiet!  ,•  It.  Snrdtne ,-  Sp.  Sar- 
dinus ;  \\n».  Sarddil !  l.at  Snrdinir),  fishes  ehisely  resembling  the  common  herring,  but 
smBlle'r,  and  dt  the  same  time  thicker  and  rounder.  They  are  rarely  found  on  the  Hrilish 
shores  except  on  the  coasts  of  Cornwall  and  Devon,  particularly  tho  former,  where  they  are 
taken  in  great  numbers  from  the  month  of  July  to  September,  both  inclusive.  It  is  a  say- 
ing of  the  Cornish  fishermen,  that  the  pilchard  is  the  least  fish  in  size,  most  in  number,  and 
greatest  for  gain,  taken  from  the  sea. 

Pilrhard  fi.vAfrT/.— Tills  ia  carried  on  along  the  coaat  of  Cornwnll  nnd  Devon,  from  Itie  Unit  Head  in 
the  latter,  round  "hy  tilt!  Land's  End  to  I'adstow  nnd  Bossinry  in  llic  f<iriiii'r.  Its  |)rinci|)iil  simIs  are 
Bt.  Ives,  Mount's  Hay,  and  .Mi'vagi«scy.  The  tisli  uaiiallyjiiakii  tlieir  a|P|it';ir:iiice  In  vast  slioiils  in  the 
early  part  otMuly,  and  disiipprar  about  the  middle  of  October:  but  they  scnnflinics  reappeiir  in  largo 
oiianlities  in  Doceiiila-r.  Tliuy  are  taken  citlier  by  iico;i.<  or  by  drift  nets,  but  principally  by  tlie  former. 
/  jean  is  a  net,  varying  frnni  200  to  .300  fathoms  in  length,  and  from  10  to  14i  do.  in  depth,  having  cork 
baoyson  one  edge  and  lead  weights  on  the  other.  Three  boats  are  attached  to  c;irh  si'iin,  viz.  a  boat 
(sean  boat),  of  about  15  tons  burden,  for  carrying  the  scan  ;  another  (folio  icer),  of  about  the  Hunuisi/.e, 
to  assist  in  mooring  it ;  and  a  smaller  boat  (liirker),  fur  generiil  purposes.  The  number  of  hands  em- 
ployed in  these  3  boats  varies  from  about  13  to  18,  but  may  he  taken,  at  an  average,  at  about  16.  When 
the  shoals  offish  come  so  near  the  shore  that  the  waller  is  about  the  depth  of  the  sean,  it  is  employed 
to  encircle  them  j  thi-  fishernien  being  directed  to  Ihe  proper  places  for  casting  or  shoolins  the  nets  by 
persons  ihiiers)  slationedfor  that  purposeon  the  clilfs.*  Tlie  priiclice  is  to  row  the  boat  with  the  scan 
on  board  gently  round  the  shoal ;  and  the  sean  beinc,  at  the  same  time,  thrown  gradually  into  tha 
water,  arisumes,  by  means  of  its  buoys  and  weights,  a  vertical  po.sition,  its  loaded  edge  being  at  thn 
bottom,  and  the  other  floating  on  the  surface.  Its  2  ends  are  then  fastened  together  ;  and,  being 
brought  into  a  convenient  situation,  it  is  moored  by  small  anchors  or  grapiiel.i.  At  low  water,  tho 
enclosed  fish  arc  taken  out  by  a  small  sean  or  liiek  nel,  and  carried  to  the  shore.  A  single  sean  has 
been  known  to  enclose  at  once  as  many  as  3,000  hogsheads  of  tish  :  Hut  the  (juaiitity  taken  dependa 
on  so  many  accidental  circumstances,  that  while  one  »ean  may  catch  anil  cure  in  a  seasmi  from  1,000 
to  2,0()0  hogsheads,  others  in  the  neighbourhood  will  not  get  a  single  pilchard.  In  some  places,  the 
tides  arc  so  strong  as  to  break  the  scans  and  set  the  tish  at  liberty.  When  the  qiiantily  enclnscd  in 
large,  it  rciiuires  several  days  to  take  tliem  out,  as  they  must  not  be  removed  in  greater  numbers  than 
those  who  salt  them  ran  conveniently  manage. 

Drift  nets  are  usually  about  a  mile  long,  by  about  4J  fathoms  deep;  they  are  shot  in  the  open  sea, 
and  entangle  the  tish  in  their  meshes  in  the  same  way  as  the  herring  nets.  The  tish  thus  taken  are 
said  to  lie  superior  to  those  taken  by  the  seans. 

As  soon  as  the  fish  are  brought  to  shore,  they  are  carried  to  cellars  or  warehouses,  where  they  are 
piled  in  large  heaps,  having  a  siiiricient  i|uantity  of  salt  interspersed  between  the  layers.  Having  re- 
mained in  this  state  for  about  35  days,  they  are,  after  being  carefully  washed  and  cleansed,  packed  in 
hogsheads,  each  containing,  at  an  average,  about  2,ti00  lisht ;  tliey  are  then  subjected  to  a  pressure 
Bufiiciont  to  extract  the  oil,  of  which  each  hogshead  yields  about  3  gallons.  This  oil  usually  sells  for 
from  12  to  15  per  cent,  under  the  price  of  brown  seal  oil.  The  oil,  blood,  and  dirty  pickle  tliat  drain 
from  the  tish  while  they  are  piled  up,  are  collected  in  reservoirs,  and  sold  to  the  curriers.  Tlie  bro- 
ken and  refuse  fish  and  salt  are  gold  to  the  farmers,  and  are  used  as  manure  with  excellent  effect. 
The  skimmings  which  float  on  the  water  in  which  the  pilchards  are  washed,  are  called  garbage,  and 
arc  sold  to  the  soap-boilers. 

The  pilchard  fishery  has  been  rather  declining  of  late  years.  This  has  been  ascribed  partly  to  the 
failure  of  the  catch,  partly  to  the  withdrawal  of  the  high  bounty  of  8s.  Cid.  per  hhd.  formerly  paid  on 
exportation,  and  partly  to  the  relaxed  observance  of  Lent  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  the  imposition 
of  a  heavy  duty  on  the  importation  of  the  fish  into  Naples,  which  has  long  been  their  principal 
market.    The  following  is 

An  Account  of  the  Exports  of  Pilchards  during  the  Three  Years  ending  with  1832;  specifying  the 
Places  to  which  they  were  exported,  the  Quantity  shipped  for  each,  and  their  Price  at  the  Port  of 

Shipment. 


years. 

1830 
1831 
1832 

l.fl!hnrn. 

Hhtis. 
2,473 
4,031 

3,784 

Naples. 

///I'd. 

9,751 
10,276 
11,612 

GCDOl. 

Anconi. 

Venice. 

Trieste. 

M.1I11. 

.Mesiin*. 

C.  Vecclii.1.      Tolil. 

Prica. 

Ilhdt. 
1,665 
2,100 
3,116 

Ilhilt. 
1,587 
5,286 
5,07S 

llMs. 
4,562 
4,205 
5,781 

HMs. 

1,652 

520 

1,000 

Illuh. 

04 

237 

Hhds. 
304 

Hhd3.          Hhd). 

-      21,194 

618      27,112 

510      31,618 

35  to  40 
35  -40 
25  -  45 

Of  the  27,112  hhds.  exported  in  1831,  St.  Ives  furnished  12,141,  and  Mount's  Bay  9,013 ;  the  remain- 
der being  furnished  by  Mevaeissey,  St.  Austle's  Bay,  St.  Mawes,  Fowey,  &c. 

Pilchards  are  not  used  in  England,  e.xcept  in  Cornwall  and  Devon,  where  about  3,000  hhds.  a  year 
may  at  present  be  made  use  of.  We  believe,  however,  that  their  consumption  in  these  counties  baa 
begun  to  increase  with  considerable  rapidity. 

The  sean  fishery  employs  from  2,700  to  3,000  hands,  and  about  180  or  190  seans  ;  but  exclusive  of 

♦  The  tunny  fish  in  the  Archipelago  wag  caught  in  a  similar  way  :— "  Xscendebat  quidani  tAnglicA 
Auer,  Griece  thunoscopos)  in  altum  promontorium,  unde  tliunnorum  gregein  specularetur,  quo  viso,  sig- 
niim  piscatoribus  dabat,  qui  retibus  totiim  gregem  includebant. "— (Bis/iop  0/ londuri's  J^oten  on  th« 
Peraat  of  ^schylus,  quoted  by  Dr.  Paris,  in  his  Guide  to  Mount's  Bay,  p.  150.) 

t  Mr.  Pennant  inadvertently  states  the  number  of  fish  in  a  hogshead  at  35,000. — (British  Zoologi/, 
vol.  iii.  p.  344.  ed.  1776).    Trusting  to  his  authority,  we  fell  into  the  same  error  in  the  first  edition  of 
this  work. 
Vol.  I[._2  C 


I* 


€& 


Pi* 


302 


PILOTS  AND  PILOTAGE. 


Uu'iiP.  IliPffi  nre  n  rnnniilfriilpli-  imiulicr  of  iifniii«  iincmiilnwd,  in  rormciiiicnrB  of  thr  fniliiro  of  tli« 
(liilii^rv  Biiiio  IHl  I,  mill  ntliiT  niiHiH      Tin:  lirsl  ii)»t  "'1'  riu  li  »iaii.  Willi  lit  IiuiiIh,  iiiiiy  Im  itliuiit  IMl. 

The  ilrifl  lishfry  <>iii|ilii)  i,  iliiniiK  tin'  miisuir,  from  1«")  I"  l.'XHI ii,  anil  ulmiit  Wii  Imau  ;  lliif  niHl  nl' 

eniti  liojit  iinil  nils  aiiionnllnH  In  hIidiiI  'MU.  'I'Ih'  Pilmnr  in  llii-  tun?  of  llie  flsli  may  Im  laki.li  lit 
nlioiil  If.  n  IniKalii-ail.  'I'lii'  lol.'il  ri\|iltal  I'lnltarkvil  in  tliu  I'lHlu'ry,  in  \93%  was  i-itiniaicil  by  thoKu  uti- 
UnKi'il  ill  ii  111  iViiiii  -Jllii.lHHl/.  Ill  ■i.'ili.diMi; 

Tlio  ilrirt  lUliiTiiii'ii  tiii|)liiv  till  iiNilvcii,  when  not  t-ngngeil  in  thi>  (lilrhnnl  flatipry.  in  tlin  inncknrel, 
hcrrliif!,  ami  liimli'lliir  I'lMln'rli'i*.  'I'lii'  lo^an  llBlii'rini'n  tuMHiNt  prim  i|>iilly  of  nuriniltiiriil  laliniircrx, 
niiiii-r^,  Ate  iillraili'il  In  tin?  Iiiisiiii'sn  in  tliiM!.\|ii.Tlaliiiii,  (In  wiiiili.  ImwrviT,  llivy  an;  mil  iinfrr- 
qiifiilly  ihsiiiniiiinli'il.i  III' liiakliiK  a  riiiii|iarallvfly  largi'  mini  liy  a  tVw  wi-rks' i^Xfrlinii.  Iliil  there 
nri'  ahvayii  3  or  1  imhvuliialH  of  tln'  cn-vv  of  imuIi  Bi-nii  that  nrr  rcmilarly  hri'ii,  i-xjifrt  tmhrriiu'ii. 

Four  liflhii  (if  the  imtkoiih  rin|iliiy(-il  on  nhoru  in  the  aultiiii;,  tiiriiii,',  (imkiiiB,  Ac.  i<f  tliu  t\tU,  uru 
Wiinirii. 

Tlir  wagon  of  tho»o  cmploypd  In  tin'  tisliery  nrc  ninilc  somctiinrs  to  ilcpenil  on  the  number  of  AhIi 
taken  ;  liiil  in  nllirr  inmaiiecs  tlii-y  an;  iiiili'|ieiiileiit  of  any  siirh  i-iintiiiL'i'niy. 

Till'  lishrry  at  Hi.  Ivis  is  larricil  mi  iiiiilrr  ii  parlitiilar  act  of  parliaiiient.  which  i*  xaiil  In  iicca»iiiii 
Ihi!  rnipliiyniL'iil  of  a  thml  imiri'  scaiiH  lliaii  arc  lu'ci-snary.  'I'lii;  e\:i(  tmn  of  a  lillir  I'T  Ihr  I'ikIi  in  a 
vury  81'riiiiirt  liiirih'ii  on  ilii-  lishi.Ty  ;  soiiii'llmi's  ll  Ih  laki'ii  in  kiiiil.  lint  ih  nmrc  |;i'ii>-rally  compnumlnl 
for.— (/v.  I'aria'n  (iiiiilr  tn  M'Hiii's  Unit  nnil  the  l.iind'a  Knit,  2il  I'll.  pp.  1  lf>— I.Vi. ;  Hrautiia  i/  F.ngland 
and  Units,  vol.  ii.  p.  171.,  ami  ynvaif  informalton  olitaineil  from  uiilheiilic  Doiirct'^,  and  ohligingly 
coiniiiiinicaiL'd,  hy  Mr.  I'oulsoii,  of  I'l'iizanci'.) 

IMI.OTfS  .^Nii  IMLOTAtJlO.  The  name  of  pilot  or  striTsman  is  njiiilicil  rilher  to  a 
particular  odicor,  serving  on  board  a  Hhip  during  the  rourso  of  a  voyn^'o,  and  liaviiig  ili,; 
charge  of  the  helm  and  the  sliiii'w  route;  or  to  a  person  taken  on  board  at  any  particular 
place,  for  the  purpose  ot'coiuiuctinfj  a  ship  through  a  river,  road,  or  chatiiiel,  or  from  or  into 
a  port. 

It  is  to  the  latter  description  of  jiersona  that  tlic  term  pilot  is  now  usually  applied  ;  ami 
pilots  of  this  sort  are  established  in  various  parts  of  the  country  by  ancient  charters  of  incoi- 
poration,  or  by  particular  statutes.  The  most  important  of  these  cor[ioratiotis  are  those  ot 
the  Trinity  Hou.se,  Deptford  tStrond  ;  the  fellowship  of  the  jiilots  of  Dover,  Deal,  and  the 
Isle  of  Tlianet,  commonly  called  the  Clni/iir.  I'ort  pi/o/.s  .•  nnd  the  Trinity  houses  of  Hull 
and  IVewcastle.  The  f)  Geo.  4.  c.  7:).  cslablisiied  a  corporation  for  the  regulation  and  licens- 
ing of  pilots  in  Liverpool. 

The  principle  of  the  law  with  respect  to  pilots  seems  to  be,  that  where  the  nia.ster  is  bouiiJ 
by  act  of  parliament  to  place  his  ship  in  charge  of  a  jiilot,  and  does  so  accordingly,  the  ship 
is  not  to  be  considered  as  under  the  management  of  the  owners  or  their  servants,  and  tiiey 
are  not  to  be  liable  for  any.damage  occasioned  by  the  mismanagement  of  the  shiji.  unless  u 
be  proved  that  it  arose  from  the  negligence  or  misconduct  of  the  master  or  men  :  but  whiii 
it  is  in  the  election  or  discretion  of  the  master  to  take  a  pilot  or  not,  and  he  thinks  fit  to  take 
one,  the  pilot  so  taken  is  to  be  considered  as  the  servant  of  the  owners,  who  are  to  be  respon- 
sible for  his  conduct. — {Abbott  on  the  Law  nf  Sliippin<r,  jiart  2.  c.  5.) 

'J'he  statute  of  6  Geo.  4.  c.  125.  has  consolidated  the  laws  with  respect  to  the  liecnsinn;, 
employment,  <Scc.  of  pilots.  It  is  of  great  length  ;  but  all  its  provisions  of  any  material  im- 
portance  may  be  embraced  under  the  following  heads: — 

1.  Jlppiiiulvient  of  Pilots. — The  corporation  of  the  Trinity  House  ef  Deplford  Sirond  are  reqiiinil  \n 
appoint  ami  license  tit  anil  competent  person.s,  duly  skilled,  to  act  as  pilots  for  the  purpose  of  cninliici- 
\\\f.  all  sliipji  or  vessels  navl};atin(!  the  'I'liames,  the  Meilway,  and  Ihe  several  chnnnels,  creeks,  and 
ducks  thereof,  hetween  Orfordiiess  and  Loiiilnii  Drldue,  as  also  from  London  ilriilce  to  the  Downs,  anil 
from  the  Downs  westward  as  fur  as  the  l!>le  of  Wi^lit,  and  in  the  Kiinlisli  Chaiiiiel  from  the  \>\i-  of 
Wi!;hl  lip  to  London  Ilridt'e  ;  and  all  ships  and  vessels  sailing  ns  aforesaid  (except  as  heielii-at'iiT 
nieiiiioned)  shall  be  conducted  and  piloted  within  the  aforesaid  limits  hy  such  pilots,  and  hy  >io  oilier 
persons  whomsoever. 

No  person  shall  be  licensed  hy  the  s.iid  corporation  as  a  pilot,  who  has  not  served  na  mate  fur,'! 
years  on  board  of,  or  been  for  1  year  in  the  actual  command  of,  a  siiiiare-ricired  vessel  of  not  less  ilnin 
80  tons  register  tonnage,  as  to  licences  for  the  JVorlli  Channel  upwards  ;  and  not  less  than  lAU  inns 
register  tonnage,  as  to  licences  for  the  A'urth  Channel,  Qneen'n  Channit,  Suiilh  Chiinntl,  or  utliur 
channels  downwards  ;  or  who  shall  not  have  been  employed  in  the  pilotage  or  buoyage  service  ni'  ilu' 
said  corporation  for  7  years,  or  who  shall  not  have  served  an  apprenticeship  of  ,'j  years  to  snnie  pilui 
vessel  licensed  under  the  act  passed  in  the  b'i  year  of  the  reign  of  (ieorgc  III.,  or  under  this  act ;  and 
no  person  so  licensed  shall  take  charge  as  a  pilot  of  any  ship  or  vessel  ilrawing  more  than  II  li-f 
water,  in  the  river  Thames  or  Medway,  or  any  of  the  channels  leading  thereto  or  tlieniipon.  iinlil 
such  person  shall  have  acted  as  a  licensed  pilot  for  3  years,  and  shall  have  been  after  such  J  yi;irs.  on 
re-examination,  approved  of  in  that  behalf  hy  the  said  corporation,  on  pain  of  forfeiting  !('/.  1. 1  every 
■uch  oll'ence  ;  and  the  person  employing  or  permitting  such  pilot  to  take  charge  of  such  ship  ur  vessel 
is  also  to  forfeit  10/. — J  3. 

Every  pilot  licensed  by  the  corporation  of  the  Trinity  House  of  Deptford  .'•trond  is  to  pay  an  aiiiMuil 
licence  of  ?.l.  3s.,  and  (ni.  in  the  pound  upon  his  earnings;  which  sums  are  to  be  applied  to  the  iiscduf 
the  pilot's  fund  of  the  said  corporation. — D  4. 

The  said  corporation  are  further  authorised  to  appoint  competent  persons,  not  more  than  fire,  nnr 
leas  than  three,  at  such  ports  and  places  as  they  may  think  ht,  (except  within  the  liberty  of  the  ('iiii|ii<? 
Ports,  and  sucji  other  ports  and  places  ns  may  have  been  specially  provided  for  by  act  of  parlianit'iil, 
or  by  charter,  for  the  appointment  of  pilots),  to  be  called  sub-coinmissioners  of  pilotage,  wliu  ure  i^ 
lake  the  following  oath : — 

"  I,  .4.  B.,  do  swear,  that  I  will  diligently  and  iniparlially  examine  into  the  capacity  and  skill  of 

in  the  art  of  piloting  ships  nnd  vessels  into  the  roadstead,  port,  ur  harbour,  am!  upun 
the  coasts  following;  videlicet  [here  describe  the  limits  within  which  the  person  examined  is  intendi'il 
to  act  as  pilot],  and  will  make  true  and  speedy  return  thereof  to  the  corporation  of  Trinity  llnnsc  of 
Deptford  Strond,  without  favour,  affection,  fee,  or  reward,  other  than  such  fee  or  reward  as  is  allnweil 
by  the  by-laws  or  regulations  duly  established  in  that  behalf.  So  help  ine  (iuil." 

And  upon  the  recommendation  of  such  sub-commissioners,  the  Trinity  House  Corporation  may  grant 
licences  to  pilots. — H  S. 

Notices  of  the  appointment  of  pilots  are  to  be  put  up  in  writing  at  the  Trinity  House  and  Custom* 


I'lI.OTS  ANn    ril.OTAfiE. 


303 


hr  fiiiliiro  of  tli« 
iiiy  III!  iiliiiiil  'Ml. 
i>au  ;  llii-  ciwl  111' 
liiuy  III!  Iiikin  ut 
aic'il  by  Uiiiitu  cii- 

,  ill  itii!  iimcknri.'l, 
iiiiiiriil  liilioiirfrH, 
t-y  lire  lint  iinl're- 
>rti<iii.  Iliil  tlivre 
iTt  llnlK'riiK'ii. 
:c.  I'l'  llio  lUli,  aru 

ilie  number  of  Huh 

i«  s.ilil  til  cicia^idii 
hi'  <<T  llir  IikIi  i>«  It 
■rally  cotiiixiiiiiilnl 
li.i.irim  ■•/  y.n/!lanil 
■x't,  und  ulilighigly 

[ilieil  cither  to  a 
,  uiiil  Iwviiig  the 
at  any  imrticular 
I'l,  or  from  or  into 

iilly  a|iplii'<l ;  anij 
fharlers  of  incor- 
tidiis  are  thosf  of 
cr,  Doal,  ami  lln" 
ly  housi's  of  Hull 
Liliilioii  aiiJ  licfiis- 

le  master  is  bound 
ordiiiRly,  the  shi]) 
servants,  and  they 
the  sill  1 1.  unless  it 
jr  men  :  but  wht  ii 
10  thinks  fit  to  tako 
o  are  to  be  rcspou- 

:t  to  the  licciisiiit;, 
any  material  iin- 


riind  are  rcijiiiriil  m 
purpi'si;  iilcuiuluci- 
lliiihiiels,  eri'cks,  iiixl 
[e  to  till!  Diiwiis.aiiil 
iiii'l  friini  llie  l^•ll■  cif 
repl  as  lieri'in-allrt 
lots,  aiul  liy  MO  oilier 

terve4  as  mate  for  I! 
■I  of  not  li'ss  tliiiii 
It  less  tliaii  \'M  inns 
Ia  Cliunntl,  or  (illii'r 
loyage  servii'e  ol'lhc 
years  to  soiiie  pilut 
I  miller  this  ail;  ami 
Id  more  than  II  Ii'i*' 
I  or  tlieri'iipon,  iiiilil 
Ifler  siiiti  3  years,  on 
leiliiip  !l'/.  i.  r  eviTv 
\  sucli  sliiji  or  vifM:l 

is  to  pay  an  annual 
Ipplied  lo'tlie  Uses  of 

more  than  j\re,WT 
lihcrty  of  the  Cimpio 
|y  act  of  parliauRMil, 

[ulotage,  who  are  w 

lily  anil  skill  of 
Ir  harlmiir,  ami  upun 
Ixaiiiineil  is  iiili'niliil 
T)f  Trinity  Iloiise  of 
Icwaril  as  is  alloweil 
So  help  me  (ioil" 
tporaiioii  may  6'^"' 

|Iou8e  and  Cuslom- 


houiic,  I.onilnn,  nnil  nt  t*ie  CiiHtoiii'liuiiues  of  the  porta  for  whli-li  they  are  lltenivil,  and  nre  to  ba 

iHililnheil  mlhe  /..oirf.oi  ''.i:""  r'"-  .  ,  „.i.,  .^  „  t-i. 

No  per!-!!!!  shall  lake  rh.iri/e  nf  any  fhip  or  vi}fnp\  n*  n  pllol  lieloiii;liiK  to  the  Ciikiiii  Purl*,  beforr  h« 

III'  I'taniini'il  liv  llie  iiiiifli'r  and  two  I'l'llows,  nr  liy  fmir  wanlens  of  Hie  siMii'iy  cir  riljuwuhiii  of  pilulg 

of  Dover.  I>eai.  and  Hie  N'e  of  'rhanei,  IoiiiIiIiik  Ins  aliililien,  and  shill  lie  iipprnveil  anil  ailniilled 

Into  Ilie  -laiil  sorlely  hy  Hie  Lord   U'ludiii  of  the  ('liniiie   rorl-.  or  his  Iniilrnant  ;  and  any  p.'rsoii 

nreBiiiiiini:  li  net  hk  a  I'i'et.  liehniKinif   lo  the  said  soiii'ly  or  fillowship.  williuiil    having    lie.ii  -o 

I'xnnilnril.  a|<|iroreil,  nnd  intiiiitled,  aliall  for  the  tirsi  oirence  forfeit   ID/ ,  I'ur  Hie  Neeoml  'JO/ ,  and  fur 

cverv  oHier  olfenre  Wl-i  IS- 

Nil  iierHon  Ineniied  hv  Hie  nforeHahl  unrit'ty  or  fellowBhip  Is  lo  lake  rlnrire  of  any  nhip  or  vi'SKel 
drau'iiiu  more  lliaii  II  feet  II  Ini'lies  water,  iltilll  lie  has  arted  as  a  pilot  for  'i  years;  nor  of  a  vo-sel 
driiW'liiL'  more  than  1 1  feet  water,  till  he  liits  iieteil  as  a  pllol  for  .'i  years  ;  nor  of  a  vessil  ilrawini:  niori! 
than  17  I'eet  water,  till  he  his  aeled  as  a  pilot  for  7  years;  wliinhi!  Is  to  he  a|!uiii  exaniiiied;  and  if 
Ik<  shall  he  approved  of  and  lireiiHud  n|Min  ini'li  leeoiid  examination,  ho  may  lake  Charon  of  i<hlpi 
of  any  ilrani/hl  of  water— C  HI. 

The  niimher  of  Ctnqiif  Port  pilots  used  to  he  fixed  at  110;  liiit  diiriii(f  peaee,  no  more  llian  each 
alternate  vaennry  Is  lo  h"  lilleil  up,  unless  the  niindier  he  reiliici'ij  hclow  I'ill.— {'21. 

All  hodns  polilie  and  eorporate,  and  all  persons  aiithoriseil  to  appoint  or  liiense  pilots  for  any  port 
or  plare  in  Knvland  shall,  upon  any  siu'h  appointnieiit  heiiii;  iiiailo.  forlhwilh  transiiiit  to  tin'  Trinity 
Ifoiise,  London,  and  lo  the  t'oninilssioiiers  of  riisloiiis,  l.ondon.  Hie  I'lirislLin  name  and  Niiriiaiiie,  axe, 
nnd  plu'e  of  ri'siileiice,  of  every  jiilot  so  appointed,  lli^<tillL■lllsllin;,'  the  limits  in  wliiih  he  is  lo  act.  anil 
liy  whom  appointed.  And  the  Miiit  limlies  politic,  &c.  are  to  transmit  lisls,  eorrecled  up  lo  the  .list  day 
of  Ileeemlier  In  each  year,  eiiiier  on  that  day,  or  within  a  nionlli  alter,  to  the  said  Triiiily  Mouse  anil 
romniissioiiers  of  the  eiistotiH,  iif  till!  nanii'S  and  resKlencrs  of  all  Hie  pilots  wilhiii  Hieir  resprilivR 
jiirisdictions;  statins  nil  the  alteralions  that  may  have  been  made  within  the  year  in  the  rales  of 
piloiaee  rhnrved,  ami  in  the  ruleii  and  reculationu  for  goveriiiiii;  pihitu  within  their  respective 
diMricis  —J  :!■'>. 

'I'he  commissioners  of  the  ciislonis  are  to  Iransinil  lo  their  prinripnl  olllcers,  at  the  di/rirent  ports, 
the  names  and  places  of  resiilnire  of  all  Hie  pilots  reslfliii)!  williin  Hie  liinlls  of  e.icli  port,  as  far  an 
they  nre  aciinainled  willi  the  sanii'  ;  and  oveiy  pilot  is  lo  hi'  fiiriiisheil  willi  copies  of  all  proclamatioiis 
anil  orders  in  council  respecliiii!  the  perforinaiici'  of  (|iiaraMliiii    -  J  ;iti. 

A  particular  description  of  the  person  of  every  pilot  is  to  he  wrilleii  ii|Hin  the  hark  of  his  licence  : 
ami  no  person  slmll  lake  charge  of  any  ship  or  vessel,  or  in  any  iiiann"r  act  as  a  pilot,  or  receive  any 
conipi'iisalion  for  acting  as  a  piloi,  until  his  licence  shall  li.ive  liein  reuislrnd  hy  the  principal  oilucrs 
of  Hie  rnstoin-housii  of  Hie  place  al  or  nearest  lo  which  such  pilot  shall  reside,  (which  oUiceisare 
hereliy  reijiiired  lo  reuister  the  same  withoiil  fee  or  reward),  nor  wlllioiit  liavini;  his  licence  al  the 
lime  of  his  so  acliii(j  In  his  personal  ciisioily,  and  proiliiciii;;  the  siiiiie  lo  tin.' master  nf  any  ship  or 
veii'ii'l,  or  other  person,  who  shall  he  desirous  of  einployini;  him  as  a  pilot,  or  to  whom  he  siiall  iilfer 
his  services,  on  pain  of  forfeilin);  a  sum  not  exreeilinK'  ;iO/ ,  nor  less  than  III/.,  for  the  first  olfence; 
and  for  the  s"COnd  or  any  siihseqiieiil  olfence,  a  sum  not  exceediii);  5(1/.  nor  less  than  31'/. ;  and  upon 
further  pain,  as  to  any  person  licensed  as  aforesaid,  of  forfeitiii);  his  licence,  or  lieiiif.'  siisptiided  from 
aftiiigas  a  pilot,  hy  and  at  Hie  discrelion  of  Hie  corpora tioti  or  other  authority  from  which  such  pilul's 
licence  was  derived,  eillier  for  the  lirsl,  second,  or  any  siiliseiiuent  oHence.— (ij  li.'i,  llli. 

2.  (HorenimiHt  of  Ptliiln.  —  Wl  persons  licensed  lo  act  as  pilots  hy  the  Trinity  llinise,  are  siihject  lo 
Hie  government  of  the  said  corporation,  which  is  empowered  to  make  by-law's,  rules,  tiC.  specifj  iiig 
what  Slims  shall  he  |mid  hy  such  pilots  lo  the  suh -commissioners  of  pilotage  for  their  examination,  and 
for  (.'rantine.  or  renewinit,  or  conlirminL'  their  licences  from  lime  to  time,  and  annexim;  such  reason- 
able penalties  and  forfcilures  for  the  breach  of  such  by-laws  as  lo  tlieiii  shall  seem  expedient.  Hut 
no  such  by-lau-s,  regulations,  <!i:c.  shall  have  any  force  till  Ihoy  have  been  examined,  sanclioned,  and 
approved  liy  the  chief  justice  of  the  Courl  of  King's  llench,  or  the  chief  justice  of  the  Court  of  Com- 
iiinn  Pleas.— }  II.  (,*".  B. — The  by-laws  of  the  'I'rinity  House,  Deplfurd  Strond,  sanctioned  by  Lord 
Teiilerden,  are  annexed  to  this  article.) 

<Jo|iies  of  any  proposed  by-laws  are  lo  be  transmitted  to  the  privy  coiinril  and  the  rnmmissioners 
ofcnstnm.  H  months  before  they  are  siiliinilled  lonny  chief  justice  for  approval  ;  and  the  rommissioiiers 
of  ciislom  are  lo  cause  such  proposed  by-laws  lo  he  hung  up  in  the  several  (^'iistom-hoiisesof  the  prin- 
cipal ports  of  (ireat  Dritain,  for  the  inspection  of  all  parlies  having  an  interest  '.herein.  And  when 
such  by-laws  shall  have  been  sanctioned,  they  shall  be  Iiuiil'  up  in  the  several  (.'usliiin-houses  wilhiit 
the  liiiiils  uf  which  the  pilots  respectively  shall  be  licensed,  and  also  at  the  Trinity  House  in  Loiuion. — 
{ J  1^,  i.r 

The  Ciniive  Port  pilots  nre  to  bo  subject  lo  the  rules  and  regulations  framed  by  the  Lord  Warden  of 
the  said  ports,  or  his  deputy,  Willi  the  assent  of  the  majority  of  the  coniinissioiiers  of /,e«'/iiiiiimi>« 
(master  and  wardens  of  tjie  fellowship  of  pilots  of  Dover,  Deiil,  and  Hie  Isle  of  Tliaiiet).  The  privy 
ciiuncil  may,  however,  amend,  correct,  or  enlarge  such  rules  or  regulations,  if  they  shall  appear  to 
them,  upon  the  representation  of  any  person  having  an  interest  therein,  to  be  in  any  material  point 
erroneous,  insiiflicienl,  or  defective.—^  J  21,  22. 

The  Trinity  House  Corporation  are  aiilhorised  and  required  to  establish,  vary,  and  alter,  from  time 
10  time,  as  circumslaiices  may  require,  the  rales  of  pilotage  performed  by  pilots  licensed  by  the  said 
c«irporalioii,  accordiiip  to  the  size  and  draught  of  water  of  the  vessels,  the  distance  piloted,  iln;  deten- 
tion and  ri'sponsiliility  of  the  pilot,  and  such  other  circumslaiices  as  they  may  Hiiiik  fit  lo  take  into 
iiccounl.  Tables  of  these  rates  are  lo  be  hung  up  at  the  several  Ciisloiii-honses  of  the  ports  lo  which 
Ihey  apply  ;  and  no  greater  or  less  rates,  or  oilier  reward  or  emolument  for  such  pilotage,  shall,  under 
any  pretence  whatever,  be  demanded,  solicited,  paid,  received,  or  ottered,  on  pain  of  forfeiting  10/.  for 
every  such  olfence,  as  well  by  the  parly  ollering  as  hy  the  party  accepting  or  sidicilingllie  same.  Ships 
returning  by  stress  of  weallier,  contrary  winds,  or  on  account  of  accident,  into  ports  in  the  district  of 
the  Isle  of  Wiglit,  I'lymouth,  and  l''almouth,  shall  he  subject  to  pay  half  the  common  pilotage  in  such 
porls.- J  H. 

If  the  majority  of  the  pilots  licensed  by  the  Trinity  House  Corporation  in  any  port  or  plare,  or  any 
ship  owner  in  the  same,  be  dissalisfn.'d  willi  the  rates,  they  may  appeal  to  the  privy  council,  who  may 
(leclile  upon  the  matter  as  they  think  lit.— {9. 

Every  pcrsiui  applying  for  a  licence  to  act  as  a  pilot,  shall,  before  any  sticli  licence  he  granted  to  him 
fxecute  a  bond  in  a  |i<!nal  Biiiii,al  the  discretion  of  the  Trinity  House  Corporation,  or  of  the  Lord  War- 
den of  the  Cinque  I'orts,  to  an  aniount  not  exceeding  KlO/.,  for  the  heller  securing  his  due  obedience 
to  the  by-laws,  rules,  regulations,  &c.,  to  be  made  by  conipetenl  aiilliorily. — J  27. 

Licences  may  be  annulled,  siispemlcd,  or  adjudged  forfeited,  at  the  pleasure  of  the  foresaid  corpo- 
ration  and  Lord  Warden  ;  hut  pilots,  whose  licences  are  so  annulled,  suspended,  &c.  may  appeal  lo 
Hie  privy  council,  who  are  authorised  tu  make  such  adjudication  in  the  premises  as  tliey  may  think 
fit  -}  }  20,  .•«l. 

3.  I.krnsinjt  nf  Pilot  Boats.— T\\c  Trinity  Corporation  and  the  fellowship  of  the  Cinque  Port  pilots 
are  aullinrised  to  license  pilot  vessels  of  such  size  and  description  as  may  appear  to  them  lo  be  proper 
for  having  pilots  constantly  in  attendance  in  such  vessels  at  sea ;  and  the  licensed  pilots  are  authorised 


c:^ 


804 


PILOTS  AND  PILOTAGE. 


I     ' 


1  . 


'I        I    i 


10  form  Ihetniietvef  Inin  rnmpnnlefi,  with  mniiont  of  tlii<  rnr|Hirnlliiiiii  nriironiil,  for  prnviilinn  and 
BRlnliiliiiriu  micli  pilot  vi'piiii'Ih,  hihIi  i'(iiii|iiiiiii'h  unci  vi-i'iiclx  lii'iiitf  lit  nil  lliiii'K  mitiJiTt  til  mil  h  riilea 
Rnil  ri'KiilKtKitiii  UN  nliiill  I'roiii  tliiin  to  liinc  In-  miiirtiniiril  liy  iliii  mini  nirpnrnln  hiitlii'n  -   (III 

I'lliil  biMilK  or  vt'imi'lii  iir<-  In  lie  iliiitlii||iiiNliiMl  hy  linnK  ill  nil  llini'ii  unit  on  cvi'ry  mnlioii  llltfil  with 
blark  ■iil<-«,  iiiiil  liiiviriK  llic  iipprr  alrciik  iii'Ht  tin-  kiihmhI''  piilnli'il  u  liitr  i  tlicy  iiri' wliili'  iilloiit,  to 
rarry  ii  lliiit  of  liiriti-  iliini'iiaiiMiH,  iirMpnrliniii'il  to  iIh'  hi/.i*  of  tlir  vi-Nnt'l,  iit  tin-  iiiiint  liciiil,  or  on  u  ii|irll 
omiiiir  III  Hoiiii-roiiipK'iiimii  Kitiiiitioii,  Willi  h  lliiic  ^ImiII  lie  liiilt  ri'il  iiiiil  liiilT  wliiii-,  In  linri/.onliil  ainiHiii, 
lh«  Willie  iippi'riiioHl.  'rii)>  iiiiiiir  III  till*  pilot  on  l>i>iiri|  lit  to  hi'  p.'iinii'il  In  liiriin  u  liiii>  ti-ti*rii  iH  iiicliea 
lonf)  on  n  lilmk  kcoiiihI  on  tin'  ulrrii,  iiinl  on  iiuli  Imiv  tlir  iiiiinlii'r  of  tlin  In  mi  i'  of  miili  pilot  ;  unit 
thfl  ronri'iiliniMit  of  hiicIi  niinif  or  niiniln'r,  or  tin'  •■vmhioii  of  nny  of  tliti  hi'lori'-nii'iillonril  provimoiiN, 
tiiciirH  II  peiiiilty  of  Ull/.,  Ill  III'  paiil  liy  tin'  Hi'nior  inlot  on  lioiiril,  who  h  iiiihu  rriilile  for  Ihi'ir  ohin'rvuiirii. 
Any  pilot  riirrli'il  otf  In  ii  honi  oilirr  llniii  ii  pilot  hoiii,  in  to  lioint  a  iImu  im  pirvioiiHly  orilvml,  on  puin 
bf  forfiMtliiK  Wl.  iinli'HH  III'  )<li"W  ri'HHiinahli'  i  aii^i'  I'lir  liiivini;  onniii'il  it  -  ^  .'I'J. 

1'lii^  owiiiTK  or  niiiHii'r  of  .'iny  hoiit  or  vi'hhi'I  riirrvinir  ii  pilot'ii  thiK,  without  huvtng  n  llotiiioil  pilot 
on  hoanl,  ihall  for  I'vi-ry  hihIi  niri'iiii'  inrfi'it  loo/  -  o  .'l.'l. 

Till'  'rriiilly  lloiiHi!  Corporalloti,  llii'  I'oiirl  of  lintiimnnnct  I'f  the  l'iiii|iii'  i'orlK.  ninl  nil  othi'r  lorpo- 
rutloiiH  anil  perminit  iiiltliorihril  In  iiianaifi'  or  ilirrri  pilots  In  iiiiy  pail  ol  liiiuhiiol,  nIiiiII,  on  tlii'  Inl  of 
JiiiMiary  in  fiirli  yi'ar,  or  »  Itliiii  llii'  nionili  nrxt  lollow  inil.  tianiioit  io  ilii'  olio  it  of  lln*  sivpinny  ilnty 
iti  till'  port  of  l.oiiiloii,  a  lint  of  all  llir  vi'km'U  iif  i  \  ii  \  iIi'ki  i  ipliun  rmpli  \ril  li>  iliriii  or  h>  IIiom'  iimjir 
thi'iii.  for  till'  piirpoHvit  of  pll>>tu;{<',  with  thr  iiunihiT  of  iinn  anil  hoys  lirlonviiiK  lo  or  Kt'rviiiK  in  huiIi 
vi'iiikIh.— ;  37. 

■i.  Dulirn  of  I'iliitn. — In  orilrr  to  iirniri'  tlu'  iliii'  pirforiiiaiiii'  of  liU  liiiporliint  iliiticM  hy  llii'  pilot,  it 
Ip  rnui  till,  that  i^vrry  |iilot,  iliily  liii'iooil,  who  Hliall,  w  itlonil  millirii'iit  iiiiisi'.  ri'liiM'  or  ilrrllni'  Koiii|{ 
ulf  III  any  vohhi'I  wiinllnit  n  pilot,  upon  hiiinal  hrliii;  iniiilr  hy  tin'  naiiM',  or  upon  hi'inir  rri|iilieil  lo  ilo 
HO  liy  till'  niadti'r  of  micli  xhip,  or  hy  any  prrson  iiihrrxlril  Ihrroin  uh  |iniii'ipal  or  a^iiii,  or  I'y  any 
oII'k  IT  of  till'  corporation  lo  w  liii  li  hiicIi  pilot  hIimII  Ih'Ii'Iiu,  or  hy  any  prim  ipai  I'M'n  it  of  ilir  i'Iikioiiiii  : 
or  w  ho  Hliall,  on  any  frlvolonn  pri'lrkt,  i|uit  any  i>hip  or  M'^'ioI,  or  ilii  lini'  pih  tini!  tlii'ri'of,  at'ti'r  lir  haa 
bi'i'ii  i'nk.'''i|.'i'il  to  pilot  till'  nano',  or  iilirr  t-'oint!  alonitsiili'  iliiTrof.  wilhoiit  Ii'iim-  of  iliu  inuKtiri  »liull, 
for  rvory  Hiitli  oMVino,  foilVil  not  niorc  than  loll/,  nor  Iohm  than  Id/.-  if  'i. 

Any  liri'iiHi'il  pilot  I'liiployini;  or  iiiakiii|t  iixr  of,  or  ii'inprllini;  or  n  i|>iirini.'  any  prrfon  having  tho 
rhlir;!i'  of  any  Khip  or  vohhi'I  to  employ  or  niaki'  nne  of,  any  hoal,  anrlior.  ralilr,  &r.  In'jonil  what  i<i 
iirtnally  ni'irsHiiry,  Hliall  forfrit  nnil  piiy  fur  i'Vitv  fiiiIi  oll'i'iii  e  not  niori' than  .Mi/,  anil  noi  lesH  llmii 
10/.,  and  Hliall  alno  he  deprivtil  of  liiH  lii'i'me,  or  nni'priiiU'il,  at  llio  iIIhi  rntion  of  tlionu  hy  whom  lii> 
was  licniHiil.— J7;i. 

If  any  liii'iisi'il  pilot  nhall  Iriiil  IiIh  lircnri'  In  an  iiiiliiriiiii'il  prrsoii,  to  nnsist  liiiii  in  artiiic  or  ilaliii- 
\ng  to  ait  H8  pilot,  anil  if  hihIi  nnlicrio'i'il  piTson  sliall  hy  ilriiiiKriinr>M  nnilrr  liio  hi'II  iio  up  <lilr  nf 
r.oiiilnrliii);  any  hIjIp  or  vohm'I,  or  nr^illKi'iilly  or  wilfully  leail,  ilicoy,  or  hilray  an)  nliip  into  ilain'iT, 
or  Hliall  iiiini'ri'HHanly  or  inipropiTly  I  III  any  cahh' or  iiiIiIih  lii'loniiinu  toany  ventol;  or  ii  any  muji 
perHon  .'■hall,  hy  uilfiil  iiilHrepri'Hinlation  of  any  riri'iiinHlanriK  upon  wliiih  the  mifi'iy  of  llie  vi'!^!ii'| 
ahall  appear  naturally  to  ilepi'inl,  ohiain  or  enihavonr  to  ohiaiii  the  ronilin  t  of  hihIi  vohhi'Ih.  tlirn,  ami 
in  every  hiii'Ii  rase,  the  perHoii  ho  olli'iiiliiii;,  or  who  shall  :iiil  in,  procure,  ahrt,  or  eonnive  al  the  loiii- 
iniltinj;  any  hiicIi  oireme  or  oIlenreH,  Hliall,  lienulm  li'tiif;  Itablr  f„r  ilnwui-e.-'  nl  tin  mil  of  ilic  fiiriii  n  iiiitil, 
forfeit  anil  pay  a  hiiiii  of  not  more  lliaii  IINl/.  ami  not  lesii  than  20/  ;  anil  if  the  person  olfemliiiu  he  a 
pilot,  he  Hliall  he  liahli;  to  lie  deprived  of  hid  licence,  al  the  dlMcrelioii  of  iIiobu  by  wlioin  lie  vvut 
appointed.— {71. 

rilolH  kei'piiip  piihlic-lioiiiieti,  or  Helliiic  wine,  HpiiiliioiiH  liipiora,  tobacco,  or  tea  (iiiiIuhh  nntlioriscil 
by  the  competent  nutliorities\  or  heini:  ronii'rned  in  any  fraini  or  otl'enci'  ai;uinst  the  revenue  law  s,  nr 
ill  relation  to  any  hraiicli  of  their  duty,  nliall,  over  and  aliove  nil  miilcls,  penallieH,  &e.  for  hiiiIi 
<itrenci'8,  he  ailjiidi;ed  lu  forfeit  their  licencR,  or  he  HUapetided,  ut  the  dlMcretioii  uf  lliusu  hy  whom  they 
ore  liieiiHed.— JfiH. 

A  pilot,  when  taken  on  hoard,  stiall  enter  his  naiiii'  in  tlie  lop-liook  of  every  nliip  enterine  the  port  of 
London  requiring  lo  he  piloted  under  IIiih  act,  and  if  any  pilot  or  other  pernon  iiiHert  ■•  false  naiiie,  liii 
ill  to  forfeit  V!(l/. ;  and  the  name  or  iiameH  of  the  pilot  or  plloin  ho  entered  in  tlie  li>|.'-liook  and  employed 
ill  piloliiiK  the  vensel,  are  to  he  iiiHerted  in  the  rnlni  or  reimil  of  hiicIi  vesKel  inwiinls  -  .mil  this  inser- 
tion U  lo  he  made  (without  fee  or  reward)  hy  the  "proper  oilicer  of  the  cnsloiiiH,  w  ho  hIiiiII  reporl  Iliu 
suine  daily  to  the  Trinity  IIoiiHe,  and  inonlhly  to  I  he  Lord  Warden  of  the  <'ini|iie  I'ortti.  'I'he  prim  ipal 
searcher  or  oilicer  of  the  cnHloms  al  (iravesend  Ik  to  ileiiiaiid  and  take  the  name  or  nainiH  ol  the 
pilot  or  pilots  of  all  veHsels  clearini;  outwards,  and  tliall  Iraiisniit  monllily  lists  thereof  to  ihu 
Trinity  House,  on  pain  of  forfeit iii|!  a  hiiiii  not  more  than  111/.,  nor  less  than  .'■/.,  lo  he  paid  hy  e.icli 
and  every  of  the  persons  furenuid  who  nhall  tieijlect  to  comply  with  any  of  the  foresaid  re;;nhilioii!i, 
— *  4.3. 

I'ilots  quitting  nny  vesgel  in  the  Thames  or  Mcdwny  before  she  has  nrriveil  nt  the  place  to  which 
■lie  was  hound,  without  the  consent  of  the  captain  or  other  person  in  coinniand,  and  unless  soineoiiu'r 
duly  i|ualilii'il  person  shall  with  such  consent  come  on  board  and  take  charjie  of  the  ship,  shall  forleit 
for  such  otlrioe  all  pay  or  reward  Ihey  niifht  he  enlilled  to,  and  shall  also  he  subject  to  such  oilier 
penalty  or  ponishmcnl  as  may  le|:ally  allecl  Iheiii  in  conseiiiieiice  of  any  by-law,  \.c.— {  fJ. 

rilolH  nefilecling  nr  refusing  to  obey  the  orders  of  the  diUerent  dock  masters  within  their  respective 
jiirisdicilon  incur  a  penally  of  nut  mure  than  51)/.  utid  not  less  than  2(1/.  for  each  utreiicc,  and  inuy  lie 
dismissed  or  suspended.— } 75. 

Licensed  pilots  may  supersede  unlicensed  ones.  Ann  if  any  unlicensed  person  shall  act  after  a  duly 
licensed  pilot  has  otfered  to  conie  on  hoard  and  lake  char).'e  of  Ihe  ship.^he  heiiic  al  the  lime  within 
the  limits  for  which  he  is  (pialitied,  such  unlicensed  person  shall  forfeit  not  more  than  6Ui.  and  not  less 
than  iill/.— J70. 

liul  unlicensed  persons  may  act  so  long  as  no  licensed  pilot  offers  to  lake  charge  of  the  ship,  or 
makes  a  signal  for  thai  purpose,  nr  where  and  so  long  as  the  ship  shall  be  in  distress.— {71. 

Licensed  pilots  who  have  e.xecuted  the  bond  before  menlioned  shall  not  be  liable  to  any  actinn  for 
danwiL'es  on  account  of  neglect  or  want  of  skill,  al  the  suit  of  the  parly  grieved,  in  nny  greater  sum 
than  Ihe  amount  which  shall  have  been  specified  hy  way  of  penalty  in  such  bond,  and  Ihe  piloiaee 
payable  to  him  in  respect  of  the  voyage  during  w  hicli  the  neglect  or  want  of  skill  are  alleged  to  have 
been  e.xhibiled. — {  57. 

5.  Fetn  iif  Piliiinge. — The  charge  on  account  of  pilotage  is  regulated  in  various  places  by  us.igo  nr 
Ftalule,  and  generally  increases  in  proportion  to  the  depth  of  water  which  tlie  vessel  draws,  'i'he 
Trinity  House  Corporation  and  the  Lord  Warden  of  the  Cimiiie  Ports  have  authority,  as  hel'oti'  incii- 
tioned,tu  fix  the  rates  on  account  of  pilotage  to  he  charged  by  all  pilots  licensed  by  ll'iein.— (.Siihjoined 
to  this  article  are  Tables  of  the  present  rates.) 

Any  pilot  carried  to  sea  beyond  the  limits  of  his  district  without  his  free  consent,  except  in  cases  of 
absolute  necessity,  shall,  over  and  above  his  pilotage,  receive  Ws.  i<il.  a  day,  lo  he  eomputed  frnin  anil 
inclusive  of  the  day  iie.M  after  the  day  on  which  llir  vessel  shall  pass  the  limit  lo  which  the  pilot  was 
engaged  to  conduct  her,  and  iiiilil  he  shall  be  returned  In  the  port  or  place  where  he  was  taken  oi< 
board,  or  be  discharged  fur  u  sutlicient  time  to  enable  him  to  return  there.— {3sl. 


PILOTS  AND  I'lLOTAC.K. 


805 


prnvldlnR  and 
rt  til  mil  li  rules 

j:il 

Hull  lliii-il  wiih 
whilf  iiili'iit,  tn 
III,  or  ''ii  u  Kprll 
ri'/.iiiitnUiniHOi 
|i-tl*rK  ul  liicliet 
tiii'li  piliit  :  iiiid 
iiii'il  |iriiviiiii)niii 
Ijrir  iiliBi'rvaiiro. 
irituri'il.  on  I'ut" 

allciMiiud  pilot 

III!  i.tliiT  lorpo- 
nil,  i>ii  till-  l"t  iif 
I,.  Kiv|irniiy  iliily 
ir  li>  llioM'  iiiiilir 

ixrrviiiK  >■•  >'»<'l> 

m  liy  till'  pilot,  it 
„r  ilnliiii'  K'liiiK 
II  rrilllll'^il  '"  ''i> 
iitt.iii,iir  !■>  liny 
•  I, I'  llir  lUKlcilliii : 
riMif,  iilliT  111'  lii>« 
lie  iiiUKlirt  kliull, 

rri<iiti  hiivinK  llic 

.  Ill'JiiTllI  Wlllll    id 

mil  imt  li'SH  lliiiii 
iii»u  liy  wlioiii  lie 

II  iirtiiie  IT  rliiiin- 
H.'ll  Jni  iip  'lili'  iif 

|.||||I   illlli   llilliL'cT, 

I  ;  (If  II  iiiiy  Mail 
Icly  III"  tli«  vi'sml 

VI'imi'lK.  tlll'll,  !lllll 

niiivf  ill  till'  I'lHii- 
f  Ihc  I'lirlit  i/iuictl, 
inn  iiII'l-iiiIiiiu  I"'  :i 
by  wlmlii  lie  wun 

(iiiileHH  niilliiirisoil 
;  ri'Vt'iiiio  liuvs,  lit 
MfB,  &r.  I'lT  siiili 
use  liy  Nvliiiiii  llii'y 

ilrrinK  lln!  r,"fl  of 
I  i   I'uUc  iiuiiii!,  lis 

k  ilMll  I'lliplnyi'd 

iiiil  tliin  iiisiT- 

|ii  hIiiiII  ri-pi>rl  lliu 

Its.     Till'  piiiiiiliiil 

(ir  iiiiiiii'B  111  ili« 

Its  tlii-ri'xl'  III  the 

III'  pa  III  liy  VMh 

buiil  rujiiiluUiinii, 

lli(>  place  to  which 
liiiiless  siiiiii'DihiT 
Isliip,  Hliall  fl'llClt 
jetl  til  «in:li  I'llior 

Ill  their  ri's|i(ative 
I'eiiie,  ttiiil  iiiiiy  lio 

Lu  net  afti'r  a  iliily 
It  the  tliiii!  within 
111  5U1.  Uliil  not  It'Sd 

Ice  of  the  ship,  or 

I  til  nny  iirtioii  f"r 
any  ^'r^al('r  sum 

J  lilll'l  till-   pilolllBB 

|e  alli'ged  to  have 

llnces  liy  iisaijp  or 
ssel  ilriuvrt.  The 
^■,  us  liiM'oti'  mi'ii- 
Tifin.— (.rfiilijoir.eil 

l>xce|it  ill  caspsnf 

Inipiiteil  Iriuii  iiiiil 

licli  Ihr  pilot  was 

I  he  was  taken  op 


Mlnt»  ari"  111  tuilify  thoiii'i'lvfii  fur  roniliirtlnn  vi'mrln  In  (iml  out  of  n  inmuntr  Iinrlmiir.  ami  tlin 
Inrliixirii  of  llovcr,  Hiiiiiltvn  h,  nml  Mnririili',  iiml  nhiill  lii'  I'liiiiliil  in  iiinl  n  i  I'lvo  l^r  kih  li  pilnlaui'  iil 
the  rnir  of  ftd.  for  every  fool  of  Ho'  ilnmulit  of  wiiler  nf  eviry  viHrnl  mi  pilnli'il      ;.  (  .'I'l.  10. 

J^llliw  111. mill  t"  the 'riiiiMirn,  re|i:ilriiiu  to  H|i|iiil|(iiti'  I'rrek,  nr  ollur  lihui'K  ii|ipiiliiti'il  I'.if  the  |ier. 
fiirituiiiri'  iif  i/i  «•/"'<"'.  'ifi'  lo  pay  the  lull  i  liat(!i'«  of  pilnliiiir  tn  Mii  li  plare,  ainl  a  fiirlliir  hiiiii  iif  h.i. 
n  iliiv  for  the  il'iyii  llo   pihii  uli'ill  he  nliliireil  to  ri'iiiiilii  on  i;iiaraiitiiii> 

AliV  liolll  or  M'snel  riilili""  hefnre  it  nhip  nr  ve-url,  iinl  li.ivlinf  ii  lii'enHril  pllnt  nil  linaril,  W  Ili'M  »iuh 

uliiii  or  vi'fiiel  eamiot  be  lniaf(f'<l,  fur  the  I'lirpotie  nf  iliiii  linu  liri  riiiir»i',  llir  pilnl  I'li  I ri|  -iirli  linat 

nr  ve«el  nr,  if  im  pil"'  •»<"  on  bo  ird-  'he  I'  rmui  liiiviiiu  thn  rnniiiiaiiil  tlii'ii'iil'.  iiiiil  it  lin  mIi.iII  iiiii  Im  I'lrn 
«iirh  tfliiii  nl'llie  rnineHf  or  by  itireilioil  HI  Hie  iiianter,  nlmll  lie  iiitllli'il  In  full  pilntai^e  t'nr  111  '  ilinlaiuii 

AM  the  Mil II  -  "liii'Imlmll  l<*'i  nrtm  ^ue  In  any  Iif  eimeil  (iilnt  f.ir  the  p  |n|ai(i>  nl'tMrriuMl  i«lil|i><  nr  VeKH'ld 
trailing  to  or '1  "»' port  nf  /i  »»/"«  rnay  be  rer<ivrrril  frmii  tlie  owners  nr  iii.i»Iiik  nf  kuiIi  !.|ii|'ri  nr 
viKHi'M,  or  t'roiii  III.  '  'iisiiiiieett  nr  ilireiiM  lheri'"i°,  who  nliiill  have  paiil,  nr  iiiaile  tlieiiiHi'lM'*  li;ili|i' to 
iiav,  any  ullier  iliiiiu,'  (nr  Ihe  i<lil|iiir  ve»F'el  In  lln'  pott  nf  her  arrival  nr  ilrlivery  an  tn  pijniaL'i'  jii»  anlH, 
iiiiil'  In  the  port  whence  nhr  shall  riear  out  nr  h.iiI  as  In  pijilaire  niitu  anh  ;  ami  iiia>  he  U-\  n  il  In  like 
iiniiiii'r,  airoriliiiu  to  th.'  nmf  'Ul,  a»  aiiv  penally  may  bn  ri  '  i\i  ri'il  anil  levleil  by  v  irliie  nj  llie  ,|it, 
ili'iii.iiiil  thereof  heliitf  mule  in  urltlimal  leant  /MiirrVcn  ilays  bifiire -m  li  livy.  .\iiil  the  luantir  of 
nther  iierMon  li  iviiR  llio  iliarire  iirBlilp.-i  or  vi'smi'Ih,  not  hdriiis!  HrvUh  muxtirn,  \\  liii  h  Hhall  ruler  ilitu 
nr  Hill  friiin  tin'  |ioil  of  /."»i/"ii,  anil  »  liii  h  nro  hy  law  ri'i|tiireil  to  be  pilniiil  by  piT.^onx  liren.-i'il  by 
tlie  rorp  r:itiiiii  of  Hie  Trinity  llniiMe,  nr  the  i-iih<<i||iii'<'-'  nr  ni'rntH  thirinf,  are  to  pay  at  Ihe  Tniiily 
llnnii'.  ill  /..iN''"H,  III  (lerHiiiia  appnlnliil  hy  the  inrimi  ill  li  nf  Hie  Tnnily  llnlli-e,  the  full  pibilauD 
InvvarilK  ami  niilw  irils ;  \  I/.,  an  to  pilniaiie  nut  wiiriU.  the  iiuintint  l'"r  I  lie  ili-lami'  \\  lin  li  tin'  >liip  i>  by 

hvv  reijuireil  In  he  piloleil ;  a«  In  pilntaffe  lii»  ariN,  tvlien'  a  pilnl  xhall  liavi'  I ii  nn  lo'aril,  Hie  aiii'iiinl 

t'nr  Ihi'  iliKlani'e  pilnteil  by  him,  if  cri'iiti'r  than  that  wbuli  xiie  hIiiII  be  ri'i|Miri'il  In  be  pilnii'il  ;  If  |i'««, 
nr  if  no  pilot  Hhall  have  bieii  on  hniiril.  the  ainonnt  f.'r  Ihe  ill'tanre  uhiili  ^lll'  w.ih  by  law  riiiuiriil  lo 
be  pilole'l  :  liu'  piloiai'e  Inwanls  may  Im  levii'il,  Ike  iiimiii  Ihe  ma^tl'r  nr  nllnr  piiHiiii  in  rliiiri.'i'.  lou- 
toi/nee,  nr  aiJeii',  in  Ihe  Hiiine  inaiiner  as  in  tho  la^e  nt  i-lii|iJ  hnrir:'  llnii.-li  rn.'infi-r.t,  il  Hiuli  pilnlayo 
mwarils  be  not  panl  wilhiii  fmirlii  ii  ilays  frnm  the  il.iy  nf  the  ship's  repntlini;  low  anls.     J  0  1 1.   If' 

'I'he  pitnlii'.'e  niiluatil  iipun  t'iiri'li.'li  vessels  Is  tn  be  Vah'iilali'il  an  nnlliil.'  lo  the  siate  nt  aiilnlliit  of 
tonnaire  iipmi  vvliii'ii  snili  HJilps  nr  vessels  are  raliil  lu  III.'  port  nf  l.nniloii  fur  pa\  iin'iit  nf  |i;;|it  ami 
(itlier  ilitei,  or  uecorilliiK  til  the  ilruii({ht  of  water  llitireuf,aii  tliu  Trinity  IIoiihu  may  think  iiiost  proper. 
-^  10. 

in  iinler  lo  prevent  rnntrnversii's  with  respert  to  the  ilraiitrht  of  water  of  ships  not  having'  llrilL-h 
fi'LosliTi.,  III'!  Trinity  llnii^e  is  enipiiwenil  tn  ii|ipnint  mi  nllu  rr  In  iin  a^iiie  the  ilraiiL'iit  if  u  al.  r  nf 
fliips  w  nil  ris|iei  t  In  w  liiili  there  is  any  i-nntmver-'y,  sinh  nilirrr  rei  eiviiis;  1/.  I.-,  I'nr  his  irnu'iJM  ii'ilie 
hIiiji  111'  lielnw  the  eiitriinie  to  the  l.nnilnii  Diirks.  ami  II'.-.  I'l/  if  iilmvi'  sin  h  enliaiire,  Irnni  Ihe  parly 
nt'iinst  whom  he  may  ileiiile.     If  arriviii)!  inwarils,  appliiiitinn  fnr  hihIi  nllieer  must  In'  maile  w  ithin 

\-l  I rs  afHT  the  ship  has  eome  tn  her  ninnrlii^'s,  unil  liefnru  she  \<vf,\\\  to  iiiilailu  ;  iiml  bilnre  iiuiitiiig 

her  inooiiniis,  if  ileariiif,'  nutwanl  -  fl  .'id. 

The  Tiiniiy  House  iir pinvereil  In  take  ineasiires  for  lli|t  rellif  of  Inrii^lli  vensels  rniniiii!  tn  the 

port  of  1.011111111  with  fish,  I'lirn,  ami  olhir  provisinns  nn  linanl.  eillier  fioin  the  whole  ur  part  of  tho 
(liarces  on  aiTOiint  of  pilolaL'e  that  won  III  fall  iipnii  tlieiii  iliiiler  this  art.     <!>  .'il. 

Nil  t'oreiuii  vessel  hIiiiII  be  i  leareil  nntwanls  until  a  lertlfieate,  Hi(;iii'il  by  the  person  ap|iointeiI  fnr 
that  purpose  hy  the  Trinity  llniise,  that  the  pllnta^e  leis  been  paiil,  has  been  proiliiriil  ;  the  i  nrpora- 
tiiin  pay  the  pilot  einplnyeil,  on  proof  that  he  has  iliily  perfnrmeil  his  service,  t  lie  pilntagi',afler  ihilittt- 
iiii;  the  f'l'  ililty.— I?  17. 

The  consiKiieeH  or  auenla  of  nny  ship  or  vessel  are  aiilhoriseil  ami  enipowereil  tn  retain  in  their 
haiiils  ri'speetively,  out  of  any  iiiinies  w  hich  they  may  have  reeeiveil  nr  sliall  Ihoreal'ler  receive  I'nr 
or  on  ai  cinint  of  .siuli  ship  or  vessel,  nr  the  owner  or  ow  in'rs  thereof,  sn  ninili  as  shall  he  uiiltiiieiit  to 
pav  anil  iliscliart'e  sneli  pilntajre,  ami  any  e.vpenses  altiinliii!;  the  same.—  }  I,'). 

fi.  Ue^iwii.tihili'jh  'S'"-  <f  Miistiri!. — ,'ShipH  entuina  finiii  the  weslwaril,  lioiinil  to  nny  liliire  in  t'i« 
Thames  nr  Aledway,  nut  havlui;  a  iliily  i|iialilieil  <'ini|iie  I'mt  pilnl  nn  bnaril.  shall,  on  nrrivini'  at  Vrn- 
irnir,<y,  aril  until  they  have  passuil  thn  smith  buoy  nf  the  lln\hr,  display  anil  keep  llyinj:  llie  iisiinj  ^v;. 
nal  fnr  a  pilot  to  eome  on  board  ;  and  the  master  sli:ill  heave  to  ami  shnrteii  sail,  so  ai.  In  liciiilale  the 
riitrv  of  Ihe  pilnt.  I'ersniiH  imt  displayinc  such  siL'iial,  Ac.  shall  fnrfeit  ami  pay  ilniihle  Hie  ainnunt  of 
the  sum  lliat  the  cliarue  tor  piliitat.'e  would  have  .'imoniited  to.  Ami  il  is  further  pn  vnled,  that  all 
masters  of  vessels  artin);  themselves  as  pilnts,  nr  employiiijr  any  unlicensed  person  as  siicli,  nr  any 
lic'iisial  person  out  of  the  limit  of  his  qnalilicalinn,  after  any  lieensed  and  i|iialiM>'il  pilot  shall  havu 
nllVrcil  liicoine  on  hnnrd,  or  made  a  sijinal  for  that  purpose,  shall  t'orfeit  iliuible  III"  sum  that  wniild 

hiive  I n  lecally  deiiiandalile  as  pilntace,  iinil  an  additional  penalty  of  .'i/.  for  every  'ill  tons  liunlen  of 

the  ship,  if  the  'J'rinily  House  or  Lord  Warden  of  the  C'iinnie  I'orls,  as  the  cute  iiiiiy  be,  shall  think  it 
proper  to  certify  the  same. 

lint  the  inasler  of  any  of  llie  fnllnwInR  vessels  inay  pilnt  tlio  snmo,  sn  Innir  as  he  is  -ml  nssistril  hynny 
i/ni'iri  K.vfi/  pihtl  nr  nllicr  pvrsiiii  than  the  nrilinunj  criir  :  viz.  the  master  of  iiny  rolliec,  .ir  of  any  ship  or 
vessel  trading  \n  Jfnriniii,  or  to  the  C(i//i'i''(it  or  Hallir,  or  rotiiid  the  A',  r.'.'i  Ciipc,  i  r  into  the  Uhite 
Sea,  on  their  inward  or  outward  voyapes,  or  of  any  ooiistnnt  trader  inwards,  irnm  the  pints  between 
Biiiilo/fiie  inclusive,  and  the  Utillie  (all  siicli  ships  nr  vessels  liavi'iir  }iril,sh  registers,  and  cnininR 
r,|i  hy  the  Xorth  Chiinml.  hut  not  otherwise),  or  of  any  /ri.-/(  trail<r  nsintr  the  iiaviL'alion  of  the 
rivers  Tluuiic.i  and  Meilimii,  nr  <if  any  ship  ot  vessel  employed  in  the  reyiilar  roas  mc  trade  nf  the 
kint-'ilom,  or  of  any  ship  nr  vessel  whnlly  laden  with  stone  froiii  CJhovi.sc;/,  Jerscii.  .ildrrneii.  Stirk, 
or  Man,  and  heini!  the  pmiliietion  thereof,  or  nf  any  ship  or  vessel,  not  e.xceeiliii!!  the  burden  of 
W)  tons,  and  hiirhn'  "  firilish  rririsirr  (nr  not  e.vceiilini;  the  burden  of  fiO  tons,  and  vut  hnriiiir  a 
llriii.-h  rr;;ifli'r,  if  aiHlinrisoil  so  to  do  by  nn  order  of  the  privy  eoiircil).  or  of  any  other  ship  or 
M's?:el  winlsnever,  whilst  the  same  is  within  the  limits  of  the  pnrt  nr  place  to  which  she  helnnss, 
till'  same  not  heinu  a  pnrt  or  place  in  relation  to  which  particular  prnvismn  hath  heri'lnlori'  been 
iiiaile  by  any  act  or  itcts  of  iiarlianieiit,  or  hy  any  charter  or  charters  for  the  appniiittnent  nf  pilnts. 
-J  D  .v.),  00. 

The  master  or  mate  nf  any  vessel,  beiuL'  the  owner  or  part  owner  thereof,  and  residing  at  Dover, 
Deal,  or  the  Isle  of  Tlianet,  shall  not  be  liable  to  any  penalty  for  cniiiliictiiig  or  piloting  his  own  ship 
orvessi'l  up  or  down  the  river  Thames  or  Medway,  or  into  or  out  of  any  place  within  tlie  jurisdiction 
of  the  (,'inipiu  Ports.— J<i2. 

This  act  shall  not  c.vtend,  or  he  cnnstrnod  to  extend,  to  subject  tlie  master  or  owner  of  any  ship  or 
vessel  to  any  of  the  penalties  of  this  act,  for  eniployiiig  any  person  or  persons  whomsoever,  as  a  pilot 
nr  pilots,  in  and  for  the  assistance  of  such  ship  or  vessel,  whilst  tlic  saiiio  shall  be  in  distress,  or  in 
cniiseipiencc  thereof,  or  under  any  circumstances  wliicli  shall  have  rendered  it  necessary  tor  such 
owner  or  master  to  avail  himself  of  the  best  assistance  which  at  the  time  could  he  procured. — ?I51. 

No  owner  or  master  of  any  ship  or  vessel  shall  he  answerable  for  any  loss  or  damage  which  shall 
happen  tn  any  person  or  persons  wliatsoevcr,  from  or  hy  reason  nr  means  of  no  licensed  pilot  or  of  no 
duly  qiialified  pilot  being  on  board  thereof,  unless  it  shall  be  proved  that  the  want  of  such  liceiiaed  or 
2  c  2  39 


^"7 


306 


PILOTS  AND  PILOTAGE. 


|.  ;     ) 


of  Biich  duly  qualified  pilot  respectively  sliall  linve  arisen  from  nny  rerusal  to  tnkc  such  licensed  or 
qualified  pilot  on  l)oard,  or  Troni  tlie  wilful  neglect  of  the  uisiKterof  sucli  ship  or  vcsNel  in  not  lieaving 
to,  or  iisin^  nil  practicable  means,  consistently  wiili  lier  safety,  for  tlic  purpose  of  taking  on  board 
tliureof  any  pilot  vvlio  sliall  be  ready,  and  offer  lo  take  charge  o4'the  same. — 1)53. 

Nniliing  in  this  act  shall  extend,  or  be  lOiiHtrni'd  to  extend,  to  make  ihe  owner  of  any  ship  or  verisel 
liable  in  any  sucli  case,  for  any  loss  or  damage  beyond  the  value  of  such  ship  or  vessel  and  iier  appur- 
tenanci!s,  and  the  freight  due,  or  to  grow  due,  fur  and  during  tlie  voyage  wherein  such  loss  or  damage 
may  happen  or  ari-n'.— J  .')4. 

No  owner  or  masic  r  of  any  ship  or  vessel  shall  ho  answerable  for  any  loss  or  damage  which  sliall 
happen  to  any  perscin  <•-  persons  whomsoever,  from  or  hy  reason  or  means  of  any  neglect,  default, 
iMriim|ieleney,  nr  incap.  ly  of  any  Iicens(!d  [illdt  actios  In  the  charge  of  any  such  ship  or  Vl•^i«(■l,  under 
or  in  piirsuani'O  ofajiy  Oi  the  provi.sions  oftlijs  act,  wliere  and  so  long  as  such  pilot  ^linll  beilulyqiia. 
Iirh-<l  to  have  the  charge  of  such  hhip  or  ves.sel,  or  where  and  so  long  us  no  duly  i|ualitied  pilot  sliull 
have  ipflTiTed  to  lake  charge  thereof.— }. 05. 

Nofliing  in  this  act  sinill  be  construed  to  extend  to  deprive  any  person  or  pc'rsons  of  any  remedy 
or  remedii-s  upon  any  contract  of  insurance,  or  of  any  utlic^r  remedy  whatsciever,  wliicli  he  or  tliey 
niiglil  have  had  if  this  act  liad  nnt  been  pa.^seil,  by  reason  or  on  account  of  the  neglect,  default, 
incouipetency,  or  incap.icity  of  any  pildt  duly  acting  in  the  charge  of  any  shili  or  ves.uel,  uiuler  or 
in  pur.oiime  of  any  of  the  provisions  of  tbis  act,  or  by  reason  or  on  account  of  no  pilot  nr  of  no 
duly  cpialllied  pilot  being  on  board  of  any  such  ship  or  vessel,  unless  it  shall  be  proved  that  tlie 
want  of  a  pilot  arises  from  a  refusal  on  the  part  of  tlie  master  to  take  such  pilot  on  board,  or  to 
heave  lo  fnr  him. — 1>  56. 

All  masters  or  other  persons  having  the  command  of  any  ship,  who  shall  report,  or  he  privy  to  any 
one  re|)iirlinL'.  a  false  account  of  the  drau<.'ht  of  water  of  such  ship,  shall,  besides  the  full  pilotage,  for. 
feit  diinlile  the  amount  thitrenf;  and  any  master  or  other  person  having  any  interest,  share,  or  pro- 
perty in  any  vessel,  who  shall  fraudulently  alter  any  marks  on  the  stem  or  stern  post  thereof,  dinii. 
nisliiig  the  drauaht  of  water,  or  shall  he  privy  or  consent  thereto,  shall  for  every  such  otlcnce  forfeit 
and  p:iy  the  sum  of  50(1/, 

7.  Jiccorirrj  </  Penalties. — Penalties  incurred  umler  this  act,  not  exceeding  2<l/.,  are  to  be  recovered 
before  a  Justice  by  prosecution  within  .six  nnuitlis  ;  aiul  penalties  ubm-e  20/.  by  action  of  debt  in  any  of 
the  courts  of  record  at  It'estmin.'ter,  to  be  coinmiMiced  within  tiiclvc  nionlhs  ;  but  if  it  shall  be  made  to 
appear,  as  soon  aftt!r  as  the  ciicumstanres  of  the  case  will  admit,  that  the  cononi'iiciMuent  of  the  pro- 
secution or  action  has  been  delayed  by  reason  of  the  absence  of  any  parly  or  parlies,  whellntr  olioiid- 
ing  or  complaining,  or  of  any  necessary  witness,  then,  upon  such  circumstances  being  staled  hy  utli- 
(lavit,  made  lii.'forH  any  judge  of  any  of  bis  .Miijc-ty's  courts  of  record  at  II  mtminster,  any  such  judge 
may  order  or  authorise  the  cotniueucemcnt  of  llie  prosecution  or  action  within  sucli  I'urtlier  time  as  he 
shall  Ihink  fit  to  limit. 

It  is,  however,  provided  that  nothing  therein  contained  shall  affect  or  impair  the  jurisdiction 
'  of  the  Court  of  Loadmanage,  or  High  Court  of  Admirally,  nor  the  right  of  ihe  city  of  London,  nor 
(in  general)  any  separate  jurisdiction  established  under  any  act  of  parliament  or  cliarter. — H*0,  "7, 
87,  6H,  (JU. 

Bv-L.iws,  Regulations,  and  OnniNANCES  as  to  Pilots,  framed  by  the  Trinity  Corporation,  and 
sanctioned  hy  Lord  Tenderden,  I'Jlh  of  April,  1626. 

I.  Annuls  the  previous  regulations. 

II.  It  is  ordained,  that  every  pilot  who  shall  be  ordered  to  proceed  on  his  Majesty's  service,  hy  any 
order  signed  by  the  deputy  master  or  secretary  of  the  said  corporation,  or  by  tlie  otiicer  for  the  time 
being  for  the  said  corporation  at  Yarmouth,  or  elsewhere,  duly  authorised  to  act  in  matters  of  pilotage, 
or  wlio  shall  be  so  ordered,  in  writing  or  otherwise,  hy  any  oilicer  in  his  Majesty's  service,  shall  jni- 
niedialely  proceed  thereon  ;  and  every  pilot  who  shall  fail  so  to  do,  or  shall  evade  the  receipt  of  any 
such  order,  or  who  shall  quit  or  decline  such  service,  shall  for  'he  first  offence  forfeit  5/.,  and  for  llie 
second  and  every  subsequent  olfi-nce  10/.  each. 

III.  It  is  ordained,  that  every  pilot  engagc^d  in  the  charge  of  any  ship  employed  by  government  in 
the  transport  service,  shall  observe  particularly  if  any  unnecessary  delay  take  place  on  the  pari  of  the 
master  in  proceeding  towards  his  destination  ;  and  ifany  delay  does  take  place,  such  pilot  shall, on  bis 
return,  report  the  same  to  the  secretary  of  the  said  corporation,  and  upon  going  on  board,  such  pilot 
shall  give  notice  to  the  master  that  he  has  orders  so  to  do. 

IV.  It  is  ordained,  that  no  pilot  having  Ih3  charge  of  a  merchant  ship  shall  stop  the  same  alongsiib; 
the  moorings  of  his  iMaji^sty's  ships  at  Deptford,  or  elnewhere,  or  between  the  Round  'I'reci  and 
Kathing-house,  Gravesend  (except  in  either  of  sucli  cases  there  be  an  cxtremi!  necessity  for  so  doing, 
or  leave  be  obtained  for  that  purpose  from  the  proper  officer  or  officers  in  tliat  behalf),  and  all  pilule 
licensed  by  the  said  corporation  are  at  all  times  to  be  particularly  careful  to  steer  clear  of  the  king's 
ships  in  passing  them. 

V.  It  is  ordained,  that  every  pilot,  when  called  upon  or  required  to  pilot  any  ship  or  vessel,  shall,  if 
under  engagement  to  any  other  ship,  forthwith  make  known  such  engagement,  and  specify  the  parti- 
culars thereof  truly  and  faithfully  to  the  person  calling  for  or  requiring  such  pilot's  service  ;  and  in 
case  of  any  concealment,  misrepresentation,  or  falsehood,  in  respect  of  such  alleged  previous  eiigage- 
nient,  the  pilot  offending  shall  forfeit  10/. 

VI.  It  is  ordained,  that  every  pilot  who  shall  havt;  taken  charge  of  any  ship  from  the  river  Thames 
to  the  Downs,  or  elsewhere,  shall,  without  any  additional  compensation  in  that  behalf,  wail  on  Imaril 
for'the  space  of  3  complete  days  while  such  ship  may  be  detained  at  Gravesend,  or  elsewhere,  I'l  r  want 
of  seamen,  or  by  any  other  casualty  ;  nor  shall  he  at  the  end  of  ,3  complete  days  be  at  liberty  to  ipiit 
such  ship,  or  receive  any  additional  compensation,  if  she  shall  be  further  detained  by  winds,  weather, 
or  tides ;  and  should  the  ship  be  detained  beyond  3  complete  days  on  any  other  account  except  « iinls, 
weather,  or  tides,  the  pilot  having  llie  charge  thereof  shall  nevertheless  still  (if  required  so  to  do) 
remain  in  the  cliargc  of  her,  provided  a  compensation  o{6s.  per  day  he  offered  to  him  in  thai  behalf  liy 
the  master  or  owner. 

VII.  It  is  ordained,  that  every  pilot  shall  in  all  cases  demean  himself  civilly  and  respectfully  towards 
all  persons  who  may  rr-quire  his  service,  and  towards  all  officers  in  his  Majesty's  navy,  and  shall 
maintain  a  strict  temperance  and  sobriety  in  the  exercise  of  his  ofhce,  and  shall  use  his  utmost  care 
and  diligence  for  the  safe  conduct  of  every  ship  which  he  shall  be  intrusted  with  the  charge  of,  and  to 
prevent  her  doing  damage  to  others. 

VIII.  It  is  ordained,  that  every  pilot  who  shall  undertake  the  charge  of  any  ship  downwards,  shall, 
before  his  departure,  leave,  or  cause  to  be  left,  notice  thereof,  in  writing,  at  the  proper  oflice  at  the 
Trinity  House  in  London,  with  one  of  the  clerks  there  attending,  and  shall  he  considered  as  disen- 
gaged until  he  shall  have  done  so ;  and  upon  such  pilot's  return,  he  shall  immediately,  in  his  own  per- 
son, attend  at  the  said  office,  and  make  and  sign  such  entry,  in  a  book  there  kept  for  that  purpose,  as 
ibe  baid  corporation  shall  from  time  to  time  direct  or  require. 


> 


PILOTS  AND  PILOTAGE. 


307 


e  such  licensed  or 
Bel  in  not  licaving 
i(  taking  on  board 

nny  ship  i>r  veaael 
sf  1  and  her  iipiiur- 
iich  luiis  ur  damage 

iniaf;e  wliicli  slmU 
ly  ni'Klect,  defanlt, 
ii|ii)r  vcsHi'l,  under 
1  'hiill  liiMliilyqna- 
iiulilied  |)ilui  sliull 

ons  of  any  remedy 
r,  wliicli  he  or  they 
le  neulect,  di-fanlt, 
ir  vessel,  under  iir 
f  no  liilnt  or  of  no 
be  proved  tlial  the 
lot  un  board,  or  tu 

,  or  he  privy  to  any 
10  full  pilotage,  for- 
rcst,  share,  or  pro- 
pcist  thereof,  diiiii- 
sucli  otl'ciicc  forfeit 

are  to  be  recovered 
on  of  debt  in  any  of 
fit  shall  lie  made  to 
iicemeiit  of  tin'  pro- 
les,  whellier  oliund- 
licins!  slated  by  alli- 
sff)-,  any  such  judjie 
li  further  time  as  lie 

lair  the  jurisdiction 
city  of  London,  nor 
■  charter.—}  {70,77, 


ty  Corporation,  and 


ity's  service,  by  any 

itlicer  for  (he  time 

matters  of  pilotage, 

service,  shall  im- 

Ihe  receipt  of  any 

•fell  bl.,  and  for  the 

hy  governiiicnt  ia 
■e  (in  tlie  part  of  the 

li  pilot  shall,  on  bis 
in  board,  such  pilot 

the  same  nlotissiile 

Round   Treii  and 

cessily  for  so  doin;;, 

lalf),  and  all  plinth 

clear  of  the  king's 

I  or  vessel,  sliail,  if 

d  specify  the  paili- 

's  service:  ;  and  in 

id  previous  enijagc- 

:n  the  river  Tlianica 
half,  wait  on  lioiiril 
elsewhere,  fir  want 

at  lilierly  t<>  (pnt 
by  winds,  weiiilicr, 
;oiint  except  wimls, 

required  so  to  (In) 
im  in  that  behalf  by 

espect fully  towards 
's  navy,  and  shall 
Ise  his  utmost  care 
|ie  charge  of,  and  to 

I  downwards,  shall, 
iiroper  ofiice  at  the 
fcnsidered  as  disen- 
lely,  iiiliisownper- 
for  that  purpose, as 


IX.  It  is  ordained,  that  every  pilot  licensed  hy  the  said  corporation  shall,  from  time  to  time,  and 
at  at  all  times,  in  obedience  to  the  order  or  summons  of  the  said  corporation,  under  the  hand  of 
the  secretary  thereof  for  the  lime  beiiiit,  duly  delivered  or  odered  to  such  (iilot,  or  lefi  a  reason- 
able time  at  the  usual  or  last  known  place  of  residence  of  such  plb  t,  attend  the  said  corporation, 
at  their  courts,  by-boards,  or  committees,  or  tluMr  S(.'crelary  fur  the  tiriie  biMiiji,  at  the  'I'rinily  Mouse 
in  London;  and  thai  every  pilot  licensed  by  the  said  corporation,  upon  a  (■eriili(  ale  oi' (inil'ification 
froii'i  siih-c'immissioners  of  pilotage,  shall,  in  like  maiuier,  attend  the  sub-coniinissioni'rs  of  the  port 
or  place  for  wliich  sucli  pilot  shall  he  so  licensed,  in  obedience  to  the  order  or  suuiiiions  cf  the  said 
Bub-coinrnissioncrs,  under  their  hands,  or  the  hands  of  the  major  part  of  them,  duly  delivered,  otlVred, 
or  left  as  aforesaid,  to  answer  to  any  charges  brought  against  such  pilots  respcciivily,  or  fur  the  per- 
formance of  any  public  service,  or  for  nny  other  purpose  whatsoever  ;  and  in  defaull  of  such  attend- 
ance every  pilot  so  uffending  shall  forfeit  for  the  first  otVence  iOs.,  and  for  the  second  and  every 
8uhse()uent  otlence  5/.  each. 

X.  It  is  ordered,  and  hereby  directed,  that  every  pilot  licensed  or  to  be  licensed  by  the  said 
corporation,  upon  their  receiving  a  certiticate  of  exaiiiinaliou  by  any  suh-couiniissioners  of  pilot- 
ace,  shall,  for  such  examination,  and  for  granting  the  licenci;  thereon,  pay  Ihi!  sum  of  2  guineas  to 
the  said  sub-commissioners  of  pilotage  by  whom  he  shall  he  examined,  or  to  one  of  them  ;  and  shall 
also,  for  the  renewing  or  uontirmini;  such  licence  from  time  to  time,  pay  to  tlii!  suli-coniiiiissionera 
of  pilotage  for  llie  time  being,  at  or  for  the  port  or  place  specilied  in  sucli  licence,  or  to  1  of  them,  the 
annual  sums  following ;  (that  is  to  say),  every  pilot  so  licensed  or  to  be  licensed  as  aforesiid,  for  the 
ports  of  I'lyinoiith,  Portsmouth,  or  diwes  respectively,  tlie  annual  sum  of  2  guim.'as ;  and  every  pilot 
licensed  or  to  be  licensed  as  aforesaid,  for  any  other  port  or  place,  the  annual  kiiiii  of  I  [.niinea,  unless 
the  pilots  at  or  for  such  port  or  place  shall  be  divided  into  2  classes  ;  and,  in  that  case  the  pilots  of  the 
1st  class  are  to  pay  the  annual  sum  of  2  guineas  each,  and  pilots  not  of  tlie  1st  class  the  aiiimal  sum 
of  1  guinea  each. 

XI.  It  is  ordained,  that  no  pilot  shall  add  to  or  in  any  way  alter  his  licence,  or  make  or  alter  any 
enilorseinent  thereon,  nor  shall  he  he  privy  to  any  such  licence  or  endorsement  being  altered. 

XU.  It  is  ordained,  that  every  pilot  who  shall  observe  any  alteration  in  any  of  tli(!  sands  or  channels, 
or  that  any  of  the  buoys  or  beacons  of  the  said  corporation  are  driven  away,  broken  down,  or  out  of 
place,  shall  forihwilh  ileliver  or  send  a  correct  statement  tliereoi",  in  writing,  to  the  secretary  of  the 
said  corporation  for  the  time  being. 

XIII.  It  is  ordained,  that  every  pilot  shall,  whenever  ho  comes  to  an  anchor,  carefully  oliserve 
the  settings  of  the  tide,  and  the  force  of  the  stream;  and  if  it  shall  happen  that  he  ckiiics  near  lo 
a  sand  or  other  object  or  cause  of  danger,  and  there  be  any  other  ships  or  ship  in  ciini|>aiiy  likely 
to  fall  in  therewith,  such  pilot  shall  immediately  give  notice  thereof  to  the  captain  or  pi  incipal  olli- 
cer  of  the  ship  iindei  his  care,  that  he  may  make  a  signal  to  such  other  ship  or  ships  for  avoiding 
the  same. 

XIV.  It  is  ordained,  that  no  pilot  shall,  on  any  pretence,  aid  or  assist,  cither  in  his  own  person  or 
wilh  his  boat  or  servants,  or  by  any  other  means  whatever,  tloi  landing,  removiiiL',  or  secreting  any 
seaman  from  any  merchant  shipor  vessel,  to  avoid  serving  in  his  Majesiy's  navy,  or  escape  the  impress 
for  the  same. 

XV.  It  is  ordained,  that  every  pilot  shall  from  time  to  time  conform  himself  strictly  to  all  directions 
which  shall  be  given  to  him  hy  any  of  the  harbour  masters  atitiiorised  by  act  of  parliamiuil,  under  the 
corporation  of  the  city  of  London,  touching  the  mooring,  unmooring,  placing,  or  removing  of  any  ship 
or  vessel  under  his  charge,  as  hmg  as  such  ship  or  vessel  shall  be  lying  and  situate  within  llic  limits 
of  the  authority  of  such  harbour  master. 

XVI.  It  is  ordained,  that  each  and  every  pilot  belonging  to  a  licenced  pilot  vessel  shall  bo  at  liberty 
to  entertain  one  apprentice  and  no  more. 

XVII.  It  is  ordained,  that  for  any  work  done  on  the  rivers  Thames  or  Mcdway  hy  men  in  boats, 
being  less  than  the  work  for  the  whole  tide,  the  pay  shall  be,  for  half  a  tide's  work  -l.v  to  eacli  man, 
Bini  so  in  proportion  for  any  time  less  than  a  whole  tide,  tlie  pay  for  which  is  settled  by  the  said  act 
of  the  tiih  year  of  the  reign  of  his  pr(!sent  Majesty  at  i*s. 

XVIII.  It  IS  ordained,  that  in  all  cases  wlicre  pecuniary  penalties  and  forfeitures  are  annexed  to  the 
breach  of  the  foregoing  by-laws,  rules,  orders,  regulations,  and  ordinances  the  said  corporation  of 
Trinily  House  may  mitigate  and  reduce  the  same  to  1-lth  part  at  their  discretion. 

XI. \  It  is  ordained,  tlial  every  pilot  who  shall  ollend  against  any  or  either  of  the  forei:oing  hy-!avv"j, 
orders,  regulations,  and  ordinances,  shall,  for  every  such  offence  cwhelherthe  same  sliall  subject  iiini 
to  any  peciiniary  penalty  or  not,  and  in  addition  to  sucli  penalty  if  any),  he  liabb;  to  have  his  licence 
aiinniled  and  forfeited,  or  suspended,  at  the  discretion  of  the  said  corporation. 

JV  f{.— Ilesides  conforming  themselves  diligently  to  the  above  by-laws,  rules,  orders,  regulations, 
and  ordinances,  the  pilots  licensed  hy  the  corporation  of  the  Trinity  House  are,  of  course,  in  all  things 
to  (ilisiTve  and  obey  the  same  enactments  and  provisions  relating  to  such  pilots  conlained  in  the  said 
act  of  parliament  made  and  passed  in  the  (ith  year  of  the  reign  of  his  Majesty  KingUeorge  tlie  Fourth, 
a  copy  of  which  act  has  been  delivered  to  each  of  the  said  pilots. 

♦»*  The  following  Tables  of  the  charges  on  account  of  pilotage,  &c.  arc  the  most  complete  that  have 
hitherto  been  piililished.  They  have  all  been  derived  from  oflicial  sources,  so  that  their  accuracy  may 
be  depended  upon. 


cSl 


808 


PILOTS  AND  PILOTAGE. 


!         ( 


,,  r 


i  I 


•1 


•  '   1  '  1. 


PILOTS  AND  PILOTAGE. 


309 


rorputllm*  Pilot  on  Bo^nl,  anu  for''- 
lolaje  of  Shii«  and  Vesieli  to  the 
Alichorag):  in  "lO  Dawns* 

From  oH'  nunjenwi  to  olt  Fnlkeslone  ; 
th.'  clmnh  lieariiig  N.  N.  W.  by  com- 

Fmm'nlT  Fnlkitone  to  the  South  Foreland, 
theliRlilsinoNe     ,     „"  ,"  .     ,.' 

From  olV  the  South  Foreland  to  the 
Downs 


60  Tons,  ind 
under  130. 


I.  d. 

0  0 

10  0 

S  0 


ISO  I'ons,  and 
under  250. 


L.  I.  d. 

3  0  0 

2  0  0 

I  6  0 


250  Tom,  and 
un  Icr  400. 


400  Tons,  and 
under  6J0. 


600  Tnns,  and 


L.     I.   rf. 


10  0 
10  0 
10    0 


L.   $.   d. 


0  0 
0  0 
0    0 


J. 


5  5  0 
4  4  0 
3    3    0 


In  the  River  Thames 
Gravesend 


/-  Fora  boat  of  acl.isscarr\'ins  an  anchor  of  above  L.  i.  d.  '\   Per  trip  for  the  wh'ilc.listance  from 

lies  above     J  4  cvvt.  with  a  corresponding  tow-line            -  2    2  0  v       Gtavcseint  to   lj»ii.loii;  and   m 

"S  Do.       do.       2  civt.        -           -           .           •  I     I  0  r      pro[Hirtion  for  any  part  of  that 

(_  Do.        do.        iiiiiItT  2  cvvt.          -           .            -  0  li  0  -/       distance. 


no.        iiniitT  ^  cvvi.  •  •  -         u  n 

And  for  cacli  man's  service  in  those  boats,  8f.  per  tide. 


Rates  ciiAnoED  for  the  Pilotage  of  Vessels, 

INO  THEM   IN   SOME   OF   THE 
JJeanmaril  Oistrict,  viz.— From  Rtngor  to  a  line  drawn  from 
Gr.Mt  Onnta  Mead  to  Point  Linas  i  and  to  and  from,  and  into  and  out 
of.  .all  ports  and  placet  within  those  limits. 

'n.  />'.— No  master  of  a  vessel  is  conipellcd  to  take  a  pilot  within 
this  jislrict,  miles  couiill?  into  or  goiin;  out  of  port;  Imt  if  he  do 
take  a  pilot,  it  must  be  one  of  the  district  pilots,  if  one  oiler. 
Rata  of  Pilotage,  far  Piloti't^  Shift  within  the  Bmumarit 
Dtiliict. 
Inwards. 

From  the  outside  ) 


of  the  Sound  •  j 


r  Under  100  tons 
.  >  ino 


"'"""^D'yiJoll-S    : 

(.300  and  upwards 
r  Ihidor  lOU  tons 
From  the  inside  )  |^,„  „,^  p     >  100  to  im        - 
of  llie  Sound  .   S  '  f  21W  —  300 

L30Uand  upwards 
f>t//i07r(/.». 
t'lrlcT  liW  tons 
p  0  to  2  '0        - 

an  — .1U0        .  .  •  -  . 

3ni   nd  upwards  •  ■  -  -  ,  ,,     _ 

Slops  not  huing  liriluh  registers  are  to  pay    14  more  than    is 
state.!  ill  the  altove  Table. 

Sliould  the  pilot  be  landed  at  Great  Ormes  Head— extra    • 
ll  i.iken  nut  of  the  limits  of  his  licence,  to  Chester  or  Li- 
verpool '  '  •  *  -3 
lu  case  tile  pilot  should  happen  to  have  charge  of  the  vcjjc; 
to  either  of  ihe  5  lid  places        -              .  •     5     .     . 
The  sum  of  "s.  &d.  per  d.ay  is  to  he  allowed  to  the  pilot  for  every 
day  such  pilot  may  be  detained  on  tioani  in  consequence  of  ihe  sliip 
or  vrtsel  performm<  quarantine,  or  detained  under  any  other  restric* 
lionsor  circumstances  such  ship  may  be  liable  to. 

Bdfoit. 


I.,    s. 

rf. 

0  l.i 

0 

1     1 

0 

1   11 

« 

2    2 

0 

0  10 

H 

0  1.-, 

0 

1     1 

0 

I  11 

ti 

0  10 

fi 

0  13 

0 

1     1 

0 

1   11 

6 

e  Ihau 

IS 

A,,  .f. 

rf. 

2    2 

0 

3    0 
5    0 


Fore 

ign  Rale. 

British  Rale. 

/,.  1. 

d. 

/,.». 

d 

Tonnage  dues        •            - 

0    0 

3  per  too 

0    0 

2  psrton 

and  never  to  exceed 

3    0 

0  per  ves 

2    0 

0  per  ves. 

Ballast   delivered    at    the 

(iuay  - 

0    2 

8  per  ton 

0    2 

0  per  ton 

Stones                — 

0    4 

0      — 

0    3 

0      — 

delivered  at  Oarmoyle 

0    3 

4      — 

0    2 

6      — 

\    Sloiies              — 

0    4 

6     - 

0    3 

6      — 

:  l'iliili!!e  fr.im  Whitehouse 

1     R  i.il«  to  Garmoyle,  and 

eiCE  ixna           ■      9  feet 

0  14 

0  per  ves. 

0  10 

6  per  ves. 

j                                     10  - 

1     0 

0     — 

0  \h 

0     - 

12  - 

1     8 

0      — 

1     I 

0     — 

14  - 

i  16 

0      — 

2    2 

0     — 

'  From    flarmnyle    to    the 

i     (Juiy,  &  Vict  vcrta,  4  feet 

0    6 

7      — 

0    5 

0     — 

6  feet 

0  10 

8      — 

0    S 

0      — 

7  — 

0  13 

4      — 

0  10 

0     — 

8  — 

0  16 

0      - 

0  12 

0     — 

9  — 

I     1 

0      — 

0  15 

0     _ 

10  — 

I  10 

0      - 

1     2 

6     — 

12  — 

2    2 

0      - 

1    11 

6     — 

14  — 

4    4 

0      — 

3    3 

0     — 

From  Whilcliouse   RoaJs 

to  tlie  (Iuay,  itice  ueun. 

9  feet 

1  IS 

0      - 

1     7 

6     — 

10  - 

2  10 

0      — 

I  17 

6     — 

12  — 

3  10 

0      — 

2  12 

6      — 

14  - 

7    0 

0      - 

5    5 

0      — 

BniMm.—Ptlotaiie  for  the  Uench':^  nt  Jirightluhmtone^  Ilajtings, 
or  Jie^hill. 


8  Feet  and  under. 

8tolOFeet. 

Above  10  Feet. 

Is.  3(/.  per  foot. 

If.  Qd.  per  foot. 

2j.  per  foot. 

The  shove  r-itfs  fir  Ihe  harbnuni  ami  beaches  are  due  [)oth  in- 
wai'ls  ati'l  nulwartlsj  but  iiu  ctiarge  \%  hulever  is  to  be  made  fur  the 
use  of  pilnt  iHials. 

Hhii'i  < -in?  into  the  harbours  of  Rye  and  Shnreh.im,  and  unloadini? 
lifar  thi*  harln)ur'n  iiji)ulh,  are  subject  lo  1  2  |iili)ta<e  only;  but  if 
such  ships  are  aftervvards  reiimvei  l>y  jiiloiK  to  any  dock  nr  wharf 
neirthel  )wn,  where  such  shi|i<t  m.ty  be  for  the  ijurpuse  of  taking  io 
a  r*reo,  III  that  cxn:  ihe  full  pitotaj^c  is  due. 

Ships  taken  charge  of  in  ditlress  are  to  |)ay  according  to  circuin- 
iftinrei,  lo  lit;  set'led  by  the  sub  cnininissioners. 

SliipB  rmt  h'tving  British  re^inlerK  are  to  pay  1-4  more  of  the  ratei 
of  pilotage  fur  the.  harbour*  and  beachet,  than  itatcd  in  the  above 
Tallies. 


with  an  account  of  otheil  charges  affect- 
unu[-:r.mentiuni::d  I'oiits. 

Pristol. 


Foreign 

British 

Kate. 

Kate. 

Ptr  Va. 

Per  yet. 

L.  s.  d. 

L.  a.  d. 

rilotage  from  I.un.lv  Island  or  the  west- 

ward ttiereuf  to  Kingruad,  uuder 

100  tons 

3  IS    9   . 

3    3    0 

101  and  uuder  2)  1  — 

5    5    0' 

4    4    0 

200       —       3lfl  — 

6  11    ;) 

5    ft    0 

.TOO  ,iiid  iipw..T<ls 

7  17    6 

6    6    0 

From  Coonibe  to  Kingro.id,  un.Ier 

too  Ions 

2  12    6 

2    2    0 

101  and  under  2W  — 

3  10    0  ' 

2  16    0 

2i«l         .-        3U0  — 

4    7    6 

3  10    0 

3;tl  aiiil  npwar.Js 

5    5    0 

4    4    0 

From  Minehead  to  Kingroad,  eiidt-r 

no  Ions 

1     6    3 

1     1    0 

I0.T  and  under  2iiO  — 

1   13    0 

1     8    0 

200        —        300  — 

2    3!) 

1   15    0 

;:0l)  and  upwanls 

2  12    6 

2    2    0 

From  the  Holms  to  Ku^roa.l,  under 

10.1  Ions 

0  13    r. 

0  10    6 

101  and  under  JOG  — 

0  17    6, 

0  14    0 

200         —        3'JO 

1    1  lol- 

0  17    6 

:'(X)  and  upwards 

1     6    3 

1     1     0 

From  Portishead.  Kiii^ntad.  Huusmad.  or 

liroid  I'ill,  to  ("uinbeiland  or  Halhurst 

Basin,  or  nice  versa,  under       -    40  tons 

0    5    0 

0    4    0 

40  and  under   60  — 

0    6    3 

0    5    0 

CO        —          eo  — 

0  9  4.; 

0    7     6 

14)        _        100  — 

0  12     6 

0  10    0 

ICO        —        200  - 

0  H    y 

0  15    0 

200        —        300  — 

1     5     0 

1     0    0 

nOO  and  nnwards 

1   11     3 

1     5    0 

From  Portishead,  Kin^roa!,  Ilunsroad,  or 

Uroad  Pill,  to  either  of  them,  under 

IIH1  tons 

0  12    6 

0  10    0 

100  and  under  2(X) 

0   18    !) 

0  15    0 

200                   300 

1    •-.    0 

1     Q    0 

300  and  upwards 

1  11     3 

1     5    0 

Dartmouth  D'Styict.—Trom  Holi's  Niise  to  the  Start,  and  it?re 
verm ;  and  to  and  from,  and  into  and  out  of,  all  porls  and  iilaces 
witliin  those  limits. 

N.  /J.— No  master  of  a  vessel  is  cnni|je!led  to  lake  a  pilot  within 
Ihis  dislrict,  unless  >!,tnn^  into  or  toiiuiu  (>ut  n{  pnri,  within  a  line 
drawn  from  the  Mewstone  to  ihe  Rlarkslnnt* ;  but  if  he  do  take  a  pi- 
lot hetwetu  H'ib's  Nose  and  the  Start,  it  must  be  uue  of  the  district 
pilots,  if  one  oiler. 

liutcs  nf  PiloUt^e,  fir  piloting  Ships  within  the  nnrtmouth  Dis* 
(nrf.— All  British  ships,  if  boirslL-tl  without  ilir  run  of  tin-  Mrwhtoue 
Easi,  or  the  Black»>uue  West,  are  lo  pay  as  follows  :  viz.— 

Per  Foot. 
s.    d. 
Drawing  10  feet  rif  water  and  under  -  •  -26 

10  to  12  feet      .  -  •  ■  -     3    0 

I2to  U  —       .  -  •  -  -36 

Mto  16  —       -  •  •  .  '40 

\tj  feet  anit  iipwarila      •  •  -    5    0 

All  British  ships,  if  boarded  within  that  line,  are  to  pay  1-4  part 
le«s. 

All  British  ships,  boarde<i  withhi  the  Castle,  are  lo  p^y  only  1-2 
piln*.i:te,  siiliject  to  the  coiisitlerntion  of  the  v\eatliei,  uhith  is  lo  be 
settled  by  the  sub-coniniissionfrs. 

In  cirryin?  ship*"  out  nf  it.e  h.arbour,  the  pilotage  Is  to  be  in  all 
cases  1-3  less  than  the  inward  fiilolaye. 

All  ships  iiot  hivint;  lliiliah  registers  are  to  p.iy  1*4  more  than  the 
rates  alnive  !«Mted . 

Masters  of  ships  Liking  a  pilot  at  se.i ;  viz.  2  hasues  or  more  frotii 
the  harbour's  mouth,  are  to  pay  aectirdm,?  to  circiinutaiues  a't  ndin* 
liie  haziird  ruft,  as«-istaniT  re<piii-eil.  Ac,  which  is  (o  lie  rfgula'cil,  in 
case  of  dispute,  by  the  suh-conimtssinners.  The  pilot  is  to  jirovitiea 
proper  tow-lioal  and  crew  rotisisting  rf  al  Icist  I  men;  for  whose 
services  he  shall  be  entitled  to  charge  24.  G(f.  pi  r  man  per  day,  in  ft"l- 
iliiion  to  the  rate  of  pilol.tgp  ;  ami,  in  case  of  disptitc,  to  he  s'tlled 
by  the  sub-cnmniissioners,  and  tlie  assistance  rewarded  according  lo 
Ihe  risk,  lime,  and  trouble. 


Duwna  to  the  life  of  IVight. dilate*  of  Pilotage, 

Ships  drawing  7  feet  and  under - 

9  —       - 

10  —       . 

11  —      . 


fS 


.,«»£-■ 


•  When  the  pilot  it  put  on  board  by  a  boat  from  the  shore,  me  seventh  to  Ihe  pilnt,  and  the  remaitiini;  six  sevcnilis  lo  the  boat  and  crow. 


310 


PILOTS  AND  PILOTAGE. 


i   I  ' 


*  '  !■  ' 
1  •  i  1 


Sblptdrawing  13  feet 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
Above  21 

DttWn. 


I.. -J 

6 

0 

■    7 

17 

6 

■    S 

N 

0 

-    » 

0 

0 

•    9 

!) 

0 

•  11 

0 

0 

•  i:l 

0 

0 

•  13 

0 

() 

•  17 

0 

0 

•  18 

0 

0 

Foreign  Rale.    |    nrilish  Rale. 

L.  s.  d.                 L 

>.  d. 

B.illasI  'luf ».  T.ikcn  nn  bnard 

within  tilt-  liartxMir     • 

0    2    6  per  Ion    0 

1   8  per  ton 

thrnun  nut — 

0    0  10     — 

0 

0  8- 

Toiinagu  dues 

0    16     — 

0 

0  9- 

hiwardg. 

Pilotage  (Ivor  ihi-  Wxr  from 

wilhnut  llic  B.iliks      • 

0    6    0  per  foot  :  0 

3  Operfcjol 

within        _      .        .        . 

0    4    0       —        0 

2  0    — 

within  the  Ik'idii 

0    3    0      —        0 

I   6    — 

FiX)ln   Pooll)i>»  tn  tlio  (Jiiays 

0    16- 

0 

1   0    — 

Outwards. 

Tmm  Ihe  tiuaj's  to  I'oolheg 

lad<'n 

0    16      — 

0 

1   0    — 

From  Poolbcg  over  the    Bar 

laden 

0    16      — 

0 

1  0    — 

Dundee. 


Harhniir  iluea.    Vessels  from 

India  or  Cliiii.i    • 
West  Indies,  Azores,  Ma-U-i- 

ra,  Tem-ritf^,  Cape  de  Vcrd 

Is!e%Greeiilaiui,and  Davis's 

Straits         .        .        .        . 
America,   Meliferratiean,  or 

any   port   north  of   Dront- 

heini 

Any  part  lietween    Dunkirk 

and     (libraliar     (iiichidiirs; 

Dunkirk),    and    from    any 

part  in  the  Baltic 
N.  li.—hrUish   vessels    navi- 

jfaltvl  liy  nun-freenieu  pay 

12  more. 


Foreijtn  Rate, 


L.  s.  d. 

0    5    0  per  ton 

0    14      — 
0    10      — 

0    0    8      — 


British  Rale. 


L.   4.   (/. 

0    2  6  per  ton 

0    0  8    — 
0    0  6- 

0    0  4- 


Rxttcr  nixtrict,  i^iz.—Trom  Lyme  to  finl/s  Nose,  an»l  vice  versa  ; 
anU  (0  and  from,  anri  iuto  and  out  uf,  all  port^i,  and  places  within 
those  limits. 

A'.  li.—Nn  ma.<iternfa  ship  is  compelled  to  take  a  nilnt  within  (his 
district,  until  he  cnni'-s  otT  Ihe  porta  of  Kxrnouth  and  Tefjjnmouth  ; 
but  if  lie  do  take  a  pilot  between  Lyme  and  Bob's  Nose,  it  must  be 
one  of  the  district  pilot?,  if  one  oiler. 

Ratef  of  Pilctat(f  for  Vissels  i-i  and  over  Ecmmith  Bar,  to  the 
Moorings  in  the  Ihght  at  Exmouth,  and  out  again  over  the  Bar. 


Coasleri.             t.    d. 

. 

r  60  ions- 

r  so  tons    3    6- 

," 

SO  — 

bA 

90  —      4    0 

■R 

s 

90  — 

\ 

100  -      4    6 

100  — 
125  - 
130  — 
IT3   — 

123  -66 
130  —      6    0 
173  -      7    0 
200  -      7     6 

9  ^ 

s 

^00  - 

230  —      9    6 

<M 

rt 

■J30  - 

C 

300  —    11    6 

s 

- 

300  —  J 

400  -    12    6 

•^ 

And  if  carried  up  to  Top^ham  Quay  and  back,  I  guinea  extra. 

.SAi'pf  from  Fvrcit;n  Ports. 

CO  tons  -^  r  80  tons   6 


M  — 

100  — 
150  — 
200  — 
230  — 
300  ■ 


lis 


f  BU  tnnfl 
«      100  — 
c  S       130  — 
.f  S  J  200  — 
230  — 
300  — 
^3,0  • 
And  if  carried  up  to  Topsham  Quiy  and  back,  1  iruinea  extra. 

For  I'aiili  in  aiid  out,  over  TtiginnoxUh  liar, 
LiXuUrt. 

I  tons  " 


-I. 

b.  M 

t>  »-  u 

sit. 

«  K  = 

£.3 


yz 


100  — 
130  — 
210  — 
230  — 
300  — 

fifiipt  from  Fartien  Parts. 
50  tons  T  r  ^  I""*   ■'' 

80 


'•-  =  » 


N.  B.— Nn  muler  of  a  vejiel  is  compelled  to  lake  a  pilot,  williln 
this  ilistrici,  unless  Roins  into  or  coming  out  of  a  port  within  a  lina 
draivn  from  the  Manacles  to  the  Dodniin  ;  but  if  he  do  lake  a  pilot 
between  the  Dndmau  and  Ihe  Lizard,  it  must  be  one  of  the  district 
pilots,  if  one  olllr. 

Kata  of  Pilolage,  fur  jjitofinif  .Ships  wil/iin  Ihe  Falmouth 
District. 


1(10  — 
|-.0  — 
200  — 
2  ill  — 
WK)  — 


-s  r  !HJ  tons   ;i    u  "1 

w     100  —     3    6  's 

I  -g  5  I  130  —     4    0  I  s-  h' 

0  I  fe  =  2 

0    1  T3 

oJ 


_  ■§  .{  200  - 

=  8       230  - 

"  "       .100  — 

1-400  — 


Ships  not  having  Rrilith  registers,  nor  being  privileged  as  British, 
tn  [lay  1-4  ihore  than  Ihe  nbove  ra'es. 

Pilots  to  providea  iKiat  and  crew  In  assist  over  the  Iisrio  a  mooring 
l»erth  ;  for  which  they  shall  be  p.ii  I.  over  and  :ilHive  the  pilotage,  2s. 
Cd.  fireach  man  or  oir  emplivfil  for  t!iat  purpnse. 

Masiers  nf  ships  Liking  a  pilot  (df  Ihe  Rill  of  Portland,  or  the 
Start  (which  is  optioiia'  to  tht  iiO.  are  to  pay.  bevond  the  pilotage 
from  Bob's  No<p.  or  Lyme,  as  follows,  viz.  : — Colliers  and  eoastfrs, 
2  guineas;  shi)is  from  foreign  pot  t.s,  i)  guineas  ;  and  proportionately 
for  intermediate  distances. 

Falmimth  nuirict.  mr. — From  Ilie  O-idman  to  the  I.irard.  and 
vice  jvrsa  ;  an  I  lo  and  from,  ajjd  into  and  out  tf,  all  ports  and  jilaccs 
within  those  limits. 


From 

To 

i{|;o 

II 

12 

13 

14  15 

16 

17 

19 

19 

20 

Sca& 
vice    • 
versa 

On.  dn.  ^ 

Carrick  Road, 
Falniruith,  h 
.St.  Jlawes' 
HarlMiurs,   k 
SI.  Just  I'onI 

ri.lford    liar- 

t.    S.    S.  I  I. 

]    M   1 

1-24  30  33  42 

1           1     1 

J  21  21  27  30 

f. 

46 

34 

1 
1 

50  55  60 

I 
39  42  47 

1.   1.  >. 

1 

67  75  84 

1 
52  60 

r. 

94 

Carrick  f  F.ilninuth,  &    ">      ' 

Hoals.l     Si.  Mawos'      1       Is.  6d.  per  foot  nf  the  draught  of 
&  recc  )     llarlmurs,  k.    f                           water, 
wrja    L    St.  Just  Pool    J 

I. 

2    2 
0  10 


d. 

0 


Masters  of  vessels  taking  a  pilot  at  sea,  are  to  pay— 

For  putting  a  pilot  on  board  without  a  line  drawn  from 

the  Manacles  \o  the  Dodinan        .... 

Ditto,  from  the  entrance  of  HelfonI  Harbour  to  the  Gull 

Rock 

Ditto,  a  mile  without  the  Sing  Rock  of  Pendennia  Point    • 
Ditto,  otl"  the  Lizarl,  or  in  the  pirallrl  of  lh«  Lizird,  or 
meeting  a  vessel  there,  ;tnd  running  before  her.  not  being 
able  to  put  a  pilot  on  board,  provided  Ihe  master  of  the 
vc'Std  consents  to  receive  a  pilot  at  that  dis'ance  -    3    3    0 

Shi[>s  not  liavin?  British  registers  are  to  pay  1-4  more  of  the  rales 
of  pilotage  than  stated  in  Ihe  alt.)Vi'  Talde. 

A'.  /?.— Noallowance  for  a  pilot  going  on  board  a  ship  in  the  har- 
bour to  take  her  out,  except  in  extreniely  bad  weather,  or  when  bhipi 
are  on  shore  or  niakmir  sii;nals  of  dislresfs,  iu  which  case  a  reasouul>le 
compensation  is  to  bcmaile. 

All  VI  ssels  belon^ing  to  the  port  of  Truro,  Imund  to  or  from  forcien 
parts,  inclu  lin?  Guernsey,  Jersey,  Al.ierney,  or  Sark,  are  lo  pav  no 
more  than  I-'2  the  above  r^itesof  pilolage,  when  navigating  wiihitj 
the  limits  of  the  Falmouth  district  on  their  jMi'-satre  to  or  from  Trurfi. 
The  rate  of  \s.  Gd.  per  foot  for  subsequent  removal  rcmaii<ing  uiiat* 
tered. 

Fowey  Dittrict,  viz.— From  Loot,  inclusive,  tn  the  Dodman,  inl 
vice  versa  ;  and  to  and  from,  and  into  and  out  of,  all  i>orts  and  places 
within  those  limits. 

A'.  B.—^o  master  of  a  vessel  is  compelled  to  take  a  pilot  wiiiiiii 
this  district  till  becomes  otl*  the  port  of  Looe ;  or  within  a  line 
drawn  from  the  I./>oe  to  the  Ciribtien  Head,  for  thi'  port  of  J'owcy  ; 
or  from  the  Gribben  Head  to  Blackhead,  lor  Polkerris  Bay  ;  r.r  from 
the  Gribben  Head  to  the  Dodnian,  for  Mevagissey  ;  hut  if  he  do  tika 
a  pilot  t'etween  Looe  and  the  Dotlnian,  it  must  be  one  of  the  district 
pilots,  if  one  otfer. 

Hntfs  nf  Pilotazefnr  pijntine  ships  within  the  Fowey  District. 
All  British  ships  of  M  feet  water  and  upwards,  if  boariled  witlmut 
the  land,  olf  IxMic  or  the  Dotlman,  which  must  he  known  I  y  the 
western  land,  called  the  Gray,  being  open  oil" the  Dixlmaji,  shall  pay 
6*.  per  ffMit  pilotage,  if  carried  into  the  harbourof  Fowey,  Mevagissey 
Pier,  Charlestown  Basin,  or  Looe. 

British  ships  under  14  feet  water,  boarded  as  above  stated,  to  piy 
4f.  per  foot  fnr  the  tike  service. 

British  ships  almve  U  feet,  within  (hat  line,  to  pay  only  4i.  ptr 
fixit ;  and  slii|>s  under  U  ftet,  boardul  as  above,  only  3j.  j'tr  foot  f,  r 
the  like  service. 

All  ships  nor  having  a  British  register  to  p.ay  1-4  more  than  ti.e 
rates  alwive  stated. 

All  the  .above  rates  to  be  paid  in  proportion  for  even.- 1-2  footrf 
water,  but  tio  allowance  to  be  made  fur  any  draught  of  water  ahove, 
or  un>ier  1-2  a  fcKit. 

In  carrying  ships  to  sea  from  the  said  harbour,  the  pilotriKe  to  ti> 
in  all  cases  1-3  less  than  the  inward  pilotage,  as  mentioned  in  tlic 
third  article. 

All  ships  which  may  anchor  on  their  arrival  either  in  Mevaeis^ry 
Bay,  or  the  sands  oil"  Fowey,  to  pay  only  1-2  of  the  btfare-nieiitinutil 
rales  of  pilotage. 

All  pib'ts  emplnyed  to  carry  ships  from  any  one  of  the  harUnin  t) 
another,  to  be  paid  the  saine  pilotage  as  if  the  said  ships  hnd  Iwn 
boarde*!  within  the  headlands  coming  from  sea. 

Masters  uf  ships  taking  a  pilot  at  sea  (which  is  optiooal  with 
them) 


3  leagues  without  a  line  drawn  from  Ihe  Looe  to  the  D'v!> 

man  are  to  pay         .  .  ,  .  - 

6  leagues  diito  .  .  -  -  . 

10  leagues  dit'o  ..... 

and  proportionately  for  intermediate  distances, 

Galtuay, 


L.  t.  rf. 


Foreign  Rale. 

Rri 

isli  Rale. 

/..  ..  rf. 

/,. .«. 

rf. 

Pilotage  from  Sea    to  the 

Ro,ads,  and  iiirc  ifcrsa 

i 

20  lo   60  Inns 

0  10    0  per  vcs. 

0    .3 

Operves. 

60  —  100  — 

0  14    0      — 

0    7 

0     - 

100—  ISO  — 

1    0    0     — 

0  10 

0     - 

1  -.0  —  20O  — 

18    0      — 

0  14 

0     - 

200  and  upwards 

1  14    8      — 

0  17 

4      - 

Fmin  thi  Itnads  lo  Ihe  Dock, 

and  vice  ofr.Ki 

20  tn   60  tons 

0  IS    0      — 

0    7 

6     - 

60—  ino  — 

110- 

0  10 

6     - 

ion—  130  — 

1  10    0      — 

0  13 

0     - 

1 30  -  200  — 

2    2    0      — 

I     1 

0     - 

2(  0  ami  upwards 

2  12    0      — 

1     6 

0     - 

'    M 


tl 


•i     ■ 


PILOTS  AND  PILOTAGE. 


311 


.(i  In  like  a  pilot,  wiOiitl 

I  (\(  a  port  within  a  lina 

lull  if  he  do  lilte  a  |iilot 

usi  bo  Olio  o(  the  district 

ttilhtn  the  FalmotUh 


3il4,l3 


Grtfttoc^, 


Unit — cmitiniud. 


L.  I.  d. 

2    2    0 


are  to  pay- 
line  drawn  from 
■hour  to  ilie  Gull 

enilcnnis  Pninl   •    0  10    6 

of  t\«:  I.iiird,  or 

ore  her,  not  bein? 

Ihe  master  of  llie 

I  distanre  ■,    .  ' 

n  pay  1-4  more  of  the  n\n 

m  hoard  a  ship  in  the  har- 
bad  \vtallier,orwhenslii|ii 
,,  ill  whicli  case  a  rcisoiulilo 

iro,  bound  lo  or  from  furticn 
■ney,  or  Sarli,  are  to  pay  ii.i 
ige,  when  iiavigaliiig  wilhin 
■ir  pa^KViTi'  to  or  froni  '1  rum. 
:it  removal  remaiuiiig  uiial- 

elusive,  to  the  Dodman,  m\ 
id  out  of,  all  ports  and  [daces 

lelled  to  lake  a  pilot  nilliin 
of  Looe ;  or  wilhin  a  line 
lead,  for  til.'  port  of  Koni-y  ; 
,  fur  Polkerris  Bav  ;  or  from 
[evaeisscv  i  but  if  hedoulia 
it  must  lie  one  of  the  Mislricl 

uUMn  Ihc  Fotucy  Dislrkl. 

lupwards,  if  boarded  witlinut 

lich  must  he  known  t.y  tiie 

;n  off  the  Dixlnian,  shall  pay 

■bourof  Fowey,  Mevajisscy 

irded  as  above  stated,  lo  f  jy 

liat  line,  to  pay  only  4i.  per 
l>  above,  only  3j.  prr  fool  f,  r 

ler  to  pay  1-4  more  than  i!.c 

lortion  for  every  1-2  font  of 
lany  draught  of  ivater  alxive, 

I  harbour,  the  piloliw  to  Ifl 
llolage,  as  mentioned  iu  tlie 

larrival  either  in  Mevasiwy 
1  l-J.  of  the  bttorc-nieoliuuej 

Li  any  one  of  Ihe  harUiun  li 
if  liie  said  ships  had  been 
hm  sea.  . 

^■a  (which  is  optional  «i,ii 

i.  1.  J, 

«D,oeto_lheIl.Kl.   ^    ^  ^ 

.    ^    -I    0 
.    6   ti  0 
le  distances. 


0  Ti  0  per  vfs. 

0  7  0- 

0  10  0      - 

0  U  0     - 

0  17  4      - 


0    7    6- 
0  10    6     - 

0  l:i    0     - 
110- 

1  6    0     - 


1 


i 


Harbour  Jiics 


Anchora'e 


■ 

Forei<i 

Hate. 

Ilri 

hli  Rile. 

1.. 

J. 

d. 

L 

J. 

(1. 

.    ovi'rsea 

0 

1 

8 

per  ton 

0 

0 

Si  per  ton 

0 

u 

4 

— 

0 

0 

4       — 

i; 

0 

1 

— 

u 

0 

0  1-i  — 

u 

0 

2  14  — 

0 

u 

1  li  — 

llarwich.-nata  of  PiMan,  far  piMiiig  Shiyi  into  and  out  of 
Harwich  llartiuur. 


Under        10  lo 

13  Feel 

From 

To 

10             13 

and  up- 

Fuel.        Feel. 

wards. 
L.  ».    d. 

1 

/-  «.    d.  L.  1.    d. 

Sea  or  Orford-  ( 

Harwich  Har-  j 

2    2    0   3    3    0 

4    4    0 

The     Kollini? 

Harvlchllar-  j 

1     1    0    t  11    6 

2    2    0 

hour   -       •  i 

Harwich  liar- 1 

Se.i  or  Orford'  } 
ncss    .        -   $ 

1  11    6   2    2    0 

3    3    0 

hour  •       ■  > 

The     Boiling  > 
Grounds     ■   J 

two  thirds  of  Ihe  abive. 

Ships  not  bavin?  British  rei^islers  are  lo  pay  1-4  niore  of  the  rales 
of  pilolaze  titan  slated  iu  the  above  Table,  to  be  paid  al  the  Cusloui* 
house,  llanvich. 

Kolyhend  District,  viz. — Tn  and  from  the  anchorT^cs  al  Great 
Oruies  Head,  alons  the  coaslof  the  Me  of  Analfsea  and  Wales,  as  far 
as  llardsey  lalan-l,  an  1  lo  and  from,  and  into  and  out  of,  all  ports  and 
placi's  within  those  limits  (excrpl  the  bar  and  harbour  of  Caernarvon, 
anditieSwellies). 

JV,  R—N'o  master  of  a  vessel  is  compelled  lo  lake  a  pilot  wilhin 
Itiis  district,  till  he  cnnies  to  the  Nnrth  Stark,  bound  to  Holyhead 
H.irlHiur;  but  if  he  do  take  a  pilot  between  Great  Ornies  Head  and 
Bardsey  Island,  it  must  be  one  of  Ihe  di»tricl  pilots,  if  oue  offer. 

Rata  of  Filotast,  for  piloting  .Sftiju  i>i(o  and  out  of  lAe  Harbour 
of  i/i'/y/i.ad. 

Vessels  per  Register  to  pay,  for 


300  and  JOO  and  120  and  SO  and  |  60  and 
less  than  less  than  1  less  than  ;  less  than  i  less  than 
400  Tons.  300  Tons.  200  Tons.  I<10  Tons.    80  Tons. 


/..  ».  rf,   -  L.  J.  d. 
3    3   0     2    2    0 


/..  ».  d.  !  L.  I.  d. 
1  11    6  !   1     10 


L.  >.  d.     L.  a.  d. 
0  IS    0      0  10    6 


Under 

6lJ 
Tons. 


I 


Ships  not  hivin?  British  registers  are  to  pay  1-4  more  ttnn  stated 
io  the  above  Table. 

All  ships  anJ  vessels,  umler  any  circumstances  of  distress,  aro  tn 
ny  such  pilot  .1  further  sum  uf  niMir-y,  to  t^e  c^lcubtfd  according 
to  Iheexttut  and  circumatauces  of  uuch  distress,  and  the  services 
alforJcJ. 

Sliim  ar.J  vessels  which  shall  be  bnanled  by  pilots,  .it  the  distance 
of  3  Ifa'HW  or  f.irther  to  the  snulhwird  and  «eslwani  of  Holyhead 
(where 'it  is  optional  lo  masters  of  viaaels  to  take  inlu's),  are  to  pay 
the  severjl  rates  lollowin^;  viz. 

L.  t.  d. 
On  havin?a  Liverpool  pilot  on  hoard,  off  Point  Lims,  and 

landing  the  Holyhe.id  pilot  thera  •  •  •  -    3    3    0 

On  lantJin?  the  pilot  at  the  Gn-at  Ormcs  Head         •  .    s    d    n 

If  a  pil-)t  is  taken  beyond  the  limits  of  his  licence  to  Ches< 

tor  Water  or  to  Liverpool  .... 

With  the  sum  of  7t.  6d.  per  day  for  every  day  such  pilot  may  be  de- 
tained on  boanl  in  conse<iucnce  of  the  ship  or  vessel  perlnrming  qua- 
nntinc,  or  detained  under  any  utlier  n:ilnctioDs  such  ships  may  be 
ii.ible  to. 

Pilots  boarding  ships  and  vessels  at  a  less  distance  than  3  1  casques 
froni  the  Head,  as  above,  are  to  receive  IQs.  Gd.  less  for  pilotage  than 
the  above  rates. 

It  is  particularly  requested  that  commanden  of  ships,  on  discJia^;- 
in?  tlieir  pilots  otf  Point  Linas,  or  the  Onnos  Head,  should  be  certain 
that  such  pilots  will  he  taken  on  shore  without  being  delayed  on 
board  Mich  vessels  or  boats  as  may  receive  tlirni:  as  a  pilot  will  be 
enlille-i  In  7j  &/.  jilt  day  for  every  day  he  sha'i  be  kept  out  from 
landing,  after  the  day  he  is  discharged  I'ntm  the  snip  or  vessel  "e  may 
havepiUiltvl,  unless  it  can  be  proved  that  such  delay  had  unavoidably 
tiappened  fnmi  the  violence  uf  the  w  ind  and  weatberi 


5    0 


Hull. 


Toton  Dues  fur  Alien  yesscls. 


Anchorage,  under  100  tons 

100  and  not  200  tons 
200  and  upwards 
Jettage, under  100  tons 

if  Inads  out  more 
ICO  and  not  200  tons  - 
if  loads  out  more 
'200  and  upwanls 
if  loads  out  more 
Ilnstai^e,  per  each  \l.  sterling  of  the   freight 
wards    ..... 
Amongst  the  officers,  per  ship 
Ballast,  for  each  ton  t.\ken  on  board,  outwards 


/,.  J. 

rf. 

0    1 

6 

0    2 

0 

0    3 

0 

0  13 

(i 

0    3 

6 

0  17 

0 

0    ft 

0 

1     0 

0 

0    7 

0 

0  n 

2 

0    3 

0 

0    0 

2 

ToTci'iti  Kale. 

British  Itate. 

L.  1. 

d. 

L  1 

rf. 

Sea  pilntam.     From  the 

Ili.nibir    to    L)me   or 

Huston  Deeiis 

0  12 

0  per  foot 

0    8 

0  per  foul 

Trmitij  llvruc  Dues. 

Buoyage    •    under  20  turn 

0  11 

0  per  ves. 

0    2 

0  per  ves. 

30 

0  11 

0      — 

II     2 

6      — 

40 

0  11 

0      — 

0    ,1 

0      — 

50 

0  II 

0     — 

0    ;) 

6      — 

bO 

0  11 

0     — 

0    4 

0      — 

6i 

0  11 

0      — 

0    4 

0      — 

70 

0  14 

0      - 

0    4 

6      — 

80 

0  14 

0     — 

0    fl 

0      — 

90 

0  14 

0     — 

0    !S 

6      — 

lOO 

0  11 

0     — 

0    « 

0      — 

no 

0  14 

0     — 

0    U 

6      ~ 

120 

0  14 

0     — 

0    7 

0      — 

130 

0  M 

0     — 

0    7 

6      — 

13.> 

0  14 

0      — 

0    7 

6      - 

140 

1)  17 

0      — 

0    H 

0      - 

IfiO 

0  17 

0      — 

0    H 

«      — 

160 

0  17 

0      — 

0    9 

0      — 

170 

0  17 

0      — 

0    9 

6      — 

IS.0 

1     1) 

0      - 

0  10 

0      — 

for  every  additional  10 

0    1 

0      — 

0    0 

6      — 

Fine  on  imporling  a  cargo 

1     0 

0      — 

Nil 

Do.       exliMrliim         — 

«  13 

4       - 

— 

Harbour  masiei's  dues 

0    2 

8      — 

— 

Town  Thxtt  for  British  Vusclt. 

Jetlaje. 

Anchorage. 

Inwards. 

Outwards. 

L.   t.  rf. 

/..   1.  d. 

L.    t.   d. 

Under  40  tons 

0    1    0 

0    1     li 

0     1     0 

40  and  nol  4')  tons 

0    1     0 

0    2    0 

0     1     0 

4i      —       .'.0 

0     1     6 

0    2    0 

0     1     6 

50—100 

0     1     6 

0    ■->    6 

0    2     6 

ICO      —     150 

0    2     0 

0    3    C 

0     3     6 

no      —     200 

0     2     0 

0     4     6 

0     4     0 

2110      —     2.'i0 

0    2    6 

0    5    0 

0     3     0 

2S0      —     300 

0    2     0 

0    6    0 

0    6    0 

300  and  upwards   ■ 

0    2     6 

0     7     0 

0     6     6 

Exempt  if 

Not  due  unless   wi*h 

belonging 

gonds  landed  al,  or 

lo  free- 

taken   in  al,    Hull. 

n.eii. 

or   wilhin   the  har- 
bour. 

hiwnrdi. 
River  pilotage.  From  the 
Northiiesi  of  Uindin?- 
ton  seen  open,  or  clear 
of  the  land  lo  the  south- 
ward Iht-reof 

From  the  same,  for  ves- 
sels coining  from  the 
southward 

From  the  same,  for  ves- 
sels coming  from  the 
northward  and  east* 
want     .... 

From  the  flaatin^  liarht 
until  Spurn  lights  at 
norih  east 

From  Spurn  lights  at 
north-east,  to  the  buoy 
of  the  Burcome  or 
Grimsby 

Outwards. 

With  goods     - 
ball.ist   • 

goods  from  Grimsby 
ballast    - 

Pilots altiiiding on  vessels 
Dock  dues.  Vessels  coming 
to,  or  going  belwetn 
Hull  and  the  West  In- 
dies, North  or  South 
America,  Africa,  Green- 
laud,  or  any  place  east 
of  the  North  Cape  of 
Norway,  within  the 
SIrails  of  Gdtraltar, 
and  south  of  Cape  St. 
Vincent 

Between  FTutl,  and  all 
places  atwve  the  S"und, 
and  westward  of  Vshant 
in  Europe,  without  the 
Straits  of  Gibraltar 

Detween  Hull,  and  any 
port  in  Svveiien,  Den- 
niarkf  or  Korway,  be- 
low Elsineur.  Germany, 
Holland,  Flanders,  or 
France,  to  the  eastward 
of  Ushant 


Foreign  Rate. 
L.S.   d. 


0    7    0  per  foot 


0    7    0- 


0    7    0      — 


0    5    3      — 


0    3    6      — 


0  6    0- 

0  10      — 

0  3    0      — 

0  2    0      — 

0  10    6  per  day 


British  Rale. 


L.s.  d. 

0    3    0  per  foot 
0    5    0     — 

0    5    0      — 
0    3    6      — 

0    2    6- 


0    3    6  per  ton 


0    2    6 


0    1    8 


0      — 
8      — 
0      - 
4      — 
0  per  day 


0    1    9  per  ton 


0    13     — 


0    0  10     — 


m*\ 


5-r3 


fC 


>f 


9> 


312 


PILOTS  AND  PILOTAGE. 


/pfwirA. 


i    ; 


i-     I 


I 


Foreii?n  Hale.    | 

Rritish  Rale. 

I.,  t. 

d. 

/. 

».   d. 

Water  bjilifT'j  rliiM 

0    3 

4  per  ve«. 

0 

1     8  per  >■». 

Rivtr  Juus,  uii'lt^r  40  loin. 

0    0 

2  per  ton 

0 

0    1  per  ton 

40  lo   f.0 

0    0 

3       - 

0 

0    2- 

50—   m 

0    0 

4      — 

0 

0    3      — 

60—    70 

0    0 

6      — 

0 

0    4      — 

70—    H.) 

0    0 

8      — 

0 

0    5,— 

80—    90 

0     1 

0      — 

0 

0    6i    — 

90-  100 

0     1 

4      — 

0 

0    8- 

100-  IK) 

0     1 

8      — 

0 

0  10      - 

ISO.irvl  ijpiv.irli 

0     1 

8      — 

If  i|plivrriiif(  or  taking  in 

a    carj;",    al    or    below 

Dowiiliain  Hearli  * 

• 

0 

0    5- 

Filoino   from    nr.wi.tiim 

Huirti      to      Lfviri^tuii 

CTfek.an'i  vice  viun 

0    t 

6  per  foot 

0 

0    9  per  fool 

From    l^eviiiitton    Creek 

to    Hirwicli     Harbour, 

and  vue  veKia 

(1  1 

0     — 

1) 

0    6- 

From  Dowiibani  Reich  to 

Harwich  Harlour,   and 

vice  vena 

0    2 

6      — 

0 

1    3      - 

From    Ipswich    Quay   to 

Downham    Kt»ach,    and 

iMft  erim. — Vessels  with 

1  mist    •       •        -        • 

0    2 

6     — 

0 

1     3       - 

With  2  or  ninro  - 

0    3 

6—0 

1     li      — 

No  Brilisli  vpssel,  tntJin?  to  fdrpisrn  pirts,  inwanl  aiiH  outwani 
bouiiil,  in  Id  rfrtise  a  pilot ;  but  if  such  vi'H<it't  have  insse^l  ttie  Brazil 
I'lny  in  the  Rock  ChaniipU  or  the  MidJIe  Patch  l>uoy  in  Knrnihj' 
Chaniifl,  or  it"  a  pilot  boat  fall  in  with  a  vfssol  in  the  narrows  of  the 
rhatmt'ls  in  stormy  vvcatlier.  tliat  she  cannot  ttoanl  her  wilhont  im- 
niiuent  danger,  the  pilot  slull  then  Icait  the  way,  anil,  in  either  ease» 
lie  entitled  to  such  pilutage  a:f  &h»lt  be  a^^ardlll  by  (tie  cunnnittee  at 
tbuir  next  iiieetiiig. 


For  Alien  Ships  and  fasch. 


Innmrii.—Trom  Uie  teneth  of  Great  Ornies  Head,  as  above, 
at  the  rate  of      -      '      •  ■  ■  •  -    0 

From  the  eistwarJ  of  Great  Ornies  llcail,  art  above         -    0  , 
From  ti.e  only  hou-^e  now  on  tireat  Ililbra  Maml,  hear- 
ing S.  S.  \V.  by  the  compass,  or  sliall  be  pi.'nteil  fnim 
the  Roal  of  Ilovlake  only,  or  from  the  buoy  of  the 
Fair-Wav  in  Formby  Channel  •  •  -  •    0 

Oiffu>a»(i.— Whether  tlifoui^li  the  Rock  or  Fonnty  Chan- 
nel -  ■  •  •  -  -  -0 


Per  Foot. 
I.  s.  d. 


7    0 


An  alien  vessel,  inward  or  outward  h  iiind,  is  not  to  refuse  a  pilot, 
as  circunislances  are  described  for  Kn^lish  foreij^n  ve^els  as  aUne, 

Far  Coasting  festeh,  and  thotr  tra(tiui^  to  and  from  Ireland,  tht 
Islands  of  Faro  or  Fcrro,  Jirsvy^  Uucnisey,  Aiderncy,  Sark,  and 
Man. 

Per  Foot. 


Inward.—Trnm  the  length  of  Great  Ormes  Head,  as  above, 

at  the  ,Mtf  (if      .  -  ...  . 

From  the  eistward  of  Great  Ornies  Head,  as  al)0ve 

From  Ibi'  only  bouse  now  on  Great  Hilhra  I^l-ind,  bear- 

injj  S.  S,  \V.  by  the  compass,  or  shall  be  piloted  from 

the  B  ad  of  Moylake  only,  or  from  the  buoy  of  the 

Fair-Way  hi  Formby  Channel  •  -  -  - 

Ou/u'arrf.--Whether  through  'be  Rock  or  Formby  Chaa 

nel  ...... 


L.  s.  d. 


0    4     6 
0     i    0 


0 

•    020 

No  coas'ina;  vessel  to  pay  for  less  than  S  feet  nf  water,  nor  any  ves- 
sel to  pay  fur  odd  inchi's  under  12  a  foot.  No  crKistinj;  vessel,  in- 
wani  or  outward  l<outid,  i»f  the  burden  of  ICK)  tuns  or  upwards, 
(unless  she  be  in  ball  ist,)  iti  to  refuse  a  pilot,  as  the  master  or  owner, 
&c.  must  pay  the  full  pilotaiie  if  one  be  otlere  I.  No  vessel  ii  to  be 
(leeiiicl  a  coaster  unless  she  has  been  C  moiitlis  in  that  trade. 

lUlra  Pay. 

Per  Day. 

L.  s.   d. 

In  the  river,  exclusive  of  the  day  mining  from  sea,  the  day 

of  dockini,  and  the  dav  of  goin^  to  si-a,  lor  the  pilot  .s 

attenditicp.  if  reiiuire^f  by  the  ma^ti-r,  nr  owner,  *c.  -    0    f*    0 

And  if  the  attendance  of  a  pifot  boat  be  requested  as  above    2    2    0 

The  pilotage  from  sea  into  Ifoylake  is  1*2  inwanl,  and  from  Hoy- 
lake  out  to  st'a  I  2  outwards. 

•«*  Notv\  ithstandinft  Ihe  pilot  or  the  boat  be  not  employed  a 
whole  day,  lo  be  paid  f"r  :»  day. 

So  far  i'tnludes  all  Ihe  rates  and  prices  f>r  pilotatje  and  extra  pay. 

The  Pilots*  ('ommitfee  be*  leave  l-t  recommend  to  the  merchants 
of  Liverponl,  he.  that  when  a  pilot  ci)iiduc's  a  ship  or  vessel  into 
port  to  »heir  satisraclinn,  to  employ  the  wme  pilot  tii  take  the  vessel 
out  aeain  ;  and  if  he  should  be  absent  on  duly,  that  one  belonging  lo 
the  same  bott  lie  eniployed. 

Pilots^  Hnlif  and  Herniations. — Any  person  actini;  as  a  pilot  in 
the  port  of  i^iverpooli  without  a  licence,  to  forfeit  ZOl. 


Pilots  refu-<inf(  tn  conduct  ships,  orasist  ships  in  dtstrcM,  to  forfei 
10/..  and  lose  their  licence. 

Masters  in  coaMing  trade  in  ballast,  or  under  the  burden  of  lOO 
tons,  may  pilot  their  own  vessels. 

Masters  of  vessels  forcibly  taking  pilots  beyond  the  limits  of  Ihe 
port,  nhall  ffirfeil  not  exceedini;  2(1.,  nnr  less  thin  51. 

Pilots  inisbeliaving  to  have  Ihrir  litenst^  reralltid,  and  if  tbey  act 
afterwards,  to  be  liable  to  the  s.uiie  penalties  as  if  Ihey  weje  not 
pilots. 

Vessels  Table  to  pay  pilutaice  coming  into  port,  to  display  a  signal 
for  a  pilot,  under  a  penalty  nf  M. 

Reward  for  pilots  assisting  ships  in  distress  to  be  settled  by  the 
commilteet 

Coiiipensatinn  to  lie  mi'Ie  to  pilots  for  taklnfc  vessels  out  of  the  port 
which  have  been  furred  t).ick,  to  be  tixed  by  the  coinmitlee. 

Ships  fiuceil  t>:irk  after  parting  with  the  pilot, and  piloted  out  again 
from  Htiylake,  to  pay  1-2  the  prices. 

Every'master'to  iive  the  pihtt  a  true  account  of  tlie  draught  of 
water lif  lii^  ship,  ant  pitnts  aulhonicd  to  admeasure. 

Pilots  to  obey  the  orden  of  tht'  liarbour  and  dock  mns'era. 

No  vessels  lo  be  brought  round  the  Rock,  or  into  the  ducks,  in  the 
night  lime. 


Londonderry. 


Liverpool. 

Rata  of  Pilotage  Jcr  Bntish  fastis  ttading  to  Foreign  Parts. 

Per  Foot. 
L.  J.   (/. 
/niiwrrf.— From  the  length  of  the  west  end  of  Great  Ormes 
Head,  iK'arir.if  S.  bv  W.,  or  Iielore  Penman  Hachau  be 
shut  in  with  Gre.it'Ormes  Mia  I.  at  the  rile  nf  -090 

From  the  eastward  of  Great  Urines  Head,  as  above        -080 
From  the  oiit>  house  now  on  Great  Hillira  Island,  bpir. 
iug  S.  S.  W,  tiy  the  compass,  or  shall  lie  piloted  from 
the  Road  of  Hoylake  only,  or  froni  the  buoy  of  the 
Fair-Way  in  Formby  Channel  •  -  -  -040 

Oiiftonn'.— Whether  through  the  Rock  or  Formby  Chan- 
nel .  .  -  •  -  -  -040 


Lynn. 


1       Foreii;n  Rale. 

British  Rate.      , 

'/. 

». 

d. 

r..  ,T. 

d.                  i 

Town  dueJ.  Reacona^e  0 

0 

1  1  2  per  ton 

0    0 

1        per  1(111  ' 

Slarkaire  •    0 

u 

0  3-4      — 

0    0 

0  1.:i'   - 

and  I-5(h  of  the  liei-  . 

I 

conat;eif  atthe  Hoal.  ; 

Bill  list      -        -        -0 

u 

8  p»r  3  tons 

0    0 

4  pr.  3  tons 
0  3-4  ptrlnn 

Mooring  dues   .       •    0 

0 

I  1-2  per  Ion 

0    0 

good. 

gooits 

which  may  be  in- 

creised  to        •    0 

0 

2           — 

0    0 

I           - 

Pilotage,  10  fi.&  under  0 

3 

0  per  fr)ot 

0     1 

6  per  tool 

10  1-2  to  12        0 

3 

6       — 

11   1 

9         - 

12l'2tol4I-2  0 

4 

0       — 

:)  2 

0       - 

14  1-2and  up-    0 

5 

0       - 

0    2 

6       - 

wards     -  1 

Milford^  District,  r»2.— From  Caldy  Island,  along  the  coast  !o  St. 
David's  Head,  and  froni  theiice  to  Canligan  Island,  and  ria  ttr»(i  ; 
and  to  and  from,  and  Into  and  out  of,  alt  ports  and  places  wjOiiii 
those  tiuiits. 

A',  ii.— No  master  of  a  vessel  is  compelled  to  take  a  pilot  wj'ii.ti 
tliis  district,  un?ess  c.'ir.i;  into  or  Cfinnng  out  (  f  p(  tt.  wi  Inn  i  I  i;t 
drawn  fnuii  Lenny  I'niiit  t)  Slmkani  Mand  ;  but  it  he  i\n  i.tkf  a  |iil'!{ 
between  Caldy  Ishn  I  and  Cardigan  hiaiid,  it  nitut  be  one  of  Ijie  il.^ 
trict  pilots,  if  one  otier. 

Rates  of  Pilotaee,  f'^r  pitotinf!  Sfi\pi  into  tht  Ffarl^tr  of  Milfcl, 
and  up  and  down  the  uiid  Harbour. 


\r  a 

To 

Rates  per  Foot.    | 

ruder  |l*l  Ff.and 
14  Feet;  upwards. 

('  Any  part  of  lhebar-1 

A  line  drawn  fmm  i  ;     b<uir  IWow  a  line  | 

j       St.   Aimc's   Pfiint-^  1     drawn  from  New.  ^ 

to  bhecp'i  Island      j     Inn  Nose  Point  to 

t       Martin's  Haven      J 

A  line  drawn  from  f    Any  place  aljovo  \'\ 

St.  Anne's   Point  I  ;     Ime  drawn   fmm  | 

to  Sheep's  Island, -i  !     Newton         Nose  ^ 

or  from  ilubber-    j     Point  to  Martin's  1 

stone  Road             L      Haven,  iu  addition  J 

/«  s.  d. 
0    2    6 

0    2    0 

I.  ,.  d. 

0    3   6 

0   2   6 

For  the  pili 
If  With  a  b 

^'1       Each  persoi 


"  "'^'miTMnirT.iiiiimi  ammii. 


PILOTS  AND  PILOTAGE. 


818 


hips  in  dijtnsi,  lo  forfei 

inder  the  liurilen  of  lOO 

bvyonil  th«  limits  of  \ttt 
ithin  61. 

rrralli-il,  nn.l   if  ll-'V  net 
Inc.  as  if  liny  »«!«  nol 

I  port,  to  ilis|ilir  a  "igi'il 

tnaa  to  lie  selllwl  hy  the 

ting  vriwi'ls  nut  of  the  port 

y  the  cottimititt'. 

lilot,  ami  piloted  out  nRJin 

crount  of  (lie  draiiglil  of 
I'lineft^urf. 
anil  ilock  nias'ers, 
or  into  iho  Jocks,  m  the 


lite. 

British  Rite. 

{.. 

1.  d. 

er  ton 

0 

0    3  per  too 

i) 

0    2- 

_^ 

1) 

0    3- 

— 

0 

0    2      - 

er  ves. ' 

0 

4    0  ppf  v^-^. 

er  fiKiti 

u 

2     0  per  Toiil 

(1 

2    2      — 



n 

2    4- 

— 

n 

2     8- 

! 

0 

a  0    — 

, j 

0 

;i   4     — 

— 

0 

3     8- 

, 

1) 

4    0- 

-    1 

0 

4    4      — 

>er  ves. 

0  10    6  per  vr*. 

,er  foot 

0 

1     6  per  innt 

() 

1    9     — 

„„ 

n 

2    0- 



n 

2    3- 



0 

2    6- 



0 

2    fl      - 



n 

3    0- 

_. 

n 

3    3- 

_ 

0 

3    tJ      - 

I.  in 
oods 


British  Il.ite. 


[..  s.    d.  1 

0    I        per  ton  | 
0    0  1-2     --     ' 


0  0    4  nr.  3  tons    ' 

a  0    0  3-4pirinii  1 

gOOitS 

0  0    1  - 

0  I    6  per  fool 

0  19 

0  2    0       — 

0  2    6       - 


il.in'l.  alnn?  the  cnast  to  St. 
ZMi  11*1.11111.  in-t  I'lrt  i"ii"a  ; 
II   ports  and  plucks  \iill.iii 

■lied  to  lake  a  pilm  wi'iiiii 
out  (f  pi  't,  \M  lim  1  I  I'.t 
,d;  hut  il  heilol.,ki-i  pil'il 
J,  il  niiiat  heoneiitllie.l.* 


fl  the  flart'cntr  i 
I  ffitrivur. 

/  Jtf  l7/or,<, 

nates  per  Fort, 

I'nder  JHFt.md 
14  Feel!  upwards. 

' 

[„  ,.  d.  L.  t.  i. 

ne  1 

"■  > 

0    2    0    0    3   6 

to! 

J 

a'; 

Ml  1 
>nj 

'o    2    0 

! 

0   2   6 

MMumat  Oita  for  SAioi  Imirded  without  llu  eittratia  of  lU     fret,  41. 13j  :  12  feet,  B/.  li.  6if. ;  13  feel,  57,  9».  €rf.  i  14  feet,  5/.  Iftf.i 
jcauumm  mu»  jo  r    Uarluur.  ,  ^        jS  feeN  01  iJj.  j  \^iif\,  6).  I  u  j  17  feel,  71.  2j. ;  18  feel,  8/.  5t.  :  li 


rmm  » line  drawn  from  Lenny  Point  to  Skokam  Island, 

in  addition  per  fmit      ■  -  •  "  '    „    f    „ 

If  In  the  snulllMird  of  .Si.  Onweii's  Head,  ditto     •  -010 

Or  from  Caldy  Islind  e.isl«anl,  or  Irom  the  westward  of 
Ihe  Grasshiilni,  or  3  haiue.  without  Lenny  Point,  m 
addition  to  Hie  harbour  piloOge  -  •  •    J    J   0 

eieagu.sdiilo B    n    n 

lOleigucsdiilo        -  ■  ■  -BOO 

One  fourth  part  is  to  be  added  to  the  h.arbour  ralcj  for  ihipa  not 
having  Brilish  registers. 

Baler  for  Stroica  and  .liii'tatice  perfurmal  in  Iht  Harbour. 
For  a  iKiat  carrjiiig  an  anchor  of  above  6  cwt.,  with  a  correspond- 
ing hawser — 


L.I. 

2    2 


Not  exceeding  ; 
at  the  discre- 
tion of  Ihe  suh- 
coiiiuiissioners. 


If  in  Iluhbcrslone  Roads 

Each  niau  in  the  Uial,  each  tide  .050 

If  lielow   Huhliersloiie  Ro.ids,  a  line 

dr.iwnfnmi  Ihe  E.  point  of  Qilis- 

wirk,  to  the  E.  point  of  Angle  U.iy 

and  aliove  Ihe  Slack  Rock     -  -    2  12    6 

Each  nun  in  Ihe  boat,  each  tide  -    0    6    0 

If  ill  Dale  Kn.id.  and  the  anchor   is 

brought  from  i\Iilford  •  -440 

Or  if  carried  nil'  from  Dale       •  -    2  12    6 

Each  man  in  Ihe  boat,  each  tide  -060 

Eor  a  boat  carrying  off  an  andinr  of  3  cwt.  and  not  eicccding  6 
cwt.,  wilh  a  corres'iMtnding  hawser,  Uie  boat  and  men  to  liave  3-4  of 
the  sums  above  snecihed. 

For  a  boat  with  an  anchor  of  2  cwt  and  not  exceeding  3  cwt.,  with 
a  corresponding  hawser,  the  boat  and  men  to  have  1-2  of  Ihe  said 
above  specilied  sums. 

For  uiininoriiig  a  sliip  drawing  14  feet  water,  and  upwards,  and 
bringing  her  alongside  the  quay,  nr  into  Ilubberslone  Pill— 

From  the  situation,  lit  or  2d,  before  mentioned — 
L.  I.  d. 
.110 


feet,  9(.  ISi.j  20  feet.  III.  5j. 
13/.  lOf. 

HaTl,our  I'lMner.—Xno  llt%i<en.~B  feel  draught  and  under,  per 
fool.  It.  Ik/.  ;  8  lo  10  feel,  li.  IM.  ;  al«ive  10  feet,  3i. 

Avr.-8  feel  drauglii  and  under,  per  fmil,  is.  iid. ;  8  to  10  feel,  3».: 
above  10  feel,  4<. 

Shirchain.—S  feel  draught  and  under,  per  root,2f.  6d, ;  8  lo  10 
feel,  3j.  i  above  10  feet,  4*. 

A'i»(A  Chanuel,  ^c.  i/pimrdi /rum  OrfrdntSM  lo  l,oiidm  —Of  the 
pilots  \vithin  this  dislricl,  sunie  are  liceiiseil  from  the  IJudi^eon  light- 
ves.iel  to  Orfordness,  and  llience  to  Ihe  Downs  ;  others  aie  further 
licensed  from  Smith's  Knoll  to  Orfordness.  Uul  Ihe  taking  of  piluU 
along  the  coast.  In  the  norlhunid  of  Oifonlness,  is  optioiMl  tuinasten 
of  vessels;  though,  il  a  pilot  bit  employed,  he  niuit  be  licensed  at 
atjove,  if  one  oilers. 

Licences  gr  iiited  for  Ihe  northward  of  Orfordness  do  not  authorise 
Ihe  pilotage  into  or  out  of  V.irnioulh  Ho.ids  or  Harbour,  except  an 
may  be  reijuisite  in  the  passage  to  the  Downs  or  river. 

Penzance  nialrict,  uiJ.- From  the  Linnl  In  Cape  Cornwall,  and 
vice  ifrm  ,*  and  In  and  from,  and  into  and  out  of,  all  ports  and  places 
within  those  limits. 

N,  W.— .No  master  of  a  vessel  is  compelled  to  lake  a  pilot  within 
this  district,  until  he  conies  within  a  line  drawn  fnini  SI.  Clement's 
Isle  to  Trewavas  Head,  for  Mounts  Bay  and  lYii/ance  ;  but  if  he  does 
lake  a  pilot  between  the  i.ir.inl  and  Cape  Cornwall,  it  must  be  ona 
of  the  district  pilots,  if  one  otttfr. 

Jtaltt  of  Pilutage,  for  ptlolini;  Ships  within  Ihe  Penzana 
District. 


For  the  pilot 

Ifwilhahoatanaildilional  sumof  •    0  10    6 

Each  person  employed  .           .  .050 

From  the  3d  station  specified 

For  the  pilot      •          -           ■  .    I  II    6 

If  wilhalxial,  an  addilion.al8umof  •    0  10 

Each  person  employed  -           -  -06 


Not  exceeding  ; 
at  the  discre- 
tion of  Ihe  sub- 
commissiouen. 


f  Not  exceeding  ; 
6  J      at    the   discre- 
tion of  the  sub- 
cominisfliuners. 


61      at 
01      lim 
L     con 


And  for  taking  a  ship  of  14  feet  draught  of  water  and  upwards, 
from  the  quays,  or  Hubherstnne  Pill,  to  moorings  in  any  of  Ihe  situa- 
tions before  mentioned,  the  like  sums  above  sfiecihed. 

Ships  under  14  feet  draught  of  water,  to  or  from  the  situations  be- 
fore mentioned,  3-4  cf  the  sums  for  the  pilot }  the  boats  and  man  as 
above  specified. 

For  new  mooring  a  ship  drawing  14  feel  water,  iu  either  of  the 
(itiulions  before  described— 


For  Ihe  pilot      . 

If  with  a  II  'at,  an  addilional  sum  of 

Each  person  employed 


L.  I. 

0  10 
0  10 
0  s 


Not  exceeding. 


Kmxattle. 


Pilotage  into  or  out  of  the 
port,  or  into  or  out  of 
any  of  the  creeks  or 
members  thereof  from 
Ist  April 

t         1st  October 

1  I'por  down  Ihe  Tyne  be. 
Iween  North  and  South 
Shields,  and  any  part  of 

I  the  river  above  Bill 
Point  .  -  -  - 
Ipoi  down  the  river  be- 
low Bill  Point       ■ 


Buoyage  and  beaconage. 
Vessels  loaded  60  tons 
and  under 

61  to  100 
101  —  200 
201  —  300 
3C!  and  aliove  - 
Town  dues.    On  coals  and 

p;riiid5loiiPS  exported 
Harbour  dues     -        laden 
ballast 
Seine  p.irticular  kind  of  do. 
witliout  ballast  or  eomls 
Hostnien's  dues.     Grind- 
stones   -        -       -        . 
Anchorage        ■       • - 


Foreign  Rate. 


L.I.  d. 


9  per  foot 
0     - 


0    2    0      — 

0    16      — 
N.  B.-Ss.  per 
vessel    extra, 
if  wilh    lee- 
boards. 
0    I    6  per  ves 
0    16     — 
0    16     — 
0    16      — 
0    16     — 


0    1    4  pr.  chal. 
0    6  10  per  vn. 


10 

8    4      — 
4  10      — 

0  f  pr.  chal. 

1  0  i>er  ves. 


British  Bate, 


L.t.  d. 


3  per  foot 


0    16- 
0    10      — 


0 
0 

0  11 

1  1 


4  per  ves. 
9     — 


2  pr.  chal. 
6  per  ves. 

0      — 

2     — 


0    0    4pr.chal. 
Nil. 


TS 

H 

j 

From 

To 

n 
f. 

to 
10 

_ 
t. 

11 
1. 

12 
s. 

13  14 
1.  f. 

15  16 
I.   ». 

17 
s. 

18 
1. 

19 
s. 

20 
t. 

Either  of  the 

1 

^ 

Sea,   and_ 
oici'Misa' 

roalsteads 
or    piers    in 

10 

16 

24 

30 

35  40 

1 

45  SO'jD  00 

67 

77 

Mount's  Bay 

1     1     1     1     ! 

il, ,     ■  Either  of  the  1      ' 

«JL™t     dillerent  piers   1       1.. 

id.  per  foot  of  the  draught  of 

„-~  ?'  „    1    n  Mount's     f                         water. 

i.TOUcrso|^|  „^y    .        ,    J 

2    2    0 


•    I    1    0 


0  10    0 


^'eu}havenilnd Shoreham  District^  viz.—Tram  Dun^enwi  lo  the 
Owers,  and  virt  versa ;  ami  (o  and  from, and  into  and  out  of,  all  porta 
and  iv.ice.Mviltiin  thnse  limits. 

A", /f.— Nonnslor  nf  a  vessel  is  cnmjiellrd  to  tako  a  pilot  wjlliin 
this  district,  until  he  comes  to  llie  enlranrc  of  Kye,  Shorehsim,  or 
Newlwven,  and  is  bound  lo  one  of  tliose  port*  ;  but  if  he  doe«  take  a 
iiitot  liclween  UunReness  and  the  Owers,  it  must  he  a  district  pdot, 
ifnne  Ptli-rs. 

Rattxof  PiUyfnsf,  forpxlctiug  Ships  within  the  Xewhai'm  DiS' 
trut.-Con\  pilotage  from  Dun^eneas  lo  the  west  end  of  the  Owen: 
tfeetdraughT  and  under,  2/.  I6i.  6d.j  7to  10  feet,  4/.  4*.  6d.  j  V 


Ships  not  havin?  British  rcgiiters  are  to  pay  \i  more  than  stated 
in  the  above  Talilu. 

lioals  and  vesu- la  boarded  by  pilots  at  a  distance  southward  of  the 
lay- 

L. 
For  putting  a  pildt  on  Iwnrd  without  a  line  drawn  from  the 

Lizard  to  'J'ol  Pedan  Pcnwith       .... 
Ditto,  within  a  line  drawn  from  the  Liz-ird  to  Tol  IVdan 

IVnwilh,  and  without  a  line  drawn  from  Cam  \)ew  lo 

PenRwiriion  I'oint 
Dift(),  »  ithin  a  line  drawn  from  Carn  Dew  to  Pen^ivinion 

I'oint,  and  without  a  line  drawn  from  St  Clement's  Isle 

to  Trewavas  Head  ..... 

And  within  those  limits  to  be  charged  inwards. 

Plymouth  District,  vir.— To  the  westward  as  far  as  XjooCt  antt 
eastvvard  as  tar  as  the  Start ;  and  to  and  from,  and  into  and  out  uf,  all 
ports  and  places  within  those  limits. 

A".  }i. — No  master  of  a  vessel  is  compelled  to  take  a  pilot  withii) 
this  district,  except  f^oine:  in  or  coniinc  out  of  the  port,  within  a  I'mtt 
drawn  from  the  Kan)  Head  to  the  Mewstone  ;  hut  if  he  do  take  a 
pilot  between  the  .Start  and  Looe,  it  must  be  one  of  the  district  pilots^ 
if  one  oiler. 

Rates  of  Pilotage,  for  piloting  Ships  within  the  Plt/mmith  Dit- 
trict.—\.  All  British  ships  of  14  feet  water  and  upward^  except 
Kast  Indianien,  if  boardt-d  without  the  land  olT'  I'enli*  Puint  or  the 
Mewstone,  which  must  be  known  by  the  western  land  beini<  open  off 
the  Ram  Head,  shall  pay  bs.  per  foot  pilolaf^e,  if  carried  into  the 
Harbour  of  Hanioize,  Catwater,  or  Sutton  Pool. 

2.  Dritish  ^hips  under  14  feel  water,  down  to  8  feet,  boarded  u 
above  staled,  are  to  pay  4*.  prr  foot  for  the  like  service. 

3.  Ships  above  14  feel,  withm  that  line,  are  to  pay  only  ii.  per 
foot ;  and  ships  imder  14  feet,  boarded  as  above,  only  3*.  per  fool,  for 
the  likf  service. 

4.  All  ships  under  9  feet  water,  are  to  pay  as  above  stated,  as  ir 
the  ves'-el  was  of  that  draught. 

5.  All  the  above  rates  are  to  be  paid  ;n  projiortion  for  eveiy  1-2 
foot  of  water,  t»ut  no  allowance  is  lo  be  made  for  any  draught  of 
water  less  th.'in  1-2  foot. 

6.  In  carrying  ships  to  sea  from  the  said  harbours,  the  pilotage  U 
to  he,  in  all  cases,  Ihe  same  as  Ihe  inward  pilotage. 

7.  All  ships  which  may  anchor  on  their  arrival, either  in  Cawsand 
Ray  or  Plymouth  Sound,  arc  to  p*;-  only  i-2  of  the  before-mentioned 
rile.s  of  pilotage. 

8.  All  pilots  employed  to  carry  ships  from  any  one  of  Ihe  h-irbours 
to  another,  are  lobe  paid  the  same  pilotage  as  if  the  said  ship  lud 
been  boarded  within  the  headlands  cominK  from  5ea. 

9.  Should  any  ship  above  17  feet  water  be  boarded  while  the  west- 
ern land  is  open  olV  the  Rim  Head  by  one  of  the  2d  class  pilots,  and 
he  runs  Ihe  ship  as  far  in  as  either  of  the  buoys  on  the  1  anther  or 
Shovel,  and  is  there  supen-eded  by  one  of  the  Ist  class,  he  shall  be 
entitled  to  1-3.1  of  Ihe  pibdaee. 

10.  Masters  of  ships  taking  a  pilot  at  sea— 

L.  t.  d. 


Vol.  IL— 2  D 


40 


3  le.iKuej  without  a  line  drawn  from  the  Ram  Head  to 

the  Mewstone,  are  to  pay         •  .  .  -    3    3    0 

6  leagues  ditto         -  ■  .  -  •  -    4    4    0 

10  leaiiues  ditto         .  -  .  -  •  .660 

and  proportionatelv  for  intermediate  distances. 

11.  Ships  not  li.ivin([  British  rt^ialers  are  to  pay  1-4  more  of  llie 
rales  of  pilotaf^e  than  is  slated  in  the  almve  Tahle. 

12.  ha  master  choose  to  retain  or  employ  a  pilot  whilst  at  anchoi 
the  rale  for  the  lay  days  il  to  be  7i,  6d.  a  day,  not  iucluding  Ibe  dkt 
coming  io  or  going  uuL 


■^ 


-•-?: 


^^ 


'•L   8.-1 », 

..<■     •■>-•■ 


314 


PILOTS  AND  PILOTAGE. 


!  I 


<     1 


I  -i 


Poote  Ihitrirt,  wfr.— Fmm  Cliristoliurch,  inclu^ivt*,  tn  St.  Albiii'i 
HeaJ,  atxl  vice  tvnn  ;  ari'l  In  nml  rroiii,  anJ  into  anil  nut  or,  all  pnrti 
and  placAs  witliin  tlinsp  Itmi's, 

N.  fl.— Nn  m.istpr  rif  a  vpsit-l  ii  cnnipdlp-I  tn  take  a  nilnl  witliin 
thii  dlilricl  nnlil  lip  rniiiH  to  tlie  entrance  n(  I'lmlf,  Slucllanil  Day.nr 
Chrlllchurrti,  bnund  to  one  nf  tlinai?  ithrw  [  liut  if  he  (In  take  a  pilnt 
between  Chris'churcli  and  St,  Alban  a  Head,  it  niuit  be  ooe  u(  the  dis- 
trict pilo!i,  if  one  olfer. 

Rtila  nf  I'thm^e  /or  piloting  Sliipt  wilhin  thi  Pmle  Diilmt 

For  the  pilotage  of  any  veual  tram  SluJIaod  Bay  to  Puole  Quay,  3i. 
p«r  foot. 

For  the  pilotage  of  any  feael  from  Stiidlind  Bay  la  Browniea, 
8-3d>  of  the  above. 

For  Ihrt  pilnt.ige  of  any  vessel  fi^m  S(.  Alban's  or  Christchnrch 
Heail,  to  Poole  Quay,  4t.  per  foot,  and  in  piY)jH>rtiun  fromthose  heads 
lo  Rrown<ea,  &c. 

For  thi^  pilotace  of  any  vessel  from  any  place  between  cither  nf 
those  hf>A  ii  and  Stti<Il.uid  Diy,  tn  I'onle  tjiiay,  3i.  6ti,  per  font;  and 
In  prnpnrtinn  from  the  s.»tne  places  to  Hrownse.i,  Ac. 

For  the  pilotage  of  any  vessel  outM-ardv ;  the  same  as  for  a  vessel 
inwards. 

Stiipa  not  havinc  British  registers  are  to  pay  l-i  more  of  the  rates 
of  pilotaee  than  above  staled. 

The  nilot  liaviin;  charge  of  any  ship  or  vessel,  either  inwards  or 
outwar  Is,  and  liriii);  rrqniffd  by  the  mailer  or  owner  lo  remain  nn 
board  anv  such  ship  or  vessel,  shall  be  paid  4f.  per  day  in  addition  to 
the  liniileil  pilotage,  for  every  dav  after  the  first. 

The  pilot  of  any  vessel  shall,  I'f  rcnuired  by  the  owner  or  master 
only,  provide  a  boat,  with  4  men  to  attend  her,  frtini  Slakes  to  the 
Quay,  or  frnni  the  Quay  to  Stakes,  to  low  her  in  or  out,  or  to  carry 
ropes  on  shore  or  to  the  buoys,  .as  may  be  necessary  ;  for  which  ser* 
vice  there  shall  he  paid  the  sum  of  lOt. 

The  piloN  shall  at  all  limes,  when  required  by  the  masteror  owner, 
lenl  their  assia'ance  to  work  any  vessel  lo  or  fmm  the  quay,  into  or  out 
of  the  harbour;  fur  which  service  they  shall  be  paid  as  follows,  viz. — 
For  wnrkin?  a  vessel  to  or  from  the  bay.  Si.  per  man  ;  lo  or  from 
llrownsei,  3f.  ditto  ;  and  to  or  f mm  Slakes,  2t.  ditto;  and  the  same 
for  the  h>v  ihev  attend  in ;  and  4«.  per  day  each  man,  if  detained  ou 
board  after  the  iir^t  day. 
Coasting  vessels  to  pay  2-3ds  of  the  above  rates  of  pilotage. 


Port  Gliu^ow. 


Harbour  dues.  If  a  foreign 

voyage     .        .        -        • 

Above  30  tons  coasting 

Pilotage.  From  any  place 
lielwei-n  Cuinray  Li^htft 
the  Clnu^h  Light,  or  from 
the  anchnrare  at  Fairlee 
Roads,  Hoihsay  Bav,  or 
Quarantine  Station,  tinly 
I.ock.  tnCireennrk  Knads, 
mooring  and  berthing,  or 
Vice  versa 

From  any  place  inside  the 
Clough  Light,  or  from 
th2  anchorage  at  Gourock 
lioads,  or  the  Tail  of  the 
Bank       .... 

Vessels  inward  bound,  not 
boarded  until  nearer 
Gourock  than  the  Bay  of 
Quirk      .... 

From  Greenock  to  Port 
Gl.asgow,  which  rale  is 
to  be  addetl  to  almve  for 
vessels  from  any  of  those 
stattpns  for  thai  port 


Foreign  Bate. 


British  Rale. 


L.  I,  d. 


1    0  per  ton 
0    6     — 


0    0    Zi   — 


0    0    Ij   - 


0    0    0|   — 


0    0    IJ   - 


L.  :  d. 


6  per  ton 
3     — 


0    0    I^  - 


0    0    1     — 


0    0    OJ   - 


0   0    1      — 


Portlinoulh  and  Cowes  District,  mi.— From  the  t)wers,  within 
and  without  the  Isle  of  Wight,  to  Peverel,  and  vice  versa;  and  to 
and  from,  and  into  and  out  of,  all  pons  and  places  within  those 
limits 

If.  B — Tlie  pilots  of  this  district  have  authority  to  supersede  jiich 
of  Ihe  Ixindon  or  t'lnque  Port  pilots  as  are  licensed  for  the  charge  of 
vessels  to  Ihe  Isle  of  Wight,  when  they  arrive  near  tint  channels  lead- 
ing into  the  |)oru  an  I  hirbours  within  the  Isle  of  Wight ;  hut  nn  mas- 
ter of  a  vessel  is  cnm|iclled  to  take  a  I'orlsmouth  or'Cowes  pilnt  till 
within  5  miles  nf  Itcnibridge  Ledge,  or  3  miles  nf  Ounnose,  SI.  Ca- 
tharine's, or  the  NeeJles,  (or  till  at  St.  Helen's,  if  he  is  piloted  thereto 
by  a  duly  licensed  l.iindon  orCinque  Port  pilot,)  but  if  he  do  Lake  on 
IwarJ  a  pilot  between  tlie  Owen  and  Peverel,  it  must  be  one  of  the 
district  pilots. 

Rata  of  rilola^e.  for  piloting  Ships  within  Ihe  Portsmouth  and 
Cowis  Dtstrict.—l'mni  h  miles  without  Rembridge  Ledge,  orSlniles 
without  Duniiose  or  St,  Catharine's,  or  3  miles  from  Ihe  Needles' 
Point,  coniiii?  in  at  that  passige. 

To  Spilhead,  Molherbank,  Stokes  Bay,  or  Cowes  Road. 

Per  Foot, 

For  ships  of  every  draught,  as  fir  as  17  feet  inclusive  .    5    6 

From  17  fiTl  to  ^0  feel  drauTb.  inclusive      -  .  .60 

Above  20  bet  draught         -"  -  .  .  -70 

But  if  the  ship  |«  hnanled  within  2  miles  of  the  buoys  oil'  Bem- 
bridgc,  or  within  3  miles  of  the  Needles'  Point,  the  rale  lo  lie  1  j.  per 
foot  less  than  Ihe  aliove  for  each  foot  Ihe  ship  draws.  And  Ihe  same 
rales  as  the  almve  for  pilotagii  outwards. 

Ships  inward  bound,  boarded  between  the  Needles  and  Hurst  Cas- 
tle, to  pay  it.  per  fool.  Between  Hurst  Castle  and  Newton  Creek, 
l>.  per  foot.  ' 

Ships  aiiclioriiig  and  remaining  at  St.  Helen's,  Yarmnulh,  or  I.y- 
mingtori,  eitlier  inward  or  outward  bound,  lo  pay  1-2  the  rate  of 
pilotage. 

Pilots  taken  on  board  by  the  capiiin  without  the  above  liniiu,  lo 
receive  the  following  pay  ;  viz 

If  at  3  leagues  from  the  Wight   • 
6  ditto  ditto 

10  ditto  ditto 

**a  pinporlionalely  for  any  intermediate  distances. 

6U[»  coming  into  Cowes  Harbour  lo  pay  U.  6d.  per  fool,  and  Ihe 
im«  00  gomg  out,  aa  harbour  pilotage.  ■  ,        ». 


».  d. 

3  0 

4  0 
6    0 


Pilots  of  ships  drawing  17  feet  water  and  under,  are  tn  have  ?/. 

fier  foot  in  addition  to  the  piloi.iga  from  sea,  from  any  place  withiri 
he  Isle  of  Wliclit  to  Portsmouth  llartinur,  or  to  South  imp'on,  or  to 
Buckler's  Hard,  or  to  Ijngstoiie  Hartmur  and  Lyminglon  ;  and  for 
all  vessels  drawing  above  17  feet  water,  :)j.  per  fiHit, 

Ships  coming  fnim  Ihe  Downs  svith  a  I/indon  or  Cinque  Port  pilot, 
to  the  Isle  of  Wight,  .ind  he  continuing  the  charge  into  any  of  the 
places  svilhin  Ihe  said  i  mils,  no  duly  liceiiseil  iiilol  otFerIng,  is  to  !« 
allowed  1-2  pilotage  ti  ,.,  SI,  Helen's  lolhe  anchorage,  but  not  other- 
wise. 

For  transporting  vessels  from  one  berth  to  another  in  Portsmouth 
harbour- 
As  far  as  200  tons  •  •  ■     I0>,  ed. 
201)    to   300  —  .              .             .             .     lii. 
Above      300       .             .             .  .    i\s. 

For  Ihe  pilotage  nf  ves-sels  from  Southampton  to  Rclbridge,  Elinr 
Forlham,  or  Chapel,  and  vice  vena,  I*,  per  foot ;  and  from  South' 
ampton  to  llimble,  Bursledon,  Leap,  Iluckler's  Hani,  or  Heiullto 
and  nice  eerja.  Is.  6<f.  per  foul ;  and  fur  any  intermediate  distance  a 
proiiorliunate  rale.  ' ' 

Ships  not  having  British  registers  ire  to  pay  1-4  more  of  the  ratei 
of  pilotage  than  stitcd  in  the  above  'i'atile. 

If  a  master  cho'ise  to  retain  or  employ  a  pilot  svFiile  at  anchor,  Ihe 
rale  for  the  lay  days  is  to  be  7.i.  6rf.  per  d.iy,  nnt  including  the  day 
coming  in  or  going  nut. 

For  every  10  leagues  beyond  the  meridian  of  Prveril  Point,  fni 
ships  not  eiceeding  14  feel  svafcr,  M.  3j. ;  fur  Ihe  same  distance,  lur 
ships  of  more  than  14  feet  water,  -1/.  4i.  j  and  proportionately  for  io. 
termed iaie  distances. 

All  vessels  belonging  tn  the  pnri  nf  Southampton,  hound  to  or  frnm 
foreign  parts,  are  to  pay  no  more  than  1-2  the  foregoing  ratesof  pilot, 
age, 'when  navigating  within  Ihe  limits  of  eilher  the  CoHrsnf 
Portsmouth  districts,  provided  such  vessels  shall  at  the  lime  lie  ac- 
tually bound  tn  or  from  Itie  port  of  Southampton. 

All  vessels  trading  to  or  from  the  islands  of  Guernsey,  Jersey,  A', 
derney  or  Sark,  are  lo  pay  nn  ninre  than  1-1  the  fore.;niiig  ritispf 
pilntage  when  naviga'iug  within  the  timils  of  the  Porlsmouth  or 
Cowes  districts. 

.Sci»!//)ij(rir(,  ni'r.— Toand  from,  and  into  and  out  nf,  all  porli 
and  places  in  and  about  the  Scilty  Islands. 

Rata  of  Pilotage,  far  piloliug  Vastis  within  the  Scilly  niilrict,  in 

and  out. 


L.  I.  I 

I     I    0 

1  II    6 

2  2  c 

2  12   6 

3  3  0 


Coasting  vessels  of  60  — 

60  to    75      ■ 
7.1  —  10)      . 
100  — 200      • 
2iX)  tons 
Vessels  from  foreign  ports 
60  tons 
ICO  —  - 

21)0  —  - 

300  —  - 

400  -  • 

and  in  proportion  for  greater  tonnage. 

Ships  not  having  British  registers  are  to  pay  M  more  than  isabota 
stated . 

Stigo. 


2    2  0 

2  i:  t 

4  4  0 

5  15  6 

6  S  0 


Foreign  Rate, 

British  llile.     ' 

/.,  »,  d 

/.,  f,  rf.              [ 

Harbour  dues 

0    0    9 

per  ton 

0    0    6  per  ton  : 

From 

From 

From 

Kn;n 

April   1. 

Oct.  1. 

April    1. 

IJcl.  1.  , 

lo 

lo 

to 

Sept.  30. 
1.  d. 

Mar,  3J, 

Sept,  30. 

.Mar.3l.i 

».  d. 

».  d. 

s.  d    ' 

Inward. 

Pilotage        from        the 

W  beaten  Rock  lo  Ihe 

Oyster  Island 

2    0 

2    6 

I    C 

2    0 

Rnghley  I'oiiit  lo  do.     - 

1     6 

2    0 

1    2 

1  e  ' 

Outside  the  Bar  to  do.  - 

1     1 

1     3 

0  10 

1    0    1 

Sligoside  Ihe  liar  In  do. 

0    5 

0    7 

0    4 

0  t; 

The  Island  to  Ihe  ()uay 

1     K 

1     6 

1    0 

1  1)  ■ 

Uo.  lo  Ihe  Pool    .        . 

0    9 

0    9 

0    G    ,     0    ti 

iMitward. 

From  anv  place  lo  the 

sea     ...       . 

3    0 

3    G 

2    0 

2  c  ! 

StocUon. 


W 


Filo 
T 


Tees  Naviis>tion  dues. 
Vessels  trading  to  or 
from  Iho  river  Tees 
from  or  to  any  foreign 
port  (except  laden  with 
Norway  limber  only)  • 
If    laden    with     Norway 

limber  only    . 
Town  dues  ... 

Pilotage    from   Sea    to"^ 

Ihe  eighth  buoy      . 
From    Sea   lo    Cargo 

Fleet      ...      5 

From  Cargo  Fleet  to     S 

Middlebiirg   •       -  C.3 

From  Cargo  Fleet  to 

Newport  or  Porlrack 

From  Cargo  Fleet  lo 

Stockton 


Foreign  Rale.  British  Hale.    |      \      % 


L.  J.  d. 


0    I    6  per  Ion 


I    0      _ 
6    0  per  vei. 


I..  J.  d. 


0    0    9  per  Ion 


0   6 

2    6 


0    I    9  per  foot 
0 


3    0 
I    0 


2    6 


0    3    0     — 
A'.  B,— 5»,   per 
vessel    extra, 
if  with    lee. 
boards. 


0    I    3 


per  v«. 

per  foot 


GI.N 

Fiiili 
Bcln\ 

Foi 


GI.N( 

FniUll 
Gel 
Foil 


fil.Nei 

Knilski 

Helow 

Foili 


OI.Neis 

Foilskir 

Below  1 

Foilsl 

Filolai 


Tonnsg 
portiiif 
house, 
of  whc 
coals,  0 
Ireland 
Veiwels.l 
cargo  si 
I  Vessels  n 
port  in 


0    2    0- 
0    0    9- 


0    13- 
0    2    0- 


Ballast  di 
board 


Thrown 


irq/r/ioid 
tyr,rfi;  ami 
within  tliost 

A'.  B.-N 
this  district, 
to  the  Shanil 

PI.MI 

Nelkenp 
in  great 
when  rii 
nous,  Iht 
their  gre 
for  the  E 
counted. 
Dion,  cloi 
dicinc;  I 

"Then 
(iouB.    A 


PIMENTO. 


r  inJ  imil«r,  are  to  have  2t. 
n  wi,  fnim  any  plice  within 
uir,  or  to  Sdii'lunip'on,  or  fn 
)ur  and  I.yniin^lon ;  and  fur 
r,  3i.  per  f(«»i. 

»  I^mlonnr  Cinque  Port  pilul, 
vg  llii*  ch:irKR  luln  any  ot  tho 
liceiutcl  [tilot  nlTrrinfC.  it  tn  l>e 
lo  the  anchorage,  but  oot  other- 

orth  to  another  in  PortHmouth 
.    H*. 

-     213. 

lliamptnn  to  Rci!t>ri<)<e,  Elinf, 
|j.  per  fool  ;  anil  from  Sniuh. 
,  iluikler'B  llanl,  or  Be-Tiilifij, 
ur  any  iulerineJi.tiu  diilance,  \ 

re  to  pay  1-4  more  of  the  ratei 

atile. 

loy  a  pilot  while  at  anchor,  tho 

^f'r  d.iyi  not  iucIuJing  the  il.iy 

meriilian  of  Peveril  Point,  fni 
3i, ;  fi)r  tim  same  distance,  lor 
U.  i  and  proportiouateiy  for  ia- 

Sniithaniptnn,  hnnnd  to  or  frnm 
1  Wi  the  loresoinR  ratenof  pilot. 
imid  of  cithiT  tlio  Couihi  f,j 
vessels  shall  at  the  time  Im  ac- 
outliaiiiplon. 

ishnds  of  rmeriisey.  Jersey,  A'- 
ttiaii  I-l  the  foit'fioini;  ralcsrf 
\e  limits  of  (he  PorlsDiouth  or 


.inil  into  and  out  of,  all  porli 

iiuls. 

liitiit/ii'i  theSc 

III/ 

rtislrict,  II, 

U. 

i.  1.  J. 

•110 
•     1  II    6 

•220 

- 

•    a  12   6 

• 

•330 

, 

•220 

• 

•    2  IJ   (i 
-440 

• 

•     S  15    « 
•660 

are  to  pay  1-4  more  than  isaboTo 


Ifrn  Kale. 

British  IMe.     ' 

d. 

9  per  ton 

/..  I.  d. 
0    0    6 

per  Ion  i 

From 
.    Oct.  1. 

to 
.  Mar.  3J. 

From 
April   1. 

to 
Sipl.  30. 

Kn:n 
(Id.  1.  , 

.Mar,  31.1 

i.d.   1 

t.  d. 

».  d. 

2    6 
2    0 
1     3 

0  7 

1  6 
0    9 

I    G 
1    2 
0  10 

0  4 

1  0 
0    G 

2    0 
1    6    ' 

1    0   1 

0  G 

1  n  1 

0   6 

3    6 

2    0 

2   G 

;r  foot  draught  of  water. 


■ign  Rite.    1      Hritisli  Rile.    | 

d. 

/.. 

J. 

d. 

6  per  ton 

0 

0 

1 
9  per  ton 

0      —         0 
0  per  vei.'  0 

0 
2 

6     - 
6  per  va. 

9  per  foot 

0 

I 

3  per  (ool 

0     — 

0 

2 

0     - 

0     - 

0 

0 

9     - 

6     — 

0 

1 

3     - 

0      — 
— 5».   per 
el    entn, 
Willi    lee- 

0 

2 

0     - 

315 


UTattrfanL 


12  Feel  ami  upw.irils,  be 

Ivveeii  '2.'>(ll  Mircll  and 

29th  Seplvuiber,  per  Foot. 


Weymnulh,  and  n(T  llio«i  nf  Bridpnrt  and  Lyme  j  tut  if  he  do  lake 
a  I  iliit  liitin-en  .11.  Allp.iii'.  Mead  and  Lyme,  it  must  k«  one  of  lite 

.lialrid    ml.. la      if  »..a     nll^v 


llolaie.  ,,.      ,      I'j 

Takinit  piloli  at  the  follewlng  g-g. 

diiianceik  '•'  ".  i 


tValward. 


Kaitward, 


GI.Newlown  Head   Salteea    - 

Foilihirl       -       •    Bi«&nunIM. 

Below  Duncannoni  and  nearer  than 

FoiUkirt  or  bag  and  Bun  • 


GI.NewtownHRid  I  S.illeea  • 
foil>kirt       -       -iBa^&BunHd. 
Below  Diincannon,  and  ni-arer  than 
Foilikirlorfljjaad  Kun  • 


Gt. Newtown  Head  I  Sal'ees  - 
Foilikirt  -  I  na«ABun  lid. 

Helort  Diincannon,  and  netrerthan 


Foilikirt  or  Bag  aud  Bua 


Ot.Newtown  Head  |  Saltees  • 
Foilskirt       -        •  I  Bajft  Bun  Hd. 
Below  lluncannon,  ami  nearer  than 
Foilskirt  or  Bag  aud  Bud   - 


Br.   Fo. 


u  u  0  5 
,  oce- 


4-32 
S3     ? 


Br. 


I    83  0'2    7 


02 


2   3 


Fo. 


f  d. 
4  S 
4  0 


2  0.3  6 


Br.   Fo 

t.d.\t.d. 
4  on  10 
3   8:5    4 

3   4411 


Between  29lh  .Septemher 
and  2jth  March,  per  Foot. 


2    113  6 
183   9 

14  2  7 


3  0411  4   5's  3 

2    7,4   6  4   OS  10 

2   34   0  3   8,5   4 


More  than  6  and  less  Ih'in 

12  Fei't,  liclween  25lh  March 

and  20lh  Sept.,  per  Foot. 


.    2I2    7  111 
10  2    119 


-    0   91    8  1 


3   6'3   2U  II 
3   0  3   0|4    9 

2   7  2    9  4   0 


Between  29th  September 
and  251b  March,  per  Foot. 


8 
1    6 


1    2 


3   0  2   4  4   0  3   S  5    4 
2    7  2    13   6  3   6;4  1l 

2    11  10  303246 


Filolage  outwards,  the  same  as  Foilskirt,  or  Bag  and  Bun  Head. 


Tonnsp!  duea.  Veaselj  re- 
porting at  tho  CuJiora- 
house,  (vessels,  two  Ibirdi 
of  whose  cargo  shall  be 
coals,  or/ro»i  any  port  of 
Ireland,  excepted)  • 

Vewels.two  tliirds  of  whose 
cargo  shall  be  coals 

Vessels  arriving  from  any 
port  in  Ireland 

Foreign  Rale. 

British  Itate. 

L.I.  d. 

0   0   6  per  ton 
0    0    3     — 
0    0    2     — 

L.  1.  d. 

0    0    2i  per  ton 
0    0    li     _ 
0    0    1        — 

Ballast  duel.    Taken  on 

board       •       British 

foreign 

Thrown  out       British 

foreign 


If  above 
the  River 
or  Pill  of 
Killma. 
cow  and 
below  the 
Cove. 


Per  Tail. 
C.  I.  d. 

0  3    3 

0  4    6 

0  I   10 

0  2    9 


If  between  the  River  or 

Pill  of  Kilniacow  and 

the  Cove, 


If  by 
Lighters. 


If  at  Bal- 
last Quay. 


Per  Ton.      Per  Ton. 
L.  I.  d.       L,  I.  d. 

0    I  10        0    14 

0    2    8         0    2    2 

0    0  11  j    0    0    9 

0    1    7  ;    0    I    S 


district  pdols,  if  one  oiler. 

Jlalaof  Pilolngt,  far  piloting. IMpiurilliin  the  W'eymouJA  Diilrict. 


From 

To 

^1 

From 

H  Feit 

to  10 

Feel. 

it 

■^s 

"/-rT 

t'ilOl. 

1.  d, 
3    0 

3    0 

3    0 
3   0 

A  line  drawn  fronn     Weymouth  or  ) 
Lulworth   10    hell      p;,r,|»„j         f 

C;orsha":.utJi      "-J'orBay; 

Weymouth  or         li   Weymouth         ) 

Porllandlioad.or^        Harbour        -J 

_                   '       '(     Bridpnrt   liar-  { 
S"        ■       ■       ■}        hour     ■       -J 
Ditto      •       .       -      Lyme  Harbour  • 

/Vr 
Foot. 

>.  d. 

2    U 

2    0 

2    0 

2    0 

I'er 

fi^Ot. 

1.  d. 

2    G 

2    6 

2    6 
2    6 

The  same  rates  of  pilotage  to  be  paid  outwards. 

Ships  not  having  Britih)i  reiislers  tn  pay  1  4  more  of  Ihe  rales  of 
pilotage  than  is  sLaled  in  the  aliove  Table. 

The  pilot  of  any  vessel  shall,  if  rf<|Uireil  by  Ibe  owner  or  master 
only,  provide  a  boat  with  4  men  to  attend  her,  fniiii  the  roads  to  thu 
quay,  or  from  Ihe  (|u»y  to  Ihe  roads,  to  low  her  in  or  out,  or  carry 
ropes  on  shore  or  to  the  posts,  he,  as  ni.iy  be  necessary,  t^or  which 
service  each  man  is  to  be  paid  4l.  per  tide  ;  the  owner  of  the  boat  to 
be  paid  the  B.ame  as  a  man. 

Masters  of  ships  taking  a  pilot  at  sea  (which  is  optional  to  them) 
to  pay  as  follows,  viz. — 


From  SI.  Alban's  Head  or  Dill  of  Portland,  to  off  Bridport 
or  Lyme        ....-■ 

If  3  le.iguis  from  the  limits  of  Weymouth,  Bridport,  or 
Lyme  ...  ... 

IfGdilto  ditto       .  .  .  .  . 

If  10  ditto        ditto       .  .  •  •  • 


L.  t.  d. 
2    2    0 


I'armoKt/i.— /(a(M  0/  Pilotage  fir  pilotinn  .thipi  uHlhin  the  Yttr- 
vioitth  Diilrict.-^VoT  ships  above  14  feet  dr3u.:,'ht  of  water. 


From 

To 

Amount. 

L.  1. 

The  Dudgeon  Light 

,  ilsf 

Orfordnesa 

10  10 

inrallel  of  latitude 

Yarmouth  Road,  within  > 
or  without  the  sands    .  ) 

7    7 

the  northward  thereof,  "j 

and  vire  versa     - 

-I 

Downs     .        .        -        . 

2     0 

Yarmouth,     and 

vice 

Orfordness 

6 

verta    -        •        • 

Downs      .        -        -        . 

16  16 

i' 

Sen,  through  the  Cockle,  > 
SI.  ^'ichnla5,orovertbeS■ 

Varmoutb  Roads    • 

3 

Stanford        -        -        •) 

Sea         -       •       • 

Yarmouth  Rnails,  through  i 
any  of  the  channets      -  > 

6    S 

(- 

Orfordness 

S    6 

Smith's  Knoll,  and 

Vice 

The  entrance  of  the  (iat-^ 

versa    - 

■I 

ways  leading  into  Yar- > 

mouth  Roads       -       •) 

The  entrance  of  the  Gat-  > 

3    3 

Orfordncss      • 

■\ 

v^'ays  leading  into  Yar- > 

3    3 

I 

mouth  Roads       -       -) 

For  ships  of  14  feet  draught  of  water,  and  under,  2-3ds  of  the 

above  rate. 

fiirc  and  out  of  the  Harbouri  of  Varmouth  and  Southweld.—Tor 
all  laden  ships, 

/-  t.  d. 
Of  above  SO  and  not  exceeding  60  Ions  1     I 


Wcyriiaritk  District.— Twm  St.  Alban's  Head  to  Lyme,  and  tiioe 
vtrm)  and  to  and  from,  and  into  and  out  of,  all  ports  and  places 
within  those  limits. 

,V. /?.— No  master  of  a  vessel  is  compelled  to  take  a  pilot  within 
tliisilijlrict,  until  becomes  within  a  line  drawn  from  LulworlhCove 
to  the  Ijlianiblc^,  or  within  the  Race,  into  the  ports  of  Portland  and 


60 
70 
80 
90 

too 
no 

l?0 
130 
140 
150 
175 


70 
80 
90 
100 

no 

120 
130 
140 
150 
17> 
200 


4 
I     6 

I  8 
I  10 
I  13 

1  16 

2  0 
2  4 
2    8 

2  13 

3  0 


The  pilotage  for  ships  in  ballast  is  to  be  I-3d  part  of  Ihe  pilotage 
of  laden  ships  ;  and  ships  returning  into  {xirl  ly  distress  of  weather, 
contrary  winds,  or  on  account  of  accident,  are  to  pay  2-3ds  of  their 
common  pilotage.  Ships  not  having  British  registers  are  to  pay  1-4 
more  of  the  ra^es  of  pilotage  than  stated  in  the  above  Table. 


PI.MENTO,  ALLSPICE,  or  JAMAICA  PEPPER  (Fr,  Poivre  de  Jamaujue ,-  Ger. 
Nelkenpfeffcr  ;  It.  Pimenti),  the  fruit  of  the  Mi/rtiis  pimento,  a  beautiful  tree  which  grows 
in  great  plenty  on  the  hills  on  the  north  side  of  Jamaica.  The  berries  arc  spherical,  and, 
when  ripo,  of  a  black  or  dark  purple  colour.  But,  as  the  pulp  is  in  this  state  moist  and  gluti- 
nous, the  berries  are  plucked  when  green  ;  and  being  exposed  in  the  sun  to  dry,  they  lose 
their  green  colour,  and  become  of  a  reddish  brown.  They  are  packed  in  bag.s  antJ  hogsheads 
for  the  European  market.  The  more  fragrant  and  smaller  they  are,  the  better  arc  they  ac- 
counted. They  have  an  aromatic,  agreeable  odour,  resembling  that  of  a  mixture  of  cinna 
Dion,  cloves,  and  nutmegs,  with  the  warm  pungent  taste  of  the  cloves.  Pimento  is  used  in  mo 
dicinc;  but  its  principal  use  is  in  the  seasoning  of  soups  and  other  dishes. 

"The  return,"  eays  Mr.  Bryan  Edwnrda,  "from  a  pimento  walk  in  a  favourable  eeagnn  are  prodi- 
{ious.    A  single  tree  has  been  known  to  yield  ISO  lbs.  of  the  raw  fruit,  or  100  lbs.  of  the  dried  spice  i 


€-% 


« 


316 


PINCIinECK,  PINE 


there  being  commonly  n  long  In  wclirMt  nf  |  In  rtirinc  ;  hiit  ililn,  likr  many  other  of  the  minor  prndiie. 
tionii,  is  exceedingly  uncerliiln,  nnd  perlmin  ii  vitv  |)Ii.'IiI<mhi»  cT(i|i  occiirH  liiil  onre  in  5  yenm.  Thn 
price  in  (lie  liritiitli  miirki't,  um  niuy  \u-  HU|ipciHL'il,  lliii-tnatuK  iiccortlinKiy  :  l»>t  I  helii^ve  itN  averuKe  for 
some  years  nnst  may  lie  set  down  nl  Til.  per  lli.,  ejtcliiaivu  of  the  iliity  (3rf.)."— (Vol.  ii.  p.  3Ti.  ed.  IHIU.) 
The  price  of  pimento  In  bond.  In  the  London  market,  has  varied  of  Inle  yearH  from  iJ.  to  ftj,(.  per  lb. 

At  the  period  when  Mr.  Kdvvurds's  work  was  piilillHlied,  the  annual  imports  of  pimento  from  Jamaica 
nmoiinted  to  abonl  072,(100 II18.,  nnd  were  deirraHJiii,'  every  year— (/nr.  nl.).  Iliit  at  an  average  of  tim 
3  years  endinK  with  IH32,  the  annual  Imports  were  2,3l<l,h!i:ilbs,,  the  nnnnal  e.xpcirls  l,',i'i7,731  lbs.,  and 
the  annual  entries  for  home  conHnmptInn  3lti.3 1^*  lbs.  'I' here  has  been,  howevrr.  a  roiinlderable  falling 
oflT  in  the  imports  of  11^31  and  IH32,  which  do  nm  amount  to  nineli  more  than  thn  half  of  iIhihc  of  the 
priiviouH  4  years.  The  duty  of  Hil.  per  lit.,  belnij  more  than  loO  per  cent,  on  the  price  of  tlie  article, 
produces,  nt  a  medium,  about  7,000/.  a  year.  It  ouuht  tu  be  repealed  altogether.  Jamaica  furiilslica 
more  than  9-IOths  of  the  pimento  brought  to  I'.iiKlaiKl. 

riNCHUECK  (Oer.  Tomback  ,■  Dii.  Tom/mk  ,■  Vr.  Tumhar,  Similnr ;  It.  Tonibacco  .■ 
Sp.  Tainhuc,  Tumbufru),  a  iinmo  given  to  0110  of  tlic  many  iinilatiiins  of  Rold.  Uy  melting 
zinc  in  various  proportions  with  copper  or  hniKs,  Hoinc  alloys  result,  tiie  colourM  of  which  nj). 
proach  more  or  le.ssto  that  of  golil.  This  eoiiiposition  is  frecpicnily  eiii|  loved  as  a  sulwtitute 
for  gold,  in  the  formation  of  watch-cases,  and  various  other  articles  of  a  like  description. 
Pinchbeck  is  sometimes  called  Tiiinbac,  and  soineiitnes  SI  mill  ir  and  I'ttlf-ur. 

PINE,  oil  FIR,  asiiecics  of  forest  tree,  ne.xt,  if  not  superior,  to  the  oiik,  in  point  of  utility 
and  value.  'I'here  are  ahovc  20  species  of  pines.  They  do  tiot  hear  llat  leaves,  iiut  a  spe- 
cics  of  spines,  which,  however,  arc  real  leaves.  They  are  niojitly,  tliou^;h  not  all,  evernreeiis; 
hut  the  appearance  of  the  tree,  as  well  as  the  (luality  of  the  tiinher,  varies  with  the  species, 
and  also  with  the  situation  in  which  it  grows,  (iuncrally  speaking,  the  timlier  is  hardt st 
and  best  in  exposed  cold  situations,  and  where  its  growth  is  slow.  We  shall  only  notice 
those  species,  the  timber  of  which  is  most  in  use  in  this  country. 

1.  Scotch  Pink  (Pinus  Sijlvcstris),  is  a  native  of  the  Seotch  inounlains,  and  of  most 
northern  parts  of  Europe;  being  common  in  Russia,  Denmark,  Sweden,  Norway,  and  Lap. 
land.  It  is  straight,  abruptly  branched,  rising  in  favourable  sitiiaiioiis  to  the  heii^ht  of  H(l  in 
90  feet,  and  being  from  3  to  4  feet  in  diameter.  It  is  at  ['election  when  70  or  80  years oIJ, 
The  colour  of  the  wood  dillVrs  considerably ;  it  is  generaliy  of  a  reddish  yellow,  or  of  a  honey 
yellow,  of  various  degrees  of  brightness.  It  has  no  larger  1  rimsver.se  septa,  and  it  has  a  strong 
resinous  odour  and  taste.  In  the  best  timber,  the  annual  rings  are  thin,  not  exceeding  ^\,i\\ 
of  an  inch  in  thickness;  the  dark  parts  of  the  rings  of  a  bright  reddish  colour;  the  wood 
Iiard  and  dry  to  the  feel,  neither  leaving  a  woolly  surface  after  the  saw,  nor  tilling  its  teeth 
with  resin.  The  best  Norway  is  the  finest  of  this  kind,  and  the  best  Riga  and  Memel  are 
not  much  inferior.  The  inferior  sorts  have  thick  annual  rings  ;  in  some,  the  dark  parts  of 
the  rings  are  of  a  honey  yellow,  the  wood  heavy,  and  filled  with  a  soft  resinous  matter,  feels 
clammy,  and  chokes  the  saw.  'J'imber  of  this  kind  is  not  durable,  nor  fit  for  bearing  strains. 
Ill  some  infoiior  s|)ecies,  the  wood  is  spongy,  contains  less  resinous  matter,  and  presents  a 
woolly  surface  after  the  saw.     Swedish  lonher  is  often  of  this  kind. 

Scotch  fir  is  the  most  durable  of  the  p><jL-  species.  It  was  the  opinion  of  the  celebrated 
Mr.  Brindley,  "that  red  Riga  deal,  or  pine  wood,  woulil  endure  as  long  as  oak  in  all  situa- 
tions." Its  lightness  and  stillness  render  it  supcuor  to  any  other  material  ftr  beams,  girders, 
joists,  rafters,  iScc.  It  is  much  used  in  joiners'  work,  as-  it  is  more  easily  wrought,  stands 
better,  is  much  cheaper,  and  is  nearly,  if  not  quite,  as  durable  as  oak. 

Scotch  fir  is  exported  from  Norway  and  Sweden,  under  the  name  o(  redwood.  Norway 
exports  no  trees  above  18  inches'  diameter,  consequently  there  is  much  sap  wood  ;  but  the 
heart  wood  is  both  stronger  and  more  durable  than  that  of  larger  trees  from  other  situations. 
Riga  exports  a  considerable  quantity  under  the  name  of  masts  and  spars;  pieces  from  IS  to 
2.')  inches'  diameter  are  called  manfs,  and  are  usually  70  or  80  feet  in  length  ;  those  of  less 
than  18  inches'  diameter  are  called  spars. — (See  Riga.)  Yellow  deals  and  planks  are  im- 
ported from  various  ports  of  Norway,  Sweden,  Prussia,  Russia,  &c.  Tar,  pitch,  and  turpen- 
tine,  are  obtained  from  the  Scotch  fir. — (See  these  titles.)  When  the  tree  has  attained  to  a 
proper  age,  it  is  not  injured  by  the  extraction  of  these  products. 

2.  Sphucf.  Pine. — Of  this  there  are  3  s[)ccies :  the  Norway  spruce,  or  Pinus  ahies; 
white  spruce,  or  Pinus  alba ,-  and  black  spruce,  or  Pinus  nigra.  These  are  noble  trees, 
rising  in  straight  stems  from  1.50  to  200  feet  in  height.  They  yield  the  timber  known  by 
the  name  oi  tvkife  Jir,  ordeal,  from  its  always  being  imported  in  deals  or  jilanks. 

Deals  imported  from  Christiania  are  in  the  highest  estimation. — (Sec  (JiiHisTnxr.*.) 
The  trees  are  usually  cut  into  3  lengths,  generally  of  about  12  feet  each  ;  and  are  afterwards 
cut  into  deals  by  saw-mills,  each  length  yielding  3  deals.  The  Norway  spruce  thrives  very 
well  in  Britain,  and  produces  timber  little  inferior  to  the  foreign:  it  is  somewhat  softer,  and 
the  knots  are  extremely  hard. 

The  white  spruce,  or  Pinus  alba,  is  brought  from  British  North  America.  The  wood  is 
not  so  resinous  as  the  Norway  spruce :  it  is  tougher,  lighter,  and  more  liable  to  twist  in 
drying. 

The  black  spruce,  or  Pinus  nigra,  is  also  an  American  tree  ;  but  it  is  not  much  imported 
into  this  country.  The  black  and  white  spruce  derive  their  names  from  the  colour  of  the 
bark ;  the  wood  of  both  being  of  the  same  colour. 


1 

t 

j 

1 

th 

s 

th 

1 

hi 

Li 

PINE-APPLE— PIRa    V. 


317 


f  ih(!  minor  prodiic 
iro  In  5  yi-nrit.  Thn 
ii!vt!  iu  avoruRH  for 
.  li.  p.  m  fd.  IHIU.) 
II  4(/.  Ill  !>ll.  por  lb. 
riiniitn  Iriiui  Jamaica 
U  nn  Hvcrngi;  of  Dm 
rla  l,'.l'27,731lli».,  nnil 
rniixIdiTiibli!  falling 
liiilf  1)1"  llioHC  of  the 
prill!  of  lilt!  urtli'le, 
Jamaica  furiiishca 

ir  ,•  It.  Tiimhacci) ; 
Rold.  By  melting 
iliiurs  of  wliich  ap- 
lyt'il  aH  ft  sutwiiluto 
u  like  (Icscriptiun, 
l-iir. 

[,  in  point  of  utility 
It  U'livi'f",  liiit  a  Kpo- 
nol  ull,  t!vcri;ri;«'ns; 
I's  witli  llu'  spiTies, 
e  tiinluT  is  liiiiiii  st 
'e  slmll  only  iwlico 

itnina,  and  of  most 
,  Norway,  and  Iiap- 
I  the  lu'ii;lit  of  8(1  or 
1  70  or  80  years  old. 
yellow,  or  of  uhotiey 
a,  and  it  has  a  strong 
not  cxeeediiii;  |',  ih 
ih  colour  ;  tin;  wood 
nor  filling  its  teeth 
ligii  and  Memel  are 
ne,  the  dark  parts  of 
•esinous  matter,  feels 
,t  for  bearing  strains. 
tter,  and  presents  a 

m  of  the  celebrated 

as  oak  in  all  sitna- 

1  for  beams,  girders, 

sily  wrought,  stands 

redwood.  Norway 
sap  wood  ;  but  the 

om  other  situations. 
;  pieces  from  18  to 

[ngth  ;  those  of  less 
and  planks  are  im- 

Ir,  pilch,  and  turpen- 

|ce  has  attained  to  a 

Ic,  or  Plnun  nh'm ; 
lese  are  noble  trtcs, 
le  timber  known  by 
planks. 

|eC     ('llUISTIAN'tA.) 

and  arc  afterwards 
I  spruce  thrives  very 
Imewhat  softer,  and 

Irica.     The  wood  is 
le  liable  to  twist  in 

I  not  much  imported 
In  the  colour  of  the 


The  colour  of  spruce  fir,  or  white  deal,  is  yellowish  or  br<  .viii«)i  white  le  hard  part  of 
the  annual  ring  ft  darker  shade  of  the  Hume  colour;  it  (iflfii  ;m  a  silky  b,  re.  r-l>eciiillv  )n 
the  American  and  Urilish  grown  kindi".  Kaeh  annual  ring  ,  >iisistHof  tw,  parts;  tl  >• 
hard,  the  other  eofter.  The  knots  are  generally  very  hard,  'liie  clear  and  ^n  li^hl-i<l 
kinds  are  often  tough,  but  not  very  dilVieuli  to  work,  and  stand  extremely  well  when  pi  .,y 
Bcasoned.     White  deal,  as  imported,  shrinks  about  ,'|,th  part  in  becoming  ipiite  dry. 

;i.  VVkvmoitu  Pink,  or  VV'ihtk.  Pink  (I'intia  xtruhtis),  is  a  native  of  North  .\ii.  if-a, 
and  is  impoitrd  in  largo  logs,  often  more  than  a  feet  Bipiare  and  'M  feet  in  length.  Il  i  me 
of  the  largest  and  most  useful  of  the  .\merican  trees,  and  makes  excellent  masts ;  but  it  is  not 
durable,  nor  lit  for  large  timbers,  being  very  subject  to  dry  rot.     It  has  i\  pei'uliar  odour. 

4.  SiLVKii  Km  (rinits  plira),  is  a  native  of  the  mountains  of  (Siberia,  (iermaiiy,  and 
Swit/erland,  and  is  common  in  Uritish  plantatioiiH.  It  is  a  large  tree,  and  yields  the  Wlras- 
burgh  turpentine.  The  wood  is  of  good  (lualily,  and  much  used  on  the  Continent  both  for 
carpentry  and  shi()  building,  'i'he  harder  fibres  are  of  a  yellow  colour,  compact,  and  resin- 
ous ;  the  suiter  nearly  while.  Like  the  other  kinds  of  lir,  it  is  light  and  still',  and  does  not 
benil  much  under  a  considerable  load  ;  consequently,  floors  constructed  of  it  remain  perina- 
iieiilly  level.  It  is  subject  to  the  worm.  It  has  been  said  to  last  longer  in  the  air  than  in 
the  water;  and,  therefore,  to  be  fitter  for  the  upper  parts  of  bridges  than  for  pile:*  and  piers. 

5,  Laiicii  (I'iiiiis /iirix).  There  are  U  species  of  this  valuable  tree;  1  Iluroiieaii,  and 
S  American.  The  variety  from  the  Italian  Alps  is  the  most  esteemed,  and  has  lately  been 
extensively  introduced  into  plantations  in  (Jreat  Uritain.  It  is  a  straight  and  iDl'iy  tree,  of 
rapid  growth.  A  trei;  7'J  years  of  age  wascutilown  at  Ulair  Athol,in  1817,  which  contain- 
ed 2iV,i  cubic  feet  of  timber ;  and  one  of  80  years  of  age,  at  Duiikidd,  iiuMsured  IJOO  cubic 
feet.  The  mean  size  of  the  trunk  of  the  larch  may  be  taken  atl.")  feet  in  lengili,  and  3:1 
inches'  diameter.  The  wood  of  the  European  larcii  is  generally  of  a  honey  yellow  colour, 
the  hard  part  of  the  annual  rings  of  a  redder  cast;  sometimes  it  is  lir  vviiisli  wliite.  In  com- 
mon with  the  other  species  of  pine,  each  annual  ring  consists  of  a  hard  and  a  soft  part.  It 
generally  has  a  silky  lustre;  its  colour  is  browner  than  that  of  the  Scotch  pine,  and  it  in 
much  tougher.  It  is  more  dillicult  to  work  than  Higa  or  Memel  timber;  but  the  surface  is 
better  when  once  it  is  obtained.  It  bears  driving  bolts  and  nails  better  than  any  other  species 
of  resinous  wood.     When  perfectly  dry,  it  stands  well ;  but  it  warps  much  in  seasoiiiiig. 

It  is  in  all  situations  extremely  durable.  It  is  useful  for  every  purpose  of  building,  whether 
external  or  internal ;  it  makes  excellent  ship  timber,  masts,  boats,  posts,  rails,  ami  furniture. 
It  is  peculiarly  adapted  for  llooring  boards,  in  situations  where  there  is  much  wear,  and  for 
staircases;  in  the  latter,  its  fine  colour,  when  rubbed  with  oil,  is  much  preferable  to  thai,  of 
the  black  oaken  staircases  to  be  seen  in  some  old  mansions.  It  is  well  adapunl  for  uoors, 
shutters,  and  the  like  ;  and,  from  the  beautiful  colour  of  its  wood  when  varnished,  ijainting 
is  not  necessary. — We  have  abstracted  these  particulars  from  Mr.  Trcdgidd'n  excellent  work, 
The  l'riiiciple.1  if  Carpentry,  pp.  209 — 2 1 7. 

PINE-APPIjE,  oh  ANANAS,  though  a  tropical  fruit,  is  now  extensively  cidtivatcd  in 
hothouses  in  this  country,  and  is  well  known  to  every  one.  When  of  a  good  sort  and 
healthy,  it  is  the  most  luscious,  and,  perhaps,  the  best  fruit  that  this  country  produces;  and 
when  carefully  cultivated,  is  e(iual  in  point  of  (piality  to  that  produced  in  the  \\^.'st  Indies. 
A  piiie-apple  raised  at  Blackpool  Court,  Pembrokeshire,  and  served  up  at  the  coronation 
dinner  of  Cleorge  IV.,  weighed  10  lbs.  8  oz. — (  Yegduble  Substances,  p.  379.,  Lib.  Eiitert. 
Kiiiiwlrdgc.) 

PI.\  r,  a  measure  used  chiefly  in  the  measuring  of  liquids.  The  word  is  High  Dutch, 
and  signilics  a  little  measure  of  wine.  The  English  pint  used  to  be  of  2  uorts  ;  the  one  for 
wine,  the  other  for  beer  and  ale.  Two  pints  make  a  quart;  3  quarts  a  pottle;  2  pottles  a 
gallon,  &c.     The  pint.  Imperial  liquid  measure,  contains  ;)i-r)59  cubic  inches. 

PIPE,  a  wine  measure,  usually  containing  105  (very  nearly)  Imperial,  or  12G  wine  gal- 
lons. Two  pipes,  or  210  Imperial  gallons,  make  a  tun.  But,  in  [iracticc,  the  size  of  the 
jiijie  varies  according  to  the  descriiition  of  wine  it  contains.  Thus,  a  pipe  of  jiort  contains 
IDS  wine  gallons,  of  sherry  I'M),  of  Li.sbon  and  IJucellas  110,  of  Madeira  110,  and  of 
Vidonia  12(1.  The  pipe  of  port,  it  is  to  be  observed,  is  seldom  accurately  138  gallons,  and 
it  is  usual  to  charge  what  the  vessel  accurately  contains. 

PIPE-CLAY,  a  species  of  clay  abounding  in  Devonshire,  and  other  parts  of  England, 
employed  in  the  manufacture  of  various  sorts  of  earthenware,  and  in  bleaching. 

PIKACY,  consists  in  committing  those  acts  of  robbery  and  violence  upon  the  seas,  that, 
if  committed  upon  land,  would  amount  to  felony. 

Pirates  hold  no  commission  or  delegated  authority  from  any  sovereign  or  state,  empowering 
them  to  attack  others.  They  can,  therefore,  be  only  regarded  in  the  light  of  robbers  or 
assassins.  They  are,  as  Cicero  has  truly  stated,  the  common  enemies  of  all  {coiuniiuies 
ho.slcs  omnium);  and  the  law  of  nations  gives  to  every  one  the  right  to  pursue  and  exter- 
minate them  without  any  previous  declaration  of  war;  but  it  is  not  allowed  to  kill  thcin 
without  trial,  except  in  battle.  Those  who  surrender,  or  arc  taken  prisoners,  must  b« 
brought  before  the  proper  magistrates,  and  dealt  with  according  to  law. 
2  1)2 


^M 


s:-: 

"?:> 


lit  J.."^- 


^f 


aifl 


PIRACY. 


Hy  thr  nnripnt  common  law  of  nni^lnnd,  pirncj',  if  fominittPil  by  n  nuhjnet,  wan  hclil  to 
bo  II  Mpccicfl  of  trriwoii,  Immhij  roiitriiry  to  lii>4  ii:itiiriil  nlli'i^iunco ;  iirnl,  l)y  n"  titifii,  to  tn> 
felony  only;  liiit  «inc«>  l\w  stiituto  of  trrnHons  (2.')  IMw.  '.).  c.  'Z,),  it  iw  hold  to  ho  only  felony 
in  n  snl)it'ct.  Formerly  iIiIm  olTence  wiis  only  coKniHiiMc  by  the  iidrniriilly  conits,  which 
proceed  liy  the  rnle><  of  the  civil  liiw;  imt  it  heinn  inconniHtent  with  the  lilierlies  of  the  nation 
thut  liny  nian'H  life  slmnld  ho  tiiken  nway,  unleHS  hy  th«  jiiii({inent  of  his  |)eerH,  the  Htiitute 
8H  Hen.  8.  c.  in.  estiililished  a  new  jurindiolion  for  thid  purpoMO,  which  proceedn  uccordiim 
to  the  course  of  roinnion  Iiiw. 

It  WHS  formerly  a  qiMMliiin  whether  the  AlTcrinrs,  and  other  Afiiriin  Htiites,  should  he 
considered  pirates:  Imt,  however  exce|ilionalili'  tlii'ir  conduct  mii;ht  have  liecn  on  many 
occasions,  mid  however  hostile  their  policy  mi^ht  ho  to  the  interests  of  humanity,  slill,  us 
they  had  lu'cn  sulijected  to  what  may  he  called  renular  i^overnmeiils,  and  had  lieen  iidmilled 
to  enter  into  treaties  wilii  other  jiowers,  they  e(uild  not  he  treated  as  pirates. 

Pirates  havini?  no  ritflit  to  luiko  compicsts,  or  t>)  seize  uiion  what  liclonns  to  others,  cap- 
luri)  hy  them  does  not  divest  the  owner  of  his  property,  .^t  ii  very  early  period  of  our  his- 
tory, a  law  was  inado  for  the  restitution  of  property  taken  hy  pirates,  if  found  within  tlio 
realm,  whether  lieloni?intx  to  slraiiijers  or  Knulishmen  :  hut  any  foreii^ner  suin^  upon  this 
Rtalute  must  prove  that,  at  the  time  of  the  capture,  his  own  Hovereii;n  and  the  sovcreijjn  of 
the  captor  were  in  mutual  amity ;  for  it  is  held  that  piracy  cannot  ho  committed  hy  the  suli- 
jectH  of  stales  iit  war  with  each  other. 

Piracy  was  almost  universally  jiractised  in  the  heroic  au;es,  Insteail  of  hciny^  ostpcineil 
infamous,  it  was  sujiposed  to  he  hoiiourahle. — {l,(itnir!iiitnn  niiiri.i  i^l iriir  lidhrliutur. — 
Jnn/lii.  Ill),  xliii.  c.  :}.)  Merielaus,  in  the  Odyssey,  does  not  hesitate  to  inform  his  fjuest-, 
who  admired  his  riches,  that  they  were  the  fruit  of  his  piratical  ex|ieditions — (lih.  iv.  ver. 
!tO.) ;  and  such,  indeed,  was  the  way  in  which  most  of  the  (Jreek  princes  amassed  great 
wealth. — (fiii^iief,  (>n'<rin  nf  l,(tii<.i,  vol,  i.  p.  Us;).  Kn^j;.  trans.) 

'I'lii!  prevali!ncc  of  this  piratical  sjiirit  in  these  early  aj^es  may,  perha^iH,  he  explained  hy 
the  inlinite  numher  of  small  independent  slates  into  which  tiie  comitry  was  divided,  and  the 
violent  animosity  constantly  suhsistinn  nmon;i;st  them,  In  this  way  ferocious  and  predatory 
liahits  were  universally  (liltiisud  and  kept  alive;  anil  it  is  not  to  he  supposed  that  those  who 
were  at  all  times  liable  to  he  attacked  by  hosts  of  enemies,  should  very  accurately  examine 
the  [(rounds  upon  which  they  attacked  others.  Accoidinj^,  however,  as  a  more  improvcil 
system  of  fi'iverninent  ^'rew  up,  (Jrecce,  and  u  few  states,  as  Athens,  Corinth,  \-c.,  hail 
nttaincd  to  distinction  hy  their  naval  power,  (liracy  was  made  a  capital  oirence:  but  though 
repressed,  it  was  never  entirely  put  down.  Cilicia  was  at  all  times  the  Rrcat  stroni;holil  of 
the  [lirates  of  antiijuity :  and  in  conseipience  of  the  decline  of  the  maritime  forces  of  Athens 
Rhodes,  <S:e.,  wliicli  had  kept  them  in  check,  they  increased  bo  much  in  numbers  and  iiudu. 
city  as  to  insult  the  majesty  of  Home  herself;  so  that  it  became  necessary  to  send  Poinpcy 
ai^ainst  them,  with  a  Iar(;e  fleet  and  army,  and  more  extensive  powers  than  had  been  over 
previously  conferred  on  any  Itoman  general. 

Duriner  the  anarchy  of  the  midilie  ages,  when  every  baron  considered  himself  a  sort  of 
independent  prince,  entitled  to  make  war  on  others,  piracy  was  universally  practised.  The 
famous  Haiiscatic  League  was  formed  chiefly  for  the  purpose  of  protecting  the  ships  of  the 
confederated  cities  from  the  attacks  of  the  pirates  by  which  the  Baltic  was  then  iulcsteij. 
The  nuisance  was  not  finally  abated  in  Europe  till  the  feudal  system  had  been  sulivertiil, 
and  the  ascendency  of  the  law  everywhere  secured.  In  more  modiTn  times,  some  of  the 
smaller  West  India  islands  have  been  the  great  resort  of  jiirates :  latterly,  however,  they 
have  been  driven  from  most  of  their  haunts  in  that  quarter.  They  arc  still  not  uufiuiiuently 
met  with  in  the  Indian  seas  east  of  ISumatra. 

Besides  those  nets  of  roliliery  and  depredation  npon  the  liiph  sens,  which,  nt  common  law,  ronslidili' 
piracy,  some  otlier  offences  liiive  lieen  included  under  tliat  ti'rni.  'I'lius,  liy  tlie  stnt.  II  &  I'.!  Will.  :i 
c.  7.,  it^nny  tiatiiral-l)orn  siihjert  coinniits  any  act  of  hoslllily  n|)(in  the  liicli  seas  iigiiinst  oilnrs  iil'liin 
Maje.-ity's  siihjects,  under  ciilniir  of  a  ciiiiiinission  fnini  any  foreign  power,  this,  llioiiali  ii  wmild  milv 
be  an  act  of  war  in  an  alien,  shall  be  constriieil  piracy  in  a  hiiIijimI,  And  fiirllier,  any  Cdininaiiil'r  nr 
other  seafarini;  person  hetrayiiii;  his  trust,  and  riinnint!  away  with  any  ship,  hoal.  ordnance,  ;ii:iini:iii- 
tion,  or  jjoods,  or  yielding  them  up  viilinitarilij  to  a  pirate,  or  conspirinif  to  do  these  acts;  or  imv  pir.^nn 
nssaiiltint;  the  cominnndcr  of  a  vessel,  to  hiiiiter  liiin  from  fiKlillii!;  in  deferici^  of  his  ship,  or  c  iiiirmin^ 
liim,  or  causing  or  endeavoiirins  to  cause  a  revolt  on  lioaril,  shall  fur  ea<',h  of  these  odenccs  he  Miljiuk'nl 
a  pirate,  felon,  and  roliher,  and  shall  sntTer  death,  whether  he  he  principal,  or  merely  iicccsstiry  liy 
Betlini;  fnrtli  such  pirates,  or  aheltiiiK  them  Iiefnre  tlii;  fact,  or  receiving  them,  or  ciiiice;iliii|;  ilninur 
their  ^oods  after  it;  and  thi!  stat.  4  (ieo.  I.  c.  2.  expri!ssly  excludes  the  principals  from  tlic  IumicIIi  v\ 
clergy.  Hy  the  stat.  S  Oeo.  1.  c.  21.,  the  tradiiii;  with  known  piriiti'S,  or  fnrnishin!.'  them  willi  >liii('s 
or  ammunition,  or  litting  out  any  vessel  for  that  purpose,  or  in  any  wise  cmisnllin:;,  comlijniiii;,  cdii- 
fedi^rating,  or  ciirrespondiii^'  with  them;  or  the  forcildy  hoardini;  any  merchant  vessel,  tlidimh  willi- 
ont  siMZing  or  carrying  her  iilf,  ami  destroying  or  thru  wing  any  of  the  goods  oviolioard,  shall  lie  iliiimil 
piracy  ;  and  such  accessories  to  piracy  as  are  cl  siriheil  liy  the  statiue  of  King  William  are  dei  Ian  i|  In 
lie  principal  pirates,  and  all  pirates  convicted  liy  virtue  of  this  act  are  made  felons  without  lii'iiclil  nf 
clergy.  To  encourage  the  di'fence  of  merch.iiit  vessels  against  pirates,  the  commanders  ami  scaiiii.ii 
wounded,  and  the  widows  of  such  seamen  as  are  slain  in  any  eiigagi-ment  with  pirates,  ari!  ciilillnl 
to  a  hoiinty,  to  he  divided  among  them,  not  exceeding  the  one  fiftieth  pnrt  of  the  vahie  of  tin'  cMr';i) 
saved;  and  the  wounded  seamen  are  entitled  to  the  pension  of  (Jreenwich  Hospital.— (II  &  \i  ll'ill. 
i.  c.  7. ;  8  Oco.  I.  c.  21.)  The  first  of  these  statutes  also  enacts,  that  if  any  mariner  or  inferior  olliiir 
of  any  English  ship  decline  or  refuse  to  fight  witun  coiumandud  by  the  umslcr,  or  shall  utter  any  woiJi 


t'4! 


Kir 
a' 


k 

>•  I 
11  n< 
or 
iiliii 

SWI 

imt 


Su. 


1 


ihjrcf,  v/an  hoM  to 
tiy  iiri  (illfii,  to  III- 
I  to  l>e  only  t'l'lony 
ully  ooiirlH,  which 
iTlics  ot'iho  iiutioii 

S  |)CITH,  ihi'  utiUutc 

[irocoeJn  uecorilinjj 

1    HtlltP^,  Hhll\llll    tl(! 

vc  lu'cii  oil  iiiiiuy 
hiimiwiilyi  K'ill.  i»^ 
h.ul  tii'i'u  mlniillcd 

iiiH«  to  others,  cnp- 
r  pi-rioil  of  our  his- 
f  loll  ml  within  tiiu 

IT  Wllillt?  U|)OTI  tilii 
1(1    till'  SOVlTCitJtl  ol' 

uniltoil  by  Iho  huIj- 

of  hciiiR  pstroincd 
I  irlir  hdliiliiilnr. — 

inform  his  j^iifrit!', 
tionrt — (lil>.  iv.  vcr. 
iices  amassed  groat 

[IS,  bo  explained  liy 
v;».s  divided,  and  tlie 
leiourt  and  predntory 
Med  that  those  wlio 
accurately  exaniiiio 
as  a  more  improvcii 

(Joriiith,  t"te.,  had 
>irenee :  but  ihoiigh 
Rrcat  stroni;hold  of 
nc  forces  of  Athi'ii8 

luimbers  and  audi- 
TV  to  send  PDiiipoy 
jthaii  had  been  evtir 

d  himself  a  sort  of 
dly  practised.  The 
|inR  the  sliips  of  ihc 

was  then  infestcil. 
|ind  been  suI'vcrU'il, 

limes,  some  of  thi; 
lerly,  however,  tlicy 

ill  not  unfru(jueinly 

Imnion  law,  rnnstilnli! 

slat.  11  &  ri  Will.  :t 

afiiiiiist  oIlHTs  lit'  Ills 
Itlioimll  il  \V(Mi!(l  .iiily 
fr,  any  <'ciimiiaiiili'r  nr 

,  ordiviiii'o,  iii!iiiii:iii- 
iicts  ;  III'  any  piTsnii 
IjMs  Hlii|i,  or  ('iiiiliiiiii:> 

ofl'iilicrs  be  :u!jiiilL'ril 
I  Tiiorcly  iicci'ssury  liy 
|r  ('(iiii'.(^:iliiit'  iIp'iii  (ir  ' 

H  IVoiii  llie  lu'iielil  dl' 
liiu'  tlii'iii  Willi  >l(iii'j 
liii!»,  r()iiil)liiin'J,  I'liii- 
[vfHsel,  tliciimli  Willi- 
l>aril,  shall  l)i'  ili-i'iiicij 
llliiini  are  (Iccliin  li  l.i 
lis  witliout  licni'lil  nf 
Viiimlers  ami  siuiiioii 
J  pirates,  arc  eiililUil 
le  value  of  lln'  tiir^o 
Tiital.-(11  &  1-i  '!'". 

lier  or  iiilerior  olliciT 

[hall  utter  any  woidi 


riSTArillA— PLANTAIN. 


310 


to  ■(ll«fniirB«»!  thn  oilier  nmrlncrii  ("rom  ilcfi'iiiliiiff  the  mini",  hi>  "linll  Ihhc  nil  llii>  wtiui'D  iliio  to  lilin. 
1<  li'i'lhrr  Willi  •lull  ((iiniiN  an  lie  lialh  in  llii'  »lii|>,  anil  lie  liii|iriiiciiii'il  ami  ki'|ii  lo  lianl  lalioiir  I'lir  li 

'"'i'he  li  (ien.  t  r.  4!l  fnnrlii  lliat  a  lioiiiily  uliiill  lii*  pnlit  In  thn  iiinrcrH  ami  I'ri'Wii  nf  micll  of  hi* 
MiiJiKly'i  »lii|H  "f  wiir  iiH  limy  lie  •■iiuaiTfil  in  llie  iidiiiil  lakinu',  niiiNihu'.  Iiiirniiii',  or  nllnrwi"!'  ile- 
Firiiyini!  any  vi'hhiI  nr  liiiiil  niaiineil  liy  |iiriili'*,  nf 'Jli/.  for  rai  li  |iir:ili'  lnUcii  nr  kill'il  iliiiinu  iln'  iillack, 
a  till  of,'/  fur  ever )  (illnr  mini  i  if  I  lie  rri'W  iinl  lakeii  nr  kllli'd,  w  lio  »liiill  liiivi*  lirrii  iillvii  on  liininl  Ilia 
s.iil  nir;ill<al  vr"»i'l  m  Hi''  ulliuk  lliereof 

riir  Kiiine  Hialiili' !(?  ■*  I ''nai'li  llial  vihhi'U  anil  nilirr  priip'Tly  Inken  freiii  pirnlcM,  prnviil  lo  Iiiivb 
,»-|mii,'r(|  111  finy  nf  III''  MiiJ''i<ly'i«  "iilijii'l".  lire  lo  111' ili'livi'ri'il  up  In  lliein,  nil  lln.'ir  payiiiK  a  biiiii  of 
ninliev,  ii«  nalviiKi',  I'MUal  In  l-^lli  pari  nf  llie  Iriir  viiliie  nf  Ilie  Haiiie. 


sliirh 


CH; 


rSee  Krnl'n  (^Diiiiiiciifiin'rs  iin  Anirrii'iin  Law,  I.ei'liire  !lth. — Am,  I\i/.] 
l'IST.\(;HIAon  I'lSTACHIOiNirrS  (({er.  I'l.y/uyr/im  ,■  lh\.  I'l.ifo'Jrn  ,-  Fr.  I'is 
It  PIsliircki,  Fdslurrhi  1  Wp.  Alfi,i-i^ii.i ,-  I. at.  /^^^/c/,7■),  the  fruit  of  the  l'it<l(icliiii  vrni.a 
k  ,1(1  of  tur|n'iitiiie  tree.  It  yrows  nnliirally  in  Arabia,  I'eiMia,  iind  Nyria;  also  in  Sicily, 
V  heiiee  the  nuts  are  annually  broimht  to  iis.  They  are  oblonij  and  |ioinli'd,  aliont  the  ni/.o 
nnd  siiape  of  a  filbert,  imliidiiiK  a  kernel  of  a  pale  greenish  colour,  covered  with  a  yellowish 
or  redili-h  skin.  They  have  a  pleasant,  sweetish,  um  tiious  liisle,  reseinbliip,'  that  of  sweet 
aliiionds  ;  their  principal  (lillerence  from  which  consists  in  their  havinir  a  ^,'|•ellter  deuree  of 
HweeliiesK,  accoiiipiinied  wilii  a  lii^lit  grateful  lliivour,  and  in  beini;  more  oily.  I'isliichian 
iiii|>'irled  from  the  I'iast  are  superior  to  those  raised  in  Europe. —  {Ij'irl.s'.i  Miit,  Mil.) 

riTCH  ((mt.  /'<<•//,•  Fr.  /'o/,c,  lirnl ,-  It.  /'»<■»■;  .Sp.  /Vr  ,•  Uiis.  Smntu  ffu^/iijn),  tlio 
residimin  which  remains  on  inspissaiiiiL,'  tar,  or  b.iiiinpr  it  down  to  dryness.  It  is  extensively 
used  in  ship  biiililiii'?,  and  for  otln  r  purposes,  l.arin'  i|iiaiilities  are  maiiufaelineil  in  (ireat 
Itiitain.  'I'lie  duly  on  pitch,  wliicli  is  lOi/,  a  cwi.,  produced,  in  IH'.'U,  lis/.,  so  that  lO,');')^ 
cwt.  must  have  lieeii  entered  for  home  eonsiimptioii. 

All  lillnwiiiirc  is  111  III'  iii:iili>  fur  lure  nn  piicli,  nf  •Xi  |!ih.  eacll  on  An  liaiiKi'l  casks,  Hll  Ihs  carli  on 
gweilixli  ilo.,  ami  M  Ihs.  each  nn  Aiin'riciiii  do. 

PLANF,  a  forest  tree,  of  which  iliere  are  'i  species  ;  the  Oriental  piano  {I'Litiinits  Oritn- 
titlis),  and  the  Occidental  plane  {I'lalaiuix  Otriilnildlis). 

The  Oriental  plane  is  a  native  of  the  Levant,  and  oilier  Ka-<tern  countries,  and  is  con- 
sidered one  of  llie  liiiesl  of  trees.  It  ^rovvs  to  hIiiiiiI  (ill  feet  in  iieinht,  and  has  Ih'cii  known 
to  exceed  8  feet  in  dinineler.  Its  wood  is  iiiiich  like  beech,  lint  nmre  I'lLjuieil,  and  is  used  for 
furniture  and  siicii  like  articles.  The  Occidental  plane  is  a  native  of  iNortli  .America,  and  ia 
one  of  the  largest  of  the  .American  trees,  licinij;  snnietimes  more  llian  1  v.*  feet  in  di.iineter, 
'J'he  wood  of  the  Occidental  plane  is  harder  than  that  of  the  Oriental.  Il  is  very  diualilu  in 
water. 

The  tree  known  by  tho  name  of  plane  in  Enu'land  is  the  sycamore,  or  Rreut  maple  {Acer 
pseii(l()-/>/iittiiiiis).  It  is  a  lar^e  tree,  i;rows  ipiickly,  and  stands  th(!  sea  spray  iielter  than 
niost  trees.  The  limber  is  very  close  and  coinpact,  easily  wrinit;ht,  and  not  lialile  either  to 
spliiitcr  or  war|).  It  is  nenerally  of  a  brownish  wliite  or  yellowish  while  colour,  and  sonie- 
liiiies  it  is  very  lieaulifiilly  curled  and  mottled.  In  this  slate  il  takes  a  fine  iioli^h,  and  bears 
variiisliiiit;  well.  It  is  chielly  used  in  the  manufacture  of  saddle  trees,  wooden  dishes,  and  a 
variety  of  articles  both  of  furniture  and  machinery.  When  kejit  dry,  and  protected  from 
worms,  it  is  pretty  durable;  but  it  is  ijuitc  as  liable  as  beech  to  be  attacked  by  them. —  {Tral- 
gold.  p.  l!)(i.) 

rii.A.NKS  (fier.  and  Dii.  Pliniken  ,-  Da.  Vlunker  ;  Sw.  Vlanhnr ;  Fr.  I'/uncIics,  UoT' 
d<iiS"< ;  l^i'"''  'J'li/i-liil/c  c/offiti),  thick  strontif  boards,  cut  from  various  kinds  of  wood,  espc- 
ciiilly  oak  and  iiine.  Flanks  are  usually  of  the  thickness  of  from  1  inch  to  l.  They  are  iin- 
pirled  in  larije  (|iiaiitities  from  the  northern  jiarts  of  Europe,  particularly  from  ihe  ports  of 
Clirisiiania,  Danly.ic,  Archangel,  I'ctersburgh,  ^'arva,  Kevcl,  Kiga,  and  Meinel,  as  well  as 
from  several  parts  of  North  .\merica. 

PliA^'  I'AIX,  OH  13.-\.\.ANA,  the  pulpy  fruit  of  the  Miisa  paradlsiaca,  an  herbaceous 
plant,  exiensively  cultivated  in  most  intertropical  countries,  but  especially  in  Mexico.  It  is 
not,  like  most  otiier  fruits,  used  merely  as  an  occasional  luxury,  but  is  rather  an  established 
aitii'le  of  sulisislcnce.  Being  long  and  extensively  cultivated,  il  has  diverged  into  numerous 
varieties,  liie  fruit  of  which  dilfers  materially  in  size,  flavour,  and  colour.  That  of  some  ia 
ii(it  above  '2  or  ',i  inciies  long,  while  that  of  others  is  not  much  short  of  a  foot ;  some  sorts  are 
sweet,  and  of  a  flavour  not  unlike  nor  inferior  to  that  of  a  good  inellow  pear ;  but  the  larger 
kind  are,  for  the  most  part,  coarse  and  farinaceous.  The  latter  are  either  used  fresh  or  dried 
ill  llie  sun,  in  which  latter  slate  they  are  occasionally  ground  into  meal  and  made  into  bread. 
Ill  .Mexico,  Ihe  sweeter  sorts  are  IVeiiueiitly  pressed  and  dried,  as  figs  are  in  Europe;  and, 
while  they  arc  not  very  inferior  lo  the  last  mentiuned  fruit,  they  are  infinitely  cheaper. 

"1  dniilit,"  s.iys  M.  Ilniiiliolilt,  "  whollicr  tlipre  he  any  other  plant  that  proilares  so  j;n;[it  a  quan- 
tity of  niiliilivt'  siilislaiici'  in  so  small  a  space.  Kijiht  or  U  iiionlhs  a  tier  I  lie  snclxcr  is  planteil,  it  lii.'<.'iny 
til  dcvt'liipi'  its  rliisti'r.  The  fniil  may  he  u'atheri'd  in  tho  lOlh  nr  Uth  ninnlli.  Wlirii  llie  stalk  is  cut, 
there  is  always  fniind,  annuip  Ihe  niimcn  iis  shoots  that  have  taken  mnt,  a  spriMit  (;iihi/ii;//i.),  uhicli, 
lii'iiii: '^-:!ds  tin:  hi'ii.'ht  nf  iis  pareiil  plain,  hears  fruit  Siiiniitlis  lati'r.  'I'hiis  a  plaiitalion  nf  tiananas 
pcrpeliialrs  ilself,  w  illmui  reijiiirint!  any  care  on  the  part  nf  man,  further  than  to  ciil  Ihe  stalks  when 
the  frail  has  lipiined,  anil  to  stir  llie  ciirtli  geiilly  once  nr  twice  a  year  at  nut  the  rnnls.  A  pi.MC  of 
primiid  nf  KHI  square  iiictres  nf  surface  will  coTilain  from  HO  to  10  plants.  During  the  (.-oiirse  nf  a  year 
lliU  same  piece  uf  ground,  reckoning  the  vseiglit  of  the  cluiiter  at  fruia  16  lu  2U  kilug.  only,  will  yield  'i,UUl) 


2*5 


if*"* 


•0 


820 


PLATE,  PLATINA. 


;      I 


'.      I 


i      !    i 

i     i    I 


.11 

HI 

'I  I 
1 1 


• 


kilog.,  or  more  than  4,000  lbs.,  of  nutritive  substance.  What  a  difference  between  tliis  product  and 
that  of  the  cereal  grasses  in  most  parts  of  Europe  !  The  same  extent  of  land  planted  with  wheat 
would  not  produce  above  30  lbs.;  and  not  more  tinn  90  Ib.s.  of  potatoes.  Hence  the  product  of  the 
banana  is  to  that  of  wheat  as  133  to  i,  and  to  tliat  of  potatoes  as  44  to  l."—{Ksaai  aurU  JVuuvelU  Ks- 
jiai'nc,  toin.  ii.  p.  38S.  2d  cd.) 

Tiic  liuiiana  forma  a  principal  part  of  the  food  of  the  people  of  Mexico;  and  the  apathy  and  indn. 
lence  of  Ihi'  natives  in  tin'  tiernis  calienles,  or  !iot  regions,  lias  been  ascribed,  and  probably  with  good 
reason,  to  llie  facility  with  vvhicli  it  supplies  l\u'm  with  sulisisleiice.  It  is  by  no  means  iii  such  exten- 
sive use  ill  tropical  Asia ;  and  conies  nowhere  in  it  into  compi-tiiion  with  corn  as  an  article  of  food. 

PLATE,  the  ileiiomiiialiun  usually  given  to  goM  and  silver  wrought  into  articles  of 
household  furniture. 

In  order  jinrlly  to  prevent  fraud,  and  partly  for  the  purpose  of  collecting  a  revenue,  the 
maniifuctuie  of  plate  is  pl;iccd  under  certain  regulations.  'I'hose  who  carry  it  on  are  obliged 
to  take  out  a  licence,  renewahle  annually  on  the  31st  of  July. — (See  nnfe,  p.  1:37.)  Assay 
offices  are  estublished  in  different  ))laccs ;  and  any  one  selling  any  article  previously  to  its 
liaving  been  as.sayed  and  ntarked,  forfeit  50/. — (24  Geo.  ',).  c.  .')3.)  No  plate  in  passed  at  tlio 
assay  ollic^es,  unless  it  be  of  the  fineness  of  the  old  standard,  or  1 1  oz.  and  2  dwts.,  or  of  the 
new  standard  of  11  oz.  and  10  dwts.  Gold  plate,  with  the  exception  of  gold  watch-cases,  is 
to  pay  a  duty  of  I7s.  an  oz.,  and  silver  plate  a  duty  of  Is,  Gd.;  but  watch-cases,  chains,  ti|)- 
pings,  mountings,  collars,  bottle  tickets,  teaspoons,  &c.  arc  exempted.  Tlie  52  Geo.  o.c.  11:3. 
made  the  counterfeiting,  or  the  transference  from  one  piece  of  plate  to  another,  of  the  marks', 
stamps,  6cc.  impressed  on  ])latc  by  the  assayers,  felony  without  the  benefit  of  clergy.  But 
the  oirence  is  now  jiunishable  by  transportation  or  impri.sonment  oiily. — (1   Will.  4.  c.  G(j.) 

In  his  able  speech  on  the  slate  of  the  coinitry,  ISih  of  March,  1830,  Mr.  Iluskisfon  said,  "The  rite  of 
duty  upon  silver  wroujiht  plate,  in  KrDI,  was  Is.  M.,  upon  gold  m:s.  an  ounce  ;  it  was  iil'terw.irds  rai.scil 
to  1.S-.  Gil.  upon  silver,  and  17.?.  on  gold.  Hut  what  has  been  the  increase  in  the  nelt  produce  of  tlio 
duty  t  It  lias,nsen  from  less  than  ."i-OUOi.  in  1804,  to  Ul.'j,001l/.  in  1820  ;  a  rise  of  more  than  Iweiity-I'.ild, 
notwithstanding  tlie  treatly  diminished  supply  from  the  mines,  and  the  conseciueiil  increu.-iiiig  value 
of  tlii^  pricidiis  metals.  It  may  be  further  remarked,  that  this  augmentalimi  shows  how  la  rye  a  por- 
tion offe'ild  and  sMver  is  annually  diverted  from  the  purposes  of  coin  to  those  ofornament  and  luxury." 

A  Return,  showing  the  Annual  Nett  Produce  of  the  IJuty  levied  on  wrouEiht  Oold  and  Silver  l'lut<!, 
in  each  Year  from  1800  to  1S33,  both  inclusive  ;  distingiiishina,  as  far  as  possible,  (iold  from  Silvur, 
and  also  the  Uale  of  Duty  in  each  Year.-- (/'«''•  Pnper,  i\o.  210.  Sess.  1833.) 


Vi-ars 

R.ile  of  Duty. 

Duly 

endihg  <illi  of 
January. 

GoM. 

Silver. 

GoKI. 

Silver. 

not  diflliiiguistiable. 

Per  oz. 

Per  02. 

L.     s.  d. 

/..     J.  d 

/..     1,  d. 

ISOfi 

16l. 

Is.  3d. 

4,29S  11  10 

b-\l*9     1     8 

n.s.-i?  9  8 

1K07 

_ 

.. 

A,li\  IS    2 

5b,S('H  10  11 

M.76I   11     314 

IS08 

— 

— 

4,793     1     a  1  3 

.5t'0-.7    7    2  1-2 

10.M9  13    7  1.2 

IS09 

— 

— 

4,90C    1     2%\ 

(i:l,7-.0  18    61-4 

11,042    8    614 

ISIO 

— 

_- 

5,0J3    9    814 

C9.4U    2    03-4 

I2,;U1  12  113  1 

ISIl 

— 

— 

6,840  15    9 

74,0:8  18  It 

Il,2-.l   14    Ol-i 

1812 

— 

— 

4,902    7    8 

62,677    8    0 

12,IH2    5    73  4 

1813 

_ 

— 

4,6.^2  14    9 

.55,171   10  10 

11.M7    4    -!■> 

1814 

— 

— 

4,839    7    0 

H),6no  12  It 

10.7v>  12    53.4    : 

1815 

— 

— 

.>i,;'6l   12  lu 

53,  ,4  1  It     5 

I2,il3      1    II           ; 

1816 

I6f.  &  I7j. 

li.  3rf.  ft  Ij.  6d. 

5,574  14    0 

5,i.«16  \1    2 

n.fi   •  It    63  1 

IS17 

17.. 

It.  6<t 

5,174    4    8 

.57,416  15  10 

12  .61    8    ni.j   1 

1818 

_ 

— . 

2,971     3    7 

60.1.50  12    6 

13,02S  15    63  4    ' 

1819 

— 

_ 

2,St)S    4    6  1-1 

89.610  14    61-2 

1820 

_ 

.. 

3,766    n    8  3-4 

83,519  15    9  1.2 

1821 



— 

2,478  17    612 

';2,53l    7    01-4 

1822 

— . 

— 

3,398     1    0 

67,664  14    51-1 

1823 

— 

— 

4,783  15    6  1-4 

7l,2iO    9    5  1-2 

1821 

— 

— 

6,522  18    6  14 

73.267    0    5 

182} 



— 

6,481     0    7  12 

HI, 113    4    61-4 

1826 



— 

7,0jl     I  10  1  i 

10V2IS  11     61-4 

1827 

_ 

_ 

5,-69    6    812 

80,512  12    5  1-4 

1828 

__ 



6,037    0    5  3-4 

78,i.36    0    5.1-4 

1^ 

_ 

— 

5,969    8    7  1-4 

86,-26    0    112 

1830 

« 

— 

6,3;10  13    51-2 

7S,-i8!)     1     63  4 

1831 



_ 

4,833  19    312 

74,439  18    4  1-4 

1632 

._ 

— 

3,8-0    6    7  1-2 

5;i,473  !3    5 

18.13 

— 

— 

4,39S    5    6 

62,582  16  10  3-4 

JVu(f.— The  produce  of  the  duties  on  gold  and  silver  plate  cannot  be  distinguished  for  tlu!  cdimtry 
prior  to  the  year  ended  5th  of  January,  1819,  the  same  not  having  been  distinguished  in  tlie  accounts 
of  the  distributors. 

We  eiidravoured  to  show,  in  the  former  edition  of  this  work,  tha»  Mr.  Iluskisson  had  been  deceived 
liy  trusting  to  false  or  defeciive  information  ;  and  tlial,  instead  of  the  increase  of  tlie  diitii's,  anil.rnn- 
seqiiently,  of  the  consuniiilion  of  plate,  being  nearly  so  great  as  hi'  had  ri^presenU'd,  it  fell  t';ir  >\uir\  nl' 
what  might  have  been  fairly  expected  from  tlie  increasing  wealth  and  population  of  tli<^  couhiry.  The 
preceding  Table  shows  that  our  criticism  was  well  founded.  The  Ptatioiiary  amount  ofilniyumy, 
jierhaps,  be  accounted  for  by  the  facility  with  which  the  duties  are  evaded.  The  increase  oi  duly  iil 
lb20  is  a  curious  phenomenon. 

PLATINA,  a  metal  which,  in  respect  of  scarcity,  beauty,  ductility,  and  indestructibility 
is  hardly  inferior  to  gold,  was  unknown  in  Europe  till  about  the  middle  of  last  ceiilury,  when 
it  began  to  he  imported  in  small  quantities  from  Wouth  America.  It  has  since  been  disco- 
vered in  Estiemadura  in  Spain,  and,  more  recently,  in  the  Ural  Mountains  in  Asiatic  KussLi, 
where  it  is  now  raised  in  very  considerable  (juantilies. 

Platina  is  of  a  white  colour,  like  silver,  lint  not  so  bright,  and  has  no  taste  or  smell.  Its  hardness  i.i 
Intermediate  biitween  copper  and  iron.  Its  specific  gravity  is  abm.t  215,  that  of  gold  being  I'.!  3;  so 
that  it  is  the  heaviest  body  with  which  we  are  ac<|Mainled.  It  is  exceedingly  ductile  aii.l  iiiallciiMe; 
it  may  be  Iniiiimered  nut  into  very  thin  plates,  and  drawn  iiitn  wires  not  exceeding  l-l'.ll(llli  ol'iiii  iiiili 
in  diameter.  In  llies(!  properties  it  is  probaldy  inferior  to  gold,  but  it  seems  to  surpass  all  the  nllitr 
Bietals.    Its  tenacity  is  sucli,  that  a  wire  of  itlaiiiia  0078  inch  in  diameter  is  capable  of  suiipuriiag  a 


PLATTING— POPULATION. 


321 


ecn  Uiis  product  and 
I  planted  with  wheal 
;«  the  product  of  Iho 
ui  sur  Id  JVvuveUe  Ks- 

the  apathy  and  indn- 
(1  prolialily  with  good 
moans  in  sucli  exteu- 
s  an  article  of  food.  ^ 

ght  into  articles  of  ^jl 


ting  a  revenue,  the 
rry  it  on  are  obliged 
le,  p.  1:37.)  Assay 
:1c  previously  to  its 
ilate  is  passed  at  the 
id  2  dwts.,  or  of  the 
gold  watch-cases,  is 
ch-cases,  chains,  tip- 
he  52Geo.  U.c.  M.). 
lother,  of  the  uiiirks, 
icfil  of  clert^y.  But 
-(1    Will.  4.  c.  GO.) 

son  said,  "The  rate  of 
was  aflerwarils  raiscil 
le  licit  produce  of  ilin 
nore  than  iweiily-rnlil, 
liieiil  iiicrcasiii);  value 
lows  how  lari;(!  a  pnr- 
Drnanient  aiidhixury." 

Gold  and  Silver  PliiH!, 
lihle,  (iold  from  Silver, 


Dulv 

not  tlifllingtiiblii'jie. 

d-                     I..      ».  rf. 

S 

fl.ss?    9    8 

lil.VCI   11     314 

2  1-2 

10,SI9  IS    712    ' 

61-4 

1 1 ,042    8    514 

03-4 

12,V«  12  113  4 

11 

ll.i'il   14    01-2    , 

0 

12,IW    5    734 

10 

11.337    4    71-2 

11 

IO.7.5  12    53.4 

5 

I2,tl3     1   II 

2 

ll.ti  ill    C3  4 

10 

12  )fil    s   ni-2 

6 

I3,02S  15    (i34 

61-i 

9  1-2 

01-4 

51-1 

5  1-2 

5 

61-4 

(>l-4 

6  1-4 

6  3-4 

112 

634 

4  1-4 

D3-4 

nislied  for  Ihe  country 

lished  in  the  accounts 

son  had  liecii  cl>Ti'ivo(l 

jfthe  dnlii'j,  aii(l,ciiii- 

itcd,  it  fell  l';ir  ^hllrl  ot' 

11  of  th(^  cdiiiiirv.   Till 

aiooiint  of  diitv  iiiiiv 

h<:  i 

icrease  of  duly  11 

ind  indcstriiftihility 
)f  last  century,  when 
13  since  been  disco- 
lis  in  Asiatic  Russia, 


;nii'll.  Its  hnrdnessi'i 
if  pold  licing  l'>3;  so 
■iictili.'  mil  inalli'iil'lei 
lii(!  l-l'.)l(lthof!inimli 
Isurpass  all  the  oilier 
Ipable  of  suppnriing  a 


i 


weieht  of  271-31  lbs.  avoirdiipnis  without  hreakine.  It  is  one  of  the  most  infusible  of  all  metals  ;  but 
nieces  of  it  may  be  welded  together  without  dilticully  when  heated  to  whiteness.  It  is  not  in  the 
Biiiallest  ilejiree  altered  hy  the  action  of  airor  water. — Ct'hniii.ii>n's  Vhemislrii.) 

The  late  Ur.  Wollaston  discovered  a  method  of  fosinjj  plalliia,  and,  conseiiuently,  of  rendering  it 
easiiv  aviiilahle  in  the  arts.  The  lliissiaiis  have,  williin  Ihi'se  few  years,  issued  plalina  coins  of  the 
value  of  .■),  f),  and  20  silver  roubles.  I'latina  first  liejian  to  he  an  object  of  attention  in  Russia  in  ltt'24, 
when  1  pood  ,13  lbs.  were  collected.  In  laiiO,  the  produce  aiiiounled  to  SIKi  poods  14  llis.  In  1H31,  a 
piece  of  native  plalina  was  discovered  at  Deniidolf's  gold  mines,  weighing  20  lbs.  2i  zolt.— (Oj/iciiti 
Stulfiiients  published  by  the  Russian  Government.) 

PLATTING,  slips  of  bast,  cane,  straw,  &c.  woven  or  plaited  for  making  into  hats,  &c. — 
(See  Hats,  St  11  aw.) 

PliUMS,  the  fruit  of  the  Prttnus  domcstica,  are  too  well  known  to  reijuire  any  descrip- 
tion, 'i'hcy  were  introduced  into  England  in  the  l.'jth  century,  and  are  cultivated  in  all 
parts  of  the  country,     Tliere  are  said  to  be  nearly  300  varieties  of  plums. 

PLUMBAGO.     See  Black  Lkad. 

POMEGRANATE,  POMEGRANATES  (Gcr.  Granatapfel ;  Fr.  Grenades.-  It  Gra- 
tnifi,  Mclagrani ;  Sp.  Granadus),  the  fruit  of  the  pomegranate  tree  {Punica  ^ranaium). 
This  tree,  which  grows  to  the  height  of  15  or  20  feet,  appears  to  he  a  native  of  Persia,  whence 
it  has  been  conveyed,  on  the  one  side,  to  Southern  Eurojie,  and  on  the  other,  to  the  trojiical 
parts  of  Asia,  and  eventually  to  the  New  World.  The  fruit  is  a  pulpy,  many-seeded  berry, 
the  size  of  an  orange,  covered  with  a  thick,  brown,  coriaceous  rind.  The  pulp  has  a  reddish 
colour,  and  a  pleasant  subacid  taste.  The  value  of  the  fruit  depends  on  the  sinallness  of  the 
seed  and  the  largeness  of  the  pulp.  The  finest,  called  by  the  Persians,  btidanti,  or  seedless, 
is  imported  into  India  from  Cauhul  and  Candahar,  where  the  pontegranate  grows  in  perfec- 
tion. The  tree  thrives  all  the  way  to  the  equator;  but,  within  the  tro[iirs,  the  fruit  is  hardly 
fit  for  use.  The  pomegranates  brought  to  England  from  the  south  of  Europe  and  the  West 
Indies  are  very  inferior  to  those  of  Persia. — (Private  irifurnidtiun.) 

POPLAR  (Ger.  Pappcl,  Pappclkaum ;  L)u.  Popelicr  ;  Fr.  PeupUer  ;  It.  P'toppn  ;  Sp. 
Alamo ;  Lat.  Pupulus).  Of  the  poplar  (Papains  of  botanists),  there  are  about  15  species 
described ;  of  these,  5  are  conmion  in  England  ;  viz.  the  common  or  White,  the  Black,  the 
Afpen  or  trembling  po|)lar,  the  Aliele  or  great  white  (lojilar,  and  the  Lombardy  poplar.  In 
most  favourable  situations,  the  white  poplar  grows  with  great  ra[iidity,  sometimes  sending 
forth  slioots  16  feet  long  in  a  single  season.  The  wood  is  soft,  and  not  very  durable,  unless 
kept  dry  ;  but  it  is  light,  not  apt  either  to  swell  or  shrink,  and  easily  wrought.  The  Lom- 
bardy po|ilar  grows  rapidly,  and  shoots  in  a  complete  spire  to  a  great  height;  its  timber  does 
not  diller  materially  from  that  of  the  white  poplar.  It  is  very  light;  and  is,  therefore,  well 
a(la|>ted  for  the  manufacture  of  packing-cases.  None  of  the  species  is  fit  for  large  timbers.— 
{Tredi!;(ild's  Principles  of  Carpentri/  ,•    Veget.  Sub.,  Lib.  of  Eiiterl.  Knowledge.) 

Pt)PULATION.  To  attempt  giving  in  this  place  any  exjilaiiation  of  the  laws  which 
rcu;ulate  the  progress  of  population,  would  be  quite  inconsistent  with  the  objects  and  limits 
of  this  work.  It  may,  indeed,  be  thought  that  the  word  has  no  business  here.  However, 
as  it  is  frequently  of  importance  in  commercial  questions,  and  in  others  materially  aflecting 
coniinercial  interests,  to  be  able  to  compare  the  consumption  of  an  article  with  the  popula- 
tion, we  believe  we  shall  gratify  our  readers  by  laying  before  them  the  following  Tables, 
showing  the  results  of  the  dillerent  censuses  that  have  been  taken  of  the  population  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  [and  of  the  United  States, 


Population  of  the  United  States. 

Stilcs. 

Pop. 

Pop. 

Pop. 

Pop. 

Pop. 

Slivps. 

Slaves. 

Slaves. 

slaves. 

Slaves. 

nao. 

1800. 

1810. 

1820. 

l.«J0. 

179,). 

ISM. 

1^10. 

1820. 

1830. 

9fi..'i-10 

1.^1,7  !l 

l'2!i,70f, 

29!i,Mj 

399,9). 

New  Him|(iliire 

I41.H<)9 

IS3,76.' 

214.360 

214.161 

2<i9,32x 

Iil8 

8 

Si,4l6 

1S4,4G5 

217,713 

23-.,764 

260.6)2 

17 

Massiichuselts     • 

37r,,7l7 

42',!45 

472,0.0 

523, 2S7 

blO,40H 

Rlicle  l.-lanJ      - 

6fl,IIO 

69.122 

77011 

83,0i9 

97,199 

9i2 

38) 

103 

4S 

17 

Cdlincrltcut 

238,141 

25 1,00  J 

2C2.042 

27.5,2h2 

297,6t)i 

2.7;,9 

9'.1 

310 

97 

25 

New  York 

310,120 

58(i,7.ifi 

»n9,949 

1,3:2.M2 

l,9IV,0'< 

21,321 

20,343 

i.'i.on 

10,088 

75 

New  Jtirsey 

1S4.I39 

21  P,'149 

249.:VM 

277,.i7,i 

320,S23 

11.423 

12.422 

10,831 

7,b57 

2,254 

IVniinylvaiiia     • 

4313-3 

6ii2,3«i 

fclO.t'OI 

l,IM<i,4i8 

1,34-,M3 

3,73- 

1,7  6 

79.-, 

211 

403 

Dfl.iwirc 

Sil.OilS 

84,27.1 

72.t,71 

72,749 

76,74S 

8,8-7 

6,r.3 

4,177 

4,i09 

3,.S12 

MirjUiiJ 

yi9,72S 

SVMs 

S^O.?  IB 

407,330 

447.040 

103,036 

10-,,63i 

III.  02 

107,398 

H  2,294 

VirKinil  - 

74H,3(1S 

880.20(1 

974, 622 

1,061,379 

l,21l,4fl,i 

2ai,42: 

34),79« 

392  318 

4.'.3,l.-3 

4(9,737 

Niiitli  Ciriilim  - 

3I13.7M 

478,103 

.vr.,DOo 

6,1S,S29 

737.V87 

100,^72 

133,296 

ltiS,.-24 

203,017 

24,3,601 

Snutli  Caroliua  • 

249,0':3 

34i,.MM 

41MI5 

Sfl2.74l 

5-1, IS') 

1.7,1.91 

Md.'iil 

l!'i.. 'H. 

238  173 

3I3,.10I 

(i.'iri(i»  - 

S2,548 

Ib2,101 

2V2.4.31 

310,9S7 

fil6,>i23 

29,264 

69,404 

11.)  21^ 

149,636 

217,331 

Al»l).ima 

. 

. 

20.S4S 

127,t01 

30;i,i27 

> 

41.^79 

117,519 

Mississippi 

. 

8,S50 

40,3n2 

7'i,448 

13(i,f2l 

. 

3,489 

n.oss 

3'2S11 

63.639 

I.<iiiisiiriA            . 

. 

• 

76,5-.U 

1,'>3,407 

21'),7'!9 

S4,6l- 

69,064 

109,388 

'IVtiTli'Nsee 

3i,701 

IO-.,6'  2 

261.727 

422,M13 

6-1.904 

.3,417 

13,'i'i4 

44  53-, 

80,107 

141,603 

Kciiiucky 

73,077 

220,9-.i 

40(i5ll 

.'i64,3l7 

687.91 7 

11,.'-J0 

4,034 

80,561 

126,732 

163,213 

Oho      . 

. 

4'),3lii 

230,760 

581,434 

937,9113 

Irvlisiia  • 

. 

4,87:> 

24,52^1 

147,l7t; 

341,031 

1,35 

237 

190 

Iltirioii    • 

- 

- 

12.2!^2 

5i,2I  1 

I. .7,40.1 

- 

1()8 

PI7 

747 

Missniiri- 

. 

. 

21,84.S 

enwii 

140,4 1) 

3,011 

10,22! 

23,081 

Diitrict  nt  Columbia     > 

. 

14,003 

24,023 

33,039 

39,834 

3,244 

6,393 

6,3-,7 

6,119 

Flftnda  Territnry 

. 

■ 

. 

34  730 

• 

- 

15,301 

Mictii^an  Territory 

• 

. 

4,762 

8,896 

31,f39 

. 

24 

. 

32 

Arkiiuai  Territory 
Totil    - 

3,92'>,827 

• 

• 

14,273 

30,388 

• 

1,617 

'!376 
2,009,031 

5,30.i,»25 

7,239,814 

9,638,131 

I2,$'6(j,92a 

697,S97 

893,041 

1,191,364 

l,&38,lti4 

Ik 


41 


.im.  Ed  \ 


n- 

'# 


322 


POPULATION. 


I.  Population  of  Great  Britain  in  l^OI,  ISll,  1821,  and  1831,  showinB  its  Amount  at  each  Period  in 
eacli  County  uf  England  and  Scotland,  and  in  the  entire  Principality  of  Wales;  with  the  Ratio  ot 
Incrcasiu. 


;      1 


'    I 


II'  ' 


1. 


I     ! 


I 
■f  ' 


!    I 


Increase 

Increase 

Increise 

Counlies. 

1801. 

1        ('"■ 

ISIl. 

iier 
t'ent. 

1321. 

i        P<:r 

1831. 

1      t'ent. 

Cent. 

England. 

Bedford    - 

63,393 

11 

70,213 

19 

83,716 

14 

95,383 

Wcrku       - 

I0<J.'2I3 

8 

118,277 

It 

131,977 

10 

143,289 

Diickiii^hnm 

107,-I14 

9 

117,6,30 

14 

134,063 

9 

146.529 

('aiiibriilgi; 

S9,31ti 

13 

101,109 

*2 

121,909 

18 

143,955 

Chcsier    ■ 

19l,7il 

18 

227,031 

19 

270,1  98 

24 

334,410 

Cornwall 

IH8,iC9 

15 

2l6.6b7 

19 

2 17,447 

17 

302,4.0 

Cumberland 

117,230 

14 

1.33,744 

17 

136,124 

10 

169,681 

Derby       . 

Itil,ll2 

15 

18I.4S7 

16 

213,3)3 

11 

237,170 

Devon 

343,001 

12 

3K3.308 

13 

4W,040 

13 

491,168 

Doriet      • 

11S,3I9 

8 

12t,li93 

16 

141,499 

10 

1.9,232 

Ilurliim  • 

160.361 

11 

177.623 

17 

207,673 

22 

23;),K27 

E«»ex 

2ili,437 

11 

232,473 

15 

28'.),42l 

10 

317,2J3 

Oloucrjler 

230,809 

12 

2S3,3U 

IS 

335,KJ3 

15 

3<6,!I04 

Herefnnl  • 

89,l!)l 

6 

94,073 

10 

103,243 

7 

110,976 

Ilerlford  . 

97,->77 

14 

111,634 

16 

129,714 

10 

111,341 

Hnnlingdon 

37,S6S 

12 

42,203 

13 

4-,771 

9 

.33,149 

Kent        . 

307,021 

21 

373,093 

14 

426,016 

12 

479,133 

Lanc.ister 

672,731 

23 

828,3119 

27 

1,032,859 

27 

1,338,834 

Le-icetler  • 

13:1,081 

16 

150,419 

16 

174,371 

13 

197,003 

Lincoln    • 

2n8,5-.7 

14 

237.S91 

19 

283,038 

12 

317,241 

Middlesex 

818,129 

17 

933.2T8 

20 

1,H4,'.31 

19 

1,338,541 

Monnioulli 

4i,5S2 

33 

62,127 

13 

71,833 

36 

98,131/ 

Norfolk   - 

273,371 

7 

291. 9^9 

is 

341,363 

13 

390,051 

Northnmnfon 
Northumberland* 

131,737 

7 

141.333 

13 

162,483 

10 

179,276 

157,101 

9 

172,ltil 

15 

198,963 

12 

222,912 

Nottingham 

140,350 

16 

162,900 

15 

l.'.6,873 

20 

225,320 

Oxford     . 

109,620 

9 

119,191 

15 

136,971 

II 

131.726 

Rutland   • 

16,336 

- 

16,380 

13 

I8,4S7 

6 

19,383 

Salop 

167.639 

16 

I94.2il8 

6 

206  153 

8 

22,?,-K)J 

Somerset  ■ 

273,7M 

12 

303,180 

\u 

335,314 

13 

403,908 

Southampton 

219,636 

12 

243,080 

283,293 

11 

314,313 

Statfurd    • 

239,1.33 

21 

295,153 

17 

3)5,S93 

19 

410,483 

Sner..lk     • 

210.431 

11 

234,211 

15 

270,312 

9 

29ii,304 

Surrey     . 

269,043 

20 

.323,851 

23 

399,638 

22 

486,326 

Sussex 

13fl,311 

19 

190,083 

22 

233,019 

17 

272,323 

Warwick 

208,190 

10 

22^,733 

20 

274,392 

23 

336,9'(8 

Westmoreland     ■ 

41,617 

10 

43,922 

12 

61,359 

7 

65,041 

Wilts       . 

Ia3,l07 

5 

193,823 

15 

222,1,37 

8 

219,181 

Worcester 

139,331 

15 

160,546 

15 

184.421 

15 

211.356 

York(KastRidins) 

City    of    York 

and  Ainstev  - 

110,992 

16 

134,437 

14 

154,010 

10 

168,646-] 

24,393 

12 

27,304 

12 

30,451 

17 

35,362 

s 

York  (North  Rid- 

■H 

'"=>,.,■      „  ,• 

168,225 

7 

IC9,S.ri 

11 

187,432 

2 

190,873 

n 

(West  Bid- 

^- 

ing)      - 

665,2f>2 

16 

663,042 

22 

801,274 

22 

976,415. 

8,331,434 

145 

9,.333,827 

17f 

11,261,437 

16 

13,069,333          i 

H'alu. 

541,946 

13 

611,788 

17 

717,439 

12 

805,236 

Scotland. 

Aberdeen 

123,082 

10 

133,075 

15 

155,337 

14 

177,631 

Argyle     - 

71,859 

19 

85,385 

14 

97,316 

4 

101,425 

Ayr 

84,306 

23 

103,954 

22 

127,299 

14 

145,053 

Banff       . 

35,807 

2 

36,668 

19 

43,361 

12 

48,601 

Berwick  ■ 

33,621 

1 

30,779 

8 

33,385 

2 

34,048 

Bute 

1I,T1I 

2 

12,033 

15 

13,-97 

3 

14.131          ' 

Caithness' 

22,609 

4 

23,419 

29 

30,238 

14 

3l,.329          i 

Clackmannan      - 

10,868 

11 

12,010 

10 

13,263 

11 

14,729          '• 

Dumbarton 

20,710 

17 

24,>f9 

13 

27,317 

22 

33,211          i 

Dumfries - 

64,,597 

15 

62,960 

13 

70,S79 

4 

73,770 

Klinburgh 

122,934 

21 

I4i!,607 

29 

191,314 

15 

219,592 

Kl<in       . 

2t>,706 

5 

28,108 

11 

31,162 

10 

34.-231 

Fife 

93.743 

8 

101,272 

13 

11 4,  .3.36 

12 

12>,»,)9 

Foifar      ■ 

99,127 

8 

107.264 

« 

113,430 

23 

139.606          1 

Haddin|;ton 

29,988 

4 

31.161 

13 

35,127 

3 

36,  N3 

Inverness  • 

74,292 

6 

78,336 

15 

90,157 

6 

94,797 

Kincardine 

26,349 

4 

27,439 

6 

29,118 

8 

31,431 

Kinross    . 

6,723 

8 

7.243 

7 

7,762 

17 

9.072 

Kirkcudbright     • 

29,211 

15 

33,681 

15 

38,903 

4 

40,390          1 

Ijinark 

146,699 

31 

191,752 

27 

244,;W7 

30 

316,819          1 

Linlithgow 

17,844 

9 

19.461 

17 

22,683 

3 

2,1,291          1 

Nairn 

8,237 

• 

6,231 

9 

9,000 

4 

9,334          , 

Orkney  and  Shet- 

land    - 

46,824 

- 

46,133 

15 

63,124 

10 

58,239 

Peebles    - 

8.735 

14 

9,935 

1 

10,046 

5 

10,378 

Perth 

126,366 

7 

133,093 

3 

139,030 

3 

142,891 

Renfrew  . 

78,036 

19 

W,596 

21 

112,175 

19 

133,443 

Ross     and     Cro* 

liiarty  . 

6.3,343 

10 

6<1,853 

13 

08,828 

9 

74,820         ! 

Roxt)urf;h 

33,6S2 

11 

37,230 

10 

411,892 

7 

4:!.6'i3 

Selkirk'  • 

5,070 

16 

6,889 

13 

6,637 

2 

6,8  >3          . 

Stirling    ■ 
Su'h'Tlaud 

60,825 

14 

58,174 

12 

65,376 

11 

72,621          i 

23,117 

2 

23.629 

• 

23,840 

7 

23,318 

Wiglon    - 

22,918 

17 

26,891 

23 

33,240 

9 

36,238 

1, '■99,068 

14 

l,80j,6ii8 

16 

2,1 93,436 

13 

2,363,807          ; 

Sums 

rlARY  OF  GUE 

AT  Brit 

mti. 

Kn?>and  ■ 

8,331,431 

14| 

9,331,888 

"l 

11,261,437 

16 

I3,nsi,lis 

l 

Wales      • 

611,346 

13 

611,7^8 

17 

717,133 

12 

803,2M          I 

Scotland  - 

1,393,068 

14 

1,803,688 

16 

2,093.436 

13 

2,3i;3.S07 

Army,  Navj-,  ftc 

4:0,398 

• 

640.300 

• 

319,300 

■ 

277,017 

10,942,646 

16i 

12,609,864 

14        1 

14,391,631 

15 

I6,537,.19S 

f. 


PORCELAIN. 


323 


at  each  Period  in 
Willi  tlJe  Katio  ot 


10 
5 
3 
19 


II 

7 


1831. 


9i,3»3 

14'J,2S9 

I4e.6i9 

143,935 

334,410 

302,4.0 

I69,6!il 

■217,i:0 

491.103 

lVJ,2-.2 

2.i;l,W7 

317,213 

3<6,!i04 

1 10,976 

141,341 
."■.3,149 

479,15i 

l,336,»54 

197,003 

317,241 

1,3=18,541 

9!<,13l< 

390,054 
179,276 
222,912 
22:),320 
131.728 
19,3S3 
222,301 
4U3,9U8 
314,313 
4I0,4H3 
296,304 
4P6,326 
272,32S 
336,9^8 
63,C4I 
239,1»1 
211.336 
16S,646-] 

33,302 

190,873 

976,415J 

13,069,33S 


805,236 


177,6-11 
101,425 
143,033 

48,604 

34,01s 

14.131 

31,529 

14,729 

33,211 

73,770 

2I9,3M 

34,-231 

12«,t<.19 

139,606 

3C,U3 

94,797 

3I,4J1 

9,072 
40,-i90 
310,SI9 
23,291 

9,334 

Sfl,239 
10, 'CS 
142,894 
133,443 

7-l,»20 
4:!,6')3 
6,S>3 
72,621 

2 -.,3  IS 
36,23!» 


13 

2,36 -..SO? 

16 
12 
13 

13.089,318 
fi03,2,18 

2,3153,907 
2:7,017 

15 

l6,i37,39S 

II    Population  of  Ireland,  as  determined  liy  the  rensiiBCs,  talten  in  1813,  1821,  and  1831,  showing  its 
Ainoiiiit  at  each  Period  in  each  Couiiiy,  with  the  Rates  of  Increase. 


Counties,  he. 


Pnvinct  of  Ltinilcr. 


Carlow 

Urogheda  Town  • 

Dublin  County  ■ 

City 

Kililare    ■  •           •           " 
Kilkenny  County 

Ciy  - 

Kinn's  County  - 

Longford  •  •            ■            • 

l/tulh       •  -            •             ■ 

Mcilh       .  .            -            - 

(jueen'n  County  • 

Wfstineath  .           .           - 

WexfonI  .  •           •           ' 
Wicklow- 

Total    ■ 

Province  of  Muntler, 
Clare       .  .  .  • 

Curlf  Cnunly 

Ciiy 
Kerry       .  -  .  - 

Linierick  County 

City     - 
Tipperary 
Walerford  County 
City   • 

Total    - 

Province  of  Ulster. 

Antrim    .  -  -  • 

Arinash  .  •  •  " 

Carrickfergus  Town 

Cavan      •  -  •  ' 

Donegal    .  -  -  • 

l)o\vn       .  -  •  - 

Fermanagh  .  -  • 

I/inilonilerry 
Monaghan 

Tyrone    -  -  "  • 

Total    • 

ProBina  of  Connausht. 

Cilway    -  •  ■  - 

Town  - 

Leitrim    .  ■  •  • 

Mayo       .  .  •  • 
Roscommon 

Sligo       .  •  ■  • 

Total    - 


Increase 
Iter  Cent. 


69,366 

16,123 

1 10.437 
176.610 
53,138 
134,664 

113,226 
95,917 

» 

142,479 
113.837 

» 

83,109 


160,603 
623,930 

61.394 
17i',622 
103,865 

* 
290,331 
119,437 

25,467 


33 
5 
16 
17 

15 
12 

II 

17 


23 


29 
20 
.36 
21 

no 

19 

7 
12 


231,548 
121,449 

6,138 

• 

» 
2S7,290 
111.230 
18ti,ISI 
140,433 
230,746 


140,995 
24,684 
9-1,093 
237,371 
138.110 


13 

62 
30 


13 

17 

4 

24 

4 


1821, 


Increase 
per  Cent. 


78,932 

18,118 

1=0,011 
IS),*"-! 

99,063 
138,716 

21,0.10 
131,084 
107,570 
101,011 
139,1-3 
134.275 
I2\8I9 

170, --oe 

110,767 


1,757,492 


208,0.B9 
62n,71"6 
1011,638 
2I6.L-3 
2IS,r!2 

69,1)45 
34d,'.H6 
127,<42 

23,679 


1.933,612 


262,830 
197,427 

8,1  -23 
193,076 
248,270 
323,410 

'0,997 
I93,So9 
174,697 
261,863 


1,993,494 


119 
12 
32 
23 
32 


309,599 
27,775 
124,783 
293,112 
20-',729 
146,223 


3 

decrease 

4 
increase 

'22 
9 
9 
6 
2 
9 
4 
7 

II 
8 
6 
7 

10 


81,576 

7,363 

l«.1,fl42 
2  3,u=2 
I0>,40l 
16!>,2«3 
2.3,741 
141,(29 
112.391 
1  OK,  Its 
177,023 
1 13,«43 
136,799 
182,991 
122,301 


1,927,967 


21 
12 

6 
22 

6 
12 
16 
13 


19 
II 

8 
16 
2) 

8 
14 
14 
II 
15 


238.262 
7ir,,9.'6 
ID- ,011 
2lil,539 
il3.:>03 

6«,57S 
402,398 
l4.-,077 

■Zi.i-il 


1,213,364 


314,(:03 
220,631 
8,698 
22SO30 
29!<,ll!4 
332,371 
149,355 
2,2,416 
193,532 
302,943 


2,293,128 


27 
19 
12 
23 
14 
17 


394.'2S7 
.33.120 
141,303 
3d:,93« 
239,9"3 
171, .308 


1,110,229 


1,348,077 


SuMMAnv. 


ProvinCL,, 


Leinster  • 
Miinster  • 
CIsler  - 
Cunnaught 


Total 


1813. 


1821, 


1,737,492 
I,93i,6l2 
1,998,494 
1,110,229 


1831. 


1,927,967 
2,213.364 
2,293,128 

1,348,077 


Increase  per  Cent,  on  1S2I, 


9 
14 
14 

22 


6,fOI,827 


7,731,336 


14t 


PORCELAIN,  on  CHINA  WARE,  a  very  fine  species  of  earthenware.  The  first  spe- 
cimens of  this  fabric  were  brought  to  Europe  from  China  ami  Japan.  The  best  Chinese 
porcelain  is  of  a  very  fine  texture,  white,  semi-transparent,  and  sometimes  lieautifully  coloured 
and  "iit ;  is  infusible,  and  not  subject  to  break  by  tiie  sudden  application  of  heat  or  cold. 
The  Chinese  term  for  the  article  is  tse-ki.  But  the  Portuguese,  by  whom  it  was  first  brought 
in  considerable  quantities  into  Europe,  bestowed  on  it  the  name  of  porcelain,  from  porcdla, 
a  cup. 

Common  earthenware,  sometimes  of  a  very  eood  quality,  is  mannfactiired  in  Canton,  Foltien,  and 
several  other  provinces  of  China.  Rut  it  is  a  curious  fact,  that  the  heautiful  porcelain  imported  into 
Europe  is  made  only  in  the  town  of  Kingtesing,  in  the  province  of  Kyangpi.  Us  inaiiufaciure  is  fully 
di-scrihed  by  Duhalde,  in  his  account  of  China,  under  the  head  "  Porcelain  and  (;hiiia  ware."  The 
porcelain  of  Japan  is  decidedly  inferior  to  that  of  China ;  very  Utile  is  imported,  and  it  is  valued  only 
as  a  curiosity. 

After  porcelain  began  to  be  imported,  its  beauty  soon  brought  it  into  .great  request,  notwillistandins 
its  high  price,  as  an  ornament  '.)r  the  houses  and  tables  of  the  rich  and  the  great.  The  einulailon  of 
European  artists  was  in  consequence  <i.\cited.  Very  little  infornialittii  was,  however,  obtained  as  to 
Ihe  mode  of  manufacturing  porcelain  till  the  early  part  of  l;ist  centur.v,\vl'.en  the  process  was  developed 
in  a  letter  from  a  French  Jesuit  in  China,  who  had  found  means  to  make  liiniself  pretty  well  .acquainted 
with  the  subject.  The  knowledge  that  thus  transpired,  and  the  investigalions  of  Ueaumur  iiid  other 
chemists,  prepared  the  way  for  the  establishment  of  the  niiinufacture  in  Europe.  It  was  first  com- 
menced at  Dresden,  which  has  been  famous  ever  since  for  the  beauty  of  its  productions;  but  the 
finest  and  most  magnificent  specimens  of  European  china  have  been  produced  at  SOvres,  in  France, 
in  the  factory  carried  on  at  the  e.xpiuise  of  the  French  government. 

British  Porcelain  Manufaclnre.—Tlm,  though  unable  lo  boast  of  such  fine  specimens  of  costly  work- 
manship as  have  been  produced  at  SCvres  and   Dresden,  is  of  much  greater  national  importance. 

♦  JV.  B.—tiot  enumerated  in  1813. 


iflitf^j. 


£^1 


«»'t^ 


i^ 

»* 


ss-f- 


324 


PORK— PORT-AU-PRINCE. 


(IB 'J 

»  .. 
ifllll 


1IB 

■m 


11  ID 

mil 


Instead  nf  exclusively  applyinft  Iheniselvcs  to  the  tnnnufuctiire  ofarticles  fitted  only  for  the  consumption 
of  the  rich,  the  nrtlsts  ori';ii!>liind  liave  excrli'd  tlienisulves  in  preference  to  produce  China  ware  suit- 
able for  the  middle  rlasses;  nnd  liave  Hiicceeded  in  producing  nrticles  at  once  excellent  in  (luality, 
elegant  in  furni,  and  cheap.  We  art!  principally  indehted  lor  the  improvements  ninde  in  this  important 
nianulaclnre,  to  the  genius  and  enterprise  ol  the  late  Mr.  Jnsiah  Wedijwood.  This  extraordinary 
man  owed  none  of  liis  success  to  fortuitous  circumstances.  Devoting  his  mind  to  patient  iiivesli'.Mlion, 
and  9parin<;  neither  pains  nor  expense  in  accomplishing  his  aims,  he  gathered  round  him  artists  of 
talent  from  ditierent  countries,  and  drew  upon  the  stores  of  science  for  aid  in  pursuing  the  olijects  of 
his  praiseworthy  amhition.  The  early  and  signal  prosperity  that  atteniled  his  efforts  served  only  as 
an  incentive  to  urge  him  forward  to  new  exertions,  and  as  means  for. calling  forth  and  encouraging 
talent  in  others,  in  a  niannor  calculated  to  promote  the  welfare  of  liis  country.  Previously  to  his  time, 
the  potteries  of  .Stalfordshire  produced  only  inferior  fahrics,  tiimsy  as  to  their  materials,  and  void  nf 
taste  in  their  forms  and  ornaments;  the  best  among  them  being  oidy  wretched  imiiations  of  the 
Brote8(iue  ami  unmeaning  scenes  and  figures  portrayed  on  the  porcelain  of  China.  But  such  have 
been  the  etlVcts  ri'sulting  frcuii  the  exertions  and  example  of  this  one  individual,  that  the  w.'ires  of 
that  district  are  now  not  only  brought  into  general  use  in  this  country,  to  the  exclusion  of  all  foreign 
goods,  which  had  been  largely  imported,  but  Knulisli  pottery  has  since  been  sought  for  arul  celebrati'd 
tliroughout  the  civilised  worid,  and  adopted  even  in  places  where  the  irt  was  previously  practised. 
An  intelligent  foreigner,  M.  I'aujas  de  St.  I'ond,  writing  on  tliis  subject,  says,— "Its  excellent  work- 
manship, its  solidity,  the  advantage  which  it  possesst.'s  of  sustaining  the  action  of  fire,  its  fine  glaze 
impenetrable  to  acids,  tin;  beauty  and  convenience  of  its  form,  and  the  cheapness  of  its  price,  have 

given  rise  to  a  commerce  so  active  and  so  universal,  tlirt  in  travelling  fr I'aris  to  Petersburgli,  fVoin 

Amsterdam  to  the  farthest  part  of  Sweden,  and  from  Dunkirk  to  the  extremity  of  the  south  of  France, 
one  is  served  at  every  inn  upon  Knglish  ware.  Spain,  Portugal,  and  Italy  are  supplied  with  it ;  and 
vessels  are  loailed  with  it  for  both  the  Indii's  and  the  continent  of  America."— {See  the  quotation  in 
the  Mcr.uiinl  of  the  Piirceluin  Muiiifuctnre,  p.  10.,  in  Dr.  J.anlner's  Cyclipirdin  ;  for  the  statistical  details 
with  respect  to  the  manufacture,  see  the  article  Eabtiiknwaiie,  in  this  work.) 

The  Kriiish  |iorcelaiii  manufacture  is  principally  carried  on  at  the  potteries  in  Staffordshire,  and  at 
Worcester,  Derby,  Colelirook  Dale,  and  (<iher  places. 

Miirrliiitc  Cups. — It  was  long  a  i)revalent  opinion  among  modern  critics,  that  the  vaaa  murrhina.  sr, 
famous  in  Roman  history,  were  formed  of  porcelain.  T'ompcy  was  the  first  who  brought  them  to 
Koine  from  the  East,  about  01  years  bef  ire  the  Christian  era.  They  were  used  as  drinking  cups,  .ind 
fetched  enormous  pri.es  ;  Nero  having  given,  according  to  the  common  method  of  interpret  ing,5s,l)ll(i; 
for  a  single  cup;  The  extravagance  of  the  purchaser  may,  in  this  instance,  be  supposed  to  have  in- 
creased the  price  ;  so  tliat  the  degree  of  estimation  in  which  tlii;se  cups  were  held  may  be  more  accu- 
rately inferred  from  the  fact,  tliaf,  of  all  the  rich  spoils  of  Alexandria,  Augustus  was  content  to  pcjcit 
one  for  his  share.— (Sucfoii.  lib.  ii.  c.  71.)  I'liny  (lib.  xxxvii.  c.  2.)  says  llicy  were  made  in  IVrsIa, 
particularly  in  Karamania.  But  those  who  contend  they  were  China  ware,  chiefly  found  on  the  I'ul. 
lowing  line  of  Propertius  : — 

JUurrheaqiie  in  Pariiiis  paciila  cocta  focis. — (Lib.  iv.  Eleg.  5.  lin.  20.) 

In  despite,  however,  of  this  apparently  decisive  authoiity,  M.  I.e  Hlaml  and  M.  I-archer  have,  ir. 
two  very  learned  disscrtatinns  (.Meiimirci  dc  Liltirat.  tom.  xliii.),  wliich  Dr.  llobertson  lias  deilarcd 
are  quite  satisfactory,  endeavoured  to  prove  that  the  ru.«(iHi«rrAiHn  were  foriiiod  of  transparent  sioin-, 
dug  out  of  the  earth  in  some  Eastern  jirovinces,  and  that  they  were  imitated  in  vessels  of  coloiirifd 
glass. —  (Iii)bertson\i  Di.iqi'.isilion  on  A/k/iu,  note  39.)  Dr.  Vincent  {Commerce  and  jVariffalinn  of  Hit 
Jincienln.  vol.  ii.  p.  723.)  inclines  to  tlie  opposite  opinion  ;  but  the  weight  of  authority  is  evidenilv  on 
the  other  side.  At  all  events,  it  is  plain  tliat  if  the  iiiurrhine  cups  were  really  porcelain,  it  had  been 
exceedingly  scarce  at  Rome,  as  their  price  would  otherwise  have  been  ciuiiparatively  moderate.  Uut 
it  is  most  probable  that  the  ancients  were  wholly  unacquainted  with  this  article ;  which,  indeed,  was 
but  little  known  in  Europe  till  after  the  discovery  of  the  route  to  India  by  the  Cape  of  (3ood  Hone.— 
(For  some  furtlier  details  on  this  question,  see  Kippingii  Antiq.  Horn.  lib.  iv.  c.  3.) 

PORK,  the  flesh  of  the  hog.  Salted  and  pickled  pork  forms  a  considerable  article  of 
export  from  Ireland  to  the  West  Indies  and  other  places. 

Pork  and  Bacon  exported  from  Ireland  in  the  under-mentioned  Years.- 


Tan. 

Pork. 

B,tcou. 

Years. 

1821 
1822 
1823 
1824 
1825 

I'ork. 

Bacon. 

Quantilsr. 

omcial 
Value. 

Quantity. 

Official 

Value. 

(luanlily. 

Official 

Value. 

quantity.           ^,'» 

1815 
1816 
1817 
1818 
1819 
1820 

Cwl. 
154,719 
10.3,585 
133,095 
118,315 
120,331 
142,431 

214,220 
143,425 
184,285 
103,802 
166,610 
197,212 

Cwl. 
236,349 
227,608 
191,025 
214,956 
224,1,34 
202,730 

L. 
327,2,')2 
315,205 
201,496 
21)7,031 
3 10.  ,340 
303,797 

Cwl. 
141,211 
115,936 
120,046 
106,543 
108,141 

L. 
195,559 
160,527 
166,218 
147,.521 
149,734 

Cult.         1          /.. 
360,209    1    507.li,'-)9 
211,865    ;    3.'i!,-'J0 
313,675    1    4:a,«3 
313,788         431,175 
362,278    1    5UI,fil5 

Most  part  of  the  bacon  is  exported  to  England— (See  Bacon), — and  also  a  good  deal  of  the  pork. 
The  account  cannot  be  brought  further  down  than  1825,  the  trade  between  Great  Britain  and  IrelaiiJ 
having  since  then  been  placed  on  the  footing  of  a  coasting  trade. 

PORT.     See  Wine. 

PORT-AU-PRINCE,  the  capital  of  Hayti,  or  St.  Domingo,  in  lat.  IS"  3.r  42"  N.,  Fon. 
72°  27'  11"  W.  Population  variously  estimated,  probably  from  18,000  to  20,000.  It  is 
situated  on  the  west  coast  of  the  island,  at  the  bottom  of  a  large  and  deep  gulf.  It  was 
founded  in  1749;  since  which,  with  few  intervals,  it  has  been  the  capital  of  French  St.  Do- 
mingo, as  it  is  now  of  the  entire  island.  It  is  partially  fortified  ;  the  harbour  being  protected 
by  a  battery  on  a  omall  island  at  a  little  distance  from  the  shore.  The  country  round  is  low 
and  iTiarshy  ;  and  the  heat  in  the  suininer  months  being  excessive,  the  climate  is  then  ex- 
ceedingly unhealthy.  The  buildings  are  principally  of  wood,  and  seldom  exceed  2  stories 
in  height. 

/TorftoHr.— The  entrance  to  the  harbour  is  between  White  Island  nnd  the  southern  slioro.  The  depth 
of  water  varies  from  about  18  feet  at  ebb  to  about  21  do.  at  full  tide.  It  is  customary,  but  not  coiiipiil- 
Bory,  to  employ  a  pilot  in  entering  the  liarboiir.  They  are  always  on  the  look-out.  Ships  moor  licnd 
and  stern,  at  froiu  190  to  500  yards  from  shore ;  loading  and  unloading  by  means  of  boats,  na  there  are 


PORT-AU-PRINCE. 


325 


fortlieconsiiiM[ition 
ce  China  wiirc  siiit- 
jxrelleiit  i"  quiilily, 
ide  in  lliis  iniiiorliinl 
Tliia  cxtraoritinary 
inlitMit  iiivosti'-Mlion, 
roiiml  liim  artists  <>t 
rsuiiig  llie  oliji;cts  ol 
ifforls  served  only  ns 
rtli  and  enen\ira(iiiif,' 
revioiisly  toll's  linii!, 
atcrials,  and  void  of 
pd  iiniialions  of  tliu 
ina.     But  siicli  liavi! 
!il,  lliat  ttic  wares  of 
cliis^ion  of  all  foreijin 
!lit  for  and  celebrated 
prcviouslv  practised. 
-"Its  excellent  work- 
of  fire,  its  fine  glaze 
eas  of  its  price,  liavo 
1  to  Petersbnrgli,  frtihi 
ftlie  Boiitli  of  France, 
s\ipplied  with  it;  ami 
-(See  the  (inotalioii  in 
r  the  staliHlical  details 

1  Staffordshire,  and  al 

the  vasa  vitirrhina,  sr. 
who  brought  them  to 
1  as  drinking  cups,  and 
[)f  interpreting!,  SNOim; 
■  supposed  to  have  iii- 
eld  may  be  more  accii- 
3  was  content  lo  silist 
were  made  in  Persiii, 
lietty  found  on  the  I'ul- 

in.2fi.) 

d  M.  I-archer  have,  ir, 
Lobertson  lias  decliircil 
id  of  transparent  sionc, 
I  in  vessels  of  colonreil 

and  Miriffalion  of  the 
ithority  is  ovidenily  on 
r  porcelain,  it  had  been 

lively  moderaic.  Unl 
I ;  which,  indeed,  win 
>pe  of  (jood  Hune.— 

3.) 

nsiJerable  article  of 


Years.- 


nacoD. 


,       Ollicial 
(iuantily.  Vilur. 


Cwt. 
366,20a 
211,865 
313,67.') 
313,788 
362,278 


;.. 

S07,li.'i9 
3:1 1.^  JO 
475,^^'^ 
431,17,') 
501,015 


;ood  deal  of  the  pork, 
it  Britain  and  lrel;uiJ 


1 8°  3a'  42"  N.,  Ion, 
|0  to  20,000.    It  is 

Jepo  gulf.  It  was 
tl  of  French  Bt.Do- 
t)Our  being  protfcteJ 
lountry  round  is  low 

I  climate  is  then  ex- 
lom  exceed  2  stories 

em  shore.  TliedeplU 
kiary,  but  not  cnni|iiil- 
Lut.  Ships  moor  bcaa 
1  of  boats,  as  there  are 


neither  docks  iinr  qnay^  to  assist   these  operation^.     The  Inrbour  is  perfectly  safe,  except  during 
Imrricam-s,  which  m;.y'l)e  expected  from  Aii-ust  to  .Noveuiber. 

Hiivli  isi  next  to  Cuba,  the  Iar;x''>it  of  tlie  West  Iiidia  islands.  It  was  Jisrovcrod  by  (^o- 
iuniliiis  on  ther)th  of  December,  ll!):i.  Its  Rreatest  lenL;th  i.s  cstiinatcil  nt  about  KU)  Ifui^ues, 
and  il-i  "-ivatest  breadth  at  about  10.  Its  su[)crlices  is  estimated  at  about  2,'150  si|uaii'  leagues, 
'i'hree  principal  eiiains  of  mountains  (from  which  emanate  smaller  mountain  arms)  run  from 
the  central  groui)  of  (Jibao.  'J'hc  whole  of  these  arc  described  as  fertile  and  Husei'iitiblc  of 
cultivation,  even  to  their  summits;  allordin>j;  trreat  variety  of  elimato,  which,  conlrary  to 
what  is  the  fact  in  the  jilains,  is  remarkably  bfaltliy.  'J'he  soil  of  the  plains  is,  in  ireiieral, 
n  very  rich  vegetable  mould,  e.xceedinuly  ferlili!,  and  well  watered.  'J'herc  are  several  large 
rivers  and  an  immense  number  of  smaller  streams,  some  tributary  and  others  independent. 
The  iiorts  arc  numerous  and  good.  The  harliour  of  Cape  Wt.  Nicholas,  the  forlili(  alions  of 
which  are  now  in  ruins,  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  West  Indies;  being  inferior  only  to  the 
Havannah.  Timber  of  the  finest  description  is  most  abundant;  and  mines  of  gold,  silver, 
copper,  tin,  iron,  and  rock  salt,  besidi's  other  natural  productions,  are  said  not  to  be  wanting. 
The  French  are,  therefore,  fully  justilied  in  designating  this  magnificent  island,  IjU  Urine  (Its 
Antilles.  The  principal  towns,  besides  Port-au-Prince,  are  Cup  Haitien,  formerly  Cap 
Francois,  on  the  north  coast,  St.  Domingo  on  the  south,  Les  Cayes,  and  Jacmel. 

Previously  to  the  revolt  of  the  blacks,  Hayti  was  divided  in  unecpial  portions  between  the 
French  and  Spaniards  ;  the  former  jio.ssessing  the  west,  and  the  latter  the  eastern  and  larger 
portion  of  the  island.  The  revolution  began  in  178'J  ;  and  terminated,  after  the  most  dread- 
ful massacres,  and  the  destruction  of  a  vast  deal  of  property,  in  the  total  abolition  of  slavery, 
and  the  establishment  of  an  independent  black  republic.  The  Spanish  part  of  the  island  and 
the  French  were  finally  consolidated  in  1822. 

I'dpiiliifion. — In  ITH'J,  the  French  part  of  Hayti  was  by  far  the  most  valuabh'  and  nou- 
rishing colony  in  the  We.st  Indies.  The  population  was  estimated  at  .'J2  1,000  ;  of  which 
;31,(l()0  were  white,  27', .500  peojile  of  colour,  and  105,0(10  slaves.  The  b'panish  part  of  the 
island  was  much  less  densely  peopled;  the  number  in  178.5  being  estimated  at  1.52, (i  10  ;  of 
which  122,0'10  were  free  people  of  all  colours,  mostly  mulatloes,  and  the  rest  slaves.  I'he 
iioimlation  of  the  entire  island,  in  1827,  was  estimated  by  M.  Humboldt  at  820,000  of  whom 
;?0,000  were  whites  ;  but  there  are  good  grounds  for  thinking  that  this  estimate  is  exaggerated. 

linports, — 'l"he  ]irinci|)al  articles  of  imjiort  arc  provisions ;  such  as  llour,  rice,  mcsi  and 
cargi)  beef,  fish,  &c  and  tiiiiber,  from  the  United  Slates  ;  cotton  goods  of  all  sorts,  Irish  and 
Scoti'b  line  IS,  earthenware,  .n'.tlery,  ammunition,  &c.  from  England  ;  wines,  sittins,  liqueurs, 
jcwcllciy,  toys,  haberdashery,  &ic,  from  France  ;  and  linens,  canvass,  gin,  <S:c.  U-.nw  Holland 
and  Germany. 

Exports. — There  has  been  an  extraordinary  decline  in  the  quantity  and  value  of  the  arti- 
cles exported  from  Hayti  since  1789.  Sugar,  for  example,  has  fallen  off  from  141,000,000 
llis.  to  almost  nothing ;  colVee  from  about  77,000,000  lbs,  to  a  little  more  than  32, 000, 000 
11)3.  in  182G;  cotton  from  7,000,000  lbs.  to  020,000  lbs.  in  do.  ;  indigo,  from  7.58,000  lbs. 
to  nothing,  &c. !  Mahogany  is  almost  the  only  article,  the  exports  of  which  have  rapidly 
increased  of  late  years.     The  following  Table  illustrates  what  has  now  been  staled : — 


A  tienoral  Table  of  E.> 

ports  from  Ilayt 

,  dnrin 

g  tlie  Years  1 

789,  1801 

,  and  f 

0111   l- 

18  to  1820,  both 

inclusive. 

Years. 

ChyeJ 
Sugar. 

lit. 

Muscovailii 
Su^ar, 

IM. 

Cofll-e. 

(    Item. 

Cacao. 

>">>■='>•  1,111";, 

Dve 

Wdil.lS. 

Tol)acco. 

C.isinr 
Oil. 

Malm^any. 

Cigars. 

/.(,t. 

/./.t. 

Lis. 

J.hs.           Ll^s. 

Lbs. 

U>. 

tnU. 

F.Ll. 

17-9 

47,r,lU,5,11 

9i.>7;i,'5nn 

76,^3 -),2I') 

T,w)i.;7i 

• 

75i-V)2-* 

a.jn 

ISJl 

lb,540i   IS.llS.TOi  43,^2(1,270 

2,1V0,31' 

618  fil- 

fcOl 

99,-119 

6,76S,(!31 

. 

. 

i>,2l7 

ism 

l;'8      5,ll3,'87l  2«,0ti5,'200 

471, IIS 

434,36-! 

. 

. 

(),SI9,3  (1 

19,140 

l.!l 

l;9,962 

ISI9 

157;     a,790,ll(!  2'i,.'4"l,9l>( 

2  G.IOl 

370,131;  . 

. 

3,091,409 

39,(i9S 

711 

141,-7 

|»W 

2,7S7 

2,JI4.M^J   Li'..l:t7,7''9 

3  lli.Vlfl 

.ir)ti,42ll  .          ., 

. 

I,9I9,71S 

97,6011 

157 

IJi'.sry 

l^il 

(wvyi  -'i),=ij->,(c,i 

WO.'.ba 

281,792'  - 

. 

3,72  ■,e-«:      78.40' 

5'>,(l(lT 

l-JJ 

'ZiH\\',\    21.ir,,37.' 

51'2,'itW 

4(>l,l">4    - 

211,927 

S,2!i'.,0?pl    ,';s'-,9>7 

• 

2,(;.^J,277 

279.000 

1-il 

11,921  a;i,se2,-<;)7 

ai2,i-| 

3:ir.,vi.)!  , 

(;,Wi7,;V  S     3S7,(II4 

2,3C9.,.47 

3!)3,«X) 

1^21 

6,1  (Hi   44,2(13,0X1 

I,(i2*,e4- 

461, M14         1,240    . 

3,>-)«,I"il      7IS679 

2,l»l,747|    17J,0U; 

ISJi 

2,0211   3li,l:34.3llO 

81.^.,G:i7 

339,937,  ■          •      . 

3.91S,IM     .Wl,.!2-, 

'2,HNi,4b9[ 

\<X      ■ 

32,ti04    32,ISH,7S4 

62(!,972 

4-.7,)92     .... 

ri,307,T4,il    3U1,5S~ 

2.i;!6,9M     179,,Wl 

tiuni  (juaiacuiii,  iu  1822,  7,338  lbs,— 182.1,  13,0  J6  lbs.— 1824,  6;,t)92  lbs. 

The  destruction  caused  by  the  de[)lorable  excesses  which  accompanied  the  revolution  ex- 
plains a  part  of  this  extraordinary  falling  oif :  but  the  greater  part  is  to  be  accounted  tor  by 
tlie  change  in  the  condition  of  the  inhabitants.  It  could  not  reasonably  be  expected  that  the 
lilacks  were  to  make  the  same  efforts  in  a  state  of  independence  they  made  when  goaded  on 
by  the  lash  to  exertions  almost  beyond  their  powers.  It  may,  however,  be  fairly  anticiiiated 
that  they  will  become  more  industrious,  according  as  the  pojinlation  becomes  denser,  and  as 
they  become  more  civilised,  and  acquire  a  taste  for  conveniences  and  luxuries.  Hitherto 
industry  in  Hayti  cannot  be  said  to  be  free.  It  is  enforced  and  regulated  by  the  Code  Rural, 
wliich  is,  in  fact,  it  moditication  of  the  old  French  regulations  as  to  slavery  embodied  in  the 
Cink  Noir.  "  The  provisions  are  as  despotic  as  those  of  any  slave  system  that  can  be  con- 
ceived. The  labourer  may  almost  be  considered  adscriptus  fj;libw  ,•  he  is  deemed  a  vaga- 
bond, and  liable  to  punishment,  if  ho  venture  to  move  from  his  dwelling  or  farm  withoi 
notice ;  he  is  prohibited  from  keeping  a  shop ;  and  no  person  can  build  a  house  in  the  coun 

Vol.  II.— 2  E 


f.  ■>  _-;^ 

m 


326 


rORT-AU-PRINCE. 


''     I 


tl 

mm 

»•, 
am 

t 

'01 

am 


try  unconnected  with  a  farm.  The  rode  ilotcrniincH  the  mode  of  managing  landed  property: 
of  forming  contracts  for  cultivation  lictween  proprit-tor  and  farmer — farmer  and  l,ilio\irer;  of 
rcgulatini;  Rrazinu;  eatalilishnients,  the  rural  police,  the  inspection  of  cultivation  utid  culti- 
vators; of  repressing  vagrancy;  and  of  tlie  rc)>air  and  maintenance  of  tl'c  iiuhlic  road>. 
Lastly,  it  alli.xea  tiie  penalty  of  fme  in  some  cases,  and  in  >  'hers  of  indcfiniti,'  impii-^onnurit, 
at  the  option  of  the  judge  of  the  peace." — {Mr,  C'unsul  iMuc/icnzicn  Dispatch  ;  I'uil.  I'djto; 
No,  18.  Scss,  XS'i'J.) 

Another  serious  obstacle  to  industry  seems  to  he  the  enormous  weight  of  the  taxes  iin- 
posed  to  defray  the  French  indemnity.  These  are  greatly  heyond  the  means  of  the  Iluytiaiis; 
80  that  the  stipulated  payments  arc  in  arrear,  and  will  have  to  be  abiuidoned. 

Besides  the  articles  specified  in  the  above  'I'able,  hides,  tortoise-shell,  wax,  gintrer,  and 

bullocks'  horns  are  exported  in  considerable  (luantilies.     Hides  are  principally  cxjiortcd  from 

the  eastern,  or,  what  was,  the  Spanish  part  of  the  island.    They  constitute  a  valuable  article, 

In  (li'spilp,  liii\vcvnr,<if  lliesn  iinfiivoinalilL'  cirruinstaiicos,  it  iippcars  iilMimliintly  rcrluin  llii\t  a  rnii- 
Bidi^ralili;  iiicii'iise  Iwis  taki'ii  place  wilhiii  llit'sc  t'(MV  yours  in  tliu  experts  iif  ciiiii'c,  rdllun,  iiKili(i«:uiy, 
toliiici'o,  ami  smiitxillior  articU's.  But  it  is  very  ditfioiilt  In  arrive;  at  llie  uxarl  trulli  willi  iispiil  rillici 
to  tliis  or  any  ollior  mailer  connected  wiili  llayli.  During  lln;  discassiiins  on  llic  sla\  c  trade,  hnili 
parlies  referred  to  it  in  support  of  their  peculiar  views  ;  and  tlie  most  contradiclory  slatemeiiis  wcrt 
imt  forth  as  to  llie  numliers  and  condilleii  of  the  people,  the  extent  of  trade,  &c.  A  good  di  ill  cd'sniu^'. 
glinc  is  also  carried  on  ;  so  that  even  the  cllicial  staleineiits  are  mil  to  lie  depended  on.  'I'lie  sulijnii,,.,! 
account  of  the  exports  of  lt".'12  is  taken  tVom  the  Jlnli-Slarcnj  Uicord  of  the  titli  of  June,  1M!)3.  \Se  do 
not  pretend  to  (rnaraniee  its  aulheiiticily  ;  hut  wu  liuvu  been  assured  liy  competent  judges  Ilial  it  dues 
not  involve  anv  material  error  :^ 


''  Conipute<l  aniotml  uf  exports  for  ltj32,  according  to  the  Custoui* 
houst*  bodkH  I 


CoIlVc  fxporteil  from 
J^ort-.Tii  Crince  - 
Gounu'fs 
Caplhlticn 
Jcn'tiiie  - 
Lis  Cavi'S 

rarlic  lie  TEst    - 

Cotton,  frcmall  parts 
JIaho.,'aiiy        — 
Tot)acco  — 


K.OOCnPOlbs, 
2,500,(100 

s,oo(i.noo 

3,tXK).(00 
8,u<kl.000 
6,000,000 

r.,>uu,iioo 

30,000.(100  t!n. 

.     1,500,000  — 
.    (,,(ir(i.(i00  fiel. 
f)00,000  Ills. 


Car.io,  from  all  parts 
live  wodils        — 
ni.l.'s  — 

Tortnisp.siiell    — 
Cigars  — 


.'rrr.ooo  U.S. 

6,0'0,(ion  — 

ti  C^iO  Ibi. 

w  o,ao 


"Tlie  valiK'  nf  Itie  crf^\i  of  cnfTcf  ig  esiiiu.itfil  at  nlmut  l,0r;0A'ri;, 
Bterl.  'flif  itiitiiij  rialisf.l  (-ii  tins  sum,  l>I,  liy  tlit-  jinjioiis  rr'|iiiri' 
til  piircliasf  it.  and  2'llv,  IIn'  <X|  nrl.-',  wliii-li  .Tie  siil^jtut  lo  a  Imv  ; 
1.1  ■liill.ai-5  l!iL'  1,000,  .are  fflimale  1  .al  J)  inr  rem.  iiii  llie  valiii-i  (i! '; 
cnip.  This  vviuilil  give  2)0,OUi  i.  on  tl.f  cnil'ei'.  This,  at  7  Ii.,\;;i. 
dollars  lo  the  pound  slrrliiii;,  makes  l,7jU,0C0  dollars  of  rcunui 
realised  by  this  coii.utoJily  alouc." 


The  duties  on  imports  nnioiint,  at  an  average,  to  nhoiit  900,000  dollars  a  year.  The  Intal  receipts  if 
the  treasury  may  he  estimated  al  about  '2,51)0,1100  dollars,  which  is,  liowcver,  exceeded  hy  the  expiii- 
ditiire. 

The  Americans,  Urilish,  French,  and  Oormans  carry  on  almost  the  whole  trade  of  Ifnyti.  Tlio  iiii- 
ports  from  i;iigland  are  very  decidedly  larger  than  those  from  any  other  country  ;  hiit  the  rxporls  lo 
America  exceed  those  destined  for  us.  As  thearlich.'s  carried  to  Hayli  from  ihe  I'liiled  States  are,  for 
the  most  part,  bulky,  consisting  of  tlour,  salt  lish,  and  provisions  of  all  sorts,  tindier.  l^c.  ilie  niniiher 
of  American  vessels  engaged  in  the  trade  very  materially  exceeds  those  tradine  under  any  oIIk  r  tliii' 

MrnKals.—T\\&  arrivals  uf  shipping  at  rort-itu-1'rince  and  Cap  Ila'itien,  in  IS'29,  ls;iO,  and  l^lil.lmvi; 
been  as  under : — 


Places. 


rort-au-1'riiice 
Cap  Ilaitieii     - 


vessels 
tonnage 
vessels 
tonnage 


tSi!9, 


130 

18,208 

77 

tH.-IUfi 


IS30. 

Ifi? 

22,b'J3 

77 

11,767 


171 

23,0-1} 

9.070 


Port  Charms.— The  clviriri's  on  :i  native  and  foreign  ship  of  300 
tons  art'  lliu  s;uiu',  auJ  as  loliuws : — 

Dollars, 


Tonnase  duty* 

Adiniiiistr.itor 

Citiiiiii.iiKiaiite  de  place 

Coiniiii!to.iire  du  guerre 

CnininaiKianle  de  p'irt 

Dirccior  of  customs    - 

Interpreter    • 

TiY:isurer 

Di)Ctnr 

Stamps  f(ir  entry  and  clearing  ■ 

Fnuutaiu  tax 

rilotdgu 

Total,  currency 


300 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 

Iti  50 
20 


•134  50 


Cxistnm-hcusc  litetilatiom.— On  arrival,  the  master  of  the  vessel 

{)rncteils  to  tlie  Cuslnni-hcu-ie  »  ith  the  interprt-tL-r,  w  here  he  niakes 
m  declaration  whether  he  dischariji'S  hia  carifo  in  the  (Kirt.  If  he 
dischari^e,  his  invoices  are  translated,  and  the  gtxuls  veriht^l  in  the 
presence  of  Ihe  cnnstgriee,  who  is  allowed  to  land  and  store  them.  On 
clearing  outwanis,  the  merchant  pavs  the  duties  on  the  cargoes  both 
ways,  and  exhibits  a  receipt  at  thenliici'  of  (he  coninijssaireile  puerro, 
coiiiniandante  de  place,  and  criuimaudaute  de  port,  who  &igu  a  certi* 
licale  ihal  the  vessel  may  depart. 

(rare/iwftnp.— 'I'he  wan*hnnsingand  bonding  system  is  establish- 
ed by  law,  b'lt  there  are  at  present  no  buildinj^s  ^tppropriated  to  Ihe 
recei'tion  of  bonded  poods,  rntil  very  recently.  gf)ods  were  permit- 
ted to  tje  bonded  uniler  this  law  in  the  merchants*  atoreti;  a  late  order 
ha?,  however,  suspentled  that  imhilgence.  The  rate  is  I  per  cent,  per 
year,  and  no  allowance  made  for  waste  or  loss.  Goo<ls  exiwirted  in 
the  sanievessel  theyarrivein,  pay,  if  lauded,  I-2per  cent,  anil  wharf- 
age fees. 

' Motley,— The  weight  of  the  dollar  is  21G  grains  ;  tho  1-2  aiitl  1-4 
dollar  being  in  proi)ortioN.    Rut  iicarly  1-2  the  weij^ht  of  the  coin 


consists  of  tin  or  ottier  alloy  j  so  that  the  value  of  the  dilhr  docs  n  ; 
excted  bv.  iitl.  sterling. 

tl'ci^hti  ill  Uayli  arc  divided  as  In  avoirlupois  and  ai>nlliCC3r;t,)' 
weinht ;  but  they  are  about  B  percent,  heavier  than  Uriiiih  uti^'ii .-. 

I'V/tdjjirci.— Same  as  those  ustil  in  t'rance. 

Jit^ulutiuns  n.i  to  Tradi. —ll  n  enacted,  that  all  persons esercir  ■ : 
any  trade  or  profession,  excepting  that  of  cultivating;  tin;  N>i|,  mi..: 
pnivideii  with  a  patent  or  licence  lo  carry  on  sucli  tniip  or  y'. 
sion  ;  that  ail  stran^trs  admitted  as  merchants  into  the  ripul,li,ii;>', 
in  the  first  place,  procure  the  permiBsion  of  the  prisiiliiit  to  ijjtu  .■ 
a  pa'ent,  which,  when  obtained,  only  authorise  then.,  ui,  !(r  1. 1,. 
penalties,  to  carry  on  a  wholesale  busine-ss,  not  with  iu!i  (.Hut.  Il: 
with  the  Ilaytians,  in  the  open  ports,  which  are  i'oft-.iu-pMirf,  Go- 
n.iTves,  Cap  Hutieii,  l'orl-.\  Plate, Santo  Domingo,  Jat'inel,  I.,T;C,iyej, 
and  J<-rL'iiiie.  'I'he  minimum  quantities  of  (;oi>ds  tint  nay  leMjIiUre 
fixed  liy  the  same  law.  The  Haytiaii  consifjuee  may  bcafaoarflsticr, 
on  takiiu;  out  a  corresoonJing  patent. 

A  (.hargenf  2,C0O  tlollars  is  nnde  for  each  patent  loa  fircirer 
trading  tf)  t'ort-au-Trince ;  I,SOO  for  Les  ('ayes,  (.'ap  Uallifii,  .uj 
Jacniel  ;  and  l,COil  for  each  of  the  remainin?  pints. 

jyuties. — The  duties  on  all  imported  conniimtiiici  cnr.  i^ptl  h 
foreign  mercliaiits  are  17  1-2  per  cent,  on  an  is:  .UiiliL !  i.\riti, 
whether  they  be  brought  in  native  or  foreign  shii  s,  ^^  i;!i  tl  e  oxCi[- 
tion  of  those  from  the  I'nited  States,  which  pay  an  a.lJitinnal  lOjieT 
cent,  on  the  amount  of  the  du'ies.  Goods  coiisigi.ej  to  unlive  mer- 
chants pay  only  Iti  12  ])ercent. 

'I'he  ftpllowiiii;  articles  are  duty  free  in  all  holloms  :— Shut  of  all 
sizes,  grenades,  howitzei-s.  homh*sh(;ll8,  and  oilier  firnjcrtilcs  nf  artil- 
kry;  iron  and  bronze  cannon,  mortars,  imakels  anif  biyoiiels,  car- 
bines. pisIoN,  and  cavalry  satires,  brioiiets,  or  short  swor  i's  for  iofin- 
try;  machines  and  instruments  for  simfdifying  and  fncihtating  ihe 
cultivation  of  the  soil,  ami  Ihe  preparation  of  ilspn'diic's;  Iinftis-ini 
cattle,  mules,  asses,  gold  an'I  silver  coin  ;  chssical  and  clt'ineDtary 
works,  hcrtud  in  boards,  or  bound  in  parchment,  i-r  llie  iiistructioa 
of  youth. 

'I'he  f(dlowing  is  a  list  of  articles  .-lUolutely  prohilitfd,  williout 
reference  to  their  place  of  growth:— Mahogany,  iogw-Kid,  ligiiLUi 


♦  This  is  the  present  consnTs  statninent.  Mr.  Conpnl  Markrnzie  says,  Uiat  as  Hnylian  vr.^sols  pny 
for  a  liconcc,  they  are  not  suhjecl  lo  the  tonnape  duty.  Perhaps,  liowcvor,  tht  regulation  in  this 
respect  has  been  chungoU  since  his  "Notes*'  were  published. 


1830. 


lf.7 
n,Tb7 


171 

23,ii-l5 

(■:9 

9.070 


'I 


g  Imiilfil  property ; 
r  anil  l.ilionrrr ;  of 
tivrttioM  imil  culli- 
f  tl'i-  iHiblif  ro.iil>. 
nit(!  iinprisonimiit, 
itc/t !  rail.  Paper, 

t  of  the  laxps  iiii- 
iisof  lln;lliiylimih; 

llOll. 

1,  wax,  f?int;cr,  am! 

pally  t'.vportt'il  from 

to  a  valiuililc  arlii'le. 

Ily  rrrl;iin  lli!\l  a  inn. 
•r,  rolliiM,  liKili(iu:iliy, 
nil  Willi  ic'.-iHit  rillin 

llio  slave  Inulf,  liiilh 
•lory  sliuriiu'iils  wi't- 

A  giiinl  ill'''  iil'siiiUL'. 
I.mI  (111.  'I'lir  siiliji'ii.i,! 
)f  Jinic,  lM:i3.  Wtil., 
eiit  juili^ts  tlial  il  Cm, 

.f.rc.nnn  \hs. 
.    5,0  tl.iof  — 

U  IHiO  Ibi. 

I  ea'.Imjto!  at  .iliout  l,OW,i"i'tV, 
111,  Is.!,  Ity  ""^  ituiMuts  ri'inin  ' 
v\liiili  .Tie  suljtLl  ui.iliHv  ! 
.'i  pir  cent.  111!  Ilie  valiR(  tl:, 
tl.t  collVr.  'Iliis,  at"  ll.iu;>i. 
3  l|7Jl)|UC0  dollars  of  innisi 


.  Tlie  total  roroiptji^f 
jxceuiltil  liy  iIk;  u.xikii- 

vde  of  Hayli.  Tlio  iin- 
try  ;  Iml  lli"  r.^iuirls  [(■ 
e  Vnitt'il  Siiitis  ar.',  for 
imlnT.  .^r..  tin;  iiiiiiilici 
III!  iiiidi^r  any  (illier  thi: 
j'J9, 1'-^iO,  and  is:il,li;ivt 


the  value  of  Ihf  il  Hil  Jucs  not 

i,  avoirliipnis  aivl  apnliii-caria' 

lit.  hc.'ivier  thin  tlnii^li  weigh'.). 

I  t'rance. 

Iacle(l,lliat  all  iicrsoiis  escrcisin? 
it  of  cultivating  Ml,:  Niil,  uni^llJv 
carry  on  surli  trai'.p  or  jir^fis- 
juTcinnts  into  the  n^|iiiblic  niiist, 
tsion  of  the  prcsi'luit  tu  takefi.! 
ily  authorise  thtii..  uh.Iit  htivy 
Isiness.  nut  ^vi^l^  cxch  (.llicr,  I'Ll 
Y  Mhicli  are  I'ort-ni  ri.iire.Co- 
litn  l)ooiinBo,,laiMncl,  Lratayei, 
lies  of  eooclj  Hint  may  l.i-  miIJ  »ri 
Iconsii^nce  may  be  also  a  retailer, 

i  for  each  patent  tn  a  fiu-cir" 
Lcs  Caves,  t'jp  IhKieu,  and 
Iniainins  I't'i'"*. 
Irtetl  connuoiiilies  cnibi^etl  la 
■  cent,  on  an  cstiVrisln.1  taiit!'. 
Ir  fore  is"  fbi|.s,  witli  ll^e  ntif- 
Iwhicli  pay  an  a.l.liMonal  lOpet 

iJooils  cou's^gi.el  to  native  met. 

-'6  in  all  hnlloms:— Phut  ofsU 
lla,  and  other  pnjerlil's  of  irltl' 
trs,  imiskels  anil  I  lywiL'ts,  car- 
linets,  or  short  swoi  !■*  inr  iiitsr.- 
limplifyini!  ai-.il  facihtalun  *■' 
lationof  itstm' let". ;  liuftcssn. 
Tcoin  ;  classical  an.l  elemeBUry 
I  p.ardinient,  fiftbe  iwtruclioB 

1  alsnlutely  prohilileil,  willm-l 
-Mahogany,  logn-joJ,  Mi^w 


PORTERS  AND  PORTERAGE— PORT  LOUIS.         327 


\-T  fuilie,  C'lT.'e.  cottnn  wool,  caroa,  raw  ani  riavcl  fiimr,  niio, 
■  UiV  «yriip Ii"e.;  cau.»,  wiiip',  airl  uinbn-lla».  eout.lno,i^ 
^,vu^ls,  .lilelt..e^,  or  other  aruiJi  bookj,  ami  other  worl»,  o|-|i.«o.l 
to  KO<^l  nioiali.  ■,,,,■,  1, 

lliHi  li's  the  export,  there  i«  also  lerritnrial  duty  levied  ecpialty  on 
the  pnKluc.-ol  the  kMl,  whether exporltvl  in  .lalional or foreiKo ships. 

The  exinr' of  the  lotion  iuk  articles  is  strictly  prohlhlled  ;-Oold 
and  silver  coin,  >i  le  and  (u'e  arms,  munitions,  and  oilier  .articles  ol 
w.ir  I  old  or  ntiv  iron  and  copper;  horse.-,  brwid  iiiires, mules, Mse-n, 
ami  ivi»id  fnr  ship  buildin?. 

Tlie  eo.«lin<  Ira  le  is  entirely  CQiilinal  to  Ilaylian  citizen!. 

Tlie  cuiiuierre  of  I'orl  au-l'iince  is  cirrii^l  on  liy  virinus  classes 
of  persiuis.  'I'lic  imp  irH  from  t:urope  and  America  are  principally 
c  'iisurind  to  Kuiopein  ami  North  American  eoiiiiiiission  hoiisrs, 
l.esi  les  a  few  H  lytian  cstablisliiiieuts.  The  capital  Is  one  of  the  port! 
to  vvhich  foreiifii  iiierehants  are  contuied  by  the  law  of  patents  ;  but 
tliev  an",  or  .At  b  a.st  weie  duriiii;  the  time  of  my  residence,  re.triete  1 
bv  heav  V  penalties  to  wholesale  liusiliess.  Of  course  tliey  Clnliotdeal 
ivilli  the  e  jisuimrs,  but  with  the  native  ret. liters,  who  are  ch.eily 
ivi.inen,  styled  "  mirebandes  ;"  these  employ  liucksUrs,  also  women, 
wli.ilravnse  the  e.'Uutry.  .alteiul  Ibe  markels,  and  giie  an  .aecount 
of  their  Ir.insictiiuis  to  their  employers,  eirlier  every  evenin^■,  oiico 
a  wfili,  or  once  a  month,  accoidini;  to  their  character  for  inle<rily. 

As  the  p.aymeiils  of  the  iiii|«irler  are  generally  in  money, and  there 
is  onlv  one  niipi.r'ant  arMcleof  rxport— cotlee— the  iiurchasi s  for  re* 
tnlns  can  '>llly  be  ina  le  .after  the  crops  have  been  ^tatliered  j  an-l  these 
are  etli-M'-.l  by  bi 'kers,  who  often  barL'aiii  with  a  class  of  natives 
called  C'llL'e  specubUoi-s,  from  their  de.ilin«  for  the  chalice  of  the 
•iiaikei  with  the  cultivators,  and  either  sell  to  the  best  advantage,  or 
fulfil  coiitraets  prtviuusty  entered  iuto. 

PORTERS  AND  PORTERAGE. 
parcels,  *Scc. 

In  I/iiiilcii,  llu-y  .ire  JiviiletJ  iiitodiflftTent  cl.iaics.  It  isenaclpilhy 
30  Giro.  n.  c.  f)H.',  tint  the  fdllnwintj  r:itcs  ^ltall  lie  tin-  maxinmm 
ili.ire"  upiiu  :ili  prirci'ls  not  cxci't:  lin<;  nii  lbs.  ui^iijlit,  iu  1/jnJuii, 
Weatuiin^iter,  Soulhwark)  auJ  the  suburbs  ;  vi^.— 


Aiiinne  tlie  resnectaMe  mnrrhanila  tlirrt*  i»  said  tn  hp  nmrti  gootl 
f  ith  ;  tut  » itli  ilie  ^real  \Hn\y  of  tliu  custoiiitr*,  I  boliovi-,  the  inef 
i'h;'iit«  ,iri'  (il'liircd  to  n%c  Ihti  utnimtcircmtisin-cttcni. 

All  ihi:  nnliniry  tnili-MUfii,  ^ucli  ai  tftilors  iri>l  ^honniAkt>rs,  and 
('Via  a  wa'er-iToof  hat  manufacturer,  an-  In  he  f.timl  at  P<trt-au- 
i'rince.  Aiid  1  CMil'cfi'*  I  «,ia  struck  with  Ihr  ri'hpcci.ibli-  a|i|it'ar.iuce 
nf  si'vcral  h<MtksclU'r«'  sh"|is,  baviin  h>*ik«-il  in  vain  fur  such  thiiii;s 
Ifotli  in  Rirhaih'M  and  AnliKua.  The  honks  arc  ittrierally  clcnien* 
tary,  Krcnch  public.ili<ins,  ami  roniuiLi-a.  The  works  ul'  Vultaire, 
U<)U:4seau,  and  ntlit'r^  of  the  same  cI.ish,  alxiuiul. 

Then:  are  .ilso  two  j.rnitinKpreMfs  ;  one  at  which  the  government 
(la/ett'j  t.e  THf^rnphu  is  printed,  aii<l  thu  olher  Tnun  which  thn 
FiUttli'  ik  Contumcf  iiHues.  Tlio  t'ttnnrr  rarely  contain-*  innn'  than 
the  donmit-ntsiisueil  by  the  KovtTiiinent ;  the  latter  nci-asiniiailyrtoine! 
spiritfil  papen,  and  ii  eonihieieti  by  >I,  Cuurtois,  who  was  I'ur  a  short 
tinto  director  of  the  pdst  (tifice. 

The  apothecaries'  shops  Tre  nunu'rous,  as  they  nniiht  in  W  insiich 
a  horrible  dimatf.  and  are  wt-ll  supplied  with  all  llm  contents  if  tho 
Fieiuli  Pharniacopu-ia.  There  aie  als*  siniie  tmneries,  in  which 
the  hark  of  the  inan£n>ve  is  u^ed  as  the  taniiiiu;  iii.iterial.  As  far  as 
I  could  asceriaiii,  the  icrt-al  hulk  of  ilu;  hordv  r  pifple  wtre  t-iilur  of 
tha.  c.issot  Kurnpeaiis  callfd  in  the  Frmct.  tune  •■ /(fi/i  /7(j/(,-.f,'' 
or  people  of  colour.  The  labourers  intownuud  cuULtry  are  geuerally 
black. 

With  the  exception  already  referred  to,  we  Iiave  derived  those  de- 
tails with  respect  t(»  llayti  partly  from  tlii  e*uiiniunic.\lion  lonovern- 
nient,  and  the  puhlishe  I  Xutis  of  Cli  irlrs  M  lekenzie.  Ks<|.,  late  con- 
sul ill  that  island  ;  and  partly  liom  Mr.  Consul  Lourteu.iy'a  Atisictrs 
to  the  Circultif  (fiunts. 


Porters  are  persons  employed  to  carry  messages  or 


Pcrtcrf  (Ttjclte-ffoitsc)^  are  re£ful.itiKl  liy  the  citynf  fj^ntlnn.  They 
ha\e  the  privilege  of  i)iTfnrniitis  the  labour  "f  unsliippiiii;,  landinif, 
carryin,',  and  housing  tlie  ^ooiIb  of  tlie  Smith  .Sea  Company,  the  Kast 
India  Company,  and  all  otlier  (foods,  exci  pt  fiom  the  Kist  country, 
tlie  produce  of  the  British  plantations  and  Irel.ui  I,  and  jjimmIs  coast- 
wise. They  £ive  bond  for  500J.  to  make  re^'itution  in  case  of  loss  or 
damage,  and  are  l.inited  to  rates  fixe-l  l-y  Ihe  cnr|Hinition. 

PorUrs  {Tickit),  are  pers'>iis  appointe  1  ly  the  rily  of  lyindon,  and 
have  ^rante'l  to  them  Ihe  exclusive  privilege  of  un>4lilppint;,  loading, 
and  hou.-iing  piich,  tar,  s'>ap,  ashes,  wainscot,  tir,  p(des,  masts,  deals, 

0  trs,  cheslH,  labltHi,  flax  and  hemp,  hroui;!)!  to  lyindiui  from  the  Kast 
country;  also.  Iron,  enrdas(e,and  timber,  and  all  ijoo^Isof  the  pn^duce 

01  Ireland  ai.d  Ihe  ^ritl^h  pi  intatious,  and  all  i^iMids  coastwise,  except 
lead.  They  are  freemen  of  thecity,j:iveseeurity  in  liXH.  fortidelity, 
and  have  their  names  aiulnuniherseiitjr.ived  on  a  metal  b.adi;e.  TI.ey 
are  under  the  tarkle  portei-s  ;  who  irray,  in  ptTfonnim?  the  business 
of  the  port,  employ  other  labourers,  if  ticket  porters  be  not  at  IwnJ. 
— {MvJitfJiiin'a  Du'timiary.) 

Any  person  may  brin?  nf>oil3  into  the  city  of  I^ondon;  but  he  is 
liable  to  a  line  if  He  either  take  up,  or  carry,  any  within  tfie  city.  It 
is  astonishiuic  that  such  absurd  reiruhtinns  should  be  still  kept  up: 
wliy  sh' nbl  not  the  merchants  of  l/mdnn,  as  well  as  those  f>f  Man- 
cluster,  luallnwetl  to  empl-iy  anyone  lliey  pleise  in  Ihe  conveyance 
of  gnoils  ?  Dors  any  one  doubt  that  compttition  would,  in  this" as  in 
every  thin;?  else,  he  productive  of  the  greatest  ad\.inta'.^e?  Therciiu- 
latiohs  in  (pu-sli-n  merely  bnd  to  keep  up  oppressive  privilege?,  in- 
jurious to  the  public  interests,  and  disadvantageous  even  to  those  io 
whohe  favour  thev  are  enacted. 


laslTnytian  vp.<scl?p!iy 
the  rogulalio»4  in  Ibis 


For  any  lisUnce  not  exceeding  1-1  of  a  mile  •  0    3 

Not  excLntini;  t-2aniile    •  -  -  •  0    4 

Not  exceeding  I  mile         -  •  •  ■    0    C 

Not  exceedinji  I  1-J  mile  •  ■  •  -Oh 

is'ot  exceediu'i  2  miles      •  •  -  -  •     0   10 

And  so  in  like  manner  the  additional  sum  of  3rf.  fur  every  further 
distance  not  exceetlin:^  1-2  a  mile. 

Tickets  to  he  made  out  at  the  inns,  and  siven  Io  the  iiorters.  w;ho 
are  to  deliver  them  with  the  parcels  ;  and  any  innkeeper  not  making 
out  such  tickets  to  forfeit  not  exceedin»j40j.  nor  less  ihari:'". ;  portei's 
not  deliv'Tiii-i,  or  Jefacinn  the  same,  to  forfeit  AOs.,  and  if  Uiey  make 
anv  overcharire  they  are  to  forfeit  2llj.  I*arcels  brought  by  coaches  to  be 
(leliveretl  wtthin  j^xAMir*.  under  a  penalty  not  exceed  ins  20».  nor  less 
(ban  10/.  I'arci  Is  brought  by  wagons  to  be  delivered  within  twenty' 
/yiir/jfurs  under  a  like  penalty.  Parcels  directed  to  he  left  till  called 
for,  to  be  delivered  to  th(«e  to  whom  the  same  may  he  directed,  on 
pavnu'ut  nf  llie  carrii^e,  and  2(1.  for  warehouse  mom,  under  like 
ptinlty.  If  parcels  he  not  sent  for  tilt  the  expirttion  of  a  ueels,  \tl. 
more  Itir  vvarxhouse  rent  may  be  clnr;;ed.  I'arcels  not  directed,  to 
be  lefi  ;ill  called  for,  to  le  delivered  on  demand,  under  the  above 
penUty.  M'sU'^avuur  of  porters  may  he  punished  by  a  fine  not  ex- 
cetdin"'  JOf.  nor  less  than  5f.  The  p.irters  of  bnubui  have  theexclu- 
sive  prlvilcie  of  takin.;  up  and  carrying  iroods  within  llie  city,  and 
the  enipi')y""-''d  ttf  any  one  else  may  be  punished  by  line. 

rORT  LOUIS,  on  NORTHWEST  PORT,  tlio  capital  of  the  Mauritius,  in  lat.  20°  9' 
50"  S.,  Ion.  57°  28'  41"  E.  It  is  situatrtl  at  the  bottom  of  a  triiuigular  bay,  tho  entrance  to 
which  is  rather  ilillicult.  Every  vessel  approaching  the  harbour  must  hoist  her  flat^  and  fire 
2  guns;  if  in  the  night,  a  light  must  be  shown;  when  a  pilot  comes  on  board,  and  steers 
the  slii|j  to  the  entrance  of  the  port.  It  is  a  very  convenient  port  for  careening  anil  rejiair- 
iiig ;  but  [irovisions  of  all  sorts  arc  dear.  In  the  hurricane  months,  the  anchor.igo  in  Port 
Louis  is  not  good  ;  and  it  can  then  only  accommodate  a  very  few  vessels.  The  houses  are 
low,  and  arc  principally  built  of  wood.  The  town  and  harbour  are  pretty  strongly  fortified. 
Almost  all  the  foreign  trade  of  the  island  is  carried  on  here. 

The  Mauritius  was  so  called  by  the  Dutch  in  honour  of  Prince  Maurice ;  but  it  was  first 
settled  liy  the  French  in  1720  ;  and  is  indebted  for  most  part  of  its  prosperity  to  the  skilful 
management  of  its  governor,  tho  famous  M.  do  la  Hourdonnais.  It  was  taken  by  the  English 
in  1810  ;  and  was  definitively  ceded  to  us  in  1814. 

Exporh  and  Imports,  (S^c. — Mauritius  is  pretty  fertile,  a  considerable  part  of  the  surface 
beiiiii,  however,  occupied  by  mountains.  Its  shape  is  circular,  being  about  150  miles  in  cir- 
fuiufcrciice.  The  climate  is  healthy,  but  is  very  subject  to  hurricanes.  The  principal  pro- 
duct of  the  island  is  sugar,  which  is  now  cultivated  to  the  almost  total  neglect  of  every  thing 
else;  but  it  also  produces  excellent  colfee,  indigo,  and  cotti>n.  The  blackwood  or  ebony  of 
the  .Mauritius  is  very  abundant,  and  of  a  superior  tpiality.  V^ery  little  corn  or  grain  of  any 
kind  is  raijieil  in  the  island  ;  most  articles  of  iirovisinn  iieing  imported.  Previously  to  182.5, 
the  sugar  and  other  articles  brousjht  to  Great  Britain  from  the  .Mauritius  were  charged  with 
the  same  duties  as  the  like  articles  from  India:  but  in  the  above-mentioned  year  this  dis 
tinction  was  done  away,  and  it  was  enacted  (0  Geo.  4.  c.  111.  §44.),  that  all  goods  of  tho 
growth,  produce,  or  manufacture  of  the  Mauritius,  should,  upon  importation  into  any  port 
of  the  United  Kingdom,  be  subject  to  the  same  duties  and  regulations  as  the  like  goods  being 
of  the  growth,  produce,  or  maimfiicture  of  the  British  colonies  in  the  West  Indies ;  and 
that  t!ie  trade  with  the  Mauritius  should  be  placed  as  nearly  as  possible  on  the  same  footing 
as  that  of  the  West  India  islands. 


^^Z 
::^iii 


X^' 


328 


PORTO-RICO. 


''Hal* 


1    ■' 


"     1 


This  wns  n  grrat  l)oon  to  tlin  Mrinrilins,  and  tlio  cxportH  of  siiear  rioiii  it,  Iiavn  sirirn  rnpiilly  In- 
cronsi'  I.  ArciirdiiiB  to  Mr.  Millmrii  {Oncnial  Cnmmerce,  vol.  ii.  p.  .'illN),  ilicy  iiiiKniiilrd,  in  l^l'J,  id 
about  r>,()ni).()(l()lhs.  In  l>ilS,  they  umoHnlca  toiihiiiil  .s,UUU,Oll()U)!i. ;  iinil  in  l^Jl,  to  ii3,a3t,55;nbs.  Tlicy 
Imvo  Biiicc  been  as  under : — 


1820    -    42,180,11f.lhs. 

1*J7 

•tO.(illi,'r>l  — 

lh28    -    /IH.M-'.ThO — 

1829 

33,371,2%  — 

iR:?n 

1K)1 
lh32 


n  1.300,520  IhB. 

."iT.ilD.'i.OMfl  — 
811,(1  l'.»,bT3  — 


M 


Tho  rnllivniion  of  sncar  liriiiir  found  morn  |irolitiilili;  lliiin  that  of  coiriM',  iho  cxportM  of  llio  Inltpr, 
though  of  exi'i'llcrit  (lualily,  hiivn  ilccliiicd  .-io  far,  that  in  lf-l'.2  we  ludy  ohiiiiai'd  Iroui  the  .Mauriliiis 
2(',tV|(i  lb«.  The  exports  of  folton  an'  also  iiiidusiilir.ilili'.  The  cxpiin's  of  rlinny  in  1^2li  anioriuli'd  to 
2,01)2.7'':)  Ills,,  of  till'  csliMiatcd  v;ilui>  of  0,017/.  Tlii'  vahiii  of  the  lorlnlsc-Klii'll  expi-.rtcd  in  the  saan,' 
year  was  also  cstiriiati-'d  at  aliout  '.I.OIIO/.  CousiderablM  i|uaiilitii'K  ol'  Imliari  piece  (;oodn  are  expiirlnl. 
The  principal  imports  consist  of  provisi(Uis,  particularly  ;;raiu  ami  llour ;  \\\';  supply  reipiired  tor  Ihc 
us(!  of  tile  island  lieina  almost  entirely  deriveil  lY'iiii  !li.'  Cape  of  (iiicid  lli.pr,  iMailai.'as(  nr,  Imlin. 
liiuirlion,  itc.  r.arlhenware,  machinery,  furniture,  hanlware,  pii'ce  L'oods.  wine,  &c.  are  also  larmly 
imporleil.  'I'lie  total  estinuited  value  ol'lhe  im|iorls  in  l^ill  aniounleil  to  70.'i,.''i.>-.')/.;  the  esiimaled  valui: 
of  the  cxporls  for  the  same  year  lieiiii!  (''OI),lM/.  In  I"".'!!,  312  ships  chared  oiilwar<ls,  of  the  burden  of 
90.ll'i2  tons  :  <if  which  22  shljis,  of  the  burden  of  .'i.'.i;i7  Ions,  uere  I'nr  lirilain. 

In  I'^'Jii.  the  population  of  the  Mauritius  amouiileil  id  OI.(i21  souls;  nf  which  8.111  were  whiles 
(exclusive  of  the  kni«'s  troopsi.  1.").  1 11  free  hIacNs,  (i'.i.OTIi  slaves,  l,7;iO  (roups,  and  2  i7  resident  slraii- 
!:ers.  The  population  of  the  Seychelles— small  islands  dependent  on  the  Mauritius— aniounlid  at  lla: 
same  tiim;  to  7,tili'>,  of  whom  0,125  were  slaves. 

,  JSI'inien,  H'li^slit.--,  and  .Mcnsiirrs. — Aeeoriliiu;  to  the  rei;ulati(Uis  of  (foverninent.  the  franc  is  deeincil 
equal  to  KW.,  and  the  Spanish  dollar  to  l.<,  li/.  The  (;overnnient  accounlH  are  kept  in  sierliiiL'  mom  y  ; 
but  merchants,  shopkeepers,  iVc  keep  their  accounls  in  didlars  and  cents,  and  d.  liars,  livres,  and  s.ais. 
The  njeasiires  ami  weiu'lils  are  those  of  Trance  previously  to  Ihe  Hevidiilion.  1(111  llis.  Trent  h  — 
lOS  Ills.  Km;lish  :  tin.'  {■'rench  foot  is  l<i  the  Dmilish  font  as  100  to  o;(^';i,  but  in  practice  lln^y  an'  ,-ii|'. 
posed  to  lie  as  10  to  l,'!.  The  vulte  =:  1  gallon  T  b  pints  Knglisli  j  but  in  coinineriial  Iransacliona  it  a 
always  taken  at  2  iiallons. 

Dit'ticf,  ,Vf.— .\  duty  of  0  per  cent,  ad  vitl'trem  is  laid  on  all  noods  imported  for  consumption  in  llrillsli 
vessids  iVom  all  nuarters  of  the  world.  The  duties  (ui  the  foods  imported  in  fereit;n  ships  are,  I'it  iIj.. 
most  part  also,  (i  per  cent.  A  duty  of  25  rents,  or  1. -■.!(/.  per  cwt.  is  laid  on  all  suL'ar  exported  in  Itrilisli 
l)ottoms,  to  all  places  except  H(uirbon  ;  ami  ;in  addiiiorial  duty  of  >  per  ci'iil.  »d  nilm-rm  is  laid  on  ;i|| 
goods  exported  in  foreiiin  bottoms.  The  charges  for  pilolage,  wharfaiie,  &.c.  are  fixed  by  goveriimuM, 
and  may  be  learned  at  the  ('ustom-hoiise.     I'or  llie  most  pan  tliey  ,ire  very  moder.ile. 

h'lniiiii-i-. — In  a  linaiuial  point  of  view,  the  .Mauritius  does  nol  si'em  to  be  !i  very  valuable  acqiiisi- 
tion.  DuriuL'  the  15  years  endini;  with  lb25,  the  expendiliire  of  c;overnnienl  in  Ihe  islaiul  exceiilL.,| 
the  revenue  by  no  less  than  1,020,20'-/.!  Acciuiling  lo  the  esliinale  of  iIk!  ciMiiiuissioners  of  impiiiy, 
the  probal'li!  fiitnre  revenue  of  the  Maiirilius  may  be  estimated  at  l>l,2:i,'i/.  a  year;  but  the  cninniis- 
sioiii'rs  slate  that  the  (^xpemliture  in  llm  isl.iml  in  l>2s  .anioiinied  to  lOli.aOO/.,  and  the  expenditure  iii 
(;re;it  Uritain  on  account  of  Ihi;  island  to  77,S.'')7/.  ;  making  together  21 1.31.0/.— (/'.i/7.  /'ci/icc,  ^o,  pi), 
Sess.  l'-3l.)  Il  appears  from  the  accounts  publlshi'd  by  Ihe  Hoard  of  Trade,  that  the  total  revemip  nf 
the  colony  In  l'-31  amiumted  to232.13>/.,  and  I  hi}  expend  Mure  to  2|i,).s-21/,_  (Vol.  i.  p.  210.)  \Vi'  Indicvc, 
however,  th.at,  by  enforcing  a  system  of  unsparing  retrenclinienl.  Ibis  unfavourable  bal.-ince  miglii  lie 
considerably  diminisbed  :  at  present,  both  tbc'  niimlKT  <if  I'limtionaries  and  their  s.ilaries  .seem  ipiiie 
excessive.— (This  article  has  been  almost  entirely  compiled  from  olhcial  doctimenls.) 

l'(1RT()-KIC("),  tltp  cnpital  of  tho  valuable  Spanish  island  of  the  same  name,  in  Kit.  18^ 
29'  Id"  \..  Ion.  0()°  13'  15"  W.  It  is  sitnatctl  on  the  noith  side  of  the  island,  on  a  lanJn. 
stija  joined  to  the  main  land  by  a  uari'ow  isthmus.  'J'lie  forlilleulioiis  aie  very  stroiii;:  iho 
town  which  stand.s  on  a  pretty  steG{>  dcclivily,  is  well  built,  elean,  and  conlains  fiom  20,000 
to  3(>,()00  iniiabitants. 

IT<irhiiiir.--'\'\\p  harbour  of  Porto-riro  has  a  striking  reseniblaie'e  to  that  of  the  Ilavanni'li.  to  wliirli      ^.j 
it  is  but  Utile  inferior.     The  entrance  to  ii,  about  liOll  fallmms  in  wi.llli,  h.as  the  iMorro  Ca.-ll.'  mi  Ms       f"'-' 
t'.-ist  side,  and  is  defended  oil  the  wes>  side  by  forts  erected  lui  2  small  isl.inds.     Within,  the  b:irl"iiir 
expands  into  a  capacious  basin,  the  depth  of  water  varying  from  5  to  (land  7  fallioms.     On  llirslilo 
opposite  to  Ihe  town  there  are  extensive  sand  banks ;  hut  the  entrance  to  the  |)orl,  as  well  as  llie  imri 
itself,  is  unobstructed  by  any  bar  or  shallow. 

The  i.':!and  of  Porto-rico  lies  in  the  same  latitude  as  .lamaioa.  'J'houRh  the  smallest  of 
the  qieater  Antilles,  it  is  of  a  very  considerable  size.  Its  lurin  is  that  of  a  paraiicloi^rain ; 
beiiifT  about  1 15  miles  in  lenc:th  fi-oin  cast  to  west,  with  a  mean  breadth  of  about  :).">,  ('on- 
taining  an  area  of  4,1M)  .siiuare  miles.  'J'he  surface  is  plentiftilly  diversilietl  with  lulls  and 
valleys,  and  the  soil  frenerally  fertile.  It  has,  however,  sullered  nitieh  from  Innrieaiips; 
those  of  1712  and  1S25  having  been  parlieularly  de.'^trtictive.  t^ince  the  breaking- up  nl' 
the  old  Spanish  colonial  system,  the  progress  of  I'orto-rico  has  hardly  lieen  less  rapnl  than 
tliat  of  Cuba.  Her  population,  which  in  177S  was  estimated  at  80,()r)(),  amounted,  accord- 
ing to  a  census  taken  in  1827,  to  288,473,  of  which  only  28,108  were  slaves.  A  laigo  ]iio- 
portion  of  the  free  inhabitants  are  coloured :  but  the  law  knows  no  di.stinction  between  the 
while  and  ib.e  coloured  rufuritr  ,■  and  this  eireumstanee,  as  well  as  the  whites  liciii^  in  the 
habit  of  freely  intermixing  with  people  of  colour,  has  prevented  the  gi'owlh  of  those  ihtjii- 
dices  and  antipathies  that  prevail  between  the  white  and  the  black  and  coloured  po|uil;ilioii 
in  the  I'nited  States,  and  in  the  English  and  Fiench  islands. — {lUiIbi,  Abroj^f  dc  la 
Gcugi-aphic,  p.  1175;  Puinselt's  Nutcn  on  Mexico,  Lend.  ed.  pp.  4 — 11.) 

y'rar'c— Sugar  ami  cofl'ee  are  by  far  the  greatest  articles  of  export.  Next  to  them  are  rnlMe.  t(ili-iri"n, 
inola.-sis,  rum,  collon,  A.:c.  Thi^  imporls  consist  prim  ipally  of  llimi.  i-h,  and  olher  arlicles  ofpinvisicii, 
lumber,  ,V.i'.  fnmi  (be  I'nited  States  ;  cottons,  h.ardware.  machmerx .  \i'.  from  l)io:l;iiiil  ;  wines,  silks, 
jewellery,  perfumery.  A,-c.  from  Spain  and  Trance  ;  linen  from  the  ilanse  Towns;  iron  from  ^ueilfii, 
&.C.     Lurs{e  (luantities  of  rice,  luaize,  &c.  are  raised  in  the  islaiul. 


.     -i 


I 


(»  slnrn  rapiillv  In- 
lonntnl,  in   l^l'i.  H' 

;i,;«i,w:iii)».   TKty 
,,')'20llm. 

|,b7'i  — 

MiorlH  of  >'«''  Inllor, 
iri.ui  llif  .MiiuriUiis 

ill    Ihit'l  UlllDllMll'll  tl) 

xiicrti'il  ill  111''  ^■'1'"' 
^.(iimIh  urn  cxiMirlcd. 
,ply  rrqiiin'il  I'M'  lllc 

,  *£(■.  arc  iilK"  lurmly 
•  ilic'  csiiiii;!!''''  viiliic 
ril.i,  (il'llii:  1)111''''"  "1' 

li  8.1  U  wi-ro  wliilia 
1(1  '2)7  rcsiilriil  slriui- 
iu»— aiii(iiiiil>''l  :U  tin: 

,  tlic  friuic  is  ili'C'iiii'il 
'pi  ill  t^ii'iliiiL'  iiHiiii  y  1 
ll;,r-.livir>',iiiHl  snis. 
II,  1110  lli!^-  l'nii<li  = 
.i:icli(i>  tln'V  :ivi'  ^ii;- 
lUll  Uiliis;i>l'""»  il  13 

iiiisinipliiiM  ill  Hiiii>li 
(■it'll  sliil's  111''.  '"1  II'" 
>iir  i'.\|iMitf(l  ill  l!riii>li 
/  nili'i-citi  is  liiiil  nil  111! 
.  iiM.,1  liy  goviiriiiiRiil, 
(li'llitc. 

very  vuliial'li!  aniuisi. 
II  I  hi'  is\iiml  cxc'i'ilfil 
iiiiissiniii'rs  "f  iiiM»>iy. 
■rar;  Iml  H"'  '■"'in"'*- 
\iiil  llie  cxpt'iiililiiii'  ill 
^(/•„W.  r.i/'f,  N'>.  I'.il, 
,11  III,,  liilal  irvcuiii'  iif 
i.  |i.  Ulii.)  Wf  lii-lii'vc, 
iriililc  lialiuifi'  iiuiilil  lie 
(  ir  sMliirios  si'ciii  iiiiilc 

ICIllS.) 

inc  name,  in  kt.  IS^ 
o  isliiMil.ou  ;i  I'liin- 
ive  very  stcmiii: ;  ilui 
•outaiiis  from  '-iO.OOO 

,.  ilavanni'li.  In  which 
lie  M(irrii  I'a.-Ui'  on  its 
Williiii,  lliii  liiirlwiiir 
irallii'iiis.  On  III!'  side 
lurl,  as  well  a:i  Uie  porl 

juRh  the  smallrst  of 
dt"  il  j)iiriilli'l"^ram; 
Ith  dl'  about  :i'),  I'on- 
Isil'icd  with  liilU  and 
I'll  friim  liunicancs; 
the  hroakinu:  up  of 
lii'iMi  h'ss  nipiil  than 
},  amouiiti'il,  aicord- 
llaves.     A  laiRo  jno. 
liiiolion  lietwi'i'ti  the 
Iwhito.s  lifinu,  in  the 
Iwth  1)1'  thiiso  pivjii- 
Icol'iiiri'il  pDpuhition 
\„!bi,  Alingf  dc  la 

1) 

(Miiarccnltli',  tnliifn, 

•  art  iclisnl' prevision, 

liuMaiid  ;  wires,  silks, 

Is  ;  iriMi  I'ruiu  f'wcikn, 


POUTS,  rOSTAOE  AND  1»0ST-0FFICE. 


329 


V.cminl  of  IlK!  Value  nf  lliii  ImporlH  iiiKMiiid  jli 
Aamiiu  gpecilying  iIiohc  iiia.lu  liy  the  f*V' 


0  rxpnrld  from,  llin  lulnml  of  I'orlo-rico  in  18.10 ; 
iiilarilEi,  Aiiicrkiiim,  Kn);hHh,  &c. 


l.Vlf^, 


SjiiTii^li  ifi"ni  Sjuin) 
11,,.  I cMbulage)  » 
Am-  ril-  111 
Kii«lW.  • 
ll.iii.l '.i;-'!! 
lieriiiiii  • 
lii-eiu'ii    •  * 


} 


ImiKirls. 

Dillari. 

l,l«l,llii:ii> 

a'j..i"iii-ii 
iio,7:o  i  uo 

27,7i6-7  32 


Expnrls. 


23-.  7l)l-JnH 

Hw-,,'IUe2.|S 

l,(is«.S-.7'7-14 

li3,h«ltjn<J 

138,0 13'5-27 


Fl,«.. 


Fnnch  ■ 
IIi>II:iikI  ■ 
Diiiiih  • 
S.irdiliinn 
bivfdiili  • 


Tiil.ll» 


liii|K>rli. 


Ihll.iri. 
57,'1',>'CJI! 

I,2>N-2.1-. 

«,  1.(1  2-12 
-■iSll-iU) 
6I3',VUU 


ExiinrtSi 


2Js,01l-l  .''. 
J,ll|3  0i7 
7.1.-.>-7r.|J 

iri.aieaio 
;)'io  II 00 


2,20l<,94l:i-13     I    3,51l,84.r3.|l 


The  »lu.vitily  aiiJ  Value  of  thi)J.niint.al  Articles  ot  Export  in  1830 


^ 


Cetlnn     - 
I  Sii«.ir 

'  riiir.e    ■ 

^l(llil^3ea• 
_  IMiii 
'   'JnlLICCO  - 

,  llorecs,  caltli!,  &c. 


Qinnlily. 


4,!)7'<  (i"i"'- 
31(1, 1  (iJ     — 
189,119      — 
2,4b4,7;l«  qii.irt. 
H7,l  punch. 
34,!I02  quint. 


Value. 


Bn.743  i! 
l,3S0,Ui'> 

i.ais,^^! 

SJ.2l'> 
2(j,Jl>< 
139.6(19 

■2"i.i(a 


•lUn- 


3,2)9,120  dolUiii. 
il.in.I 


The  Custom  dullea  cnlleclp.I  at  the  diiVerent  pnrts  nf  the  islaint 
in  11)30  .iiiiimnted  lo  B84,9iX)  dollars.  The  cily  nf  I'drlurioi  has 
(ri.m  111  lo  I'llh  I'art  nf  the  trade  of  Ihe  i»liiiil.  '1  he  olher  priiiti- 
inl  piir^s  are  Mayagui'S,  Pnlice,  Anuadilla,  Ouayania,  and  Faxardo.— 
'•Ilii<c  slaleiiienis  have  been  taken  fnun  Ihe  Balaliza  MuMlllil, 
j  iihllbhed  at  Porlo-rico,  20th  of  Juue,  lSi31.) 


Shipping. 

-Arrivals  in  IS30. 

Americans 

i      Kiii^lisli    • 

Fn'iicli     - 

;   '  S.-inliiiUiis 
!   1  Swt!.!ra    • 
1   1   Diilch      - 
1      Manse  Towns 

|i 

Vessels. 

i<IO 

213 

36 

H7 

•ir, 

2 
4 

7 

7 

Tuns. 

IS,  163 

29,906 

4,103 

6,790 

l,-.22 

2S4 

3J3 

2.1 

1,1-1 

1,221 

5s,j26 

1      Miiiid,  If'tighli,  anil  Mtamra,  «,anie  as  thn.se  of  llavaniiali, 
which  sec. 

PORTS.     See  HAniiorns. 

POSTAGE  AM)  POST-OFFICE.  Postage  is  the  duty  or  charge  imposed  on  letters  or 
jiarcels  conveyed  by  post ;  the  Post-ofllcc  being  the  establishment  by  which  such  letters  or 
jiarccl.s  arc  conveyed. 

I.  Est(ili/h/imcnt  nf  Post-nfficcn, — Regular  posts  or  couriers  were  instituted  at  a  very 
eirlv  period,  for  tlie  safe,  regular,  and  spetnly  transmission  of  pu!)lic  intelligence.  Herodotus 
infoiins  us  (lib.  viii.  c.  98.)  that  in  Persia,  men  and  horses,  in  the  service  of  the  monarch, 
were  kept  at  certain  stations  along  the  public  roads ;  and  that  the  despatches,  being  given  to 
the  first  courier,  were  by  him  carried  to  the  second,  and  so  on,  with  an  expedition  that 
neither  snow,  nor  rain,  nor  heat,  nor  darkness  could  check.  A  similar  institution,  under  the 
name  of  ciirsfifi  piiblicns,  was  established  at  Rome  by  Augustus,  and  was  extended  and  im- 
proved by  his  successors.  Horses  and  carriages  were  kept  in  readiness  at  the  dilVerent  sta- 
tions along  the  public  roads,  not  only  for  the  transmission  of  despatches,  but  also  for  the 
conveyance  of  ollicial  personages,  or  others  who  had  obtained  an  ortier  from  authority  allow- 
intr  them  to  travel  post.  By  this  means  government  was  spei>dily  apprised  of  whatever  took 
place  in  the  remotest  corners  of  the  empire ;  and  instructions  or  functionaries  could  be  sent 
to,  or  recalled  from,  the  most  distant  provinces,  with  a  celerity  that  would  even  now  appear 
conpiclerablc. — (Rergicr,  Hi'sfnire  dcs  Grands  Chcminn,  liv.  iv.  c.  4.;  Bouchuud  sur  la 
PdHcedcs  Komains,  pp.  136 — 1,51.) 

Posts  appear  to  have  been  established,  for  the  first  time,  in  modern  Europe,  in  1477,  by 
Louis  XI.  They  were  originally  intended  to  serve  merely,  as  the  ancient  posts,  for  the 
conveyance  of  public  despatches,  and  of  persons  travelling  by  authority  of  government. 
Siib.seiiuently,  however,  private  individuals  were  allowed  to  avail  themselves  of  this  institu- 
tion ;  and  governments,  by  imposing  higher  duties  or  rates  of  postage,  on  the  letters  and 
paici'ls  sent  through  the  Post-olHce  than  arc  sullicicnt  to  defray  the  expense  of  the  establish- 
ment, have  rendered  it  productive  of  a  considerable  revenue.  Nor,  while  the  rates  of  post- 
age arc  confined  within  due  limits,  or  not  carried  so  high  as  to  form  any  serious  obstacle  to 
correspondence,  is  there,  perhaps,  u  more  unobjectionable  tax. 

£))if//,v/(  Posl-uJJicc. — The  Post-ofilce  was  notcstablisheil  in  England  till  the  17th  century. 
Pdst-niasters,  indeed,  existed  in  more  ancient  times ;  but  their  business  was  confined  to  the 
furnisliiug  of  post-horses  to  persons  who  were  desirous  of  travelling  expeditiously,  and  to 
the  liespatrhing  of  extraordinary  packets  upon  special  occasions.  In  1 63,'),  Charles  I.  erected 
a  letter  oll'ice  for  England  and  Scotland  ;  but  this  extended  only  to  a  few  of  the  principal 
roads,  till'  times  of  carriage  were  uncertain,  and  the  post-masters  im  each  road  were  requireil 
to  fuiiiisli  liors(\s  for  the  conveyance  of  the  letters  at  the  rate  of  2-^r/.  a  mile.  This  establish-  , 
raent  did  not  succeed  ;  and  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war,  great  difficulty  was  expe- 
rienced ill  the  forwarding  of  letters.  At  length  a  post-ofhce,  or  establishment  for  the  ireefeli/ 
conveyance  of  letters  to  all  parts  of  the  kingdom,  was  instituted  in  1649,  by  Mr.  Edward 
Prideaux,  attorney-general  for  tiie  Commonwealth ;  the  immediate  consetiucnce  of  which 
was  a  saving  to  the  public  of  7,000/.  a  year  on  account  of  post-masters.  In  1657,  the  Post- 
office  was  established  nearly  on  its  present  footing,  and  the  rates  of  postage  that  were  then 
fixed  were  continued  till  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne. — (Black.  Com,  book  i.  c.  8.) 
From  the  establishment  of  the  Post-oHice  by  Cromwell,  down  to  1784,  mails  were  con- 

*  Till!;  docs  not  mean  a  coasting  trade  from  port  to  port  in  ttie  island ;  but  the  trade  carried  on  undef 
ttio  Spanish  Hag  witli  St.  Tliomas  and  otiier  foreign  coloniea. 
2£S  42 


It'  m 

,0t--J! 


'"?! 


m-i\ 


'il 


r  ?} 


330 


POSTAGE  AND  POST-OFFICE. 


I     ! 


twg». 


veyed  riilicr  on  horseback,  or  in  carts  mado  for  tlic  purjJOHc ;  nnd  inHtrml  of  lipinR  iho  most 
cxpcdiliiuis  nii<l  safest  ronvryancr,  tlic  post  hud  liccoiiic.  at  llic  latter  period,  one  of  the  slowest 
and  most  easily  roblied  of  any  in  the  edunlry.  In  I'l^i,  it  was  usual  for  the  diligences  be- 
tween l/ondon  and  Hath  to  accomplish  the  Joiirney  in  sivi  nlnii  lioiirs  (it  is  now  accom- 
plished ill  hcilvc  liours),  while  the  post  l'io'\  full/  In  nrs;  and  on  other  roads  their  rate  of 
travellinj;  was  in  aliout  the  saine  proporlifni.  'I'la;  natural  coiisecjuence  of  sucli  a  dill'erenco 
in  point  of  des])atch  was,  that  a  very  threat  minibrr  of  letters  were  si-nt  liy  those  convey- 
ances; the  law  iieinp;  very  easily  evaded,  by  ^ivint;  tliein  llie  forni  of  small  parcels. 

l.'nder  tliese  circumstances,  it  occurrcil  to  Mr.  .loiin  Palmer,  of  Ilalh,  comptroller  Rcneral 
of  the  I'ost-iillice,  that  a  very  threat  iinprovi'inent  lui^iit  he  made  in  tiie  coiivcyaucc  of  letters, 
in  respect  of  ecnnomy,  as  well  as  ol' speed  and  sidtMy,  by  coiitraciiiiL,'  wiih  the  proprietors  of 
the  coaches  for  tiie  carri.mo  of  the  mail;  the  latter  licini;  bouinl  to  perl'nrm  the  joMrney  in  a 
specified  time,  and  to  take  a  \x,w\n\  wilh  the  mail  for  ils  |irolection.  Mr.  I'.daier's  plan  eii- 
countered  nuich  opposition,  but  was  at  len2;lh  carried  into  ellect.  'J'he  eonse(|uences  have 
proved  most  bencllcial :  the  use  of  mail-coaches  has  extended  to  every  part  of  the  enijiirc; 
and  while  the  mail  is  conveyed  in  less  than  half  the  lime  that  was  reipiired  under  tiie  old 
system,  the  coaches  by  whicii  it  is  conveyed  alVord,  by  their  retjularity  and  speed,  a  most  d,'. 
sirable  mode  of  travelling.  Mr.  Palmer  was  the  author  of  several  other  improvements  in  the 
economy  of  tiie  I'ost-ollice  ;  nor  is  there  any  other  individual  to  whose  exertions  this  depart- 
ment owes  so  nuich. — (Mticp/n):s())i\s  llisl.  nf  Cam.  anno  1781.) 

'J'/tr  Sivfc/i  I'dfif-iiJ/irc  was  established  on  its  jiresent  footinij  in  1710:  but,  owing  to  the 
backward  state  of  Scotland,  the  limited  amount  of  its  trade  and  population,  and  the  extreme 
badness  of  the  roads — (sec  lumis), — it  was  very  defective  in  most  parts  of  the  country  till 
after  Ijie  American  war.  In  [iroof  of  this,  we  may  mention  that  the  ilrst  mail-coach,  frcim 
London  to  (ilasi^ow  direct,  arrived  at  the  laller  on  the  7th  of  .luly,  17S,S.  Previously  to  that 
period,  the  course  of  post  from  Iiondon  to  (ilasLfow  was  live  days;  this,  however,  is  not  to 
lie  entirely  ascribed  to  the  slowness  of  the  conveyance  by  horseback  ;  for  the  mail  came  roumi 
by  Edinhurgh,  and  was  detained  tlierc  hi-clvc  hours,  or  till  the  usual  Edirdiurgh  despatch 
was  made  up  for  Glasgow  in  the  evening  ! 

It  docs  not  really  seem,  though  the  contrary  has  been  sometimes  contended,  that  the  Post- 
ofllce  could  be  so  well  conducted  by  any  one  else  as  by  government :  the  latter  alone  can 
enforce  perfect  regularity  in  all  its  subordinate  departments ;  can  carry  it  to  the  smallest  \\\. 
lages,  and  even  beyond  the  frontier ;  and  can  comliine  all  ils  sejiarate  parts  into  one  unitiirm 
syst(>in,  on  which  the  public  may  confidently  rely  hoth  for  security  and  despatch,  'i'lie 
number  of  letters  and  ne«s[)apers  conveyed  by  the  IJrilisli  Post-olllee  is  ipiite  iunnensc.  Tho 
letters  onK',  despatched  froiu  London,  may,  we  believe,  be  estimated,  at  an  average,  at  about 
40,000  a  day  ! — (See  App,  lo  \Sth  llcpurt  of  Revenue  CuJiiiHisfiiijncrs,\>.  ^'J'J.) 

Laws  rfldtiniT  In  ihc  roft-officr. — Tlip  pnRt-m;ifitor  (rntiprnl  dnps  not  cnme  imdor  the  (lpnnniin;Uion  of 
a  carrier,  lor  lie  ciilcrs  iiUo  no  ccmtract.  and  Ikis  iki  liiif.'  ;  Ilie  |i(Kta':("  of  Iclicrs  liciiit;  an  iirtiili'  nf 
revenue,  ami  not  a  mure  reward  fur  tliu  (.onveyance.  lie  is,  Uierefore,  nut  Halite  lo  i(in>lniiiive 
licclicencc. 

Hnl  llie  salety  of  letters  liy  the  post  is  proviilr'(l  for  liy  numerous  statutes  ;  and  for  inferior  ntrincrs, 
wliirli  dn  not  nmoniit  lo  aiis(itii1<'  crimes,  liy  tlio  recnlations  of  iIk'  (Jcner;'.!  rosl-ntrn'e,  nil  infi.Tiur 
oliicers  are  pnnislied  liy  ilismisKiim.  on  comiilaini  lo  tlie  pusl-inasler  i;''iieral,  or  liis  depiilit^s. 

Till!  early  stiiliiles  for  the  protection  of  Ictlrrs,  liet'orc  mail- coaclK.'s  were  invented,  still  apply  to 
those  roads  on  uhiih  siirli  couches  are  not  esliihlishcd.  'I'lic  first  iii'iossary  to  he?  noticed  is  U  (Jimi.  .I. 
c.  '25.,  whicli  liiiacts,  that  if  post-lioys  conveyiiur  the  niail-lias;  sliall  i[nii  Hie  mall,  or  siilfer  any  (iIIht 
person  to  ridi'  on  the  Imrse  or  carriafre,  or  shall  luiicr  on  the  load,  or  not,  if  pussilde,  convey  the  mail 
at  the  rale  of  (i  mih'S  an  hour,  they  shall,  on  cmiviciioii  Ih'Iuki  1  jiisiici-,  on  oalli  of  1  witi  I'ss,  lift  ^i'\\\ 
to  the  house  of  correction  for  not  cxciMMliiig  I  nionili,  nor  h'ss  than  I  I  days.  l"or  unlawfully  collcctiiii; 
letters  to  convey  \.\wn\,  hema,  convicted  in  like  manner,  shall  forfeit  for  every  such  letter  Ifl,-'.  to  in- 
former,  and  lie  committed  for  'i  months.  mili;.'alile  to  I.  Ami  any  person  inlruslrd  to  InUein  liiifi:-;a«d 
rereh^r  tlic  ;io.s7an-c,  cnili('/.zlin2,  or  employiiiL'  lo  their  own  use,  tin;  same;  or  liiirniiii;  or  di'stroyiii!; 
said  letters  ;  or  advancing  the  rate  of  postage,  and  not  accounting  for  the  money  shall  bo  guilty  of 
felony. 

The  7  rjeo.  .1.  c.  .'i.  extends  tlie  pniiislimcnt  to  all  jiersons  vlintcpcr  cmplovnl  in  the  Inifinrss  cfthr  Pofl- 
office,  piiilly  of  the  like  ollences.  and  for  stealini;  out  of  any  letter,  any  hill,  note,  or  other  si'iiiiiiy  I'l.r 
money,  and  makers  the  ollVnce  felony  without  beaelit  of  clergy.  Tliis  statute  did  not  e.vtend  lo  eiiibtz- 
zliiig  money  itself,  or  lo  parts  of  securities. 

The  12  (Jeo.  'i.  c.  81.  e.vlemis  the  jiunishment  of  felony  without  benplit  of  rlcriry  to  all  .<iirli  por>!nn?, 
stealing  parts  of  notes,  hills,  or  otjier  securities,  out  of  letters,  as  also  to  all  |icrsoiis  hiiyiii!;  (.r  re- 
ceiving the  same  ;  and  the  accessaries  may  he  tried  whether  the  principals  he  apprelirnded  or  nut,  aiij 
the  ollence  may  he  tried  either  where  it  w.is  committed  or  the  olfi'nd'r  aiiprcheiideil. 

And.  by  the  same  st;itute,  if  any  person  shall  wilfully  sei  rete,  or  dflain.  or  refuse  to  deliver  to  any 
officer  of  the  Post-ollice  authorised  to  demand  tlii!  same,  any  Iclli'r  or  h.iL'of  htlfrs  intended  to  liociiii- 
veyed  hy  the  mail,  which  lie  shall  have  found  or  picked  up,  or  which  shall  liy  ar(  ident  or  mistake  have 
been  left  with  any  other  person,  he  shall  he  guilty  of  a  misdemeanour,  and  punished  liy  fine  and  im- 
prisonment. 

By  .'i^Cim.  3.  M.I.,  if  any  deputy,  clerk,  agent,  letter-carrier,  post-boy  or  rider,  or  any  other  ofliccr 
employed  hy  or  under  tho  Post-office,  on  receiving,  stamping,  sorting,  chancing,  carryimr,  convcyiiis, 
or  delivering  letters  or  packets,  in  any  way  relating  to  the  Post-ollice,  shall  sicrete,  emliez/.lc,  or  de- 
stroy any  letter,  packet,  or  bag  or  mail  of  letters,  which  shall  have  come  into  his  hands  inconseipiciife 
of  such  employment,  containing  the  whole,  or  any  part  of  any  bank  note,  hank  post  hill,  hill  of  ex- 
change, Kxcho'iuer  bill,  South  Sea  or  East  India  bond,  divideml  warrant  of  the  same,  or  any  oilier 
company,  society,  or  corporation  ;  navy,  or  victualling,  or  transport  hill :  ordnance  dehentiiro,  sea- 
man's ticket,  state  lottery  ticket,  or  debenture,  bank  receipt  for  payment  on  any  loan,  note  of  assign- 
ment of  stock  in  the  funds,  letter  of  attorney  for  receiving  dividends  or  selling  stock  in  the  funds,  or 


% 


I 


posTACJF,  AND  I'osT-nrrK^r:. 


xn 


of  licinR  the  most 
,  nlic  of  tlio  xlowpst 
tlip  ililii;i.'iiccs  1)1'- 
(it  lA  iiiiw  lU'cDin- 
roiKWi  llii'ir  liito  of 
if  Hucli  u  ililU'ii'mi! 

I  h\  those  coiivcy- 

II  iKiiri'ls. 

•omiitrolliT  cmoral 
nivcyaiice  of  It'Ucrs, 
'.  tlu'  i)r>>prictors  of 

III  the  joiiriicy  in  ii 
,  I'.iliiicr's  plan  en- 
(■oliS('i|U('liri's  hiive 
)art  of  the  rini>iro; 
liroil  utuliT  the  old 
III  speed,  a  most  do- 
mprovfiniMils  in  the 
xertions  this  dcpait- 

:  but,  owing  to  the 
on,  iiiul  the  exti-eiMc 
s  of  the  country  till 
si  niail-coaeli,  fnim 
(.  Previously  to  that 
s,  however,  is  not  to 
(he  mail  caiii.'  rcumi 
Edinburgh  desp:itch 

on^lcd,  that  the  Post- 
the  latter  alone  can 
it  to  the  smallest  \il- 
irl.s  into  one  unilorm 
and  desiKiteh.  'I'lip 
(piite  iniinenso.  Thn 
an  average,  at  about 
,  p.  'Z'J\).) 

r  tlu"  (Ipiinniinritiiin  rf 
rs  lii'iii!;  an  iirUilc  of 
lial.lc  to  l•(lll^lnl(■uve 

I'l  I'lr  iiircriiir  nii;  imt:, 
rust-dtlico,  nil  inl'iTiot 

r  Ills  i!ipiitii;s. 
iivciiIchI,  still  ;ip|ily  tn 
|i(>  iiOtii'i'-d  is  'i  (',{"1.  .1. 
:iil,  or  siiirer  iiiiy  ntliiT 
iI>1l',  reiivcy  the  tiiiiil 

III  iif  1  witpi'ss,  Im;  si'iil 

\r  milawrully  ciilli.'ctini! 
null  li.'lti'f  Kly.  ti)  in- 
\>(l  to  till,!-  ill  htlri-f,aiii 
tiiirniiiL'  IT  (Irstrciyiii? 
iney  sliull  bo  giiiUy  of 

ithf  hiifi'irsf  I'fthf  f»-"(- 
,  or  etIiiT  >iM'iiiiiy  l'(,r 
ll  nut  extt'iid  to  eiiibtz- 

L'V  to  all  .-iiirli  porsnns, 
Ipirsoiis  Imylii!;  cr  rt- 

:ipn'licii(k'(l  (ir  lint,  uiij 
iili'il. 

I't'iis^t!  Ill  deliver  to  any 
|i'rs  inlpiided  toliocnn- 

i  iilont  or  mistake  liave 

lislied  liy  <"""-'  iin''  ""• 

|;r,  or  any  other  oflici'r 
>,  rarryiiii.',  ronvpyine, 
l-rcto,  eiiiliezzli',  or  de- 
i  hands  ill  coiiseipiiMife 
Ik  post  liill,  bill  of  ex- 
liR  same,  or  any  other 
liaiice  debenture,  se;i- 
;  loan,  note  of  assign- 
stock  in  the  I'limls,  or 


4 


4 


brlonillnc  U'  any  rnnipnny  ;  Aineriean  prnvinoial  hill  of  creilil,  t'liliNiiilllis'  or  hiinkern'  letter  of  rredit, 
or  iiolc  ri'litlinu  to  tho  paynn'iil  nf  nniiicy,  or  mlicr  In  mil,  \\  :irriinl,  ilrul'i,  hill,  or  priiiiiiss.irv  n.'tr  what- 

I'Ver.  fur  pay nl  of  njmii'y  ;  or  hli:ill  Mral  anil  lakr  mil  nf  imy  lillor,  i\  illi  wliicli  lie  shall  have  hi^'ii 

„ "iin-ited,  or  H  liic'li  shall  havo  (  omo  In  his  liainl,  tin-  \\  liulo  nr  any  pari  of  iiny  sin  li  hank  imti',  bank 

posl-bill,  I'iie.  ;  "hall  lie  uniliy  of  t'lloiiy  \mI1iiiiiI  henolil  of  diruy. 

\ii\   porsiin  stiMliii!;  or  taknm  away  frmii  any  earriai-e,  iir  Irmii  the  possessicMi  iif  any  pir-on  em- 

i)hi\r.\  iDcmivoy  lettiTs  sent  hy  the  pnst,  or  fn iny  riTc'ivin!.'-hoiii-c  f,,r  tlir  I'lisi-ollici',  iirt'minany 

haL'  in-  mail  sent' or  to  be  "ent  by  the  suiiie,  any  letter,  paekel,  ha).',  or  mail,  shall  siilfor  dealli  without 

bemtit  nfclercy-  ..  ,  ,    ,  .  ,  ■  ■  .  , 

Anil  ill  pi'r-^i'iis  wlin  sliall  eoiinscl,  coiiinmiiil,  hire,  persii  ide.  proniisi',  aid,  nr  ahi't  siiilt  pirsuni,  or 
shiiil  with  a  I'raiiiliih'iil  inlcntion  hiiy  or  reeoivi'  any  siii  ll  Kciiirilirs.  iii-lriiiiinils,  ,Vr..  '■hull  snilVr  in 
likr  manner:  arcessarirs  may  ho  trird  ho  fore  appro  In:  ns  Ion  or  trial  of  principals.  Trials  iniiy  ho  in  lliu 
liiiinlv  where  ollVmlrrs  ;iro  ap|iri'heiideil. 

t:.irmliii:iii.-'  friiiii  Po.iiiiue,  Fnnil.iiiu',  ,'\  e. — The  gtntiites  for  reaiilntine  tho  rales  of  pnstace,  ami  the 
exriii|iiiims  from  posta^'o,  from  the  '.'lb  of  Anne  to  tlie  filtd  of  (ioo.  3.,  are  too  niiineroiis  to  ho  insortod, 
hilt  the  priricip:il  ri'Snialions  aro  :is  lidlows:  — 

'I'lo'  kiiiir,  tlio  porsiin  tillinu  iho  priiii'i|i:il  oHiccs  uf  Koveriiineiit,  tlio  piiblie  Hoards,  and  the  I'ost-oflico 
iiia\  solid  :inil  rreoivo  lollors  duly  froe. 

ANo  all  n iliors  of  oitlior  house  of  parliament  diirlnc  the  sltlinsrof  ilio  same,  or  within  ID  ihiys  lie- 

foro  or  :il'ler  any  siiiiiinuns  nr  proro).'atiiiii,  not  ovii'oiliim  I  minro  in  woiuht,  on  I'lindllioii  tli;it  the 
n:iiiios  of  t!io  moinbi'r,  and  llio'  pnst  town  iVoiii  which  siiit.  llio  day  ol'ihr  minilh  :il  full  li'iiL'th.  :niil  the 
yo:ir,  sli:ill  ho  I'liilnrsod  Iherenii  ;  :i|siitliat  the  iiioiiibi'r  diroctiiii:  it  sli:ill  ho  :it,  nr  within 'ill  niihs  of 
iho  post  tow  n,  on  the  day,  or  d:iy  before,  Iho  lot  tor  is  put  into  I  ho  pnst -nllicu  ;  and  also  on  condition  that 
nil  iiiomlior  S"tid  iiiore  lloiii  ll),  or  rocoivi'  moro  than  IJ,  lottors  in  ono  day, 

I'riiitoil  voles  of  |>arliainent,  and  newsp:ipi:rs  in  (overs  open  at  tho  nidcs,  &c.  are  cxoniptoil  from 
p(ist:ii;e. 

iliil  till'  post-masters  may  search  to  see  if  any  tliiiiR  else  be  contained  in  the  cover;  and  if  Iheru  be 
any  such  fiiiind,  il  shall  be  cliarL'od  irehlo  posta^'o. 

rorsons  ;ilioriiiL'  tho  siiporscriptinn  of  IV, inked  lollors,  or  coiiiilorfoilina  tho  liandwrilinK  of  mombors 
on  lli"in  to  avoid  poslaso.  (.'iiilly  of  fobmy,  and  to  bo  iraiisiinrtod  for  7  yours. 

Ihit  nevortholoss,  memliors  w  ho  I'riiiii  iiilirniity  are  miahlo  In  w  rite,  may  authorise  and  depute  an- 
other to  fr:ink  fur  lliem,  sending  iiutice  thereof  niidur  hand  ami  seal,  iiUested  hy  a  witness,  to  llii>  piist- 
iii:istor  sroiioriil. 

liilis  nf  iMlniiiire,  invnice.s,  iiierchanis'  nreniints,  fcr.  wrillen  on  the  same  piece  nf  paper  with  a 
letter,  nr  several  letters  written  to  several  persons  on  one  piece  of  paper,  to  pay  as  0710  loiter. —  (7  &  8 
r.v...  i.  c.  21.) 

Sn  writs  or  other  loaal  proroodinu's. 

I'iilloriis  iiiid  samples  of  u'oods  in  cnvers  open  at  the  sides,  wilhniit  any  writ  ins  inside,  to  Iw  cliarced 
as  ~iiiL'le  lollors.  Ihil,  by  .''i'^  (ion.  "..  if  nut  open  at  the  sides,  :iiid  weii.'hiii!!  only  1  oz.,  ;iii  inlditioiial  ratu 
of -'/. ;  hilt  if  less  than  I  o/.  and  niuii  at  the  side  only,  the  :iilililional  rat"  nf  li/. 

I'nrei.'ii  letters  sMspected  In  m'  1  lin  prnhihitorl  (.'nods  m:iy  bo  oponod  in  Ilo'  presence  nf  n  ji!stii;o,  or 
neiL'i-'lriito.  of  the  place,  or  di-'i '  11  1,  on  oath  of  person  suspect  inn.  If  conirihind  t'nods  f  iniid,  to  he 
de^aroyeil,  and  the  letter  sent  10  the  comniissionors  of  customs  ;  if  nnno  I'aiiml,  the  loiter  to  he  for- 
wanle'd  with  an  attestatinii  01  ilo:  circiimstances  by  tin:  justice  or  niatristralo. 

l)y  11  Anne,  c.  1').,  no  person  o.vcepf  the  pnst-iinister,  and  persons  aiilliorised  by  liiin,  sh:ill  c:irry  or 
roiivcy  any  letters,  on  pain  of  ,V.  for  every  niroiico,  and  a  peinilty  of  lim/.  per  week  besides.  In  bi:' re- 
cover! il  ill  any  court  of  recnril.  .And  by  5  (Jeo,  1.  c.  '20.,  no  pi:rson  shall  send  or  loniler,  or  deliver  to 
lie  sent,  otherwise  than  by  llle  aiillmrity  nf  Iho  pnst-ni:islor  or  his  liopiilii  -,  nr  in  tin.  nrnresl  nr  most 
convenient  pnst  town  to  he  fnrwanlod  hy  ih.'  post,  :iny  letter  or  packet,  on  pain  of  0/.  fnr  each  letter 
so  seol,  to  be  recovered  in  any  cniirt  at  Westminster. 

IvvcepI  loiters  nincrriiinir  fruud.i  to  he  delivered  irilh  kiicIi  'rn'iils,  sent  by  a  cnmiiion  carrier  ;  letters  of 
IiierclKints,  owners  of  ships  or  niorchant  vessels  willi  cartincs  to  ho  delivered  ;  such  letters  hoini; 
c:irrieil  without  hire  or  row  aril  ;  any  cnmniission  or  return  thereof;  process  or  ri:tiirii  ilieronf  mil  nf 
any  court,  nr  any  letter  sent  hy  :iny  private  friend  in  their  way  of  jmirney  ;  or  hy  any  messenger  sent 
on  purpose  cniicerniiig  priv:ito  all'airs. 

I'list-inasters  may  make  private  aL'reeinents  with  persons  livinc  in  places  (not  beinsr  post  towns), 
for  llie  receivinc  and  seiiiliiiL'  to  them  respei  lively,  hllors  lo  and  iVmii  the  post  tnwii ;  but  for  the  de- 
livery of  letters  williin  the  limits  of  the  post  town,  he  is  entitled  to  no  reimiueration. 

CONVEVAXCK   OF   1,I:TTK11S    nV    I'OST. 

UlcEiviNO  AND  nrsPATCiiiNCi  OF  I.DTrFits.— Speakiiis;  geiieraily,  letters  may  be  put  into  the  re- 
cciviiiL'  lio.xes  of  the  dillerent  pnsl-nttices  tlirniiL'liniit  the  cniinlry  :il  all  hours  of  the  day,  and  inoslly, 
also,  of  the  nif.'ht.  The  mails  fnr  p:irtiinl:ir  pi  ices  are  iioide  up  at  ciTlain  speciliod  hnnrs,  nf  wliicU 
pillilic  iiili  Ilia  linn  isu'iveii  ;  and  letters  put  in  :iflor  those  hniirsare  not  nf  course  despatched  till  next  mail. 

dnirriil  I'lL-'t-dJIire,  J.oniloii. — Letters  to  be  desp;itclied  that  day  are  received  at  the  !.'enoral  post 
rfceiviiii  houses  iill  G  p.  M.  ;  by  the  lolter-carriors  rin^ini,'  hells,  (on  payment  of  \il.  with  each  letter 
or  iiewsp:iper),  from  5  to  (i  p.  .M. ;  at  the  I'.rancli  post-nllices,  at  Charini;  Onss,  Vere  Street,  Oxford 
,-<trei  t,  anil  lioroiiirh,  till  ";  p:ist  ll  p  M.,  :iiiil  at  the  Ceneral  I'osl-olUee,  in  St.  .Martili's-le-d'rand,  ami 
the  Ihanch  I'ost-oliice,  Lombard  Street,  till  7  P.  M. 

,s/iii/i/iv.— The  dale  shows  when  the  loiters  were  received  iit  the  (Jeneral  Post-ollice. 

'I'lie  cir.iihir  st:iinp  nf  hl.ick  ink,  wiieii  tlio  poslas;e  is  to  be  paid  on  delivery. 

Ditto  of  red  ink,  with  the  word  •'  I'aid,"  when  the  postage  has  been  paid  at  tlie  time  of  posting  tho 
letter. 

Dillnnfred  ink,  witllthe  word  "Free,"  when  letters  are  franked. 

(ircirliiirised  I.eUr.rn. — Overch:ir!:es  rolnrnod,  on  present iiig  the  letter  at  the  window  in  tho  hall  at 
tlie  ollice,  St.  M;irtin's-le-<;raiiil  ;  or  Iho  letter  may  ho  sent  to  tho  ndice  by  Ihi:  letter-c;irrier,  and  the 
ovcrcloirL'o  will  he  retiiriiod  with  the  letter  ii  '2  days.  \Vhen  sinulo  letters  are  charged  dniilde,  or 
dniiiil.'  loiters  treble,  if  they  are  opened  in  presence  of  the  letter-carriers  who  deliver  tlieiii,  tli:it  part 
having  the  direction  and  t:ix  il|inn  il  will  be  sntliciont  to  nbtaiii  relnrn  of  the  overcharge  ;  but  in  cases 
of  fiiiL'le  letters  being  dnirged  treble,  such  letters  must  be  shown  at  tlie  I'ost-ollice  before  return  of 
ovcrcliar!.'e  can  be  made. 

*7o;i  l.tllcr  O/ftcc— The  postage  for  letters  forwarded  through  this  ofVicc,  to  the  Cape  of  flood  Hope, 
New  South  Wiiles,  Isle  of  Franco,  Bombay,  t'eylon,  Madras,  Uengal,  Singapore,  and  I'rinco  of  Wales' 
island,  is  the  full  inland  rate  of  postage  to  the  "port  where  the  ship  may  be,  and  %!.  sea  postage  in  ad- 
dition, for  every  letter  not  exceeding  3  ounces,  and  Is.  per  ounce  for  every  letter  above  that  weight.    1 

Letters  from  the  country  for  the  above  places  arc  cliarg;,'d  with  the  full  inland  postage  to  London, 
anil  "d.  sea  postage  in  addition,  for  every  letter  not  exceeding  3  ounces,  and  Is.  per  ounce  fur  every 
Idler  above  that  weight. 

All  letters  from  abroad,  except  the  Cape  nf  Good  Hope,  Isle  of  France,  New  South  Wales,  Bombay, 
Ceylon,  Miidras,  Bengal,  Singapore,  and  I'rince  of  Wales'  Island,  are  liable  to  a  sea  postage  of  8rf 
Biiiglo,  and  Is.  id.  double,  and  so  oil  over  and  above  all  inland  rates  whatever ;  but  those  from  the 


*f9 


332 


POSTACJF  AND  POST-OFFICE. 


I 


m 


^t 


't 


n 


i  :i 


r'npn  of  0(10(1  Ildpp,  Iulf"  nfrrnnrc,  lloiiilmy,  Pcylnn,  Miiilrnti,  I!i'iii(n1,  HinifiiiioriMind  Prince  of  WhIch' 
Inland.  !ir>'  li:iltli'  lo  ilir  tnll  iiil.iint  riitrH,  iiml  u  ni'II  |i<in|;ikc-  of  \<l.  U<r  cvrry  Irtirr  not  uxiccdinil  tliu 
WolL'lit  cif  ^  (iiiiiciH  and  l.<.  prr  (iiiiiir  f.ir  i'\rry  lilirr  rxriii|ji,u  thai  wcliilil. 

A'.  U.-  All  li  ttrm  fiirwardiMl  llironijli  this  oiliic  nniHi  Im  jiald  for  ut  lliu  tlinu  tliuy  ate  put  into  tlio 
oilier. 

HiMincn'M  and  iioldli>rii'  vInirliOcltori  nro  forwnrd'-d  tlirniiRli  thin  offlcn  to  tlie  Faiit  IimIIkm  and  Ninv 
Siiiilh  \V.il(M,  on  pnynii'nt  of  I,/,  at  ||ii>  llnii!  of  piiilliik'  In  ;  and  hiicIi  IcU'Tm  from  lint  Ilaxt  Iiidli;n  am 
rli  irL'i  mMt  Willi  l>/  ,c>r  :i  /  if  lint  piiMl-cillK  c  li.ivu  tii  pay  tin.'  Kraliilty  of 'Ji{.  id  tliu  ('iiinnnindi.'r  wliita 
landi'ii  in  llii'  liniii  d  Kint'dnin. 

Sinnirii  mill  .S(7</(,  r-.,  >\  iililn  any  p:irl  iif  IiIm  Malfrtly'H  dimiinlnnH,  to  and  fmni  wlilrli  llicri-  arc  rcdular 
nmllH.  ran  acnd  iiid  rrcrivi'  Hlin-lit  |riiiM:t  nn  lliiirown  private'  cunci'mH  niily,  »  lulu  tlii'y  aru  cinplojud 


on  liiH  Maji'-ily'M  Ki'rviir,  fur  \il. 


I.rit:  r.-- 


i\iiiiitiir  J  null  a  >fi  ni,iiu  "r 


Scr/rriinl,  Corjiiird/,  'I'runijieler,  f'ifir,  or  jiririitf  Siflilirr. — 


Tin-  penny  iinmt  lie  paid  al  llie  lime  it  i-i  pnt  into  tlie  portl-olfn  r.     'I'lie  name  of  ilir  Holdier  nr  Mallnr, 

Iiii4  (limn  (ir  ilefiiriplion.  and  llie  nami;  nf  ilie  -^li;p  or  rej-ii I,  curpH  ^r  delMclimenl,  I"  \\  liii  li  lie  lie- 

liniiiH.  niiii't  lie  Hpe<'iiie(l  nn  tile  letter.     .\nd  Ilie  iilliier  liMvinv  Hie  roiniiiand  inuHt  hIkh  liin  liaini-,  and 
Hperli'y  the  name  id'tlie  Hliip  nr  re'inni'iit.  i  orpn,  or  ilelai  liiiieni,  \\i:  iiHiimaml-<. 

/.ell'rra  f,'iiiii'r  ti)  Sfiiineii  ur  Sulilicra.—  'l'Ui:  penny  iiiiisl  lie  paid  at  the  timu  it  Input  into  tlio  post. 


otn.- 


I'rinli'd  voles  and  prnreriliiiL's  in  Parliament  si'iit  from  (ireat  Ilrilain  and  Ireland  hy  parket  lioatu  lo 
uny  nf  Ins  .M.iJesly'H  (■cdnnieH  are  In  lie  eliiirued  Willi  a  rate  nf  om  jifiinij  luilf-jn  iniij  /«  r  iniiiic,  and  bd 
on  in  prnporlinii.  In  Hen  nf  any  miiiii  payaMe  under  any  Inriner  uil,  Id  lin  pniil  mi  imiiiny  llw  said  ruin 

Cnlniiial  li  i;lslaliv(.' ptnceediiigH  may  he  sunt  from  lliu  ciilniiieN  to 


tint}  firorffflinifs  iiilii  the  I'ltst-o^flit' 

the  Unlled  Kiniidnni  hy  pai  ki't  hnal  al  the  Maine  rati 

I'ampliletH.  miiyazin'es.  reviewn.  \.c.  may  he  .sent  h5'  p.irkrt  linat  from  I'almnuili  to  any  of  Ill.s  Mi. 
Je!iiy'H  eulniiies  at  tin;  mlu  of  l:y.  if  not  cxteedini;  ui.v  onncuH  in  weight,  and  Jd.  pur  ounce  iihovu  tliut 
wuivlit. 

.V.  B.— If  Hiicli  printed  vote,  prorpedine,  piiinplilct.  innRn/liic,  ftc.  tin  not  sent  irilhnut  a  rnrer,orin  a 
cover  I'jien  al  the  .•.■ii/c.i,  or  if  ««;/  irriiiiif,'  he  Ihi  rei'ii,  oilier  than  Hie  Miiperseripllnn,  or  ««//  olhcr  }mjh  r  ur 
thiniT  he  eni  Insed  lliereili,  the'  packet  w  ill  lie  li.ilile  In  Ilii!  full  rales  of  pnslaiie  an  a  leller. 

liiinU  .V''/(.«  and  Draflu  —  I'erHoiH  wisliini!  In  Mend  hank  iinlen  or  dral'l«  hy  post,  are  udviHod  to  cut 
fiiicli  iinieH  nr  ilrafis  in  halves,  and  send  them  at  two  dilfurciit  timuH,  wailing  till  tliu  rutuiiit  of  onu 
ll.'ilf  is  ackiiowleilijed  hefnru  the  other  Is  sent. 


Mo 


Hiin'.i,  or  /.(if/.f^i.  iV'c — When  innney,  riii2«,  or  lockets,  &c.  are  sent  liy  the  post  frnni  I.r 


dnn,  particular  care  slimild  he  taken  In  ilelivir  the  same  lo  the  clerk  at  the  wliidnw  ut  the  (.'i  in  iiil  ' 
I'nsl-nllici'.  and  when  any  such  letter  Is  In  he  sitnt  from  the  cniintry,  it  slinnid  he  delivered  into  ih,! 
Innils  nf  the  pnst-nia<ter :  hut  it  is  lo  hu  (disurveil,  that  this  otiice  ihies  not  uncage  to  insiiru  tliu  parly 
from  loss. 

Cdiilioo.^  lo  .U(i.-7cc«  of  /'c.v.-c/.*.— Musters  of  vc«sels  opening'  sealed  leit's  or  letters  iiilrnsled  lo  tiieia, 
or  lakinu  thureniii  letters,  nr  imt  duly  delivering  tile  li.if;H  at  the  pnst-ollice  of  the  first  purl  i<f  arnv.il, 
fnrfeil  iWH.  Musters  nr  niliers  liavinj!  letters  in  their  possession  after  Hie  master's  delivuriUij  tin; 
letters  at  the  pnst-ollico,  forfeit  5/.  for  every  loiter  foiiiiil  nn  ho.ard.— (.W  (leo.  'A.  c.  153.) 


M.islpm  nn\  pnninnniicrs  nr  vf^scN  an*  rpqiiiroil  Im  ilriivcr  tlifir 
tliipN  It  ItiTH   lo  tlie  j.enuin  l)>|ioitil(><l   hy  ijii'  ji'ist'liii^ItT  iCPiitr.lt  ti 
'  "  ■   "'  "    '  *iv  l.nv,  not   ex 

f  .iflrr  niiviMch 


ill",  .imt  Mte  -iiihi!;  and  if  any  irlli-n  not  fifiiijilrii  h\  l.nv.  not  ei 


M-isfftni  ami  fnninianitpm  of  vc-mcU  ai*  hoiiri'l  tndplivrraf  tlm 
poHt-oltUr  of  lilt*  fimt  port  al  \^  hi<  h  llipy  arrivt*.  all  It-'llem  on  lnMrj 
ij')i  (-x<'ih]itr'l  t'y  l.tu'.  il  ilit:y  sli.ill  iifit  li.ivu lii-in  )'rpviou!*lv  ilriniiini. 
U.I  l>y  I'lof  |n  rson  !|iccially  .tpiioinleU  fur  tlial  iiuriioK  liy  the  |oii. 
iiia!:itr*,;eueml. 


Ci*C(lin<  lilt"  \M*i<ht  Iherpinnu'olioiu'il.ln*  fnilii.I  iml.oari 
tlpiiiaiiJ,  tlie  saiuf.'  ti(*iially  is  inciirrt-d  a.^  on  inaslcii  anil  coliiinati  Iith 
in  ivlione  poM  winn  Irltrrt  are  fonrKi  after  ilelivering  llieir  lelu-ni  at 
tlie  imtl-ullict*.— (7  &  M  Uoi.  4  c.  21.) 

R.\TES   OF  POSTAOK,   OllEAT   PrITAIN    AND   IllEI.AND. 

Bates  of  Postage  to  lie  taken  in  the  f'nrrency  of  the  rnited  KinL'dnin  I'nr  the  Port  and  Conveyance  ni" 
Letters  and  P.ickets  hy  the  Post,  from  any  Place  in  Great  llritain  to  uny  Place  in  Irulaml,  or  frma 
any  Place  in  Ireland  to  uny  Place  in  (ireat  Urituin. 


Treble 

For  every  llunre    ! 

Loll, 

r,  or 

Weirflit 

am!  lor 

DiftanrA. 

Single 

Iloublo 

ml 

er 

every 

Packet 

MJtm  lAIIL  %it 

Letter. 

Letter. 

under  an 

not  ,  xcet.liii.; 

(111 

ncn 

an  (liince  in 

We 

l!ht. 

Weislit. 

1. 

d. 

t. 

rf. 

1. 

d. 

1. 

d. 

If  llip  iliOanccnf  such  places  shall  not  eicecd  15  milea,  Briliih 

meaiinre        ....... 

0 

4 

0 

8 

1 

0 

1 

4 

Exceeiliiig  l.'j,  .anil  not  exceeding:  20  sacli  iTiiles  • 

0 

S 

0 

10 

1 

3 

1 

8 

20         -         -      30         -        . 

0 

6 

0 

1 

6 

2 

0 

30           —           —        .10           —         . 

0 

7 

2 

1 

9 

2 

4 

60           —           —       HO           —         . 

0 

8 

4 

2 

0 

2 

8 

SO           —           —      120           —         . 

0. 

9 

6 

2 

3 

3 

0 

120           —           —      170           _         .               . 

0 

10 

8 

2 

6 

3 

4 

170           _           _     230           —         . 

0 

II 

10 

2 

D 

3 

8 

2.30          _          _     3C0          —        . 

0 

0 

3 

0 

4 

0 

300           —           _     400           —         . 

1 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

400           —           —     .100           —         . 

2 

2 

4 

3 

6 

4 

8 

SnO           —           —     600           —         - 

3 

2 

6 

3 

9 

A 

0 

600          —          —     700          —         . 

4 

2 

H 

4 

0 

5 

4 

700 

5 

2 

10 

4 

3 

5 

8 

I,ellers  and  r'arkrlt  convpypd  by  picket  lioals  between  Ilie  ports  nf 

I'orliialrick  and  Donagliadee,  a  packet  jioslage  over  and  alxive  ail 

other  rates     ....... 

0 

4 

0 

8 

1 

0 

1 

4 

Lellen  and  packets  conveyed  liy  packet  Ixiaij  from  or  In  Holyhead 
or  Milfoni  Haven,  to  or  from  any  jwirt  in  Ireland,  a  packet  postage 

« 

oyer  and  aliove  all  oUior  rates  -             •             .             .             . 

0 

2 

0 

4 

0 

6 

0 

8 

Letters  and  parkels  conveyed  by  |wcket  boats  t.-tor  frf.ni  Liverpool, 

from  or  lo  Dublin,  or  any  other  port  in  Ireland,  a  packet  jHwtage 

over  anil  above  all  other  rates  -             -             •             .             . 

0 

8 

1 

4 

2 

0 

2 

8 

Provided  that  no  letter  sent  by  way  of  Liverpool  shall  be 
charseabie  with  a  higher  rale  of  posLige  than  if  il  were  sent 

by  wav  of  Holyliead. 

Letters  and  (latkets  In  and  from  any  part  of  Gr«al  Britain  or  Ireland, 
hv  way  nf  Dublin  and  Holyhead,  in  addition  to  all  other  rates 

(Mtnai  Bri  Ise)          ...... 

0 

1 

0 

2 

0 

3 

0 

4 

Letters  and  packets  In  and  from  any  part  of  Great  Britain  or  Ire- 

land, by  wav  of  Conway  and  Chester,  in  addition  to  all  other  rates 

(Conway  Ilri.ln;)         ...... 

0 

1 

0 

2 

0 

3 

0 

4 

And  so  in  pro|iortion  in  all  the  aforesaid  cases  for  any  other 

letter  or  |iacket  nf  greater  weight  than  an  ounce. 

1         ! 


f 


rosT\r;n  and  iMisT-oFrirR. 


333 


,n(l  I'rlm'iMifWiil.'H' 
r  iiol  cAic'uilinu  llio 

hey  nro  put  into  tlio 

■'llHt  IlllliliH  l\II(l   Now 

tliti  r.UHt  InilloK  uri! 
lu  cuiiiiiiandur  whuii 

ilrli  there  iiri'  reiliilnr 
ilu  lUey  iirii  I  nililipjuil 

nr  privntf  Si.Wier.— 
llii>  Hiililirr  or  Hitllnr, 

loni,  lo  w  liirli  lie  111'. 

St  hI|I»  tO'*  ■>»ii>ei  uiiil 

in  put  Into  tlie  piiKt. 

iliil  liy  piirket  liiilttH  10 

11111/  ;»  !•  inniic,  lUiil  >o 

imlliii)'  the  .iiiid  i'm'm 

I  Irimi  llie  coliinicH  lu 

mil  to  any  of  IIU  Mi- 
per  ounce  iihiivo  tliul 

irilhovt  n  n>rer,orin  a 
,  or  ninj  oilur  iKipir  „r 
i  II  letter, 

1st.  lire  uilviscd  to  cul 
till  the  teculpt  uf  one 

liy  the  post  from  I.nn- 

liiiilciw  Ht  the  ('•!  iiiiul 

he  ileliveretl  into  llio 

!(;(!  lo  Insure  the  piirly 

ler»  inlrnstei!  to  tlieiii, 
lie  lirsl  port  of  ariiviil, 
lasler's  (lelivenna  lln; 
e.  15:t.) 

Is  arc  Ifflin'l  loilfliviT  M  llif 
iif'V  :irrivi',  nil  lettem  I'li  tn.irl 
I  li'ivi'I'i-i-n  |.ri*vtmj>lv  tltiii;iiiil. 
J  fur  tliat  I'ui  liosc  l>y  Hit  i  ^>;- 


irt  mill  Conveyance  nf 
ce  ill  Iroluiid,  or  I'ruiii 


■r,  or 

HT 

r  .in 

rirfi 

For  everv  Onnre 

Weitflit,  aiPl  lor 

fVfry  racket 

imf  I'xci't.Ijn; 

ail  (liMice  iu 

Win^iit. 

0 
3 
C 
9 
0 
3 
(i 
9 
0 
3 
6 
9 
0 
3 


1 

4 

t 

H 

2 

0 

2 

4 

2 

K 

3 

u 

;t 

4 

3 

8 

4 

0 

4 

4 

4 

H 

fi 

II 

5 

4 

& 

8 

0      8 


0      4 
0      4 


I,»Mpn»niilili>lnf  I  fiifliitiiroinTlnrifiM"  with  1  jliijln  rn"». 
I  ,Mir«i-.  iii.ilMllK  ll'iiri-  Ihiii  I  ri,c|..Miif,  mil  liril  uru'.lil'K  I  Mine.', 

■iri-.liirili-il.l.-  iviIIlImihIh  mil".    I..'ilir.  r -.Iip.ic  I  niiiiri',  >ilul- 

rvriili   cv.ii'pii'i  nil)  In-,  .iri'.li.iiirr.illi-»,lli  4  .mslr  rit.M  mlI  for 
ivrry  M  "I .111  I'liiHH  .il«>«y  iti«l  onilli'i  mi  »ililili"ii»l  •inil"  rilr  ii 

'i.i'vi,  li  ...Miin  ir.l  •ijlnr«,  if  •iniili',  »ii'1  In  i'"ll(iirlnlly  lo  lh» 
Ml  III  |4iliiiiKiil,  am  Ui.ir(c.iUlii  ttiili  I  |'iiiiiij>  ""^i- 

rit«i,iif»  Af  % 

(•mil  nrilain.  M'  Hi"  l.rMir 

ill  I  t'llCD. 

Fmiii  111V  |..'«i-"(Il''c  ill  'iri'sl  niiiiln  to  «iijr  fil«ce  not 
ftfi  .-l.iiil  1*1  null'*  Ironi  siu'li  I'lDi'fl  •  *        4 

For  .111  .l.iiiii.Tiil.MH- 
n  iiulu,  .iii'l  ii'il  "tMiilliiu  *'  niili't 


at 
no 

Ml 
HO 

i.'ii 

2J0 


im 

r,o 

en 

Ijn 

i:ii 

;>3(1 

auu 


u 

7 

H 

II 

10 

II 
li 


Anl  m  In  pmr'irllnni  llir  |vKhtii  incnulnf  pnfr«ilTet]l  lA  Itirt 
iirKla  lillil  li  r  uvi  ry  liilihiliv, 

!>■>•''«»  of  • 
/ri/iiMif.  Siiiii:i'  Lrlttir 

IU  I'ntlCt. 

Kicni  »ny  P'nl  nllii'i!  In  Irclin.l  In  niiy  |.lii<i>  wllliin 
llr  iiiiir,  lid  cairKlilif  7  Iriill  hull!  fliini  >lii  ll 
i.lllrr  ...... 

Eii'vr  linit  7  kuil  tint  r«rri->liiiK  H  Irlkli  niilrx 
III  I* 


It 

;ii 

4) 

M 

in 

111! 
ill! 

;vi 


.1.1 

4A 
M 

(It 

Hi 

I  in 

I VI 

i  n 


a 

3 

* 
a 

7 

M 
0 
III 
II 
IJ 
1.1 
II 


All'l  f  r  tMTiy  100  lii.lfi,  tri»ll  liirKlins  llmvp  3"0  inili'*,  a  filrl|lf*r 
■inn  nf  1./.  Ili'iiMi'  mill  iiillr  Irtmri  cliar^t'4  ucci.iUiiiit  lo  Ills 
' almif  iiiiv:iii(.L'  .u  ill'  KiiijUuii. 


KllllO  I 


fiirrlifii  rtirtn.—Pcitagt  f^f  a  ilnjf/i  LtUrr  In  anit  from  Lmtt'Ott 


Fr.iiire 
llini'r.ilii 
luly 

Itiiiiin  I' 
l'oiir« 
(''rrihiny 
N.ir"  ly 
H  ■..II  ■ 

llll■.^;.l 
n.hiii.lrk 
Mirilrn 
bivit?rrl.l 


•.    ll. 

n  IU 
ICihii  •  .      0   :l 

lit    nut    Tmkiy    fid    S  t    7 


■i 


I    2 


flrriii:iny  tnil  Frniico    • 

l"l  .till  ■ 

St-iiii  nil  V\  'iK 

ll..:ii.i.|  iiiiil  ihi'  Ni'llii'rl.iii.Ii 

AiiuTici  • 

Wi'ii  lii.ll.i  M.iii.U 

M.  ll lii^o     . 

(l.llilMr 

Milri.itiil  Mrililfminein 

•Mull  in 

'I  lie  Az'ri'S     ■ 

'I'ho  C:lli.Ull'll   •  • 


t.  .1, 

•  I  4 
I  7 

•  2  i 
I  I 

.       3  i 

1  i 

2  ■> 
2  10 

.      3  i 


f.  ll. 


I'liriiiifnl 

•       2 

II 

llii/ili  . 

■       3 

fi 

Ill  I'liiia  AyiM 

-  ) 

riiiii    ■ 

•  i  =» 

6 

I'lru 

•  J 

(  ii|  niilill 
1.1  liiiiiri 

'■    ■  3 

lllllKllllill 

0 

Mi'Uliii  . 

'I'lniliif'i 

Cilia      • 

.'       3 

0 

I'oilujnI.inilCiilirall.ir, 

I'ln 

Frm.to       1 

7 

IN'Moii  drn'Iin?  Ii-tfrrn  fmin  (he  I'nit^I  Kiiurilnni  to  any  j^nrt  of 
rMt/nf.  rii.iy,  tftl,  mrnl  Un'in  in  nxi't,  .illr)^!!!;  Ihu*li'ili  iiuhIi  :»■  (o 
ill.  pii  I  I  y  Hin  rrcfivrr;  nr,  iwA,  iln-v  imv  \>:\v  'In-  ti-h'  If  y^'iUw.  it) 
ailvumv  {  nr,  3nl.  tin  v  hmv  p.iy  »Ih'  llntn/i  f«Ut(iin  nn  y  in  tliv  (r  'ii* 
lirrt'l  l''«ii'"''.  Hul  ilif  lull  |ms1;u(?  iniiHt  In-  |i:ilil  in  ;itiMi>i'i»,  ott  ill 
I.llrrn  fi-rtillnT  (•(•iiiilrifi  iimsinir  thr-'iinh  Inmc,  ;»ii  I  nii  ji'l  Iftlcn 
tn.my  iif  i!m*  I'liiiTt  ,iiii|  |KirtH  »|KTilii  ll,  :ilKtvi',  (rtiT|il  Ilu-  Wrut  lii> 
(]i;iii  folMneiiitiJ  flrilittli  Anirrua,)  othtTwisf  liny  will  net  bo  I'ur* 
wanlfil.  j 

,Nii  Ii-ifrr  aiUrr«r.I  to  nvv  y^T\  in  Frnnrt-  will  It  rliarifnl'lti  with  ' 
ninn^tluii;inimlii  rttfi-i  Itii  i<h  |'.n;»-i-.  wfintivtr  t/ie  hinKltr  of  • 
mil  suns  >iinu  h'\  if  it  'I"  not  i'.\i  I'f  I  1-1  .f  .in  ounct;  wi'inht ;  or  I 
ilonl'li'  p"(ii"'  frnni  l-l  fit,  anil  mr  fxcfcilni^  1-2  nz.,  diid  IrL-lJe  \ 
ij(ist;li:c  tn'Hi  1-2  "/.  ni"'  "o'  ricccfUnu  I  n/, 

'rii~'  |!'i'«tiif  in  Kntii'f  i*  clurRt*  I  \vU<Vy  litf  ifvi^/i?,  witliinit  rcf»'r-  ' 
enre  f.p  iluMiitii|'"i"iiinn  of  llii*  I'-ttcr,  an  I"  i-^'it  II. u  riV  «  f  .1  siiiulo 
|inil.ii:i'  if  nii.Irr  11  n/..  "iil  m  en  in  |)t.i|i,ii!iun.     A  JtiiurU*  ulnel  nf 
iiajiir.  ivi'tjliiiii{  luoix  than  1*4  u/.  la  Ihi'itlnrt-  liable  in  Fr^ucu  tn 
ailiiiti'iiiil  i'htnf. 

Ji.\-:\ti  .''  hHitf.'-Vvr^om  ilcsirniiH  nf  rfRistt'rjnif  lellrni  aiv)  ' 
r.ifki''!!  I  T  KMiirr,  .in  1  pisiin/  lhrnii:;li  Frii.O",  ni.iy  l.-ivi-  Uum  in- 
teri'l  "II '!"■  Ii'"**rbill ;  tinh  Irtiirswtll  ta*  li,i('"  to  .t  r  ;ri'!':i  i"n  : 
rati)  of  ii.  &i.  «auh,  in  aJiIitiou  to  Ibo  orJiiuiry  Jtntish  ratu,  and  to  I 


double  the  Henrh  pontiif,  nrrnr-Uni?  In  wnii'bt.  Tlir  whcfe  ray* 
T/n  lit  tn  t'lf  tliiii  I'f  r/ijfuinfMKi  tiMiiit  br  inii'c  in  niviHiif,  ,iirl  fni'h 
jillrrs  hinst  bu  lni.,n!l.M<»  tlii!  tin.rr.il  I'lMit-i.ri  <  c,  Inr  ll.f  jinrpiiiuM.f 
bciia  m  (nfirt-il,  lii>r.-ii'  tin'.'l'n-k  in  Ibn  i'\initnc  n"  nhlniary  |«»l» 
iiij(lilai  .iiid  bufnrv  IU  >i\  K'l'k  on  Tuitiliitu  tiiut  FiuiiVfU 

Mailt  inadt  up  in  t.uuitun  as  JiAlvWi : 

Frattrr,  ilailv. 

Ililximn,  tutnt'l,  Mnnd.iy,  Tn^n-liy.  Tbiir^liy,  nnd  Fri-hy* 

Wntrrirrt,  lir>t  VVcilniiln,  nm  Ihly. 

Ma  /ci'Yi,  Jiiitz'l,  nnil  Huim^  Juri'i,  (irit  Tup»d.iy,  iniMilIily. 

/.i\foit  :ind  .Mii'ltim,  rvt«ry  SittnV.I  ly, 

tiil.i.ilt<ir,  AfiiUiij  .V/(H»,'(i'/ftr(',  Vvrfu^  f'gypt,  and  IiKfut^  tat  nf 

rvrry  im nlh. 
.Vtjin'i  :iU'\  tftivnimnfi,  IVh  of  rvcry  month, 
7.ir*r/('ni,  lliiijii^  Liiiriint  hhniiix^  riuil  l'«j(/iai,'ri7(i,  I'tth  of  every 

innntli. 
Jitmnint,  I.tfward  hl'Vuh^  /liiuti,  and  La  Guayra^  ts\  of  every 

nuniili. 
Lcltiis  liT  IVirt'iiml,  rt.i7il,  .ihd   othiT  fnrriint   prr's  will    in  fti» 

Inn-  bi!  rcci-iM-'vl  until  tliu  hcur  fur  clusin^   IIk' buxeit  fir  liitaud 

It-lUrii. 


rONVKVANCK  OF   NrWRPAPms   TIY    I'OKT. 

TI'o  fi'rmrr  nrts  rolnting  In  tlii-j  (Icp.iriiiu'iit  ofilic  rnsi-dilirr  li.ivc  Ix-fMi  mporilcd  nnd  rou^dlitlntcd 
by  111.' 11  iV  7  Will.  4. 


cIiiriTi';  if  t-i  be  ^f-ril  b\  pri\.ilt' sliip^  a  |»' stajo  of  U/,  mcli  must  bo 
[laiil  on  I'nMiri^'  t!,i  i,i  i.i"  1 1 ;  tc'-r-jIU-i-. 

NrwHtinin  t-n  Hfitl  t.>  Imlii,  liK'<'.<|.p  of  (rx'd  Ilopi',  Ni-w  South 
W.ilts,  kc-  will  on  Inii.-or  bi!  dinr^'iil  by  upigbt,  but  I*/.  *.iih. 

N>«vp.i|;crc  piiuifi  in  tin-  Hrili-'lucinnif' »n  I  pi  •*r»c*i''ns,  brniji'ht 
to  tin-  rnitr!  Km  .il.mi  by  Iiis  M.i.j.s'iN  packet*,  will  be  ildivt-n-d 
free  nt  rli.\r>rf  ;  if  bicin^Ut  by  pii\.itt'  bliipk  thty  uilt  Iv  cl).ir($ed  Id, 
enrli  nn  i'rlivfr\'. 

i\r\vs)i.njifr»  inny  hv  iirnt  frnni  pup  Ilri'ish  rnbiny  to  nnothrr, 
VII  tlit!   I  n*!*-.!  Kiii^li'iii,  by  Ids  M,iji;^;>'!i  |faikt':»,'  free  tf  [loil* 


51.,  ()r\>  hit  )i  till!  rollouini,'  otVii-ial  alistriioi  h.m  iwvw  |tii1iliHli*'il 

f 'iiif.  I  !\  /ijf'i'in.— I'rictril  nen'ipiiii'ni  lia!  Ic  In  flic  stamp  ilufy, 
nii.l  Iiilv  s'lni'  I'l.  s«nt  by  the  (itiii-Tal  I'm*!,  unliiii  tin-  rnitrd  Kinlr- 
i|»m.  Will  tic  lb  livi'^'d  fieenl  all  cli  uYi',  brini^  no  li)n/i:r  subjcft  to 
rffiny  'T  twoprniiy  pmt  r.HfS  at  lu'ieliforf. 

Ni-ivs|i)  .T*  not  havinc  pii'^td.  (tr  to  pi«,  tbrnniih  thcermral 
pisl,  |iul  «  'iM'li  arc  pnl  i'ltni  in]  ilclivt  red  fhr"t!):li  tbc  i  rnny  or  tun- 
Jhiiiiv  ]>.;%! of  aii>  city,  town,  or  td.icf,  will  l)t;  chirgt'd  IiZ/wLh  nil 

H-ii'ih  Cvhnitt  and  /'('.«f«fi(i»i«.— Prin'fd  newxpiper^,  dnly 
(•iiit|.fl.  iil.'ni-*!"!]  to  ai'V  f'f  his  Mije^iy'H  c^Ii'Imi"  anl  po-ni  s>  iMn* 
U\iiiil  sus  H'nt  by  his  Maji'siy's  ]  acki'lii,  will  be  forwardtd  tiifi.f 

fiin/'i'-"'  Ports. — III  tlic  fonitor  iin|trfssi!)ns  (if  this  work,  \vi^  lind  occnsion  to  point  nut  and  ronstiro 
tin'  nhji-rtimiMhli'  prMi'tifc  lh;i(  li;ni  Iciil'  prrvailn!  in  the  rd^t-otVii'i',  of  rkin*.'  out  tlir  s;iI:iri('M  (if  !h(» 
clerk*;  in  thf  t'orri^'ii  th'|i;irtiiH'iil  liy  alluv.  injr  tliiMo  |i>  cii-irirc  hrnvy  sums  on  the  iM-wspainTS  trruisniil- 
ted  to  ami  rrcrivt'fl  t*i»un  (nrrii'n  parl.-^.  To  siii-li  an  r.Mrnt  was  thi-^  prarticn  carrit  d,  liiat,  while  the 
(iniiiial  r"st  nf  a  diiilv  I.innhtii  |),!i'i'r  anioiiiitril  tprr\  loitsly  to  th''  late  rcilm-ti.in  nt*  the  Kt;iiMp-iIiity.) 
in  any  part  ol'  (Jn'Mt  Uriiiiin.  to  '.i/.  l,v.  ii  year,  it  (<  hi  hi  nut  he  had  a  I  Cahii-;  or  IloiiicLMh'  fur  h-^s  than 
1,1/.  .v.,  till' I'h'rK;^  ill  tin;  Post-ollirt' Iteinj.' ailowetl  l<>  chart'o  U.  \t*.  fur  Ihrir  troiiMc  in  ronvcyine  it! 
Till*  r<'0:;  clKiriri'd  on  till'  l-'rcnch  papers  hroitohl  to  Mni:Iand  were  siinii:ir.  It  is  not  cninLMou  fitr  to 
sny,  that  l!ii>;  prep()sti'rons  sy.-'iein  itpposed  a  fir  inori*  .-^rricM^  oli.<taf|e  to  the  dilVii-^inii  df  inh  llii:iMU'e 
tliiiM  any  I'lat  1*1. nhi  have  urown  oil!  oT  the  fears  and  cdiirts  nf  tlie  ino^t  arliitr.ary  ami  powerful  n:o- 
nnrrh<'.  I.mkily.  iiowever.  it  is  new  wlndiy  .ahnli^hed  ;  I'renrh  papers  hi-inj:  reeeivi'il  in  all  parts  t»f 
th'*  liihrd  KiML'dofn  on  jKiynient  (d*  '.*/.  of  pes!;io<',  and  Iiritish  papers  hein';  Iransinitied  to  all  parta  ' 
of  rrancc,  subject  only  to  a  chariie  of  I  e.  niiines  on  delivery.     The  re;riilationrf  are  lis  lollows  :— 


rrint-'l  ii(*«spap''r',  "'idy  stini|  i  d,  nddmssnl  to  the  luibTnu-n* 
tiniif.i  n.,jri!rii-i  ami  phc.s,  uny  im  forward* d  by  his  Maji\'  $ 
iVn/tli..;nl  charije,  viz.:— 

Pnrnns  A\TfS 

(.'olinnl  1,1 

(  aiacias 

('arthafteca 

Ilrii(nia 

li.ayh,  nr  St.  P- mi  1150, 

If  MMit  by  rrimtt  ihipft  It/,  each  must  be  jiaitl  nu  putting  them 
JDlna  )Mist  (llice. 

NV'vspipt-rs  piibli«hpl  in  any  of  tTio  afnrr  namr.I  ronntrira  and 
pbcis  bnniilil  l.y  his  Maji-nty's  packi-tM.  will  he  -blivi-rod  fri'p  of 
rl'\r;;f,  cxi--  pi  llinsf  from  Franrc,  whu  h  art'  liable  lo  |.J,7.  i-ach  on 
driivtiy  :  n  liOMi.'lit  hy  priv.'itf  ships,  thi'v  w  dl  In'  ■  bi'i;t!d  lil.  larh. 

rriiiVil  ii.-ns|Mpcn,'i!nly  stampcil.  an  ^nt'tit  by  hi'  Majesty's  pack- 
ets, or  ly  piUite  hhips,  to  other  foreign  couutriei  aud  placet  uot  enu* 


rtii.'ur^h 

liri'iitt'ii 

llctinuik 

Grifre 

Ciirfti,  and  Ionian  Islands 


mi'ratpd  in  the  prec'dinc  li-it.  nuiwt  luMharetd  i2'/.  eich  v\l;cn  put 
into  till'  post;  n'.•^^sp.n.t•r•^  fioni  siirh  cinntrii'H.  brnii^bl  iii'n  Ibft 
I'nitivl  KiPL'doni  by  hi'^  Maiciiy's  i».icliets,  or  ly  private  ships,  will 
be  rbarsfd  id.  each  np»n  d  \\t  ry. 

Ni-wrtpapcrs  intemlcd  to  bi- sent  cither  to  tbo  nrili^h  cnlonit*?  and 
posses- ions,  nr  to  firciun  jiart-;,  Hi'i'it  be  pu*  inio  tin-  pn>t  within  7 
days  after  the  day  on  w  hicli  thev  wen'  pttbiish-  <!;  and  forcl-fii  ikmv^- 
pil'crflnnist  be  priiiteil  in  Ihe  buii'tLii^e  of  the  coinitry  fi'ini  which 
they  Inve  been  (orwardtd.  thi  faduie  of  either  uf  the.  c  provibiuns, 
lliev  will  bechan;e,I  .as  letters. 

If  the  person  to  whfiin  a  iiew^paper,  fnuTi  the  nritlsh  rolonles  o* 
from  foreitrn  part?,  is  directed,  "ball  have  nntove  1  Inmi  ibe  iilace  »o 
which  snth  newspaper  shall  t»e  addressed,  pri  ir  to  the  dt-li very 
IhiTt'nf  at  the  place  of  its  adlress,  il  may  {provii'ttl  ii  h  «  not  Iven 
opened  or  nsi  d,  Imt  not  other"  ist).  be  ndiieited  ami  furwardid  to 
such  person  at  any  other  place  within  thel'ni'fd  Kiii'i.lnni,  fiee  from 
any  additioiiil  cbarife;  but  if  il  shall  have  been  opened  or  nsrl,  il 
will,  on  re*direcUoii,  be  charged  witli  the  rate  uf  a  siutric  letter  fruia 


334 


POSTAGE  AND  POST-OFFICE. 


;'  I 


i      .    I   . 


1  ! 


I      I    i 


I    f 


;  '<'•  : 


iii"ia*i 

m 

mm 

M>». 


.flill. 


the  p!ipe  at  which  it  shall  liave  been  re-directed  or  rcpostcil  to  the 
place  where  dLlivcret. 

Goicral  llixuItitionn.—AW  newspapers  forwardetl  liypnst  tiuist  lie 
sent  wiihnut  cnvers,  nr  in  rovert,  npeti  M  the  sides  ;  thty  are  ulher- 
wise  char::falite  with  posing**  as  Ifllers. 

Nuwspniers,  Hrilish  or  foreiKii,  containinjc  any  letter,  paper,  or 
thing  eni:Iof.e  '|  or  with  any  writing  or  marks  of  reference  or  infor- 


mation whatever  upon  tlieni,  or  upon  the  covers,  other  than  the  ail- 
ilrcss,  will  be  charged  wiih  treMe  the  duty  of  letter  pci»la(;e. 

Po«tiuaslers  are  authorised  ami  required  to  examine  .ind  search  nil 
newspapers,  to  prutecl  the  revenue  fnun  fraud;  and  tho  FobMuasit-f 
tlenenil  is  empowered  (jy  tlie  Act  of  Parliameut  to  proceed  against 
parties  atieuipiiiig  any  fnuds  upon  the  revenue  through  the  medium 
of  uewapapers. 


Twopenny  Post-Offick, — Bositlcs  the  General  Post-ofiice,  or  that  intended  for  the 
conveyance  of  letters  from  one  part  of  the  kingdom  to  another,  and  to  and  from  foreign  purtjj, 
letters  are  received  in  the  metropolis,  and  other  large  towns,  for  delivery  in  the  same.  In 
London,  those  letters  are  charged  2(1,  \  but  in  other  towns  they  are  only  charged  Id,  The 
limits  of  the  twopenny  post  extend  to  all  places  within  a  circle  of  12  miles  from  the  Genera! 
Post-odice ;  there  are  daily  several  deliveries,  and  the  esta!)lishment  is  extremely  convcniciii. 
The  'i'vvopenny  Post-ofllce  is  dependent  upon,  though  in  some  measure  distinct  from,  tln} 
General  Post-ofFice.  Its  principal  oilice  is  at  the  General  Post-oilice.  There  are  a  great 
nun^.her  of  receiving  houses  scattered  up  and  down  the  town  and  the  adjacent  country. 


The  cross  receipt  and  nett  revenue  derived  from  the  two-pennv 
j'dst  in  the  metropolis  iu  the  under-mentioned  years,  has  been  as  fol- 
lows :— 


Yean. 

Gross  Receipt. 

Clnrjo 
of  Cotlcction. 

Net  I  Revenue. 

If3l 

I. 

109.148 
II2,!h24 

L. 

45,425 
47,310 

L. 
63,723 
6:-.,414 

V  3,nh\'-  im  of  the  Two-Painu  Post-f>JJiee.— The  principal  ofllce 
.: .  '  neral  T  >8t-oftice,  St.  >lartiii'5-le-Cirand«  where  It  iters  may 
I  .  ';  ■  I  hour  later  at  each  despatch  than  at  the  receiving  houies. 
Foi  .  accommodatiounf  the  westeri?  part  of  the  metropolis,  letlei-s 
are  received  at  Hie  dtHce  at  Chariuk!  Cross,  corner  of  CraiKj's  Court, 
and  at  theolliee  In  Kesent  Stree'.  near  I*angham  Place.  1-2  hour  later 
at  each  despatch  than  at  any  of  the  other  n  ceiviug  houses.  There 
are  6  [leliveries  and  C  collections  of  kHiTs  in  London,  daily  ;  and  by 
a  recent  regulation,  the  7  o'clock  delivery  has  been  exlemled  to  all 
places  in  the  environs  of  London,  within  the  circle  of  3  miles  (rom 
the  Gener.il  Post-oflice  ;  and  most  of  these  jdaces  have  now  fj  deli- 
veries and  r»  despatches,  daily.  Most  other  parts  of  the  country  dis- 
tricts have  3  deliveries,  and  two  despatches  daily. 

The  following  are  the  places  within  the  3  mile  circle  that  h.7ve  5 
deliveries  and  ;*)  despatches  dailv  :— Camden  Town  ;  Dalston  ;  Hack- 
ney; Isliuslon  ;  Kent  RoJid  (Old)^  m  f^r  ^  f*!-  Marvde-Strand  work- 
house; Kennin^ton ;  Kentish  Town,  as  far  as  Mansfield  J'lace ; 
Kingsland  ;  Newiiieton  Dults ;  Penluuville;  ijliacktewelt;  Somers 
Tow-n;  Vauxliall  and  Walworth. 

The  foilnwni?  places  have  4  deliveries  daily  :— Baysw;\(er  ;  How  ; 
Brouiptoii,  Midillesex;  Hrftmley,  Middlesex  j'Caniberwell ;  Chelst-a; 
Little  Chelsea,  as  far  as  Church  !<aue  ;  HoUoway  ;  Highbury  ;  Ken- 
sington, Paddint^ton;  nnd  South  Lambeth. 

There  Is  an  extra  despatch  of  letters  fnim  the  last  mentirined  places 
in  the  middle  of  the  day,  ;ind  also  from  ("lapham,  Cl.ipton,  Ilamp- 
s'eal,  Uomerton.  Slnekwell,  and  Stratford.  Letters  forwarded  l,y 
thi-*  extra  despatch,  are  delivered  in  London  3  hours  earlier  than  those 
forwarded  by  (he  last  despatch,  and  in  most  paita  of  the  couutry  dis- 
tricts, they  are  ilelivered  the  same  night. 

Ily  conmiaml  of  the  I'ostmister  tieneral,  the  country  delivery  of 
this  rifiice  has  been  extended  to  a  circle  of  12  mi'esfroni  the  tieneral 
Prst-ollice.  The  places  tint  have  been  added  to  the  country  dislricte 
of  the  twnprMiny  post  by  this  extfiision,  have  al-o  a  de!i\ery  by  the 
General  Posb  Leiters  intended  for  that  delivery,  muat  be  put  into 
general  post-ofiices  only. 

The  time  I'V  wld'h  letters  should  he  put  into  'he  receivini;  houses, 
tr  the  principal  olfice,  for  each  delivery  of  the  day.  and  that  by 
\\  hicli  they  are  despatched  for  delivery,  arc  as  follows : — 

IxtUrs  qoiitg  from  07tc  Part  vf  the  Tuwn  to  another. 

If  put    into   tlie  re-     Or  the  principal  They   arc   sent   out 

ceiving  houses  by         otlire  by  for  delivery  at 

8  morning  9  morning  10  morning 

10      -  II       -  12      — 

12      —  I  afternoon  2  afternoon 

2  afternoon  3       —  4      —. 

6      -  6      —  7      — 

8      —  '      9      —  8  next  mnrrine. 

And  each  deliverj' should  be  cnniileted  generally  in  aloiif  I   1-2 

hoiir  after  thede^-palch  from  the  piiiicipal  olllce,  according  todis- 

taiiCe  and  number  ol  letters,  ^^c. 

From  London  to  the  Country. 
If  put    into  the  re- I  Or  tither   of   the  2>  They  are  flespatched 
ceivin?  houses   by  |      principal  olTices  by        from   tbe  latter  at 
b  morning  I      9  morning  10  iiioming 

2  afleriiooii  3  afleniouu  4  afternoon 

5      —  1      6       -  7       — 


To  places  having  but  2  deliveries  a  day,  letters  are  sent  ufT  at  ll.j 
above  hours  of  10  in  the  niorning  and  4  or  7  In  the  aflernoou.  >ii(h 
as  pf)  oir  at  10  are  delivered  at  noon;  those  at  4  are  deliven  1  M^ 
same  evening;  and  such  as  po  oir  at  7  are  for  delivery  early  n^x: 
nioniing.  To  places  having  oi.ly  I  post  a  day,  they  go  (dral  Id,  p.Li 
are  delivered  the  same  day  at  noon. 

The  deliveries  in  the  country  should  he  completed,  generally,  l,e- 
tween  the  hours  of  II  and  I  ;  between  6  aud  8  in  the  evening';  and 
by,  or  about  9  iu  the  morning. 

From  the  Cmiutry  to  iMmlon.— ](  put  into  the  post  in  time  far 
the  morning  despatch,  they  arrive  in  town  bet\\een  lUand  II  o\l-,,i;, 
and  are  sent  out  at  12  from  the  principal  otTice,  for  delivery  lit  nil 
parts  uf  Ixuidon.  If  put  in  fur  the  atlernoon  despatch,  ib*  y  .iir,\- 
bi  tween  the  hours  of  i>  and  6,  and  are  sent  out  at  7  for  deliuiy  tLc 
same  evening. 

From  ('jit  Pihi  of  the  Crftnitry  to  another.~U  going  frnni  nee 
part  of  a  ride  or  district,  to  another  pari  of  the  same  ride  or  diMnii, 
aiid  put  in  for  the  morning  despatch,  Ihty  are  deliverc^l,  lhr')i:±:i,  \\,t 
means  of  a  by. post  arrangement,  Ihesamediy  atnoon.  If  put  in  ti.rilie 
aflerno(Mi  desijatch,  they  are  delivered  the  siime  evening,  where, to 
evening  delivery  is  given.  If  going  to  parts  not  belonginir  in  the 
same  ride,  they  come  to  Umdon,  such  leltei^  put  into  the  pusi  T  riiie 
nioriiin^jdesn.itch,  are  delivered  in  thecounlry  the  same  evening,.',  hi  n 
an  evening  delivery  is  given;  if  for  the  afternoon  despatch,  the  inn 
morning,  wiiere  a  morning  delivery  is  given  ;  or  olberwiM-  at  uouu, 

.SVafnpj,— The  date  stamp  on  letters,  or,  if  there  be  more  than  f.i,*, 
that  having  the  latest  hour,  sliows  the  day  and  time  of  day  theytw^re 
despatched  for  delivery;  that  on  returned  letters  excepting:,  \vl,icti 
shous  the  time  they  were  returned  to  the  otiice  as  dead  lettei-s.  iVf 
sons  having  occasion  lo  coiiiplain  of  (be  delay  of  their  letters,  ire  re- 
ipu'stcd  to  transmit  to  the  superintending  prisiilent  the  covers,  mih 
a  statement  of  the  tiiiie  of  delivery,  as  the  date  and  stamp  will  asjisi 
materially  In  tracing  their  course-. 

Poita^c— The  postage  of  each  letter  or  packet  posted  at  any  niTlce 
within  a  circle  of  3  mites  from  the  Cjcneral  Post-oHice,  for  .U'iury 
at  any  place  within  that  limit,  is  Id.  To  or  from  all  pl.ice.%  Uyuiii 
this  circle  (being  Within  the  limits  of  this  oilice)  It  is  id. 

All  bevond  tlie  3  mile  circle,  and  wi:hin  the  12  nnle  circle,  mt 
3d.         ' 

Soldiers  and  Sailors.— Sin^k\e{ier8  /rom  nr /o  soldiers  and  saJbn. 
under  certain  restrictions,  pass  lbrou«hont  iMith  this  and  the  t'Liitral 
post,  or  either,  for  lef.  only,  if  paid  at  putting  in. 

A'l  ;>-ip'j;;fr.f.— Newspapers  posted  at  I^uJoii,  or  at  any  j-'ace 
within  the  12  ndle  circle,  (or  delivery  within  that  Imil,  are  ciuriij 
Id.  each  ;  but  ihey  pass  lo  or  from  the  General  t'oat  free  of  j.i>s!n§e. 

Litters  of  ^alve. — This  Otiice  is  not  liable  to  nnke  eool  thelo*j 
of  property  contained  in  letters.  But,  for  the  eriatt r  seiuniy  li 
such  properly,  it  Is  recommended  that  notice  of  it  1  c  u'lvt-n  ii'.he 
otiice-keepeis,  at  putting  into  the  [Mist.  This,  howcvrr.  wiih  tne 
exce[)tion  of  hank  or  other  note.'*,  or  drafts  payabli^  to  '.t.-irer,  which 
should  he  cut  in  baKes  nnd  sctit  at  twice,  the  liist  half  Iu  be  .tcknciw 
ledired  bi  fore  the  oilier  is  sent. 

irtigAf.— No  letters  or  packiges  exceeding  the  weight  of  4  oi 
can  be^sent  by  this  p(ist,  except  such  as  have  lirsl  pasM:d  by,  or  arc 
intended  lo  p.iss  by,  the  general  or  foreign  mads. 

Lrtterifor  this  Post  uot  to  be  put  into  the  General  Paft.—l.-Wm 
for  the  twopenny  post  are  sometimes  put  Into  the  general  ]fs\,  l,y 
w  bieh  they  are  unavoidably  delayed.  It  is,  therefore.  nTuniiiuDJej 
that  tl'sy  be  put  into  tl  e  iwi.penny  post  oflices  or  recn\,iig  h'l'.scs, 
that  they  may  be  regularly  fnrwarded  by  their  proper  cin\t  y.-uice. 

Lftttrs  not  to  he  delivered  /i/irli.— And  to  prevent  the  rn«ih;hiynl 
letters  being  surreptiiioustv  obtained  frrmi  the  otiice*  wlierc  |:iit  iu, 
ollicedu't'pera  are  strictly  ^prbidden  returmng,  to  any  pery^n  "lul- 
soe\tT,  Itttei-s  that  may  tie  applied  for,  under  whatever  tiriiinis'iiicw 
tin-  reco\ery  may  be  urt'ed.  This  is  moreo\(r  forhiddi-n  I;  'h'f-v 
lablisheit  pnnciple.  that  the  instant  a  letter  is  tonmiittL'-l  to  I'l.t  jwit, 
it  is  no  longer  the  properly  of  the  seniler. 


Post-office  Revenue, — The  projjfrcss  of  the  Post-ofTice  revenue  of  Great  Britain  has  hpcn 
very  remarkable.  Most  part  of  its  increased  amount  is,  no  douht,  to  be  ascribed  to  the 
greatly  increased  population  of  the  country,  and  the  growing  intercourse  amonu;  all  cla^- j 
of  the  community ;  but  a  good  deal  must  also  be  ascribed  to  the  ellbrts  made  in  tin*  early 
part  of  the  reign  of  George  III.  to  suppress  the  abuses  that  had  grown  out  of  the  privilcajc 
of  franking,  and  still  more  to  the  additituis  that  have  repeatedly  been  made  to  tht^  ratt's. 
We  believe,  however,  that  these  have  been  completely  overdone;  and  considering  the  vast 
importance  of  a  cheap  and  safe  conveyance  of  letters  to  commerce,  it  will  iminedialely  be 
seen  that  this  is  a  subject  deserving  of  gruve  consideration.  In  point  of  fact  the  post-iillice 
revenue  has  been  al/out  stationary  since  1814  ;  ihougli,  from  the  increase  of  popiiIatii>n  ami 
commerce  in  the  intervening  period,  it  is  pretty  obvious  that,  had  the  rates  of  postage  n 


m 


POSTAGE  AND  POST-OFFICE. 


335 


hi-  coven,  "til"  "'•'"'  ""  "'■ 
vlly  of  Idler  ixislaiit. 
red  lo  rjjmiiie  .iii'l  »c;ircli  nli 
n  fraud  J  anil  Iho  I'oi.'ma'.lii. 
'irlianieni  to  |iriici;e.l  anams! 
revenue  Ihrough  the  nicdiuiii 

it  intended  for  the 
1  from  foreign  inirls, 
ry  in  the  same.  In 
jr  charged  Id.  Tlie 
les  from  the  Gcricral 
stremt'ly  convenient. 
re  distinct  from,  llu; 
.  Tliere  arc  a  great 
jacent  country. 

1  day,  letters  are  scut  uir  a!  !'.; 
1  4  or  7  ill  the  afleninou.  >■;;!, 
;  those  at  ■!  are  didivin  1  !!• 
at  7  are  fur  delivery  early  in: 
wjladay,  tlieygoolVal  lu,:i.j 

lid  he  coiuplileil,  senrrail) ,  It- 
;u  6  aud  8  ill  llie  eveiiii^' ;  ii.J 

f  put  iuln  the  post  in  time  i  ; 
town  between  lUand  llo.l',;, 
jripal  ollice,  for  didivery  in  ii; 
■  atleriUHM  despaUh.  ihi  y  iir.i. 
ru  sent  out  at  7  for  dilmiytc 

lo  niwthtr.—lt  going  frnni  nr 
part  of  the  same  ride  ..r  ,li  m.  ; 

they  are  delivered.  11ip>i;;i,  iit 
[ame  day  at  noon.  If  piil  ii.  in!,.:  ' 
■id  the  saineeveninK.  "Iim  IE 
,g  to  [.arts  not  heloliflii-'  '"  'It 
.li  lettel-sput  into  the  P'-l  !■  i  lit 
icf  ouiilrv  the  same  eviiiin^,  ■  I,;  n 

ihe  afternoon  dcspalcli,  li,<-  i.vsi 
,'  is  given  ;  or  ollierwi^-  at  i/  lj. 
vn,  or,  if  there  be  more  t!.,m  ■■, 
he  day  and  lime  of  day  lii.v  .  .  • 
clurnBl  letters  except  i,.-,  »l,    . 

lo  the  office  as  dead  lell,■l^.  I-: 
f  the  delay  of  their  lelU-rs,  in  i,- 
iiding  presiilent  Ihecr.vei.,  «.•. 

as  the  date  and  stamp  «  ill  d^i-; 

■Iter  or  packet  posted  at  any  nlTicf 
b  General  Fosl-olliee,  h.r  .!i'i..'. 
il.    To  or  from  all  pl.ice.  li;  i.; 
of  this  ollice)  it  is  Jc(. 
d  wiihin  the  12  mile  circl.',  |  v. 

ers  froniOT  fosnldievsanl  sul  i'. 
imhout  iMilh  this  aud  the  pcnuiMi 
at  putting  in. 

,1  at   I.oiidon.  or  .at    any  f'"n 

.ry  within  that  liii  il,  arecliiriid 

the  General  I'osl  free  of  iiiMaje. 

,t  liable  to  make  good  Ihek-i 

„,i.  f i.r  Ihe  grialir  ^rHlrlU■  .'f 

lliLil  notice  of  it  be  sivin  tiihe 

II, St.    This,  howev.r.  Willi  the 

drafts  pavaWf  In  'laier,  ivliirli 

ice,  the  iiibt  halt  lo  be  .ickiitiw 

ciceeding  the  weiglit  of  4  M. 
,  as  have  lirsl  pas-id  by,  or  in 
iireigii  mails. 

t  iiito  the  Henrrnl  Pcist.—Unm 
cs  put  into  llie  general  |nsl,  W 
i.  Il  is,  therefore.  n'culmiit-uile4 
post  oHices  or  receiMUg  l.'i'st!, 
:d  liy  their  proper  cmiveyiiKf. 
And  lo  iireventthernssilidilyot 
il  from  the  ollire«  wliere  |iut  ill, 
returning,  to  any  peryn  "hi|. 
ir,  under  »■halevercirc1lln^llllca 
is  moreover  forbidden  !■  dufs. 
Idler  is  coininille.1  to  tl.e  l»il, 
■nder. 

reat  Britain  has  been 

0  be  ascribt^l  to  the 
irsc  amonp;  all  cIu'-'j 
rts  made  in  tl.e  early 

1  out  of  the  privilege 
In  made  to  tlu^  rates. 
Iconsiderinsi  the  vast 

i,  will  immediately  be 
bf  fact  the  post-ollice 
hae  of  population  and 
!  rates  of  postage  n 


been  so  hich  as  to  force  recourse  to  other  channels,  the  revenue  must  have  been  decidedly 
rrreater  now  than  at  the  end  of  the  war.  Were  the  rates  moderate,  the  greater  despatch  and 
seeiiritv  of  the  post-ollicc  conveyance  would  iiinder  any  considerable  number  of  lelters  from 
belli"  sent  through  other  cbarmels.  But,  in  the  estimatiiin  of  very  many  persons,  the  present 
duties  more  than  countervail  these  advantages;  and  the  number  of  coaehes  that  now  pass 
between  all  parts  of  the  country,  aud  the  facility  with  which  the  law  may  bo  evaded,  by 
transmitting  letters  in  parcels  conveyed  by  them,  renders  the  imposition  of  oppres.sive  rates 
of  postage  quite  as  injiuious  to  the  revenue  as  to  individuals, 

'i'lie  "■m-s  produce  of  the  post-ollice  revenue  of  Great  Uiitain,  exclusive  of  Ireland,  in  the 
under-incnlioned  years,  has  been  as  follows : — 


r: 


Veir«. 

Duty. 

Years. 

Uuty. 

Years. 

Duty. 

Years. 

Duly. 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

1722 

201, em 

1810 

1  ,fi75,076 

1828 

2,0 18,0 12 

1832 

2,03 1,603 

IT.'iS 

110,01)3 

1814 

2,00-i,9^7 

1809 

2,(l-i.l,tl8 

isas 

1775 

3i^,ni 

1820 

l,9il;f,'*S.'J 

1830 

2,(l.Vt,T2l) 

1831 

2.070.509 

1793 

74.'),238 

1825 

2,100,390 

1831 

2,001,334 

1833 

2,107,077 

1800 

1,083,950 



The  progress  of  the  Scotch  branch  of  tlie  post-odice  revenue  has  lieen  quite  extraordinary.  In  1093, 
Sir  lloliert  Sinclair  of  Stephunsmi  hnil  a  "rant  froni  Williiun  HI.  of  its  entire  proiliice,  with  an  e.\tra 
allinvunce  of  .300/.  a  year,  on  conilition  of  his  keepini;  tip  the  post;  1ml,  after  trial,  he  alianilotu'd  the 
umiertaking  as  disadvantageous.  In  1709,  the  Scotili  post-ollice  revenue  was  under  2,(111(1/. :  ils  amotiiit 
in  1835  was  209,207/.  ;r''''.''S  and  107,988/.  nell ;  haviiii,'  increased  nearly  a  liiindrni  fold,  in  lilUe  more 
tlian  a  century!  In  1781,  the  (ilasuow  post-olHce  produced  only  4,311/.  U.  '.hi.,  wliile  its  revenue  Is  at 
present  nearly  40,000/.  \—iStu,rk's  Picture  of  Rdinburgh,  p.  144 ;  Clcland's  Slalinics  of  GUu^i'ir  ;  t'inuiice 
Book  for  ISai,  &c.) 

The  expenses  nf  collecting  the  post-office  revenue  amount,  at  an  nverajro,  to  from  21  to  ."^O  per  cent, 
on  the  gross  receipt.  In  1835,  they  were,  fur  Great  Urilain,  582,509/.,  lieiii!;  at  the  rate  of  iiliout  27^- 
pcr  cent.  After  all  deductions  on  account  of  collection,  (iver-()ayinenls,  drawhacks,  &c.,  tin;  tutiil  nett 
pavinents  into  the  excheiiuer,  on  account  of  the  po.st-oflice  revenue  of  tiieat  IJritain,  in  1!!3j,  iiinonnled 

Tile  liritish  post-office  is  admitted  on  all  hands  to  he  manaeed  with  great  intelligence,  lliit  there 
are  several  departments  in  which  it  is  believed  that  a  consideralde  savin;!  of  expense  miolit  be  cllected. 
In  1835,  the  packet  service  cost,  freiu'hts  deducted,  .57,919/. ;  and  the  mileage  to  mail  Clinches,  and  the 
paytnenls  to  jjiiards,  tolls,  &c.,  amounted  to  about  90,0(10/.  The  conveyance  of  mails  in  ('aniula,  iNova 
Scotia,  and  Jamaica,  was  an  item  of  above  12,07i/. ! 

There  may,  in  all,  lie  about  3,000  persons  employed  in  the  carriage  and  distribution  of  letters  in 
Great  Uritain  only  ;  besides  about  180  coaches,  and  from  4,000  to  5,0tl0  horses. 

Account  of  t!ie  Gross  Raceipt  of  the  Tost-odice  Revenue  at  the  following  Cities  and  Towns  in  l':33, 

1831,  and  1835. 


Places. 

Years. 

Places.          1 

i 

Years. 

1833. 

1831. 

1S35. 

1833. 

18.14. 

IS33. 
/..       J.   d. 

i 

r..      1.  d. 

/..        t. 

d 

/..        .. 

rf. 

/,.       J.  .i. 

L.       J.   rf. 

London  • 

642  171     0    7 

660,111  11 

4 

664.l!-9    5 

2 

Prcs'O'i  • 

.6,190    8  11 

5,146    8     6 

r.,2.10     1     8 

2S,8I4    4    0; 

21).2:->.S     1 

7 

3U..;02    1 

11 

Shetii  Id 

11,5S2  16    2 

11,7,^.9  16     4 

I22li     4     8 

Brislol    • 

33,212  13    SI 

3,1210  17 

8 

31.710    4 

6 

Edlnhurijli 

4  ,S61  16    0 

41,6-0    6    0.'. 

41,"  "i9    4     \i 

C'.ventiy 

4,3-,7     S  lOi 

d,l2l     2 

4,il3  la 

4 

Abor.Ieeu 

S,4-,9  12     I 

^,-*6  15    a 

!:,V-d     9     9 

Hull      • 

I4,S53  19    91 

U.K'.S  ll 

1 

|-..2in  17 

1 

Dundee 

7,9fl4     8    2,S 

S,l(2  18  ll' 

^.-W    6    b 

heels     - 

2l,3ai   18    0' 

20,6:O    6 

b 

22,12  11 

|l 

(ih.*;;o\v 

3vl,-<l     0    3 

3(...4>i3    3    5 

3'. 9  4     4    6J 

Wces'er 

6  !39    9    .1 

6,4'-3    6 

b 

6,710  14 

4 

Unbliii  - 

69,006    9     8 

70,314     1     1 

ti',i..-i2  12  II 

Liverpool 

74,OJiO  11     1 

77,313     1 

4 

W,o39     1 

3 

Belbu^l  - 

9,4.7  13  II 

10312    1     9 

111,971    17  10 

Miccl.sfiidd      • 

l,9.-i5    2    r, 

2,1  SI  10 

2 

2,0->3    2 

tl 

Coik     - 

11,721   10  11 

I2,,';i6  12    8 

13,UJ2    5    0 

Minciiester 

5C.2S7  16  11 

60.621   12 

6 

61.373    7 

8 

Limerick 

l,9d,i  14     3 

2,010  15     -. 

b  '..2>  16    7 

Nrrivich 

9  766    6  11 

9,liSS  18 

0 

9.o'i7  10 

3 

Unigbela 

6.;l,>7    ti     1 

6,'.(i7    2     0 

2,li".7  IS    5 

1  Noiiiii?tiam 

9,368    7    II 

9,1  M    2 

4 

9,097  13 

1 

l»iid.'n:ery    - 

3,r.l0  19  10 

3,ti3l    2    8 

3,7:18  19    7  1 

rolterios  &  New- 

1 

Waterturd 

u,361     1     2 

5,339  12    7 

6,334    4  11  1 

cislle  (Staff.)  - 

6,8i8    7    81 

6.m\  11 

9 

7,t06  10 

6 

7mA  Post-nffice. — The  most  gross  and  ■?.'andalous  abuses  were  long  prevalent  in  every 
department  of  the  Irish  post-oflice.  The  commissioners  of  Hevcnue  Inijuiry  exerted  them- 
selves to  abate  the  nuisance  ;  but,  as  it  would  appear  from  the  evidence  of  the  Duke  of  Kich- 
moTid  before  the  committee  of  the  House  of  Commons  on  public  salaries,  without  much 
elfect.  His  Grace,  however,  laboured  with  laudable  activity  and  zeal  to  introduce  .something 
like  honesty,  order,  and  responsibility  into  this  department.  The  gross  revenue  of  the  Irish 
post  ollice  p.mountcd,  in  1835,  to  245,665/.;  the  expenses  of  collection  were 'JG,C38/,;  and 
the  nett  payments  into  the  exchequer,  133,300/. 

{Postnrre  of  Letters. — We  stated  in  our  last  Supplement  that  it  was  probable  that  the  Post- 
otficc  regulations  with  regard  to  the  po.stagc  and  transmission  of  letters,  would  siieedily  be 
placed  on  an  entirely  different  footing;  and  in  that  anticipation  we  have  not  certainly  been 
disappointed.  It  was  obvious,  indeed,  to  any  one  at  all  acquainted  with  what  has  been  going 
on  for  these  few  years  past,  that  the  late  rates  of  postage  could  not  be  much  longer  main- 
tained. The  fact  that  the  Post-oflice  revenue  had  continued  nearly  stationary  during  the 
twenty  years  ending  with  1838,  notwithstanding  the  vast  increase  in  that  period  of  popula- 
tion and  of  the  intercourse  between  the  different  parts  of  the  empire,  was  a  conclusive  proof 
that  the  rates  of  postage  had  been  carried  to  a  vicious  excess ;  and  that  in  the  arithmetic  of 
the  Post-office,  as  well  ns  of  the  Customs,  two  and  two,  instead  of  always  making  four, 
sometimes  make  only  one.  The  effectual  reduction  of  these  rates  was,  therefore,  urgently 
required,  not  only  because  of  the  importance  to  a  commercial  and  manufacturing  connnunity 


.*■ 


■i 


[li—" 


■  \ 


J 


330 


POSTAGE  AND  POST-OFFICE. 


{ i 


I  <;  ■ 


(    ! 


i 


•» 

ir 

■JKM 

in* 


of  having  the  chargn  for  the  conveyance  of  correspondence  fixed  at  a  moderate  amount,  but 
because  it  was  all  but  certain  that  moderate  rates  of  postage  would  be  more  productive  of 
revenue.  It  did  not  however  follow,  that  because  an  average  charge  of  Id.  or  l^d.  each,  on 
all  letters  conveyed  by  jjost,  was  very  decidedly  too  much,  that  an  invariable  charge  of  \(f.^ 
whether  the  letter  were  conveyed  1  mile  or  1,000  miles,  was  the  jirecise  limit  tliat  should  be 
adopted  !  This  was  to  rush  from  one  extreme  to  another,  and  to  endanger  a  considerable 
amount  of  revenue  without  any  equivalent  advantage.  It  must,  no  doubt,  be  admitted  th:it 
the  proposal  for  a  uniform  penny  rate  of  f)ostago  had  many  recommendations  in  its  favour. 
Being  calculated  at  once  to  obviate  trouble  and  save  expense,  it  could  not  fail  to  be  accept- 
able (what  reduction  of  taxation  is  not  ?)  to  a  large  portion  of  the  public,  particularly  to 
persons  engaged  in  business.  We  believe,  however,  that  the  scheme  was  more  indebted  for 
its  popularity  to  the  oppressiveness  of  the  old  rates  of  [)ostage  than  to  any  intrinsic  merits  of 
its  own.  Had  t  lese  been  reduced  four  or  five  years  ago  to  a  reasonable  amount — that  is, 
had  letters  of  I  oz.  weight  coining  from  Scotland  or  Ireland  to  London  been  reduced  to  fir/., 
and  other  letters  in  proportion,  and  mercantile  circulars  been  allowed  to  pass  under  covers 
open  at  the  ends  at  \i].  or  2f/.  each,  we  venture  to  say  that  the  clamour  for  a  utiiform  nie 
of  penny  postage  would  not  have  made  any  way.  But  in  this,  as  usually  happens  on  similar 
occasions,  those  who  delay  to  make  reasonable  and  necessary  concessions,  at  the  outset,  are, 
in  the  end,  compelled  to  concede  a  great  deal  more  than  would  at  first  have  been  satisfactory, 
This,  at  all  events,  has  been  eminently  true  in  this  instance.  The  clamour  for  a  unitlnm 
penny  rate  became  too  powerful  to  be  resisted  ;  and  parliament,  whether  it  were  so  incliiii'd 
or  not,  was  obliged  to  lend  its  sanction  to  the  meastire.  'J'he  act  2d  and  3d  Victoria,  cap. 
53.,  for  regulating  the  duty  on  postage,  did  not  indeed  enact  that  the  charge  for  conveying 
letters  of  a  given  weight  should,  in  all  cases,  be  reduced  to  \d. ;  but  it  was  introduced  for 
the  avowed  purpose  of  enabling  the  Treasury  to  takt  the  necessary  steps  to  bring  the  ctriiii,'c 
about  with  the  least  inconvenience  to  all  parlies.  In  this  view  it  gave  the  Treasury  power 
to  alter  and  reduce  the  rates  of  postage,  without  reference  to  the  distance  which  letters  may 
be  conveyed,  according  to  the  weight  of  the  letters,  and  not  to  the  number  or  description  of  their 
enclosures:  it  also  gave  them  power  to  adopt  such  regulations  as  they  might  think  expcdiem 
as  to  stamped  covers  or  envelopes;  to  susiieiid  pailiaiiieiitury  franking,  <Sic. 

In  virtue  of  the  powers  so  conveyed,  the  Treasury  have  issued  regulations  by  which  all 
inland  letters,  without  regard  to  the  number  of  enclosures  or  the  distance  conveyed,  iirovided 
they  be  paid  when  posted  or  despatched,  shall. 

If  not  oxceediii!;  .'  o/..  weiulit  In;  rhari'eil  \il. ;  1  o/.  2//. ;  2  oz.  •\il.  ;  ."?  oz.  f^l. ;  anil  po  on.  27.  lieinu  tnlil.'il 
tor  every  i'clililionul  ounce  up  to  Ki  u/,.,  IjeyomI  wliicli,  willi  tlie  t'ollowing  exceptions,  no  iKulat, 
whether  snhjeet  to  po^la^'e  or  nni,  is  reeoivecl : — 

1.  I'arlliinientary  pc:tilioiis  iuul  iulilresses  to  lier  Majesty. 

2.  I'lirlianuMitary  procoeilinsrs. 

'i.  I.eliers  and  paeU(!ls  aildressed  to  nr  received  from  places  beyond  sea. 

\.  LrUers  and  parkels  to  and  Iroio  puhlic  tleparlniunls,  and  to  and  from  public  officers  that  foniicrl>- 

franked  by  virtne  of  tlieir  oiiic;es. 
5,  Dreds  if  sent  o|ien.  or  in  covers  opiMi  at  the  sides.     They  may  X-m  tied  with  strin!»  aiirl  pi.;il,.(l, 
ill  order  to  proveni  inspeciion  of  l!ie  Cdiitenls,  Imt  they  murfl  be  open  at  tlie  sides,  lliat  ii  muy 
be  seen  that  tliey  are  eiitilled  to  the  privib'^i;. 
With  these  exceptions,  all  packets  above  the  weight  of  IC  oz.  will  be  'inineriiately  forwarded  to  the 
Dead  Letter  Otfice. 
Hilt  all  letters  not  paid  whon  t!:ey  are  pnsti'<l  nr  despatched  are  cliarjred  double  tlie  above  rules. 
All  p  ulianienlary  and  oificiil  frankioK  has  been  put  an  end  to;  but  members  of  <nther  lidiise  nf 
parliament  are  entitled  to  r.'eeivi!  p^.tiiions  to  parliament  free;  of  charge,  provided  such  petitions  lit 
(ieiit  ill  covers  open  at  the  en  Is,  and  do  not  exceed  0  oz.  weiylit. 

.\.  li.  Till'  n!.Mil.ili,ins  as  t  )  the  poslaijc  of  foreiL'ii  letters  depend  to  a  considerable  decree  on  tlic 
varyinj.'  rejiiilalions  of  forei^'.i  slates,  and  could  not,  therefore,  he  advantageously  noticed  in  this  [ilace 

An  important  part  of  the  new  plan,  suggested  by  Mr.  Hill,  of  enclosing  letters  in  stamped 
envebnics,  has  not  vcc  come  into  operation.  But  it  is  in  a  forward  state;  and  when  it  i.s 
carried  into  ellect,  it  will,  by  allbrding  an  opportunity  for  purchasing  envelopes  beforehand, 
obviate  the  trouble  that  is  now  occasiimed  by  the  payment  of  letters  when  they  are  po.sted. 

Such  are  the  more  prominent  features  of  the  new  system  ;  and  none  can  deny  that  it  has 
the  rc.'oinmendations  of  simjilicity  and  cheapness  in  its  favour,  and  that  it  will  greatly  faci- 
litate correspondence.  But  it  may  notwithstanding  lie  doubted,  whether  its  adoption  was 
expedient.  It  is  no  doubt  very  convenient  for  merchants,  bankers,  middlemen,  and  retail 
dealers  to  get  letters  for  Id,  that  previously  cost  them  Id,  or  7^^/. ;  but  their  satisfaction  is 
not  the  only  thing  to  be  attended  to  in  forming  a  fair  estimate  of  the  measuie.  The  public 
exigencies  require  that  a  sum  of  above  fifty  millions  a  year  should  be  raised,  one  way  or 
other ;  and  so  long  as  we  are  pressed  by  an  unreasoning  necessity  of  this  sort,  it  is  not  much 
to  say  in  favour  of  the  repeal  or  diminution  of  any  tax,  that  those  on  whom  it  fell  with  the 
greatest  severity  are  dcghted  with  the  reduction.  Sugar  has  in  England  become  a  neces- 
sary of  life ;  and  its  consumption,  to  say  the  least  of  it,  is  quite  as  indispensable  to  the  bulk 
of  the  people,  and  especially  to  the  labouring  classes,  as  the  writing  of  letters.  But  would 
it,  therefore,  be  a  wise  measure  to  repeal  the  duty  on  sugar,  or  to  reduce  it  to  Is.  acwt. !  It 
has  been  alleged,  indeed,  that  taxes  on  the  transmission  of  letters  are  objectionable  on  prin- 
';iplc,  and  should  therefore  be  repealed,  independently  altogether  of  financial  considerations  I 
But  it  is  easier  to  make  an  allegation  of  this  sort  than  to  prove  it.    All  taxes,  however  im- 


•    I 


POSTAGE  AND  POST-OFFICE. 


337 


}rate  amount,  but 
)re  productive  of 
.  or  7 Ml.  each,  on 
l)lc  charge  of  Irf,, 
nil  that  should  be 
»er  a  considerable 
,  be  admitted  thiit 
ions  in  its  favour. 

fail  to  be  accopt- 
lic,  particularly  to 
more  indebted  for 
intrinsic  merits  of 
1  amount — that  ia, 
en  reduced  to  Cxi,, 

pass  under  covers 
for  a  uniform  rate 
happens  on  similar 
,  at  the  outset,  are, 
3  been  satisfactory, 
lour  for  a  uniform 
it  were  so  inclined 
1  3d  Victoria,  cap. 
arge  for  conveying 
was  introduced  for 
[)  bring  the  clrmge 
he  Treasury  power 

■  which  letters  may 

■  descrijition  of  their 
>ht  think  expedient 
:c. 

ations  by  which  all 
conveyed,  providcil 

o  on.  27.  iKiinL'  miIiI.'iI 
xcui>tions,  no  iiutlii'l, 


officers  tliat  forinerl;- 
1  striii!?  ini't  srtil'il, 

.\e  sillL'!i,  lllilt  il  IHUy 

tcly  forwardi'tl  to  the 

he  Bhove  rates. 

of  oillier  licnise  of 
ed  siieli  i)i.'liti,ius  liu 

>riihle  decrt'C  on  llit 
loliced  in  lliis  iilacc 

letters  in  stamped 
and  when  il  is 
jlopes  beforehand, 

they  are  posted. 

;an  deny  that  it  has 

it  will  greatly  liifi- 

its  adoption  was 
dleincn,  and  retail 
heir  satisfaction  is 
isuie.  The  public 
raised,  one  way  or 
sort,  it  is  not  much 
lom  it  fell  with  the 
id  become  a  ncces- 
ensable  to  the  bulk 
letters.  But  would 
it  to  Is.  acvvt.  T  It 
cctionable  on  prin- 
:ial  considerations  1 
taxes,  however  im- 


posed, if  they  be  carried  (as  was  the  case  with  the  old  rates  of  postage)  beyond  their  proper 
limits  are  objectionable ;  but  provided  these  be  not  exceeded,  we  have  yet  to  learn  why  a  tax 
on  a  letter  should  be  more  objectionable  than  a  tax  on  the  paper  on  which  it  is  written,  on 
the  food  of  the  writer,  or  on  lifty  other  things. 

It  has,  however,  been  contended,  that  in  this  instance  there  will  be  no  loss  of  revenue, 
and  that  the  increase  of  correspondence  growing  out  of  the  reduction  of  the  postage  will  be 
so  vast  as  fully  to  balance  the  reduced  rate  of  charge.  'I'hat  there  will  be  a  very  large  in- 
crea.se  in  the  number  of  letters  posted  is  abundantly  certain  ;  but,  we  apprehend,  it  will  fall 
far  short  of  this.  Notwithstanding  all  that  has  been  said  about  the  furor  ncribendi,  we  be- 
lieve that  letter-writing  is  generally  looked  upon  as  a  duty  rather  than  a  pleasure ;  and  it 
does  not  follow,  when  the  expense  of  postage  is  reduced,  that  the  occasions  for  writing  letters 
are  proportionally  increased.  The  period  since  the  new  sy.stem  was  introduced  is  much  too 
short  to  allow  of  any  fair  estimate  being  formed  of  its  results ;  though  we  believe  i'.iat,  in  so 
far  as  the  experiment  has  been  tried,  it  has  not  realised  the  anticipations  of  its  more  sanguino 
advocates. 

The  following  statement  of  the  probable  results  of  the  new  system  was  dra<vn  up  before 
it  was  commenced.     Perhaps  it  w'll  turn  out  not  to  be  very  wide  of  the  mark. 

The  total  gross  receipt  of  the  Post-office  revenue  of  the  United  Kingdom,  deducting  over- 
charges and  returned  letters,  amounted,  in  1837,  to  2,339,739/. :  the  expenses  of  the  esta- 
blishment for  the  same  year  amounted  to  681,259/.,  leaving  a  nett  revenue  of  1,658,480/. 
It  is  afniost  needless  to  say  that  there  is  no  probability  whatever  that  the  expenses  of  the 
Post-oflice  will  be  lessened  by  the  rale  of  postage  being  reduced  to  \d.  On  the  contrary,  it 
is  all  but  certain,  from  the  greatly  increased  number  of  letters,  that  theseexpenseswillbe  very 
materially  increased.  Supposing,  however,  that  the  Post-office  expenses  remain  constant,  it 
will  require  the  enormous  number  of  163,502,160  penny  letters  annually  to  pass  through 
the  Post-office  to  defray  the  coat  of  the  establishment;  and  no  fewer  than  561,537,300  such 
letters  would  be  required  to  prevent  any  loss  of  revenue.  Hut  hough  the  number  of  letters 
passing  through  the  Post-ollice  under  the  penny  rate  may  be  fairly  expected  to  exceed  the 
first  of  these  amounts,  it  is  probable  that  a  pretty  long  period  will  elapse  before  it  comes  up 
to  half  the  second. 

Taking  the  return  published  by  the  Postage  Committee,  of  the  number  of  letters  passing 
tlrough  the  Post-oliice  in  the  week  ending  with  the  22d  of  January,  1838,  for  a  basis,  it 
r.mcars  that,  in  the  course  of  a  year,  the 

General  post  letters  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  amounted,  under 

the  old  system,  to  -----  .    48,915.62-1 

Penny  post  letters  --....       7,320,093 

London  twopenny  and  threepenny  letters   -  -  -  .     12,058,800 

Franked  or  privileged  letters  .....       6,390,204 


Total  letters 


74,714,720 


Now  the  question  is,  what  will  be  the  annual  increase  in  the  number  of  letters  sent  by 
post,  under  the  new  or  penny  rate  ?  All  answers  to  this  question  must,  of  course,  be  nearly 
hypothetical ;  and  the  following  is  precisely  of  this  description : — 


OH  System. 
General  post       -  -  .  -    48,945,624  letters  per  annum 

Add  fur  nrobalde  amount  of  those  sent  l ,,  „..  ,..(, 
clandestinely  -  -  -  -  i  "'"''*'^'° 

Total  ...     60,000,000 

Penny  post  letters  ...      7,320,092 

I,ondon  twopenny  and  threepenny  letters  12,058,800 
PrivlleRed  letters  and  packets  same  as  at  present 
New  classes  of  adverli.sers,  circular  letters,  &c. 
Increase  ia  cunimeruial  travellers'  letters 


JVeio  System. 


Supposed  increase  on  general  post 
letters  2i  t'mus  ... 


Supposed  increase    2}  times 
Supposed        -  .  . 


say 


1 150,000,000 

10,000,000 

-  30,000,000 

-  7,000,000 

-  60,000,000 

-  10,000,000 

267,000,000 


Which,  at  Id.  per  letter,  would  produce  a  gross  revenue  of  1,1 12,500/. ;  from  which  de- 
ducting 080,000/.  for  expenses,  there  remains  a  iiett  revenue  of  432,000/.,  being  more  lliuii 
1,200,000/.  under  its  late  amount. 

But  it  is  material  to  observe  that  the  falling  ofF  in  the  revenue  will  not  be  .so  great  as  this, 
inasmuch  as  a  very  considerable  number  of  letters  exceed  ^  oz.  weight.  The  facility,  undei 
the  new  system,  of  transmitting  small  parcels  by  post,  instead  of,  as  formerly,  by  mail,  has 
made  great  numbers  of  them  be  so  conveyed  ;  and  their  postage  will,  in  so  fiir,  contribute  to 
increase  the  amount  of  revenue.  It  appears  from  the  parliamentary  papers,  No.  129,  session 
1840,  that  the  total  number  of  letters  passing  through  the  Post-office  in  the  Uniterl  Kingdom 
during  the  week  ending  the  24th  of  November,  1839,  when  the  old  system  was  in  force,  was 
1,585,973;  and  that  tlie  number  passing  through  the  Post-office  in  the  week  ending  the 

Vol.  II.— 2  F  43 


f.'i^: 


**= 


«»«= 


31  .t 


:*^- 


338 


POSTAGE  AND  POST-OFFICE. 


'  i 


(l»«« 


lOMT 


< 


S3d  of  February,  1840,  under  the  new  system,  was  3,199,637,  being  an  inereaso  of  about 
double.  But,  as  already  stated,  the  new  system  has  been  too  recently  introilured  to  allow 
of  its  being  subj'n'ted  to  the  test  of  experienee.  tSix  months  will  bo  necessary,  even  after  the 
country  bus  been  saturated  with  envelopes  and  stamps,  to  enable  a  fair  experimental  esti- 
mate to  be  formed  of  its  merits.  It  may,  also,  be  certainly  anticipated,  whatever  be  the 
amount  of  the  Post-ollicc  revenue  under  the  new  system  at  the  outset,  that  it  will  increase 
with  the  rapidly  increasing  "onnnerce,  wealth,  education,  and  population  of  tlio  country. 
But  that  does  not  show  that  the  new  plan  has  any  peculiar  merit;  the  revenue  would  lnuc 
increased  under  any  reasonably  well-contrived  system.  All  taxes  on  arli/les  in  general  u.^e 
are  sure,  provided  they  be  not  excessive,  to  increase  with  every  increase  of  population  and 
wealth. 

Had  there  been  a  surplus  revenue  of  one  or  two  millions,  the  loss  that  will  bo  occasionrd 
by  the  a(loi)tion  of  the  new  jiostage  system  would  have  been  of  less  im}iortance  ;  thinigli, 
if  we  estimate  the  loss  at  a  million,  it  may  be  matter  of  doubt  whether  it  would  not  have 
been  more  advantageous  to  have  repealeil  those  duties  that  bear  hard  on  the  great  branchos 
of  national  industry,  as  those  on  glass,  raw  cotton,  &c.  But  the  reduction  has  been  forced 
upon  the  government,  when  the  revenue  is  uneiiual  to  the  expenditure,  and  when,  conse- 
quently, the  deficiency  that  it  will  occasion  must  be  otherwise  jjrovided  for.  We,  however, 
incline  to  think  that  by  a  judicious  reduction  and  modilication  of  some  of  the  more  ()|i()res- 
sivc  and  imj)olilic  duties  that  still  continue  to  disgrace  our  tarilf,  the  whole,  or,  at  all  events, 
the  greater  part  of  the  existing  deticiency  in  the  revenue  may  be  made  good  without  the  im- 
position  of  any  new  tax,  and  without  adding  any  thing  to  any  one  of  the  existing  taxes, 
Any  proposal  for  a  new  tax  to  meet  the  deficiency  occasioned  by  the  falling  oil"  in  the  I'ost- 
oUice  revenue,  will  not  tend  much  to  increase  the  [)opularity  of  the  unil'orm  penny  sv.sicm, 

The  abolition  offraidiing  is  a  very  great  improvement.  Franked  letters  were  giMieniliv 
addres.-;e(l  to  those  who  could  best  allbrd  the  exjiense  of  postage,  and  who  tiuis  e.sciiped  a 
burden  that  fell  with  its  lull  weight  on  their  less  opulent  and  less  known  neighbours. — .SWy;,] 

ITxiTED  Statics. — We  siilijoin  an  areoiint  of  the  number  of  post-oliicos,  tlic  extent  of  jiost  ronils 
the  rates  of  postage,  &c.  in  the  United  Hiatus. 


llj.OUO 


'  bp  cli.irsc'l  Willi  ninre  tliin  (iliadniple  pist.i^e,  milers  its  \veii;Iii  ei- 
.  Q-.      ct'i'.is  I  ounce  ;lvi)ir,l»lKii3. 
2,i\j7  .       'I'lit-'  posl.iee  on  sliip  Iftd'rs,  tf  delivered  al  thr  nnirp  \vI:oii  (lie  v«. 
3g'  lOfi     '"'  "'■'■''•■"i  '"  8  "^""'^  i  ''  >:""vc)ad  by  \ua\,  2  ctnis  in  aiklilion  lo i|,( 
■  ,',,,     ordiri.iry  pP3t;<(re. 

"'  '  "  I  Atwujafiei- l\.fta^e.—Vnre:irh  neivspippr,  nnt  cnrriitd  out  of  tie 
St.ile  ill  which  il  ij  puhlishcd,  or  if  larimj  cul  of  llit  Slate,  lim  |,,]i 
cairiftl  over  100  niiUa,  1  cfiil. 

Over  100  miles,  and  out  of  the  State  in  which  it  !;<  piililialitil  1 12 
cent. 

Mai(nzma  ami  Patnifiltix.—U  piiMisl.cl  periodically,  tlii'^^ce 
not  excecdiii'  I'  0  milts,  I  I-i  cent  per  slust. 

—      over  ICO    —     i  ii        — 
If  not  pub.  period,  distance  uot  exceed 'ii?  '  TO  :  ilts,  4  rts.  per  sheet 
—  over  1  0    —      G        _ 

Sm.all  pamphlets,  coiitaiiiins  not  nmm  than  a  1-2  slire!  rovil.are 
charijcd  with  IJ  the  a'love  rates.  E'lrlit  pa.res  ijtiariti  are  rale4  u 
oiii  sfncl,  and  all  other  sizes  in  the  sui  f  pKFpor'i'.ti. 

'ill''  iimiiber  "f  sliieln  in  a  paiitphlet  sent  t'V  iinil  Must  he  ririritpi 
or  written  on  one  of  the  outer  pages.  When"  the  niuiptjer  of  slux:j 
is  not  truly  stated,  d-niMe  posta|;e  is  char;»ed. 

Kverv  tliiii.:  not  cniin?'  nnder  the  deiiouiinatiou  cf  newsiispenor 
pamphlets  is  charged  willi  letter  postage. 


Post-o^fts  and  Piistasc 

Pa6t-ofRces  in  1700       7,5  ;  e.vtent  of  jiost  roads  in  miles 

—  I.sOO      (103  -- 

—  ISIO  2.30'}  — 

—  It-JO  4.'>00  — 

—  \b'29  !^,004  — 

Rates  of  Postage. 

For  Singh'  Lettert,  coinpaial  of  One  Piece  of  Paper— 
Any  distance  not  e-ceeiliii»    30  miles,    ti    cen's. 
Over   30,  and  not  exceeding  ^0    —      10        — 

—  SO  —  ISO    —      12  1-2  — 

—  I'lO  —  •luO    —      IS  3-4  — 

—  400  miles  •  -  -   2.)        — 

Double  letters,  or  those  composed  of  2  pieces  of  paper,  are  cliarged 
with  double  the  above  rales'. 

Triple  letters,  or  those  composed  of  3  pieces  of  I'aper,  ars'  charged 
with  triple  the  alKive  rates. 

Qu.idruple  letters,  or  those  composed  of  4  pieces  of  paper,  are 
chari;ed  with  niiadnipt !  the  above  late*. 

All  tetlM's  weighing  I  ounce  avoirdup'iis,  or  more,  are  charTed  at 
the  rate  of  single  postage  for  each  1-4  of  an  ounce,  or  <iiiidrnple 
postage  for  eacii  ounce,  ;*.c*-ording  to  their  weight  j  and  no  letler  can 

Account  of  the  Postage  received  at  tlie  Post-ollieea  of  some  of  tlin  principal  Towns  of  the  Uniteii 
Slates,  daring  the  Year  ended  the  31sl  of  March,  1832. 


Towns. 

nollars. 

Towns. 

D.Hirs. 

New  Vork     .... 
Philadelphia  .... 
Hostoii            .... 
Baltimore      .... 
New  Orleans. 
Charleston     .... 

ICn,!r;) 
IC'.WK) 
62.2-1) 
54.W3 
27.2-3 
20.423 

Richmond      .... 
Cinrir.niti      .... 
Savannah        .... 
rillsl.nrgll      -               -              .               . 
Albany            .... 
Angnsti         .... 

|s.7li 

1  \>m 

1 1,278 
I:t,7n3 
I3,1»K1 
n,444 

The  post-master  general  of  the  United  Slates  stated,  in  a  U.'tter  to  a  cnniinlt'ee  of  Heitale,  lOllinf 
May,  l^•'^3,  that  it  was  aliiuist  of  daily  orcnrrenre,  that  ti  ton  weight  of  newspapers  was  eaiiiel  in  oiio 
mail  for  hundreds  of  miles  together.  'I'he  total  posl-otliee  revenne  of  iIk!  I'nited  Slates,  in  the  year 
ended  the  31st  of  Marcli,  1832,  ainoiinted  to  1,171,371  dollars;  of  which  the  newspaper  iin.stafc'o  iiuile 
about  251,000  dollars. — (Jimeruan  Jltiiianac  for  1834.) 

[The  niiinlier  of  Post-otlioes  in  the  United  States,  on  the  1st  of  Rtay,  1810,  was  13,376. 
The  revenue  of  the  I'ost-ollice  deiiartinent  for  the  year  ending  the  3t)ih  Jane,  183s,  was  .Sl,'335,077(r 
The  expenditures  were  .-..  -....      4,1)21,637 16 


Excess  of  expenditures,  ---.... 

This  t  \ee3s  was  made  up  by  surplus  funds  of  preceding  years. 
The  revenue  of  the  year  ending  on  the  30tli  of  .Iiine  last,  was 
The  engugenients  and  liabilities  of  the  de|iartment  for  the  same  year,  were 

Excess  cf  engagements  and  liabilities,  ..... 


3.';fl,75910 

^i.t7r),fi3?;iij 

'1,1)21,11(611 


li7,4;9-3 


POST-ENTRY,  POSTING. 


330 


inorPiise  of  aliout 
iitroilu(-cil  to  allow 
iHuiy, oven  after  tlie 

•  exii'T'"*''"'"'  ''^''■ 
I,  wliiiK'vor  bo  the 
hat  it  will  iticrcase 
1011  oi"  the  country, 
meiuie  would  have 
ides  in  Reiu-ral  u.se 
;  ol'  populiitioii  aiiil 

it  'vill  1)0  occasionrd 
iiil>ortaiu-t' ;  thou'^h, 
it  woulil  not  have 
1  the  great  lirunclics 
:ioii  has  been  tbrred 
>,  anil  when,  consc- 
lor.  ^Ve,  however, 
of  the  more  oiiprcs- 
lole,  or,  at  all  events, 
good  without  the  im- 
f  the  existiiii?  taxes. 
Uing  olV  in  the  Post- 
ifonn  penny  svsieni. 
■Iters  were  i;>'ii<'i"..l!y 
who  thus  o^ealle(l  ;i 
1  neighbours^. — .Sup.. 

c  extent  of  i)osl  roails, 

lie  p"stAgp,  unless  its  ivfi^lu  ti. 

ivcrpil  .It  llii'  oflice  wl.eii  the  v.'*. 
by  |ii«t,  I  ceiils  in  aiWilion  to  Ui( 

lert'sf.ipp'',  not  carri»:.t  out  of  '1/ 
c.irucJ  out  ol  llic  stale,  liul  i.',> 

ite  in  which  it  is  puWislunl  1 12 

iiiililisl.e'l  periixlicilly,  distatc; 

IMTSl.LSl. 

■eJ'n;  '  TO :  ill  s,  I  rt>.  [ler  >;,:cv 
over  1  0    —     l)        — 


ninre  thin  a  I 

•2  (ihret  mv->'.  r-. 

1          : 

Eiu'ht  ]ir\xc^ 

lunrto  are  rate  i  ji 

kM 

iiu  1-  |ii..|«>i'i 
IrlM'tit  I'V   11 

lil  iimstl>epr::ilpl 

^mi 

,.     When  111 

:  mUiibiTof  slitia 

B^9 

tint  :!.■.!. 

•  .i.iiuHiiuntioii  of  iii:w5|n|ier!  or 

^^t^ 

il.ise. 

W^ 

,1  Towns 

of  tlic  United 

p 

11, Urn. 

li 

l».7iT         ; 

ll,-'78 
l:i.7fl8 

13,l«i3           1 
11,«4           1 

1 

Tihlo  of  Mail  Service  for  the  1st  of  .Tiilv,  1S3«,  and  llie  Finanrpg  of  the  Posf-Offlce  Department  for 

the  Veiir  emiiiii!  the  Willi  of  June,  183a, 


lit'ee  of  Hieiiato,  Ifltlinf 
lper>:  was  cariii"!  in  onf 
Titeil  JSiati'^.  ill  Hk?  S''" 
liWSiiaiiiT  iKislago  iiwilc 


las  l3.aT6. 

Il83s,  was  .JI.'^M.nTVO: 

■  .      4,Ml,83:it) 


3.^0,75910 

$l.lTI),()3?'.'iH 
■1,IW1,117»1) 

.       U7 ,479-30 


Slates  .-inil  Territories. 

Mail  .Service.*                                   1 

Finances  of  the  Fott-llllice  Uepartnicul.             1 

Length 

of 

Routes. 

Annual  Tn 

St.iBc  an^l 
Cmcii. 

nsport-ation.                   ] 

Letter 
I'oslige. 

Newspa- 

pei-s  and    | 

Pamphlets.^ 

Compenia- 

lion  of 
rustiiiaBters. 

Net!  Amount 

of 
PosMge. 

Horse  and 
Sulkey. 

Sleaiillio.lt  . 

aii>l 
Railroad. 

Total. 

Miine- 

New  lI-"ip>lliro 

3,420 

216,164 

6S7.nss 

. 

'.1(13.252 

fl,89,in9'27  A19,573-3.) 

;j.  33,570-20 

D.  67.855-77 

2,  Ml 

121,121 

7.'>2,7.)b 

. 

90,i.8>i0 

46,52011.       8,472-04 

19,62'<-99 

33.255-01 

2,3s.S 

KI12 

861,1)04 

950.7I6 

f0,955-90      10,ll)7'll 

112,784-71 

3T.615-.54 

4,413 

H,Wl 

i,v>9.2;o 

274,6tit 

1,918,748 

268,457  86      31,939'55 

liO,499-8-l 

2IT,K-i5-44 

2711 

ll.2:U 

6S,6»2 

79,921 

33,477-65        4.344-21 

7,169-21 

2-,.8l269 

:M34 

101,624 

611,416 

29.120 

745,160 

90.977-:r,i     14,01,3'53 

29  7nO-il|l 

(.8.2)0-2.1 

New  ^'(-rk 

li.llU 

9.11, 600 

3,|-.l,-24 

.5i2,::(W 

4,645.-'<4 

82»,6'M-92,     77,720-9-< 

155,517-50 

665,2.4-87 

2.1V) 

aiS,l36 

42S,324 

1611,314 

912.804 

53. 145-09:      7,37692 

17,461-49 

41,911-82 

lO.ti'l.') 

U''1,41X 

2,0>9,412 

176,172 

3,247.332 

391,797-20,     63,r.!'Sl 

77,482-,5i 

331.380-44 

ti07 

27,111 

140,712 

24.232 

192.088 

11,1 53-47  i       2,250-55 

5.010-32 

8,227-07 

1  .Mirviiirl 

l,70H 

26^,372 

273,46: 

136,96- 

678,K)8 

131,061-24      1.3,01-41 

21,1199-82 

lll.78^-,l8 

, 

. 

. 

. 

. 

40.755-15        2,747-23 

.5,454-11 

-22.8|s.3(i 

1  Ohio    - 

10,1  it 

92.'.272 

l,41t,60S 

32.032 

2.368,912 

244,139-19      4l,391-!-() 

78,'<IO-59 

185,5.7-72 

10,2-)3 

!'06,SS0 

943,3S-I 

113,303 

1,9&1,572 

181,270-(!5      2S543-38 

56,899  66 

131.M3-1I 

637'. 

6,l-,214 

t08,496 

• 

1.416,740 

6,-',563  35      11,642  12 

2S2 17-56 

49.354-58 

1  .Stiulh  CaniiiiiA 

4,147 

42-.,7.'4 

6117,984 

92,924 

l,12(i,6;12 

111,007-93      10,26.-85 

22,3i3-55 

91.924-31 

]  Genriria 

6,2.'iO 

6!'H,27ci 

77><,12S 

• 

1,366,404 

I.57,412-I4i     18,373-52 

36,991-35 

122,684-.5» 

1  Floridi 

2,764 

53,  00 

84,916 

109.301 

247,520 

23,625-3f 

1,«6I-00 

7,232-75 

18.000-91 

1  Michigan 

3,371 

277,3I!,S 

327,704 

23,236 

621,368 

62.444-34 

9,427-91 

21,078-60 

41,078-95 

1  Indi.Tna           • 

6.SII7 

.I-*  1,0 18 

7 19,0 -.6 

1,300,101 

77.713-12 

12.357-76 

30,9 10- IS 

53.256-81 

.   IllillillS 

B,^!- 

3(l>i,01  I 

l,ir.i.i>72 

37,908 

1,574,994 

81,017-80 

10.792-27 

28,544-11 

69.642-94 

I,';77 

I36.44S 

11-.,1S( 

. 

2  i  1,628 

1.1.312-32!       1,412-15 

4,565-20 

9,860-79 

MisMiuri 

4.-.J2 

37.1,361) 

314.163 

, 

687,528 

fiS,199->i:      6,1.75-84 

14,588-26 

41,136-91 

Keiitucliv 

7,009 

616,516 

752,801 

230,880 

1,630,200 

114.801-69      14,346-75 

32,270-47 

8.5.I89-.56 

Teiin*9see 

6,'lli 

689.4!  6 

769,5  IS 

66,141 

1,5J5,10;' 

101,872-31 !     13,.'3>-34 

33,699-85 

73,61S-.57 

6.2'i,'< 

697,112 

66ti,84! 

58.S11 

1,422,301 

151,0,57-33      13  2,38-02 

32,99206 

118.713-06 

4,726 

S6S.776 

3I.1,76- 

188,240 

1,070,781 

81,-84-32        8,399-96 

22,552-74 

62.690-15 

Aikausas 

2,737 

331,968 

152,672 

184,610 

I3.30H..,6        1.77307 

6,146-M 

9,409- It 

I/iuisiana 
'  Iinva    .            .            • 

.  ''1" 

207,376 

15,340 

1        110,552 

333,268 

153,138-70       4,341-05 
370-56             4919 

10,938-79 
131-16 

131,51  1-49 
2»S-20 

Caii.aJa 

Total 
Compensation 

•      - 

1     ■          - 

• 

44,814-13        4,S2V-34 

10,494-19 

3?,845-44 
2,966,823-49 

IS4,81S 

11,573,918 
/).  831,028 

20,,593,192 
1.989,792 

2,413,092 
410,4S8 

34,5'-0,2U2 

3,770,125-24    458,737-73 

933,948-11 

3.131,308 

' 

♦  Kxrliisivn  of  the  cnnveyanoe  of  letters  and  newspapers  by  stcainhnats  on  Long  Island  Sound, 
and  I.:il<i'>  t-rii',  Huron,  and  .Mirliiiran,  iiiiiler  the  5tli  and  titli  sections  of  the  act  of  1825,  the  airiiregate 
leiiiiih  of  whi-h  is  aliout  1,'22!)  miles,  and  the  aiiiount  paid  for  which  is  alioiit  $16,000  for  the  year  [ire- 
ceilhii;  the  l.-^l  of  .Inly,  1838.— .4hi.  Ed.] 

POST  EXTRV.  When  goods  are  wcished  or  measured,  and  the  merchant  lias  got  aii 
account  thereof  at  the  Custom-house,  and  finds  his  entry,  already  made,  too  small,  he  must 
make  a  poal  or  additional  cu/ri/  for  the  sur|)lusago,  in  the  same  manner  as  the  Hist  was 
done.  As  a  merchant  is  always  in  time,  prior  to  the  clearing  of  the  vessel,  to  make  his  post, 
he  should  take  care  not  to  over-enter,  to  avoid  as  well  the  advance,  as  the  trouble  of  getting 
back  the  over|iliis.  However,  if  this  be  the  case,  and  an  over-entry  has  been  made,  anti 
more  }iaid  or  bonded  for  customs  than  the  goods  really  landed  amount  to,  the  land-waiter  and 
surveyor  must  signify  the  same,  upon  oath  made,  and  subscribed  by  the  person  so  over  en- 
tered, that  neither  he  nor  any  other  person,  to  his  knowledge,  had  any  of  the  said  goods 
over-entered  on  board  the  said  shij),  or  anywhere  landed  the  same  without  payment  of  cus- 
tom; which  oath  must  be  attested  by  the  collector  or  comiitroiier,  or  their  deputies,  who 
then  compute  the  duties,  and  set  down  on  the  back  of  the  certificate,  first  in  words  at  length, 
and  then  in  ri.;ures,  the  several  sums  to  be  paid. 

POSTINfi.  travelling  along  the  public  road  with  hired  horses,  and  with  or  without  hired 
carri,ic;e.-^.  Duties  are  charged  upon  the  horses  and  carriages  so  hired. — (For  the  duties  on 
the  latter,  see  vol. '.  [).  3,")1.)     The  duties  on  ])ost  horses  are  regulated  by  the  4  Geo.  4.  c.  fi2. 

Duties.— V.vi-ry  post-master  to  pay  .'i.s.  annually  for  a  licence,  l-'nr  every  lierse,  mare,  or  {.'elding, 
let  fur  hire  liy  tlw  iiiih',  I  l<l.  fur  every  mile  ;  if  let  In  go  no  grralcr  dislaiiee  than  8  miles,  l-.5th  pail  of 
tlic  ?iiin  i-liariri'd  for  such  leltiii!;,  or  l.s. '.W.;  if  let  ti  go  no  greater  distance  than  n  miles,  and  not  to 
liriiiL'  liiick  any  person,  nor  deviate  from  the  usual  line  of  road,  l.s-,  ;  if  let  for  any  time  less  than  28 
siicii'ssive  (|-i>  s,  or  in  any  other  inaiiiier  than  liy  the  mile,  or  to  go  no  greater  dislance  than  8  miles,  in 
either  ciise.  l-jili  part  of  the  sum  cjiariied  on  every  such  leltiiitr ;  or  the  sum  of  '2..-.  (></.  lor  each  day 
not  cxceeili'i!.'  .i  days  ;  and  the  sum  of  \.-.,  i),/.  for  each  day  e.xceeding  3,  and  not  e.vceeding  13  d.iys  ;  and 
the  stun  ef  I,-.-.  3(/.  lor  each  day  e.xceeding  13,  and  less  than  28  days.  If  let  for  US  successive  days,  or 
fur  any  loiiL'-r  iieriod.  and  returned  in  a  /(•.«  period  of  time  than  tircvlij-ii^hl  successive  days,  and  not 
csrli;iii:.'ed  fur  another  horse,  mare,  or  iri-lding,  in  continiialion  of  the  same  hiring,  l-.'ith  part  of  the 
sum  ii'.'rcc!  to  he  received  for  such  letliiiL',  or  the  siini  of  •i.*.  (i(/.  for  each  day  not  exceedini!  3  days; 
and  tin-  stun  of  I.--.  '.'./.  for  each  dav  e\i-eeiliiii;  3,  tiiid  not  exceeding  13  days  ;  and  the  stun  of  l.s-.  3i/.  for 
cuili  iliv  I'M-oeilim:  13.  and  less  than  ■2-"  days,  dtiritig  tile  lime  every  such  horse,  <S«.c.  shall  have  been 
under  the  direciion  of  the  person  hiring  the  same. 

Till!  iliilii  s  im|iosed  hy  the  ait  do  not  extend  tn  horses  used  in  slaio  or  hackney  coaches  duly  li- 
ccnseil ;  nor  to  any  mourning  coach  or  hearse,  where  the  same  is  hired  to  go  no  greater  distance  Ihan 
10  miles  fniiii  'reinple  Dar;  nor  to  any  carl  or  carriage  kept  for  the  conveyance  offish. 

Perseus  letting  any  hotse,  mare,  or  gelding,  for  lure,  withont  licence  from  llie  commissioners  of 
Blir  OS,  are  siiliject  to  a  penalty  of  10/.  i\o  (ii  .t-masler  to  keep  more  than  I  horse  hy  virtue  of  1  li- 
cence, iiniler  a  penally  of  10/. ;  tliid  the  words  lircnral  to  lei  liorsen  for  hire  to  he  painted  in  legilile  cha- 
riiclcrs  on  llhi  front  of  their  houses,  under  a  penalty  of  a/.  Postmasters  are  to  give  security  liy  bond, 
rcnnwalde  lit  the  expiration  of  3  years.  The  cominissioiiers  or  collector  of  stamps  to  furnish  blanie 
ticktlf  and  ceriijicales  to  postmasters,  and  eicUanpe  and  elierk  tirhcis  to  the  toll-gate  keepers  :  the  former 
Cfliilaiiiing  the  name  and  abode  of  the  post-master,  the  nninher  of  horses,  whether  let  for  a  day  or 
lonser  pi'ri'.il;  the  latter,  the  name  of  the  toll-keeper,  tl"'  place  where  he  lives,  and  llle  places  the 
horses  hired  are  going  to.    VVlieii  horses  are  returned  within  the  period  for  which  they  were  hirevl, 


^ 

^ 

i 
^ 


3 


.«" 


340 


POTASH,  POTATOES. 


■(■ 


■   I 

1 

^'(Amm 

mmm 

.  i  1' 

mtmi~ 

»'»■ 

■1  '■■ 

««: 

I    ! 

IB* 

■turn 

■ '.!  ! 

■    IMW 

!■:>'  ;. 

'"Wsi 

i    ■',''" 

^WMcn 

\U 

IIWT 

'!IIIIK3 

Hi; 


-If 


!  ; 


■41  ■' 


'C 


check  tickets  are  to  be  delivered  np  to  the  collector  ;  penalty  20;.  Improperly  ustnif  a  check  ticket  sub- 
jects to  a  penalty  of  50/.  Travellers  are  to  deliver  up  their  tickets  at  the  first  toll-gute,  and  to  ask  for 
and  receive  the  necessary  exchaii)!o  and  check  tickets  in  return. 

LettinfT  of  Duties  to  farm. — ThecoininissinncrR  of  stamps,  by  authority  of  the  Lords  of  the  Treasury, 
are  autiiorised  to  let  the  post-horse  duties  to  farm  for  any  period  not  longer  than  3  years,  either  in 
whole,  or  divided  into  divisions  or  districts.  Tlie  biddings  are  conducted  under  regulations  issued  by 
the  commissioners  ;  at  least  a  month's  notice  being  given  of  the  time  and  place  of  letting  the  duties. 
The  highest  bidder  being  preferred,  must  forthwitli  execute  a  contract,  and  give  bond  with  three  or 
more  securities  for  payment  of  tlie  yearly  rent  contracted  for  at  the  head  olhce  of  stamps  in  equal  por- 
tions by  ei^At  several  annual  payments.  Tlie  coniniissionurs  have  also  the  power  to  appoiiit  u  time 
for  making  a  deposit,  and  tlie  amount  thereof;  and  in  case  any  bidder  fail  of  making  such  deposit,  or 
of  executing  a  proper  contract  and  giving  security,  tlio  duties  to  be  again  put  up.  Unties  not  to  be 
farmed  by  persons  licensed  to  let  post  horses. 

An  Account  of  the  Produce  of  the  Duties  on  Posting,  in  each  of  the  Eight  Vears  ending  the  1st  of 
January,  1833. — (.Pari.  Paper,  No.  COO.  ISess.  183U,  and  Annual  finance  Jlccounts.) 

d.  £       sTdTl 

4  Year  ending  1st  of  Jan.  1830  -      252,772    2    H 

5  1831  -       2-20.357  12  10 

0  la32  -       231,863    3    4 

4  1833  -       215,008  10    5 


£  s. 
232,051  2 
239,375  19 
225,861  5 
238,858    0 


POT.\SH  (Du.  Po/«.v/fe ,.  Fr.  Potasse  .■  Ger.  Poltnsche  ,•  It.  Pokmsa ;  Pol.  Potasz  ,• 
Rus.  Polasch).  If  vegetables  be  burned,  the  ashes  li.vivnted,  and  the  solution  !)oilud  to  dry. 
ness  in  iron  vessels,  the  mass  left  behind  is  the  pofmh  of  commerce — the  impure  carbonate 
of  potass  of  chemists.  It  is  intensely  alkaline,  solid,  and  coloured  brown  by  the  admixture 
of  a  small  portion  of  vegetable  inflammable  matter,  which  generally  becomes  moist.  When 
potash  is  calcined  in  a  rcverbcratory  furnace,  the  colouring  matter  is  destroyed,  it  u.s.sum(.'s  a 
spongy  texture,  and  a  whitish  pearly  lustre ;  whence  it  is  denominated  peiirl-iis/i.  The  lat- 
ter generally  contains  from  60  to  8.3  or  84  per  cent,  of  pure  carbonate  of  potass. — (See  vol.i, 
p.  29.) 

The  ashes  of  those  vegetables  only  which  grow  at  a  distance  from  the  sea,  are  employed 
.  I  the  manufacture  of  potash.  Herbaceous  plants  yield  the  largest  portion,  and  shrubs  more 
than  trees.  It  is  principally  manufactured  in  America,  Russia,  and  Poland,  the  vast  forests 
of  which  furnish  an  inexhaustible  supply  of  ashe.s. 

Potash  is  of  great  importance  in  the  arts,  being  largely  employed  in  the  manufacture  of 
flint  glass  and  soft  soap,  the  rectification  of  spirits,  bleaching,  making  alum,  scouring  wool, 
&c.  At  an  average  of  18.31  and  1832,  the  entries  of  pot  and  pearl  ashes,  for  home  con- 
sumption,  amounted  to  188,477  cwt.  a  year.  Of  228,757  cwt.  imported  in  1831,  169,891 
cwt.  were  brought  from  the  British  possessions  in  North  America ;  15,835  from  the  United 
States  ;  the  remainder  being  almost  entirely  furnished  by  Russia.  The  ashes  of  the  United 
States  are  the  purest,  and  bring  the  highest  price. 

The  prices  of  pot  and  pearl-ash  in  the  London  market,  in  December,  1833,  were  as 
under  : — 


£  s. 

d.      £  s. 

d. 

Canada,  pot,  1st 

-  1     4 

6  too    0 

0 

pearl,  1st      - 

-  I     5 

0  —  0    0 

0 

United  States,  pot,  ftrf. 

-  0    0 

0  —  0    0 

0 

United  States,  pearl,  bd.- 
Kussia,  do.  do. 


£  s.   d.     £  s.  I 

•  1    4    0  to  0    0  0 

1    3    0  — I    5   0 


Ashes  from  CanoJa  are  duty  free  ;  those  from  Russia  and  the  United  States  pay  a  dutyof  6.s.  acivt, 

POTATOES  (Ger.  Karfoffeln ,-  Du.  Aardappelen  .•  Fr.  Pommes  de  terre  ,■  It.  Patak, 
Pomi  di  terra ;  Sp.  Patatas  manchegas ,-  Rus.  Jabloki  sen  unile)  the  roots  of  the  Solanum 
tuberonim,  of  innumerable  varieties,  and  too  well  known  to  ''iquire  any  description. 

1.  Historical  Notice, — The  potato,  which  is  at  present  to  be  met  with  everywhere  in  Eu- 
rope, and  forms  the  principal  part  of  the  food  of  a  large  proportion  of  its  inhabitants,  was  en- 
tirely unknown  in  this  quarter  of  the  world  till  the  latter  part  of  the  16th  century.  It  is  a 
native  of  America,  but  whether  of  both  divisions  of  that  continent  is  doubtful. — {Huinhuldt, 
Nouvelle  Expa>rne,  liv.  iv.  c.  9.)  Some  authors  affirm  that  it  was  first  introduced  into 
Europe  by  Sir  John  Hawkins,  in  1545  ;  others,  that  it  was  intro>'uced  by  Sir  Francis  Drake, 
in  1573  ;  and  others,  again,  that  it  was  for  the  first  time  brought  to  England  from  Virginia, 
by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  in  1586.  But  this  discrepancy  seems  to  have  arisen  from  contbund- 
ing  the  common,  or  Virginian  potato  (the  Solanum  tuberosum  of  Linnajus),  with  the  .sweet 
potato  (Cunvoluulus  battatas).  The  latter  was  introduced  into  Europe  long  before  the 
former,  and  it  seems  most  probable  that  it  was  the  species  brought  from  New  Granada  by 
Hawkins.  Sweet  potatoes  require  a  warm  climate,  and  do  not  succeed  in  this  country ;  they 
were,  however,  imported  in  considerable  quantities,  during  the  16th  century,  from  Spain  and 
the  Canaries,  and  were  supposed  to  have  some  rather  peculiar  properties.  The  kissing 
comfits  of  Falstaff,  and  such  like  confections,  were  principally  made  of  battatas  and  cringo 
roots.  On  the  whole,  we  are  inclined  to  think  that  we  are  really  indcl)ted  for  the  potato 
(as  well  as  for  tobacco)  to  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  or  the  colonists  he  had  planted  in  Virginia. 
Gerarde,  an  old  English  botanist,  mentions,  in  his  Herbal,  published  in  1597,  that  he  had 
planted  the  potato  in  his  garden  at  London  about  1590;  and  that  it  succeeded  there  as  well 
as  in  its  native  soil,  Virginia,  whence  he  had  received  it.  Potatoes  were  at  first  cultivated 
by  a  very  few,  and  were  looked  upon  as  a  great  delicacy.     In  a  manuscript  account  of  the 


Iiousrl 

[iiwd 

ineiitin 

pxtcnsi 

1084.1 

were  [i 

tiavo  io 

I'ota 

qunntil 

of  Vou 

furni.shi 

Pofal 

in  tlie  (1 

at  Edin 

The 

I      years. 

as  great 

in  Engl; 

J      previous 

*      arc  now 

:      the  IrisI 

India  soi 

been  int 

common 

or  4,000 

these  reg 

introduce 

portion  o 

of  the  tas 

it  has  hn( 

kind.— (1 

on  the  St, 

iii.  pp.  4G 

Hitiluri/  o 

2.  hiji 

People. — 

number  ol 

coniiiared 

the  pro])or 

Young,  1 

Newcnhai 

potatoes  a 

Popuhitiu, 

posing,  ho' 

the  dilferci 

land  piantc 

potatoes  in 

is  equal  to 

point  of  nil 

produce  of 

480  lbs.,  gi 

of  potatoes 

however,  Ik 

is  better  ads 

lor  the  pota 

here,  "an  a 

an  acre  v.f  ; 

It  is  clear 

ing  country 

could  have 

whether  an 

be  desirable. 

effects— pro( 

stances  insej 

advantageoui 

hardly  be  sai 

excuse  us  foi 

2f2 


POTATOES. 


341 


iheck  ticket  Biib- 
le,audloask/«r 

of  the  Treasury,     l 
1  years,  eillier  in     | 
ilalioim  Usiieil  by 
eltiiig  the  iliilies, 
mil  Willi  three  or 
nips  in  eiiiial  por- 

to  iippDiiil  a  time 
g  giicli  ilepiiait,  or 

Uulica  not  to  be 

emllng  the  1st  of 

£  TdTl 

252,772  2    8   i 

iiO.rol  12  10   j 
231,8ti3    3    4 

215,008  10    5   I 

!;     Pol.    PotaSZ; 

ion  boiled  to  dry- 
impure  carbonate 
by  tbe  ail  mix  lure 
Rs  moi>it.  When 
)yRj,  it  assumes  a 
irl-dslt.  Tlie  lat- 
)tass.— (See  vol.i. 

sea,  are  employed 
I,  anil  shrubs  more 
id,  the  vast  t'orcsts 

10  manufacture  of 
im,  scouring  wool, 
ACS,  for  home  con- 
1  in  1831,  109,891 
S5  from  the  United 
shes  of  the  United 

cr,  1833,  were  as 

£  s.  d.  £  s.  I 
1  4  0  too  0  0 
1    3    0  —  1    5   0 

yndutyof6.s.  acwt. 

tene;  It.  Pntnle, 
ots  of  the  Sulaiium 
description, 
everywhere  in  Eu- 
ihabilants,  was  en- 
,  century.     It  is  a 
itful. — {HatMdt, 
•st  introduced  into 
Sir  Francis  Drake, 
and  from  Virginia, 
len  from  cunlound- 
is),  with  the  sweet 
le  long  before  the 
New  Granada  liy 
this  country ;  they 
■y,  from  Spain  and 
[ties.     The  kissing 
battatas  and  eringo 
Jted  for  the  potato 
[lanted  in  Virginia. 
1 1597,  that  he  had 
leeded  there  as  well 
,  at  first  cultivated 
•ipt  account  of  the 


liouseholil  oxpcnsea  of  Queen  Anne,  wife  of  .Tamos  I.,  who  died  in  lOlS,  nnd  wliioh  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  written  in  1013,  the  puii'hase  of  a  very  small  (luantity  of  potatoes  is 
mentioned  at  the  price  of  3,«.  a  j)ound.  The  IJoyal  Society,  in  l(!(i:}.  reeommeiided  the 
extension  of  their  rultivalion,  as  a  moans  of  prevenlinu:  famine.  IVcvionsly,  however,  to 
IfiSl.  thev  were  raised  only  in  the  gardens  of  the  nobility  and  gentry ;  but  in  that  year  they 
were  plaiited,  for  the  drat  time,  in  the  open  fields  in  Laueasliire, — a  county  in  wliiih  they 
have  long  been  very  extensively  cultivated. 

Potatoes,  it  is  commonly  thought,  were  not  introduced  into  Ireland  till  10 10,  when  n  small 
(iuantily  was  sent  by  Sir  Walter  Kaleigh  to  be  planted  in  a  garden  in  his  estate  in  the  vicinity 
of  Vouglia!.  Their  cultivation  extended  far  more  rapidly  than  in  England;  and  have  long 
furnished  from  '.;  to  ;!  of  the  entire  food  of  the  people  of  Ireland ! 

Potatoes  wore  not  raised  in  Scotland,  except  in  gardens,  till  17'-i8,  when  thoy  were  planted 
in  the  open  fields  by  a  person  of  the  name  of  Prentice,  a  day  labourer  at  Kilsyth,  wlio  died 
at  Edinburgh  in  1792. 

The  extension  of  the  potato  cultivation  has  been  particularly  rapid  during  the  last  40 
years.  'I'he  (piantity  that  is  now  raised  in  Scotland  is  supposed  to  be  from  10  to  I'-i  times 
as  great  as  the  ijuantity  rai-"''  i  it  at  the  end  of  the  American  war ;  and  though  the  increase 
in  England  has  not  been  i  ly  so  great  as  in  Scotland,  it  has  been  greater  than  during  any 
previous  period  of  eipial  duration.  'J'he  increase  on  the  Continent  has  been  similar.  Potatoes 
arc  now  very  largely  cultivated  in  France,  Italy,  and  Germany  ;  and  with  the  exception  of 
the  Irish,  the  Swiss  have  become  their  greatest  consmnors.  They  were  introduced  into 
India  some  00  or  70  years  ago ;  and  are  now  successfully  cultivated  in  Hengal,  and  have 
been  introduced  into  the  Madras  provinces,  Java,  the  Philippines,  and  China.  13ut  the 
common  ])otato  does  not  thrive  within  the  tropics  unless  it  be  raised  at  an  elevation  of  3,000 
or  4,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  so  tliat  it  can  never  come  iiUo  very  general  use  in 
these  regions.  This,  however,  is  not  the  case  with  the  sweet  potato,  which  has  also  been 
introduced  into  tropical  Asia;  and  with  such  success,  that  it  already  forms  a  considerable 
portion  of  the  food  of  the  pcoivie  of  Java,  and  some  other  countries.  So  rapid  an  extension 
of  the  taste  for,  and  the  cultivation  of.  an  exotic,  has  no  parallel  in  the  history  of  industry ; 
it  has  had,  and  will  continue  to  have,  the  most  powerful  inlluonce  on  the  condition  of  man- 
kind.— (For  finther  details  with  respect  to  the  history  of  the  potato,  see  Sir  F.  M.  Eden 
on  the  State  of  the  Poor,  vol.  i.  p.  508.;  Humboldt,  Essai  stir  la  Notivplle  Esparrne,  tome 
iii.  pp.  400 — 105.  2d  ed. ;  Sir  Joseph  Banks  on  the  Introdtiction  of  the  Potato, ■  Phillips's 
HLtlori/  if  Ctiltitvted  Ve^etaliles,  vol.  ii.  art.  Potato.) 

2.  htjiuencK  if  the   Cult  i  rut  ion  of  the  Potato  on  the  Number  and  Condition  of  the 
People. — There  is  a  considerable  discrepancy  in  the  statements  of  the  best  authors  as  to  the 
number  of  individuals  that  might  be  supported  on  an  acre  of  land  planted  with  potatoes,  as 
compared  with  those  that  might  be  sup[iortcd  on  an  acre  sown  with  wheat;  some  stating 
the  proportion  as  high  as  six  to  one,  and  others  at  only  ttco  to  one.     According  to  Mr.  Arthur 
Young,  1  lb.  of  wheat  is  about  equal  in  nutritive  power  to  5  lbs.  of  potatoes.     But  Mr. 
Newcnham,  who  has  carefully  investigated  this  subject,  states  that  "  3  lbs.  of  good  mealy 
potatoes  are,  undoubtedly,  more  than  equivalent  to  1  lb.  of  bread," — {Nrwenhatn  on  the 
Populiition  if  Ireland,  p.  340.)  ;  and  his  estimate  is  rather  above  Mr.  Wakefield's.     Sup- 
posing, however,  that  I  lb.  weight  of  wheat  is  fully  equal  to  fotir  pounds  of  potatoes,  still 
the  dillerc nee  in  favour  of  the  superior  quantity  of  food  derived  from  a  given  quantity  of 
land  planted  with  the  latter  is  very  great.     According  to  Mr.  Young,  the  average  produce  of 
potatoes  in  Ireland  may  be  taken  at  82  barrels  the  Irish  acre;  which,  at  20  stone  the  barrel, 
is  equal  to  22, 900  lbs. ;  and  this  being  divided  hy  four,  to  bring  it  to  the  same  standard,  in 
point  of  nutritive  power,  as  wheat,  gives  5,740  lbs.     Mr.  Y''oung  further  estimates  the  average 
produce  of  wheat,  by  the  Irish  acre,  at  4  quarters ;  which,  supposing  the  quarter  to  weigh 
480  Ihs.,  gives  in  all  1,920  lbs.,  or  about  ^  part  of  the  solid  nourishment  afforded  by  an  acre 
of  potatoes. — {Tour  in  Irehind,  Appen.  pp.  12.  24.  &:c.  4to  ed.)     This  estimate  must, 
however,  be  somewhat  modified  when  applied  to  Groat  Britain  ;  the  soil  of  which,  while  it 
is  belter  aibqiled  to  the  growth  of  wheat,  is  generally  supposed  not  to  be  quite  so  suitable 
for  the  potato  as  that  of  Ireland.     But  it  notwithstanding  admits  of  demonstration,  that  even 
here,  "an  iierc  tf  potatoes  mill  feed  doubl"  the  number  of  individuals  that  ean  be  f  d  from 
an  (tax  if  whe.it."' — {General  lieport  if  Scotbtnd,  vol.  i.  p.  .^)71.) 

It  is  clear,  therefore,  on  the  most  moderate  estimate,  that  the  population  of  a  potato  feed 
ing  country  may  become,  other  thini^s  Ijeing  about  equal,  from  2  to  3  times  as  dense  as  it 
could  have  been,  had  the  inhabitants  fed  wholly  on  corn.  But  it  is  exceedingly  doubtful 
whether  an  increase  of  population,  brought  about  by  a  substitution  of  the  potato  for  wheat, 
be  desirable.  Its  use  as  a  subordinate  or  subsidiary  species  of  food  is  attended  with  the  bebt 
effects— producing  both  an  increase  of  comfort  and  security ;  but  there  are  certain  circum- 
stances inseparable  from  it,  which  would  seem  to  oppose  the  most  formidable  obstacles  to  its 
advantageous  use  as  a  prime  article  of  subsistence.  The  discussion  of  this  subject  can 
hardly  be  said  properly  to  belong  to  a  work  of  this  sort ;  but  its  importance  may,  perhaps, 
excuse  us  for  making  a  few  observations  with  respect  to  it.  , 
2r2 


0^ 


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k^^ 


^\ 


'it,  ^7 


4*'  ^  ' 


!E 


842 


POTATOES. 


I  'i 


I  li 


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I  !- 


!    i  ^ 


1  ' 
1   ■ 


!: 


vrnt. 


1IIIM9I 


'C 


It  is  admitted  on  all  hands,  that  the  rate  of  wages  is  principally  determined  by  the  species 
of  food  made  use  of  in  a  country.  Now,  as  potatoes  form  that  species  which  is  produced 
at  the  very  ieiwt  expense,  it  may  be  fairly  presumed,  on  general  grounds,  that  wages  will  be 
reduced  to  a  minimum  wherever  the  labouring  classes  are  mainly  dependent  on  potatoes ; 
and  the  example  of  Ireland  shows  that  this  conclusion  is  as  consistent  with  fact  as  with 
principle.  It  is  clear,  however,  that  when  the  crop  of  potatoes  happens  to  be  deficient  in  a 
country  thus  situated,  the  condition  of  its  inhabitants  must  be  in  the  last  degree  unfortunate. 
During  a  period  of  scarcity  men  cannot  go  from  a  low  to  a  high  level :  if  they  would  elude 
its  pressure,  they  must  leave  the  dearer  and  resort  to  cheaper  species  of  food.  But  to  those 
who  subsist  on  potatoes  tbis  is  not  possible  ;  they  have  already  reached  the  lowest  point  in 
the  descending  scale.  Their  wages  being  determined  by  the  price  of  the  least  expensive 
sort  of  food,  they  cannot,  when  it  fails,  buy  that  which  is  dearer;  so  that  it  is  hardly  possible 
for  them  to  avoid  falling  a  sacrifiwj  to  absolute  want.  The  history  of  Ireland  abounds,  un- 
fortunately, in  examples  of  this  sort.  Nothing  is  more  common  than  to  see  the  price  of 
potatoes  in  Dublin,  Limerick,  &c.  rise,  liecause  of  a  scarcity,  to  5  or  6  times  their  ordinary 
price,  and  the  people  to  be  involved  in  the  extreme  of  suflering;  and  yet  it  rarely  happens, 
upon  such  occasions,  that  the  price  of  corn  is  materially  affected,  or  that  any  less  quantity 
than  usual  is  exported  to  England. 

It  may  be  said,  perhaps,  that,  had  potatoes  not  been  introduced,  wheat,  or  barley,  or  oats, 
would  have  been  the  lowest  species  of  food ;  and  that,  whenever  they  happened  to  fail,  the 
population  would  have  been  as  destitute  as  if  they  had  been  subsisting  on  potatoes.  It 
must,  however,  be  observed,  that  the  proportion  which  the  price  of  wheat,  or  any  species  of 
grain,  bears  to  the  price  of  butcher's  meat,  tea,  beer,  &c.  is  always  decidedly  greater  than 
the  proportion  which  the  price  of  potatoes  bears  to  these  articles :  and  it  therefore  follows, 
that  a  people  who  have  adopted  wheat,  or  any  species  of  corn,  for  the  principal  part  of  their 
food,  are  much  better  able  to  make  occasional  purchases  of  butcher's  meat,  &c. ;  and  will, 
consequently,  be  more  likely  to  have  their  habits  elevated,  so  as  to  consider  the  consumption 
of  a  certain  quantity  of  animal  food,  &c.  as  indispensable  to  existence.  And  hence  it 
appears  reasonable  to  conclude,  that  a  people  who  chiefly  subsist  on  corn  would,  in  most 
cases,  subsist  partially  on  butcher's  meat,  and  would  enjoy  a  greater  or  less  quantity  of  other 
articles ;  so  that  it  would  be  possible  for  them,  in  a  period  of  scarcity,  to  make  such  retrench- 
ments as  would  enable  them  to  elude  the  severity  of  its  pressure. 

But,  though  the  population  in  corn-feeding  countries  were  dependent  on  the  cheapest 
species  of  grain,  not  for  a  part  only,  but  for  the  whole,  of  their  food,  their  situation  would, 
notwithstanding,  be  less  hazardous  than  that  of  a  population  subsisting  wholly  on  potatoes. 

In  the  first  place,  owing  to  the  impossibility,  as  to  all  practical  purposes  at  least,  of  pre- 
serving potatoes,  the  surplus  produce  of  a  luxuriant  crop  cannot  be  stored  up  or  reserved 
as  a  stock  to  meet  any  subsequent  scarcity.  The  whole  crop  must  necessarily  be  exhausted 
in  a  single  year;  so  that,  when  the  inhabitants  have  the  misfortune  to  be  overtaken  by  a 
scarcity,  its  pressure  cannot  be  alleviated,  as  is  almost  uniformly  the  case  in  corn-fee(hng 
countries,  by  bringing  the  reserves  of  former  harvests  to  market.  Every  year  is  thus  left  to 
provide  subsistence  for  itself.  When,  on  the  one  hand,  the  crop  is  luxuriant,  the  surplus  is 
of  comparatively  little  use,  and  is  wasted  unprofltably ;  and  when,  on  the  other  hand,  it  is 
deficient,  famine  and  disease  necessarily  prevail. 

In  the  second  place,  the  general  opinion  seems  to  be,  that  the  variations  in  the  quantities 
of  produce  obtained  from  land  planted  with  potatoes,  are  greater  than  the  variations  in  the 
quantities  of  produce  obtained  from  land  on  which  wheat,  or  any  other  species  of  grain,  is 
raised. 

And  lastly,  owing  to  the  great  bulk  and  weight  of  potatoes,  and  the  difficulty  of  preserv- 
ing them  on  shipboard,  the  expense  of  conveying  them  from  one  country  to  another  is  so 
very  great,  that  a  scarcity  can  never  be  materially  relieved  by  importing  them  from  abroad. 
In  consequence,  those  who  chiefly  depend  on  potatoes  are  practically  excluded  from  partici- 
pating in  the  benevolent  provision  made  by  nature  for  equalizing  the  variations  in  the  har- 
vests of  particular  countries  by  means  of  commerce,  and  are  thrown  almost  wholly  on 
their  own  resources. 

We  should,  therefore,  be  warranted  in  concluding,  even  though  we  were  not  possessed 
of  any  direct  evidence  on  the  subject,  from  the  circumstances  of  the  potato  being  a  crop 
that  cannot  be  kept  on  hand,  from  its  natural  fickleness,  and  from  the  incapacity  of  import- 
ing it  when  deficient,  or  of  exporting  it  when  in  excess,  that  the  oscillations  in  its  price 
must  be  greater  than  in  the  price  of  wheat;  and  such,  in  point  of  fact,  is  the  case.  The 
oscillation  in  wheat  is  thought  great  when  its  price  is  doubled ;  but  in  a  scarce  year  the 
potato  is  not  unfrcquently  six  times  as  dear  as  in  a  plentiful  one ! — (Minutes  of  Evidence 
taken  before  the  Agricultural  Committee  of  1821,  p.  212.)  And  the  comparatively  fre- 
quent recurrence  of  scarcities  in  Ireland,  and  the  destitution  and  misery  in  which  they 
involve  the  population,  afford  but  too  convincing  proofs  of  the  accuracy  of  what  has  now 
been  stated. 

It  is,  therefore,  of  the  utmost  consequence  to  the  well-being  of  every  people,  and  to  their 


POUND— PRECIOUS  METALS. 


343 


1  by  the  sprcicn 

ich  19  produced 

It  wngcs  will  bo 

it  on  potatoes;  >? 

ilh  fart  OS  with         ') 

lie  dolicicnt  in  a  J 

ree  unfortunate.  '| 

icy  would  elude 

i.     But  to  those 

lowest  point  in 

least  expensive 
s  hardly  possible 
nd  abounds,  un- 
sec  the  price  of 
39  their  ordinary 
t  rarely  happens, 
»ny  less  quantity 


)r  barley,  or  oats, 
ipcned  to  fail,  the 

on  potatoes.  It 
or  any  species  of 
edly  greater  than 

therefore  follows, 
cipal  part  of  their 
it,  &c. ;  and  will, 
•  the  consumption 
B.  And  hence  it 
rn  would,  in  most 
3  quantity  of  other 
ake  such  retrench- 

t  on  the  cheapest 
ir  situation  would, 
rholly  on  potatoes, 
ics  at  least,  of  pre- 
red  up  or  reserved 
arily  be  exhausted 
be  overtaken  by  a 
se  in  corn-feeding 
year  is  thus  left  to 
lant,  the  surplus  is 
e  other  hand,  it  is 

s  in  the  quantities 
e  variations  in  the 
species  of  grain,  is 

ficulty  of  preseiv- 
l-y  to  another  is  so 
Ihem  from  abroad. 
ludcd  from  partici- 
liations  in  the  har- 
lalniost  wholly  on 

lerc  not  possessed 
Itato  being  a  crop 
lapacity  of  import- 
lations  in  its  price 
Is  the  case.  The 
la  scarce  year  the 
\utes  of  Evidenct 
1  comparatively  fre- 
y  in  which  they 
of  what  has  now 

[eople,  and  to  their 


protection  in  years  of  smrcity,  that  they  should  not  subsist  principally  on  the  potato.  In 
this  country,  the  pressure  of  a  scarcity  in  evaded  by  resorlini;  to  inftninr  spocii's  of  food, 
such  ns  potatoes,  and  a  lower  standard  of  comfort;  l)ut  if  our  people  wire  lubitualiy  frd  on 
the  potato,  this  would  bo  impracticable.  The  chances  of  famine  would  thus  be  vastly 
increased;  while,  owing  to  the  low  value  of  the  potato  ns  comjiarcd  with  most  other  things, 
the  labourers  would  have  less  chance  of  preserving  or  acquiring  a  taste  for  animal  food,  or 
other  necessaries  and  luxuries;  and,  consequently,  of  changing,  at  any  future  period,  their 
actual  condition  for  a  lietter. 

It  is  not  easy  to  form  any  very  accurate  estimate  of  the  profit  and  loss  attending  the  cul- 
tivation of  potatoes  to  the  farmer,  as  compared  with  other  crops.  This  is  n  point  as  to 
which  the  statements  of  those  best  qualified  to  give  an  opinion  diillr  very  considerably. 
Mr.  Loudon  says,  "they  require  a  great  deal  of  manure  from  the  farmer;  while,  generally 
speaking,  little  is  returned  by  them ;  they  arc  a  bulky,  unhandy  article,  troulilesome  in  the 
lifting  and  carrying  processes,  and  interfering  with  the  seed  season  of  wheat, — the  most 
important  one  to  the  farmer.  After  all,  from  particular  circumstances,  they  cannot  be 
vended  unless  when  raised  in  the  vicinity  of  large  towns ;  hence  they  are  in  most  respects 
an  unprofitable  article  to  the  agriculturist.  To  him,  the  real  criterion  is  the  profit  which 
potatoes  will  return  in  feeding  beasts ;  and  here  we  apprehend  the  result  will  be  altogether 
in  favour  of  turnips  and  rulalmi^a,  as  the  most  profitable  articles  for  that  purpose." 

It  seems  diflicult  to  reconcile  this  statement  with  the  rapid  progress  of  the  potato  cul- 
tivation :  but  those  who  assent  to  what  has  been  previously  advanced  with  respect  to  the 
mischievous  consequences  that  arise  from  the  moss  of  the  population  becoming  dependent 
on  the  potato  as  a  principal  article  of  food,  will  not  regret  though  it  should  turn  out  to  be 
accurate. 

Dr.  Colquhoun  estimated  the  entire  value  of  the  potatoes  annually  consumed  in  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  at  the  end  of  the  late  war  at  sixteen  millions  sterling.  But  it  is  needless 
to  say  that  there  are  no  materials  by  which  to  form  an  estimate  of  this  sort  with  any  pre- 
tensions to  accuracy.  The  one  in  question  has  been  suspected,  like  most  of  those  put  forth 
by  the  same  learned  person,  of  exaggeration  :  and  we  incline  to  think  that,  had  he  estimated 
the  value  of  the  yearly  produce  of  potatoes  in  the  empire  at  twelve  million.'!,  he  would  have 
been  nearer  the  mark.  But  on  a  point  of  this  sort  it  is  not  possible  to  speak  with  any  thing 
like  confidence. 

POUND,  the  name  given  to  a  weight  used  as  a  standard  to  detcniiine  the  gravity  and 
quantity  of  bodies. — (See  Weights  anb  Measures.) 
POUND,  a  money  of  account,  =  20s. 
POWDER,  GUN.     See  Gunpowder, 

PRECIOUS  METALS,  a  designation  frequently  applied  to  gold  and  silver.  We 
have  given,  under  the  articles  Gold,  and  Silver,  a  short  account  of  each  metal ;  and  we 
now  propose  laying  before  the  reader  a  few  details  with  respect  to  their  supply  and  con- 
sumption. 

To  enter  fully  into  this  interesting  and  difficult  subject  would  require  a  long  essay,  or 
rather  a  large  volume.  Mr.  Jacob  has  recently  published  an  "  Historical  Inquiry  into  the 
Introduction  and  Consumption  of  the  Precious  Metals,"  in  which  he  takes  up  the  subject 
at  the  earliest  period,  and  continues  it  to  the  present  day.  This  work,  though  neither  so 
complete  nor  satisfactory  as  might  have  been  expected,  contains  a  good  deal  of  valuable 
information,  and  deserves  the  attention  of  all  who  take  an  interest  in  such  inquiries.  We 
confess,  however,  that  several  of  the  learned  author's  statements  and  concl«sions  seem  to  us 
to  be  not  a  little  wide  of  the  mark.  We  shall  notice  one  or  two  of  them  in  the  course  of 
this  article. 

1.  Supply  of  the  Precious  Metals. — Since  the  discovery  of  America,  the  far  greater  part 
of  the  supplies  of  gold  and  silver  have  been  derived  from  that  continent.  Previously  to  the 
publication  of  Humboldt's  great  work,  Essai  Politique  stir  la  Nouvelle  Espagne,  several 
estimates,  some  of  them  framed  by  individuals  of  great  intelligence,  were  in  circulation,  of 
the  quantities  of  gold  and  silver  imported  from  America.  They,  however,  differed  widely 
from  each  other,  and  were  all  framed  from  comparatively  limited  sources  of  information.* 
But  these  have  been  wholly  superseded  by  the  more  extensive  and  laborious  investigations 
of  M.  Humboldt.  This  illustrious  traveller,  besides  being  acquainted  with  all  that  had  been 
written  on  the  subject,  and  having  ready  access  to  official  sources  of  information  unknown 
to  the  writers  already  alluded  to,  was  well  versed  in  the  theory  and  practice  uf  mining,  and 


*  Humboldt  has  brought  these  estimates  together  as  follows  :— 


Ustnriz  . 

Solorzano 

Moncada 

Navareie 

R»ynal   . 

Robertson 

Necker  - 


Epoclu. 

Ddtan. 

1492—1724    - 

3,536,000.000 

1493—1628    ■ 

■     1,500,000,000 

1192-1595    . 

.    2,000,000,000 

1519—1617    • 

.     1,5'J6,000,000 

1492—1780 

-    .',154,000,000 

1492—1775    ■ 

-    8,800,000,000 

1763-1777 

304,000,000 

jrofthe") 
'.a  sur  le  f 
e,  Amst.  r 


Epoehi.  DdOan. 

1734—1800    -    1,600,000,000 

1492—1775    -    5,072,000,000 


Authort, 
Gerboux  ■ 
The  Author  of  the" 
Hecherches 
Comment, 
1779. 

(,Essa\  sur  la  JVouoeIZe  Espagne,  tome  Al. 
p.  412.) 


3i 


\ 


344 


TRECIOUS  METALS. 


i  :i 


I  I 


,'  ( 


t  ,; 


t  1 
!  1 


ir: 

'"•SI' 


»iuiin< ' 


critirnlly  pxnniinnd  Bovprnl  of  the  moHt  rrlobrntpd  minrs.  Hi*  wns,  tliorrforc,  inrompamlily 
brttpr  i|Uiililu<(l  for  lormino;  corrcrt  coiicliiKioiis  us  to  the  past  nml  jirfsnit  i)r()(Iiictiv('ricss 
of  tlio  mint's,  tluiii  nny  of  those  who  hnd  hitherto  spccnlutcil  on  the  snlijrct.  Hi.s  Ktatoinnits 
hiiv(\  imh'f'il,  ln'cn  iiccusi'd  of  cxiiiii^criilion ;  mid  wc  iiirhnn  to  think  ihut  tlirrc  are  (?rouii(lH 
for  hoiicvin'^  that  this  c'liiiru;e  is,  in  some  tiKMSdrc,  well  foiiiiih'd,  partindiirly  as  rrspcrtH  llic 
accounts  of  the  prolits  nmdt!  I>y  niiniiiR,  mid  of  the  rxtcnt  to  wliich  the  snj)]ilii\s  of  the  pre- 
cious nu'tals  may  be  increased.  Hut  this  criliciHin  apphes,  if  at  ail,  in  a  very  irderior 
i]ei:tree,  to  tlie  accounts  M.  lluniliolilt  has  Kiven  of  the  total  jirodiicn  of  tho  mines,  and  tlie 
exports  to  lOiiroiio.  And,  making  every  allowance  for  the  iinperl<>ction  inseparahlf!  from 
»«ucii  investiiralioiis,  it  is  still  true  tliat  the  (Statements  in  ipie.^'tion,  and  tlu!  inipiiries  on 
wliicli  they  are  founded,  uro  ainoiifi  tho  most  valuable  contributions  that  iiavo  ever  been 
made  to  statistical  science, 

Aecordinpt  to  M.  Humboldt,  tlie  supplies  of  the  precious  metals  derived  from  America 
have  been  as  follows : — 


From  1 102  to  l.-^nn 

—  l.'iOO  — ITilS 

—  1S15  — lliOO 


nnlliin  a  Vnr 

ill  ail  Avrr;iKe. 

'.'.'l(t,000 

-  3,000.000 

-  11,(1(10.000 


From  1  '.00  to  1700 

—  1  (HI  —  17.'iO 

—  1  50—  1M)3 


TMhn  •  Vnr 

at  .1(1  Avcritije. 

-  10,0(10,0(1(1 

-  22,;'0(l,(l(l() 
35,300,000 


(I'.s.^di  sur  la  J  u"  ate  Knpagne,  tome  iii.  p.  42n.  2J  imI.) 
The  following  is  AT.  Humboldt's  estimate  of  tiio  annual  produce  of  the  mines  of  the  Kcw 
World,  at  the  beginning  of  the  present  century  : — 

Annual  Produce  of  the  Mines  of  America  at  the  Commencement  of  tin-  Nineteenth  rentnry. 


rolilical  DivUioni. 

Colli. 

Silver. 

Value  nflheOo'l  | 
andbilverinUolhai 

1 

M-ircH  of 

C.isIMp. 

Kilo;i. 

Marci  of 

C,l^ll't•. 

KilPijj. 

Vi(.t;-roynl(y  of  i\uw  Hpnin 
Vi((;-roj:illy  cifl'iTil    -         -         - 
rM|i!niii"-i;riier;ilslii|i  of  rhili 
Vi((!-riiy:il(y  <)f  liMtiids  Ayrca     - 
Vice-iciyally  of  New  (aiiuiada 
Brazil 

7,000 

3,100 

12,212 

2.200 

2(i,.'i05 

2'.i,il00 

l.fiOO 
7b2 

2.fi07 
50(i 

4.711 

(i,H7;( 

8,3;f*,220 

Oll.OUO 

20,700 

4^1, KIO 

5.17,512 

110,178 

(1.^27 

110,704 

23,000.0(10 
0,2  10.0(11) 
2,0(iO,(l(M) 
4.'','i0.000 
2, '.1011,(1110 

4,;,oj,(00 

43,500,000 

Total       -        .        .        . 

7.'),2I7 

17,201 

3,4(10,840     1    705, 181 

Takiii{»  the  dollar  at 't.f,  Uf/.,  this  would  give  !),213,7.'J0/.  as  the  total  annual  produce  of 
the  American  mines.  M.  Huinbuldt  further  estiniated  the  annual  produce  of  the  Eurojicnn 
mines  of  Hunc^ary,  Saxony,  &c.,  and  those  of  JS'orthcrn  Asia,  at  the  same  period,  at  aliout 
1,000,000/.  more. 

The  >/t/(tnti/i/  of  gold  produced  in  America  at  the  beginning  of  tlie  century,  was  to  the 
quantity  of  silver  as  1  to  40  ;  in  Plurope,  the  proportions  were  as  1  to  40.  'i'he  value  of 
eipinl  (piatititics  of  gold  and  silver  were  then  in  the  proportion  of  l.")  or  15^  to  1.  Latterly, 
the  quantity  of  gold  produced  has  increased,  as  com[)ared  with  the  (piantity  of  silver. 

From  ISOO  to  1810,  the  produce  of  the  .Xinerican  mines  was  considerably  increased  ;  Imt 
in  the  la.-it-mentioncd  year  the  contest  begun,  wliich  terminated  in  the  dissolution  of  the 
connection  between  Spain  and  the  South  American  colonies.  The  convulsions  and  inse- 
curity arising  out  of  this  struggle;  the  proscription  of  the  old  Spanish  families,  to  whom  tho 
mines  principally  belonged,  who  repaired,  with  the  wrecks  of  their  fortunes,  some  to  (Jiiba, 
some  to  Spain,  and  some  to  Bordeaux  and  the  south  of  France-,  have  caused  the  abandon- 
mi'iit  of  several  of  the  mines,  and  an  extraordinary  falling  oil' in  the  amount  of  their  proilucc, 
There  are  no  means  of  accurately  estimating  the  precise  extent  of  this  decline;  but  accord- 
ing to  Mr.  Jacob,  who  collected  and  conqiared  all  the  existing  information  on  the  sulijcct, 
the  total  average  produce  of  the  American  mines,  inclusive  of  Brazil,  during  the  ~0  years 
ending  with  18U9,  may  be  estimated  at  '1,(>^6,8.3S/.  a  year;  being  less  considerably  than  ^ 
of  their  produce  at  the  beginning  of  tlie  century  ! — (Jacob,  vol.  ii.  p.  267.) 

Since  the  publication  of  Mr.  Jacob's  work,  some  further  light  has  been  thrown  on  this 
subject,  by  the  publication  of  returns  obtained  by  the  British  consuls  in  South  America,  of 
the  produce  of  the  mines  at  diirerent  periods.  They  difler  considerably  from  those  given  hy 
Mr.  Jacob.  The  following  is  an  abstract  of  their  results,  comparing  the  20  years  ending 
with  1809  with  the  20  years  ending  with  1829 : — 


Minea. 


Mcjira 
Panama 
Chili  ■ 
Buenos  Ayres   • 

Total  uf  America 
Russia  • 


Gold. 


L. 
4,123,378 
223,'il8 
8(i3,g74 


7,473,823 


1790  lo  1809. 
Silver. 


94,429,303 

944,736 
19,286,831 


114,660,870 


Total. 


9?,9'.2,68l 

223,.5I8 

1,80!I,7I0 

21,149,786 


122,134,699 
L. 


OolJ. 


1810  to  1829. 
I        Silver. 


I.. 

1,913,075 

23,603 

1,904,514 

2,101,940 


6  003,132 
3,703,743 

9,706.875 


45,388,729 

878,  IM 
7,89S,842 


64,162,739 
l,5l.2.9l-l 

55,6t»,740 


Tolal. 


47,301.804 

23,603 

2.7Si,:0.' 

10,0)7,7a! 


(i0,165.Ml 
5,206,724 

65,372,613 


ij 


':i 


PRECIOUS  METALS. 


345 


"ore,  incompjiMlily 
■lit  jiroiliiclivrnesa 
;.  lliH  Btntcinrnts 
tlieri'  nre  ({romuld 
rlv  a><  !■('«]  ii'i'trt  the 
tijililics  of  till'  jirc. 
ill  a  very  int'i'rior 
;h(i  minoH,  anil  the 
1  iiiHt'imriitilfi  from 
il  tho  iiKiuiiifs  on 
lat  Imvo  ever  bi-ea 

ived  from  America 


llnlhr.  a  Yen 
al  an  AviT,„;e. 
-     10,000,0011 
.    '2'2,n(10,(MIII 

.  3."),;ioo,(ioo 
le  iii.  p.  'l^n,  2a  ml.) 

3  mines  of  iho  New 
fiteenth  Century. 

Value  of  IhcCinlrl 
and  bilver  in  UolLta 

nip. 

>27 
,70t 

23,000,1100 
t),'i  10.000 
2,000,001) 
4,>,')0,IIIIO 
2,000.11110 
4,I.OJ,(00 

ft81     I     43,500,000 

I  aitmial  proiluco  of 
ico  of  tlie  European 
ime  period,  at  aliout 

century,  was  to  tlic 

<\0.     Tlie  milite  of 

1. 5  J  to  1.     Latterly, 

jitity  of  silver. 

luiMy  increased ;  tmt 

ditiSoUition  of  the 

Invulsions  and  iiiso- 

milics,  to  whom  the 

incs,  some  to  ('iilw, 

•auscd  the  ali:ni(lon- 

int  of  their  proikicc, 

Iccline ;  but  accorJ- 

|ion  on  the  subject, 

iirin?  the  ~0  years 

[considerably  than  i 

■en  thrown  on  this 

South  America,  of 

t"rom  those  given  by 

le  20  years  ending 


10  to  Ifi29. 

Silver. 

Total. 

>,3S8,729 

87S1,1M 
,89.S812 

,I62,7.VJ 

,5t2,9Sl 

t. 

47,301,804 
'23,603 

2,7S2,';0i 
10,0)7,782 

60,163,891 
3,2C«,724 

,B6.'>,740 

6'.,372,615 

ThoTO  are  ro  many  sources  of  error  nllachcd  to  nil  invef"tia;alion.'»  of  this  sort,  that  thPdo 
resultH,  th()U«h  deduced  from  wli.it  may  lie  reckoneil  Rood  luithority,  cannot  be  iilto(j;ctlicr 
deii  niied  upon.  The  consular  returns  contain  no  account  of  the  proiluce  of  the  IN  ruvian 
miiicH,  <'xce!)l  in  so  far  as  they  come  under  the  head  of  Hueno.H  Ayres;  and  in  this  respect 
tliev  ililler  very  widely  from  the  stntemeiitH  Kiven  by  Mr.  Jacob,  who  estimates  the  produce 
of  the  mines  of  I'eru  and  Uuenos  Ayres,  durinjj  the  20  yearw  ending  with  1820,  at  about 
18  .500  000/.!  Wo  also  incline  to  think  that  the  mines  and  washings  in  Colombia  are  not 
quite  so  nfslected  as  they  are  said  to  be  by  the  coiisiii.  It  will  be  observed,  too,  that  tho 
above  account  does  not  incluile  the  produce  of  the  Uraziiian  mines.  'I'hey  are  su|)po8cd 
to  have  yielded,  since  1810,  about  1,500,000  dollars  a  year;  but  this  is  not  more  than 
adequiile  for  the  wants  of  the  country.  Tho  produce  of  the  Hussian  mines  were  coinjiara- 
tivciv  triding  till  1810  ;  but  it  has  since  increased,  and  is  conlinuing  to  increase  with  consi- 
derable rapidity. 

Adding  to  the  produce  of  the  American,  that  of  the  Russian  mines,  and  separating  the 
gold  from  the  silver,  their  total  produce,  according  to  the  consular  returns,  during  each  of  the 
4  decennial  periods  ending  with  1829,  has  been  about — 


'I'bis  gives  3,146,000/.  for  the  average  annual  sui)ply  of  the  American  and  Russian  mines 
during  the  10  years  ending  with  1820.  Hut  the  returns  show  that  the  produce  of  tho 
Mexican  mines  had  begun  materially  to  increase  in  the  latter  years  of  this  period;  and  wo 
have  to  add  to  the  above  the  produce  of  the  Hungarian  and  Saxon  mines.  Hence,  allowiuR 
for  the  increase  that  has  taken  place  since  182!)  in  the  productiveness  of  the  .Mexican  and 
South  American  mines,  exclusive  of  Urnzil,  and  adding  to  (heir  produce  that  of  the  Russiaa 
and  other  European  mines,  we  may  safely  estimate  (assuming  the  consuls  not  to  have 
under-rated  the  American  returns)  the  present  annual  supply  of  gold  and  silver  from  these 
sources  at  considerably  more  than  4,000,000/. 

Exclusive  of  the  sources  now  mentioned,  the  United  States  have  recently  begun  to  alTorJ 
con.^iiileruble  quantities  of  gold.  Ft  was  first  di.scovered  in  North  Carolina,  in  1804;  and 
from  that  period  till  1829,  about  109,000  dollars  had  been  found.  It  has  since  been  disco- 
vered ia  other  States.  The  following  Table  exhiliits  the  value  of  the  gold  annually  produced 
in  the  United  States  since  1829. — (Anierican  Aluianuc  for  1831.) 


Sutca. 

1829. 

1830. 

1831. 

1832. 

Virginia         -              .              •              • 

N'TlIi  e.iroliiia 

S/)U'li  Carolina 

(li(i'-<ia         .... 

AlJl'ii-i'.a       .... 

TetiiiL'ssve      -             -              •              . 

Total      . 

DMnrt. 

2,'WO 

131.0:  0 

3,600 

* 

Dollari. 

24,000 
201,000 

2B,0-i0 
212,000 

Dnllnr^. 
26.000 
294.000 
2J,000 
176,0:10 
1,0'W 
1,0)0 

Diltnn. 
31,000 
4  '8.000 
4 -..000 
140,000 

l,rK)0   " 

140,000                           469,000 

520,000                             67K,00d             | 

This  Table  shows  a  considerable  increase ;  the  produce  in  1832  being  above  13,5,000/. 
It  is  jirincipally  obtained  by  washing  the  soil  in  the  valleys.  Taking  this  new  supply  into 
account,  and  including,  as  was  done  by  M.  Humboldt,  the  produce  of  the  Brazilian  mines; 
and  further  adding  500,000/.  to  the  sums  given  in  the  consular  returns,  to  cover  the  defi- 
ciencies which  they  certainly  involve;*  we  may  safely  estimate  the  entire  annual  produce 
of  the  .'Vinerican,  European,  and  Russo-Asiatic  mines,  as  amounting,  at  this  moment,  to 
about  f'l, 000,000/.  a  year;  being  6-lOihs  of  their  annual  produce  when  greatest. 

2.  Consunipli'un  nf  the  Prfcioiis  Mtlal.s. — Gold  and  silver  are  supplied  cither  to  serve  as 

coin,  or  nre  made  use  of  in  the  arts.     There  arc  no  means  whatever  by  which  to  discover 

the  proportion  in  which  they  are  applied,  at  any  given  period,  to  these  purposes ;  and  the 

proporlion  is  perpetually  varying  with  the  varying  circumstances  of  each  country  ;  as,  for 

cxam|ile,  with  the  greater  or  less  abundance  of  paper  money,  and  tho  degree  in  which  the 

vi.se  of  coins  is  saved  by  the  various  devices  resorted  to  by  means  of  banking  and  otheivviso 

for  economising  currency,  the  greater  or  less  wealth  of  the  inhabitants,  the  fashion  as  to 

plate,  tiie  feeling  of  security  at  the  moment,  and  a  thousand  other  circumstances, — all  of 

which  are  liable  to  great  and  sometimes  sudden  changes. 

Accordinjr  to  Mr.  Jacnl),  tlie  value  of  llic  precious  iiictaU  annually  ai)[>tie(l  to  ornamental  and  luxu- 
rious |iiir|)oses  in  Etirope  may  lie  islliiiated  as  follows:  vi/.  fJreat  Dritaiii,  2,4.')7,22l/.  ;  rrauee, 
l,2l«i,(Hlii/. ;  Switzerland,  350,000/. ;  remainder  nf  Europe,  1,605,100/. ;  making  in  all,  .^,01'2,711/.  And 
adilliiL'  to  iliig  tlie  sums  directly  applied  to  the  same  purposes  in  America,  the  whole  will  be  about 

6,90l),miO/. 

The  data  upon  which  this  estimate  has  been  founded,  are  in  the  last  degree  vague  and 

*  Even  with  this  addition,  their  produce  is  materially  under  the  sum  mentioned  by  Mr.  Jacob. 

44 


,«Ss 


846 


PFM'.CIOUS  MIOTALS. 


IWIilMr.:  ' 

'IHiiiiii- 

iiatM" 


••c 


unf(ati!«fnrti)ry.  Tt  ran  Imrdly,  itnlccd.  lip  lookr'd  upon  ns  iiny  tliinir  Imtlor  flmn  u  inoro  i^ickii; 
nnd  iirt  such,  we  do  not  tliink  thiit  it  in  n  vt-ry  liii|p|iy  one.  M.  ("Iialirol  (wIioho  rcHi'iirclK-, 
nro  far  iiion-  Worthy  of  (-niilidrnco  tliiiii  lliouc  of  .\I.  ('hii|itid,  to  whifh  Mr.  Jncoli  rrliTH} 
t'HtiiiiutrH  the  roii«um|iliiiii  ofuuld  iiml  HJIvi'r  in  the  (iriM  nt  I'lirix  nt  ll.ri^'J.OOO  iViiiicM  it  ymr 
— (lu'r/iirr/iifi  Xttif!s/li/iirs  .si/r  In  Villi-  ilf  I'lirls,  1S1!:I,  'I'lih.  No.  85.)  ;  which  corrcM|).iiii|s 
witli  till-  rliilioriitt'  ruliinalc  of  M.  Ucnuiston  do  (.'h;itcauni'uf — [lirrlin-clnn  siir  lex  Cim. 
Kiiiiiiiiiti'iifis  (Ir  I'lirif:  cii  IHI7, ',Mc  |iiirlic,  p.  7H.).  Hoth  ihcNc  aiithnriticM  ai,'rcc  that  llu' 
ronsiiin|itinii  ol'lhi*  prccioiiM  iiictalH  in  the  iiriM  at  I'ari^  i**  dniihlc  that  ot'  th(!  rest  of  rruiicc; 
HO  that  xvc  havp  'Jl  ,S'.:s,()(li)  francs,  or  HiKl.  I !)(»/.,  for  tlio  coiiHunnitiou  of  llio  whole  kinH[ii(iiii, 
wJiich  JM  :i;t;i.Hl()/.  a  year  under  Mr.  .lacoh's  fstiniate. 

Wo  h;»vo  hecn  nsmiri'd,  hy  those  who  have  (rood  meaiiH  of  forniini^  a  porreet  opiiiinn 
tipon  such  a  point,  that  the  ipianlily  assiu'iied  liy  Mr.  ,lacol)  for  liie  eonsuniption  of  (ircat 
Kritain  is  oMr-rated  in  ahoiit  tiie  Name  proportion  a^  tiie  consinnplion  of  France,  or  almut 
\  part.  'I'iu're  has,  no  doul't,  heen  «  eonsi(h'rahle  increase  ol'lale  years  in  the  ciiiisuM)|iiiiiii 
of  plate  and  t;iU  articles;  hut  it  would  re(Hiire  fir  helter  evi<lence  than  uuy  hilhcrlo  lujil 
hefore  the  puhlic,  to  warrunt  the  conelusinn  tliut  so  large  u  sum  as  !i,4r)7,00()/.  is  upjiro. 
priated  to  such  purposes, 

1'he  eonsinnption  of  Switzerland,  as  set  down  by  Mr,  ,Iaeoh,  is  jirohahly  not  far  from 
accurate.  IJut  the  sum  assigned  for  the  »(;t;rei?ale  eonsuniption  of  the  rest  of  I'jU rope  secim 
to  l)e  quite  as  nuich  exag^eratcil  as  that  allowed  for  France  and  Kni^land. 

Aceonliiiu;  (o  this  view  of  the  matter,  (he  consumption  will  he. — (Jreat  Uritain,  1,8  |-i,!)|(|/,; 
France,  HdC, !!)()/. ;  Swit/.crlmid,  :).'i(»,(){)()/. ;  rest  of  l':nrope,  l,'^()l,l  18/.;  in  all,  l.-Jti:},-^-!/. 
'i'o  this  must  he  added  :tUU,(M)U/.  fur  the  cuiisuniption  of  America;  making  the  entire  cuii- 
8Uin|ilion  'l,.^ri:i.v:'^M/. 

l*r(ilial)ly  this  valuation  is  still  too  hi;.;h.  .Areordino;  to  M,  l[umholilt  (s\'ii>irill>'  E^jin^w, 
8d  edit,  tome  iii.  p.  401.),  the  total  eonsinnption  of  the  precious  mctuls  in  Knrope,  for  nilicr 
purposes  than  those  of  coin,  amounts  to  only  H7,lH'J,H()0  francs,  ei|ual,  nt  the  exehaiit;c  of 
85-'.:().  to  :).1.'')!),7M/. ;  and  addiiii;  to  this  ;J()(),()()0/,  for  the  consumption  of  Amcricii,  ih,. 
grand  total  will  he,  in  round  numhers,  .'', 7(1(1, (Htd/. ;  heing  801), 000/.  under  our  cstinialc,  ;iiij 
no  less  than  2,1  10,000/.  under  that  of  .Mr.  .lacob  ! 

Dut  a  portion  i>l'  the  gold  and  silver  annually  made  u.sc  of  in  tho  arts  is  derived  fmin  the 
fuHiun  of  olil  plate,  the  hurning  of  lace,  picture  I'rames,  &c.  Here,  however,  we  have  to 
Innicnt  the  impossihility  of  ascertaining  the  |)ro|iortion  the  supply  I'roin  this  source  hears  to 
the  total  ipiantiiy  wrought  up.  Mr.  .lacob  estimates  it  nt  only  ^'„tli  part,  or  SA  per  cent,; 
but  so  small  a  sum  seems  to  be  (juite  out  of  the  (piestion.  Most  pari  of  the  precious  lui'lal!! 
employed  in  plating,  gilding,  iVc.  is  certainly  destroyed;  but  the  (]nantity  of  mcliil  so 
made  use  of  is  admitted  by  every  one  to  be  decidedly  less  than  the  ipiantity  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  plate,  watch-cases,  and  other  articles  of  that  description.  And  tluNp, 
when  they  cither  become  unfasliionable,  or  arc  broken  or  iiiji  red,  are,  for  the  mo.-t  jjirt, 
sent  to  the  melting  pot.  According  to  the  statement  of  Necker,  (pioted  and  sanctiuiied  liy 
Humboldt,  a  litilfol'  the  gold  and  '^ilvcr  used  in  France  by  goldsmiths  and  others  in  the 
arts,  is  sup[)()scd  to  bo  obtained  l\\ni\  the  fusion  of  oM  plate,  &C. — (Aw(/i'r//t'  Eiipir^m, 
tome  iii.  p.  Wt'l.) 

But,  notwithstanding  tlie  high  authority  by  which  this  estimate  is  su[)pnrfed,  we  liilicve 
that  it  is  nearly  as  nnich  above  the  mark  as  Air.  .lacob's  is  certainly  below  it.  Assiiininir 
tlicrcfore,  that,  at  a  medium,  20  per  cent,  or  Uh  part  of  the  precious  metals  annualiv  male 
Use  of  in  the  arts  is  obtained  from  the  fusion  of  old  [ilatc,  we  shall  have,  by  dediictiiii;  this 
proportion  froin  the  4,.'i():),000/.  applied  to  the  arts  in  Europe  and  America,  ;),()')0,(!()(l/.  as 
the  total  animal  appropriation  of  the  new  gold  and  silver  dug  from  the  mines  to  such  |iiir- 
poses,  leaving  aliout  2, 0(H), 000/.  a  year  to  be  niainifactured  into  coin. 

It  is  not  nmch  more  easy  to  determiiu!  the  consumption  of  the  precious  inetrds  when 
manufactured  into  coin,  than  when  in  |ilate.  Mr.  .Jacob  h  is  entered  into  sonic  cininiis 
details  (vol.  ii.  c  28.)  to  determine  the  abrasion  or  loss  of  coins  from  wear,  which  lie  isli- 
mates  at  f5,',,th  part  a  year  for  gold,  and  :,,'„th  part  for  silver  coins,  'i'his,  however,  liups 
not  give  the  total  wear  and  tear  of  the  coins.  To  determine  the  latter,  the  (juantiiics  iust  hv 
fire,  shipwrecks,  and  other  accidents,  must  be  taken  into  account.  The  loss  lVo:ii  thisc 
fiource.s  can  only  be  guessed  at;  but  adding  it  to  the  loss  by  abrasion,  perhaps  we  sluill  not 
be  far  wrong  in  estimating  the  whole  at  1  per  cent. 

It  is  singular  that,  in  estimating  the  consumption  of  gold  and  silver,  Mr.  Jacob  slioiilil  not 
have  made  the  .slightest  allusion  to  the  practice  which  has  uniformly  prevailed  in  all  cuiiiitrii's 
harassed  by  intestine  connnotions,  or  exposed  to  foreign  invasion,  of  burying  treasure  iiithi! 
earth.  Of  the  hoards  so  de[)osited,  a  very  considerable  pro|)ortion  has  been  al(oge(licr  lust; 
and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  this  has  been  one  of  the  principal  means  by  which  tlic  stock 
of  the  jirecious  metals  has  been  kept  down  to  its  present  level.  Every  one  is  aware  lh:it, 
during  the  middle  ages,  triasuir  Inirr,  or  money  dug  from  the  ground  iiy  chiuice  I'liiilirs, 
belonged  to  the  Crown,  and  formed  no  inconsiderable  part  of  the  royal  revenue  of  this  iiiul 
other  countries.     T)ie  practice  has  always  prevailed  to  a  very  great  extent  in  the  Eiist.— 


;)  ye;ir; 
cious  II 
were 
furinerl 
period 
18:t:l,) 
18.)-.',  s 
3!)0,(l(l( 
dcralile 
|ir()viiic( 
iiiive 
for  a  Ici 
the  .Mal 
ceased  ; 
And  ift 
ccrlaiiilv 
4.   //'/, 
custuiiiai 
(if  most 
Uiit  we  ( 
u'licilicr 
till!  Kast, 
ilscif  liav 
just  seen 
plios  I'roi 
eiijiiyed  i 
formerly 
iioan  hiia 
(loiiht,  tei 
wniild  oti 
iiiiiiiit  be 
employini 
whether  tl 
be  not  as 
oil' in  the 
of  lieiiig  d 
gold  is  tli( 
increased 
estimating 
I  lie  fall  thi 
of  money 
depcnilent 
metal  is  wi 
ciroumstan 
that)  that  I 

♦Tills  faci 
mend  ttie  ad 


m.\? 


PRKCIOUS  MI'TAI.S. 


an 


rfhnnampri'K\u'»8; 

(wIkihc  rrMciirclici 
li  Mr.  Jiictdi  rflcrnj 
VJ.dOO  t'niiii'K  II  yciir 
;  wliich  i-orri-«|i'miU 
III  trill  s  mir  Ai  ' 'n/i- 
•ilicrt  ll^'r^('  llliil  llic 
'  llui  rest  (>r  rriilirr, 
illli-  \vlu)li'  kiii:;iliiiii, 

lU  n  rorrci't  KpiniiMi 
i)nsum|ition  onirciit 
1)1'  FrinuM',  or  iiImiui 
^  III  till-  ciiiiHiiiiiiiiiin 
\uii  any  liitlit'ito  laiii 
:,457,000/.  irt  apliro. 

'olniMy  iii't  I'iir  tViiDi 
rest  of  I'jurtnif  simmh^ 

■III. 

lUrili.in,  l,Hl-:.'.n(l',; 

A;  iiiiill,  l.'Jii:),-^-^!/. 
iking  tlw  t'liliri;  om- 

t  (iWiiivillr  /■.^/)'/,'»(, 
I  ill  l'iUi'i>iio,  t'.ir  ciihct 

1,  nt    the   t'Xch'lllirc  nf 

ilion  til'  Aiiu'iitM,  till' 
iidor  our  csliiniitr,  uiij 

•Is  is  derived  rrnin  tlie 

howovi-r,  wc  li;ivi'  to 

111  this   Bdlircc  lii';\rsto 

p:irt,  or  'Zh   |u'i-  ci'iit.; 

of   tlU'  prt'cioU:)  lliCt.ll.! 

liliiiuitily  of  iiiri.il  so 
Hiantily  used  in  the 
(It ion.  And  tlirsp, 
,  for  tliP  nio-l  |i.irt, 
and  saiuMi'JiiPil  U 
H  and  otliiTs  in  the 
(i\(HU'r//t'  7','.s/j (/;'«(■, 

npportL'd,  wc  litTuvc 
)W  it.  A^isuiiiiii.', 
iictals  anniiallv  mule 

VI',  l)V  dciliiiiiii','  this 
mcrica,  ;5.<'>.''l>.t;(10Lw 
le  niiiies  to  i-ucli  pur- 

ircfious  ini't;ils  wlicil 
•d  into  solium  riirions 
wrar,  wliiili  lit-  tsii- 

Tilis,  ilOWl'VlT  lilies 

tlu'  iiuaiitiliis  iostliy 
Tiie  Ions  from  tlnse 
perhaps  we  shall  iwt 

Mr.  Jacob  shmil.l  not 
•vailed  in  all  iinintrii's 
iryins  treasure  iiilho 
been  allo'^ellier  lo>t; 
IS  liy  wliieh  the  slock 
one  is  aware  lint, 
Id  iiy  c-hanee  fiiulers, 
|l  revenue  of  this  i'liJ 
extent  in  the  East.- 


(IhrniiT,  Voi/fiije  ik  Mofj^ot.  Amsl.  1710,  toinn  i.  j).  SO!).;  Srrtifliiii  on  l/ir  (!iii'rrnmtnl  of 
Ui'iiilny/nii,  |i.  i'l.  »Ve.)  Unt  il  in  ii"t  eoiitlned  lo  that  ipiiiilrr.  Wherever  properly  lit 
jiiHienre.  it  i-t  iiiMirialily  ret<orled  li>.  .Mr.  W'uki  lii'id  lelli  ns  iliat  il  is  eoiiiinoii  in  Irel.iiid.— 
C.lwii//// "/  /''/'""A  vol.  i.  p.  I'l!':!.)  It  has  alwnvH  prevailed  In  ii  eoiiHidrralile  extent  in 
Kii'^ia  and  1' ranee  ;  and  In  the  latter,  dnrinii  the  revoliiiionary  anareliy,  iiiiiuense  niiiiis 
were  hurled,  of  wliiell  It  M  idiiindantly  eertain  a  liiri;e  proportion  will  never  lie  rehUseitilled. 
'I'he  wars  ami  eoiivnl-iioim  by  wliieli  I'dirope  wits  desolaied  for  more  th.in  '-0  years  extended 
the  pr.ieliii'  to  all  parts  of  llii'  (Continent;  willidrawinit  in  this  way  from  eireul.ilioii  n  very 
eniisiileral'li'  part  of  the  inereased  ]iroilueo  of  the  mines. — (.S'/u/r/i,  Ecniuiiuic  l\i/il!ijuf, 
toinei.  p. 'J'.:!     I'aris,  IH'j:).) 

;i.  K.cpiiiialion  iif  Ihf.  I'ni'iinis  Minis  to  thr  F.nsl. — Ft  must  he  well  known  to  all  our 
reailers,  that  from  the  reni'ilesl  era  ilow  II  lo  a  eimiparalively  late  |ieriod  hulUoii  h  h  always 
firiiieil  one  of  the  jirineipai  and  most  ad\aiilai;eoiis  ailieles  oj'export  to  ihe  Da  t.  lIuiuhoMi 
eKliinaled  that,  of  Ihe  entire  proiluee  of  the  .Ameriean  mines  at  the  he;iimiiim  of  this  eenlury, 
uinoiinlini?,  ns  alreadv  seen,  lo  '1:},.')IM>,(I0(»  dollars,  no  lees  than  v;.-),.'')(»(l,()(t(»  were  sent  lo 
_.\^i.,,_17,r,(H).0()l)  |,y  Ihe  Cairo  of  (Jood  Hope,  J.OOO.DOO  by  the  Levant,  and  1,001), 1)00 
through  Ihe  Kussiaii  iVoiilier. —  (Xiiirrlhtvs/iinriir.Utuw  iii.  p.  IK).)  Laiterly,  however, 
this  iiiiinense  drain  has  not  e.nly  entirely  eeased  ;  lint  /lir  curnnl  Ikis,  in  furl,  /n  i^ini  !ii  xtt 
.\inintrli/  In  the  ii/z/msilc  tlinrHiin.  'I'liiis  it  appears  that  the  loial  imports  (•;'  cold  iiid  silver 
from  l')nrope  and  .North  and  South  .\iiieriea  into  jlinjid,  .Mad.  iv  lue!  )'oiiibay.  (h.iini;  the 
:i  years  eiidim;  with  H:)0-:tl,  aiiiouiit"d  '.o  4  i '.»,;irtf<A  :  wai-ren  '  '  iii  tcial  rxporls  u.  the  pre- 
cious ini-tals  from  iheso  ;j  presideiu'ies  to  llur  ,  le  nM:i  A'tieriea  U.'iiii  ;  tiie  Hiiine  ;}  years 
were  1 ,1  ll»,!)7;lA,  beini;  an  excess  o(  *J10,.'J8%A  sj  |t>at  IiiJin,  ii'-.'  vl  of  iiiiportinjf,  as 
forinerly,  very  larijo  ipiantities  of  bullion  f;'oir  ilio  V/i'sleii  \V-iKI,  KUpplii'd,  dorini;  the 
period  ill  (piestion,  aliout  2KI,00()A  a  year  to  its  nr,  ik' is  I— ( /  V/*7.  I'li/ur,  ^>-  :i!»0.  Scss. 
is;i;t.)  The  same  is  the  ease  with  (Jhina,  biiri  ):r  ih'*  yxr  ciidiii^  the  ;! '  .t  i,f  .\Ia.eh, 
18.)-,  silver  was  exported  from  (.'anion  to  I'liid-oid  l.>  the  bum. mi,',  of  l,'J7(i.'';hi  ^o'laiis,  or 
3!)0,0I)0/.,  besides  about  ns  much  more  exported  u  i  idia '--("•'eo  '  '1.  i,  p.  :bll.)  .:V  »*'jn'i- 
dcrahle  part  of  this  larf^o  exjiort  eonsi.sts  of  naliie  »;lui,  o"  wliie'i  there  iiv  .rvn,  i*  in  sevc.  c.i 
provinces.  China  lias  also  mines  of  tjolil;  n:il  in  f  •inr:  lote  jf.i:,-'  Ii.t  exports  of  tlint  i.iit  d 
liave  been  considerable :  she  is,  liowe-'er,  ■oi  iinpoit>"  ru  \\{\\  n<>  'all  fxpoiter  o'.'i'ol.',  hiwiia 
for  a  leiiLflhened  period  drawn  eonsideralile  srrpli-s  oi'tjint  IT"'"'!  from  l<or;i  "i,  (;el»'i'.  .s,  ,11. 1 
the  .Malay  peninsula.  It  a])pears,  too,  thai  tin;  1  iDux  of  bii'.ijii  i't'.nii  H'  s  ii  t  1  t'hiiiit  liuH 
ceased  ;  and  that  there,  also,  the  eurreiil  is  selliu'.;  th.'  opuii  tj  •vay  •■-(,.'.•,•,  '«.  .(.'.  i  .  p.  .iM,) 
And  if  there  be  any  sums  still  exported  by  way  of  the  Ji'.'van;,  v,  inch  is  dou'.iifui,  ii'ey  aro 
certainly  ((uite  inconsiderable. 

•1.  lii/liirnce  of  the  (/hninixhcif  Prnrlurlirrnrss  nj  'J,e  Mi'i.t  en  .P/'Vy.-.— It  lun  boi-a 
customary  in  this  country  to  ascribe  al.iiost  the  whole  Cdl  lluu  Ims  laken  phice  in  llie  [iri  u 
of  most  commodilies  since  the  peace,  to  the  diiii'iilshivl  supply  of  bullion  tV.iin  the  mine« 
Uiit  we  doubt  whether  this  eireumstanee  has  not  Ijeeii  fully  coimterbal.i.'cc;'  1  v  othr.'-i,  aiii) 
wliclhcr  it  has  had  any  inlluenee  in  the  way  now  oicrii',!  ii'-J,  The  tessntion  'if  t'li^  viraiii  i  > 
till!  liast,  even  ndmitlinii;  lli.it  -M.  Humboldt  has  som'-iv'.i.ii  ove,'  n.i'd  its  i'.'>miui:;.  \M)'i'd  nf 
itself  have  ij;one  far  to  counteract  the  decreased  jiroiiiuru- eness  of  liie  fiioes',  |.-.il  i\e  I  ,ivo 
just  seen  that  it  has  not  merely  ceased,  but  that  we  are,  in  fact,  lie.witi^  coMsii'erabl  -i  p- 
plies  from  that  very  (p.,irter.  In  addition  to  tliis,  the  Rrcater  «'eu!'l\  om'  l.jii.j;iillity 
cujiiyed  on  the  CoMtinent  since  the  peace,  has  not  only  checked  that  hury';!^;  of  in, me/, 
foraierly  so  prevalent,  but  lias  caused  the  bringing  t..  liijlit  of  n  pood  many  ot  tie  snliterra- 
neim  hoard.s.  The  iiistitulion  of  savinj^s'  Imnks.  no.v  so  rotninoii  tm  rywlvere,  'n.s  also,  no 
iloiilil,  tended  to  prevent  hoardiiip:,  and  to  l,riii<r  a  >,'ood  deal  o(  cciii  into  circula'ion,  that 
would  otherwise  have  been  locked  up.  Tfi"*;-  •.if  i3ir;  i  ar.;\;s,  roiipl  ;d  with  others  that 
miijlit  he  mentioned,  such  ns  the  cessation  of  iho  dianaii'  !<.-f  iriliiiry  diesis,  the  urealer 
empl'iyineiit  of  bills  in  mercantile  transaction!;, '.*';■.!  "llord  thi  oe.it  grounds  for  diubting 
whether  the  quantity  of  the  precious  met.  i  m.  hi  illy  iinplici.blo  to  the  purposes  of  circulation 
lie  not  as  great  at  present,  as  in  18"9  c:  ^810.  Il  is  farther  to  be  ob.served,  th.at  the  filling 
oil' in  the  produce  of  the  mines  has  h  .  ■;  in  silver  only;  and  that  the  supply  of  Rold,  instead 
of  liciuR  diminished  durinij  th.e  1 1'-l  .'.^  years,  has  been  vert/  vidtiriallji  incmiyal;  and  as 
gold  is  the  standaid  of  Of  'n.feiicy,  it  is  obviously  false  to  allirin  thai  its  value  has  been 
increased  from  i! '  Ix'iiig  le.is  abundant  than  formerly.*  It  is  contended,  indeed,  that  in 
esiimatiii|T  the  vciue  of  the  precious  metals,  we  cannot  separate  gold  and  .silver;  and  that 
tlie  fall  that  has  taken  place  in  the  prices  of  (///  commodities  since  1 8 1 '),  proves  that  the  value 
of  money  has  sustained  a  corresponding^  advance.  But  the  value  of  gold  is  in  no  way 
dependent  upon,  or  connected  with,  the  value  of  silver.  The  exchangeable  worth  of  each 
metal  is  wholly  determined  by  the  peculiar  conditions  under  which  it  is  supplied  ;  and  the 
circumstances  of  gold  falling  in  value  when  silver  is  rising,  is  no  more  to  he  wondered  at, 
than  that  lead  should  fall  when  iron  rises,  or  conversely.     Neither  is  it  true  that  the  fall  in 

♦Tliis  fact  shows  the  reliance  to  tie  placed  on  llie  inforninlion  anil  opinions  of  tlioso  who  recom 
meudtiie  adoption  of  a  silver  standard  us  a  means  of  diniiuiahing  tlie  public  burdens! 


-««i  \ 

Hi 


348 


PREMIUM,  PRICES. 


,i/||i!iiiw«i "' 

'IIHUIKI*;.;  "< 

m\im~  ■ 
nam  "■ 

ir" 

.IIIIMC  * 

!llH»l»ll*'' 


lilllHUl  «> 


;  '■                            iw 

'  ''                             ..mi 

'    .                                         I5I 

■  J                      ■'* 

1 1 


■I  .  . 


l! 


iiiii 


the  vnlue  of  commodities  since  1815  has  been  universal.  Wc  admit  it  has  been  very  gene- 
ral ;  but  we  venture  to  affirm  that  there  is  not,  without  any  exception  whatever,  a  single 
commodity  that  has  fallen  in  price  since  1814,  the  fall  of  which  may  not  be  satisfactorily 
accounted  for  without  reference  to  the  supply  of  gold  and  silver,— (See  vol.  i.  p.  81.)  Mul- 
tiplied  proofs  of  what  is  now  stated,  will  be  found  in  various  articles  throughout  this  work. 
And  we  have  little  doubt  that  those  who  investigate  the  matter  with  any  degree  of  care,  will 
agree  with  us  in  thinking,  that,  even  without  distinguishing  between  gold  and  silver,  were 
the  influence  of  the  decreased  productiveness  of  the  mines  on  prices  estimated  at  from  3  to  5 
per  cent.,  it  would  be  very  decidedly  beyond  the  mark.  We  believe  its  influence  has  been 
hardly  perceptible, 

5.  Frubahk  future  Sttppli/  of  Gold  and  Silver. — Nothing  but  conjectural  statements  can 
be  made  as  to  the  probable  future  supply  of  the  precious  metals.  On  the  whole,  however, 
we  should  think  that  a  very  considerable  increase  may  be  fairly  anticipated.  The  anarchy, 
in  which  the  new  South  American  States  have  hitherto  been  involved,  will  come  to  a  close; 
and,  with  the  increase  of  population  and  capital,  renewed  attention  will,  doubtless,  be  paid 
to  the  mines.  It  if  reasonable  also,  we  think,  to  anticipate  that  the  supplies  from  the  Kus. 
sian  mines  will  continue  to  increase. 

[For  the  value  of  the  gold  received  at  the  mint  from  the  gold  region  of  the  United  States, 
see  article  Coins, — Am,  Ed.] 

PREMIUM.     See  Insurance, 

PRICES,  By  the  price  of  a  commodity  is  meant  its  value  estimated  in  money,  or 
simply,  the  quantity  of  money  for  which  it  will  exchange.  The  price  of  a  commodity  rises 
when  it  fetches  more,  and  falls  when  it  fetches  less  money, 

1,  F  rice  of  freely  produced  Commodities. — The  exchangeable  value  of  conmodities— 
that  is,  their  power  of  exchanging  for  or  buying  other  commodities — depends,  at  any  given 
period,  partly  on  the  comparative  facility  of  their  production,  and  partly  on  the  relation  of 
the  supjjly  and  demand.  If  any  2  or  more  commodities  respectively  required  the  same 
outlay  of  capital  and  labour  to  bring  them  to  market,  and  if  the  supply  of  each  were  adjusted 
exactly  according  to  the  ellectual  demand — that  is,  were  they  all  in  sutficient  abundance, 
and  no  more,  to  supply  the  wants  of  those  able  and  willing  to  pay  the  outlay  upon  them, 
and  the  ordinary  rate  of  profit  at  the  time — they  would  each  fetch  the  same  price,  or 
exchange  for  the  same  quantity  of  any  other  commodity.  But  if  any  single  commodity 
should  happen  to  require  less  or  more  capital  and  labour  for  its  production,  while  the 
quantity  required  to  produce  the  others  continued  stationary,  its  value,  as  compared  with 
them,  would,  in  the  first  case,  fall,  and  in  the  second,  rise ;  and,  supposing  the  cost  of  it$ 
production  not  to  vary,  its  value  might  be  increased  by  a  falling  off  in  the  supply,  or  by  an 
increase  of  demand,  and  conversely. 

But  it  is  of  importance  to  bear  in  mind,  that  all  variations  of  price  arising  from  any  dis- 
proportion in  the  supply  and  demand  of  such  commodities  as  may  be  frech/  produced  In 
indefinite  quantities,  are  temporary  only  ;  while  those  that  are  occasioned  by  changes  in  the 
cost  of  their  production  are  permanent,  at  least  as  much  so  as  the  cause  in  which  they  origj. 
natc.  A  general  mourning  occasions  a  transient  rise  in  the  price  of  black  cloth  :  but  sup- 
posing that  the  fashion  of  wearing  black  were  to  continue,  its  price  would  not  permanently 
vary ;  for  those  who  previously  manufactured  blue  and  brown  cloths,  &c,  would  henceforth 
manufacture  only  black  c!  jth ;  and  the  supply  being  in  this  way  increased  to  the  same  extent 
as  the  demand,  the  price  would  settle  at  its  old  level.  Hence  the  importance  of  distinguish- 
ing between  a  variation  of  price  originating  in  a  change  of  fashion,  or  other  accidental  cir- 
cumstances— such,  for  example,  as  a  deficient  harvest — and  a  variation  occasioned  by  some 
change  in  the  cost  of  production.  In  the  former  case,  prices  will,  at  no  distant  period,  revert 
to  their  old  level ;  in  the  latter,  the  variation  will  be  lasting. 

When  the  price  of  a  freely  produced  commodity  rises  or  falls,  such  variation  may  evidently 
be  occasioned  either  by  something  affecting  its  value,  or  by  something  affecting  the  value  of 
money.  But  when  the  generality  of  commodities  rise  or  fall,  the  fair  presumption  is,  that 
the  change  is  not  in  them,  but  in  the  money  with  which  they  are  compared.  This  conclu- 
sion  does  not,  however,  apj)ly  in  all  cases ;  and  we  believe  that  most  part  of  that  fall  in  the 
price  of  commodities,  which  has  taken  place  since  the  peace,  and  which  has  been  so  gene- 
rally ascribed  to  a  rise  in  the  value  of  money,  occasioned  by  a  decline  in  the  productiveness 
of  the  mines,  has  been  caused  by  the  increased  productiveness  of  industry,  arising  from  the 
abolition  of  oppressive  restraints  on  commerce,  the  opening  of  new  and  more  abundant 
sources  of  supply,  and  the  discovery  of  new  means,  and  improved  methods  of  production.— 
(See  PnF.cious  Mbtals.) 

2.  Price  of  monopolised  Commodities. — Exlusive,  however,  of  the  ^commodities  now 
Alluded  to,  there  is  a  considerable  class,  whose  producers  or  holders  enjoy  either  an  absoliik 
OT  a  partial  monopoly  of  the  supply.  When  such  is  the  case,  prices  depend  entirely  or 
principally  on  the  proportion  between  the  supply  and  demand,  and  are  not  liable  to  be  in- 
Huenced,  or  only  in  a  secondary  degree,  by  changes  in  the  cost  of  production.  Antique 
statues  and  gema ;  the  pictures  of  the  great  masters ;  wines  of  a  peculiar  flavour,  produced 


I   I 


in  sn 
he  en 
fore, I 
in  til) 
Mf 
with  I 
liniita 
the  m 
thoug 
lies  of 
they  V 
blishin 
of  the 
Th« 
favour 
ture  as 
for  the 
the  pec 
price  ii 
the  pul 
Neither 
p.  49a. 
The 
the  inv« 
patent,  i 
them  th 
exciting 
ing  inju 
'I'hen 
These,  ; 
cent,  or 
Genei 
those  till 
various  < 
tions  ill  t 
exposes ! 
from  whi 
Sometimi 
and  extri 
serious  lo 

3.  Nei 
kets,  or  n 
the  price  < 
ing  of  the 

4.  In_fl 

of  commt 

cnmmodit 

haps,  enti 

his  sway 

power,  to 

and  valual 

the  effect  t 

the  means 

elude  or  c 

which  was 

manner  th 

sumer,    S 

commoditii 

Salonica,  v 

Servia  and 

sibly,  into 

most  contij 

of  conveya 

voyage  twi 

consequenc 

of  sugar  in 

u  high  as 

Vol..  II.. 


PRICES. 


349 


IS  been  very  gene- 
ivhatever,  a  single 
)t  be  satisfactorily 
il.i.  p.  81.)  Mul- 
ughout  this  work. 
Jegrce  of  care,  will 
d  and  silver,  were 
ated  at  from  3  to  5 
.nfluence  has  been 

ural  statements  can 
le  whole,  however, 
ed.  The  anarchy, 
(ill  come  to  a  close; 
,  doubtless,  be  paid 
plies  from  the  Kus- 

f  the  United  States, 


lated  in  money,  or    ^ 
if  a  commodity  rises 

e  of  conmodities— 
?pends,  at  any  given 
I  on  the  relation  of 
/  required  the  same 
jf  each  were  adjusted 
sufficient  abundance, 
le  outlay  upon  them, 
1  the  same  price,  or 
ny  single  coinmodity 
)roduction,  while  the 
ue,  as  compared  wiih 
)osing  the  cost  of  its 
[  the  supply,  or  by  an 

arisini?  from  any  dis- 
frecli/  produced  in 
led  by  changes  in  tlie 
in  which  they  origi- 
ilack  cloth :  but  sup- 
uld  not  permanently 
would  henceforth 
ed  to  the  same  extent 
rtance  of  distinguish- 
other  accidental  cit- 
occasioned  by  some 
distant  period,  revert 

riatton  may  evidently 
effecting  the  value  of 

presumption  is,  that 
)ared.  This  conclu- 
,rt  of  that  fall  in  the 
ch  has  been  so  gene- 
in  the  productiveness 
(try,  arising  from  the 

and  more  abundant 
,odB  of  production,— 

le  commodities  now 
loy  either  an  ahsoluk 
Is  depend  entirely  or 
not  liable  to  be  in- 
J)roduction.  Antique 
bar  flavour,  produced 


i 


in  small  quantities  in  particular  situations  ;  and  a  few  other  articles;  exist  under  what  may 
lie  called  absolute  monopolies ; — their  supply  cannot  be  increased  ;  and  their  price  must,  there- 
fore, depend  entirely  on  the  competition  of  those  who  may  wish  to  buy  them,  without  being 
in  the  slightest  degree  influenced  by  the  cost  of  their  production. 

Monopolies  are  sometimes  established  by  law  ;  as  when  the  power  to  supply  the  market 
with  a  particular  article  is  made  over  to  one  individual  or  society  of  individuals,  without  any 
limitation  of  the  price  at  which  it  may  bo  sold ;  which,  of  course,  enables  those  possessed  of 
the  monopoly  to  exact  the  highest  price  for  it  that  the  competition  of  the  buyers  will  atford. 
though  such  price  may  exceed  the  cost  of  production  in  any  conceivable  degree.  Monopo- 
lies of  this  sort  used  to  be  common  in  England,  particularly  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth :  but 
they  were  finally  abolished  by  the  famous  act  of  the  21  Jac.  1.  c.  3. — an  act  which,  by  esta- 
blishing the  freedont  of  competition  in  all  businesses  carried  on  at  home,  has  been  productive 
of  the  greatest  advantage. — (See  Mo\opolt.) 

The  corn  laws  establish  a  partial  monopoly  of  the  supply  of  Great  Britain  with  corn  in 
favour  of  the  agriculturists ;  but,  as  competition  is  carried  to  as  great  an  extent  in  agricul- 
ture as  in  any  other  business,  this  monopoly  does  not  enable  them  to  obtain  a  higher  price 
for  their  produce  than  is  suflicient  to  pay  the  expenses  of  its  production  :  though,  owing  to 
the  peculiar  circumstances  under  which  this  country  is  placed,  this  price  is  higher  than  the 
price  in  the  surrounding  countries.  Hence  it  results  that  the  monopoly  is  injurious  to 
the  public,  without  being  of  any  advantage  to  those  engaged  in  the  business  of  agriculture. 
Neither,  indeed,  can  it  be  truly  said  to  be  advantageous  to  the  landlords. — (See  vol.  i. 
p.  495.) 

The  rights  conveyed  by  patents  sometimes  establish  a  valuable  monopoly  ;  for  they  enable 
the  inventors  of  improved  methods  of  production  to  maintain,  during  the  continuance  of  the 
patent,  the  price  of  the  article  at  a  level  which  may  be  much  higher  than  is  required  to  afford 
thetn  the  ordinary  rate  of  profit.  This  advantage,  however,  by  stiinulatins;  invention,  and 
exciting  to  new  discoveries,  of  which  it  is  the  natural  and  appropriate  reward,  instead  of  be- 
ing injurious,  is  beneficial  to  the  public. — (See  Patents.) 

There  are  also  partial  monopolies,  depending  upon  situation,  connection,  fashion,  &c. 
These,  and  other  inappreciable  circumstances,  sometimes  occasion  a  difference  of  30  per 
cent.,  or  more,  in  the  price  of  the  same  article  in  shops  not  very  distant  from  each  other. 

Generally  speaking,  the  supply  of  monopolized  commodities  is  less  liable  to  vary  than 
those  that  are  freely  produced  ;  and  their  prices  are  commonly  moie  steady.  But  there  are 
various  exceptions  to  this  rule,  and  of  these  the  C(v\  mono[)oly  is  one.  The  great  varia- 
tions in  the  harvests  of  particular  countries,  and  their  average  equality  throughout  the  world, 
exposes  a  nation  which  shuts  foreign  corn  out  of  its  ports  to  destructive  vicissitudes  of  price, 
from  which  it  would  enjoy  a  nearly  total  exemption  were  the  ports  open. — (See  vol.  i.  p.  493.) 
Sometimes  the  expiration  of  a  monopoly — a  patent,  for  example — has  occasioned  a  sudden 
and  extraordinary  increase  of  supply,  and  consequent  fall  of  price ;  entailing,  of  course,  a 
serious  loss  on  the  holders  of  large  stocks  of  goods  produced  under  the  monopoly. 

3.  New  Sources  of  Supplif, — The  ctrccts  on  prices  produced  liy  the  opening  of  new  mar- 
kets, or  new  sources  of  supply,  are  familiar  to  every  one.  The  fall  that  has  taken  place  in 
the  price  of  pepper,'  and  of  most  sorts  of  commodities  brought  from  the  East,  since  the  open- 
ing of  the  trade  in  1814,  is  a  conspicuous  proof  of  what  is  now  stated. 

4.  Influence  of  War  on  Prices. — The  effect  of  war  in  obstructing  the  ordinary  channels 
of  commercial  intercourse,  and  occasioning  extreme  fluctuations  in  the  supply  and  price  of 
commodities,  is  well  known.  In  this  respect,  however,  the  latter  part  of  the  late  war  is,  per- 
haps, entitled  to  a  pre-eminence.  We  had  then  to  deal  with  an  enemy  who  had  extended 
his  sway  over  most  part  of  the  Continent ;  and  who  endeavoured,  by  every  means  in  his 
power,  to  shut  vis  out  of  the  Continental  markets.  Mr.  Tooke  has  given,  in  his  elaborate 
and  valuable  work  on  H!gh  and  Low  Prices,  a  variety  of  details  which  strikingly  illustrate 
the  effect  that  the  regulations  then  adopted  by  the  belligerent  powers  had  on  prices.  "  Among 
the  means,"  says  Mr.  Tooke,  "  devised  by  the  ingenuity  and  enterprise  of  adventurers  to 
elude  or  overcome  the  obstacles  presented  by  the  decrees  of  the  enemy,  one  in  particular, 
which  was  resorted  to  on  an  extensive  scale,  deserves  mention,  as  illustrating  in  a  striking 
manner  the  degree  in  which  those  obstacles  were  calculated  to  increase  the  cost  to  the  con- 
sumer. Several  vessels  laden  with  sugar,  coffee,  tobacco,  cotton  twist,  and  other  valuable 
commodities,  were  despatched  from  England  at  very  high  rates  of  freight  and  insurance  to 
Salonica,  where  the  poods  -vere  landed,  and  thence  conveyed  on  mules  and  horses  through 
Servia  and  Hungary  to  Vienna,  for  the  purpose  of  being  distributed  over  Gi^rmany,  and,  pos- 
sibly, into  France.  Thus  it  might  happen  that  the  inhabitants  of  that  part  of  the  Continent 
most  contiguous  to  this  country  CDuld  not  receive  their  supplies  from  us,  without  an  expenso 
of  conveyance  equivalent  to  what  it  would  be,  if  they  were  removed  to  the  distance  of  a  sea 
voyage  twice  round  the  globe,  but  not  subject  to  fiscal  and  political  regulations."  And  in 
consequence  of  these,  and  other  causes  of  the  same  sort,  Mr.  Tooke  mentions  that  the  price 
of  sugar  in  France,  and  other  parts  of  the  Continent,  during  the  latter  years  of  the  war,  was 
as  bigh  as  5s,  and  69.  a  pound ;  that  coffee  rose  to  7s. ;  indigo  to  I8s.,  and  so  on. 

Vol.  II.— 3  G 


1 

i 


860 


PRICES. 


'c: 


Si. 
1  Jl 

■wri 

'■   :■    ' 

■'WlHI 

>,';    ,        .       ■ 

-iii« 

■■» 

Ilk: 

t 
If, 


But  the  sums  charged  for  freight  and  insurance  were  the  most  extraordinary.  Mr.  Tooke 
states,  that  he  has  known  instances  in  which  the  licence,  freight,  and  other  charges  on  ac- 
count of  a  vessel  of  about  100  tons  burden,  making  a  voyage  from  Calais  ti)  London  and 
back,  have  amounted  to  the  almost  incredible  sum  of  50,000/. !  A  ship  of  which  the  whole 
cost  and  outfit  did  not  amount  to  4,000/.,  earned,  during  the  latter  period  of  the  war,  a  gross 
freight  of  80,000/.  on  a  voyage  from  Bordeaux  to  London  and  back  !  'I'he  freight  of  indii^o 
from  London  to  the  Continent  does  not  at  prcs'-nt  exceed  Id.  a  pound ;  whereas  it  amounted, 
at  the  period  referred  to,  to  about  4s.  6</. — (^High  and  Low  Prices,  2d  ed.  p.  212.) 

5.  Influence  of  Tuxes  on  Prices. — It  is  unnecessary  to  dilate  on  a  topic  so  familiar  to 
every  one.  When  a  tax  is  laid  on  a  commodity,  its  price  necessarily  rises  in  a  correspond- 
ing proportion ;  for  otherwise  the  producers  would  not  obtain  the  ordinary  rate  of  profit,  and 
would,  of  course,  withdraw  from  the  business.  The  rise  in  the  price  of  several  of  the  arti- 
cles in  the  annexed  Table,  is  principally  to  be  ascribed  to  the  increase  of  taxation. 

These  statements  will  probably  suffice  to  give  our  readers  a  general  idea  of  the  principles 
which  determine  the  value  of  commodities.  To  go  deeper  into  the  subject  would  involve  us 
in  discussions  that  belong  to  political  economy,  and  are  among  the  most  intricate  in  that 
science.  The  influence  of  speculation  on  prices  must  not,  however,  be  passed  over  in  a  work 
of  this  sort. 

6.  Influence  of  Speculation  on  Prices. — It  very  rarely  happens  (hat  either  the  actual  sup. 
ply  of  any  species  of  produce  in  extensive  demand,  or  the  intensity  of  that  demand,  can  ho 
exactly  measured.  Every  transaction  in  which  an  individual  buys  produce  in  order  to  sell 
it  again,  is,  in  fact,  a  speculation.  The  buyer  anticipates  that  the  demand  for  the  ai  tide  he 
has  purchased  will  be  such,  at  some  future  period,  either  more  or  less  distant,  that  he  will  he 
able  to  dispose  of  it  with  a  profit;  and  the  success  of  the  speculation  depends,  it  is  evident, 
on  the  skill  with  which  he  has  estimated  the  circumstances  that  must  determine  the  future 
price  of  the  commodity.  It  follows,  therefore,  that  in  all  highly  commercial  countries,  where 
merchants  are  possessed  of  large  capitals,  and  where  they  are  left  to  be  guided  in  the  use  of 
them  by  their  own  discretion  and  foresight,  the  prices  of  commodities  will  freipieiitly  be  very 
much  influenced,  not  merely  by  the  actual  occurrence  of  changes  in  the  accustomed  relation 
of  the  supply  and  demand,  but  by  the  anticipation  of  such  changes.  It  is  the  business  of 
the  merchant  to  acquaint  himself  with  every  circumstance  afTecting  the  particular  description 
of  commodities  in  which  he  deals.  He  endeavours  to  obtain,  by  means  of  an  extensive  cor- 
respondence, the  earliest  and  most  authentic  information  with  respect  to  every  thing  that 
may  affect  their  supply  or  demand,  or  the  cost  of  their  production ;  and  if  he  learned  that 
the  supply  of  an  article  had  failed,  or  that,  owing  to  changes  of  fashion,  or  to  the  opening  of 
new  channels  of  commerce,  the  demand  for  it  had  been  increassed,  he  would  most  likely  he 
disposed  to  become  a  buyer,  in  anticipation  of  profiting  by  the  rise  of  price,  which,  under  the 
circumstances  of  the  case,  could  hardly  fail  of  taking  place;  or,  if  he  were  x  holder  of  the 
article,  he  would  refuse  to  part  with  it,  unless  for  a  higher  price  than  he  would  previounly 
have  accepted.  If  the  intelligence  received  by  the  merchant  had  been  of  a  contrary  descrip- 
tion— if,  for  example,  he  had  learned  that  the  article  was  now  produced  with  greater  facility, 
or  that  there  was  a  falling  off  in  the  demand  for  it,  caused  by  a  change  of  fashion,  or  by  tlie 
shutting  up  of  some  of  the  markets  to  which  it  had  previously  been  admitted — he  would 
have  acted  differently :  in  this  case  he  would  have  anticipated  a  fall  of  prices,  and  vvouki 
cither  have  declined  purchasing  the  article,  except  at  a  reduced  rate,  or  have  endeavoured  to 
get  rid  of  it,  supposing  him  to  be  a  holder,  by  ofTering  it  at  a  lower  price.  In  consequence 
of  these  operations,  the  prices  of  commodities,  in  different  places  and  periods,  are  brought 
comparatively  near  to  equality.  All  abrupt  transitions,  from  scarcity  to  abundance,  and  from 
abundance  to  scarcity,  are  avoided ;  an  excess  in  one  case  is  made  to  balance  a  deliciency  in 
another,  and  the  supply  is  distributed  with  a  degree  of  steadiness  and  regularity  that  could 
hardly  have  been  deemed  attainable. 

It  is  obvious,  from  what  has  now  been  stated,  that  those  who  indiscriminately  condemn 
all  sorts  of  speculative  engagements,  have  never  reflected  on  the  circumstances  incident  to 
the  prosecution  of  every  undertaking.  In  truth  and  reality,  they  are  all  speculations.  Their 
undertakers  must  look  forward  to  periods  more  or  less  distant;  and  their  success  depends  en- 
tirely on  the  sagacity  with  which  they  have  estimated  the  probability  of  certain  events  occur- 
ring, and  the  influence  which  they  have  ascribed  to  them.  Speculation  is,  therefore,  really 
only  another  name  for  foresight ;  and  though  fortunes  have  sometimes  been  made  by  a  lucky 
hit,  the  character  of  a  successful  speculator  is,  in  the  vast  majority  of  instances,  due  to  him 
only  who  has  skilfully  devised  the  means  of  effecting  the  end  he  had  in  view,  and  who  has 
outstripped  his  competitors  in  the  judgment  with  which  he  has  looked  into  futurity,  and  ap 
preciated  the  operation  of  causes  producing  distant  effects.  Even  in  the  securest  businesses, 
such  as  agriculture  and  manufactures,  there  is,  and  must  be  a  great  deal  of  speculation.  An 
unlooked  for  change  of  season  frequently  disappoints  the  apparently  reasonable  expectations 
of  those  who  undertake  the  former;  while  the  equally  capricious  variations  of  fashion  have 
to  be  encountered  by  those  engaged  in  the  latter ;  and  each  is,  besides,  liable  to  be  affected 


n 


PRICES. 


891 


lary.  Mr.  Tooke 
er  charijps  on  ac- 
is  to  Iiondon  and 
'  which  the  whole 
)f  llic  war,  a  gross 
e  freight  of  iiidii^o 
ereas  it  amounted, 
,,.312.)  . 
i|)ic  so  fiuuiliar  to 
!s  ill  a  corrt'spond- 
1  rate  of  proiit,  and 
several  of  the  arti-  . 
taxation. 

■a  of  the  principles 
t  would  involve  us 
)st  intricate  in  that 
ssed  over  in  a  work 

ther  the  actual  sup. 
hat  demand,  can  lie 
luce  in  order  to  sell 
nd  for  the  avticle  he 
itant,  that  he  will  be 
•pends,  it  is  evident, 
lelcrininc  the  future 
;ial  countries,  where 
Tuided  in  the  use  of    j 
?1  fre(iuently  he  very 
accustomed  relation 
It  is  the  hu.'iness  of 
particular  description 
of  an  extensive  cor- 
t  to  every  thing  that 
nd  if  he  learned  that 
or  to  the  opeuingof 
rould  most  likely  he 
•icp,  which,  under  the 
were  !i  holder  of  the 
he  would  previously 
)f  a  contrary  dcscrip- 
with  "greater  facility, 
of  fashion,  or  by  tlie 
ad  milted — he  would 
lof  prices,  and  would 
have  endeavoured  to 
•e.     In  consequence 
period!.,  are  brought 
ihundance,  and  from 
glance  a  deficioncy  in 
regularity  that  could 


Icriminately  condemn 
Imstanccs  incident  lo 
j  speculations.  Tlielt 
■  success  depends  en- 
I  certain  events  occur- 
J  is,  therefore,  really 
Len  made  by  a  lucky 
Instances,  due  to  hira 
Ti  view,  and  who  has 
Hnto  futurity,  and  ap- 
t.  securest  businesses, 
\\  of  speculation.  An 
Isonahle  expectations 
Bonn  of  fashion  have 
\,  liable  lo  be  affected 


by  los'''l''*'^'s  enactments,  by  new  discoveries  in  the  arts,  and  by  an  endless  variety  of  cir- 
cumstances which  it  is  always  very  difficult,  and  sometimes  quite  impossible,  to  foresee.  On 
the  whole,  indeed,  the  gains  of  the  undertakers  are  so  adjustcl,  that  those  who  carry  them 
on  obtain,  at  an  average,  the  ccimon  and  ordinary  rate  of  profit.  But  the  inequality  in  the 
gains  of  individuals  is  most  commonly  very  great:  and  while  the  superior  tact,  industry,  or 
good  fortune  of  some  enable  them  to  realise  large  fortunes ;  the  want  of  discernment,  the  less 
vigilant  attention,  or  the  bad  fortune  of  others,  frequently  reduces  them  from  the  situation 
of  capitalists  to  that  of  labourers. 

The  great  cotton  speculation  of  1825  took  its  rise  partly  and  chiefly  from  a  supposed  de- 
ficiency in  the  supply  of  cotton,  partly  from  an  idea  that  there  was  a  greatly  increased  de- 
mand foi-  raw  cotton  in  this  country  .md  the  Continent,  and  partly  from  a  belief  that  the 
stocks  on  hand  were  unusually  low.  Noi '  it  is  obvious,  that  the  success  of  those  who  em- 
barked in  this  speculation,  depended  ti )'  ely  on  two  circumstances;  viz.  first,  that  they 
were  right  in  the  fundamental  supposition  on  which  the  whole  speculation  rested,  that  the 
supply  of  cotton  was  no  longer  commensurate  with  the  demand  ;  and  second,  that  their  com- 
petition did  not  raise  the  price  so  high  as  to  diminish  the  consumption  by  the  manufacturers 
in  too  great  a  degree  to  enable  them  to  take  ofl'  the  quantity  to  be  actually  brought  to  market 
If  the  merchants  had  been  well  founded  in  their  suppositions,  and  if  their  competition  had 
not  raised  the  price  of  cotton  too  high,  the  speculation  would  cei-tainly  have  been  successful. 
But,  instead  of  being  well  founded,  the  hypothesis  on  which  the  whole  thing  rested  was  per- 
fectly visionary. — There  was  no  deficiency  in  the  supply  of  cotton,  but,  on  the  contrary,  a 
great  superabundance;  and  though  there  had  been  such  a  deficiency,  the  excess  to  which 
the  price  was  carried  must  have  checked  consumption  so  much  as  to  occasion  a  serious  de- 
cline. The  falling  ofl"  in  the  imports  of  cotton  from  America,  in  1824,  seems  to  have  been 
the  source  of  the  delusion.  It  was  supposed  that  this  falling  olTwas  not  accidental,  but  that 
it  was  a  consequence  of  the  price  of  cotton  having  been  for  a  series  of  years  so  low  as  to  be 
inadequate  to  defray  the  expenses  of  its  cultivation.  The  result  showed  that  this  calculation 
was  most  erroneous.  And  besides,  in  entering  on  the  speculation  no  attention  was  paid  to 
Egypt  and  Italy, — countries  from  which  only  about  1,400,000  lbs.  of  cotton  were  obtained 
in  1824,  but  from  which  no  less  than  23,800,000  lbs.  were  obtained  in  1825!  This  un- 
looked-for importation  was  of  itself  almost  enough  to  overturn  the  combinations  of  the  spe- 
culators ;  and,  coupled  with  the  increased  importation  from  America  and  other  countries, 
actually  occas'  "ned  a  heavy  glut  of  the  market. 

The  risk  to  which  merchants  are  exposed,  when  they  cither  sail  off  any  commodity  at  a 
reduced  price  in  anticipation  of  a  fall,  or  buy  at  an  advanced  price  in  anticipation  of  a  future 
rise,  is  a  consequence  principally  of  the  extreme  difliculty  of  ascertaining  the  true  state  of  the 
fact  with  respect  to  the  grounds  on  which  an  abundant  or  a  deficient  supply,  or  an  increasing 
or  decreai'ing  demand,  may  be  expected.  Rules  can  here  be  of  no  service;  every  thing  de- 
pends upon  the  talent,  tact,  and  knowledge  of  the  party.  The  questions  to  be  solved  are  all 
practical  ones,  varying  in  every  case  from  each  other ;  the  skill  of  the  merchant  being  evinced 
by  the  mode  in  which  he  conducts  his  business  under  such  circumstances,  or  by  his  sagacity 
in  discovering  coming  events,  and  appreciating  their  character  and  the  extent  of  their  influ- 
ence. Priority,  but,  above  all,  accuracy  of  intelligence  l:,  in  such  cases,  of  the  utmost  con- 
sequence. Without  well  authenticated  data  to  go  upoii,  every  step  taken  may  only  lead  to 
error.  The  instances,  indeed,  in  which  speculations,  apparently  contrived  with  the  greatest 
judgment,  have  ended  in  bankruptcy  and  ruin,  from  a  deficiency  in  this  essential  requisite, 
arc  so  very  numerous,  that  every  one  must  be  acquainted  with  them.  Hence  the  importance 
of  seli'ctincj  acute  and  cautious  correspondents;  and  hence,  also,  the  necessity  of  maturely 
weighing  their  reports,  and  of  endeavouring,  by  the  aid  of  information  gleaned  from  every 
authentic  accessible  source,  to  ascertain  how  far  they  may  bo  depended  upon. 

When  ft  few  leading  merchants  purchase  in  anticipation  of  an  advance,  or  sell  in  anticipa- 
tion of  a  fall,  the  speculation  is  often  pushed  beyond  all  reasonable  limits,  by  the  operations 
of  those  who  are  influenced  by  imitation  only,  and  who  have  never,  perhaps,  reflected  for  a 
moment  on  the  grounds  on  which  a  variation  of  price  is  anticipated.  In  speculation,  as  in 
most  other  things,  one  individual  derives  conlidence  from  another.  Such  a  one  purchases 
orijells,  not  because  he  has  any  really  accurate  information  as  to  the  state  of  the  demand  and 
supjdy,  but  because  some  one  else  has  done  so  before  him.  The  original  impulse  is  thus 
rapidly  extended  ;  and  even  those  who  are  satisfied  that  a  speculation,  in  anticipation  of  a 
rise  of  prices,  is  unsafe,  and  that  there  will  be  a  recoil,  not  unfrequcntly  adventure,  in  the  ex- 
pectation that  they  will  ()c  able  to  withdraw  before  the  recoil  has  begun. 

It  may,  we  believe,  speaking  generally,  be  laid  down  as  a  sound  practical  rule,  to  avoid 
having  any  thing  to  do  with  a  speculation  in  which  many  have  already  engaged.  The  com- 
petition of  the  speculators  seldom  fails  speedily  to  render  an  adventure  that  might  have  been 
originally  safe,  extremely  hazardous.  If  a  commodity  happen  to  be  at  an  unusually  reduced 
prion  in  any  particular  market,  it  will  rise  the  moment  that  dillerent  buyers  appear  in  the 
field ;  and  supposing,  on  the  other  hand,  that  it  is  fetching  an  unusually  high  price,  it  will 


3 


-(,■» 


"31 


352 


PRICES. 


'■  ..  t 


mnm,'  ■•<■■ 

'mmii  ■'  ■ 

«'«. 

m\ia<''\: 

W"" 

'lll|M>'l» 

■imm'>' 

C: 

■Mii«;i,  v. 

>mKi  i:.' 

.  Mint  at 


'iHBItlliki, 


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■mm 

•  \m 


m 

lilt 


II 


An  Account  of  the  Contract  Prices  of  the  following  Articles  of  Provision 

,  fcc.  at  the  Royal  Hospital, 
Papers  puhlished  by  th» 

Vmn. 

rinh, 
per  CwL 

Bmd, 
p«rLb. 

Flour, 
per  uck. 

BollfT, 
per  Lb. 

Chww, 

per  Lb.  ^ 

Pku, 

per 
Buihel. 

Ualmral, 
per  Gusliel. 

Sail, 

per 

Ruihel. 

MM, 

pur 

Quarter. 

Hopi, 
per  Cwt. 

Deer, 
per  Barrel, 

£  a.  d. 

Avtrage. 

£  s. 

d. 

s. 

d. 

S. 

d.  5.      d. 

£    s.    d. 

<. 

d. 

£  s.  d. 

£     1.   d. 

£     «.     d. 

1729 

1    58 

U.forlOrffoz. 

■ 

- 

0 

4i 

0 

3i 

4    0 

0    4    6 

5 

0 

1    9  0 

2    5  0 

- 

1730 

t    5  8 

\d.  for  \A\  oz. 

- 

- 

0 

5 

0 

3* 

4    0 

0    4    6 

5 

0 

1    0  6 

2    510 

D    3    9  1 

1735 

016  11 

U.  for  12J  oz. 

- 

- 

0 

3» 

" 

2i 

3    6 

0    4    0 

4 

0 

1    0  3 

3    9  63 

0    4    13{ 

1740 

1   8   0 

!</.  for  Offfoz. 

- 

- 

0 

5)0 

3i 

3    6 

0    4    0 

4 

0 

1   7  35 

2  10  73 

0    5    23I 

1745 

1  a  2 

Id.forlSyg-  oz. 

- 

- 

0 

3tO 

2i 

3    6 

0    4    0 

4 

0 

1    3   1 

3  U   1 

0    5    Ifj 

1750 

16   6 

Id  for  13j  07.. 

- 

- 

0 

610 

3i 

3    6 

0    4    0 

4 

0 

1    4  0 

5    4  0 

0    5    83! 

1755 

1  7   9i 

Id.forHfff"^- 

- 

- 

0 

5i]o 

3i 

3    6 

0    4    0 

4 

0 

1    2  0 

2  15  0 

0    4    5j| 

1760 

111    6 

Id.  for  13J  oz. 

- 

- 

0 

5i,0 

3J 

3    6 

0    4    0 

4 

0 

I    4  9 

4  13  4 

0    5    73{ 

1765 

1    7  3 

U.  for  9i  oz. 

- 

- 

0 

5i|0 

3i 

3    6 

0    4    0 

4 

0 

I  10  8 

7    3  6 

0    7    2*1 

1770 

1    8  6 

Id.forllfff  oz. 

- 

- 

0 

6i|0 

n 

4    3 

0    4    9 

4 

8 

1   8  3 

5  16  4 

0    5  10  I 

1775 

1  13  5 

Id.  for  »r.''  oz. 

- 

- 

0 

«!> 

3J 

7    6 

0    5    3 

4 

8 

117  3 

4  16   6 

0    7    li{ 

1780 

1  12  6 

Id.  fori  1  fff  oz. 

- 

- 

0 

6i|0 

3} 

7    6 

0    5    3 

4 

8 

1  11   1 

2  14  8 

0    7    3.i{ 

1785 

117  61 

Id.  for  10}  oz. 

• 

- 

0 

6»0 

3i 

7    6 

0    5    3 

4 

8 

2   0  3 

5    6  4 

0    8    2i| 

1790 

11610 

- 

2  3 

4 

0 

6i0 

4 

7    6 

0    5    3 

4 

8 

1  15  6 

6  13  9 

087) 

1T95 

2   210 

- 

3  5 

8 

0 

810 

5i 

9    6 

^    6    41 

6 

U 

2   8  3 

7    710 

0  10    4i{ 

1800 

3   4  4 

. 

416 

0 

0  lu'o 

H 

13    5 

0  14    0 

14 

0 

4   4  0 

16  15  9 

1    0    4i{ 

1805 

3   0  4 

- 

4  2 

3 

0 

113  0 

71    7    9 

0  12    0 

16  lOi 

4    5  7 

6  11  0 

0  17    0* 

1806 

3   1   0 

. 

3  9 

6i 

0  lUO 

71   8    4S 

0  10    3 

19 

9 

3  16  0 

6    7  9 

0  16    31 

1807 

3   3  0 

. 

3  3 

81 

010 

7il4    41 

0    9    4f 

19 

9 

3  13   li 

5  19  0 

0  15    5 

rsos 

3   3  0 

- 

3  9101 

010 

7J19    2J 

0  10  10 

19 

9 

3  16  n 

4  12  6 

0  16    51 

1809 

3   6  6 

• 

4  5 

u 

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8    14  10) 

0  11    9 

19 

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7    6  8 

0  17    0 

1810 

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4  8 

4 

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8J   9    5 

0  11    7 

19 

9 

4   4  5 

7    6  8 

0  17  10 

1811 

3  14  0 

- 

411 

0 

2^0 

8*   8    9 

0  11    6 

19 

9 

3  13  6 

7  13  6 

0  16    3} 

1812 

3  18  0 

- 

5  1 

5 

3i0 

8*  12    8* 

0  13    3 

19 

9 

4  18  6 

9  17   0 

1    0    91 

1813 

4   5  0 

- 

413 

0 

3;o 

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0  13    3 

19 

9 

4  16  6 

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1814 

3  14  6 

. 

310 

6 

2  P 

8)    9    4 

0  10    4 

19 

9 

3  17  8 

9  10  0 

0  17    31 

1815 

3   8   0 

- 

2  4 

9 

2    0 

8 

6    71 

0  10    3 

19 

9 

3   9  71 

9  13  7 

0  15    43 

1816 

2  11   4 

- 

3  4 

1 

0 

9i0 

6i 

7    Oh 

0    9    2 

19 

9 

3   9  41 

14    0  0 

0  15    8 

1817 
1818 

211    4 

2  17   1 

d.  „" 
Per  lb.  2  T? 

4  6 
3  8 

4 

0    8J0 
0  11  jo 

5i 
6 

8  6) 

9  31 

0  13    9 
0  13    51 

19 

19 

9 
9 

4   610* 
4    1   8* 

22    4  0 

Pockets. 
8     8    0 

1    0    7 
0  19  11* 

1819 

3   4  3 

—    Ifra 

217 

5 

0 

11  ;o 

8 

7    8 

0  12    9 

19 

9 

3  12113 

4  12  0 

0  15    ,13 

1820 

3  10  ii 

215 

1 

0 

9iO 

7 

7    53 

0  13    41 

19 

9 

3   8  81 

4    0  0 

0  13  10} 

1821 

2  1810 

-     \VX2 

2  5 

3i 

0 

8^0 

6 

5    9 

0    8    81 

19 

4J 

3    III 

3  12  0 

0  12  IQi 

1822 

1  19  5i 

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117 

5i 

0 

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5 

5    0* 

0    8    6 
f8s.  3d. 
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;  15».  6d. 

18 

0 

2  12  61 

3  10  0 

0 11  53 

1823 

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5 

0 

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4 

S    6 

10 

21911 

9  19  0 

0  12    51 

1821 

2   2  81 

-  UrV 

2  6 

2 

0 

8}0 

4* 

5  11 
fsplit 
<  |>eas 
(lis. 
11    0 

'  <|»  cwt. 
17a.^?^cwt. 

} 
4 

9 

3   3   1 

7    5  0 

0  14  10* 

1825 

2  19  6i 

-  iffV 

213 

4 

0  lo^'o 

5* 

^0  17    6 

2  10 

3  11  101 

23    0  0 

0  16    6* 

1826 

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2  5 

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0 

9*0 

6i 

0  19    0 

1 

m 

3   5   1 

15    5  0 

0  17    5} 

1827 

1  IS   4i 

211  8 

2  3 

6 

0 

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10    6 

1    5    0 

1 

8 

3    410 

4  10  0 

0  13    gi 

I82S 

2  10  7i 

2  6 

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9    6 

0  18    6 

1 

10 

3   1   7 

- 

0  13    1 

1829 

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2  15  lOi 

0 

8   0 

5 

8    9 

0  18    6 

1 

8 

3  no* 

5    9  6 

0  13    4 

1830 

2   3  6 

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21411 

0 

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4 

8    0 

0  16  11 

1 

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1831 

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3  0 

Si 

0 

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0  17    6 

1 

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3  10  51 

5  110 

0  16    01 

1832 

2   6  2i 

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213 

1 

0 

81  0 

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0  17    0 

1 

8 

2  18  8 

6  15  0 

0  13    13 

18.332   6  6 

,     1  fl  I 

—   1  2  Jffir 

2  4 

1) 

0 

810 

4J 

9    0 

0  16    0 

1 

6 

2  11  6 

- 

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117 

6iO 

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8    6 

0  13    6 

1 

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0  12    33 

1835  2   0  7k 

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III 

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4 

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3   3    I   4J'  5  11  0 

0  13    91 

',i 


I 


It  may  be  right  to  obaerve,  Uut  in  tbu  infanry 

Um 


of  the  Inslilnlinn,  the  clnthe«  md  be'Ktin^  were 
blue  doth  oow  uwii  for  the  Peustonera'  coata,  ia 


w 


<     ■ 

PRICES. 

353 

he  Royal  Hnspital,        m 

nrecnwich  for  the  Years  iinder-mentionfid.— (From  the  Pari.  Papers,  Nog.  54. 72.  and  87 

.  Bess 

.  1830,  and 

nra  published  bij  tha         M 

finard  of  Trade.) 

Hnpl. 
pfr  Cwt.     p« 

Dmr,                  9 
r  Barrel.            |H 

per  Uiy. 

,B"<^I«-  '  Mason., 
layer.,    ,,„i>iy. 

1 

Plumbers, 
per  Day. 

C.in(ttcs,    Shovs, 

per         |H.T 
l>)Z.  lb.i  Fair. 

C<«lj, 

piT 

Ch.iMron. 

Mope, 
each. 

stock  inits 
ptr  Pair. 

Ux't, 

each. 

S.d. 

CoiiiplKtf 

.Suits  Ctf 
Bi^dJilK. 

£    S.    d. 

Suits 
Cliilli 

£  I. 

If 

8. 

d. 

Coati, 
e.tcb. 

£     a.  d.£ 

'•     i-           Ji 

s.  d. 

s.  d.     s.  d. 

s.    d. 

s.  d.  i  t.  d. 

£  3.  d. 

£  s.  d. 

S.     d. 

£  s.d. 

2    5   0- 

m 

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0  0  104 

per  (\nz  n. 

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0 

2    510    0 

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2    6 

2    6 

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;.|       5  n 

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)   0  14  10^ 

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1  <23    0  0   0  16    6i        1 

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84 

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4  10 

)   0  17    5} 

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B   0  13    %\ 

5  9 

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6} 

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do. 

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Per  Ton. 

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.    0  12   a 

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17  to  nmuk,  tut 

l)e<l(liiH  BKro                            1 

2g2           of*  quality  Ttrylnfenor  to  Ibe  ancient  patters.  45 

one™'  cent 

••" 

864 


PRICES. 


r„ 


!    I 

i 


'limwi  ■ '« 
INWUIIW.I  *" 

■:ilil»ieil  1  "■' 

lUimiti*-' 
mum '"' 


1, 1-1 
t' 


Win 

m 


fall,  perhaps  far  below  the  cost  of  production,  as  soon  as  supplies  begin  to  be  poured  in  by 
different  merchants.  Whatever,  therefore,  moy  be  the  success  of  those  who  originate  a  spe- 
culation,  those  who  enter  into  it  at  an  advanced  period  are  almost  sure  to  lose.  To  have 
been  preceded  by  others  ought  not,  in  such  matters,  to  inspire  confidence;  on  the  contrary, 
it  ought,  unless  there  be  something  special  in  the  case,  to  induce  every  considerate  person  to 
decline  interfering  with  it. 

The  maintenance  of  the  freedom  of  intercourse  between  different  countries,  and  the  more 
general  diffusion  of  sound  instruction,  seem  to  be  the  only  means  by  which  those  miscnlcula- 
tions,  that  are  often  productive  of  great  national  as  well  as  private  loss,  can  be  either  obviated 
or  mitigated.  The  effects  consequent  to  such  improvident  speculations  being  always  far 
more  injurious  to  the  parties  engaged  in  them  than  to  nny  other  class,  the  presumption  is 
that  they  will  diminish,  both  in  frequency  and  force,  according  as  the  true  principles  of  com- 
merce come  to  be  belter  understood.  But,  whatever  inconvenience  may  occasionally  flow 
from  them,  it  is  abundantly  plain,  that  instead  of  being  lessened,  it  would  be  very  much  in- 
creased, were  any  restraints  imposed  on  the  freedom  of  adventure.  When  the  attention  of 
many  individuals  is  directed  to  the  same  line  of  speculation ;  when  they  prosecute  it  as  a 
business,  and  are  responsible  in  their  own  private  fortunes  for  any  errors  they  may  commit; 
they  acquire  a  knowledge  of  the  various  circumstances  influencing  prices,  and  give  by  their 
combinations  a  steadiness  to  them,  which  it  is  easy  to  see  could  not  be  attained  by  any  other 
means.  It  is  material,  too,  to  bear  in  mind,  as  was  previously  stated,  that  many,  perhaps 
it  might  be  said  most,  of  those  who  press  so  eagerly  into  the  market,  when  any  new  chan- 
nel of  commerce  is  opened,  or  when  any  considerable  rise  of  price  is  anticipated,  are  not 
merchants,  but  persons  engaged  in  other  businesses,  or  living,  perhaps,  on  fixed  incomes, 
who  speculate  in  the  hope  of  suddenly  increasing  their  fortune.  This  tendency  to  gambling 
seldom  fails  to  break  out  upon  such  occasions ;  but,  fortunately,  these  are  only  of  compara- 
tively rare  occurrence ;  and  in  the  ordinary  course  of  affairs,  mercantile  speculations  are  left 
to  be  conducted  by  those  who  are  familiar  with  business,  and  who,  in  exerting  themselves  to 
equalise  the  variations  of  price  caused  by  variations  of  climate  and  of  seasons,  and  to  distri- 
bute  the  supply  of  produce  proportionally  to  the  effective  demand,  and  with  so  much  provi- 
dence that  it  may  not  at  any  time  be  wholly  exhausted,  perform  functions  that  arc  in  the 
highest  degree  important  and  beneficial,  'i'hey  are,  it  is  true,  actuated  only  by  a  desire  to 
advance  their  own  interests ;  but  the  results  of  their  operations  arc  not  less  advantageous 
than  those  of  the  agriculturist  who  gives  greater  fertility  to  the  soil,  or  of  the  mechanist  who 
invents  new  and  more  powerful  machines. 

7.  Tables  of  Prices. — It  is  superfluous,  perhaps,  to  observe,  that  the  precious  metals  are 
liable  to  all  the  variations  of  value  already  alluded  to.  Not  only,  therefore,  are  prices,  as 
was  already  remarked,  affected  by  variations  in  the  cost  and  supply  of  commodities,  but  they 
are  also  affected  by  changes  in  the  cost  and  supply  of  gold  and  silver,  whether  arising  from 
the  exhaustion  of  old,  or  the  discovery  of  new  mines,  improvements  in  the  art  of  mining, 
changes  of  fashion,  &c.  Hence  it  is,  that  Tables  of  the  prices  of  commodities,  extending 
for  a  considerable  period,  communicate  far  less  solid  information  than  is  generally  supposed, 
and,  unless  the  necessary  allowances  be  made,  may  lead  to  the  most  unfounded  conclusions. 
The  real  value  of  any  commodity  depends  on  the  quantity  of  labour  required  for  its  produc- 
tion ;  but  supposing  that  we  were  to  set  about  infercing  this  real  value,  or  the  ultimate 
sacrifice  required  to  obtain  the  commodity,  from  its  price,  it  might  happen,  (had  the  quantity 
of  labour  required  for  its  production  decUned,  but  in  a  less  degree  than  the  quantity  required 
to  produce  gold  and  silver),  that  its  value  would  appear  to  rise,  when  it  had  really  been 
diminished.  When,  however,  the  rate  of  wages,  as  well  as  the  prices  of  commodities,  is 
given  upon  authentic  data,  a  Table  of  prices  is  valuable,  inasmuch  as  it  shows  the  extent 
of  the  command  over  the  necessaries  and  conveniences  of  life  enjoyed  by  the  bulk  of  the 
community  during  the  period  through  which  it  extends.  The  preceding  Table  (pp.  352, 
353.)  of  the  prices  of  vario"s  commodities,  and  of  the  wages  paid  to  different  descriptions 
of  tradesmen,  at  Green'. ich  Hospital,  for  the  last  100  years,  is  the  most  complete  of  the 
sort  that  has  been  published ;  and  is  one  of  the  few  that  is  founded  upon  data,  the  accuracy 
of  which  cannot  be  questioned.  Unfortunately,  it  applies  only  to  a  small  part  of  the 
country.  But  many  important  conclusions  may,  notwithstanding,  be  deduced  from  it. 
The  reader  will  find,  under  the  more  important  articles  described  in  this  work,  pretty  ample 
accounts  of  their  prices.  Sometimes,  as  in  the  case  of  corn,  these  accounts  go  back  to  a 
very  distant  period. 

Those  desirous  of  detailed  information  as  to  the  prices  of  commodities  in  Great  Britain, 
in  remoter  ages,  may  consult  the  elaborate  Tables  in  the  3d  volume  of  Sir  F.  M.  Eden's 
work  on  the  Poor,-  and  the  4th  volume  of  Macphersori's  Annah  of  Commerce,  Arbuth- 
not^s  Tables  of  Ancient  Coins,  Weights,  Measures,  Prices,  ^c,  are  well  known  ;  but  the 
statements  are  not  much  to  be  depended  upon.  The  Traitii  de  Mitrologie  of  M.  Paucton, 
4to,  Paris,  1780,  is  the  best  work  on  this  curious  and  difHcuIt  subject. 


I7!)5 
ITiHi 
1797 
17ilS 

17m) 

I  sou  I 

16(11 
ISO! 
IS03 
I80t 
1805 
I  SOB 

mi 

1H08 
ISO!) 

1810  I 

1811  (1 

1812  ll 

1813  )l 

1814  1 
1815 
181(1 
1817 
1818 
1819 
1820 
1821  I 

I  1822 
1823 
18>i 
1825 
I82(i 
1827 
1828 
1820 
1830 
1831 
1832 
1833 
1631 


lf\ 


le  poured  in  by 
originate  a  spe- 
lose.  To  have 
1  the  contrary, 
lerate  person  to 

9,  and  the  more 
tiosc  miacalcula- 
3  either  obviated 
leing  always  far     ^ 
•  presumption  is     i 
rinciples  of  com-     j 
)ccasionally  flow 
ic  very  much  in-     L 
the  attention  of 
prosecute  it  as  a 
ey  may  commit; 
and  give  by  their 
ned  by  any  other 
(t  many,  perhaps 
n  any  new  chan- 
ticipated,  are  not 
)n  fixed  incomes, 
ency  to  gambling 
only  of  compara- 
eculations  are  left 
ting  themselves  to 
ions,  and  to  distri- 
th  so  much  provi- 
is  that  are  in  the 
•nly  by  a  desire  to 
less  advantageous 
the  mechanist  who 

recious  metals  are 
fore,  arc  prices,  as 
imodities,  but  they 
ether  arising  from 
Ithe  art  of  mining, 
loditics,  extending 
[enerally  supposed, 
nded  conclusions, 
red  for  its  produc- 
le,  or  the  ultimate 
(had  the  quantity 
quantity  required 
t  had  really  been 
if  commodities,  is 
shows  the  extent 
ly  the  bulk  of  the 
Table  (pp.  352, 
^rent  descriptions 
it  complete  of  the 
Idata,  the  accuracy 
jmall  part  of  the 
deduced  from  it. 
ork,  pretty  ample 
nts  go  back  to  a 

in  Great  Britain, 

Isir  F.  M.  Eden's 

imerce.    Arbuth- 

known ;  but  the 
lie  of  M.  Paucion, 


PRICE  CURRENT— PRINTS. 


rnighcit  Wholesale  Prices  at  Boston,  Mnssachnaetis,  of  U  nrlirlim  of  the 
*-  1831  inclusive,  rriini  u  Talile  liy  Mr.  Jnliii  lluyward 


355 

l)nst  qiinllly,  from  1795  to 


Ye»r. 

Flour. 
til. 

Corn. 
Norih. 

i/iit. 

Ry«. 

lAU. 

Barley. 

„.  .  1   Heel, 

fork, 
No.  1, 

Fish, 
CoJ.  .Mer. 

Cotton, 
t'plaiiil. 

Tobicco, 
Vi.  Liif, 

ColTte. ' 

Tei, 
Hyson. 

Su^r. 
Muico. 

Molasui. 

lut. 

cwl.  '    /./.(. 

(.;,;. 

civl. 

Ih. 

cw\ 

lb. 

It,. 

cwt. 

(TOl- 

1795 
1711(1 

1200 

I'OO 

110 

7-00   13  00 

1800 

4-66 

33 

6-87 

21 

1  .33 

14(10 

60 

1600 

1-25 

1-30; 

100 

SOOillOO 

1800 

6-00 

30 

7  00 

25 

1  25 

1316 

62 

1707 

1000 

100 

1-33 

100 

4-00  1300 

18-50 

550 

30 

900 

26 

1-50 

10-00 

68 

1  i  o' 
17itS 
171I9 

700 

60 

75 

90 

2-25]  1000  1870 

4-25 

36 

12-00 

21 

112 

15  50 

56 

1000 

67 

83 

83 

3-00    8-00  17-00 

350 

30 

10-50 

30 

1.50 

11)  00 

50 

1800 

1000 

75 

100 

79 

4-.'iO    8-00  1700 

350 

40 

500 

25 

1-34 

14(10 

48 

18U1 
1^0! 

1300 

116 

1-20 

90 

700  1300  26-00 

600 

30 

S-.'iO 

26 

1-10 

14.00 

56 

9'00 

63 

83 

1-25 

4-75  11  00  IS-OO 

425 

25 

7-.'i0 

22 

101 

15.')() 

38 

|g03 

7  00 

70 

75 

100 

6-25   1300  10-00 

4.50 

19 

7-25 

22 

1  16 

13-(K) 

42 

1801 

7-75 

86 

64 

83 

5-50  12-00  15  50 

4-80 

18 

850 

28 

1-35 

13  00 

54 

1803 

1300 

1-25 

1-33 

1-00 

6-50  1000  16  50 

6-:,0 

25 

800 

31 

1-20 

14-.')0 

40 

l8flR 

7-50 

75 

110 

92 

5  25   10-50  21-00 

4-25 

23 

7-.50 

32 

1-20 

12-00 

38 

18117 

825 

100 

96 

90 

5-25;  11-00  2-2fl0 

4-50 

21 

8.50 

32 

1-12 

ir.50 

41 

1H08 

600 

65 

65 

90 

3  25;  10  00  15  00 

3-50 

17 

600 

25 

100 

1200 

50 

ISO!) 

7  50 

BO 

l-OO 

75  . 

3-75  11-50  17-50 

3-50 

17 

7-00 

27 

I  30 

13-,50 

52 

1810 

8-25 

115 

175 

87 

400  1000 

19  00 

3-00 

16 

6  00 

21 

100 

12.50 

48 

1811 

10-50 

95 

140 

92 

3-50  1000 

18  00 

400 

15 

6-00 

17 

95 

1400 

51 

1812 

10-75 

100 

1-08 

85 

4-75  1200 

16-00 

375 

11 

600 

16 

95 

12-.')0 

52 

1813 

13-00 

125 

140 

110 

7  00  10-00 

1800 

4-.50 

18 

50.1 

21 

1-75 

15-50 

75 

1814 

11-.50 

1-67 

2-25 

120 

700  11-00;2200 

5-50 

27 

6-50 

24 

210 

1850 

85 

1815 

9-25 

100 

I  12 

1-08 

3-63  12-50  2500 

5-50 

20 

700 

23 

1-75 

1600 

75 

18111 

7.37 

100 

1-00 

108 

4-75   11.50  2200 

3-75 

.30 

2000 

21 

1-70 

17-50 

57 

1817 

14-75 

1-90 

1-55 

1-20 

7  25  1200  2600 

3-()0 

27 

13-00 

20 

120 

14-50 

53 

1818 

10-25 

1-08 

1-08 

95 

6  75  13-50  26-50 

32 

12-00 

28 

1-20 

1100 

54 

18li) 

8-00 

80 

90 

100 

6-25  14-50  21  00 

3-.50 

25 

1200 

30 

l-IO 

1600 

50 

1820 

5-37 

00 

65 

67 

3-50  10-00   14-.'.0 

2-75 

16 

7-00 

26 

95 

1000 

34 

1821 

4-25 

43 

45 

50 

3-25     8  50  J 1-50 

3-00 

14 

600 

27 

91 

11 '00 

28 

1^22 

7-00 

84 

78 

65 

S-.-iO-   7-75 

1300 

3-00 

18 

6-50 

20 

90 

12-.'i0 

32 

1S23 

7-75 

63 

70 

65 

3-75 i    8-25 

1300 

30O 

11 

10-00 

26 

95 

12(10 

28 

|8'2I 

6-62 

48 

58 

60 

3-7.'j'    7-00 

12-00 

3-00 

16 

1000 

19 

100 

1000 

27 

1825 

5-37 

53 

68 

50 

3-75'   7-50 

14-00 

2-75 

20 

10-00 

18 

1-05 

1100 

28 

1820 

525 

85 

75 

60 

3  50'    800 

1200 

2-75 

13 

9-00 

17 

1-00 

10--10 

28 

1827 

6-00 

75 

90 

105 

3-25     6  00 

1050 

3-50 

It 

9-00 

15 

9.i 

976 

33 

1828 

5-50 

55 

55 

70 

3-75!    8-25 

13-00 

2-62 

11 

650 

15 

105 

925 

30 

1829 

8-00 

63 

82 

65 

3 •92'    9-50 

14-00 

'     2-37 

13 

4-50 

13 

95 

10-64 

30 

1830 

5-00 

55 

65 

50 

3  00    7-75 

1200 

;     2-08 

11 

600 

12 

90 

9-50 

25 

1831 

7-25 

82 

81 

60 

3-62^   7-75 

14  00 

;    3()0 

10 

6-12 

12 

95 

9.50 

27 

1832 

5-62 

62 

65 

75 

3-62    6-25 

1300 

2-75 

11 

5-.50 

13 

80 

8-40 

27 

1833 

5-87 

60 

90 

65 

362    6-75 

13.50 

aso 

m 

500 

13 

70 

1008 

32 

1  1831 

] 

'  Av.  Pr. 

550 

66 

62 

98 

65 

1 3-36 

8-50  12-00 

2  33 

ni 

7-00 

12 

70 

10-64 

34 

8-51 

86i 

84 

14-61 

10-2-2  16-99 

3-76 

201 

807 

1     22 

1   1-16 

12-83 

44J 

Jim.  Ed.] 

PRICE  CURRENT;  a  list  or  enumeration  of  the  various  articles  of  merchandise, 
with  their  prices,  the  duties  (if  any)  payable  thereon  when  imported  or  exported,  with  the 
drawbacks  occasionally  allowed  upon  their  exportation,  &c.  Lists  of  this  description  are 
published  periodically,  generally  once  or  twice  a  week,  in  most  great  commercial  cities  and 
towns. — (For  examples,  see  the  articles  CAN-ros,  Gf.xoa,  Havue,  Sixgapoue,  «Scc.  in  this 
work.) 

PiJlMAGE,  is  a  certain  allowance  paid  by  the  shipper  or  consignee  of  goods  to  the 
mariners  and  master  of  a  vessel,  for  loading  the  same.  In  some  places  it  is  Id.  in  the 
pound  ;  in  others  dd.  for  every  pack  or  bale  ;  or  otherwise,  according  to  the  custom  of  the  place. 

PRINTS,  impressions  on  paper,  or  some  other  substance,  of  engravings  on  copper, 
steel,  wood,  stone,  &c.,  representing  some  particular  subject  or  composition. 

Prints,  like  paintings,  embrace  every  variety  of  subject ;  and  difler  very  widely  in  the 
manner  in  which  they  are  engraved.  Their  prices  vary  according  to  the  style  of  the  en- 
graving, the  fineness  of  its  execution,  the  goodness  of  the  impression,  its  rarity,  &c.  The 
art  seems  to  have  taken  its  rise  in  the  15th  century.  But,  >:s  a  dissertation  on  one  of  the 
n-iost  beautiful  of  the  fine  arts  would  be  singularly  out  of  place  in  a  work  of  this  sort,  we 
have  introduced  it  for  the  purpose  merely  of  stating  the  law  with  respect  to  the  copyright 
of  prints. 

This  is  laid  down  in  the  acts  8  Geo.  2.  c.  13.,  7  Geo.  3.  c.  38.,  and  17  Geo.  3.  c.  57.  By  these  nets,  the 
cnpvright  of  all  sorts  of  prints,  including  maps  and  charts,  is  secured  to  tlie  engraver;  or  author,  for 
tin'niy-eigltt  years.  The  Inst  mentioned  act  declares  that  every  individual  who  shall,  within  the  said 
jj  ynars,  engrave,  etch,  or  worit,  or  in  any  other  manner  copy  iii  the  whole  or  in  part,  by  varying,  add- 
jni;  10  or  diminishing  from  the  main  design  ;  or  shall  print,  reprint,  or  import  for  sale,  or  shall  publish, 
sell,  or  fillierwise  dispose  of  any  copy  of  ony  print  whatever,  which  has  been  or  sliall  be  engraved, 
etched,  drawn  or  designed  in  Great  Britain,  without  the  express  consent  of  the  proprietor  thereof  first 
obtained  in  writing,  signed  by  him  with  his  own  hand,  in  the  presence  of,  and  attested  by,  two  or  more 
credible  witnesses  ;  then  every  such  proprietor  may,  by  a  special  action  upon  the  case  to  be  brought 
against  the  person  so  offending,  recover  such  damages  as  a  jury,  on  the  trial  of  such  action,  or  on  the 
execution  of  a  writ  of  inquiry  thereon,  shall  give  or  assess,  together  with  double  costs  of  suit. 

In  questions  as  to  the  piracy  of  prints,  the  courts  proceed  upon  the  same  principles  that  are  followed 
in  those  with  respect  to  the  piracy  of  books. — (See  Books  ;  see  also  Mr.  Oodson'$  excellent  work  on 
ttie  Law  of  Patents  and  Coryriffht.i,  pp.  287—301.) 

Regulationt  as  to  /mportation.— Where  prints  or  maps  are  contained  in,  and  ibrm  part  of  a  book,  and 


■II 


'»>** 


*r^r: 


■I 


356 


PRISAGE,  PRIVATEERS. 


r-Hfi 


iHHIItlMlM  "' 
iiililiMiw  -' 


,(|iai. 

11  ^-" 

,«B.- 

IIM 

sltll 

.# 

.4 

1^ 

ti'it 

n 

IM 

■erve  merely  tn  explain  or  illiiitrnte  the  »iil>ject  of  iiich  hook,  they  are  to  be  deemed  n  part  of  the 
work,  and  Im;  iliHrgi'd  with  duty,  by  wuiKhl,  a«  hooks  ;  but  wlif  n  prInlH  or  Tiiniis  are  hound  or  stitchod 
together  wilhiiiil  IctlHr-pri-HS,  or  when  the  Ictti-r-proHa  in  merely  di-scriptivo  of  the  prims  or  maps, 
then  Ihijy  iin-  to  lie  diarued  with  duty  hy  lale,  as  prhits  or  maps.— (J»/in.  Com.  Cu.i.  5th  of  Hept.  IHSU.) 
But  ifHiitisfactory  proof  he  adduced,  that  prints  or  nmpfi,  nlthonch  imported  separately,  do  really  form 
part  of  a  work,  lliey  niav  he  rharRed  wiih  the  hook  duly  hy  weight;  hut  iu  other  cases  they  are  to  bo 
clmrced  with  duly  hy  la'le.— ('/Vfiiji.  Oriler.  '2d  of  .Iiine,  ISHO.) 

I'iclures,  skeiihes,  and  drawings,  lirought  from  the  Conlinent,  and  accompanied  hy  the  proprietor, 
are  to  ho  admilled  to  entry  free  of  duly,  upon  proof,  hy  oath  of  llio  proprietor,  that  Ihe  same  were 
wholly  exei'Mli'il  hy  hiiu  for  his  amnsuMienl,  and  not  iiitcndod  for  sale  in  this  country.— (YVcoa.  Order, 
6th  of  Aug.  1817.) 

PKISA(5E,  Oil  BUTFiERAGE,  was  a  riptht  of  taking  2  tons  of  wine  from  every  ship 
importing  into  Enu;iand  20  tons  or  more,  which  was  changed  hy  Edward  I.  into  a  duty  of 
2.9.  for  every  ton  imported  by  merchant  strangers,  and  called  hutiaragc,  because  paid  to  the 
king's  IjUtler,     The  term  is  now  fallen  into  disuse. —  (Blac/tstone.) 

PRIVATEERS,  ships  of  war  fitted  out  by  private  individuals,  to  annoy  and  plunder  the 
public  enemy.  But  before  commencing  their  operations,  it  is  indispensable  that  they  obtain  let- 
tcrs  of  marque  and  reprisal  from  the  government  whose  subjects  they  are,  authorising  them  to 
commit  hostilities,  and  that  they  conform  strictly  to  the  rules  laid  down  for  the  regulation 
of  their  conduct.  All  private  individuals  attacking  others  at  sea,  unless  empowered  by 
letters  of  mar(iue,  are  to  be  considered  pirates ;  and  may  be  treated  as  such,  either  by 
those  they  attaek,  or  by  their  own  government. 

1.  Pulley  of  Vrlraleerlns;. — The  policy  of  this  system  is  very  questionable.  It  seems 
to  be  a  remnant  of  that  sjiecies  of  private  war  exercised  by  all  individuals  in  early  aires, 
but  which  gradually  disappears  as  society  advances.  In  wars  carried  on  by  land,  the 
property  of  the'  peaceable  inhabitants  who  take  no  part  in  the  operations  of  the  armies  is 
uniforndy  protected ;  and  it  is  difficult  to  discover  any  solid  grounds  why  the  same  rule 
should  not  be  followed  at  sea.  Privateers  rarely  attack  ships  of  war.  Their  object  is 
merely  to  jdunder  and  destroy  merchantmen.  They  cau.«ie  an  infinite  deal  of  mischief  to 
individual's,  and  aggravate  all  the  miseries  of  war,  without  havinn  the  slightest  influence 
on  the  result  of  the  contest.  Experience  has  also  shown  that  it  is  not  possible,  whatever 
precautions  may  bo  adopted,  to  prevent  the  greatest  abuses  from  being  perpetrated  by 
privateers.  The  wish  to  amass  plunder  is  the  only  principle  by  which  they  arc  actuated ; 
and  such  being  the  case,  it  would  be  idle  to  suppose  that  they  should  be  very  scrupulous 
about  abstaining  from  excesses.  A  system  of  this  sort,  if  it  be  ever  useful,  can  be  so  only  to 
nations  who  have  little  trade,  and  who  may  expect  to  enrich  themselves  during  war  by 
fitting  out  privateers  to  plunder  the  merchant  ships  of  their  enemies.  In  all  other  ca.scs  it 
seems  to  be  productive  only  of  mischief;  though  it  is,  of  course,  most  injurious  to  those 
states  that  have  the  greatest  mercantile  navy.  Instead,  therefore,  of  encouraging  the  practice 
of  privateering,  we  think  that  a  due  regard  to  the  rights  and  interests  of  humanity  would 
suggest  to  the  great  powers  the  expediency  of  abolishing  it  altogether.  A  few  efforts,  have, 
indeed,  been  already  made  towards  this  desirable  object.  Thus,  it  was  stipulated  in  the 
treaty  between  Sweden  and  the  United  Provinces,  in  1675,  that  neither  party  should,  in 
any  future  war,  grant  letters  of  marque  against  the  other.  In  1767  Russia  abstained 
from  licensing  privateers:  and  in  the  treaty  between  the  United  States  and  Prussia,  in 
1785,  astipulation  was  inserted  as  to  privateers,  similar  to  that  in  the  treaty  between 
Sweden  and  the  United  Provinces  in  1675.  But  nothing  short  of  a  convention  and  agree- 
ment to  that  effect  amongst  the  great  powers  will  be  able  to  effect  this  desirable  object,— 
(Essal  concernantles  Arinateurs,  par  Martens,  1794.) 

2.  Appoint ment  of  Privateers.— The  captain  of  a  privateer  is  nominated  hythe  owners,  who  may  dis- 
miss liim  at  pleasure.  The  commission  or  letters  of  marque  given  to  the  owners,  authorises  theni  to 
attack  and  seize  the  ships  of  the  power  or  powers  specified  therein  ;  but  they  are  not  to  look  upon 
them  as  their  property,  or  to  appropriate  them,  or  any  part  of  them,  to  their  own  use,  till  they  havi 
been  le/rallij  condemned.  Besides  the  stimulus  atTordcd  by  the  hope  of  booty,  government  has  been  in 
the  habit  of  allowing  them  il.  for  every  man  on  board  such  enemy's  ships  of  war  or  privateers  as  Iliey 
may  capture.— (.13  Geo.  3.  c.  06.)  A  privateer  cruising  under  letters  of  marque  against  one  state  may, 
on  obtaining  authentic  information  of  hostilities  being  commenced  by  hur  government  against  another, 
capture  its  ships  with  full  advantage  to  herself.  The  king  has  in  all  cases  the  right  to  release  any  prize 
previously  to  ils  condemnation  ;  this  being  an  implied  e.\ception  in  the  grant  of  prizes  by  the  Crown.— 
(Chitty  on  Commercial  Lam,  vol.  i.  c.  8.) 

In  some  privateering  adventures,  the  crew  are  engaged  on  the  terms  of  no  prize  no  pay ;  and,  in 
such  cases,  the  produce  of  whatsoever  prizes  may  be  taken  goes  half  to  the  ship  (for  the  owners),  and 
half  to  the  men,  divided  among  them  according  to  the  articles  of  agreement ;  liut  when  the  men  sail 
for  wages,  the  captures  belong  entirely  to  the  owners,  e.vcept  a  small  share,  which  is  commonly  stipu- 
lated to  be  given  to  the  crew,  over  and  above  their  wages,  in  order  to  stimulate  their  enterprise.  Both 
ways  of  arming  are  regulated  by  the  articles  entered  into  between  the  owners  and  crews. 

Privateers  are  forbidden  from  doing  anything  contrary  to  the  law  of  nations,  as  to  assault  an  enemy 
in  a  port  or  haven,  under  the  protection  of  any  prince  or  republic,  be  he  friend,  ally,  or  neutral;  for 
the  peace  of  such  place  must  be  preserved  inviolably.— (J»/«Hoy,  De  Jure  Marilimo,  hook  i.  c.  3.) 

When  letters  of  marque  arc  granted,  it  is  usual,  in  most  countries,  to  exact  security  that  the  regulations 
with  respect  to  the  conduct  of  privateers  shall  be  observed.  In  Great  Britain,  a  bond  for  1,500/.  mast  be 
given  by  responsible  persons,  not  concerned  in  the  ship,  for  all  ships  carrying  less  than  150  men,  and 
3,000/.  for  every  ship  carrying  more,  that  they  will  give  full  satisfaction  for  any  damage  or  injury  they  may 
commit  at  sea,  contrary  to  the  regulations  under  which  they  are  to  act,  and  to  their  duty  as  privateers. 

If  privateers  wilfully  commit  any  spoil,  depredation,  or  other  injury,  on  friendly  or  neutral  ships, 
or  on  the  ships  or  goods  of  their  fellow  subjects,  they  are  to  be  punished,  according  to  the  crime,  eitber 
With  death,  or  otherwise ;  and  the  veisels  are  lubject  to  forfeiture. 


I 


Wh 
or  imr 
obtiiin 

If  2 
take  h 

my,  at 
tliat  a) 
hy  I  lit' 
irttK 
tainiiif; 
unftllif 
H licit  la 
hoiirid 
ill  a  pir 
a  siroiii 
lliDcafU 
sayH  IJ« 
tiiro  ini 
eiioniy 
wis(!ly  ( 
W.XA  ace 
peiiallin 
3.  He, 
issued  i 
lb03:— 

Ar'.  r. 

liV  Itl'trsnf 
hy  fi/rcf  ft": 
iL'ls,  ^inJs, 
he,  (trio  ai') 
bil.iiits  will) 
that  1,(1  Ill's 
nilliiii  t'le  h 
rivers  or  rci 
of  sucli  pnii 
of  iiicli  iilar 
Art.  II.  V 
ttu-fitiii'iaiiil 
vnseli,  an  1 1 
Eii^l'utd,  01 
veineiil  fur  tl 
HiCli  Ciiurl 
other  .i(liiiinl 

Art.  III. 

into  pL>rt.~A 

br(iu<{hl  into  f 

olhfr  \m!»m  \ 

assoini  as  posi 

{tvhert'fif  ihe 

i)  of  every  si 

our  IIkIi  Coui 

ltiejuli;«of  St 

fully  autliorise 

tiniK'il  in  lh.it 

n)<.ilorirs  as  si 

jiileie^tnr  ;im| 

(((Wls,  mtTcIiti 

ihili  be  ftirtlie 

exditiued,  and 

deiivtr  iiiin  ttit 

ofEnslanJ,  In 

wiijiiii  our  dm 

i*  afi>res.ii(I,  .il 

cfU.Iiii;;.  ccck) 

l^ilelivcrt-d  u] 

Ills  cliiL'f  fillict* 

capiiire,  aipl  s: 

ollit;r«'(sc  Iniiiii 

ttiat  tlie  biiil  [ 

thfv  were  rece 

lion,  or  eiuljtz 

nine  u|Min  naili 

Art.  IV.  Xot 

p>kli,  w.irns,  n 

itiar<iue  ami  rep 

no  pirl  of  iheiii 

the  bulk  Itiereol 

Hi<b  Ci'iirt  of 

minl'v,  Livvfull 

uierchiiiilibes  ar 

.\rt.  V.    P,u 

ve*sel  ()elniniiig 

lfii.<  ill  ti<iil  tt 

tilhiT  aciidtiit,  t 

fliaiit  sjji[is  or  V( 

afi-rfsii'l,  s!i.tll  1 

sllsiicti  bliip  Am 

lour  to  free  tlie 

Av.  VI.  Jlpf>l 

Tliecoiinindiler 

taking  oullelten 

wriliiijT,  subscrit 

Biilaiii,  or  our  < 

bein;,  or  tlie  lie 

rally,  or  bis  sin 

true,  anil    exw 

lucli  letter  of  nil 

den  of  such  slii|) 


PRIVATEERS. 


357 


Bcmed  n  piirt  of  the 
re  bound  or  stitched 
tho  piintH  or  maps, 
H.  Mhof  ri«pt.  IH'-iy.) 
\lely,  <lo  rtnilly  form 
cases  they  are  tu  bo 

(I  by  lljo  proprietor, 
hnl  llie  Biiino  weru 
try. —  (VVt'Orf.  Ordert 

e  from  every  ship 
d  I.  into  a  duly  of 
ecausc  paid  to  tho 

5y  and  plunder  tlie 
thalthoy  obtain /c/- 
mthorirting  them  to 
for  the  regulation 
ess  empowered  by 
as  such,  cither  by 

:ionablc.  It  seems 
luala  in  early  aires, 
1  on  by  land,  the 
ns  of  tho  armies  is 
why  the  same  rule 
r.  Their  object  is 
leal  of  mischief  to 

slightest  inHucnco 
t  possible,  whatever 
ing  perpetrated  by 
1  thoy  are  actuated; 

be  very  scrupulous 
il,  can  be  so  only  to 
Ives  during  war  by 
In  all  other  cases  it 
L  injurious  to  those 
iraging  the  practice 
f  humanity  would 

A  few  efforts,  have, 
stipulated  in  the 

ler  party  should,  in 
Russia  abstained 

es  and  Prussia,  in 

the  treaty  between 

ivention  and  agree- 
desirablc  object.— 

wners,  who  maydis- 
,  nuthoriseH  iliem  to 
re  not  to  look  upon 
vn  use,  till  they  have 
rnmeiit  has  been  in 
or  privateers  as  tliey 
luiist  one  Slate  may, 
'lont  against  another, 
I  to  release  any  prize 
izes  by  the  Crown.— 

rize  no  pay;  and,  in 
for  tlie  owners),  and 
t  when  the  men  sail 

is  commonly  stipu- 
leir  enterprise.  Both 
d  crews. 
1  to  assault  an  enemy 

ally,  or  neutral;  for 
»,  book  i.  c.  3.) 
/that the  regulationa 
f»d  for  1,500;.  must  be 
than  150  men,  and 
je  or  injury  they  may 
frduty  as  privateers, 
fly  or  neutral  ships, 

t  to  the  crime,  either 


Whether  a  «hlp  taken  be  lawful  prize,  or  not,  shall  be  tried  In  the  admiralty  ;  and  no  ship  or  cargo, 
or  part  of  a  ship  or  part  of  a  cargo,  is  to  ho  sold,  or  disposed  of  iu  any  way,  till  after  judgment  has  been 
obtained.  , .        „  ,  .  . 

If  *i  ships  with  letters  of  marque  accidentally  meet  with  a  pri/.e  nt  sea,  Ihnujth  only  one  ntiack  and 
take  her.  yet  the  other,  being  in  sight,  shall  have  an  equal  share  of  the  pri/.e,  thonuli  he  aftorded  no 
asflistanre  in  the  capture  ;  because  his  presence  may  be  presumed  to  liave  struck  t»!rrnr  into  the  ene- 
my, and  made  him  yield;  wuich  perliaps  he  would  not  have  done,  had  his  conqueror  l>een  single  :  so 
that  all  ships  that  are  in  sight,  though  they  cannot  come  up  to  assist  in  the  enifagenient,  are  entitled 
hy  the  common  law  to  a  distribution  of  the  spoil.— (iicdWM,  Lex  JMereatoria,  art.  "Prtvuteem.) 

It'tliose  to  whom  letters  of  nmrquearc  granted  should,  iuiiiiead  of  taking  the  shiiiand  goods  apper- 
taining to  that  nation  against  which  the  said  letters  are  awarded,  trUfaUy  take  or  B|)()il  the  goods  of 
iinnilicr  nalion  in  amity  with  us,  this  would  aiiM>unt  to  piracy  ;  and  Ihe  p(;rann  so  oifending  would,  for 
sach  fault,  forfeit  their  vessel,  and  the  penalties  in  which  their  securities  are,  according  to  custom, 
bound  on  taking  out  such  letters.  But  such  penalties  would  not  follow,  unless  tiie  taptnre  were  made 
in  a  piratical  manner.  For  if  the  circumstances  incident  t(»  the  captured  vessel  were  such  as  to  afford 
a  strong  prcsiiinplion  that  she  really  belonged  to  the  country  aaainst  which  the  leii*»rH  were  granted, 
the  captors  would  not  be  liable  to  punishment,  though  they  might  he  to  damages.  "  U  being  iuiprjssihlo,** 
says  IJeavves,  "always  to  determine  an  all'air  rifihis  sort  at  s^a,  it  is  allowal)le  to  bring  a  dubious  cap- 
ture into  port.  In  order  to  more  nice  and  just  scrutiny  and  ins|)ectinn;  otherwise  the  goods  of  an 
eneniy  would  often  escape.  However,  to  guard  against  unlawful  sei/ures,  il: »  government  have 
wisely  directed  aulHcient  caution  to  be  given  (as  Itefore-mentiuned)  for  tlie  due  observance  of  the  Ict- 
Icrs  according  to  law,  before  they  permit  their  issuing;  and  when  there  is  a  brea^l.  comuiitled,  the 
penalties  are  inflicted." — (Aci;  JMcrcatorin^  art.  Privateers.) 

3.  Rcaulationa  for  the  Government  of  Privateers^  i^-c— Tlie  following  instructions  to  privateers  were 
issued  under  an  order  in  council,  at  the  commencement  of  the  last  war  with  Trance,  ItJth  of  May, 
lb03:— 

nld  shall  hold  and  Icep,  and  are  hmhy  enjoined  to  hnld  and  kefp, 
n  corrwpnndpnce,  by  all  cmiv.  iiieiices,  and  upnn  all  Decisions,  with 
our  Itiifli  admiral  id  (ittnt  i>V(((ii/(,ornurc'oniii(iMiiuirrs  I'.ir executing 
thill  oflicH  for  the  lime  heiujc.  or  llieir  afcrftary,  bo  as  froin  tiiiiti  to  time 
to  render  or  give  him  or  them,  not  only  an  account  or  intellisicnce  of 
tlieir  c.ipturtsaiid  proceedinjia  by  virtue  of  such  conniiisiiiin/but  also 
of  whitever  tUe  stcil!  set-iii  unto' them,  or  le  discovered  md  declared 
to  iheni,  or  found  nut  hy  them,  or  by  fxaniiuation  of,  or  coiift-rcnca 
with,  any  marnies  ur  pa!»ieii;5er4of  or  in  the  ships  or  vessels  t.ikrn, 
or  by  any  niher  vvaysi  or  ine.ina  whatsoever,  toucliim  or  concerniufj 
the  designs  of  the  enemy,  or  auy  of  iheir  Heels,  ships,  vtasidi,  or  par- 
lies,  ami  of  the  slalionsi,  sea-pnrts,  and  placet,  and  of  their  inlenlt 
therein  ;  and  what  ships  or  Miistis  of  (he  enemy  bi)und  out  or  home, 
or  where  cruibiusj,  as  they  shad  hear  of;  and  of  wh.U  else  matenaf 
in  the>e  cises  may  arrive  at  their  knowk'di;e ;  to  ihe  end  such  courta 
m;iy  be  Iherenti  lakfu,  a'l  I  such  orilers  given,  as  may  be  rffpiisi'e. 

Art.  VIU.  IVftat  Ct'luitra  a  Privateer  i$  to  u'cur,— No  cnmniander 
of  any  ship  or  vessel  havins;  letlersof  nnnpiennd  reprisals  as  afore- 
uid,  shall  presume,  m  they  will  answer  it  at  their  peril,  (o  wear  any 

iick,  pendant,  or  oilier  ensign  or  colours  usually  borne  by  our  ships  ; 
nt,  besides  Ihe  colours  usually  b4)rne  by  nierchnn's'  iihips,  lliey  shall 
wear  a  red  jick,  with  the  Inmn  jack  deicribed  in  the  canton,  at  tliu 
uppf  r  corner  thereof,  near  the  slatll 

Art.  IX.  Not  to  raittom  any  Capture.— ^o  commander  of  any 
ship  or  vessel,  having  a  tetter  of  inar(|ue  and  repris.\l  as  aforesaid, 
shall  ransom,  or  agree  to  ransom,  or  quit  or  set  at  Idterty,  any  shipor 
vessel,  or  their  cargoes,  which  shall  Iw  seized  and  takeri. 

Art.  X.  To  dclivir  their  /'rixnners  tu  the  prfifin-  6'(un»»i.fiio/iir,t.— 
All  cap'ainsor  connnandingofticers  of  ships  having  letters  of  marque 
and  repriwls  shall  send  an  accuunt  of,  and  deliver  over,  what  pri- 
soners shall  be  taken  on  board  auy  prizes,  to  (he  crtmniissinners  ap> 
pointed,  or  to  be  appointed,  tor  the  exchange  of  prisoners  of  war,  or 
the  persons  appointed  In  the  seaport  tou  ns  lo  take  charge  of  pri- 
soners; and  such  prisoners  shall  be  subject  only  to  the  ordeis,  regu- 
lations, and  directions  of  the  said  ct-nimiit^inners  ;  and  nocoinmander 
orolherolTiciT  of  any  ship,  having  a  letter  of  maujue  or  reprisal  as 
aforesaHl,  shill  pre!>ume,  upon  any  pretence  whatsoever,  Iu  ransom 
any  prisoner. 

Art.  XI.  Cmnmisxioti  forfeitat  /)r  actins;  contrary  hereto.— la 
case  the  commander  id"  any  ship,  having  a  letter  of  marfpie  and  re- 
prisal IS  aforesiid,  shall  act  couliary  to  theM;  instructions,  or  attv 
such  further  instruclinrs  of  whirh  be  shall  have  due  notice,  he  shall 
forfeit  his  comnii-sion  to  all  intenis  and  purposes,  and  shall,  togeijier 
with  bis  bail,  be  proceeded  against  according  to  law,  and  be  con- 
demned lo  cosU  and  damages. 

Art.  XII.  Copia  oj  Jcttc/ia/*.— All  commanders  of  ships  and  ves- 
sels having  lellept  of  n  atciue  and  re|iri'>aU  shall,  by  every  opporlu- 
nily,  send  exact  copies  of  tiieir  jnnrnals  to  tht-  secretary  of  the  admi- 
rally,  and  proceed  to  the  condenmalion  of  the  prizes  as  soon  as  may 
be,  and  without  delay. 

Art/.Xlll.  Tooisove  alt  OirfiTf.— Cnmmindersof  ships  and  ves- 
sels having  jetlera  of  marque  and  reprisals  shall,  ni)on  due  notice 
Iwing  given  lo  them,  oliservr  all  smh  other  instructions  and  orders  as 
vvf  sliall  think  tit  to  direct  from  (iuie  to  time,  for  the  belter  carrying 
on  this  service. 

Art.  XIV.  t'iolntin^  these  Imtmctiffns.— AW  persons  who  shall 
violate  these,  or  any  other  of  our  instruclious,  shall  be  severtiy  pu- 
nished, and  also  rc(]uired  to  make  full  reparation  to  perst.ns  injured 
contrary  to  ourinsliuctjons,  for  all  daniaices  they  shall  sustain  by  any 
capture,  embeyzli-nienl,  drmurraie,  or  otherwi^e. 

Art.  XV.  Uailiobe  g-io'jt.— Before  any  letter  of  ntarque  or  reprisal 
for  the  purposes  afore!»aid  slnll  issue  unler  seal,  hiil  bhall  he  given 
with  sureties,  before  ihe  lieutenant  and  judge  of  our  High  Court  of 
Admiralty  of  Knelaufiy  or  his  surrogate,  In  the  sum  of  ;',0<  0/.  sterl- 
ing, if  th<:  ship  carries  above  l'.0  men  ;  and  if  a  less  number,  in  the 
sum  of  l,5CK)/.;  which  bail  ahall  he  to  iheetltjct  and  in  the  form  fol- 
lowing : — 
Whii:h  day  time  and  place,  personaPy  appeared 

and  who, 

suhmltling  themselves  to  the  jurisdiction  nf  tlie  High  Court  of  Admi- 
rally  of  England,  obliged  thcnistlves,  their  heirs,  executors,  and  ad- 
ministrators, unto  our  Sovereign  Lord  »he  King,  in  the  sum  of 

fH)und8  of  lawful  money  of  Grtat 
£ritai7if  to  this  effect ;  that  is  to  say,  that  whereas 

is  duly  authorised  ty  letters  of  marqiio 
and  reprisals,  with  the  ship  called  the 

of  the  bun'.en  of  about  tons,  whereof  he  the 

said  Roeth  master,  by  force  of  arms  to 

attack,  surprise,  seize,  and  take,  nil  ships  and  vessels,  gootis,  wares, 
and  merchandises,  chattels  and  ett'eds,  belonging  to  the  French  re- 
public, or  to  any  persons  being  subjects  of  the  French  renublic,    - 


Art.  1.  .tfCrti'"'  what,  and  wherft  L(tter$  of  tVnrr/t»  may  art 
fttjtIi/(/y.— It  sli'dl  I'C  liv-vl'ul  f'lr  the  commanders  of  ships  authorised 
1)1-  letiei-sof  marque  and  reprisals  fur  private  men-nf  w.ir,  to  (.el  u|H)n 
tv  fierce  nf  arms,  and  Mibdiie  and  lake  the  men  of  war,  ships  and  ves- 
ich,  gifiJs,  wares,  and  merchandises,  belonging  lo  the  Krench  repub 
he.  orio  any  purson  being  auhjccts  to  the  French  republic,  or  inha- 
bilaiils  wiilim  any  of  the  territories  of  the  French  republic  ;  but  so 
tlijt  no  hostility  be  connnitfed,  nor  prize  attiicki'd.  sc,zL'd,  or  taken 
ttilliiii  the  harbour*  of  princes  or  states  in  amily  with  us,  or  in  llieir 
rivers  or  roads,  within  the  shot  of  thetr  cannon,  unless  b>  permission 
of  such  princes  or  slates,  or  their  commanders  or  guvernois  in  chief 
of  siicli  places. 

Art.  II.  Caftnrei  to  be  hronght  into  Port.— The  commanders  nf 
thesli'l'S'i'id  vessels  so  authorised  as  aforesaid,  shall  bring  all  ships, 
vetseli.  an  I  goods,  which  Iliey  shall  seize  and  take,  into  such  port  of 
EiH'iHii,  or  some  other  port  of  our  dominions,  as  shall  be  most  con- 
veineiil  fur  them,  iu  order  to  have  the  same  legally  adjudged  by  -vir 
Hicli  Court  of  Admiralty  of  England^  or  before  the  judge  of  any 
oilier  admiralty  court,  lawfully  authorised,  within  our  dominions. 

Art.  111.  Condttct  of  the  Vapton  after  the  Capture  is  tirought 
into  Port  —At\er  such  ships,  vessels,  and  goods  shall  be  taken  and 
bmuKht  into  any  port,  the  taker,  or  one  of  his  chief  olBcers.  or  some 
oilier  pcrsiin  present  H  the  capture,  shall  be  obliged  lo  bring  or  send, 
assnoii  as  possibly  may  be,  3  or  4  of  the  principal  of  the  company 
(whereof  the  master,  supercargo,  mate,  or  boatswain,  to  be  always 
2)  of  every  ship  or  vessel  so  brought  into  port,  before  the  judge  of 
our  ihih  Court  of  Admiral ly  nt  England,  or  Ins  surrog:ite,or  bef  .re 
tlieju'l^eot  such  oiher  admiralty  court  within  our  dominions,  law. 
fully  audmrised  as  aforesaid,  or  such  as  shall  be  lawfully  coinmis- 
siinK-d  in  th.it  behalf,  to  be  sworn  and  examined  upon  such  inter- 
ni<atorirs  as  shall  tend  to  Ihe  discovery  of  the  truth,  concerning  the 
iiileieat  or  property  of  such  ship  or  shqis,  vessel  or  vessels,  and  of  tl:e 
goo  Is,  merchandises,  and  other  etli-Tts  found  therein;  and  the  taker 
iliili  Iv  further  obliged,  at  the  time  he  produccih  Ihe  company  to  l}e 
exuiilued,  and  before  any  monition  shall  be  issued,  (obring  in  and 
deliver  iiro  the  hands  of  llie  judge  of  Ihe  High  Court  of  Admiralty 
ot  Eii^lditJ,  his  surrogate,  or  Ihe  judge  of  such  other  admiralty  court 
witiiiiiour  dominions,  lawfully  authorised,  or  others  commissioned 
1' aforesaid,  all  such  papers,  passes,  sea  briefs,  charterparties,  bills 
i>f  Uiiii^,  cockels,  letters,  and  other  documents  and  wri'ing^,  as  kha't 
l-eilelivered  up  or  found  on  board  any  ship  ;  the  laker,  or  one  of 
l;is  chief  olUcers,  or  some  olher  person  who  hhall  be  present  at  the 
cipiiire,  and  saw  the  said  papers  and  writings  delivered  u[i,  or 
oi'ierwise  found  on  bt'anl  allhe  time  of  ihe  capture,  niaking  oath 
lltat  tlie  Slid  papers  and  writings  are  brou'^hl  and  delivered  in  as 
tliry  were  received  and  taken,  without  any  fraud,  addition,  subdue- 
lioi'i,  or  enibtzzlement  whatever,  or  otbtrwise  to  account  lor  the 
unie  u|Min  oadi,  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  court. 

Art.  IV.  Xut  to  break  Bulk  before  Jtii/fftnent,— The  ships,  vessels, 
p>Kli,  w.ires,  merchandises,  and  effects,  taken  hy  virtue  of  letters  of 
marnup  and  reprisals  as  aforesaid,  shall  be  kept  and  preserved  and 
nopirl  of  ihem  shall  be  sold,  spoiled,  wasted,  or  diminished,  and 
tlie  bulk  thereof  shall  not  be  broken,  before  judgnieni  he  given  in  the 
Hi<li  Ciiiirt  of  Admiralty  offj/ig/a/ni,  or  some  other  court  of  ad- 
miralty, lawfully  authorised  in  that  liehalf,  that  the  ships,  goods,  or 
uiercluiiitises  arti  lawful  prize. 

Art.  V.  Piivatcert  tn  atsist  .Shipt  in  /)ijfrcTf.— If  anv  ship  or 
venel  belonging  to  us  or  our  subjects,  shall  be  found  in  distress  by 
Lriii^  ill  ti<hl  .-et  upon  or  taken  by  the  enemy,  or  by  reason  of  any 
other  accident,  theconmiaii'lers,  officers,  and  company  of  inch  mer- 
rhaiil  s\t\\>'>  or  vessels  as  sliill  hive  letters  of  manpie  and  reprisals  as 
afi-rt'stiil,  s'lall  use  their  best  endeavours  to  give  aid  and  succour  to 
ill  such  sliip  and  ships,  and  shall,  to  Ihe  utmost  of  their  power,  la- 
k)ur  lo  bee  llie  same  fnnu  the  enemy  or  any  ollu-r  distress. 

Art.  VI.  Jpfilication  to  the  .fr/uimi/fy  for  Ixttcra  of  iMarque.- 
The  coiiiniaiKlers  or  owners  of  such  ships  and  vessels,  hetote  the 
taking  out  letters  of  nianpie  and  reprisals,  shall  make  application  in 
wriltii£,  subscribed  with  ibeir  hands,  to  our  high  admiral  of  (ireat 
^limin.  nr  our  coniniissinners  for  executing  th»l  office  for  thelimc 
beiii;,  or  the  lieutenant  or  Judzeof  the  said  High  Court  of  Admi- 
nity,  or  Iiis  8urn)gatft,  and  shall  therein  set  forth  a  particular, 
true,  aiiil  exact  tlescripiion  of  the  ship  or  vessel  for  which 
mil  letter  of  nianiue  and  reprisals  is  requested,  specifv  ing  Ihe  bur- 
den of  such  »liip  or  vessel,  and  the  immber  and  nature  nf  the  guns, 
anJ  wlitt  other  warlike  funiilnre  and  animunition  are  on  board  the 
lime,  Id  what  place  the  ship  belongs,  and  the  name  or  name«  of  the 
princi|nl  owner  or  owners  of  such  ship  or  vessel,  and  the  number  of 
men  iiiieiileil  tobe  put  on  baird  the  s.ame,  and  for  what  lime  they 
are  victmlleil ;  also  Ihe  names  of  the  commanders  nnd  officers. 

Art.  Vll.  Corrtspondence  with  Ihe  Jdmiralt v.— The  commanders 
of  ttniis  and  vesieU  having  letien  of  marque  and  repriuli  as  afore- 


I 


^9 


368 


PROMISSORY    NOTES—PRUSSIA. 


;  I' 


Mill'"' 

>lfll«li^'' 

ir; 

HUM"':' 

iil»i» '  ' 


'Cr 


S 


4 

it 

it'in 
il 


»■» 


tu.n 


Inhiblllnn  wllhin  iny  of  the  Irrrllorin  nf  the  Fnnch  rrpiilillc;  n- 

rr)itin|{  niity  »iMi'ii  llif  h.irt'iiurl  it  roAiU  witliiii  lh<it  ol  Ihti  c.iiiliiiM 
nl'priiici'iltid  BlilHslii  aiiilty  with  hii  M-iJnty.  And  v/Utrr-A*  lifl 
(he  ui'l  li'iili  > 

copy  ofcrrlain  im'rui'HnuB,  approvfil  of  .iii-i  pameil  hy  lii»  M-iic^ty 
ill  iniinril,  li  \,y  tlir  ti'iiinir  nf  (tie  it:)ii|  IctU-ii  nf  iii.ir(|iji^  nint  ri-|)ii 
ulCfaiiil  ihsiruciiiiiit  tlit'iktu  rei^tliii^,  iiiuru  al  liirK*^  iip):varrltii  il' 
Iherrfuru  tiiiM<iiii(  I'C  Iniii*  l;y  Ihu  uid 

iir4iiyi>r  liii  o(n''i'ri,  niiriiifra,  nrr(in>inny,  conlnry 
10  Ihf  lni«  ti;triiiiip^  if  rlip  »ai.l  msin.fiiiii.i,  aii<]  if  ;ill  fi'lur  iii«inif- 
tioni  winch  II. ay  U'  ii^iiol  in  like  iii.iiint-r  tiereaficr,  ati>l  \\ln-rci>(  A\ie 
niltici*  ifi'ill  lie  I'lVrii  hull  ;  hut  that  iiii-li  Ivlirn  nf  liiariliir  aii'l  rr- 
|iri»aliafnrKs.ii<l,  ami  thii  laiil  iiiilrui'lioi.ii,  nhill  in  all  particutara  he 
well  anil  iliil)  nhtirvfil  anil  peifurmeil,  aa  fir  as  they  ahall  tlif  atil 
■hill,  nniilfr,  and  rnuipatiy,  any  way  rnnrern  ;  aiiil  if  Iht  v  ahatl  Kivv 
full  M<i<fii'liiiii  for  any  ilainaife  (ir  injury  wliicli  ilull  he  iliuif  hy 
Ihfni  or  anv  I'f  Ihein  lo  any  nf  hi»  Majt-aty'i  mil'iftti,  nr  (1  forMiiii 
ilatea  in  aiiiiiv  »ilh  hit  M<j<.'»lyi  >i"'  ''x'  'li'>"  ""'y  '"^  '■'"'>  V^Vi 


or  faime  to  l»  palil,  lo  hi<  Ma|«ly.  nr  th«  catloman  or  olTirrri  if,. 
I'Oiiitol  to  rt-ctur  Ihi'  i.aiiir  Inr  hm  M.ijf^iy,  llie  uiiial  cniii«iiii  ijni;  t , 
Ilia  Maii-\ty,  of  ainl  fur  all  shipa  an  I  Kioilii  m  aa  afurraatU  rn  aiid 
aJjuiUetl  OS  prtzi'  i  and  ntureovrr  if  tin-  aaid 

ihjil  nnl  lakf  any  ahip  or  vnael,  or  anr 
KOfwS  nr  mi-rrhan'liar,  hrloiit(ini(  In  Itie  eiieiny,  or  oihrrwi^e  li,ihlK  i,', 
ciihliaralii'il,  lliri<iixll  ri>n<Riil  or  clainli-^linrly,  nr  by  cnliiiiinii,  I  y 
v<rliir,  cntiiur.  or  iTi-lenco  of  Ins  raid  Irhrra  ul  iiiaii)iitf  and  rrpuM^, 
that  ilifii  th  •  tui)  shall  lie  vni.l  and  of  iinnr  rlfi-cl ;  and  nnlfsi  tr.  y 
shall  io  do,  thry  ilo  all  liiTi'hy  severally  icnienl  th  it  eaecu'i'in  i«,,( 
fill  III  ajfainst  tht-tn,  tiieir  ht-irs,  exfvulr.rs.  anil  adniinislrati>is,  it<><»i, 
and  rhallels,  whcrtsiiever  thu  a,iuie  may  he  found,  to  the  v  iliie  nt  tu 
sum  of  |Hiui)  Is  before  tlnntinni'it ;  .n^l 

in  ttt'imony  nf  the  truth  thereof  they  hava  hercuulu  subscnUJ 
their  iiainea. 


l)y  Ills  Maje«ty*s  comniaod, 


(Signed) 


PEI.IIAM. 


PROMIiSSOUY  NOTES.     See  Banks  and  BANiuNtJ. 

PHOri'al'TlON,  in  mercantile  navitjiUion,  a  privileRC  grtinteil  to  certain  descriptions 
of  8fiiiii(>n,  Ity  wliifh  tiiey  are  protefted  I'roin  imprrssmeiit. — (See  Imimikssmkst.) 

PUrNES  AMI  PUUNELLOES,  n  sporirs  of  tlrinl  plums,  of  which  there  arc  innny 
varielioH,  The  lincHt  are  irnporteil  from  P' ranee,  in  the  south  of  which  this  fruit  is  very 
abinulant.  'J'he  Iiest  prunes  are  pacUiil  in  hampers  or  baskcta  made  of  white  osiers,  weigh- 
ing from  ()  to  10  ll)s.  each;  the  second  quality  in  quarters,  and  the  third  in  punchions, 
The  entries  of  prunes  for  home  consumption,  in  ISUl  and  1832,  a/nounted,  at  an  average, 
to  0,2Sr)  cwt.  a  year.  The  duty  is  I/.  7.v.  Gd.  a  cvvt.,  being  more  than  50  per  cent,  upon 
the  price  of  the  inferior  qualities.  There  cannot  be  a  doubt  that  it  would  be  more  productive 
were  it  reduced  to  10#.  or  \'is. 

Prtinis,  (lie  protlticc  of  riirtipe,  mny  not  lie  iiiipnrterl  for  hnme  i^onptiniplion  e.xcnpt  in  British  sliipj, 
or  sliipn  of  tin;  country  of  wlilrli  tlu'y  tire  llir  iirotliice,  or  front  wtiicli  llicy  iiro  e.xporlod,  on  peiialiyof 
llle  forfeiture  llicreof  and  of  lOH/.  by  tlie  iimsler  of  tlie  Hliip— (3  &  4  Hill.  1.  c.  52.  ^2.  22.) 

(PRliSSIA. — Trade  of  England  with  Prussia. — A  superficial  observer  may  be  di.«poscd 
to  feel  surprise  that  the  intercourse  between  Great  Britain  and  Prussia  should  be  so  very 
limited,  as  our  Custom-house  accounts  represent  it  to  be.  In  point  of  fact,  however,  these 
accounts  apply  only  to  that  portion  of  our  trade  with  Prussia  which  is  directly  carried  on 
through  her  ports  on  the  Baltic,  and  which  is  tjuite  insignificant,  compared  with  that  which 
is  indiieclly  carried  on  through  the  channels  of  the  Elbe,  the  Weser,  the  Rhine,  &c,,  or  by 
way  of  Hamburg,  Bremen,  the  Netherlands,  &c.  Corn,  timber,  linseed  and  linseed  oil, 
iron,  flax  mid  hemp,  bristles,  and  other  raw  and  bulky  products  of  the  northern  provinces  of 
Prussia,  are  principally  exported  from  Kiinigsberg,  Memel,  Dantzic,  C  "ttin,  and  the  other 
ports  of  the  Baltic  ;  but  her  more  valuable  products,  as  the  linens  of  Silesia,  the  cloths 
and  other  manufactured  products  of  Saxony  and  the  Khenish  provinces,  the  wools  sold  ai 
the  Brcslaw  and  Frankfort  fairs,  and  so  forth,  are  all,  or  mostly  all,  exported  from  Ham- 
burg, Bremen,  and  the  ports  on  the  Rhine  and  the  Scheldt;  while  the  sugar,  coU'ee,  and 
other  colonial  products,  the  dye-woods,  cotton  stufls  and  yarn,  hardware,  earthcnwitrc,  Ac, 
supplied  to  her  by  England,  are  mostly  all  imported  through  the  ports  in  question  ;  as  is  tihe 
raw  cotton  and  other  raw  articles  furnished  to  her  by  the  United  States,  with  the  greater 
part  of  the  wines  sujtplicd  by  France,  &c.  But  neither  Hamburg,  Bremen,  Rotterdam,  nor 
the  Scheldt,  belongs  to  Prussia.  All  of  them  are  independent  of  her  ;  and  hence  it  is  that 
nine  tenths  of  the  trade  which  we  carry  on  with  the  Prussian  dominions  is  set  down  in  our 
Custom-house  accounts  under  the  head  of  the  trade  with  Germany,  and  with  the  Nether- 
lands and  Belgium.  There  are  no  means  by  which  to  determine  the  exact  portion  of  the 
aggregate  amount  of  the  exports  from  England  to  the  whole  of  the  Germanic  coutitiics, 
including  Holland  and  Belgium,  that  falls  to  the  share  of  each ;  but  we  shall  not  lie  far 
wrong  if  we  suppose  that  they  are  divided  pro|iortionately  to  the  population  of  the  couiitties 
among  which  they  are  distributed.  On  this  hypothesis,  and  taking  the  entire  pojiiihition 
of  Germany,  exclusive  of  Austria*,  but  inclusive  of  the  Netherlands  and  Belgium,  at  36 
millions,  Prussia  will  have  about  14  of  this  number;  so  that  about  r,^,  or  yg,  of  all  the 
trade  we  carry  on  with  Germany,  the  Netherlands,  «fcc.  must  be  set  down  to  the  account 
of  Prussia.  Now,  at  an  average  of  the  six  years  ending  with  18.35,  our  exports  to 
Germany,  the  Netherlands,  Belgium,  and  Prussia,  amounted  to  7,410,133/.  a  year,  ^'jlhs 
of  which,  or  2,881,718/.,  may  be  taken  as  the  average  amount  of  our  exports  to  Prussia 
during  that  period ! — (^Ante,  p.  29.)  This  statement  shows  the  real  value  of  the  trade 
with  this  flourishing  monarchy,  and  the  importance  of  keeping  up  and  extending  out 
intercourse  with  her. 

Pritssian  Commercial  League. — Next  to  the  efforts  of  the  Prussian  government  lo 
dilTuse  the  blessings  of  education,  their  eflbrts  to  induce  a  free  commerciiil  system 
into  Germany  constitute  their  best  claim  to  the  gratitude  and  esteem  of  their  own 
subjects,  and  of  the  world.  Germany,  as  every  one  knows,  is  divided  into  a  vast  number 
of  independent,  and  mostly  petty,  states.  Until  a  very  recent  period,  every  one  of  these 
Btates  had  its  own  custom-houses,  and  its  own  tariflf  and  revenue  laws ;  which  freiiuently 


*  We  say  exclusive  of  Austria,  because  almost  nil  the  English  prodnctB  made  use  of  in  the  Austrian  | 
statcB  arc  imported  by  wuy  of  Trieste,    ijvvitzerland  is  supplied  throu^jh  Genua. 


PRUSSIA. 


359 


cmtomeri  or  oBirf  n  ip. 

,  Ihc  lliU.ll  Cll»li'l"'ilu«l3 

«l  , 

»ny  ihlp  nr  yr"'h  "r  "J 
■my,  oroihfrwiw  IjiWtlD 
nif\y,  "f  Ijy  CiiUu.inn.tT 

iinriri'ctl  »iiil  I"'"'"  "y 

anil  ailniiiii»lr.il"i».  « ""'1 
«  fniuiil,  In  llip  V  llllf  ll(  II.! 
illjUfdireni'llliini'-''  ;  inl 

havo  hertuulu  tul»ctilc<t 


ilgDeJ) 


FEI.IUM. 


!rtain  descriptions 

(SMKST.) 

h  tlicrc  nre  many 
l»  this  fruit  ix  very 
vhitc  osiers,  weigh- 
lird  in  puiuhionj, 
ited,  at  un  averasjc, 
1  50  per  cent,  upon 
1  be  more  produclive 

xcept  ill  Britisl)  cliiiu, 
xiiorKiil,  on  |)OTi!\llyo( 
2.  H2.22-) 
•vcr  may  be  ilisposcJ 
a  sliould  be  so  very 
fact,  however,  these 
s  directly  carried  on 
ired  with  that  which 
he  Rhine,  &.C.,  orby 
lecJ  and  linseed  oil, 
northern  provinces  of 
"ttin,  and  the  other 
[of  Silesia,  the  cloths 
■es,  the  wools  sold  ai 
exported  from  Ham- 
the  sugar,  cotVec,  anil 
ire,  earthenware,  Ac, 
t\  question  ;  as  is  the 
ites,  with  the  greater 
■men,  Rotterdam,  nor 
and  hence  it  is  that 
IS  is  set  down  in  out 
and  with  the  Nether- 
exact  portion  of  the 
Germanic  countries, 
we  shall  not  lie  far 
ition  of  the  countries 
;he  entire  population 
and  Belgium,  at  36 
J  4  or    T  ,  of  all  the 
^down  to  the  accnunt 
|835,  our  exports  to 
,133/.  aycar,  ,Vhs 
exports  to  Prussia 
|al  value  of  the  trade 
and  extending  out 

Issian  government  to  1 
1  commerciid  system 
Isteem  of  their  own 
J  into  a  vast  number 
I,  every  one  of  these 
which  frequently  | 

hiseofinthcAusiriJnl 


iJiflTerrd  vfry  widely  indeed  from  thow  of  itx  neit>hl)our«.  The  internal  trnile  of  the  cnuntry 
^viis,  ill  conHequeiice,  Hnlijected  to  nil  those  vcxiiiidU!'  and  riiiiiiMH  n':Uiit'tii'in  tliit  ;iro 
usiiiillv  h'id  on  the  iiiterciiurno  lielween  distiint  mid  iiiileiieinli'iit  mates.  J'];icli  petty  state 
eiiilei»vmi''ed  either  lo  procure  a  re\eiiue  for  itself,  or  to  ailvmico  itM  own  iinliistry,  hy 
liixiii'.;  or  priihiliitiiifli  the  proiUirtiims  of  llmse  hy  wliicli  it  wa^  siirrnuMilcil ;  and  eiislonis' 
„lli,;crs  and  linert  of  ciistoiii  Iiousch  were  upreail  till  over  the  eoiiiiliy  !  Iiwtead  of  lieiim 
redproeid  and  dependent,  every  thiiii;  w.is  .si'[iarate  iiidepeiideiit,  and  hiHtie:  tlie  eoiiitno- 
(lilii's  nilinilted  into  Hesse  were  proliiliiiei'  in  Uadeii,  and  those  prnliiMtrd  in  \Virtcm!)crf{ 
were  admitted  into  Haviiria.  It  is  adinilled  on  all  hands  iliat  iinlliiii'j;  has  eoiitrilnitcd  so 
iniii'h  to  the  (rrowth  of  industry  and  wealth  in  (Jreat  Urit.iin,  as  the  perfect  I'lcedun  of 
inlcriial  imluslry  we  have  so  l()iii»  enjoyed,  and  that  intimate  correspoiiili'iiee  aiiiiuiff  the 
various  parts  of  the  empire,  which  has  rendered  each  the  liejtt  market  for  the  prodifts  of  the 
other.  How  tlillerent  would  have  been  our  present  condition  had  each  county  been  an 
independent  state,  jealous  of  those  around  it,  and  anxious  to  exalt  itself  at  their  expense  ! 
But,  until  within  these  few  years,  this  was  the  exact  condition  of  (fcrinaiiy  ;  and,  cciu-iderinu 
the  extraordinary  obstacles  such  a  state  of  things  ojjpises  to  the  proijre.ss  of  mannf icturcs, 
commerce,  and  civilization,  the  wonder  is,  not  that  they  are  comparatively  backwurd  in  that 
country,  but  that  they  should  hv  so  far  advanced  as  tliey  really  are. 

But.  thanks  to  the  intelligence  and  perseverance  of  Prussia,  this  selfish  anti-social 
svstcm  has  been  well  nigh  suppressed  ;  and  the  most  perfect  freedom  of  commerce  is 
how  established  among  the  great  bulk  of  the  Germanic  nations.  The  disadvantages  of 
the  old  system  hiLs  long  been  seen  and  dejilored  hy  well-informed  men  ;  hut  so  many 
interests  have  grown  up  under  its  jirotection,  and  so  many  deep  rooted  prejudices  were 
enlisted  in  its  favour,  that  its  overthrow  seemed  to  be  hopeless,  or,  at  all  events,  exceedingly 
distant,  'i'he  address  and  resolution  of  the  I'russian  government  have,  however,  triumphed 
over  every  obstacle.  Being  fully  impressed  with  a  strong  sense  of  the  many  advantages 
that  would  result  to  Prussia  and  Germany  froiH  the  introi!uctioii  of  a  free  system  of  in- 
ternal intercourse,  they  pursued  the  measures  necessary  to  bring  it  about  with  an  earncBtncss 
that  produced  conviction,  and  with  a  determination,  cmite  qui  cmite,  to  carry  their  point. 

The  first  treaties  in  furtherance  of  this  ohjcet  were  negotiated  by  Prus-ia  with  the 
principalities  of  Schwarzburg  8onder.shausen  and  Wchwar/.burg  Rudolstadt,  in  IHIS  and 
1819,  on  the  principle  that  there  should  be  a  perfect  freedom  of  commerce  between  the-io 
countries  and  Prussia ;  that  the  duties  on  importation,  exportation,  and  transit,  in  Prussia 
and  the  principalities,  should  be  identical;  that  these  should  he  charged  along  the  frontier 
of  the  dominions  of  the  contracting  parties ;  and  that  each  should  participaf^  in  the 
produce  of  such  duties,  in  proportion  to  its  population.  All  the  treaties  snli-eiiuently 
entered  into  have  been  founded  on  this  fair  and  equitable  principle ;  the  only  excei'tions  to 
the  perfect  freedom  of  trade  in  all  the  countries  comprised  within  the  league  or  larilV  alli- 
ance being  confined,  1st,  to  articles  constituting  state  monopolies,  a.s  salt  and  cards,  in 
Prussia;  2d,  to  articles  of  native  produce,  burdened  with  a  dilferent  rate  of  duly  on  con- 
gumption  in  one  state  from  what  they  pay  in  another;  and,  3d,  to  articles  prodiued  under 
patents,  conferring  on  the  patentees  certain  privileges  in  the  dominions  of  the  states 
granting  the  patents.  With  these  exceptions,  which  arc  not  very  im])ortant,  and  arc  daily 
decreasing,  the  most  perfect  freedom  of  commerce  exists  among  the  allied  states. 

Since  1818,  when  the  foundations  of  the  alliance  were  laid,  it  has  progressively  extended, 
till  it  now  comprises  more  than  three  fourths  of  the  Germanic  states,  exclusive  of  Austria. 
Ducal  Hes.se  joined  the  alliance  in  1838,  and  Electoral  Hesse  in  1831 :  the  kingdoms  of 
Bavaria,  Saxony,  and  Wirtemberg,  joined  it  afterwards,  as  have  Baden,  Nassau,  and  almost 
all  the  smaller  states  by  which  it  had  not  been  previously  joined,  with  the  exception  of 
Mecklenburg  Schwerin,  Mecklenburg  Strelitz,  Oldenburg,  and  Brunswick.  Hanover  is 
not  included  within  the  league. 
At  the  commencement  of  1836,  the  tariff  alliance  comprised 


Prussia,  without  Neufcliatel,  but  Inclusive  of  the  small  parcels  of  her  terri- 
tory snrrounilod  hy  other  states  --.... 

Bavaria  and  her  detached  territories     ...... 

Saxony  (Itingdom  of)       ........ 

Wirtemlierg  and  Ilohenzollern  Sigmaringen    ..... 

Hesse  (Electoral)  ........ 

Hesse  (Duchy  of)  and  Ilomburg  ...... 

Tlie  Thuringian  States    ......... 

B,iilen(duchy  of)  and  part  of  HohenzoUcrn      .  -  .  .  . 

Nassau      .......... 

Frankfort  ......--.. 

Totals       .  .  . 


German 
Sq.  .Mi lea. 


P4>{)ulation. 


5,157 

i:!,snn,i20 

1,477 

4.2,=i2,813 

2-2 

l,5ii5.!»)8 

385 

l,ti;il,779 

182 

7(I0.;«7 

179 

709,691 

a.'is 

908,478 

280 

1,2,'?2,185 

83 

373,601 

4 

60,000 

8,252     I    25,324,668 


Throughout  the  whole  extent  of  this  immense  country,  from  Aix-la-Chapelle,  on  the 
I  confines  of  the  Netherlands,  eastward  to  Tilsit,  on  the  confines  of  Russia,  and  from  Stettia 


f 


I 


■tt 

.a 


i 


^s 


:*•> 


\ 


'% 


■"'2 


,'■-•' 


300 


PRUSSIA. 


«iM)K! 


-Mim'' 


I  Ml 


if 


nnd  Dnntzic  uniuhward  to  Rwitzorlnnd  and  Dohomin,  there  ia  nothinff  to  interrupt  the 
freedom  of  coinmcrcr.  A  commodity,  whrtlirr  for  ronHuniptioti  or  trannit,  that  has  once 
paBticd  the  frontier  of  the  league,  may  be  KulMequcntly  conveyed,  without  let  or  hinilernnce, 
throughout  itH  whole  extent,  Insteod  of  heinR  conOncd  within  the  niirrow  precinct*  of  iheir 
own  tcrritoricH,  the  products  of  each  Repnrute  country  of  the  oliiiince  may  now  ho  Ment  to 
every  one  elne ;  eoch  will,  in  connequence,  npi)ly  itself,  in  preference,  to  those  (le|)artnieiit» 
in  which  it  haa  Rome  natural  or  uc(|uired  advantage ;  and  each  will  have  to  de|>en(l  for  iti* 
Huccesfi,  not  on  the  miserahle  renource  of  custoniH*  regulationii,  hut  on  itii  Hkill  an<l  iiuluMtrv. 
'I'ho  compctitiun  thence  arising  will  be  most  nalulnry  ;  an<l,  should  the  peace  of  Euriipe  lie 
preserved,  we  run  little  risk  in  saying,  that  all  sorts  of  industry  will  make  more  progrcNH 
among  tiie  states  comprised  within  the  tarilf  alliance,  during  the  next  ten  years,  than  tlu^ 
have  done  during  the  (irevioua  half  century. 

An  assembly  of  representatives  from  the  allied  states  meet  annually,  to  hear  complaints, 
adjust  diiriculties,  and  make  such  new  enactments  as  moy  seem  to  ho  required.  The 
Prussian  tarilf  has  been  adopted,  with  certain  modifications,  and  is  now  the  only  one  jn 
force.  'J'he  duties  are  received  into  a  common  treasury,  and  arc  apportioned  accordini;  to 
the  population  of  each  of  the  allied  states.  In  addition  to  its  other  advantages,  the  new 
aystcm  has  reduced  the  cost  of  collecting  the  duties  to  a  mere  trifle,  compared  with  its 
former  amount ;  and  has  enabled  hundreds  of  custom-houses,  and  thousands  of  cuHtuin^' 
olficers,  to  lie  employed  in  tlic  dilferent  departments  of  industry. 

The  existing  discrepancy  in  the  weights  and  measures  used  in  different  parts  of  Germany 
occasions  considerable  inconvenience;  and  wo  arc  glad  to  observe  that  the  equalisation 
of  weights  and  measures  and  their  reduction  to  a  common  standard  in  all  the  allied  states, 
is  declared  to  be  one  of  the  objects  of  the  league. 

It  is  also  exjiressly  provided  that  the  tolls,  or  other  charges  in  lieu  thereof,  shall,  in  all 
eases,  whether  they  belong  to  the  public,  or  to  private  individuals,  he  limited  to  the  sums 
required  to  keep  the  rauds  in  a  pmper  ntnle  nf  repair  ,■  and  that  the  tolls  existing  in 
Prussia  shall  be  considered  as  the  highest  that  are  to  ho  levied,  and  shall  not  in  any  case 
be  exceeded. 

It  was  at  first  supposed  by  many  persons  in  this  country,  and  the  opinion  is  not  yet 
entirely  abandoned,  that  the  Prussian  league  was  in  some  degree  directed  against  us,  and 
that,  at  all  events,  it  threatened  to  be  very  injurious  to  our  trade  with  Germany ;  we  do 
not,  however,  believe  that  there  is  any  foundation  whatever  for  either  of  these  opinions. 
'I'he  alliance  was  planned,  and  brought  to  its  present  advanced  state,  in  the  view,  ami 
with  the  intention,  of  putting  down  the  galling  and  innumerable  restraints  by  wliicli  the 
intercourse  of  the  German  stales  with  each  other  was  formerly  interrupted;  and  not  with 
the  intention  of  throwing  any  obstacles  in  the  way  of  the  trade  of  the  alliance  with 
foreign  countries:  it  is,  indeed,  quite  alisurd  to  suppose  that  it  should  have  this  elfect. 
The  freedom  of  internal  commerce  will  do  ten  times  more  to  promote  the  industry  and 
prosperity  of  the  allied  states  than  any  other  meosure,  or  system  of  measures,  tliiit  thiir 
governments  coidd  have  ndojitcd ;  and,  as  population  increases,  and  the  inhabiianis 
become  more  industrious  and  wealthy,  there  will,  no  doubt,  be  an  augmented  demand  for 
foreign  products.  The  league  is  now  no  new  thing.  It  was  formed  several  years  since. 
and  has  been  progressively  augumentcd  ;  but,  hitherto,  it  has  not  had  the  slightest  inlluence 
in  diminishing  our  intercourse  with  Germany;  our  exports  to  it,  including  Holland  and 
Belgium,  being  greater  at  present  than  at  any  other  former  period  !  (See  ante,  p.  29.) 
Generally  speaking  the  duties  on  imports  are  reasonable ;  at  least,  on  all  the  finer  de- 
scriptions of  goods.  It  never,  in  fact,  can  be  the  policy  of  the  alliance  to  make  them 
oppressive  ;  for,  though  certain  states  might  erroneously  suppose  that  their  interests  would 
be  promoted  by  such  means,  others  would  undoubtedly  be  of  a  different  opinion,  and  would 
resist  any  attempt  to  carry  them  beyond  a  reasonable  amount.  It  is  a  mistake  to  sup- 
pose that  Prussia  has  an  overwhelming  influence  in  the  assembly.  She  must  conciliate 
the  other  states,  and  carry  them  along  with  her ;  and  this  can  only  be  done  by  acting  on 
liberal  principles,  and  with  a  view  to  the  common  interest  of  the  alliance. 

Besides,  if  any  of  the  existing  duties  be  exorbitant,  or  if  any  of  them,  that  are  at 
present  moderate,  should  be  subsequently  raised  to  an  exorbitant  pitch ;  does  any  one 
suppose  that  the  over-taxed  articles  would  not  be  immediately  smuggled  into  all  parts  of 
the  league  1  We,  who  occupy  an  island,  and  have  revenue  cruisers  and  coast  guards  on 
all  the  seas  and  shores  most  accessible  to  the  smuggler,  know  from  experience  that  it  is 
not  possible  to  hinder  over-taxed  commodities  from  making  their  way,  in  immense  quantities, 
into  our  markets.  But  the  facilities  for  smugghng  into  the  territories  of  the  league  are 
incomparably  greater.  It  has  a  land  frontier  of  several  thousand  miles;  and  though  the 
whole  Prussian  army  were  employed  for  that  purpose,  it  would  be  found  that  it  was 
utterly  impotent  to  prevent  the  territories  of  the  league  from  being  deluged  with  such 
over-taxed  commodities  as  were  in  demand  by  the  inhabitants. 

It  must  be  admitted  that  we  have  done  not  a  little  to  provoke  Prussia,  and  that  we  had 
no  reason  to  be  surprised  had  she  manifested  symptoms  of  irritation.    She  has  only  tbres 


PRUSSIAN  l.r.AGUE. 


801 


to  interrupt  the 
it,  that  hiis  once 
ft  or  hinilernnce, 
prcrinct*  of  their 
f  now  li«  Hi'nt  to 
tioso  (IfjmrtnMMiUi 
to  ih'peinl  l'i)r  itii 
ikill  uMil  industry,         ^ 
ace  of  Eur(i|ie  lie    I    ^ 
ko  more  progress 
I  yearn,  than  thi>y 

I  hear  complaints, 
I)  reiiuired.  Tlie 
r  the  only  one  in 
oned  accoriUn^  to 
vantages,  tlio  now 
jompared  witii  iu 
lunnda  of  cuhIoiiw' 

t  pnrtH  of  Germany 
ut  the  equalisation 

II  the  allied  Htatos, 

:hcrcof,  shall,  in  all 
mited  to  the  sums 
le  tolls  cxislino;  in 
mil  not  in  any  case 

opinion  is  not  yet 
I'tcd  against  ua,  and 
I  Germany  ;  we  do 
r  of  these  oiiiiiions. 
B,  in  the  view,  ami 
;raint8  by  which  the 
)ted ;  and  nut  with 
f  the  alliance  wiih 
dd  have  this  ellVct. 
te  the  industry  and 
measures,  tliiit  their 
nd    the   inlmlutanu 
;niented  demami  for 
[several  years  since, 
je  slightest  inlluence 
:luding  Holland  and 
(Sec  anie,  p.  29.) 
jn  all  the  finer  dc- 
ince  to  make  them 
iheir  interests  would 
opinion,  and  would 
Is  a  mistake  to  sup- 
She  must  conciliate 
done  by  acting  on 

f  them,  that  are  at 
litch ;  does  any  one 
led  into  all  parts  of 
ind  coast  guards  on 
xperience  that  it  is 
immense  quantities, 
18  of  the  league  are 
IS ;  and  though  the 
found  that  it  was 
deluged  with  such 

ka,  and  that  we  had 
[she  has  only  thre« 


crcat  staple  nrfirlcn  of  rxport — corn,  titiiber,  ami  wool.  Now,  of  these,  we  admit  only 
till*  luNt  on  any  tliini;  liku  lair  tt'rnix ;  in  onliiitiry  yi'arM  we  intirrly  ixcltnli^  corn,  and  wit 
liiv  II  duty  of  no  li'Hx  tliiin  .'').'i.'f.  ii  loud  on  I'nixDi.in  linilx'r,  wliili'  we  adiuil  the  inl'i-rior 
,i,',il,tr  1)1'  North  America  on  payment  of  a  <luly  of  It)?. !  Had,  tlu'rcrnrp,  the  I'mn^ian 
,,,|l)' Ihm'II  levelled  a^faiuHt  uh,  we  idiiitild  huve  had  but  Nlciidcr  cruuiidn  fur  (■i)in|il:iiiit ; 
liiit  Miicl'.  i-f  nut  really  the  case,  [t  may,  indeed,  lie  fairly  inferred  iliat,  liy  a\'ri'(iim  to 
|,)\vcr  the  ojiprcHHive  dutien  on  timber  and  corn,  we  mitjlit  prevail  on  I'ru-sia  to  \\m'  her 
iiilliM'ii' 1'  to  Kct  the  alliance  duties  on  cotton  mIuIVs,  hardware,  iVc,  abated;  but,  till  we 
iDiiTiit  to  nioilrrale  our  duties  on  tlie  articles  in  ipicstion,  it  is  not  lo  be  hu|'])osciI 
iliiit   I'russia  will  pay   much   attention  to    the   exceptions  wc;  may   tuktr    to  any   ol'  the 

ilulics. 

We  are  glad  to  be  able  to  R(renp;lhen  our  view  of  the  infliienre  niid  objects  of  the 
IVu^sian  conunereial  leaf^ue,  by  layinn  before  the  reader  the  followitu;  extract  from  a 
work  printed  by  order  of  the  House  of  Keprer'eiitalivcH  of  the  American  Nlate,<,  "I'russia," 
il  iri  there  waid,  "  has  evidently  taken  the  lead  in  this  wise  and  ini[iortinit  measure,  to 
which  the  smallest  states  havit  uradually  acceded.  The  whole  conunerci:d  policy  of  this 
ciilii,'hlctu'd  power  has  been  distinKuisbed  for  its  libi'rality,  bcini;  fouiidcil  on  the  desire 
111'  niacin^  her  intercourse  with  all  nations  on  the  basis  of  reciprocity.  Tlie  couiinercial 
|,'a<;iie  nf  (Sermany  is  intended  to  carry  out  this  princi|)le,  and  not  to  be  directed,  as 
lias  been  supposed,  aRainst  any  i>arlieular  tuition  ;  as  it  is  well  known  that  l'ru^<sia,  in 
her  treaties  with  maritime  powers,  has  invariably  adopted  the  system  of  reciprocity,  to 
whatever  extent  those  with  whom  she  u('u;otiates  are  wiliint?  to  <Mrry  it.  The  est  ililisli- 
inciitof  this  community  of  eommcrci.d  iiilcn'.st  forms  a  part  of  the  fundament, d  comp.ict, 
|iv  which  the  new  Germanic  confederation  wa.s  created,  alter  the  dNsoluiion  of  the  Com- 
IciU'ralion  of  the  Rhine  ;  to  be  subsequently  adopted,  however,  at  the  ojitioii  of  su.li  of  the 
co-states  as  should  choose  to  accede  to  it.  Its  elVects  cannot  tail  to  jirouiote  eoMimerec, 
and  every  other  branch  of  industry,  as  it  removes  all  those  vexatious  and  endlc--,s  diilicidtics 
which  previously  ob.-itrueted  the  freedom  of  iutercourse.  Navij^able  rivers  and  hiijhvvays 
are  now  open  to  the  uufetfi'red  use  of  the  (ierman  peii|ile ;  the  eiistoms'  ami  toll  houses, 
with  their  olficers  and  barriers,  have  been  witlidravvn  from  the  interior,  and  the  whole 
interconnnunieation  resembles  that  of  IIks  Kubjccts  of  any  one  of  the  st.ucs  wiihin  its 
own  lerritorie.4.  'J'o  the.se  benelits  may  be  adtled  the  assured  pro-pect  of  iMijiroveineut  in 
the  finances  of  the  great  and  smaller  sovereiy;utics  eomposiii!.;  the  leatjue.  'J'liis  advan- 
taue  will  grow  out  of  the  simplicity  or  luuty  of  the  new  system,  a  saving;  in  the  ci),-l  of 
fjlk'ction,  and  from  the  increased  eonsmnpiion  which  renovated  industry  and  progressive 
[irusjierity i'o  invariably  catise." — {Dli^nt  of  Cii^fiintu'  Law",  vol.  iii.  p.  2'i7.) 

r,uixi(i"-  Dull/  (HI.  Ciil/diin, — 'i'he  duty  on  cotton  goods  beiufi;  that  iu  which  we  arc 
most  interested,  we  have  taken  some  |)ains  to  ascertain  its  real  inlluence.  'I'his  duly 
amniints  (see  pnfit)  to  .'iO  ri.x-doUars  per  Prus.sian  ijuintal  on  all  cotton  goods,  without 
ros|ii'ct  to  quality  or  price;  and,  taking  the  ipiintal  at  11'.)  Ib.s.  aviiirdupois,  and  the  rix- 
(l)llar  at  D.v..  it  is  equal  to  71,  \{)s.  per  II ;5  lbs.  Now,  we  have  lc;irned  from  slale- 
nieiits  oliligingly  furni.shed  to  us  by  a  large  wholesale  house  in  the  city, — 

1st,  Tliat  a  qiiliital  (11.1  Ills  )  nf  coarse  shirlins,  wortli  li/,  per  yaril,  contains  V)"  yards  ;  it  cniise- 
il'ii'inly  costs  8/.  tb,.  niid  the  I'mssian  or  tariirulliaaco  iluly  of  7/.  \0s.  on  il  is,  thenjl'ori',  eipiivalent  lo 
ail  III/  raliirem  (laly  of  1)0  per  cent. 

2il.  That  a  quintal  ii(  nuprriar  ."hirlinir,  worth  1,«.  a  yard,  contains  45705  yards  ;  il  conseqaLMitly  costs 
fil.  1T,«.  7i/.,  niakiiiK  tlie  I'mssian  duty  on  sucli  (jimhIs  3'.',1  per  cent. 

•Ill,  Tliat  a  quintal  nf  printed  cottuvs,  wnrtli  Is,  (ii/.  a  yard,  conlains  033  yards ;  it  consequently  costs 
4T/,  *..  inaliinR  iIk!  I'russian  duty  on  sucli  goods  153  per  cent. 

4ili.  That  a  quintal  of  ^'iie  printed  cottons,  worili  'is.  fid.  a  yard,  contains  078  yards  ;  it  consequently 
costs  SU.  lis.,  making  the  Prussian  duty  on  such  goods  8^  per  cent. 

It  is  plain,  therefore,  that,  except  on  the  eoayaof'  and  cheapest  wpeeies  of  goods,  the 
^lU.^^iall  or  tariii"  alliance  duty  is  very  far  from  bci  g  oppressive ;  and,  as  the  value  of 
course  goods  is  principally  dependent  on  the  cost  of  the  raw  cotton  and  the  wages  of 
labour,  being  but  little  influenced  by  superiority  of  machinery,  it  is  not  very  probable 
that  we  should  export  them  largely  to  Prussia,  even  were  the  duty  materially  reduced. 
.\o  doubt,  however,  it  would  conduce  greatly  to  the  interests  of  the  people  comprised 
within  the  league,  though  we  do  not  know  that  it  would  sensibly  ail'ect  us,  were  the  duty 
asses.snd  on  an  ml  vulureiii  principle,  and  made  20  or  SO  per  cent,  on  all  goods  -,  and  we 
should  think  that  this  might  be  done  without  any  material  diflieully. 

The  subjoined  translation  of  the  more  important  clauses  of  the  customs'  treaty  nf  the 

22d  of  March,  1833,  sets  the  principles  on  which  the  alliance  is  founded  in  the  clearest 

point  of  view. 

Custom.-i'  Treaty,  concluded  the  22d  March,  1833,  between  the  Kings  of  Bavaria  and  Wirtemberjl.oii 
the  one  part ;  and  the  King  of  I'russia,  the  Prince  Electoral  Co-regent  of  llesse,  and  the  Urand  Duke 
of  Hesse,  on  the  other  pari. 

I.  The  existing  cuslonia'  unions  between  the  states  above  named  shall  henceforth  constitute  a 
general  Union,  united  by  a  common  system  of  customs  and  commerce,  embracing  all  the  countries 
comprised  therein. 

II.  In  this  general  re-union  are  also  comprised  the  states  which  have  already  adhered,  either  for  the 
Vol.  II.— 2  H  46 


;;  4  , 


lb 


I 


<: 
s; 


S 


■■1 


llllC' 

II  <> 


86? 


PRUSSIAN  LEAGUE. 


tWIIIIM.  ■''*' 

mum- 

IHINSI':, '' ' 

ir: , 


I   ! 


^C-' 


I'iliP. 


n'  I.: 

k  Hi 


whole  of  their  territory,  or  for  a  p«rt,  to  the  Bystem  of  customs  and  commerce  of  one  or  other  of  tf,, 
contractirii;  stutiis,  liiiving  regnid  to  llieir  spt'ciul  relalioiiH,  fi)umled  upon  lliu  cunveiiiii)iis  of  udliesion 
concluded  witli  the  staten  wliicli  have  intervened. 

III.  But  tliere  will  remain  excluded  Ironi  tlio  general  re-union  tlie  parts  separated  from  llie  cniin. 
tries  of  tlie  contractinn,'  states  wi.ich,  beciiiise  of  their  Hiluation,  are  nut  yet  included  eitlirr  in  llit'  rn. 
union  of  the  lluvarian  nr  VVirleiiiberg  tustoiiiH,  nor  in  Ihose  of  Prussia  and  lle.-se.  NCvirlliclcHf,  n  ^ 
regulations  now  in  force  to  facilitate  the  roninierce  of  these  territories  with  the  principal  cnuniry  vv;!| 
be  maintained.  Other  favours  of  this  kind  :unnot  be  accorded  without  the  unanitniins  cun.scnt  of  Oj^ 
contracting'  states. 

IV.  In  tile  contracting  states  there  shall  !  e  estahlishcd  uniform  laws  for  the  duties  of  inipc.rl,  cfc,. 
port,  and  of  transit,  except  such  modificiili  iMiI  as,  without  injury  to  the  common  cihject,  risull  netis- 
sarily  from  the  partii-ular  leiiislation  ofench  contracting  slate,  or  from  local  i/itere.sls. 

Thus,  exceptions  and  modilications  to  the  common  taritf  may  talie  place,  as  to  rates  of  duties  of 
entry,  of  export,  and  of  transit,  ^i.ccordin!;  as  tlie  dirf'cliun  of  llie  routes  of  c(Miiiii(rce  niiiy  lecpiirc,) 
established  upon  articles  recognised  as  of  minor  consequence  in  extensive  commerces  pfiiviilcil  iii. 
ways,  that  these  modiliiations  lii^  prelVrred  liy  separate  stales,  and  that  they  shall  not  lie  disuilvaijiii. 
geous  to  the  uenctral  interests  of  the  Association. 

The  administration  of  the  duties  of  import,  export,  and  transit,  as  well  as  the  orj;anisali(m  nf  n^ 
authorities  wliicli  are  (engaged  therein,  in  all  the  slates  of  the  Association,  shall  he  eslahlislK  d  npfiiij 
uniform  footimi,  liaving  regard,  however,  to  the  particuhvr  relalioiis  exislinir  in  tlmse  counliies.  Th( 
laws  and  ordinain;es  which,  a(cording  to  tlmse  priuci|>les,  unglit  to  he  uniform  in  the  toMlriictiiij 
states,  anil  which  are  to  constitute  the  law  of  ilio  taritf  aiul  the  reirulatioiis  of  the  ciisiiuiis,  shall  t' 
considered  as  an  integral  part  of  the  present  treaty,  and  shall  he  puhlislieil  at  the  same  lime. 

V.  There  can  neither  be  alleraticurs,  or  additions,  or  exccpliims,  to  ihe  acis  above  iiK'ntiiuied  (.^ri 
IV.),  but  by  the  unanimous  consent  of  all  the  contracting  parlie-i,  and  in  tiiu  I'lirm  reipiired  fur  w^ 
making  (cuiifertioii)  of  the  laws. 

The  preceding  applies  cciually  to  all  the  ordiiuinces  which  would  establish,  for  the  administialioiiof 
tlie  customs,  disposiiioiis  entirely  dilferent. 

VI.  I.ilierly  of  commerce,  and  community  of  the  receipts  of  customs,  as  regulated  hy  Ih  •  foIhiMji,. 
article,  will  commence  simultaneously  with  the  operation  of  tin-  present  lr(!aiy.  ' 

VII.  Dating  from  this  epoch,  all  duties  of  import,  of  export,  and  of  uauHit  sli.ill  cease  on  Ihe  cmniiioc 
frontier  of 'he  Bavaro-Wirtemherg  and  I'russo-IIessian  customs'  re-unions.  All  articles  of  trii'diii:. 
nierce  in  one  of  those  territories  may  be  imported  freely  and  without  duty  into  all  the  ollurs,  u.vir,! 
only  as  follows  : 

A.  Articles  monopolized  by  the  states  (playing  cards  and  salt)  confornialily  to  Ariirles  IX.  and  X. 

U.  IniiiL'iMious  arlicli's,  now  subject  in  the  interior  of  the  contracting  sl.itcs  lo  (liferent  (lutjcii,,,, 
excepted  I'ldiii  all  duly  in  otu'  stale,  and  imported  into  anoliier,  and  wliicli  .-iccurding  lo  Ailiclu  ll.oujli! 
conseqiieiilly  to  be  subjict  lo  a  duty  of  compensation. 

Fiiially,  C.  Articles  which,  without  prejudice  to  patent  rights  or  conceded  privileges  in  one  ef  Hit 
contracting  stales,  cannot  be  imitated  or  imported,  and  ought  conseiiueiilly  to  be  excluded  during  Hu 
existence  of  the  patent.!  and  privilesres  from  importation  into  tin.'  state  which  lias  giaiiK'd  tin  in. 

Vin.  Notwitbstamlin;.' the  frecMlcm  of  commerce,  and  the  exemption  from  dniies,  esiabluhpd  i^- 
Article  VII.,  the  traiispoit  of  articles  .if  commerce,  subject  by  the  common  tariff  lo  duties  ol' Imiiortui 
export  on  the  frontiers  oi'llie  Associat  On,  cannot  take  p!ai(!  bctv.een  tli  ■  states  of  liavi.ria  aiicl  \\'\!\. 
eniberg,  and  the  slates  o''  Prussia,  of  r  lectoral  Hesse,  or  of  tiraml  Dm  al  ITi  ssn,  and  reciproi  ;;llv,ei. 
Cept  by  the  public  roads,  military  rou'es.  and  navigabh'  rivers.  I'lir  this  purpose  tliere  sbnU  lie  e;. 
tablislied,  on  the  interior  frontiers,  c(  inmon  bureaus  of  verilicalion,  to  wliich  the  conductor.-,  nf  iw. 
chandise  must,  on  exhibiting  their  licences,  declare  what  are  the  uriicles  wliich  tiiey  are  enijilujcJi,; 
transport  troii'  one  territory  to  another. 

Tills  disposition  will  not  be  applicable  to  retail  commerce  in  raw  materials,  nor  to  tin-  pfitycnm- 
nierce  of  the  frontiern  or  the  fairs,  mir  to  tlie  elfects  of  travellers.  Trocess  for  tlie  veninaiiinioi 
liierchamlise  will  go  no  farther  than  is  required  for  security  of  the  duties  of  couipeiisiiiiun.— ,.->te  An 
VII.  B.) 

XIII.  The  contracting  parties  reciprorally  renew  their  adhesion  to  the  principle,  that  the  tnlls.ot 
other  charges  in  lieu  thereof,  shall  only  he  sutlicient  to  defray  the  expense  of  niaiiitenaiiii:  ii.nl  re- 
pairs of  tile  roads  ;  whether  the  tax  he  for  the  state  or  for  private  rights,  li  was  ibns  ihai  Ims  lipiii 
approved  I  le  supplement  to  the  duty  of  customs,  created  in  Ilavaria  and  Wirtemberg,  lo  rrplacKtlit 
duty  of  ni'is,  paving,  causeways,  bridL'es,  and  t'cnerally  of  all  analogous  ta\is. 

The  (oils,  &c.  now  existing  in  I'rnssia,  according  to  the  general  larilf  of  Ihirt,  shall  be  consitieieda- 
the  highest  rules,  and  shall  not  be  exceeded  in  any  of  I'li^  contracling  states. 

In  accordance  with  the  principle  thus  announced,  the  inilividiial  duly  for  closing  Iho  rates  of  cjijo: 
shall  be  abolished  ;  a.s  also  the  duty  of  paving  of  causeways,  whi're  it  still  exists  ;  anil  all  I'.ivi  il  niiul; 
will  be  considered  as  causeways  of  a  description  liable  only  to  the  duly  on  cause wavs  i  sialili^l,<jilln 
the  general  taritf. 

XIV.  The  contracting  governments  agree  to  unite  tlieir  efforts  to  introduce  into  the  st.iles  n  niiifimn 
sy.stem  of  coins,  weights,  and  measures  ;  to  commence  immedialely  the  requisite  negoijiUiuiis  frrtlu' 
purpose;  and,  subseiiuently,  to  direct  their  ell'orls  towardj  tlie  adoption  of  uniform  cllslnl:.-ll,llI^t 
weights. 

The  contracting  states,  in  the  impossibility  of  establishing  this  uniformity  before  tliis  treaty  fic- 
into  operation,  auree,  fur  facilitating  the  forwarding  of  merchandise  where  it  has  not  alri  inly  liivi, 
done,  to  revise  their  larilf  as  to  weights  and  measures,  assiimiiiL'  fur  a  basis  the  tarltl's  of  llic  mli  r 
contracting  states.  They  will  cause  such  modifications  to  be  publislied,  for  Ihe  gnveruincnl  ni  ilit 
public  and  of  their  custom-house  bureovs. 

The  common  tarilF  (Art.  IV.)  shall  be  divided  into  two  principal  divisions,  according  to  the  .lyslcin 
of  weights,  measures,  and  monies  of  Ilavaria.  and  that  of  I'rnssia. 

The  declaration  of  the  weights  and  measures  of  articles  subject  to  duty  shall,  in  rriissin,  beairnrilinj 
to  rriissian  weights  and  measures  ;  in  Ilavaria  and  Wirteinberg,  accDrding  lo  tl-,ose  of  Itaviiria;  and 
in  t'.ie  two  Ilesses,  according  to  the  weiglits  and  measures  there  let'iilly  established. 

In  expediting  custom-house  acts,  the  iiuniitily  of  niercliaiidise  inusi  be  expressed  accoriliic' lolli' 
two  principal  divisions  of  the  common  taritf. 

Until  tlie  contracting  states  agree  upon  a  system  of  cominnn  money,  tiie  payment  of  iliilics  in  eatl; 
state  shall  be  made  in  the  same  currency  as  is  in  use  for  payment  of  its  other  taxes. 

But,  from  the  present  time,  tlie  gold  and  silver  coins  of  all  theconlracting  slates,  with  the  e\ccptiot 
of  small  money  (sheiJemuntc),  shall  be  received  in  all  Ihe  bureaus  of  receipt  of  the  Associulioiii  ad 
for  tills  luirpose,  tables  of  value  shall  be  piiblis'ied, 

XV.  The  iliitie;)  of  navigation  upon  the  rivers,  coinprijing  therein  those  which  .ipply  to  vessels, 
shall  aiivays  be  mulually  .icquilted  according  lo  Ihe  acts  of  the  (.'ongress  of  Vienna,  or  of  s|ierialcoii- 
ventions,  upon  ull  the  rivers  to  which  these  regulations  apply,  unless  otiierdelermiiialinns  bcaiioiileil 
in  this  resjiect. 

live  contracting  slates  agree  to  enter,  without  delay,  into  negoti:, lions  for  that  wliich  partlmlarli 
•  egardii  the  iiuvigutiun  upon  tho  lUiiiie  and  the  nuiglibuuriiig  streams,  in  order  tu  elfect  uu  arrune" 


PRUSSIAN  LEAGUE. 


363 


f  one  or  otlior  nf  ihe 
veiuiiiiid  of  udhuiiiiiii 

ntcil  from  tlio  cniin. 
idi;il  oillirr  in  the  re 

i.      ^(•verlli^ll■^':^,  111 

)riiui|iiil  I'lMiiilry  w,;; 
iiiKiiis  totisciit  of  ilie 

itii'3  of  iiiip'rt,  rf  (X. 
nl'jt-tt,  n-siill  news. 

Ill  rules  f)f  ilmies  of 
iiiiicrcf  riiiiy  luiiniro,) 
iiiiirni' ;  proviili'diil. 
ill  riDl  liB  dibiulvariiii. 

le  orgapisnlion  nf  1I15 
he  esla!)lislic(l  ii|ioiij 

Ihost!  couiilries.    The 

•111  ill  till!  tonlrucliiij 
the  riistdiiis,  hliall  be 

le  s;iint!  liim". 

il)(ivi:  iiii'iiiiimnd  (An 
fi'im  rui|iiircil  fut  lU 

r  tlietnliiiiiu^ti-alionof 

uliileil  liy  tlii'  ftilliiwin; 

1  coase  on  llio  cfunmoc 
Ml  artii-lfis  "!'  frccroi!;. 
)  all  tilt:  lillii-rs,  (.■.vii;,; 

1  Ariirli's  IX.  and  X. 

s  1(1  ditlVrdiil  ihilics.iii 
liiiiS  UiAi-riclell.ounli; 

privllefrcs  in  nno  uf  lii- 
lii>  t'Xi'hidiHl  duniii!  ll;i: 
las  irraiilcd  thnn, 
1  (liuii's,  I'slaldislipd  hv 
itf  10  iliilios  (if  iiiiiiiirli'i 
I'S  iif  liav:.ria  and  Wii;. 
s!^  and  rcciiToi  :.!!>, e\. 
•|ii)S(;  tlu'r(!  fliall  lie  r,- 
(liu  coIl(lM(l(lr^  (if  i:ier. 
cU  tliey  aro  umii'mjcaif. 

3,  nor  tn  Itn'  p'-Hy  oom- 
,d  f(ir  till'  vcriiu.iii.'iiui 
)iiiinjiijalii)n.--.''ue  Ati 

nri|d(\  tliat  tlu^  tolls,,,! 

if  iiiaiiueiiaiuo  nin\  re- 

was  llin^  iliai  has  lii'iii 

[rl(;nib(;ra,  to  r,|ilaccllic 

s,  shall  he  coiiiiidini'da- 

.isinp  till"  irati'S  (if  ciii^ 
sis  ;  and  all  piivcd  riwili 
liis(;\va;s  ^■^lallli^l,(;ll^ 

|intolh('?lal('samiif,irm 
jiiKi  nl>^'(llia!i"ll^  fcrllii! 
I'  unifonii  tiisiiiiu-lumse 

^  Defiii-i;  ilii>  invitycws 
lit  has  noi  alr":\,ly  lic'i, 
4  tli(!  larill'sdf  lliiMilli,'i 
ilie  giivetninciilof  die  | 

|ac^,ordill^  to  \\w  .lyslcin 

[in  rrnpsia.licarriirdini 
I  il'.ose  of  liuvarui;  Mi 
lishcd. 
lirt'sscd  iiccordiic'lollif 

liynii^ntofilulicsineacli  | 

Jaxi'S- 

latfs,  with  the  oxcpplifii] 

Ijr  the  Atbocialiiini  ni'"  | 

Iwhicti  apply  to  vpsspli. 
litMiiia,  oriifsiicciiilcoii- 
ltcrminiUionRbuadoined 

I  that  whirl!  partindarly  | 
ler  to  elfoct  an  artang': 


irient  by  which  the  import,  export,  nnd  transit  of  the  productions  of  all  the  states  of  the  TTnion  upon 
said  htrcaniH  shall  ho,  if  not  ahsoliitoly  free,  at  least  relieved  us  lur  us  possiblfj  from  duties  of  naviga- 
tion, under  the  reserve  of  charges  of  reconnoissance. 

All  (he  advantages  granted  by  one  state  of  the  Union  to  its  subjects,  in  the  exercise  of  the  naviga- 
tion upon  said  streams,  shall  extend  eiiually  to  the  navigation  of  the  other  associated  states. 

lirion  the  other  streams  to  which  neither  the  acts  of  the  Cong'.eas  of  Vienna,  nor  any  other  treaties 
apply,  tlie  duties  nf  navigation  shall  be  according  to  the  special  regulations  of  the  governments  in- 
ti'rcsied'  Nevertheless,  the  subjects  of  the  contiacling  states,  their  uierchandisa  and  vessels,  shall 
lliroiii-'hoiil,  he  treated  on  those  streams  with  perfect  e<iiiality. 

XVI.  DaiiriB  from  the  day  on  which  the  general  custom-house  regulations  of  the  Union  shall  come 
into  operation,  the  duties  of  public  stores  {t'.apen),  and  of  trans-shipments  (i(«i,sc/i/(ii>-?icc/irc),  which  still 
exist''  i"  'be  ti^rritories  belongingto  tlie  Association,  shall  cease,  no  one  shall  he  liable  to  forced  delay, 
^,ir  10  the  di^icharging  and  storage  of  his  merchandise,  except  in  cases  authorised  by  the  common 
feoiilations  of  the  customs  or  navigation. 

XVII.  No  duties  shall  be  claimed  for  >  anals,  locks,  bridges,  ferries,  cranes,  weighing  and  storage  ; 
and  the  eslahlishments  destined  to  facilitate  coniinerce  shall  not  he  allowed  rent,  except  when  actually 
'used.  Charges  ciinnot  he  increased;  and  the  siilijecis  of  the  other  contracting  states  shall  be  on  ;i 
ncrrert  equality  with  the  subjects  of  the  country  having  those  eslablislinients. 

If  the  establishments  for  weighing,  and  cranes  are  only  used  by  the  custoin-houbcs,  no  charge  shall 
lie  made,  if  the  articles  have  been  previously  weighed  at  a  custom-house. 

XVIII.  The  contracting  states  engagis  to  continue  their  common  elforts  for  the  encouragement  of 
industry  by  the  adoption  of  tiiiiform  regulations,  so  that  the  subj(!cts  of  each  slate  may  enjoy,  as  e.\- 
tensiveiy  as  possilile,  the  privilege  of  seeking  work  and  occupation  in  every  other  state. 

From  tlie  coming  into  operation  of  the  present  treaty,  the  subjects  of  any  one  of  the  contracting 
states,  tradinff  or  seeking  employ  in  the  territory  of  any  .>lher  of  those  states,  shall  not  he  sul  ject  to 
any  imP'i*'' *^''''^''  does  not  cijiially  atfect  the  native  similarly  euiployed.  Manufacturers  anil  nier- 
olninls  who  are  only  making  purchases  for  their  trade,  or  travellers  who  have  not  goods  with  them, 
butslniply  pallonis  for  the  purpose  of  soliciting  commissions,  shall  not,  when  thus  employed,  have 
anv  duty  to  pay  in  another  state,  if  authorised  to  carry  on  such  commerce  in  the  state  where  they 
have  llii'ir  domieile  ;  or  if  employed  in  the  service  of  native  manufacturers  or  merchants. 

When  trading  in  the  markets  and  fairs,  or  when  they  are  selling  the  produce  of  the  soil  and  fabrics, 
inaiiy  one  of  the  states  of  the  Association,  the  subjects  of  the  other  contracting  stales  shall  be  treated 
In  all  respects  as  subjects  of  the  same  states. 

XIX.  The  seaports  of  Prussia  shall  be  open  for  commerce  to  all  the  subjects  of  the  states  of  the 
Ilniini,  on  paymentof  the  same  duties  as  are  paid  by  I'ru.-.sian  sul  jects,  and  Ihe  consuls  of  the  several 
jtali's  in  the  seaports  or  places  of  the  foreign  commerce,  shall  he  hound,  in  cases  of  need,  to  assist 
wilhtlnur  advice  and  support  the  subjects  of  the  other  contracting  slates. 

XX.  To  protect  against  contraband  their  common  custom- house  system,  and  to  insure  the  regular 
piviinnt  of  the  duly  of  consumption  in  the  interior,  the  contraetiiig  states  have  concluded  a  recipro- 
r;ii  riirtel,  which  shall  be  enforced  as  soon  as  possible,  but,  at  the  farthest,  at  the  same  time  with  the 
nrespnt  treaty. 

X.\I.  'fhe  community  of  receipts  of  the  contracting  slates,  stipulated  by  the  present  treaty,  shall 
cniiipri  heiid  the  product  of  duties  of  entry,  of  export,  ami  of  transit,  in  the  Prussian  states,  the  king- 
I'oms  (if  Bavaria,  and  Wirtemberg,  the  Electorate,  and  tlie  Grand  Duchy  of  Ilessi!,  comprising  therein 
thnsi'  riniiitries  which  have  down  to  the  present  time  acceded  to  the  custom-house  system  of  Ihe  con- 
tracting slates. 

Tin- following  are  excluded  from  the  community  of  receipts,  and  remain  preserved  for  the  particular 
benefit  nf  the  respective  governments;— 

1.  The  imposts  collected  in  the  interior  of  each  slate  on  indigenous  products,  comprising  therein  the 
compensa'.ory  duties  reserved  in  Article  XI. 

2.  The  toll  on  rivers,  to  which  are  applicable  the  regulations  of  the  acts  of  the  Congress  of  Vienna, 
or spirial  conventions.     (Article  XV.) 

3.  Duties  of  paving,  of  causeways,  of  bridges,  of  ferries,  of  canals,  of  locks  and  ports,  charges  of 
weigliing  and  storage,  as  well  as  similar  receipts,  wliat(!ver  may  he  their  name. 

4.  The  fines  and  conliscations  which,  beyond  the  pait  allowed  to  inforiners,  remain  the  property  of 
eachsiiveriiment  throughoul  its  territory." 

XXII.  The  produce  of  the  duties  received  into  the  coniinon  treasury  shall  he  divided  among  the 
Etat(!.s  .if  the  A,-sociation,  in  proportion  to  the  population  whiirh  may  be  found  in  the  Union,  subject  to 
diMhiitiim,  1st,  of  the  expenses  specilied  in  Arti(  li;  XXX.;  2(1,  of  the  restitution  of  erroneous  receipts; 
3il.  of  llie  restoration  of  duties  and  dimiuulicns  made  in  conse(iueiice  of  special  common  conven- 
tions. 

Tlie  popnlation  of  every  slate  which  has  entered  or  may  enter  into  the  Association,  by  treaty  with 
oneorelher  o''  the  coiiiraiting  stall's,  under  Ihe  eiigagenient  made  by  (he  latter  to  make  an  annual 
coiitrllnilion.  for  the  participation  of  tlie  former  to  the  coiiimon  revenue  of  the  cusioms,  shall  he  added 
to  tlie  population  of  the  states  which  make  this  contribution. 

There  shall  lie  made  every  three  years,  dating  from  a  period  to  he  hereafter  fixed,  an  exact  enume- 
ration nf  the  population  of  the  associated  stales  ;  the  states  shall  reciprocally  communicate  the  results 
tliereiif. 

.\.\1II.  .Ml  restitutions  of  duties  not  antliorised  by  the  legislation  of  the  customs,  shall  remain 
cliiifjii'il  to  the  treasury  of  the  government  which  shall  have  granted  it. 

t'oiivenlions,  hereafter  to  be  concluded,  will  regulate  in  what  cases  similar  restitutions  may  be 
accorded. 

XXIV.  Ill  conformity  with  the  object  of  this  association  of  customs  tending  to  facilitate  a  freer  and 
more  iialnial  con.niHrcial  intercourse,  the  favours  accorded  t'or  the  payment  of  custom-house  duties  at 
cetl;\iii  places  in  which  fairs  are  luMil,  especially  the  privileges  of  abateinenl  d-nbat  I'l-ii-ilei'ii  n),  cannot 
beesti!iidi'(l  to  those  stales  of  the  Association  where  lliey  do  not  exist ;  on  the  cmiirary,  they  shall  he 
reslricted  anil  abolislled  as  far  as  possible,  regard  being  bad  Id  Ihe  means  of  siilisisleiice  of  Ihe  places 
lierolofiirc  f ivoiired,  and  to  the  commercial  relations  which  they  have  with  foreigners)  but  others 
can.  on  no  aeroiiiit,  he  cranted  wilhoiil  tlu!  g(nieral  coiisent  of  the  coiilraetiiig  parties. 

XXXIII.  There  shall  every  year,  on  the  Isl  day  of  June,  be  an  assembly  of  plenipotentiaries  of  the 
Itnverniiienls  of  the  Unitin  empowered  goiierally  to  deliberate  ;  and  each  siale  may  send  thither  a  duly 
aiiiliorised  r"presenlativc. 

The  pli!ni|io;eiiiiaries  will  choose  from  among  themselves  a  president,  who,  however,  shall  have  no 
pre-eminence  over  the  other  members. 

Tlie  first  assembl  ■  shall  be  held  at  Munich. 

AtlliiMlose  ofeiuli  annua!  assembly,  the  place  of  next  meeting  will  bo  determined,  having  reference 
tothenaliire  of  those  subjects  which  will  then  come  under  "iscussion. 

XXXIV.  The  iisbeaibly  of  plenipolenliuries  will  liave  under  its  consideration  the  following  sub- 
jects ;— 

A.  To  consider  the  complaints  which  may  have  arisen  in  any  of  the  states  of  the  Association,  con- 
cerning the  e..ecuiion  of  the  geuurul  treaty',  of  special  (.inventions,  of  the  law,  and  of  custom-house 


'hi 

0f» 


364 


PRUSSIAN  LEAGUE. 


,  It 


I    '. 


.Kill*-"""'"' 

.limn**"''":. 


'lllHI*'".., 


a"- 


m 

iiiwni'''''- 


.ibw 


■me?' 

"it 


1:11 


regulations  ;  also  of  the  tariff,  when  these  shall  not  have  been  adjusted  during  the  year  by  correspond* 
ence  between  the  dilferent  ministers. 

B.  The  definitive  .  .paration  among  the  states  of  the  Union  of  the  total  common  receipts,  based  upon 
the  observations  made  by  the  superior  authorities,  and  verified  by  the  central  bureaut  as  may  be  rcti. 
dered  necessary  by  the  common  interest. 

C.  To  deliberate  upon  propositions  and  suggestions  made  by  the  governments  for  the  perfection  of 
the  administration. 

D.  Discussions  upon  alterations  demanded  by  any  of  the  contracting  states,  in  the  laws,  tariffs,  and 
custom-house  rcgulutions,  us  well  as  in  the  organisation  of  tlte  administration,  and  in  general  upon 
the  development  and  perfection  of  the  general  systoni  of  customs  and  commerce. 

XXXV.  If,  in  the  course  of  the  year,  wiicn  the  phinipoteiiiiarit's  aro  not  in  session,  extraordinary 
incidents  shouhi  occur,  which  require  prompt  decision  on  tlie  pitrt  of  tlie  slates  of  llie  Union,  the  cun. 
tracting  parties  will  consult  upon  tli.ese  through  their  diplomatic  agents,  or  they  will  order  an  extra 
sitting  of  their  plenipotentiaries. 

UoYAL  Tariff  of  thk  Prussian  Statks,  and  of  the  German  Customs'  Union. 
To  be  in  force  from  the  1st  January,  1840,  to  the  3]si  December,  1842. 
I,  Ariicki  not  liable  to  any  (hity. 


Trees  for  transpl.intatinn,  and  vines  j  Lce-hiveg,  willi  live  hees; 
blood  of  slaiishttncd  cattle,  both  in  a  liquid  and  dry  state;  ?as  of 
brandy  (hn^wai-sh)  j  atiitnal  and  other  sorts  of  inannru  ;  I'^^s  ;  clay 
and  ore,  not  specilically  charifed  with  (hily,  as  bolus,  pnniicestone, 
bloodstone,  bnnvnsione,  plaster,  yellow  clay,  &c. ;  ajriiullunil  pro- 
duce, and  caltle  of  an  estate  separated  by  the  frontier  ;  fresh  fish  and 
erabs ;  grass,  folder,  and  hay;  fresh  garden  produce,— as,  MowTrs, 
vestetable«,  succory  (not  dried),  potatoes  and  turnips,  citable  roots, 
&c.;  poultry,  and  small  game  of  every  kind;  potters'  ore  {alquifoux); 
gold  and  silver,  coined,  in  bars  and  frajrments,  exclu.linj;  foreign 
small  coin  of  silver  ;  furniture  and  elTecIs,  worn  clothes  and  lincii, 
tools  tha'  have  been  usfd  by  individuals  settlini;  in  the  country  ;  alfo, 
by  particular  perniissiun,  new  clothes,  linen,  and  eHects,  if  they  be-  [  cordiiisf  to  the  prece'iin^  regulatinns,  arp  entindy  t^xenipi  frtuii  Ji^i 


wood;  stonrs,  hewn  and  roui<b,  chalk,  slate,  tiles  and  brtrliH.  mill 
and  uriiilHtones  Iran'^jwrreJ  by  land,  and  not  destined  for  sbipijini;- 
straw,  chalV,  cut  straw  ;  all  kinds  of  animals  for  which  no  duty  ]i 
mentioned  in  the  tariir;  turf  and  charcoal ;  husks  of  grain  and  u 
grapes. 

n.  Articles  which  are  linUe  to  Duty  on  Importation  m 

Kxportatitin. 

Fifteen  silver  gmschen,  or  half  a  dollar,  is  tlie  genenl  dulvrs 
inijjortation  for  one  (juintal  (hundred  weight)  pjussian  ijross  wel^lr; 
and  no  furUii-r  tax  on  cunsuiitjjtiun  is  levitd  in  the  country,  nor  UitjJ 
when  the  article  is  rxportcJ. 

Kxceptiotis,  however,  occur  with  all  articles,  which  eitltpr,  ac. 


lon^  to  pi-rvnis  seliliii!;  in  the  country  thriMigh  niarria:;e ;  wood  (both 
for  fuel  and  lindier),  if  transported  by  land  and  not  destined  for  ship- 
ping; cop>e  wood  and  brooms,  and  willow  for  baskets;  travellcis' 
and  seamen's  clothes  and  linen,  and  travellers'  carriages,  waggons, 
and  boatH  for  transporting  persons  and  goods,  furniture  of  veasels,  ami 
provisions  used  for  Iravellms  ;  instruments,  and  patterns  carried  by 
Iravellt-Ts  for  their  own  usii  only  ;  peat  and  tan  In-  fuel ;  milk  ;  frchli 
fruit ;  paper  cliippings  an!  written  papers  (deeils,  waste  paper,  fic); 
seeds  of  forest  trees,  siiave  grass,  reeds  for  rooiling,  &c. ;   refuse 


or,  according  to  the  following  sections,  are  liatde  to  duty  ;  as- 
j       Arlicli's  suliiect  to  a  hijjheror  lower  import  duty  than  half  a  Jol!.f 
I  for  one  quinlal ;  or, 
1       Articles  sulijcci  to  a  diity  on  exportation. 

The  following  are  tliose  arlictts  on  wiiich  tbe  affixed  duties  irt 

levieJ : — 

fWe  stdijoin  a  note  of  the  duties  imposed  on  some  of  the  prijicii^! 
artick-s of  import.*] 


Names  of  the  Articles. 


V    3 


Bter  of  all  sorts     « 
Brandy,  rum,  and  ai  ^'ack 


Cocoa,  ground,  chocolate,  ) 
and  chocolate  succory    • ) 


Cacao 

Cotlee  and  coffee  succory 


■\ 


Cheese 

Coal 

Cotton  and  cotton  goods:— 
Ruv  cotton 

Cotton  yarn,  white,  un- 
twisted yarn,&.  wadding 
Doubled,  twisted  thread 
(thread,  knitting  yarn), 
and  all  sf>rts  of  dyed 
yarnalso  bleaching  yarn 
Cotton  stutrs,  and  cotton  "\ 
and  linen  goods,  with- 
out any  admixture  of 
silk  and  wool;  stock- 
ings, lace,  buttons,  and 
finry  articles;  tissues, 
and^galoons  of  tinsel  and 
cotton,  or  cotton  and  !!• 
nfn.tri(/it7T(/any  ailmix- 
ture  of  silk ;  wool,  iron, 
gl  iss,wfHid,leather,brass» 
steel,  .fe  other  materials  . 
Copper  and  brassy- 
Brass  and  copper  in  pigs, 
crude  or  black  copper, 
pure  (or  ro^e)  copper, 
oM  pieces  of  copper  ami 
bia«s,  as  also  tilings  of 
cop|ier  jirid  brass,  bell 
metal,  copper,  and  other 
small  com  for  melting 
(the  latter  on  especial 


Duly  on 


Free 
2 


60 


Reduction  for 

Tare  on  the 

(iu'ntal,  gross 

Weight. 


f25    lbs.     in 
I  boxes,  IS  in 
■{     baskets,  7 
I  tbs.  in  dou- 
U'le  casks. 
r    22  Mjs.  in 
1  barrets   and 
J  cases.  14  Ibj. 
1  in     baskets, 
I    7   lbs.    in 
Lbags. 

(\4   lbs,  bar- 
I  rtis  (if  oak 
I    and  other 
1  hard  woods, 
^  10  llii.  Iiar- 

Irels  of  st'ft 
woo !,  an  1 
in  biskets,4 
(.lbs.  Icigs. 
{     12  lbs,  in 
\  ca^ks. 


"j  18    lbs.    in 

,  barrels   and 
r  boxes,  7  ll>s. 
in  bales. 


{20  lbs.  in 
barrels  and 
chests,  K  lbs. 
in  bales. 


Names  of  the  Articles.' 


^;i 


pprniisMon),  may  be  im- 
ported on  pa>  iiig  the  pe. 
neral  im[)ortalion  iluty. 
Wroujjhf,  lolled,  and  east 
copper  and  brass,  for 
utensils,  &c.;  also  cop- 
per kettles  ,as  they  came 
from uiiderthe hammer,  )- 
brass  plati^s,  common 
and  plated  wire,  with 
polished,  n)lled,  and 
Jitated  tables,  and  plates  j 
Manufactured  goo^ls ;  as, 
kritk's,  pans,  &c.  &c.; 
all  other  articles  of  cop- 
per ar)d  bras!<,  candle- 
sticks, bells,  brass  "ork 
for  harness,  ^c.  pin",  if 
tlicy  are  not  condiined 
with  the  precious  me- 
lain;  also  painted  ja)>aii- 
titvl  copper  and  brass 
wares    -  -  -J 

Fancy  article«<Hirriiireham 
watc.  f/t/nif«i7/ir'£).  ma- 
nufactured wholly  or 
partly  of  gold,  silver,  pla- 
lina,  similar  or  other 
admixtures  of  jireclous 
metals,  ndaid  with  gold 
or  silver  bronze  (plated), 
niotberofpearl,  coral  ami 
precious  stones;  arii  les 
m  connection  with  ala- 
baster, amber,  ivory, 
whalebone,  plaster  of 
Paris,  ifl.iss,  wchk),  horn, 
bone,  conqiie,  varnish, 
ha'her,  m;irble,  Turkish 
tobacco,  pipe  clay,  ba«e 
ineiah,  lortoisesh'tlt  and 
false  iitones,&c.  A-C;  per- 
fun.cs,  cases  for  ItiB'ru- 
intn's,  fcc,  watidies,  \ 
clo<ks,  and  ]  enluhims,  f 
liis'res  of  bronze,  plated  | 
with  gold  or  silver;  su- 
perfine wares  of  melals 
jiparined,  or  pisteboanl 
(papier  maehe),  umbrel- 
las, parasrils,  fans,  arti 
ficial  flowers,  plunies  o{ 
feathers.  looks,  periwigs, 
&C.&C.   Lii  tine,  all  kinds     | 


titl. 


Duty  on 


60 


Reductior.for! 

Tare  nn  lU  j 

Uuiii'd,  trss 

Weight.    . 


fll    If)S. 
1  barrels  auiil 
<  cht'sls.eiki 

I  in  liaskets.4! 
Ubs.  iu  la!es.i 


fl3  llrt.  k' 
i  idics's.6!bi.| 
i  in  loskH',  ij 
Ul^s.iu  bales. ' 


(20    Ibj. 
<  risks     isi'- 
i  chests.       I 


^  The  Fruisian  dolbir,  of  30  silver  gmsrhen,  is  equal  to  about  2i.  II  \-2d.  sterling;  but  in  ealimatingdutici  it  m  usually  lakrDalSi.  The 
luiutal  or  ccnUir  of  tlO  lbs.  Is  equal  to  ll3,uSl  lbs.  avuirduituis. 


'ear  by  correspond* 

eceipts,  baaed  upon 
•au,  as  way  be  reii- 

)r  the  perfection  of   L>|| 

lie  laws,  tariffs,  and   » 
nd  in  general  upon 

ision,  extraordinary 
the  Union,  llie  coii- 
will  order  an  extra 


sbtf,  tilM  and  bricki,  mill 

iiol  tlestineJ  for  sliiii|.iii<; 

iniala  for  ivhicli  no  iliily  n 

■oal  i  husks  of  grain  and  ., 


iity  m  Importation  m 

llnr,  is  Ilie  (jenenl  .lulvr.j 
•iRlil)l'ru»ian  s^ross  «c,i;li'; 
vi,:il  in  the  ciuulry,  nor  ilito 

1  articles,  which  cither,  a;. 
c  entirely  cxemiil  froni  Ji,'v, 
,r(!  lialile  to  linty  i  as- 
imjiort  duly  than  half  a  JolLi 

'on.  «,     ,   ,    ■ 

which  the  affiieJ  duties  ir( 


Kiscd  on  some  of  thu  (irii;, 


li«usu»llytakcD»t3i.  The 


PRUSSIAN  TARIFF. 

Pruasian  Tariff— <:o;ifinwcrf. 


365 


Ntinei  of  (be  Article!. 


of  r'.incy  wares  (nnincail- 
Icrie),  unless  olherii  ise 
spcrined,    with    articles 
ipurnf cotton  linen, silk, 
,» fpi|,wliich  are  connect- 
td  ivil/i  iron,  ijlass,  wood, 
leather,  lir.iss,  or  steel ; 
fori"»t'nce,ca|i5of  cloth, 
anil  other  stulTs,   com 
billed  Willi  leaiher,  hut- 
loos,  tassels.  Uc.  tc. 
Glass  .lo'l  •I'liclc'ofglaui— 
Green  botile  Jass 
jv'oie.  —  Wlien     loo«ely 
MckeJ,  3J  cubic  feel  »re 
Blinij!»l  .18  1  quintal. 
White  1  oHIp  glass,  cut  or 
with  cut  bottoms  (Hul- 
lenrau  le),    brims,    and 
1      obic  slass,  V  ithout  dis- 
I      liuction  of  colour 
Ciit«la'.sfili,iiainte(l,Jic,,-i 
withallkindsof massive  I 
jnd  cast  glass,  drops  for  i. 
chandehtrs,         knobs,  | 
brail!,  ar.d  enamels        -J 
lyxikine  gb'ses,  with  or 
willumtqiiieksilver:  — 
Cast;  if  the  piece  do 
not  measure  more 
than  1  square  foot 
Shwii:  if  the  piece 
do    not     measure 
niore  than  2  square 
feet,  like  table  glass 
Cmt;    if  the   piece 
measures 

lU  to  2tS  sq.  inches 

^7.171.  I'/.tri, 

1    2-8  to     076 

•g.-Su  .       576—1,000 

"iiilg  Sl.OOO- 1,400 

'  =  '"  -     1,400—1,900 


Si 


qti. 


iu-°^^ 


I  l,i(O0 


Glass    wares    cnnnecft-dl 
with  Ci'iimion    iiK-tala  j 
anJ  oll.er  maierials  not  )■ 
I      wovtii;    :»iso    tpf'kiiig 
I      ghs*LS of  every  kind    •.' 
;GunriO«Jt!r 
jHsirdrtare:— 
Conmioii  cast  articles;  as, 
»toveH,  i.lales,  railinga, 

I  Comninn  gnods  made  of 
I  cact  iron,  iron. ami  atf  et, 
I  iron  |>lites,  sleel,  and 
iron  wire  count  cted 
with  wo'd;  gnoil* of  the 
aiiie description  which 
are  tinned  Imt  not  |>o 
lished  ;  as.  axes,  sword 
blailes,  files,  hanimera, 
fcitclietvhii.KM,  screws  y 
flax  combs,  roffee  roast-  f 
en  an-l  niills,  chains, 
Diachintsof  iron,  nails, 
pans,  sliovels,  locks, 
buckles  and  rings  iruil 
p.ilishrJ),  vices,  scythes, 
lickles,  chisels,  horse 
O'tiil'S,  stteple  clocks, 
iciison.  Lalance  beams, 
tonps,  he.  i^c.  • 
Fine  hardware,  whether 
maJe  entirely  of  fine 
ca^l  inui,  iine  pnliihed 
iron  or  sleel,  or  frnm 
these  combhied  with 
wood,  hum,  bone,  lea- 
ther, copper,  tin,  (no- 
lit'hbl).  brass,  and  olfier 
conininn  in'tals;  as.  fine 
cast  i.on  waieSf  ciitierj', 
Dcetilts  ami  Pins,  icis- 
kftr«,e'l<tdtrifpls.8Wt)id8, 
be:  as  also  iananned 
inin  warrs.  atidail  kinds 
of  lire  arms 

llerringi    • 
Hones 

IfOD  and  steel  :— 
Birandb-^h  inn,  not  ma- 
nuf-u'titfid.and  iron  ore 
of  every  kind;  old  inm, 
iron  filings,  hammer- 
inm,  *ic. 

Nott.—  lron  ore  is  ex- 
finpteil  frnm  eijrortation 
duty  in  thf  wBsleru  pro- 
vinces. 


Qtl. 
] 


Duty  on 


Import-  Export- 
alioii,   i  ation. 


R. 

Dol. 


O  Uol.  o 


Ton. 

i 
Pc 


qn 


60 


Free 


Reduction  for 

T.ire  (in  tliK 

(|uintal,  f^roMi 

Weight. 


(25  lbs.  in 
I  casks  and 
{  chests,  14 
lbs,  in  bas- 
Lkels. 


'IB  in  chests. 


r22  lbs.  in 
J  casks  an*! 
1  chests,  14 
Lin  ba>-ket8. 
(  M  lbs.  in 
(  casks. 


Names  of  (he  Articles. 


c  C 


f  10  lbs.  in 
casks  and 
cheats,  6  bas- 
ket;*,   4    in 

L  bales. 


(-20    lbs.    in 

ca^ks      and 

■i  chests,       13 

bat,k<-t9,      0 

U>>ilei. 


:i 


2h2 


Cast  iron;  as.  bar,  scrolled, 
slnl,  rolled, or  hammer- 
ed, hoop,  locks,  &c.  fcc.j 
as  also  blistered  and  sol- 
dering steel,  cast  and 
refined  steel,  also  rails 
for  railways 
Exceptions:— 

Unmannfactured  steel,  im- 
ported exclusively  from 
the  Russian  frontiers  (o 
the  mouth  of  the  Vistu- 
la, is  subject  only  to  the 
gen'-ral  impurlation 
duty. 

Hammered    iron,    v^'hich^ 
has  been  manufactured  I 
into  finer  sorts  under  the 
stretch  and  cut  works,  I 
as  also  black  iron  sheet- 
ing and  iron  plates 

Whitf    iron  sheeting,  as 
ais^,  ir>n  wire, anchors, 
and  Arirhor  chains 
I^d  :- 

Le.id,  unwrought,  in 
blocks   - 

('()ar.,e  articles  of  lead, 
as.  kettles,  pipes,  shot 
l-lllfS,  &c.  &c.  • 

Fine  .irticles  of  lead  ;  .is,"} 
toys,  Ac.  wholly  or  ! 
partly  of  h-ad  ;  also  j.i-  r 
panned  articles  of  lead  -J 

MolasFes  • 

Paper  and  articles  of  paste- 
board :— 
Grey  blotting  and  packing 
p.iper,  general  imimrta- 
tinii  duly  is  ^laid. 
Flimsy  or  thin  printing 
paper,  coar8e{ white  a. id 
coloured)  packing  ju* 
per,  and  pasteboard 

AU  oilier  sorts  of  paper   - 

A'o(€.— Paper  v\hich  w 
lithographed,  piinted,  or 
ruled  (to  l)e  usod  in  this 
slate  for  accoutds,  labels, 
invoices,  &c.  &c.)  belongs 
to  those  sorts  of  papers 
mentioned  above. 

Paper  tapestry 

Rookliinders'  work  of  pa-"] 
perai.d  pastelmard.also  | 
coaise  j.ipanned   wures  > 
out  of  such  prime  mate 
ri<ils  (mattcis)  - 


(ill. 


Dutv  on 


Npprirt-  (Export' 
:ilirin.  i  ation. 

R.     i\  R. 
Uol.  o  jllnl.  o 


■J 


Pepper,  pimento,  saffron,  } 
vanilla,  cinnamon  •  $ 

Potters'  clay  and  potters' 
wares : — 

Potters'  clay  for  china 
manufactures    - 

Comiuon  potters'  floor 
stones  and  crucibits 

(Single)  coloureil  or  white 
crockery  ware,  earlhen 
pipes     - 

Painted,  printed,  gilded 
or  silvered  crockery 
ware 

Whi'e  china 

Colonreti  china,  and  also"] 
white,  with  coloured  I 
stripes,  painted  or  ( 
gilded    .  .  -J 

Crockery  and  other  earth- 
enware,andwhite<  " 
and  enamel,  connec 
with  the  baser  meta' 

The  same  connected  wilh^ 
gold,  silver,  pUtina,  si- 
milar and  other  admix 
tures  of  fine  metals,  as 
alsoallothercliinaw,'»re 
combined  with  fine  or 
connnou  metals 
Silk  and  silk  goods 

Dyed  and  white  or  floret' 
silk   (twisted   and    un- 
twiitetl),  also  thread 
uw  silk 


Qll. 


Fre 


'earth--\ 
echina  ( 
inected  f 
letals     * 


60 


Reduction  for 

T.ire  (►n  the 

(luinlal,  gross 

Weight. 


'II  in  casks 
and  chests,  7 
ill    lasketi, 

.4  inhales. 


J  T   in    casks 
t  and  chetila. 

('22  in  casks 
]  and  chests, 
"j  14  in  has- 
Uets, 
J  12  lbs. 
{  barrels. 


ri8    lbs.    in 
chests,?  lbs. 
'  in  bale*. 


C  IS  in  chests, 

J  14  in  has- 
]  kets,  7  lbs. 
tin  bales. 

ns  in  chests, 
J  14  in  bxn. 
(  kets,  7  in 
Lba[e«. 

('20  tlis.  in 
I  chests,l81bs. 
<  in  barrels 
I  14  baskets, 
Laud  4  l)alet. 


2!i  lbs. 
chejits,  14 
lbs.  in  bas' 
kets. 

[  25  in  chests, 

14   ia    has. 

[  kets. 

;2^-.   lbs. 

che^ts,l4tbs. 
Nu  baakcts. 


[22    lbs. 

ChFtt8,l31b8. 

[  iu  baskets, 


'  IS  inchestsi 
10 In'  ' 


■a  S 

■'*'"***  lA 
^  W 


;» 
P 

,«.*  *  '■' 

s»». 

^ 

4* 

360 


PRUSSIAN  BLUE,  PUBLICANS. 


Prussian  Tariff— continued. 


'iC» 


€, 


€ 


Names  or  the  Articles. 


Silk  stufTa  and  stnckirif^s, 
cloth  shawls,  nl>:inlB, 
lact'f  bloiiti  lace,  K.iiize, 
buttons,  &c.,  needle 
wiirk,  aiiJ  milliners' 
ariicles;  wovinsitkan<l 
galnnn,  Kiucrl  with  niu- 
tal  thread,  uriconnecdrl 
with  iron,  rI.im,  woihI, 
leathur,  bra-^s,  or  Bteul ; 
finally,  all  the  ahovu 
wares  made  of  lloret 
silk,  (baurrede  soit)  or 
silk 

All  the  al>ove  artirles"^ 
mixed  with  other  woven 
iiiatcrialii  exclusive  of 
silk  ;  as,  woo),  or  other 
hair  or  ariiuialfi,  cotton, 
and  linen  -  •) 

Tea  -  -  •  } 

Sugar  •  •  5 


Refined  and  brown  suyar  | 


Raw  sugar  for  inland"^ 
&\i£,\T  lioust'S,  under  \_ 
cniitril   of   the  proper! 


ollicurs  • 


lU'T   Ru^ar,    and    farina ; 
and  sugar  ntual  -  \ 


(ill. 


Duly  on 


Import 

atinn. 


R. 

I),il. 


Eiport 

ation. 


R. 

Uol. 


Reduction  for 

Tare  on  the 

Quintal,  i;n>u 

Weight. 


Names  of  the  Articles. 


f|   I„,,.nrt.  K,,,or..i  ««;";' 


;  22  in  chests, 
>    13  in  bales. 


;  22  in  cl.v-sts, 
[  1^  in  bales. 


( 23  lbs.  in 
}  chests. 
(W  Ibi.  in 
j  oaken  bar- 
!  reU,  10  lbs. 
I  in  other  dit- 
I  tn.  Vi  Ibi.  in 
Lcbtsts. 


*71b8.inbales 

Klbp.  in  bas. 

kets,  14  lbs. 

■^  itl         oakrn 

ca-ks,  10  !l)3. 

in   cask^  of 

l^soft  WOOll, 

fl6     lbs.     in 

I  chests   of    S 

I  ({uin'als  and 

above,       13 

lbs.  in  chests 

under         3 

quintals. 


1  anil  anicira  oi  on:— 
)arse    tin    wares ;    as,"\ 

dishes,  plates,  spoons,  f 
kettles,  pois,  and  o'herr 
vessels,  pipes,  and  pities^ 


Tin  and  articles  of  tin:— 
Coarse    tin 
disi 
ke 

vessel* 
Fine    and'  japvnntd    tin  j 
wares,  tojs,  &c.  &c. 
Sote..  —Tin    in   bloc.  », 
and  n!d  tin,  pays  the  gent,* 
rat  inij)urtation  duly. 

Tobacco  lea  ves 


Manufactured 


Wool  and  wool       ipioJs:— 

Raw  sheep's  w  .i.l 

White  th'-eefnld  or  mani- 
fold twisiid  woollen  nnd 
caniel  yarn.and  ail  other  C 
sons  ol  dyeil  yarn  O 

Woollen  slull's  ant  hose, 
&c.,  cloths,  s'lawls, 
banilkerchitfs,  an  1  felt 
goiKls;  friiiite,  ann  but- 
ton manufactures,  not 
connected  « ith  iron, 
plasfl,  Wi.  ',  leather, 
bras",  or  steel ;  further, 
the  same  sort  of  articles  '" 
uiuiufactured  from  the 
hair  or  wool  of  other 
animals;  finally,  wares 
of  the  above  description 
made  in  cor  eetion 
With  other  woven  mate- 
rills,  rvrlusive  of  silk    j 

Carpets  of  wiml  and  other  ) 
animals'  hair,  mixed  > 
w  lib  lit. en        •  - ) 

.V(7c  — Oil  cloths  maiie 
of  horse  hair  pay  the  «ene- 
ncral  imporlaiion  duty. 


Duly  on 


n.   I   B.    g 

Uol.  O   Dol.  J 


Free 


Reduction  fm 
oil  the 

VVeialil. 


V-^ 


II  incheils, 
"  in  Ijaskcts. 

r22  in  chfs's 
11    in    baa 

[kcls. 


12    lb!,    in 

cask?,  lOII,.. 

in  basl!t(s,7 

lb*,  ill  Ijalti. 

1,10    n.s.    i„ 

1  barreli,    13 

1  in  bi.lit;i,(, 

Uu  bales. 


ri7    Ite. 
I  casks 
I  clicsls,  7  III,; 
Lin  bales. 


r2Q    lbs.    in 
cbcMs-lls, 
Li"  bales. 


(30    lb,.    ■:„ 
rbrsS,7II,s. 
t  in  bales, 


N.  n.— The  duty  on  wheat,  beans,  and  peas  in.norted  into  Pruss'afrom  Poland  by  tlie  Vistula  and  the  Niemen.and  exported  by  Oan'zic,  .^:c , 
has  recent'y  tieen  raised  to  ^j  silver  ^ros.  per  schfc.'tVI ;  do.  on  rye,  barley,  and  oats,  2  silver  ilo.  Formerly  it  was  only  half  as  nnjcii.  'riii!,  m, 
crease  ot  diiy,  inteniiel  to  oper^'x  as  a  retaliation  on  Rui»sia,  shows  pretty  conclusively  that  in  coniluercial  aflaire  Ruiisiau  iiilluiiice  (Joes  not 
go  for  niuch  in  i^russia.— .Sii^.) 

PRUSSIAN  BI.TTE,  on  PRUSSFATE  OF  IRON  (Ger.  BerVnerhhiu  ,•  Fr.  Bhidt 
Pruss'' ;  It.  Azurro  I'nismmn ,-  Sp.  Azul  de  Prussia,-  Rus.  Lasor  Bcxiinshdja),  ^ 
beautiful  (jeep  blue  powder,  acciJeiitly  iliscovereil  at  Berlin  in  1710.  It  is  of  "onsitliTaMc 
importance  in  the  arts,  being  exten.sively  used  by  painters;  it  is  manufactured  in  this 
country.  Many  attempts  have  been  made  to  render  Prussian  blue  available  for  the  dyeing 
of  broad  cloths,  but  without  much  success.  The  didiculty  is  to  dilluse  the  colour  eijually 
over  the  surface ;  for,  from  its  extraordinary  vivacity  and  lustre,  the  slightest  inctiualities 
strike  and  ollcnd  the  eye.  Prussian  blue  resists  the  air  and  sun  extremely  well ;  but  it 
cannot  be  used  in  the  dyeing  of  cottons,  or  any  sort  of  .stulF  that  is  to  be  washed  witli 
soap,  as  the  alkali  contained  in  the  soap  readily  dissolves  and  separates  the  culouring 
matter. — {Bancroft  on  Coluurs,  ve»L  ii.  pp.  60 — 94.) 

Blue  is  a  fHvotirite  colour  with  the  Chinese,  and  in  1810-11,  the  imports  of  Prnasinn  blue  into  Can- 
ton from  RnKhuid  .imotinted  to  l.w.iy  piciils,  >r  2,5;i,200  Ib.-i.  U\it,  for  some  ye.ir.<  past,  the  (;iiine.seliave 
not  importuil  a  siiif!li'  puuiid  wisiit.  Tlitr  •tiiise  of  the  cessation  of  the  trade  deserves  In  be  men- 
tioned. A  common  Cliiiiese  suilur.  who  cutiii>  (o  EiiL'ltiml  in  an  East  liidiamaii,  havin;;  freqiiciilcd  a 
manufactory  where  tlie  drug  was  jircpared,  learned  llie  art  of  nialviiiK  i'  ;  and  on  his  return  to  C'liina, 
he  established  a  similar  work  there,  witli  .sticli  success  that  the  whole  empire  is  now  .'unply  stipiilicj 
with  native  I'riissian  blue  I  The  West  has  derived  many  iiiiportant  arts  from  Ihe  Hast  ;  but  we  incline 
to  think  that  this  is  the  first  well  authenticated  iiislatice  of  any  art  having  ever  been  carried  frtini  !lie 
West  to  the  East,  by  a  native  of  the  latter.  Bui,  in  all  that  respects  indiislry,  ingenuily,  and  Invcn- 
lion,  the  Chinese  are  incomparably  superior  to  every  other  people  to  the  east  ofthu  Indus. 

PUBLICANS,  are  persons  authorised  by  licence  to  retail  beer,  sjiirits,  or  wine,'!. 
Under  the  term  publicans  are  comprised  innkeepers,  hotel  keepers,  alehouse  keepers, 
keepers  of  wine  vaults,  &c.  An  inn  differs  from  an  alehouse  in  tliis, — that  the  former  is 
a  place  intended  for  the  lodging  as  well  as  the  entertainment  of  guests,  whereas  the  latter 
is  intended  for  their  entertainment  only.  If,  however,  ale  or  beer  be  commonly  solil  in 
an  inn,  as  is  almost  invariably  the  ca.se,  it  is  also  an  alehouse  ;  and  if  travellers  be  furnished 
with  beds,  lodged,  and  entertained  in  an  alehouse,  it  also  is  an  inn.  It  is  not  material  to 
the  character  of  aa  innkeeper  that  he  should  have  any  sign  over  nis  door  ;  it  is  sutlicient 
that  he  makes  it  his  but-'iicss  to  entertain  passengers  and  travellers,  providing  them  with 
vdgings  and  otiier  ace  inmodations. 


PUBLICANS. 


867 


",  r  1  Reiluctinn  ftir 

alion.  i(jui„i.it,  sr(,s> 

Dol.  J 


1-1 


1 1  in  rbesh, 
7  in  liasliutj. 

I  f  22  ill  clies's. 
[  -  1^  14    in    \JM 
Ukcts, 


(-12    lbs.    i 
JcMk>,l011, 

ii  in  baslifis,; 

1  \]b^.  ill  Ijalei. 

I  rl6  U.S.  ii 
j  barrels,  la 
1  in  ln^fit:8,t 
Un  baks. 


ni  lb.  in 
j  casks  ami 
1  clii'sts,  7  lbs.) 
Lio  balu, 


(20    11;- 
Jchu»ls11U. 
I  in  bales. 


'  (?.n  lbs.  ill 

;  Jtllc'Si<,71bs. 
1  ( in  bales. 


»k1  esporleil  by  Ilan'^ic,  U, 
..inly  half  as  nxicli.  'riiititi' 
iirs  ilinsiaii  iirllutiice  Jo«nol 

hlaii ;  Fr.  BIm  de 
>r  Bcxlinsk(fja),  a 
is  of  '■onsidcrii'Dle 
nufactured  in  this 
l\ble  for  the  dycin; 
the  colour  equally 
ifrhtest  ine(iuiilili« 
mely  well ;  but  it 
0  be  waslu'd  witli 
ates    the  colouring 


lissian  blue  into  Can- 
last,  tlie  Cliinesehave 
r<leserves  lo  be  ineii- 
lliiiviii};  frecinented  a 
I  liis  i-etiirn  to  Cliiiiii, 
now  ;iiii|ily  siipiilicil 
iKast  ;  Imt  wo  imii'.ie 
■teen  carried  frmii  ;lie 
liiireimiiy,  anil  liivcii- 
^lie  Indus. 

I  siiirits,  or  wines. 
alehouse  keepers, 
ithat  the  former  is 
Iwhereas  the  latter 
1  commonly  sold  in 
Icllers  be  furnished 
lis  not  material  to 
lor  ;  it  is  sutticient 
loviding  them  with 


1.  Licensing  of  Publicans. — The  provisions  with  respect  to  the  licensing  of  public 
houses  are  embodied  in  the  9  Geo.  4.  c.  61.,  of  which  we  subjoin  an  abstract. 

Orneral  Meetings. — There  sliall  he  annually  liolden  in  county  divinionM,  •■.•ies,  and  towns,  a  special 
peBsion  of  justices,  lo  he  called  the  ^'deneral  Jinniial  Lkenninit  Jfeiiiii/r,"  (      the  purpiise  i  I'  j.'r:inting 
licenses  t»  persons  keeping  or  ahout  to  kee|)  inns,  alehouses,  &c. ;  such  uiei-    nu's  to  hi!  helil.  in  Miilille- 
fji'X  and  Surrey,  within  the  first  10  days  of  the  month  of  March;  and  ni  ever,  other  place  helweeii  tho 
jOlh  iif  Aimust  and  the  Hth  of  Seineuiher,  both  inclusive. 

X"licf  of  Oeneral  Meeting. — VVilhin  every  division,  21  days  before  the  an  iiial  llccnsiriL'  tu'etinff,  a 
pptty  session  ofjustices  tolie  held, a  majority  of  whom  sliall  fi.i  the  day  and  h(/ur  for  Inildin;,'  the  gene- 
ral annual  ineetine  j  and  shall  direct  a  precept  to  the  hiuh  constable,  requiring  him,  witliin  .'(days  after 
the  receipt  thereof,  to  order  the  petty  constables  to  adi.'i  on  the  door  of  the  church,  chapel,  or  other 
public  place,  a  notice  of  such  annual  ineeliiis,  and  give  or  leave  at  Ihe  dwelling-house  of  each  justice 
arting  for  the  division,  and  of  each  p  'rson  keeping  an  inn, or  whoshall  have  given  notice  of  hi.s  inten- 
tion to  apply  for  a  licence  to  keep  an  inn,  a  copy  of  such  initice. — i?  2. 

The  iinnual  meeting  may  be  adjourned,  hut  the  adjourned  meeting  is  not  to  be  held  nn  any  of  tho  .'5 
days  iinniediately  following  the  ailjournnient ;  and  every  adjournment  to  be  held  in  the  month  of 
Jliircli  in  Middlese.'i  and  Hurrey,  and  in  August  or  September  in  every  other  county.— J  ;). 

Sisfi'ins  for  Transfer  of  Licence.i. — At  the  annual  meeting,  justices  to  appoint  not  less  than  4  nor 
more  tlian  8  special  sessions,  to  be  held  as  near  as  possible  at  enuidistant  periods,  for  the  purpose  of 
transferring  licences.— J  4. 

iNotice  of  holding  any  adjourned  meetings,  or  of  any  special  session  for  the  transfer  of  licences,  to 
be  given  in  the  same  nnmner  and  to  the  same  parties  as  mentioned  above. — $  f>. 

Jiiflices  dinqiialiJied.—  Ko  justice  wlio  is  a  common   brewer,  distiller,  maker  of  malt   for  sale,  or 
retailer  of  malt  or  any  exciscable  liquor,  shall  act  or  be  present  at  any  annual  licensiiis:  met:ting,  or 
adjournment,  or  special  session  for  transferring  licences,  or  take  part  in  llie  adjudication  upon  any 
application  for  a  licence,  or  upon  an  appeal  ;  nor  iii  the  case  of  licensing  any  house  of  which  he  is 
nttMcr,  or  agent  of  the  owner,  or  of  any  house  belonging  to  any  coinnion  brewer,  maker  of  malt,  &c. 
towliotn  he  shall  be,  either  by  blood  or  marriage,  the  father,  son,  or  broth  .r,  or  wiili  whom  In;  shall 
be  partni-r  in  any  other  tnule  ;  in  any  of  these  cases  knowinily  or  wilfully  lo  act,  subjects  to  a  penalty 
i,f  l(i|i/.     Hut  disqualification  does  not  arise,  wlu^e  a  justice,  havinii  uo  benejii-ial  inlercst  in  a  house 
lireii'cd  or  about  to  be  licensed,  holds  only  the  legal  estate  therein  as  trustee  or  for  a  cliaritable  or 
niililic  use— Jfi. 

When  in  any  liberty,  city,  or  town,  2  qualified  justices  do  not  attend,  the  county  justices  may  act. 
_i)7. 
The  power  given  lo  con.   ;-  lustices  not  to  extend  to  the  Cinque  Ports.— }  8 

Questions  respecting  licensea  lo  be  determined,  and  licences  to  be  signed,  by  a  majority  of  the 
justices  present.—}!). 

JjiliH  -aiiiin  fur  a  Lir.encr. — Persons  intending  to  apply  for  a  licence  to  a  hotiRO  vnt  before  licensed,  lo 
afliv  a  notice  on  the  door  of  such  house,  atid  on  the  door  of  the  church  or  chnpi'l  of  the  parisli,  and, 
where  there  shall  be  no  church  or  d.apel,  on  some  other  conspicuous  place  within  the  piirish.  on  three 
screriil  Siindaya,  between  thi^  1st  of  January  and  the  last  day  of  Kebruary  in  the  counties  of  Middlesex 
anil  Surrey,  ami  elsewheri'  between  the  1st  of  June  ami  tlie  last  day  of  .Inly,  at  some  time  between  the 
liiiiirs  of  K)  in  the  forenoon  and  1  in  the  afternoon,  and  shall  si^rve  a  copy  of  siicli  notice  upon  one  of 
the  overseers  of  the  jHior,  and  upon  one  of  tho  constables  or  peace-otlicers  of  the  parish,  within  the 
jioiith  of  February  in  the  counties  of  iMiildlese.\  and  Surrey,  and  elsewhere  witliin  the  month  of  July, 
prior  lo  the  annual  meeting  ;  sucli  notice  to  be  in  a  legible  hand,  or  printed,  and  si'.'iied  by  tlie  appU- 
taiit.    The  application  must  state  the  Christi;  .i  and  surname  of  the  parly,  with  the  place  of  liis  resi- 
dence, and  his  trade  or  calling  during  the  li  mo.itlis  previous  lo  the  serving  of  tlie  notice  — 1>  10. 

.Vutice  to  tran.-'fer  lAf.encE. — Persons  desirous  of  transferring  a  licence,  ami  intending  to  apply  to  the 
nest  special  sessions,  must,  5  days  previously,  serve  a  notice  upon  one  of  the  overseers  and  one  of  the 
confiables  of  the  parish.     Persons  hindereil,  by  sickness  or  other  ri.usonabli'  cause,  from  iittendiiig 
any  licensing  meeting,  and  proof  thereof  adduetJ  on  ualh,  may  authorise  another  person  to  attend  for 
them.-}  12. 

Licences  to  be  in  force,  in  Middlesex  and  Surrey,  from  the  5th  of  .\pril ;  elsewhere  from  the  lOlh  of 
Octnher,  for  one  whole  year.—}  13. 

Promionfor  Death  or  other  Contingenry. — If  any  person  licensed  shall  die,  or  become  incapable,  or  a 
baiiliriipt  or  insolvent,  or  if  he,  or  his  heirs,  executors,  or  assicns,  sii.all  remove,  or  neglect  to  apply  for 
acnnliiuiation  of  his  liience, the  justices  u(  special  session  maygrant  a  licence  to  the  luMrs,  executors, 
otassiLMis  of  such  party,  or  to  any  new  tenant ;  or  if  any  man's  house  should  be,  or  l)(?  about  to  be, 
piillcil  down  for  a  public  purpose,  oi  rendered,  by  fire,  tempest,  or  other  unforeseen  calamity,  uolit  for 
llie  piir|ioses  of  av  inn,  licence  may  be  granted  to  the  occupier,  if  he  intend  to  open  anotlier  house  as 
an  inn.    Such  transferred  licences  shall  continue  only  in  force  to  the  end  of  the  year  ;  and  in  case  of 
removal  to  another  house,  notice  must  be  given  on  some  Sunday,  within  0  weeks  before  the  special 
((s«inn,  in  Ihe  manner  and  form  before  described. — }  14. 

Fies  fi'r  Licences. — The  clerk  of  the  justices  may  lawfully  receive  from  every  person  to  whom  a 
iiair;c  is  granted,  for  trouble  and  aU  expenses,  the  following  sums  : — 

s.   d. 
For  constable  i    ofBcer  serving  notices  -  -  -  -  -  -  -10 

For  clerk  of  jii:tt  ices  for  licence    -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -50 

For  precept  lo  the  higli  constable,  and  notices  to  be  delivered  by  the  petty  constable    1    6 
Clerks  demanding  or  re<<^iving  more  than  these  fees,  to  forfeit  .I/.—}  15. 
Nosheriir's  olficer,  f..  ollicer  executing  the  process  of  any  court  of  justice,  qualified  to  hold  or  use 
mv  licence  under  this  act. — }  10. 
I.'rfi.-e  Licences.— Ko  licence  for  the  sale  of  any  exciseable  liquors,  to  he  consumed  on  the  premises, 
'hall  lie  granted  b;'  Ihe  excise  to  any  person,  tinless  such  person  be  previously  licensed  under  this 
ad.-}  IT. 

Cf(iu/(iM.— Any  person  without  a  licence  selling  or  exchanging,  or  for  valuable  consideration  dispos- 
liijof,  any  exciseable  liquor  by  retail,  lo  be  consumed  in  his  premises  ;  or  xrith  a  licence,  and  so  sell- 
ins  in  premises  other  than  lliose  specified  in  his  licence,  shall,  for  every  offence, on  conviction  before  1 
jiisiire,  forfeit  not  exceeding  'HU.  nor  less  than  5/.  with  costs  ;  but  the  penalty  not  lo  attach  in  case  of 
death  or  insolvency,  and  sale  by  the  heir  or  assigns,  prior  to  the  next  special  sessions. — }  18. 
Every  licensed  person  shall,  if  required,  sell  all  liquors  by  retail  (except  in  quantities  less  than  a  i 
pint)  by  the  gallon,  quart,  pint,  or  J  pint,  sized  according  to  the  standard  ;  in  default  thereof  to  forfeit 
ihe  illegal  measure,  and  pay  not  exceeding  iOs.  with  costs,  to  be  recovered  wilhiii  30  days  before  1 
justice.—}  19. 

In  case  of  riot,  or  probability  of  riot,  houses  licensed  in  the  neighbourhood  may  be  closed  by  the  order 
ofUjii.stices.- }20. 
Any  person  convicted  of  a  first  offence,  before  2  justices,  against  the  tenour  of  his  licence,  to  forfeit 
lot  exceeiiing  bl.  with  costs;  guilty  .if  a  second  offence  within  3  years  of  the  first,  to  forfeit  not  exceed- 


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PUBLICANS. 


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ing  10/.  with  costs  {  and  guilty  of  a  third  offence  within  3  years,  to  forfeit  not  exr.fieding  50/.  with  coats: 
or  the  case  in  the  last  instance  may  be  adjourned  to  the  petty  sessions,  or  the  annual  ninetlni;,  or  the 
general  quarter  sessions;  and  if  the  offender  is  found  guilty  l)y  a  jury,  he  may  be  fined  1002.,  or  hiI- 
judf;ed  to  forfeit  his  licence,  or  both,  and  rendered  Incapable  of  selling  any  exciscublu  liquor  in  any  inn 
kept  by  him  fur  3  ijears. — J21. 

rroicedincH  lit  the  session  in  certain  cases,  may  be  directed  by  the  justices  to  be  carried  on  by  ihj 
constalile,  and  the  expenses  diifrayed  out  of  iho  county  rates.— } 2a. 

H'itncffes  refusing  to  attend  without  liiwfiil  excuse,  may  he  fined  not  more  than  10/.— JSS, 

Pcnaliii's  afiainsl  jusllcos  may  be  sued  for  in  any  court  in  Westminster ;  a  moiety  to  the  king,  and 
a  moiety  to  tlie  party  s\iinR.— iJ21. 

Penallii^sadjnd^'ed  by  justices  may  be  recovered  by  distress,  or  the  party  imprisoned  1,  3,  or  6  calen- 
dar montlis. — t^  25. 

The  next  seitions  relate  to  the  mode  of  prosecuting  actions. 

The  last  secfion  of  the  act  bears  that  the  word  "i«n"  shall  Include  any  inn,  alehouse, or  victunllini; 
house,  in  which  is  sold  by  retail  any  exriseahle  liquor,  to  he  drunk  or  consumed  on  tlie  premises  ;  und 
the  words  e.xcisealile  liquor  are  to  include  all  such  fermented  or  spirituous  liquors  as  may  now  or 
liereafter  lie  cliarsed  Willi  any  customs  or  excise  duly.— {37. 

Tlie  act  does  not  affect  the  two  Universities,  nor  the  privileges  of  the  Vintners'  Company,  e.\ccpt 
those  freemen  who  have  obtained  their  freedom  by  redemption ;  and  it  does  not  alter  the  time  of 
granting  licences  in  the  city  of  London. 

Innkeepers  are  bound,  by  the  tenour  of  their  licence,  to  keep  order  in  their  houses,  to  prevent 
drunkenness  and  disorderly  conduct,  and  gambling.  If  they  fail  in  these  respects,  they  forfeit  thej, 
licence,  and  siihject  themselves  to  the  penalties  mentioned  before.  Allowing  sediti(uis  or  iiniiioral 
books  to  be  read  in  an  inn,  also  forfeits  the  licence,  and  subjects  to  penalties. — (39  Geo.  3.  c.  70.  {  ,'ii.) 

2.  Duties  (if  Innkeepers. — Innkeepers  are  bound  by  law  to  receive  guests  coming  to  ihcit 
inns,  and  they  are  also  bound  to  protect  their  property  when  there.  I'hey  have  no  option  to 
reject  or  refuse  a  guest,  unless  their  house  be  already  full,  or  they  are  able  to  assign  some 
other  reasonable  and  sufficient  cause.  Neither  can  they  impose  unreasonable  terms  on 
such  as  frequent  their  houses  :  if  they  do,  they  may  be  fined,  and  their  inns  indicted  and 
suppressed.  An  innkeeper  who  has  stables  attached  to  his  premises,  may  be  compelled  to 
receive  a  horse,  although  the  owner  does  not  reside  in  his  house ;  but  he  caiuiot,  under 
such  circumstances,  be  compelled  to  receive  a  trunk  or  other  dead  thing.  By  the  annual 
Mutiny  Act,  constables,  or,  in  their  default,  justices  of  the  peace,  may  quarter  soldiers  in 
inns,  livery-stables,  alehouses,  &lq,.,  under  the  conditions  and  regulations  set  forth  in  the 
statute. 

3.  liefpnnsibilifics  of  Innkeepera. — An  innkeeper  is  bound  to  keep  safely  whatever  tliinTs 
his  guests  deposit  in  his  inn,  or  in  his  cu.stody  as  innkeeper ;  and  he  is  civilly  liable  for  all 
losses,  except  those  arising  from  irresistible  force,  or  what  is  usually  termed  the  act  of 
God  and  the  king's  ememies.  "  It  has  long  been  holden,"  says  Sir  William  Joins,  "  that 
an  innkeeper  is  bound  to  restitution,  if  the  trunks  or  parcels  of  his  guests,  committed  to 
him  either  personally  or  through  one  of  his  agents,  be  damaged  in  his  inn,  or  stolen  out  of 
it  by  any  person  whatever  (except  the  servant  or  companion  of  the  guest)  ;  nor  shall  he 
discharge  himself  of  this  responsibility  by  a  refusal  to  take  any  care  of  the  goods,  because 
there  are  suspected  persons  in  the  house,  for  whose  conduct  he  cannot  be  answerable :  it  is 
otherwi.'^c,  indeed,  if  he  refuse  admission  to  a  traveller  because  he  really  has  no  room  for 
him,  and  the  traveller,  nevertheless,  insist  upon  entering,  and  place  his  baggage  in  a  chamber 
without  the  keeper's  consent.  Add  to  this,  that  if  he  fail  to  provide  honest  servants  and 
honest  inmates,  according  to  the  confidence  reposed  in  him  by  the  public,  his  negligence  in 
that  respect  is  highly  culpable,  and  he  ought  to  answer  civilly  for  their  acts,  even  if  thev 
should  rob  the  guests  that  sleep  in  their  chambers.  Rigorous  as  this  law  may  stem  and 
hard  as  it  may  actually  be  in  one  or  two  particular  instances,  it  is  founded  on  the  great 
principle  of  public  utility,  to  which  all  private  considerations  ought  to  yield;  for  travellers, 
who  must  be  numerous  in  a  rich  and  commercial  country,  are  obliged  to  rely  almost 
implicitly  on  the  good  faith  of  innholders,  whose  education  and  morals  arc  usually  none  of 
the  best,  and  who  might  have  frequent  opportunities  of  associating  nilh  ruffians  or  pilferers, 
while  the  injured  guest  could  never  obtain  legal  proof  of  such  ccmbinations,  or  even  of  their 
negligence,  if  no  actual  fraud  had  been  committed  by  then'.  Hence  the  pra;tor  declared, 
according  to  Pomponius,  his  desire  of  securing  the  public  from  the  dishonesty  of  such  men; 
and  by  his  edict  gave  an  action  against  them,  if  the  goodf,  of  travellers  or  passenger?  were 
lost  or  hurt  by  any  means  except  by  inevitable  accident  {daiano  fatali)  :  and  Ulpian 
intimates,  that  even  this  severity  could  not  restrain  th;  i..>  from  knavish  practices  or  suspicious 
neglect." — (Essai/  on  the  Law  of  Bailments,  2d  ed.  ,.p.  O."),  96.) 

Even  if  an  innkeeper  bid  the  guest  take  the  key  of  his  chamber  and  lock  the  door, 
telling  him  that  he  cannot  undertake  the  charge  of  the  goods,  still,  if  they  be  stolen,  he  is 
held  to  he  responsible.  In  all  such  cases  it  is  not  competent  to  the  innkeeper  to  plead  that 
he  took  ordinary  caro,  or  that  the  force  which  occasioned  the  loss  was  truly  irresistible, 
A  guest  is  not  bound  to  deliver  the  goods  in  special  custody  io  the  innkeefier,  nor,  indeed, 
to  acquaint  him  that  he  has  any.  If  he  have  property  with  him,  or  about  his  person,  the 
innkeeper  must  be  responsible  for  it  without  communication.  But  the  innkeeper  may 
require  that  the  property  of  his  guest  be  delivered  into  his  iiands,  in  order  that  it  may  be 
put  into  a  secure  jilace;  and  if  the  guest  refuse,  the  innkeeper  is  not  liable  for  its  safety, 
The  guest  exonerates  the  innkeeper  from  liability,  when  he  takes  upon  himself  the  exclusive 
custody  of  the  goods,  so  a.s  to  deprive  the  innkf^per  of  having  any  care  over  them; 


lins  5W'  with  costs; 
iiul  niRctin^,  or  the 
B  fined  10l«.,  or  Hd- 
l)le  Ikiuor  in  any  inn 

je  carried  on  by  tliu 

I0l.-ii3. 
icty  to  tlie  liing,  and 

oncd  1,  3,  orCcalun- 


hniisR,or  victunllinj 
n  tlie  iironiisf s ;  anii 
nors  08  niuy  udw  ot 

rs'  Company,  cxcnpt 
lot  (liter  tlie  time  of 

r  houses,  to  preveiii 
cts,  thoy  forfiiil  llieii 
seditions  or  iiiiiiiorni 
39  Geo.  3.  c.  7U.  H  31.) 

«t8  coming  to  their 
sy  have  no  option  to 
able  to  assign  some 
Basonable  terms  on 
r  inns  inJiclcd  and 
lay  be  compelled  to 
it  he  cannot,  under 
ng.  By  the  annual 
quarter  soldiers  in 
ns  set  forth  in  tlie 


fely  whatever  things 
I  civilly  liable  for  all 
ly  termed  the  act  of 
Villiam  Joiie.s,  "  tliat 
guests,  committed  to 
inn,  or  stolen  out  of 
uest) ;  nor  shall  he 
the  goods,  because 
answerable :  it  is 
Uy  has  no  room  for 
iggage  in  a  chamber 
;\onest  servants  and 
ic,  his  negligence  in 
ir  acts,  even  if  they 
law  may  seem,  mid 
junded  on  the  great 
ield ;   for  travellers, 
ged  to  rely  ahiiost 
are  usually  none  of 
ruffians  or  pilferers, 
ons,  or  even  of  their 
the  pra;tt)r  declared, 
nesty  of  such  men; 
or  passengetF  were 
tali)  •■    and  Ulpian 
actices  or  suspicious 


le 


and  lock  the  door, 
they  be  stolen,  he  is 
keeper  to  plead  that 
Iras  truly  irresistible. 
Lkeeper,  nor,  indeed, 
Ibout  hia  person,  the 
[the  innkee[)er  may 

order  that  it  may  be 
I  liable  for  its  safety, 
limself  the  exclusive 
care  over  them; 


PUBLICANS— PUTC  HOCK. 


360 


thus,  if  a  guest  demand  and  have  exclusive  possession  of  a  room,  for  the  purpose  of  a  shop 
or  warehouse,  ho  exonerates  the  landlord  from  any  loss  he  may  sustain  in  the  property 
which  he  keeps  in  that  apartment ;  but  it  is  otherwise  if  he  have  not  l/ie  excltt.iive  pimcssion 
of  the  room.  The  innkeeper  cannot  oblige  the  guest  to  take  charge  of  his  own  goods ; 
for  this,  in  elFect,  would  be  a  refusal  to  admit  them  into  the  inn.  And  it  is  no  excuse  for 
on  innkeeper  to  say  that  he  delivered  the  key  of  the  chamber  whence  the  property  was 
stoli'M  to  the  guest,  who  left  the  door  open.  A  case  of  this  sort  occurred  very  recently, 
at  IJriijbton. — A  lady  having  left  the  door  of  her  bed-room,  of  which  she  had  the  key,  open 
for  «  few  minutes,  50/.  were  abstracted  from  her  reticule.  The  innkeeper  contended  that 
the  pbiintiir,  by  selecting  particular  apartments,  and  taking  the  key,  had  cxoiierateil  him 
from  bis  liability.  The  jury  found  for  the  plaintilf;  and  upon  a  motion  for  a  new  trial, 
Lord  Tenterden  said, — "  By  the  common  law  of  this  country,  and  also  by  the  civil  law, 
the  iirinciple  of  the  liabilities  of  innkeepers  was  founded  on  two  reasons  ;  first,  to  compel 
the  landlord  to  take  care  that  no  improper  company  was  admitted  into  his  house ;  and, 
secondly,  to  prevent  collusion. — The  principle,  as  stated  in  the  civil  law,  was  this —  'lYe, 
qitlsiiuain  putet  gravitcr  line  in  eos  cundiluin  esse. ,-  nam  est  in  ipfioruin  arhitriu  7U(/uciii. 
recipient ;  ^t  "'■'**  '""-"  c**^^  ntulutum,  materia  daretur  cum  furi/iiin,  aJirmtis  cos  (pios 
rcciiiiiiiit,  coeundi :  cum  fie  nunc  t/uidem  aljstincnt  /ii/Jusmodi  fraudiljitn.'  It  was  true 
thai,  i"  t''"  P>'escnt  state  of  society,  it  was  very  diHieiilt  to  prevent  the  intrusion  of  iMipro])cr 
company  into  inns.  But  still  the  principle  was  such  as  he  had  elated  it  to  be,  and  it  would 
be  (Ijni^erous  to  relax  it ;  and  he  did  not  think  that  the  taking  rooms  in  this  way  was 
siillicient  to  discharge  the  landlord.  Then,  as  to  the  objection  that  the  cases  did  not  extend 
to  money,  it  was  clear  that  money  was  as  inueh  within  the  fniuciple  as  goods,  and  that  no 
sdli^lantial  distinction  could  bo  made.  Ho  was  therefore  of  opinion  that  the  verdict  was 
jjglit." — Rule  refused. 

A  landlord  may  exempt  himself  from  lialiility,  if  he  can  show  that  the  loss  was  occa- 
sioned by  the  misconduct  of  the  guest;  as,  if  his  goods  arc  stolen  by  his  own  servant  or 
compa^iion. 

It  has  been  decided  that  a  man  is  a  guest  at  an  inn,  if  he  leave  his  horse  at  it,  though  he 
has  not  gone  into  it  himself.  If  a  man  come  to  an  inn,  and  make  a  contract  for  lodging  for 
a  set  lime,  and  do  not  eat  or  drink  there,  he  is  no  guest,  but  a  lodger,  and,  as  such,  not 
under  the  innkeeper's  protection ;  but  if  he  eat  and  drink,  or  pay  for  his  diet  there,  it  is 
otherwise.  Any  innkeeper  or  alehouse  keeper,  knowingly  receiving  and  harbouring  any 
person  convicted  of  an  oifence  against  the  revenue  laws,  for  which  ho  has  been  in  prison,  or 
for  which  he  has  fled,  shall  forfeit  100/.  and  have  no  licence  for  the  future. 

4.  Kemcthi  nf  an  [nnkeeper  anraiiial  his  Guest. — An  innkeeper  may,  uitliout  any  airrenmciit  to  liiat 
cffeil.  (liMaiii  llin  person  of  a  i;ui!st  who  lias  eaten  in  his  house,  unlil  piiymonl  ;  ami  lie  niiy  ilo  the 
same  by  tlie  horses  in  his  stalile. 

An  innkeeper  is  not  untitled  to  recover  for  spirits  snpplifd  to  his  gnosis,  of  the  value  of  20o-.  and  up- 
wiiriN  miless  so[iplied  or  contracted  lor  at  one  time.— (■23  Geo.  2.  c.  ID.) 

Uylhe  cMstiim  of  London  and  K.xeter,  if  a  man  commit  a  horse  to  an  Imsllor.  anil  \\»\  expense  of  liia 
jjePli  biconie  eiinivalent  10  his  price,  the  hostler  may  appropriate  ;lie  linrse  to  hiiii'elf  upon  the  ap- 
nniseineiit  of  four  of  his  nel(.'liliours,  or  may  liave  him  sold.  J'ut  innkeepers  in  oilier  [iiirls  of  tlie 
counlry  have  no  power  lo  sell  horses  detained  liy  tliem. 
,V  liiirsu  coinmitti.'d  to  an  innkeeper  cannot  he  detaiiii.'d  as  a  security  for  the  honrd  of  liis  master. 
It  is  enacted  by  11  &  12  Will.  3.  c.  15.  that  innkeepers,  alehouse  keepers,  ic.  ri^fiisititf  to  specify  in 
(inaiciHint  the  iiiimlier  of  pints  or  ipiarts  for  which ileinand  is  inaile,  or  selliiiu  in  iiniiiarki'it  measures, 
l'.,.'.l  Inve  no  power  to  (hnaiii  any  ijihkIs  or  cither  lliin!»s  lieloiij,'iny  to  the  person  from  wlium  demand 
isiinnlc,  Imt  shall  be  left  to  their  action  for  recovery  of  the  same. 

[In  ihe  United  States,  the  system  of  licensing  public  houses  has  been  adopted  by  the 
several  states.  For  the  details  of  the  system  the  reader  may  consult  I'lirduii'.s  Digmt  of 
Ihe  L"n-s  nf  Peunsi/lraniu,  the  Revised  Sfiitittes  of  New  Yor/i,  dve. — Am.  Ed.] 

PU.MlCb  STONE  (Ger.  Bimstein  ,-  Fr.  Pierre  poiicr  ,•  It.  Victra  pomicc ,-  Sj).  Pirdra 
piimez ;  Lat.  Puniex,)  a  light,  spongy,  vitreous  stone,  fouml  usually  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  volcanoes.  It  is  used  for  t'oli-hing  metids  and  marble,  and  snniolhiiig  the  surface  of 
wiioil  and  pastelward.  It  i.s  said  to  form  a  good  glaze  for  pottery.  The  lighter  puiiiice  stones 
swim  on  water,  their  specific  gravity  not  exceeding  ■1)14.  The  island  of  Lip.iri,  in  the 
Mcililerranean,  is  chiefly  formed  of  pumice  stone,  and  may  be  said  to  be  the  magazine 
whence  all  Europe  is  supplied  with  this  useful  article.  There  are  several  species  of  pumice 
sloncs;  but  those  only  that  are  light  and  spongy  are  exported.  The  price  varies  in  the 
London  market  from  8/.  to  10/.  a  ton. 

PL'TCIIOCK.  An  article  of  this  name  is  imported  in  considerable  quantities  from  the 
nonh-wcat  coast  of  Iinlia  into  Chine.,  and  is  regularly  quoted  in  the  Canton  price  currents. 
It  is  the  root  of  a  plant  that  grows  abundantly  in  Sinde.  When  burned,  it  yields  a  fine 
smoke,  and  a  grateful  and  dillusive  smell.  The  (Chinese  beat  it  into  a  fine  powder,  which 
they  burn  as  incense  in  the  temples  of  their  gods. — {Hamilton's  New  Account  of  the  East 
Intlits,  vol.  i.  p.  120.) 

47 


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QUARANTINE. 


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QUAKANTINE,  a  rcRulntion  by  wnich  all  communiralinn  wilh  iiulividuals,  ships,  of 
goods,  arriving  from  ])lace8  iiifi'rted  with  the  plague,  or  oilier  contagious  diseaue,  or  ku|). 
l)osrd  to  lie  j)eculiarly  liable  to  such  infection,  is  interdicted  for  a  certain  definite  period.  'I'lie 
tcrrn  is  derived  from  the  Italian  r/uarantii,  forty ;  it  lieinj;  generally  supposed,  that  if  im 
infectious  disease  break  out  within  40  days,  or  6  weeks,  no  danger  need  be  oiipreheniicl 
from  the  free  admission  of  the  individuals  under  (juarantinc.  During  this  period,  too.  :iii 
the  goods,  clothes,  &c.  that  might  be  supposed  capable  of  retaining  the  infection,  arc  Mib. 
jected  to  a  process  of  purification.  'J'his  last  operation,  which  is  a  most  important  part  of 
the  ([uaraiitinc  system,  is  performed  either  on  board  ship,  or  in  establishments  dcnouiiiKitnl 
lazdrtltiis, — (See  po.sf.) 

J'oliri/  (if  Qiifiraiiline. — The  rcgulati(ms  as  to  quarantine  arc  entirely  precautionary  :  ihey 
have  their  origin  in  the  belief  that  various  diseases,  but  especially  the  jilague,  are  cnntn. 
gious ;  and  supposing  such  to  be  the  case,  the  propriety  of  sulijccting  those  coming  froin  an 
infected  or  suspected  place  to  a  probation  is  obvious.  Indeed,  no  government  could,  uiiiil 
the  belief  in  ijuestion  be  proved  to  be  ill  founded,  abstain  from  cnlbrcing  prpcautioiiarv 
measures,  without  rendering  itself  liable  to  the  charge  of  having  culpably  ne^iletted  oiii  uf 
its  most  important  duties, — that  of  providing,  by  every  means  in  its  power,  for  the  miH  iv 
of  its  subjects.  Latterly,  however,  it  has  been  contended  that  the  plague  is  never  iinpoitui; 
that  it  is  always  indigenous;  originating  in  some  peculiar  state  of  the  atmosphere,  ur  in 
something  peculiar  in  the  condition  of  the  people  ;  and  that,  conseipiently,  quarantine  rrcu. 
lations  merely  impose  a  heavy  burden  on  commerce,  without  being  of  any  real  utility.  Uui 
though  there  docs  not  seem  to  bo  any  reason  for  doubting  tiiat  infectious  diseases  have  orj. 
ginated  in  the  way  described,  the  fact  that  they  have,  in  innumerable  instances,  been  curried 
from  one  plate  to  another,  seems  to  be  established  beyond  all  question.  Even  if  the  evidmce 
as  to  the  importation  of  infectious  diseases  were  less  decisive  than  it  is,  or  the  opiiiioiisof 
medical  men  more  divided,  it  would  not  warrant  the  repeal  of  the  restraints  on  the  iniir. 
course  with  suspected  ports.  This  is  not  a  matter  in  which  innovations  should  ho  nishly 
introduced ;  wherever  there  is  doubt,  it  is  proper  to  incline  to  the  side  of  security.  In  some 
cases,  perhaps,  quarantine  regulations  have  been  carried  to  a  needless  extent ;  but  they  have 
more  fre(iuently,  we  believe,  been  improperly  relaxed. 

I/isfitufion  of  Qitarantine, — The  notion  that  the  plague  was  imported  from  the  East 
into  Europe,  seisms  to  have  prevailed  in  all  ages.  But  it  would  appear  that  the  Veiietians 
were  the  first  who  endeavoured  to  guard  against  its  introduction  from  abroad,  by  obliging 
ships  and  individuals  from  suspected  places  to  perform  quarantine.  The  regulations  upon 
this  subject  were,  it  is  most  probable,  issued  for  the  first  time  in  1484. — {Bcckiuinv},  Hist. 
of  Invent,  vol.  ii.  art.  Quaninfine.)  They  have  since  been  gradually  adopted  in  evi'ry 
other  country.  Their  introduction  into  England  was  comparatively  late.  Various  preven- 
tive regulations  had  been  previously  enacted ;  but  quarantine  was  not  systeniatic.aliv 
enforced  till  after  the  alarm  occasioned  by  the  dreadful  plague  at  Marseilles  in  1720.  The 
regulations  then  adopted  were  made  conformably  to  the  suggestions  of  the  celebrated  I)r, 
Mead,  in  his  famous  "  Discourse  concerning  Pestilential  Contagion." 

Lazarettos  -ir  I'cst-Iioitses,  are  establishments  constructed  to  facilitate  the  performance 
of  quarantine,  and  particularly  the  purification  of  goods.  They  have  usually  a  pcirt  in 
which  ships  from  a  suspected  place  may  anchor ;  and,  when  perfect,  are  provided  with 
lodgings  for  the  crews  and  passengers,  where  the  sick  may  be  separated  from  the  healthy; 
and  with  warehouses  where  the  goods  may  be  deposited  ;  all  intercourse  between  the 
lazaretto  and  the  surrounding  country  being,  of  course,  interdicted,  except  by  iieriiiissiuii 
of  the  authorities.  The  lazarettos  at  Leghorn,  Genoa,  and  Marseilles,  are  the  most  com- 
plete of  any  in  Europe.  The  facilities  they  afford  to  navigation  arc  very  great;  for,  as 
ships  from  suspected  places  may  discharge  their  cargoes  in  the  lazaretto,  they  arc  not 
iletained  longer  than  they  would  be  were  there  no  quarantine  regulations.  The  gooJs 
deposited  in  the  lazaretto,  being  inspected  by  the  proper  oflicers,  and  purified,  are  then 
admitted  into  the  market. 

Compared  with  these,  the  quarantine  cstablishm^'nls  in  this  country  are  exceedingly 
defective.  There  is  not,  even  in  the  Thames,  a  lazaretto  where  a  ship  from  a  suspeetal 
place  may  discharge  her  cargo  and  refit:  so  that  she  is  detained  freciuently  at  an  eiioiiiwus 
expense,  during  the  whole  period  of  quarantine;  while,  if  she  have  perithable  pinds  on 
board,  they  may  be  very  materially  injured.  It  is  singular  that  nothing  should  liillierto 
have  been  done  to  obviate  such  grievances.  The  complaints  as  to  the  oppressiveness  of 
quarantine  regulations  are  almost  wholly  occasioned  by  the  want  of  proper  facilities  for  its 
performance.  Were  these  afTorded,  the  burdens  it  imposes  would  be  rendered  coiiipaia- 
lively  light ;  and  we  do  not  know  that  many  more  important  services  could  be  rendered  to 


QUARANTINE. 


371 


tho  fdinmcrce  of  the  country,  thiiii  by  constructing  a  proprr  (luar.mtinc  estulilishinont  on  the 
Tliuini's. 

mih  (if  Healf/i. — The  period  of  quarniitino  varies,  nn  rospecls  wliips  coniinir  from  tho 
saiui'  pliicf,  according  to  the  nature  of  tlieir  l)ill^  of  iieaUh.  These  are  ilnciiinent-i,  or  ccrii- 
j-„.;,lPM,  signed  i>y  ti>u  consul  or  oilier  con>iietent  autiiority  in  tlio  pUee  which  the  ship  has 
left,  (lesrrihinq  its  state  of  health  at  the  time  of  her  cleariui;  out.  A  c/ruii  bill  iiiiporls  that, 
at  llie  lime  of  her  sailing,  no  infectious  (li>()r(ler  was  known  to  exist,  A  sii.i/inin/,  or,  as  it 
is  iiii)re  eonnnonly  called,  a  lotich'd  hill,  imports  that  rumours  were  alloat  of  an  int'ectious 
(lisiiriler,  hut  that  it  had  not  actually  appeared.  A  fmilViW,  or  tin;  nlisence  of  cluin  HUm, 
iiiiiiort  that  the  place  was  infected  when  the  vessel  sailed. — (Heo  IJii.i.s  of  IlK.vLrn.) 
The  duration  of  the  (|uarantine  is  regulated  hy  the  nature  of  these  instruments.  'I'liey  seem 
to  have  hcen  first  issued  in  the  Mediterranean  ports  in  IGtiS,  and  are  obviously  of  gnat  im- 
portance. 

Qiuinintine  lin^ulallons. — The  existing  ((uarantinc  regulations  are  cnihodied  in  the  act 
6  (ico.  f.  c.  78.,  and  the  dill'erent  orders  in  council  issued  under  its  authority.  These 
orders  s|)ecify  what  vessels  are  liable  to  perform  (luarantine ;  the  places  at  which  it  is  to  he 
nerrornied  ;  and  the  various  formalities  and  regulations  to  be  complied  with.  The  publica- 
tion in  the  Guzetle  of  any  order  in  council  with  respect  to  (piarantiiie  is  deemed  suuicient 
notice  to  all  concerned;  and  no  excuse  of  ignorance  is  admitted  for  any  infringement  of  the 
regulations.  'J'o  obviate,  as  far  as  possible,  any  foundation  for  such  jjlea,  it  is  oriKrid  that 
vessels  clearing  out  for  any  port  or  place  with  respect  to  which  there  shall  be  at  the  lime  any 
order  in  council  subjecting  vessels  from  it  to  (quarantine,  are  to  /jc  fiiniis/itd  with  an  ab^^tract 
of  the  (juarantine  regulations ;  and  are  to  fiiriiiffi  ///r///,v£'//7vs' with  ([uaraiitinf!  sii^jnal  Hags 
and  lanterns,  and  with  materials  and  instruments  for  fumigating  and  immersing  goods.  Tlio 
fallowing  are  the  clauses  in  the  act  as  to  signals : — 

Every  ciiiiiinander,  iimsirr,  or  oilier  person  liavhi!.'  Ilip  rliniee  of  any  Vfssi'l  lialile  tn  qimrniitiiip, 
fliall,  ill  ""  times,  wlii.'ii  siicli  vessel  shall  meet  willi  iiiiy  oilier  vessel  at  sea,  or  sli;ill  lie  uitliiii'i 
li.asnes  el"  llie  coast  of  the  I'liiled  Kiii^'iloiii,  or  llie  isliinds  of  (inenisey,  .Il■r^ey,  Alilemey,  S:irU,  or 
Jiaii.  heist  a  sifimil  to  denote  that  liis  vessel  is  liahle  to  (iiciraiiline  ;  wliicli  siL'iial  shall  in  llii- day 
lime,  il'lhe  vessel  shall  have  a  clean  hill  of  lioalth,  he?  a  larire  yellow  ihiL',  of  (i  hreadllis  of  111111101!:,  at 
the  iiuiiii  lopiii'ist-liead  ;  and  if  such  V(!ssel  shall  not  have  a  elean  hill  of  health,  then  a  like  yellow 
llac.  *villi  a  circular  mark  or  hall,  entirely  hiaek,  in  the  inid<lle  thereof,  whose  diameter  shall  lie  ei|iiii 
(0  '2  lireailths  of  hiiiitiiii,' ;  and  in  tin;  ni^'lit  time,  tin?  si^'iial  shall  in  holh  eases  he  a  larL'e  sl<!ii;il  laiite  n 
iviih  :i  lif-'lit  therein  (sneh  as  is  used  on  huard  his  Majesty's  ships  of  war >,  at  the  same  mast-head  ;  and 
siith  (■(iniinamler,  master,  or  othi!r  person,  shall  keep  sncli  siL'iials  hoisted  oari  111;  sac li  time  as  li:e  s:'. id 
vessel  sliiiU  continue  within  siiihl  of  saeli  other  vessels,  or  wiiliin  2  leairnes  of  llie  said  eo 'st  or  irdairls 
ami  while  so  in  sifilit,  or  within  sneh  distam(\  until  such  vessel  so  liaide  to  (iiiaranliiio  sli.ill  liave  ar- 
livi'il  at  the  port  where  It  is  to  perform  iinaranliiie,  and  until  it  sliall  have  lieen  legally  disriiarL'ed 
from  the  perform  nice  thereof;  on  failure  whereof,  sach  commaiuler,  master,  or  other  person,  sliiU 
f.irfeit  1110/.-}  8. 

Every  coinmandcr,  inastijr,  or  other  person  having  the  charsre  of  any  vessel  on  hoard  whereof  the 
pligiieor  other  infeiMJoas  disease  hishly  daniierous  to  the  health  of  his  .\Iajesiy".s  sulijeris  shall  actu- 
allv'hc,  shall  at  all  times,  when  sneh  vessel  shall  meet  with  any  other  vessel  at  sea,  or  shall  lie  wiili in 
2|i:;i|;iii's  of  the  roast  of  the  United  Kiiifidom,  or  the  islands  of  <inernsi?y,  .lersey,  .Mderiiey.  Sark,  or 
M;ni,  h'dsl  a  siijnal,  to  denote  thai  a  vessel  h:is  the  pl.au'iie  ;ir  other  ii'.l'ec'ioiis  disease  ;  uiiuh  si;;na! 
simll  111'  ia  the  day  time  a  tlai^  of  yidlow  and  hlaek,  home  i|ii.irterly,  of  i^  hreadths  of  IniiilJiiL',  at  the 
main  Inpinnst-liead  ;  and  in  the  ni).'ht  time,  the  sijiiial  shall  he  '2  lar!.'e  sisnal  lanterns,  eonnnonly  used 
nn  board  ships  of  war,  one  over  the  other,  at  the  same  masthead:  and  sneh  commander,  m.isler,  or 
tilliiT  jiersoti,  shall  keep  sneh  sijinal  Indsted  duriiij;  such  time  as  the  said  <-,.ssel  .-iiall  continue  with- 
in siplil  nfsncli  other  vessel,  or  within  2  leagues  of  the  coast  or  islends,  aforesaid,  while  so  in  sitht, 
(irHitliiii  such  distance,  until  such  vessel  shtiU  have  arrived  at  the  port  where  it  is  to  pei  I'onn  ciiiar- 
aiiline.  a'ld  until  it  shall  have  been  legally  diseliarijed  I'roni  Hit!  |ierformanee  thereof;  on  I'uilure  there  ■ 
of,  such  coinmander,  master,  or  other  pers(Mi,  shall  forfeit  lllll/. — i) '.). 

Ifany  coniniander,  nia.^ter,  or  other  pers(Mi,  knowing  that  llie  same  is  not  liahle  to  the  performance 
cifiiiiarantine,  shall  lioist  such  signal,  hy  day  ornight,  such  coiiiiiiander  or  other  person  shall  forfeit 
50/.-}  10. 

But,  instead  of  printing  the  act,  and  the  various  orders  in  council  that  have  grown  out  of 
it,  it  will  be  sutlicient  to  lay  the  following  abstract  of  them  before  the  reader.  This  abstract 
has  been  prepared  by  the  Custom-hou.sc;  and  contains  a  distinct  summary  of  the  various 
rules  and  regulations  to  he  complied  with. 

ADSTHACT  of  QCARANTINF,  nEOt:LATlnNS. 

It  is  in  the  first  place  tn  be  nhserved,  that  all  persons  are  [iresumed  to  know,  and  are  hound  tn  take 
nnlice,  not  only  oi' the  quarantine  regulations  eslahlished  hy  act  of  parliament  (as  they  are  of  any 
oilier  piililic  acl),  liilt  likewise  of  every  order  in  council  made  for  the  performance  of  qua  rant  iiie,  and 
piiMisheil  ia  the  Lnndon  Gazelle  ;  and  as  it  is  easily  in  their  power  to  inform  themselves  of  such  regu- 
laliiiiis,  mid  particular  care  is  taken  by  this  and  other  means  to  promulgate  such  of  them  as  apply  to 
llieir  respeclive  situations,  prci-iini.ilij  to  their  being  acliiiilhj  put  iniiUr  <i  mi  ran  line,  when  they  will  re- 
ceive directions  for  their  guidance  from  the  quarantine  olhcers,  no  plea  of  ignorance  will  he  admitted 
as  an  excuse  for  any  neclect,  hreaeli,  or  violation  thereof;  hut  for  the  sake  of  example,  and  for  the 
security  of  the  public  health,  the  pains,  penalties,  and  punishments  of  the  law  will  be  enforced  with 
l!ie  utmost  severity. 

Duty  of  Commanders  and  Masters  of  Vessels. 

Ipon  arrival  off  the  coast  of  the  United  Kingdom,  or  the  islands  of  Guernsey,  Jersey,  Alderney, 
Satk,  or  Man, 

To  deliver  to  the  pilot  who  shall  go  on  board,  a  written  paper,  containing  a  true  account  of  the 
name  of  the  place  at  which  his  ship  loaded,  and  of  all  the  places  at  which  he  touched  on  the  hoinc- 
nard  voyage.  Neglecting  or  refusing  to  deliver  such  papers,  or  making  any  false  representation 
or  wilful  omission  tlierein,  siihjects  him  to  a  penalty  of  5UU2. 


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372 


QUARANTINE. 


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liif' 

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I'pon  cnti'rinif  or  nlliMiiplini.'  lo  entrr  niiy  jidri,  iiiiil  liiitiL'  upokc  by  liny  (innrnntinp  nfflrrr", 
To  Kivi- a  triliMiiiHWi'r  III  wrilliii;  or  ciilirr\vi!ir,  iiriil  ii|tHi  oiiili  nr  not  ii|iiin  oimIi  (iirforihiiK  nn  hn 
Mliall  lir  riMiuircd),  it  lh<!  iirilliiiinnry  c|iirMtloii4  piil  to  liini  \>y  him-Ii  (|iii>riiiilih<!  ottiti'r,  I'nr  tlin  piir- 
poMi' oriiHiirlulniiii;  « lii'llmr  liiH  vcwHi'l  Im  oris  not  lliililr  lo(|iiiir:iiiliin).  Ni'dliTliiit' or  ri'fiiniii|( 
10  liriiif;  IiIh  vchhi'I  to  un  Hoon  iih  it  can  \>i'  ijniiv  wiili  Hal'iUy,  in  (jln'iliunci'  to  lliu  rccinlHilion  of  ilm 
(|niiraiitini'  oiliiiT,  Niiliji'clti  liiin  lo  llic  pi'iiaily  o|  'Jllli/ 
Ri'lui'ilii.'  to  aiiMwiT  Hiirli  i|iii'HiiunH,  or  KiviiiK  iiiiy  I'alde  aiiKU'cr  tlivrcto  (if  nut  upon  unllO,tuliju(:tj 

IiImi  to  till'  pi'iiiiliy  of '^1)0/. 
If  upon  oath,  to  im-  piinislinii'nt  for  wilfnl  aiirl  corrnpt  pprjiiry. 

If  any  inrutliiniH  iIIhcuhi'  hIiiiII  appuar  on  hoanl,  llir  ni'iHlrr  Ih  to  repair  tn  «iirh  plnrc  nx  IiIh  IMaji'Hty 
rliall  illriil,  ami  niaki>  Known  his  i  iijo'  to  llir  oIIIiit  of  cmsIomim,  anil  lir  is  tort' main  at  that  plarc  until 
rlirt'clions  ari' f'ivi'ii  hy  ilii' I  onls  of  thr  I'rivy  ('onmll.  Ilo  Ii4  not  to  permit 'iiiy  of  tliu  i  rrw  or  pm. 
NtMiKers  on  hoanl  to  ko  mi  sin  re,  anil  liR,  his  crew,  unil  pa)iKi.'ii|;erii,  nru  to  uliey  hiicIi  diructlonH  iih  iiri; 
reci'iveil  from  the  Lords  of  the  I'rivy  roiiniil. 

Not  acliiii;  III  coiiforiiiily  to  the  re'.'iiliitions  herein,  illrnrtrd,  or  pctiiip  in  (llnohiillctico  to  inch  direc. 

lions  as  shall  hn  received  from  the  I'rivy  Coiiiicil,  he  incurs  the  penalty  of  Kin/. 
If  inforiiied  hy  the  pilot  that  his  vessel  has  heroine  'lalile  to  i|iiaraiitine,  liy  reason  of  any  procliiinn. 
lion  made  siilisui|iieiil  to  his  departure,  to  hoist  and  keep  hoiuted  a  like  sitjiial,  iindt-r  the  Hainx 
penally  of  1(1(1/. 
To  pivu  to  the  pilot  coiiiin!:  on  hoard  a  written  piiper  coiitainini!  a  true  nccoiinl  of  the  ditrerent  nrlj. 
rlt>«  coniposiiii!  his  car^o.     Ne^'lecliiiL;  or  refusing'  to  do  so,  or  niakini;  a  falsu  representation  or  will'iij 
(iinidsii  •    solijecls  him  to  ii  piwuiliy  of  .'(I/. 

Masier-     r  vessels  lialde  to  ini.iiiinliiie,  and  otlier  persons  on  hoard  lliein  nr  havinc  rniiiiniinicailiin 

•vlth  tlieiii.  .tri!  to  repair  to  the  appointeil  i|iiaranlitie  slations,  and  may  he  coinpelled  to  do  so  liy  l'iiri:i>. 

The  master  of  any  vessel  liiiviniJ  disease  on  lioaril.on  nieelint;  with  any  olli  t  vessel  at  sea,  or  wll||. 

in  3  lea  Biles  of  ilie  coast  ot  I  he  I  iiiled  IviiiL'iloni,  or  the  islands  of  (iiiernscy,  .lersey,  Alderiiey,  Hark,  or 

Man,  is  lo  hnist  a  pi^'iial  to  deiiiiie  that  his  vessel  li;is  such  iliseasi!  on  hoanl,  and  is  to  keep  such  sjj.. 

iial  hoisted  iliiriii!.'  such  time  as  lie  shall  conilniie  within  siiiht  of  siiili  vessels,  or  within  'i  leat'ios  ',( 

the  coast  or  islamis  aforesaid,  while  so  in  sluht  or  williin  such  disiaiice,  until  tin;  vessel  shall  .i  rive 

at  the  port  when.'  she  is  lo  perl'Oiii  i|iiaiaiiline,  and  until  she  shall  lie  legally  discharged  from  Ilie  |ii;r. 

fiirmance  thereof     l''ailiiiy  herein,  tile  louhl   r  incurs  the  penally  of  KKl/. 

If  III!  shall  refii -o  or  oniii  to  ilisclosi!  the  circiiinstance.s  of  such  iiifuctiiin  prevailinL'  either  iit  my 

place  at  which  he   has  hieii,  or  on  hoard  Ins  ve.'^sel,  in   his  answers  to  tlie  preliminary  (piesiiiiii^ 

|iut  to  him  hy  the  ipiaranline  ollicer,  or  If  he  shall  \\  ilfiilly  omit  to  liiiist,  and  tn  keep  holsliil.  Hk 

propi>r  i[iia rani  ilie  siciial  to  dr note  that  his  sliipis  li.ilile  to  i|iiaraiiliiie.  he  InciirH  the  penally  or.'Km/ 

Upon  alteiiiptini.'  to  Riiter  any  port,  vvlilrh  is  not  llie  port    't  which  lie  oimlit  to  pirform  (|iiiiriiMliii|i, 

lie  may  he  compelled  lo  desist  thi'ri'l'rom,  In  iider  lliat  he  may  proceed  lo  the  proper  i|iiaraiiliii.'  fu,,\f 

hy  (.Mills  heiiii;  tired  upon  the  siiip,  or  any  oilier  kind  of  force  iieint;  used  lluit  may  he  neucssaiy  tiir  tin' 

attainmi'iit  of  that  oliject. 

(■liiitling  or  kiiowinuly  siifTerlntr  nny  gennipn  or  pnssenper  to  qiiil  bis  ship,  hy  poing  on  shore,  nrliv 

piling'  on  hoard  any  oilier  vessel  or  hoat,  hi'fore  discharged  from  (|iiaranline,  or, 
Not  repairini,'  to  the  proper  (luaranline  station  w  illiiii  u  convenient  time  alter  due  notice  given,  in- 
curs a  penalty  of  1(1(1/. 
To  repair  in  all  cases  lo  the  proper  (iiiarantine  port,  ns  lierein-after  slated  in  the  Appendi.x,  iirrntj. 
ing  r.s  he  shall  or  shall  not  he  liiri  islied  with  a  chan  hill  of  health,  and  according  to  the  port  nr  pLae 
to  which  he  shall  he  hound,  as  herein  stated 
lint  if  throiiL'h  iLMKirniice,  or  hy  stress  of  weather,  dnmnsfl)  loss,  or  nrcidents  of  the   seas,  he  slnji 
have  passed  the  proper  ipiar.'inliiie  port,  he  may  (having  a  clean  hill  of  health  on  hoard,  ami  iijirn 
giv  ill}!  satisfactory  proof  thereof  upon  oath,  ronl  hy  the  oath  of  the  pilol,  il'iiiiy  on  hoard,  ami  ijin 
the  same  was  not  wilfully  or   inteniionally  linne  or  occasionnl)  lie  periiiilled  to  proceed  losniup 
other   (|iiarantine  port,  in  the  illscrelioii  of  the  i|iiurantiiie  ollicer,  keeping  the  proper  (iiiaruiitine 
signal  hoisted  during  the  whole  time. 
Vpoii  his  arrival  at  ilie  proper  iinaiaiiline  port,  lo  give  true  answers  npon  oalh  to  all  tlie  (jinirantiri 
i|iies!ioiis,  and  lo  iiiak.' oalh  to  ilie  triilli  of  his  log-hook,  and   the   limes  at  which  the  eiilrii  s  wiri' 
therein  inadi'  :  lailini;  herein,  lie  incurs  the  penally  of  wilful  and  corrupt  perjury. 
He  is  ,'ilso  lo  repair  lo  the  particular  Btation  which  shall  he  appointed  by  the  ((uarantinc  nllicir  for 

the  said  sliip  or  vessel. 
To  deliver  op  to  the  quarantine  ollicer  his  hill  of  health,  ninnifest,  log-hook,  andjonrnnl. 
Willfully  refusing  or  neglecting  so  to  do,  siihjects  him  to  a  penally  of  lOlV. 

If  not  hound  to  any  port  of  the  United  Kingdom,  or  the  islands  aforesaid,  and  attempting  In  rnirr 
any  port  thereof  (e.vcept  to  wait  for  orders,  or  in  conseipieiici.'  of  stress  of  weather  or  accideius  ef  ijip 
tieas),  he  shall  t-'ive  satisfactory  proof  thereof  to  the  ipiaranline  olficers,  and  give  true  answer.^  ii|ioii 
oath  to  the  preliininary  qiieslions,  and  strictly  conform  lo  all  such  direclions  as  he  shall  receive  from 
the  quarantine  othcer,  lonching  his  conliniiance  at  sin  li  port,  or  departure  from  thence,  or  repairing 
lo  any  other  ;  and  also  with  respect  lo  all  other  qiiaranline  reiiilalions  ;  in  default  of  which,  hi'  may 
be  compelled  to  proceed  to  sea  by  any  means  or  hy  any  kind  o'  force  tin  ;  shall  be  necessary  I'm  tliai 
purpose. 

Ilavinir  performed  quarantine  in  any  foreisn  lazaret,  the  vessel  is  to  he  put  under  qiiaranline  ,ii 
some  of  ihi^  porls  he  re  in -a  tier  appointed,  ninil  the  master  shall  produce  to  the  qiiarnnline  olliierllie 
proper  dociiiiienis  in  proof  thereof ;  upon  production  whereof  the  said  vessel  shall  not  be  obliged  lu 
iierforiii  (|iiarantine,  hut  shall  remain  at  such  slalion  until  released  hy  order  in  council, 

rnshippiiig,  or  moving  in  order  tu  unship,  any  goods  from  on  hoard  any  vessel  liable  to  quarantine 
Buhjects  lo  a  penalty  of  ,5(10/. 

(.'hindestinely  conveying,  or  secreting  nr  eonrealinp  for  the  purpose  of  conveying,  nny  letter,  pooiis. 
or  other  articles,  from  anv  vessel  actually  performing  (|iiarantiiie,  snhjects  to  a  penally  of  llio;. 

A"u/f.— Kvery  comniander  or  master  of  any  vessel  clearing  out  or  about  to  sail  for  any  port  or  plact 
in  Ihe  Mediterranean,  or  in  the  West  liarbary  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  or  lor  any  port  or  place  respccl- 
ing  which  there  shall  nl  the  time  he  any  order  of  his  Majesty  in  council  in  force,  snbjecling  vissels 
coming  from  thence  to  (iiiarantine,  is  to  receive  from  Ihe  principal  othcer  of  the  customs  at  such  imrl 
or  place,  this  printed  Abstract  of  the  Uuarantine  Kegiilalions,  w  lilcli  such  commander  or  niasler  ikIo 
raiiso  to  be  atlixed  on  some  ronvenient  and  conspicuous  part  of  his  said  vessel,  and  to  reiiiiiin  sn 
atii.Ycd  until  his  return  with  his  said  vessel  to  sunie  port  or  place  in  the  United  Kingdom  or  the  isslanilj 
aforesaid. 

And  every  such  coniniander  and  master  is  likewise  to  provide  and  take  on  hoard  1  at  least  of  each 
nf  the  proper  (|uaruntine  siunal  flag:i  and  lanterns,  ami  likewise  materials  and  instruments  fur  fumi- 
gation, and  iinmersioii,  and  to  keep  the  same  on  hoard,  to  be  used  upon  his  return  to  tlie  liniled 
Kingdom  or  the  islands  aforesaid. 

Dm II  of  Pilots. 
Pilots  are  strictly  to  observe  the  following  directions  : — 
To  receive  an  account  in  writing  from  every  cummandcr  or  master  of  any  vessel  coining  fronij 


All  vessels  (a.s 
Frniii  or  liav 

nccaii. 

Fmiii  any  oth 

so  declare  h 

•lisleniper  h 

Xnle.-TltBy  I 

lilaccs. 

K\i  vessels  havii 

.■Iny  person  w 

the  said  plac 

iiiion  her  arr 

Any  goods,  wi 

any  ntlier  an 

.V,)^f.— They  ai 

.411  vessels  coi 

continent  of 

Any  of  the  anil 

Ami  not  prnduc 

slating  eiiher 

pl'ice  in  Afric 

stating  of  win 

I  All  vessels  and  bo 

Any  of  the  said 

For  vessels  with  tl 
III  Ilie  (lay  tiiii,._ 

tnpinast-bead. 

in  Ihe  night  lime 

,     li'i'ird  bis  Maje 

«r  vessels  withe 

Inilieilaviiiiie- 

111  die  night  time 

,     "IS  iM.ijesty's  s 

'«' vessels  withou 

'  Voi,.IJ._2i 


ICl 


(iUARANTlNE. 


373 


iiniiriltiiB  n"  »* 
Iter,  lor  lln-  |>nr- 
l•lill^■  Of  rcfiitiin 

(■(IHisllllHI'il'  Ihll 


lit  Unit  I'li""'  """' 
f,l„,  ,ri'W  iir  I' IS. 
I  (llit'tlioiiH  lis  an: 

■iicc  to  BUtli  ilirec- 

I  of  niiy  proilania- 
111,  uiiiler  tliu  nuiiio 

f  i»in  (llfTcrciit  nni- 
sciiliiUtiii  or  williil 

;„(r  coiiiiii'i"i'''''i'in 
.'(I  l<)  ill' B'>  by  I'lrrr 
;h('1  111  sea,  i.r  \vi\li. 

"is  to  kfi'P  "'»''  ^'S- 
vviltiin'i  It'll L'li'Hiif 
i.  vi'sM'l  dliiiU  I  n\( 
iiirgoil  If""'  ""  1  "• 

ailini!  I'iilii^r  iil  :iiy 
rcliuiiiiary  iimsiiuih 
I  to  ki'i^p  lioisiiil.Uif 
rsllii'  )»''>»l'y  ot:il«ii 
nVrl'min  niiarMMtinc 
,„.r  iniiinuitiiu'  |i"ti«, 
bo  nt'tessi"  y  lot  llii; 

going  on  sliori'.  nrliy 

or, 

Jiie  notice  given,  u\- 

lli«!  Appendix,  iirintJ. 
ng  to  till!  I'lift  '■'  i'''''' 

of  till'  spas,  til'  -Inll 
ih  mi  iMiiiril,  !iiulii|i'ii 
i,,iy  on  liiiaril,  ami  Ui.il 
,■(1  m  proipiil  10 tome 
(lie  proper  iniaraiilnie 

to  all  tlie  iiuaranliii 
[luili  iliu  eiilricswirf 

quarantine  ollicrr  fur 

1 11(1  journal. 

Itulattoniptineio'"."!''' 
VrorHCi'irti'iilsiil  llie 

[vc  true  answ  its  U|ioii 
he  Hlr.ili  receive  from 

Hiitlience.  or  rcpairiiif 

itaultofwliiili>l"'";«y 
ll  be  necesiiiiry  fia  twl 

Lt  tinder  qunraiitiiip  nl 

Tniiarantin'-ollin'rlM 

thall  not  lieubligeaiJ 

council. 

lol  liable  to  nuaranline 

Line,  any  letter,  gooils. 

Lcnaliyofimt/. 

Iil  for  any  port  "t  I'lact 

L  port  or  place  r.'>^P«  • 

Irce,  BUlijecliiiL-  V;  ssi'l. 

Ic  ciistoiiis  at  sudi  iiiirt 

hianiler  or  inai^ter '^  M 

L\,  and  to  remiim  S' 

kiilgdom  or  Ibe  island! 

Lard  1  at  least  of  cacti  I 
\"istru.nent.forf"n"- 
return  to  tbe  imteil 


vessel  coming  fw 


fiirciin  pari*,  of  the  places  nl  which  lii«  vcmuI  loaded,  nnd  at  uliii  li  lie  touched  on  liU  snid  hcinn- 
uuril  vnyade- 

'I'd  ^ive  iHillcn  to  Hiich  coniinnnder  or  innnter  nf  any  proi'lamallon,  or  order  In  nomcil,  inndu  after 
,l,i,  i|,.|iiirliiri)  ol'HUiii  vesnol  I'roiii  the  lliiiti'il  Kiiiiiiloiii  or  the  ULiiiiJ!!  al'..r.'Mniil,  ntnl  iben  iri  Corcc,  by 
wliii  ti  vi'XMelK  I'oiiiliii;  from  aii\  iilaii,'  iiiciilioni'cl  in  miicIi  aciiniiit  aIiiII  hi:  liable  toi|iiaraiiliiiu.  Nog- 
l,.,.|iiH(  or IllliijJ  to  Rive  Riicli  iiiitice  Hir.Jiiii  thi'iii  to  a  penalty  nl'  lnit/, 

■|-,i  ^ive  a  like  nolli  e  of  any  prorlanialion  liicn  In  Ion  o.  by  wbii  li  vessi-la  bnvliiR  on  hofird  any  of 
Ihi'  nrtii  leH  iiieiitioneil  in  the  master's  acroiinl  hIimII  hi:  llalile  to  i|iiuranliM('.  Neglectlni;  or  omiuinK 
toK'^'c  "■"'''  notice  NiilijectN  them  to  penalty  of  1(1(1/ 

'I'm  ri'inain  on  lioaril  in  the  Hame  manner  v.*  any  of  the  officerH,  crew,  or  pnnHenserii,  and  not  to  i|iili 
the  Bind  vessel  before  or  aid  r  tbo  arrival,  elthor  by  (>olim  on  Hliore,  or  by  iioini!  on  board  ai  >,  other 
vi.*»i  I  or  boat  wllti  intent  to  (jo  on  Hliore,  iinlil  she  is  reijiilarly  illsrharyed  from  iinariinlim'  ;  uii'l  (liey 
iii;iy  be  coinpi'lleil  by  any  persons  wlialsocver,  iinil  by  aiiy  kind  of  necissarv  fon  e,  to  r'  turn  on  board 
ll,,' same.     If  they  olfenil  herein  Ibey  incur  a  penalty  of.lUU/.  and  b  inonihs'  imprlsoniin'iil. 

j,,il  to  lirlns!  any  mil  h  V('Hsi:l  inloany  port  or  place  other  than  the  port  or  place  appointed  for  thn 
rtreplion  of  vessels  ho  liable  to  i|iiariinliiie,  as  slated  In  the  Ajipendix,  llliless  iDiiipilliil  by  stress  of 
«callicr,  adverse  winds,  or  acciilcnls  of  tin:  seas,  of  which  llie  pilot,  as  will  as  the  roiiimaiider  or 
ijinsler  of  the  veasci,  is  to  give  satinfactory  proof  ti|)oii  oath.  If  they  olfeiid  herrin  they  incur  u 
p,,„„|iyof2()(W. 

To  briiii.' the  ship  to,  as  soon  ns  it  ran  be  done  with  safety  in  obedience  to  the  reiiuisitiun  of  Ihu 
nimrantinu  ollicer.     I'ailing  herein  subjects  them  to  a  penally  of  10U{, 

IJnhj  of  other  Persons. 

\Vtien  any  infectious  disease  aciunl'y  appears  onboard  any  vcsacl,  all  perions  on  board  nro  to 
(ilicy  llie  direction  of  the  privy  <  oiincil,  under  a  penally  of  l(MV. 

Not  III  unit  such  vessel,  eiUn  i  liy  (joiim  on  sliore,  or  by  Koiii({  on  hoard  any  other  vessel  or  lioat  with 
Intent  to  Ko  on  shore,  until  regularly  ilischarKed  from  i|iiaranlliie ;  and  if  itiey  quit  the  ship  ilii'y  may 
be  compelled  by  any  perHon  whatsoever,  ami  by  any  kind  of  necessary  I'mh'c,  to  return  on  board  the 
fww;  and  are  also  liable  to  a  penally  of  :{(lli;.  nnd  It  inonlhs'  imprlsonmeni. 

Wliellier  li:ible  to  (|(iaraii1ine,  or  riclually  iierforminu  i|iiaraniiiie,  or  liavniR  had  any  iiitercniirso  or 
coiiiiiiiuiication  with  any  such  persons  so  lialile  to  or  under  i|iiar'iiitine,all  [lersiMis  are  to  oliey  nil  such 
i.rilcrs  as  they  shall  receive  froiii  tiie  i|iiaraiiliiie  otiieer,  and  to  repair  to  tlie  la/iirel,  vessel,  or  pl;icn 
^lijiiiiiiled  for  the  performance  of  i|iiaraiiline.  \Villiilly  refiisiiiK  or  iieiilectiii|{  to  repair  fiirthwilh, 
wlicii  reiinired  so  to  do  by  siiili  ollicers,  or  escapins;  from  or  out  of  sioh  la/.aret,  \i'ssil,  or  pl.iee,  mai 
\,f  roinpelled  to  repair  or  return  thereto  by  any  ki!id  of  necessary  force,  and  are  subject  lo  a  penally 

UiiilinR  or  unshipping,  or  niovinp  In  order  to  the  land  ins  or  nnshippinir.  of  any  ponds,  packets,  pack - 
iiK's,  liaRKagc.  wearing  apparel,  bonks,  letters,  or  any  other  articles  wliitever,  from  vc.-^els  liable  to 
giiaranliiie,  are  liahh;  to  a  penalty  of  .'■)0P^ 

CI  uiil'  ■<ti'ii'ly  conveying,  or  secreling  or  conceal  im;  for  the  purpose  of  convey  ins,  any  (joods,  tellers, 
,ir  iiilier  articles  as  aforesaid,  from  any  vessel  acliially  pei  formini.'  ipiarantine,  or  fioni  the  1  i/.nret  or 
i.llii'f  jilacc  where  sucli  goods  or  oilier  articles  shall  be  performing  ipiarantine,  are  liabb;  to  a  ponally 

of  too/. 

Having  (luitted  or  come  on  shore  from  any  vessel  liable  to  or  under  qunrantinc,  or  having  escaped 
from  any  lazaret  or  other  place  appoitited  in  that  behalf,  may  be  seized  and  a|iprehi:iiiled  by  any  con- 
,l;,lile  or  other  peace  odlcer,  or  by  any  other  peisoii  wtialevcr,  and  carried  lie  fore  a  jus  Ik  e  of  llie  peaci:, 
•Alio  may  grant  his  warrant  for  (iinveyiiig  siicli  person  to  the  vessel,  la/.aret,  or  ottier  place  from  wliicii 
ll,!  stiall  have  escnpcd.  or  for  conliniii!;  him  in  any  place  of  sufe  custody  (not  being  u  public  giiul)  until 
jlrpcliniis  can  he  obtained  from  the  privy  council. 

Knowingly  and  wilfully  forging  or  counterfeiting,  intertinina,  erasing,  or  altering,  or  procuriiii;  tobe 
fnrgeil,  ic,  any  certificate  directed  by  any  order  In  council  toiieliiiig  quaranliiie,  or  publishiii?  the 
sanii'  as  true,  or  uttering  any  sitcli  cerliticate  with  intent  tu  obtain  the  etlt'ct  uf  u  true  certilicate, 
kiioiving  its  contents  to  bo  false,  are  guilty  of  felony. 

fVhat  Vessels  are  liabh-  to  (iitaranlinr. 
All  vessels  (as  well  ships  of  war  as  all  others)  with  or  without  clean  bills  nf  health,  cnming — 
From  or  having  Icuched  at  any  place  in  the  Mediterranean,  or  the  West  Uarbary  on  the  Atlantic 

ocean. 
From  any  other  place  from  wbicli  liis  Majesty  shall  from  time  to  time  adjudge  it  pndiable  (and  shall 
eo  declare  by  proclamation  or  order  in  council)  that  the  plague,  or  any  other  infectious  disease  or 
disleinper  highly  dangerous  to  the  health  of  his  Majesty's  subjects,  may  be  hroiiHhl. 
XaU.—'TUey  are  considered  as  liable  to  (luarantine  from  the  time  of  their  leaving  any  of  the  said 


All  vessels  having  communication  with  any  of  the  hefore-itientioned  ships  or  vesseln,  or  receiving — 
Any  person  whatever  from  or  out  of  sucli  vessel,  whether  such  person  shall  have  come  from  any  of 

liie  snid  places,  or  shall  have  gone  on  board  of  such  vessel,  eiilier  in  the  course  of  lier  voyage,  or 

upon  her  arrival  otftlie  coast  of  ilie  I'liited  Kingdom,  &c.— Or, 
Any  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise,  packets,  packages,  baggage,  wearing  apparel,  goods,  letters,  or 

any  nttier  articles  whatever,  from  or  out  of  siicli  ship  or  vessel. 
j\",iff._'rhey  are  liable  to  quarantine  from  the  time  of  ttieir  receiving  any  such  persons  or  goods. 
All  vessels  coming  from  any  port  or  place  in  Europe  without  the  fstraits  of  Oibrullar,  or  on  the 

continent  of  America,  and  having  on  board- 
Any  of  the  articles  enumerated  (a  list  of  wliich  articles  see  in  the  Appendix); 
Anil  not  producing  a  declaration  upon  oath,  made  by  the  owner,  proprietor,  shipper,  or  consignee, 

slating  either  that  such  articles  are  not  llie  growth,  prodiici:,  or  manufactun;  of  'liirUoy,  or  of  any 

place  ill  Africa  within  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar,  or  in  the  West  liartiary  on  the  Allunlic  Ocean,  oi 

staling  of  what  place  they  are  the  growth,  produce,  or  manufacture. 
I  All  vessels  and  boats  receiving— 
Any  of  the  said  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise,  or  other  articles  enumerated. 

Siffnals. 
I  For  vessels  with  tlie  plague  or  other  highly  infectious  di.sease  actually  on  board — 
In  the  day  liine— A  flag  of  yellow  and  black,  borne  quarterly,  of  H  breadths  of  bunting,  at  the  main 

topniast-liead. 
In  llie  iii).'hl  time— Two  large  signal  lanterns,  with  a  light  therein,  such  as  are  commonly  used  on 
tioard  his  Majesty's  stiips  of  war,  one  over  the  other,  at  tlie  same  mast-head. 
iForveseels  with  clean  bills  of  lioallh — 
In  llie  day  time— A  large  yellow  flag,  of  0  breadths  of  bunting,  at  the  main-topmast-head. 
Ill  (he  iiiglit  time — A  large  signal  lantern,  with  a  light  therein,  such  as  is  commonly  used  on  board 
lii<  Majesty's  sliijis  of  war,  at  the  same  mast-head. 
iFor  vessels  without  clean  bills  of  health — 
Vol.  II.— 2  I 


• 

'?  I 


Jin 


.'«H-^' 


'ifif*'' 


■^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


i&jm.    12.5 


■so 


=  u^m 


■  2.2 


U& 


IIL25  IIIIU   iii.6 
II  ^s  llll^^  i^ 

^ 

6"     

t, 

Photograiiiic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WiST  MAIN  STRUT 

WiBSTiR.N.Y.  14580 

(716)  873-4503 


.«*% 


F.^ 


%^ 


874 


QUARANTINE. 


.■••KB" 

[A'.'- 


'-mm*  ■■. 


.«MBT 


1^' 


mmti 


In  Ihft  day  timn— A  l.irgft  ynllow  flap,  with  a  rirrnlar  mark  or  bill,  entiroly  Mark,  in  tlie  middle 
tlirri'iif,  wlioHe  iliaiiictt'r  b)i:ill  Un  etpial  to  2  hrrudllH  of  hiinling,  ui  tlie  main  tojiiiiaHt  liuad. 

In  tilt;  niKlit  tiin<: — Sainn  as  for  vessrl;*  wuli  r.lcun  bilU  of  lipaltli. 

JVVre.— Kvcry  coiurnaiuler  or  maHlor  of  n  vessel  about  lo  nail  for  tlic  ^lodilerranpan,  or  for  any  pUf*; 
rcRptMtitiK  wiiiclinn  order  in  connril  HliatI  be  in  forro,  Hnhjrrtinc  vrRHi.'U  coiniim  from  tlirnec  to  a  f|ii:i- 
rantims  to  \ni  provided  with  the  qnarantine  ni^naU  above  mentioned,  and  to  kt.'cp  the  Haine  on  boan). 
to  be  nsed  on  lii-i  ri^tnrn  to  tin*  l-ntted  Kirmdoni. 

Any  (-otiiriiandtT  or  master  lioistrii^'  eitlier  of  the  naid  quarantine  signals,  by  day  or  nitMit,  knowing 
that  his  vuMsul  is  not  liabh*  to  ituaruntinc,  incurs  the  penalty  uf  60/. 


Appendix. — Jl  List  vf  Articles  enumerated  considered  as  most  liable  to  fitfertitm 

GoaM'  hair 

(iol'l  iir  iiUcT  on  Ihreitl,  rotton,  hiir,  vino\, 

or  fcj Ik .  nr  :tiiy  other  tuUtince  bereiu'ticfore 

nieiirioned 
r»n>({niii 
Haia.  r.i[>».  or  l>onnrtf  of  itraWf  chip,  cane, 

or  Aiiy  other  inateriaj 


Apparrl  nf  .lit  kiinJs 

Ariiliciil  llowert 

Rosl,  (ir  iiiv  irli<:lf«  mule  lher(H>r 

Beads,  tncclcts  or  nccklnctt  in  klrtiigi 

Bed>  .ind  btxJ  ticks 

Books 

Ifrooiiii  of  all  virli 

Ilruihcs  u(  all  torti 

Dunleii 

Camlets 

Can  VIM 

Caruifriia  wool 

Carpfs 

<;oruiii(r  not  tarred 

Cotton  wiMil 

Cotton  viirn 

Cottiin  Ihn^aJ 

All  artidcN  whnlljr  made  nf  or  mixetl  with 

cnitnii,  ailki  wool,  thmiJ,  or  yarn 
Down 
Feat  tie  n 
Flax 
Furriers'  waste 


Hemp 

Horiti 

llnrii  »n>l  horn  tips 

ll»ir  nf  all  lorti 

I. rat her 

Ijnen 

l.iiie  string;!,  l^athiogi,  or  harp  ftlrinp 

Map* 

Manre»e« 

M.itsariil  mittioK 

Moluir  yirii 

Nc'»,  new  or  oM 

Paper 

Packthread 

Pdrctinieal 

Pelts 


platting  of  biM,  chip,  cane,  straw,  or  Itorw 
hair 

Quills 

Ki<s 

Sails  and  sail  r'niii 

Silk,  viz.— cnpfs  and  tlflaniei,  hu«ki  in'. 
kouhs  raw  s.lk,  thrMv\ii  iunl  orfriii?!^ 
Bilk,  wa^fe  »ilk.  wrouitii  silk 

Skins,  hitti>«,  ao't  fm^.  niij  tarli  nr  pieces  of 
skins,  hiu<s,  ;)ti<t  luri.  wiieihcr  tinilmwsi, 
or  ii)  pait  t'r  »huily  tanuui,  lawcj,  ut 
dressed 

SponfffS 

Striw,  nr  any  article  made  or  miied  w,'s 
str.iw 

Slockiiinsof  All  •oris 

ThrM  I,  Ui\y,  wlluiii,  whisks,  wool,  whetbet 
r»w  (T  aiiy«  i-«  wrou^^ht 

Yarn  cf  all  v»r»» 

Aiitl  all  nth  r  cx'ts  whit^oevrr,  if  thfy^l 
have  irrived  in  or  with  pirki^es  comb- 
ing wholly  ur  in  part  of  any  of  the  lu 
articles. 


UUARANTINE  Ports. — For  Vesseh  liable  to  Quarantine  not  tominff  from  any  Place  actually  infected^  nor 

having  any  Infection  actually  on  Board. 

All  ships  and  vessels  bound  to  the  fdlowing  pl:kce8,  lo  ptrfor* 


f  Without  dean  Pillt  of  fhaith. 

All  vessels,  ships  of  war,  S.r,.  as  heri  in-^fter  speci6cd,  to  perform 
quarantine  ai  Stand^ate  Crttk  nr  Mdjnrd  Hnvrn. 

Ships  nf  w.ir,  tr.ins|Hirts,  or  nlher  ships  in  the  actual  service  of 
govcrniiit'iit,  iiiidfr  the  comniand  ')f  a  cnnunissinntd  nffict-r  in  the 
aervice  nf  \m  Mijesly's  nwy,  whithen'^evfr  boiuil,  lit  ptrf-irni  ipn- 
ranline  :it  tlie  Mviherbankj  near  Pottsmi-ulh,  at  a  place  luarked  out 
with  yellow  buoys. 

rrifA  ckan  Bill*  of  HcaUh, 

All  ships  and  vessels  bound  to  the  followin);  places,  to  perform 
quarantine  A  Standnatr  Creek  ;— 

ljondr)|i.  Hnchnlei.  Favcrsliani,  or  any  creeks  or  places  belnngine 
lo  or  vvithin  any  or  either  df  the  above  imrts. 

All  ships  and  ve<'Sels  tx^unil  lo  the  tollnwin^  places,  to  perform 
quarantine  at  tVhitdjooth  JiuOiL  between  Hull  and  Gniiuby  ;— 

i-eiich  Wisbeach 

Maldon  Boston 

Colclies'er  Grimsby 

Harwich  H<i)l 

Ipswich  Bndlinjttnn 

WoiMlhridne  Srarbornugli 

AldUirnugh  Whitby 

Snuihwnid  Stockton 

Yarmouth  Sunderland 

Blackney  and  Clay  NewcasUe 

Welts  Berwick 

Lynn 
Jjid  any  creeks  or  placet  belonein;  to  or  within  any  or  cither  of  the 
above  portf. 

All  shii»  and  vessels  bound  to  the  following  places,  lo  perfomi 
quarantine  at  Bamburo^  Pool,  near  Liurrpoof,  or  Milford  Haven  :— 


Carlisle 
Whitehaven 
Lancaster 
Fres'on 


Liverpool 
CJi  ester 
Beaumiris 
Isle  nf  Man 


And  any  creeka  or  placet  belonging  to  n,-  within  any  or  either  of  the 
above  ports. 

All  shipi  and  resseU  hound  to  the  following  places,  to  perform 
quarantine  at  the  Aiuth€rbatik,  near  Poytfnimtth:— 

Sandwich  Arundel 

De-al  Chichester 

Dover  Portsmouth 

Rye  Southampton 

Ncwhaven  Cowes 

Shorehim 
And  any  creeks  or  placet  belonging  to  nr  within  anj  or  either  of  the 
above  jiorts. 

All  ships  and  vessels  t)Ound  to  the  following  places,  to  perform 

Juarantiiie  at  St.  JmCt  Puotf  williia  the  mouth  of  the  harlxiur  of 
'tihnmif/i;— 


quarantine  at  Milfjrd  liaoui  :— 

St.  Ivcs  Mtnclly 

P.vls)uw  ivmlmike 

Bidrfoni  MiKird 

Birnstapte  Cmli^an 

llfracoiiilte  Ai.trvstw'ith 

Or  any  creeks  or  places  belonRin^  tn  or  \^  illiin  any  or  cilbfr  of  tht 
alifive  prirlt. 
All  ships  and  vessels  bound  to  tlm  fillowin?  pliers,  to  perf.wt 
qiiarantMit;  at  the  Mothrrf^nh,  ncir  P-Mlfuntith,  or  Hi.  Juil't  P^i, 
wilhiu  the  mouth  of  the  harlKiur  of  Fattnouth;  — 
Jersey  I        Sirk 

Guernsey  |        AMeriiey 

Or  either  of  them,  nr  any  part  of  eiiher  of  them. 

All  ships  and  vesstls  l>ound  to  the  followitij;  places  to  perfors 
niiarantiiie  at  Juverhetthhi^  Hay:— 
*rhe  eastern  coasts  of  Scotland,  Anstruthcr 

comprehending   the   porta  of  Piu^tunpins 

L^idi  Dundee 

RormwstoneM  PerMi 

Alloa  .Mf(ntr>50 

Dunbar  AhLiJeen 

Kirkaldy 
Or  any  member,  creek,  or  otlier  place  belonging  to  or  wilhiD  wy  or 
cither  of  the  above  ports. 
All  ships  and  vessels  bound  to  the  f'tlhwin^  places,  1 3  prrtbRn 
nuarantine  at  //i>/i/  Lfch,  in  the  Fritk  oj  i'li/fi.  :  — 


The  western  coast  of  Scotland, 
comprehending  the   ports  of 
Glasgow 
Greenock 
Irvine 

Campbell  Town 
Oban 
Or  any  member,  creek,  or  other  p 


Koil.^jy 

For:  William 

Avr 

P'lrt  Patrick 

S'ra  liner 

Wigtown 

acebclongin*  toor  wilhin  wtoj 


eiiher  of  the  above  ports. 

All  ships  and  vessels  bound  to  the  following  pliices,  to  perforti 
nuarantine  at  Invcrktith^n^  Itay;— 


Orkney 

Caithin'^s 
Stornaway 

ace  belnneing  to  or  witliio  ujai 


Fonle 

Weymouth 

Lyme 

Kxcter 

Dartmouth 

Plymouth 

Looe 


Fowey 

Falmouth 

(iwe«ic 

Penryn 

Truro 

Penzance 

Scillv 


The  northern  )iorls  of  Sci>tland, 

comprehending   the  ports  of 
hivemess. 
Zetland 
Or  any  member,  creek,  or  other  p  n 

either  of  the  above  ports. 

All  ships  and  vessels  l>ound  tn  the  full  iwirg  places,  to  perfom 
quarantine  at  Holy  Lochy  in  the  Frith  nt  Clyde  i— 

The  south-wpst  p«irts  of  Scotland,  coiiiprfhtridinj^  the  porti  I'f 
Dumfries  and  Kirkcudbright,  or  any  meniher,  creek,  or  other  plin 
belonging  to  or  within  any  nr  either  of  the  atKivu  porif. 

Bound  to  any  |Kirt  of  Ireland,  butv^eelt  Mi^m-ii  Ih-ad  anil  Tuslur', 
to  |K*rf(>im  quarantine  at  the  Buy  nf  Bultum/re.  i 

Bound  twtween  Tuskard  and  Rathlin,  t'l  perform  qninntii*  i'  | 
lAJUgh  Ijirn  and  the  Bay  of  Carlingford^  near  Kilhwan  /'ust:. 
opposite  to  the  town  of  Carhneford. 

Bound  lo  Kathlin  and  Tory  Island,  to  perfinn  qiianiitine  at  Bai- 
lyrnoitoker  Bay  or  Red  Cattle  limd,  near  I.i'tuioiiiknij. 

Bound  to  Tory  Island  and  Blacksod  Bay,  to  perfftrni  quiraaliDe  K  I 
the  harbour  nf  KWy  Begi 

Bound  to  Lnnp  Head  and  Missen  Head,  to  perform  quarantine  i> 
Scnttery  Bay,  in  tho  river  of  Lirrwrick. 

Bound  lo  any  place  on  the  coiBtsof  the  I'nited  Kin^lnm.notwithii  | 


.        ,  ,  ,  ,      ,  .  f   i  .  •    .  •      >  •.mill' •  n-  nil  J  iiiavi.  I  III  iiiE  t.<r  ini>  iJi   tin     •    iii  ii  n   iiiiii,  i   <ir.,  >■" - 

And  any  creeks  or  places  belongmgto  or  within  any  or  cither  of  the  ,  any  of  the  ports  or  limits  hereinbefore  iiie<.tinne.l  or  dmcrilid.'J 

^^^^^^^  ^l^^^^^j.^^  _^j  ^^^j^  plires  hereinlrt?lt)rt'  «p|K'iiite.l  fur  prt 
formance  of  quarantine,  as  shall  lie  ne.irest  to  the  portorpUcev 
which  such  ve^atls  respectively  shall  be  so  Iviund. 


above  porti 

All  ships  and  vessels  Imund  to  the  following  places,  to  perform 
quarantine  at  A'ing  Road  and  Porlthute  Pill:— 


Bridge  water  Chepstow 

Minehead  CaniilT 

Bristol  Swansea 

Gloucester 
And  any  cret-kt  or  placet  belonging  tn  or  within  any  or  either  of  the 
above  porta. 


Prelitntiuiry  QuestioiiM. 

1.  What  is  the  name  of  the  vessel,  and  the  name  of  the  conunaDds  I 
or  master? 

2.  Are  you  the  commander  or  master?    Where  does  the  beloni' 

3.  From  whence  do  you  come? 

4.  To  what  place  are  you  twund } 


I.  What  i^  the 


QUARANTINE,  QUASSIA. 


375 


black,  in  tlie  middle 
tiiiiiiiuHt  liuail. 

ipiiii,  nr  for  nnyphtf 
friuiillii'iiii!  loiiiiii;i- 
|i  the  Hiiiiif  oil  boaril, 

lay  or  night,  knowing  | 

[0  rnfertinn.  \ 

,1    dull,  "lie,  »tr»w,  or  hor« 


ipr«  ami  tiffinin,  ^u«l"  >n< 
s.lk    ilir"*Mi  iuiil  nrsiii7ii.i 

^ilk,  ivr^'ijtti*  siik 

ill.l  furs.  "iiJ  |>;>r"  "'  P'fi^'  '^ 
■■liiJ  ("".  wlielhiT  un.lrnM.1. 

'  ur  wholly  laniii.-^i,  uweJ,  « 


)•  arllcli!  niaJe  or  mi'^i  "•> 

ill  «nr1s  .  ,      t  .1 

vjlluiii,  wliiilH,  wool,  whelkft 
,\i-«  wroii^ltt 

"cKvIl  WllltVlfHT,  if  ltl«  llll' 

eJ  in  nrwith  inrkisf^  c.,a>,- 
f  or  ill  I""  "'  "">■ "'  ""  "'■ 

Uicc  acluallij  infecUd,niir 

he  fnllowing  plMM,  10  peK^n 

I.I  inHl)- 

jvnilir.ke 

Mill'ipl 

Cir.li?»Il 

Al.rrvstwilli 

(o  or  williiii  »">'  Of  '^'""''  "' '" 

jiorti. 

till-  fillnwiiH  |llir".  Ii  P"!™ 

,r  I'.tiifnmilh,  or  SI.  Juil'i  Pj-k 

f  fjdiioKi/i;— 

I         S»rk 

AllrrufV 
y  parliif  i-iili""!  I'i''">- 
the  follnwiu?  pbcM  to  pertora 

Anslnitlier 

riu-tti'iipiii* 

Dunlce 

TitMi 

Mmitr'^e 

Alii-rJeen 

ihM  bplongiiig  to  or  nilhio "! " 
above  ports. 
Ilie  f'lll-iwini;  place),  IJ  perbra 

VitAo;  (■/!/■'' ;  — 
Knlliwy 
I-.,r;  William 
Avr 

I'.'irt  r.ilnck 
S'miner 
Wigtown 

lace  |iHon?ins  to  or  wilbin  wy  i« 
|e  JlKive  ports. 

Ihc  tollowii.g  places,  to  peifoto 

1       Orkney 
Laillinws 
Stornaway 
jee  belonirln?  to  or  within  "J» 
I'e  above  porn.  i 

lo  the  foil  iwiiijCpUws,  top'""" 

lan.1,  C..ni|,re!iel.am5  H'.P"'".' 
lauy  ineiiit'er.  rreoli.  or  oilier  \'W 
iier  of  '.he  ali"ve  portj, 
■beiweeii  Misseu  Head  and Tiuka". 

rR(lhi!n""M'erf''™n™"*''.' 
l'„W.',iS%r./,ucarA-.«.io«,./V"- 

laroi,  to  perfmn  iiinraitine  «  W- 
luiif  near  /.'^»''o'"'f"'y-  ,  ., 
l&  Biy'V'  perform  qu»MtiDe  at  | 

Ln  Head,  to  perform  (iu»i«iiti«  " 

ii  lie  neTcsi  to  tlm porlorpUCf » 
Ishall  be  N)  h'mvi.  1 

^ef,  and  »l>e  name  of  Oic 
master?    Where  doetiliebe\on«^ 


A   At  wh^t  pnrfi  h*vr  you  t'luchM  •liir*»  you  left  the  port  of  your 

|.»  liilK  ""  >-'lir  h''lntv%.ir.l  \'-\\j:t? 

6.  Will'  vi!vttU  hive  )<Mi  111. I  mtrrmurw  or  commiinieatirn  with 

nil  >'iur  [MMaiP.  mJ  from  m  ticiire  <ii.I  Ihcy  conii!  ? 

7.  UkI  tit  phit'ic  ■  r  iiiv  (illirr  ii.frctinui  (Ji«T:i^e  or  dutemper  pre- 

v.T  I  ifi  -tiiv  ''-  er«^  ■!•  'lit*  |il-Hi*  from  wtirr.ce  yrni  wilt^t  on 
y.  lii  h'Mn  \*  ir  I  \'H.i<  ■,  or  at  .my  nf  tlie  pl.irM  at  which  ynii 
h.ive 'cuv'ti  <l  ^     >r  4l  .my.  •tay  at' which,  and  whrn.     Are  any 
nrrMUit  on   h  iirl  your  nhip  iiilTrrinic  under  atiy  iiilcctinufl 
dllK!l^■?  (ii  ht\p  my  |  ci  oi,*  dud  f)r  I-crn  ill  of  a  di*pa*t;  of 
Ih.tt  iLtfure  t  II  I'tc  t:nniff»ar<l  iiat^^ce?  :m  t  if  any,  wh.^1  iiiiiii- 
brr?     Atid  ii  .my  ht\e  dii*l  or  Irrn  lil  uf  luch  (tiseaae,  wtre 
thfir  hfMiiiK  atnl  rlo'lirit  'ft*%imje<l  ? 
[If  itif  \t\\<  I  ih.ill  hivf  Mtli'l  frt)iri  any  pnrt  la  Europe  without 
the  S  r»iH,  or  on  thr  fMitim  nl  i  f  AiuvncA.] 
$,  IlavL-  ytiii  <^*ii  tifhinl  ii.y  tt'Nils  eriniiif rated  in  ttii9  list? 
[tiaii'liiir  ut)  a  liit  of  nrtirin  rnunieratect.) 
If  ynii  hivf,  ^pe.'ify  the  ^atnr,  and  whfthcr  ihcy  are  nf  th^  itrn»'li, 
pro-luci-,  iir  iiiMi'i'^-tc'ure  of  TuiIk  y,  or  of  any  place  in  Africa  within 
\\\r  Stni)<9  of  (fitiriitAf,  or  hi  (ht;  Wnt  llirttary  on  ttie  Atl.mtic 
Ocean,  or  cf  wh.it  other  |iliri-?     Have  you  any  di'claratinn  to  pntve 
(,f  whit  j'tace  fhcy  -ire  'he  growth.  prMi.ce,  nr  nianufarlure  ? 
(Ifthevi'*Ml  ronirs  fnnii  iI'k  Metlii»rr.ini-an,  or  from  anv  nlhcr 
pl.in- rrs|>eriin;:  uliich  Ihtre  is  any  order  iu  council  iii  force 
0ii;i' niii.it  i)ii.ir.inlint*.l 
9.  Ha^e  J'U  any,  And  v%li.it  hill  of  htalth? 

10.  What'nunilier  of  utfic!-i8,  mannt-rs,  and  passenirerB  have  you  on 

ly».u>l  ? 
(And  in  r-.we<of  \e**pN  cnniinc  from  or  havin?  tourhnl  at  any  port 
orpUii;  on  the  tnitiiurni  of  America,  or  the  islands  adjacent 
thert-'n.  or  chimin  r  fn>ni  or  h»vitii»  touched  at  any  pnrtn  ni  the 
WiV  In  It.«.  (he  follow  in^  questiuus  are  lo  be  put,  in  addition  to 
Ihf  al' 'Tcsaid  qiicstinns:! 

11.  In  thf  fiHir**'  of  yotir  voysee,  have  any  persons  on  boinl  sufTered 

fr  tn  aicko**'*  of  any  kind?  Wh.it  wns  the  nature  nf  n^cii 
iirk!»*s?  and  when  di  I  it  previit  ?  How  m.inv  pervini  were 
affi  t-.-J  ljy  il  ?  and  luvf  any  of  them  died  iu  the  course  of  'he 
vny.ifi- ."' 

\l  How  lone  .if'er  ssiliiiz  from  yonr  i>ort  of  h  liriff,  or  havinz 
linclied  at  any  porl  of  the  contiin-nt  of  America  or  the  i^landi 
aiij.iTiit  Ihercio,  oranv  of  the  iiorls  in  the  West  Indies,  was 
Ilie  lir^t  iciwarance  of  itiieaiie  obwrvcd  ? 

13.  Mow  \\v\  i»if  [icistms  atlackel  been  etnploycd  before  Ihey  came 
on  IiMnI  ? 

U.  Hail  II «  V  I  (■•■n  employed  in  lo;idiiig  or  unloading  the  vessel  before 
ih.I.'ft  th.'i"^'^'? 

15.  HaH  thf  |t).ici-  which  they  inhnbited  before  they  s-iiled,  the  rcpu* 

tali'Mi  of  heiiiif  hnliby;  or  was  it  buLject  particularly  to  the 
ftvrr  iiiridint  to  the  ciimlry  ? 

16.  H.tI  the  fever  h-en  fnijui  nt  in  the  place  b«tfi)re  the  vessel  sailer!  ? 

17.  ijid  'l.p  peiMins  who  were  ill  in  Uiard  y(,iir  vessel  fall  sick 

nnrly  .itimt  the  same  time,  or  within  a  few  days  of  each 
otliir?  Or,  di  i  the  disorder  spread  successively  from  one  to 
tiiMilier,  and  increase  cnn»iderablv  ?  Or,  did  it  abate  ^radn- 
ilU.  Aiiil  ttasi-  to  niulii|ily  is  the  distmce  fmni  the  [wrts  you 
Miiet  from  or  touched  at  as  aforcsiid  incrpise  I  ? 

18.  Wlut  It  .as  the  ftreaiest  i.iunber  of  persons  ill  at  the  most  sickly 

[jrri'il  of  your  \oyie«'? 

19.  Whii  was  the  ivhole  number  of  personi  on  board  your  vessel 

H  tn'ii  you  sailed  ? 
W.  What  i5ihewholenuniberofpcr^''na  now  illonbnarl  yourves«pl  ? 
II,  l.in  V'li  s'llc  uint  w-rre  the  symptoms  of  illness  with  which 

your  crew  were  first  attacked;  an  1  what  was  llie  daily  suc- 

cevii'i :  and  clLui^e  in  them  till  ihur  death  ? 

22.  Wheiher  :iny  and  \vh:«l  meibcines  have  been  use*!  ?  and  what 

nirtli -(U  have  bevn  adnpted  to  prevent  its  spreading  among 
tin-on  vv? 

23.  Wtir'licr  .ittentjon  has  been  paid  to  cleanliness  and  ventilation 

oil  Imr  1  your  vessel  ? 

U.  Wlicii  (lil  you  sul  firm  the  port  or  p'.ice  fmm  whence  ynu  took 
on  iHurd  your  outwiid  car^-i  ?  and  at  what  place  diil  you 
toudi  U-iore  >nn  arrivi  J  at  the  port  or  place  where  you  took 
iu  your  present  carifi? 

2?.  Did  vtiu  (ar»y.my  bill  nf  heallh  with  you  to  the  port  or  place 
wl.fre  y'U  )o<ik  in  the  car^n  you  have  now-  on  bo.ird  ?  Krniii 
vUA  ji'lace?   Wi-re  the  saiJ  bills  c'can,  unclvan,or  buspett'.d  f 

Qtuiranliue  Qtustwna, 

1.  What  I*  the  rime  of  the  vessel,  and  Ihc  name  of  her  coniinander 

or  nnsitr ? 

2.  Are  v-.u  the  comimndrr  or  master  ? 

3.  Til  "ha!  |iott  or  pi  ice  does  she  belnns? 

4.  When  'lid  you  sail  fioin  \he  |K)rt  or  place  from  whfnce  ynu  took 

on  bnrd  \our  on(w;iiil  carsn  ?  and  at  what  places  diil  you 
loiifh  b<  fore  you  arrived  at  the  jiort  or  jdace  w  here  you  took 
in  \''iir  present  can'o  ? 

5.  Dili  Vdii  r.irry  any  bill  or  bills  of  h^'alth  with  you  to  the  port  or 

plaiv  H  litre  von  tuok  in  the  raren  von  have  now  on  boaid  ? 
Fi  III  V'  I,, it  [ilu't-s  ?  Were  the  said  bills  of  lie.ilth  clean,  un- 
clean, or  '■u''pe.tpd  ? 

6  From  "hit  pf  it  or  |  lace  does  she  now  come?  When  did  ynu 
la  '  lioiii  such  |>ort  orplice?  nnd  at  vvhif  place  or  places  have 
Vfiu  t'UH'lml  in  the  (oiirse  of  the  voyai^e  ? 

?.  IhW  v'tii  aii>  bill  or  bills  nf  health  on  Imanl?  From  what  place 
or  [  liC'  s  ?    Are  the  wme  clean,  unclean,  or  suspected  ?    I'ro- 

llllCt    111-  III. 

[if  tlip  \p^M'|  sliiM  hnvp  ssilerl  from  any  pnrt  or  place  in  Kumpe 

witliou!  the  Straits,  or  oil  the  conlinenf  of  America.] 
t  Of  what  ar'iclea  does  your  raren  consist?    Have  you  on  bo.ard 
Uiy  goo-Is  eniiniei.aied  in  this  lis*  ? 

iHamliiij  up  a  list  of  articles  enumerate^).! 
If  ynu  have.  «pet.'ify  the  MHie,  and  whe'her  they  are  of  tlie 
jtro'viii,  prodiicp.  or  nnnufactui-e  nf  Turkey,  or  of  any  place 
in  Afiini,  vviihin  the  Strail^of  Gibraltar,  or  in  the  West  Har 
Uri' on  it't;  Atlmiic  Ocean,  or  of  what  other  place.  Have 
ymi  any  dt-rhntif.n  to  pmve  of  what  place  Uay  are  the 
powili,  privliice,  or  manufacture  ? 


9.  At  v*'lial  place  nr  places  was  tlie  rarfo  or  any  pirl  thcrefif  taken 
on  tKiml  >  On  what  ,l,iy  .hi  yoii  arnvp  at  ihe  place  or  placet 
where  you  took  in  ibe  whole,  or  any  aiitl  what  pan  of  the 
c.irifo  >  And  on  what  day  liid  you  sa.l  fmiii  %uch  [dare  or 
plicei  ?  And  wh it  part  of  your  cargo  was  tak*n  in  at  each 
I'lice,  and  whin  "' 

10.  Did  Ihe  plapie  or  any  other  iiiferlious  diseaup  nr  disVmper  pre* 

vail  in  any  dej^ree'at  the  place-,  fnuii  whence  von  miU-.I,  or  al 
any  of  the  places  at  w  huh  your  c.ir<o  was  taken  on  hr.ard,  or 
at  which  yon  touched  t    ilat  »ny,  say  at  which,  and  when. 

11.  Did  you  hea'r  of  any  te|K)rt,  nr  are  you  aware  of  iny  luipicion 

haviin;  exisied,  at  the  timt;  of  your  saiii  j^,  ihat  the  pi  igue  nr 
any  other  infectious  disease  prevailed  al  the  place  troio  whence 
you  siilrd,  or  at  any  oMi'-r  place  in  llie  Miditerr.n.ean  (or  io 
America  or  iIk  VVet!  Indies,  as  the  ra<>e  miy  be)  > 

12.  What  nun. her  of  ofhcerjt,  nianner^,  )>.assnii(ers.  or  Mther  penoni 

have  yon  on  Ixianl  ?  Iliicribe  the  number  of  each. 
1.1.  At  what  |Hirt  dill  you  take  on  btard  your  pivseinfcrs  ? 
14.  Were  they  residenis  at  that  place,  or  hid  ih<  y  hem  embarked  at 

piss4'ii);ers  on  board  any  other  ve'>el  fnuii  any  other  place*  ? 

and  from  what  places  aikl  ;it  w  h.it  tune  } 

13.  Do  the  said  olhcers,  nnrinet!*,  |>:i\ien:;ers,  and  rther  persons 

consist  nf  Ihe  same  in<lividuals  as  were  on  boar  I  at  Ihe  jiort 
from  which  you  sailed  u|h>ii  your  homeward  vo\.i(;e  'f  If  any 
o'her  persons  hue  been  liknn  on  boar  I,  or  if  .itiy  of  your 
ofliccrv  crew,  or  passeneers  have  (plilt(^l  your  vts*el  iince  jroa 
sailnl  from  such  [tort,  or  befi  re  your  arrival  al  this  pl.ace,  or 
if  any  other  alterations  in  Ihat  resptct  b.ive  takin  place,  spe- 
cify the  same,  the  c.iuses  .uid  the  time  or  timts  of  >uch  altera- 
tions, 

16.  What  number  of  persons  (if  any)  have  die.l  on  board  during  Ihe 

voyage  oulwardt  and  honnwardii.  or  al  any  port  at  w  hich  yoti 
have  touched?  When,  and  inwhal  pait  of  the  \o\age  did 
inch  person  or  persors  tlie?    Of  what  disease  or  ili-,ttmper? 

17.  Have  any  of  ymir  ollirers,  marinen,  or  oilier  pers<n!.*  of  your 

crew,  who  sailed  with  you  on  your  outward  vova'.;e,  di«l  or 
left  the  Vessel  ? 

18.  Iu  the  course  oi  your  voyatre  ontw.irds  or  homewards,  or  at  any 

port  al  which  ^'>u  have  louctiitl,  have  my  p'-r^ioi  on  l>oan1 
sullerc'  fnmi  ntkness  of  any  kind  •  What  was  the  nature  of 
such  sckne-is?  When  di,!  it  prevail?  Kow  luany  persoon 
were  allected  by  il  ?  Are  there  any  eonv.il»scerifs  oo  board? 
Or,  are  all  persons  on  U.aid  aI  preM-nl  in  ifood  healih  ? 

19.  Were  any  of  those  who  diet!,  or  who  have  been  sick  in  Ibn 

cuirse  of  the  voyage,  or  any  pnrt  al  which  ynu  have  touched, 
atltcted,  nr  suspected  to  have  been  alii  ctedi  by  any  infectious 
disetse  or  distemper?  Were  the  beilding  and  clothes  of  such 
dcceised  and  sick  iwrsons  desln'yed  ?  If  so,  whtii  and  in  what 
manner  were  any  of  Itie  persons  immediately  eniphved  aliout 
the  si(k  aflerwanls  taken  iil  ?  If  so,  of  what  tti^ieaDc  f  and  iii 
hf>w  many  days  after  havin»  been  so  employe-!  ? 

20.  At  what  precise  time  did  such  deaths  happen?    IiThowmanj 

days  after  bein?  indis(»osed  diil  Ihe  sick  die  ?  What  were  the 
most  obvious  appearances  of  the  disease  ? 

21.  Have  yuu  spoken  to  or  otherwise  bad  ,my  commmiication  with 

any  vessels  at  se.a,  durin?  the  vfiyate  ?  What  were  the  names 
of  such  vessels  ?  and  to  w  hat  country,  ftorl,  or  place  did  they 
belong  ?  From  w  hat  ports  or  places  were  Ihey  coiiiinf^,  or  at 
what  ports  or  places  had  they  touched  on  their  voyage  ?  and 
lo  what  country,  porls,  or  places  were  they  bouiitl  ?  What 
was  the  nature  of  the  communication  held?  What  dn  you 
know  respecting  Ihe  state  of  heahh  on  l»o.ard  such  veswii? 

22.  Have  there  been  any  letters,  parcels,  or  other  articles  ilelivered 

out  of  or  received  into  your  vessel,  from  any  vessel  or  Itonl 
met  Willi  on  the  voyaije,  or  l»efore  or  since  y<iur  arrival  at  this 
place?  And  what  were  such  letters,  parcels,  or  articles? 
And  where  were  the  same  deliveied  or  receivtd  ?  and  into  or 
out  of  what  vessel  or  b(at  ? 

23.  Have  y(;u  any  packages  or  parcels  which  you  have  laken  char^ 

nf?  If  so,  what  are  their  contents  (•  and  when  and  v.heredid 
you  t.ike  them  on  board  ? 

24.  What  pilois  or  oMicr  persons  from  the  shores  of  the  rnilf  I  Kinj^- 

dom,or  from  the  islai.dsof  Scilly,(iuernsey,  Jersey,  Alderney, 
!iark,  or  Man,  have  Iteeri  nr  are  now  on  Imard  vour  vessel,  or 
have  hail  any  communicifion  vvl.atever  with  tfie  ship's  crm* 
pany,  or  any  of  the  pas-engers,  during  the  voyaire  homewards, 
or  l'ef4>re  or  since  your  arrival  at  Ihis  place?  If  any  such 
pilots  or  other  persons  have  come  on  boani,  and  have  after- 
wanls  (]nit'ed  yiur  vi'ssel,  specify  the  names  of  such  persons, 
autl  Ihe  time,  manner,  and  circuniblances  of  Ihetr  so  quittiaf^ 
vour  vessel. 

25.  Did  you  leave  any  British  vessels  at  any  of  the  ports  you  sailed 

frtnn  ?  U  you  did,  mention  ibeir  names  and  the  names  of 
their  comniaiiders. 

26.  Weie  such  vessels  loading  ?  were  they  near  (licir  departure?  and 

wliiiher  were  Ihey  bound  ? 

27.  Did  ynu  meet  with  any  Brilish  ve«sels  at  any  of  tlie  places  yoo 

louchtd  at  ?  |f  you  did,  say  w  hen,  w  here,  and  w  hat  were  thr 
namc.4  nnd  destinalions  of  such  ve:isels;  and  lo  what  ports  or 
places  did  they  lielong  ? 
23.  Do  ynu  know  whether  any  foreitrn  vessels  loading  at  Ihe  port 
fr  in  w  hich  you  sailed,  were  Ixinnd  beyond  Ihe  sirails  of  Gib* 
ral'ar?  And  if  so,  what  were  tUey?  and  whither  were  Ihcy 
bound  ? 

29.  Do  you  ktiow  whether  any  pervin  whatever  employed  in  loading 

ytpiir  vessel,  or  in  brineiiif  any  articles  inin  it,  or  hiving  any 
C'lmmunications  on  l>oaid  thereof,  was  taken  ill  during  such 
employment  or  conmiuiiicatinn  ?  or  whether,  by  the  absence 
of  buch  person  or  persons  in  ihe  course  of  such  employment, 
any  j^uspicion  \vas  entertained  of  Uieir  having  been  ill?  If  so, 
of  what  disease  ? 

30,  Do  yoii  know  whe'her  or  not  your  carm.  or  any  part  thereof, 

had  iHcn  long  in  warehouse  before  its  bein:;  l.iken  on  Ixtard  > 
H  you  do,  say  how  lon^.  Have  you  any  knowleilne  nf  its 
being  pscke>l  or  handled  nn  shnre,  <  r  conveyed  from  shore,  or 
sloweil  on  board,  by  persons  atl'rcted  with  the  jd.igue  or  any 
other  infectioui  disease  or  distemper  ? 


^1 


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[For  infiiriii'ition  conrrrning  the  quarantine  regulations  of  the  United  Stales,  the  reader  is 
rcfi'rroil  in  the  statutes  of  the  several  states  on  the  seaboard. — Ant.  Ed.] 

Qr.\SSI.\  (Cut.  Qiiassicn/inlz ,-  Fr.  Riiis  de  quimsie ;  Sp.  Leno  de  qua,i.iia),  a  beautiful 
ill  trre  (Quassia  (imurd),  growing  in  North  and  South  America,  and  the  West  Indies. 
The  wocxl  is  of  a  pale  yellow  colour,  and  inodorous ;  it,  as  well  as  the  fruit  and  bark  of  the 


376 


QUEBEC. 


liV- 


5^ 


'C. 


1 


•AC. 


,1 


tree,  has  a  place  in  the  materia  mcdica.  Its  tasfe  is  intensely  bitter.  It  is  said  to  hare 
been  sometimes  used  by  the  brewers  in  the  preparation  of  beer,  instead  of  hops :  but  the  »«> 
of  it  for  this  purpose  is  prohibited,  under  severe  jwnalties. — (Sec  Alb  ami  Bkkk.)  'J'hc 
price  of  quassia  in  bond  varies  from  1/.  4.1.  to  1/.  6.v.  a  cwt.  The  duly  is  8/.  17*.  (iJ. ;  it  k 
of  course  intended  to  bo  prohibitory ;  and  is  one  of  the  few  imposed  for  such  a  purpose, 
against  which  no  good  objection  can  l)e  urped. 

yiJEUEt',  the  cajiital  of  Canada,  and  of  the  British  possessions  in  North  Americn,  nn 
the  north-west  banli  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  about  'MO  miles  from  its  mouth,  in  iat.  IG' 
48'  49"  N.,  ion.  71°  10'  45"  W.     Population  in  18:U,  a7,.')()'J. 

Quebec  is  situated  on  a  ridge,  or  promontory,  formed  by  the  8t.  Lawrence  on  the  S,  and 
W.,  and  the  river  !St.  (Jiiurles  on  the  E.  The  extremity  of  this  headland,  calbd  Cape 
Diamond,  is  al)out  34.')  feet  al)ove  the  level  of  the  water,  and  on  it  the  citadel  is  built.  The 
town  extends  from  the  citadel,  principally  in  a  north-e,\st  direction,  down  to  the  water;  and 
is,  from  the  dilVerencc  of  elevation,  divided  into  the  upper  and  lower  towns.  The  forlilica- 
tions,  which  are  very  strong,  extend  across  the  )ieninsulii ;  the  circuit  within  them  hein? 
about  2:J  miles.  From  their  situation,  many  of  the  streets  arc  uneven;  they  are  alsD,  for 
the  most  part,  narrow ;  but  they  are  either  well  paved  or  Maciidamised.  'I'hc  greater  num- 
ber of  the  houses  are  built  of  stone,  with  shingle  roofs.  Some  of  the  public  buildings  arc 
elegant,  and  well  adapted  for  their  jiurposes.  The  harbour,  or  basin,  lies  between  the  town 
and  the  island  of  Orleans.  It  is  safe  and  commodious :  the  water  is  about  28  fathoms  deip, 
with  a  tide  rising  from  17  to  18  feet;  and  at  springs  from  2:J  to  2.')  ditto.  Quebec  was 
founded  by  the  French  in  l(i08.  In  1020,  it  was  tiiken  by  the  English  ;  luit  was  restorej 
in  10;}2.  It  was  again  tuken  by  the  English  under  fJeneral  Wolfe,  who  f.'ll  in  tlie  eiigaijc- 
menf,  in  MM ;  and  was  finally  ceded  to  us  by  the  treaty  of  Paris  in  170:). 

The  rapid  increase  of  population  in  Upper  Canada  has  occasioned  a  j)roportional  iiirrease 
of  inlcri-ourse  between  Quetiec,  Montreal,  &.c.  The  first  steam  boat  tiiat  plied  on  the  St. 
Lawrence  was  launched  in  1812.  There  arc  now  above  a  dozen  steam  boats,  1  of  ihem  of 
600  tons  burden,  employed  in  the  conveyance  of  goods  and  passengers  between  Quehcc  and 
Montreal ;  and  a  steam  ship  of  from  700  to  800  tons  burden  is  engaged  in  the  trade  behvecn 
Quebec-  and  Halifax  in  Nova  Scotia.  Thus  is  formed  a  line  of  steam  comnmnicatii)ii  from 
the  Atlantic  to  Amherstburgh,  one  of  the  remote  settlements  of  Upper  Canada, — a  disiiinre 
of  more  than  1,.'J00  miles;  which  wc  may  soon  expect  to  see  extended  to  the  head  nf  lake 
Huron,  and  eventually  to  the  western  extremity  of  lake  Superior,  about  700  miles  I  eyond 
Andierstburgh;  giving  to  Quebec  a  command  of  internal  navigation  inferior  only  to  that  of 
New  Orleans.  The  navigation  at  Quebec  closes  at  the  end  of  November  or  beginninijof 
December,  and  opens  in  April.  Below  Quebec  the  river  is  seldom  frozen  over;  luit  ihc 
masses  of  floating  ice,  kept  in  constant  agitation  by  the  flux  and  reflux  of  the  tide,  render 
navigation  impracticable.  The  waters  of  the  St.  Lawrence  are  very  pure;  and  in  pDJnt  of 
depth  and  magnitude  it  is  one  of  the  noblest  rivers  in  the  world. —  {liuuc/ielte's  Bri/ish  Dtk 
fuinidii.i  in  America,  vol.  i.  p.  272.)     Quebec  is  a  free  warehousing  port. 

We  have  already  given  (see  vol.  i.  p.  42.5.)  an  account  of  the  aggregate  value  and  amonnt 
of  the  trade  and  navigation  of  Canada,  and  our  other  possessions  in  North  America,  lor 
three  dillerent  periods;  viz.  1806,  1825,  and  1831.  The  act  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  .'i!).,  regu- 
lating the  colonial  trade,  and  tlie  duties  upon  the  different  articles  imported  into  (-'aiiailaand 
the  other  colonies,  is  given  vol.  i.  pp.  420 — '134.  But  the  following  statements  illustrate 
some  of  these  points  in  detail,  while  others  refer  particularly  to  the  trade,  charges,  iScc.  pecu- 
liar to  Quebec  and  the  St.  Lawrence. 

Monies. — Talile  of  Coins  in  Circulation. 


r    - 
En»li*h,  rnrtiiriie^c,  Amerirm, 

Weight. 

Halifax 

Old 

English,  Porlugup^e,  American, 

Weight. 

H.lif. 

< 

1)14     1 

Spanish,  aiiil  French  Coins. 
Gold. 

Currency. 

Ctirrency. 

Spanish,  and  French  Coins. 

Curnjncy, 

Ctirrency, 
t.tv.  tUt. 

DwI.  gr. 

/..    1.    d. 

/.ii:  tiill. 

.Silucr. 

Diot.  gr. 

/,.    ». 

d 

A  (guinea    - 

5    6 

1     3    4 

if     0 

A  cmwn    • 

0    9 

fi 

6  12 

Snv.Tt'is^n   - 

It    3 

1     2    3 

26  11 

Kiuilishshillin'; 

, 

n   1 

1 

1    6 

H.ilf  iii.nea 

2  li 

0  II     fi 

14     Oj 

Spanish  and  American  dollar 

, 

0    6 

0 

e  0 

Tliird  of  a  guinea   • 

1  IS 

0    7    9 

9    6 

Fistarcen    • 

. 

0    1 

0 

1    4 

Johiii!  e4    - 

IS    0 

4    0    0 

96    0 

French  crown,  coined  before 

Half  dilln  . 

9    0 

2    0    0 

4S    0 

17!J3        • 

, 

0    3 

fi 

6  12 

MoiMore     • 

6  IS 

1   10    0 

;6    0 

French  piece,Dr4Iiv.  lOsols 

Ka^le 

II     6 

2  10    0 

6J    0 

Touniois 

, 

0    4 

2 

3  0 

Half  iliilo  • 

h  IS 

1    S    0 

30    0 

French  pit- ceof  6  francs,  since 

A  .IculiiooD 

17    0 

3  14    6 

89    8 

l-9i        -             ■             . 

,        , 

0    5 

fi 

1 

Half  dilln  - 

8  12 

1  17    3 

44  14 

French  piece  of  3  francs,  do. 

, 

0    4 

H 

1.01113  'i'nr,  coined  befor«  1793 

6    4 

1     2    8 

27     4 

I'islolf-                    do. 

4    4 

0  IS    3 

21   18 

The  40  francj.coiiii-d  since  I7W 

8    6 

1  16    2 

1 

The  tweii'y  francs,  ditto 

4    3 

0  H    1 

L.  123,368  13    0 


iV.  /I.— No  notes  or  oilier  paper  money  are  inued  on  tlie  creJi!  of 
the  pmvince. 


Deducting  l-IOlh  from  the  currency  value  of  these  coins  will  give  their  slerling  value, 
PaprT  Ctirrnicy. — There  is  nn  estatilisbel  gnvernnient  bank  in  the 
province;  Imt  there  are  private  cbartereil  banks,  unich  have  tiie 
follovving  sums  of  paper  currency  in  circulatirui.  viz. 

/..       ».    rf. 
Oueliec  nank     •  •  -    2S'.391    0    0 

Miiiiln-al  nank  •  -  •    >fH,',t3    5    0 

Cauada  Bank    -  •  -      I<,-|32  10    0 


Jtnountt  kept  in  Halifsx  currency. 

IVtigfiti  saim-  as  in  Ktx'and. 

.Wtd.Mirpi.— Standard  «  ine  gillon,  liquid  measure  of  the  ppirinff. 
The  Canada  niiiiiit  fir  all  giain,  Ac.  except  where  specially  szrtfi 
uiKin  to  the  c'liitrary  ;  and  *his  measure  is  ihrar  l-*«th  ia-:rt-r  lh»n 'I'J 
Wirichesifcr  bushel.  The  English  Wini-liester bushel,  when  sp<-i-ii''* 
agreed  for.    The  I'aris  foot,  for  all  mexsum  of  Ian  Is  gr.iiiieil  pn- 


tirtBf  In  the  CO 
uioiit  IB  rnaili- 
UiidsgrjnteiJB 


Wine  - 
Rum  ■ 
11  randy  • 
Glnal^l  whis 

Sugar,  refined 
inutcot 
!  CoSee  • 

I 

Tea,  hyson 

txilie.! 

I 

Salt       -        ■ 

Flaying  cards 

Tulacco,  leaf 

niani 

.Cigars  ■ 

.MercbaJidiie,  I 


;  Xew  ships 
:  Mufs  and  span 

.  (bk 

Hfd  pine 

Vtllon-  do. 

ilih 

Elm       ■ 

Birch,  kr. 

juves,  headior, 
'  Hals      ■ 
■  Bo»rls.snd  plani 

Deal  enil4,  rars, 
'    che^in  .hmiks. 


The  roniniii 
tenths  or  lliiH 
sumed  in  l'|i|i< 
on-lni!  In  liiu  i 
pioviiicu. 


F 


Great  Brilaia 

Do.     . 
:  Iri;iand- 

IK      . 

Jeney  . 
I  Cibrallar 
j  iVihrrlands 

Ss-eilfD 

.<r'i»  • 

.  biftUfSl 

,  Rriiish  N.  A.  coir 

iBi.     . 

I  Bnlisb  West  Indi 

I  Do.      . 

il.  S.  (Ilrilish)- 

'  Dado. 

A".  B.-We 

Uetlii.  vol. 
Population. 

Rales  0/  1 


rmm  Bic  to  Quebec 
from  the  2d  l.i  ihi 
From  Ihc  Isl  May 
fmnilli,- 1 1  III  |„( 
From  the  19th  Nn 

frjniQuet^eclnn-c 
rroniilie2,||„(|„, 
rromtlif  I>|  M,v 
rromti.e  J I  III  i„-| 
rromib,.  isiii  .vo 

Ralnnf  pilot  wat( 
t».Vlv<ll)ilice,  by 

fi'retery  tiiiilnf  \ 
al»arelioijiid  in  riav 
l«liiB.c,2j.6<(.cu 


ri» sosels  going  to ' 
W  too  10  1 10  tons, 
";iSllo20ni„ns 
"tall  to  iW  Ions, 
W  251  Ions  a;  !  up 
Oo  settling  H;:h  . 
•wifiws  of  luch 
■"ttloflbesuDU 

'ii2 


QUEBEC. 


377 


It  is  said  to  have 
3ps :  but  the  use 
II  Bbkh.)  'J"hc 
il.  17s.  (></• ;  it  is 
r  such  a  puri)osc, 

orlh  America,  m 
louth,  in  lat.  IG" 

CO  on  the  S.  ami 
and,  callftl  Cape 
iv\  is  built.  The 
to  the  watiT-,  ami 
IS.  Tlic  fi)rtilica- 
•ithin  them  licinj 

they  arc  s*!^"!  '"f 
The  ^renter  iiura- 
Mic  buililiiifjs  arc 

between  llio  tDwn 
t  28  fiilhoiiis  ilivp, 
tto.      QueluT  wxs 

;  bill  wii-i  r<'slori'd 

fi'U  in  the  ciigaijc. 

roportioiial  iiicroase 
»at  plieJ  »"  thi"  St. 
boats,  I  i)f  llii'in  of 
Hweeii  Qurli.c  and 
in  the  trade  iK'lwccn 
omniunicatioii  from 
Janada,— a  (list.iiirc 
to  the  head  of  lake 
t  700  miles  1  oyoiid 
erior  only  t(»  tiiat  of 
[>cr  or  lu'i^imiinijof 
•Qzcn  over;  tnit  the 
_  of  the  tide,  render 
re;  and  in  puint  of 
chette's  British  Do- 

rt. 

tc  value  and  amount 
North  AtinM-ioa,  for 
Will.  4.  c.  .')'■).,  ri'!;u- 
rted  into  (-aiiaila  and 
btatcments  illustrate 
charges,  &c.  pccu- 


value, 
uoney  are 


iuueilon  tlietmli'.ol 


«1(M  lo  the  mnqiiMt,  inri  all  meuiim  of  length,  eicept  ati  icree*  I  The  Rtanrtard  rnKlith  jrint  (nr  meamirinc  alt  riolhi  nr  ^tufli.  v>lil  hy 
uitiit  II  iiiA')''  t"  "'^  t-'iiitrary.  The  KuKJittt  f<iot,  liir  nit-.iHure  of  I  ttir  y.irl  iir  liicasure  ol  Icuglh.  '1  he  Llignith  cU,  wht-o  i[>eciall]r 
UudlSfjiile,!  tilicc:hi;cuLitiu-it,auil  wlitrevenpecnlly  a^n-til  upnii.  '  .i^rt-eJ  u|miii, 

TnADE  OK  Canada  in  1832. 


■:    /xc.-|)l  wl,.-n'  .I""-""! '-T.  ' 

■:;,;i,^.K,u.i.Hhi.Y-r';", 

,-i„,.|if«lorl.u.h'-l.»li'""l"',J 


Importi. 


411,201    at 

I,0ti9.66i      ■ 

1N1,277     . 

61,954      ■ 

1. 
2 
2 
6 
6 

■i. 
6 
9 
0 
0 

1.    d 
to    7    0 
-     3    6 

l,0-,l,«72     . 

6,7'i-.,n2      . 

174,999      • 

0 
0 
1 

e 

4 

0 

f3  003     . 

0l,o«2     . 

627,031     . 

3 

2 
2 

6 
0 
6 

260.227 
33,900      . 
124,213     ■ 
147,109     • 
635     ■ 

0 
0 
t 

3 

4 
8 
0 

Wine    •           -  •  gallnni 

Bum     •           .  .  — 

(Inndy .            .  .  — 

Gin  auil  » hiiky  •  — 

SulAr,  refinrd   •  •  lU. 

iiiusfovado  •  — 

■  Coffee  .          ■  •  — 

To,  hymn       -  •  — 

biiliM       ■  ■  — 

1         peeD        •  •  — 

Silt     -     ,"  ■  •  •»"'•'• 

TuUtco,  Iraf  •  -  ll>«. 

nianufactured  — 

\  Cigan  .           •  •  — 

'  McrcbauiliK,  Driliih  manufactum,  paying  2^  per  cent,  ad  valorem  duty 


I.. 

13,409 


2i;296 

9.',  HIS 

8,745 


11,1X2 

9.100 

103,379 


13.017 
2,431 
2,070 

4,!lfl3 
134 


Total 


L. 

32l,l2i 
130,959 
123,670 


72,MS 

1,33S,S74 

1,940,11)3 


Gipniiff. 


iXewihipj  .  -  •  -  10 

Hurt  and  span    ■  -  •  -3,123 

:  llak        .  -  •  ■       toni       20,«04 

'  Rrd  pine  •  -  ■        —        3H,723 

Vtllowdj.  •  •  •        —       lJ5,tJ8 

Aih       •  •  •  •       —         '.W^ 

F.lm       •  ■  •  •        -         ^^6i8 

Birth,  *c.  ■  •  ■        —  936 

iiutt,  hrading,  Sic.  .  •       -  4,910,249 

!  iieii,      ....  pieces  1,031,404 

BMrllMid  pl^iik.  •  .        —      584.176 

Deal  enil*, '  -i",  hatten^,  Inndspikes,  latliwocd,  pun- 

chffii  «ti'*''k!t.  tn'cnails.  shine  es,  shrppin:;  polei  . 


Valued  at. 


/,. 

2K.000 

8,»II0 

41,108 

6I.B3I 

13!>,6i8 

1,1,11 

24,iT0 

.VJ9 

ep,7.i-. 

(.6,^12 
23,641 

17,2'<3 


Exporti. 


Pnlash 
Pearl  a?h 


cwl.  113,116 
—      49,146 


Total  produce  of  the  fniest 
Fish,  oil,  seal,  nkiiw- 
I'nrk.  ('••••f.  butler,  lard,  live  stock,  hide*,  castoreuui 

cipillairL*.  iialural  curinsilits,  jic.    . 
W|jtM(,  ludiau  coru,  barley,  &c. 
Furs,  &c.     .  .  .  .  - 

Kk-)>oris  from  New.Carlisle  . 
U«.  from  Oasitti        .... 

Total  eiports,  the  produce  of  the  Camdas  ■     I, 


Value.1  at. 


1,027,363 


The  reiiiniiiinjr  exports  congiet  of  Britinh  fabricR,  West  India  produrn,  anil  tens  re-exported.  Nine 
lenlhs  of  this  irHilc  is  carried  on  from  Qiiehec.  A  great  prnporlioti  of  the  imports  is,  liowever,  eon- 
iunied  in  l'|i|>i'r  Catiad.i ;  and  il  also  supplies  a  very  larsje  sliare  of  the  exports  ;  lint  it  is  iinpnssilde, 
onins  to  tliu  iiiucciirucy  of  the  returns,  to  discriiniiuite  the  imports  and  e.xports  on  account  uf  each 
province. 

An  Account  of  Arrivals  at  Quebec  In  the  Years  1831  and  1832. 


From 

Vessels. 

Tons. 

Mm. 

From 

Vessels. 

Tons. 

Men. 

Greil  Britaia  * 

with  carnoes 

278 

80,333 

3,7.5 

Oilotnbia  (Rritish)      .  wilh  caries 

1 

130 

6 

Do.      .           • 

in  bill.ist 

303 

97,598 

4,146 

Do.  (fnri'iKIl)     .               .               — 

1 

1.1«i 

6 

Irdurf. 

Willi  cargoes 

3 

21.5.34 

974 

Ilrazil  Hrdish  .             •        in  ballast 

1 

4 -.7 

17 

Do.      . 

in  ballast 

146 

35,523 

1,609 

China  -           •            .  wilh  cargoes 

1 

."iHli 

45 

Jeraejr  . 

- 

1 

111 

8 

Arrivals  at  Gasp^ 

41 

6,670 

379 

Gibraltar 

3 

431 

22 

Uu.  at  New  Carlisle    . 

43 

7,631 

395 

,  Nrihrrtands     - 

in  ballast 

3 

974 
1^8 

43 
9 

Total  arrivals  in  Canada,  in  1631 

l,ltl 

267,641 

1.1,778 

Spin  - 

2 

338 

19 

Uo.  departures  frtini  do. 

1,101 

27j,773 

12,586 

iv.rtuffil 

. 

4 

879 

37 

(X  Ihc  laller,  9  were  liuill  dur- 

, Bfiiiih  N.  A.  colonies 

with  carioes 
in  ballast 

117 

10,316  ^ 

562 

ing  the  year,  uf  the  burden  of 

1  Do.     . 

29 

6,317 

234 

3,3«6  Ions. 

• 

Dnliih  Weal  Indies    • 

wilh  canfoes 

66 

7,512 

423 

Arriials  in  Canada,  in  1832    - 

1,084 

2ST,727 

12,716 

Do.      . 

In  lallasl 

t 

425 

IS 

Do.  departures  in  do.  - 

1,098 

292.0X6 

12,800 

1  r.S.  (British)- 

wilh  cargoes 

3 

449 

20 

Ships  built  iu  do. 

10 

2,800 

235 

■Dnilo. 

in  ballast 

' 

373 

17 

A".  B.— \Vc  arc  iiidelited  for  these  details  to  the  valuable  work  at  Mr.  M'Oregor  on  British  .America, 
Medil.  vol.  ii.  pp.  504—515. 
fupiilulion.— According  to  the  latest  census,  the  population  of  Lower  Canada  amounted  to  539,823. 


1    0 

0 

0  18 

U 

1     3 

0 

1     8 

0 

0  IR 

0 

0  15 

9 

1     0 

9 

1     S 

9 

Rates  of  Pilotage  jor  the  River  St.  Lawrtnce, 

Per  Foot. 
L.  f.  d. 

rr[)mBictoQiieliPC(t';3  milenflistance)— 
FronilhpJd  t«>  ihe  :Jnth  April,  iiiclusivB        .     - 
Fmm  ilie  1st  May  to  Hip  lOih  Nov.,  inclusive     • 
Fmmllir  llih  In  thu  IHh  Ndveniher,  inclusive  • 
From  Ihe  I9tli  Nov.  to  the  lat  M.irch,  iucluiive  •  * 

FnmQueltff  In  H  c— 
Fmni  Ihe  2-1  m  itic  30(h  April,  inclusive  • 
From  Dif  1st  Mty  to  \hv  lOtli  November,  incltiiive 
Fromtt.e  lltli  'u  the  I^ili  November,  inclusive  • 
Fnm  ilu>  19(h  Nov.  tu  the  ht  March,  inclusive  - 

RiteiPf  pilot  water  anil  poun'lajce  on  pilot  money  ire  payable  at 
tb«N»¥»I  Oflice,  by  masters  ami  comniaiiders  of  vciseU,  viz.— 

Fit  every  limt  of  water  for  which  masters  or  conimanden  of  ves> 
itli irt  bound  to  )tay  their  pilott,  from  BictoUuebec,  aod  from  t|ue< 
ItttoBic,  is.  &(.  currency  per  foo(— 

FffieaeUcoinK  *"  Tliree  Riven  or  Montreal, 

or  lOOio  I'lO  tons,  inclusive  •  •  -  L.  2  currency. 

nf  ISIto  200  Inns,  mcliiBive  •  -  •      3       — 

Of  Ml  to  2.')0  tnnn,  inclusive  •  •  .       4       — 

01 231  torn  a:  !  upv\ard«      •  •  ■  •       6        ^ 

Ooiettline  <*  :;h  pilcttn.  marten  or  commanden  of  veitelf;  or  Ihe 
flwipjeei  nf  lurh  vtwels,  are  lo  deduct  If.  in  the  pound  for  Ihe 
■Mutof  the  iunu  to  be  uud  for  pilotage,  which  will  be  eucted  by 

2i2 


the  naval  officer  at  clearing  out  j  Ihe  same  being  funded  by  law 
under  the  direction  of  the  'Iriniiy  House,  for  the  relief  of  decayed 
pilots,  their  widows  and  children. 

Regulationi  for  the  Payment  of  Pilotage  al/ove  JJic  to  Quebec. 

At  or  above  the  anchorage  of  Ihe  Draiidy  Pols,  2  3ds  of  the  present 
rale  for  a  full  piloiase. 

Atinve  the  point  of  St.  Roc,  I.3d  do. 

Above  Ihe  Point  auK  Fins,  on  the  lleaux  Grues,  and  below  Patrick^ 
Hole,  1  4th  do. 

At  and  above  P.ilrick's  Hole 

For  sliiftin<a  vessel  from  one  wharf  to  another,  tiftwcen 
Itnihaiil's  wharf  and  Foitil  .iCarcis;  nr  fnuu  or  to  the 
stream,  from  or  to  any  of  Ihe  alKive  wharfs 

For  shirting  a  vessel  from  the  stre.ini,  or  from  either  of 
the  above  wharfs  to  St,  l^alrick's  Hole,  or  to  the  Kasin 
of  Monlmorencv,  or  lo  the  ballast-gitiuud,  the  liasiii  of 
Ihe  Chaudiere,  Wolfe's  Cove,  and  as  far  at  the  Hiver 
Cap  Rouge.  ..... 


L.  I. 

I    3 


■  out 


-    I    S    4 


Batet  above  tlu  Harbour  of  Quebee. 


From  Quebec  to 
Port  Neuf,  4f.  cur- 
rency. 

—  6t. 

61. 


regis.-l  To 
}  ^    r 


For  vessels  of 
tered  measurement 
1  not  eiceeding  200  f 
L  tons  •  .  •  ) 
5  If  above  200  and  not  ( 
]     exceeding  250  lou  •  ) 

U  tlioTe  250  tont 

48 


Quebec  from 
Port  Neuf,  21.  lOi. 
currency. 

-  3l.l0fc 

-  4i. 


i 


-1  , 

1 

■^  i 

<^  • 


31 

arf. 

•11*"*' 

-*•" 

•«•« 

)|.-a 
i>< 

1^'  ^f> 


9T8 


QUERCITRON  BARK,  QUIU.S. 


MMK 


ToThn»  Ri»fri,  or] 
•Unf  I'lirl  Ncuf,  j 
Gt.  currciiry        •  j 

—  71.] 

—  81. 

To    MontmU    arat ' 
above    'Ihrre    Hi 
vers,  lll.currcncy. 


Forvew-linoteiceBl.  (From  TH't,  Rivrn, 


If  atKive  20()  ton' 
not  eiceciliitg 
torn 

If  above  2')0  totii 


I-  !<n.l  ) 

240V  _ 


Neuf,4i.curreiic>'. 
41.  lOi. 


r,i.  loi. 

CFroin  Mon'rral,  a[nl 

For  vmrti  not  eicerd- j      alxivr  Tiin-e    Ui- 

iof  2uO  toua  -    I      vom,  7J.  (Of.  cur* 


To    Mnntrral,    »n< 
aliovc   *riiri:« 
vrrH,     I3J.     cur 
rtiicy 

—  I6(, 


'"'"1  If  alHive  200  toM  .inl  f'^'","' """'r"!.""! 

ur   f     |„ni           .  -        .          "■"'  "'•  '^-  cur 

J  V.    reucy. 

"    ■        —  •  -      10).  13,. 


Iiini 
If  alwve  250  lou 


riloU  ar^  at  lit)flrty  to  travc  venelt  49  hours  after  tliey  arrive  at 
the  place  of  Itietr  Jestiuatluli. 

fiiuUc  Mmanac,  for  IftU. 


Exports  to  HRiTiaii  America. 

Quantity  nml  Dcrlnrpd  Vnltin  of  ilin  (lifTiTPiit  Artiflcs  of  Ilrilisli  iiiid  Irish  Produce  nnrt  Mnniifacturc 
ex|)iirli!il  lo  the  Xorlh  Aiiivricaii  ("oloiiiiis  iii  lH'M.—(l'iirl.  I'aiicr,  No.  i.'iO.  Scss.  Ie3.1.) 


Articlef, 


Apparel,  alopi,  ftr.  • 

Arnt't  mil)  .iliioiuiiiliun 

llariio  Anl  tiiiiis 

Re(  .111,1  pirk 

n>i'r  a.i.lali- 

IVMtk*   prtii'wl 

Rrass  ;ui<t  C"l>t)er  manufactures 

Pu'lir  aii't  cfi.-pse    • 

Coats,  culm,  ail  t  cinders    • 

C'-nla^u 

Coilon  iiiannfirtures 

Hosier}',  I  ire,  ice.  * 

C'olloii'twnl  and  yam 

Karlhemvare 

Fi.h 

Glass 

at  v.ilue 
Hanlwarrs  .in'I  cn'Iery 
Hats.  Iieavrraiiil  frit 
Iron  *  I'lrl,  ivrouflit  k  tinwrought 
l.e.>il  anil  shot 
l.*ntlii-r,  n-mu<ht  and  unwrouglit  • 


cwt. 

barrels 

tuns 

cwt. 


tons 
cwt. 
yards 

Ills. 

pieces 

tiarrels 

cwt. 


dozen 
tons 


llii. 


(Quantities.       Value. 


146 
8  5.11 

27J 

44H 

l,7.'>!< 

2..57J 

31,134 

20,l*» 

I5,6IS,I0«> 

907,997 

2,2J3,s-il 

62 

17,883 

29,4«2 

7,46 1  j 

I2.IIX) 

320 

42!l,23« 


I8>i,7'.2 

ld,V4l 

4i'< 

24,(K>2 

4,9  4 

9,-(i; 

!l,7i2 

!).a;tO 

l'.,.2« 

4'V.ll'i 

413.737 

2'>.i3(i 

10,376 

2a,3  !) 

till 

81,'il9 

l,3sn 

127,318 
26,734 

133,  ,27 
fi,541 
e«,02l 


Article*. 


I  «)uantities.      V.\Iuf, 


Si Mlery  .Hid  hamesi        • 

I.iiifii  niuiut.ictiires 

Tlirei'l,  t:ipe«,  kc, 

M.-irliiiifiy  and  mill  work 

l':^lrlter^'  mloiirs  • 

I'lilp,  plaliil  ware,  jewellery,  *  walrhes 

Sih  -  -  •  .     ■    . 

.'^ilk  niaiiuf.ii''iiri:s 

So,i|i  and  cm  Mi'S  • 

Siatioiii  ly  iif  all  sorts 

SniC-ir,  n  line! 

Tin,  unwifiinht    - 

Do.  an  I  pf'wtrr  w.ires 

Wool,  slietp's  aiiil  l.tiiitis' 

Wfwillen  ,111 1  wtirstfd  yarn 

Oil.  iiianuficlures ;  viz. 

entertil  liy  th.'  piice     • 

do,  liy  llif  y.ird  - 
llmieryatiil  iniall  wares  • 
All  utlit-T  articles  • 


yards      3,309,165 


bushels 
lbs. 
cwt. 

lbs! 


pieces 
yards 


Total  ileclareil  value 


/,. 


I,539,6»4 

1,267,683 

10,513 
39 

It,ai7 
0,353 

89,203 
900.124 


I.. 

6319 
117,333; 

5,116  I 
4,«0] 
l.',9S7 
7,ti94l 

».l,OIJ  ' 
32.l.)!l  ' 

3iJSi  i 
3l,>77  I 

H7i 

12,^:0 

Cll 
717 

27I,4M 

5",229 
I1.WI 
127,761 

2,f.iiwn 


/mini>r(inf.i!,— Tilt!  niiiii1)i>r  of  hiiittierants  arriveil  at  (liti»hr>r,  in  182!),  wiia  IS.Ol."! ;  in  1830,  98,nnn;  j^ 
1831.  M),25l ;  in  \KVl,  il.Tlti ;  [in  I83H,  '22,0(12  ;  in  1^31,  30,217  ;  in  1835,  30,017  ;  in  183«,  27,513 ;  in  m, 
21,855;  in  ls:)S,  2,'.l.'i0;  uiiil  in  lt>3<J,  7,113,— .4™.  Kd.] 

Mti.NTREAl.,  till!  second  town  orCiimiilu,  in  Kiliiiilcd  on  tlio  south  side  of  an  island  of  the  same  iinnic, 
in  tlio  St.  I.awrcncf.  ahoiit  180  niili'S  aliov.-  UniMii^c  in  lat.l.V  31'  N.,  Ion.  73" 35'  \V.  ropnltition  2:.liOfi 
The  liitrlioiir  i.t  nut  large,  htil  it  is  snlr  and  niiiiimi(lioiis ;  the  faeilities  fur  nuvifralinn  nti'ordi'd  hy  llic 
nolilc  river  on  which  it  issiinaled  lieiiiK  sticli,  llttit  vessels  of  (iOO  Ions  Imrilen  may  asretiil  tlitis  larwiili. 
out  ilillii'iilty.  Tlie  Nortli  Ainerican  fur  trtide  iirincipallv  iitiilrcs  in  IMonlreal ;  whitli  iil.-io  enjoys  ilir 
princ'i|i:il  sliare  of  the  coinnierce  lietween  Canada  and  the  United  S«tates,  It  is  increasiii);  fisler  tlian 
Uiieljec,  ur  than  any  city  in  Uritisli  America.     Iiiipurts  and  exports  included  in  those  uf  Utiebcc. 

(QuEnKC— A  coiiiparative  Statement,  for  the  Seven  Years  ending  with  1S35,  of  the  Toniiano  .iik) 
Seamen  employed  in  tlie  lO.vport  Trade  of  the  I'rovlnce  of  Canada,  distitipiiishin;;  tlie  I'roporlions 
thereof  rieareil  in  each  Vear  for  the  United  Kini;ilom  from  those  of  other  Ports  ;  the  Tutmage 
r.lcariMl  for  tlic  U'nited  Kingdoin  with  Wood  and  other  Guoda  separately  ;  together  with  the  Vidue 
of  tlie  Exports  under  each  Head.— (CMjfaiiiji'  lUturn.) 


Ye»rs. 

Cle,ired  for  the  Uniteil  Kingdom. 

Cleared  fur  other  Ports. 

LaJen  with  Wood. 

Jjiden  with  other  Goods. 

I.iden  with  Wool,  Fish, 
Flour,  Frovisionji,  &c. 

Toul  cleared. 

.N'o.  of 
Sliips. 

74T~ 

Tons. 

Men. 

No  of 
Ships. 

Tons. 

Men. 

678 

No  of 
.Ships. 

Tims. 
20,624 

Men. 

No.  of 

Ships. 

Tons. 
253.9S-2 

MeiL  1 
11.149  1 

IS29 

220,066 

9.611 

,51 

13.302 

206 

I..'20 

1,005 

IS30 

7iS 

210,224 

9,135 

D9 

24.2<7 

1.23  rj 

2S4 

22,610 

I,2<i6 

4,051 

257,2  1 

Il,li77l 

IS3I 

713 

213,325 

n,25i 

\K 

4I,7«'( 

2.070 

ill 

2I.4S'1 

1,246 

1,103 

276.582 

I2.3il 

ICT2 

805 

235.505 

10,261 

K9    \ 

25,610 

l,.121 

163 

19,465 

1,155 

1,077 

280,579 

12.737 

IS33 

812 

240  520 

I0,2i9 

101     1 

24,:i21 

1,219 

241 

2.'.575 

i,2no 

1,157 

2"7,4IS 

12.SI0 

18.34 

970 

2.S.S6I3 

12,237 

69     I 

17.942 

909 

250 

22,976 

1.357 

1,2S9 

329,441 

14501 

l«35 

91.7 

305.571 

12,973 

56 

15, '11 5 

7  IS 

243 

20.6:10 

1.545 

1,266      3ll.2tli      ll.i'6« 

Ve*n. 

Cargoes  laden  for  the  United  Kingdom. 

Cargoes  U.lcu  for  oilier  I'orts. 

Total  Elpoits.         ; 

Tons  of 

Value 

Tons  of 

Value 

Tons  of  Wood 

Value 

Tons. 

Value     . 

W,«  1. 

Sterling. 

other  Good 

«. 

Slerling. 

h  other  GooJs. 

Sterling. 

S'lrrlin;, 

/.. 

I.. 

L. 

/.. 

IMS 

34«.439 

54«,365 

21,0.53 

214,403 

3?,6.50 

IS3,878 

402,117 

<>7ti,7l!« 

I8.W 

3JJ,>'37 

4IS,S23 

38, 155 

62I,S73 

3.-,,927 

I91.61X) 

4' 7 .239 

l,li;4,;96 

1831 

317,764 

405,074 

b6,l3i 

786.114 

34,0i6 

IH0.3i5 

4:J3,'ih 

I,4II.1M 

I&32 

J72.8«0 

465.966 

411,548 

415.668 

30,Slft 

Mi,6fi9 

44). 247 

I,fr27,303 

1833 

.380.821 

486,455 

38,512 

42',24l 

35,712 

IS  1.977 

4V5,(;75 

l,C0-..li:3 

1S34 

4"i«.9T0 

676,,586 

2S,407 

295,325 

36,3HI 

191,9.19 

621,759 

i,i6e.'c0 

1833 

4«:l,'<i9 

611,1114                 23,772 

2.12.202 

32,603 

193,902 

•'.•10, -'5 1 

l,OJ7,i;8 

M)/«.— The  Rclums  from  Gasiw  have  only  been  received  to  the  5tli  July  lasl,  and  from  New  Carlisle  lo  Ihe  lOlli  of  October,  IS35.-Suf,i 


QUERCITRON  BARK,  the  bark  of  a  species  of  oak  growing  in  many  parts  of  Nofth 
Aineiica.     It  is  used  in  dyeing  yellow  colours. — (See  Bark.) 

QUILLS  (Fr.  I'lumes  a  ecrire ;  Ger.  Posen;  Federkiel ;  It.  Penne  da  scrivere;  Rus,  | 
Stimli;  Sp,  Canones  para  escribir),  the  hard  and  strong  feathers  of  the  wings  of  geese, 
ostriches,  swans,  turkeys,  crows,  &c.  used  in  writing.     They  are  classified  according  to  the  I 
order  in  which  they  are  fixed  in  the  wing;  the  second  and  third  i]tiills  being  the  best 
Crow  quills  are  chiefly  used  for  drawing.     The  goodness  of  quills  is  judged  partly  l)y  the  | 
size  of  the  barrels,  but  more  by  the  weight ;  hence  the  denomination  of  tjuiils  of  14,  15,  &e. 
lOtbs,  per  mille,  each  mille  consisting  of  1,20U  quills.    The  duty  on  goose  quills  produced,  | 


RAGS. 


379 


,  frniniMonlrt«1,iii.| 

iM{      „.,$,  W.  I.M.  cur 

^  _      101. 13,. 

houra  »(ler  llify  >"ivt  >i 

itUc  Mmanac,  tor  1833. 


cc  nnrt  Mnnuracturc 
Segs.  Itt33.) 


I  Quanlilin. 


di  i  3^,165  1 


ecpa 
ards 


1^9,684 

)l267,683 

'  16,513 
39 

"  ll,ai7 
5,551 

89,203  ! 
900.124 


V.»lur. 

T. 

5JW 
II7,IM 

r,,\l6  ; 

I2,9n 

7,BM| 
2>,I2:  I 
9:1,01} 
32.U<| 

34,»'n 

U7 

12,'''0 

(ill 

717 


27I,^M 

lt,*l 
127,761  ■ 

2,r,!0,3n 


1)1.');  in  1830,28,0110;  n 
in  1836,  2T,il3 ;  in  br, 

land  ofthc  same  name, 
,'  W.  ro|iuliitioii  'i'M 
■iimliiin  nttordcil  I'V  llic 
iiv-iiicciitltlnisl'iirwilli- 
.  wliitli  also  iMijciys  llir 
'»  incroasiii«  h*M  than 
I  those  of  UiK'bcc. 


of  tlie  Tonuano  and 
isliins  tl>«  rr"l">r""iu 
r  Tons  ;  the  "rdimagi" 
"cllicr  with  Ihc  Value 


Totol  clearal, 


No.  ot 
Shii>»- 


Tom.   I   Mni- 


■2-,3,9V2  ' 
2.->7,2  1  i 
27IJ.-5?2 
26(),'i78 
2-7,411* 
1,289  I  329,411 
1,2(16      3ll.2lti 


1,005 
4,0'>1 
1,103 
1,077 
1,157 


ll,«9  : 
Il,li77  1 
12.>7I  I 
12,737 
12.S10  . 
14503 
U.V66 


ToUl  Eil|<-'>'>- 
Tons. 


Vilue 
t^lrtlio;. 


402,117 

417.239 
433,'t2i 
44^.247 
4',5,l'7i 
B21,7'>8 
MO.I'il 


I- 

976,706 
I,16l,i9« 
)  4II.IM 
l,(r27,3(B 
1.W''.671 
I,l60.*t« 
l,OJ7,178 


in  18.12,4,202/.  11,», ;  which,  ns  the  duty  is  at  tho  rntc  of  '^v.  Cuf.  tho  1,000,  nhows  that 
tlio  niiinlipr  of  quillx  rntcrcd  tor  Iiixih!  ('iiiisiini|ili()ii  that  yvnr  must  have  iiiiKiiintcd  to 
3;}_(J()H,0()0,  tJuilU  arc  princij>nliy  iiiiporti-d  Iroiii  the  iS'i'llicrlaiult)  and  (itTiiiiiiiy  ;  but 
tiuisc  Iroin  Riga  arc  the  finest.  The  price  of  Uiga  nuiiU  in  London,  in  I'Vbruary,  1831, 
duly  paid,  was  as  under : — 

£  s.  d.       £  a.  d 
Quills,  gooBC,  17  lolh  per  mille 


fe^lOll.of  Octol«r,1835.-S(if.i 

ImanyparU  of  North 

line  da  scrhere ;  Kus. 
■of  the  wings  of  geese, 
Isified  according  to  the 
TuiilU  being  the  best 
L  judged  partly  l.yfe 

lfV"«o»"l*'^^,'?!:^' 
gooso  quiUs  produced, 


16  - 
\!>  - 
14 


2  l.'i  0to3  0  0 
1  12  0—1  !.■>  0 
1     2    0—1     4    0 


Hamburgh  quills  arc  about  40  per  cent,  lower. 


Uullla,  goose,  1.1  Inth  per  mlUe 

12     - 

11      -        -        - 
Pinions         -         .       .       . 


£  s.  tl.    £  s.  d. 

0  l»  Olod  14     0 

0     M  P  —  0  10    0 

0     (1  0  —  0  12    0 

0     5  6—006 


R. 


R.\GS  (Dii.  Lompen,  Vodden  ,•  Fr.  Chiffes,  Chiffons,  Drapentix,  Drilkt ;  Gcr. 
Lumptni  It.  Slrasci,  Slrazze  ,■  Kus.  Trepjc  ;  Sp.  Tropoi,  Htira  pos),  ehroih  or  fragments 
of  (generally  decayed)  linen,  woollen,  or  cotton  cloth.  Though  commonly  held  in  littlo 
csliiiiation,  rags  arc  of  great  importance  in  the  arts,  being  used  for  various  purposes,  but 
esiiecially  in  the  manufacture  of  paper,  most  of  which  is  entirely  prepared  from  tiiem.  As 
the  mode  in  which  British  rags  arc  collected  must  lie  well  known  to  every  one,  the  following 
BtatcMii'iits  apply  only  to  the  trade  in  foreign  rags. 

Wiiiilkn  KufTs. — Woollen  and  linen  rags  arc  imported  in  considerable  quantities  from  the 
continent  of  Europe,  and  from  Kicily.  'J'hc  woollen  rags  arc  chiefly  used  for  manure,  espe- 
fially  ii>  the  culture  of  hops;  but  rags  of  loose  texture,  and  not  too  much  worn  or  decayed, 
arc  unravelled  and  mixed  up  with  fresh  wool  in  the  making  of  yarn ;  a  practice  more 
favourable  to  the  cheapness  than  to  the  strength  and  durability  of  the  fabrics  into  which  tliia 
olJ  wool  is  introduced.  Woollen  rags  are  also  used  for  making  flocks  or  stuiling  for  beds, 
&c. :  this  process  is  jwrformed  chiefly  by  the  aid  of  the  same  kind  of  engines  tli.it  jirepare 
pulp  for  paper ;  these  wash  the  rags  thoroughly,  at  the  same  time  that  they  grind  and  tear 
llicm  out  into  separate  threads  and  fibres.  Tho  chief  importation  of  woolU'ii  rugs  U  from 
Hamburgh  and  Bremen ;  and  there  arc  some  got  from  Rostock,  but  the  quaiitily  is  trifling. 
The  total  average  importation  varies  from  ."300  to  .500  tons,  and  the  price  ranges  from  6/.  to 
7/.  |M'r  ton,  duly  (7s.  6(/.)  and  freight  paid  on  such  as  are  used  for  manure;  and  from 
13/.  to  \'->l.  for  coloured  woollens  of  loose  texture,  and  18/.  to  20/.  for  while  of  the  same 
description. 

Linm  Rags  arc  principally  imported  from  Rostock,  Bremen,  Hamburgh,  Leghorn, 
Anroiia,  Messina,  Palermo,  and  Trieste.  Their  export  from  Holland,  Belgium,  France, 
Spain,  and  Portugal,  is  strictly  prohibited.  The  imports  usually  amount  to  about  10,000 
tons;  worth,  at  an  average,  from  81/.  to  22/.  per  ton,  duty  (.5,?.)  and  freight  included. 
Exclusive  of  the  very  large  quantity  collected  at  home,  all  the  rags  imported  were,  until 
very  recently,  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  pajier ;  but  the  Americans,  who  have  for 
some  years  been  large  importers  from  the  Mediterranean  and  Hamburgh,  have  lately  come 
into  the  London  market,  and  purchased  several  cargoes :  a  circumstance  suflicicntly  indica- 
tive of  the  languid  state  of  the  paper  manufacture  in  this  country,  occasioned  by  the  op- 
pressive amount  of  the  duties  with  which  it  is  burdened,  and  of  the  duty  on  advertisements. 
—(See  P.vPF.H.) 

The  imported  rags  are  coarser  and  inferior  in  appearance  to  the  English ;  but,  being 
alino.it  exclusively  linen,  they  are  stronger,  and  bear  a  price  disproportioned  to  the  apparent 
dItTiToncc  in  quality  :  this  disproportion  has  been  materially  augmented  since  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  process  of  boiling  the  rags  in  ley,  and  afterwards  bleaching  them  with  chlorine, 
has  rendered  foreign  rags  fit  for  making  fine  paper,  and,  indeed,  in  some  respects  preferable 
for  that  purpose,  by  their  afl'ording  greater  strength  of  texture  combined  with  eijual  whiteness 
of  colour. 

There  is  considerable  variety  in  the  appearance  of  rags  from  diflerent  ports;  but,  in 
(;eneral,  tho.se  from  the  north  of  Europe  are  darker  and  stronger  than  those  from  the  Medi- 
terranean ports.  The  latter  are  chiefly  the  remains  of  outer  garments,  and  have  become 
nhitciicd  by  exposure  to  the  sun  and  air;  but  since  the  improvements  in  bleaching,  this 
Joes  not  much  enhance  their  value  in  the  British  market.  The  rags  shipped  from  Trieste 
are  chiefly  collected  in  Hungary.  It  is  only  within  these  few  years  that  we  have  brought 
rags  from  this  port,  which  now  furnishes  us  with  considerable  supplies.  Most  part  of  the 
rags  collected  in  the  Tuscan  states,  to  the  extent  of  10,000  or  12,000  bags  a  year,  goes  to 
America. 

FreJBlits  are,  at  an  average,  about— Hninbureh  and  Bremen,  linen  20s.  per  ton,  woollen,  2.'5s. ;  Rpb- 
lock,  40*. ;  Ancona  and  I.eehorn,  38*.  to  40*. ;  Trieste  and  Sicily,  45».  to  4fi«.  Linen  rags  are  alinosl  all 
lelerted  and  assorted  previously  to  tlicir  shipment  from  the  foreign  port.  Their  distinguishing  marks 
inJ  prices  per  cwt.  in  the  London  marliet,  January,  1832,  were  as  follow  :  viz. 


2> 


i 

!^.' 

s» 

•^ 

*«**' 

V^ 

.<0r- 

«i 

rJK" 

•' 

,0^ 

«»* 

^ 

»< 

*«*- 

34 

'%' 

311 

)«.•■■ 

i»*'l 

^^ 

IT- 

■  i' " ' 

1^ 

380 


RAIL-ROAD. 


'^^ 


MtaK' 


8  P  P  P          .        . 

8  !•  F     -        -        - 

F  F          .... 

P  X  or  F  M  .        . 

P  B         -        -        .        . 

Rmlack, 

lltniburih. 

DraaMD. 

£     «.      d. 
1       13      0 
1        7       fi 
1        3      0 
0      17       0 
0      17       0 

Triw't. 

£ 

1 
1 
1 
0 
0 

«. 

13 
10 

n 

17 
17 

d. 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

£     ».      d. 
1       13      0 
1        8      0 
1        3       0 
0      17       0 
0      17       0 

£    1. 
1      0 
1      5 
1      3 

0   in 

0     13 

d.     £'$.    d. 

Otol     13     0 
0-1      80; 
0-1      50 
0-0     lU      0 
0      ()     IS      0 

RAIL-KOAD,  TRAM  on  WA(iON  ROAD,  a  species  of  road  linvinp:  tracks  or  wiiy, 
formed  of  iron,  Htonr,  or  oilier  solid  material,  on  which  tiic  wheels  of  the  carriages  fmssinir 
along  it  run.  'I'he  object  in  constructing  such  romts  is,  l>y  diminishing  the  friction,  to  niuke 
R  less  amount  of  power  adequate  cither  to  im]>el  a  carriage  with  a  greater  velocity,  or  to 
urge  forward  a  greater  load. 

Conslriiclion  of  Unil-roarl/.. — The  friction  on  a  perfectly  level  rail-road,  properly  con. 
structed,  is  cHtimaled  to  amount  to  from  ,'|jth  to  i5th  only  of  the  friction  on  an  ordinary 
level  road;  so  that  supposing  the  same  force  to  oe  applied  in  both  cases,  it  would  move  a 
weight  from  10  to  7  times  as  great  on  the  former  as  on  the  latter.  But  if  there  be  a  vrry 
moderate  ascent,  such  as  1  foot  in  50,  which  in  an  ordinary  road  would  hardly  be  perreivoj, 
a  great  increase  of  power  on  the  rail-road  is  required  to  overcome  the  resistance  that  is  thus 
occasioned.  The  reason  is,  that  the  ordinary  load  on  a  krel  rail-road  is  about  seven  lima 
as  great  as  on  a  common  turnpike  road  ;  so  that  when  the  force  of  gravity  is  brought  into 
operation  by  an  ascending  plane,  its  opposing  power,  being  proporflimed  to  the  Imul,  is  7 
times  as  gnat  as  on  a  common  road.  Hence  the  vast  importance  of  having  rail-roads  uitlier 
level,  or  os  nearly  so  as  possible. 

It  is  also  of  great  importance  that  rail-roads  should  be  straight,  or,  at  least,  free  from 
any  abrupt  curves.  Carriages  being  kept  on  the  road  by  Jtunires  on  the  wheels,  it  is  olivj. 
ous,  that  where  the  curves  are  quick,  the  friction  on  the  sides  of  the  rails,  and  conseiiucnt 
retardation,  must  be  very  great.  In  the  Manchester  and  Liverjjool  rail-road,  the  curves 
form  segments  of  a  circle  whifh,  if  extended,  would  embrace  a  circumference  of  15  miles. 

Iron  rail-roads,  the  kind  now  generally  used,  arc  of  2  descriptions.  The  JIat  rail,  01 
tram  rond,  consists  of  cast-iron  plates  about  .'J  feet  long,  i  inches  broad,  and  ^  an  inch  01 
I  inch  thick,  with  a  (launch,  or  turned  up  edge,  on  the  inside,  to  guide  the  wheels  of  tlw 
carriage.  The  plates  rest  at  each  end  on  stone  sleepers  of  3  or  4  ewt.  sunk  into  the  earth, 
and  they  arc  joined  to  each  other  so  as  to  form  a  continuous  horizontal  pathway.  'J'hey 
ore,  of  course,  double;  and  the  distance  between  the  opposite  rails  is  from  3  to  4^  fed, 
according  to  the  breadth  of  the  corriage  or  wagon  to  be  employed.  The  Cf/ifC  rni/,  which 
is  found  to  he  superior  to  the  tram  rail,  is  made  either  of  wrought  or  cast  iron  ;  if  the  liiitet 
be  used,  the  rails  are  about  3  feet  long,  3  or  4  inches  broad,  and  from  1  to  2  inches  tliick, 
being  joined  at  the  ends  by  east  metal  sockets  attached  to  the  sleepers.  The  upper  edge  o| 
the  rail  is  generally  made  with  a  convex  surface,  to  which  the  wheel  of  the  earriiifjc  u 
attached  by  a  groove  made  somewhat  wider.  When  wrought  iron  is  used,  which  is  in  iiiiiny 
respects  preferable,  the  bars  arc  made  of  a  smaller  size,  of  a  wedge  shape,  and  from  12  to 
18  feet  long;  but  they  are  supported  by  sleepers,  at  the  distance  of  every  3  feet.  In  thp 
Liverpool  rail-road  the  bars  arc  15  feet  long,  and  weigh  35  lbs.  [icr  lineal  yard.  The 
wagons  in  common  use  run  upon  4  wheels  of  from  2  to  3  feet  in  diameter.  Rail-roads  are 
either  made  double,  1  for  going  and  1  for  returning;  or  they  are  made  with  sidiniiii,  uhcre 
the  carriages  may  pass  each  other. — (See  the  able  and  original  Essays  on  Kail-niadf,  Inj 
Charles  Maclaren,  Esq.,  in  the  Scotsman  for  1824,  Nos.  511,  512.  and  514. ;  sec  also  Mr. 
Booth's  Pamphlet  on  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester  Rail-road.) 

Speed  of  Carriages  on  Hail-roads,  c^c. — The  eflcct  of  roil-roads  in  diminishing  friction  is 
familiar  to  every  one ;  and  they  have  long  been  used  in  various  places  of  this  and  other 
countries,  particularly  in  the  vicinity  of  mines,  for  facilitating  the  transport  of  heavy  loads. 
But  it  is  only  since  the  application  of  locomotive  engines  as  a  moving  power,  that  they  have 
begun  to  attract  the  public  attention,  and  to  be  regarded  as  of  the  highest  national  import- 
ance. These  engines  were  first  brought  into  use  on  the  Darlington  and  Stockton  ruil-niad, 
opened  on  the  27th  of  December,-  1825.  But  the  rail-rood  between  Liverpool  and  Man- 
chester is  by  far  the  greatest  undertaking  of  this  sort  that  has  hitherto  been  com|ilctcd. 
This  splendid  work,  which  is  executed  in  the  most  approved  manner,  cost  between  800,000/. 
and  900,000/. ;  and,  as  far  as  speed  is  concerned,  has  completely  verified,  and,  indeed,  far 
surpassed,  the  most  sanguine  anticipations.  The  road  has  the  advantage  of  being  nearly 
level ;  for,  with  the  exception  of  a  short  space  at  Rainhill,  where  it  is  inclined  at  the  rate 
of  I  foot  in  96,  there  is  no  greater  inclination  than  in  the  ratio  of  1  foot  in  880.  The 
length  of  the  rail-road  is  31  miles;  and  it  is  usual  to  perform  this  journey  in  handsome 
carriages  attached  to  the  locomotive  engines,  in  an  hour  and  a  half,  and  sometimes  less! 
So  wonderful  a  result  has  gone  far  to  strike  space  and  time  out  of  the  calculations  of  the 
traveller :  it  has  brought,  in  so  far,  at  least,  as  respects  the  facility  of  passing  from  the  one 
to  the  other,  Liverpool  as  near  to  Manchester  as  the  western  part  of  London  is  to  the 
eastern  part ! 


RAIF.-ROAD. 


381 


Trim'*- 

~n 

,.    rf.    £ 

U      0  to  I 
5       0-1 
8      0  -  I 
«      0-0 
5      0-0 

«. 

13 

H 
5 
Itt 
18 

d,  1 

0     , 
0 
0 
0    1 

»  ! 

in<T  tracks  or  wiiyn 
1  cnrriuBOs  [)as>ini> 
e  fricliiin,  to  make 
[iter  velocity,  or  to 

oail,  properly  con. 
)n  oil  an  ordinary 
I,  it  would  lUDvc  a 
if  there  be  a  very 
lardly  be  porccivod, 
istancc  Uint  ix  thus 
i  about  nereii  limu 
I'ily  is  brought  into 
ed  lo  Ihe  lixid.  is  7 
■ing  rail-roads  eilhei 

,  at  least,  free  from 
le  wheels,  it  is  olivj. 
Ms,  and  consciiuont 
rail-road,  the  curve;) 
rence  of  1')  miles. 

The  fat  rail,  oi 
ad,  and  i  an  inch  m 
de  the  wheels  of  tlw 
sunk  into  the  carih, 
tal  pathway.  'I'hey 
s  from  3  to  4^  fact, 
The  ecti^e  rail,  which 
ist  iroii  ;  if  the  laltct 
1  to  2  inches  thick, 

The  upper  edge  ot 
■el  of  the  carriage  is 
,ied,  which  is  in  m;iny 
hape,  and  from  12  to 
I  very  3  feet.     In  the 

ir  lineal  yard.    The 
leter.      Rail-roails  arc 

with  sidinsfs,  wliere 
\ys  on  Kail-midt;  Inj 

'  514. ;  sec  also  Mr. 

piminishing  friction  is 
ies  of  this  and  other 
tsport  of  heavy  loads. 
■power,  that  they  have 
Ihest  national  import- 
ed Stockton  rail-rirail, 
L  Liverpool  and  Man. 
[erto  been  comiilcteJ. 
lost  between  800,000/. 
fificd,  and,  indeed,  far 
htage  of  being  nearly 
\a  inclined  at  the  rate 
I  foot  in  880.     The 
Kourney  in  handsome 
[and  sometimes  less! 
lie  calculations  of  the 
passing  from  the  one 
[of  London  is  to  the 


The  extraordinary  upred  of  carriaijen  on  rnil-ronds  depend*  on  (he  fact,  that  the  frirtinn, 
whiili  (HI  a  jterfeclly  levi-l  ruil-mad  is  the  only  reHislaiin-  to  be  oviTcunie,  is  Ihr  mii'ii  for  all 
Xflticilirs  I  HO  that,  nbHlractiii);  from  (be  resisiunce  of  the  air,  which  is  so  triilini;  us  not  lo 
munre  to  be  taken  into  account,  we  b.ive  mcri'ly,  in  order  to  doulile  or  treble  (he  velocity, 
to  (Idiilile  or  treble  (he  power.  Hn(  in  vessels  at  sea,  or  in  canals,  which  have  to  iiiiike  (heir 
wav  ihrouRb  a  comparatively  dense  niediuiii,  (be  resistiuiee  to  W  overcome  iiicrea^es  as  the 
MUiin  iiflhr  t'cldcihf ;  so  that,  to  <IonbIe  (be  speed,  the  power  must  be  mulliplied  by  4,  and 
to  trelile  i(,  it  must  bt;  multiplied  by  t),  and  so  on. 

('i)mpnr(ilire  Ailvanlni^ex  nf  h'iiil-riiii(/K  and  f'liniif". — Astonishing,  however,  as  arc  tho 
results  of  the  performances  on  (be  Muiicbesler  and  Liverpool  niil-road,  we  iloiilit  much 
whi'lber  there  be  many  more  situations  in  the  kini^dom  where  it  would  be  prudent  to 
esinlilisli  one.  That  carriases  with  pnssenijers  niiiy  be  safely  impelled  along  a  perfectly 
level  rail-road  at  a  8|)eed  of  SO  or  ItO  miles  an  hour,  is  a  fact  that  is  now  proved  experiment- 
ally;  but  lietbre  deciding  as  to  the  expediency  of  opening  such  a  mode  of  eunimnnieatioii 
l)cnvcen  any  two  places,  it  is  necessary  to  look  earel'nily  into  the  expense  attending  the 
fiiriiialion  of  a  rail-road  with  u  suitable  estabbsbmcnt  of  carriages,  at  the  expenso  of  keeping 
it  iiiiil  tbein  in  repair,  and  at  (he  iirobabic  returns.  The  oulliiy,  judging  from  what  has 
taken  |ilace  between  Liverpool  and  Manchester,  is  ipiite  enormous;  the  wear  and  tear  of  tho 
piiu'iiies,  which  is  great  under  all  circumstances,  is  increa'sed  in  an  e\traor<linary  degree  with 
every  considerable  increase  of  speed.  We  do  not,  therefore,  consider  the  success  (liat  has 
liilheito  attended  the  Liverpool  and  Manchi'ster  rail-road  as  at  all  warranting  the  eoiistruc- 
tiiin  of  similar  roads  in  most  other  places.  'I'he  great  size  of  these  two  towns,  and  still  more 
their  intimate  connection, — I^iverpool  being,  in  fact,  the  ))ort  of  .Manchester  and  of  the 
entire  cotton  district — occasions  a  very  great  intercourse  between  (bem  :  the  nnniber  of 
|)a.<sengcrs  and  tho  (pian(i(y  of  goods  that  are  always  in  the  course  of  being  conveyed  from 
the  one  to  the  other,  is  far  greater  than  between  any  two  eipially  distant  places  in  the 
empire.  If  a  rail-road  had  not  succeeded  in  such  a  situation,  it  would  have  been  madness 
toaltenipt  the  form.ition  of  one,  at  least  as  a  mercantile  speculation,  anywhere  else:  and 
the  lad  that  the  dividend  upon  this  very  road  has  never  hitherto  exceeded  H\  per  cent., 
all(»rds  but  a  slender  presumjitiun  in  favour  of  the  success  of  several  of  the  rail-road  projects 
now  iilloat. 

No  general  estimate  can  be  formed  of  the  comparative  cost  of  canals  and  rail-roads  ;  as  it 
must,  in  every  given  instance,  depend  on  special  circumstancea.  It  is,  however,  certain,  that 
the  cost  of  rail-roads,  and  particularly  of  keeping  up  the  locomotive  engines,  is  far  greater 
than  it  was  supposed  it  would  be  a  short  time  since.  It  is  reasonable,  indeed,  inasmuch  a» 
these  engines  are  only  in  their  infancy,  to  suppose  that  they  will  be  gradually  improved,  and 
that  ultimately  their  expense  will  be  materially  reduced ;  but  at  present  it  is  a  heavy  draw- 
back  from  the  other  advantages  of  rail-roads. 

In  as  far  as  respects  the  conveyance  of  heavy  goods,  we  believe  that,  even  between  Man- 
chester and  Liverpool,  canals  are  generally  preferred.  It  is  not  very  material  whether  a  ton 
of  lime,  or  coal,  or  of  manure,  be  moved  with  a  velocity  of  ;j  to  10  miles  an  hour;  at  least, 
the  ailvantage  of  su|icrior  speed  would,  in  such  a  case,  be  eU'eclually  overbalanced  by  a  small 
additional  charge. 

The  wonderful  performances  of  the  engines  between  Liverjjool  and  T '  in.hestcr  struck,  in 
the  fust  instance,  every  one  with  astonishment,  and  led  to  (he  most  extravi  f.iit  speculations. 
It  was  supposed  that  the  whole  country  would  be  forthwith  intersected  iiy  rail-roads;  that 
locomotive  engines  would  be  as  common  as  stage  coaches;  and  that  the  only  way  in  which 
the  canal  proprietors  could  escape  ruin,  would  be  by  converting  canals  into  rail-roads ! 
tioiierer  and  sounder  views  are  now  entertained.  The  price  of  canal  stock  has  recovered 
from  the  depression  which  it  sulVered  in  1826.  And  it  seems  to  be  ndmitteil  by  every  one 
not  exacting  to  profit  by  the  prosecution  of  some  scheme,  that  rail-roads  between  distant 
places,  at  least  where  a  canal  has  already  been  constructed,  must  depend  for  returns  chiefly 
on  the  conveyance  of  passengers  and  light  goods ;  and  (hat  it  would  not  be  prudent  to 
undertake  their  construction,  except  between  places  that  have  a  very  extensive  intercourse 
together. 

Slenin  Carrias;en  on  Common  Roadx. — A  late  committee  of  the  Hou«o  of  Commons 
collected  a  good  deal  of  evidence  as  to  the  probability  of  advantageously  using  locomotive 
engines  or  steam  carriages  on  common  roads.  Most  of  the  witnesses  seem  to  have  been 
very  sanguine  in  their  expectations.  Mr.  Farey,  a  very  eminent  practical  engineer,  declares 
tlial  "  what  has  been  done  proves  to  his  satisfaction  the  practicability  of  impelling  stage 
coaches  by  steam  on  good  common  roads,  in  tolerably  level  jjarts  of  tho  country,  without 
hor.-es,  at  a  speed  of  8  or  10  miles  an  hour."  Mr.  r'arey  further  states,  that  he  believes 
"that  steam  coaches  will,  very  soon  after  their  first  establishment,  be  run  for  one  third  of 
(kcust  of  Ihe  prenent  itage  coaches,''  We  suspect  that  the  latter  part  of  this  statement  is  a 
good  deal  more  problematical  than  the  first;  but  since  there  is  nothing  better  than  conjec- 
ture on  which  to  found  an  opinion,  it  would  be  useless  to  indulge  in  further  speculations. 
We  may,  however,  remark,  that  though  3  years  have  elapsed  since  this  evidence  was  given, 


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of  the  wiincH.si's.  |  ^ 

TliP  hiiIiJkIiu'cI  llnl  (irHif  prinrl|inl  cxisllnif  mid  prfijcrlcci  rnll-ronilH,  (.liowinB  tin-  tiiinitirr  nnil  ni m 

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fur  till!  I'Jili  iiCOctiibir,  |h.i:i,  piililjxlii'il  liv  .Mr.  KilimniiU,  llroki'r,  Nn.  U  r.xclmiiKr  Allry,  ('.iniliill 


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July. 
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.Mar.  8i'pt. 
Jiini.',  Iiii:. 
.May,  Niiv, 
Ap.  l.<Jil,  1 


(The  railway  from  Ijomlon  to  Birmingham,  and  from  the  latter  to  Manchester,  which  haj 
only  bi'en  roininciienl  ut  tlie  date  of  tlie  piiMicalion  of  our  lust  Supplement,  i.s  now  iimii. 
pletrd.  'I'his  i.s  at  once  llio  joiiKo.st  and  by  far  the  most  important  railway  in  the  nM|iire. 
It  has  cost  an  immense  sum;  but  the  magnitude  of  the  plaees  which  it  connects,  and  the 
vast  iiitercour.-<e  carried  011  between  them,  will  no  donbt  render  it  one  of  the  )iriiiri)ial 
thoroughfares  in  the  kingdom.  Hence.  notwithslaiidin(i;  the  preat  outlay  upon  it,  sli.ircsin 
both  divisions  of  the  road,  but  especially  in  that  between  JiOndoii  and  HirmingliuMi,  ure 
eagerly  sought  after,  and  bring  a  very  liigh  premium.  The  work  is  admirably  excculcd, 
and  does  credit,  not  to  the  proprietors  only,  but  to  the  nation. 

Projects  are  now  on  foot  for  e.xtending  the  Jjondon,  Birmingham,  and  Manchester  linoas 
far  as  (Jlasgow.  It  ha.s,  in  fact,  been  already  carried  to  i'leston  ;  and,  though  the  diHiiuliifs 
to  be  encountered  in  the  more  northerly  part  of  the  road  are  of  a  very  formidable  descrijitijn, 
it  seems  most  probable  that  it  will  be  completed  in  its  whole  e.Ktent.  Should  tliis  be 
accomplished,  the  journey  from  London  to  Glasgow  will  be  performed  in  eighteen  or  twenty 
hours ! 

Besides  this  great  line,  railways  have  been  projected,  and  are  now  (January  1810)  lUMriy 
completed,  between  London  and  Bristol;  London  and  Southampton;  (.Jarlisle  niiil  .Now- 
castle,  &c.  Numbers  have  also  been,  or  arc  in  tlie  course  of  being,  made  in  other  purls  of 
the  country.  In  18;J4,  18:).5,  and  18UG,  a  vast  number  of  acts  for  railways  were  pa.sscii; 
but  it  is  doubtful  whether  several  of  them  will  ever  be  carried  into  elVect.  It  would  lie  i)rt'- 
mature  to  speculate  as  to  the  chances  of  their  success ;  but  the  probability  seems  to  lie  tl1.1t, 
like  eanal.s,  some  of  them  will  bo  exceedingly  profitable;  while  others,  and  prubaMv  liiu 
greater  number,  will  yield  a  very  inadequate  return.  No  doubt  it  may  be  fairly  aiiliiipateJ 
that  great  imjirovements  will  be  made  in  the  construction  of  railways,  and  especially  Dlhjco- 
motive  engines ;  and  in  consequence,  even  comparatively  unfavourable  lines  may  come,  in 
the  end,  to  yield  large  profits.  But  taking  the  chances  as  they  now  stand,  and  ab.^trucliii: 
from  future  contingencies,  railways  promise  to  be,  at  the  outset,  quite  as  advantagcou.s  lor  llie 
public  as  for  their  proprietors. 

U'hc  mo.st  eligible  lines  for  railways  in  Ireland  have  been  surveyed,  and  an  able  report 
upon  the  subject  drawn  up  by  commissioners  appointed  by  government.  Tlu'ro  sopim, 
however,  but  little  probability  that  any  of  these  lines  will  be  executed  by  piivale  ii.sso- 
ciations;  and  the  [iropisal  for  executing  them  at  iht;  public  expense,  is  of  a  very  ques- 
tionable descrijttion.  It  may  perhaps  be  expedient,  under  the  peculiar  circuni.stuiices 
of  Ireland,  for  government  to  co-operate  in  the  formation  of  a  few  great  lines  of  raiiwav, 
somewhat  on  the  plan  that  it  has  followed  as  respects  the  formation  of  roads  in  the 
Highlands;  that  is,  by  assisting  individuals  and  companies:  but  we  doubt  whether  ,>,fovi.rn- 
nient  can  go  further  without  opening  a  door  to  all  sorts  of  abuse. 

Railunn/  Lrj^ifilation. — Our  legislation  as  to  railways,  and  most  other  descriptions  of 
public  works,  appears  to  be  as  defective  as  can  well  be  imagined.  It  is,  it  must  be  ailiiiilleJ, 
no  easy  matter  to  decide  how  far  interf  rence  should  be  carried  in  such  cases,  and  where  it 
should  stop.  But  still  it  seems  sufficiently  obvious,  that  in  this  case  the  public  interests 
have  been  too  little  jjrotected ;  or  rather,  that  they  have  been  sacrificed  in  a  way  o>)t  ven" 
creditable  to  parliament.  At  present  the  practice  is  for  a  railway  act  to  authori.so  the  eoin- 
pany  in  whose  favour  it  is  granted  to  charge  certain  specified  rates  of  toll  on  the  pa.sseiiijers 
and  goods  to  be  conveyed  by  their  road,  not  for  15,  20,  or  even  50  years,  but  in  all  time  h 


RATI.-nOAD. 


3R.1 


j{  the  nnliciintliorw 

•  niiiiitii'r  nnilniiiiiiini 
,.  Allry,  riiriilull. 


i'lHH'    Ml             1 

\  iJcu'l'*    1 

I'ayiii'  1.'. 

«.    d. 

»    8    U 

Jul).  July. 

.Inly. 

. 

.Inly. 

0  1«    " 

Mar.  KiM't. 

1    )i   (1 

.Innr,  I'" 

8    0    0 

Miiy,  N'lV. 

lAp.  l.Uct.  1 

'ancluwtpr,  wliirh  liml 
|)leinciit,  is  now  imiii- 
lilway  ill  tl"'  t'luiHrt. 
I  it  coniu'cts,  iiiiil  the 
ono  1)1"  til*;  i'riii(ii>al 
:li\y  upon  i'.  ''Ii.'ri  ;<  in 
niid  lJinniiigh:uii,  lire 
13  uilniiriibly  exfcuted, 

mil  ManrhosIrr  liiipas 
,  lhoii!J;li  tlio  (lillii'iiliiej 
forniiiiiililc  iU'siTi|iii.)n, 
Ipiit.  Should  tills  W 
in  eighteen  or  Iwiiity 

■January  IS'IO)  iicirly 

In ;  Oarlisle  nnil  New- 

jiniule  in  otluT  parls  ul 

railways  wimv  jia^.-oil; 

iVci't.     It  would  lio  iiro- 

ibility  seems  to  lio  Itwt, 

ners,  and  prolialily  the 

ly  lie  fairly  aiii'.iip.iteil 

and  cs|)efially  ul'  hico- 

l)le  lilies  may  foMie,  in 

stand,  and  ulislriiitin; 

is  advantageous  for  llie 

[d,  and  an  able  report 
Imcnt.  TliiTc  sooins, 
luted  by  pi  i  vale  ii.<so- 
Ise,  is  of  a  very  i|iie»- 
lieculiar  rircumstaiicrt 
■great  lines  of  railway, 
ation  of  road.s  in  the 
lloubt  whether  govjrn- 

I  other  dcscriptiniis  of 
Is,  it  must  be  adiiiitteJ, 
Ich  cases,  and  where  it 
\c,  the  public  iiiteri'sts 

led  in  a  way  not  very 
to  authorise  the  eoin- 

(toll  on  the  iiassengcr.'! 

Urs,  but  in  all  tint  to 


eonir  ■'  Now,  as  it  u|)prorM  to  i  ,  thi«  iit  a  hintjujarly  iiijudiiimi.'*  nrrniigeini'iit  on  the  part 
of  the  pul'lic.  'I'licre  iH,  brlwetu  any  two  or  more  plaiiit  lb:it  may  be  namcil.  a  certaiti 
railway  bm'  tlmt  \<*  preU'rable  lo  any  oilier  that  can  be  poiuti'd  out.  'I'lie  prul.iibiiity  is  that 
this  liiie  will  be  the  lirsl  to  be  Heleclcd  ;  and  the  act  that  gives  it  np  to  a  coii.pany  cunferson 
tilt'  latlrr  a  virtual  and  8nlmlantial  monopoly.  The  rates  iif  cliarue  iiiipo'<eil  b\  Ibe  aet  are 
c.ili  iil.ili'd  to  reimnierate  the  projectors,  supiiosing  every  thing  to  rnnuin  on  ibr  pn  ^rnl  foot- 
iiiU,  Hut  the  probability  is  lliat  m!;:.'.;!'uctures  and  population,  in  tlie  places  (iinniiunicating 
|,v  iiidst  lines  of  raihvay,  will  continue  to  increase  in  lime  to  come,  as  they  have  done  in  timo 
iia.-t ;  and  it  is  all  but  certain  tliat  i;reHt  improvements  will  be  elli'eled  in  t'.e  ci^Uhtruction 
III'  ri«i<ls  and  engines.  Whatever,  therefore,  may  be  the  chaiiceH  of  success  at  the  outset, 
ill,,  fair  ))resmnption  is,  that  most  great  lines  of  road  will  in  the  end  be  exceeilinnly  produc- 
live.  I'lit-  if  we  continue  to  abide  by  the  prenent  system,  tlie  public  will  be  el'.ectually 
I'vcindi'd  from  all  participation  in  these  prospective  advantages;  aiiil  a  few  private  associa- 
liiiiis  will  be  able  to  make  enormous  profits,  by  monopolising  improvements,  and  keeping  up 
the  expense  of  trnnsit  at  an  exorbitantly  lii^h  level.  It  is  idle  to  trust  to  ciini|M'iilion  lo 
remedy  a  grievance  of  this  sort.  There  may  only  be  one  practicable  lineol  railway  between 
two  iilaces;  and  if  so,  no  other  can,  of  course,  come  into  competition  with  it.  Hut  though 
this  were  not  the  case,  a  company  in  jiossession  of  the  best  line  miuht,  if  an  opponiiion  were 
ihnateiicd,  reduce  its  rates  till  the  opposition  was  defeated,  and  then  raise  tbrm  to  the  old 
level.  Supposing,  however,  that  a  secon<l  road  is  made,  its  managers  wo\ild  most  likely 
come  lo  an  understanding  with  the  first,  so  that  the  tolls,  instead  of  being  reiluced  by  tlio 
instrumentality  of  the  new  road,  may  be  rai.sed  ;  and,  were  it  otherwi.'^e,  the  iiiiestion  is, 
was  the  second  road  really  necessary  !  (.'ould  not  the  first  road  have  siill'iced  for  ihe  wholo 
trallie  to  U-  carried  on  by  both  lines?  If  this  be  the  ease,  it  is  chai  tlie  secoi.d  road  han 
been  merely  resorted  to  as  a  device  for  reducing  the  tolls  charged  on  the  liri^t ;  ii.s  a  means, 
in  fad,  fordoing  that,  by  an  outlay  of  some  hundreds  of  thousands,  or  it  may  be  millions, 
of  jiounds,  which  might  have  been  quite  as  eirectually  done  by  limiting  the  duiaiioii  of  the 
act  authorising  the  first  road,  or  l*y  inserting  a  clause  in  it  providing  for  the  periodical  revi- 
sion  of  the  tolls. 

VVc  are  clear,  indeed,  that  no  art,  authorising  a  private  association  to  construct  a  railway 
or  canal,  to  lay  down  gas  pipes,  to  convey  water  into  a  town,  or  for  any  such  purpose, 
nufiht  ever  to  be  passed  without  reserving  to  parliament  jtower  periodically  to  rex  ise  the  toll.i 
(jranlcd  under  it.      Such   revision  would   secure  to  the   public   a  [)articiiiiition  in  future 
imtirovcmenis,  not  in  the  contemplation  of  the  parties  when  the  project  vva.s  entered  upon; 
and  it  would  do  this  without  in  any  degree  clogging  the  spirit  of  enterprise.     I'lidert  ikinj^s 
of  this  sort  arc  not  engaged  in  because  there  is  a  vague  expectation,  or  even  a  considerable 
prolwliility,  of  their  yielding  20  or  .30  per  cent,  of  profit  some  HO  or  40  years  liince ;  but 
bt'cau      it  is  believed  that  they  will  immediately,  or  in  the  course  of  a  few  years,  yield  a 
rfafsDiiablc  profit;  that  is,  a  return  of  8,  10,  or  12  ])er  cent.     The  chances  of  rcalisiiijT  more 
ihan  this  at  the  distance  of  20  or  2.')  years  are  rarely  taken  into  account,  and  are  worth  very 
iiltle  indeed.     This,  however,  is  all  that  would  be  taken  away  by  the  revision  in  question  ; 
and,  while  a  reservation  of  this  sort  would  not  stand  in  the  way  of  any  legitimate  enterprise, 
the  history  of  some  of  our  existing  companies  shows  that  it  may  come  to  be  of  essential  ser- 
vice to  the  public.      We  are  therefore  glad  to  have  to  state  that,  though  late,  tiie  question 
respecting  the  propriety  of  reserving  power  to  make  periodical  revisions  of  tolls  on  railways 
has  been  submitted  to  the  consideration  of  parliament.*     Some  of  the  inconveniences  that 
may  arise  out  of  the  existing  system  as  to  railways,  have  already  been  experirnced  in  the 
arrangements  as  to  the  conveyance  of  mails,  and  jiarliamcnt  has  been  obliged  to  interfere. 
Butif  parliament  lie  short-sighted  enough  to  concede  certain  rights  and  privileges  lo  indi- 
viduals or  associations,  without  qualification  or  reservation,  it  has  no  right,  on  discovering 
its  error,  to  endeavour  to  repair  it  by  enacting  new  regulations  to  the  detriment  of  the 
interci^ts  it  has  created.      Its  act  has  established  rights  in  certain  ))arties  which  cannot  l)c 
taken  away  by  any  new  act,  so  long,  at  least,  as  any  respect  is  entertained  for  the  law  of 
proiierty,  without  granting  the  parties  full  compensation.     To  this,  they  have  an  indisputable 
light;  and  should  any  disagreement  take  place,  the  question  as  to  the  amount  of  compensa- 
tion should  always  be  left  to  the  decision  of  a  jury. 

Though  we  should  be  the  last  to  propose  throwing  any  obstacles  in'  the  way  of  hew  im- 
provements or  contrivances,  still  we  do  not  see  any  good  reason  for  promoting  them  by  treat- 
ing other  parties  unfairly.  This,  however,  has  been  done  to  an  enormous  extent  in  the  case 
of  railways.  We  do  not  presume  to  say  whether  it  is  expedient  that  passengers  and  goods 
conveyed  by  railway  should  be  subjected  to  any  tax.  But  if  one  of  the  most  desirable 
modes  of  conveyance  be  exempted  from  taxation,  on  what  pretence  do  we  justify  the  impo- 
sition of  taxes  on  other  modes  1  If  passengers  by  mail  or  post  coaches  impelled  by  horses 
be  obliged  to  pay  a  certain  duty,  why  are  passengers  by  mail  or  post  coaches  impelled  by 

♦By  Mr.  Morrison,  who  brought  it  before  the  House  of  Commons  in  the  course  of  1836,  in  a  speech 
(omalnini;  a  luminous  exposition  of  the  principles  which  justify  tlie  interference  of  the  legislature  ia 
tuea  of  this  sort. 


i 

I 


•^1 


0 

*•, '^ 

i 

tfV* 

I*-" 

3t 

.•<'• 

:> 

*•" 

««•" 

••* 

,*•" 

»^*s 

.«r 

-•4 

5'! 

If  -■  1 

a*-»l 

tj"  ■' 

;<* 

Ji'-**"  " 

6.   ■ 

ft 

K. 

^ 


381 


UAILKOADS. 


,J(S'  T- 


■  |9B 


•011- 


mm*'- 
raw 


Htcnni  not  diilijrrtPil  to  tlw  unmo  duty  ?  If  it  lir  iiip.mt  l»y  l«>i"(l  0  compnrntivcly  honvy  iliity 
on  the  I'lriiiir  lo  (li>ici)iiru«ii  llir  iito  of  h  irxcn,  iiii>l  to  iimkc  liu'  viirioun  nnlwiiy  iiiono|iiilii'i«  an 
rornplflf  iit  |iiit»ilili>,  tin-  rxi-im;;  Hv^ti'iii  is  judicioutly  foiitrivi-d,  uiid  will  n^wt  likely  Ih« 
rHiHliial  lo  iN  olijct-l ;  hut  it  ix  lui'dlcNit  to  xiiy  lluit  in  hucIi  iimtlirH  coMipftitioii  c-iiiiiKit  !>« 
rnrrifd  to  rxcrwM,  and  tliiit  it  ix  the  oidy  sccnriiy  ii«iiinHt  irn-nuliiriticM,  imposition,  nn<l  iiis>. 
ItMicf.  And  yi't,  iiy  ii  Hiiimd.ir  (•oiitrinliilioii,  our  li-;{isl,ition  hi'imos  iih  if  it  procn-dcd  nn  tli,' 
UMitumplioii  tliJt  I'oniiH-tition  it  lui  evil,  und  lliiit  it  cannot  liu  loo  much  ducuurat^cd.  \\\. 
■ulijoin  a — 

HintiMnnnI  <>rilin  NuiiiImt  of  Itnllwny  Aclii  pniiiiPil  iinniinlly  liiire  INII 


Vrtn. 

JNIH 
IM>3 
I  Nil 

I  NIK') 
INKI 
IW»7 
1H()X 

I8(m 


I 


Act*. 

3 
I 
I 

(I 

u 
u 
1 

3 


Vnn. 

i-^ii 

INII 

IMt 
MS 
IHIO 
IHI7 


Vann. 

Aeli. 

Vran. 

Ar». 

~_.— ai^B 

IHIO 

1 

IHW 

11 

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IH'W 

U 

IN'il 

1 

|8;i0 

N 

iH'i'J 

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IM'il 

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l-^.'i.'i 

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1857 

e 

IH38 

3.1 

Tlicri"  It  a  vrry  hdikI  nrcniint  «(  llii'  |irinii|i.il  llrilixli  riiihviiyn  in  111"  Ciimp/iMH/n  ta  Ihr  JfliiniiKuk  for 
18.17  :  mill  II  Nlitli'iiii'hi  III  till'  iiiiiiiliir  iiiiil  a  Mil  III  lit  nl'ilio  Hliari'i  in  •'ai'li.nfllii'  |iiirliiiiii  tln'ri'iit'lli  it  ;i(,. 
|Miiil  ii|i,  anil  ilirlr  luUiiiu  prii'i.'  on  tlit>  '.2jili  nl' Juiiimryi  1^3'J,  will  liu  rminil  in  tliu  urticlu  i4aAut.?t  m  tlm 

Uicllillliiri/. 

Aiiirrifiiii  liiii/riniifi. — IJ.ipid  n<  luis  lu-rn  the  Rrovvlh  of  railroads  in  this  country,  it  j« 
really  iniinnilicant,  coiiiparrd  with  ;!icir  cxtt-nsion  in  Amerira.     'I'hcir  profjrpHx  their  hnj 
bpen  (juili'  exlraordiniiry.    .Several  of  those  that  have  been  completed  in  diirerent  part.-)  ufilie 
Union,  as  well  us  Hcverai  of  those  that  are  now  in  proj^ress,  are  Htate  undertakingH ;  Imt  tl^ 
great  miij  irily  hiive  heen  wet  on  f'lot  and  canii'd  on  hy  private  asHoeialioiiH.     The  first  riiij. 
way  roiisinieled   in  the   I 'nited  Slates  was  completed  in    l.S ".;.') ;  and  Mr.  Pitkin  ntnles  ihai, 
on  the   1st  of  .laiiuary,  1H:}."),  the  railways  that  had  either  been  or  would  very  speedily  lie 
completed  ill  diirerent  parts  of  the  I'liion,  amounted  to  alioiit  1,(!00  miles  in  length;  liaMii; 
cost,  in  the  a«;i,'ie>?ate,  aluiut  HO.OOO.OOO  of  dollars  ! — (S/dtinlicdl  riiir  nf  the  Vnilnl  Slutn. 
p.  571.  ed.  Is:i.").)      louring  the  last  two  years  their  progress  has  been  more  rapid  than  pvit. 
In  the  course  of  last  session  (18U(i)  the  legislature  of  the  stale  of  New  York  incor|ior:iii'i|  no 
fewer  than  'l'.!  railway  companies:  aii<l  in  other  parts  of  the  Union  their  extension  is  liinllv 
less  wonderful.     The  New  Vork  and  Krie  railroad,  commenced  in  lH3.'i,  is  one  o^tlie  i;rt',i|. 
est  works  of  the  kind  that  lias  ever  been  projected.     It  will  lie  upwards  of  500  mili-s  m 
length !     The  lialtimore  and  Ohio  railroad,  :)(iO  miles  in  length,  ImR  already  been  ciiiii|iL'tt'i| 
ns  far  as  Harper's  Kerry,  u  di.slaiice  of  80  miles;  and  in  IS^JO  the  legislature  of  .MaryhinJ 
voted  :),000,000   dollars  to  ussi.st  in  its  completion.    Various  railroads  of  equal  iiiipnrianri' 
have    either   heen,  or  are  about  to  be  commenced  in  other  states.     Every  where,  intlml. 
throughout  the  Union,  all  sorts  of  public  im)irovcmcnts,  and  especially  canals  and  raihviiy>. 
ore  iiro-eeiiled  with  unparalleled  alaciity  and  perseverance;  und  undertakings  are  every  liav 
entered  upon  and  completed  that  might  t)  prior!  have  been  concluded,  even  by  the  most  san- 
lijuinc  projeciors,  us  far  beyond  the  means  of  so  young  a  country. — (Sec  American  Ahnunack 
for  1837,  pnsnim.) — Sup.) 

[See  ait.  ItoAiis. — Am.  iW.] 

R.MSINS  (Fr.  Rtii^ins  ,sfc-i,oH  pas.si'.s ,-  Ger.  liosinen  ,•  It.  Vvc  pa.fse  ,•  Por.  Pams,- 
Rus.  Isiim  1  Sp.  l'(ix(i.<i),  the  dried  fruit  of  the  vine.  They  arc  produced  from  various 
species  of  vines ;  deriving  their  names  partly  from  the  place  where  they  grow,  as  Smyrnas, 
Valeneias,  &.c. ;  and  partly  from  the  species  of  grape  of  which  they  arc  made,  as  nuiscalpl:!, 
bloom-',  sultanas,  «&c.  Their  quality  appears,  however,  to  depend  more  on  the  method  of 
their  cure  than  on  any  thing  else.  'I'he  fmest  raisins  are  cured  in  two  methods  ; — eitlior  liv 
cutting  the  stalk  of  the  bunches  half  through,  when  the  grapes  are  nearly  ripe,  and  leaving 
them  suspended  on  the  vino  till  the  watery  part  be  evaporated,  and  the  sun  dries  and  candies 
them ;  or  by  gathering  the  grapes  when  they  arc  fully  ripe,  and  dipping  them  in  a  ley  made 
of  the  ashes  of  the  burnt  tendrils;  after  which  they  arc  exposed  to  the  sun  to  dry.  Those 
cured  in  the  first  way  arc  most  esteemed,  and  arc  denominated  raisins  of  the  sun.  The 
inferior  sorts  are  very  often  dried  in  ovens. —  {T/iomson's  Dispensatory,) 

Uaislns  are  iinporteil  in  ca^ks.  Iiarrcis,  Iioxks,  anil  jars.     The  finest  come  in  jars  and  }  bo.xes  weigh- 
injtnlioiii  25  Ills.     Some  of  the  infi-rinr  snrls  nri'  hroiiglit  to  ns  in  mats. 

()f2lli,28;)  (-\vt.  of  raisins  iinporleil  in  18;)l,  |0,5,0t!0  came  from  Spain,  100,458  from  Turkey,  anil7,03t  I 
from  IimIv.     Malafia  raisins  arc  in  the  tii|>hest  estininlioii.     The  muscntelD  friini  Malaga  fetcli  full)  a 
third  more  than  any  other  description  of  raisins.     The  Miiiyrna  lilaik  is  the  cheapest  variety,  niidiiia) 
BveraL'i-  fnini  ,')2.<.  to  S.'i.s-.  a  cvvt.,  duly  iiicliideil  ;  miisrnteld  vary  from  80s.  In  130ii.,  duty  inciudi.-d.  Bui 
the  priie  depends  mui'h  on  Ihe  season,  and  the  period  of  the  year. —  (See  Malaoa.) 

The  duty  on  raisins  varies,  ai-cordiiig  lo  (lie  species,  from  Ws.  to  42«.  IJtl.  a  cwt. ;  that  is,  it  variei  I 
from  nhoiii  i;i(l  per  eent.  on  the  elieapi'sl  sorts,  to  from  .10  to  ,15  per  cent,  on  the  dearest.  This  pxorbi- 1 
tant  duty  has  confined  the  demand  for  raisins  within  very  narrow  limits,  the  entries  for  home  cuiisiimp- 1 
tlon  heiii(»,  at  an  nveraije  of  1831  and  IS.'t2,  only  150,254  cwt.  a  year.  The  fact  is,  that  raisins nre, all 
present,  a  luxury  that  can  be  enjoyed  only  by  the  rich :  but  were  the  duty  reduced,  as  it  ouglit  lu  be,  r 


RANCJOON. 


:)8S 


,r«livt«ly  hpnvy  tluly 
ilwny  ini>i\i>]>(>tii'*  a* 

will  iivHt  lik'ly  l» 
inpotili""  ci>iiiii>l  tie 
iil)OHiliim,  niul  iiit>. 

it  |irii(0'ili'il  oil  ilic 
li  Jwcourugeil.     ^V,. 


IHOI. 
Vriin. 

IH'l'.l 

1k:i() 
1h;ii 

I  Kit 

iH:m 


Arl>. 

u 

H 
U 

11 
II 
IH 


norlii>"'<tli''i'''"' "'"'"" 
If  urtic\u  rtiiAiiK^inilii, 

.  ill  this  country,  it  i. 
I'ir  pro^rrsH  tlicio  liin 
111  (lilViTi'iit  {iiirlsiifllif 
uiuliTtakiiigK ;  Iml  tlic 
UionH.  Till-  first  r;iil. 
;  Mr.  rilkin  Ktntfs  llmi, 
wmilil  vi'ry  fliifiMilv  be 
Mill's  in  U'ligih;  hiuini! 
■ii'dfthe  Viillnl  Slalfs. 
It  more  raj>iil  lliaii  rvtr. 
w  York  iiuMri>or;iti'ii  no 
hi'ir  i-xti-nsioii  is  li.inlly 
835,  i:<  one  o^llu'  \'J>'A- 

nwurils  i>f  5""  ""''^'' '" 
already  been  coiniil^'U'i! 
legislature  of  MaryinnJ 
lis  of  equal  inil)"rlanco 
Kvpry  whore,  imli'i'il. 
[ly  cannU  nml  rail\vnv>, 
lertakioRH  are  every  day 
,  even  by  the  must  sau- 
ce American  AJmumck 


[procluceil  from  various 
lliey  grow,  as  t-^mvmas, 
fare  inailc,  as  imiscatol?, 
Inoro  on  the  nielhoil  of 
To  methods  ;— eillirr  by 
hcarly  ripe,  and  Icaviiig 
ic  sun  dries  ami  I'amlies 
Ingthcminalcy  iMile 
Ve  sun  to  dry.  Thost 
Eins  of  the  sun.     The 

li  jars  and  }  l)0.\e8  wcign- 
l9fromT.irkry,anrt7.W 

Iroin  Malaga  KMoli  fu  1 
lieapL-st  variety,  and  1 
Il30i,  duly  iiiclud('il.  Bui 

laovi^ ;  tlmt  is,  it  variet  I 
IVdearcst.  Tlilsex"rbl-I 
liitriesforlioinoci'i'siiniP; 
let  is,  mat  rais'''^""''' 


1,1  in.  B  t\v\,  on  ihf  f  licnpoiil  <nrl«,  tind  10*.  nr  \1i<  mi  iIh-  di'nrnnf,  w»i  nrn  wril  noiiri'd  thai  llfv  wcnilj 
l,ii  vi'ty  liirgi'ly  riiM»iiiin'd  liy  llu'  iiihlilli)  rhunpii  j  nml  Ihal  I  hi')  wmilil  mil  iiiitrr,|fii'iiil)'  lio  imi'iri'Viii  hjr 
III,,  liiwi'r.  Niilliliig  lull  lliii  iiiagtilliiili'  orilic  iliiii,  a  jiri'Vi'iit  iId'Iii  timii  Imm  <iiiiiii|ii>r  \ft\  rnimiili'r.ililii 
liii|<nriaiii'«  nK  nn  nrllili-  «(  foiid  :  and  ll  In  rrally  (|uiti'  niiiiiHlrniM,  thai  llm  imiIiIic  mIiiiiiIiI  lir  ilrliiiirnl 
0,1111  III"  ii>«  "f  "  di'alralilit  arilili*.  nii  ilif<  i<tali>  nml  hIii|iIiI  pri'li'Mi'i-  nl'  Iih  ln'inu  ni'c  rxKary,  In  iinli'r  In 
l,,.,>|i  ii|i  tliK  ri'vrnui',  llial  11  uli'inld  Ui-  loailitd  witli  iiii  ii|i|iri'H<ilve  duly.  We  iidiiiit  ilii'  iiii|h>rlaii('i>  uf 
Ki' r'lilMK  up  "■■'  ri>V)'iiii(' ;  lull  mi  fir  frnin  I'lnrliUaiil  diilli'^  liavliiK  nucli  an  cilVc  i,  ihi.y  i  niiintiiitn  imiru 
ili:iii  any  ililiiX  <'t'<)  !■>  'I"  ri'durliiiM  Tlii'y  I'llln-r  limit  tlii^  ('iiiiHiimpliiiii  nl'  llii'  arlh  I'lt  mi  wlih  li  llii'y 
iri'  lahl  t(i  lliH  vi'ry  riilicMt  claiiHi'ii,  nr  tlii'y  ramtii  lliiiii  In  lie  rlaiidrxlltii'ly  xiipplli'd  ;  rrilih  In:;  tin* 
r,  u'liai'  an  wrII  nit  tin'  lomiiitiiptiiiii  I'ar  liclnw  tlir  level  In  wlileli  It  wniilil  altaili  were  llie  iliilleH  iiin- 
,  .r:il>'  Hut  ll  \»  Ili'edli'Kil  to  rrniidii  Kpi'Ciilail\  ely  mi  ilU'li  ii  pmiil.  Ilavi'  WU  Imt  neeii  lliu  revenue 
,'  rivi'd  fruiii  iiplrilK  lm'ren«ed,  by  redmlnii  the  duty  I'rmii  .V.  I'lil.  ii  Kallnn  in  'li.  >ht.  I  nml  the  revemn, 
,',  iivril  Irniii  I'ollee  Ireliled,  liy  rediirliin  the  iliity  rriiiii  In.  Ti/  per  lit.  In  In/  I  And,  ait  neither  nl'  tlii'HH 
!|ili,  !■■<  waB  ninre  |{rn»i<ly  nviTl  ixed  tlian  ralsiim,  have  we  nnl  every  reannii  In  exjieil  lliit  a  like  elli.tl 
tsiiulil  lie  prndiieed  liy  nil  ndt'i|iinle  reiliirti"n  nflhe  diitieit  liy  wliii  li  lliey  are  hiirdeiieil  I 

(Ixrhiitive  iifralHlna,  a  niiiNlilernliU'  iiiianlily  ol'iinilried  urapen  ik  annually  iiiipnrleil  rrmn  Hpalii  nml 
|>iirl!i|inl.  In  Jam,  packed  In  Kuwduiit.  I'liu  ihlty  iiii  Uiomu  K'apt'fi,  wlileli  In  'iOpvr  euiil.  ml  valurnn,  prn- 
auced,  in  IM'i,  l.'7«>'- 

K;ii»liiii.  Ilie  prndiiee  of  Riirnpe,  iiiny  not  Ixi  Imporlcil  fnr  liniiie  rnniniinpilnii,  t-Jirepi  In  llrlllnli  HlilpM, 
or  III  HJilpa  nftlii!  roiiiilry  nf  wliii  li  tjiry  are  I  In;  priiiliiee,nr  frinii  »  liii  h  I  hey  are  impnrU'il.iiii  t'nrrullliru 
ofihe  KnnilH.  and  i>f  KKI/.  liy  the  eaplain  nl' the  itiilp.  —  (S  4.  I  IVill    i.  c.  .II.  d  i'l.'i'l.) 

\ii  uliuluniviit  ordiilyU  inndu  on  oecuiiiit  til'ntiy  duiiinvu  rccilvi'd  liy  ralmiii.-  (.1  &  4  IVill.  \.  r.  99. 
\k) 

(The  duty  on  nil  raisinH,  without  diHtinetion  of  ({UBJity,  brounlit  from  n  fnreiun  rountry, 
ha«  l>eru  reihieed  to  15^.  u  cwt. ;  aiul  to  half  tliat  sum  on  tiio.-ie  lirmii^ht  from  a  Dritiitli  pos- 
Hpgnioii, — ('I  <St  u  W7//.  4.  c.  89.  ^  I.').)  This  meaMurc  will,  no  doulit,  luateriiilly  increase 
(ll,.  fDiisiiinplion  of  roisins.  The  tux  oiinht,  liowever,  to  hiivo  varied  witli  the!  i|iialily.  A 
iiilv  of  IGv.  n  owl.  is  not  too  mueh  on  Miilai;a  niUHealels;  Imt,  to  he  in  pritpoilioii,  llic  duty 
,iii  Smyrna  blacks  siiould  not  exceed  fi,v.  a  cwt.  For  the  t|uaiiiities  iinpurted,  exported,  and 
clcari'il  for  consumption  in  IHIIO  and  18:)7,  see  a/i/c,  p.  ;j;i. — '*>'//<.) 

f. Nearly  a  million  of  dollars  worth  of  raisins  was  last  year  imported  into  the  United  States; 
(l.iellv  If""!  Malaga,  and  the  other  Mediterranean  ports  of  (Spain. — Am,  Ed.] 

H.\N(<<)()N,  a  commercial  port  and  town  of  the  Uurmese  doniinions,  situated  about  Sfl 
niilcn  from  the  sea,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  eastern  branch  of  the  river  Iraw.'iddy,  in  hit.  1(1" 
\-l'  .N.,  Ion.  9(1°  'Hi'  K.  'I'lm  town  and  snburlis  extend  lengthwise  about  I  mile  aloii);  the 
liiiik  of  the  river,  lioitig  about  I  of  a  mile  in  depth ;  but  the  houses  are  very  uiieipially 
si'aUt'red  over  this  area.  'J'hc  fort,  or  rather  wooden  stockade,  which  conlains  the  town, 
[  iiwiH'rly  so  called,  is  a  regular  sijuare  about  II  feet  hi^h,  composed  of  heavy  beams  of  t^'ak 
liiiilior.  It  apjiears  from  a  census,  taken  a  short  time  previously  to  the  ciimmeticemeiit  of 
I  ilio  war  in  1821,  that  the  population  was  18,000,  which,  probably,  is  not  fur  from  its  pre.-ienl 
jinount.     • 

Riiignon  In  tlie  rliinf,  and,  indeed,  nliiinut  llio  only,  port  of  I'lireiifn  trndo  in  the  lliinneHn  dnmiiiinnii, 
wliii-hextend  t'min  lielween  Ihu  l.'illi  and  lliili,  up  in  the  Slitli  and  'iTili  ileKreeM  nl'  .\.  hit.,  ami  I'rniii  tliu 
ifJdlotlic  Wtli  (leKreu  nl  K.  Inn.,  eoiitainiii).'  an  area  nl'  aliniit  lal.dOll  Hipiaru  iiiileH,  willi  a  pnpiilalinii 
ufaliiiut  I.UOO,0(H).  Its  situation  is  oxtruniely  eniivuiiient  I'nr  tMiniiiiurtiul  piirpniies,  lieiiiK  sitiialed  sn 
ni'»r  till! '^ea,  and  coiiinmndinL'  the  iiavi);allnii  of  tliu  Irawnddy,  wliieli  exlemls  tn  Avn.  tliu  cnjiilal,  a 
Ui<taiice  of  nearly  iOO  iiiilea.  HnnKoon  is  ncn'ssllile  tn»liipafif  even  l.'JdO  tniiHburilen  ;  tlie  navJKallnn, 
I  aliliiaigli  "OiuiiWliat  intricate,  buiiig  salu  and  practicablu  with  ihu  iiusidtancu  ol' tliu  ordinary  iiativu 

I  UlI'llS. 

Tlie  town  hna  many  advantages  for  ship  building.  At  neaps  the  tide  ri»es  and  Tails  about  18  feut ; 
I  anil  at  i>prings  I'rnin  25  tn  .10  feel.  Tlin  priiiripiil  teak  fnrt'sts  arc,  at  the  name  time,  at  a  cninparalivHly 
.'hurt illHtaiice,  and  tlieru  U  a  water  conveyance  I'nr  the  timber  nearly  the  wlinle  way.  iSlilp-liiiililinn 
Ibat.iii  fail,  been  carried  on  at  Kaii);oon  since  1780,  and  in  the  38  years  wliicli  preceded  n^ir  capture  o? 
llMlure  had  licea  built  111  siiuare-rigKcd  vessels  orEurn|ieun  cnnstructinn,  the  total  liunlen  nt' which 
lammuiteil  to  above  3,'),000  tons.  Several  uf  these  wore  ol  from  800  to  1,000  tons.  tmliT  tin.'  direct  inii 
u'Kiiropean  inaHters,  the  liiirnicsc  were  found  to  make  dexterous  and  laliurioiis  artisans;  in  this 
I ri.<i<ecl,  greatly  surpassing  the  natives  ofoiir  Indian  provinces. 

I   Tliere  arc  3  considerable  inarkuts,  where  the  ordinary  necessaries  of  life,  according  to  liiirmeae 
luiazc.are  rbcap  and  abundant:  these  are  rice,  excellent  llsh,  and  poultry. 

•VjHfif.— Tlie  Uuriiiesu  currency  consists,  for  small  payinentit,  of  lead  ;  fnr  larger  ones,  of  gold  and 
liiher,  lull  chieHy  of  the  latter.  There  are  no  coins.  At  every  |iaynient,  the  nieiiil  iiiiisi  be  w  eiglied, 
lanilvi'ry  generally  assayed,— a  rude  and  very  incmivenient  stale  of  things.  The  weights  used  In  the 
■  •eiililiiK  uf  money  are  tlie  same  as  lliose  used  nn  ordinary  occasinmt ;  the  kyat  or  Ileal,  and  tiiu  |iaik- 
llhiiirvia,  liuiiig  by  far  the  must  frei)iieiil.  Silver  may  be  cnnsidered  as  the  Rtandard.  (nilil  is  j:ene- 
Irilh  licld  to  be  about  17  times  more  valuable  lliaii  silver.  The  weighing  and  assaying  of  the  metals, 
Indas  currency,  gives  ciiiployiiient  to  a  class  of  persnns  as  lirokeis,  money  cliungers,  and  assayers. 
lEicty  new  assay  costs  the  owner,  if  the  metal  be  silver,  31  percent.;  li  |)er  cent,  being  the  established 
liommlssioa  of  the  aiisayers,  while  I  per  cent,  is  lost,  or  supposed  to  be  Inst,  in  tlie  nperntinn.  If  it  be 
Irepcali^il'IU  times,  it  follows  that  the  nrigiiial  ammiiit  is  wholly  absorbed — a  fact  wliicli  shows  the 
Itnntmous  waste  of  metal  arising  out  of  this  rude  substitute  for  coin. 

ll'fi;Ats.— The  weights  in  use  at  Rangoon,  and  throughout  the  Uurinan  dominions,  are  as  follow  : — 

i  Sniill  R>v&  (rod  beam)  =  1  Ijrge  Kw^.  I  'i  Mm  =  I  MiCli. 

tUrecdo.       •  •    =   1  Bai.  1  4  Mal'h'i     •    =  I  Kval.uii'ifo  Tinl. 

I  Bill   .  •  ■    =  t  Mu.  I         lOU  Kyali       •    =:  I  faiklna,  vutfa  v  <•,  =  3-65  Ibi.  avoir 

Xtiswrta  of  capacity  are  as  follow  : — 

i  Uliivea  •  -     =  I  Ijini<,       I  4  Salrfj  •  •    =     1  Pyi.  I  2  Sarnit    •  •    =  I  Sail. 

i  lauet     ■  ■    =  I  Salii.  j  2  l'yi»  •  -    =     t  Sarot.         j  4  Salli     -  •    =  1  'I'en. 

Tim  last  measure  is  what  Is  usually  culled  by  iis  "a  basket,"  and  ought  tn  weigh  16  vis  of  clean 
liin.of  58'41hs.  avoirdiipnis  :  it  has  coiiiinonly  been  reckoned  at  ^  a  cwt.  All  grains,  pulses,  certain 
|M!,  natron,  sail,  and  lime,  are  bnught  and  sold  by  measiirn  :  other  commodities  by  weight. 

(onminial  Rt/rulations. — The  fnllnwing  commercial  treaty,  entered  into  between  the  government 
|ofEn;laiiil  and  the  Court  of  Avn,  in  1826,  regulates  the  intercourse  between  the  two  countries  : 

.^n.  1.— Peace  being  made,  Jcc.  jic.— when  merchants  with  an  English  certified  pass  frim  the  coun- 

Voi.II.-2K  49 


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try  of  the  Enuliah  ruler,  and  i.ierrhnnts  from  the  kingdom  of  Tiirmn  piss  from  one  country  In  Hd 
otliKr,  onllini;  nrid  buying  inurclmiulixi;,  tin;  gontiriKls  nt  thn  pasniis  and  ciitranc«H,  tlir  RHlnhliKhitd  gate- 
kcepcrK  of  the  cniintry,  Hlinll  niuke  iiiijuiry  us  iiiiiiiil,  lint  wlllioul  demanding  any  ninney ;  and  g|| 
merchants  coming  truly  for  the  iiurposu  of  trndn,  with  merchandise,  shall  he  suflercd  to  paHs  withnin 
hindrance  or  molestation.  The  governments  of  both  countries,  also,  shall  permit  ships  with  CHrc-ej 
to  enter  porta  and  carry  on  trade,  giving  them  the  utmost  protection  and  security.  And  in  regard  to 
duties,  there  sliall  none  be  taken  beside  the  customary  duties  ut  the  landing  places  of  trade. 

Art.  2.— Ships,  whose  breaillh  of  beam  on  the  inside  (opening  of  the  hold)  is  8  royul  lliiriiian  ciihiti 
of  19'1  Knglish  inches  each,  and  all  ships  of  smaller  size,  whether  merchants  from  the  Uurmese  comj.' 
try  entering  an  Eiiiilish  port  under  the  liurmese  tlae,  or  merchants  from  the  lOiiglish  country,  wiili  qi, 
English  stamped  pass,  entering  .i  lliirtnese  port  under  the  l^nglish  dag,  shall  be  .subject  to  no  ni||f>r 
demands  beside  the  payment  of  duties,  and  10  ticals,2S  per  cent.  (19  sicca  rupe(!s),  for  a  passport  on 
leaving.  Nor  shall  pilotage  bn  demanded,  unless  the  captain  voluntarily  rei|uires  u  piiol.  Ilo^v. 
ever,  when  sliips  arrive,  information  shall  be  given  to  the  oiiicer  stationed  at  the  entrance  of  the  sea. 
In  regard  to  vessels,  whosi^  breadth  of  l)eam  exceeds  H  royal  cubits,  they  shall  remain,  according  to  tin 
Otii  article  of  the  treaty  of  Yandabo,  without  unshipping  their  rudders  or  landing  their  guns,  and  Ik 
free  from  trouble  and  molestation  as  lliirmc^se  vessels  in  British  ports.  Besides  the  royal  duties,  no 
more  duties  shall  he  given  or  taken  than  such  as  are  customary. 

Art.  3. — .Merchants  belonging  to  one  country,  who  go  to  the  other  country  and  remain  there,  slinn 
when  they  desire  to  return,  go  to  whatever  country  and  by  whatever  vessel  they  may  desire,  wiihouj 
llindrance.  Property  owned  by  merchants  they  shall  be  allowed  to  sell.  And  property  not  sold,  anj 
liouschold  furniture,  they  shall  be  allowed  to  lake  away,  without  hindrance,  or  incurring  any  e.vpoiisp 

Art.  4.— English  and  liurmese  vessels  meeting  with  contrary  winds,  or  sustaining  damage  in  nam, 
rigging.  Sec,  or  sutfering  shipwrecks  on  the  shore,  shall,  according  to  the  l.iws  of  cliinily,  receive  ;ij.' 
Bistancc  from  the  Inhabitants  of  the  towns  and  villages  that  may  be  near,  the  master  ot  ilie  wreckcj 
ship  paying  to  those  tliat  assist  suitable  salvage,  according  to  the  circumstances  of  liie  case;  and 
whatever  property  may  remain,  in  case  of  shipwreck,  shall  be  restored  to  ihe  owner. 

Commerce. — .V  considerable  intercourse  is  carried  on  between  the  liurmese  and  Chinese  doininion? 
by  nn  annual  caravan,  of  which  the  merchants' are  ail  Chines  :.  The  imports  from  China  consjjiu! 
manufactured  articles,  the  chief  export  from  liurma  being  cotton  wool.  The  trade  with  foreiL'ri  loun! 
tries  seaward  is  carried  on  with  the  ports  of  ('hittagong,  Dacca,  ami  Calcutta,  in  lieugai  ;  .MmliMjanil 
Masulipatam,  on  the  Coromandel  coast  j  the  Nicobar  Islands,  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal ;  I'enaiiL',  in  i||.. 
Straits  of  Malacca  ;  and  occasionally  with  the  Persian  and  Arabian  Gulfs.  Tlie  laru'est  trad..'  is  wnjj 
Calcutta,  owing  to  the  great  consumption  of  teak  tlinher  in  the  latter,  and  the  facility  rvith  wliiclisji; 
supplies  the  deiriand  of  the  Burmese  for  Indian  and  British  cotton  goods.  At  an  average  of  the  3yeari 
ending  with  lS22-i.';,  being  those  which  immediately  preceded  the  war  with  the  Britisli,  there  eiiierej 
inwards  at  Calcutta,  from  the  Burmese  dominions, 2'j ships,  of  the  burden  of  P,l()l  tons;  and  in  thej 
years  ending  with  I829-3I),  33  ships,  of  the  burden  of  8,920  tons.  -  No  direct  trade  lia?  yet  been  riipriej 
on  between  Burma  and  any  European  country.  The  ships  and  tonnage  which  entered  inwards ai 
Madras  from  Burma  were,  in  the  3  years  ending  with  1822-23,  5  ships,  of  the  burden  of  ti83  tons ;  and 
in  the  3  years  ending  with  1829-30,8  ships,  of  the  burden  of  1,170  tons.  The  articles  exported  to  fureign 
countries  from  Rangoon  are  the  following  : — Teak  wood,  terra  Japonica,  or  catechu,  ^tick  lac,  bees' 
wa.\',  elephants'  teeth,  raw  cotton,  orpiment,  commonly  called  in  India  hiirtal,  gold,  silver,  riilileg, 
sapphires,  ami  horses,  or  rather  the  small,  hardy  pony  of  the  country,  which  is  much  esteemed,  parti- 
cularly at  Madras.  By  far  the  most  important  of  these  commodities  is  teak  timber;  the  i|iiainityor 
this  wood  annually  e.xported  is  said  to  be  equal  to  7,500  full-si/.td  trees,  which,  for  the  most  p.irt,  con- 
sist of  what  India  ship-builders  call  skinbin,  which  are  planks  hewn  out  of  the  log  wiinilie  adze  at  an 
immense  waste.  The  teak  forests  of  Pegu  are  by  far  the  most  abundant  in  India.  The  teak  is  no. 
where  to  be  found  in  the  low  alluvial  lands  to  which  the  tide  reaches,  but  abounds  in  the  high  liuiiU 
beyond  its  influence.  It  seems  to  be  very  generally  disseminated  throughout  the  Burmese  dniiiiriions, 
In  the  territory  ceded  to  the  British  in  Martaban,  there  are  some  line  forests,  the  tliolier  of  wliiclili 
cut  down  for  exportation,  and  where  It  is  believed  that  saw-mills  have  very  recently  bi^eti  estahllshei 
by  some  European  settlers.  The  nmst  accessible  and  extensive  forests  of  teak  in  the  Burmese  dominions 
are  in  the  province  of  Sarawadi,  about  i.'iO  miles  to  the  north  of  Uangoon,  with  which  there  isawatei 
comuuinication.  The  principal  imports  into  Burma  are  cottmi,  piece  goods  from  India  and  Britain, Itti- 
tish  woollens,  iron,  steel,  quicksilver,  copper,  cordage,  borax,sulphur,  gunpowder, saltpetre,  lire-arms, 
coarse  porcelain,  English  gbass  ware,  opium,  tobacco,  cocoa  and  areca  nuts,  sugar,  and  spirits,  orthesc, 
by  far  the  most  important  is  cotton  piece  goods.  The  Burmese  have  few  cotton  nianul'aciures  nl'tlieii 
own,  and  appear  from  very  early  times  to  have  been  furnished  with  the  principal  part  of  their  supply  I'roni 
the  Coromandel  coast.  To  these  were  afterwards  added  the  cheaper  fabrics  of  Bengal ;  ami  both  are 
now,  in  a  great  measure,  superseded  hy  British  manufictures,  the  use  of  which  has  spread  very  ra. 
pidly  since  the  opening  of  the  trade  In  1814.  In  l82i)-27,  the  exports  and  imports  of  the  purl  of  Uan- 
goon were  estimated  each  at  the  rale  of  .300,000?.— (We  are  indebted  for  this  valuable  urilclclouui 
esteemed  friend,  .loiin  Crawfurd,  Esq.,  who  ascertained  the  paiticulurs  on  the  spot.) 

R.\PE,  a  biennial  plant  of  the  turnip  kind  (Brassica  napus  Lin.),  but  with  a  wo«!y 
fusiform  root  scarcely  fit  to  be  eaten.  It  is  indigenous,  flowers  in  May,  and  ripens  its  .seeds 
in  July.  It  is  cultivated  in  many  parts  of  England,  particularly  in  Lincoln  and  Caml)riili;e ; 
partly  on  account  of  its  seed,  which  is  crushed  for  oil,  and  partly  for  its  leaves  as  food  lor 
sheep.  The  culture  of  rape  for  peed  has  been  much  objected  to  by  some,  on  itceoutit  of  ils 
supposed  great  exhaustion  of  the  land :  but  Mr.  Loudon  says  tli.it,  where  the  soil  and 
preparation  arc  suitable,  the  after-culture  properly  attended  to,  and  the  straw  and  oH'al, 
instead  of  being  burnt,  as  is  the  common  practice,  converted  to  the  purpose  of  feeding  aiiJ 
littering  cattle,  it  may,  in  many  instances,  be  the  most  proper  and  advantageous  crop  that 
can  be  employed  by  the  farmer.  The  produce,  when  the  plant  succeeds  well,  atid  the 
season  is  favourable  for  securing  the  seed,  amounts  to  from  40  to  50  bushels  an  acre.  The 
seed  is  sold  by  the  last  of  10  quarters;  and  is  crushed  in  mills  constructed  for  that  purpose, 
— (Loudon's  Ency.  of  Agriculture.) 

In  addition  to  the  rape-seed  raised  at  home,  we  import  considerable  quantities,  princifially  from  1 
Denmark.  In  1831,  our  imports  amounted  to  407,275  bushels;  of  which  290,.368  were  I'roui  Deiiiiiarli, 
67,910  from  Germany,  41,961  from  France,  with  smaller  quantities  from  Prussia,  the  .\elherlatids,aiiil 
Italy.  At  an  average  of  1831  and  1832,  the  entries  of  foreign  rape-seed  for  home  consumption  nmoiiiit- 
ed  to  491,798  bushels  a  year,  producing  an  annual  revenue  of  3,109<.  The  price  of  English  rape-seed 
in  December,  1833,  varied  from  28/.  to  29/.  per  last;  the  duty  on  foreign  rape-seed  is  Ilia,  a  last. 

Rape-seed,  the  produce  of  Europe,  may  not  be  imported  for  home  consumption,  excci't  in  WrM 


RATTANS— REGISTRY. 


387 


[4 


n  one  country  to  the 
,  tlii^  08tiilili«lii''l  (tale. 

uiiy  money  ;  and  all 
lerftl  to  paHs  witlinui 
III  gliips  will!  car|!-ej 
ily.  Ami  in  rugutilto 
;c8  of  triiile. 

roynt  llurinan  ciiliiis, 
ini  the  lluniiese  cduh. 
[llsh  coiinlry,  with  an 
le  siiliji:tt  l<>  "o  nlliet 
}«»),  for  a  p;i9H|)(irt  on 
HiiireB  11  liilot.  Iluw- 
le  entrance  of  llifi  sea, 
nviiii.ai'xonling  ti)lli» 
iiig  tlieir  (.'un«,  and  be 
Qg  the  royiil  duties,  no 

1(1  remain  lliere,  shall, 

ey  may  desire,  willioui 

Iproperty  not  sold,  anj 

incurrina  any  expeiisp 

ining  dmnaije  in  lUKsts, 

of  c.lialily.  reieivi!  ;ig. 

master  ot  tin;  wrtokd 

ineea  of  llie  case ;  and 

owner.  . 

and  Cliineso  dominion" 

s  from  Ciiiiia  ecHisislu! 

rade  witli  foreign  ooim. 

in  licimai  ;  M;iilr;isaiiJ 

Bengal  "j  I'cnaiii!.  in  Hi; 

:iie  lar;.'esl  triid.:  is  Wilh 

!  facility  Willi  wliiclisii! 

in  averitp'e  of  tlie  3  yean 

he  Brilisli,  tliere  eiilered 

9,11)1  tons;  anil  intlieS 

•ade  liai  yel  lieen  carried 

jiicii  entered  iiiwariisal 

burden  of  IW:i  Imis  ;  and 

■liclea  ex|iorled  lo  foreign 

•  catechu,  elicit  lac,  bees' 

rial,  sold,  silver,  rubies, 

is  miicU  er'teeincd,  parli- 

I  timber;  the  iiuanlilyof 

:h,  for  the  most  |iart,  con- 

he  log  wiinilU!  adze  at  an 

in  India.    ThS  teak  is  no- 

lionnds  in  tli«  liii^li  iMits 

.  the  Uiirmcse  doiiiinions. 

is,  the  liiiilier  of  wliichu 

recently  heen  eslalilished 

in  the  Burmese  dominions 

ith  wtiicU  tlieie  isavvaier 

uni  India  and  Britain,  Bii- 

wder,sulti)elre,lire-atnii, 

icar,andsi)iiils.  Oflliesc, 

ion  maiiufacliiresol'llieir 

ilparloflhoirsiiiiplyfroin 

J  of  Bengal;  ami  both  aie 

hich  has  spre:ul  very  n. 

iportsof  the  port  of  Han- 

lis  valuable  iirliclelooui 

lie  spot.) 

n.),  but  with  a  woody 
ay,  and  ripens  its  seeds 
incolii  and  CamlmJa;e ; 
[r  its  leavetj  as  IboJ  tot 
Isomc,  on  uccouiit  of  its 
,it,  whore  the  soil  and 
Id  the  straw  and  ollal 
Tjurpose  of  feeding  and 
idvantngcous  crop  thai 
Succeeds  \vell,  and  the 
1  bushels  an  acre.  The 
Iructed  for  that  purpose, 

liantities,  principally  from  ] 
I  368  were  from  Doiimarii. 
Isia,  llie  Netlierlamls.iiiw  j 
lineconsumiiiioiiamouiil- 
Irice  of  English  rape-seed 
L-seed  is  IUj.  a  !:."*'■  .,  , 
fmpiton,  except  m  Hn"'' 


shipsi  Of  '"  s'''P*  of  the  country  of  which  it  is  the  produce,  or  from  which  it  is  imported.— (S  b,  4  M'ill, 

'  n'^pp.l'jKK,  is  the  adhering  masses  of  the  husks  of  rape-seed,  after  the  oil  has  heen  expressed. 
They  ore  reduced  to  powder  hya  malt  mill  or  other  machine;  and  are  used  either  as  a  top  dressing 
for  croiw  of  dilfercnt  kinds,  or  are  drilled  along  with  turnip  seed.  Rape  cakes  were  worth,  in  Decem- 
ber !''•*•'■  ''■'"o  5'-  '"  '"■  "  '"" '  "'"'  '"P"  "''  '"""  "•  '^■''  '"  "•  '"*•  "  ''■**''•  '"  "'■^**>  ^^'^  imported  about 
330  OtX)  cwt.  of  rape  and  other  oil  cake.    It  is  charged  with  a  duty  of  U.  a  cwt. 

RATTANS,  OH  CANES,  the  long  slender  shoots  of  a  prickly  hush  (Calamtis  rntang 
Lin.)'  '"'"•'  "^  '•^*'  most  useful  plant.s  of  the  Malay  peninsula,  and  the  Eastern  islands. 
They  are  exported  to  Bengal,  to  Europe,  and  above  all  to  China,  where  they  are  consumed 
in  iinniense  quantities.  For  cane  work  they  should  be  chosen  long,  of  a  bright  pale  yellow 
colour,  well  glazed,  and  of  a  small  size,  not  brittle,  or  subject  to  break.  They  are  purchased 
by  the  bundle,  which  ought  to  contain  100  rattans,  having  their  ends  bent  together,  and 
tied  in  the  middle.  In  China  they  are  sold  by  the  picul,  which  contains  from  9  to  12 
bundles.  Such  as  are  black  or  dark  coloured,  snap  short,  or  from  which  the  glazing 
flics  oir  on  their  being  bent,  should  be  rejected.  When  stowed  as  dunnage,  they  are 
fjcnerally  allowed  to  pass  free  of  freight. — {Milburn's  Orient.  Com.,  i.\c.)  The  imports 
into  this  country  are  very  considerable.  In  18.30,  the  number  imported  was  2,414,562; 
in  1831,  3,908,423  ;  and  in  1832,  3,922,9.55.— (Par/.  Paper.  No.  425.Scss.  1833.) 

"The  ri'ttan,"  says  Mr.  Crawfurd,  "is  the  spontaneous  product  of  all  the  forests  of  the  Archipelago; 
but  exists  in  great  perfection  in  those  of  the  islands  of  Borneo,  Sumatra,  and  of  the  Malayan  penin- 
sula. 'I'bc  finest  are  produced  in  the  country  of  the  Butaks  of  Sumatra.  The  wood-cutter,  who  is  in- 
clined to  deal  in  this  article,  proceeds  into  the  forest  without  any  other  instrument  than  his  iwrnnff  or 
cleaver,  and  cuts  as  much  as  he  is  able  to  carry  away.  The  mode  of  performing  the  operation  is  this ; — 
lie  makes  a  notch  in  the  tree  at  the  root  of  which  the  rattan  is  growing,  and  cutting  the  latter,  strips 
off  a  small  portion  of  the  outer  hark,  and  inserts  the  part  that  is  peeled  into  the  notch.  The  rattan 
now  being  pulled  through  as  long  as  it  continues  of  an  cciual  size,  is  by  this  operation  neatly  and  readiljr 
freed  from  its  epidermis.  When  the  wood-cutter  has  obtained  by  this  means  from  ,100  to  -100  rattans, — 
being  as  many  as  an  individual  can  conveniently  carry  in  their  moist  and  undried  state,— he  sits 
down,  and  ties  them  up  in  bundles  of  100,  each  rattan  being  doubled  before  being  thus  tied  up.  After 
drying,  ibey  are  fit  for  the  market  without  further  preparation.  From  this  account  of  the  small  labour 
expended  in  bringing  them  to  market,  they  can  be  sold  at  a  very  cheap  rate.  The  Chinese  junks  ob- 
tain them  in  Horne>^  •'.t  the  low  rate  of  5  Spanish  dollars  per  100  bundles,  or  5  cents  for  each  100  rat- 
tans, or  27  for  Id.  The  natives  always  vend  them  by  tale;  but  the  resident  European  residents,  and 
the  Cliini'se,  by  weight,  counting  by  piculs.  According  to  their  quantity,  and  the  relative  state  of 
supply  and  demand,  the  European  merchants  dispose  of  them  at  from  U  to  2i  dollars  the  picul.  In 
China,  the  price  is  usually  about  3J  dollars  per  picul,  or  75  per  cent,  above  the  average  prime  cost. 
In  Bengal  they  are  sold  by  tale,  each  bundle  of  about  100  rattans  bringing  about  20Jd."— (/ndjan 
Aniiipdago,  vol.  iii.  p.  423.) 

RE.\L,  in  the  Spanish  monetary  system,  is  of  two  sorts ;  viz.  a  real  of  plate  and  a 
real  vcllun.  The  former  is  a  silver  coin,  varying  in  value  from  about  6^a.  to  5d. — (See 
Coi^s.)     A  real  vellon  is  a  money  of  account,  worth  about  i^d. 

REAM,  a  quantity  of  paper.  The  ream  of  writing  paper  consists  of  20  quires,  each 
of  24  sheets ;  but  the  ream  of  printing  paper,  or,  as  it  is  sometimes  called,  the  printers' 
ream, extends  to  21^  quires,  or  516  sheets.     Two  reams  of  paper  make  a  bundle, 

RECEIPT,  is  an  acknowledgment  in  writing  of  having  received  a  sum  of  money,  or 
other  valuable  consideration.  It  is  a  voucher  either  of  an  obligation  or  debt  discharged, 
or  of  one  incurred. 

fied,  and  amounting  to  5/.  or  upwardi,  shall  be  exprease<l  to  havp  been 
[tairl,  settlcci,  balanceil,  or  otherwise  discbarKc-d  or  aatishu*!,  or  which 
aliall  import  orsi^iiily  any  such  ackiiowledifnicnt,  and  whether  the 
same  sliall  or  shall  not  he  signed  with  Uie  name  of  any  person,  shall 
be  deemed  to  be  a  receipt  for  a  sum  of  money  or  equal  amount  with 
the  sum  so  expressed  to  have  been  paiil,  settled,  balanred,  or  other- 
wise discharged  or  satisfied,  and  shall  be  charged  with  a  duty  accord- 
iiisly. 

rrt'viouslv  to  1M3  :»1!  receipts  for  slims  of  21.  and  under  51.  were 
charsred  with  a  stamp  duly  of  2d. ;  but  Ihe  act  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  23., 
exempts  all  receipts  for  sums  under  51.  from  tlie  duty. 

flv./;i;jtiojis.— Receipts  exemptei!  fiom  stamp  duty  by  any  act  re- 
laliiii^  to  the  assc3se.i  tajies.  Receipts  given  by  the  Treasurer  of  the 
Navy.  Keceipts  on  account  of  the  pay  of  the  army  or  ordnance. 
Uecei|it5  by  any  ollirer,  sennnn.  marine,  or  soldier,  or  their  repre- 
sentatives. Receipts  for  the  considtralion  nioney  for  the  p'lrchase  of 
any  parliamentary  stocks  or  funds,  and  for  any  t'lividend  paid  on  any 
sliare  of  the  said  stocks  or  funds.  Receipts  onK.xcheqiier  Bills.  Re- 
ci'ipts  f;iven  for  nioney  ileposited  in  llie  Hank  of  Engian.l,  or  in  the 
bands  of  any  banker,  to  he  accounted  for  on  deniau'l ;  pnivitled  tlie 
same  he  iiot'expressed  to  be  received  of,  or  by  the  hands  of,  any  other 
Uiai!  the  person  |o  whom  Ihe  si  me  is  to  be  accounted  for.  Receipts  writ- 
ten upon  promissory  notes.  (mIIs  of  exchange,  drafts,  or'ir.iers  for  the 
payment  of  nu  ney.  Kuceipts  given  upon  t'illi  or  notes  of  the  H.ink 
of  Knjiand.  Letters  by  tlie  g-Mieial  post  acknowledging  the  safe  ar- 
rival of  any  tiilts  of  exchange,  iiromissory  notes,  or  otjier  securiMea. 
Keceipts  inilor^ed  up<iu  any  b.tiul,  mortgage,  or  other  security,  or  any 
conveyance  whatever.  Releases  or  discharges  for  money  by  deeds 
duly  stamped.  Receipts  or  discharges  for  drawbacks  or  t)ouiitie8. 
Receipts  or  discliarges  for  the  return  of  duties  of  customs.  Receipts 
.  indorselupon  navy  bills.  Receipts  upon  victualling  and  transjrart 
And  any  note,  niemorandum,  or  writing  whatsoever,  rW-en  to  any  i  hilli.  Receipts  given  solely  l'i>r  the  duly  on  insurances  ag-ainst  fire. 
[*i»:i  (iirnni|jon  the  payment  of  njpney,wliereliy  any  sum  of  money,  !  In  IS'JA  the  nett  prmluce  of  the  receipt  diilv  was  aa  fojlows-  — 
itbl,  or  ileiiianJ,  or  any  part  of  al^debt  or  demand,  therein  speci-  ■  Great  Britain,  194,5011.  10«.;  Ireland,  17,9931.  7i.  9d. 

REGISTRY,  in  commercial  navigation,  the  registration  or  enrolment,  of  ships  at  the 
Custom-house,  so  as  to  entitle  them  to  be  classed  among,  and  to  enjoy  the  privileges  of, 
British  built  ships. 

The  registry  of  ships  appears  to  have  been  first  introduced  into  this  country  by  the 


The  3''  tieo.  X  c.  fi'i.  emcfs,  that  every  note,  memorandum,  or 
wrilliiT  vl.ilever,  given  lo  any  person  on  the  paymenl  of  money,  ac- 
knpwit'i^i';-  8''''b  piiyioent,  on  \»  hilever  account  it  be,  and  whe'IuT 
rgned  or  li'.>t,  shall  i)e  considei-ed  a  receipt,  and  liable  to  a  stamp 
dutv. 

And  every  person  wlio  shnll  write,  or  cause  to  be  written,  any  rt^- 
ceipt  l"<  r  luoiiey  on  unitainped  paper,  lexcept  in  certain  excepted 
cases  litrv.iuireieuntrateJ.)  or  on  a  lower  stamp  than  the  proper  one, 
■hill  t'Tli'it  101.  if  f'lr  a  sum  under  1110/.;  if  above,  20;. 

Giving  receipts  for  less  than  actually  paid,  writing  nlT  sums,  or 
other  traniiuleiit  contrivances,  penalty  60/. ;  but  receipts  may  be 
llamjw.l  If  bnuight  within  ffirtrtcen  days  after  date,  on  payment  of 
ipenalty  of  fi/.  over  and  above  the  duty ;  and  if  brought  within  '  ne 
ciinidar  mt'iith.  on  payment  of  a  penalty  of  10/.  and  the  duty. 

Any  perMu  refusiiig  lo  irive  a  receipt  ujHin  demand,  or  to  pay  the 
amouiit  ol  the  stamp,  is  liable  to  a  penalty  of  lOi. 

.S.'i/c  uf  Statnp  Dutiti  per  55  Geo.  3.  c  164. 

L.  >.  d. 
Receipt  or  rii-rVargc,  eiven  for  or  upon  the  payment  of 

nicmv,  ^ini'Hiiiliiig  to  6/.  and  under  10/.  -  -    0    0    3 

1(1/.  h\\  uinler  20/.  •  -  -  -006 

20/.     -        SO/.  .  .  -  .  .010 

iX     —      ton/.  -  -  .  -  -    0    I    6 

»./.      -       200/.  -  .  .  .  -    0    2    6 

im.      -       300/.  -  .  -  -  -040 

30G/.      —       500/.  -  -  •  -  .050 

m.    -   i.oiio/.  -         -         -         .         -  0  7  6 

1,0011/.  or  upwards       .  -  -  ■  -    0  10    0 

AD>t  ivLiTf  Miv  sum  shall  be  therein  expreued  to  be  re- 
ceived in  full  of  all  demands  -  -  -  -    0  10    0 


9 


i 


3' 


\s3 


388 


REGISTRY. 


^^  n  . 


giiiV- 


fir-' 

.  mm.*'' 


Navigation  Act  (12  Car.  2.  c.  18.  anno  IGGO).  Several  provisions  were  made  with  re- 
spect to  it  by  the  7  &  8  Will.  3.  c,  23. ;  and  the  whole  was  reduced  into  a  system  by  the 
27  «eo.  3.  c.  19. 

It  may  bo  laid  down  in  general,  that  a  vessel,  in  order  to  bo  admitted  to  registry,  and 
consequently  to  enjoy  the  privileges  and  advantages  that  exclusively  belong  to  a  British 
ship,  must  be  the  property  of  his  Majesty's  subjects  in  the  United  Kingdom  or  some  of  jtj 
dependencies ;  and  that  it  must  have  been  built  in  the  said  United  Kingdom,  &c.,  or  been 
a  prize  vessel  legally  condemned,  or  a  vessel  legally  condemned  for  a  breach  of  the  slave 
laws. 

The  great,  and,  perhaps,  the  only  original  object  of  the  registration  of  ships,  was  to 
facilitate  the  exclusion  of  foreign  ships  from  those  departments  in  which  they  were  prohilijtcj 
from  engaging  Iiy  the  navigation  laws,  by  allurding  a  ready  means  of  distinguishing  sucli 
as  were  really  British.  It  has  also  been  considered  advantageous  to  individuals,  by  preveniinu 
the  fraudulent  assignment  of  property  in  sliips;  but  Lord  Tenterden  has  observed,  in 
reference  to  this  supposed  advantage,  that  "the  instances  in  which  fair  and  honest 
transactions  are  rendered  unavailable  through  a  negligent  want  of  compliance  with  the 
forms  directed  by  these  and  other  statutes  requiring  a  public  register  of  conveyance*, 
make  the  expediency  of  all  such  regulations,  considered  with  reference  to  private  benefii 
only,  a  matter  of  question  and  controversy." — ^Law  nf  Sltipptng,  part.  i.  c,  2.) 

The  existing  regulations  as  to  the  registry  of  shi[)s  are  embodied  in  the  act  3  &  l 
Will.  4.  c.  55.,  which,  on  account  of  its  importance,  is  subjoined  nearly  entire. 

Act  3  &  4  Wii.i,.  4.  c.  55.,  for  reuisterino  of  British  Vesskls. 

Commencement  ofJict. — From  1st  of  Septciuber,  183.'?,  except  where  any  oilier  cominencenienl  jj 
heri^iii-at'ti'r  particularly  ilircctcd. 

jV»  ycfxel  to  enjoy  Pririleiiea  until  registereil. — \o  vessel  sliall  be  entitled  to  any  of  the  privilojjesor 
advantages  of  a  llritisli  r«gislt'red  ship  iiiiless  the  person  or  persons  cUiiniing  properly  I  herein  shall 
have  caused  the  same  to  have  been  registered  in  virtue  of  the  act  (i  (ieo.  4.  c.  1 10,  or  of  the  act  4  Geo, 
4.  c.  41.,  or  until  such  person  or  persons  shall  have  caused  the  same  to  be  registered  in  manner  luTtiiii 
after  mentioned,  ami  have  obtained  a  certificate  of  such  resristry  from  the  person  or  persons  autlio. 
rised  to  make  such  registry  and  grant  such  ccrtiticate  as  lierein-after  directed;  the  form  of  whjth 
certificate  shall  be  as  follows  ;  viz. — 


"  This  is  to  certify,  tint  in  pursuance  of  an  act  passed  in  *lie  -Ith 
yeir  of  Ihr  rei^n  of  Kin?  Will.  4,  inlitulej,  An  Act  [hire  insert  the 
title  t'f  this  actt  the  uaittes,  oecupatiniif  and  rcmttnce  of  the  sub- 
tcrttnijf  oiwicri],  having  made  and  sulfscntjcj  the  declaration  re- 
quireil  hy  tlie  sai  I  act,  and  liaving  decline  1  thiit  [he  or  they]  together 
with  [naniM,  ucctipatiems,  and  rtittience  of  non-mhrtritAnif  awnen] 
[is  or  are]  sole  owner  or  owners,  in  the  proportions  specifieil  cm  the  ' 
back  hereof,  of  the  sfiip  or  vessel  calleil  ine  [ship's  tuime]  of  [ptwe  ' 
tu  whtch  the  vtssd  ttcton^s],  which  is  of  the  burden  of  [niiniler  of 
rim*],  and  whereof  [»wu/er't  ttai*it}  is  master,  and  that  the  said  stiip 
or  vessel  was  [when  and  luhere  Imill,  or  cundeinned  at  pnze,  riftr- 
ring  to  tntilder's  certificate,  jwltce's  certificate,  or  certificate  if  tast 
registry,  tlieii  deiivcred  up  to  It  canctllcd],  and  [nanieaud  enip/oy- 
ment  of  surveying  officer]  liavinEt  certified  to  us  that  the  said  stun 
or  vessel  h.is  [mtmUr]  decks  and^  [nnintjer]  masts,  that  her  lerigtn 


aloft  is  [immber  of  feci  and  tnc^l,  her  breadth  at  the  broalejiM^ 
[st'tting  whether  that  tic  alxn'e  or  Mow  the  main  wales]  ii[tiu>nln 
of  fiet  and  inches],  her  [height  Utioeen  decliS  if  more  tliati  |  duL 
or  depth  III  t/ie  lotld  if  only  I  dtcK]  is  [numUr  of  feet  and  i„cftu\ 
aul  that  she  is  [tinio  ritfted]  rinsed  with  a  [staiiiimg  or  rn/inutti 
twwsprit.  is  [description  of  stern]  sterned,  [carxl  oi  clnnhn]  tp# 
has  [it'hfther  any  or  no]  irallery,  and  [hind  of  head,  ij  any]  heajl 
autl  the  said  suhscribinif  owners  liaving  conse  .ited  .and  agreed  '<j  the 
above  description,  anil  having  caused  sulliciciit  security  to  t>e  '.vtn 
as  is  retjuired  |)y  the  sai'i  act,  thes-iid  ship  or  vessel  calle'ltlipijiflw] 
h.as  been  duly  registeretl  at  the  ptirt  of  [ita>ne  vf  port]  ler'.ifn] 
under  our  h-ands  at  the  Custom-house  in  the  said  port  ot  [naoit  oi 
port]  this  [liafej  day  of  [name  of  month]  m  Uie  year  [wuriid 
length], 

[Signed]  Collednr. 

[.Sii;/if<y]  Com|ilrollrr.' 


from  the  fore  p.art  of  the  main  stem  to  the  after  jurt  of  the  stern  post 

And  on  the  back  of  such  certificate  of  registry  there  shall  be  an  account  of  the  parts  or  shar,>s  lieldhy 
each  of  the  owners  mentioned  and  described  in  such  certificate,  in  the  form  and  manner  I'ollowiii". 


-J  2. 


*  Nanrn  of  Ihp  several  owners 
tvilhin  ineiitiont'J. 
[  All  tut  ] 
fA(im«i 
(A'amej 
[A'amcj 


Number  of  sixty-fnurlh  shares 
held  by  e.irh  owner. 
Thirty-two. 
Sixlaii. 

Ki^ht. 
Lisht. 

[.SitTHCci] 


Per.tovs  authorised  to  make  Rejristnj  and  ^ranf  Certificates.— The  persons  authorised  and  renuirpi 
mak«;  snrli  r('i,Mritry  and  grant  such  ceriiticales  shall  he  the  several  persons  Iierein-at'ternieri'iu 
and  descrilied  ;  (that  is  to  say,) 


CVuiiplmller." 
itfl 


ThecnI!cc!or  ,in  i  cninplroller  nf  ruslnnit  in  ,iny  port  in  the  I'nifed 
Kiiu'ldin,  and  ill  thf  Isle  nf  Min  itspectivefy,  in  respect  of  ships 
or  ve^iS'-ls  to  be  there  reijhiercd  : 

The  principal  ofliceni  of  customs  in  tho  Island  ftf  Guernsey  or  Jer- 
sey, toijethcr  Willi  the  ^ovenifir,  !ieiiteii;uit-?ovt  mor,  or  com- 
niand(  r  in-chief  of  those  islmls  respectively,  in  respect  of  ships 
or  V'-sstds  to  I*  there  rei^istered  : 

The  colh'ct.ir  and  cninplrflltr  of  customs  nf  any  port  in  the  British 
possessions  m  Asia,  Africa,  and  Atiieric.i,  or  the  collector  of  any 
such  port  .It  which  no  ap[)ointiiient  of  a  comptroller  has  bceii 
ma  Ir,  in  respect  of  ships  or  vessels  to  be  there  registered  : 

The  collector  of  duties  at  any  port  in  the  territories  under  the  ?o- 
viTniiieiit  of  the  Kast  India  Company,  within  the  limits  of  the 
charter  of  the  said  company,  or  any  other  person  of  the  rank  in 


the  said  company's  service  of  senior  merchant,  or  nf  6  yeap" 
s'anditigin  thes-iitl  service,  beini;  rispeclive!v  apinm'ti  to  j(t 
in  (lie  execution  of  this  act  liy  any  of  the  uovirinin^iils  nf  \\i 
saiil  company,  in  respect  of  ships  or  vessels  to  he  ititrc  re > 
ten-d :  '' 

The  cnll.-ctnr  nf  duties  at  any  Hritish  possession  wiiiiin  Ihe  mH 
limifs,  and  not  under  the  eovertirnent  of  rtie  said  cnii)ji.inv  mi 
at  which  a  Custom-house  is  not  estiblished,  totteiher  v\iih  ih* 
governor,  Jiuurenant-ifovernor,  or  con.niaiideriii-chirf  i  f  si.cfi 
|K)ssessi:)n,  in  n-spect  nf  shi()S  or  vessels  to  (»«  thiTi-  ri'(i^'.;>i; 

The  governor,  lieutenant  governor,  or  comminderin-chu-f  nf  Mil!!, 
GilT.iltar,  Heligoland,  and  (.ape  of  Gi«xl  Hope  respeclivelv,  iii 
rcKpect  of  ahips  or  vessels  to  be  there  registered  : 


Provided  that  no  ship  or  vessel  to  he  reeistered  at  Heligoland,  except  such  as  Is  wholly  of  thp  huiltof 
that  plarc,  and  that  ships  or  vessels,  after  having  heen  registered  at  Malta,  (Jihralittr,  or  Hf'li"(ilaii(! 
shall  not  he  registered  elsewhere  ;  and  that  ships  or  vessels  registered  at  Malta,  (Jihraltar,  or  lleliso^ 
land,  shall  nut  he  entitled  to  the  privileges  and  advantages  of  Urilisli  ships  in  any  trade  hetweoii  the 
said  t'niti'd  Kingdom  and  any  of  the  Hritish  possessions  in  America  :  provided  also,  thai  whercvprin 
and  hy  thi-^  art  it  is  directed  or  provided  that  anv  act,  matter,  or  thing  shall  and  may  lie  dnnr  nr  ii  r- 
Ibrmrd  hy,  to.  or  with  any  ctdlector  and  comptroller  of  his  Majestv's  customs,  the  same  shall  or  wm 
he  done  or  performed  hy.  to,  or  with  the  several  persons  respectively  herein-hefore  atithoiised  ami  re', 
quired  to  make  reiiistry,  and  to  grant  certitkaies  of  reiristry  as  aforesaid,  and  according  as  ili.'sime 
Hct.  matter,  or  thins  is  to  he  done  or  performed  at  the  said  several  and  respective  places,  and  wiiliin 
the  jiiri-'di'-lion  of  the  said  several  persons  respectively  :  proviiled  also,  that  wherever  in  anil  hy  iIih 
act  It  is  directed  or  prnvi(h'd  that  any  act,  matter,  or  thine  sitall  or  mav  he  done  or  performe.l  hv.l<>, 
or  with  the  comnii»c"jners  of  lus  Majesty's  customs,  the  Hume  shall  or  may  be  done  or  perroniic'tll'v, 


REGISTRY. 


389 


1 

!1 


were  made  with  re- 
into  a  eystem  by  the 

itted  to  registry,  and 
y  belong  to  a  British 
ngdom  or  some  of  its 
[ingJom,  &c,,  or  been 
a  breach  of  the  slave 

ition  of  ships,  was  to 
h  they  were  prohiliilej 
)f  distinguislung  such 
ividuals,  by  prevenling 
rdcn  has  observi'd,  in 
liich  fair  and  honest 
compliance  with  the 
ristcr  of  conveyance., 
LMice  to  private  bunedi 
ut.  i.  c.  2.) 
led  in  the  act  3  &  4 
irly  entire. 

V'ESSKLS. 

Oilier  commencenioni  u 

loony  of  the  privileges  or 
ing  properly  iticrcin  shall 
c.  Ill),  or  of  lliu  act  4(i(!0, 
[istered  in  manner  lii'reiii. 
'  person  or  persims  antlio. 
reeled ;  the  form  of  wlijch 

ha],  her  hreadlh  at  Ihc  hrralMtpui 
ir  Woui  the  main  wales]  h\mmltT 
between  da-hs  \]  more  Hum  \iu\ 
rrll  is  [immtir  0/  /"I  ami  i,.cAu':, 
rgfil  Willi  a  {stamtins  or  ri;;i?iirif| 
li]  Itemed,  {carxl  01  cdiuAni  l^iih, 
L-,  and  [kind  of  head,  i)  any]  hcjJ; 
s  having  conseited  an.l  agreed  'oih* 
pauswl  hnilicic.it  security  to  be  givHi 
>  s-ii^l  ship  or  vessel  calleil  the  [iinrw] 
port  of  [tiojn*  of  port]  tertiliftl 
house  in  the  said  port  of  \ttamt  ej 
of  month]  in  llie  year  [winii  d 


Signed] 
ii(iif(/l 


10  or  witli  ilio  governor,  lieutenant-governor,  or  commancler-in-cliief  of  any  place  where  any  ship  or 
.,,'fsel  limy  lie  re».'iHt(rc(i  under  tlie  aiitliority  of  Uiis  act,  ho  far  an  such  ucl,  niatler,  or  thing  can  be  ap- 
nirable  to  the  registfring  of  any  ship  or  vessel  al  siieli  place.—}  3. 

iJAipjf  exercising  Privileges  before  Registry  to  be  forf tiled.— U\  case  any  Hliip  or  vessel  not  being  duly 
rp'-i-iierwl.  ami  not  having  obtained  such  certiticule  of  registry  as  nfori'sniii,  sliall  uvercise  any  of  thu 
trivilcgi's  uf  !^  British  Bliip,  the  same  shall  be  subject  to  forfi.uiire,  and  alw>  all  the  gun!4,  furniture, 
ainiii""'''""'  ""='''•'.  ""d  apparel  lo  the  same  ship  or  vessel  Ijclonging,  and  shall  anil  may  be  seized  by 
nnv  ollicer  or  officers  of  his  Majesty's  customs  :  provided  always,  thai  nothing  in  this  acl  shall  extunil 
construed  lo  extend  to  afl'ecl  the  privileges  of  any  ship  or  vessel  which  shall,  prior  lo  the  coin- 


any 
or  be 
III 


Colleilnr. 
CounilrollPT." 

Iio  purts  or  share's  liclil  by 
rill  and  manner  I'uUowiiig. 

ityfnurth  shares 
ach  owner. 
■ty-two. 


W. 

Collector. 
Coni|itrnIler.'' 

.ulhoriscd  and  reiiairpiltn 
IS  herein-after  iiieiiUijiieil 

nf  senior  merchant,  or  of  6  yaK 
beinB  nspectivcly  ap|ioiii'el  to  in 
l,y  any  of  tlie  uovcriiiiieiili  "f  Ihi 
ships  or  vessels  to  Ijk  tlierc  rt-^ii. 

Ilri'isli  possession  witliin  lliesvi 
icrrinieii'  of  llie  iii  1  cnin|i.iiu,  irii 
not  esLililislii-J,  toecll'cr  ui'.li  '.b 
It,  <ir  coihniaiideriii-cliirl  <  f  such 
Is  or  vessels  to  I*  ihcri'  ri'?l-'eri'l : 
Er,  or  coniinmder-in-clilffnf  Milti, 
lapeof  Oooil  Hope  respectively,  in 
The  there  registered ; 

Is  is  wholly  of  the  ImiU  of 
UJibrallar,  or  H('lii."iliiiiil. 
Iilta,  (iibraltar,  (irlleliio. 
In  any  trade  between  llic 
pd  also,  that  wlienverin 
land  may  lie  doiii'  nr  p  r- 
|)S,  the  same  shall  or  tuny 
Tliefore  antlnnisi'd  atiilrc- 
lKl  according  as  lln'siiiie 
lective  placi'S,  anil  williiii 
1  wherever  in  ami  livlliij 
lone  or  perforiiii'il  In, In, 
Ibe  done  or  peri'otiiicill'y, 


eiifeiiicnl  of  this  act,  have  been  registered  by  virtue  of  an  act  passed  in  the  (Hh  year  of  the  reign  of 
IS  late  .Majesty  (ieorge  IV.,  intituled  "An  Act  for  the  reg 


P       H'ltnl  ■Vii;).'!  ure  entitled  to  be  registered.- 


registering  of  Urilish  Vessels."—}  4. 
No  ship  or  vessel  shall  be  registered,  or  having  been  regis- 


[ereil  sliall  be  deemed  to  be  duly  registered,  by  virtue  of  this  act,  except  such  as  are  wholly  of  the 
itiilt  of  the  said  United  Kingdom,  or  of  the  Isle  of  Man,  or  of  the  islands  of  (inernsey  or  Jersey,  or  of 
gniiic  of  the  colonies,  plantations,  islands,  or  territories  in  Asia,  Africa,  or  America,  or  of  .Malta,  Oib- 
rnlliir,  or  lleligoland,  which  belong  lo  his  Majesty,  his  heirs  or  successors,  at  the  time  of  the  biiililing 
of  such  ships  or  vessels,  or  such  ships  or  vessels  us  shall  have  been  condemned  in  any  court  of  admi- 
ralty as  pri/.e  of  war,  or  such  ships  or  vessels  as  shall  have  been  condemned  in  any  competent  court 
a  forfeited  for  the  breach  of  the  laws  made  for  the  prevention  of  the  slave  traib-,  and  which  .shall 
wholly  belong  and  continue  wholly  to  belong  to  his  Majesty's  subjects  duly  entitled  10  be  owners  of 
sliiiis  or  vessels  registered  by  virtue  of  this  act. — }  5. 

jiUililerranean  Pass  may  be  issued  at  Malta  or  Gibraltar  for  certain  Ships  only. — No  Mediterranean 
nass  i>hall  be  issued  for  the  use  of  any  ship,  as  being  a  ship  belonging  lo  Malta  or  (•'ilirultar,  e.xcept 
suL'li  ss  be  duly  registered  at  those  places  respectively,  or  such  as,  not  being  entitled  to  be  so  register- 
ed shall  liave  wholly  belonged,  before  the  lOlh  day  of  October,  1827,  and  shall  have  continued  wlmlly 
to'belong,  to  persons  actually  residing  al  those  places  respectively,  as  inh.ibitants  thereof,  and  entitled 
10  be  owners  of  British  ships  there  registered,  or  who,  not  being'so  entitled,  shall  have  so  resided  up- 
wards of  15  years  prior  lo  the  said  10th  day  of  October,  1827.—  }  0. 

Fonif.'"  Uepairs  not  to  eiceed  SOjs.  per  Ton. — No  ship  or  vessel  shall  continue  lo  enjoy  the  privileges 
of  a  llriii^h  ship  after  the  same  shall  have  been  repaired  in  a  foreign  country,  if  such  n.'puirs  sliall  ex- 
(teii  tiie  sum  of  20.9.  for  every  ton  of  the  burden  of  the  said  ship  or  vessel,  unless  such  repairs  sliall 
have  been  necessary  by  reason  of  extraordinary  damage  sustained  by  such  ship  or  vessel  during  her 
alisence  from  his  Majesty's  dominions,  to  enable  her  to  perform  tlie  voyage  in  which  she  shall  iiave 
been  engaged,  and  lo  return  lo  some  port  or  place  in  the  said  dominions  ;  and  whenever  any  sliip  or 
yessel  which  has  been  so  repaired  in  a  foreign  country  shall  arrive  at  any  port  in  his  Majesty's  do- 
minions as  a  Urilish  registered  ship  or  vessel,  the  master  or  other  person  liaving  the  command  or 
tliaree  of  the  same  shall,  ujion  the  first  entry  thereof,  report  to  the  collector  and  comptroller  of  his 
Majesty's  customs  at  such  port  that  such  ship  or  vessel  has  been  so  repaired,  under  penalty  of  2n»-.  for 
every  ton  of  the  burden  of  such  ship  or  vessel,  according  lo  the  admeasurement  thereof;  and  if  it 
cbati  lit^  proved  to  ihe  satisfaction  of  the  commissioners  of  his  Majesty's  custonis  that  such  ship  or 
vessel  was  seaworthy  at  the  lime  when  she  last  departed  from  any  port  or  place  in  his  Majesty's 
^Pi^iiiioiis,  and  that  no  greater  quantity  of  such  repairs  have  been  done  to  the  said  vessel  than  was 
necessary  as  aforesaid,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  said  ciuninissioners,  upon  a  full  consideration  of  all 
Ihe  circumstances,  to  direct  the  collector  and  comptroller  of  the  port  wliere  such  rliip  or  vessel  shall 
bave  arrived,  or  w'liore  she  shall  then  be,  to  certify  on  the  certificate  of  the  registry  of  siicli  ship  or 
vessel  that  it  has  been  proved  lo  the  satisfaction  of  the  commissioners  nf  his  Majesty's  customs  that 
the  privileges  of  the  said  ship  or  vessel  have  not  been  forfeited,  notwithslanding  the  repairs  which 
have  been  done  to  the  same  in  a  foreign  country.—}  7. 

Ships  (ierlared  unseaworthy  to  be  deemed  Ships  lost  or  broken  vp. — If  any  ship  or  vessel  registered  un- 
der the  aulliority  of  lliis  or  any  other  act  shall  be  deemed  or  declared  to  be  stranded  or  unseaworthy, 
antl  incapable  of  being  recovered  or  repaired  lo  the  advantage  of  the  owners  thereof,  and  shall  for 
such  reasons  be  sold  by  order  or  decree  of  any  competent  court  for  the  benefit  of  the  owners  of  such 
ship  or  vessel,  or  other  persons  interested  therein,  the  same  shall  he  taken  and  deemed  to  he  a  ship  or 
ve^sei  lost  or  broken  up  lo  all  intents  and  purposes  within  the  meaning  of  this  act,  and  shall  never 
acain  be  entitled  to  the  privileges  of  a  Urilish  built  ship  for  any  purposes  of  trade  or  navigation. 

Bri(i.</i  Ships  captured  not  to  be  again  entitled  to  Registry,  Sfc. — No  Uritish  ship  or  vessel  which  has 
been  or  shall  hereafter  he  captured  by  and  become  prize  to  an  enemy  or  sold  to  foreigners  shall  acain 
be  entitled  to  ilie  privileges  of  a  llritish  ship:  provided  that  nothing  contained  in  this  act  shall  extend 
to  prevent  Ihe  registering  of  any  ship  or  vessel  whatever  which  shall  afterwards  be  condemned  in  any 
cniirtof  ailmiralty  as  prize  of  war,  or  in  any  competent  court,  for  breach  of  laws  made  fir  the  preven- 
tion of  the  slave  trade.—}  9. 

Slips  shM  be  registered  at  the  port  to  which  they  belong.— Tio  such  registry  shall  hereafter  be  made^ 
orctriifieale  thereof  granted,  by  any  person  or  persons  herein-beforc  authorised  lo  make  such  regis- 
try anil  prant  such  certificate,  in  any  other  port  or  place  than  the  port  or  place  to  whicli  such  sliip  or 
vessel  shall  properly  belong,  except  so  far  as  relates  to  such  ships  or  vessels  as  shall  be  condemned  as 
prizes  in  any  of  the  islands  of  Guernsey,  Jersey,  or  Man,  which  ships  or  vessels  shall  be  registered  in 
manner  bereia-afler  directed  ;  hui  that  all  and  every  registry  and  certificate  made  and  granted  in  any 
port  or  place  to  which  any  such  ship  or  vessel  does  not  properly  belong  shtill  be  utterly  null  and  void 
loalliiilenls  and  purposes,  unless  the  ofhcers  aforesaid  shall  be  specially  authorised  and  eiiipev.ered 
10  make  siicb  registry  and  grant  such  certificate  in  any  other  port  by  an  order  In  writing  under  the 
iijnilsofllif  commissioners  of  his  Majesty's  customs,  which  order  the  said  commissioners  are  hereby 
aiilliorisi'il  and  empowered  lo  issue,  if  they  shall  sec  fit ;  and  at  every  port  where  registry  shall  he  made 
inimrsnancL'  of  this  act,  a  booUshall  be  kept  by  the  collector  and  comptroller,  in  which  all  the  particu- 
lirsconlaiiioil  in  the  form  of  the  certificate  of  the  registry  herein-before  directed  to  he  used  shall  be 
[  duly  entered  ;  and  every  registry  shall  be  numbered  in  progression,  beginning  such  progressive  niime- 
ralion  at  the  coiiimeiicemenl  of  each  and  every  year  ;  and  such  collector  and  comptroller  shall  forth- 
nilh, or  witliin  1  month  al  the  farthest,  transmit  lo  the  commissioners  of  his  Majesty's  customs  a 
true  ami  e.xacl  copy,  together  with  the  number,  of  every  certificate  which  shall  be  by  them  so  grant- 
1  eil.-}  10. 

Port  10  trhich  fcssels  shall  be  deemed  to  belong. — Every  ship  or  vessel  shall  be  deemed  lo  belong  to 
1  tome  port  at  or  near  to  which  some  or  one  of  the  owners,  who  shall  make  and  subscribe  the  declara- 
tion reipiired  by  this  act  before  registry  be  made,  shall  reside ;  and  whenever  such  owner  or  owners 
fliallhave  transferred  all  his  or  their  share  or  shares  in  such  ship  or  vessel,  the  same  shall  he  regis- 
teietldc  miro  before  such  ship  or  vessel  shall  sail  or  depart  from  the  port  to  which  she  shall  then  he- 
long,  or  frotii  any  other  port  which  shall  be  in  the  same  part  of  the  United  Kingdom,  or  the  same  colo- 
ny, plantal  ton,  island,  or  territory  as  the  said  port  shall  be  in  :  provided  always,  that  if  the  owner  or 
owners  of  such  sliip  or  vessel  cannot  in  sufficient  time  comply  with  the  requisites  of  this  act,  s.^  that 
registry  may  be  made  before  it  shall  be  necessary  for  such  ship  or  vessel  lo  sail  or  depart  upoii  on- 
oilier  voyage,  it  shall  be  lawful  fur  the  collector  and  comptroller  of  the  port  where  such  ship  or  vessel 
2k2 


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390 


REGISTRY. 


1  , 


iimw*'"  M.. 


lONC 

nSJr 


mnytlicn  be  to  certify  upon  the  back  of  the  existing  rcnificatc  nf  rcffistry  of  guch  Rhip  or  veHscI,  ili.it 
tile  same  i^  to  retnain  In  force  for  tlie  voyage  upon  wliicli  llie  saiil  sliip  or  vessfM  is  limn  aliimi  Id  sii| 
or  depart :  provided  alno,  tliat  If  any  Hlilp  or  vuiiHel  Hliall  lie  built  in  any  iif  the  cnliinlcH,  plantatinn^, 
islands,  or  territnrien  In  Asia,  Africa,  or  America,  to  his  Miijcsty  belongitiK,  for  owners  reHidin);  in  i||,. 
United  Kincdoin,  and  the  master  of  such  ship  or  vessel,  or  the  ajjent  for  the  owner  or  owners  Ihcrcdf, 
Blmll  have  produced  to  the  collector  ami  comptroller  of  the  port  at  or  near  to  which  such  ship  or  vcsnci 
was  hiillt,  the  cerlilicate  of  the  builder  re()iilred  by  this  act,  and  shall  have  made  and  subscribed  a  cl(s 
claration  before  such  collector  and  comptroller  of  the  names  and  descriptions  of  the  principal  owiiura 
of  such  ship  or  vessel,  ami  that  slic  is  the  identical  sliip  or  vessel  mentioned  in  such  certificate  ofili,; 
builder,  and  that  no  foreigner,  to  the  best  of  Ills  knowledge  and  belief,  lias  any  interest  therein  ;  tliu 
collector  and  comptroller  of  such  port  shall  cause  such  ship  or  vessel  to  be  surveyed  and  measuriMl  in 
like  manner  as  is  ilirected  for  the  purpose  of  registering  any  ship  or  vtrssel,  and  shall  give  the  niasior 
of  such  ship  or  vessel  a  certilicatc  under  their  hands  and  seals,  purporting  to  lie  under  the  aiiilKjritv 
of  this  act,  anil  stating  when  and  where  and  by  whom  such  ship  or  vessel  was  built,  the  di^scripiloii, 
tonnage,  and  other  particulars  re<|ulreil  on  registry  of  any  ship  or  vessel,  and  such  cerlilicate  shall 
have  all  the  force  and  virtue  of  a  cerlilicate  of  registry  under  this  act,  during  the  term  of  2  years,  un- 
less such  ship  shall  sooner  arrive  at  some  place  in  the  United  Kingdom  ;  and  such  collector  and  cninp. 
troUer  shall  transmit  a  copy  nf  such  certificate  to  the  commissioners  of  his  Majesty's  customs.—^  ||. 

Persuiif  residing  in  foreign  Counlrics  ninij  not  be  Oicncrs. — No  person  who  has  taken  the  oath  oralli!. 
glance  to  any  foreign  state,  except  under  the  terms  of  some  capiliilation,  unless  he  shall  al'terwardj 
become  a  deni/cn  or  naturalised  subject  of  the  United  Kingdom  by  his  Majesty's  letters  patent  or  by 
act  of  parliament,  nor  any  person  usually  residing  in  any  country  not  under  tile  dominion  of  his  Ma- 
jesty, his  heirs  and  successors,  unless  he  be  a  niiunber  of  some  Dritisli  factory,  or  agent  for  or  parlnt'i 
in  any  house  or  copartnership  actually  carrying  on  trade  in  (ireat  lirilain  or  Ireland,  shall  lie  enli. 
tied  tr)  be  the  owner,  in  whole  or  in  part,  directly  or  indirectly,  of  any  ship  or  vessel  rei|uired  and  au- 
thorised to  he  registered  by  virtue  of  this  act :  save  and  except  that  it  shall  be  lawful  for  any  pursun 
who  was  a  member  of  the  company  of  merchants  trading  to  tlie  Levant  seas  ut  the  time  of  its  dissulii. 
tion,  am!  who  was  a  resident  at  any  of  the  factories  of  the  said  company,  to  continue  to  hold  any  share 
or  shares  in  any  lirilish  registered  ship  of  which  at  the  time  of  such  residence  he  was  an  owner  i,r 
part  owner,  although  such  person  shall  continue  to  reside  at  any  of  the  places  where  such  faciorjes 
had  existed  prior  to  the  dissolution  of  the  said  company.—}  12. 

Der.hiration  to  be  made  by  subscribing  Owners  previous  to  Registry. — No  registry  shall  henceforth  be 
made  or  certificate  grantee!  until  the  (tillowing  declaration  be  made  and  subscribed,  before  the  persun 
or  persons  herein-before  authorised  to  make  such  registry,  and  grant  such  certificate  respectively,  by 
the  owner  of  such  ship  or  vessel  if  such  ship  or  vessel  is  owned  by  or  belongs  to  1  person  only,  nr  m 
case  there  shall  be  2  joint  owners,  then  by  both  of  such  joint  owners  if  both  shall  be  resident  wjtiiln 
80  miles  of  the  port  or  place  where  such  registry  is  required,  or  by  1  of  such  owners  ii  1  or  Ijoili  of 
them  shall  be  resident  at  a  greater  distance  from  such  port  or  place  ;  or  if  the  number  of  such  owners 
or  proprietors.shall  exceed  2,  then  by  the  greater  part  of  the  number  nf  such  owners  or  proprielnrs  jf 
the  greater  number  of  them  shall  be  resident  within  20  miles  of  such  port  or  place  as  aforesaid,  not  in 
any  case  exceeding  3  of  such  owners  or  proprietors,  unless  a  greater  number  shall  be  desirous  injiiin 
in  making  and  subscribing  the  said  declaration,  or  by  1  of  su':h  owners  if  all,  or  all  except  I,  sliull  be 
resident  at  a  greater  distance  : 


"  1 ,1.  It.  of  [  place  of  r{tid<  nee  and  in-aijiation]  do  truly  tiec'are, 
thit  Iht'  ship  nr  vui^el  [ua'tu]  of  [port  ur  idtice],  vvhereor  [inwtlei'i 
name]  ia  M  prMeiil  mister,  h«  iiij?  [kind  of  litiilty  tntrden.  !fc.  at  rft-- 
KTibedia  t/ie  certijicate  of  the  surutyin^  oJfker\^  wm  [when  and 
where  Ittilt,  or,  1/  prize  nr  forfetled,  capture  and  candenvtatiou  as 
xuch],  ami  lint  I  the  s<iitl  J.  li.  [and  tlie  otlur  owmri^  nanui  and 
pcmpationa.  if  any,  and  whete  tfuy  respectively  i-cnV/e,  vz.  town, 
place,  or  partsh,  and  connty,  or  if  numlitr  of  and  resident  i?i  any 
factory  in  foreign  partn.  or  m  any  foreign  town  or  city,  Iciie^  an 
agent  for  or  initner  in  any  tiou^e  or  copartnership  a^tiuxily  dirry. 
ing  on  tnuU  in  Oreat  Jlritain  or  Inlaiia,  t^e  name  oj  siah  factory, 
farci!^n  town,  nr  ritif,  and  the  names  of  such  /ii  i/te  and  copartner- 
ship]  am  [or  are]  sole  owner  [or  owners]  of  the  said  vessel,  and  Ihar 
no  other  person  or  persona  whatever  hath  or  have  any  ri<ht,  title, 
interest,  shire  or  properly  therein  or  thereto;  and  that  1  tht-  said 
.S.  B.  [and  the  said  other  owners^  if  any],  Am  [or  are]  truly  ami  tona 


file  a  suhji'cl  [or  subjects]  of  Great  nritain  ;  and  tlial  I  the  saiJ  .t 
B.  havf  nut  [nor  /mre  any  of  the  other  owners^  to  tlie  but  v}  i;,y 
Kftoivledsc  aioi  W.icf]  taken  the  oath  of  all.-^ianrc  to  any  forjiga 
state  whatever  [except  under  the  terms  of  tome  cap'tutciti^m,  Jt- 
scribinii  the  iiartitutnrs  thtreoj],or  that  since  my  takiuic  {i,r  hi,,T 
their  taking]  ttie  oath  of  alle:;iauce  to  [naminf;  thcjuieif;n  itaUi  rt- 
rpclti'f.'y  to  which  he  ir  any  uj  the  taut ownai  shall  hitiv,  taken tU 
same]  I  nave  [or  he  or  they  Jiath  or  have]  become  a  deiii^.n  [or^e- 
nizens,  or  naturalised  subject  or  subjects,  as  the  case  tnay  U]  of  ilia 
United  Kiut$doin  ol  Circat  Itritain  and  Ireland  liy  bis  Majesty's  Iciten 
patent  or  by  an  act  of  parli:iiuent  [naining  the  times  whin  n«A/rt- 
trrs  of  denization  have  been  grantitl  refpictively,  or  the  icnr  nr 
ytart  in  which  such  act  or  acts  for  natliralisatum  have  ya\ifit  n. 
spectively] ;  and  that  no  foreiffner,  directly  or  indirectly,  halliauy 
share  or  part  interest  in  the  said  ship  or  vessel." 


Provided  always,  that  if  it  shall  become  necessary  to  register  any  ship  or  vessel  belonging  to  any  cor- 
porate body  in  the  United  Kingdom,  the  following  declaration,  in  lieu  of  the  declaration  li(treiii-h(!('ore 
directed,  shall  be  taken  and  subscribed  by  the  secretary,  or  other  proper  otiicer  of  such  corpurute  budy; 
(that  is  to  say,) 

"I  .^.  B.  secretary  or  offirer  of  [name  of  company  nr  corpora-  |  was  [when  and  where  hnilt,  or,  if  prize  or  forfeited,  rnptnre  and 
tion]  do  truly  d,*idare,  that  the  ship  or  vessel   [fiaifir]  of  [port]     r,>/ir/crriTiafioii  of  ni.'i},  airJ  that  the  siiue  dnih  ishclly  aiid  truly  b«* 
when-of  [inojlt'i'*  name]  is  at  present  mister,  beirn  [kind  of  unilt^  I  long  to  [imific  of  company  or  coipjration].^^ — Sect,  1 J. 
tuMen.  ^-c.  ai  described  in  tlie  etrtificateofthesuriKyingcflicer]^  I 

Jidtlitinn  to  Declaration  in  case  the  required  JVnmber  of  Otcners  do  not  attend. — In  case  the  required 
number  of  joint  owners  or  proprietors  of  any  ship  or  vessel  shall  not  personally  attenil  to  niakeard 
subscribe  the  declaration  hereiii-before  directed  to  be  made  and  subscribed,  then  and  in  such  case 
such  owner  or  owners,  proprietor  or  proprietors,  as  shall  personally  attend  and  make  and  subscribe 
the  declaration  aforesaid,  shall  further  declare  that  the  part  owner  or  part  owners  of  such  ship  or  ves- 
sel then  absent  is  or  are  not  resident  within  20  miles  of  such  port  or  place,  and  hath  or  liave  iint,  in 
the  best  of  his  or  their  knowledge  or  belief,  wilfully  absented  himself  or  themselves  in  order  to  avoid 
the  making  the  declaration  herein-before  directed  to  be  made  and  subscribed,  or  is  or  are  prevented 
by  illness  from  attending  to  make  and  subscribe  the  said  declaration.— }  1-1. 

I^essels  to  be  surveijed  previous  to  Registry. — Previous  to  the  registering  or  granting  of  any  cerlificale 
of  registry  as  aforesaid,  some  one  or  more  person  or  persons  appointed  by  the  commissioners  of  cus- 
toms (taking  to  his  or  their  assistance,  if  he  or  they  shall  judge  it  necessary,  one  or  more  jiersnn  or 
persons  skilled  in  the  building  and  admeasurement  of  ships)  shall  go  on  board  of  every  such  ship  or 
vessel  as  is  to  be  registered,  and  shall  strictly  and  accurately  examine  and  admeasurees'i^ry  stichsliijior 
vessel  as  to  all  and  every  particular  contained  in  the  form  of  the  certificate  herein-before  dirertcil,  in 
the  presence  of  the  master,  or  of  any  other  person  who  shall  be  appointed  for  that  purpose  on  the  pan 
of  the  owner  or  owners,  or  in  his  or  their  absence  by  the  said  master;  and  shall  deliver  a  true  and 
just  account  in  writing  of  all  such  particulars  of  the  built,  description,  and  admeasurement  of  every 
such  ship  or  vessel  as  are  specified  in  the  form  of  the  certificate  above  recited  to  the  collector  and 
comptroller  authorised  as  aforesaid  to  make  such  registry  and  grant  such  certificate  of  registry;  and 
the  said  master  or  other  person  attending  on  the  part  or  the  owner  or  owniirs  is  hereby  required  lo 
sign  his  name  also  to  the  certificate  of  such  surveying  or  examining  officer,  in  testimony  of  the  truth 
thereof,  provided  such  master  or  other  person  shall  consent  and  agree  to  the  several  particulars  sei 
forth  ami  described  therein. — }  13. 

Mode  of  Admeasurement  to  ascertain  Tonnage.— Tor  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  tonnage  of  ships 
ur  vessels,  the  rule  for  admeasurement  shall  be  as  follows;  (that  is  to  say,)  the  length  shall  be  taken 


REGISTRY. 


391 


hip  or  vcHsel,  lli.it 
lliitn  al»<ut  Id  snil 
)iiii'H,  pliiiit'.Uiniis, 
era  residini!  in  llin 
)r  owiitTS  llitTocif, 
iiicli  Bllip  or  vcsiti:! 

(I  8Vll)Siril)l!ll    il  ll(!- 

I!  prinilp:>l  owrii.Tii 
Il  cprlitiiiiK!  "f  ilie 
ernst  llioroin  ;  tlii; 
(I  ami  iiiiintiurcil  iii 
all  five  llic  inask't 
mdcr  llm  auUmrity 
ill,  tlie  ili^siriiillon, 
ell  ccrlilicalu  shall 
pjrin  of  2  years,  iin- 
collfctor  and  (■(imp. 
'g  customs.— J  11. 
,cii  llie  oath  (ifalle- 
lie  shall  afti'rw  iirdii 
letters  patent  or  by 
loniinioii  of  his  Ma- 
[il-etit  for  or  parliii'i 
iland,  shall  lii'  I'lili- 
ifl  riMiiiired  and  iiu- 
wfiil  for  any  |ilt:-iiii 
B  time  of  its  dissulii- 
ue  to  hold  any  shari; 
he  was  an  owiiin.r 
vhcrc  such  factories 

)•  shall  lienceforlh  bo 
3il,  before  the  pirsun 
cale  respectively,  by 
1  1  person  only,  or  in 
ill  be  resident  wllliiii 
)wn<!r.s  if  1  or  lioili  nf 
mber  of  such  owners 
rners  or  propric'lor.s  if 
e  as  aforesaid,  not  in 
ill  hi:  desirous  to  jiiin 
r  all  except  1,  shall  lie 

■ilain  1  and  that  I  the  sail  .1. 

CI-  uwiim,  lu  tlie  lull  I'l  ".V 

h  of  alh'giDiii-e  1(1  any  (orjifo 

mioflomc  cap'lulalim.dt- 

ihat  since  my  lakin?  [urlii.fT 

iiumm;;  l/ie/uie.iiiiia'urt- 

v(  uwiiat  thall  lu'ix  liili'i  iht 

c]  bccnme  a  ileniZ'-ri  [or  He 

5.nJ  llieca'emayk\a<\\)t 

ireUmlliy  hi!i.Maje>i)'>ltilen 

■iif  l/if  (Oiin  wlu  II  !i«'i  111- 

,   I  ftjii  ctwdy,  or  llic  i.o"  "r 

mmli.m(iinl  >"»"  (■"""'  "■ 

.ctlvnr  inJirccUy,  hilbauy 

hclonginp  to  any  cor- 
iiration  hereiii-holore 
•  such  corporate  budy; 

fc-irf  w  forfnl'd.  nfturt  and 
luje  Jnili  wbclly  and  truiy  be- 
Uwi)-"— Sec'-  l^- 

-In  case  the  rcqnired 
,y  attend  to  make  and 
,hen  and  in  sucli  case 
a  make  and  subscribe 
rs  of  such  ship  or  ves- 
il  hath  or  have  not,  to 
;lvcs  in  order  to  avmd 
or  is  or  are  prevented 

uins  of  any  certificate 
onimissioucrs  of  cus- 
one  or  more  person  or 
of  every  such  slop  or 
iureeverysiichshipot 
Bin-before  direcli'd.ni 
ai  purpose  on  the  part 
lall  d(!liver  a  true  anil 
iieasuremenl  of  every 
A  to  the  collector  and 
ficale  of  registry;  anil 
'  is  hereby  required  o 
lestimony  of  the  truth 
everai  particulars  set 

.  the  tonnage  of  ships 
'length  shall  be  taken 


on  a  straight  line  along  the  rabbit  nf  the  keel,  from  the  bark  of  the  main  Btern-post  to  n  poriii'iuliriilar 
lino  from  the  fore  part  of  the  main  hKmu  uihIit  the  bowsprit,  from  wiiiih  loihlractiii!;  .'<-:'<llis  oi  the 
breadtli,  the  remainiler  shall  be  estcemeil  the  Just  length  of  the  keil  lu  liiiil  llie  toiiiiiis!i' ;  and  lliu 
brisolth  shall  be  taken  from  the  outsiile  of  the  oiitsiile  plank  in  tlo.'  linKiilrst  purl  of  th>'  Kliip.  » In-ther 
that  -"hall  he  above  or  below  the  main  wales.  e.\clusive  of  all  manner  of  douiilini:  planks  thai  inav  bn 
nriinKht  upon  the  sides  of  the  ship;  then  imilllplying  tlie  bmuth  of  llic  kei-l  liy  ihe  hrcadlh  r^n  taken, 
anil  lii't  product  by  i  the  breadth,  and  dividing  the  whole  by  'Jl,tlie  i|iiotienl  s'liall  be  doi'iiied  tliu  truu 
contents  of  the  tonnage.—}  IC. 

.Viirff  nf  ascertaining  Tonnage  when  Vessels  are  afloat.— \n  cases  where  it  may  he  necrs.«ary  to  ascer- 
tain the  tonnage  of  any  ship  or  vessel  when  atliiat,  accr>rding  to  tlio  foreunini;  rule,  the'  fullowini; 
method  shall  be  observed  ;  (that  is  to  say.)  drop  a  pliinib  line  over  the  stern  of  the  ship,  ami  nnasiirc 
llic  distance  between  such  line  and  the  after  part  of  the  stern-post  at  the  load  waler-niark.  tlnn  mea- 
sure from  the  top  of  the  plumb  line,  in  a  parallel  direction  willi  the  water,  to  a  perpendicular  point  im- 
ineiliatoly  over  the  load  water-mark  at  the  fore  part  of  the  main  stem,  siibiracliiiu  I'rom  such  iinasure- 
meiit  the  above  distance,  the  remainder  will  he  the  ship's  exIriMiie,  from  which  Is  to  hi!  iloiliicicd  3 
indies  for  every  foot  of  the  load  draught  of  water  for  the  rake  abafl.  also  .'J-fjihs  of  the  shipV  breadth 
for  the  rake  forward,  the  remainder  shall  bo  esteemed  the  just  length  ol  the  kei.l  to  tind  llie  tonnage  ; 
mil  the  breadth  shall  be  taken  from  outside  to  outside  of  the  plank  in  the  broadest  part  of  the  ship, 
u'lieilier  that  shall  be  abovo  or  helovv  the  main  wales,  exclusive  of  all  manner  of  sliealliiiiL'  or  donliling 
that  may  be  wrought  on  the  side  of  the  ship;  then  mulllplying  the  leiiL'th  of  the  keel  for  toiiiia;;<!  by 
(lie  breadth  so  taken,  and  that  product  by  ^  the  breadth,  and  dividing  by  Ul,  the  i|uotient  shall  be 
(leeiiied  the  true  contents  of  the  tonnage.— J  17. 

f.iigine-room  in  Steam  Vessels  to  be  deducted.— 1\\  each  of  Ihe  several  rules  herein-before  prescribed, 
when  used  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  tonnage  of  any  ship  or  vessid  iiropilleil  by  sit'aiii.  the 
leiisib  of  Ihe  engine  room  shall  be  deducted  from  the  wlioli;  length  of  siicb  ship  or  vessel,  ami  the  re- 
niainiler  shall,  for  such  purpose,  he  deemed  the  whole  length  of  the  same.- J  Ls. 
[iiiinagc  when  so  ascertained  to  be  eecr  after  deemed  the  I'nnnage. — Whenever  the  tonnage  of  any  ship 
I  or  vessel  shall  have  been  ascertained  according  to  the  rule  herein  prescribed  (except  in  the  case  of  ships 
or  vessels  which  have  been  admeasured  afloat),  such  account  of  tonnage  shall  ever  afler  be  ileemed 
ibe  Iniiiiage  of  such  ship  or  vessel,  and  shall  be  repeated  in  every  siibsei|iient  registry  of  sio  li  ship  or 
vtssi'l,  unless  it  shall  happen  that  any  alteration  has  been  made  in  the  form  and  biirilen  of  such  ship 
or  vessel,  or  it  shall  be  discovered  that  the  tonnage  of  such  ship  or  vessel  had  been  erroneously  taken 
and  computed. — }  19. 

g.iiii;  til  bcgicen  at  the  time  of  Registry. — At  the  time  of  the  obtaining  of  the  ccrlilicate  of  registry  as 
ffiresaid,  siillicient  security  by  bond  shall  be  given  to  his  majesty,  his  heirs  and  successors,  by  the 
n'.isler  and  such  of  the  owners  as  shall  personally  attend,  as  is  herein-before  rei|uiri!il,  such  security 
Iti be  approved  of  and  taken  by  the  person  or  persons  herein-before  authorised  to  make  such  reL'islry 
amlsrant  such  certificate  of  registry  at  the  port  or  place  in  which  such  cerlilicate  shall  be  granted,  in 
llie  pi'iiallies  following  ;   (that  is  to  say,)  if  such  ship  or  vessel  shall  be  a  decked  vessi^l,  or  be  above 
the  burden  of  15  tons,  and  not  excecdiiiB  50  tuns,  then  in  the  penally  of  IfllH.  ;  if  exceeiliiiL'  the  hnrileti 
of  50  ions  and  not  exceeding  100  tons,  then  in  the  penally  of  30U<. ;  if  exceeding  the  biinleii  ol  UK)  tons 
'Aiiil  not  exceeding  200  tons,  then  in  the  penalty  of  500/. ;  if  exceeding  Ihe  burden  of  'iiHI  tons  and  not 
Hcecdiiig  300  tons,  then  in  the  penalty  of  bOOZ. ;  and  if  exceeding  the  burden  of  Slid  tons,  then  in  the 
ppnally  of  l.OOOZ. ;  and  the  condition  of  every  such  bond  shall  be,  ihat  such  cerlilicate  shall  not  he  sohl, 
km.  or  otherwise  disposed  of  to  any  person  or  persons  whatever,  and  tlial  the  same  shall  be  solely 
made  use  of  for  the  service  of  the  ship  or  vessel  for  which  II  is  granted  ;  and  that  in  case  such  ship  or 
vessel  shall  be  lost,  or  taken  by  the  enemy,  burnt,  or  broken  up,  or  ollierwise  prevented  fnim  relurn- 
inslnthe  port  to  which  she  belongs,  or  shall  on  any  account  have  lost  and  forfeited  the  privileiies  of  n 
Brilisli  ship,  or  shall  have  been  seized  and  legally  condemned  for  illicit  trading,  or  shall  have  been 
taken  in  execution  for  debt,  and  sold  by  due  process  of  law,  or  shall  have  been  sold  to  Ihe  Crown,  or 
sliall  uniter  any  circumstances  have  been  registered  de  noro,  the  certificate,  if  preserved,  shall  be  deli- 
vered up.  within  1  month  after  the  arrival  of  the  master  in  any  port  or  place  in  his  Majesty's  domi- 
niiins.to  the  collector  and  comptridlcr  of  some  port  in  Ureal  Hritain  or  of  the  Isle  of  Man,  or  of  llie  Itri- 
tisb  plantations,  or  to  the  governor,  lieulenanl-govcrnor,  or  commander-in-chief  for  the  lime  being  of 
llie  islands  of  Guernsey  or  Jersey  ;  and  that  if  any  foreigner,  or  any  person  or  persons  fur  the  use  ami 
benelil  nf  any  foreigner,  shall  purchase  or  otherwise  become  entitled  to  the  whole  or  to  any  parlor 
sharenf  or  any  interest  in  such  ship  or  vessel,  and  the  same  shall  be  within  the  limits  of  any  port  of 
Great  lirilain,  or  of  the  islands  of  Guernsey,  Jersey,  or  Man,  or  of  the  liritisb  colonies,  plantations, 
islands,  or  territories  aforesaid,  Ihen  and  in  such  case  the  certitieale  of  registry  shall,  within  7  days 
ifiersuch  purchase  or  transfer  of  property  in  such  ship  or  vessel,  he  delivered  up  to  the  person  or 
pfrsons  herein-before  authorised  lo  make  registry  and  grant  certificate  of  registry  at  such  port  or  place 
respectively  as  aforesaid  ;  and  if  such  ship  or  vessel  shall  be  in  any  foreii.'!!  port  when  such  purchase  or 
Uinsl^er  of  properly  shall  take  place,  tljen  that  the  certificate  shall  be  delivered  up  to  the  Ilritish  consul  or 
pihcreliicf  British  officer  resident  at  or  nearest  to  such  foreign  port;  or  if  such  ship  or  vessel  shall  be  at 
sea.  wlien  such  purchase  or  transfer  of  property  shall  take  place,  then  that  the  cerlilicate  shajl  be  deliver- 
ed up  to  the  British  consul  or  other  chief  British  officer  ut  the  foreign  port  or  place  in  or  at  which  the 
masieror  other  person  having  or  taking  the  charge  or  command  of  such  shipor  vessel  shall  first  arrive 
aflersiichpiirchaseortransferof  property  at  sea,  immedialely  after  his  arrival  at  such  foreign  port ;  but 
if  such  master  or  other  person  who  had  the  command  thereof  at  the  time  of  such  purchase  or  transferof 
pperty  at  sea  shall  not  arrive  at  a  foreign  port,  but  shall  arrive  at  some  port  of  Great  Britain,  or  of 
Ihe  islands  of  Guernsey,  Jersey,  or  Man,  or  of  his  Majesty's  said  colonii^s,  plantations,  islands,  or  ter- 
liinries,  then  that  the  certificate  shall  be  delivered  up,  in  manner  aforesoid,  within  11  days  after  the 
aiinal  of  such  ship  or  vessel,  or  of  the  person  who  had  the  command  thereof,  in  any  port  of  Great 
Bmain,  or  of  the  islands  of  Guernsey,  Jersey,  or  Man,  or  of  any  of  his  Majesty's  said  colonies,  plaiita- 
lions,  islands,  or  territories:  provided  always,  that  if  il  shall  happen  Ihat  at  the  lime  of  registry  of 
I  any  ship  or  vessel  the  same  shall  be  at  any  other  port  than  the  port  to  which  she  belongs,  so  that  the 
Biasier  of  such  shipor  vessel  cannot  attend  at  the  port  of  registry  lo  join  with  the  owner  or  owners  in 
sidiboml  as  aforesaid,  il  shall  be  lawful  for  him  to  give  a  separate  bond,  lo  the  like  effect,  at  the  pott 
Khfre  such  ship  or  vessel  may  then  be,  and  the  collector  and  comptroller  of  such  other  port  shall 
iransmit  such  bond  to  the  collector  and  comptroller  of  the  port  where  such  ship  or  vessel  is  to  be  re- 
fiiiered,  and  such  bond,  and  the  bond  also  given  by  the  owner  or  owners,  shall  together  be  of  the 
I  tame  effect  against  the  master  and  owner  or  owners,  or  either  of  them,  as  if  they  had  bouiul  thein- 
lelves  jointly  and  severally  in  one  bond. — }  20. 

ll'Aen  Master  is  changed,  new  Master  to  give  similar  Bond. — When  and  so  often  as  the  master  or  other 
I  person  having  or  taking  the  charge  or  command  of  any  ship  or  vessel  registered  in  manner  herein 
hiiecled  shall  be  changed,  the  master  or  owner  of  such  ship  or  vessel  shall  deliver  to  the  person  or 
■  persons  herein  authorised  to  make  such  registry  and  grant  such  cerlilicales  of  registry  at  the  port 
Ivtieresiich  change  shall  take  pl.ace  the  certificate  of  registry  belonging  to  such  ship  or  vessel,  who 
I  iliall  thereupon  indorse  and  subscribe  a  meinoranduin  of  such  change,  and  shall  forthwith  give  notice 
lofihesauie  to  the  proper  olflcer  of  the  port  or  place  where  such  ship  or  vessel  was  last  registered  pur- 


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REGISTRY. 


CI  '^ 

I**'"      1 


«liC.'.     .. 

C'  - 


Buant  to  this  net,  who  shall  likpwiric  make  a  memornndiim  of  the  same  in  the  book  of  registers,  wliirij 
is  hernhy  iliri'ctHd  and  required  to  lie  kept,  and  sliall  forthwitli  give  notice  tliercof  to  llie  coinniiaHJon. 
crs  of  Ill's  Majesty's  ciistonis  :  |irnvided  always,  that  lielbre  the  name  of  such  new  master  shall  Ik;  jn. 
dorsed  on  the  cerllfieate  of  registry  he  shall  be  required  to  give  and  shall  give  a  bond  in  the  like  (leiiai. 
lies  and  nnder  the  same  conditions  as  are  contained  in  the  bond  liereln-bel'ure  required  to  be  given  at 
the  time  of  registry  of  any  slii|i  or  vessel. — {  21. 

Biiniln  li'ihlr  In  snme  Puties  or  Slamfis  an  Hunils  for  Customs. — All  bonds  rP(|iiired  by  this  act  shall  h,. 
liable  Id  tile  same  duties  of  stamps  ax  bonds  given  foror  in  respect  of  the  duties  of  customs  ure  or  sjiajj 
be  liable  to  under  any  act  fur  the  time  being  in  force  for  granting  duties  of  stamps. — }  22. 

Crrlifif.aic  of  Kc/rialrij  tn  lir  piren  up  h,/  all  Persons,  as  dirtcled  hij  the  Bond. — If  any  person  wliatevpr 
shall  at  any  time  have  possession  of  and  wilfully  detain  any  ceriilieate  of  registry  granted  iiinler  iIhj 
or  any  oilier  act,  which  oimlit  to  be  delivered  up  to  be  cancelled  according  to  any  of  the  conditions  of 
the  bond  berein-hcf'ire  rei|iiired  to  be  given  upon  the  registry  of  any  ship  or  vessel,  such  pi'rsdn  j, 
hereby  required  and  enjoined  to  deliver  up  such  certificate  of  registry  in  manner  directed  by  the  con. 
(lilions  of  Hiicli  bond  iii  the  rcs]iuctive  cases  and  under  the  respective  penalties  therein  providtit 
—i  9:t. 

.N'limr  of  Vca.iel  which  has  heen  registered  never  afterwards  to  he  thanaeil. — It  shall  not  be  lawful  fn, 
any  owner  or  owners  of  any  ship  or  vessel  to  give  any  name  to  such  ship  or  vessel  other  than  lliui  i^, 
which  she  w  13  first  registered  in  pursuance  of  this  or  any  other  act ;  and  the  owner  or  owners  nf  a|| 
and  every  ship  or  vessel  which  shall  be  so  registered  shall,  before  such  ship  or  vessel,  after  such  reels. 
try,  Bliair  begin  to  take  in  any  cargo,  paint  or  cause  to  be  painted,  in  while  or  yellow  letters,  (jfj 
length  of  not  less  than  4  indies,  upon  a  black  ground,  on  some  conspicuous  part  of  the  stern,  the 
name  by  which  such  ship  or  vessel  shall  have  been  registered  pursuant  to  this  act,  and  the  pnrt  lo 
which  sill'  lielongs,  in  a  distinct  and  Icgilile  manner,  and  shall  so  keep  and  preserve  the  same  ;  and  if 
piich  owner  or  owners  or  master  or  oilier  person  having  or  taking  the  charge  or  command  of  suilisliln 
or  vessel  shall  permit  such  ship  or  vessel  to  begin  to  take  in  any  cargo  before  the  name  of  siiili  sliin 
or  vessel  has  been  so  painted  as  aforesaid,  or  shall  wilfully  alter,  erase,  obliterate,  or  in  anywise  hi.Je 
or  conce:il.  or  cause  or  procure  or  permit  the  same  to  be  done  (unless  in  the  case  of  square-riggcil  viis. 
pels  in  time  of  war),  or  shall  in  any  written  or  printed  paper,  or  other  document,  describe  sinli  fljm 
or  vessel  by  any  other  name  than  that  by  wliich  she  was  first  registered  pursuant  to  this  act,  or  shall  vi,. 
bally  describe,  or  cause  or  procure  or  permit  such  ship  or  vessel  to  bo  described,  by  any  other  iiiune  lo 
any  otlicer  or  otficers  of  his  Miijesly's  revenue  in  the  due  e.tecution  of  his  or  their  duly,  then  and  in 
every  such  case  such  owner  or  owners  or  master  or  other  person  havingor  taking  the  charge  orccjin. 
niand  of  such  ship  or  vessel  shall  fcirfeit  Ihe  gum  of  100/.— }  24. 

Biiihler's  Certificate  of  Purliculars  of  *Viip.— All  and  every  person  and  persons  who  shall  apply  fi.ra 
cerlilirale  of  the  registry  of  any  ship  or  vessel  shall  and  they  are  hereby  required  to  produce  Icitim 
person  or  persons  authorised  to  grant  such  certificate  a  true  and  full  account,  under  Ihe  band  of  ili^ 
builder  of  such  ship  or  vessel,  of  the  proper  deiiominalion,  and  of  the  time  wlien  and  the  place  wlnTe 
such  ship  or  vessel  was  buill,  and  also  an  exact  account  of  the  tonnage  of  such  ship  or  vessel,  In.'i.||i(.f 
with  till!  ninin  of  the  first  piirclnser  or  purcliasers  thereof  (wliich  account  such  builder  is  benhv 
(tirecled  and  required  to  give  iiniler  his  band  on  the  same  being  demanded  by  such  person  or  |i>'rsiiii'j 
so  applyin'.'  for  a  certificate'  as  aforesaid),  and  shall  also  make  and  subscrilie  a  declaration  Ii>m.,,,, 
the  person  or  persons  herein-before  aiilhorised  to  grant  such  certiticatc  that  the  ship  or  vessil  („] 
which  such  certificate  is  required  is  the  same  with  that  which  is  so  described  by  the  builder  as  alnrc. 
said. — J  25. 

Certificate  of  Registry  Inst  or  wiaVaif/.— If  the  certificate  of  registry  of  any  ship  or  vessel  sbal!  lie  jijsi 
or  mislaid,  so  that  the  same  cannot  be  found  or  obtained  for  the  use  of  such  ship  or  vessel  wlieii 
needful,  and  proof  thereof  shall  be  made  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  commissioners  of  his  Majesty's 
customs,  such  commissioners  shall  and  may  permit  such  ship  or  vessel  to  be  registered  de  nuro.  anj 
,1  certifiiaie  thereof  to  be  granted:  provided  always,  that  if  such  ship  or  vessel  be  absent  and  far 
distant  from  the  port  to  which  she  belong^or  by  reason  of  the  tibsence  of  the  owner  or  owners,  or  of 
any  otlwr  iinpeiiiment,  registry  of  the  same  cannot  then  be  made  in  siilticient  time,  such  coniiiiission. 
ers  shall  and  may  grant  a  licence  for  the  present  use  of  such  sliip  or  vessel,  which  licence  sliall,  bir  ilie 
lime  and  to  Ihe  extent  specified  therein, and  no  longer,be  of  the  same  force  and  virtue  as  a  ceriiliiaie 
of  registry  granted  under  this  act  :  provided  always,  that  before  sncli  registry  de  novo  be  niadf.  tlie 
owner  or  owners  and  master  shall  give  bond  to  the  commissioners  aforesaid,  in  such  sum  as  to  ilipm 
shall  seem  fit,  with  a  condition  that  if  the  certificate  of  registry  sliall  at  any  time  afterwards  he  fDiiml, 
the  same  shall  be  forthwith  delivered  to  the  proper  oflicers  of  his  Majesty's  customs  to  be  caiicelliil, 
and  that  no  illetral  use  has  been  or  shall  be  made  thereof  with  his  or  their  privily  or  knowledce ;  ami 
further,  that  before  any  such  licence  shall  be  granted  as  aforesaid,  ilie  master  of  such  ship  or  vessil 
shall  also  make  and  subscribe  a  declaration  that  the  same  has  been  registered  as  a  Uritish  ship,  nam- 
iug  the  port  where  and  the  tir^e  when  such  registry  was  made,  and  all  the  particulars  contained  in 
the  certificate  thereof,  to  the  best  of  his  knowledge  and  belief,  and  shall  also  give  such  bond  and  wiili 
the  same  condition  as  is  before  mentioned  :  provided  also,  that  before  any  sucli  licence  shall  be  t'raiit. 
ed,  such  ship  or  vessel  shall  be  surveyed  in  like  manner  us  if  a  registry  de  novo  were  about  lo  lie  niaile 
thereof;  and  the  certificate  of  such  survey  shall  be  preserved  by  the  collector  and  comptroller  nf  ijir. 
port  to  which  such  ship  or  vessel  shall  belong;  and  in  virtue  thereof  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  .«iiia 
commissioners  and  they  are  hereby  required  to  permit  such  ship  or  vessel  to  be  registered  after  her 
departure,  whenever  the  owner  or  owners  shall  personally  attend  to  take  and  subscribe  tlie  declara- 
tion required  by  this  act  before  registry  be  made,  and  shall  also  comply  with  all  other  requisites  orHiis 
act,  except  so  far  as  relates  to  the  bond  to  be  given  by  the  master  of  such  ship  or  vessel ;  which  certiii. 
cate  of  registry  the  said  commissioners  shall  and  may  transmit  to  the  collector  and  coniptroller  of  any 
other  port,  to  be  by  them  given  to  the  master  of  such  ship  or  vessel,  upon  his  giving  such  bond,  aial 
deliverinsi  up  the  licence  which  had  been  granted  for  the  then  present  use  of  such  shipor  vessel.— J  Sfi. 
Persons  detaining  Certificate  of  Registry  to  forfeit  \00l. — In  case  any  person  who  shall  have  recolveil 
or  obtained  by  any  means,  or  for  any  person  whatever,  the  certificate  of  the  registry  of  any  shipor 
vessel  (whether  such  person  shall  claim  to  be  the  master  or  to  be  the  owner  or  one  of  the  owners  ofsiicli 
ship  or  vessel,  or  not),  shall  wilfully  detain  and  refuse  to  deliver  up  the  same  to  the  proper  otlicers  of 
customs,  for  the  purposes  of  such  ship  or  vessel,  as  occasion  shall  require,  or  to  the  person  or  iicrsons 
having  the  actual  command,  possession,  and  management  of  such  shipor  vessel  as  the  ostensilde  ami 
reputed  master,  or  as  the  ostensible  and  reputed  owner  or  owners  thereof,  it  may  and  shall  be  lawfid 
to  and  for  any  such  last-mentioned  person  to  make  complaint  on  oath  of  such  detainer  and  refusal  to 
any  justice  of  the  peace  residing  near  to  the  place  where  such  detainer  and  refusal  shall  be,  in  Great 
firitain  or  Ireland,  or  to  any  member  of  the  supreme  court  of  justice  or  any  justice  of  the  peace  inllie 
islands  of  .Jersey,  Guernsey,  or  Man,  or  in  any  colony,  plantation,  island,  or  territory  to  his  Majesty 
helonginein  Asia,  Africa,  or  America,  or  in  Malta,  Gibraltar,  or  Heligoland,  where  such  detainer  and  re- 
fusal shall  be  in  any  of  the  places  last  mentioned  ;  and  on  such  complaint  the  said  justice  or  other  ma- 
gistrate shall  and  is  hereby  required,  by  warrant  under  his  hand  and  seal,  to  cause  the  person  so  com- 
plained against  to  be  brought  before  him  to  be  examined  touching  such  detainer  and  refusal ;  and  if  it 
shall  appear  to  the  said  justice  or  other  magistrate,  on  examination  of  such  person  or  otherwise,  tliat  llio 


REGISTRY. 


303 


)k  of  registers,  which 
f  lo  llic  comiiiUnlon- 
w  master  stmll  I";  in. 
nnd  ill  tlie  WWe  pi.iial- 
.(juired  to  be  given  ai 

crt  by  this  not  shall  he 
f  ciiritiims  are  or  shall 
IS.-}  22. 

uny  person  wlialevpr 
try  crttiUed  uiiili^r  iluj 
ly  of  the  coiuliliiiiisnf 

Vf'SSel,  SHCll   lliTCliIl  \i 

•r  directed  l)y  Hh'  inn- 
lies  tliercin  provided. 

»linll  not  he  lawful  fnt 
3sel  other  tlian  llinlliy 
iwiier  or  owners  "fail 
cssel, after  siicli  ritis. 
or  yellow  letters,  df a 
part  of  the  stern,  ilie 
lis  act,  and  the  port  lo 
lerve  the  same  ;  ami  if 
command  of  siulisliip 
the  name  of  suih  ship 
lite,  or  in  anywise  hi.le 
e  of  square-ri'.';.'eilvi!s. 
(!nt,  describe  smli  slup 
10  this  act,  or  shall  vit- 
il,hy  any  other  nainuio 
their  duty,  tlien  ami  ia 
king  the  charge  orcdin- 

is  who  shall  apply  f..ri 
inired  to  produce  imiie 
,  under  the  hand  of  the 
'en  and  the  place  wliere 
ship  or  vepsel.  I'i;i.|h(!t 
piich  builder  is  lienhy 
such  person  or  pirsoiij 
ihe  a  declaratiiin  luM  ito 
I  the  ship  or  vessel  t'nr 
by  the  builder  as  afore- 

lip  or  vessel  shall  lie  lust 
ich  ship  or  vessel  wlmi 
lioncrs  of  his  Majesty's 
registered  i/e  novo,  and 
jssel  be  absent  and  far 
owner  or  owners,  nr  of 
time,  such  coinnussinn. 
lich  licence  shall,  fur  the 
1  virtue  as  a  certificate 
,  y  de  noro  be  made,  the 
in  such  sum  as  to  them 
me  afterwards  he  feuml, 
ustoms  to  be  cancelled, 
viiy  or  knowledce  ;  and 
•  of  such  ship  or  vessel 
as  a  British  ship,  luiiii- 
[larticulars  contained  ia 
ive  such  bond  and  with 
licence  shall  bo  mm. 
were  about  to  be  made 
and  comptrnller  nf  the 
be  lawful  for  the  ?aiu 
be  registered  after  her 
•  subscribe  the  dcclara- 
,  other  requisites  ofthis 
ir  vessel ;  which  certili- 
and  comptroller  of  any 
giving  such  bond,  and 
ich  ship  or  vessel.-}  2". 
rho  shall  have  received 
registry  of  any  sln|Mir 
le  of  the  owners  iirsiicli 
to  the  proper  olficers  of 
o  the  person  or  iicrsnns 
lei  as  the  ostensible  and 
Inay  and  shall  be  lawful 
detainer  and  refusal  lo 
ifiisal  shall  be,  in  Great 
itice  of  the  peace  in  the 
territory  to  his  Majesty 
re  such  detainer  and  re- 
laid  justice  or  other  ma- 
nse the  person  so  coiii- 
■rand  refusal;  andinl 
norotherwise.tliaiiuJ 


mid  certiflcnte  of  registry  Is  not  lost  nr  mislaid,  but  is  wilfully  detained  bv  the  said  person,  such  por- 
fi(in  shall  be  thereof  convicted,  and  shall  forfeit  nnd  pay  the  sum  of  Kill/.,  and  on  failure  of  payment 
(liereiif  he  shall  be  committed  to  the  common  gaol,  there  to  remain  witlimit  bail  or  mainpri/.e  fur  such 
IJnie  as  the  said  justice  or  other  mngislrate  shall  in  his  discretion  deem  proper,  not  being  less  than  3 
niniillis  nor  more  than  12  months  ;  and  the  said  justice  or  other  mattislrale  shall  and  be  is  hereby  re- 
paired lo  rerlify  the  aforesaid  detaini^r,  refusal,  and  coiivictioii  to  the  person  or  persons  who  grunted 
sacli  certificate  of  registry  for  such  ship  or  vessel,  who  hIiiiII,  oil  the  terms  and  eoiiiliiioMs  of  law  being 
complied  with,  make  registry  of  such  ship  or  vessel  rfc  nnvn,  and  grant  a  cerlilicate  Ihereoreoiiforiiiably  to 
law.nolifyingon  the  back  of  such  cerlilicate  the  ground  upon  which  Ihe  ship  or  vessel  was  so  reiiislerecl 
rf,  niTi) ;  lind  if  the  person  who  shall  have  detained  and  refused  to  deliver  up  such  cerlilicate  ol  registry 
aaiif'iresaid.or  shall  be  verily  believed  lo  liavo  detained  the  same,  shall  have  absconded,  so  that  Ihe  said 
warrant  of  the  justice  or  other  magistrate  cannot  be  executed  upon  him,  and  proof  thereof  shall  be 
made  to  Iho  satisfaction  of  the  commissioners  of  his  Majijsly's  ciistoiiH,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  said 
coiiiinissioners  to  permit  such  ship  or  vessel  to  he  registered  ile  Morn,  or  otherwise,  in  their  discretion, 
to  grant  a  licence  for  the  present  use  of  such  ship  or  vessel  in  like  manner  us  is  liereiii-bufore  provided 
in  the  case  wherein  the  certificate  of  registry  is  not  lost  or  mislaid.—?  27. 

S//i;)  allered  in  certain  Manner  tn  be  regiatrred  de  novo. — If  any  ship  or  vessel,  after  she  shall  have 
been  re^'islered  pursuant  to  the  directions  of  this  act,  shall  in  any  maimi'r  wlialever  be  altered  so  as 
tint  to  correspond  with  all  the  particulars  contained  in  the  cerlilicate  of  lii'r  registry,  in  such  ease  such 
shili  or  vessel  shall  be  registered  de  nam,  in  manner  heri'iii-bel'ore  re(iuireil,  us  soon  as  she  ri'lurns  to 
the  port  to  which  she  belongs,  or  to  any  other  port  which  shall  be  in  Ihe  saiiK!  part  of  the  Unileil  King- 
dom, or  in  the  same  colony,  plantation,  island,  or  territory  as  the  said  port  shall  be  in,  on  failure 
whereof  such  ship  or  vessel  shall,  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  be  considered  and  deemed  uiid  taken  to 
be  a  ship  or  vessel  not  duly  registered.— J  28. 

yessfh  condemned  as  Prize, S^-c. — The  owner  or  owners  of  all  such  ships  and  vessels  as  shall  be  taken 
by  any  of  his  Majesty's  ship.s  or  vessels  of  war,  or  by  any  private  or  oilier  ship  or  vessel,  and  coii- 
deiniii'd  as  lawful  prize  in  any  court  of  admiralty,  or  of  such  ships  or  vessels  as  shall  be  coi.ileiiii.ed  in 
any  riiiiipetenl  court  as  forfiiited  for  breach  of  IIk;  laws  for  the  prevention  of  the  slavt!  trade,  shall,  tor 
llic  [iMriinse  of  registering  any  such  sliiji  or  vessel,  produce  to  llie  collector  and  eom|ilroller  of  customs 
a  cerlilicate  of  the  condenination  of  such  ship  or  vessel,  under  the  hand  and  seal  of  the  jiidue  of  the 
[onrl  ill  w  bich  such  ship  or  vessel  shall  have  been  condemned  (which  cerlilicate  such  jiidjii'  is  hereby 
aiilliorised  and  required  lo  grant),  and  also  a  true  and  e.\acl  account  in  writinu  of  all  the  particulars 
contained  in  the  certihcale  hereiii-before  set  forth,  to  be  made  and  subscrihed  hy  onu  or  more  skilful 
pirsoii  or  persons  to  he  appointed  by  Ihe  court  then  and  there  to  survey  such  ship  or  vessel,  and  shall 
a!se  loake  and  subscribe  a  declaration  before  the  collector  and  comptroller  that  such  ship  or  vessel  is 
,|ie  same  vessel  which  is  mentioned  in  the  certillcale  of  the  judge  aforesaid.—}  2!l. 

Pri-.t  Vcsurls  not  to  be  repintered  at  Oiierniey,  Jerscii,  or  Man. — No  shiji  or  vessel  which  shall  be  taken 
and  ccnidenined  as  prize  or  forfeiture  as  aforesaid  shall  be  registered  in  the  islands  of  (iiiernsey,  .ler- 
fPV,  or  Man,  althoui;h  belonging  to  his  Majesty's  subjects  residing  in  those  i^laiuls,  or  in  some  one  or 
other  of  lliein ;  but  the  same  shall  be  registered  either  at  Southampton,  WBymonth,  K.veter,  IMy- 
moiilli.  I'alinoulli,  Liverpool,  or  Whitehaven,  by  the  collector  and  comptroller,  at  such  ports  respect- 
ively, who  arc  hereby  authorised  and  re(|uired  to  register  such  ship  or  vessel,  and  to  grant  a  certifl- 
calc  ihereof  in  the  form  and  under  the  regulations  and  restrictions  in  this  act  contained.—  }  HO. 

Transfers  of  Interest  to  be  made  hy  Bill  of  Sale. — When  and  so  often  as  the  properly  in  any  ship  or 
vessel,  or  any  part  thereof,  belonging  to  any  of  his  Majesty's  subjects,  shall,  after  registry  thereof,  be 
cold  10  any  other  or  others  of  his  Majesty's  subjects,  the  same  shall  be  transferred  by  bill  of  sale  or 
other  instrument  in  writing,  containing  a  recital  of  the  cerlilicate  of  reaisiry  of  such  ship  or  vessel,  or 
the  principal  contents  thereof,  otherwise  such  transfer  shall  not  be  valid  or  eil'i^ctual  for  any  purpose 
whatever,  either  in  law  ct  iii  equity  ;  provided  always,  that  no  bill  of  sale  shall  be  deemed  void  by 
reason  of  any  error  in  such  recital,  or  by  the  recital  of  any  former  certificate  of  registry  instead  of  tho 
eiisiina  certificate,  provided  the  identity  of  the  ship  or  vessel  intended  in  the  recital  be  elfeclually 
proved  thereby.—}  31. 

I'rofertij  in  Sliiii.i  to  be  divided  into  Sixty-four  Parts  or  Sliares .—The.  property  in  every  ship  or  vessel 
ofwhi'h  there  are  more  than  one  owner  shall  be  taken  and  considered  lo  be  divided  into  CI  eipial  parts 
or  shares,  and  the  proportion  held  by  each  owner  shall  be  described  in  tlii!  registry  as  being  a  certain 
niindier  of  tilth  parts  or  shares  ;  and  no  person  shall  be  enlilled  to  be  registered  as  an  owner  of  any 
ship  or  vessel  in  respect  of  any  proportion  of  such  ship  or  vessel  which  shall  not  be  an  inlegral  64lh 
part  or  share  of  the  same  ;  and  upon  the  first  registry  of  any  ship  or  vessel,  the  owner  or  owners  who 
shall  take  and  subscribe  the  declaration  required  by  this  act,  before  registry  be  made,  shall  also  de- 
clare Ihe  nninber  of  such  parts  or  shares  then  held  by  each  owner,and  the  same  shall  be  so  registered 
accordiiifrly:  provided  always,  that  if  it  shall  at  any  lime  haiipcn  that  the  property  of  any  owner  or 
owners  in  any  ship  or  vessel  cannot  be  reduced  by  division  into  any  number  of  inlegral  Ollh  parts  or 
shares,  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for  the  owner  or  owners  of  such  fractional  parts  as  shall  be  over 
and  above  such  number  of  inteL'ral  fi  llh  parts  or  shares  into  which  such  property  in  any  ship  or  vessel 
can  III'  reduced  by  division  lo  transfer  the  same  one  to  aiiolher,  or  jointly  to  any  new  owner,  by  memo- 
randiini  upon  Iheir  respective  bills  of  sale,  or  by  fresh  bill  of  sale,  without  such  transfer  beins;  liable 
to  any  stamp  duty  :  provided  also,  that  the  right  of  any  owner  or  owners  to  any  such  fractiiuial  parts 
shallnot  he  alfected  hy  reason  of  the  same  not  having  been  registered :  provided  also,  that  it  shall  be 
lawful  for  any  number  of  such  owners,  named  and  described  in  such  registry,  being  parliicr.-:  in  any 
honse  or  copartnership  ncliially  carrying  on  trade  in  any  part  of  his  Majesty's  dominions,  to  hold  any 
ship  or  vessel,  or  any  share  or  shares  of  any  ship  or  vessel,  in  the  name  of  such  house  or  copartnership, 
asjiiiiit  owners  thereof,  without  dislingiiishing  the  proporlionate  interest  of  each  of  such  owners,  and 
lliat  such  ship  or  vessel,  or  the  share  or  shares  thereofso  held  in  copartnership,  shall  be  (leeiiieil  and 
taken  lo  he  partnership  property  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  and  shall  be  governed  by  the  same  rules, 
both  in  law  and  equity,  as  relate  to  and  govern  all  other  partnership  property  in  uny  other  goods, 
chattels,  and  ellects  whatsoever. — }  32. 

Oiihj  Tliiriy-liro  Persons  to  be  Oicners  of  any  Ship  at  One  Time. — No  greater  number  than  32  persons 
shall  he  entitled  to  be  legal  owners  at  one  and  the  same  lime  of  any  ship  or  vessel,  as  tenants  in  com- 
mon, or  tn  he  registered  as  such  :  provided  always,  that  nothing  herein  contained  shall  atl'ect  the 
equitahle  title  of  minors,  heirs,  legatees,  creditors,  or  others,  exceeding  that  number,  duly  represented 
bv  or  holding  from  any  of  the  persons  within  the  said  number,  registered  ns  legal  owners  of  any  share 
or  shares  of  such  ship  or  vessel :  provided  also,  that  if  it  shall  be  proved  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
coiniiiissioners  of  customs  that  any  number  of  persons  have  associated  themselves  as  a  joint  slock 
company,  for  the  purpose  of  owning  any  ship  or  vessel,  or  any  number  of  ships  or  vessels,  as  the  joint 
properly  of  such  company,  and  that  such  company  have  duly  elected  or  appointed  any  number,  not 
less  than  3,  of  the  niemhers  of  the  same  lo  be  trustees  of  tlie  property  in  such  ship  or  vessel  or 
ships  or  vessels  so  owned  by  such  company,  it  shall  he  lawful  for  siicli  trustees  or  any  3  of  I  hem,  with 
Ihe  pcrmi.ssioii  of  such  commissioners,  lo  make  and  subscribe  the  declaration  required  by  this  act  be- 
fore registry  be  made,  except  that,  instead  of  stating  therein  the  names  and  descriptions  of  the  other 

50 


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REGISTRY. 


'  ••— ',i» 


lii.S    ,y      - 


r4Ut 


ownem,  thoy  Rhnll  sinte  tho  nnme  nnd  ilpirrlptinn  of  the  company  to  which  iuch  ihip  or  vosgpi  or 
thipfi  nr  vcH.tf^lH  dhnll  In  Hiich  iniinner  liclnii);.— (  33. 

Bilta  of  Sale  mil  rfffelual  until  prndured  to  Officers  of  Ciidlomt.—No  lilll  nrinle  or  other  initrniriFnt  in 
writliie  hMiiII  Ii<!  viiilil  niul  (>ir):rtiinl  tn  pnni  lliit  prnporty  in  any  Nlilp  or  vexHi'l,  nr  in  any  Riinri*  tlnTiMif 
nr  for  luiy  nllinr  pnrpo.'tp,  until  Niirli  hill  of  niiIo  or  otlii>r  inNtriiincnt  in  writing  Hhnll  linve  Ihm'm  |ir<i. 
dilcud  tn  ilii>  collL'clor  unci  roinptrollcr  nrilic-  port  at  wliicli  Hncli  ^liip  or  vi'ssci  in  already  rvgiati'ricl,  ,>, 
10  thu  colli'dor  iind  comptroller  of  any  other  port  at  which  she  ia  about  tn  be  rcgliitrred  ile  noivi,  ns  Kj^ 
cnoe  may  he,  nor  until  stich  collector  nnd  comptroller  respectively  uliall  have  entered  in  the  liiii>|<  „( 
unci)  hint  regifitry,  in  the  one  case,  nr  in  the  lioiil<  of  Hnrli  reuistry  itf  nmtK,  after  all  tlie  rei|uiNiii>$  „f 
law  for  Hitch  regislry  <le  nuoo  Nlnill  have  heen  duly  complied  with,  in  Ihu  other  case  (and  whuli  ih^v 
nre  rcHperlively  herehy  reipiired  to  do  upon  the  production  of  the  liill  of  Hale  or  nther  iiiHtruniciii  (,„ 
that  piirpoHi!),  tliu  name,  renidence,  and  dencriptinn  of  the  vendor  or  niorlgagor,  or  of  each  vemli.r «, 
inorti;ai;or,  if  mure  than  I,  thu  luimherof  nharefl  transferred,  the  name,  reaidence,  nnd  descripliun  oi 
the  purchaser  or  uiortK-igee,  nr  of  each  purcluiHer  nr  niortgng(ie,if  more  than  l,and  the  date  of  ihi'  lnn 
of  sale  or  other  itistritinent,  and  of  the  production  of  it ;  and  further,  if  such  ship  nr  vessel  is  nnt  alioin 
tn  he  ri'i;istered  de  7ioi'o,  the  collector  and  comptroller  of  (lie  port  when!  Hitch  ship  in  registered  !i|j..,{| 
nnil  tliey  are  hereby  re(|Uired  to  indorse  the  nforesnid  parlleiilars  of  sitch  bill  of  sale  nr  oIIht  iii<iirii. 
ineiil  on  the  certilicute  of  registry  nf  the  said  ship  or  vessel,  when  the  satiic  shall  hu  produced  tu  then, 
fur  that  purpose,  in  manner  and  to  thu  clfuct  follow ing  : — 

"  CiiHloiii'hniisp  {}>oTt  rtn't  date ;  ttfimc,  residence^  and  dcsoiytiun  of  vendor  or  mcrtcagor]  Ins  traniiferreit  by  [biU  oj  gale  or  otho 
iiulrumtnl]  dated  [((ale;  number  of  ihara]  to  Inaint,  raidtiwe,  and  dacriulion  of  yWQixaier  or  murtgaftc] 

A.  B.  Collpci.ir. 
C.  D,  Coiiijitnillpr." 

And  forthwith  to  give  notice  thereof  to  the  cnmmiissinnera  of  customs  ;  nnd  In  case  the  collector  and 
rntiiptrollcr  shall  he  desired  so  to  do,  nnd  the  bill  of  sale  nr  other  iiistriinieiit  shall  he  produced  to  tl|p|„ 
for  that  purpose,  then  the  said  collector  atid  comptroller  are  hereby  retjuired  tn  certify,  by  iiiilorsi'ir.eni 
upoti  the  bill  of  sale  or  other  instrument,  that  the  particulars  before  mentioned  have  been  so  enlt.11.4 
in  the  book  of  reiiialry,  and  indorsed  upon  the  certificate  of  registry  as  aforesaid.—}  34. 

h'.nirtj  of  Hill  of  Sale  to  be  vnlid,  eiccpt  in  certain  Casts. — When  and  so  sooti  as  Ihn  particulars  nf  nnv 
bill  of  sale  or  other  InstrutiKMit  by  which  any  ship  nr  vessel,  or  any  share  nr  shares  tliercof,  shall  bj 
transferred,  shall  have  been  so  entered  in  the  hook  of  registry,  ns  aforesaid,  the  said  bill  of  silcr,, 
other  inslruiucnt  shall  be  vnlid  and  eUcctunl  to  pass  the  properly  thereby  intended  to  be  trunsfiTrcd  jj 
ncainst  all  and  every  person  and  persons  whatsoever,  and  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  .•xu.'in  a, 
against  such  siihseiptent  purchasers  and  mortgagees  who  shall  first  procttre  the  indorseimnl  lob. 
made  ttpoii  the  cerlilicate  of  registry  nfsiich  ship  or  vessel  in  manner  herein-after  ineiitioiied.— }35, 
H'hrn  a  Hill  of  Sale  has  been  ctitercd  for  any  Shares,  Thirty  Days  shall  be  allowed  fur  iiidiirfiiif  iii 
Certificate  of  Registry,  before  any  other  Hill  of  Sale  for  the  same  shall  be  entered. — When  and  aftd  ilJe 
particulars  of  any  hill  of  sale  nr  nther  instrttinent  by  which  any  ship  nr  vessel,  or  any  share  or  sliaroj 
thereof,  shall  be  transferred,  shall  have  been  en  entered  in  the  bnok  of  registry  ns  aforesaid,  the  cnl. 
lector  nnd  comptroller  shall  not  enter  in  the  bnnk  of  registry  the  particulars  of  any  other  bill  of  sale  nt 
Insiriiiiient  purporting  to  be  a  transfer  by  the  same  vendor  or  mortgagor  or  vendors  or  ninrtgaiiurs  (hHh 
game  ship  or  vessel,  share  or  shares  thereof,  to  any  nther  persnn  or  persons,  unless  30  dayssliallilanse 
from  the  day  on  which  the  particulars  of  the  former  bill  of  sale  nr  nther  instrument  were  enli  riilin 
the  book  of  registry ;  or  in  case  the  ship  or  vessel  was  absent  frntn  the  port  to  which  she  bi'loiiBcii  ai 
tlie  time  when  the  particulars  of  such  former  bill  of  sale  or  other  instrument  were  entered  in  tlic  lionjt 
of  registry,  then  unless  30  days  shall  have  elapsed  from  the  day  on  which  the  ship  or  vessel  arrived  ai 
the  port  to  which  the  same  belonged;  and  in  case  the  particulars  of  2  or  more  such  bills  of  sale  or  oilier 
instruments  as  aforesaid  shall  at  any  time  have  heen  entered  in  the  bnnk  nf  registry  of  the  said  ship 
or  vessel,  the  collector  and  coinptrnller  shall  not  enter  in  the  book  nf  registry  the  particulars  nf  any 
other  bill  of  sale  or  other  instrument  as  aforesaid  unless  30  days  shall  in  like  manner  have  elapspj 
from  the  day  on  which  tho  particulars  of  the  last  of  such  bill  of  sale  pr  other  instrument  were  eiilcri'il 
in  the  books  of  registry,  or  from  the  day  on  which  the  ship  or  vessel  arrived  at  the  port  to  which  slie 
belonged,  in  case  of  her  absence  aa  aforesaid  ;  and  in  every  case  where  there  shall  at  any  liini!  han. 
pen  to  be  2  nr  more  transfers  by  the  same  owner  or  owners  of  the  same  property  in  any  shiii  or  visiii 
entered  in  the  book  of  registry  as  aforesaid,  the  collector  nnd  comptroller  are  hereby  rcipilrcd  in  In- 
dorse  upon  the  certificate  of  registry  of  such  ship  or  vessel  the  particulars  of  that  bill  of  sale  nr  oilier 
iuslruineiit  under  which  the  person  or  persona  claims  or  claim  property,  who  shall  produce  tin!  ctr. 
tilicate  of  registry  for  that  purpose  within  30  days  next  after  the  entry  of  his  said  bill  of  sale  or  oilier 
instrument  in  the  book  nf  registry  as  aforesaid,  nr  within  30  days  next  after  the  return  of  the  saidslnp  I 
or  vessel  to  the  port  to  which  she  belongs,  in  case  nf  her  absence  at  the  time  of  such  entry  as  al'ire- 
said;  and  incase  no  person  or  persons  shall  produce  the  cerliticate  of  registry  within  eiilier  oi'ihe 
said  spaces  of  30  days,  then  it  shall  he  lawful  for  the  collector  and  comptroller,  and  they  are  hereby 
required,  to  indorse  upon  the  certificate  of  registry  the  particulars  nf  the  hill  of  sale  or  other  instru- 
ment to  such  [lerson  or  persons  as  shall  first  produce  the  certificate  of  registry  for  that  pitrposi',  it  be. 
ing  the  true  intent  and  meaning  of  this  act  that  the  several  piirrhaserH  and  mortgagees  of  such  sliipcr  1 
vessel,  share  or  shares  thereof,  when  more  than  1  appear  to  claim  the  same  property,  or  to  claim  seen. 
rity  on  the  same  property,  in  the  same  rank  and  degree,  shall  have  priority  one  over  the  other,  iioi 
according  to  the  respective  times  when  the  particulars  nf  the  bill  of  sale  or  other  instrument  In  Hhici 
such  property  was  transferred  to  fheni  were  entered  in  the  book  of  registry  as  aforesaid,  hiitaitnrd- 
ing  to  the  time  when  the  indorsement  is  made  upon  the  certificate  of  registry  as  aforesaid  :  pmvide.l 
always,  that  if  the  certificate  of  registry  shall  he  lost  or  mislaid,  or  shall  be  detained  by  any  person 
whatever,  so  that  the  indorsement  cannot  in  due  time  be  made  thereon,  and  proof  thereni'slialHie  | 
made  by  the  purchaser  or  mortgagee,  nr  his  known  agent,  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  coniniissiiiiiersof 
his  Majesty's  customs,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  said  commissioners  to  grant  such  further  time  asm  ] 
them  shall  appear  necessary  for  the  recovery  of  the  certificate  of  reL'istry,'or  for  the  registry  de  wurooi'  [ 
the  said  ship  or  vessel  under  the  provisionsof  this  act ;  and  thereupon  the  collector  anil  coinpirollet 
shall  make  a  memorandum  in  the  book  of  registers  of  the  further  time  so  granted,  and  during  sueli 
time  no  other  bill  of  sale  shall  be  entered  for  the  transfer  of  the  same  ship  or  vessel,  or  the  same  share  [ 
or  shares  thereof,  or  for  giving  the  same  security  Ihereoti. — }  36. 

Bills  of  Sale  may  be  produced  after  Entry  at  oilier  Ports.— W  tlic  certificate  of  registry  of  such  ship  or  I 
vessel  shall  be  produced  to  tho  collector  and  comptroller  of  any  port  where  she  may  then  be,  after  any  I 
such  bill  of  sale  shall  have  been  recorded  at  the -port  tn  which  she  belongs,  together  with  such  hill  of  ( 
sale,  containing  a  notification  of  such  record,  signed  by  the  collector  and  comptroller  of  such  port  as  I 
before  directed,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  collector  and  comptroller  of  such  other  port  to  iiiil(irseon) 
such  certificate  of  registry  (being  required  so  to  do)  the  transfer  mentioned  in  such  bill  nf  sale,  and! 
such  collector  and  cnmptrnller  shall  give  notice  thereof  to  the  collector  and  comptroller  of  the  purllol 
which  such  ship  or  vessel  belnngs,  who  shall  record  tho  same  in  like  manner  as  if  they  had  inadesiir|j| 
indorsement  themselves,  but  inserting  the  name  of  the  pnrt  ot  which  such  indnrsement  was  made: 
provided  always,  that  the  collector  and  comptroller  of  such  other  port  shall  first  give  notice  to  the  col- 
lector and  comptroller  of  the  port  to  which  such  ship  or  vessel  belongs  of  such  requisition  made  to  I 


REfilSTRY. 


305 


'>  ' 


luch  •hip  or  vpsael  or 

ar  otlier  ln»truiiicnl  in 
In  any  Blmri'  tlnTiMif, 
■  Btmll  Imve  Ixmmi  \:t«. 
\  already  reglsUTid,  nr 
[Iftcred  lie  noro,  as  th,. 
•ntiTfiil  in  the  lnn.k  or 
ur  nil  tliu  rt!(|iiiHiicsof 
ciise  (iiml  wliiili  thev 
ir  oilier  iriHtriMMrni  fnt 
r,  or  ol'  cntli  vcinliiror 
nee,  ami  tleHcrijitinn  en 
nnil  llie  'liile  I'fllif  Ijiii 
p  or  vcfBel  18  not  iilmni 
gliip  U  retiisli^riMl  shaii 
of  Biile  or  olliiT  iii«lrii. 
all  l)u  produced  to  ilicu, 

iferml  by  tl""  "J  '"''  "'  »<*• 

'*"'"■'     ^./..Collect,,,.  I 

C.  B.  Cuiniftrnllfr." 

n  cnse  tlio  cnlleclor  ani) 
mil  lie  prodiiecil  to  tliPiu 
)  certify,  l>y  iiiiliirsiir.em 
L'd  liave  been  ho  eiilirtil 
id.-}  34. 

US  the  particiiliirs  of  anv 
shares  llieroof,  shall  he 
d,  the  said  hill  m"  silent 
nded  to  he  iraiisfirrcdai 
and  purposes,  >xn'iitai 
■e  the  iiulorstMiifiit  tubt 
after  luentioiied  — }  35, 
allowed  for  indtirfini;  ih 
„j._VVhen  and  uficrilie 
»l,  or  any  share  (jr  sli;iroj 
ilry  as  aforesaid,  the  col. 
jf  any  other  bill  of  sain  oi 
udorsor  niortt'aa.irsdi'iln 
unless  30  days sliullilapse 
strunienl  were  enliriilln 
to  which  she  bi'lnnpdai 
were  entered  in  llic  liook 
e  ship  or  vessel  arriv'.dai 
s  such  bills  of  ealtMjfoiliet 
f  registry  of  the  said  ship 
itry  the  particulars  (if  any 
ike  manner  have  elajised 
•  instrnmenl  were  eiiloN 
1  at  the  port  to  wliiili  she 
!rc  shall  at  any  lliin!  hap. 
lorty  in  any  sliip  or  visji! 
ire  hereby  reniiiii'il  I"  in. 
f  that  bill  of  saliMirntliet 
ho  shall  produce  llu!  ctr. 
3  said  bill  of  sale  or  oilici 
the  return  of  the  saiil  sliij 
le  of  Buch  entry  as  al'orc 
[istry  within  either  ni'  the 
dler,  and  they  are  litnliy 
III  of  sale  or  other  iiisttu- 
ry  for  that  puriiosc  it  lie- 
iiortgaL'ees  ofsiicli  sliipor 
iroperty,or  to  claim  sucii-  , 
J  one  over  the  otlur,  iiot 
[ther  instruineiii  liy  wliich 
as  aforesaid,  bm  aanrd. 
.■y  as  aforesaid  ;  priividi'il  1 
e  detained  by  any  pfrson 
Uid  proof  Ihcreol'  sliall  be 
I  of  the  coinniissiiiiiirsii' 
|nt  such  furthi'r  limi:  iiMo 
for  the  registry  ik  mu  of 
[collector  and  coiii|itrullct 
granted,  and  during  such 
vessel,  or  the  same  sliire 

if  registry  of  such  sliipor  I 
lie  may  then  be,  after  any 
logether  with  such  lull  of  I 
Imptrollerof  siicbimria! 
1  other  port  to  iiidnrse  cnl 
J  in  such  bill  of  sale,  and 
Icomptrolleroftbepiirtto 

■  as  if  they  had  made  such  I 
indorsement  wasiiwue: 


Irst  give  notice 


to  tliecol- 


Isuch  requisition  luaJew 


them  I"  Indorfo  the  rRrlitirato  of  reL'istry,  anil  the  rollcrmr  and  roinptK.llcr  of  ilir  purl  lo  wliiih  .siirli 
sliipor  vexsel  beloiiKH  shiill  Ihereiipoii  huihI  iiifiiriiialiiiii  to  the  cnikMinr  iiiid  icinpirnllrr  of  siu  h  oilier 
iiirl.  whet  her  any  and  wliat  other  hill  or  bilU  of  NUle  have  been  rcconled  in  I  lie  limik  if  the  ri'Kirtiry  of 
iiioli  "'lip  or  vessel ;  mid  the  rolleitur  and  romptrolier  of  fiiiih  other  port,  liavina  Mieli  itiloniiatiiin, 
fliall  proeeed  In  manner  direetcd  by  this  act  In  all  res|iri  Is  to  the  iiulorsinK  nf  tin'  ecriilii  ate  of  regis- 
IfViis  lliey  would  do  if  such  port  wert!  the  port  to  wliieli  micli  vessel  lielmmed,  -,1  :iT. 

7/i/;iiin  Hrgiilry  de  novo  uiiij  Hill  nf  Snle  .</(«//  tml  hart  hirn  rrrnrdid,  llir  Miiiit  iihall  Ihrn  hi  ]ir::diieid, — 
jf  il  sh  ill  lierome  necessary  to  register  iiny  ship  or  vessel  de  novo,  and  miy  sliair  or  shares  i-l  sneli  t>hip 
px  vessel  shall  have  been  sold  since  alio  was  last  registered,  and  llu-  transfer  of  sii,  li  sliare  or 
uliiires  shall  not  have  been  recorded  anil  Indorsed  in  manner  iierein-before  diiei  tiil,  llu.'  Iiill  of  sale 
tlirri'if shall  be  produced  lo  the  colleelor  and  coinptroiler  of  hiii  .Majesty's  iiisloins,  win,  are  to  iiuiku 
reilislrv  of  such  ship  or  vessel,  iilherwisu  such  sale  sliiill  not  be  iioiieed  In  sin  h  ngisliy  i/>  ii„ro,  <:.\. 
rept  as  herein-after  excepted  :  provided  always,  that  upon  the  liiliire  prodiutlon  of  siieli  oill  of  sale, 
[iiid  of  I  lie  e.xisting  certiticaic  of  registry,  such  transfer  shall  and  may  be  recorded  and  Indoised  us  Well 
dfler  such  registry  de  noi'o  as  before.— }  ;<■*. 

I'liiiH  Change  of  Propcrlii,  He/rintnj  de  novo  niny  be  crnnted.—  \{  upon  any  chanL'e  of  properly  in  any 
ship  or  vessel,  the  owner  or  owners  shall  desire  to  have  the  same  registered  dc  nnro,  alllioii;:h  not  re- 
ipiireil  hy  this  act,  and  the  owner  or  proper  number  of  owners  shall  attend  at  the  Cusloiii-lioiisu  at  the 
port  to  which  such  ship  or  vessel  belongs  for  that  purpose,  it  shall  be  lawful  fur  the  collectur  and 
coiiiiilroller  of  lii§  Majesty's  customs  at  such  port  to  make  registry  de  mini  of  siieh  ship  or  ve.ssel  at 
ilie  same  port,  and  to  grant  a  certiliciite  thereof,  the  several  requiHites  hurelu-before  in  this  act  men- 
liuiied  and  directed  being  first  duly  observed  and  complied  with  — }  :i*J. 

Copies  of  Declarations,  ilj-c,  and  of  Kitraela  from  Bonks  of  Registry  admitted  in  Kridenr.e. — The  col- 
Ipctnr  and  comptroller  of  customs  at  any  port  or  place,  and  the  person  or  persons  acting  for  them,  re- 
gnectively,  shall  upon  every  reasonable  reipiest  by  any  person  <ir  person.s  whomsoever,  produce  and 
rsliiliit  fur  his,  her,  or  their  inspection  and  e.xniiiliiatlon  any  oath  or  declaration  sworn  or  made  by  any 
jiicli  owner  or  owners,  proprietor  or  proprietors,  and  also  any  register  or  entry  in  any  book  or  books 
of  reiiistry  required  by  this  act  to  be  made  or  kept  relative  to  any  ship  or  vessel,  and  shall,  upon  every 
teasiinable  request  by  any  person  or  persons  whomsoever,  permit  him,  her,  or  tlieiii  lo  take  a  copy  or 
copies,  or  an  extract  ore.viracts  thereof  respectively  ;  and  the  copy  and  copies  of  any  siieh  oatli  or 
ili'tlarntion,  register  or  entry,  shall,  upon  being  proved  to  be  a  true  cojiy  or  copies  thereof  respectively, 
lip  allowed  and  received  as  evidence  upon  every  trial  at  law,  without  the  product nui  of  the  original  or 
orifiiiialii,  and  without  the  testimony  or  attendance  of  any  collector  or  comptroller,  or  other  person  or 
pi^rsiins  acting  for  them  respectively,  in  all  cases,.as  fully  and  to  all  intents  and  purposes  as  siieh  orl- 
fiual  or  originals,  if  produced  by  any  collector  or  collectors,  comptroller  or  coiiiptrollers,  or  other  per- 
joM  iir  persons  acting  for  them,  could  or  might  legally  be  admitted  or  received  in  evidence.— J  U). 

I^efsels  or  Shares  sold  in  the  Absence  nf  Owners  without  formal  powers. — If  the  ship  or  vessel,  or  the 
share  or  shares  of  any  owner  thereof  who  may  be  out  of  the  kiiigiloiii,  shall  be  sold  in  his  absence  liy 
his  known  agent  or  correspondent,  under  his  directions  eillier  expressed  or  implied,  and  actiiiL'  l>ir  his 
interest  in  that  behalf,  and  such  acent  or  correspondent  who  shall  have  execiiteil  a  bill  of  sale  to  the 
purchaser  of  the  whole  of  such  ship  or  vessel,  or  of  any  share  or  shares  liiereof,  sli.ill  not  have  re- 
ceived a  legal  power  to  execute  the  same,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  comniissioin  rs  of  his  Majesty's 
customs,  upon  application  made  to  them,  and  proof  to  their  s:itisfaction  of  the  fair  dealingH  of  the  par- 
lies. In  permit  such  transfer  lo  be  registered,  if  registry  de  noro  he  necessary,  or  to  be  reeordi'd  and  in- 
iliirscd,  as  the  case  may  be,  in  manner  directed  by  this  act,  as  if  such  legal  power  bad  been  produced  ; 
and  also,  if  il  shall  happen  that  any  bill  of  sale  cannot  be  produced,  or  if,  by  reason  of  di.slance  of 
liine,  or  the  absence  or  death  of  parties  concerned,  it  cannot  be  proved  that  a  bill  of  sale  for  any  share 
orsliaresin  any  ship  or  vessel  had  been  executed,  and  registry  (2c  tmru  of  such  ship  or  vessel  shall 
bave  bernme  necessary,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  commissioners  of  his  Majesty's  cii.stuiii.s,  npon  proof 
to  their  satisfaction  of  the  fair  dealings  of  the  parlies,  lo  permit  such  ship  or  vessel  u)  Im  re^'islered  tic 
notn  in  like  manner  as  if  a  bill  of  sale  for  the  transfer  of  such  share  or  shares  had  been  iirodiiced  : 
provided  always,  that  in  any  of  the  cases  herein  mentioned,  good  and  snllieieni  security  sli.ill  he  uiven 
toprudnce  a  legal  power  or  bill  of  sale  within  a  reusonahle  time,  or  to  abide  the  fiitiire  claims  of  the 
aliseiit  owner,  his  heirs  and  successors,  as  the  case  may  be  ;  and  at  tin?  future  roiiucst  of  the  party 
whose  properly  has  been  so  transferred,  without  the  production  of  a  bill  of  sale  from  him  or  from  his 
lanl'ul  attorney,  such  bond  shall  be  available  for  the  protection  of  his  interest,  in  addition  to  any  pow- 
ers or  riubts  which  he  may  have  in  law  or  equity  against  the  ship  or  vessel,  or  against  the  parlies 
tonceriied,  until  he  shall  have  received  full  indemnity  for  any  loss  or  injury  sustained  by  him.— {  41. 

Transfer  by  way  of  Mortgage. — When  any  transfer  of  any  ship  or  vessel,  or  of  any  share  or  shares 
thereiif,  shall  be  made  only  as  a  security  for  the  payment  of  a  debt  or  debts,  either  by  way  of  mortgage, 
tr  of  assignment  to  a  trustee  or  trustees  for  the  purpose  of  selling  the  same  for  the  payment  of  any 
debl  or  debts,  then  and  in  every  such  case  ihe  collector  and  comptroller  of  the  port  where  ihc  ship  <ir 
vessel  is  registered  shall,  in  the  entry  in  the  book  of  registry,  and  also  in  the  indorsement  on  the  cer- 
liiicale  of  registry,  in  manner  hereiii-before  directed,  state  and  express  that  such  transfer  was  made 
only  as  a  security  for  the  payment  of  a  debt  or  debts,  or  by  way  of  mortgage,  or  to  that  elf.  ct ;  and 
the  person  or  persons  to  whom  such  transfer  shall  be  made,  nr  any  other  person  or  persons  claiming 
under  him  nr  them  as  a  mortgagee  or  mortgagees,  or  a  trustee  or  trustees  only,  shall  not  by  reason 
thereof  be  deemed  to  be  the  owner  or  owners  of  such  ship  or  vessel,  share  or  shares  thereof,  nor  shall 
Ihe  person  or  persons  making  such  transfer  be  deemed  by  reason  thereof  to  have  ceased  to  be  an 
nwiier  nr  owners  of  such  ship  or  vessel,  any  more  than  if  no  such  transfer  had  been  made,  except  so 
fir  as  may  be  necessary  for  the  purpose  of  rendering  the  ship  or  vessel,  share  or  shares,  so  transfer- 
red, available  by  sale  or  otherwise  for  the  payment  of  the  debt  ur  debts  for  securing  the  payment  uf 
which  such  transfer  shall  have  been  made.—}  42. 

Tran.ifers  of  Ships  for  Security. — When  any  transfer  of  any  ship  or  vessel,  or  of  any  share  nr  shares 
thereof,  shall  have  been  made  as  a  security  for  the  payment  of  any  debt  or  debts,  either  by  way  of 
mortgage  nr  of  assignment  as  aforesaid,  and  such  transfer  shall  have  been  duly  registered  according  to 
the  provisions  of  this  act,  the  right  or  interest  of  the  mortgagee  or  other  assignee  as  aforesaid  sliall 
tot  be  in  any  manner  affected  by  any  act  or  acts  of  bankruptcy  committed  by  such  mortgagor'or  as- 
signor, mortgagors  or  assignors,  after  the  time  when  such  mortgage  or  assignment  shall  have  been  so 
registered  as  aforesaid,  notwltlistanding  such  mortgagor  or  assignor,  mortgagors  or  assignors,  at  the 
lime  he  or  they  shall  so  become  bankrupt  as  aforesaid,  shall  have  in  liis  or  their  possession,  order,  and 
disposition,  and  shall  be  the  reputed  owner  or  owners  of  the  said  ship  or  vessel,  or  the  share  or  shares 
thereof,  so  by  him  or  them  mortgaged  or  assigned  as  aforesaid,  but  such  mortgage  or  assignment  shall 
lake  place  of  and  be  preferred  to  any  right,  claim,  or  interest  which  may  belong  to  Ihe  assignee  or  as- 
lignees  of  such  bankrupt  or  bankrupts  in  such  ship  or  vessel,  share  or  shares  thereof,  any  law  or  sta- 
tute to  the  contrary  thereof  notwithstanding.— }  43. 

Qovernors  of  Colonies,  ifc.  may  cause  Proceedings  in  Suits  to  be  stayed. — It  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for 
iny  governor,  lieutenant-governor,  or  commanaer-in-chief  of  any  of  his  Majesty's  colonies,  planta- 
tions, islands,  nr  territories,  and  they  are  hereby  respectively  authorised  and  required,  if  any  suit,  in- 
foriiiation,  libel,  or  other  prosecution  or  proceeding  uf  any  nature  ur  kind  whatever  shall  have  beeii 


H 


it 


J» 


4*  ,11 


Jf* 
,i«iii  *^ 


'■*'-*  2 111 


ji<i 


.jf. 


806 


REGISTRY. 


t ■  '■-■ 

-  -0 

..t 

tHU* 

•t 

BiM>r- ' 


ItMf 


cnmnicn(  pil  or  Himll  liprcnfirr  In-  rnimnr>nro(l  in  iiiiy  roiirt  wliati-vrr  in  nny  of  itif  inid  cnliinlcs,  |il,in. 
tntiniiH,  I-iIhiicIh,  nr  ti'rrit«rl)>!i  ri'<<|ii>(  lively,  luiiililni.'  tli)'  fiirri>  anil  I'irrri  iil  niiy  ri:Kl<<tpr  Kranli'ii  ii>  any 
lliifi  fir  vi'!is('l,  ii|)iiii  :i  ri'iiri'sciiialjiin  iiiailtMo  any  siiili  K<>vi'riiiir,  tli'iilriiaiil-KdVi-riiiir,  or  coiiiiiiainliT. 
iii-clii(.>r.  to  raiMi!  all  iiriu'enillii),"*  iIktimiii  Io  Im'  hIiivimI,  IT  lio  xliall  hv>;  Jiint  taimi!  ho  lo  ilo,  until  liiji 
MiJrBty's  pli'iHiirf  shall  Im  kimwii  and  crrliliril  to  I'liin  liy  IiIh  MajcHly,  hy  ami  with  llic  advici'  n(  \\\i 
Mnji-Hly"'!  privy  roiincil ;  and  hihIi  itovcrnfir,  licnicnaiit-KovHrnor,  or  roiiinmndir-in-ilili^r  Ih  lirrrhy 
ruipiiri'd  to  Iraninilt  to  ono  ot'  IiIm  ,>la|i-Mly'M  priin  ijiii  Hccrclai  Icn  ol'Htati;,  to  lit!  laid  Iti'l'iirt;  IiIh  Majinly 
III  ronncil,  an  aiitliiMiliralitd  <  ipy  of  llii-  'prm'fnlliiKu  In  (.'Vtry  Hnrli  caiiu.  logiMlier  Willi  liis  rfaMniii  I'ur 
raiiainu  Ilii"  siiiiin  In  In-  xlayrl,  a"tnl  hmiIi  tlociiliit'iita  (properly  VcrltliMl)  aa  liu  may  .IndUB  ncceti.-iury  for 
tllP  Inforinatioii  of  IiIh  Maji'Hiy.— }  II. 

Prniillii  iif  511(1/.  on  Per.iDiin  miihin^  fulsr  Drrlnrnliiin,  nr  fiihiftiing  iinii  l)ociiiiiftil.—l(  nny  pcrsnii  nr 
pi-'ruoMH  shall  falsnly  inaki-  di  rl.iratiiin  lo  any  of  Ihi'  inaltrrH  liiirrin-lii'lori!  rrijiiiriMl  lo  \tv  vithIiiI  hy 
dcclaraliiin,  or  if  any  person  or  prr.sons  "Iwill  ronnlt.'rlVil,  crane,  alter,  or  f  iNify  any  cerlillrale  or  oijur 
in<itrnnM'nt  in  writiiii;  reipiired  or  directed  lo  he  oliiained,  uranled,  or  prodiircil  hy  thia  art,  or  sliill 
kiio\viipi;ly  or  wilfnlly  iiiaki!  use  of  any  rertilieale  or  other  iiistraineiit  ho  coiiiiterfeiled,  erased,  alleriil, 
or  falsilieil,  or  slinll  wilfully  (traiit  siirli  cerlillfate  or  other  iiiHtrnineiit  in  wriliiiK.  knowing  it  to  k 
false,  Hiii'h  piTSoii  or  persons  shall  for  i^very  such  otfence  forfeit  the  sum  of  .lOIU.— J  -16. 

Ifnw  I'ruiillieM  are  lo  lit  reran  red.— \\\  tin,'  penalties  and  forfeitures  liitticted  and  ineiirrcd  hy  thin  net 
Bhttll  and  may  he  sued  for.  proseriited,  recovered,  and  disposed  of  in  such  manner,  and  hy  such  wiijs, 
means,  and  methods,  as  any  penalties  or  fcprfeitures  iiiMicled  or  which  may  he  incurred  for  any  otlVni-,., 
rcuiimitted  aKalnst  any  law  relalimr  to  the  euRtonis  may  now  hfally  lie  sued  for,  prosecuted,  recovnr- 
od,  and  disposed  of ;  and  the  ollicer  or  ollicers  coiicerneil  in  seizureg  or  prosecutions  iinilcr  this  iici 
shall  he  eniitled  lo  and  receive  the  same  sliari^  of  the  produci;  arisiiiff  from  siicli  sel/.iires  as  in  the 
case  of  sei/.ures  for  unlawful  imporlalion.  anil  to  such  share  of  the  produce  arisiim  from  any  pecunjury 
fine  or  penalty  for  any  oftence  against  this  act  as  any  ollicer  or  ollicers  is  or  are  now  hy  any  luwu'r 
regulation  entitled  lo  upon  prosecutions  for  pecuniary  penalties.— J  40. 

[The  (government  of  the  Ilnitcil  States  has  followed  the  example  of  Englnnil  in  ennfor- 
ring  peculiar  privileges  on  Iheir  own  sliips  ;  and  no  vessel  is  con.sidered  to  l)e  a  vessel  nl'ihc 
United  States,  unless  registered,  as  well  as  owned  and  commanded  by  a  citizen  of  the  UiiitoJ 
States. 

The  following  are  the  principal  regulations  respecting  the  registry  of  American  vewila. 

JicI  of  Covrrrens  of  llip.  ^]sl  Deri^mhfr,  1702.— J  1.  That  ships  nr  vessels  which  shall  have  hern  re- 
gistered liy  virtue  of  tlie  act,  entitled  "An  act  for  reirislerinij  and  clearinir  vessels,  regulaliiu;  ilie 
coaHliiif.'  trade,  and  for  other  purposes,"  and  those  which,  after  the  last  day  of  March  ne.vl,  sImII  be 
registered  pursuant  to  the  act.  and  no  other,  (except  such  as  shall  he  duly  (|ualilied,  according  to  liuv, 
for  carrying  on  the  coasting  trade  and  fisheries,  or  one  of  iheni,)  shall  hi!  denominated  and  ileciiiiil 
ships  or  vessels  of  the  United  States,  eniitled  lo  the  henelits  and  privileges  appertaining  lo  siicli  slij|n 
or  vessels  :  I'roriJcd,  Tliat  Ihi.'y  shall  not  continue  to  enjoy  the  same  longer  than  they  shall  ciuitluiie 
to  he  wholly  owned,  and  to  he  couimanded  hy,  a  citizen  or  citizens  of  the  said  stales. 

}  a.  Tiiat  ships  or  vessels  hiiilt  within  the  United  States,  whether  before,  or  after,  the  fm  ih  of 
.Iiily,  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  seventy-six.  and  helonging  wholly  to  a  ^iti/en  or  ciii/.riii 
thereof,  or  not  Imilt  within  the  paid  states,  hut,  on  the  sixteenth  day  of  May,  in  the  year  one  ilmii. 
sand  seven  hundred  and  eighty-nine,  helonging,  and  thenceforlh  continuing  lo  heloiig,  to  a  ciiizoiinr 
citizens  thereof,  and  ships  or  vessids  which  may  hereafter  he  captured  in  war,  by  siicli  citizen  orciij. 
zeiis,  and  lawfully  condemned  as  prize,  or  which  have  been  or  may  he,  adjudged  to  be  forfi'ilid  fnrn 
breach  of  llie  laws  of  the  Uniled  [Slates,  being  wholly  owned  hy  a  citizen  or  citizens  thereof,  ami  n.i 
other,  nny  he  registered  as  Iwreinafler  directed  :  Proviiird,  That  no  such  ship  or  Vessel  shall  be  cnii. 
lied  to  be  ^lo  registered,  or,  if  registered,  to  Iho  benefits  thereof,  if  owned  in  whole,  or  in  pari,  by  any 
citizen  of  llie  United  Slates,  who  iisii  illy  resides  in  a  foreign  country,  during  the  continuance  >>l  .siirh 
ru.sideni'e,  unless  such  citizen  hi;  in  the  capacity  of  a  consul  of  the  United  States,  or  an  agent  fir.anil 
a  parlnrr  in,  some  house  of  trade  nr  copartnership,  consisting  of  citizens  of  the  said  states,  actually 
carrying  on  irailo  witliin  the  said  states;  JInd  provided  further.  That  no  ship  or  vessel  built  williifi 
the  ilnlteil  States,  prior  to  the  said  sixicenlli  day  of  May,  which  was  not  then  owned  wholly,  nr  in 
part,  by  a  ciiizen  or  citizens  of  the  Uniled  States,  shall  be  capable  of  being  registered,  hy  virliiiMif 
nny  transfer  to  a  ciiizen  or  citizens,  which  may  hereafter  be  made,  unless  by  way  of  prize  or  fnrfi'il- 
ure  :  Prooided,  nevertheless,  That  this  shall  not  be  construed  to  prevent  the  registering  anew  of  any 
ship  or  vessel  which  was  before  registered,  pursuant  to  the  act  before  mentioned. 

J  3.  That  every  ship  or  vessel,  hereafter  to  be  registered,  (except  as  is  hereinnfler  provided,)  shall 
heregislereil  by  the  collector  of  the  district  in  which  shall  be  comprehended  the  port  to  which  sncli  ship 
nr  vessel  shall  belong  at  Ihe  time  of  her  registry,  which  port  shall  be  deemed  to  bo  that,  at  or  nearest 
to  whicli  till!  owner,  if  there  bo  but  one,  or  if  more  than  one,  the  husband,  or  acting  and  niaiLigiii; 
owner  of  siidi  ship  or  vessel  usually  resides.  And  the  name  of  the  said  ship  or  vessel,  and  tlie  port 
in  which  she  shall  so  belong,  shall  be  painted  on  her  stern,  on  a  black  ground,  in  while  letters,  of  not 
less  tlian  three  inches  in  length.  And  if  any  ship  nr  vessel  of  the  Uniled  States  shall  be  found  willi- 
out  having  her  name,  and  the  name  ofthc  port  to  which  she  belongs,  painted  in  manner  aforesuiil.  Hie 
owner  or  owners  shall  forfeit  fifty  dollars;  one  half  to  the  person  giving  the  information  thereof,  the 
other  half  to  Ihe  use  of  the  tlnited  States. 

i  4.  That,  in  order  to  the  registry  of  any  ship  or  vessel,  an  oath  or  affirmation  shall  be  taken  and 
subscribed  by  the  owner,  or  by  one  of  the  owners,  thereof,  before  the  officer  authorized  to  make  such 
registry,  who  is  hereby  empowered  to  administer  the  same,  declaring,  according  to  the  iirst  of  thi 
knowledge  mid  belief  of  the  person  so  swearing  or  affirming,  the  name  of  such  ship  or  vessel,  licr  bur- 
then, tlie  place  where  she  was  built,  if  built  within  the  United  Stales,  and  the  year  in  which  she  was 
built ;  und  if  built  within  the  United  States  before  the  said  sixteenth  day  of  May,  one  thousand  seven 
hundred  and  eighty-nine,  that  she  was  then  owned,  wholly  or  in  part,  by  a  citizen  nr  citizens  nf  the 
United  .Slates;  and,  if  not  built  within  the  said  States,  that  she  was,  on  the  said  sixteenth  day  of  .Mar, 
und  ever  since  hath  continued  to  he,  the  entire  property  of  a  citizen  or  citizens  of  the  United  Statesi 
or  th'it  she  was,  at  some  time  posterior  to  the  time  when  this  act  shall  take  effect,  (specifying  the  said 
time,)  captured  in  war  by  a  citizen  or  citizens  of  the  said  states,  and  lawfully  condemned  as  prize, 
(producing  a  copy  of  the  sentence  of  cundeinnation,  authenticated  in  the  usual  forms,)  or  that  she  lias  | 
been  adjudged  to  be  forfeited  for  a  breach  of  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  (producing  a  like  copy  of 
the  sentence  whereby  she  shall  have  been  so  adjudged,)  and  declaring  his  or  her  name,  and  place  of 
abode,  .111(1,  if  he  or  she  be  the  sole  owner  of  the  said  ship  or  vessel,  that  such  is  the  case  ;  or,  ifthere 
be  another  owner  or  other  owners,  that  there  is  nr  are  such  other  owner  or  owners,  specifying  his,  her, 
or  their,  name  or  names,  and  place  or  places  nf  abode,  and  that  he,  siie,  or  they,  as  the  case  maybe, 
so  swearing  or  aflirining,  is  or  are  citizens  of  the  United  States;  and  where  an  owner  resides  in  a 
foreign  country,  in  the  capacity  of  a  consul  of  the  United  States,  or  as  an  agent  for,  and  a  partner  in, 
a  house  or  copartnership  consisting  of  citizens  of  tlie  United  Slates,  and  actually  carrying  on  trade 


mid  colnnl'-J,  plan- 
iMliT  uriintril  to  any 
nor, or  fiiiiimiiiiil<r- 
)■  an  to  ilo.  >■»<>'  I"* 
nil  the  uilviic  111'  liu 

•  r-liiilil'-f  '"  •"■"■''y 
,1  lii-fiirK  lilst  Miij'fiy 
Willi  l'i«  ri'iiH(iii:(  lur 
'  .judge  iicces^iify  Idi 

If —If  any  pprsnii  nr 
iriMi  t"  I'l'  VL'rilird  hy 
lyiTrlillfiif  '"  '"'"' 
1  liy  lliis  act,  "f  ►liiH 
I'ilfd,  t'riisiMl.altirril, 

iiK,  kiiowins  ii  '•>  '"' 
-J  4S. 

,1  hii'iirred  by  tliisnci 
IT,  aiidliy  BiK'li  ^v'VH. 
urrid  foraiiyoiti'mis 
,  priist'Ciilcd,  riMovi r- 
iitiiiiiK  miller  tins  m 
nil  HC'l/iirc'S  lis  HI  the 
IK  frniiiaiiy  I«"aiiiiiry 
ire  now  liy  uiiy  law  or 

■  England  in  ninfor- 

to  be  a  vcHHol  I't'lhc 

uitizcn  of  the  Unilod 

American  vessels. 

;h  slinll  liavo  hpfn  re- 
vfuscM,  rcgiilaliiiu  the 
f  March  next,  sliiill  be 
iricd.nrcnrdinc  t"  liiw, 
ioiiiiiia'''d  and  cliii'iunl 
,i:rtainin|{t0  8ii(lisliiiN 
111  11  they  sluill  ciintinue 
Btatea. 

or  after,  the  f^"    Hi  of 

;o  a  filizen  or  i mznis 

ill  the  year  oni'  tlmii- 

!)  helong,  loa  ciiizonor 

hy  sitehriii/.eii  crnii- 

gedtohe  forleiird  fnra 

•iti7.en8  Ihereiif,  anil  im 

or  vessel  shall  he  enli- 

hole,  orin  part,  hy  any 

tie  continiianie  nt  surh 

JC8,  or  an  aRi'iit  t'lr.aiul 

[he  said  plates,  iictiMlly 

\  or  vessel  Imilt  williln 

In  owned  wlmlly,  or  in 

registered,  hy  virlm'of 

w-ay  of  prize  or  lorfeil- 

;gislering  anew  of  any 

linafter  provided,)  shall 
'port  to  which  siicli  ship 

0  lie  that,  at  or  nuarcsi 
i,r  acting  and  niaiiagiiif 
,  or  vessel,  and  the  port 

in  white  letters,  of  not 
es  shall  he  foiiiidwith- 
n  niannerafiiresiiiiUlie 
iiforniation  thereof,  the 

lion  shall  be  taken  and 
liithorized  to  make  sucli 
triling  to  the  i)rst  ofm 
Iship  or  vessel,  her  bur- 
J  year  in  which  she  was 
■ay,  one  thousand  seven 
■^.izcn  or  citizens  of  the 
I  sixteenth  day  of  Mar, 
m  of  the  United  staiesi 
Ect,  (specifying  the  saiil 
ly  condemned  as  pri«, 

1  forms,)  or  that  she  lia 
Iroducingalikecnpyo 
ler  name,  and  P  ace  » 
lis  the  case  ;  or,  if  the« 
lers,  specifying  Ills.  he. 
ly.as  thecaseiiisylie. 
fan  owner  resides  in  a 
Vt  for,  and  a  partner  in, 
'ually  carrying  on  traae 


RF,(JISTHY. 


;]97 


within  the  United  SInles,  that  «ii(h  i»  tin-  rn.i.,  -ind  that  there  \n  nn  «iili|p(>l  or  citizen  of  nnv  fnrf  Itfn 
,,,,,„('  nr  stall',  diriTtly  nr  indiri'i  lly,  hy  way  of  IriiKl,  roiiliileiire,  nr  niUrrw  Isi-,  miiTf.-'liil  in  niiiIi 
,.|ii|i  nr  vesmd,  or  in  the  |irn|iln  or  Imiii'B  lln-ri'iil'j  imil  ilim  ih,.  maHler  nr  rniMiiiillnliT  IhiTenl'.  In  a  ritl- 
/iMi,  naiiplnu  the  said  iiiUHler  nr  riuiiinaiiiti'r.  and  hImiIiiu  the  nii'aiiH  whereliv.  nr  riianiier  in  w  hirli,  h^ 
i„Miui  clli/en.  And  in  ciiKe  any  of  tin- iiiallerN  ol' ('art  In  tin- Hiiiil  nalli  nr  iitllriiiallnii  alh'irnl,  which 
»hall  he  wilhln  the  knowleilife  of  the  parly  ho  MWearlnK  or  alhrniiinr,  Hliall  imi  Uv  im,.,  Hirrr  HJialJ  he 
,,  i.irlVIIiire  o(  the  uhlp  or  ve«Hel,  tngelher  with  her  tackle,  I'lirniliirr,  and  apparel,  In  ri'upiil  In  which 
III,'  same  shall  have  been  made,  or  ol'  tlin  value  tin. rent',  lo  lie  rerovered  Willi  cnsis  nlHiiii,  ol'  i|i>'  per- 
son hv  whom  such  oalh  or  athriiiatinn  shall  have  heeii  iiindc  ;  I'mrnlnl  nlinii/^,  'I'liat  if  ilie  ni;i>lir,  or 
|,iTs"ii  having  the  charge  or  cnniniand  of  such  ship  or  vessel,  shall  he  williin  the  ilisiriit  iiinrisaid 
when  apidicalinn  shall  he  made  for  reKiMlering  thi-  saiiie,  he  Khali,  liimsi-lf,  make  oalh  or  ullirinatlnii, 

iii«li  ad  of  till'  said  owner,  touching  his  b g  a  ciii/.i'ii,  and  the  means  whcreliy,  or  maniiir  in  wliiih, 

l„.  IS  HI1  a  citizen;  in  which  rase,  If  what  the  said  Master,  or  person  having  the  said  cliariti'  nr  loni- 
iiifiiid,  shall  so  swear  or  athrni  shall  not  he  trnc,  llii>  fnrleinire  aforesaid  shall  not  be  innirinl,  but  he 
{ih.ill,  himself,  forfeit  and  pay,  hy  reason  thereof,  the  sum  of  one  thoiiHand  dollars  ;  Jhnl  iir^'t-nlnl  fur- 
,iiir.  That  in  the  case  of  a  ship  or  vessel,  built  within  the  llnlled  Kiates  prior  to  the  Hi.xteeiilh  iliiy  of 
>|,iv  alnresaid,  whiili  was  not  then  owned  by  aciiizen  or  citizens  of  the  I  niled  Stales,  bin  which,  liy 
virtue  of  a  transfer  tn  such  citizen  or  ritizeiiH,  shall  have  been  registered,  piirsiiaiit  tn  the  act  lieliire- 
iiiinlinned,  the  oath  or  allirmalloii,  hereby  reijiiired,  shall  and  may  hi?  varied  accnriliiig  to  the  truth  of 
tlio  case,  as  often  as  it  shall  he  reiinisile  to  (.'rant  a  iii'W  register  fiir  hiicIi  ship  nr  vessel. 

{ti.  That  before  any  ship  or  vessel  shall  be  registered,  she  shall  he  nieasured  hy  a  surveyor,  if  there 
he  one,  or  hy  the  person  he  shall  appoint,  at  the  port  or  place  whi're  the  said  ship  or  vi'ssel  may  be, 
and  if  there  he  none,  by  such  person  as  the  collector  of  the  district,  within  which  she  may  he,  shall 
appoint,  according  lo  the  rule  prescribed  hy  the  forty. third  section  of  the  act,  entitled  "  An  act  to  pro- 
Milc  ninre  effectually  for  the  collection  of  the  duties  imposed  by  law  on  gnods,  wares,  and  inerchaii- 
ilijc,  imported  into  the  United  States,  and  on  the  tonnage  of  sliipH  or  vesKels."  And  the  ollicer,  or 
lnrsiiii  hy  whom  such  ndmcaBiireinent  shall  he  made,  shall,  for  tlu!  infnrinalion  of,  and  as  a  vipiiclier 

II,  the  (lihcer  by  whom  the  registry  is  tn  he  made.  Brant  a  certillcnte,  h| ilying  thi!  hiiilt  of  hiicIi  KJiip 

,ir  vessel,  her  number  of  ilecks  nnd  masts,  her  lencih,  breadth,  deplh,  the  number  of  tons  she  mea- 
Hiri'".  and  such  other  particulars  as  are  usually  descriptive  of  the  iilenlily  of  a  ship  or  vessel ;  and 
iliit  her  name,  and  the  pl.ice  to  which  she  lielom.'s,  are  p.iintcd  on  her  stern,  in  manner  re(|uiied  hv 
(lie  lliifd  section  of  this  act ;  which  certificate  shall  he  coiinlersiLMieil  hy  an  owner,  nr  hv  the  master 
if  such  ship  or  vessel,  or  by  souie  other  person  who  shall  attend  her  admensurenient  nn  fiehaU'of  her 
(Wiicr  or  owners,  in  testimony  of  the  truth  of  the  particulars  therein  conlaiiied  ;  willmul  wlmh  llie 
iiiil  rerlilicate  shall  not  be  valid.  Hut,  in  nil  cases  where  a  ship  or  vessel  has  before  been  refisiered. 
.-.ill  ship  or  vessel  of  the  United  Htales,  it  shall  not  he  necessary  to  measure  her  anew,  for  tlie  purpose 
fif  olilainiiig  niiollier  refjister  ;  except  siii  li  ship  or  vessel  shall  have  iinilergone  some  alteration,  us  lo 
h  r  liurlhen,  subsequent  to  the  time  of  her  former  registry. 

(  7.  That,  previous  lo  the  registry  of  any  ship  or  vcssid,  the  hiishand,  or  acting  and  mnnaKinu 
(nuiT,  together  wilh  the  masti^r  thereof,  and  one  nr  niori!  suri'ties,  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  i  ulleilor 
(fihc  district,  whose  duty  it  is  to  make  such  rcKistry,  shall  becnnie  bound  to  the  United  ."'■lales,  if 
>iuh  ship  or  vessel  shall  he  of  burthen  not  exceeding  tifty  Ions,  in  the  sum  of  four  hundnil  ilnllars  : 
I'eriMirtlien  above  fifty  tons  and  not  exceeding  oik;  hundred,  in  the  sum  of  eitfht  hiinilred  dollars  ;  if 
1 1' linrtlien  above  one  hundred  tons  and  not  exceeding  two  hundred,  in  the  sum  of  twelve  biinilred 
(i.ijliir;! ;  if  of  burthen  above  two  hundred  tons  and  not  exceeding  three  humlreil.  In  the  sum  nf  sixteen 
liiiiiilrcd  dollars ;  and  if  of  burthen  exceeding  three  hundred  tons,  in  llie  sum  of  two  ihouFand  did- 
lirs;  with  condition,  in  each  case,  that  the  certilicale  of  siKli  registry  shall  he  solely  used  f.rtlie  ship 
or  vessel  for  which  it  is  granted,  and  shall  not  he  sold,  lent,  or  otherwise  disposed  of,  to  any  person  or 
pirsnns  whomsoever  ;  and  that,  in  case  such  ship  or  vessel  shall  he  lost  or  taken  by  an  enemy,  hiiriil, 
orhroken  up,  or  shall  be  otherwise  prevented  from  returning  to  the  port  to  which  siie  mav  helong,  the 
sail!  certificate,  if  preserved,  shall  he  delivered  up,  within  eight  days  after  the  arrival  of  the  master, 
nr  person  having  the  charge  or  command  of  such  ship  or  vessel, "within  any  district  of  the  rniled 
.■'nies,  to  the  collector  of  such  district  :  and  that,  if  any  foreigner,  or  any  person  or  persons  for  the 
Mieaiid  benefit  of  such  foreigner,  shall  purchase,  or  otherwise  become  entitled  to,  Ihe  whole,  or  any 
purl  nr  share  of,  or  interest  in,  such  sliip  or  vessel,  the  same  being  within  a  district  of  the  United 
i»!alps,  the  said  certiticate  shall,  in  such  case,  within  seven  days  after  such  purchase,  change,  or 
transfer  nf  property,  be  delivered  up  to  Ihe  collector  of  tlie  said  district ;  and  that  if  any  such  pur- 
chase, change,  or  transfer  of  property,  shall  happen  when  sucli  ship  or  vessel  shall  he  at  any  foreign 
ffirtor  place,  or  at  sea,  then  the  said  master,  or  person  liaving  the  charge  or  command  tlierenf,  shall. 
wiihin  eight  days  after  hi?  arrival  within  any  district  of  the  United  States,  deliver  up  the  said  certifi- 
cite  tn  the  collector  of  such  district ;  and  every  such  certiticate,  so  delivered  up,  sliall  be  forthwith 
transmitted  to  the  register  of  the  treasury,  to  be  cancelled,  who,  if  the  same  shall  have  been  delivereil 
up  to  a  collector  other  than  of  the  district  in  which  it  was  grunted,  siiall  cause  notice  of  such  delivery 
li be  given  to  the  collector  of  the  said  district. 

}  S.  That,  in  order  to  the  registry  of  any  ship  or  vessel  which,  after  the  last  day  of  March  next, 
phall  be  built  within  Ihe  United  Slates,  it  shall  he  necessary  to  produce  a  certiticate,  under  the  hand 
of  llie  principal  or  master  carpenter,  hy  whom,  or  tinder  whoso  direction,  the  said  ship  nr  vessel  shall 
havehecn  built,  testifying  that  slie  was  built  hy  him,  or  under  his  direction,  and  specifying  the  place 
where,  the  time  when,  and  the  person  or  persons  for  whom,  and  describing  herhiiill,  number  of  decks 
and  masts,  length,  breadth,  depth,  tonnage,  and  such  other  circumstances  as  are  usually  descriptive 
of  tlie  identity  of  a  ship  or  vessel;  whiclt  certificate  shall  he  suflicient  to  authorize  the  removal  of  a 
lew  vessel  from  the  district  where  she  may  ho  built,  to  another  district  in  Ihe  same,  or  an  adjoining 
s'.ale,  where  the  owner  or  owners  actually  reside,  provided  it  he  with  ballast  only. 

}  9.  That  the  several  matters  herein-hefore  required,  having  been  complied  with,  in  order  lo  the 
rofistering  of  any  ship  or  vessel,  the  collector  of  the  district  comprehending  the  port  to  wliidi  she 
shall  belong,  shall  make,  and  keep,  in  some  proper  book,  a  record  or  registry  thereof,  luid  shall  grant 
an  abstract  or  certificate  of  such  record  or  registry,  as  nearly  as  may  he  in  ihe  form  following  : 

"In pursuance  of  an  act  of  the  congress  of  Ihe  United  States  of  America,  entitled 'An  act  con- 
cerning the  registering  and  recording  of  ships  or  vessels,'  [inserting  here  the  name,  occupation,  and 
place  nf  abode  of  the  person  hy  whom  the  oath  or  affirmation  aforesaid  shall  have  been  made]  having 
taken  or  subscrilied  the  oalh  (or  affirmation)  required  hy  the  said  act,  and  liaving  sworn  (or  aflirmed) 
lhaihe(or  she,  and  if  more  than  one  owner,  adding  the  words,  'together  with,'  and  Ihe  name  or 
names,  occupation  or  occupations,  place  nr  places  of  abode,  of  the  other  owner  or  owners)  is  (or  arc) 
Ihe  only  owner  (or  owners)  of  the  ship  or  vessel,  called  the  [inserting  here  her  name]  of  [inserting 
here  the  port  to  wliich  she  may  belong]  whereof  [inserting  here  the  name  of  the  master]  is  at  pre- 
!'nt  master,  and  is  a  citizen  ol' Ihe  United  Stales,  and  that  the  said  ship  or  vessel  was  [inserting 
iere,  when  and  where  built]  and  [inserting  here,  Ihe  name  and  office,  if  any,  of  the  person  hy  wliom 
!  fhe  shall  have  been  surveyed  or  admeasured]  having  certified  that  tlie  said  ship  or  vessel  lias  [insert- 
in;  here,  Ihe  number  of  decks]  and  [inserting  here,  the  nninher  of  masts]  and  that  her  length  is 
[inserting  here,  the  number  of  feet]  her  breadth  [inserting  here,  the  number  of  feet]  her  depth 
Vol.  II._2  L 


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fl^  '*fS 

■'■*"  .it 


.  i1!i 


308 


REGISTRY. 


C^'^'- 


1     *•• 


■It." 


iir 

'BE? " 


rinnnrllnB  lifri*.  thr  niimhor  nf  fi>p»l  nn.l  Hint  «lif  iiiiin«iiri'i  ( limorilns  linro.  Iior  nnmlxr  of  lon«l  ihii 
■  lif  IN  (di'iiirlliiiiK  liiTi',  till-  imrlii  iilir  kiiiil  oi' vrici'l,  wIh'IIht  »Iii|i,  hnuniillin,  i«iim«  ,  h.  Iikmih  r,  (il.,.,|p 
or  \vliiitrvnr«lNi',liigi'lli('r  with  Imr  liinll,  iiml  «|M'<ir>iiiil  wlirllicr  »Uw  liiin  niiy.or  im,  Kullfry  iir  Ium,!  J 
Ami  till!  milit  [niiiiiliiK  Hi''  "wni'r,  nr  lint  iniiHlcr,  or  ulln'r  iirmcui  iiiIImu  In  liiiliiiU'iir  Itic  nwiinr  ur  nw,,. 
Kt»,  liy  whom  tliK  <-i'riilli'iiti<  of  luliiii'iixiiruniiiiit  aliiill  Inivi'  lii-i'ii  niiiiiti-rHlKiiiMl,  ii«  iiti>ri-iiiiiil|  lintn,] 
ligri'i'il  to  IliM  ili'mrliHloii  iiiiil  nilimMmiiri'iiKMit  iiliovn  pi|m'i'|IIi'iI,  iinil  Hiillli'lunt  m-nirlly  liiiv  iiik  I,,.,  i, 
KlviMi.ni'ciirilInK  tot|i(>  hiiIiI  net,  lliii  xiilil  Hliipor  vumii'l  Iiiim  Immmi  duly  ri>Kl»t**>'eil  it  tin:  jiort  ot' |iiiiiiiiii;( 
till)  port  wlirrn  ri'ili>ti-ri>il.|  tiivcii  iiiiil>-r  tiiy  liiiml  niiil«i'iil,  nl,  |iiainlnK  tlii'  "iilil  |iort|  tlilH  [liiKirliiD 
tlicporllciiliir  il:iv|il;iyol' j'liiiiniiiK  tliit  moiilli)  In  tin'  yur  {xpcrit^  inv  tlit- iiiimlicr  ol  ili<' )i'ur,  iiiwi.ril, 
at  It'iiKtli :"]  l'niriilnl,'yu.\l  II' tlio  miintiir,  or  pi'moii  ImviiiK  tlir  iliiiriji)  or  loniiiiiiml  nl' ■iiili  nliiji  ,i, 
Vi-mdI,  Hlmll,  Iliiiii4i'l(',  U:\vr  iniiili!  outll  or  iilllrmitlon  IimkIiiiik  IiIh  IimIiiu  ii  cltl/iii,  Hit'  wonlliitf  ol  lli,. 
•  '■Ill  ccTtllli'ati-  hliiill  ho  varliiil  no  im  III  111!  conrormiililf  to  tlni  trillli  of  thi'  n\'f  ■  .iml  imirtil.il.Tlm 
uhiTi' 11  iH'W  (■(■rtiliratf  of  ri'Kimry  in  Kriiiiti'il,  In  roniii'iliU'tiri!  of  iiiiy  triilmfi'r  of  u  i«lilp  ^r  m»„i, 
tlit>  \voril<4  hIiiiII  lit!  HO  viirli'il  lu  to  rcfir  to  tlir  rorinrr  crrtilii  iilit  of  ri'Kmtry  for  lu'r  uilmi'iiHiiriiiiiiit 

^11.  'I'lial  whiiriMiiiy  ritl/.iMi  or  I'lti/riiH  of  till!  I'lilti'il  HtatrH  ulinll  piirrhaac,  or  In  (tiimi!  iumht  or 
owiinm  of,  any  sliip  or  vPHtit'l,  oiilltlril  to  liu  ri'i;i»li'rt!il  liy  virliir  of  linn  act,  mnli  nlilp  or  vrnml,  Iji  ii,^ 
w  illiiii  any  ilMlrlrl,  otiirr  than  tlii!  om-  In  which  liu  or  they  imiially  n'nidr,  hiiiIi  nliip  or  vrnml  ,|iull  I,.. 
t;iitillrd  to  hu  ruKlHluriid  hy  tlu'.  collector  of  lliii  dlNlrlct  whurii  hiuIi  uhlp  or  vr.>Hid  iiiav  liu,  iil  tin.'  iji,,,, 
of  hln  or  ilii'ir  liicoiniiiu  o«  iirr  or  owiHTH  tln'nof,  upon  hU  or  tliclr  i'oiii|d)  iiiif  w  jih  llii!  joim,.!,,!,, 
liiTi'lii-hc'fiiri' prfHcrilHil,  III  ordiir  to  tin;  ri'Ulmry  of  mIiIjih  or  vi'hmiIh  ;  And  llii'  imlli  or  iilliiiii  iiIm.i 
wlili-h  U  rr(|iilr(!il  to  ho  lukiMi,  may,  M  the  option  of  hiicIi  owiht  or  owiicrH,  lio  taken,  I'llhor  lulnrn  n,, 
collnlor  of  tho  ilJHtrl't,  I'omprrliiiidiiiK  Iho  port  to  whli  li  hiuIi  bIiIji  or  vi'UkoI  may  hiloiic,  i  r  ImI',,,,. 
tliu  rolluctiir  of  tliu  illMtrlit  within  which  hiicIi  Nliip  or  vomhi'I  miiy  hi',  citlior  of  whom  is  hen  liy  |.,|,. 
povvornd  to  ndnilnlstor  thn  tinnii' :  I'mriilnl,  nirrrihi list,  TUm  whi'iiovi'r  Kiich  hIiIji  or  vikscj  niian 
arrivo  within  the  dlntricl,  cnmprolioiidiiiu  tho  port  to  which  HUch  eliip  or  vi'hni'I  r^hall  lo'lnni;,  Ihc  (,,. 
tilicato  of  ri'K>!*lry.  w  hich  Hliall  hivo  hum  olilaincil  ax  afoiosaid,  xhall  Ur.  di'llvirrd  up  In  tin'  <  ulj,  d,/ 
of  Kiinli  diHtrlct,  who,  upon  tho  ri'i|iiiHlli'H  of  thin  act.  In  order  to  the  reuiiilry  of  «lilp»  or  vi'f-il<,  |,i.j,|j 
complli'ii  with,  nIiiiII  grant  a  now  one,  in  lieu  nf  the  tirni  ;  and  tlii!  cerlHiculo,  ao  drllvend  up,  h|,;,|| 
forthwith  bo  riMiiriiuil,  hy  the  colluctor  who  Hhall  receive  the  namv,  to  tliu  collector  who  i-liull  jm;,, 

8 runted  It :  untl  if  the  gaid  llrHt  mentioned  certilicale  of  roglHtry  nliall  not  ho  deliviTi'd  up,  an  iil<iiv<: 
irected,  the  owner  or  owners,  and  the  inaHter  of  oucli  Hliip  or  vessel,  at  Iho  tiiMO  ipf  In  r  und  iiriiml 
Vithin  the  district  comprehendini;  the  port  to  which  hiicIi  ship  or  vessid  may  heloiig,  Hhall,  ^I'verallv, 
f  >rfell  the  sum  of  one  hiindred  dollars,  to  hu  recovered,  with  costs  of  suit  ;  and  the  said  i  erinir;iic>,',|' 
rejiislry  shall  he  tlieiicefortli  void.  And,  in  case  any  of  the  niMllcrs  of  fad  in  the  said  oath  ni  iiilirn,,. 
lion  nlh'iied,  wlinii  shall  he  within  the  kniiwled|{e  of  the  parly  so  swearing  or  alliriiiing,  hIi  ill  ni,|  i,,. 
true,  there  shall  he  a  forfeilure  of  the  ship  or  vessel,  together  with  her  tackle,  fiiriiitiiie,  ami  ip|i:irii, 
ill  respect  to  whii  h  the  same  shall  have  heeii  made,  or  of  the  value  thereof,  to  he  ncovered,  u  iiliduij 
rf  suit,  of  the  piTson  hy  whom  such  oath  or  atllrmution  shall  have  heen  made  :  Pminliil  iiln-aiig,  'Mi,) 
If  the  master,  or  person  liaving  lliu  charge  or  command  of  hiicIi  ship  or  vessel,  shall  he  w  itiiiii  lliu  ih^. 
trict  aforesaid  when  application  Hhall  he  iiiudo  for  rogiHtering  the  same,  ho  shall,  himself,  maki' iiiin, 
or  nlUrmatlon,  instead  of  the  said  owner,  touching  hi-*  heiiig  a  cill/.en,  nml  the  ineaiiH  w  In  reliv,.i, 
ninnnor  in  whicli,  ho  Ih  so  a  citizen;  in  which  case,  if  what  the  said  master,  nr  piTsoii  hnviiii;  llin'iiaij 
charge  or  command,  shall  ho  swear  ur  ullirm,  Hhall  not  he  true,  the  forfeiture  afores  lid  shall  ma  Im;  in. 
curred,  but  hu  shall,  himself,  forfeit  and  pav,  hy  reUHon  thereof,  the  sum  of  one  tlioii!iand  doll.irs. 

!)  IS.  That  when  any  ship  or  vosael,  entitled  to  he  rogistored  pursuant  tn  this  act,  shall  he  piirrlin9i!i| 
by  an  agent  or  attorney  for,  nr  on  accniint  of,  a  cillzen  nr  citizens  of  tlie  United  States,  sik  li  y|ii|h,, 
vessel,  being  in  a  district  of  the  United  t^tntos  more  than  titty  niileH  distant,  taking  the  neare>i  u^u,,! 
route  hy  land,  from  the  one  comprehending  thn  port  to  which,  hy  virtue  of  such  purchase,  and  hy  fmrt 
of  this  act,  such  ship  or  vegsel  onaht  to  hu  deemed  to  helong,  it  shall  he  lawful  for  the  ccdleclnr  ei  iln. 
district,  where  hucIi  ship  or  vohhoI  nniy  he,  and  he  is  hereby  required,  upon  the  application  id'auili 
agent  or  attorney,  to  proceed  to  the  registering  of  the  said  Bliip  or  vesnel,  the  said  ajient  or  allorinv 
first  complying,  on  behalf,  and  in  the  8t<ad  nf,  the  owner  or  owners  thereof,  with  the  reipiisiii*  |iri.'. 
scribed  by  this  act,  in  order  to  the  registry  of  ships  or  vessels,  except  that  in  the  oath  or  alliriii»ii„n 
which  shall  bo  taken  by  the  said  agent  or  attorney,  instead  of  swearing  or  ntlirming  that  hi'  i.'t  iiwvrt, 
or  an  owner  nf  such  ship  or  vessel,  he  sliall  swear  or  allirm  that  lie  is  agent  or  aitoriiey  for  tin:  eunvi 
or  owners  tliereof,  and  that  he  hath  bona  fide  purchased  tlio  said  ship  or  vessel,  for  the  person  or  per. 
sons  whom  he  shall  name  and  describe  as  the  owner  or  owners  thereof.  ProvitliU,  ncrcrli.eltsf,  Timt 
whenever  such  Hhip  or  vessel  shall  arrive  within  the  district  comprehending  tlie  port  to  wjiiciiaiuii 
ship  or  vessel  shall  belong,  the  certificate  nf  registry  which  shall  have  heen  obtained  as  iil'uri'. 
said,  shall  be  delivered  np  to  the  collector  of  such  disirici,  who,  upon  the  reiiuisltes  of  this  act,  in  onlir 
tn  the  registry  of  ships  or  vessels,  being  complied  with,  shall  grant  u  new  one, in  lien  of  the  lir^t ;  an! 
the  certitieatc,  so  delivered  up.  shall  forthwith  bo  returned  liy  the  collector,  wlio  shall  iraiisinji  iin; 
same  to  the  cnllerlor  who  shall  have  granted  it.  And  if  the  said  first  mentioned  certiticate  of  reiiisuy 
shall  not  be  delivered  up,  as  above  directed,  the  owner  or  owners,  and  the  niastor  of  such  shipor  vts. 
sol  at  thu  time  of  her  said  arrival  within  the  district  comprehemliiig  the  port  to  w  liich  she  ii>;iy  brlunj;, 
shall,  severally,  forfeit  the  sum  of  one  hundred  dollars,  to  he  recovvri:d,  with  costs  of  sail,  anil  ilic 
said  certificate  of  registry  shall  be  thenceforth  void.  And  In  case  ary  of  tlie  matters  of  fact  in  tln'tniil 
oath  or  athrmation  alleged,  which  shall  ho  within  the  knowledge  of  the  party  sn  swearim:  <  r  allinii- 
ing,  shall  not  be  trms  there  shall  be  a  forfeilure  of  the  ship  or  vessel,  together  with  her  tacMc,  furni- 
ture, and  apparel,  in  respect  to  which  the  same  shall  have  heen  made,  or  of  the  value  therkol'.  id  >e 
recovered,  with  costs  of  suit,  nf  the  person  hy  whom  such  oath  or  athrmation  shall  have  been  luuile: 
Provided  ulwaijs.  That  if  the  master,  or  person  having  the  cliariio  or  command  of  such  ship  or  vcsal, 
shall  he  within  the  district  aforesaid,  when  application  shall  lij  made  for  registering  llic  siiaie,  he 
shall,  himself,  make  oath  or  atHrniation,  instead  of  the  said  a^cjiit  or  attorney,  touching  his  beinea 
citizen,  and  the  means  whereby,  nr  manner  in  whlcli,  ho  is  so  a  citizen  ;  in  wliicli  case,  if  wliiit  ilic 
said  master,  or  person  havitig  the  said  charge  nr  command,  shall  so  swear  or  nthriii,  shall  imi  In:  irm, 
the  forfeiture  aforesaid  shall  not  be  incurred,  but  lie  shall,  himself,  forfeit  and  pay,  by  reason  tliorcof, 
the  sum  of  one  thousand  dollars. 

il  13.  That  if  the  certiticate  of  the  registry  of  any  ship  or  vessel  shall  be  lost,  nr  destroyed,  or  mis- 
laid, the  master,  or  other  person  having  the  charge  nr  command  thereof,  may  make  oath  or  ainriiia- 
tion,  before  the  collector  of  the  district  where  such  ship  nr  vessel  shall  first  be  ofler  such  ln?s.iIoslriic- 
tion,  or  mislaying,  who  is  hereby  authorized  to  administer  the  same,  which  oatli  or  aflirniation  shall 
be  of  the  form  following:  "  /  [inserting  here  the  name  of  the  person  swearing  or  aflirniingi  bcin;'  mnsur 
(or  having  the  charge  or  command)  of  the  ship  or  vascl,  called  the  [inserting  the  name  of  the  vessel]  do 
S'rear  (nr  affirm)  that  the  said  ship  or  vessel  hath  hern,  «.i  Iverilij  belirrc,  registered,  according  tu  law,hjtk 
nam'  of  [inserting  again  the  name  of  the  vessel]  and  that  a  certificate  tin  reof  was  grunted  by  the  ealUctor 
of  the  district  m/ [naming  the  district  where  registered]  which  cerlijicate  has  been  lost,  (,ordeslroii(J,nrn- 
intentionally  and  by  mere  accident  mislaid,  as  the  case  may  bo,)  and  (except,  where  the  cerlilicule  is  al- 
leged to  have  been  destroyed)  that  the  same,  if  found  again,  avd  within  my  power,  shall  be  delirmi  up 
to  the  collector  of  the  district  in  which  it  teas  granted ;"  which  oath  ur  aflirtiiation  shall  la  subscribeil  by 


REGISTRY. 


3U9 


iiiim  .  >"  III"""  '.  "I""!!, 
i.r  ii.p.KiillfryorlK'iKll 
llil'lllf  "W  I"''  "'  """• 
I,  lu  iilMri'Kiiiill  liiuHiK 
,  upriirUy  Iiuvmik  l..t  i, 

nt  lli«  I""'  "'  l'i'"i"ii< 
[III  |i.irl|  llii*  li"»'tl.Tin 
eripl  ili'^  >|''">  Hiwi.nl, 
iiiiiiniKl  t'l'  »"'■''  "'"I'lr 
■.I'll,  llii-  W"rillii«  "I  llii' 
HI' :  Jtiiil  iiriii'iilnl,  Tim 
frr   cil'  1»  hIiIii  it    M'»»il, 

lirr  uiliin'iiHiifiiii'iit 

,,,    cir   111  Cullll)  tUMIIT  ot 

(  h  Klii|>  iir  vuBHrl,  111  11;^ 
li  nlii|i  (ir  vciiml  "liull  l»: 
Hi'l  limy  In.',  Ill  <l'<'  tiiiiD 
iim  w  nil  II"!  ji'ivimcjin 
thr  oiilll  IT  iiHiriiiiliiiii 
tiikcii.i'illiL'r  III  Inri:  III: 

■  1  limy  I'lli'iiti  "'  '"'I'lK' 
(if  wliiiiii  in  1"'"  'ly  i"i- 
iii'li  Flii|i  <if  vi'Hii'l  uliaii 
iiO  kIi:iII  Iii^I'"'!-'.  Hiinr. 
vtiiMJ  lip  I"  ""'  "I'll' till 
il'  HhljiH  IT  vr>-i'l-i,  lii'hn 
If,  KM  (IrliviTi'll  lip,  >li:ill 
Colll'lHT  >vlll>  bllllll  llUiil 
0  llrliV.Tfll    UP>  IH  llllliVl; 

!  ilnie  111'  111  r '''"''  nfiiml 

■  licloiig,  xli'ill.  :-i'Vtrully, 
iim!  Illi'  ^iiitliiTMIira i 

till'  Kiiiil  ""111  I"  iiHirii.i. 
(ir  iiiriri"iii«i  I'll  ill  iii'tlic 
,;  fiitiiiliiiL',  mill  ijipunl, 
II  lif  ri'i'iivrrijil,  wiihniMs 
!  :  iV"rJ(/<ii  iilii-uii.<,  Tli:,t 
I,  gimll  In'  *^  iili'ii  "11^  ills- 
tiliiill,  lilinsrlf.  iiiiikiMmii 

ll    llll!    Illl'lll"*  Wllirt'llj,!! 

or  piTPiiii  liiiviiii;  till'  nail! 
iifdri'Hi  llll  fli»"  'i"l  In;  ill- 
iiif  tliiiiii'iiiiil  iliill'irs. 
liH  lu-t,  Hliiill  1"!  I'lTi  linsMl 
iilli'il  Sliili-H,  ^'ll>  !i  sliijihr 
,  lukiiii-'  lln-  nuarr-l  u>u;il 
nil  piircliiisc,  iiml  lij  Cum 
fill  fiT  llif  idllfiii'if  III  ll;e 
n  till'  npplii'iilioii  »t  niiili 
siiiil  iiai'iil  111'  ailoriiiy 
f,  Willi  tlic  leiiuisili'K  iiri'. 
in  tlie  "iitli  or  all'irinatnin 
H'lniiiim  iliiil  111'  '■•'  ""I'if. 
or  iiitiinicy  t'lir  llu:  (nviiir 
isel,  fiT  Ilii:  piTSKiioriiit- 
uviiltd,  iiti'tr(A<'/i'-.<,  'Mini 
g  lliti  port  to  «  lilcli  siuli 
li(!cn   (ilitaiiu'il  as  aluri'- 
liaitfiHof  lliis  ml,  in  unlcr 
le.in  lien  of  lln:  lirsl ;  aiil 
r,  will)  sliiill  ininsiiiii  ilie 
iifil  fBrlitifiiie  111'  rc|!isiry 
UHler  of  such  sliipur  vts- 
to  w  liitli  sii<!  iii'iy  licli'ii!;, 
Itli  costs  of  suit,  ami  ilif 
.iiattvru  of  fact  in  Ilii'sniJ 
iiy  811  gwtariii!;  i  r  allinii- 
|cr  Willi  lii;r  liicKli,  farm- 
tliii  valiif  tlii^riiil,ui'.'0 
n  shall  liavi:  lieiii  inaile: 
111  of  811(11  sliipiir  vi'sstl, 
rcgisUTiiig  the  s;imii,lie 
ey,  loiichins  his  beinsa 
which  cas«!,  ifwlisl  llic 
ntlinii,  shall  iml  I"' Inn, 
d  pay,  hy  reason  tlwrtol, 

pst,  ordcstroyeiliormis- 
ly  make  oath  or  aflitina- 
V  nflor  puchlops.iloslruc- 
foathor  atliriiialionslmll 
Vraflirioiiis-'l  bciin'muMr 
Jr  iiiiiur  of  the  vcusclli/i! 
%il,accurtlins  lu  Idir^byllu 
la^iUrunlcdhythtcvUcclor 
|/„it,  {oidcslrvijed,ntiin- 
llierclhecerlirualeisal. 
Inter,  f  hall  be  delirercd''} 
Ion  shall  huBubscrikJ  by 


ihn  pnrlv  miiklns  tlin  Rttmei  nnil  iip"n  mnli  >inlli  or  aillriimlloii  lii>inK  innil)>,  niitl  tlii<  ollirr  ri>i|ii|. 
alli'ii  of  IliK  act.  III  onlir  lo  Ilic  ri'i(i«lrv  ol  uliipn  or  vcmoU,  Imiiiii  roiii|i|ii,||  with,  li  iilinll  liti  liwl'iil  for 
llii,  iiilli'i  lor  of  lliit  iliDtilcl,  liiifori)  wlioiii  audi  oiilli  or  iilllrniiilloii  Ix  iiiiiil(>,  to  (iriiiit  u  new  rt'irioler,  In- 

iiitlinu  itiiTfiii  lliiilllHi  naiiii!  m  Ixmiuil  in  iIm'  r ii  oi  the  oiic  IimI  or  ih'itlriiviil      Iim  In  all  ciikuk  w  liera 

„  ri'Kl  il'T  "li'ill  I"'  Kriiiiled,  lii  lini  of  llii>  one  Juki  or  licKlroyi'ij,  liy  itnv  oliirr  lli.in  tlii>  i  ii||i'(  lor  of  ihn 
,li.lrii'i  I"  w  Imli  lliii  iihip  or  V-*»i'\  arliiiiily  lii'loiiuit,  mirh  ri'i/lntcr  nhail,  w  llhiri  im  iluvii  uOer  her  llr«l 
arriviil  i\  illmi  Ih"  ili«tricl  to  w)ll'  h  nhe  Iii'Ioiikh.  Iii<  ilt'livercil  up  to  the  collninr  of  Nalil  ilimrlrl,  who 
,ii;ill,  ilnri'iiiion,  tiriiiil  ii  new  ri'ui.lrr  <"  lieu  lliiTtMif.  Ami  In  ciihi>  the  iiia»lrr  or  coinnianiler  aliiill 
,„,kIi  ( I  111  il. 'liver  lip  oiirli  re((i«t..r,  wiilo  ji  fh"  time  ufi.reiiuld,  he  Mhiill  forfeit  one  hiiiiilreil  (lolhirit ;  uiiil 
l)ii>  f'liriii'T  reiiWler  iihiill  liecoin«  null  ami  vol') 

,>  II  llml  when  any  kIiIji  or  vi-o.i  I,  xvhlcli  sin  II  hn  v..  been  reiilHlered  piirmiant  lo  iIiIh  net,  or  the 
(III  liiTi'liy,  III  pari,  repealed,  Nhall,  in  a  hole  or  in  pail,  I'l'  »olil,  or  traiiHferred  to  ii  citi/.en  or  cili/.eim 
,,(•  ihi'  lulled  Hlali'K,  or  nlrill  lie  iilii!rr.(  III  form,  or  Imrilun,  liy  lielnu  lenulheneil,  or  limit  upon,  or 
ipiiii  line  ilenominiillon  lo  ^i  Hi'T,  liy  tin.  ino<|p  ''f  meiliod  of  rlUKlns  or  llllliill.  In  every  hihIi  (line  ihu 
mini  Mliip  "r  veBMi'l  Nhiill  he  rciii.  rnl  anew,  hy  lii»r  fnniier  nniiie,  arcorilinK  lo  the  illreclloiiH  liereln- 
li,.|',ire  lonlained,  (otherwiiie  Hlie  s.jall  ri'imc  to  he  deeiniii  i|  ship  or  veniiel  of  the  I'iiMimI  rtlaieH,)  ami 

l„.r  f.iniier  certlllciilii  of  reul«lry  simll  he  delivered  up  to  the  cidlnMor  to  \vl i  ap|illcaliiiii  for  mio  li 

new  ri'i.'Hirv  Khali  he  made,  at  the  time  ihi'  the  ■eiine  hIhiII  he  made,  to  '•'•■  hy  him  traininiilled  to  the 
ffimler  ollhe  treiiHiiry,  who  nhall  caine  the  ninie  to  he  canrelled.  Ami  in  every  mich  case  of  xnlu  or 
irminhT.  there  mIi.iII  lie»onie  liiHlriimenI  of  writlnir,  in  llie  nature  of  a  hill  ofmih^'wh"  li  fliall  recite, at 
li.iiuili,  ilieHiiid  cerlillcale,  olhi^rwlKe  the  Hald  Hhip  or  vessel  shall  hi;  incapalili!  of  heinu  so  reu'l-li  reil 
jiicw  And  In  every  rase.  In  which  a  ship  or  vessel  Is  hereliy  rei|iiiriil  lo  he  retfistered  anew,  if  she 
iliall  mil  he  so  renisiered  anew,  she  shall  iiol  he  entitled  to  any  of  Ihi  |irivlle|/es  or  heiielllsof  a  ship  or 
v,.H<e|orilie  rmied  MiiUeH.  And  further,  if  hiT  said  former  ciirtlllcate  of  rei(istry  shall  not  he  deliver- 
i.i|  ii|i.  as  iiforesiiil,  except  where  llie  same  may  have  heen  deslroyed,  lost,  or  iininlenlionilly  inUlald, 

anil  an  iialli  I'r  alhrinalion  thereof  shall  have  I n  made,  as  aforesaid,  the  owner  or  owners  of  such 

jliipiir  vessel  shall  forfeit  and  pay  ilie  sum  of  live  hnndreil  dollars,  lo  In:  recoviTed,  with  costs  of  suit. 
J  1,'i.  I'liat  when  the  master,  or  person  hiiviiiK  Ihu  cliarKe  or  command  of  a  ship  or  vessel,  ret'lslereil 
purmi'iiit  lo  this  act,  or  the  act  hereliy  In  purl  repealed,  shall  he  cliant'ed,  the  owner,  or  one  of  llio 
iiwiicr-i,  or  the  new  master  of  siich  ship  or  vessel,  shall  report  such  chaiiije  to  the  collecior  of  the  dis- 
irifl  where  the  saiiiH  shall  happen,  or  where  the  said  ship  or  vessel  shall  llrst  he,  after  Ihe  same  shall 
liiivc  lri|i|ieiied,  and  shall  produce  to  him  Ihe  certillcale  of  regislry  of  such  ship  or  vessel,  and  shall 
iiiiikc  iialli  or  allirniation,  hIiowiiiu  that  such  new  master  is  a  cili/.eii  of  the  I'niled  Hiiiii'S,  and  the 
mniiiKT  III  which,  or  means  wherehy,  he  Is  so  a  clli/.eu  ;  whereupon  the  said  ciillcclor  shall  emlors« 
iipnii  llie  said  certificate  of  registry  a  memorandum  of  such  change,  specifying  the  iianii'  of  siicli  new 
iiiiiKlcr,  and  xhall  Riihscrlhu  the  said  memorandum  with  his  naiiiu  ;  and,  If  other  than  the  collecior  of 
Ihp  ilislrict  hy  whiuii  Ihe  said  cerlillcale  of  regislry  shall  have  hotMi  granled,  shall  Iransmil  a  copy  of 
l[„i  salil  riiemorandum  to  him,  Willi  notice  of  the  particular  ship  or  vessel  to  which  it  shall  relate  ;  and 
lli(.  collei  lor  of  the  district  hy  whom  the  said  certlllcate  shall  have  heen  granted,  shall  make  a  like 
iiiciiiiiraniliim  of  such  change  in  his  hook  of  reuiMlers,  and  shall  transmit  a  copy  thereof  to  the  register 
of  ilic  ireasiiry.  And  if  the  said  clinngi?  shall  not  he  n^ported,  or  If  the  said  oath  or  atllrmallon  shall 
nnt  lie  taken,  as  ahove  directed,  the  registry  of  such  ship  or  vessel  shall  he  void,  and  the  said  master, 
or|icr!<iiii  having  Ihi!  charge  or  cominami  of  her,  sliall  forfeit  and  pay  the  sum  of  one  hundred  dollars. 
J  It;  Thai  if  any  ship  or  vessel  heretofore  registered,  or  which  shall  Intreafler  he  registeri'd,  as  a 
jliipiir  vessel  of  the  I'nited  Htates.  shall  he  sold  or  transferred,  in  whole  or  in  part,  hy  way  of  trust, 
ronliili'i"'''  or  otherwise,  to  n  suhject  or  citizen  of  any  foreign  prince  or  stale,  and  such  sale  or  Iraiis. 
fet  shall  not  he  made  known,  in  manner  hereinheforo  directed,  such  ship  or  vessel,  together  witit 
licr  lacl*li',  apparel,  and  furniture,  shall  he  forfeited  :  Provided,  That  if  silcli  ship  or  vessel  shall  ho 
owncil  ill  part  only,  ond  it  shall  he  made  appear  to  the  jury,  hefore  whom  the  trial  for  such  forfeiture 
jtinll  lie  liad.  that  any  other  owner  of  such  ship  or  vessel,  helng  i\  citi/.en  of  the  I'niled  Stales,  wag 
wholly  lu'iioraiit  of  the  sale  or  transfer  lo,  or  owiiershlji  of,  such  foreign  suhject  or  citizen,  the  share 
or  Interest  of  such  citizen  of  the  United  Htates  shall  not  be  suhject  to  such  forfeiture  ;  and  the  residue 
only  shall  he  so  forfeited. 

.id  (ifilir  Wth  of  February,  179S. — J  1.  That  ships  or  vessels,  enrolled  hy  virtue  of"  An  net  for  regis- 
IPrinsainl  clearing  vessels,  regulating  the  coasting  trade,  and  for  ot  Iter  purposes,"  and  tliosi!  of  twenty 
loiwanil  iip.varda,  which  shall  he  enrolled,  after  Ihe  last  day  of  May  m^xl.  In  jnirsimncc  of  this  act, 
anil  having  a  lici'iise  in  force,  or,  if  less  than  twenty  tons,  not  hoing  enrolled,  shall  have  a  license  in 
forrc,  as  is  hereinafler  required,  and  no  others  shall  he  deemed  ships  or  vessids  of  the  United  Slates, 
entillcil  1(1  the  privileges  of  ships  or  vessels  em|iloyed  in  the  coasting  trade  or  fisheries. 

}'2.  That  from  and  after  the  last  day  of  May  iie.iit,  in  order  for  the  enrolment  of  any  ship  or  vessel, 
sill!  shall  possess  the  same  ijiialilications,  and  the  same  reiinisitns,  in  all  respects,  shall  he  complieil 
Willi,  as  are  made  necessary  for  reyistering  shifis  or  vessels  hy  the  act,  entitled  "  An  act  conceriiiii|{ 
the  rciiistcring  and  recording  of  ships  or  vessels,"  and  the  same  duties  and  authorities  arc  hereby 
pIviMi  iiiiil  iiiipos(!d  on  all  ollicers,  respectively,  in  relation  to  such  enrolments,  and  the  same  proceed- 
niitj  shall  lie  had,  in  similar  cases,  touching  such  enrolments;  and  the  ships  or  vessels  so  enrolled, 
with  llie  master,  or  owner  or  owners  thereof,  shall  he  siilijiict  to  the  same  reiiuisiliis  as  are,  in  those 
respects,  provided  for  vessels  registered  by  virtue  of  the  aforesaid  net ;  the  record  of  which  enrolment 
tjiiill  he  inide,  and  an  ahstrnci  or  copy  thereof  granted,  as  nearly  as  may  he,  in  the  form  following  • 
"Eiiriiliiieiit.  ill  conformity  to  nn  aci  of  the  congress  of  the  United  Hlates  of  America,  entitled  'An 
act  fur  enrollin'.'  and  licensing  ships  or  vessels,  lo  be  employed  in  the  coasting  trade  and  lisheries,  and 
I'lirrnpiilating  the  same.'  [Inserting  here  the  name  of  Ihe  person,  with  his  occiijiation  and  place  of 
almilc,  hy  whom  the  oath  or  atHrniHtion  is  to  be  made,]  Imviiig  taken  and  subscribed  the  oath  (or 
altirniatiiiiil  reiiiiired  liy  this  act,  and  having  sworn  (or  atllrmed)  that  he  (or  she,  ami,  if  more  than 
nniMnviier.  adiling  the  words  "together  with,"  and  the  name  or  names,  occupation  or  occujiations, 
place  or  places,  of  abode,  of  the  owner  or  owners)  is,  (or  are)  a  citi/.en  (or  citizens)  of  the  United 
Siali'9,  anil  sole  owner  (or  owners)  of  the  ship  or  vessel,  called  the  [inserting  here,  her  name]  of  [in- 
sertiiiL'  here,  the  name  of  the  port  to  which  slie  may  belong]  whereot  [inserting  here,  the  name  of  the 
masler)  is  at  present  master,  and  is  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  that  the  said  ship  or  vessel 
was  [liiscrling  here,  when  and  where  built]  and  [inserting  here,  tlie  name  and  ortice,  if  any,  of  the 
persnn  liy  wliom  she  shall  have  heen  surveyed,  or  admeasured]  having  certilied  that  the  said  ship  or 
vessel  has  [inserting  here,  the  number  of  decks]  and  [inserting  here,  the  number  of  masts]  and  that 
lierlcni'tli  Is  [inserting  here,  the  number  of  feet]  her  breadth  [inserting  here,  the  number  of  feet]  her 
depth  [inserting  here,  the  nnmlier  of  feel]  and  that  she  measures  [inserting  here,  her  number  of  tons] 
that  she  is  [describing  here,  the  particular  kind  of  vessel,  whether  ship,  brigniitine,  snow,  schooner, 
sloop,  or  whatever  else,  together  with  her  built,  and  specifying  whether  she  has  any  or  no  gallery 
or  hcail]  and  the  said  [naming  Ihe  owner,  or  the  master,  or  other  person  acting  in  behalf  of  the 
owner  or  owners,  by  whom  the  certlllcate  of  admeasurement  shall  have  been  countersigned]  having 
aiireed  In  the  description  and  admeasurement  above  speciticd,  and  suliicient  security  having  been 
iiven,  according  to  the  said  act,  the  said  ship  or  vessel  has  been  duly  enrolled,  at  the  port  of  [naming 
ilie  port  where  enrolled.]    Given  under  my  iiand  and  seal,  at  [naming  the  said  port]  this  [inserting 


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the  particular  day]  day  of  [naming  the  montli]  in  the  year  [specifying  the  number  of  the  year,  in 
words  at  length.]" 

i)  3.  That  it  shall  and  may  bo  lawful  for  the  collectors  of  the  several  districts,  to  enrol  and  llcenso 
any  ship  or  vessel  that  may  be  registered,  upon  hiicIi  ret'istry  being  given  up,  or  to  register  any  shi;) 
or  vessel  that  may  be  enrolled,  upon  siirti  enrolment  anil  lirenao  being  given  up.  And  when  any  shi|) 
or  vessel  shall  be  in  any  other  district  than  the  one  to  which  she  belongs,  the  collector  of  such  district, 
on  the  application  of  the  master  or  commander  thereof,  and  upon  his  taking  an  oath  or  aflirniatiun, 
that,  according  to  his  best  knowledge  and  belief,  the  properly  remains  as  expressed  in  the  register  nr 
enrolment  proposed  In  be  given  up,  and  upon  his  giving  the  bonds  required  for  granting  registers,  shiill 
make  the  exchanges  iilijresaid  ;  but  in  every  such  case,  the  collector,  to  whom  the  register  or  eiirnj. 
ment  and  license,  inay  be  "iven  up,  shall  transmit  the  same  to  the  register  of  the  treasury;  anil  the 
register,  or  enrolment  an  iceiise,  granted  in  lieu  thereof,  shall  within  ten  days  after  the  arrival  nf 
oU'h  ship  or  vessel  witliin  >iie  distrirt  to  whirli  slio  belongs,  be  delivered  to  the  collector  of  the  ■iai.j 
ilislricl,  and  be  by  him  ranrelled.  And  if  the  said  muster  or  commander  shall  neglect  to  deliver  ili,. 
!iaid  re^'istcr,  or  enrolment  and  license,  witliiu  the  time  aforesaid,  he  shall  forfeit  one  liuiiilrr.ii 
dollars. 

}  4.  That,  in  order  to  the  licensing  of  any  ship  or  vessel  for  rnrrying  on  the  roasting  trade  or  (ish. 
eries,  the  husband,  or  managing  owner,  together  with  the  master  tlicreof,  with  one  or  more  siiri'tlpj. 
to  the  satisraction  of  the  collector  granliiiu  tlie  same,  shall  become  bound  to  pay  to  the  United  StaiLvi, 
if  such  ship  or  vessel  be  of  the  burthen  of  five  tons  and  less  than  twenty  tons,  the  sum  of  one  liiiiidnid 
dollars;  and  if  twenty  tons  and  not  exceeding  thirty  tons,  the  sum  of  two  hundred  dollars;  anil  if 
above  thirty  tons  and  not  exceeding  sixty  tons,  llie  sum  of  live  hundred  didlars  ;  and  if  above  sj\iv 
tons,  the  siim  of  mie  tlioiisaml  ilullars,  in  ease  it  shall  appear,  within  two  years  from  the  date  nt'  tl.^ 
bond,  that  such  ship  or  vessel  has  been  eiiiplnycd  in  any  trade,  wlierely  the  revenue  of  ttie  Iniiiii 
States  has  been  defrauded  during  the  time  the  license  granted  to  such  ship  or  vessel  reniaincd  la 
force  ;  and  the  master  of  such  ship  or  vessel  shall  also  swear  or  atliriii,  that  he  is  a  ciliirn  of  the  I'mid 
Slates,  and  that  suck  license  shall  not  be  used  for  any  vlher  vessel,  or  any  other  employment,  than  thiii  j,„ 
which  il  is  specially  jrranted,  or  in  any  traile  or  business  irherchy  the  rcroiue  of  the  United  States  niwi  h' 
defrauded  ;  and  if  such  ship  or  vessel  lie  less  than  twenty  tons  burtln'ii,  the  husband  or  nianaL'ingo\vii,.r 
shall  swear  or  allirm,  lh.it  she  is  wholly  the  property  of  a  citizen  nr  citizens  of  the  United  States  ;  v\  lieni. 
upon  it  sliall  be  the  duty  of  the  collector  of  the  district,  compreliending  the  port  whereto  siirli  slii,i 
or  vessel  may  belong,  (the  duty  of  six  cents  per  ton  being  lirst  paid,)  to  grant  a  license,  in  tlio  Innu 
following  :  "  Licence  for  carrying  on  the  [here  insert,  coasting  trade,  whale  lishery,  or  cod  fishery,  as 
the  case  may  be.] 

"In  pursuiince  of  an  act  of  the  congress  of  the  United  States  of  America,  entitled  "  An  act  fnr  m- 
rolling  and  licensing  ships  or  vessels  to  be  employed  in  the  coasting  trade  and  fisheries,  and  fur  njii. 
laliiig  the  same,"  [inserting  here,  the  name  of  the  husband  or  nianaging  owner,  with  liis  occiipatinn 
and  place  of  abode,  and  the  name  of  the  master,  with  the  place  of  his  abode]  having  given  bund  Hm 
the  [insert  here,  the  description  of  the  vessel,  whether  ship,  briganline,  snow,  schooner,  sluop,  „; 
whatever  else  she  may  be]  called  the  [insert  here,  the  vessel's  name]  whereof  the  said  [naiiiin;'  liie 
master]  is  master,  liurthen  [insert  bete  the  number  of  tons,  in  words]  tons,  as  appears  by  her  enroji 
ment,  dated  a<  'naming  the  district,  day,  month,  and  year,  in  words  at  lengtli]  (but,  if  she  he  less  than 
twenty  tons,  insert,  instead  thereof)  proof  being  had  of  her  admeasurement,  shall  not  be  employed  in 
any  trade,  while  this  license  shall  continue  in  force,  wliereby  the  revenue  of  the  United  States  slmli 
be  defrauded,  and  having  also  sworn  (or  aflirmcd)  that  this  license  shall  not  be  used  for  any  oilier 
vessel,  or  for  any  other  employment,  than  is  herein  specitieil,  license  is  hereby  granted  for  the  sail 
[inserting  lierc,  the  description  of  the  vessel]  called  the  [insert  here,  the  vessel's  name]  to  lie  em- 
ployed in  carrying  on  the  [inserting  here,  coasting  trade,  whale  fishery,  or  cod  fishery,  as  the  case  may 
be]  for  one  vear  from  the  date  hereof,  and  no  longer  :  (iiven  under  my  hand  and  seal,  at  [naming  ili'e 
said  district]  this  [inserting  the  particular  day]  day  of  [naming  the  month]  in  the  year  [specifying  the 
nuuilier  of  the  year,  in  words  at  length.]" 

}  0.  That  after  the  last  day  of  May  next,  every  ship  or  vessel  of  twenty  tons  or  upwards,  (other  than 
sucli  as  are  registered,)  found  trading  between  district  and  district,  or  between  dilferent  places  in  the 
same  district,  or  carrying  on  the  fishery,  witln)ut  being  enrolled  and  licensed,  or,  if  less  than  tHtniv 
tons,  and  not  less  than  five  tons,  without  a  license,  in  manner  as  is  provided  by  tiiis  act,  siiili  ship  or 
vessel,  if  laden  with  goods  the  growth  or  manufacture  of  the  United  .States  only,  (distilled  spirits  only 
excepted)  or  in  ballast,  shall  pay  the  same  fees  and  tonnage  in  every  port  of  the  United  Sialesai 
which  she  may  arrive,  as  ships  or  vessels  not  belonging  to  a  citizen  or  citizens  of  the  United  hi|ati.s; 
and  if  she  have  on  board  any  articles  of  foreign  growth  or  manufacture,  or  distilled  spirits,  nihfriha.i 
sea  stores,  the  ship  or  vessel,  together  with  her  tackle,  apparel,  and  furniture,  and  the  lading  (iuind  nn 
board,  shall  be  forfeited  :  Provided,  however,  if  such  ship  or  vessel  be  at  sea  at  the  expiration  ol'lhc 
time  for  which  the  license  was  given,  and  tlie  master  of  such  ship  or  vessel  shall  swear  or  alllnii  that 
suiti  was  the  case,  and  shall,  also,  within  forty-eight  hours  after  his  arrival,  deliver  to  tlie  cdlltcnr 
of  the  district  in  whicli  he  shall  first  arrive  the  license  which  shall  have  expired,  the  forfeiture  afori!- 
said  shall  not  be  incurred,  nor  sliall  the  ship  or  vessel  be  lialile  to  pay  the  fees  ami  tonnage  aforesaid. 

i  T.  That  the  collector  of  each  district  shall  progressively  number  the  licenses  by  him  granled,  ln- 
giniiing  anew  at  the  commcnceuient  of  each  year,  and  shall  make  a  record  thereof,  in  a  book  to  hehy 
him  kept  fiirthat  purpose,  and  shall,  once  in  three  months,  transmit  to  the  register  of  the  trea.<iir\', 
copies  of  the  licenses  which  shall  have  been  so  granted  by  him;  and  also,  of  such  licenses  as  shall 
have  been  given  up  or  returned  to  him,  respictivcly,  in  pursuance  of  ibis  act.  And  where  any  sliipnr 
vessel  shall  he  licensed  or  enrolled  anew,  or  being  licensed  or  enrolleil,  shall  afterwards  be  rel'lslend, 
or  being  registered,  shall  afterwards  be  enrolled  or  licensed,  she  shall,  in  every  such  case,  be  enrolled. 
licensed,  or  registered,  by  her  former  name. 

D  H.  That  if  any  ship  or  vessel,  enrolled  or  licensed  as  aforesaid,  shall  proceed  on  a  foreign  voyane, 
without  first  giving  up  her  enrolment  and  license  to  the  collector  of  the  district  compreliendJn|;ihe 
port  from  which  she  is  about  to  proceed  on  such  foreign  voyage,  and  being  duly  registered  hysiiiii 
collector,  every  such  ship  or  vessel,  together  with  her  tackle,  apparel,  and  furniture,  and  the  cooils, 
wares,  and  merchandise,  so  imported  tlierein,  shall  be  liable  to  seizure  and  forfeiture:  rrnruidd- 
ways,  if  the  port  from  which  such  ship  or  vessel  is  about  to  proceed  on  such  foreign  voyage,  lie  ml 
within  the  district  where  such  ship  or  vessel  is  enrolled,  the  collector  of  such  district  shall  give  inilio 
master  of  such  ship  or  vessel  a  certificate,  specifying  that  the  enrolment  and  license  of  siieli  sliipor 
vessel  is  received  by  him,  and  the  time  when  it  was  so  received  ;  which  certificate  shall  aflerwanli 
be  delivered  by  the  said  masti^r  to  the  collector  who  may  have  granted  such  enrolment  and  licence. 

Jlct  of  the  Isl  of  June,  1791).—$  2.  That  every  ship  and  vessel  of  the  United  Stales,  going  to  any  b- 
reign  country,  shall,  before  she  departs  from  the  U.iited  States,  nt  the  request  of  tlie  master,  he  tur- 
nished,  hy  the  collector  for  the  district  where  such  ship  or  vessel  may  he,  with  a  passport  nt'llie  fena 
prescribed  and  ('stablished,  pursuant  to  the  foregoing  section;  for  which  passport  the  iiiasteriir.siifli 
shii)  or  vessel  shall  pay  to  the  said  collector  ten  dollars,  to  be  accounted  for  by  him  ;  and,  in  order  ink 
entitled  to  such  passport,  the  master  of  every  such  ship  or  vessel  shall  he  bound  with  suthcieni  surelii>, 
to  the  treasurer  of  the  United  ijtales,  in  the  penalty  of  two  thousand  dollars,  conditioned,  that  tlii;  saU 


REl'ORT— REVENUE  AND  EXPENDITURE. 


401 


umber  of  the  year,  in 

g,  to  enrol  and  licenso 
or  to  register  any  shi|i 
(.  And  when  any  slii;i 
\lector  of  such  dislriti, 
an  oath  or  aflirnmliun, 
eased  in  llie  register  «i 
-ranting  regislern,  sli!i;i 
m  tlie  register  or  oiirdl- 
■  tlie  treasury  ;  ami  the 
lys  after  tlie  arriviil  df 
lie  collector  of  llic  sai.l 

II  neelert  to  deliver  lli.' 
ill  forfeit  one  liuiidnil 

1  coasting  trade  or  tisli. 

III  one  or  more  stirciii'?, 
uy  to  the  United  »\k\U:f, 

the  sum  of  one  luiiKlnil 
lundred  dollars  ;  anil  if 
lars  ;  and  if  aliove  sixiv 
ilrs  frotu  the  date  or  U,,; 
[■  revenue  of  the  I'liili,! 
ip  or  vessel  reuiaiiu'il  n 
e  is  (iciliien  of  the  I'lniil 

eiiivl^'l'""''<  "'""  "<<"}" 

the  i'liilcil  «'n'''-<  III"'.!  I"- 

liaudorniaua'-'ingnwnT 

>te  United  states;  vvlicr.'. 
(!  port  whereto  sue li  sliij 
u!t  a  license,  in  the  Inrin 
fishery,  or  cod  fishery,  as 

entitled  "  An  act  fnrpii. 
id  fisheries,  and  for  n»u. 
nier,  with  his  occnimtir.n 
]  having  given  lioiul  iliai 
mow,  schooner,  sldop,  ,„• 
reof  the  said  [nanuni;tii^ 

as  appears  hy  her  enrnl. 
li]  (but,  if  she  be  loss  lliai>. 
t,  shall  not  he  eniployi'il  in 
of  the  United  Slalt's  sliall 
not  be  used  for  any  otlur 
ereby  granted  for  the  sail 

vessel's  name]  to  lie  em- 
id  fishery,  as  the  case  nny 
i\  and  seal,  at  [naming  llie 
[in  the  year  [specifying  llie 

is  or  tipwards,  (other  than 
pjen  ditTerent  places  in  llie 
^d,  or,  if  less  than  twenty 
Id  by  this  act,  suih  ship  or 
mily,  (distilled  spirits  only 
|rl  of  the  United  States  at 
(!ns(.f  the  United  Sfiiosi 
..istilled  spirits,  oilier  lliaa 
|e,and  the  lading  Iniiml  on 
a.  at  the  expiration  of  llie 
shall  swear  or  allirni  lliit 
I,  deliver  to  the  colledor 
,ired,  the  forfeiture  afore- 
;es  and  tonnage  aforesaid, 
lenses  by  him  granteil,  In- 
hereof,  in  a  book  to  he  hy 
register  of  the  treasury, 
[  of  such  licenses  as  sliall 
And  where  any  ship  nr 
afterwards  be  reaisleni', 
ry  such  case,beciitollci). 

Iceed  on  a  forciga  vnyaje, 
latrict  coniprehendinilllie 
|g  duly  registered  bysiuii 

I  t'urniture,  and  the  L'oods, 

II  forfeiture  :  Prerii/Hioi- 
Th  foreign  voyace,  be  not 

III  district  shall  give  to  llic 
Ll  license  of  snelisliipor 
^rtificate  shall  al'ierwaidi 
[enrolment  and  lieence. 
J  States,  going  to  anyj* 
lest  of  the  master,  he  Hit- 
lith  a  passi"irt  of  the  fenn 
Isport  thf  master  of  such 
X  him;  and,  in  order  tnk 
Id  wilhsutlicienlsurelif;^, 
Icouditioned,  that  llw  said 


pnpspnrt  shall  not  be  applied  to  the  use  or  protection  of  anyothcr  shipor  vessel  than  the  one  described 
In  llie  same  ;  and  that,  in  case  of  tho  loss  or  sale  of  any  ship  or  vessel  having  sucli  passport,  the  same 
shall,  within  three  months,  be  delivered  up  to  the  collector  from  whom  it  was  received,  if  the  loss  or 
sale  takc^  place  within  the  United  States  ;  or  within  six  nu>nths,  if  the  same  shall  happen  at  any  place 
nearer  iban  the  cape  of  Good  Hope  ;  and  within  eighteen  months,  if  at  a  more  distant  place. 

jci  of  the  I'th  of  June,  1797. — J  1.  That  no  ship  or  vessel  which  has  been,  or  shall  be  registered  pur- 
suant I"  any  law  of  the  United  States,  and  which  hereafter  shall  be  seized,  or  captured  and  ciuidemn- 
eil.  under  the  authority  of  any  foreign  power,  or  that  shall,  by  sale,  become  the  property  of  a  foreigner 
nrVoreiisners,  shall,  after  the  passing  of  this  act,  be  entitled  to,  or  capable  of  receiving  n  new  rciiister, 
nDlwillislanding  such  ship  or  vessel  should  afterwards  become  American  property  ;  but  that  all  such 
;lij|)s  and  vessels  shall  he  taken  and  considered,  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  as  foreign  vessels:  Pro- 
vided. That  nothing  in  this  act  contained  shall  extend  to,  or  be  construed  to  affect,  tlie  person  or  per- 
sons owning  any  ship  or  vessel,  at  the  time  of  the  sei/.ure,  or  capture  of  the  same,  or  shall  prevent 
such  owner,  in  case  he  regain  a  property  in  such  ship  or  vessel,  so  condemned,  by  purchase  or  other- 
wise, front  claiming  and  receiving  a  new  register  for  the  same,  as  he  might  or  could  have  done  if  this 
act  had  not  been  passed. 

Act  iif  the  2rf  of  March,  180.?.—}  1.  That  if  any  person  shall  knowingly  make,  utter,  or  publish,  any 
false  sealetter,  Mediterranean  passport,  or  certificate  of  registry,  or  shall  knowingly  avail  hiuiself  of 
any  such  Mediterranean  passport,  sealetter,  or  certificate  of  registry,  he  shall  forfeit  and  pay  a  sum 
not  exceeding  five  thousand  dollars,  to  be  recovered  by  action  of  debt,  in  the  name  of  the  United 
States,  in  any  court  of  competent  jurisdiction  ;  and,  if  an  officer  of  the  United  States,  he  shall  forever 
thereafter  be  rendered  incapable  of  holding  any  office  of  trust  or  profit  under  the  authority  of  the 
United  States. 

J  2.  That  it  shall  bo  the  duty  of  the  comptroller  of  the  treasury  to  cause  to  be  provided  blank  certi- 
ficates of  registry,  with  such  water  and  other  secret  marks  as  he  may  direct,  which  marks  shall  he 
inaiie  known  only  to  the  collectors  and  their  deputies,  and  to  the  consuls  or  commercial  agents  of  tlie 
Vnited  States;  and  from  and  after  the  thirty-first  day  of  December  next,  no  certificate  of  registry 
shall  be  issued,  except  such  as  shall  have  been  provided  and  marked  as  aforesaid  ;  and  the  ships  or 
vessels  of  the  United  States,  which  shall  have  been  duly  registered  as  such,  shall  be  entitled  to  new 
ccrtilirates  of  registry  (gratis)  in  exchange  for  their  old  certificates  of  registry:  And  it  shall  be  the 
duty  of  the  respective  collectors,  on  the  departure  of  any  such  ship  or  vessel,  after  the  said  thirty-tirst 
day  of  December,  from  the  district  to  which  such  ship  or  vessel  shall  belong,  to  issue  a  new  certificate 
accordingly,  and  to  retain  and  deface  the  former  certificate. 

}  3.  That  when  any  ship  or  vessel,  which  has  been,  or  which  shall  be,  registered  pursuant  to  any 
law  of  the  I'nited  States,  shall,  whilst  such  ship  or  vessel  is  without  the  limits  of  the  United  States, 
be  sold  or  transferred,  in  whole  or  in  part,  to  a  citizen  or  citizens  of  the  United  States,  such  ship  or 
vessel,  on  her  first  arrival  in  the  United  States  thereafter,  shall  be  entitled  to  all  the  privileges  and 
benefits  of  a  ship  or  vessel  of  the  Tliiited  States  :  Prnridcd,  That  all  the  requisites  of  law,  in  order  to 
the  registry  of  ships  or  vessels,  shall  be  complied  with,  and  a  new  certificate  of  registry  obtained  for 
such  ship  or  vessel,  within  three  days  from  the  time  at  which  the  master  or  other  person  having  the 
charse  or  command  of  such  ship  or  vessel,  is  required  to  make  his  final  report  upon  her  first  arrival 
afterwards,  as  aforesaid,  agreeably  to  the  thirtieth  section  of  the  act,  passed  on  the  second  day  of 
Marrh,  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  ninety-nine,  untitled  "An  act  to  regulate  the  collec'iion  of 
(hities  on  imports  and  tonnage."  And  it  shall  he  lawful  to  pay  to  the  collector  of  the  district  within 
which  such  ship  or  vessel  may  arrive,  as  aforesaid,  the  duties  imposed  by  law  on  the  tonnage  of  such 
ship  or  vessel  at  any  time  within  three  days  from  the  time  at  which  the  master,  or  other  person  liav- 
ingthe  charsie  or  command  of  such  ship  or  vessel,  is  required  to  make  his  final  report,  us  aforesaid, 
any  thing  lo  the  contrary  in  any  former  law  notwithstanding:  Provided,  uhcay.t.  That  nothing  herein 
contained  shall  be  construed  to  repeal,  or  in  any  wise  change  the  provisions,  restrictions,  or  limita- 
tions, of  any  former  act  or  acts,  excepting  so  far  as  tlie  same  shall  he  repugnant  to  the  provisions  of 
this  act. 

M  of  the  %th  of  March,  1810.—}  1.  That,  from  and  after  the  thirtieth  of  June  next,  no  sealetter,  or 
other  doeiiinent,  certifying  or  proving  any  ship  or  vessiU  to  be  the  property  of  a  citizen  or  citizens  of 
the  United  States,  shall  be  issued,  except  lo  ships  or  vessels  duly  registered,  or  enrolled  and  licensed, 
as  ships  or  vessels  of  the  United  Stales,  or  to  vessels  which,  at  that  time,  shall  be  wholly  owned  by 
citizens  of  the  United  States,  and  furnished  with,  or  entitled  to,  sealetters  or  other  customhouse  docu- 
ments; any  law  or  laws,  heretofore  passed,  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding  :  Provided,  nevertheless. 
That  no  sealetter  shall  be  issued  to  any  vessel  which  shall  not  at  this  time  he  furnished  or  entitled  to 
a  sealetter,  unless  such  vessel  shall  return  to  some  port  or  place  in  the  United  States,  or  territories 
lliereof,  on  or  before  the  said  thirtieth  day  of  June  next :  Provided,  nevertheless.  That  no  sealetter  or 
other  document,  certifying  or  proving  any  ship  or  vessel  to  be  the  property  of  a  citizen  or  citizens  of 
ihe  I'nittd  Stales,  shall  be  issued  to  any  vessel  now  abroad,  which  shall  not,  at  this  time,  be  furnished 
or  entitled  to  a  sealetter,  unless  such  vessel  shall  arrive  at  some  port  or  place  in  the  United  States,  or 
territories  thereof,  on  or  before  the  said  thirtieth  day  of  June  next:  And  provided.  That  nothing  here- 
in contained  shall  he  construed  to  operate  against  any  such  vessel  or  vessels  that  now  are,  or  may  be 
prior  to  the  said  thirtieth  of  June,  detained  abroad  by  the  authority  of  any  foreign  power. 

i^ee  farther  Gordon's  Digest  of  the  Latos  of  the  United  States,  Book  9lh,  Chapter  2d,  and  Kent's 
Coinmenluries  on  American  Laio,  Lecture  45th. — Am.  /■.'(/.] 

REPORT,  in  commercial  navigation,  a  paper  delivered  by  the  masters  of  all  ships  arriv- 
ing from  parts  beyond  seas  tu  the  Custom-house,  and  attested  upon  oath,  containing  an  ac- 
count of  the  cargo  on  board,  &c. — (See  ante  p.  4.) 

REPRISALS.  Where  the  people  of  one  nation  have  unlawfully  seized  and  detained 
property  beioniring  to  another  state,  the  subjects  of  the  latter  are  authorised,  by  the  law  of 
nations,  to  imlemnify  themselves,  by  seizing  the  property  of  the  subjects  of  the. state  aggress- 
ing. This  is  termed  making  reprisals ;  and  commissions  to  this  effect  are  issued  from  tho 
Admiralty. — (See  Phivatekiis.) 

RESPONDENTIA.     See  Bottoimuy  and  REspoNUENTrA. 

REVENUE  AND  EXPENDITURE.  Though  not  properly  belonging  to  a  work  of  this 
sort,  we  believe  wc  shall  do  an  acceptable  service  to  our  readers  by  laying  before  them  the 
following  com[irehensive  Table  of  the  revenue  and  the  expenditure  of  the  United  Kingdom 
in  1836  1837,  and  1838.  It  contains  more  information  in  a  brief  space  than  most  parlia- 
mentary papers.  It  was  originally  framed  according  to  the  suggestion,  and  printed  upon  the 
motion  of  Mr.  Pusey  ;  and  there  are  not  very  many  members  who  have  left  so  useful  a  me- 
morial of  their  parliamentary  career. 

2l2  61 


H 

13 


31 


«« 

« 

•ffl 

«' 

•u 

m 

ft- 

«1 

*v. 

u 

#^' 

% 

t 

::^i>' 
TU 

s> 

p 

f 

•*1* 

•»'" 

% 

* 

d 

ii 

*7%\ 

T" 

ll 

.ilir 


402 


REVENUE  AND  EXPENDITURE. 


I 
I 


Iff*     ■'-' 

IN**,    .  ."♦ 


,,S1»'J«""'* 

;ii»W»-"»ia.' 


►sun*' 


fO^Oii^ 


lOS.- 

■'«B«  •''■■ 


Hndi  of  Incom*. 

PuiUic  hteome  in 

Ms  rsors. 

1 

1836. 

1837. 

1838.                   j 

Cuir  jmi  and  £i«». 
)  foreign    . 
Spirito  >  mm 

JBriliih    . 

1,402,573 
1,4%,  156 
6,503,477 

L. 

L. 

1,399,868 
1,432,929 
6,015,071 

L. 

L. 

1,389,371 
1,411,067 
6,467,201 

Malt        .            .             .            . 

6,848,950 

3,252,410 

4,932,080 

Hops       .            .            .            . 

402,290 

344,364 

3(«,906 

Wine      .            .            .           . 

I,7W,a33 

1,687,201 

1,846,057 

Sugar  and  molusea 

4,479,809 

5,(H6,888 

4,893,684 

Tea         ...            • 

4,674,635 

3,223,840 

3,362,036 

Coffee     • 

691,606 

696,644 

684,979 

Tobacco  and  anuff 
Butler      • 

3,397,108 

29,750,53 

3,417,663 
7                                  " 

7,496,87 

•            3,661,812 

27,851,192 

238,306 

265,563 

251,665 

Cheew     . 

105,087 

120,034 

113,907 

Currants  and  Raisini 

311,916 

307,988 

300,829 

Corn 

149,661 

683,721 

186,760 

Cotton  wool  and  iheepa'  imported  • 

622,293 

671,080 

725,445 

Silk         .            .            .            . 

24,768 

218,376 

254,874 

Hides  and  skins    . 

67,171 

62,866 

61,478 

Paper      .... 

712,119 

654,497 

641,788 

Soap        .... 

756,138 

730,788 

810,813 

Candles  and  tallow 

207,788 

203,977 

153,669 

Coals,  sea  borne   . 

8,667 

8,910 

7,632 

1  Glass       .... 

652,225 

637,947 

688,837 

Bricks,  tiles,  and  slates      . 

474,921 

439,264 

418,336 

Timber  .... 

1,537,463 

1,369,381 

1,572,618 

Auctions 

294,803 

274,264 

285,186 

Excise  licences     . 

1,018,002 

1,019,431 

1,023,202 

Miscellaneous  duties  of  Customs  { 
and  Excise        .            •          ) 

Total  Customs  and  Excise 

1,633,221 

9,014,554 

1,501,173 

3,859,799 

1,596,366 

9,023,403 

- 

38,765,091 

31 

S,355,d77 

• 

36,874,595 

Slampi. 
Deeds  and  other  instruments 

1,621,741 

1,603,207 

1,663,720 

Probate  and  legacies 

2,(U2,528 

2,185,880 

2,192,231 

Insurance  {™""°         ."            '. 

252,712 
831,367 

260,512 
824,138 

251,866 
891,704 

Bills  of  exchange,  bankers*  nces     - 

739,957 

714,703 

734,109 

Newspapers  and  advertisements     . 

466,701 

328,661 

341,974 

Stagecoaches 

614,628 

498,943 

494,284 

Post  horses 

226,049 

240,283 

241,266 

Receipts 

172,098 

172,280 

173,825 

Other  stamp  duties 
Land  taxes 

482,601 

7,350,377 

436,606 

?,265,127 

468,784 

7,453,753 

1,199,609 

1,192,636 

1,184,830 

Windows 

1,254,325 

1,257,878 

1,262,561 

Servants  .... 

207,311 

201,044 

201,018 

Horses     .... 

390,222 

380,693 

377,477 

Carriages              ... 

449,792 

441,173 

442,757 

Dogs        .... 

158,190 

165,931 

156,200 

Other  assessed  taxes 

162,056 

3,921,606 

260,892 

,890,146 

278,242 

3,903,055 

Pof;  office 

• 

2,360,602 

S 

,339,739 

• 

2,346,275 

Crown  lands 

• 

361,693 

• 

419,780 

• 

388,(!42 

Other  ord  inary  reiienues  and  other  > 
resources          *           "          5 

Total  income    • 

•                        ■ 

146,130 

• 

322,188 

■ 

312,575 

•                        • 

62,896,298 

60 

,592,663 

. 

61,278,928 

Excess  of  expenditure  over  Income  • 

•                        • 

. 

«                         • 

726,460 

. 

441,819 

52,896,298 

61 

,319,Ti3 

1       . 

5I,720,T47    1 

flE VENUE  AND  EXPENDITURE. 


403 


Account  of  the  Public  Expenc 

iilure  of  the  United  Kingdom  in  the  Years  1830, 1837, 1 

838. 

1838. 

L. 

1,389,371 
Ml  1,067 
5,467,201 

4,932,080 

27,851,192 
9,023,403 

^B/ 

Htada  of  Expnidilure. 

1836. 

1837. 

1838. 

Reitnue—diargcM  of  Colkition: 

Civil        S  Custoim 
Depirlment  (  Exciie 

rreventive  service,  Ijnd  guard,  revenue  police 
cruizen  and  harbour  veaielt 

Stamps        ..... 

Aswsscil  tafa           .... 
(lihrr  ordinary  rcvemies          . 
iiupeniuiuatioa  and  other  allowancea  ■ 

Total  charge  of  colleclion 

Fuhlic  DM. 

lr,\tminlpeTmuimtieU      • 
TcrniiMlile  anouilies 
Management 

Interest  on  Eichcquer  bills     •            ■     ,  ,    • 
Total  debt 

Cioi'l  Goixmmtnt.    Civil  Lilt.    Privy  Punt. 

Silaries  of  the  household,  tradesmen's  bills 

Tlie  allowancea  to  the  several  branches  of  the 

Rival    Family,  and  to  his  Roj-al  Highness 

Leopold  Frince  of  Coburg  (now  King  of  the 

The  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland's  establishment 

Tlie  salaries  and  expenses  of  the  Houses  of  I'ar- 
liamenl  (including  printmg) 

Civil  .•jepartmcuts,  incluJujg  superannuation  al- 
lowances ■            -.            •            *            • 

Oiher  annuities,  pensions  and  superannuation 
allowances  on  the  consolidated  fund  and  on 
the  iross  revenue  .... 

Pensions  civil  list      •_•...     • 

Total  civil  govermnent 

Jtulict. 

Courts  of  justice       . 

Police  and  criminal  prosecutions 

correction.            ■            ■       ^^^,,^^.^- 

DipJomafic. 
Foreipi  ministers'  salaries  and  pensions 
Consul!'  salaries  and  superannuation  allowances 
Disbursements,  outfit,  Sc.       "      .  „• 

Total  diplomatic 

Fana. 

(•rm.,.;™       J  Number  of  men      . 
Effective       {charge      • 

^^     \Non.effective|~rofmen     - 
Total  army 

jEffective       {S,"?^-'-"     I 
'''^      |Non.effective|~'o(>»en     - 

Total  navy 

[Effective       {^h™^'"'""™     " 
"^"""{Non-effective    ^^'"[^'^     [ 

Total  ordnance 
Total  forces 
Army  and  ordnance,  insurrection  in  Canada 
1  Boun'lies,  *c.  for  promoting  fisheriet  . 
1  Public  worlts             .... 
i  l^ymtnts  out  of  the  revenue  of  crown  lands,  for 
fnipmvt'nteiits  and  various  public  services     • 
Poit  office;  charges  of  collection  and  other  pay- 
ments      ..... 
Quanntine  and  warehousing  establishments     . 
Miscellaneous  services  not  classed  under  the 
fore^oin§  heads      .... 

Total  expenditure 
Surplus 

Afrniornraftim — The  amount  of  terminable  An- 
nuities on  6lh  January  was  . 

In  corresponding  perpetuities,  u  eitimated  by 
Mr.  FiaUison        .... 

Difference 

L. 

647,138 
869,191 

L. 

'l,516,329 
562,219 

L. 

633,842 
862,080 

L. 

1,497,922 

561,096 

2,059,018 

159,035 

163,130 

49,427 

381,162 

L. 

636,<147 
861,494 

L. 

1,488,341 
570,129 

3(n,g06 
1,846,057 
4,893,684 
3,362,035 

684,979 
3,561,812 

24,156,664 

4,224,427 

126,958 

28.508,049 
726,824 

24,215,779 

4,193,745 

132,482 

24,212,580 

4,1M,9<i6 

133,566 

2,078,548 
159,TO4 
176,211 
47,637 
389,433 

2,038,470 

134,213 

209,203 

52,213 

374,401 

2,851,225 
29,234,873 

•                        • 

'l,556,472 

1,010,184 

313,436 

12,112,968 

15,683 
316,841 

327,468 

712,304 
111,563 

2,254,298 

2,813,792 
2'9,4S0,694 

1,721,034 
'l,326,435 
'  316,932 

12,718,897 

12,466 
304,896 

324,431 

688,704 
121,700 

1,491,112 

2,848,500 
29,231,040 

1,674,125 

1,482,359 

392,832 

12,720,750 

600,000 

13,454 

322,539 

144,731 

676,835 
134,534 

1,559,048 

251,665 
113,907 
300,823 
186,760 
725,445 
234,874 
61,478 
641,788 
810,813 
183,669 
7,632 
688,837 
418,335 
1,672,618 
285,186 
1,023,202 

1,596,366 

28,544,006 
936,688 

28,330,112 

720,9-28 

411,600 

206,000 
33,345 

137,731 

366,932 

325,664 
73,000 

391,972 

278,857 
31,953 

157,820 

466,202 

322,641 
71,589 

371,800 

308,000 
33,869 

142,19) 

460,064 

357,576 
621 

390,837 
329,520 
239,827 

404,952 
492,772 
428,711 

454,502 
662,101 
466,666 

198,301 
94,620 
22,615 

188,142 
99,950 
28,840 

182,028 
148.606 
02,198 

1          1,663,720 

2,192,231 

251,856 
1             891,704 

1            734,109 

1            341,974 

1            494,284 

1            241,266 

1            173,825 

1            468,784 

3«,b74,596 

(80,557) 
3,829,803 
(87,122) 
2,643,380 

(78,080) 
3,941,996 

(85.965) 
2,579,719 

(82,746) 
4,263,541 

(90,914) 
2,552,100 

6,473,193 

6,521,715 

6,S15,(>41 

(29,076) 
2,616,829 
(26,227) 
1,588,697 

(30,995) 
3,216,075 
(25,329) 
1,534,584 

(30,399) 
3,046,967 
(24,.330) 
1,473,561 

4,205,7-26 

4,750,639 

4,520,428 

1,274,442 
(1,403) 
139,617 

(8,632) 
1,290,338 

(9,012) 

1,219,633 

(622) 

163,048 

1         1,184,830 
1         1,262,561 
1            201,018 

1           377,477 
1           442,757 
1            156,200 

1           278,242 

1,434,059 

1,444,523 

1,384,681 

• 

- 

. 

—      3,903,053 

1     ^H 

60,819,305 
2,073,993 

• 

51,314,113 

• 

51,720,747 

1 

52,895,298 

- 

61,319,113 

- 

51,720,747 

312,57 

• 

4,220,817 
1,928,155 

• 

4,202,042 
1,870,745 

■ 

4,292,173 
1,830,664 

1  ; 

51,27S,92 
441,81 

2,2^,662 

. 

2,331,297 

• 

2,461,619 

HI 

61,720,74 

lJ| 

I: 
«tl 
III 


n 

«« 

II 

HM 

••IH! 

Ik 

■ 

111 

(« 

« 

i''i 

«' 

«.,:, 

at 

i 

in 

-*«. 

a 

#•■■ 

n 

•  ■ 

31 

Till 

:•« 

a, 

:t 

lli!1 
Hill 

:> 

< 

*««• 



.10, 

*• 

.13^ 

»- 

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' 

3i'*' 

«i 

^%'^ 

404 


REVENUE  AND  EXPENDITURE. 


[Revenue  and  Expenditure  of  the  United  States  for  1838  and  1839,  aB  reported  by  the  Secretary  of  the 

Treasury. 

Recfiptt  or  muni  in  1838.  Amoiinl. 

Balanceon  the  Ist  of  January,  1838, #37,100,251  95 

Receipts  from  customs,  ...------      17,478,770-5fi 

Receipts  from  lands,  ----------        3,130,8ai'54 

MiscellaneoiiR,  """""'*''"in  **'''''3'  M 

Treasury  notes  Issued,  .....----      12,710,i52u^6 

Second  and  third  bonds  of  United  States  Banli  of  Pennsylvania,  -  .  -       4,548.10222 

#75,294,20(^01 


'Vmuii 


illllMI'JI '    ■' 


1* 


icj 


.t^ 


,,,i»r!l»  ■-'-■• 
,|,»«W.m:..*'' 


iir 


i,iHl*;a'''-*' 


Expenditures  in  IS38. 

Civil  and  miscellaneous,  first  three  quarters, 

Military,  first  three  quarters,  -  -  -  - 

Naval,  first  three  iiuarters,  -  -  -  -  - 

Estimate  of  above  expenditures  for  the  fourth  quarter 

Public  debt  for  the  year,        -  -  -  -  . 

Redemption  of  Treasury  notes  for  the  year. 

Balance  on  the  31st  of  December,  1838,       .  .  . 


Total, 


Unavailable  Fundi  in  1838. 
Deposites  with  the  States,    ..-..-■,-- 
Due  from  insolvent  banks  before  1837,        .--.-.. 
Due  from  banks  that  suspended  payment  in  1837,  and  not  payable  till  1839,     - 
Part  of  money  in  the  mint,  --  -...-- 

Total, 

From  balance  on  the  31st  December,  1838,  being    ------ 

Deduct  total  unavailable  as  above,  -..-..- 

Available  balance  remaining. 

Revenue  and  Means  for  1839,  exclusive  of  Trusts  and  the  Postoffice. 

The  balance  in  the  Treasury  on  the  1st  of  January,  1839,  which  could  be  considered 
available  for  general  purposes,  was         ..----. 

The  receipts  from  customs,  the  first  three  quarters,  as  appearing  on  the  Register's 
books,  are  ----------- 

This  includes  about  two  millions  and  three-fourths  collected  last  year  in  Treasury 

notes,  but  not  carried  on  his  books  till  1839.    From  this  cause,  the  actual  receipts  in 

this  year  will,  to  that  extent,  appear  larger  than  they  ought. 

Receipts  from  Lands  the  first  three  quarters,  including  also  some  collected  last  year 
in  Treasury  notes  ---------- 

Miscellaneous  receipts  ----.--.. 

Estimated  receipts  for  the  fourth  quarter  from  all  those  sources  -  .  - 

Receipts  on  some  of  the  debts  against  banks  not  available,  on  1st  January,  1839,  but 
since  paid   ----------- 

From  the  third  issue  of  Treasury  notes  under  the  act  of  March  2d,  1839 

Aggregate  means, 

Expenditures  for  1839,  exclusive  of  the  Post^jfRce  and  Trusts. 

Civil,  foreign,  and  miscellaneous  for  the  first  three  quarters      .  -  -  . 

Military,  for  the  first  three  quarters  ------- 

Naval,  for  the  first  three  quarters  -------- 

Estimate  for  all  during  the  fourth  quarter  -.--.. 

Funded  debt  for  the  year     --------- 

Redemption  of  Treasury  notes  in  the  first  three  quarters,  interest  as  well  as  prin- 
cipal ----------- 

This  includes  two  millions  and  three-fourths  paid  in  for  duties  and  lands  last  year, 
but  not  carried  on  the  Register's  books  till  1839.  From  this  cause,  the  expendi- 
tures on  that  account  will  appear  larger  by  that  amount  than  they  actually  have  been 
within  those  quarters. 
Estimated  amount  of  notes  redeemed  in  tlie  fourth  quarter,      .  -  -  . 

Aggregate  payments 
Leaving  an  available  balance  of  money  in  the  Treasury,  on  the  31st  of  December, 
1839,  of 


#4,029,07113 

15,731,323  fij 

4,325,50321 

8,249,000  00 

2,217>(j» 

8,089,4 10  (,) 

34,800,0^7  33 

#75,294,20thii 


#28,101,fi4f97 

l,ioo,oon-fi() 

2,400,000(10 
5OO,000M 

#32,101,oIh7 

#34,800,9*733 
32,101,044 'j7 

#2,705,34236 


#2,4C6,flCl'95 
18,328,393-50 


5,417,2?631 

125,20S7^ 

5,700,00000 

l,322,6?6no 
3,857,276-21 


«37,217,S12-:5 

#3,fl49,50S-53 

10,791,709-21 

4,71,1,701-5: 

5,000,0(iOifl 

l4,65S-!o 

24,769,6()7-M 

9,891,75953 


1,000,000-00 

35,661,42S-:2 

l,550,3>4-93 

#37,217,813:5 

Statement  of  the  Annual  Expenditures,  exclusive  of  the  Public  Debt,  from  the  commencement  of  die 
Government  to  the  31st  of  December,  1837  ;  as  reported  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 


Yean. 

DoMara. 

Years. 

Dollars. 

Years. 

Dollars. 

Yeara. 

Dollar!. 

March  4,      1789 

For  1802 

3,737,080 

For  1814 

30,127,687 

For  1826 

13,062.316 

toUec.  31,  1791 

1,919,590 

1803 

4,002,824 

1815 

26,933,:i71 

1827 

U,6V),09J   , 

For  1792 

1,877,904 

1804 

4,452,839 

1SI6 

23,373,433 

1828 

13,296,00 

1793 

1,710,070 

1803 

6,357,223 

1817 

15,454,610 

1029 

iMM.jeo 

1794 

3,500,546 

1806 

6,081,109 

1818 

13,808,674 

1630 

13,229.333 

1795 

4,330,658 

1807 

4,984,572 

1819 

16,300,273 

1831 

13,S()4,0i;7 

1796 

2,531.930 

1808 

6,504,339 

1820 

13,134,330 

1S32 

I6,3I6.3«8   ! 

1797 

2,833,591 

1809 

7,414,672 

1821 

10,723,479 

1833 

22,7I3,7SS 

1798 

4,623,2a 

1810 

5,311,082 

1822 

9,827,643 

1334 

18,43.417   i 

1799 

6,480,167 

1811 

6,592,604 

1823 

9,784,154 

1836 

I7,.'il4,9-i0  1 

I8(XI 

7,411,370 

1812 

17,829,499 

18^4 

15,330,144 

1836 

30,«6«,I64    1 

1801 

4,981,669 

1813 

28,082.397 

1825 

11,490,439 

1837 

39,IM,:t   ' 

jtm.m 


y  the  Secretary  of  the 

Amount. 

.    *37,U>0,251  9S 

.       17,4-8,770M 

3,130,82-W 

253,t3lM 

-      H,71f'.''2«"6 

1  ,        4,542,10225 

f75,294,moi 


ft4,029,f>7113 

15,731, 32:if>J 

4,325,56321 

8,24U,onnno 

2,2n'0» 
8,089,4  II)  01 
34,86I),<J87  33 


al. 


tal, 


ngi 


f  75,294,200  01 

^28,101,044-97 

1,100,00000 

2,400,00000 

500,00000 

^32,101,014117 

$34,80e,95TM 
32,101,044  W 

.      g2,765,34'2-3ii 


onsidered 

[legister's 

I  Treasury 
eceipts  in 

last  year 


1839,  but 


ins, 


1  as  prin- 

last  year, 

expendi- 

tiave  been 


$2,466,001 '95 
18,328,393M 


5,417,2=().'il 

120,20S:S 

5,700,00000 

1,322,6S6  00 
3,857,276'Jl 

$37,217,S12-5 

$3,649,50<i!3 

10,791, 7*J'21 

4,713,701o7 

6,600,0(10  liO 

14,65bS.J 

24,769,6()7M 

9,891,75053 


nts 
)ecember, 


1,000,00000 

35,661, 42S72 

1,550,3»4M 

#37,217,812:5 

Itbe  commencenieiitof  tlie 

^rv  of  the  Treasury^ ^ 

Do\l»n 


13,062,316   , 

12,6V),095   ; 

13,296,011    \ 

HSW.m   1 

13,229,533 

13,864,061 

16,5I6.3<3 

22,713,753 

18,425,417 

17,514,950 

30,S68,I61 

39,164,7^ 


RHUBARB— RIGA. 


405 


RHUBARB  (Du.  Rhiibarher ,-  Fr.  Rhuharhe,  Rubarhe ,-  It.  Raharharn,  Ren-harharo .• 
Sp.  Rnibarbo !  Uus.  Rewcn  .-  Arab.  Rawend,-  Chin.  Ta-/nvanfr),  the  root  of  a  plant,  a  ;u- 
tivc  of  China  and  Tartary.  Three  varieties  of  rhubarb  are  known  in  the  shops ;  viz.  Kussian, 
Turkey,  and  East  Indian  or  Chinese  rhubarb.  The  first  two  resemble  each  other  in  every 
res()ect.  They  are,  in  fact,  the  same  article,  being  both  derived  from  Turtary.  The  portion 
ilc.itiiied  for  the  Pctersburgh  market  being  selected  and  sorted  at  Kiachta,  acciuires  the  name 
of  Itussian  rhubarb ;  while  the  portion  that  is  sent  from  Tartary  to  Smyrna  and  other 
plucci  in  Turkey,  is  called  Turkey  rhubarb.  The  best  pieces  only  are  sent  to  Pctersburgh  ; 
and  according  to  the  contract  with  the  government,  on  whose  account  it  is  bought,  all  that 
is  rejected  must  be  burnt ;  and  that  which  is  approved  undergoes  a  second  cleaning  before 
being  finally  packed  up  for  Pctersburgh.  The  best  pieces  of  Russian  and  Turkey  rhubarb 
are  roundish  and  perforated  with  a  large  hole,  of  a  reddish  or  yellow  colour  on  the  outside, 
and  when  cut  or  broken  exhibit  a  mottled  texture,  and  alternate  streaks  of  red  and  grey. 
Its  odour  is  peculiar ;  and  its  taste  nauseous,  bitter,  and  astringent.  It  should  not  be  porous, 
but  rather  compact  and  heavy.  East  Indian  or  Chinese  rhubarb  is  in  oblong  flat  pieces, 
seldom  perforated ;  has  a  stronger  odour,  and  is  more  nauseous  to  the  taste  than  the  other ;  it 
is  heiivicr,  more  compact, breaks  smoother,  and  allbrds  a  powder  of  a  redder  shade. — {Tlwiii- 
ms  Dispensatory  ,•  Ainslits  Mat,  Indlca,  ^c.) 

The  tot.il  qiKititity  of  rhiiliarl)  impnrted  in  1S31  amounted  to  140,395  llis. ;  of  wliir.h  0,901  llis.  raitin 
from  lliissia,  and  I,'t3,462  from  the  East  Indies.  Of  t lie  qnanlily  iinimrled,  40.121  IliH.  were  retained 
fur  lionie  consninption.  The  price  of  rliubarb  in  boinl  varies  from  2s.  i)L'r  lb.  for  tliu  inferior  East  In- 
diiin,  to  (ij.  for  the  best  Russian. 

RICE  (Fr.  Riz  ;  It.  R'lsn ,-  Arab.  Aruz  ,-  Hind.  Cliaiol),  one  of  the  most  valuable  of  the 
cereal  grasses,  the  Oryzu  sativa  of  botanists.  It  is  raised  in  iinmen.>-c  quantities  in  Indi.i, 
("liiiia,  and  most  eastern  countries;  in  the  West  Indies,  Central  America,  and  the  United 
States;  and  in  some  of  the  southern  countries  of  Europe.  It,  in  fact,  occupies  the  same 
[lUce  ill  most  intertropical  regions  as  wheat  in  the  warmer  parts  of  Europe,  and  oats  and  ryo 
in  those  more  to  the  north.  Forming,  as  it  does,  the  principal  part  of  the  food  of  the  most 
fivilised  and  populous  Eastern  nations,  it  is  more  extensively  consumed  than  any  other  spe- 
cies of  grain.  It  is  light  and  wholesome,  but  is  said  to  contain  less  of  the  nutritive  principle 
than  wiicat.  When  rough,  or  in  its  natural  state  in  the  husk,  it  is  called /)ar/f/y.  There  is 
an  immense  variety  in  the  qualities  of  rice.  That  which  is  principally  exported  from  Ben- 
gal has  received  the  name  of  cargo  rice.  It  is  of  a  coarse  reddish  cast,  but  is  sweet  and 
large  grained,  and  is  preferred  by  the  natives  to  every  other  sort.  It  is  not  kiln-dried,  but  is 
parboiled  in  earthen  pots  or  caldrons,  partly  to  destroy  the  vegetative  principle,  so  that  it 
may  keep  better,  and  partly  to  facilitate  the  process  of  husking.  Patna  rice  is  more  esteem- 
ed in  Europe  than  any  other  sort  of  rice  imported  from  the  East.  It  is  small  grained,  rather 
long  and  wiry,  and  remarkably  white.  But  the  rice  raised  on  the  low  marshy  grounds  of 
Carolina  is  unquestionably  very  superior  to  any  brought  from  any  part  of  India. 

Tlie  produce  of  lands  naturally  or  artiflcially  irrigated  is,  as  far  as  rice  is  concerned,  from  5  to  10 
timi's  greater  than  that  of  dry  land  having  no  command  of  water:  and  hence  the  vast  importance  of 
irriiiaiion  in  all  countries  where  this  grain  is  cultivated,  lint  it  13  worthy  of  remark,  that  owing  to 
the  not  uiifrequent  occurrence  of  severe  droughts,  there  is  a  greater  variatiou  in  the  crops  of  rice 
tlian  in  tliose  of  any  other  species  of  grain.  Those  who,  like  the  Hindoos,  depend  almost  entirely  on 
It  I'lir  subsistence,  are,  consequently,  placed  in  a  very  precarious  situation.  Tliere  can  be  no  doubt 
that  l';iniines  are  at  once  more  frequent  and  severe  in  llindostan  than  in  any  other  quarter. 

AtVw  years  ago  England  was  principally  supplied  with  cleaned  rice  from  Carolina.  Latterly,  how- 
ever, tlie  imports  of  Carolina  rice  have  been  much  reduced.  An  improved  method  of  separating  the 
liii=k,  which  throws  out  the  grain  clean  and  unbroken,  has  recently  been  practised  in  this  country  ; 
and  IIS  the  grain,  when  in  the  husk,  is  found  to  preserve  its  llavour  and  sweetness  better  during  a 
ioiia  voj'iiire  than  when  shelled,  large  quantities  are  now  imported  rough  from  liengal  and  the  United 
r*i;UP3.  Unquestionably,  however,  the  oppressive  discriminating  duty  of  Its.  a  cwt.  on  American 
and  other  foreign  cleaned  rice  has  done  more  than  any  thing  else  to  increase  the  imports  of  roiigli 
eniii;  and  the  fact  of  the  duty  on  paddy  from  liengal  being  only  li^  perciuarter,  while  that  on  paddy 
from  C'lirolina  is  Is.  6rf.  a  bushel,  sutlicienlly  accounts  for  the  increased  imports  from  the  former. 

The  consumption  of  rice  increased  rapidly  after  the  reduction  of  the  duty  on  the  cleaned  and  rough 
sraiii  from  India  in  1828.  In  1S30,  the  entries  for  home  consumplion  amounted  to  ISH.O.W  cwt.  of 
cleaned,  and  189,219  cwt.  of  rough  grain.  IJiit,  contrary  to  our  anticipations  in  the  former  edition  of 
lliis  work,  the  consumption  has  since  materially  fallen  off.  The  entries  for  home  consumption  in 
b32,iiiiounted  to  only  111,401  cwt.  of  clean,  and  179,627  cwt.  of  rough  grain,  or  paddy  ;  and,  during 
hsl  year  (lb33),  there  was  a  still  further  decline.  Mr.  Cook  ascribes  this  diminution  to  the  reduction 
that  has  taken  place  in  the  price  of  wheat,  which  has  fallen  from  64s.  3(/.  in  18;t0  to  52s.  llrf.  in  1833. 
Mr.  ('.farther  mentions  that,  in  bad  seasons,  when  grain  is  soft  and  damp,  the  millers  consider  it  ad- 
vantageous to  grind  a  certain  proportion  of  rice  with  it. — (Milburn's  Orient.  Com.;  AinsUc's  .Mat.Ind., 
Cook's  Com.  of  Oreat  Britain  in  1833;  and  private  information.) 


— -'  ^B    The  price  of  rice  lii  bond  in  the  London  market,  in  January,  1834,  was  as  under  :- 


I  RiccCarnlina,  new,  percwt. 
£iM  India,  fine,  F.itna,  do. 
Eineal,  wiiite,  do. 
cartfo,  and  ordiiwry  • 


L.  1.  d.      L.  J. 

rf. 

0  19    0  to  1     1 

U 

0  17    0-1     1 

0 

0  13    6-0  IG 

0 

0    9    0  -  0  12 

U 

Duty  on  paiitly,  the  produce  of,  ami  importwl  from,  British  posses- 
sions, \d.  |ier  (juarter. 

From  America  and  other  foreien  places,  2s.  Gd,  per  Imsliel. 

Duty  on  American  and  other  fort-ign  places  of  growth,  15s.  per  cwt 
— Uerifpil,  and  other  sorts,  If.  per  cwt. 


RIGA,  a  city  of  European  Russia,  the  capital  of  Livonia,  situated  on  the  Duna,  about  9 

I  miles  from  the  sea,  in  iat.  56°  56'  5''  N.,  Ion.  24*=*  0'  4''  E.     Population  about  47,000. 

Harhonr.~X  light-house  has  been  erected  on  Fort  Comet,  on  the  western  side  of  the  month  of  the 
I  river.    It  hac  2  lights;  the  iirst,  elevated  about  104  feet  (English)  above  the  level  of  the  8*ja,  may  be 


^  ; 


f  1 


1. 

« 

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ill 

m 
•11. 

(|i 

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a 

m 
««< 


iH' 


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«,B    • 

,,.      «» 

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%  ■»• 

;:;  :> 

..    •«.•« 

,.         ,*f 

\  ,;S3« 

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■  J^^ 

..;■  ^^'^ 

400 


RIGA. 


I  !•»•  ^ 


xincn 


IT',,,  :":.^ 


iHi-i  • .  ..lai 


'C 


i^.-rK'VTJ 


,:"«?. 


HI- 
,|  HO*'''''''"'*' 


m 


<-.  "■■■■ 


ttnmv 


gefin,  under  ftivourahlc  circiim<;tnnce8,  nt  the  distance  of  4  leagues  ;  and  thn  second,  elevated  nhnnt 
24i  fuet,  may  l)e  seen  at  the  distance  of  'ii  IcaKues.  The  bar  nt  tlic  moulh  of  the  river  lias  nHiially 
from  12  to  13  feet  water ;  and  vessels  drawing  more  than  this  frequently  load  and  unload  pan  of  ihciV 
cargoes  l)y  means  of  lighters  at  Holderaa,  a  small  town  on  the  west  side  of  the  river,  near  its  niouiii 
Tlicrc  Is  a  fairway  licacon  without  tlie  bar,  in  5  fathoms  water ;  and  within  the  chonnel,  is  tiiioye,| 
Willi  black  and  white  buoys  ;  the  black  being  left  on  tlic  right  or  starboard  side  when  entering,  anil 
the  white  on  the  larboard.  Vessels  bound  for  Uiga  take  pilots  at  Uolderaa,  who  carry  them  to  thci, 
anchorage.  No  ballast  is  allowed  to  be  discharged,  e.xcept  at  I'oderague.  Kegulations  as  to  clcarini,', 
&c.  Himilar  to  those  at  I'etersliurgh. — (Coulier  sur  Us  Pliares,  2d  cd.  j  and  Regulations  published  bij  tk', 
Hussian  Jiuthorilits.) 

Trade. — Owing  to  its  advantageous  situation  near  the  mouth  of  a  great  navigable  river, 
the  trade  of  Riga  is  very  extensive  ;  being,  of  the  Russian  towns  on  the  Baltic,  in  this  rcspett 
second  only  to  Petersburgh,  The  trade  is  chiefly  carried  on  by  foreign  merchants,  partin;. 
larly  by  the  English.  The  principal  exports  are  corn,  hemp  and  flax,  linseed,  iron,  tiinber, 
masts,  leather,  tallow,  &c. ;  the  imports  are  salt,  cloth  and  cotton  stuffs,  silks,  wine,  sugar 
colFee,  and  groceries  of  all  sorts,  indigo,  dye  woods,  salted  herrings,  &,c. 

Tlie  mast  trade  is  very  extensive.  The  burghers  of  Riga  send  persons  who  are  called  mast  brnkcrs 
into  the  provinces  to  mark  tno  trees,  which  arc  purchased  standing.  They  grow  mostly  in  tlii;i|js. 
tricts  which  border  on  the  Dnieper,  are  sent  up  tliat  river  to  a  landing  place,  transported  30  vcrsts  to 
the  Duna,  when,  being  formed  into  rafts  of  from  50  to  200  pieces,  tliey  descend  the  stream  to  UIk 
The  tree  which  produces  the  largest  masts  is  the  Scotch  fir.  Those  pieces  which  are  from  \^  t»  2; 
inches  in  diameter  arc  called  masts  ;  under  those  dimensions,  spars,  or,  in  England,  Norway  mw^l 
because  Norway  exports  no  trees  more  than  18  inches  in  diameter.  Great  skill  is  required  in  (lisim] 
giiisliing  those  masts  that  are  sound  from  tliose  whicli  are  in  tlie  least  internally  decayed.  Tliuy  ur- 
usually  from  70  ic,  80  feet  in  lenplh. 

Hemp  is  lirouglii  from  the  I'kraine  and  Poland,  and  requires  2  years  in  its  passage  to  Riga.  Tlie 
barks  in  wliich  it  is  conveyed  are  from  250  to  300  tons  burden,  covered  with  mats  sloping  iiki!  a  pi  i.i 
house  roof,  and  have  a  false  bottom.  They  ascend  tlie  Dnieper  and  the  Duna  ;  but  on  accnimi  of  rn. 
mcrous  slioals,  can  only  pass  the  Duna  in  tlic  spring,  or  about  .1  weeks  after  tin;  snow  begins  tn  mcii 
nnd,  if  tlicy  miss  that  time,  are  delayed  till  autumn.  The  hemp  exported  from  Riga  is  conslilertj 
the  best  in  Europe,  and  is  generally  about  30  per  cent,  dearer  than  that  e.xported  from  Petcrsljiirth 
Riga  hemp  is  chiefly  used  flir  the  shrouds  and  stays  of  men-of-war.— (Coic'  Travels  in  the  JS'urili'oi 
Kurope,  5lh  ed.  vol.  ii.  p.  241.) 

Tlie  best  kind  of  flax  shipped  from  Riga  is  grown  in  White  Russia,  and  is  called  Druana  rakii/cr' 
its  colrur  is  very  white,  anil  tlie  threads  long,  fine,  and  loose,  but  it  lias  sometimes  black  spms;  \\l 
next  quality,  coming  from  the  province  of  Trockic  in  Lithuania,  is  called  Lithuanian  rakit/er,  and  ji 
very  little  inferior  to  Druana,but  its  colour  is  a  little  brown  ;  of  this  kind  the  best  sort  is  Tlije.si;iiliaii. 
sen.  The  best  kind  of  Courland  flax  shipped  from  Riga  is  Mnrienburgli ;  that  grown  in  Livonia  is  of 
inferior  quality.  There  are  two  kinds  of  linseed  :  that  of  the  last  crop,  which  is  used  for  Pdwijiii. 
and  tliot  of  former  years,  for  crushing.  To  prevent  deception,  tlie  year  of  its  growth  is  slaiiiindoj 
the  barrel  by  sworn  inspectors  (brackers).  Some  hemp-seed  is  occasionally  shipped,  nioslly  to  llni. 
land.  Riga  wheat  Is  very  inferior  to  that  of  Dantzic.  Two  descriptions  arc  shipped— one  iIil'  prnwis 
of  Russia,  the  other  of  Courland;  tlie  last  is  much  the  best,  being  larger  bodied  and  of  a  lirlclnei 
colour  tlian  tlie  Russian  ;  still,  however,  it  makes  but  indifferent  flour.  Oats  are  of  a  good  qualiiv 
and  are  largely  exported  ;  peas  are  also  occasionally  exported.  '' 

In  shipping  masts,  the  rest  of  the  cargo  generally  consists  of  deals  and  wainscot  logs  ;  the  latter  are  I 
much  exported  to  England,  and  are  very  superior.    Tallow  is  not  so  cheap  here  as  at  Petcrsliiirsli. 

Money.— Far  the  monies  of  Riga,  see  I'ETEnsDUROii.     The  current  rixdoilar  of  Riga  =  3s.  jiij 
sterling;  hence  1^  sterling  =  6  rixdollars  36  groschcn  currency;  the  Riga  dollar  being  divided  iiio  I 
90  grosciien. 

H'cighls  and  Measures. — The  commercial  pound  is  divided  into  2  marcs,  or  32  loths  ;  and  also  jntj  j 
halves,  quarters,  &c.  It  contains  0,452  Englisli  grains.  Ilence,  100  lbs.  of  Riga  :=  92- 17  lbs.  avoinlu. 
pois  =  418  kilog.  =gfl-32  lbs.  of  Hamburgh  =  84'64  lbs.  of  Amsterdam.  The  lispound  =20  lbs.;  ihi 
shippound  =r  20  lispounds. 

The  loof  is  the  measure  for  grain  :  48  loofs  =  I  last  of  wheat,  barley,  or  linseed;  45  loofs=r  ]  |,is' 
of  rye ;  and  00  loofs  =  1  last  of  oats,  malt,  and  Iieans. — According  to  Dr.  Kelly,  the  loof  z=  1  ;c-;  I 
Winchester  bushel ;  and,  conseiiuently,  the  last  of  wheat  =;  I1'625  quarters.    Nelkenbrcclior  doeilioi 
value  the  loof  quite  so  high  as  Dr.  Kelly. 

Tlie  fiidcr,  the  measure  for  liquids,  is  divided  into  6  ahms,  24  ankers,  120  quarts,  or  720  stoofs.  Tte  I 
anker  =  lOj  English  wine  gallons. 

The  foot  of  Riga  =  10-79  English  inches.    The  ell  =  2  feet ;  the  clafier  =  0  feet. 

1.  Account  of  the  Quantities  of  the  Principal  Articles  exported  from  Riga  during  each  of  the  Tlire*  I 

Years  ending  with  1833. 


Articles. 

1831. 

1832. 

1833. 

Articles. 

1831. 

1S32.      1 

IK)3, 

Flax,  Isl  sort 

•  sh.  Iln. 

85,10-6 

88,003 

98,613 

Wheat 

-    lasts 

11,365 

4.9')  1 

■T 

ai  - 

— 

17,363 

24,802 

40,749 

Rye    . 

34.375 

36,1  L'O  1 

A.f.i 

3,1  — 

— . 

9.i:o 

10,860 

13,647 

Rarley 



5,95S 

7,441 

coililla 

^ 

3,000 

2,9i0 

4,060 

Oats    - 

— 

10,802 

l,4'>l  1 

Hemp,  Rhine 

— 

31,099 

25,529 

22,143 

l'e.13   - 

_ 

489 

St  1 

outshot 

— 

12,933 

iR'^'l 

15.101 

Tallow 

sh.  lbs. 

6,384 

5,.1-0  1 

.Ti23 

pass  • 

— 

21  146 

30,111 

23,725 

IliJes- 

pieces 

117,218 

103,184  1 

cdlilla 

— 

7,974 

10,  r-'. 

11,776 

Wainscot  loM- 

6,699 

6. 511  : 

Linteed,  crushing 

-   barrels 

245,378 

189,926 

174,821 

Beals  - 

_ 

344,580 

122.000 

204.731 

sowing 

— 

119.218 

37.528 

95,595 

Snuare  tinibe*'- 
M.<st«and!- 

.. 

26,103 

44,239 

Hemp-seed    . 

— 

16,022 

23,580 

100,703 

■     — 

2,351 

2,208 

I.TM 

II.  Value  of  Exports  in  Bank  N    r  Iloubles. 


To  GrT.at  Brilain 
other  Countries 

Total    -            - 

1830. 

1831. 

~^^ 

23,45.=,2S6 
21,070,020 

37,158,861 
18,43l,0'i9 

44,328,306 

55,589,920 

second,  elevated  nhnm 
if  the  river  lina  ii»ii:ilh 
and  unload  part  of  lliti, 
le  river,  near  its  inomli 

the  channel,  is  Imtiyi.,! 
side  when  entering,  nml 
who  carry  them  to  ihui, 
!g»!ati<)n8  as  to  cleiirlns, 
irulatiuns  published  bij  th: 

great  navigable  river, 
3  Baltic,  in  this  rt'spcct 
ign  merchants,  imrtid, 
ic,  linscetl,  iron,  tiinlier, 
uffs,  silks,  wine,  sugar, 
,c. 

o  are  called  mast  l)rftl<cri 
y  grow  mostly  in  tin;  djs. 
;,  transported  30  vcrsts  i, 
:cnd  tlie  stream  to  Uipa 
which  are  from  IS  to  2j 
England,  Norway  iiiiui.. 
;l(ill  is  required  in  disin,. 
•nally  decayed.    Tlicy  ar. 

its  passage  to  Riga.  Th? 
h  mats  sloping  lik(^  :i  |u;i,; 
na  ;  but  on  account  ofiiu. 

r  llie  snow  begins  li ■]]■ 

d  from  Riga  is  considir., 
tported  from  rctcrslmrLli 
s'  Travels  in  the  J\i'urik'(j 

is  called  Druana  rakiizcr; 
onictimes  black  spms:  Hit 
.ithuanian  rakit/.er,  anil  is 
le  best  sort  is  Tliiesuiiliaii. 
hat  grown  in  Livonia  is  of 
which  is  used  fnr  sowm 
its  growth  is  Btainpidni 
.lly  shipped,  mostly  to  ilol. 
re  shipped— one  llif  (.tokiS  I 
r  bodied  and  of  a  liricliiei 
)ats  are  of  a  good  iiualiij, 

ainscot  logs  ;  the  luttctare 
here  as  at  Pctcrsliiir!;li.     ' 
xdoUar  of  Kiga  =  3s.  \{i 

"  dollar  being  divided  m 

or  32  loths  ;  and  alsn  inis 
Kiga  =  92-17  lbs.  avditdu-  | 
he  lispound  =20  lbs,;  ilit 

linseed;  45  lonfs=  1  las: 
Kelly,  the  loof  zn  1  ffi'i 
Nelkenbrccliur  docs  no; 

quarts,  or  720  stoofs.  The  | 

:  0  feet. 


during  each  of  tlie  Tliree  1 

)83l. 

1S32.     1 

lOT. 

11,363 

4,9.^1 

4?: 

34.370 

36,lt20 

i.'i-i 

5,958 

7,441 

tjt 

10,«>2 

1,4'JI 

99 

489 

M 

IT 

6,384 

5,370 

3,1H 

117,215 

103,184 

111.9*, 

6,699 

6,511 

6,il! 

344,5K) 

122,000 

201.731 

26,103 

44,a9 

26,:ii 

2,351 

2,20S 

i,:j) 

1831. 

37,15S',M 

18,431,0-. 

a 

65,589,92 

0 

RIO  DE  JANEIRO. 

III.  Shipa  cleared  out  from  Riga  in  1S35 


407 


run.. 

Shipa, 

l-l.i?i. 

.ShipR, 

To  what  Cnurilry. 

Mii|v 

Til  what  Cminlry. 

Ship..    1 

Brili'h 

3«0 

PniMi:\ll 

14U 

To  (ircal  lUilain 

342 

To  PruM'a     ■ 

21 

ll.iii"vcri»n     • 

log 

Mtrrhleiibur^h 

I5N 

Hanover  • 

ft 

l.u'ifck     • 

•24 

IJiitcli  • 

193 

oldetiburKd     - 
Hainburgh 

iJ7 

ll»ll.wid    • 

322 

llaii.htjii;h 

B 

I),ini^ll 

178 

2 

HcUiuni   • 

l(>5 

Preiiii-n    • 

43 

Srtttlish 

81 

Liilieck 

16 

France      • 

30 

Hmlcick     • 

» 

Snr«Hl»n      • 

121 

Rrenien 

13 

Dcitniark  • 

143 

A'lieiica   . 

Klfiicli 

12 

American 

2 

Sweden  &  Norw.iy 

112 

Kliinuro  - 

214 

Spanish 

1 

Ruuiau 

44 

t'orlui^al   • 

8 

l,4H3 

i,4>3 

IV. 

Ships  despatched  from  Riga  during  the  P 

i.x  Years  ending  with  IS.Ti. 

yean. 

1827. 

1628. 

1829. 

1830. 
1,24-. 

1831. 

1832. 

f3)lil>9. 

1,378 

l.l'-O 

1,331 

1,573 

1,483 

RIO  DE  JANEIRO,  the  capital  of  Brazil,  situated  in  Iat.22°  54'  1.5"  S.,  Ion.  43°  15' 
50"  W.  Population  about  160,000.  The  harbour  of  Rio  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world, 
both  as  respects  capaciousness  and  security  for  all  sorts  of  vessels.  In  coming  from  the  N.  E. 
it  is  usual  to  make  Cape  Frio,  in  lat.  23°  I'  18"  S.,  Ion.  42°  3'  19"  W.,  being  about  4 
leagues  nearly  E.  of  Rio.  The  entrance  to  the  harbour  is  marked  by  a  remarkable  hill  in 
the  form  of  a  sugar  loaf,  900  feet  high,  clo.se  to  its  we.st  side  ;  while  on  the  cast,  or  opposite 
side  of  the  bay,  at  the  distance  of  about  1^  mile,  is  the  fort  of  Santa  Cruz.  But  the  wood- 
cut in  the  next  page,  taken  from  a  chart  published  by  order  of  the  Brazilian  authorities,  give.4 
a  much  better  idea  of  this  noble  harbour  than  could  be  obtained  from  any  description. 

Entrance  to  the  Harbour.— \'esav\s  bound  for  Kio,  coming  from  the  N.,  should,  after  rounding  Tape 
Frio,  steer  due  W.,  keeping  about  3  leagues  from  the  coast,  until  they  come  witliin  .*)  or  b  miles  of  the 
IlhaRa-.a,  or  Flat  Island,  lying  almost  due  S.  from  the  month  of  the  harbmir,  at  the  ilL-itance  of  about  3 
leagues.  A  light-liouse,  the  lantern  of  which  is  said  to  be  elevated  nearly  300  feet  abuvi;  the  level  of  the 
sea  was  erected  on  this  island  in  1829.  The  light  is  a  revolving  one,  tinishiiig  its  revoliitiun  in  3  mi- 
nutes, and  exhibiting  alternately  a  white  and  a  red  light.  There  is  also  a  lighl-lunise  in  the  fori  uf 
Santa  Cruz,  the  light  of  which  is  fi.ved  and  elevated  almiit  50  fiiet  above  the  level  nf  the  sea,— ( Cnv- 
liersurles  Phares,  2d  cd.)  Having  got  within  5  or  0  miles  of  the  lllia  Ha/.a,  ships  may  enter  by  day 
or  by  night,  the  dotted  line  in  the  cut  marking  the  fairway  into  the  harbour.  There  are  no  pilots  to 
be  met  with  ;  and,  as  there  are  no  hidden  dangers  of  any  kind,  their  services  are  not  wanted.  On  en- 
tering, vessels  must  pass  within  hail  of  Fort  Santa  Cruz,  to  be  renily  to  answer  any  qiieFtinns  tl::.t 
may  be  put  to  them.  They  then  proceed  to  Fort  Vilganhon,  below  or  opposite  to  which  they  must 
bring  to,  or  come  to  anchor,  allowing  no  boats  to  come  alongsidi;,  but  those  of  the  govcrniiieiit, 
until  tbey  have  received  ;ir«ri(/HC,  when  they  will  be  permitted  to  jiroceed  to  the  usual  place  of  an- 
cliorasie  for  the  merchant  shipping. 

The  sea  breeze  generally  sets  in  about  II  a.  m.,  and  lasts  till  about  sun-set.  It  is  strong  enough  to 
enable  ships  to  overcome  the  ebb.    High  water  at  full  and  change  at  2  in  the  afternoon. 

Trade. — The  trade  of  Rio  is  extensive,  and  has  increased  rapidly  of  late  years.  The 
principal  articles  of  export  are  coffee,  sugar,  cotton,  hides,  rum,  tallow,  indigo,  coarse  cotton 
cloths,  gold,  diamonds,  precious  stones,  tobacco,  cabinet  and  dye  woods,  rice,  &c.  The  im- 
ports consist  principally  of  cottons,  hardware,  flour,  dried  fish,  linens,  woollen.'!,  soap  and  can- 
dles, wines,  oils,  &c.  Until  1830,  slaves  formed  one  of  the  princi[)al  articles  of  import  into 
Kio  and  other  Brazilian  ports;  so  many  as  45,000  having  been  imported  in  one  year,  of 
which  Rio  received  the  greater  proportion.  But,  according  to  a  convention  cnloicd  into  with 
this  country,  this  infamous  traffic  should  have  ceased  in  February,  1830:  whether  it  has 
really  done  so  is  more  than  we  can  undertake  to  aOirm. 

Coniparative  Monthly  and  Yearly  Statement  of  the  ColTee,  Sugar,  and  Hides  exported  from  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  during  tlie  Six  Years  ending  with  l&'!2. 


CoBee. 

Sugar. 

Muiiltis. 

1827. 

1828. 

1829. 

1830. 

1831. 

18.12. 

1827. 

1S2B. 

18-29. 

1830. 

1831. 

1832. 

Bagi. 
2:..57i 

Bass. 

Bai>- 

JUi^s. 

B,iK'. 

Bat!. 

Cmti. 

Cant. 

CISC'. 

Ca*n. 

Cnut. 

Cttscf. 

Jur.uary     • 
Kebribirj'  * 
M^rch 

21,824 

34,I0'2 

38,490 

19,028 

43,074 

1,141 

1,679 

1,658 

3,224 

1,912 

1,093 

18.687 

20,369 

33,i36 

2  1,327 

26,630 

3>.-03 

1,236 

l,HS7         l,t,*S 

2,737 

747 

1,399 

30,ti|4 

.34,560 

23,,3i'9 

31, '89 

37,'i6fl 

33,271 

3.1  "3 

1,463 

3.62.3 

2,076 

l,>-27 

3,475 

May.      .       - 

10,013 

14,306 

13,0s9 

22,341 

31,534 

26,5i'8 

1,721 

83  > 

2,690  1      1,318 

1,1 12 

1,1,74 

27.10.5 

2!l,96fl 

27,31 1 

20,ir9 

23,027 

39,817 

2,227 

2,(78 

1,248        2  311) 

2,r'24 

5f'4 

28,518 

32,341 

27,2 -.0 

24,028 

38,192 

31,571 

1,117 

2,7S9 

1,358 

1,796 

4,41,8 

l,-233 

July  •      - 

31,066 

37,283 

36,347 

4,1,717 

33,1.9 

38,398 

1,'35 

593 

1,2  9 

1,277 

2.7:0         1,870 

40,215 

52.160 

47,207 

33,9>9 

53,237 

43,9  !<• 

1,484 

1,134 

1,377 

671 

9l7         l,P41 

Stpieniber  • 

33,58S 

41,393 

33,074 

4,>,l-24 

4!S09J  ' 

40,02  i 

908 

I.SflO 

173 

806 

6d2           811 

41,707 

28,677 

36,891 

2s,-: 'iO 

42,173  ' 

44,712 

tfi 

794 

1,907         1,7M 

1,100           771 

'  November  • 

31,415 

30,,'-.62 

36,029 

33,815 

42,164 

51,215 

876 

4-.6 

6.33        2,101 

1 ,270           737 

DfcceBiliur  • 

Total   • 

32,001 

2),413 

26,772 

44,i^97 

50,477 

46,932 

3,091 

3,407 

1,112        2,391 

2,373 

605 

3jO,900  1  36!),  147 

373,107 

391,783    448,249 

478,930 

19,614       19,033       13,864      22,1<S 

22,004 

16,1.43 

IliJes. 

Months. 

1S27. 

1828. 

1820. 

1830. 

1831. 

1832. 

Mon 

^^. 

IfiT. 

1828. 

1829. 

1830 

1831. 

1832. 

Ko. 

No. 

Ko. 

So. 

No. 

No. 

No. 

JVo. 

No. 

No.          No. 

January 
February      • 
March  •      • 

69,173 

15,828    46,t65 

8.378 

36,911 

3,990 

July 

24,358 

24.888 

45,05- 

13,38 

19     13.772     37,776 

12,548 

12,205  1  32,473 

l«,S35  !  42.S6C 

5,312 

Aufriist 

29,ti3S 

16,300 

36,308 

16,4a 

8     25.-236  !    14.351 

48,477 

33,107    21,.'i62 

24,258     28,69f 

32.707 

Septtari 

ber    - 

12.ffii3 

15,359 

10,567 

19,21 

4       9.9791   14,300 

JUM      . 

21,r.58 

413  1  34,242 

31,68'  '  28,!I77 

74,641 

Oclolier 

10,743 

890 

43,130 

4,7t 

8     26,319  ,  32,928 

47,038 
11,737 

18,106     17,467 

44,346     12,99S 

18,016 

Novem 

ler    . 

31,148 

2I,?81 

30,572 

33.M 

6     30,- 60  1     5,273 

15,553     16,bS3 

30,592  ,  41,488 

9,944 

Uccenil 

cr    • 

10,189 

33,133 

16,969 

2l',5 

3     44,297  ;  14,217 

' 

T 

ilal   .    329,320 

207,268  351,893 

266,7 

9  342,38. 

>  263,657  1 

iti 

IIU 


'in 


'  ll 


...  ^ 

'■"  HI 

HP  ■»»'• 

■■•■■  ■,!(*• 


Thiiitilenient  ia  taken  from  the  Circular  of  Stockmcyer,  Grade,  4-  Co.,  dateJ  Hio  Je  Janeiro,  4Ui  of  Jauutry,  1633,  who  ilale  that  lht.» 
iluited  the  ilelaiU  from  ttie  mauifeiti  of  the  Teneli  clearing  out  at  the  Custom  house. 


408 


RIO  DE  JANEIRO. 


iff" 


II"— '■"'Si 


'C 


•:r'"'::3i 


t'Vum.. 


Sri' 


References  to  P/an.— A,  Ilha  do  Catiinduba.  B,  Fort  de  St.  Joao.  C,  Morro  do  Flamengo.  D,  Ponta 
do  Calhabouco.    E,  Fort  da  lUm  das  Cobras.    F,  Ilha  das  Ratios.    G,  Fort  da  Boa  Viagem. 

The  increase  in  the  exports  of  sugar  and  coifee  from  Brazil  during  the  last  10  years  has 
been  quite  unprecedented.  In  1822,  the  total  export  of  sugar  from  the  empire  was  only 
40,000  tons,  whereas  it  now  amounts  to  about  75,000  tons.  In  1821,  the  quantity  of  coffee 
exported  from  Rio  did  not  exceed  7,500  tons ;  but  in  1833  it  amounted  to  more  than  4  times 
that  quantity,  or  to  about  35,000  tons !  The  exports  of  cotton  have  also  increased,  but  not 
so  rapidly.  The  imports  of  cotton  from  Brazil  to  England  in  1831,  were  31,695,761  lbs., 
being  between  a  7th  and  an  8th  of  the  total  quantity  we  imported  that  year.  In  1832,  the 
imports  declined  to  '20,109,560  lbs. 


mo  DE  JANEIRO. 


400 


|do  Flamengo.   D,  ronta 
.  Boa  Viagem. 

the  last  10  years  has 
the  empire  was  only 
[the  quantity  of  coffee 
I  to  more  than  4  times 
klso  increased,  but  not 
fwere  31,695,761  lbs. 
It  year.    In  1832,  the 


A  considerable  part  of  the  extraordinarily  rapid  increase  of  the  sngnr  and  cofTee  cultivation 
in  Brozil  must  be  a8cril)ed  to  the  facility  with  wiiich  slaves  luivc  recently  been  imported; 
and  it  ■«  possible  that  the  cessation  of  their  importation,  supposiri);  the  convention  to  that 
I'irect  to  be  executed,  may  check,  for  a  while,  the  extension  of  cultivutiun  in  Brazil. 

We  Imve  dorlved  the  Tnllnwing  statemflnts,  as  to  the  trnile  of  Brazil,  from  tlm  liiRhoHt  mcrcnntile 
aiithorily.    Of  their  acciirncy  there  cun  he  no  more  (iiiesllon  thiin  of  their  iiitcreiit  niul  iniportniice  : — 

"I'nfiirtnnBtely,  the  government  of  Brazil  does  not  puhlish  any  otlicial  BtnteincntH  of  the  trade  of 
ihpiiitfcrent  porta,  not  even  of  tlie  amount  of  exports  or  imports,  so  that  information  on  these  points 
caa  only  be  drawn  from  private  sources. 

"Estimated  Amount  of  Brazilian  Exports,  with  their  Values  at  the  Port  of  Shipment. 


Middle  Provinces. 

RlO.— Cnffee            -           -        bags,  650,000*  at 

Hides    -            -            -          No.  300,000  — 

Sugar  .           -           .        coses,  22,000+  — 
Cotton,  drugs,  dyes,  gold,  and  diamonds 


JVortkern  Provinrea. 
Baiiia— Coffee       -  -       bags,    10,000 

Cotton  -  -  .  —     47,000 

Sugar   .  -  -        cases,  58,000 

Tobacco  -  packages,  15,000 

Drugs,  hides,  leather,  rice,  rum,  &.c. 


at 


£  I.  d. 

3  10  0  per  bag 

0  13  0  per  skin 

11  16  0  per  case 


3  10    0  per  bag 

4  0  10      — 

10    0    0  per  case 
3    4    Operpck. 


Ceara— Cotton 
Hides    - 

Macavo.— Cotton    - 
Sugar    - 

Mabanham.— Cotton 
Kice 

Paba.— Cocoa 
India  rubber 


bags,    14,000     —      4  13    0  per  hag 


bags,    10,000 
cases,   3,000 


4  10    0  per  bag 
10    0    0  per  case 


bags,   75,000     —      4  10    8  per  bag. 


bags,   60,000 
tons,        300 
Isinglass,  rice,  drugs,  and  cotton 

bags,    60,000 

cases,  20,000 


Pernambuco.— Cotton 
Hides  and  dye  woods 
Sugar   - 

PiBAiBA.— Cotton  - 
Sugar    - 


bags,   20,000 
cases,   5,000 


—  0  10    8  per  bag 

—  00  13    4  per  ton 


5  0  0  per  bag 

10  0  0  per  case 

5  0  0  per  bag 

10  0  0  per  case 


Southern  Provinces. 

Rio  Gbande  of  the  SoiiTH.— Hides  and  tallow,  (chiefly  coastwise 

to  other  ports,  but)  foreign  export  about      -  -  . 

Santos.— Sugar,  rice,  and  coffee,  (much  direct  to  Rio,  but)  foreign 
export  -...--.- 


£ 

35,000 

190.000 

580,000 

50,000 

20,000 

£ 

875,000 
70,000 
75,000 

400,000 

250,000 

600,000 
150,000 

65,000 
5,000 

45,000 
30,000 

340,000 
60,000 

50,000 
20,000 
180,000 

300,000 
100,000 
200,000 

100,000 
50,000 

100,000 
100,000 

' 

1,025,000 
195,000 

2eo,ooo 

500,000 


2,880,000 


2,420,000 


200,000 


5,500,000 


"The  imports  are  chiefly  from  Great  Britain,  consisting  principally  of  our  cotton,  linen,  woollen, 

I  barilware,  and  other  manufactures,  amounting  annually  to  about  4,000,000/.    The  remainder  of  the 

Imports  consist  of  wines,  brandies,  &.c.  from  Portugal  and  the  Mediterranean  ;  flour  from  the  United 

I  States;  cod  fish  from  ditto  and  Newfoundland  ;  with  a  comparatively  small  amount  of  French,  Ger- 

1  man,  Swiss,  and  Indian  manufactures,  and  tea  ;  the  latter  chiefly  through  the  United  States. 

"Tlie  duties  on  all  imports,  without  exception,  are  15  per  cent,  on  the  tariff  value,  which  averages 
aljoutSO  per  cent,  on  the  real  value  of  British  goods  :  those  on  exports  vary  at  the  different  ports,  and 
on  every  description  of  produce.  On  coffee  they  amount  to  about  10  per  cent. ;  on  sugar,  12  per  cent. 
(i  being  paid  by  the  planter).  The  export  duty  on  cotton  has  lately  been  reduced  from  20  to  about  3 
per  cent. 

■'There  are  no  commercial  or  discount  hanks  in  any  part  of  Brazil ;  but  at  Rio  there  is  one  of  issue, 
tlie  whole  of  its  transactions  being  with  the  governnipnt. 

"The  usual  mode  of  selling  goods  in  Brazil  is  on  an  open  credit  of  4  to  8  months,  and  sometimes 
even  12  months,  the  parties  paying  by  weekly  or  monthly  instalments,  as  they  eff.^ct  sales,  generally 
eiceedinglhe  stipulated  credit,  by  2,  3,  and  even  6  months,  according  to  the  slate  of  the  markets,  with- 
oM allowing  any  chorge  for  interest.  On  the  other  hand,  all  produce  is  bought  by  the  foreign  mer- 
ttantsforcnfft  down,  or,  if  any  credit  be  given,  the  usual  extra  charge  is  1  per  cent,  perinonth  ;  in 
fact,  the  whole  commerce  of  the  country  is  on  British  capital. 
"The  usual  commissions  are,  5  per  cent,  on  the  sale  of  goods  ;  2^  ditto  for  guarantee ;  with  2^  per 
I  cent,  for  the  purchase  and  shipment  of  produce  in  return;  5  per  cent,  when  purchased  by  credits 
I  on  London :  the  usance  being  60  days  after  sight. 

'Thecurrency  of  Brazil  is  chiefly  paper  and  copper,  of  a  very  depreciated  and  base  kind,  and  vary- 

I  ing  in  almost  every  province.    The  par  of  exchange,  when  the  silver  currency  was  maintained,  was 

S;]d.  and  the  current  rate  always  above  it,  say  from  70d.  to  72d. ;  but  now,  owing  to  the  introduction 

I  of  paper  and  copper,  the  exchange  has  fallen  at  Rio,  to  36d.,  Bahia  32d.,  Pernambuco  38d.,  and  Ma- 

ranliam  40d. ;  and,  at  one  period,  the  exchange  at  Rio  fell  as  low  as  20d.,  owing  to  the  extensive  issue 

lof  paper  by  the  bank. 

"The  great  difliculties  under  which  our  trade  with  Brazil  labours  are, — 1st,  The  prohibitory  duties 
chargeable  on  sugar  and  coffee,  the  chief  productions  of  the  country ;  which  admit  to  consumption 


$.\    I 


•t 


'i' 


«l 

11 

.a* 


■■:■  ;n» 

'■■'3"i 


*Bag  of  coffee  about  1  cwt.  1  qr.  14  lbs. 
Vol.  II.— 2  M  52 


f  Case  of  sugar  about  15  cwt. 


410 


RIO  DE  JANEIRO. 


I  , 


■'"'11 


,.,•..(-•1 


grtK 


,^rk-^ 


*^^' 


only  coltona  nnrt  hiden,  thn  Utter  not  tmlnu  wnntpd  ;  io  ilmt,  with  nn  report  of  nearly  l.onn.nnn/,,  «. 
hovo  no  ihrttt  intmns  <if  riMiirn  for  1-Uli  tliu  iiiiioiitit,  llie  oilier  a-lllm  Ih'Iiik  forced  into  the  IiiiikIh  i,, 
the  Ariiericnns,  (ifriniin»,  Swe<le»,  &r.  wlio  IUiik  (let  einploynieiit  for  their  i(lii|i|>inK,  and  curry  on  «„ 

extenHivn  coiiinii.-rre,  entirely  on  Urltiith  capital,  vvliiixt  the  llritiHli  merchant  \*  c pelled  to  tr;iii»|Ft 

his  property  Into  their  handii  for  5  or  II  nionllm,  as  the  only  means  ofgetthiK  payment  for  Hit!  niiiniiin. 
turcH  he  has  exported  ;  at  the  same  time  that  the  BrIllHli  consumer  at  hninii  Is  compelled  to  piiy, ,., 
elusive  of  the  heavy  duties,  a  decidedly  higlierpriuu  for  suKar  and  colfeu  than  Is  paid  by  thocuiisuiinr. 
of  any  other  European  state. 

"The  ad  urlevance  is  the  wretched  state  of  the  currency  in  Ilrazil,  which  occasions  tluctuatioriH  in 
the  cxchanKe  of  from  10  to  '20  per  cent.  In  2  or  3  months,  anil  even  50  per  cent.  In  the  course  of  n,, 
year  ;  so  that  the  actual  proceeds,  In  sterlinK,  of  any  Koods  sold  on  credit  can  never  he  Rur^ssed  m  i^ 
the  motley  18  received;  there  heing  no  discount  banks  or  means  of  realisation,  till  the  expirutimiui 
the  credit. 

"The  llrazilian  Regency  have  at  lenmli  recommended  their  currency  to  the  Imincdinte  attention (,( 
the 'AsHembly  ;'  but  it  maybe  doubted  whether  they  have  cither  courage  or  honesty  to  liiliuan, 
etTectiial  means  to  eradicate  the  evil;  this  can  only  be  done  by  a  return  to  a  gold  and  silver  sluiiilar^, 
and  a  new  coinage,  calling  in  the  old,  one-half  of  which  is  debased."— il3<A  o/  Augxut,  1B33.) 

Account  of  the  Trade  of  Oreat  Britain  with  Brazil,  for  the  Six  Years  ending  with  1831,  according  k 

the  Unicial  Returns  and  Values. 


rim 

Eiporti. 

Totals. 

Iniporti  from  Dniil, 

Ilriliiih  ami  Iriih 
Miuiuf.iclurra. 

Foreign  iin'l  ColoDial 
I'rixluce. 

1826 
1827 

!S 

18.10 
1831 

/,. 
4,116,130 
2,5li6,IIO 
3,747,014 
6,0»5,fl02 
4,.^66,0I0 
2,302,662 

L. 

80,743 
37,i»l 
65,473 
99,819 
76,314 
39,002 

/,. 

4,196,873 
2, ',113,731 
3,822,4S7 
6,l'>:-.,72l 
4,6.12,324 
2,431,664 

/.. 

I,8IN,28I 
767,!)H 
I,.3V2,-IS 
l,4fS,J7| 
1. 469,01 5 
2,27»,0.i() 

Account  of  the  Quantity  and  Declared  Value  of  the  principal  Articles  of  British  Produce  and  M,iiiij. 

facture  exported  to  Brazil  in  1833. 


Articles. 

truant  it  ies. 

Value. 

L. 

14,759 

Articles. 

()uaiititie«. 

VjiM. 

Apparel,  sinpj,  anil  h.iberdisliery 

Sadillery  and  ham»*v 

,         ^ 

L. 

3.iOO 

Arnis  anil  aiiiiiiuiiitinti 

• 

• 

8,732 

l.inen  nnnufaclurfc^ 

yanis 

7,527,781 

1S7.5M 

cwt. 

637 

2,032 

Thrcid,  tapes,  Ac. 

• 

iSf.\ 

barrels 

77 

199 

M.achinery  and  .u.'.l  M -.rk 

. 

to 

Beer  and  alo           * 

tuns 

467 

7,77» 

Painters'  colours  - 

• 

4,:30 

cwt. 

20 

516 

riale,    plated    war..-,    jewellery 

,    and 

Bras.^  and  conper  manufactures 

_ 

5,425 

27,103 

watches 

- 

n 

Butter  and  cfieese   • 

_ 

21,371 

72,0H3 

aall           -           -           •            bushels 

37,944 

u 

tons 

1,863 

853 

Kilk  manufactures 

• 

- 

2V-3 

Conlage 

•     cwt. 

9,114 

14,786 

Soap  and  candles  • 

lbs. 

3,330,495 

6i.$l0 

Cotton  manufactures 

•  yards 

63,903,398 

l,607,73:i 

Slationrry  nf  all  sorts 

• 

6,]!*l 

Hosiery,  lace,  and  small  waret 

. 

69,848 

.Sugar,  refined 

cwt. 

10 

a, 

Cotton  twist  and  yarn    - 

ll». 

11,434 

1, 07a 

'1  in,  unwrought    - 

^ 

322 

IH 

Earthenware  of  all  sorti  - 

pieces 

2,950,155 

27,469 

Tin  and  pewter  wares,  tin  plates 

• 

• 

3,loO 

Fish— herrings 

barrels 

6 

6 

Wtiolleu  manufactures,  by  the 

Glass 

cwt. 

11,616 

22,371 

piece     .          .           .           - 

pieces 

89,107 

2J3,I2< 

at  value 

• 

23 

Do.  by  the  yard    • 
Hosiery  and  small  wares  - 

yards 

231,858 

i:,tu 

Hardwares  and  cutlery 

^ 

11,255 

42,099 

■ 

• 

4,oi: 

Hats,  beaver  and  ftlt 

•  dozens 

4,423 

14,430 

All  other  articles  • 

• 

23,9)9 

2,191 

».,9lfi 

Lead  and  shot 

522 

7  .-"o 

Total  declared  value    . 

, 

2,575.tiO 

leather,  wrought  and  unwroughl 

lbs. 

43,573 

6,'!. 

The  number  of  ships  which  arrived  at  Rio  in  1826,  were— 

From  slave  settlements  < 


From  Oreat  Britain  .  .  ■ 

France         .... 

Spain  .... 

Fortugal       .  .  .  • 

Holland        .... 
Hanse  Towns 
United  SUtes 
North  of  Europe     • 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and   Cape  Verd 
Islands     .... 


19 

C  4  Spanish. 
J  15  foreign. 
J  51  Portuguese. 
1 10  British. 
(  14  Dutch. 
(   6  foreign. 

15 
(  S3  American. 
)   6  foreign. 

37 
5  12  British. 
}  3  French. 


South  America 


5  53  rortunw  1 1 

(         Unuiliu 
81 


Total 


In  1832,  there  arrived  at  Rio  SSI  vessels  j  and  in  If.ll.C.'O.  fJ| 
the  arrivals  during  the  last.nenlioned  year,  244  n  ere  En^lisk,!;  I 
eluding  packets,  and  161  American  Perhars  not  morelhin  lli  I 
of  the  626  ships  would  load  at  Hio  ;  many  calling  inquestorrreiih'v  I 
and  for  orders,  stores,  tic.  The  returns  do  not  include  Ihe  ma,:! 
coasting  vessels. 


In  order  still  better  to  illustrate  the  trade  of  Brazil,  we  talce  leave  to  subjoin  the  follo\vini;dclai!il 
from  Mr.  Caldrleugh's  Travels  in  Sntith  .America.  They  are  neither,  however,  so  recent,  nor  of  sutlil 
authority,  as  those  already  laid  before  the  reader; — "The  colonial  system,  which  wait  siricllyptef 
served  until  the  arrival  of  the  court,  kept  the  country  in  a  state  of  ignorance  of  many  of  those  beau-l 
tiful  articles  of  English  manufacture,  now  so  greedily  purchased  by  all.  The  Brazil  trtiiiH  iiiaybe| 
considered  as  entirely  in  the  hands  of  the  British,  as  if  an  exclusive  monopoly  existed  in  tlieir  favoui  I 
Brazil  takes  from  us  every  thing  she  requires,  excepting  wine  from  Portugal ;  and  the  itn|i(.rlaiiceofl 
this  trade  to  England  may  be  well  conceived,  when  it  is  mentioned  that,  after  tlie  East  and  Wesll 
Indies  and  the  United  States,  it  forms  the  greatest  mart  for  our  fabrics,  and  one  that  is  most  rapiiilyl 
increasing.  I 

"In  1820,  the  imports  of  British  manufactures  amounted  to  1,860,000/. ;  in  1821,  to  2,230,000(,  Tlie| 
exports  of  1820  were  950,0002. ;  in  1821,  1,300,000/. ;  showing  a  great  and  progressive  increase. 

"Of  the  amount  of  imports,  about  three  fifths  are  brought  to  tlie  capital,  owing  to  the  greater  cor-l 
sumption,  and  from  its  being  in  communication  with  tlie  mines,  the  most  inhabited  districts  ofilit| 
interior. 

"The  other  nations  trading  to  Brazil  exhibit  a  poor  figure  after  Great  Britain.  By  far  the  mostat-l 
live  of  them— the  United  States— exported  to  Brazil  only  to  the  amount  of  320,000/.,  chletiy  in  liouj 
fish,  and  minor  articles.  It  is  impossible  to  say  what  may  happen,  but  ut  present  it  does  nut  appeirl 
that  England  has  much  to  fear  in  this  quarter.  The  immense  commantl  of  capital  which  our  meif 
chants  possess  strikes  all  foreigners  with  astonishment,  and  forces  them  to  abandon  all  idea  ofcoml 
petition.    The  trade  carried  on  by  the  rest  of  the  world  amounts,  in  tlie  aggregate,  to  little  :  thai  ol§ 


RIO  DE  JANEIRO. 


411 


f  nnnrly  4,000,000/., «, 
rcfil  liil"  111'"  liniiil«iii 

|i|iiiiKi  ""••  ''""■y  ""  '" 
)  ciiiiilH'lltMl  III  triiiiKlVr 
/iiiriit  I'lir  ll»!  Miiimniic. 
H  conipi'll'"'  toimy.ix. 
B  pitlil  liy  ll>"  C""«uiiii'r! 

•cimlnns  ttiicUmUnin  In 
>iit.  in  ll>«  course  iif  tli, 

III'VIT  III!  ((UI'Hdl'll  lltlil 

111,  till  tl"«  exiiiriiljiiin,! 

I  liiimciUnte  atlenllnnfif 
or  lioni'Hty  to  Hike  any 
(iilil  mill  Hilver  sliiiuluij 
j/  Jiuguat,  l»33,) 

J  Willi  1831,Bccoriliii8u 


Iiiiporit  from  Bruil. 


—    -    -/,.    ■  1 

I,8IK,2H1              I 

767.914              1 

l,3"2,'« 

1 

l,4l'!l.2 

1 

1.469,015 

2,27S,0,y.l 

rilish  Produce  and  Man«. 

()u>nlitin.| 

Vj1«. 

/,. 

_ 

. 

3.W 

.    yania 

7,527,781 

ISI.iM 
2,iri 

^ 

^ 

4,T)0 

try,    »nJ 

^l| 

builiels         37,944 

!       lbs!  1  3,330,49,-1 

6l,9M 
8A11 

".     cwl!                10 

_                322 

1,1* 

3,iljfl 

'°.  pi«M          P9,lf>7 

2;W2< 

.    yirJ>         23I,S58 

lUn 

4,o>; 

. 

.  '     . 

• 

1    2,H5,6» 

1 

55 

J  rortuju*  t 

» 

Btuiliu. 

.       8 

Total 


440 


|o69l  vessels!  an'  in  I^.W- 
Intioned  ye.ir,  244  were  Eri^lri, 
Irican     Perha^^s  not  more  IhJn  i  i;! 
Kio  J  many  c;illiin  in  iiuest  of  fteiiki 
le  returns  du  nut  include  the  tii'a'.: 


Frnni'i*  liAinn  chiefly  condnoil  to  articlci  of  ilrcnii  anil  Tugliion  ;  and  of  ilwcdci'    ">  a  i-W  ship        >l>  of 
iriin  nriiiiiilly- 

"Tlif  Irnile  ex|irpi«ly  cnnfliiod  to  Itrnxtlliin  vonseU  is  the  ronalinK  tnd  \(i\  n.  ThJH  Inltvi  -i*!*!*, 
II  |g  well  kiiiiwn,  i»  now  rvatrii  ted,  liy  trenty,  tn  Hint  piirt  of  Afrlra  fiiiiiih  of  tii,  line,  wliiili  >  <  <pt«. 
tK-nil!*.  i" '"'■••  "'"'">''  the  wliiile  of  Ihe  l'i>rtiiKiiene  |iim»eimlonii.  The  Inipdrlaiion  nf  ne(jfiip«  i.tfiei 
in  miiiiiiiit  ;  hiil  of  hite  yeatH  It  cannot  he  eHliiinted,  on  an  nvernge,  at  loss  than  2I,0(MI  into  Kin  da 
Jnnclrc  only-  It  airnrdn  too  great  a  return  of  ffaln  to  ho  easily  almmliined  ;  iiinre  enpeclally  when, 
HtriiMue  III  Hay,  iiatrlotlr.  feelhiKH  are  cnnsidered.  In  IIiIk  inntance,  to  \tn  hand  in  hand  with  |iriiiU  ;  ami 
H'lii'ii  It  H  liiiaitliiiul,  that  (lie  iiiDiiient  the  trade  in  prohllilled,  the  proHperlly  of  the  i-otinlry  iiumt 
di'C.iy  When  it  In  lonHlilered  that  llim  ntinilier  in  aniiiinlly  rereiveil  iiitn  the  capital,  and  that  there 
gp.  :j other  portH  tradlni<  to  the  Hatiio  extent,  and  that  Hcarcely  )  of  ihe  iiegnieH  taken  fniiii  tlie  loaHt 
{iv>'  til  lie  lainhMl,  the  iiunilier  of  negroes  carried  away  hy  thlB  outlet  only  in  the  course  uf  tliu  year 
apneais  prodinioiifl. 

"Many  yearn  since,  a  conniderahlc  capital  wa«  employed  in  the  whale  llshery.  The  lilack  wlialc 
wni  extreniely  conitnon  near  tlie  inoitth  of  the  harlioiir  ;  hut  an  increanin)!  Iralllc  haH  driven  thiH  ani- 
iiial  In  the  Niiuthward,  and  the  only  eHlahliHliiiienlH  at  present  are  in  the  province  of  8t.  Cuthariiio's, 
ll  f.iririH  another  of  the  royal  nionnpolies  ;  and,  in  IHai),  was  funned  hy  some  I'reiichtnen. 

"The  other  trade  carrieil  on  In  Hrazilian  lioitoms  is  very  much  conliticd  to  lliat  with  the  niolher 
fniintrv  ;  itn  dependencies,  as  Madeira  ;  and  its  possenHhiMH  in  Africa  and  Ihe  I'last.  The  tralhc  with 
I  hina  \*  Mtill  continued,  hut  no  longer  in  that  way  which  made  Portugal  at  one  time  the  envy  of  all 
iiiirilinie  nations. 

"'I'lii'  internal  trade  is  very  much  confined  to  the  products  of  the  district  of  the  mines  i  and  Is  car- 
fjpil  (in  liy  means  of  larco  troops  of  mules,  some  of  which,  from  the  western  provinces  of  (Jozna  and 
Mill'i  (irossn,  are  I  months  on  the  journey.  It  in  not  easy  to  learn  with  accuracy  the  produce  o(  the 
(|i;iiiiiiii(l  mines  ;  as  they  are  worked  by  (jovcrnment,  and  strictly  monopolized  ;  much  smujjglini.'  con- 
(Cipicii'ly  prevails.  In  some  years,  the  (|iiantity  recovered  hy  Rovernmeiit  has  amonnti'd  to  as  much 
ns  4,l'llil  octavas  of  18  carats;  but  these  are  years  of  rare  occurrence  :  taking  the  averaue,  however, 
ol'sniiie  years,  the  number  of  octavas  would  come  to  near  I,'200.  In  this  quantity  there  would  be,  of 
rfiiiriic.  many  of  largo  size,  adding  immensely  to  their  value.  It  i.s  calculated  that  iilidut  the  same 
(limiililv  is  smuggled  ;  and  there  arc  strong  reasons  to  suppose,  that  if  no  dilUculties  were  thrown  In 
tlio  way,  owing  to  the  facility  with  which  they  are  obtained,  the  produce  of  Ilrazil  diamonds,  in  every 
way  iia  line  as  tlie  Oriental,  would  have  considerable  etl'ect  on  the  demand. 

"Willi  respect  to  the  quantity  of  gold  which  comes  from  the  mines,  it  is  immersed  in  a  certain  dc- 
•ree  of  obscurity.  The  l-.')th  due  to  government  is  the  principal  cause  that  I  could  never  ascertain,  in 
any  iiuac  wliicli  I  vlhited,  its  exact  produce.  I  shall  have  another  opportunity  of  saying  nore  on  tliin 
liead,  anil  exiilainiiig  why  the  produce  of  gold  mines  is  on  the  decrease,  which  I  certainly  conceive  to 
deilie  case. 

"  Nil  silver  is  produced  in  Brazil.  As  there  is  lead,  it  would  he  loo  much  to  affirm  that  none  exists ; 
but  prolialily  the  quantity  would  he  tritling.  The  silver  coin  is  mostly  Mpunish  dollars,  reslamped  into 
S.patac  pieces,  by  which  a  considerable  proflt  is  obtained  on  each. 

"The  ipiantlty  of  precious  stones  shipped  is  now  very  considerable.  In  most  cases  they  are  sent  to 
jlnnini;  market ;  being,  in  fact,  more  valuable  in  Hrazil  than  in  London  or  I'arls.  Aquamarines — (sec 
liEBVi.l— of  a  very  large  size  have  been  founil.  In  .January,  1811,  one  was  found  in  tlie  Uiberao  das 
Ameritanas,  near  the  diamond  district,  which  weighed  15  lbs.;  and  in  the  same  place,  in  the  October 
fojlowint.',  one  was  discovered  weighing  1  lbs.  Topazes  of  tine  quality,  but  seldom  large,  amethysts, 
undi'lirvsolites,  are  also  articles  of  exportation  ;  and  at  tiiiiea  some  tine  specimens  of  these  gems  are 
to  lie  met  with  in  the  jewellers'  shops. 

"Correctly  speaking,  there  are  no  trading  companies  In  Rio  do  Janeiro  :  there  is  a  society  for  cfTect- 
in;inarltl:nc  assurances,  but  no  other. 

"Tin;  Hank  of  Brazil  has  had  very  extensive  concessions  itiade  in  its  favour,  and  ought  to  he  in  a 
lloiiriiliiiig  state.  It  has  the  power  of  i.ssuing  notes  ;  and  all  disputed  monies  and  property  of  the  de- 
ceased and  absent  {mortes  e  auzentes)  must  he  placed  in  its  hands,  and  2  per  cent,  per  annum  charged 
forlliecare  and  trouble.  This,  in  addition  to  the  interest  which  might  be  obtained  for  the  deposit, 
would  alone,  in  an  active  mercantile  country,  form  no  inconsiderable  revenue.  (Specie  is  prohiliiled 
from  lieiiig  carried  coastwise  :  merchants  who  wish  to  deposit  cash  in  one  of  the  northern  port.s,  where 
tlie  l.'irgest  purchases  arc  made,  are  therefore  forced  to  take  hand  bills,  and  pay  u  premium  for  them, 
varyiiii;  Iroin  3  to  5  per  cent. 

"Siinie  enormous  capitals  have  been  amassed  ;  but  generally  the  speculations  of  the  native  mer- 
chains  are  conducted  on  a  very  limited  scale. 

"Tin:  leeal  rate  of  interest  is  G  per  cent. ;  but  money  can  seldom  be  obtained  under  12."— (CaW- 
c!i«."/i's  Vrareh  in  South  Jlmerka,  vol.  i.  pp.  53— 5'J.) 

p'eiiithtion  of  Hra-M—T\K  magnitude  of  the  population  of  Brazil  is  involved  in  great  uncertainty. 
Onenl'tlie  latest  eslinmtea  is  us  follows  :— Portuguese  and  Creoles,  900,000  :  free  mestizos,  000,000;  en- 
slaved oie.sliziis,  '250,000;  free  negroen,  180,000;"  enslaved  negroes,  2,900,000;  Indians,  450,000  ;  mak- 
ing ill  nil,  5,-i80,0n0.— (/reimui-  Almanac,  for  1832.)  Hut  we  incline  to  think  that  this  estimate  is  rather 
Uyondthe  mark. 


Ibjoin  thefnllo\vini;dctaili 
tver,  so  recent,  imr  of  suilil 
Ini,  which  was  strictly  pief 
Ice  of  inanv  of  those  beau- 
I  The  Brazil  trade  iiiayl't| 
loly  existed  in  their  favoui 
al;  and  the  impcrtaiiccoll 
after  the  Kaal  and  Weill 
,  one  that  is  most  rapidly  I 

L  1821,  to  2,230,0001.  M 
jngressive  increase, 
lowing  to  the  greater  con-l 
inhabited  districts  oflWI 

llain.  By  far  the  most  acJ 
f  320,000(.,  chietly  in  lloiii,| 
lirescnt  it  does  not  appetil 
l)f  capital  which  our  met-l 
I)  abandon  all  idea  of  coml 

tgregate,  to  little  :  !'«'  «| 


Account  of  the  principal  Articles  of  Export 
Iriiii  Kio  .laneiro,  during  the  Four  Years 
1    ending  with  18.30. 

Account  of  the  Shipping  entered  Inwards  and  Out- 
wards at  Uio  Janeiro,  during  the   Four  Years 
ending  with  1830. 

j         Coiree. 

Sugar. 

Hid<->. 
No, 

Horns, 

Customs 
Uuliis 

iu 
France. 

years. 

Trade  with  oilier  Perls  of 
Brazil. 

Trade  with  Foreign 
Cuuutries. 

;i'""'    Sack. 
!           ,10  i 
1         B.irreli. 

1        j 

Chests. 

15,0011 

r>.H07 

19,165 
20„'i94 

S.l(;k5 

and 

Barrtls. 

No. 

EiilereU. 

Left. 

Entered. 

Ltft. 

Ships. 

1,629 
1,612 

1,970 
2,008 

Ton- 
nage. 

Ships, 

Ton- 
nage. 

Ships. 

Ton- 
nage. 

ISM    M'l.ll- 
i  18j;    627.1M 
1.^6    -JI,3S3 

19,421    !  lS7,'i30 
20,028  1  t96,67.-i 
2t,3S9  1  144,404 
i7,836      tr,\009 

330,242 
439,293 
293,003 
2;i  1,938 

I3,13.>,446 
14.936, -.22 
14,929,269 
16,960,131 

18.13 

1834 
IM'i 
1836 

1,701  1  - 
1,60!)     IO->,08.3 
1,920  1113  117 
1,976  ll21,7.S8 

1 1 7,0'3 
128,106 
132,386 

696 
3n3 

672 
660 

131,479 
13.1,912 
146,398 

-617    1 
583      l,'-,9.847 
622     139,743 
629     140,214 

Port  fi^(?n(it»7H.— The  ciptain  of  every  ship  entering  Rio,  or 
I  ut  other  port  of  Binzil,  is  or^lereil, — 

I  i.  Tu  i-i  liftctly  with  his  vcssul  from  the  entrance  of  the  liarbour 
I  to  ihe  aiic!!')ra^i,' <n)uiid  iit  Frawjttia  ;  and  if,  (in  account  of  the 
I  l;ie,  ff>iilnrv  winil.or  any  other  just  cause,  he  should  be  compelleil 
I  Kccnieloancl.or,  ami  ahail  remain  anchored  fur  twelve  hours  after 
I  Hfihiiiiieranccs  a^e  removed  (except  in  case  of  bein^  (luanntinetl), 
I  htthiiliuya  tint^of  100,000  reis,  and  shUI  be  compelletl.by  thefort^ 
I  otbra  .,'ou'niiiu'iit  vfc8^eI  of  war,  (whichever  may  be  nearest,)  to 
I  pwetti  ininifdialely  to  the  Frinipiia  anchoring  frround, 

*  Ue  ituJl  not  »uilt;r  any  kiad  of  vessei  to  buard  hiiUf  nor  any  per* 


son  to  come  on  boarJ,  or  to  leave  bis  vessel,  before  he  lias  been  visited 
from  the  custoiu-hnuse,  excepting  only  the  pilot,  liealth  officer,  the 
head  officer  at  the  entrance,  wlipu  there  is  one,  and  in  the  case  of  a 
shipwreck,  or  for  the  savin;;  of  lives. 

3.  Kven  after  the  custom-house  visit  on  arrival,  and  until  the  ves- 
sel is  dischar^e<l,  he  shall  allow  no  person  to  come  on  boanl  without 
a  written  permission  from  the  inspector  of  the  customs  ;  and  this  per- 
mission shall  only  be  given  in  the  following  cases,  vi/..  :— 

A.  To  allow  the  buyers  of  goods  to  go  on  board  to  examine  the 
car^o  they  wish  to  purchajej  when  suuicieDt  specimeiu  caonot  bo 
secu  ou  shore. 


I 
I 
I 

i 

i 

* 

m 


1   i 


■     10 

a 

'  If 

'4       «• 


J0 


413 


RIO  DE  JANEIRO. 


^^2^    I*!*!'"'     BiV^ 

-  i«i 

^■il'^   ,.,!    .#•'1 


'(gS^** 


-'■Si*.'  '^f 


^nttp^' 


n.  To  workfntn  or  t»bawtll  RMMUry  in  put  the  mritn  in  nr>\er, 
Ukinn  rara  (•>  Savt  llwm  •IMliin»<l  wlini  ttu-y  k<>  oii  txnnl  aihl  m- 
lurii.  In  I  i>r  of  Iht  inAndloii  of  itir  aUtvi*  ri-<itl.iiioiit.  a  hue  tlnH 
he  ini|K»r<l  nil  him  fnim  100,000  tn  ^Nl.oiO  m«  fur  rvrry  v«-«wl  tid 
allow*  til  rxmnl  htm,  •(■•)  of  MM),()UU  (or  rat  h  ixrum  wh.>  ■h.UI  vutrr 
Of  k»vi>  111!  vrtMl  withoiil  lit-rnif ,  uiili-w  lit*  Ix-  .i  [imwiJitcr,  or  Iw- 
lnnfm<  tu  ihr  rrvw  ;  ami  rvtry  othrr  {itTMiti  who  K(»ri  on  tHunl  ur 
Icuvtri  the  vrMrl,  ilull  |i.iy  litO.UNt  rnt  nric,  AikI  hr  kri'l  m  i'u«t<xly 
tmlil  |i;i>iiirrii  m  itia>lr.     'Ihr  urif  Ihir-I  i^rti.r  (hew-  flin-i  Oi.ill  l'« 

>iWi'lr<l  ,1 i|ti  the  wAtrhiiiiii  or  miliUry  whutlall  tu\o  lakrMi  up 

Ui«  nflcitlrr. 

4.  Ilff  kh^ll  «Irh»cr  lo  the  fuanlamor  (chief  cutlnmaoftlrpr), 
whnii  III'  iiLikt't  hii  viail  itn  .irrivil,  hin  |i.i«<t|i>)rt  ami  r.ir^n  l«Hik, 

ft.  Hf  fthitl  ch-livtr  In  thfi  niinMt«n.UT  nf  thr  cu.irl  l">.it  Hiihrnil 
the  port,  it  ht^  I'D  (h'-re,  ur  at  Iha  l'raii()iiu,  if  h«l'«  Iheri*,  (he  iiaril* 
Int  a«  ilcBiTihi'il  hrlow, 

6.  He  ■h.tll  cnttr  at  thit  nitlnm-hniiM'.  wilhin  U  hoiin  .ifdr  tlxi 
gtuiritu  innr  han  tj«fi)  on  txMnl,  mil  conntitiic  Ihc  1*)%  on  it  Inch  tjn- 
rmlniiihouw  it  Mhiii,  ami  jirraful  liiiiiarif  In  thi'  in^pnlnr,  ;ui>l  i^irar, 
or  allirni,  ihat  he  haimit  mi  boanl  of  hn  vnuiet  ativ  iiirrih.iii'liN*i)lhi  r 
than  »Fi  it  la  •li-acritMvl  ill  Ihc  iii.iriiri-^l  lit*  ht«  JriiviTiil,  aii'l  ili.tl  ht> 
haimi  hir>lirr  'li'cl.irahnn  in  maki' ;  anil  tf  li<*  iln  nol  riiltr  wiihin  the 
34  hoiin.  In-  Nlitll  |i.i)'  M)0.()(H)  rci^  Inr  rarlt  'by'i  ilrjiy  a-tililmn.il. 

T.  If  ht>  tth.ill  ilfl.iiii  hi*  vfiM'l  ,11  rithcr  ul  tlip  aiH'hnrai{ra  nmra 
thanil  li'iiir*,  uhfii  hcnlnlt  tm  i|irfi'ii'>l  l>y  ihf  KiunU  nmr.  it  liU 
rfprr>i>nli)ti\r,  to  ri-inovt!  Il.eucc,  Im  ilull  piiy  liH),UOU  icii  fur  every 
day  hedftiy*. 

8.  He  khill  ftiwhirfe  no  part  nf  hii  c-xtgn  hut  hy  lit  nrdrr  in  writ* 
ing  fmiii  ihi'  iM*|HTtnrt  ami  if  he  la'nl  my  wilhnul  audi  fnter,  hu 
ihall  I'ly  MMI.UOil  ii-it  fnr  t-ach  pack.tKr  mi  laixlftl. 

0.  111!  Hh.ill  ttive  nntice  lo  the  nlliccr  altrndiriK  llie  (liM'h.ir<('nf  the 
veaael)  a>  toon  aii  hit  r,irK>i  it  dmchiritfil,  Ih.ii  he  li.ii  iintluiiK  rciinin- 
int(oi\  iMLirl.  If  he  ninil  to  <!.■  ihii  on  Itir  ^.inie  day,  fi  lh.it  ihe  vrwtl 
mav  he  iiiitnetliiiilv  pxaiiiini  d,  he  ith.ill  he  Ihitd  li'U.UK)  rei*. 

ll).  Thf  milter  ntivfry  vt-«*el  Knin^wilh  anrifiilnany  part  of  the 
empire,  miiHt  \i.\\v  two  manifraUof  the  carjcn,  e«.icl  fupiM  nf  r.icli 
Dther.exhiliilMiK  the  ii.imc,  rl  im,  niitl  i()iin:i((i-,<if  ihe  ve^iij ;  the  n.ime 
of  Iht-  cipliin,  whme  miftialure  iiitiRt  fnllnw  Ihf  dale;  the  n.imcorihu 

(Hirl  where  the  artick-N  itiitrd  in  the  iinmifrir  wire  taken  on  Uaril ; 
he  naniH  tj  tin-  |i.ni  nr  pniit  f  t  which  the  vl-micI  (■dfalincd ;  the 
mark*  or  cntJiiier  ni.irko  and  ntunhen  of  the  package")  ami  their  de< 
icritilion.  a*  ImU's,  rasri,  pipcH,  hallpipe*,  hirn-U.  *t:  ;  a  ileclaralmii 
iif  the  ()uaiitity  lid  i|iiahty  of  the  iiierrhandjfie  of  each  pnrkajte,  or 
lexriil  kiniilir  oiieR  nf  Ihe  H.inii' m.irk.  ;it)d  aim  of  what  i>  on  hninl 
in  htilk  ;  \i  t  n.uueB  of  Iht-  coii^ixiieei,  nr  In  order  ;  all  lo  he  Hrjliiu 
at  length,  eKceiil  Ihe  niiiiihrri  of  the  pachaifes. 

I).  Whi-n  the  vi-siel  his  t.iken  in  lurcirno  at  more  Ihan one  port, 
there  iiiiinl  he  two  miti>ri-<ils  f'nin  eich  port. 

II,  A\  the  i-iiil  ol  the  iii.iiiilVal,  Ihe  capt^iiit  shall  drclare  the  iiiiiii- 
ber  of  paii»enxeiii,  ivhether  cihiii  or  Ali-rnKr,  and  ihi  hitfifitfe  for  the 
UM  of  earh,  ami  in  adJitinn  my  derlaralion  nt-rcsniry  fnr  his  Hecu- 

rity ;  and  in  Rfxxl  failh  he  ilrilj  declare  whither  he  lian  my  packi^e , 

to  add  to  Ihe  manifeHl,  or  whether  any  are  dt-ru-ii-iil,  with  the  citue  '212  Jier  cent,  on  purrhaiie  nr  aalu  of  veuels  hy  pnvalt  <  nnlrjct. 

of  it,  aa  no  after  iteclanlion  will  rt-lieve  him  fnini  rcspnnsiljilily,  for  [  ft  per  cent,  on  amnniit  of  ve^eli  coiidi-miu'd  hy  siirvuyorv 

he  will  not  he  cxeiopled' iii>nii  the  vaituu  derl.ir)tr>ini  fre<iui-nlly     2  I-2  per  cent,  lor  procurini;  ur  ci)ltt-ctini(  freiifhla. 

made,  which  do  iiid  account  for  dehi ienciea  or  dill'crenci'i.  2  1-2  per  cent,  on  dishursements  of  veiuvli  iu  common  cau-i,  Hi* 

1.1.  The  cipt.iiii  nf  any  VMsel  hound  to  Rrazil,  v\hen  he  has  com-  |      fuiidii  in  liand. 
plelcd  his  cirKo  in  Iht-  port  or  (Hirls  from  which  he  i«  IomiI,  ami  i  5  per  cent,  on  diO'iirirnients  nf  vmrti  when  fnnda  arc  .-idvancei,'^ 
made  Ihe  inaniiesln,  ih  rt-quired  in  Ihe  !)lh  article,  %hall  prenent  his        in  cane  of  conilerniiitioti,  nr  in  vi-Ktels  eiileriiiK  for  rtpuriinily 

document?  hi  the  Rra/ilun  cnnsul  tesidinif  in  the  (Kirl,  who  shall  ex>  '  ' '   "■■ ■•   - '  ' ' ' ' 

amine  lliem,  and  il  at;tee.ihlo  tn  these  rrKiilalions,  certify  them. 

M.  In  Ihose  pm  >^  w  hi-re  there  is  no  Hra/dim  consul  ur  nuhslifule, 
the  maiiiresis  aliall  1 1  it-rtihed  hy  two  ItrA/ilrMi  resident  iiierchanla; 
or  if  there  he  none,  l)>  two  merctVinls  of  Ihe  place  ;  in  either  case,  Ihe 
aignalurea  to  he  anihenlicatett  hy  letc*!  authority, 


IN.  Th«  rapitin  whnut  maniAvti  ar«  nnl  ennfrrmaMa  In  Itie^^  ., 

fulalinnt,  ali.ill  t«  hned  fnuii  l(NJ,l1)U  rrii  to  one  roitlo  it$  rm,  . 
will  of  the  rol|e4'lnr,  Acror<lin«lo  Ihr  de|rrr  o|  rulp«hility  ihjt  >|  , 
ap|>e:ir,  and  hn  ciiuint  ditchari{e  niiltl  Ihr  fine  ■•  |>iiid. 

r).  Ill  cabd  1h<i  captain  t'rin^i  mi  iiiimfeil,  he  may  «lill  he  alV.vki,) 
lo  diHchirtfe.  hy  p,i>  m^  \  per  teul.  on  the  value  of  the  cirKii,  m  4j 
diliiMi  h)  Ihe  uiual  duiie*. 

/'fiiMf/tjiii.  — Viwi-lt  proreediiiff  lo  Bntil,  ami  when  It  is  withf,]), 
ditiHtvr  of  ihrir  cirKoen  at  diiri-rriil  |iorl»,  must  clear  nut  hir  "  Hnii 
niifl  other  puiii,"  or  for  "  I'ernamhuio,  Hahia,  Itio  de  Janeini,  ||^ 
other  |Hirt».  '  They  are  Ihi-n  ruiilleil  hi  the  |trivilt-|r  of  *fjiii(m. 
ami  iiijy  html  a  part  of  Iheir  carnor*  at  one  |Hirl,  imyiu^  du'iri  <,|,|. 
on  Ihe  i(o<<.U  w>  linded,  iiid  proceed  with  the  rriluindiT  1)  nih^ 
pnrtB.  Ilul  if  Ihey  clear  oul  for  one  jHirt  only,  Ihey  are  roiiipelifj  ^ 
iiLiku  a  roiiiidele  entry,  ami  diw  harKr  the  whole  of  Ihe  cuip), 

111  pfiH-i  eduiK  from  one  lln/il  an  |ior1  to  another,  it  i»  iiereMtn 
thai  a  hill  o|  heAllh  ih'Hild  he  taken  from  Ihe  hirai  aulhonlin,  .j 
i-atli  |M.ft  i  and  wlirre  my  put  *i  the  cjri(o  it  Umird,  ihe  wnif  h.^,, 
he  iioird  on  Ihe  oruiiiil  mauifeal  by  the  customi'  ridicer  of  thi-  i»,t^ 

W-icAiTOH".- Koreitcn  vr»wlipayjin  all  (Hiitaof  Iheempuf,  lur^j 
pfr  hiM  prr  d,iy,  from  the  .Vli  d.iy  .iftir  Iheir  entry. 

7,1  (A(  /i<  I'll  —'1  he  luhl  Iioum'  duly,  MX)  n  m  nrr  Inn,  for  a II  viui  i 
ov*r  10  Ions  dejiiilinit  frmn  porta  whtre  there  n  a  liKhl-houtf.  V,, 
sell  under  lO  lorn  ni-  exeiniiled  frnni  Ihiaduiy. 

/'off  (/iWj/.-Un  all  \e*«-la  mtl  rniaiui(  the  har  at  the  hartx.^i,^ 
Rio  lie  J.iiinro,  the  hdloWiiiK  iharifea  are  levied,  vix.,  o|  ihreriiMHi 
I2,MU  teis;  1 1  Uvo  nnsts,  t>,UUU  reia;  and  ol  one  niml,  6,'|0u  rvii,  ' 

.Si-ri/.  — 'I  he  duly  i»  -tO  reis  for  evrry  written  half  sheet. 

//ia/(/i,— Viiit  of  the  physlciui  la  tiled  it  N,i(X)  leii;  hut  mrw 
the  ve^Ml  it  made  to  pi-rfoim  4iiarnnlini-,  then  another  surii  n|  h^i, 
ri'iM  in  payihlu  on  Ihe  idmiwitm  of  the  u'ttel  to  fiee  prilKjur. 

H'l*}  tinlt.—A  vei-^d  of  iliree  m.-ials  pi)s  ti,(  ()()  retii;  Ititt.vf 
vettet,  <ml  yirhis 'l,(()Oi  pinmceii,  i,.'Vti() ;  harko,  I.^^U. 

Kacti  I'lie  of  ihu  thip'a  cuiupaiiy  ul  vtraarli  iuiliii|(  lioni  a  iutt,f. 
port  payi  400  reia,  '' 

I  sai(tt  i[f  Mm  haul  I.  ^U  is  cuatornirv  Ihat  Ihe  •xnemenf  hnj.nf 
and  ihippi'nKa  t.iiKn'  u  freiuhl  sliHin  1  he  pud  hy  Ihu  \t*,il,  uiiij 
the  i-onlrary  he  sliptilaird  in  the  hill^  of  ladinit, 

VVht-n  hard  hp.diihli  dotlara  are  h.tri;aintd  for,  in  rnnlncii  r/ 
freight,  Ihey  >hould  he  au  exprt-ui-d  in  tlie  inatrumrul  ul  contricMj 
prevent  dmpule. 

I'urthaseaof  produce  af  p.iid  for  in  cash,  and  lalei  are  maJi- en 
itiiiulited  crediis,  hut  nominally  for  ci<i|i. 

If  tnlUoii  bindon  ire  lent  out  for  Ihe  |iuirhaie  of  |irndure  nj  fipt. 
Xil,  the  crt-dit  iinisl  iuive  Tht-  conliriii.uion  of  the  l.on<loii  h>>iiM.'. 

Jiate$  of  C\imtniitwn  charftd  at  Hio- 
5  iier  cent,  on  sales  of  nieTcliindise, 
2  \-i  per  cent,  on  purchaM*  of  lucrchaudise,  with  fundi  iu  hto'l^-i 

amount  of  cost  and  charijes. 
2  \-2  per  cent-  Kiiaruily  on  amount  of  tnles  on  creiUh 
2  \-2  per  cent,  fiirdrawinft  or  indomiin,  md  ne^nli.itin?  hilli. 


15.  should  any  ft^caler  (|uanlily  of  )((hhU  he  found  on  )>oard  than 
are  staled  in  the  nianiftsl  or  the  declarition  of  the  captain,  Ihe  over- 
plui  stnll  he  seized  iiiid  divided  imoin^st  Ihoae  who  tuize  Iliem,  after 
paying  Ihe  duties,  and  the  ciptain  lihall  p.iy  n  line  nf  half  Ihe  value 
of  the  Koo-h;. 

Itf.  If  there  are  any  s;imls  ini-vsinx  of  IhoMMdted  in  Ihi:  manifest 
or  dechraiinn  of  the  captain,  Ihey  shall  tie  reputeil  lo  he  concealed  or 
smu<icled,  iii'l  he  shall  pay  Ihe  value  Ihtreitf  to  Ihose  vx  ho  hive  dis 
covered  the  deficiency,  ami  half  the  value  to  the  n.itional  treasury. 
TIkiieconderiinnt  ions  shall  lake  place  on  the  simple  fictnf  there  heiri){ 
an overj'lus or  ileliciency  of  ^(Khla,  without  further  prcKifhcinitTetpiired. 

17.  tor  I'lch  ditn-renre  in  (he  (]uality  or  mark  of  the  pickaKe,  the 
captain  s'lall  pay  2,U00  rei!<,ilihnuifh  in  every  other  respect  the  goods 
dischar^i-J  m.iy  at^ri-e  willi  Ihe  manifeit. 

[Tlifi  cnriiiiiorrp  of  tho  tlnil«(l  SiatPH  with  nrnzil  in  iinpnrtanl  ;  noarly  nnn-third  of  iho  rnfTt'o.  nnda 
largtM'ortidn  nf  Ihe  Htiuar  and  hiilen,  of  fon'ipii  iiiipnrtaliotiH,  is  from  Uray.il.  Our  I'Xpniis  nf  ilctir, 
provisiniis,  and  tho  various  artirirs  of  doniostic  iiiantifactiireH,  ainoiinied  last  yoar,  (1M)^^,)(  Insini:  wiiti 
aOtliScptcinlxT,  to  $''i,{){\\,9b'7.  To  show  the  importance  of  our  (Munmercp,  we  nnhjoin  the  iinpnrtfi  aiiij 
exports  of  a  few  Icadinc  articles  for  the  last  five  years  ;  and  thereto  attach  an  artichi  from  ;i  laic  Iti/ 
("ircular,  wliidi  we  think  will  he  found  useful  to  some  of  our  coniniercial  men  who  have  a  ilireit  inter- 
course with  the  Itrazilian  provinces,  and  particularly  with  Uio  Janeiro. 

Tht'  linyortationt  into  the  I'nited  Stales  from  Praril  for  the  five         Of  the  dometlicexpnrta  noticed  ahove,^  the  fnllnwiri'  will  *!i'»  | 

precedin^f  years,  eiidinn  30lh  Septomher,  were  as  follow  :  "  "" 

Year.  Am.  ves'iels.  For.  vessels.  Total  imp. 


1  per  cent,  on  receivitiK  and  forwardtiiK  kimkIi  ;  and 

2  1-2  per  cent,  on  amount  nf  respim^ihilitiet  incurred  iliprrnn. 
I  per  cent,  on  receiving  and  p.iyiiiK  money  on  which  uu  oUicr  com 

misnion  is  derived. 
1-2  per  cent,  on  purchase  or  sale  of  specie. 
1-2  percent,  forettectinif  marine  iniunnce  on  the  amount  inmrfi: 

and  when  tin;  premium  exceeds  IU  per  cent.,  6  per  ct-ut.  ttj  ii.( 

imounl  of  premium. 
1-2  per  ct-nt.  on  rrniittincfs  on  hills  not  indorsed. 
On  consii^nnienta  of  mere  hand  iie  vvithdriwn  or  res)ilpf<r<l.  hill  cm, 

mission  to  he  chirifcd  lo  the  exient  of  ndv:inccs  or  lesjinii&iljiiidtt 

incut  red,  and  ti.ill  commissiun  on  the  residue  uf  lliu  valtie, 
1  per  cent,  per  month  on  all  cash  advinced. 

No  interest  allowed  on  money  on  ilrputtilo, 

1  per  cent,  stoiii^e  on  all  dry  ^ikxIb. 
In  Ihe  case  of  dincharKiiiK  and  rethipninff  the  rarf^nrs  of  \mrU  ) 

dislres!<,  on  iIil'  invoice  amount,  2  l-J  iicrcenl. 

2  1-2  per  cent.,  or  half  Ihe  coimniMiioii  clurf^ed  on  sates  uf  nicnM,. 
di«e,  will  tie  returned  lo  bUptrcarifotH,  tut  mtlhint;  (.ii  iincsliitcii!) 
or  other  busimiai.— .S«/).) 


IK31 

1831 
1H36 
1S37 
1838 


I).  4,')47,ll!) 
ft,^l7,il|9 
6,,')-i3.IS6 
3,940.059 
3,116,813 


J),  ISARiO 

26,,5I7 

(i67.004 

1,0,^1,924 

74,395 


6,,S7(.4()U 
7.2 10, 1 VO 
4,991,983 
3,191,238 


Of  the  ahovp,  hesides  the  value  of  Ihe  hitlea  importeil  each  year, 
the  following  shows  the  value  of  the  cotlee  foreicli  consecutive  ypir, 
which  WIS  />.2.HI9a38;  /A3,(i(J2,(X)()  j  /).4.623,3<'i ;  />.3,2')4,%,i  j 
Z).2,123,20'>;  and  nf  Ihe  bniwn  sugar  in  like  mannur  :  7^.356,^65; 
i?.395.US3,  /;.l,579,r.96;  /J.199,3S7i  />.429,8J3. 

ears.  Coifee.  Brown  susar.  Hides  in  val. 

1834  Lbs.  26,'i7l,368  Lti.  6.S16,l'i6  /J. 1 ,09.1, 1 3 1 

1835  3i,774,S76  7,96(t,HW3  1,1.10.691 
1R16  46,810.219  27,849,654  679.ti34 
1^7  3.VJ<16,2.|6  3.2^7,401  917,193 
1833  27,41  l,9HG  7,8i;5,0h7  124,730 
Exjiorted  from  the  I'nited  States  to  Hrazil  within  the  al»ove  speci- 
fied time,  of  foreign  and  domestic  articles,  the  following  amount : 


how  fir  Flour  and  HreAd,  Cotton  Manufactures,  aid  S[iirrs  Inn  | 
drain,  conlrihuled  to  make  up  the  list,  to  say  nnthInK  of  iirnvifH^w, 
nil,  '.perm  C'lndle*,  household  furniluru,  and  other  nianufatlures :( 
the  United  Slate- 


Vear. 
IS34 
IS35 
1836 
1837 
183S 


Flour  and  hrcad. 

i/S>94,440 

991.269 

884,126 

6IS,6>0 

1, 0*16,033 


Cotton  man. 
2;.2:J4.72I 
266.916 
200.^94 
303,1'>2 
636,513 


SI'iri'^ 

I6.t^0 

KJC2 
LWI 


/ear. 
1834 
I8a5 

1836 
1837 
183B 


Fnr.  expnrt. 
i}.473,2*)4 

797>65 

i,rif;2.i9» 

441,9f)2 
662,237 


D'-m.  expnrl. 

/).  1, 586,097 
1,810.791 
1,732,741 
1,3  '1,217 
2,094,957 


'lotal  exp. 

2J.2.059,3-»I 
2,60«.«"6 
H,091.'^3(> 
1.743.209 
2,657,194 


The  Kxports  from  Hio  J.ineim  for  the  month  nf  .lune  hut  fW9. 
compared  with  tliose  in  Ihe  same  period  of  the  two  preceding  ya"v 
were  as  follow  : 

Coffee,  SuRir,  Ilntes. 

baijs  and  barrels.  iu  cases.  >n.  d 

In  1P39  52,188  1,544  ll.'M 

IB-'tH  60,603  1,58*.  e.ii\ 

1837  42,234  2,438  2^,5" 

The  Kxport  of  Sugar  during  the  first  six  months  of 

l!-39wa8         .....     9.fiii:nsrt. 

1838  .  -  -  .  ■  •    hM^^9  -''* 

1837 tir''"'-'  ■'"■ 

The  exports   from    Santos,    1838-1839,  were   400,0(0  arrol^s  I 
igainHt  294.0(;Oin  !«37-lH3H. 

The  stock  of  Hides  on  huul  at  Rio  J.uieiro,  at  Ibc  clowof  J-.M  | 
last,  was  about  ^0,000,  nearly  all  heavy  weights. 


ROADS. 


413 


I  %r»  nnl  ronforiMhU  to  ihm  tt. 
W  rri^  til  mil'  funtu  il*  rr<(,  tf  u,, 
lir  ilrnrrr  ii(  i'ul|l>l>llll)'  tlul  ihlil 
llll  Ihl'  llll''  "  |i«l'l' 

lii.>iiil"li  li'  !"•>  •''"  '"■  •<l'"»M 
oil  llie  value  1)1  llu'  catKii,  m  »,i 

II  Bnilili  «i>il  "li'"  "  ''  ""■'■'■I' 

I  iKirU,  iniinl  rlrnr  mil  liir"  III  i;  1 
lillin,  H.llll»,  Hill  'I'  J»ii'ii".  w 
llail  III  111"  |invlli-|(<- 111  ►riiii|i.ii, 
ira  at  mil  |«irl,  imyilK  'lu'in  "iilf 
Ttil  with  Itir  rciiiiiiiiirt  I'l  Niher 
in  iKittiilily,  lli'V  »'•  riil'il'tlifJta 
imr  Ilia  wlKileiillhi-  rjiKn 
•n  |iiiit  lii«linlli«'| 'I  I"  1111'ia.iTi 
km  rriilll  Iho  loral  iiilli"iilit%  i 

iIh'  art"  ia  Uiiilr.I,  Ilii-  'iiiif  n,,.' 
by  llin  I'ualiinia'  "Hicir  iil  Uii- 1'  r' 
ly,  ili«ll(«illai'tlh»«uil;iii-,  IN!,,, 
.illtr  llii-ir  nilry. 
duly,  IIXI  niB  jirr  liiii,  (nrall  viw , 

»|i»n'  llll'"  la  »  lnlil-liiiU'i'.  V'l 
nmi  lliiailuijr. 

cnKalin  111"  liaralllin  harlniir  < 
rKi'aarii  Ifvinl,  vil.,  nl  IhririMH, 
■t-ia;  -uiil  III  (ifif*  iii"li  ^^^^  riit- 
•vrry  wrilirn  h.ilfalucl. 
I  ia  lilfil  >l  H.iOl  tria  ;  lull  in  ri-< 
uniitiiii't  ^'i**'!  aiiii*li*'r  auin  nl  li,j(i 
iflliu  M'aai'l  liifrra  |iri>lli|tir. 

iiiaaia  inya  «,l ""  I'-ia;  Ithi,  at. 
r;i,!vi\.  birkv  l.ii-U. 
uy  ul  vcaaria  lailiiiK  iiulii  >  Imp 

,ali>lii:>ry  llial  llif  •«|irna«  if  iMJ,t( 
thiiiii  I  I''  l"i>l  I'y  'ii"  "»<:'i  "I'-ll 
l,il|,.,r;;i.liiin.  ,      , 
air  li.irnliiii  il   f"'.  In  cnlilntu  r( 
ai'il  ill  llll:  ilialruiiirul  uf  cn|,liul,k 

I  fur  in  i':»ali,  anil  aali-a  art*  niiJi  ci, 

fur  iMsll- 

fiir  llll*  iiuirtniei'f  I'niiluri-  mBa 
liriiLiluiiiiif  111"  Uiiiliiii  lull* 
itiuii  cAarjul  al  K<o. 

iiae, 

uerihinilli*,  wHh  (unda  in  haul, -i 

iintnfaalMon  cn-lil. 
(liiniiK,  .111'!  iic^iili.itMi^  I  ill", 
aloiif  vfMiclaliy  iiin:ii.  nii.tucl. 
cimilmiiii'il  liy  iiirvtynrj. 
ciillrdiiiK  [rcithla. 
la  o(  vi'awla  in  coumion  caw,  wiik 

vraarla  wlii-n  fiinila  are  .hIvjucpI,!! 
,1  vr»'ifl«i-nliTiiiK("rni'iii''i'ii'j' 
■iv.irliiiKKiHHias  am',   , 
lii.ni-.lMliliea  iiicurreil  thfrrnn. 

yiiiK  lunnfy  on  whitli  uoii'licttoit 

e  of  apC'Cio. 

,e  iiHuniice  on  the  anw.unl  ininrfl: 

:cJa  10  per  cent.,  6  per  ccul.  on  tti 

..llsnnliiiilnrMil. 

:  «  illiilniivrl  or  rrlluprpl.  lull  W' 

[trill  of  .-ItlvMllcrs  iif  IcslmluillillKI 

111  llic  rn^iJue  'i'  111"  "l«' 
1  a  Iv  iiu'i-'l. 

lifpcwito. 
ill. 

cnhippiiil  Itlf  cirgncsiif  \Mlt!!:l 

,  i  1-i  ptT  ctnt. 
lion  I'lurdi-il  mi  mU'S  nf  niirtiiv 
rcarirots,  but  uulliini;  i  li  iintfiluma 

-third  oflhftcnffi'e,  niiila 
/.il.  Our  fxiiiiils  ui'lliiiir, 
<t  year,  (lKiH,)cli'siiii; "llll 
vo  siilijiiiii  tint  inipiirlsiiii'l 

nil  iirticli;  frcnn  w  liilf  111 
ill  who  have  a  dlrotliiiUr- 

ri'il  alinve,  the  riillnwiii!  "iH  *' 
i,n  Manufaclurra,  ai  il  Sinrri  im 
ne  rul,  'n  sav  imlliiin  nf  prndw-m, 
iruilurc,  and  ollitr  maiiulacwift  a 


Cotinn  imn. 

266,918 

2(Xl,'iM 

30:i,|i« 

5M,:il3 

,  for  the  month  of  June  ImIiW. 
.  piTiotl  of  tlie  iwd  prrcdiiij  !■a^ 


S|in"s 
/J.l?.i^6 
lb.t>lO 
6,058 
SI.JC2 
IWl 


llido. 

No.  of. 

i;,:'ii 
6,211 
ii,:" 


_  SuRir, 

■is.  in  c.astta. 

I,f.4t 

l,Wi 

I  2,438 
[efirataiiuionlhact   ^^_^^.^^ 

.    10,439   J* 
I  .  .  ■      6,il'J   J*     I 

Ifisg-lKig,  were  400,010  snoka 

II  Rio  Janeiro,  allbc  clow o(J'.» 
I  heavy  weighu. 


M,;(»  lii.lra. 

|||^,;M    llll. 

111,4  lU     llll. 


iiionih  i  nrlielM  IImI  rnme  imler  ihe  .leBomlnillon  of  tNiiva  rxila, 
irr  alloiae.l  In  reiiiiMi  (nr  llir  iiui  i,  i,|  one  liioiilh,  ani  llirii  pay  l.i 
1*1  r  lint,  piir  liiniilh  alorint'*  n-iil, 

Miiliiiiery,  n  4  pravimiily  in  im.  al  the  |i<irl  Bhere  ini|«irli.|,  i« 
Inly  Irix,  iMit  auliJiTl  In  Ihi-  clurKe  uf  S  ptr  cent,  for  ix)<ificiil<  anil 
(I'm'lli'niirini. 

N,  II,  Wii.ai  anil  apiritiiniia  liipiora,  pay  fiirlher  t.'ifill  n.  pur  pi|i« 
of  INI)  tiiHiIi'laa  t'l  llie  MM«cri«..rifiu  lioipiul,  41,4  iiaj  ra.  ptr  piii«  uf 
any  ai/i',  loivii  iliii-a, 

).'i;i.'r(aflo,(.  — I'rior  to  Hie  ftral  of  July,  ri,ir,i»  fmm  the  aerr»- 
ahiian  (low  riiiiiilryi  pai.l  II  per  cm,  ami  In m  ii,..  ..iri  iriiiu 
(upper  niiintry)  10  per  cnil.  if  nl  the  rrovliire  "l  Hio  .Itiieirii;  lint 
If  trotii  aiiy  ofhi-r,  no  jireiieiiUliiin  nf  llie  reipii«ile  i  rrt4ii  ate  nf  nrli 
(III,  niily  7  per  rent.  llin»iver,  hy  llin  I'rovliiiial  llii,lii.|  of  ihi,  llllh 
of  Jilni-,  the  •liatlliellon  helMenii  fiodi  llif.  ■erra.ali  ilan  ,iihI  M-ri»  act* 
nil  lailntie  aivav  with,  (miiIi  payinff  alike,  ii.iiii.  ly,  II  per  ertil. 

i'ntaceo  paya  U  per  eeiii.,  II  fmtii  tliu  |irii\  line  of  ,SI,  I'aiil'a  ;  tiul 
if  from  that  of  .Mitiaa,  only  7  per  miiI,  .Mii/r,  ni-e,  and  pnlif,  if  uf 
the  pnivlnee  of  Rio  JaiiDini,  paya  IJ  per  rent,,  il  inynllier,  T  pereent. 
Indli{n,  tiplora,  and  any  irth  lea  nol  otIlerivHr  ipi-iiliKl,  p,iy  7  |,(,r 
eenl.  SiiKtr  paya  aiiire  III  ,lulv,  i  per  riiil.  tiliiiliiiiul  pruvliicial 
duty,  «  huh  ia  likely  In  fall  on  the  i.'>|iorter. 

Tliu  aUive  duliea  ar«  levied  niioii  valuahoita  AscJ  hy  a  wttklv 
larill'. 

I'rcriniia  inetala  in  coin  or  hara,  ami  cold  dlt^t,  whether  fnrelfu  or 
national,  are  aiilijeel  In  au  eipnrl  duty  of  i  per  eenl.  ad  \aloreiii. 

f'iMfiiin  /loijir  Tiirta  iifnf  .litutvawn.—tln  kikuU  iiii|>orleil  in 
fi»eki»el  and  cleared  tiy  welicht,  the  n-al  taiea  are  allowed  ;  on  li* 
ipiora  there  ia  allowed  fur  leakage  and  lireakaife.  in  ifUaa  Imtllea  ^  per 
cent.,  atone  dii.  3  per  cent,,  ami  in  ciaka  or  ilciiiijniiiia  i  per  cent,, 
and  nil  <l.iaa  and  earlhrnvv  ire  -^  per  cent, 

Hi'Crj'ttrtiitwn  and  /'i(wii/iipMti'Mf,— (too-N  re-eaporteil  or  Iran* 
ohijiped  I  ay  i per  cent,, and  when  for  the  coast  of  Alrica,  IJin'rceiit. 
,idditi'inal. 

fiiim/iiiri.— VeaaeU  nny  enter  in  I'ramiiiia.  tut,  when  hrintin^fiio 
cari(o  f.ir  the  port;  2d,  w  lien  hninfinK  only  part  I'lri^o  for  the  pint, 
ml  llift  reinaihder  for  anothrr  ihalliialioii ;  ,l<l,  w  lirii  piilliiiK  iii  to 
learn  the  state  nf  Ihc  niirkil,  or  fur  ri  fiealimenia  or  repairs, 

A/nmyrafi.  — Kvery  rnniinaiiihr  nf  a  vesaid  ia  retjiiind  to  hrini!  \ 
very  exact  nianifeat  nf  her  eanfo  in  duplicate,  allied  hy  the  Itiaxilian 
I  omul,  reaiilent  al  the  Inadiii;!  port.  At  porta  where  no  audi  (!otiaul 
rcai'les,  Hie  aaid  manifest  llillathe  ainiied  hy  two  llri/iti  i|i  tmrrrliaiita, 
or  if  therr  he  none  aiich,  t|i,.n  hy  Iwr,  native  iiierchanta,  the  si^raturef 
in  either  case  tieiim  rerlillid  hy  the  coliipeteiit  local  aulhori'y,  Noii* 
cniiipliance  with  Ihis  reiiilatii'iii,  or  iii.iceurnciea  in  the  iiiaiiifi'als,  aa 
also  irrcKiilaritiea  in  diacliari(iii(  or  toailiiiK,  aubject  veuels  to  heavy 
lines, 

/'i-rf  f'/irtr^-cf,— All  foreign  vessels,  aa  alao  natinnal  vessels  tradinc 
svith  foieiKii  parts,  pay  dO  reis  pi T  ilieni  anclioraKe,  for  eich  Ion  of 
Itiarili.in  adtinasureini-iil  (which  prnvti  generally  ahiiiit  the  Irufl 
huitlirn),  calculated  for  'lO  days  from  the  date  of  each  enlry  into  Ilia 
port,  but  all  vesssda  areeieinpt  fmin  thiadlielliat  introduce  100  whits 
colonists  into  any  port  of  lliazil.  'I'he  reniainini;  port  chaii;esilo  not 
exceeil  from  30  to  40  niilreaa  for  each  veasel,  accordiiii(  to  her  si/e.  . 

f'i/n(ii/ff.— There  are  no  pipits  for  the  port  of  Kin  de  Janeiro,  nAF 
are  any  iieceasary  for  enlering  that  iidhle  li.irtimjr,  aa  Ihi  re  are  no 
hi  Men  danicera  of  any  kind. 

Salt  of  t'liuU.—A  (Inly  of  'i  per  cent  ad  valon  ni  is  piyahle  njion 
the  sale  of  all  vessels,  wliclIiiT  foreign  or  national,  Old  (if  ITi  per 
cent,  upon  foreign  vtsstls  Leing  uaturallztd,— /.ii/orti'i/Vicc  C'urrenl. 
Jim.  Ki/.l 


riixiit  In  the  Am  (  montht  of  t'S*, 

lie.  *>.  l»fW, 

Ikv  ■«»■  IKW. 

Miiitw4r^  I'/  th$  i^niifivni  nrtulu  importtd  frrmi  Funtfn  i'otli 
during  Jun*t  IKIO, 
iilivea,  M  harrelai  Hteel,  tvn  inrkaifea  |  Tar,  111  liarri  la  {  Arms, 
Hidcaarai  Itrandv,  12  pipes,  fttVl  itemij.duia  {  flil  lollve),  27  pi  pea, 
18  liirn'ls,  2:1  !••■"■'  !  thi  Itiihl,  3,'klll  risks  ;  Coillish,  2,otO  hirrela  j 
VVIialelone.  I,2t<>  "'•  1  )("<ii.  :i<>4  tiarri  Is,  FrovKnina-leef,  .'I2il 
,,,-1,1  i».ik,42  t  .    -il,,  i.'ke.l  beef,  II,,||.|S  ■inintals.     Coal,  WU 

'  ,„    \V<«,  /» ''^.    M'l  1,307  banelij    lea,  1,201  eliesia  | 

l,.ii|*r,,T  Imac'i  .2«liiii',  la-ad,  27ll  Imrs.  II  rollsi  llran,  7U) 
lan,  fli'iifi  AniH,.-.;),  lo,lll»  barrels  |  do.  Kiiro|irnn,  .'20  barrels: 
iiilliin  aoi'l',  2,l>2Tpack>(es;  I. men  do.  43\  do.;  WiKillrii  do,  2li'2 
I,..;  Mill  do.  41  iln.  :  Iron,  I4i  bare,  ^.'ili  bun  Ilea,  0  Inns;  Tin,  70 
I,  in  ;  llll  Iware,  itil  pai  k  iKi  a  l  Nailkeetis,  12  klles  ;  lee,  2liO  tmia  ! 

(li'i,  l»  pipe'i  '"*  hards,  3'>ll  barrels  Willi  liotih.s,  l,|i  0  deniljohns, 
;'<liani  V;arl(i»n>'«"e,  .100  pnrka<isi  Huiirr,  472  barrolsi  Annini. 
niiHiii,  h'tlt  barrel*  .  Mararniii,  ■'>00  hoars;  Deals,  Ndil  iMiards, 
WlDfrtl;  l'ilrK2'  iharrels;  paper,  217  balea;  ('h,ese,ll2*  |i«ck 
,j<ai  >«np. -.'"*l>'  'I  '*''l'i  Mti-^*  ali|uelrea;  Tallow,  l,4()ii  ar- 
r„l).«;  I'ainK  3ei3M  irrels;  Kurnilure,  ||  packa>es;  landles  (lab 
i,,»i,3W)l<nes;  Vii 'xar,  34  pipea,  31  barrels;  Winea,  I'nrlUKueae, 
nil  pipes,  l.OM  V.arrela,  II  rasea  ;  llo.  niher  parts,  1,714  do.  106  do. 
ttH  llo. ;  Salaiiiporea,  111  balea, 

/iinurU  I »  III"  fi'i/mrf  U'li'  f JT'"'  Dulia,  Port  diarfti,  l/t.  in 
Uriiitt. 

i  direct  trade  with  foreign  countries  ia  only  pfrmilted  in  such 
.orn  iif  the  empire  of  lln/il,  where  there  are  ciialini-ho'isia  est,|. 
i lulled;  tlay  are  the  fnlloivmir  :  I'ara,  Maranliain.  rarnahiba,  Fort. 
ilcUitVaiiil,  Aracaly  (fV(irii),liio(traiide  .North,  Parahiba,  I'ernam. 
|.ilco,Maciyii(.l''l<i«"l,I-ir«iii<'iras(.S'irjri;ir|,  llahia,  Ksinr.ln  Santo, 
Rill  (If  .laiieiro,  ^alllos,  Paraiunna,  St.  t  aOiarine,  Hio  (irande,  .Sao 
Heria  («.  (I  >'  •''*',  ''"rlo  Ale«re  (H,  (),  S,). 

/iiiport /.infirr.  — All  forelKii  mi.rchan  liie  ia  siiliject  to  an  import 
liily  nf  15  per  cent.,  i-xcelit  tea,  which  paya  30  per  cent.,  and  kuii. 
i^.wdrr,  ss  also  wines  and  spiriluoiis  liipiora.  (the  prmlnciionof  ciuii- 
iriesHhicli  hive  iin  coinmerclal  treaty  with  Hrarih  paymn  .'iO  per 
cent. no  valiiatiiina  fixed  by  a  tarilT,  (which  is  the  same  IhroiKboiit 
'he  rmpiri'i  and  arllclea  not  apecille.|  in  such  tariff,  pay  duty  on  a 
rilurilcci^reil  by  the  importer,  the  cuslniti  hnuae  oflieera  haviiiK  llie 
rj^lil  10  taa^  lie  Rooda  at  audi  value,  and  10  per  cent,  thereon.  The 
rcuii'rifs  havili„  treatiea  ^f.\\\\  Braril,  and  the  dales  when  they  ex- 
i..rf,accnrilin<  to  the  intimation  aent  from  the  foreign  nflire  to  the 
ruitiirnhmiie,  are  aa  hillowa  i  I'nisaii,  2'ith  Noveiidier,  IKJ9  ;  llaiise- 
i,.*M,  do. ;  ilcnliiark,  7th  March,  Id-IO ;  I'nited  Statea  nf  North 
Anirnca,  ITili  Noninber,  l»ll  ;  Midland  and  IhlKiun',  ISih  April, 
|MI;flre7l  llrlnin,  Tilh  Nm.  tuber.  IS12.  Since  the  lit  of  July, 
IS.itI,  wines,  ipinluous  liipiois,  and  flour,  are  suh.iecl  to  a  special 
wrekly  tiriir.  A  coiiimilleu  has  been  appointed  Ly'tlie  i^ovcinincnt 
lorrvise  the  gencrtl  tarilVj  cnnaiderahle  pnigresa  has  been  already 
on.lf  iniistevision. 

Pniilrillie  afiirenientioneildiitiea, gooils  fexceplinR  linen  eamtirica, 
iKreflhrcad  or  silk,  matiiiricliirea  of  Roll  or  silver,  and  precious 
iiiiaci,  ivliicti  pay  only  1  1-2  per  cent,  iryulitnlv)  are  aiihied  to  a 
dunteiif.'iper  cent,  on  the  like  valualiniia  for  clearance  charges  and 
[lonfe  rent |i //iri/'C'ife  and  flnnazcilrtirrrnl,  dry  (ooilsare,  however, 
[*nniltril  In  remain  ill  the  ciistom-houae  warehouses  without  any 
f„r<tirr  adiilioiiat  charge,  for  a  period  not  exieediiiff  four  inoiiths  ; 
jllerthcexi'Matioii  of  which  they  incur  a  charge  of  1-4  percent,  par 

ROADS,  jtathways  foriiiPil  tlimuRh  tlic  country  with  more  or  less  art  and  care,  for  facili- 
tating the  transit  of  imlivitiuals,  carriages,  <Scc.  between  dillereiit  places.  They  arc  of  every 
varii'ty  of  form — from  ruJc,  narrow,  ruRRcd,  anil  unformed  paths,  carried  over  niountaina, 
intcrruiitcii  hy  every  petty  rivulet,  and  almost  ini[)raetical)lo  to  any  hut  foot  passenirerH,  to 
smooth,  hroad,  and  level  ways,  formed  of  solid  materials,  wiiidiiip;  round  or  cut  throup;h 
mountiiitiH,  and  carried  over  swamps  and  rivers  at  an  immense  expense,  and  admitting  of  the 
easy  pnssaRo  of  carriai^cs  and  of  all  sorts  of  Roods. 

the  laying  out  of  improved  roads,  and  their  construction,  forms  an  important  part  of  what 
is  (Icnoiniiiated  the  science  of  ci\il  engineering.  But  as  it  would  he  cjuite  foreign  to  our  pur- 
]iose  to  enter  into  atiy  details  as  to  the  formation  of  roads,  we  sliall  satisfy  ourselves  with  lay- 
ini;  licrorc  the  reader  the  following  statements  as  to  their  importance  in  a  commercial  point 
of  view. 

Impurtiince  find  VlilUy  nf  Iniprnvrd  Hoods. — Next  to  the  introduction  of  money,  and 
weiglits  and  measures,  the  formation  of  good  roads  and  bridges  gives  the  greatest  facility  to 
conimpire,  and  contributes  more  powerfully,  perhaps,  than  any  thing  else  to  the  progress  of 
iraprovi^nicnt.  They  have  been  denominated  national  veins  and  arteries ;  and  the  latter  are 
not  more  indispensable  to  the  existence  of  individuals,  than  improved  communications  are 
to  a  healthy  state  of  the  public  economy.  It  were  vain  to  attempt  to  point  out  in  detail  the 
various  advantages  derived  from  the  easy  means  of  communication  that  exist  in  Great  Bri- 
tain. 'J'licre  is  not  a  sinirle  district  that  is  not  indebted  to  others  for  a  lar,q;c  part  of  its  sup- 
plies oven  of  some  of  the  bulkiest  commodities.  Besides  the  coal,  metals,  minerals,  timber, 
com,  &r.  conveyed  from  one  jiart  of  the  empire  to  another  by  sea,  immense  (jtiantities  are 
ronvpycd  from  place  to  place  in  the  interior,  by  roads  and  canals ;  and  every  improvement 
eflkteii  in  the  means  of  conveyance  has  obviously  the  same  eflect  upon  the  cost  of  commo- 
tlitics  that  have  to  be  conveyed,  as  an  improvement  in  the  methods  by  which  they  are  raised 
or  manufactured. 

Wherever  the  means  of  internal  communication  are  deficient  in  a  country,  the  inhabitants 
must  unavoidably  disperse  themselves  over  the  surface.  Cities  were  originally  founded  by 
individuals  congregating  more,  perhaps,  for  the  purpose  of  national  defence  and  protection, 
than  for  any  other  cause.  But  in  countries  where  good  government  ia  established,  and  pro- 
perty is  secure,  men  resort  to  cities  only  from  a  sense  of  the  advantages  they  afford.  The 
2m2 


at 

41 

•II 

i; 

a   .^9 


.i»' 


'<!«« 


414 


ROADS. 


vmm 


Jii't'- iwmi 

■•■"« 


IS  ":... "  .7"-;'? 

„ |**» 


ii*'''""^'""!! 


.WlW''' 


Dl  l«K...,.  ~  iaain 
iUBfcrtlfy*'*'^"" 

llr    *» 


'<C 


!V 


■I  ; 


iii 


i:;ianiwnnrr 
mmm.  ■  ;t-r 

-■  *•-      .  i- 


scalc  on  which  business  is  here  comluctcd  prcscnt.i  fucilitips  that  cannot  he  elsewhere  afloiJod 
for  making  a  fortune ;  and  the  extent  to  whicii  the  subdivision  ofeniphiyments  is  carried  opens 
a  field  for  the  exercise  of  ail  sorts  of  talent ;  at  the  same  time  that  it  improves  and  perfects  all 
sorts  of  arts,  whether  subservient  to  industrious  or  scientific  pursuits,  or  to  those  of  pleasure 
and  dissipation.  It  is  this  that  attracts  the  aspiring,  the  industrious,  the  gay,  and  the  prolligate. 
to  cities, — that  fills  them  with  the  best  and  the  worst  part  of  the  species.  The  competilinn 
that  takes  place  in  a  great  town, — the  excitement  that  is  constantly  kept  up,  the  collision  uf 
so  many  minds  brought  into  immediate  contact,  and  all  endeavouring  to  outstrip  each  other 
in  their  respective  departments, — de»elopes  all  the  resourt  „„  of  the  human  mind,  and  reiulcrs 
a  great  city  a  perpetually  radiating  focus  of  intelligence  and  invention.  There  are,  how. 
ever,  consideral)le  clogs  upon  the  continued  increase  of  cities.  The  food  and  fuel  made  uso 
of  by  the  inhabitants,  and  the  raw  products  on  which  their  industry  is  to  be  exerted,  mus! 
all  be  brought  from  the  country  ;  and  according  as  the  size  of  the  city  increases,  the  dis. 
tiinces  from  which  its  supplies  must  be  brought  become  so  much  the  greater,  that  ultiunuelv 
the  cost  of  their  conveyance  may  be  so  great  as  to  balance  or  more  the  peculiar  advantages 
resulting  from  a  residence  in  town.  Hence  the  impossibility  of  a  large  or  even  a  considora- 
""i'j  city  existing  any  where  without  possessing  extensive  means  of  communication  cither 
with  tlic  surrounding  country,  or  with  other  countries;  and  hence,  too,  the  explanatiun  of 
the  apparently  singular  fact,  of  almost  all  largo  cities  having  been  founded  on  or  near  ihe 
sea,  or  a  navigable  river.  Had  London  been  an  inland  town,  50  miles  from  the  shore,  it  is 
abundantly  certain  that  she  could  not  have  attained  to  one  third  her  present  size ;  but  the 
facilities  afforded,  by  her  admirable  situation  on  the  Thames,  for  the  importation  of  all  sorts 
of  produce  from  abroad,  as  well  as  from  other  parts  of  England,  will  enable  her,  should  her 
commerce  continue  to  prosper,  to  add  to  her  colossal  magnitude  for  centuries  to  come. 

But  all  towns  cannot  be  founded  on  the  sea  coast,  or  the  banks  of  navigable  rivers;  and 
the  growth  of  those  in  inland  situations  must,  in  all  cases,  depend  on  their  means  of  conimu. 
nicating  with  the  surrounding  country.  Without  our  improved  roads,  the  great  iiihuiil 
manufacturing  towns  with  whicli  England  is  studded,  such  as  Manchester,  Leeds,  Biimiii;. 
ham,  Sheineld,  Bolton,  Preston,  &c.,  could  not  exist.  They  enable  the  inhabitants  to  ohtain 
the  rude  products  of  the  soil  and  the  mines  almost  as  cheap  as  if  they  lived  in  country  vij. 
lages.  There  is  thus  .lOthing,  or  next  to  nothing,  to  detract  from  the  advantages  whicli  the 
inventive  and  enterprising  artisan  may  expect  to  realise  from  resorting  to  these  great  hives 
of  industry.  And,  owing  to  the  gigantic  scale  on  which  all  sorts  of  industry  arc  conducted 
in  them,  the  scope  afforded  for  the  employment  of  the  most  powerful  machines,  and  the  ap- 
propriation of  particular  sets  of  workmen  to  every  separate  process,  however  minute,  manu- 
facturing industry  is  carried  to  a  degree  of  perfection  that  almost  exceeds  belief. 

The  influence  that  the  growth  of  a  large  town  has  upon  agriculture  is  great  and  striking 
"  In  the  neighbourhood,"  says  Dr.  Paley,  "  of  trading  towns,  and  in  those  districts  which 
carry  on  a  communication  with  the  markets  of  trading  towns,  the  husbandmen  are  busy  and 
skilful,  the  peasantry  laborious :  the  land  is  managed  to  the  best  advantage,  and  double  the 
quantity  of  corn  or  herbage  (articles  which  are  ultimately  converted  into  human  provision) 
raised  from  it,  of  what  the  same  soil  yields  in  remoter  and  more  neglected  parts  of  the  coun- 
try. Wherever  a  thriving  manufactory  finds  means  to  establish  itself,  a  new  vegetation 
springs  up  around  it.  I  believe  it  is  true,  that  agriculture  never  arrives  at  any  consiJerable, 
much  less  at  its  highest,  degree  of  perfection,  when  it  is  not  connected  with  trade ;  that  is, 
when  the  demand  for  the  produce  is  not  increased  by  the  consumption  of  trading  cities."— 
[Moral  Philosophy,  book  vi.  c.  11.) 

But  the  fact  of  their  being  mainly  conducive  to  the  growth  of  cities,  is  not  the  only  advan- 
tage which  improved  roads  confer  upon  agriculture.  Without  their  aid  it  would  be  impossi- 
ble to  carry  to  distant  places  sutlicient  supplies  of  such  bulky  and  heavy  articles  as  lime, 
marl,  shells,  and  other  manures,  necessary  to  give  luxuriance  to  the  crops  of  rich  soils,  and 
to  render  those  that  are  poor  productive.  Not  only,  too,  would  inferior  roads  lessen  the  mar- 
ket for  farm  produce,  and  consequently  the  quantity  raised,  but  a  larger  proportional  number 
of  horses  or  other  cattle  would  be  required  to  convey  the  diminished  produce  to  market.  It 
is  plain,  therefore, "that  good  roads  are  both  directly  and  indirectly  a  prime  source  of  agricul- 
tural improvement; — directly,  by  increasing  the  quantity  and  reducing  the  cost  of  niaimre, 
and  by  increasing  the  quantity  and  reducing  the  cost  of  conveying  farm  produce  to  market; 
and  indirectly,  by  providing  for  the  growth  and  indefinite  extension  of  cities  and  towns,  that 
is,  of  the  markets  for  agricultural  produce. 

Increased  speed  of  conveyance  is  one  of  the  principal  advantages  that  have  resulted  from 
the  formation  of  good  roads,  the  invention  of  steam  packets,  &c.  Suppose  that  it  takes ", 
days  to  travel  by  an  uneven  ill-made  road  between  any  2  places ;  and  that,  by  improvin; 
the  road,  the  journey  may  be  accomplished  in  1  day  :  the  etfect  is  the  same  as  if  the  distance 
were  reduced  ^ ;  and  there  is  not  only  a  great  saving  of  time  to  travellers,  but  also  a  great 
saving  of  cost  from  the  more  speedy  conveyance  of  commodities.  This  latter  is  a  point  of  much 
more  importance  than  is  commonly  supposed.  It  is  not  possible  to  form  any  correct  estimate 
of  the  value  of  the  products  that  are  constantly  in  the  act  of  being  carried  from  place  to  plow 


ROADS. 


415 


y 

i 


3  clsowhrre  afloiJi:! 

ciUsiHcarriciloiHMi* 

ovcs  and  pcrfcots  all 

to  thorti!  of  pleasure 

y,  and  the  prolliRatc. 

I,     Tho  comiH'tilion 

t  up,  the  collision  ol 

(  outstrip  each  other 

in  mind,  and  renders 

1.    There  arc,  how- 

jj  and  fuel  made  use 

,s  to  be  exerted,  must 

ity  increases,  the  dis- 

rcater,that  ulliinately 

i  peculiar  advantages 

e  or  even  a  considcra- 

communication  cither 

,0,  the  explanation  ot 

junded  on  or  near  ihe 

es  from  the  shore,  it  is  ] 

r  present  size ;  but  the 

mportation  of  all  surts 

enable  her,  should  her 

;nturies  to  come. 

navigable  rivers;  and 

their  means  of  cnmiiiu- 

oads,  the  great  iulai.l 

hestcr,  Leeds,  Birmiii^ 

lie  inhabitants  to  obtain 

icy  lived  in  country  vil- 

e  advantages  which  the 

ng  to  these  great  hives 

industry  arc  conducted 

machines,  and  the  ap- 

[however  minute,  manu- 

;ceds  belief. 

irc  is  great  and  striking. 

[n  those  districts  which 

isbandmcn  are  busy  and 

rantagc,  and  double  the 

into  human  provision) 

lectcd  parts  of  the  coun- 

liuelf,  a  nev»  vegetation 

ives  at  any  consiJerable, 

pted  with  trade ;  that  is, 

\on  of  trading  cities."- 

Is,  is  not  the  only  ailvan- 
laid  it  would  be  impossi- 
\  heavy  articles  as  lime, 
J  crops  of  rich  soils,  and 
lor  roads  lessen  the  mar- 
rer  proportional  number 
I  produce  to  market.  It 
[prime  source  of  asiicul- 
ling  the  cost  of  manure, 
larm  produce  to  market; 
|of  cities  and  towns,  that 

J  that  have  resulted  from 

luppose  that  it  takes  2 

land  that,  by  improvin; 

B  same  as  if  the  distance 

[•ellers,  but  also  a  great 
I  latter  is  a  point  of  much 

Irm  any  correct  csliniate 
tried  from  place  to  pla« 


in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  It  is  certain,  however,  that  it  is  very  great,  and  every  ad- 
ditional facility  of  conveyance,  by  bringing  such  products  more  ra|)i(lly  to  their  ilestination, 
and  enabling  them  to  be  sooner  applied  to  the  jiurposcs  for  which  they  are  intended,  renders 
large  (jiiantities  of  capital  available  for  industrious  i)urposes,  that  would  otherwise  be  locked  up. 
Mole  ofdifrai/iiifr  Costs  of  Road.s. — Uoads  of  one  sort  or  other  must,  of  course,  exist  in 
cvcrv  country  emerged  from  barbarism, — but  in  England,  the  statute  of  the  28tli  of  Philip 
anilMiiry,  which  is  still  in  force,  is  the  first  legislative  enactment  in  which  a  regular  provi- 
«i^  :  was  made  for  the  repair  of  the  roads.  The  preamble  to  this  statute  declares,  that  tho 
roads  were  tedious  and  noisome  to  travel  on,  and  dangerous  to  passengers  and  carriages  ;  and, 
therefore,  it  enacts,  that  in  every  parish  2  surveyors  of  the  highways  shall  be  annually  chosen, 
and  the  inhabitants  of  all  parishes  obliged,  according  to  their  respective  ability,  to  |)rovido 
labourers,  carriages,  tools,  &c.  for  four  days  each  year,  to  work  upon  the  roads,  under  the 
direction  of  the  surveyors.  This  system,  though  in  many  respects  extremely  defective,  was 
at  the  time  justly  considered  a  great  improvement,  and  answered  pretty  well  till  the  reign 
of  Charles  II.,  when,  owing  to  the  increase  of  carriages,  particularly  about  London,  it  became 
necessary  to  adopt  more  cHicient  measures  for  the  formation  and  repair  of  roads ;  and  the 
plan  of  imposing  tolls  upon  those  who  made  use  of  them  began  then  to  be  adopted.  I$ut  this 
system  was  not  carried  into  full  effect,  and  placed  upon  a  solid  footing,  till  about  1767,  when 
it  was  extended  to  the  great  roads  to  all  parts  of  the  country  ;  the  contributions  of  labour 
under  the  act  of  Philip  and  Mary  being  then  aiipropriated  entirely  to  the  cross  or  country  roads. 
A  money  payment  is  also  very  frequently  made  instead  of  a  contribution  in  labour. 

AVhcn  the  plan  for  extending  turnpike  roads  from  the  metropolis  to  distant  parts  of  the 
country  was  in  agitation,  the  counties  in  the  neighbourhood  of  London  petitioned  parliament 
against  it,  alleging  that  the  remoter  counties  would  be  able,  from  the  comparative  cheapness 
of  labour  in  them,  to  sell  their  produce  in  London  at  a  lower  rate  than  they  could  do;  and 
that  their  rents  would  be  reduced,  and  cultivation  ruined,  by  tho  measure !  Luckily  this  in- 
icrcsted  opposition  proved  ineffectual ;  and  instead  of  being  injurious  to  the  counties  adjoin- 
ing the  metropolis,  the  improvement  of  the  roads  has  been  quite  as  beneficial  to  them  as  to 
those  at  a  distance,  inasmuch  as,  by  providing  for  the  indefinite  extension  of  the  city,  it  has 
rendered  it  a  far  better  market  for  their  peculiar  productions,  than  it  would  have  been  had 
its  growth  been  checked,  which  must  have  been  the  case  long  ago,  had  the  improvements  in 
question  not  been  made. 

The  plan  of  making  and  repairing  roads  by  contributions  of  labour  is  not  peculiar  to  Eng- 
land, but  was  at  one  period  general  all  over  Europe.  By  an  act  of  the  Scotch  parliament, 
passed  in  1669,  all  persons  engaged  in  husbandry  were  obliged  to  labour  6  days  each  year, 
before  or  after  harvest,  upon  the  public  roads ;  the  farmers  and  landlords  being,  at  the  same 
time,  obliged  to  furnish  horses,  carts,  &c.  according  to  the  extent  of  land  occupied  by  them. 
The  inconveniences  of  such  a  system  are  many  and  obvious.  Those  who  get  no  jiay  for 
their  work,  and  who  perform  it  against  their  will,  waste  their  time  and  industry  ;  and  there 
is,  besides,  a  great  loss  incurred  by  the  interruption  of  the  regular  pursuits  of  the  labourer. 
A  sense  of  these  disadvantages  led,  in  the  early  part  of  the  reign  of  George  III.,  to  a  commu- 
tation of  the  labour  contribution  for  a  money  tax  on  land,  rated  according  to  its  valuation  in 
the  cess  books.  This  measure  has  been  productive  of  the  best  effects.  Previously  to  its 
taking  place,  the  roads,  even  in  the  best  cultivated  districts  of  Scotland,  were  in  the  worst 
possible  state ;  now,  however,  they  are  about  the  very  best  in  Europe. 

A  similar  system  has  been  followed  on  the  Continent.  When  Turgot  entered  on  his  ad- 
ministration, he  sent  a  circular  letter  to  the  road  surveyors  and  engineers  of  the  different 
provinces  of  France,  desiring  them  to  transmit  estimates,  framed  on  the  most  liberal  scale, 
of  the  sums  of  money  for  which  the  usual  repairs  might  be  made  on  the  old  roads,  and  the 
ordinary  extent  of  new  ones  constructed.  The  average  of  the  estimates  showed  that  a  money 
contribution  of  about  10,000,000  livres  a  year  would  suffice  for  these  objects;  whereas  Tur- 
cot showed,  that  the  execution  of  these  repairs  and  constructions,  by  contributions  of  forced 
labour,  or  corvces,  cost  not  less  than  40,000,000  livres ! — (Art.  Taxation,  Sup,  to  Encij.  Brit.) 
There  is  still,  however,  a  great  deal  of  labour  performed  on  the  cross  ancl  country  roads  of 
i  England,  under  the  system  established  by  the  act  of  Philip  and  Mary.  Its  continuance  is 
!  most  probably  to  be  a.scribed  to  the  want  of  any  ready  means  for  its  commutation. 

It  is  the  duty  of  government  to  furnish  assistance  towards  the  formation  of  roads  and 
i  bridges  in  parts  of  the  country  where  they  are  necessary,  and  where  the  funds  required  for 
their  formation  cannot  otherwise  be  obtained.     But  it  is  in  such  cases  extremely  desirable, 
in  order  to  prevent  government  from  being  deceived  by  interested  representations,  that  those 
more  immediately  concerned  in  the  undertaking  should  be  bound  to  contribute  a  considera- 
ble portion  of  its  expense.     This  has  been  done  in  the  case  of  the  Highland  roads.     Down 
I  to  a  very  recent  period,  large  tracts  in  the  Highlands  were  quite  inaccessible,  and  were,  con- 
I  sequently,  in  a  great  measure  shut  out  from  all  improvement ;  while  the  rugged  nature  of  the 
I  country  and  the  poverty  of  the  inhabitants  rendered  any  attempt  to  construct  improved  roads 
Ian  undertaking  beyond  their  means.     Under  the.se  circumstances,  government  came  for- 
pard  and  engaged  to  advance  ^  the  expense  of  making  roads  and  bridges  in  certain  districts, 


•II 
11 

«■ 


1I1> 


If 


416 


ROADS. 


V'  i- 


iiiiMa'' 

MM* '' 


■f  'S* 


I^IK**— «•■:■ 


iC"' 


%iV  ■  •»  '«i 
.■ma:  .^■»r' 
i.»i«»-  ■;  ... 


on  condition  that  the  Inntllords  and  others  interested  should  advance  the  other  J,  and  that  the 
work  should  be  executed  under  the  direction  of  parliamentary  commissioners  and  engineers. 
This  arranerement  has  been  highly  beneficial.  Through  its  means  about  600  miles  of  excellent 
roads  have  been  constructed ;  and  in  consequence  of  the  easy  means  of  communication  they 
afford,  a  s^pirit  of  improvement  has  been  excited  even  in  the  wildest  and  least  frequented  districts, 

Dr.  Smith  seems  to  have  inclined  to  the  opinion,  that  the  roads  of  a  country  would  be 
better  attended  to,  and  more  economically  managed,  were  they  placed  under  the  control  of 
government,  than  when  they  are  left  to  be  planned  and  superintended  by  private  individuals, 
But  this  opinion  does  not  seem  to  rest  on  any  good  foundation.  It  is,  perhaps,  true  that  a 
few  of  the  great  roads  between  the  principal  towns  of  a  county  might  be  better  laid  out  by 
government  surveyors,  than  by  surveyors  appointed  by  the  gentlemen  of  the  different  coun- 
ties  through  which  they  pass.  But  these  great  roads  bear  but  a  very  small  proportion  to  the 
total  extent  of  cross  and  other  roads  with  which  every  county  cither  is,  or  ought  to  be,  in. 
torscctcd ;  and,  besides,  it  is  abundantly  certain,  that  when  the  formation  of  the  great  roads 
is  left,  as  in  Great  Britain,  to  the  care  of  those  who,  either  by  themselves  or  their  tenants, 
have  to  defray  the  greater  part  of  the  expense  of  their  construction  and  repair,  they  will  be 
managed,  if  not  with  greater  skill,  at  least  with  far  more  economy  than  if  they  were  intrusted 
to  the  agents  of  government.  M.  Dupin  has  set  this  matter  in  the  clearest  point  of  view,  in 
the  remarks  he  has  made  on  the  administration  of  the  roads  in  France  and  England.  In  the 
former  they  are  entirely  under  the  control  of  government ;  and  the  consequence  is,  that  while 
there  is  a  useless  expenditure  upon  a  few  great  roads,  the  cross  roads  are  almost  entirciv 
neglected,  and  the  facilities  of  internal  intercourse  are  incomparably  inferior  to  cars. 

Sir  Henry  Parnell,  who  has  published  by  far  the  best  treatise  on  road-making  in  the 
English  language,  while  he  approves  of  the  system  of  local  trusts,  proposes  that  measures 
should  be  taken  for  increasing  the  responsibility  of  the  trustees,  and  that  every  trust  should 
he  obliged  to  submit  its  accounts  to  the  inspection  of  some  public  Board.  We  have  no 
doubt  that  tiiis  plan  would  be  in  several  respects  advantageous.  Perhaps,  however,  the 
object  in  view,  in  making  accounts  be  submitted  to  a  public  Board,  might  be  attained  hy  the 
erection  of  local  tribunals  for  their  inspection.  We  should  be  extremely  jealous  of  any  ]ilan, 
how  advantageous  soever  in  other  respects,  that  might  lead  to  the  employment  of  gnvern- 
ment  surveyors  generally  in  the  laying  out  of  road^,  or  to  any  material  abridgment  of  the 
powers  of  the  private  trusts. 

Length  of  Roads,  Cost,  Src — The  following  «.^ntails,  taken  from  the  report  of  the  commit- 
tee of  the  House  of  Lords  on  turnpike  road  trusts,  show  that,  in  1829,  the  total  length  of  the 
different  paved  streets  and  turnpike  roads  in  England  and  Wales  amounted  to  19,798  miles; 
that  the  direct  expenditure  by  the  trustees,  on  account  of  these  roads,  during  the  same  year, 
was  about  1,. '500,000/.,  and  the  revenue  about  1,455,000/.  But,  exclusive  of  this  pernniarv 
outlay,  the  value  of  the  work  performed  on  these  roads,  by  parishes,  and  not  brought  into  (he 
charge,  is  estimated  at  1 00,000/. ;  making  the  whole  expenditure  1,600,000/.  The  length 
of  the  various  cross  roads  and  other  highways  is  estimated  at  about  95,000  miles. 


Siiiiimury  Slalemevt  of  Roads,  in  England  and  fVaUs 
■  miles,  19,798 


Length  of  (unipike  roa'is 

JN'uniiier  01  turiipiku  trusts    •             ■              *             •  1,11 

.Acts  or  pnrliaintnt  passed    .             .             .             •  3,7S3 

Toll  gaits   -              .    •         .              .              .              .  4,H7I 

Uibt             ......  i,7,304,803 

Income  in  1829.  L. 
Income  from  tolls       .....    1,309,014 

—  parish  caliipo&itions  received         -  •         59,.'1:> 

—  liii'i       ■             -             .             •  .              2S8 

—  iiicideiilil  causes               -             -  .         38,648 
Rents  of  toll  piles  ai.d  parish  >  Tolls  ■              -  -         39..i4i 

conipositiuiis  due,  but  unpaid  $  E'arisli  compositions*  -          7,8S3 

Total  income  for  the  year  L.  1,4.')5,293 
Krpunditure  in  1S29. 


I. 


Interest  paid  on  mortgage  debt 

Mjiiual  labour  ..... 

I'eani  labour,  improvements,  materials,  on  contracts. 


L. 
.    236,6.>9 
.    303,173 
•    578,237 


Land  purchased  or  damages  paid  for  in  getting  materials 

Repairs  to  toll  houses,  gates,  &c. 

Salaries  to  clerks,  surveyors,  law  bills,  printing,  adver 
tisiiiff,  stationery,  ant  incidental  charges  .  .    igc.OH 

Payments  comprising  part  of  the  debts  or  accounts  of  for- 
mer years,  &c.  (as  ilcducted  from  the  accounts  delivered 
to  the  clerk  of  the  peace)         ....    213,75' 

The  gross  expenditure  for  the  year  1829,  as  delivered  to  the 
clerk  of  the  peace  by  the  clerks  of  the  roads      -  .  1,675,0^1 

Interest  not  brought  into  charge  In  the  accounts  delivered 
to  (he  cteik  of  tlte  peace,  but  included  in  the  current  el- 
penditure       ...  ...     65^0 

The  nett  current  expenditure  of  the  several  turnpike  road 
trusts  for  the  year  1829  .  -  ■  -I.IM.'S 


Expenditure     . 
Income  • 

Expenditure  above  income 


L.  l,4r-9,-.68 
•    l,45'>,i»l 

L.     44,i77 


Tolls. — In  fixing  the  rate  of  tolls,  great  care  should  be  taken  to  keep  them  as  low  as  pos- 
sible. When  they  are  either  too  much  multiplied,  or  too  high,  they  have  a  very  pernicious 
influence.  They  then  operate  as  a  most  oppressive  and  unequal  tax  on  commerce;  and  ob- 
struct that  intercourse  they  are  intended  to  promote.  The  same  remark  is  applicable  to  all 
sorts  of  dock  and  harbour  dues,  light-house  dues,  &c.  When  confined  within  due  hounds, 
they  cannot  justly  be  objected  to  ;  for  nothing  can  be  fairer  than  that  those  who  benefit  by 
such  increased  facilities  and  security  in  the  prosecution  of  their  business  should  pay  for 
them.  But  whenever  they  exceed  the  proper  limits,  they  tempt  the  navigator  to  resort  to 
ports  where  the  charges  are  lower,  and  to  direct  his  course  through  more  insecure  but  less 
costly  channels. 

Improvement  of  Roads. — It  is  not  easy  for  those  accustomed  to  travel  along  the  smooth 
and  level  roads  by  which  every  part  of  this  country  is  now  intersected,  to  form  any  accurate  idea 
of  the  difliculties  the  traveller  had  to  encounter  a  century  ago.  Roads  were  then  hardly 
*  Exclusive  of  parish  labour,  valued  at  100,0001. 


ROADS. 


417 


)ther  i,  and  that  the 
(nersand  enginenrs. 
00  miles  of  excellent 
communication  they 
,  frequented  districts. 

a  country  would  be 
under  the  control  of 
^  private  individuals, 

perhaps,  true  that  a 
le  better  laid  out  by 
)f  the  different  conn. 
nail  proportion  to  the 
is,  or  ought  to  be,  in- 
n  of  the  great  roads 
vcs  or  their  tenants, 
[1  repair,  they  will  be 
if  they  were  intrusted 
irest  point  of  view,  in 
and  England.    In  the 
equence  is,  that  while 
Is  are  almost  entirely 
erior  to  oars. 
n  road-making  in  the 
foposes  that  measures 
tiat  every  trust  should 
Board.     We  have  r,o 
•erhaps,  however,  the 
ight  be  attained  by  the 
ly  jealous  of  any  jd.in, 
mployment  of  govern- 
rial  abridgment  of  the 

;  report  of  the  commit- 
,  the  total  length  of  the 
anted  to  19,798  niiks; 

during  the  same  year, 
iisive  of  this  pecuniary 
id  not  brought  into  the 
iOO.OOO/.    The  length 

,000  miles. 

i. 

lor  in  gelling  materials  -  5i),JB 

I  .  .  ■  t)3,yiji 
Iv  bills,  priming,  aJver- 

icliargea  -  •  Iwwi 
(tbis  or  accounts  of  for- 

II  the  accounts  JclivereJ  _ 

1829,  as  delivered  to  the 
if  the  roads      ■  -liKS.OVI 

1  the  accounts  delivered 
•luded  in  the  current  «• 

■  .  .  -      W,270 

\e  several  turnpilie  road^  ^^,^ 


L.  !,4r9,.C.8 
.    1,43),2'J1 

L.     4-l.iT7 

Ip  them  as  low  as  pos- 

lave  a  very  pernicious 

[on  commerce ;  anil  ob- 

Irk  is  applicable  to  all 

\a  within  due  bound?, 

[those who  benetil  by 

^iness  should  pay  for 

navigator  to  resort  to 

here  insecure  but  less 

ivel  along  the  smooth 
[form  any  accurate  itlea 
Ids  were  then  hardly 


formed  ;  and,  in  summer,  not  unfrequently  consisted  of  the  bottoms  of  rivulets.  Down  to 
the  middle  of  the  last  century,  most  of  the  goods  conveyed  from  place  to  place  in  SctHland, 
at  least  where  the  distances  were  not  very  great,  were  carried,  not  by  carts  or  wagons,  but 
on  horseback.  Oatmeal,  coals,  turf,  and  even  straw  and  hay  were  conveyed  in  tliis  way ! 
At  this  period,  and  for  long  previous,  there  was  a  set  of  single-horse  trallickcrs  (cadgers), 
that  regularly  plied  between  ditferent  places,  supplying  the  inhabitants  with  such  articles  as 
were  then  most  in  demand,  as  salt,  fish,  poultry,  eggs,  earthenware,  &c. ;  these  were  usually 
conveyed  in  sacks  or  baskets,  suspended  one  on  each  side  the  horse.  But  in  carrying  goods 
between  distant  places,  it  was  necessary  to  employ  a  cart,  as  all  that  a  horse  couhl  carry  on 
his  back  was  not  sulFicient  to  defray  the  cost  of  a  long  journey.  The  time  that  the  earners 
(for  such  was  the  name  given  to  those  that  used  carts)  usually  required  to  pcrlbrm  their 
journeys,  seems  now  almost  incredible.  The  common  carrier  from  Selkirk  to  Edinburgh, 
thirl //-eight  miles  distant,  required  afortnltr/it  for  his  journey  between  the  two  places  going 
and  returning !  The  road  originally  was  among  the  most  perilous  in  the  whole  country ;  a 
considerable  extent  of  it  lay  in  the  bottom  of  that  district  called  Gala-water,  from  the  name 
of  the  principal  stream,  the  channel  of  the  water  being,  when  not  flooded,  the  track  chosen  as 
the  most  level,  and  easiest  to  travel  in. 

Even  between  the  largest  cities,  the  means  of  travelling  were  but  little  superior.  In  1678, 
an  agreement  was  made  to  run  a  coach  between  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow, — a  distance  of  44 
miles. — which  was  to  be  drawn  by  six  horses,  and  to  perform  the  journey  from  Glasgow 
to  Edinburgh  and  back  again  in  sijc  days.  Even  so  late  as  the  middle  of  last  century,  it 
took  1  i  day  for  the  stage  coach  to  travel  from  Edinburgh  to  Glasgow, — a  journey  which  is 
now  accomplished  in  4  J  or  5  hours. 

8o  late  as  1763,  there  was  but  one  stage  coach  from  Edinburgh  to  London,  and  it  set  out 
only  once  a  month,  taking  from  12  to  14  days  to  perform  the  journey.  At  present,  notwith- 
stamling  the  immense  intercourse  between  the  two  cities  by  means  of  steam  packets,  smacks 
&c,,  fi  or  7  coaches  set  out  each  day  from  the  one  for  the  other,  performing  the  journey  in 
from  45  to  48  hours. — (Robertson's  Rural  Recol.  pp.  39 — 44.) 

The  cflccts  of  this  extraordinary  improvement  in  the  means  of  travelling  have  been  as 
striking  on  the  manners  as  on  the  industry  of  all  classes.  The  remm-k  of  Dr.  Smith  that 
"man  is  the  least  transportable  species  of  luggage,"  is  no  longer  true  as  applied  to  Great 
Britain.  During  spring,  the  metropolis  is  crowded  with  visiters  of  all  ranks  and  orders  from 
the  remotest  provinces ;  and  during  summer  and  autumn  vast  numbers  of  the  citizens  are 
spread  over  the  country.  Hence  it  is,  that  manners  as  well  as  prices  arc  reduced  nearly  to 
the  same  standard.  A  respectable  family  in  Penzance  or  Inverness  live  very  much  in  the 
same  way  as  a  respectable  family  in  London.  Peculiarities  of  all  sorts  have  disappeared ; 
every  thing  is,  as  it  were,  brought  to  a  level ;  the  fashions  and  opinions  of  the  metropolis  are 
iinineiliately  diffused  over  every  part  of  the  country,  while  those  that  originate  in  the  latter 
powerfully  influence  the  former. 

(These  details  have  been  partly  borrowed  from  the  treatise  on  Commerce,  piililishcil  by  the  Society 
fertile  Uitl'usion  of  Useful  Knowledge,  contributed  by  the  author  of  this  work.) 

[Tlie  roads  of  the  United  States  have  been  improved  and  multiplied  exceedingly  within  a 

few  years  past ;  and  the  extension  of  the  system  of  Internal  improvement — meaning  thereby 

the  introduction  of  easier  and  more  rapid  communications  between  the  different  points  of  their 

territiiry.has  been  latterly  urged  forward  with  a  zeal  that  seemed  nearly  regardless  of  the  amount 

of  present  expenditure.     Turnpike  roads  have  been  carried  through  the  country,  especially 

the  eastern  and  middle  portions  of  it,  in  almost  every  direction.     But  it  is  by  their  canals 

and  railroads,  as  much  as  by  any  other  circumstance  connected  with  their  progress,  that  the 

United  States  have  rendered  themselves  conspicuous  among  the  nations  of  the  earth.     This 

will  be  apparent  from  the  following  condensed  summary  of  the  canals  and  railroads  in  tho 

United  States,  with  their  lengths  and  terminating  points,  drawn  up  by  Mr.  H.  S.  Tanner, 

which  we  have  been  kindly  permitted  to  copy,  with  his  latest  corrections. 

AConilensed  Summary  of  the  Canals  and  Railroads  in  the  United  States;  their  Lengths,  and  Termi- 
nating Points. 
CatiaU  in  ^faine.  Caiialt  in  Masnachuaettu 

N,uiie.  From  To  Miles. 

Cmberlaud  and  Oxford,  near  Portland,     -    Long  Fond,  20'50 

liaU-roadt  in  Maine. 
Bangor  and  Orono,  -  -  Bangor,        -  Orono,  •  ■  10-00 

Candb  in  New  llampihin. 
n™  Falls,  ......    0-15 

ll>-kut  Kills,       ......    0-13 

Am  skeag  Falls,   .  -  •  -  -  -     I -00 

Iwuu,     .  .  .  .  •  -  •    9'tO 

Senill'i  Falls,       .....  -    0-^6 

Railroad$  in  jVcu)  Ilampihire. 
iMiem,   ■  -  -     Ma«.  Line,   ■  PortsmouU),       •  I5'47 

Nuliua  and  Lowell,*         -  .  .  -  •  U'25 

CanaU  in  yemwni. 

WWlf  River  FaUs,              .....  0-50 

Bdlow!  Fills,       -             .             -             .             .             -  0-16 

WllenfitcUy,       ......  0'40 


Name. 

From 

To 

Miles. 

Middlesex,  ■ 

■  Boston, 

Chelmsford, 

-1!7'00 

Paivtuckel,  - 

-  Lowell, 

-    I '30 

niackstone,  - 

.  Providence,  . 

Worcrster, 

-  «'0O 

Hampshire  and  Hampden, 

•  Couu.  Line,  - 

Korthampton, 

-  2200 

Montague  Falls, 
Soutli  liadley  Falls  - 

-    3-00 

• 

•    200 

Rail-rcadt  in  MtutachuKttn,  ■ 

Eastern, 

-  Boston, 

-  N.  II.  Line, 

-  3S-00 

noston  and  l/>well,  . 

•  Boston, 

-    l-OWt'll, 

-  i!600 

Hosion  and  Portland,! 

-  Wilmington 

Exeter,  N.  IL 

-  3400 

Cliarleslnwn, 

-  Charleatown 

-     1-75 

lloston  and  Worcester, 

•  Boston, 

•  Worcester, 

-4500 

Milbury  Brancli, 

•  Milltury, 

•    323 

Western,      ■ 

-  Worcester, 

.  W.  Slnckti'e., 

11606 

Boston  and  Providence, 

-  Boston, 

-  Providence, 

-41-00 

lied  ham  Branch, 

, 

Uedhani, 

■    2-00 

Taunton  Branch, 

-  Mansfield. 

Pauiilon, 

-  II'OO 

Taunton  and  New  Bedfonl, 

-  Taunton,' 

New  Bedford, 

-20-00 

I  I 


n 

0^ 


*  B  miles  in  Muuchusetts. 


53 


1 14  miles  in  New  Hampttire, 


418 


ROADS. 


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ami  ■■' 

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VI^^-% 

S^'5. 

-*« 

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^-^ 

■-^ 

imui-  ^ 

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wmt'  '■ 

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'«'*'■;':■■■  ,53 

,  mamt.-.  i'»*>i« 
■■»*•_■ 


iS" 


I 


Name.  Trom  To 

New  nedfiird  and  Fall  River,   N.  IleilfcirJ,  •  Fall  River, 
Seknnk,        •  •  •  Sekonk,        •  ProviiitMice, 

Quiucy,       •  ■  •  Graniti!  (J.,   •  Q.  Landiug, 

Itait-roads  in  Rhode  Island. 
Providence  and  Stonin^ton     •  Providenre,  •  Stonington, 
CanuU  in  Vaimtctiail, 


Miles. 
.  13(0 
.  li'OO 
.    3-00 


■  4700 


Farminiitnn, 

New  H,iven, 

Mass.  Line, 

.  SS'OO 

Eiifwld  Falls, 

.    5-50 

liailroadt  in  Coiineclicut, 

Nnrwich  an'I  Worcesler,* 

•  Norwich, 

.  Worcester, 

.  BS'50 

New  Haven  and  liirtford, 

-  New  Haven, 

HarlfnnI, 

.  36-00 

llousatunic,  • 

Bridgeport, 

New  Milford, 

.  3.r00 

Canab  in  Xew  York 

Erie, 

Albany, 
West  Troy, 

Buffalo, 

363-00 

Cliamplain, - 

•  Whilelull, 

76-00 

thenanno,    . 

L'lica, 

Bin^lumton, 

-  97-00 

Hlack  Kivcr, 

Rome, 

Carthage, 

.  83-bO 

*>8vv('i;o, 

Syracuse, 

(tswet:o. 

38-00 

Cayu^i  and  Seneca,  . 

,St  neca  lake. 

Cayuga  lake. 

23-00 

In  Miked  Lake, 

Peiniyan, 

Seneca  Lake, 

7-73 

Cheuiuiie,    - 

Seneca  Lake, 

Elmira, 

.  23  0(1 

Rrancliofdo. 

■  Klniira, 

Kuoiville, 

.  16-00 

Uol.iware  and  Hudson, 

Kddyville, 

Lackawaxen, 

.  ga-00 

Geiiessee  Viillt-y, 

Rochester, 

Olean, 

119-63 

DansviUe  Br.uich,     - 

,MI.  .Morris, 

Dansvitle, 

.  11-00 

Harlem, 

Hudson  river 

Kast  river, 

3-00 

Croton  Aqueduct,     - 

Crotun  river. 

N.  Vork, 

.  40  56 

Rail'roads  in  Xew  York. 

I-nn?  Island, 

Brooklyn,     - 

Hirksvillc, 

.  27-00 

Harlem, 

New  lork,  - 

Harlem, 

8-00 

Hudson  and  Perkshire, 

Hulaon, 

W.  Sti.ckbridge 

33  0(1 

L'ltskill  aiil  C'aii.ijdliarie, 

Calskill, 

Canajoharie, 

7S-00 

Ilt-nsstlaer and  Siiialcga, 

Troy, 

Balsinn, 

23-50 

Mohawk  and  Hulsnn, 

Alhativ. 

,Schenectady, 

13-86 

Saratoga  and  Scheneitady, 

Schenectady, 

Saratoga, 

■  21-50 

L'tica  and  Sclitneclady, 

Schenectady, 
Ulica, 

I  tica,  . 

77-00 

Syracuse  and  I'lica,  - 

Syracuse, 

53-00 

Syracuse  and  Auburn, 

Syracuse, 

Auburn, 

-26-00 

Auburn  and  Kuchcsler, 

Auburn, 

Rochester, 

■  80-00 

'JVmawand.t,  • 

Rochester, 

Attica, 

43-00 

Kuli'aln  and  Niajara  Falls, 

Bullalo, 

N.  Falls, 

.  23-00 

LockiMirtand  Niaifara  Falls, 
nullalo  and  lilack  Kjck, 

L*)ckport, 

N.  Falls, 

■  20-00 

Butlalo, 

B.  Rock, 

■    3-00 

K'lchester,    - 

Rnchester, 

Port  Genesee, 

•    3-CO 

lihaca  and  (>s\vego,  .- 

Itliaca, 

Oswego, 

-  29-CO 

ralh, 

B.ath, 

Crooked  Lake, 

■    5-00 

Port  Kent  and  Keesville, 

P,  Kent, 

Keesviiie, 

4-50 

Canali 

in  New  Jersey. 

Delaware  and  Rarilan, 

Bordentovvn, 

N.  Brunswick, 

■  42-00 

Morris, 

Jersey  city,    • 

N.  Eastnn,  Pa. 

101-73 

Salem, 

Salem  creek, 

Delaware  river. 

4-00 

Rail-roa 

]it  in  New  Jersey. 

Camden  and  Amboy, 

'  Camden, 

S,  Amboy, 

.61-00 

Trenton  Branch, 

• 

.     800 

JubstoHn  Branch, 

Johstown,     • 

Craft's  creek, 

.  13-00 

Paterson  and  Hudson 

Jersey  city,  • 

Paterson, 

16-30 

Camden  and  Woodbury, 

Camden, 

Woodbury, 

9-00 

New  Jersey, 

Jersey  city,  - 

N.  Brunswick, 

-  31-00 

Trenton  and  Brunswick, 

Trenton, 

N.  Brunswick, 

.  27-00 

Morris  and  Essex,     • 

Newirk, 

MorristoWD, 

.22-00 

Eiizabctliiiorl  and  Somervilte, 

Elizabelhpor 

,Souierville, 

23-00 

Canals  in  Pcymsylvania. 

_; 

Central  Pivininn, 

Columbia,     - 

Hrdlidaysburg, 

172-00 

S 

Western  Division, 

Johnstown,  • 

Pittsburg, 

104-23 

■3 

Susquehanna,  do. 

Duncairs  Is. 

Norlhuijiberland,39-O0 

West  Branch  do. 

Northland, 

Farrandsville, 

73-(0 

,!< 

North  Branch,  do. 

do. 

Lackawana, 

.  72-^0 

Delaware  Division, 

Bristol, 

Kaston, 

69-73 

D^ 

.Beaver  Division, 

Beaver, 

Shenango  R. 

.1073 

Schuylkill  Navigation, 

Philadelphia, 

Port  Carbon, 

lOS-00 

Union, 
UhiKh, 

Re.iding, 

MiiMlelown, 

-  S-2  CS 

F^aslon, 

Stoddartsville, 

84-4S 

l^ckawnxen. 

Delaware  R, 

Honesdale, 

2o-0() 

Conestoga,    . 

l.ancas[er,     ■ 

Sale  Harbor, 

18-CO 

("odorus, 

Vork, 

Susquehanna  R. 

11-00 

Raid  Ea'le, 

West  Br.  Ca. 

Bellefontc, 

25-00 

Sus()uehanna, 

Wrighlsville, 

Havre  de  Grace 

,  43-00 

Minor  Canals 

• 

- 

21-00 

Rail-roadi 

in  Pmiiinilvania. 

Columbia  and  Philadeljiliia, 

■  Philadelphia 

Columbia, 

81 -CO 

Portage, 

-  Iiollidaysburg,John3ton, 

36-69 

I'hiladelphia  City,  &c. 

. 

6-00 

Valli'v, 

•  Norristown, 

Columbia  R.  R. 

20-25 

West'Chcsler, 

ColuiTibiaK.R.\Vest  Chester, 

10-00 

Harristmrg  and  Lancaster, 

Harrisburtr,  • 

l,ancaster. 

3V50 

Cumberland  Valley,  - 

.  Ilarrisburir,  - 

Chamhersburg, 

60-00 

Franklin, 

.  Chaml)ersburjr,Willianisport, 

30-00 

York  and  Wrightaville, 

■  Vork, 

Wrighlsville, 

13-00 

Strasbur^, 

.  C.  Val.  R,  R 

Strasburg, 

7-00 

Pbiladeliihia  and  Reading, 
I.illlc  Schuylkill, 

•  Phil.adelphia 

Pollsville, 

93-00 

P  irt  Cliulon, 

Tam.»qua, 

23  00 

Danville  and  PottsvUle, 

Pottsville, 

Sunbury, 

44-34 

Lit.  Sell,  and  Su^q.     - 

Tamaqua,    • 

Williainsnort, 
Beaver  M.  R.  R 

106-00 

Beaver  Meadow  Branch, 

•  Litidnei*s  Gp 

,12  00 

VVillianispnrt  :ind  Elmira, 

-  VVilliamspor 

,Klmira, 

73-30 

Corning  and  Hlussburg, 

•  Blos8burt(,    . 

Corning, 

40-00 

Mount  Carl^n, 

Mt.  Carbon, 

Norwegian  Cr. 

7-24 

Schuylkill  Valley,      . 

Purl  Carbon, 

Tuscarora, 

10-00 

Branches  of  do. 

. 

15-00 

Schuylkill,     • 

Schuylkill,  ■ 

Valley, 

Coal  Mine, 

13-00 

Mill  Creek,  - 

Port  Carbon, 

9-0O 

Mine  11,  and  Sch.  Haven, 

.Sch.  Haven, 

MinellillGn.  . 

2000 

Mauch  Chunk, 

Mauch  C  hunk,Coal  M. 

9-00 

Bra 

ichesofdo. 

• 

. 

16C0 

From  To 

•  Mauch  Chunk,  Coal  M. 

•  I*arryvile,    •  Coal  M. 

•  Hazelton  M.    Beaver  M.  R. 

•  Nt'8*lioni)ii;M.I.ctiii;h  R. 

•  White  Haven, Wilktsbarre, 

-  Cirtxiiidale,     Honestlah-, 

•  I'ort  Lyon,   •  Coal  Mines, 

•  Broad  Alount.  MillerahurK, 

-  Pine  (irove,     Coal  M. 

•  I'hiladflpliia,   Morrlsville, 

•  Philadt'l[diia,  Norrlstctwn, 


Name. 
Room  Run,   • 
Braver  Meadow, 
llazellnn  and  Lehigh, 
Ni'squehoiiing, 
Lfhigh  and  Susquehanna, 
Carbiindale  and  Hunt:5(laU>, 
Stony  Creek, 
Ljkens  Valley, 
I'liie  Grove,  - 
rhiladel)>hia  and  Trenton, 
PhiliiiPa.  Ger.  and  Norris. 
Gerniantown  Br. 
l'hiladel[diia  and  Wilmington,  Fhiladclphia,  Wilmington, 

Hail-roadt  in  Ddaware* 

New  Caatleand  Frenchtown,  N.  Castle,      -  Frencht^  Md.  .  I6  ig 
Railroads  (wm  New  Caslle  to  Wilmington  and  from  Wilniiiii;:^. 
to  Nanticoke  Creek,  are  i>r(»posed. 

CanaU  in  Delaware. 

Chesapeake  and  Delaware,    •  Delaware  City,Back  Creek,     .  13f;3 

liatl-rottds  in  Marylaitd. 

Baltimore  and  Ohio,  •liitimore,     •  Harper's  Ferry,  ^•^ 

W,ishim;ton  Branch,  •  Tatajisco  river,  Washini^lon,     -  Jo  35 

Balrimoreand  I'ort  Deposite,   Ballnu'  re,    •  Havre  de  Gnce,  ;n6(t) 
Balriniore  and  Susquehanna,     B.illinii^n%     •  York,  I'a.  ■  5C-C0 

Beislertown  Branch,  •  6  ui.  trom  Bal.  Reistertown,     ■    ^m 

Wil.  and  SuMiuclianna,         •  Hav.  deGrace,  Wilmin^t.,  Del.,32ifi 
AnnajKjliiand  Elkridge,        -  Wash.  Br.,.  •  Annapolis,        •  19:5 

Canals  in  Maryland. 

Chesapeake  and  Ohio,           'Georgetown,    Hancock,  136iX 

Hail-roads  in  yirginia. 
Richmond,  Fredericksburg 

'  "  '                                •  Richntond,     •  Aquia  Crerk,  •  Tjr< 

•  21  m.  fr.  Rich.,Gordonsvillt'.  .  4y-(^ 

•  Ricliniond,      •  Petenihuri^,  •  23ro 

•  Pftershure,     -  Weldnn,  •  5ti<io 

•  Ne.ir  Hick3ford,Gaston,  N.  C.  •  IS-CO 
-  Petershnr?,  •  City  Point,  .  i2-«) 
.  Coal  Mines,      Rirhmond,  .  1350 

•  I'nrtsninuth,     Weldon,  N.  C.  •  f-OfJj 

•  Harp.  Ferry,  Winchester,      ■  32-00 
Canals  in  Virginia. 

Alexandria  Canal.     ■  •  Geori^etown,   Alexandria,       .  7-2j 

James  River  and  Kanawha,  -  Riclimond,     •  Buchannan,       i::-ffl 
Dismal  Swamp,         -  •  Deep  Creek,    Joyce's  Creek,  •  23-00 

Branches,     .......  u-00 

Sail-roads  in  Xorlh  Carolina. 

Wilmington  and  Rileigh,      •  Wilmington,   Weldnn,  Ifi-oc 

Raleigh  and  Gaston,  •  Raltigh,        •  Gaston,  ■  ^o■^X 

Canals  in  North  Carolina. 


M-!«. 

1 

-      :Vte 

4 

-  ^0-f« 

"* 

!.    HI, 

■    .rlfl 

-♦» 

■  l'l-i« 

'^. 

■  rv 

-  -'(i-J3 

> 

-  llriO 

-     IfO 

I' 

•  .!(>■-) 

•  ITiO 

•     \-if 

■  il-K 

and  Hotoinac, 
I^juisi  Branch, 
RirhiTiond  uid  Pelershurg, 
Petersburg  and  Roanoake, 
Greensville, 
City  Point, 
Chesterfield, 

Portsmouth  and  Roanoake, 
Winchester  and  Potomac, 


Weldon, 


Hd.  Roanoake  ri.l2-flO 
1-50 


Weldon  Canal. 

Club  Foot  and  Harlow,  -  Club  Foot  cr.,  Harlow  cr., 

Rail-roads  in  Soiit/i  Carolina. 
South  Carolina,        -  -Charleston,    -Hamburg, 

Columbia  Branch,    •  -  Branchville,     Columbia, 

Carials  in  Smith  Carolina. 


•  66-00 


-  Cooper  river,    Santee  river,  .  22rC 

•  KiniockCr.,     WinyawBiy,  •   T-l.i 

-  Shoals,           -  Gran'by,  -   6.'1 

-  Saluda  Falls,    He.id  of  Falh,  .   1-33 

-  Bmad  River,    Head  of  Falls,  -   I-OO 

•  Head  of  Falls 
in  Broad  Riv.  To  Foot,  •  2-:5 

-  Jones's  Mill,     Elliot's,  .  4« 

-  At  var.  points  on  the  Catawba,    "-77 

Rail-roads  in  Georgia. 

-  AuKiista,        -DeKalbCo.  lfii-0' 

•  Georgia  R.  R.  Athens,  •  33-CO 

-  De  Kalb  Co,     Tetmessee  R.  130-00 

-  Savannah,      .  Macon,  IKJOO 

-  Macon,          -  ForsMh,  •  2i-00 

•  Macon,           -  Talliotlon,  .  70a 

Canals  in  Georgia. 
Savannah,  Ogeechee,  and  Ala- 

tamaha,    -             -             -  Skvannah,     •  Alatam.iha  R.  •  16-00 

Brunswick,               -             •  Alatamaha,  -Brunswick,  ■  12W 

Rail-roads  in  Florida. 

Wimico  and  St.  Joseph,        •  Lake  Wtmico,  St  Joseph,  •  I20C> 
Rail-roads  m  Jllabama. 

Alabama,  Florida,  and  Georgia, Pensacola,     •  Montgomery,  156-16 

Monfgnniery  and  West  Point,  Montgomery,  West  Point,"  •  ST-OO 
Tu'-cumbia,  Courtland,  and 

Decatur,   •             •             ■  Tuscumbia,  •  Decalur,  ■  44-00 

Selmaaiid  Cahawla,              -  Selma,          -  Cahawta.  •  lOW 

Wetumpka,               ■             •  Wetumpka,  •             •  '  -  lO-OO 
Canals  inMahama. 


Santee, 
Winyaw, 
S.I  hi  da, 
Drehr's, 
I*orick, 
Lock  harts, 

Wataree, 
Catawba, 


Georgia,     - 

Alliens  Branch, 

Western  and  Atlantic, 

Central,      - 

Monroe, 

Macon  and  Talbotton, 


Muscle  Shoals  Canal, 
Huutsville,  • 


-  Head  of  Falls,  Florence, 
■  Triana,  -  Huutsville, 


.  35-:5 


Rail-roads  in  Mississippi. 

West  Feliciana,  -  -  St.  Francisv.,  Woodville,(Miss.r,)7'"S 

Vick'burg  and  Clinton,  -  Vickslnirg,    •  Clitilnn,  •  54<iO 

Grand  Gulf,  -  -  Grand  Gulf,  -  Pnrt  Gibson,     •  "-^ 

Jacksup  and  Brandon,  •  Jackson,         -  Brandon,  •  H^ 

Raihroads  in  Louisiana. 


Pontchartrain, 
West  Feliciana, 
Alchafalaya, 


New  Orleans,  L.  Pontchartrain.  4-50 
.  St.  Francisv.,  Woodv.  (Li.  |i.)  ^OM 
■  PI.  Coupee,  -  Optlousas,       •  30fl) 


*  20  miles  of  tbii  road  are  in  Massachusetts. 


ROPE— ROSTOCK. 


410 


MHn. 
•   r,« 

!■■(<; 
rlfl 

■  11)50 

•I'O 

•  2f,-ii 

•  17(0 

•  li<! 

■  270C 


»  To 

;hunk,Co>lM. 

e,    .  Coil  M. 

1  M.    Heaver  M.B.K 

in^M.U■llil!l'n• 
lavcn.Wilkisliaire,    . 

lak',     lliinKKbU', 
rin,    •  Coal  Mines, 
lount.  Millerslmrg, 
cne,     Cnal  M. 
l|iliia,  Morrisville, 
Iplua,  NorrWoivn, 

Iphia,  Wilminglon, 

riouiorf. 

le,      .  French!.,  M'l-  ■  16  I') 

nington  and  from  WUnui^loi 


aware. 

ire  Cily.Back  Creek,     • 
'aryla}ul. 

on,     ■  Harper's  Ferry, 
HI  river,  Washini>lon,     - 
i.  re,     •  Havre  ile  Once, 
Lure,     ■  Viirk,  I'a. 
nini  Bal.  Heisterlow  n,     ■ 
leOrace,  Wilminfit.,  Del., 
Br.,.  •  Anuapulis, 
iryland. 

eloM  n,     Hancock, 
yirginia. 


*3i 

,32<0 
i'Jo 


IJG-C* 


„on<1,     -  Aquii  Creek,   ■ 
fr.  Rich.,(io"lnnsvillf, 
iionil,      •  Felersburg, 
Oinrc,     •  WeUlon, 
Hicksfor(l,Ciaslon,  N.  C. 

st.iirs,    -  Cily  PoH'V 
Hii'hnion'l, 
Weld/in.  N.  C. 
Winchester, 


Mines, 
snio\ith, 
).  Ferry, 
i^irginia, 

r^etown, 
iniond, 
p  Creek, 


Atex.indria, 

Biichannan, 
Joyce's  Creek, 


Torlh  Carolina. 
mington,   Weldon, 
ligh,         •  Oaslon, 
mth  Carolina. 

l,lr,n  -  lId.Roano.nkeri.l2ffl 
b  Footer.,  Harlow  cr.,  •  IJO 
■.otilh  Carolina. 
Irleston,  -  Ha:nburg, 
icliville,     Columbia, 

lift  Carolina. 


i3r:; 


per  river,    Sanlce  river, 
dock  Cr.,    Winyaw  ll,y,  . 

]5  .  Oranby, 

„  la  Falls,  H"''"ff;»l'"'  " 
ad  Hiver,  Head  of  I  alls,  ■ 
id  of  Falls 

Broad  Riv.  To  Foot, 

■s'sMill,     Elliot's, 

,ar.  points  on  the  CatawM, 

Georgia, 
usta,        •  De  Kalb  Co. 
■iaR.  R.  Athens,  ■ 

,1b  Co.     Teiineisee  R. 
niiah,     •  M:>con, 
-  lorsMli, 
.  Talbolton, 


22ffl 
7'IJ 

l'33 

l-OO 

■   i'Ti 


.  2;-(« 


Georgia. 


.  Alatatnaha  R.   ■  I6« 
•  IZW 


mnah,  ,  , 

taniaha,  ■  Brunswuk, 

171  Florida. 

c  Wimico,  SL  Joseph, 

'I  Jllalania. 

sacola,     •  Mnntpimery, 

otgomcry.  West  I'oint, 

cunibia,  •  Hecalur, 

xt^  .  Caliawba, 

tuinpka,  • 

/llahama. 

id  of  Falls,  Florence, 

tna,         -  Hunlsville, 

Mitiissiypi. 

kanci5V.,Woodville,(Mis!.r.;i'J'i 
tslmr!,    -  Clinloii,  •  3j« 

IndC.ulf,  ■  I'orl Gibson,     - 
ison,        -  Brandon, 
I  Limisinna. 
■Orleans,   L.  Ponlcharlrain. « 
J-rancisv.,  Woodv.U-i.  1'-)  ^ 


156' 16 
■i'M 

-44-W 

.10(« 


.  3i-:i 

.low 


.uoo 


NamM.  From  To 

,i,,jndria,  and  CheneyviUe,  Alexandria,  ■  Cheneyville, 
Neiv  llrleans  and  Clrrolton,     New  Orleans,  Ijfayeltt, 
OrlKUis  Street,  •  .  New  Orleans,  B.  SI,  Johns, 

CanaU  ir^  Louisiana. 

•  New  Orleans,  Lake  Ponch, 
■  New  Orleans,  H.  SI.  John, 
.  NearN.Orl  ns.Berwick'8  Rav, 
Lake  Veret,  •  La  Fourche  ri'v, 

KaH-roadt  in  7'ennciiee. 


Orleans  Bank, 
Canal  Carondclet, 
Banlarii,     • 
Uke  Veret, 


Miles. 

31100 

■  n-ii 

■  1-50 


4-25 

2(X) 
Bi-lfl 
8-00 


60-00 
llj-00 


96'50 


■  92-75 
•     1-50 


20-00 
6-00 


Namet. 


To 


Wabash  and  Erie, 

Whiiewater, 


From 
Cawili  in  hi'liana. 

•  Uafiyelte,      -  Lake  Erie, 

•  I,,awrencelmnE,  Brook  Vlllc, 
Rail-roadt  in  Indiana. 

Madison  and  Indiaoapolis,    •  Mulisnn,       •  Indianapolis, 
CanaU  ifi  C/tio. 

•  I'ortsniouth,  • 

•  Coliniibus, 
.  Lancaster, 

•  IJliic.asler, 


Ohio  and  Erie, 
Coluinbns  Branch,  ■ 
Lancaster  Branch,  - 
llockin?,  • 
Z:\Tiesville  Branch,  • 
Walhonding  Branch, 
Miami, 

Warren  Branch, 
Sandy  and  Beaver,    • 
M.ilioning, 


•  Cleveland, 
.  Cainl, 

•  Canal, 
>  Alliens, 
.  Canal.  . 


•  ZanesviUe, 

•  WalholidingR  Canal, 

-  Cin-innati,    .  DcHance, 

-  Middlelown,     Lebuvm, 

•  Bolivar,         -  Ohio  river, 

-  Akron,  ■  Beaver  river, 
Rail.r0iiil3  in  Ohio. 

Ma  I  R,,and  Sandusky  city,  •  TitTin,  .  Sandusky  ciiy, 

Ohio,  •  -  .  Manhattan,  •  Sandusky  city, 

Itail-roada  in  Michigan. 
Central,      •  -  .  Detroit,        -  Ann  Arbor, 

Erie  and  Kalamazoo,  -  Toledo,         .  Adrian, 

Ypsilanti  and  Tecunueh,       •  Vpsilanti,      •  Tecuniseh, 
Detroit  and  Foutiac,  •  Detroit,         -  Ponliac, 


MilM. 

IS7-00 

•  ao-io 

■95-00 

30700 

•  10-00 

•  fl-lifl 
.  50-:  O 

■  1400 
-  23  00 

178-01 

•  20  OU 

•  -(i-no 

■  77-00 

.  30-no 
•4000 

•  44-00 
-33-00 

•  23  00 
•2j'0O 


VM 

*m 

XHd 

5MI0 

!«■« 

vm 

13M 

so-co 

32-« 

ITvfO 

; 

•  23«l 

•  i™ 

:: 

16'-« 

; 

-  «« 

Coupee,  •  Opclousas, 


UGnnee  and  Memphis,      -  La  Grange,  -Memphis, 
'niiirn  ille  Branch,   •  -Moscow,       •  Snmerville, 

Hiuhrt-assee,  •  •  Kuoxville,    •  West  tikI  Atlan^ 

Jiail  roodi  in  Ktntucliy. 

tiiineton  and  Ohio  R,  R.,    •  Louisville,  -  -  Lexington, 
^fljge,      -  -  -  Bowlinggreen,  Barren  river, 

JiaiZ-roadi  in  tUinoii. 
Meredmia  and  Jacksonville,    Meredosia,    -  Jacksonville, 
Coal  Mine  Blufii!,    •  •  Illinois,         •  Coal  mine, 

Canals  in  Illinoii. 
Iirinoi!  and  Michigan,  -  Chicago,       .  Near  Peru,  105-90 

For  farther  information  on  the  present  subject,  the  reader  is  referred  to  Mr.  Tanner's 
work  on  the  canals  and  railroads  of  the  United  States.  See  also  article  Steam  Vessels. — 
Am.  Ed.] 

ROPE  consists  of  hemp,  hair,  &c.  spun  into  a  thick  yarn,  of  which  several  strings  are 
twisted  together  by  means  of  a  wheel.  When  made  very  small,  it  is  called  a  cord ;  and 
when  very  thick,  a  cable.  All  the  didcrent  kinds  of  this  manufacture,  from  a  fishing-line, 
or  whip-cord,  to  the  cable  of  a  first-rate  ship  of  war,  go  by  the  general  name  of  cordage. — 
(See  Cable.) 

ROSEWOOD  (Ger.  Rosenhoh;  Fr.  Bois  du  rose,de  Rhode ,-  It.  Lef^o  rodie.  ,•  Sp.  Leno 
derosa;  Port.  Pdo  de  rosado)  is  produced  in  Brazil,  the  Canary  Islands;  in  Slam,  whence 
it  is  pretty  largely  exported  by  the  Chinese  ;  and  in  other  places.  It  is  in  the  highest  esteem 
as  a  fancy  wood.  The  width  of  the  log  imported  into  this  country  averages  about  22  inches, 
so  that  it  must  be  the  produce  of  a  large  tree.  Rosewood  has  a  slightly  bitterish,  somewhat 
pungent,  balsamic  taste,  and  fragrant  smell,  whence  its  name.  It  shoulil  be  chosen  sound, 
heavy,  of  the  deepest  colour,  in  the  largest  pieces  that  can  be  procured,  and  of  the  most 
irregular  knotty  grain.  The  small,  light^coloured  and  large  shivered  pieces  shoulil  be  re- 
jected. The  mo'e  distinct  the  darker  parts  are  from  the  purple  red,  which  forms  the 
ground,  the  more  is  the  wood  esteemed.  It  is  usually  cut  into  veneers  of  9  to  an  inch. — 
{M'dburns  Orient.  Com,,  ^c.) 

Roscwond  is  one  of  the  dearest  as  well  as  most  beautiful  of  the  fancy  woods.  Its  prico  in  bond  va- 
ries from  about  120i.  to  125/.  per  ton;  so  that  it  is  principally  used  in  vennerine.  Its  coiisiiinplion  lias 
more  than  trebled  since  1820.  At  an  average  of  the  3  years  ending  with  lb'22,  the  entries  for  home 
consumption  were  277  tons  a  year,  whereas  they  amounted,  during  the  S  years  ending  witli  1832,  to 
(ll'Jtoiis  a  year!  This  increase  is  principally  to  be  ascribed  to  the  reduction  of  the  duty,  in  1626,  from 
20(.  to  10/.  a  ton,— a  wise  and  judicious  measure,  by  which  the  revenue  as  well  as  the  consumption 
has  been  considerably  increased. 

ROSIN.  "  This  substance  is  obtained  from  different  species  of  fir ;  as  the  Pinus  abie,i, 
sijlvestris,  larix,  bahamea.  It  is  well  known  that  a  resinous  juice  exudes  from  the  pinus 
sylvestris,  or  common  Scotch  fir,  which  hardens  into  tears.  The  same  exudation  appears  in 
{he pinus  ahies,  or  spruce  fir.  These  tears  constitute  the  substance  called  thus,  or  frankin- 
cense. When  a  portion  of  the  bark  is  stripped  off  these  trees,  a  liquid  juice  flows  out,  which 
gradually  hardens.  The  juice  has  obtained  different  names,  according  to  the  plant  from 
which  it  comes.  The  pinus  sylvestris  yields  common  turpentine ;  the  larix,  Venice  tur- 
pentine— (see  Tdrpentine)  ;  the  balsamea,  balsam  of  Canada — (see  Balsam),  (Sec.  All 
these  juices,  which  are  commonly  distinguished  by  the  name  of  turpentine,  are  considered 
as  composed  of  two  ingredients  ;  namely,  oil  of  turpentine,  and  rosin.  When  the  turpen- 
tine is  distilled,  the  oil  comes  over,  and  the  rosin  remains  behind.  When  the  distillation  is 
continued  to  dryness,  the  residuum  is  known  by  the  name  of  common  rosin,  or  colopkoniuni  ,■ 
but  when  water  is  mixed  with  it  while  yet  fluid,  and  incorporated  by  violent  agitation,  the 
mass  is  called  yellow  rosin.  During  winter,  the  wounds  made  in  the  fir  trees  become  in- 
crusted  with  a  white  brittle  substance,  called  barras  or  galipot,  consisting  of  rosin  united  to 
a  small  portion  of  oil.  The  yellow  rosin,  made  by  melting  and  agitating  this  substance  in 
water,  is  preferred  for  roost  purposes,  because  it  is  more  ductile,  owing,  probably,  to  its  still 
containing  some  oil.  The  uses  of  rosin  are  numerous  and  well  known." — (^Thomson'c 
Chemistry.) 

(ROSTOCK,  the  principal  city  of  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Mecklenburg  Schwerin,  on  the 
Warnow,  about  9  miles  above  where  it  falls  into  the  Baltic,  in  lat.  54°  N.,  long.  12°  12'  E. 
Population,  20,000.  A  large  fair  for  merchandise  is  annually  held  at  Whitsuntide ;  and  there 
are  wool  fairs  at  other  seasons  of  the  year. 

The  outport  of  Rostock  is  at  Warnemunde,  at  tlie  mouth  of  the  Warnow.    The  depth  of  water  at 


1» 


■,..ij* 
0 


420 


ROTTERDAM. 


.    I 


wilt*. 

.   iMM 

111*.    ■ 

•->M 

*.» 

»!«• 

f!t\,L 

.;•«■ 

^^i:^ 

^Hu^::^ 

'^' 

*.'-  V 

•  dl 

,^*r 

-l-«l«l 

4'"'*''"' 

w*™, 

;  If-*"" 

«•!•'•    -^  '-I 
«:!.•.-      ■  i     ■ , 

1  »«.-»;<«.' ■ 


I    ij 


Ihe  latter  vnries  from  lOJ  to  12  feot;  but  wlien  tlin  wnst  pier,  .  w  in  llio  course  of  boing  constniftcil, 
liug  been  completed,  it  is  expected  tlmt  the  deptli  of  water  will  bo  from  12  to  14  feet.  The  duplli  of 
water  in  the  river  from  Warnenmnde  up  to  Uoslock  ia  iisuiiUy  from  8  to  9  feet;  so  that  vcssmI, 
drawing  more  than  this  must  be  lightened  to  get  up  to  the  latter.  Uoatock  has  a  good  harbour,  and 
commodious  quays. 


Afntiry.— Rnstnck  and  all  Mccklpnbur)(  rpf kin  ty  rix-flollars  new, 
two  Ihinli  III' 48  iiliilliiiKv  'I'he  rixdollar  conUini  199-1  grain*  pure 
•ilver,  auil  ii  vvorlh  Durly  2s,  4d.  (2l.  3  M.)  ■Ii:rling. 

H'eig/ilt. — The  cftmmercial  wtif^htH  are  tlie  lame  ai  those  of  Him- 
burg,  which  see.    There  are,  however,  other  weights,  lutroJuced  iu 


17S7,  which  are  5  per  cent  heavier  than  the  above.    They  are  prin- 
cipally  usetl  in  the  trade  witli  Ruuia. 

WeaJiiTM.— The  Rmtiick  I     i  =  11-38  Enif.  inchee.    The  ell  =  ^ 

feet.     1  he  la«t  contains  !Mi  •.clu  llcls  ;  the  lail  used  in  the  imajurin. 

of  oats  —   14  I  2  imp.  ipiarterj  ^42  hectolitres  :  the  Ust  used  m  u.e 

niiMsuriiii;  of  oiher  jrain  —  13  imp.  quarters  or  37-3  hectolitret.- 

I  (A'lHy'l  CdJiM'l.) 


fmporls.—The  principal  articles  of  import  are  sugar,  coffee,  and  other  colonial  products ;  cottons, 
woollens,  and  hardware,  with  coal,  earthenware,  salt,  iron,  horses,  &c.,  from  England;  hemp,  flut, 
tallow,  oil,  sail-cloth,  &c.,  from  UiiHsia  ;  alum,  deals,  timber,  lime,  tnr,  &c.,  from  Sweden;  herring, 
and  fish  oil  from  Norway  ;  wine,  brandy,  molasses,  drng.^,  &c.,  from  France  ;  with  rice,  rum,  grnce. 
ries,  4:c.,  from  Copenliageu  and  Hamburgh.  The  total  value  of  the  imports  by  sea,  in  1835,  was  csli. 
mated  at  about  20U,000{. 

AV;>,ir<.'i.— Tliese  consist  chiefly  of  very  good  red  wheat,  barley,  peas,  rapcseed,  and  a  few  oats; 
with  wool,  rags  of  a  very  superior  tpiality,  oil  cake,  rape  oil,  bones,  flax, 'horses,  cattle,  provisions, fcc 
The  average  export  of  all  kinds  of  grain  may  be  taken  of  late  at  from  a'jout  115,000  to  about  130,000 
quarters  a  year.    The  total  value  of  all  sorts  of  exports,  in  1835,  was  estimated  at  about  185,000/. 

Shippinff.—The  port  of  Rostock  has  180  ships,  of  the  burthen  of  25,996  register  tons,  which  traiJe 
with  most  European  nations,  the  United  Slates,  and  Hrazil.  In  1835,  there  entered  the  port  510  6lu|is 
(burthen  not  stated),  of  which  215  belonged  to  Mecklenburg,  152  (mostly  small  crafl)  to  I)enni:irk,  \, 
to  Sweden,  27  to  Hanover,  18  to  Prussia,  12  to  Russia,  19  to  Holland,  10  to  Lubeck,  2  Hamburgh,  aiuli 
each  to  Erance  and  England.  It  is  only,  in  fact,  when  our  ports  are  open  to  the  importation  of  foreign 
corn  that  Uritish  ships  are  met  with,  in  considerable  numbers,  in  the  ports  of  Mecklenburg. 

Port  Char^a These  are  the  sameon  native  and  privileged  ships, 

amcnf  which  are  included  those  of  l^n^^land,  France,  America,  Tru. 
sia,  Norway,  &c.  The  port  charges  on  a  vessel  of  100  tons  burthen 
areas  .''ollow,  viz. :— 


Privileged. 

Not  privileged. 

Rix-d.  Schill. 

Sixd.  Sch,n. 

Inward  with  cargo 

10         2 

10         > 

Outward  ditto  • 

23       44 

32        6 

Inward  in  ballast 

12         6 

12        6 

Outward  ditto  . 

19       36 

31       10 

Ditto  withoirt  either      - 

17       32 

25       u 

Duties.— These  are  extremely  moderate.  On  most  imported  articles  they  amount  to  only  3  per  cent. 
ud  valorem.  An  export  duty  of  about  5d.  per  quarter  is  charged  on  corn,  and  of  about  4s.  8d.  per  lihd 
on  '.vine.  Wool  is  not  subject  to  any  duly  on  export.  Gooils  imported  in  vessels  not  privilpgeil  pay 
50  percent,  additional  on  the  above  duties  ;  that  is, they  pay  41  instead  of  3  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 

iVismar,  the  second  sea-port  town  of  Mecklenburg,  ot  the  confluence  of  the  river  Stor  with  tliesea, 
in  lat.  53''  49'  25"  N.,  long.  11°  30'  15"  E.  Population  11,000.  The  harbour  of  Wismar  is  conimuJions 
and  safe,  being  nearly  land-locked  by  the  islands  of  Poel  and  Wallfisch.  Close  to  the  town  there  is 
from  8  to  8j  feet  water;  in  the  inner  roads  there  is  from  12  to  13  feet ;  and  in  the  outer,  from  16 to 2(i 
feet  water.  The  port  charges  on  a  native  or  privileged  vessel  of  100  tons  amount  to  about  ,10  rii-dnl- 
lars.  The  articles  of  import  and  export  are  the  same  at  Wismar  us  at  Rostock ;  but,  owlii)!  loilie 
proximity  of  I.ubeck,  from  which  Wismar  is  not  more  than  27  miles  distant,  her  foreign  trade  is  com- 
paratively limited.  About  30  ships,  of  the  burthen  of  4,.')60  tons,  belong  to  this  port.  Tbcrt;  cleared 
from  it,  in  18.15,  277  ships,  of  which  11  were  English.  The  duties  at  Wismar  are  somewhat  hjiilicr  than 
at  Rostock,  being  4i  per  cent,  ad  valorem  on  colonial  products,  and  from  4d.  to  8<Z.  per  quarlcr  on  (.oir, 
exported.    It  is  believed,  however,  that  they  will  shortly  be  reduced  to  the  Rostock  level. 

General  Remarks  on  the  Trade  of  the  Duchies. — Mecklenburg  is  essentially  an  agricul- 
tural,  wool-growing,  gra'^eing,  and  breeding  country.  In  some  places  it  is  sandy  and  barren ; 
but  it  is  for  the  most  part  very  fertile,  and  the  crops  and  pastures  are  both  luxuriant.  Havin<! 
few  manufactures,  her  imports  necessarily  consist  principally,  as  already  stated,  of  manufac- 
tured goods,  and  her  exports  of  raw  produce.  Owing,  however,  to  the  circumstance  of  the 
south-western  part  of  the  province  being  bounded  by  the  Elbe,  and  approaching  to  within 
about  30  miles  of  Hamburgh,  almost  all  the  manufactured  goods,  as  well  as  a  very  large  pro- 
portion of  the  colonial  products  used  by  the  population  (540,000),  are  imported  by  way  of 
Hamburgh,  Hence,  in  Mecklenburg,  as  in  Prussia,  the  direct  foreign  trade  carried  on  bv 
the  i^ea  frontier  forms  but  a  very  small  part  of  the  entire  trade  of  the  country.  It  is  impos- 
sible, however,  to  form  any  precise  estimate  of  what  the  latter  may  amount  to.  Probably 
there  is  no  European  country  so  little  fettered  by  customs'  regulations  as  Mecklenburg. 
The  duties  on  articles  imported  by  sea  amount  only,  as  already  stated,  to  about  3  per  cent. 
ad  valorem  ,•  and  those  entering  by  the  land  frontier  are  subject  merely  to  a  trifling  charge. 
on  account  of  toll,  of  which  we  have  not  seen  any  account.  It  is  impossible,  indeed,  that 
any  commercial  system  can  be  bottomed  on  more  liberal  principles ;  and  this  enlightened 
policy,  and  her  situation  near  the  mouth  of  the  Elbe,  and  on  the  western  frontier  of  the 
Prussian  league,  give  to  Mecklenburg  far  greater  importance,  as  a  commercial  state,  tiian  is 
indicated  by  the  amount  of  her  population,  or  of  her  internal  consumption. 

(We  have  drawn  up  this  article  from  authentic  details  obligingly  furnished  by  Christopher  Kreefl. 
Esq.,  Consul  fur  Mecklenburg.)— Sup.) 

ROTTERDAM,  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Maese,  in  lat.  51°  55'  19"  N.,  Ion.  4°  29'  14" 
E.  Population  about  60,000.  Rotterdam  is  the  second  commercial  city  of  Holland,  It  is 
more  advantageously  situated  than  Amsterdam  ;  being  nearer  the  sea,  and  the  canals  which 
'nterscct  it  arc  so  deep  as  to  admit  of  the  largest  vessels  coming  up  to  the  quays  and  ware- 
houses of  the  merchants.  Its  commerce,  during  the  last  15  years,  has  increased  more  rapidly 
than  that  of  any  town  in  Holland.  The  exports  and  imports  are  similar  to  those  of  Am- 
sterdam.    The  white  Zealand  wheat  shipped  here  is  of  a  peculiarly  fine  quality;  anditb 


a 
I 


RUBY. 


421 


of  being  cnnslrurtea, 
I  feet.  Tlie  duplli  of 
feet ;  bo  that  vesMi 

I  a  good  harbour,  and 

n  the  above.    They  are  prin. 

18  Em.  inches.  The  til  =  2 
lie  last  u«»l  i»  "'°  ""■•■>'»"»( 
.clolilrei!  IheUiluiiMinll,, 
luartcn  or  37-3  bectolnrej,- 

ial  products ;  cntlons, 
England  ;  hemp,  Iliu, 
Din  Sweden;  herrings 
with  rice,  rum,  arnce- 
sea,  in  1835,  waa  esii- 

'Bccd,  and  a  few  nats; 
.cattle,  provlsioiis.ic 
110,000  to  ahout  130,0(«J 
nt  about  185,00(«. 
ister  tons,  which  traile 
lered  the  port  511)  shi|is 

II  craft)  to  Deniniirk,  M 
ccl<,  2IIainhurt!b,iinill 
e  importation  of  t'orcigii 
Aecltlenburg. 


rivileged. 

Not  privileged. 

r-d.  SchM. 

Rizd.  HchxU. 

10        2 

10        2 

23       44 

32        6 

12         6 

12        6 

19       36 

31       10 

17       32 

23       U 

•he  best  market  for  madder  and  peneva.  Our  imports  of  madder  from  the  Netherlands,  in 
1831.  amounted  to  about  18,726  cwt.,  most  of  which  came  from  Rotterdam. — (Sec  Mad- 
iiF.n.)  Geneva  is  sold  by  the  aam;  but,  for  the  convenience  of  smuggling  to  England,  it  ia 
divided  into  ankers  and  i  ankers.  The  legitimate  imports  of  geneva  from  the  Netherlands, 
,;„  1831,  amounted  to  210,038  gallons. 

Y  B  _The  channel  from  the  sea  to  Rotterdam  is  exhibited  in  the  cliart  of  the  Dutch  coast  in  the 
,„a|)  of  Kuropc  in  tliis  worlt. 

M'lti'U  IVtiK^tty  omi  Wean*»-»'«.— See  the  article .flm-tferrfam,  for    bu*heU.    Rock  salt  is  snlj  per  great  hundred  of  404  ma-iten,  enn- 
.  iiiit  of  the  current  monies,  weights,  and  measures  of  llollau'l.         [  t lining  froui  21  to  22  tons.   Cijals  per  hoe(I  jc  1-2  a  cliildrcu  of  Scvr* 

'  lun  ,lilh-rfnt  BoniniiTcial  lbs.  wi-re  fnrmerty  U8e<i  at  Rrillerdam  ;     castli'. 
.  H-,vi  Ibe  AnistertUni  \vei,;llt,  100  lb».  (tf  whidi  =  I0&*ft3  Iljs.  |      Tlie  litiuid  measures  were  divided  in  the  lanie  n.inner  as  at  Am- 

"'  .  tiie  otiier,  used  by  retailers,  was  5  per  cent,  lighter,  IIX)  '  sterd-iin,  but  were  Iarj?er:  thus,  100  stoops  of  Kotti-rdaiii,  were  = 


mount  to  only  3  per  cent 
of  about  4s.  8(1.  per  lihd 
Bsselsnot  privileged  pay 
ler  cent,  ad  valorem. 
B  river  Stor  with  the  sea, 
if  Wisinar  is  conimuilioiis 
lose  to  the  town  there  is 
n  the  outer,  from  l6ioi!(i 
nount  to  about  30  rix-dnl- 
;)stock;  but,  owiiiu  loilie 
her  foreign  trade  is  com. 
this  port.    There  clcired 
ire  somewhat  hislicnhan 
[to  8(i.  per  quarter  on  toiri 
Hoslock  level. 

essentially  an  agricul- 
|it  is  sandy  and  barren : 
foth  luxuriant.  Havinj 
Hdy  stated,  of  manufac- 
le  circumstance  of  the 
approaching  to  within 
^ell  as  a  very  large  pro- 
re  imported  by  way  of 
rn  trade  carried  onby 
'  country.     It  is  iinpos- 
amount  to.     Probably 
Itions  as  Mecklenburg, 
'd,  to  about  3  per  cent. 
[ely  to  a  trifling  cliarge. 
impossible,  indeed,  that 
and  this  enlighteneJ 
,;estem  frontier  of  the 
inmercial  state,  than  is 
iption. 
id  by  Christopher  Kreeft. 

J9"  N.,  Ion.  4°  29'  U" 
fcity  of  Holland.  It  is 
V  and  the  canals  which 
lo  the  quays  and  ware- 
lincreased  mote  rapuily 
limilarto  thoseofAm- 
lfine  quality;  and  It  IS 


wjirdiipou  i 


1.  o(itlii-ini  = 


ur,.„  -  103-18  lbs.  avoirlujiois, 
The  Rotterdam  last  of  corn  =  10-842  Winchester  bushels. 
riie  .i.ini  -  40  Eiii{lii.li  wine  p>llons  very  nearly. 
1  I ',J5liKid  of  ll"i-«e»d  contaios  from  7  1.2  lo  8  Winchester 


67  3  4  Rii^litih  wine  gallons.     Ilrandies  were  sold  per  30  viertels; 
whale  oil,  per  90  stoops  ;  vegetable  nils  per  300  sloops. 

Ttie  ell  is  the  same  as  at  Amsterdam.     100  feet  of  Rotterdam  m 
109  1-2  feel  of  Amslerdaui,  or  102  Kujlish  feel. 


\ccount  of  the  principal  Articles  imported  into  Rotterdam  in  1834  "nd  183."),  wltli 
at  the  End  of  each  Year. — (Circular  of  Labouchere  and  Co.) 


th  the  Stoclts  on  hand, 


^Tweflv  Surinam 

Imports. 

e 

Stncks  on  the  1st  January.                            1 

1834. 

1835. 

1835. 

1S36. 

andNickarie    •  hhds. 

1,3601 

3,888-1 

80-1 

1021 

Ja7.       ■             l'"l'f» 

37,553 

31,865 

8,374 

4,003 

Brazil  white          chests 

3t> 

78 

. 

44 

muscovado        -    — 
Ihvjonah  white  •  boxes 

2,'575 

,     kilnp,. 
11,027,003 

6«6 
674 

1     kilogs. 
'^16,264,000 

'214 

kilnes. 
^  2,113,000 

408 

•1,776,000  kilogs. 

yellow              •    — . 

6,0«0 

7,104 

1,05S 

2,014 

1     Manilla  ■           ,-   •>'»'» 

10,lti9 

4,053 

. 

1     SuDdries  bags  and  mats  ■ 

2,409. 

3,392. 

1,939. 

178. 

1  Coffee :-                     . 
East  India            -     b'S" 
West  India          -    — 
Ditto      ■            •  ol" 

254,160) 
50,937^16,700,000 
824) 

227,986  > 
30,49  )M3,808,000 
404  > 

126,0001 
16,000 

■  7,650,000 

/- 103,000         .            -J 
>     6,400  81.  Domingo  f.    kilogs. 
S       300  Havannab     f  5,870,000 
(.    2,900  Brazil            ) 
1,-OOi 

i  jpj          .            -  cheats 

10,500+ 

8,070i- 

2,400j 

1  Rice            -               -    '^^'^^9 

9,270 

7,120 

l,.-|0O 

1  pj,|,         .             .     bags 

34,600 

45,8;0 

4^000 

3,500 

1  Pepper      -            -    — 

3,710 

7,090 

800 

2,000 

Tolnwoi— 

Msrjland           •  hhda. 
Virginia               •    — 

7,621 

8,407 

6,394 

4,229 

2,520 

886 

2,111 

233 

Kentucky            •    — 

59 

60 

7 

Stems     •            •    — 

638 

219 

232 

222 

Biiles:- 

East  India          nnmber 

43,048 

42,987 

6,091 

12,732 

Buenos  Ayres       •    — 
Rio  Grande          -    — 

9,569 

8,660 

4,000 

8,460 

7,837 

2,899 

3-5^ 

2,899 

Valparaiso           ,-    — 
St.  bom  logo         •    — 

• 

400 

455 

, 

1     Maraiiliam           -    — 

2,918 

j  Tin,  Baiica             -  tlaba 

24,5&t 

25,990 

4,127 

CcltoD:- 

Norlh  America    -  bales 

10,3901 

9,626-1 

. 

1,6521 

Surinam              •    — 

^  2,046 

638 

• 

10 

Nickirie             •    — 

1,030 

> 

36 

Eiyptian              ■    — 
Sural  and  Bengal  ■    — 

ii'soo 

bales 
25,785 

toi376 

bales 
22,135 

'87 

b.ales 
200 

,6,5    3,412 bale.. 

Sen  ma  ■            •    — 

26 

172 

too 

1     SI.  Domingo         -    — 

1,223 

. 

'113 

• 

'.    Maranham          •    — 

300. 

293, 

., 

,  Indiiic  Java              chests 

• 

1,060 

■ 

• 

'460 

Uyevroods,  lundriei     tons 

• 

3,000 

.500 

Coflee,  Surinam 
St.  Domingo 
Bourtxin  • 
Mocha     - 
hn       • 

-u^irj  Jamaica 
Surinam 


Tare.. 

6  per  cent.  .- 


•  10  lbs.  per  bale 
.  24  lbs.      —     -  -  1 

•  I4lbs.perbaleof2701bs.  I 
-  18  per  cent. 
•20     - 

r.ut  India,  in  bags  •  10     — 
Ilivre  chests  below 
tillbi.-  •  80  Ibi.  per  chat 

abore  ^  13  per  cent. 

Martiniijue 
St.  DoDimgo 
Coltofl 


Dnfla. 
I  per  ct, 
1    — 


Tares  and  Allowances 

Allow- 
ances. 
1  per  ct 

1    — 


-  r 

|.8      - 


1/S.    1        — 

}■- 

-  t    — 


I  — 


Tares. 


Dnfts. 

-  2  per  ct. 

-  2    — 

•  I    — 

•  t    — 

•  1    — 


Alloir. 
ances. 
1  perct. 
3    — 
1    — 

1  — 

2  — 


Hides,  Buenos  Ayres  -    2  lbs.  per  hide 

Tobacco,  Virginia      -    3  per  cent. 

Logwood      -  -    3       — 

Pimento       J-  -    real  tare 

Indigo  .  ■    3  per  cent. 

Pepper         -  -    5  lbs.  per  bale 

Whale  oil     •  -    t  per  cent.      -  -  •       I    — 

Madders       -  -    real  tare         •  •  -1    — 

The  number  of  ships  entering  the  Maese  and  the  Gore,  chiefly 
destined  for  Rotterdam,  in  the  5  years  ending  with  1828,  was  as 
follows  :— 

Years.  Ships.  Te.ar8.  Ships. 

1824  -  1,373  I  1827         •  1,731 

1825  .         1,396  1828         ■         2,085 
1&!6         .         1,587         I 

RUBY,  a  precious  stone,  very  highly  esteemed ;  but  under  this  name  a  variety  of  minerals 
have  not  unfrequently  been  sold,  which  differ  essentially  in  their  characters. 

The  Oriental  Ruby  is,  in  fact,  a  red  variety  of  the  sapphire.     When  perfect,  its  colour  is 
a  cochineal  red,  presenting  a  richness  of  hue  the  most  exquisite  and  unrivalled :  it  is,  how- 
ever, in  general,  more  or  less  pale,  and  often  mixed  with  blue ;  hence  it  occurs  rose  red, 
peach  blossom  red,  and  lilac  blue,  passing  into  the  amethyst.     It  is  harder  than  any  other 
mineral,  except  the  diamond.    Easily  frangible.     Specific  gravity  from  3'916  to  4'283.    In- 
i  fusible  before  the  blowpipe.     Oriental  rubies  of  10  carats  are  extremely  rare  and  valuable. 
One  of  22  grains  was  sold  for  160/.     Rubies  in  lots,  Indian  cut,  or  small  sizes,  and  of  dif- 
ferent qualities,  are  at  all  times  to  be  had,  and  sell  at  from  15$.  to  65s.  a  carat;  but  a  perfect 
I  stone  of  a  carat,  or  6  grains,  may  be  deemed  rare,  and  falls  little  short  of  the  value  of  the  dia- 
mond: nay,  in  some  cases,  rubies  of  2,  3,  or  4  carats,  if  very  fine,  are  much  scarcer,  and 
V01.IL-2N 


it 


..jx"! 


10 


.,3* 


"■f. 


422 


RUM. 


«f« 


■  mm;  ■       ■•••; 


m*Xi 


:i>' 


iff"'  -w^" 


"«r. 


r  mi:      '■  '"ll 
■  sa.     •-  ■■.• 


I    ; 

r. 
1     f 


oven  more  valuable,  than  diamonds  of  equal  weight.  The  finest  ruby  in  England,  or,  per 
haps,  in  Europe,  is  in  the  collection  of  the  lato  Mr.  Hope,  author  of"  Anastnsius." 

There  are  two  other  species  of  ruby,  the  Spindle  and  Ualuin,  When  perfect,  the  Spinclle 
is  a  gem  of  great  value  and  scarcity.  Its  colour  is  n  fine  full  carmine  or  rose  red,  but  It 
never  presents  that  rich  mellow  tinge  that  attends  the  Oriental  ruby.  It  is  also  inferior  to 
the  latter  in  hardness  and  specific  gravity.  Stones  of  3  carats  and  ujjwards  arc  very  rare 
and  valuable. 

The  liulais  Ruby  is  a  pale  variety  of  the  spinelle.  It  varies  in  colour  from  light  rcj  to 
yellowish  red.  Though  not  so  rare  as  the  spinelle,  it  is  by  no  means  common.  It  is  much 
admired  for  its  agreeable  tinge  of  colour ;  and,  when  pure  and  perfect,  fetches  a  very  high 
price ;  though  considerably  less  than  the  other  varieties. 

Rubies  are  not  found  in  any  considerable  (juantity  except  in  Ava. —  (See  SAPPiiinr..)-. 
(Mawe  on  Diamonds,  2d  ed.  pp.  90.  101.;   Thontsun's  Chemidry.) 

RU.VI,  a  well  known  and  highly  esteemed  spirituous  liquor,  imported  from  the  West  In- 
dies, of  which  it  forms  one  of  the  staple  products.  It  is  obtained,  by  means  of  fermentation 
and  distillation,  from  molasses,  the  refuse  of  the  cane  juice,  and  portions  of  the  cane,  after  the 
sugar  has  been  extracted.  The  flavour  and  taste  peculiar  to  rum  arc  derived  from  the  essen- 
tial oils  carried  over  in  distillation.  When  the  distillation  has  been  carelessly  performed,  the 
spirit  contains  so  large  a  quantity  of  the  grosser  and  less  volatile  part  of  the  oil  as  to  be  un. 
lit  for  use  till  it  has  attained  a  considerable  age.  When  it  is  well  rectified,  it  mellows 
much  sooner.  Rum  of  a  brownish  transparent  colour,  smooth  oily  taste,  strong  body  am) 
consistence,  good  age,  and  well  kept,  is  the  best.  That  of  a  clear,  limpid  colour,  anil  hjt 
pungent  taste,  is  either  too  new,  or  mixed  with  other  spirits.  Jamaica  rum  is  the  first  in 
point  of  quality ;  the  Leeward  Island  rum,  as  it  is  called,  being  always  inferior  to  it,  liolh  in 
flavour,  strength,  and  value.  The  price  of  the  latter  is  usually  20  per  cent,  below  tiialoi" 
the  former.  We  import  all  our  rum  in  puncheons,  containing  from  84  to  90  gallons  each, 
It  is  customary,  in  some  of  the  West  India  islands,  to  put  sliced  pine-apples  in  puncheons 
of  rum :  this  gives  the  spirit  the  flavour  of  the  fruit ;  and  hence  tlie  designation,  pinc-upnl: 
rum. 

Rum  is  said  to  be  much  adulterated  by  the  retail  dealers  in  England,  sometimes  with  com 
spirit ;  but  if  done  with  molasses  spirit,  the  tastes  of  both  are  so  nearly  allied,  that  the  cheat 
is  not  easily  discovered. 

Consumption  of,  and  Duties  upon,  Rum,  i.\c. — The  following  Tables  show  the  quaniiiv 
of  rum  consumed  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  since  1800,  the  rates  of  duty  charged  upon  it, 
and  the  produce  of  the  duties ;  the  quantities  derived  from  our  dillerent  colonies  last  vear, 
and  the  countries  to  which  the  excess  of  imports  has  been  again  exported,  &c. 

I.  Account,  stated  in  Imperial  Proof  Oallons,  of  the  Uinn  annually  entered  for  Home  Cnnsiimption  in 
tlie  United  Kingdom,  from  ISOU  to  1832,  liotli  incliisit'e,  dislingnisliing  En^'Iand,  Ireland,  and  Hcui. 
land  ;  the  Rales  of  Duty  payable  respectively  thereon;  the  Produce  of  the  Duties;  and  tlie  Price 
of  Uuin  in  Bond  since  181'1.  (This  account  has  been  prepared  partly  from  published,  and  partly  from 
unpublished  ojjkial  documents-    The  column  of  prices  has  been  sup|)lied  principally  by  Mr.  Cuok.) 


II. 


Years. 

Quinlitira  entered  for  Homo  CoBsumption. 

Rite  of  Dut> 
(Custoiiuaiid 

pay.-vble 
Excise.) 

Netl  Produce  of 
tlie  Duties  in 

Nell  Pniduce 
of  the  Dutiei 

I'riceor 

J.ini.iiM  Rum 

United 
Kingdom. 

Ualluiu. 

In  En;- 

In 

Great  Brilaiu- 

in  Ireland. 

in  Myiid. 

England. 

Scotland, 

Ireland. 

l.-iiid  and 
ScotUnd. 

Ireland- 

Gdllona. 

GaUont. 

Gallom. 

Per  Oal. 
I.     d. 
9    0  1-2 

Per  Gal.         L.         I.  d. 
>.      d. 
6    83-4      920,K7    6    4 

L.     1.    d. 

Per  Gallon. 
1.  (1.    1.  i. 

1800 

1,945,266 

239,913 

864,411 

3,049,590 

263.355    0    0 

IM)! 

l,6S7,839 

349.237 

1,057,316 

3,094,392 

8  10  14 

-  !     95>,177    1    5 

347,1-1.5    7    9 

l«Ol 

2,J04,897 

468,163 

637,005 

3,310,065 

9    03-4 

6  111-4    I,222,9S9  11    2 

20'i,861     2  10 

1803 

2,573,602 

379,043 

259,968 

3,212,61 1 

13    4  1-4 

3    6 1-4    1,368,870  13    4 

88,110    7    8 

1804 

1,508,899 

121,548 

180,289 

1,813,736 

13    614 

9    2  3-41   1,051,625    1     6 

69,29-2    8    3 

1805 

1,696,384 

153,635 

l'A049 

1,973,068 

13    6  1-2 

■ 

1,223,770    0    9 

56,401     2    4 

1606 

1,857,321 

ISS.Sll 

160,148 

2,201),2bO 

13    6  1-2 

• 

1,373,936    5    0 

72,615  16    0 

isor 

1,999,783 

226.296 

2I0,«2 

2,436,901 

1,496,814     1     8 

69,776  13    3 

1803 

2,174,751 

239,263 

343,313 

2,757,347 

10    31-2 

1,637,475  16    2 

161. 7H9    3    9 

1809 

2,260,625 

2*9,325 

1,063,661 

3.613,611 

is    7  3-4 

■ 

1,738,074    5    8 

546,747    1     7 

1810 

2,703,718 

330,560 

336.6i8 

3,370,936 

• 

2,059,170    0    7 

172,424  II     8 

1811 

2,711,945 

300,306 

150,290 

3,162,541 

• 

2,0.55,101    4    0 

77,378    3  11 

1812 

3,205,465 

286,569 

2S3,l;t6 

3,775,169 

• 

2,366.338  12  10 

I49,1>I7    9     1 

i 

1813 

3,041,680 

241,686 

463,008 

3,749,374 

13  10  1-2 

12  10  1-4 

2.27s,63'j  10    0 

251,6.19    9    2 

1 

1814 

3,332,188 

280.493 

91.154 

3,703,835 

12    8  3-4 

2.513,578    2    7 

58,060    6    6 

4   t>to6  6 

1819 

3,019,204 

281,748 

64,833 

3,365,785 

. 

2,240,472  17  10 

41,295    5  10 

3    !-4  6 

1816 

2,221,533 

I8-.,S74 

21,543 

2,428,950 

. 

1,636,35.6  13  10 

12,171     5    0 

3    7-4  8 

IH17 

2,179,213 

198,412 

30,656 

2,408,311 

• 

1,619,425  16    5 

19,423    6    2 

3    9-3  0, 

1818 

2,406,266 

203,951 

21.366 

2,631,583 

. 

1,775,714  12    2 

13,-.87  13    4 

3    6-4  6  i 

1819 

2,390,193 

148,955 

25,735 

2,564,883 

is  11  1-2 

. 

1,730,446  14    9 

16,289  14    6 

2    6-3  9  1 

1820 

2,325,733 

142,997 

20.390 

2,489,120 

• 

1,684,425    7    8 

12,981    5    2 

2    6-4  0  1 

1821 

2,166,441 

138,189 

19,685 

2,321,315 

. 

1,576,377    I    4 

12,538    6    0 

1    6-2  9  1 

1822 

2,100,923 

130,879 

15,015 

2,246.839 

1,516,615  11     6 

9  Vi7    6    8 

1    %~i%  \ 

IR23 

2,222,923 

108,562 

18,175 

2,349,660 

13  11  1^2     1,590,666  18    6 

ll,i34    6    5 

1    8-2  4  j 

1824 

2,407,207 

134,988 

9,453 

2,651,646 

12    714 

12    71-4:  1,600,827    6    6 

6,0-37    7    I 

1    7-2  6  1 

1825 

1,980,807 

104,762 

10,123 

2,01)5,687 

. 

1,278,313  19    1 

6,313  19    4 

2    6-3  4  1 

1826 

S,982,0-.3 

295,505 

27,758 

4,305,316 

'a  c 

8    6 

1,817,108    2    3 

11,770    6    6 

3    0-4  0  i 

1827 

3,080,162 

185.214 

23,240 

3,288,603 

. 

1,386,726    1     1 

9,850    7  10 

3    4-4  4 

1828 

3,064,ai6 

188,089 

21,708 

3,277,6.3 

.  1  1,382,624  19    5 

10,628  17    9 

3   3-4  3: 

1829 

3,202,143 

162,461 

21,202 

3,375,868 

■  j  1,425,746  18    8 

9,035  14    5 

2    3-33; 

I83U 

3,503,144 

136,520 

19,294 

3,6J8,fl58 

'a  0 

9    0 

1,591,838  II     5 

8,492  18    6 

2    3-3  8; 

1831 

3,479,911 

125,702 

18,984 

3,0!4,597 

. 

1,621,341     II    6 

8,540    9    0 

2    2-3  8  1 

1832 

3,377,507 

112,026 

£4,432 

3,513,965 

• 

- 

1,569,402  10    3 

10,977  13    6 

2    0-32; 

■4 


RUM. 


423 


in  England,  or,  per 

Luastasius." 
I  perfect,  the  Spinell, 
10  or  rose  red,  but  ii 
It  is  also  inferior  to 
pwards  aro  very  rare 

Dur  from  light  red  to 
jommon.  It  is  much 
;t,  fetches  a  very  high 

-(Sec  SAPPiiinr..)- 

cd  from  the  West  In- 
neans  of  fermenlalion 
is  of  the  cane,  after  ihe 
erivcd  from  the  es.scii. 
relessly  performed,  the 
of  the  oil  as  to  be  un- 
U  rectified,  it  mellows 
taste,  strong  body  anJ 
limpid  colour,  and  hoi 
lica  rum  is  the  first  in 
!H  inferior  to  it,  both  in 
per  cent,  below  that  of 
I  81  to  90  gallons  each, 
e-apples  in  puncheons 
designation,  pim-appk 

id,  sometimes  with  corn 
ly  allied,  that  the  cheat 

ables  show  the  quantity 
jf  duty  charged  upon  it, 
jrent  colonies  last  year, 
orted,  &c. 

for  Home  Consumption  in 
lulaiul,  Ireland,  and  Sc(i|. 
lie  Duties  ;  and  tlie  Price 
inil)lislied,  and  partly  from 
incipally  by  Mr.  Cook.) 


Nett  PniJuce 

I'rice  ot     ' 

of  llie  Dutiet 

Jatiaica  Rum 

iu  lielaitd. 

in  tad,     1 

L.     1.    d. 

Pir  Gallon. 

t.  d.    t.  d. 

263.333    0    0 

347,4;Vi    7    9 

iOS.sei     2  10 

88,110    7     8 

69,20^2    8    3 

56,401     2    4 

72,613  16    0 

69,770  13    3 

161. 7»9    3    9 

546,747    1    7 

172,424  11    8 

77,378    3  U 

149.1*17    9    1 

231,639    9    2 
68,060    0    6 

4   t>to6  6 

41,295    5  10 

1    3    !-4  6 

12,171     5    0 

1    3    7-4  8 

19,423    6    2 
13,387  13    4 

3    9-3  0 
3    5-4  6 

16,289  14    6 

2    6-3  9 

12,9H1    5    2 

2    6-40 

12,538    6    0 

9.-.57    6    8 

1    8-i  8 

11,334    6    5 

1    8-2  4 

6,097    7    1 
6,313  19    4 
11,770    6    6 

1  7-2  6 

2  6-3  4 

3  0-4  0 

9,8.i0    7  10 

3    4-4  4 

10,62S  17    9 

,    3    3-4  3 

9,033  14    5 
8,492  18    6 

2    3-3  3 

1    2    3-3  8 

■2    2-3  8 

2    0-3  2 

8,540    9    0 
10,977  13    6 

II.  An  Account  of  the  Total  Number  of  Oallons  of  Rum  onlprod  for  Homo  Consumption,  with  the 
Auioiml  of  Duly  paid  thereon,  in  tJri'at  Urilain  niiil  Ireland  respnctivi  Iv,  fnnn  the  ."itli  of  January, 
IH.ta.  to  the  r>lli  1)1'  .lanuary,  lt>;t:i,  disliri),'uisliiiij{  Kngliind  from  iSuotland  •  also,  a  similar  Account  of 
alldllier  Spirits  from  I'orttiKn  Countries,  entiTed  for  Hdiuu  Coii8unu>tlun,(listiiiguishiii^  such  Coun- 
tries, f<ir  the  same  Year.— (/'iir/.  Pajirr,  No.  320.  Hes8.  1»33.) 


Great  Ilrilain. 

Ireland. 

L'nilnl  Kioi'loni. 

Kiii<l.iuil. 

Scollaiil. 

Total. 

Prvf  (la-Inns. 

I'rwf  (lal'.vui. 

Prtntf  (lallont. 

Pionf  Galtonf). 
24,432 

PTfof  Cailoni. 

Rum           •      .  .    • 

3,377,307 

112,026 

3,489,.'j33 

3,M3,9(a 

UlliiT  foreiuii  «pinl. : 

from  il"!  NcllHirlaiiJs 

17,431 

7.2  0 

24,731 

1.481 

26,213 

Fmire            • 

1 ,509,236 

61,120 

l,570,i7G 

31,717 

1,602,093 

till!  Em!  Iii'lii  Company  J 

lerrilnriM.iril  Miurilius 

737 

737 

. 

737 

lh(f  llritish  Wtst  In^iiea   - 

2,016 

764 

2,7-^0 

210 

2,990 

olher  |'.irl!          ; 
•r„t,,|qranlilyofforeil!tupirilj 
eiiittmi  lor  home  couiujiiptiou 

l,32i 

72 

l,t.0O 

2 

1,002 

4,908,493 

181,262 

6,089,737 

67,tM5 

5,147,602 

/,.         .     d. 

r..      J.  rf. 

r..      1.   d. 

L.       J.  (/. 

/..         ..  d. 

1,. 520, 1 02     1   II 

.30,411      14     2 

1,370,313  16    1 

10,983     6    6 

1,581,499    2    7 

dlherfnrpiltn'piril'-     ,      ,• 
Tulal  rtceipl  of  July  on  foreign 
■piriti 

1,722,139    0    7 

7  .Jt9     19    1 

1,799,619    0    6 

37,.Vi9     6    3 

l,>'37,J0'(    6   9 

3,212,261    2    6 

127,901      14     1 

3,370,162  10    7 

48,344   12    R 

3,418,707    9    4 

III.  Account  of  the  fiuantity  of  niini  imported  into  the  United  Kingdom,  distinfjiiisliing  the  several 
Colonies  and  Countries  from  which  the  same  was  iiii| 


iportcd  ;  and  the  Quantity  Imported  from  each. 


in  the  Vear  ended  5lh 

of  January,  1833. 

Coiiolrin  fmni  which 
imiwrted. 

Ruro  inipnrlcd  in  Ihe  Year       1 
endiiii(l|je6lhof  Jan.  1833. 

Countries  from  which 
imported. 

Rum  importej  in  the  Year 
ending  the  5th  of  Jan.  1833. 

Into 
(ireat 
Brit.iin. 

Into 
Ireland, 

Into  the 

United 

Kingdom, 

Into 
Gnat 
Ilrilain. 

Into 
Ireland. 

Into  Ihe 

United 

Kingdom. 

Brilisii  colonies  and  planla- 
liom  in  America  j  viz. 
Anli?"a      • 
Birbailoea  • 
Dominica  • 
Grenada     ■ 
Januica     • 
MoDlMrrat  • 
Nevii 

SI.  Chnslophcr 
St.  Lucia     • 
St.  Vincent  • 
Tobago 

Prf.  Ualll. 

27,233 

5,700 

34,599 

101,650 

2,735,335 

11,504 

11,189 

29,931 

4,075 

29,7.32 

281,631 

Prf  Gain. 

1,940 
40 

4 

1,718 

"   2,469 

PrJ.  Galll. 

29,171 

5,740 

34,399 

103,6.34 

2,757,033 

11,504 

11,189 

29,951 

6,544 

29,732 

28l,6;31 

Torftda 

I'rinidad     • 

Berntudas  - 

Deinerara  • 

Rerhrco       ... 
llritish  N.  American  colonies 
Foreign  colonies  in  the  West 

Indies;  viz. 

St.  Thomas  and  St.  Croix  • 

Other  countries 

Total 

/'r/.  Galll. 

109 

1,797 

30 

1,290,673 

122,194 

19,716 

10,907 
1,233 

Prf.  Gain. 

'  3,759 

2,492 

Prf  Ualll. 

108 

5,636 

30 

1,293,265 

12i,194 

19,718 

10,907 
1,233 

4,741,367 

1        12,422 

4,753,789 

IV.  Account  of  the  Quantity  of  Rum  e.Yported  from  the  United  Kingdom,  distinguishing  the  Coun- 
tries to  which  tlie  same  was  exported,  and  the  quantity  exported  to  each,  In  the  year  ended  the  Sth 
of  January,  1833. 


Rum  el 

ported  in  the  Year 

Rum  exported  in  the  Year 

ending  the  6th  of  Jan.  1^33.       1 

ending  the  61h  of  Jan.  1833. 

Countries  to  whlclj 

Countries  to  which 

eiporlud. 

From 
Great 
Britain. 

From 
Ireland. 

From  Ihe 

United 
Kingdom. 

Prf  Oalh. 

exported. 

From 
Great 
Britain. 

From 
Ireland. 

From  Ihe 

United 
Kingdom. 

Prf.  Galll. 

Prf.  Galls. 

Prf  Galll. 

Prf  Galls. 

Prf  (lain. 

64,917 

387 

63,304 

Cape  of  Good  Hope  - 

12,1-93 

. 

12,893 

Sweden 

14,342 

- 

14,342 

Other  parts  of  Afiica 

217,593 

165 

217,738 

Norft-ay 

Denimrlc      .          •          - 

6.281 

• 

6,2s  1 

Kast  Indies  and  China 

32,176 

> 

32,176 

&l,422 

■ 

64,42i 

New    South    W.ilfs,    Swan 

3«6,2I  1 

40 

3:6,231 

River,  and  Van   Oienien's 

Oeniiany 

622,216 

■ 

62.',246 

l^nd 

327,911 

> 

327,911 

I  The  Netherlands 

146,104 

* 

146,404 

British  North  American  co- 

1,661 

40 

1,701 

lonies 

68,826 

11,065 

82,881 

'  Porlnpl,    the    Azores,  and 

British  West  Indies   • 

17,334 

1,465 

18,799 

10,878 

169 

11,047 

Foreign  West  Indies  • 

4,017 

• 

4,017 

Sinin  and  Ihe  Canaries 
'  Gibraltar 

5,562 

89 

6,631 

United  Stages  of  Ainerici 

7,109 

2,045 

9,1.51 

16,893 

203 

17,098 

Mexico 

338 

• 

338 

Inly  .         .          •          • 
M.iiu. 

113,231 

> 

113,231 

Ctdotnbia 

133 

• 

133 

ll,6'-2 

> 

11,6S2 

Brazil 

3,079 

185 

3,204 

1  The  Ionian  Islands    - 

13,644 

■ 

13,644 

Stales  of  the  Rio  de  la  Fhata 

290 

. 

290 

'  Turkey     and     Continental 

Chili  .... 

4,007 

. 

4,007 

Greece 

61,675 

160 

51,841 

Peru   .... 

2,923 

. 

2,523 

Mnrea  and  Grcelt  islands      • 
Guernsey,  Jen.ey,  Alderney, 
anJ  51an    • 

96 

• 

96 

The  Whale  Fisheriet 

6,213 

6,213 

90,317 

• 

90,317 

Total 

2,304,324 

1       19,011 

2,323,335 

Though  rum  has  »ot  been  so  much  over-taxed  as  brandy,  geneva,  and  wine,  still  it  seems 
pretty  clear  that  even,  in  its  case,  taxation  has  been  carried  fur  beyond  its  proper  limits. 
During  the  3  years  ending  with  1802,  when  the  duty  in  Great  Britain  was  about  9s.  a  gal- 
lon, and  in  Ireland  Gs.  S^d.,  the  consumption  of  the  United  Kingdom  amounted  to 
3,150,000  gallons  a  year;  while,  notwithstanding  the  great  increase  of  population,  during 
the  3  years  ending  with  18'-J3,  when  the  duty  in  Great  Britain  was  13s.  1  IJf/.  a  gallon,  and 
in  Ireland  12s.  8Jf/.,  the  annual  consumption  amounted  to  only  2,307,000  gallons !  The 
reduction  of  the  duty  in  1S26  to  8s.  Gd.  increased  the  consumption  from  about  2,500,000  to 
above  3,0(10,000  gallons  in  1830.  But  6rf.  having  been  added  to  the  duty  in  1830,  tho 
consumption,  influenced  no  doubt  partly  by  this,  but  probably  also  by  other  circumstances, 
has  since  declined.  The  great  demand  for  rum  from  1811  to  1815  was  occasioned  chiefly 
by  the  high  price  and  inferior  quality  of  the  British  spirits  that  were  then  manufactured. 

The  decrease  in  the  consumption  of  rum  in  Ireland  is  roost  striking.     Unfortunatciv, 


m 

II 
II 


mm 

"9 
ii«^ 


SJlJ 


Sii 


.I&.-I 


424 


RUSSIA  COMPANY,  RUSSIA  LEATHER. 


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,'.  mv 

wi« 

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■  'Jii 

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r.;3 

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'  I  ■ '  '  * 

[■     ■ 

; 

t '.  ■' 

however,  this  ia  not  the  only  inntance  the  sister  iiingdotn  afTords  of  the  dcBtructivo  cfTvcUi 
of  oppressive  taxes.  The  excessive  ndditions  made  to  the  duties  on  brandy,  wine,  sui^ar, 
&c.  since  1805,  have  had  similar  cfl'eets;  tlie  (juaiitity  of  those  articles  conmimed  in  Irclanil 
being  deddedlij  lens  now  Ihun  it  tuas  30  years  ano  f — (Hoe  Uiiandv,  HrcAii,  &c.)  Kxiirl)!. 
tnnt  taxes  have  gone  far  to  deprive  the  Irish  of  every  comfort ;  and,  coiige<iuently,  to  tnkc 
from  them  some  of  the  most  powerful  incentives  to  industry  and  good  conduct.  The 
poverty  of  the  people  has  set  at  nought  the  calculations  of  our  linance  ministers ;  cvcru 
increase  of  luxation  in  Ireland  haviiiu;  pruduced  a  ditninutioii  of  revcnne  and  an  Inn-'am 
of  crime  !  Surely  it  is  high  time  to  abandon  ho  odious  a  (iysfem  ;  particularly  after  the 
experience  of  the  beneficial  elVects  that  have  resulted  from  the  (liiiiinulion  of  the  spirit  duties, 
As  a  means  of  raising  revenue,  the  taxation  of  Ireland  ia  utterly  inclli'ctive  ;  but  the  wit  uf 
man  never  contrived  any  thing  better  lilted  to  produce  barliarism  and  (!i.-'alVection. 

Rum,  the  prniliice  of  tlie  Uritish  poBSfs.sions  in  AiiHTicii.  Is  not  \\\\\\\c.  to  llio  (Inly  rlinrifud  on  swcci. 
ened  spirlta,  niik'Hs  tlio  actual  Ktrurigtii  cxccrd  tlii!  slrrnuHi  iliMiolrd  hy  Hykrs's  liydroini'ler  hy  111,1,5 
than  lOdcKrcL'H  pur  cent. ;  and  in  liun  of  sncli  duty  tliiiri!  shall  In-  cliarm.Ml  ii|>on  every  di'Krcc  per  (i-m 
innro  than  3  di'grous,  and  not  more  llinn  10  decrees,  hy  wliiili  the  annal  slreiiLMli  sliiiU  exceed  i|;o 
strenfilli  denoted  by  Hykcs's  liydrinnrter.  a  ilnly  of  lU.  Od.  :  provided,  that  if  Ihe  iiii|Mirior  rannot  niiik.i 
a  perfect  entry  tliereol'^ for  payment  of  duly  on  the  aclnal  ^trt'nl{lll,  lie  may  demand  in  \vrilln).Mi(j(iii  \\,_ 
entry,  timt  Irial  be  made  of  llie  actual  slrenijlli  (lie  paying  the  expiuines  of  huiIi  trial),  instead  of  em,.,., 
ing  sucli  rum  for  the  payment  of  duty  upon  any  Htated  nuniher  of  HUih  excessivi!  degreeH  of  slrcimiii; 
provided  also,  that  all  trials  of  actual  Ktreiiglli  of  such  rum  shall  be  made  by  some  skilful  peraoaai^ 
pointed  by  the  commissioners  of  customs  for  such  purpose. — (7  Ont.  4.  c.  48.  J  SI.)  ' 

Hum,  the  produce  of  the  llritish  plantations,  must  lie  iniportod  in  casks  containing  not  Icsh  tlinn  2ii 
gallons. —(3  &  4  Will.  4.  e.  .')2.)  Hut  rum  in  caski  capable  of  ccuitainiii!,'  ao  gallons,  may  lie  iinpoileildn 
the  otilcer  being  satisfied  that  the  deticieticv  has  been  wholli/  uccaiioncd  bi/  ab^firiilion  or  lcukii're,ni,i 
liot  by  iibstraclion.— (C««/unis  Jilin.  21ili  of  >iarcli,  1S3I.) 

Ruin  in  bonded  warehouses  may  be  drawn  olf  into  casks  containing  not  less  than  20  gallons  rnch,aq 
stores  for  ships,  and  may  be  delivered  into  the  charge  of  the  searclnr,  to  be  shipped  as  storis  rnrnnr 
ship,  without  entry  or  payment  of  duty,  the  same  being  duly  borne  upon  the  victualling  bill  <if  suu, 
ships  respectively.— (3  &  4  lyui.  4  c.  57.) 

Rum  of  the  British  plantations  in  bonded  warehouses  may  also  be  drawn  off  into  reputed  ipiartor 
reputed  pint  botltes,  for  the  purpose  of  being  exported  from  the  warehouse.— 13  Sc  4  /;'//;.  I.  c.  5T.) 

On  applications  referring  to  a  funnier  order  allowing  the  admixture  of  rums  of  dilfcrent  streiiKiliafor 
exportation,  and  praying  that  the  rum  remaining  in  the  vats  after  the  operation  of  ratkiiig  ini(;liti,c 
admitted  for  home  consumption,  tiie  lioard  were  of  opinion  that  the  reipitst  might  be  coinplled  wjiii, 
to  the  e.xtent  of  an  ullage  of  20  galhuis,  the  legal  quantity  allowed  to  be  exported,  and  that  the  dinv 
should  bo  paid,  according  to  the  streiiglli,  at  the  time  uf  delivery  uf  the  said  riiiii.  — (Jlin.  Cum.  Ciis  Tait 
of  Sept.  1827.) 

Before  any  rum  shall  bo  entered  as  being  the  produce  of  any  British  possession  in  America,  or  of  the 
Mauritius,  the  master  of  the  ship  importing  the  same  must  deliver  a  certilicate  of  origin  to  the  cn|. 
lector  or  comptroller,  and  subscribe  a  declaration  that  the  goods  are  the  produce  of  such  place.— i3jc 
4  mil.  4.  c.  52.  {  37. ;  sec  anti,  8.) 

KIJSSIA  COMPANY,  a  regulated  company  for  conducting  the  trade  with  Russia,  It 
was  first  incorporated  by  charter  of  Philip  and  Mary,  sanctioned  by  act  of  parliament  in 
1566.  The  statute  10  &  11  Will.  3.  c.  6.  enacts,  that  every  British  subject  desiring  ad- 
mission into  the  Russia  Company  shall  be  admitted  on  paying  5/. ;  and  every  individual 
admitted  into  the  Company  conducts  his  business  entirely  as  a  private  adventurer,  or  as  he 
would  do  were  the  Company  abolished. 

Table  of  Duties  payable  to  the  Russia  Company, 


1. 

d. 

iikins  and  furs,  viz.— 

1.  d. 

Aniseed     • 

the  cwt. 

-0 

3 

Inx    ■ 

•    the  hilnd)*ed   • 

-  0   4  I't 

A«hcs,  pearl  and  pot 
Books,  bound 

the  Ion 

•0 

9 

Hare. 

-    the  lUO  dozen 

-  0   2 

the  cwt. 

-0 

3 

Sables 

-    the  zimnier    - 

.  1    6 

uubouud    • 

the  cwt. 

•  0 

2 

Swan 

•    each    - 

-  0    1 

Bristlai      ■ 

the  dozen  Ibi 

. 

-  0 

014 

Wolf 

•    each    - 

•  0   11.' 

Caatnreum 

the  lb. 

-  0 

1 

Tallow       - 

-    the  ton 

■  0  9 

Caviare      • 

the  cwt. 

•  0 

2 

Teiigues     - 

-    the  hundred  - 

■  0   2 

Cordage     • 

the  cwt. 

•  0 

2 

Tow 

.    Ihe  (on 

-0   6 

Uown 

the  too  lbs. 

-  0 

4 

Wax,  bees' 

•    the  cwt. 

-0  2 

Feaihera,  bed 

the  cwt. 

0 

4 

Wheal 

•    the  quarter    • 

<  0    1 

ria« 

the  Ion 

-  0 

9 

Wood,  viz.— 

Hair,  cow  or  ox     - 

the  cwt. 

•  0 

2 

Balks  above  5 

nches  sq. 

•    tholM 

-0   4 

Hemp 

the  ton 

•  0 

7 

uiiiler 

do. 

-    Ihe  120 

•  0   ^ 

Hides,  of  cows  or  horses. 

unJresset 

Rich   - 

-  0 

0 

-2 

B'lrrel  boards 

-    the  120 

•  0    1 

red  or  Muscovjr 

each   • 

-  0 

Battens      • 

. 

-    the  120 

■  0    1  1.2 

Iron 

the  Ion 

-  0 

6 

Capravens 

. 

•    the  120 

-  0  3 

Isinglass     • 

the  cwt. 

-0 

4 

Clap  Ijdards 

. 

•     the  120 

-0   1 

IJnen  drillings 

the  120  ells 

.  0 

1 

■i 

Deals  under  20  feet  long 

-    the  120 

-0   4 

narrow  or  diaper 

the  120  ells 

-  0 

2 

.Ttinve 

do. 

.    the  120   _      - 

■  0   9 

22  12  10  31  1-2 

the  120  ells 

-0 

3 

Fire  wi«l 

-    the  fathom     - 

■  0    1 

31  1-2  to  45 

the  120  ells 

.0 

4 

Fir  timi  er 

-    the  lead 

-  0    1 

43  and  upwards 

the  120  ells 

-0 

6 

Handspikes 

-    Ihel-'O 

-  0    l|.3 

sail  clotli     • 

the  120  ells 

-  0 

3 

l-athwijod 

•    the  fathom     - 

.0    II.) 

Linseed      • 

the  quarter 

-  0 

2 

Masts,  ereat 

•    eu-h    - 

•  0  2 

Mats 

the  hundred 

•  0 

2 

all  others  - 

-     e.ich    - 

■  0    1 

Oats 

Ihe  quarter 

-0 

1 

Oak  hoards 

-    Ihe  120 

-0   5 

Pitch 

the  last 

-0 

2 

plank 
Timber     - 

-     the  load 

-  0   3 

Rhubarb     - 

Ihe  lb. 

-0 

1 

■2 

-    Ihe  lead 

•0   2 

Rosin 

the  cwt. 

•  0 

1 

■2 

Oars 

-    Ihe  \iO 

■  0  4  I'2 

Saltpetre    - 

the  cwt. 

-0 

1 

-2 

I'aling  boards 

■    Ihe  120 

•  0    1 

Seeds,  gartleii 

the  100  lbs. 

-0 

3 

• 

Spars 

-    Ihe  120 

■0  2 

Skins  and  furs,  viz.— 

Slaves 

•    the  120 

-0   1 

Armins  or  ermines 

thezimnier*r40tk 

nsO 

2 

Tar 

•    the  last 

-0   2 

Bear  • 

each   • 

• 

-  0 

2 

Wainscot  lo^ 

-    the  load 

■0  2 

Calabar 

Ihe  zinimer 

-0 

2 

All  goods  iinl  enunierrited, 

pay 

1-Sth  per  cent,  ad  va/orem  on  the 

Calf  - 

the  hundred 

- 

-  0 

3 

declaration  of  the  inipi 

jrter. 

RUSSIA  LEATHER  (Fr.  Cutr  de Russie ,-  Get.  Jnften ,-  It.  Ciiojo  di  Russia;  Pol, 
Jachla  ;  Russ.  Juft,Youft  ,•  Sp.  Moscovta),  the  tanned  hides  of  oxen  and  other  kine,  deno- 
minatcd  by  the  Russians  youfta,  oijuffs, — a  designation  said  to  be  derived  from  their  being 


R. 

10  (IcBtructivc  ciTicUi 
:)randy,  wine,  suii;ur, 
jonnumod  ii>  Iri'luiul 
IMiAll,  &c.)  Kxorl)!- 
onacqucntly,  to  tnlu- 
rood  conduct.  'I'lic 
\vv  tninistcrs ;  M'tn, 
7jt(f  and  an  inrvasi 
particularly  nl'trr  the 
)ii  of  the  Kiiirit  duties. 
•live  ;  I'ut  the  wit  of 
ifrtlVcction. 

liity  rlmri;«(l  on  swppt. 
'li  liyilrdTiii'ler  l)y  iimrc 
1  (•v(-ryili'Kri!i'  per  (imii 
(MiL'tli  Hliiill  n.xccrd  lb: 
c;  iiii|iiirtrr  raniiot  iii:ik>' 
mill  in  writiii|.Mi|"iinlii; 
1  iriiili,  iiislt'ail  cf  ciiiiT- 
ivi>  ili'priM'H  of  slrcni!ili: 
sdiiii!  sklirnl  pcrai'ii  up. 
:U.) 

itiiiiiiiiR  not  Ipss  tlmnSO 
MIS,  limy  lit-'  ini|iiiriiMliiii 
bDirplion  or  lcak<i;rc,  an,! 

I  llK\n20  pillions"  c^cli.as 
sliili|H'(l  i'K  stores  riiriiiu' 
e  victiinlUng  hill  <if  smii 

nfr  into  rppiili^d  quarlor 
(S  J!t  l  Hill-  •'■  •;■  '•>'■) 
of  diirerent  strengths  for 
tlon  of  rntkins  might  lie 
might  be  complied  wiili, 
lortpd,  and  that  tlio  duty 
in.  —  (Min-  Com.  C'lis.STiii 

sion  ill  America,  or  of  the 
iciitu  of  origin  to  llm  cn|. 
rtuce  of  such  place— U«: 


RYE— SADDLES. 


42.5 


1  trade  with  Russia.  It 

act  of  parliament  in 

sh  subject  dc- 

iriug  aJ- 

, ;  and  every  individual 

itc  adventurer 

or  as  he 

1.  d. 

.    the  liiinilrecl   . 

■  0    412 

.    thelOOdciMD 

.0  2 

.    ihezimiuer    • 

'  1    6 

.    each    • 

•  0   1 

.    eacll    ■ 

.0  1  !■; 

.    the  tnn 

.  0  9 

.    the  humlred  • 

-0  2 

.    ttie  Ion 

•  0  6 

.    tlie  cwt. 

•  0  2 

.    llic  quarter    • 

•  0   1 

.    tlio  IM 

•  0  4 

the  120 

.0  a 

.    tlie  120 

•  0   1 

.    tlie  UO 

■  0  11-: 

.    the  120 

■  0  3 

■    Ihe  120 

•  0    1 

the  120 

•  0   4 

the  120   _      • 

•  0   9 

the  fathom     ■ 

■  0    1 

the  hail 

-  0    1 

the  l.'O 

•  0   1 1-! 

the  falhom      • 

.0    1  M 

BACh    - 

.0  2 

cicli   • 

■  0    1 

the  120 

.  0   5 

the  load 

.  0   3 

the  lead 

•  0   2 

llie  120 

■  0  4  i: 

the  120 

-  0  I 

the  120 

•0  2 

the  120 

■  0   1 

Ihe  iMt 

.  0  2 

Ihe  load 

■  0  2 
. ii 

III,;  i,t»v»  -  , 

Sill  per  cent,  ad  valorm  on  i.J 

ittojo  di  Russia ;  Pol. 
I  and  other  kine,  dono- 
[jrived  from  their  being 


crnprally  manufactured  in  pairs.  The  huHiness  of  tanniuR  \a  carried  on  in  tnowt  towns 
,1"  tlie  emiiiie,  hut  |irinci|)ally  at  Moscow  and  I'etcriihurgh.  Hus.^ia  joalher  is  Hoft,  has 
1  slronRly  prominent  Rrain,  a  great  deal  of  lustre,  and  a  powerful  and  peculiar  odour. 
It  is  nrincijially  eillier  red  or  Muck  :  the  former  in  the  liest,  and  is  liri^cly  used  in  lliiM 
iinl  other  countries  in  hookhiiuling;  for  which  purpose  it  is  superior  to  every  other 
iiiiitcriiil.  The  black  is,  liowever,  in  very  exten.sive  demand  in  Uu.-^sia ;  luri-e  iiuantities 
p,,ii,.r  made  up  into  lioots  and  shoes.  'I'lie  process  followed  hy  the  Russians  in  tho 
|ir.'[iar;itii)n  of  this  valuahle  commodity  has  licon  fieiiuciitly  descrilieil ;  hut  notwiiii.stand- 
iiijr  this  circumstance,  and  the  diet  that  foreigners  have  re[)eatedly  engaged  in  the  hu- 
<iiicss  in  Kussia,  with  the  intention  of  making  themselves  masters  of  its  details,  and 
iiiulcrtakini?  it  at  home,  tho  ellbrts  made  to  introduce  the  manufacture  into  other  couiitriea 
have  hitherto  entirely  failed.  One  of  the  best  tests  of  Rcnuini!  Ivus.sia  leather  is  its 
thrnwing  out  a  strong  odour  of  burnt  hide  upon  being  rubbed  a  little. — {liicurd,  'Daild 
(Unend  du   Cuniiiurcc,  tome  i.  p,  S75.  ed.  1781.) 

We  borrow  from  Mr.  Ilorrisow's  work  on  tho  Commerce  of  Pelemburfrh  tho  followlnu  ilelnlls  with  rc- 
,„,,fl  in  tills  iirliilii:— Uiiasia  li-alhor  forms  one  of  Ihe  priiiripiil  export  roniiiio'lities  of  ritcrslmrgh. 
1)1,1  sinic  the  ports  of  ihi;  Itl.iik  sou  have  huisii  opened,  the  exports  of  leather  from  iliin  port  have  con- 
siili'ralily  decreased  ;  Italy,  the  principal  consumer,  supplying  its  wants  from  Odc-saa  iinil  Taganrog, 
more  easily,  cheaply,  and  expeditiously  llian  from  I'elershiirgh.  Tho  chief  exportation  from  the  latter 
H  1(1  Prussia.  Germany,  and  I'.Mgland.  l^'raiikfort  on  the  Maine  and  I.eip/.ic  are  of  great  iiii[Kjrlaiicc  us 
j;.jn(rl8  the  trade  in  lliissia  lealln^r,  on  uccoiiiil  of  ilu^  fairs  liehl  in  them. 

jiillsare  tie  er  hoiight  on  contract,  hut  always  on  the  spot  at  cash  prices.  It  novertlieli ■^;s  oftea 
lia|ipt'iis  that  agi^iits,  in  order  to  si'cure  a  lot  of  jiill's,  pay  a  ciulain  sum  in  advailce,  and  settle  t'nr  the 
amMiiiit  at  the  lirst  market  prices  j  no  prices  being  tixed  in  the  moiillis  of  January,  February,  March, 
ami  fiiiiietiiiies  even  April. 

.hilfs  are  assorted  or  hrarked  when  received,  according  to  their  dillerent  qualities,  into  Gurr,  lioxrul, 
Xiiija  and  Domaflivii.  The  thriM'  tirst  sorts  arc  again  divided  into  hroiui  and  liirhl  (lure,  htary  and 
liAl  Hofral,  &.C.  Domashiia  is  the  worst,  and  conseiiuently  the  cheapest  sort.  It  often  lia|ipeiis  that 
ii'il'sare  liouKht  unassorted,  and  then  the  prices  are  ngulaled  according  as  the  unaniiiy  of  Domashna 
iMiiiiiined  in  the  lot  is  greater  or  less.  I'ersons  well  uciiiiainted  willi  the  nature  of  Kussia  leather  prc- 
iVr  narcliasing  it  in  this  state. 

Jiitis  are  sold  hy  the  pood,  which  consists,  as  it  is  commonly  expressed.of  I,  11, -1,!,  .'),.') I,  and  S;  hides. 
Ilvtliis  Is  understood,  that  so  many  hides  make  a  pood,  calciilaled  upon  the  wlioki  lot  ;  and  it  is  to  bn 
i'li,<erveil  that  the  lightest  jiil!!i  are  esteeiiiid  tlie  best  in  quality.  Heavy  julls,  or  those  of  4  and  li 
iii.ifis,  are  fliipiied  for  Italy  :  tlie  (Jermaus,  on  the  c(uitrary,  prefer  the  lighter  sort. 

.lull's  arc  paiked  ill  rolls,  each  contRiniiig  In  bidiM ;  and  from  10  to  15  of  these  rcdis  are  packed  to- 
ci.'llicr  in  a  bundle,  which  is  well  secured  hy  Uiick  matting.  Tliere  are  red,  wliite,and  black  jiiU'sj  but 
ill,'  red  are  most  in  (lemaiid.  'I'heir  good,  ess  is  ilelermined  by  their  being  of  a  high  red  colour,  of 
iMpial  size,  and  unmixed  with  small  hides:  they  must  also  bi;  free  from  holes,  well  stretched,  and 
equally  lliin.  In  a  well  finished  lot,  no  tliick  head  or  feet  parts  should  he  found.  If  spots  resembling 
llmvcrs  are  seen  on  the  red  hides,  it  is  an  additi(Mial  sign  of  their  good  qii'ilily ;  and  they  are  then 
lalleil  bUwiimljuff.1.  The  inside  shmilil  lie  clean,  snfi,  ,ind  white,  and,  wlien  taken  in  the  hand,  shoiilil 
t'.el  I'la.slic.  'ihe  best  connoisseurs  of  Russia  leather  can  nearly  determine  the  iiuality  hy  the  binell 
ulonc. 

(I'rr.il  attention  must  be  paid,  in  shipping  juffs,  to  secure  tlieni  from  being  wetted,  as  damp  air  alono 
isfiillicieiit  to  injure  them. 

Sixty  rolls  of  jiitl's  make  a  last;  83  jioods  iiett  weight,  when  shipped  for  Italy,  make  a  last;  and  M 
mioJsatnn  in  I'.ngland. 

I'lio  exports  of  jiill's  from  Russia,  in  1831,  were  '103  bales,  2f)l,2l0  skins,  and  60,000  poods.  Their  ag- 
gregate value  was  3,101,200  roubles. 

RYE  (Gcr.  Rogl-m,  liockcn  ,•  Du.  liofr,  Rnirgc  ,•  Fr.  Se!gk ,-  It.  Srgalc,  Segala  ,•  Sp. 
Ciiil'iiu;  Kuss.  Roscfi,  S(l,  Jar ;  Lat.  .S'tc«/e),  according  to  some,  is  a  native  of  Crete  ; 
but  it  is  very  doubtful  if  it  be  found  wild  in  any  country.  It  has  been  cultivated  from 
time  imnieniorial,  and  is  considered  as  coming  nearer  ill  its  properties  to  wheat  than  any 
uther  grain.  It  is  more  common  than  wheat  in  many  ])arts  of  the  Continent ;  being  a 
more  certain  crop,  and  requiring  less  culture  and  manure.  It  is  the  bread  corn  of 
dcrmany  and  Russia.  In  Britain  it  is  now  very  little  grown ;  being  no  longer  a  bread 
corn;  and,  therefore,  of  less  value  to  the  farmer  than  barley,  oats,  or  peas. —  (Loudon's 
Enry,  of  Agriculfttrc.) 

For  the  regulations  as  to  the  importation  and  exportation  of  rye,  see  Cony  Laws 
AM)  Coiix  Trauk. 


S. 


S.\BLE  (Ger.  Zohcl ,-  Fr.  ZihcUine ;  It.  ZihcUlnn  ;  Rus.  SnM),  an  animal  of  the 
weasel  tribe,  found  in  the  northern  parts  of  Asiatic  Russia  and  America,  hunted  for  tho 
sake  of  its  fur.  Its  colour  is  generally  of  a  deep  glossy  brown,  and  sometimes  of  a 
fine  glossy  black,  which  is  most  esteemed.  Sable  skins  have  sometimes,  though  very 
rarely,  been  found  yellow,  and  white.  Tho  liner  sorts  of  the  fur  of  sables  are  very 
scarce  and  dear. — (See  Fun  Tiiauk.) 

SADDLES  (Fr.  Selles ,-  Ger.  ^ciiUl ,■  It.  Selk ;  Rus.  Siidla,-  Sp.  «'c//e,s),  seats 
adapted  to  the  horse's  back,  for  the  convenience  of  the  rider.  Those  made  in  England 
are  reckoned  the  best.  Sherborne  and  Lynn  are  particularly  remarkable  for  this  manu- 
2  N  3  54 


•t 


II 

ll 
I 


li'l--'  ■ 


Y' 


420 


SAFFLOVVKR— SACJO. 


I 


■  '*. 


.,rr  f-*"" 


flW*'"!!' 


..,-r5«i 


lift*     ■  ■■  '■•' 
mi-      •  "• 

tm  ■  "  •*• 


fucturp.  Tho  hoRHkinii,  whkh,  when  tanned,  are  uicil  for  tho  «cat  of  the  saJdlc,  u.o 
nioMtly  iiii|i<)rtf(l  from  ItuMNiii, 

MAri'l.OW'HK,  oil  HASTAKI)  SATFIIOX  (Ct.  Snfflor  .■  Du.  S'l/pner,  llinhrd 
Stijfran  ;  I'r.  Ciirtiniir,  Sulfriin  hiilmil ;  It.  Znffnmr  ;  Sp.  Muziir,  Azafntn  Imslnnit: 
IJuH.  ]'<i/irn>l,  I'ntsto!  sr/inj'nm),  tlio  IIdwit  dI'  nn  uiimuil  pliint  {^('tiilluninisliiirUiriui 
lAi\.)  KniwiiiK  ill  Iiiiliii,  K.KVpt,  Amrricn,  iiml  Noini-  of  the  wurmcr  purtM  n|"  Hiiroiic.  |i 
is  not  ciwily  ilisiii)>ruisliiil  from  sttU'ron  by  Itie  I'yf,  but  it  liiw  nolhins  of   iix  »imll  or 

tU'ilo, 

Th«  llowt-rn,  wlilrli  i\r(!  p>imclliin!n  »(ilil  iiiidiir  llin  imino  nfnifniiiiin,  nrn  llin  only  \>nrtn  Ptiiiilayoil  ji, 
ilytiiiiU.  'IMii'V  \iclill\vri  Hcirls  111"  iHliiiirliiK  iinlliT  ;  iini- miliiliii!  In  waliT,  iiii'l  iirniliiriiii:  ii  yillnw  ,,|- 
liiit  little  liiMi'iiy  ;  till!  iilliiT  IS  i-iMii.iM".  mill  In  mi   ili-<ii.|vi'<l  liy  tin'  li\ril  iilKiillts  ,   tl  ih  tliU  IiihI  v\|ii,{, 

ill ri'iiiliTi  K.iflliiwrr  viiliii.lilr  in  ilyi  liiu'  :  iim  ll  iiir>ril-iii  ml  iiilmir  exriTilliiu  m  (Icllciirv  iiiiil  lii!;ii|ij 

(IH  it  iliM'N  III  i-iisiliiiL'^'J.  Miiv  wliirli  liui  111'  uliliiiiiiil  rvi'ii  Croiii  imiIiuh'uI,  tlii'iiiiti  miii'li  hilVi  lur  tn  iju 
hiltiT  ill  iliir.iliilily.  'I'ln;  luldur  nl 'siilllmviT  will  iml  lii';ir  lli"  .■iclioii  ul'  ho  m',  m^r  oven  tlial  •il'llii'  iih, 
lliiil  iiir  I'iir  il  rmi;  lime;  nml  lieliiu  very  cn.lly,  It  in  |irliMi|>  illy  eiii|il,iyeil  f.T  iiiilcilinu  n|"iii  Hilk  Iht 
line  Hriirlel  (/..iihthh  ul'llie  I'n'iirlii  uiiil  nwi;  iiilolirH  ilycil  Willi  cncliiiieiil  U|mim  «.M,llen  iluili 

'I'lie  linn  riiM!  ciildur  nl' Hiilllewer,  extraeled  liy  tryHliilliTil  hikIii,  liiuti|iiliileil  liy  citrli-  uciil,  i||,.„ 
slowly  ilrieil,  iiiiil  (jrouinl  Willi  the  piircal  liile,  iifodiiciH  llio  lioiiiitll'nl  r(;«i'«  known  liy  llii;  iitiiiicul' 
niiijrr  nx'ititli'. 

Halllower  HliDiild  he  rlioHen  in  tl;il(en  ol' ii  liriiilil  (iliik  culMiir.  nml  of  a  ciiiell  Hoinewlmt  rescnililiin 

tiib-icTO.     'I'liiit  whiili   in  III  |iii\viler,  il.irk  I'nl.iiir.'il,  or  i.ily :,'lil  to  lie  lej^'c  ie,|.— (//,i,s,wi/7»i.,(',(  {•„,. 

ilfTiy,  Kii!.'.  eil.  |i.  'J'i'i  ;    lliiiicn  fl'.i  I'enn.ininl  Ci.liiiir.'i,  veil,  i.  |i|i.  'i»'>-  -M"  ;   .Mlhidn'.s  Urinil.  (.',  m.) 

()l''2,T7'i  ewl.  of  Hiilll'iwer  iiii|iii||i'il  In  l^:il,  'i.VAi't  riiiiiu  I'miii  llie  llasi  Imliei  j  Imt  we  ocniMienallv 
liii|iort  coiisideriilili:  iiiiaiitilita  from  lliu  Ihiiluil  Slalctf  und  l'.:<y|it.  Tile  price  of  nallLiwur  in  bniij 
\'iirle'<  from  IV.  to  '•/.  III.-,  a  tut. 

Ndiwiih-iianillnir  the  liiiiileil  iiso  of  Hatllowcr,  iln  rcreiit  liiniory  nmy  Iw  (|ii(iic>il  in  illimiratidn  nf  n,., 
Iieiiel'iiial  elVeclH  of  nidilerale  iliilien.  At  an  aver;ii.'e  iif  the  :i  yearn  emlin'.'  \>  iili  1>"W,  when  ||ii.  i|,||y 
wa^s '-.•.. '.W.  il  i;wt..  Ilie  t'lilriis  f ir  lidine  (■diisiiiii|i|idii  were  al  llie  rate  df  I.'.IIC  iwt.  a  year.  In  !<i-; 
llie  (liiiv  was  reiliiieil  to  .'w.,  aiiil  in  Ih'Jii  to  'is.  (i,/.  a  rwl.  ;  ami  at  an  averiL'ii  nf  the  ;t  vears  ciiilnn 
uitli  \^.Vi,  ilio  cnlrli;!4  for  homo  conaiimiiliim  weru  '2,110  cwt.  u  yuar.  The  duly  Imu  aliite  la-cii  rt'iluct.i 
to  In.  a  I'wt. 

SAl'l'lJOX  ((JiT.  Siiffvmi ;  Di\.S:,frmi;  lu  Zupninn ,-  ^\\  Saffnm  i  Yr.Aznfran; 
Rus,  ISc'i(ifntn),  a  sort  «f  cako  i>rc|)ari'(l  from  llic  sllKiriiiH,  witli  a  pro[iortion  of  ||,,, 
stylo,  of  a  piTcmiial  ImlliouH  plant  {Cronis  .wtlriix  I. in.)  fuliivutcil  lo  n  small  rxtcnt 
in  Cnmliridijfi'shire.  It  in  also  imporlcil  from  Sicily,  rraiicc,  nml  8;)aiii ;  Itut  tlio  English, 
OH  licinc;  fresher,  more  premiine,  mid  better  rnred,  is  always  prefrrred.  \V'h(>n  (;iii),|, 
sallron  has  a  Swedish,  penelratiiiij,  did'iisive  odour  ;  a  warm,  punu;eiit,  bilterisji  tiisto: 
niid  a  rieh,  deep  orange  red  colour,  ft  should  be  <'hoHen  fresh,  in  elo»ie,  loiit;h,  comiiaft 
cakes,  moderately  moist,  niid  jiossessing  in  an  obvious  defjreo  iill  tlu-  above  mnitioni'ij 
qualities.  The  not  slaiiiim;;  the  fiiiLjers,  tho  maUiiiir  them  oily,  and  its  beiiii;  of  a  vvliiti-h 
yellow  or  blackish  colour,  indicate  tliat  it  is  bad,  or  too  old.  Satlron  is  used  in  incilicine, 
and  ill  the  arts  ;  but  in  this  country  the  coiisumplioii  seems  to  lie  dimiiiishincr.  It  j^ 
employed  to  colour  butter  and  cheese,  and  also  by  paiuler.s  and  dyers. — ('I7ii))nmu's 
Dispeiisii/ori/  ,-   Ltnidmin  I'.iici/,  of  Ai:;ricullun\) 

SAGAPENUM  (Arab.  tSu<j^lj'-iiuj),  a  concrete  gum-resin,  tlie  produce  of  an  unknown 
Persian  plant.  It  is  imported  from  Alexandria,  Smyrna,  i*v:c.  It  has  nn  odour  of 
garlic;  and  a  hot,  acrid,  bitterish  taste.  It  is  in  aEti^lutiiiated  drops  or  masses,  of  an 
olive  or  brownish  yellow  colour,  slightly  translucent,  and  breaking  with  a  horny  iVacturi', 
It  softens  and  is  tenacious  between  tho  fnigers,  melts  at  a  low  heat,  and  burns  with  a 
crackling  noise  and  white  llime,  giving  out  abundance  of  smoke,  and  leaving  lnhiiuia 
light  spongy  charcoal.     It  is  used  only  in  medicine. — {Thiwisdn'n  Dispfusiitari/.) 

SAGO  (Malay,  Snfrti  ,•  Jav.  Sufrit),  a  species  of  meal,  the  produce  of  a  palm 
{Mclroxi/hm  ''^'igu)  indigenous  to  and  abundant  in  such  of  the  Eastern  islands  as  iir.iilucc 
spices,  where  it  supplies  a  principal  part  of  tho  farinaceous  food  of  the  iiihaiutaiits, 

Tho  tree,  when  at  maturity,  is  about  30  feet  high,  and  iVom  18  to  'i'i  inclin-i  in  di- 
ameter. Before  the  formation  of  the  fruit,  the  stem  consi-^ts  of  nn  external  wail  alunit 
2  inches  thick,  the  whole  interior  being  (llled  up  with  a  sort  of  sjiongy  medullary  matter. 
When  the  tree  attains  to  maturity,  and  tho  tVuit  is  formed,  the  stem  is  ipiite  linllow, 
Being  cut  down  at  a  proper  period,  the  medullary  part  is  extracted  iVom  tiio  triiiik, 
and  reduced  to  a  powder  like  sawdust.  Tho  filaments  arc  ne\t  separated  by  wasliin?. 
The  meal  is  then  laid  to  dry  ;  and  being  made  into  cakes  and  baked,  iii  eaten  liy  the 
islanders.  For  exportation,  the  iinest  sago  meal  is  mixed  with  water,  and  the  pasii' 
rublied  into  small  grains  of  tho  size  anil  form  of  coriander  seeds.  'J'his  is  the  sppcios 
principally  brought  to  England,  for  which  market  it  should  bo  chosen  of  a  redilish  hiio, 
and  readily  dissolving  in  hot  water  into  a  fine  jelly.  Within  these  few  year.s,  however, 
a  procj.ss  has  been  invented  by  tho  Chinese  for  refining  sago,  so  as  to  give  it  a  line 
pearly  lustre;  and  the  sago  so  cured  is  in  the  highest  estimation  in  all  the  European 
markets.  It  is  a  light,  wholesome,  nutritious  food.  It  is  sent  from  the  islands  where  it 
is  grown  to  Singapore,  where  it  is  granulated  and  bleached  by  the  Chinese.  The  export 
trade  to  Europe  and  India  is  now  principally  confined  to  that  .settlement. — {A!ns!k',i  MiiL 
Indlca ;  Crawfurd's  East.  Arc/ii'p.  vol.  i.  pp.  383 — 393.,  vol.  iii.  p.  348. ;  Bell's  Kaiao 
of  the  Commerce  of  Bengal,  ^c.) 


SAIL— SALONKA. 


4tr 


of  the  miJillf,  arc 

lu.  S'l/flner,  llmlml 
Aznjidii  liii.itaain; 
'iirlliiiiiius  tliirliiriui 
\nnU  "f  Hiiruiic.  li 
ling  of    iw  Biiull  (if 

(iiily  i>ftrli<  riiii'lKyi'ilIn 
I  iiroiliiiiiii:  II  yi  lli'w  nf 

IS  .  II  in  tlli^  I'l''!  NN>»<|| 
I  III  (Iclil'llcV  mill  IPIlllll'y, 
.■ll  lillirll  liil'ilini-  In  u;,, 
imr  (.'Vrll  Uliil  111' III''  till, 
iinlDiline  <M">i>  Hllkllu: 

I  \%  oiilli'ii  I'lmli 
itnl  liy  rilrii'  uilil,  llu;, 

kiiiiwii  liy  ilii!  ii'Uiiv  ui 

II  (jdiiicwlmt  ri'jii'tiililinii 

,.,|._.  (//li.vM'/./lll.W'd   J'ulj. 

Iiiiiii'm  (irinil.  ('■  m.) 
iw  ;    lull  »VI'    (iCrH^lillllily 
■H-v.  ol'  Biilllivvur  ill  liniij 

iiril  In  llliisiraiinnof  111,, 

i\  llll  \>~'i.  Wllrll  llll'  llilly 

ini7  cwl.  11  yriir.  In  I'ii, 
u'ti  iif  llK^  :i  yiMiH  nuliin 
ly  liu«  aliicc  buL'ii  rudiici:,! 

nlfrnii  ;  Fr.  Aziifran; 
a  jiroiiortiiin  of  iho 
itPil  to  a  small  oxtoiit 
mill ;  l)Ut  till!  Eiii;lish, 
(■I'l-rri'il.  \\'\wn  cool, 
iii'^iMit,  hilli'vish   taste; 

II  rloso,  tiiiiijli,  ciiinpart 
1  till-  aliovi'  iiinitioncil 

III  i'lS  iH'iiiu;  of  11  \vluti>h 
■iri  is  us'i'il  ill  iiicdicir.o. 

(liiiiiiiisliiiuT.      It  '» 
.    ilyiTH. — {'I'liDiimiin 

irmliico  of  an  unknown 
It    has    till    oddiir  of 
•opsi  or  niiisscs,  of  an 
with  a  homy  fractiiro, 
tilt,  ami  liuriis  with  a 
111(1   joavini?  behiiiil  a 
Dispni^dlori/.) 
prodiii'P   of  a  palm 
Ucrii  islands  as  iir.uluce 
of  the  iiilialiit;iiitiJ. 
8  to  'Z'i  iiichrs  in  ili- 
11  external  wall  ahoiit 
iin;;y  incdullary  matter. 
stem  is    (luitn  linlloiv. 
Iracted  iVoiii  llio  tniii'ii, 
seiiaratcd  by  wasliinj. 
[lakcd,  i:5  eaten  liy  the 
water,  and   the  paste 
[is.     This  is  tlio  species 
loson  of  a  reddish  hue, 
io  few  year.s,  however, 
;o  as  to  give  it  a  fine 
in  all  the   European 
lin  the  islands  where  it 
Chinese.    Thecxport 
inent. — {Ahislits  Mat. 
I.  348. ;  Bclis  Rcmc 


Xlie  coniumptlon  o(  tngn  hil*  hnnn  nhoiil  irRhlcil  ilnrliiit  llin  lant  i|ori<n  v''iir«  t  linvliin  nniniiiiiml  to 
I  3TI  I'Wt.  n  yrnr  iil  nn  iivi'maii  nfllin  3  yyiim  i-nilliiif  wlili  iH'i'J,  iuhI  in  .I,"*  iii  cwl.  n  yi'iir  iil  tin  iivirrtnu 
,  t  llll'  •'  yi'iir*  i^Milinu  Willi  I'-'.Vi  'I'liiK  l.irai'  iiiircnsn  In  wlinlly  uirrilinlili'  In  ilii«  ri'iliiilinii  In  ili,'  in- 
irv.il  III' lilt!  ii(i|iri'si<lvi' iliilii'n  liy  Willi  li  llir  iirliili' wi<  ruriniTli  li.mli  .1  -  ( /''i/ii  rt  pulilflml  hy  ih§ 
Btiitnl  I'f  Vrail'')  Til"  |irli'«  iirniimniiii  aiiKii  in  ImhiiI  viiri.'H  Innii  !'}<.  tii  W.  ;  \vliili<  poiul  i<ai|n  Ivlchut 
Ir.iiii  1^'-  t"  "'  ^^'- ''  ''^^''  '  '""  '*'"  l"'*^"  '"  ""'>'"  '"  Kruiit  Mill  lii:illiin. 

S.MI'i  a  ronrnc  linen  or  raiivasx  Hheet  nitaehed  to  tlio  inuHt'i  niul  ynnU  nf  t\\\^n,  the 
I'adeii  of  wimtiiiilU,  iVe.,  to  intercept  ihu  wind  and  oeeasioii  their  iiinveinent. 

I  ifi'lail  Huilx,  wliril  ilii|iiirt<'il  liy,  iiml  lit  iiinl  iii'ii'ioiary  I'.ir,  iiml  I'l  llir  nrlmil  iin'  iil'iiny  llrllinli  «lll|), 
iiri' i'triii|il''il  Ir"!!!  (Inly  ;  lull  wtnii  otlirrwiMU  iIih|iohi'i|  nl',  tliry  imy  II  (Inly  iif'^l)  (ii'r  cnil.  ml  ruhirem. 
.,.\(ln,.  1.  r.7rt.  }  Vi.) 

SiiilK  Hint  ciiriliiiii:  ol'  llrllHli  ni'inuriirliirc,  •■\;i<irti'>l  rnnii  (iri'iit  llrilaln  l»  lln*  nilnnii'i,  iiinl  nrii^r- 
fViirili  liii|>orli'il  iiilo  llie  I'lilli'il  Klni{i|iiiii.  :iri!  in  nil  iiihch,  nlli.T  lliiiii  lliuxi'  In  wlin  li  llii'y  aro  iin|iorliMl 
hy  Ai// 1^'"''""'. '" ''"  (l<'<'ii«'<l  I'liri'lun  ;  iiinl  xncli  MiilKiiinl  cnriliiitH.  iilllniniili  nut  llilili' In  duly  >.ii  liini( 
;i4  III'!  v>'xi*<'l  i'inillnn''x  III  lii'liiiitf  to  llin  culony,  lii'riinii'  Hnii|i'rl  In  llic  iIiiIii'm  In  (|ni'rtilnn  ms  hiiuii  uh 
ill,.  venKiil  buiiinn.'H  llni  |iro(i(;rty  (if  iiiTniiiiH  n.'rtlillnu  in  lliiii  cuiiiilry  — r/Vf(i.i«c{^  I'cil' r, 'J'.lili  olMiiii., 
1>'^.) 

SAlinP.  n  fpocicH  of  powder  prepared  from  the  dried  root*  of  a  plant  of  the  orchis 
kind  {i>ir/ils  musenhi  Fiiii.).  Tlml  which  is  iinporlcd  from  India  is  in  white  oval 
,iii'('i'<,  hard,  clear,  nii'l  pellucid,  without  smell,  and  tastiiiu;  like  traijacaiitli.  A-i  an 
article  of  diet,  it  is  said  to  lii>  liu;lit,  Idiiiid,  and  niilritimis.  'I'lie  plant  thrives  in  Kn^land, 
Imt  it  is  not  cultivated  to  any  extent ;  and  very  little  is  iiii[Hirted. — Ainn/it'n  Mat. 
Inilicii  I  Milhiini'n   Orient.   Cniii.) 

SAl'M^^^"  (der.  Liirlis',  Siilin ;  Fr.  Suumoii ;  It.  Sirinniir,  SahniKinr  •  Sp.  Sainton; 
]h\f.  I.niii;").  'J'liis  capital  lish  is  too  well  known  to  reipiire  any  description.  It  ia 
i'liiiid  only  in  noilliern  sc.is,  lieiin^  unknown  in  the  Mcililirrancan  and  other  warm 
ro;;iiiiis.  I'l  ''"''  country  it  is  an  arlicle  of  much  value  and  inipoitaiice.  It  is  exceed- 
ini>lv  alnindaiit  in  Ja[ian  and   Kaiiitschatka. 

"Saliiiini  lialicrios,"  Mamlmll  olisTvcs,  "  urn  Cdpliiiiii  and  roiMiint  scnrci's  of  linnian  foi.i!;  tlipy 
rank  iicM  to  iiiirii'iilliiru.  'I'lioy  have,  imltiil,  one  advantape  over  evrry  otiii't  inlirnal  innilnce,—  llieir 
iiicroasc  (|(i(M  not  lessen  olliur  arliili's  of  lininan  roilislHUMice.  'I'lie  saliinin  ilues  not  prey  on  llic  pro- 
(liK,;  of  llll!  xoil,  nor  (loi'H  it  iiwi!  ils  8i/i'  anil  iintrilivi!  (inalitii'H  in  llie  (Irslrnilidii  (if  iih  cninpatriot 
irilion.  It  leaves  its  nativ('  river  at  an  early  Hialo  of  Krowlli;  and  L'niiiu',  even  naluralisls  luiow 
11(11  ivliori',  riliirns  of  ample  si/.i",  and  rich  In  liiniiaii  noiirislinieiit  ;  expoi^iii^  ilS'lf  in  llie  narrnwest 
<lteaiii«.  'IS  if  niitnre  iiiteinli'il  it  as  a  special  Ihmmi  to  iiiiiii.  In  every  Btai;ii  of  savaneiiess  and  civili/.a- 
ijciii,  llll'  salmon  iiiiisl  liave  lieeii  consiiterdd  as  a  valiialile  liencfactioii  to  tliis  Cdiiiiiry." 

Ili'im;  rari'ly  caiijllil,  exc(!pt  in  esKiiirics  or  rivers,  llie  salinnii  may  lie  consiilircil  in  a  ';reat  (Ie?reo  nn 
privali'  iiropcrty.  'rim  London  iniirket,  where  the  eonsiiniptioii  is  ImniiMise,  is  principally  siippti(!(l 
iriiMillit'  Sciilili  rivers.  Tin'  Twei'd  lislicry  is  llni  first  in  point  of  niaiinitiiite  of  any  in  llie  kinu'itoiii ; 
llic  lalii' is  siinicliini-s  i|iille  nstonisliiiiL',  si'vur'il  hiinilri'ds  liaviiiL' lii'i'ii  fii'i|ii'!iilly  tiikcii  liy  a  siiiirlo 
iwei'p  of  lilt'  net  I  Salnion  an-  ili'spiit(lii:d  in  fast  sailing  vessida  from  tin!  Spcy,  tin;  'I'ay,  llie  Tueial, 
iiiid  mill  r  Sciilcli  rivers,  for  l.inidon,  packed  in  ice,  liy  which  means  they  are  presi^rvi'. I  (|nite  fresh. 
When  till!  season  is  at  lis  hei'.'lit,  and  tinicalcli  L'reali.'r  than  can  tie  taken  oiri'ri^sli,  it  is  salli'il,  pickled, 
orilrii'il  for  wiiiler  cunsiimiilinn  at  hoiin.',  and  for  foreiun  niarkels.  I'lirnieily,  such  pan  of  Iho  Scotch 
siijiiioii  as  was  not  idnsiimod  at  homo,  was  pickled  and  kitteil  after  lieiiii;  Ijniled,  ami  was  m  this  statu 
<iMit  up  lo  London  iiiidir  the  name  of  Newcaslh;  salnnni ;  lint  the  present  nii'thoil  of  dispnsin;!  of  the 
lish  h;n  so  raised  its  value,  as  lo  liav(!  nearly  (lepriv(al  all  hiil  the  rielcr  inlialiilaiits  in  the  environii 
,.f\'w  lislii'ry  of  111''  use  of  salmon.  Within  llie  memory  of  niaiiy  imw  liviiiL',  salnil  salmon  furiiii'd  a 
iMitiTi il  article  of  li'iiisohold  economy  in  all  ihii  farm-lnnises  in  ttie  vale  of  llie  Tweed  ;  iiisomiicli,  that 
iieiloor  siirvanla  used  to  stipnlale  that  they  stioiild  not  In;  olilii,'ed  to  take  niore  thin  two  weekly  im.-alH 
(.rsatnioii.  Its  ordinary  price  was  tlien  •!■(.  a  sjoiie  of  111  lbs. ;  lint  it  is  now  never  lielnw  I'i.,  often 
liij' ,  and  soiiieliines  Al.-i.  a  stiiiie.  'I'liis  rise  in  the  price  of  the  tish  lias  |)rodiiced  a  correspondinii  rise 
ill  the  value  of  I  he  salmon  tislieries,  some  of  wliich  yiidd  very  larce  rents.  The  total  vuliie  of  the  sal- 
imm  caiiijlit  in  the  .Scutch  rivers  has  lieeii  (isliinaled  at  150,1)1111;.  a  year.  Tlnfre  are  coiisiderahle  lisli- 
iries  ill  some  "f  I'le  Iri-'li  and  Kiijilisli  rivers  ;  tint  inferior  lo  those  nf  Scolland.— t/.uio/jtt's  KiiC!/.  uf 
.Irrkuhitre ;  Ociitrnl  licpn  'I  of  Hcutlnmt,  vol.  ill.  p.  H2T.) 
'Pecrcasecfllie  Suiiph/  of  Salmon,  l'uar.hii))r,  jyc. — Tile  decrease  of  salmon  in  the  Enclieh  and  fcotch 
rivers,  pariiciil  irly  of  l^ile  years,  is  a  fact  as  to  which  there  can  he  no  manner  of  doiilit.  .Miirh  iinsa- 
iisl'iclnry  illscassion  has  taken  place  as  to  its  causes,  wliich  are.  prolialily,  of  a  very  iliversilied  cliarac- 
iiT.  .\  jood  deal  has  lieen  ascrihed  to  llie  incrisise  of  water  madiiiK^ry  on  the  liaiiks  of  the  dillereiit 
rivers;  but  we  hardly  think  that  this  could  have  much  iiil'iience,  except,  perhaps,  in  the  case  of  tliu 
Mnailer  class  of  rivers.  Il'cir>\  or  saliinm  traps,  have  also  heen  nnicli  ohjected  lo  ;  thoii!;h,as  we  have 
'..■en  assured,  with  slill  less  reason.  On  the  whole,  we  are  iin  lined  In  think  that  the  falling  offiii  the. 
iii|i|ilynf  this  valuable  tisli  is  prinripally  to  he  ascrilied  lo  llio  temptalinn  to  over- lish  the  rivers,  caused 
liy  ilic  extraordinary  rise  in  the  price  of  salmon  ;  to  the  prevalence  of  poachiiii; ;  and,  more  than  all, 
IM  llie  Ion  limited  diiratiiui  of  IIk!  close  lime.  In  It-'i-',  after  a  ifreat  deal  of  disciissioii  and  imiuiry,  aii 
art  was  passed  C.XJRo.  t.  c.  H'.l.),  wliich  has  done  a  cond  deal  to  remedy  these  (hifei'ts— in  so  far,  at 
leist.  as  respects  the  Scolcli  tislieries.  The  rivers  are  to  lie  hIuU  frinii  the  1  llll  of  SepUmilier  lo  the  1st 
ol'feliriiary ;  and  every  person  cauhing  or  atUuiiplinil  to  calcli  lish  diirina;  that  period  is  lo  forfeit  not 
lesillian  li.  and  not  more  than  11)/.  for  every  ollen('\  besides  the  lish,  if  he  have  caiiijlit  any,  and  sucli 
liiiats,  nets,  or  other  iinplemeiits,  as  he  may  liavi!  made  use  of.  Pecuniary  iienallies  are  also  inllicteil 
ii|ioii  poachers  and  trespassers  ;  and  provision  is  made  for  the  watchini!  uf  the  rivers.  We  iimler- 
stanillliat  this  act  has  had  a  very  uooil  ellecl  ;  ilioii;;li  it  is  believed  that  il  would  bu'butter  were  tlio 
*,|j  time  extended  from  the  1st  of  Septemtier  to  the  middle  of  February. 

It  is  enacted  by  slat,  t  (Jeo.  1.  st.  'i.e.  18,  that  no  salmon  shall  he  seiillo  any  tlsluuonpor  or  lish-seller 
in  Enctand.  of  less  than  6  lbs.  wciijht,  under  a  penally  of  5/.  The  b'^  fJeo.  3.  c.  13.  authorises  the  jus- 
tices at  fpiarler  sessions  lo  appoint  conservators  of  rivers,  and  to  lix  the  beginnin;;  and  terminaliiur  of 
llie  close  time.  The  penally  upon  poacliiii'j  and  takini:  lisli  in  close  time  is  by  the  same  act  li.ved  at  UOt 
iiKirelliaa  10/.  and  not  less  than  il.,  with  forfeiture  of  tish,  boats,  nets,  .Sec. 

SAIiONICA,  a  large  city  and  sea-port  of  European  Turkey,  at  the  north-east  ex- 
tremity of  the  gulf  of  the  same  name,  in  lat.  40°  38'  47"  N.,  Ion.  2?.°  57'  13"  E. 
Population  estimated   at    70,000.     There  is  no  port  at   Salonica,  but  there  is  excellent 


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SALT. 


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.IJHjix      -Iff"!*! 

iiCwiitaHiiti 


■  i«i 


anchorage  in  the  roads  opposite  to  the  town.  The  access  to  them  is  by  no  means  tliflicult, 
Pilots,  however,  are,  for  the  most  part,  employed ;  and  of  these,  some  are  always  on  the 
look-out.  IJuring  that  period  of  the  late  war  when  the  anti-commercial  system  of  Na. 
polcon  was  at  its  h('ii>ht,  ISalonica  became  a  great  depot  for  British  goods ;  whence  they 
were  conveyed  to  (ii-rmany,  Kussia,  and  other  parts  of  Europe.  At  ail  times,  however, 
Salonica  has  a  considerable  trade.  The  exports  principally  consist  of  wheat,  barley,  and 
Indian  corn,  timber,  raw  cotton,  wool,  raw  silk,  wax,  and  tobacco.  The  average  ex- 
portation of  cotton  is  said  to  be  about  100,000  bales;  of  tot)acc.o  about  30,000  bales; 
each  i)aic  oonlaining  about  275  il)s.  'I'hc  export  of  wool  is  said  to  amount  to  about 
1,000,000  Ills.  'J'he  im|)i)rts  are  sugar,  coiree,  dye  woods,  indigo,  muslins,  printed  calicoes, 
iron,  lead,  tin,  watches,  &c. 

Jlrrira\!!.—\\\  l^^l,  lliiTi"  !irriveil  nt  Salonica  SUS  vessels,  of  ttiR  Iiiirilcn  nf  31  20j  tons. 

•Vi'HPV,  lleii'lilf,  and  .Miui.iiiris.— XrctnwMa  are  kepi  in  piastres  olWO  paras,  or  I'-IO  aspers.  Ttie  coins 
are  Itiosi-  orConHliUiti'ioiili' ;  wiiirli  see. 

Tlie  weii-'lii^!  anil  nn-as^iiirs  !ir(!  tlii'  same  as  tliose  of  Smyrna,  except  lliat  the  liisioz,  killow,  or  corn 
measure  of  Halonica,  =  :i7S  liislnz  ol  Smyrna. 

SALT  (Gcr.  Siih,-  Du.  Z„iit ,-  Fr.  .SV/,-  It.  Sule .-  Sp.  Sal,-  Rus.  Sn/ •  I,at.  .S7rt,. 
Arab.  Mclh ;  Oliin.  Yen;  Hind.  JSimmuck ;  Vex,  Nun),  the  chlaride  of  nod.hi  in  of  mo- 
dem chemists,  has  lier n  known  and  in  common  use  as  a  si'asonov  and  [ircserver  of  fooj 
from  the  earliest  ages.  Iiiimeiisc  masses  of  it  arc  found  in  this  and  many  otiier  eountriof, 
which  rcijuirc  only  to  be  dug  out  and  reduced  to  powder.  In  that  state  it  is  calliij 
rock-salt,  ""'ic  water  of  the  ocean  also  contains  a  great  deal  of  salt ;  to  whieh,  iniltcj, 
it  owes  '  .-;  ;.  Ue,  and  the  power  which  it  possesses  of  resisting  freezing  till  cooled  down 
to  'ZS\  ■  r  hen  this  water  is  sutFieieiitly  evaporated,  the    salt    precipitates   in    ery.stuis, 

This  is  :ie  coiniiion  proees:^  by  which  it  is  obtained  in  many  couiitricii.  There  aic 
various  processes  by  which  it  may  be  obtained  quite  pure.  Common  salt  usually  crvs- 
tallises  in  cubes.  Its  taste  is  universally  known,  and  is  what  is  strictly  denominain] 
salt.  Its  specific  gravity  is  2*125.  It  is  soluble  in  3-82  times  its  weight  of  cold  water, 
and  in  2-76  times  its  weight  of  boiling  water. — {Thomson'' s  Chcriilfifri/.) 

Besides  its  vast  utility  in  seasoning  food,  and  preserving  meat  both  for  domestic  con 
sumption  and  during  the  longest  voyages,  and  in  furnishing  muriatic  acid  and  soJa, 
salt  forms  a  glaze  for  coarse  pottery,  by  being  thrown  into  the  oven  where  it  is  baked; 
it  improves  the  whiteness  and  clearness  of  glass ;  it  gives  hardness  to  soap ;  in  meltini 
metals,  it  preserves  their  surface  from  calcination,  by  defending  them  from  the  air.  and 
is  employed  with  advantage  in  some  assays ;  it  is  used  as  a  mordant,  and  for  inijirovini' 
certain  colours ;  and  enters  more  or  less  into  many  other  processes  of  the  arts.  Ahiny 
contradictory  statements  have  been  made  as  to  the  use  of  salt  as  a  manure.  Probajjly 
it  may  be  advantageous  in  .some  situations,  and  not  in  others. 

Salt  .l/iHe.i,  SpriiirrD,  .ij-r?.— Tlie  principal  salt  mines  are  at  Wielitska  in  Poland,  Catalonia  in  Spain, 
Alteinonle  in  Calabria,  I.oownr  in  Hungary,  in  many  places  in  Asia  and  Africa,  and  in  Clicsliire  in 
tills  country.  Tin;  mines  at  Wielitslia  are  upon  a  very  lartte  scale  ;  but  the  statements  that  have  fre- 
quently been  published  of  their  containing  villages,  inhabited  by  colonics  of  miners  who  never  saw  the 
light,  are  altogether  without  foundation.  These  mines  have  been  wrought  for  more  than  COO  years.- 
iCoic's  Travels  in  the  vVoWA  of  Europe,  vol.  i.  p.  141).  8vo.  ed.) 

The  salt  mines  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Northwich  in  Cheshire  are  very  extensive.  They  have  been 
wrought  since  1070;  and  the  iiuantity  of  salt  obtained  from  tliem  is  greater,  probably,  than  is  olilaineil 
from  any  other  sail  mines  in  tlie  world.  In  its  solid  form,  when  dug  from  the  mine,  Chesihirc  sail  is 
not  sufiiciently  pure  for  use.  To  purify  it,  it  is  dissolved  in  sea  water,  from  which  it  is  afterwards 
separate<l  by  evaiioralion  and  crystallisalion.     The  greater  part  of  this  sail  is  e.xporled. 

Salt  spri'ign  are  mi!t  with  in  several  countrh^s.  Those  in  f;hesliire  and  VVorceslerKhire  fiirnislia 
large  proportion  of  the  salt  made  use  of  in  (ireat  Dritain.  The  brine,  being  pumped  up  I'reni  very 
deep  wells,  is  evaporated  inwrought  iron  pans  from  20  to  30  feet  siiiiure  and  10  or  12  inches  ilecji, 
placed  over  a  furnace. 

Most  of  the  salt  used  in  Scotland  previonsly  to  the  repeal  of  the  duty,  was  obtained  by  the  cvapn- 
ration  of  sea  water  nearly  in  the  way  now  mentioned ;  hut  several  of  the  Scotch  salt  works  iiave 
since  been  relimiui.^^hed. 

In  warm  countries,  salt  is  obtained  hy  the  evaporation  of  sea  water  by  the  heat  of  the  sun  ;  and  the 
cry.stals  of  salt  made  in  this  way  are  more  pcrtect,  and  [lurer,  from  the  greater  slowiw.-.;!  of  tlie  pro- 
cess. Trench  salt  is  manufactured  in  this  mode,  and  it  has  always  been  in  considerable  duniaiiil  in 
this  and  otlier  countries ;  but  the  principal  imports  of  foreign  salt  into  firiMit  lirilain  al  prcsuntaru 
from  Portugal.     Tlu-y  anmunt,  at  an  average,  to  from  300,000  to  3i0,000  biisliels  a  year. 

Consumption  nf  Salt. — The  consumption  of  salt  in  this  country  is  iunncnse.  Neckcr  estimated  tlie 
consumption  in  those  provinces  of  France  which  had  purchased  an  exemption  from  Ihe.  frnbctle  i.l\i:is 
francs  ridimt'es)  at  about  I'.'J  lbs.  (Eng.)  for  each  individual. — (.Mminist ration  iles  /I'lMumis-.  leiiii'.  ii.p. 
12.)  From  all  that  we  have  been  able  to  learn  on  the  suliject,  we  believe  that  the  consuniplioii  ef  tlie 
people  of  this  country  may  be  estimated  a  little  higher,  or  at  22  lbs.  ;  the  ditl'erencc  in  our  I'eiiil  unil 
liabits,  as  compared  with  the  French,  fully  accounting  for  this  increased  allowance.  On  Ibis  siipp  r- 
sition,  ami  taking  the  (lopulation  at  16,500,000,  the  entire  consumption  will  amount  to  30,1,000,0001118., 
or  ltil,000  tons. 

Kxcliisive  of  this  inuneiise  home  consumption,  we  annually  export  about  10,000,000  bnsliels,  which, 
at  5()  Iha.  a  bushel,  are  ei|uivalent  to  2.')0,000  tons.  The  Americans  are  tlie  largc'st  consumers  of  lirilifii 
salt;  the  exports  to  the  l.'niled  .Stales  in  lh31  having  aiiiounti^d  to  3,130,250  bushels.  During  llie  same 
year  we  exported  to  the  iNelberlaiids,  1. '.'31.001  busluls;  to  the  IJritish  North  American  culonies, 
l,55n,(i30  do.  ;  to  Russia,  1,101,S!10  do. ;  to  I'russia,  ()21,l'J0  do.,  &c. 

The  cheapness  of  this  important  necess.iry  of  life  is  iioi  less  remarkable  than  its  dilTusion.  Its  pre- 
sent cost  may  lie  estinialiMl.  at  a  mcdiiini,  at  from  1 !.«.  to  l(i.<.  a  ton. 

Duties  on  Sdlt.—U\  ancient  Uouie,  salt  was  subjected  to  a  duly  (rccfi^^a/ «a/inariim;  see  Z?urmai, 


SALTPETRE. 


429 


no  means  difficult, 
are  always  on  the 
jial  system  of  Na> 
cods ;  whence  they 
all  times,  however, 
■  wheat,  barley,  and 
The  average  ex- 
bout  30,000  bales; 
o  amount  to  about 
ns,  printed  calicoes, 

flj  tons. 

[iO  usiiiors.    Ttic  coins 

kialoz,  killow,  or  torn 

us.  Sol;  I. at.  .S7«; 
'e  of  .sdflium  of  mo- 
.iid  jireservor  of  foDd 
lany  other  countrie!--, 
state  it  is  callod 
t ;  to  which,  indeed, 
ing  till  cooli'd  down 
?il)itates  in  crystuls. 
lunlriesi.  There  are 
r)n  s.dt  usually  crya- 
strictiy  denoiuinaled 
iveight  of  cold  water, 

til  for  domestic  con 

iatic   acid   and  soda,    I 

ri  where  it  is  baked ; 

to  soap;  in  multini; 

in  from  the  air,  and 

int,  and  for  iniprovinj 

of  the  arts.     Many 

manure.     Probably 

11(1,  Catalonia  in  Spain, 
ica,  :in<l  in  Cliesliircin 
UiMnents  thai  liuvol're- 
lU'rs  who  never  saw  llie 
more  tlian  000  yuars- 

asive.  Tliny  l\avcl)epn 
i)l)ably,  tlmn  is  olitaineil 

mine,  ClieHliiie  salt  is 
Ivvliicli  it  ia  al'terwariii 
■xported. 
[orceslcrfliirn  fiiniisli  a 

|)unip(i(l  np  iVcnn  very 
U  10  or  12  inclies  ilccp, 

loblained  by  ttie  cvapn- 
Icotcli  sail  worlis  lave 

|>at  of  till"  sun  i  andllie 
j;r  slowni'sa  of  tlie  pro- 
tonsidcrablu  ilciiiaiiil  in 
]l!riiaiu  at  present  are 

a  year. 

Neckcr  estimated tlie 
jfroin  \\\e  /riibdle  (.Pii:j5 
ihs  FiiHuiccs.Uniii'.ilf. 
lilt!  consMinption  iif  tlie 
Ireiicc  in  onr  I'oml  anil 
lance.  On  tliiri  supp;i- 
luntlo  3()3,OUO,0&0 lbs,, 

nnO.OOO  bupliols,  wliich, 
It  ronsiinuTs  iifl!riti:li 
lels.  DnriiiL'tlie  pame 
111  American  culonies, 

itsdiffiiBion.    Itsprc- 

finarum;  sec  Burmai, 


f)isfcrttttio  de  Vcctigalibus  Pop.  Rom.  c.  6.) ;  and  it  has  been  heavily  laxeil  in  most  modern  slated.  Tlio 
cixlfUt,  or  code  of  salt  laws,  formerly  established  in  France,  was  nioHl  oppressive.  From  1,000  to  5,000 
inTsons  are  cnlcnlated  to  have  been  sent  annually  to  prison  and  llie  galleys  for  olFences  connected 
\villi  these  laws,  the  severity  ofwhich  had  no  inconsiderable  share  in  lirinaing  about  the  Uevoliition. — 
lYouns's  Traeels  in  Francr,  vol.  i.  p.  50-.)  In  this  country,  duties  upon  salt  were  imimsed  in  tlie  reifc'n 
fit" William  III.  In  I79.S,  they  amounted  to  5s.  a  bushel;  but  wore  subseiiuenlly  im-reased  to  lH.i.  a 
busliei,  or  about  forty  times  the  cost  of  the  salt  I  So  exorbitant  a  duty  was  productive  of  the 
worst  effects;  and  occasioned,  by  its  magnitude,  and  the  regulations  for  ullnwing  Kiilt,  duty  free,  to 
ihc  ti.-berieB,  a  vast  deal  of  smuggling.  The  opinion  of  the  pulilic  and  of  the  House  of  Coiunions  liav- 
liiL'  been  strongly  pronounced  against  the  tax,  it  was  finally  repealed  in  1823. 

That  the  repeal  of  so  exorbitant  a  duty  has  been  productive  of  great  advantage,  no  one  can  doubt; 
hut  seeing  that  a  large  revenue  must  be  raised,  we  question  whether  goveriminnt  acted  wisely  in  to- 
tiillvrelimiuisliing  tlie  lax.  Had  the  duty  been  reduced  to  2*.  or  '2^.  Gi/.  a  bushel,  and  no  duly  free  stilt 
aiioived  for  the  fisheries,  but  a  drawback  given  on  the  fish  exported,  a  revenue  of  l,0()0,(iO(li.  a  year 
niishi  have  been  derived  from  this  source  with  but  little  injury.  It  was  not  the  nature  of  the  salt  tax, 
biirthe  absurd  extent  to  which  it  had  been  carried,  that  rendered  it  justly  odious.  When  at  the  liijjli- 
est,  it  produced  about  1,500,000/.  a  year. 

[For  the  quantity  and  value  of  the  salt  which  is  annually  imported  into  the  United  States 
sec  article  iMPonTs  and  Exports.  A  great  quantity  of  salt  is,  however,  produced  in  the 
re  rioii  beyond  the  Alleghanics,  and  at  Salina  and  elsewhere  in  the  state  of  New  York.  The 
fdlowing  extract  from  a  Report  made  to  the  legislature  of  this  state,  in  January,  1839,  ex- 
hiliits  the  condition  of  its  salt-works. 

jSniiie  new  manufactories  have  been  erected,  and  a  few  maniifiicturers  have  enlarged  their  cisterns. 

The  le^'islatiire  appropriated  in  1638  .JS.OOO  for  the  purpose  of  sinking  a  shaft  or  well  000  feet  in 
ili'piii,  ill  the  village  of  Salina,  and  a  well  has  been  sunk  to  the  depth  of  56U  feet,  which  will  cost  about 
sH.iilK),  incluiling  S500  for  a  set  of  drill  poles. 

I'roiii  siinie  cause  unknown,  the  brine  obtained  at  one  of  the  wells  in  the  village  of  Oeddes,  during 
till'  present  season,  has  been  from  three  to  s;ven  per  cent,  weaker  than  that  usual  in  otiier  villages. 

The  principal  well  is  now  100  feet  deep  and  3i  inches  in  diameter;  it  is  proposed  to  increase  the  depth 
\,i  ICOor  I'^O  feet,  and  the  diameter  to  ti.j  inches,  and  to  tube  it  so  as  to  include  the  surface  water — to 
co<l  abiiiit  $t.''0. 

\  well  has  been  opened  in  Salina,  and  one  in  Syracuse.  That  at  Salina  was  sunk  100  feet,  and 
hrine  nf  strong  quality  was  found,  but  sh  limited  in  quantity  as  to  bo  useless— it  has  been  abandoned. 
Till'  well  at  Syracuse  is  150  feet  deep,  and  brine  of  good  quality  is  obtained. 

Tlio  ipiantity  of  salt  manufactured  in  1838  exceeds  that  of  1837  by  113,7 15  bushels  ;  and  of  1836  by 
602,175  bushels.  The  nett  revenue  of  1838  amounts  to  ^23,86688  more  than  in  1837,  and  is  .§35,306-80 
more  than  in  ISS*?. 

The  annual  increase  since  1826,  with  the  exception  of  1836  and  1837,  appears  to  be  about  equal  to  a 
[alio  doubling  the  quantity  in  nine  years,  and  trebling  in  twelve.  At  the  same  rate  for  the  next  twelve 
vears  the  quantity  would  be  little  less  than  eight  niilliona  of  bushels,  yielding  a  revenue,  at  six  cents 
per  bushel,  of  about  half  a  million  of  dollars. 


Stalinunt  of  the  Hnvenue  accruing  from  the   Onoiidaga  Sail 
SfringSf  front  the  year  1817(0  1825. 

1J.e  uea  revenue  from  tite  duties  ou  salt,  as  appears  \iy  the  books  in 
the  Comptroller's  office,  was 

\u  1818       ■             -  -  £.36,536  SZ 

1SI9      -             •  -  62,369  10 

I  WO       -             •  -  67,7U3  12 

1821        -              •  -  57,5SS  00 

1822»     .              -  -  58,S3I  74 

1823       ■              -  -  75,)!07  89 

1S24       •              -  -  93,553  92 

J  talk  thawing  the  amount  of  .'^alt  inspected  annuttUy  from  1826 
t^  llvJS,  and  the  annual  increase  of  the  same. 

1826  -  -  827,508       Incrtnte. 

1827  •  -  983,410        155,902 

lajs  .  •  i.ieo.^ss      177,478 

1hJ9  -  -  1,291,280  130,392 

1830  ■  -  1,435,446  144,166 

\^3l  ■  ■  1,514,037  78,591 

1S)2  -  •  1,652,985  138,948 

1S33  -  -  I,S3S.&I6  1S6.661 

1834  •  -  1,943,2,2  104,606 

1S35  .  -  2,2!'9,867  1!C6,615 

18:56  .  •  1,912,858 

1837  •  •  2.161,287  248,429 

1838  .  -  2,575,033  413,745 


Salt  inspected  in  183S. 


Salina 
Syracuse 
Liverpool 
Gediles 


Total 


Bushels.  Ihs. 
I,269.210-(18 

!>53,.549  3S 

540,147-49 

222,125-14 

2,575,032-53-,56ths. 


Number  of  manufactories  in  the  town  of  Salina, 
Jann.iry  I,  1839 


Do.  pms  and  kettles 

Do.  sup'  rli._-i.il  feel  of  vats 

Do.  ^Ilons  iu  kettles 

Coarse  Sail  Campania. 


144 

4,478 

6,943 

344,437 


Onondaga  Salt  Company 

Syracuse  d,,. 

Henry  Giff.ra     dn. 

i^.  C,  Brewster    do.       at  Geddes 


Superficial 
feet  of  Vats. 

-  6!  9,000 

-  (!6-,4'3 

-  119,8.13 

67,198 


1,173,494 

.»m.  F.d.^ 

SALTPETRE,  on  NITRATE  of  POTASH  (.'Ger.  Srilpder  .■  Fr.  NUre,  Stilpetre  .• 
]\.  Nilrn,  Salnitro  ,•  Sp.  Nilro,  Salitre ;  Rus.  Sem'Ira  ,■  I,at.  Nitritni  ;  .\rab.  Vbkir  ; 
HinJ.  S/ioruh),  a  salt  well  known  in  commerce,  and  of  very  great  importance.  It  may 
be  regarded  both  as  a  natural  and  an  artificial  production ;  being  found  on  the  surface 
of  the  soil  in  many  parts  of  India,  Egypt,  Italy,  &c. ;  but  in  these  and  other  places  all 
that  is  known  in  commerce  is  obtained  by  an  artificial  process,  or  by  li.\iviatiiig  earth 
that  has  been  formed  into  nitre  beds.  The  saltpetre  consumed  in  England  is  brought 
from  Bengal  in  an  impure  state,  but  crystallised,  in  bag.s,  each  containing  Ifi-I  lbs.  Salt- 
pdrc  forms  the  principal  ingredient  iu  the  manutUcturc  of  gunpowder;  and  is  used  in 
various  arts.  It  is  also  of  great  utility  in  the  commerce  of  India,  from  its  furnishing  a 
large  amount  of  dead  weight  for  the  shipping  engaged  in  it.  Saltpetre  possesses  con- 
siderable antiseptic  power.  That  which  is  of  the  best  quality  and  well  refined,  is  in  long 
transparent  crystals;  its  taste  is  sharp,  bitterish,  and  cooling;  it  flames  much  when  thrown 
upon  burning  co-als ;  ^t  is  very  brittle;  its  specific  gravity  is  1'93.3.  It  is  not  altered  by 
exposure  to  the  air. 

lieckmann  contends,  in  a  long  and  elaborate  dissertation  (Hist,  of  Invent,  vol.  iv.  pp.  525— 5S0.  Enj. 

*.^ct  passed  allowing  a  bounty  of  three  cents  per  measured  bushel  on  coarse  salt  sent  to  the  Hudson, 
Lake  Erie,  or  Canada. 


HI. 
I 

a 

■ 


!  MR 


430 


SALVA.GE. 


€ 


iipitt 


i«i«"""«" 


IKS'!'-'       ■   —• 

wpii  ''•■"  ■•"-'•■i.,aii 


* 

t^mb^"r*»mnm 

^(^.,..,.miii* 

Wi-rrfEHBIl 

i 

•    I 

...^KHiOUSSini 

i 

1.  «Mlf*.««!t. 

,    Hfe.^.-*: 

1 

rxT    .;     21 

|S«» 

i  ■ 

s,*iia..iiwwri 

\ 

rr- ,•'-';- 

ed.),  that  the  ancients  were  unacquainted  with  saltpetre, and  that  their  nitrum  was  rpally  an  alknline 
salt.  But,  as  saltpetre  is  produced  natiiruliy  in  considerable  quantities  in  EpypI,  it  is  ditficult  to  bm,  . 
pose  that  llicy  could  be  entirely  ignorant  of  it ;  though  it  would  appear  that  lln'y  had  confoundoil  ii 
with  otlii>r  tilings.  It  has  been  known  in  the  East  from  a  very  e;irly  period,  licckinann  concurs  in 
opinion  with  lliose  who  beliiive  that  gunpowder  was  invented  in  India,  and  hrouL'ht  liy  the  Saniceiis 
from  Africa  to  the  Europeans  ;  who  improved  its  manufacture,  and  made  it  available  for  warlike  piir. 
poses. —  (Vol.  iv.  p.  571.) 

The  consumption  of  saltpetre  during  periods  of  war  is  very  gretit.  Its  price  is  consequently  lial,le 
to  extreme  Huctiiation.  In  remarking  on  the  varieties  in  the  pri.e  of  saltpetre,  Mr.  'I'ooke  observes, 
"It  reaclu'd  its  greatest  hcii;ht  in  17M,  viz.,  17(l.«.  a  cwt.  ;  in  17'Jfi,  it  fell  at  one  time  to  45.1  and  ruse 
again  to  Otis.  It  seems  to  have  been  afiected  considerably  by  the  scale  of  hostilities  on  the  Coniincni. 
I!ut  in  consequence  of  the  discoveries  in  chemistry,  by  which  the  I'Vench  were  enabled  to  dispose 
with  a  foreign  siijqilv,  ami  by  the  increased  iiiiportaliim  fr(un  India  to  this  country,  by  which  we  were 
enabled  to  supply  tin!  rest  of  the  Continent  at  a  reduced  cost,  the  price  declined  permanently  adcr 
i7nS-<t,  when  it  had  reached  I45,<.  ;  and  never  after  was  so  high  as  KKl.t.  ;  except  during  the  short  in. 
terval  of  s|i(!Culation  in  exports  during  the  peace  of  1814,  and  again  npon  Ihe  breaking  out  ofilic  war 
terminateil  by  the  battle  of  WaterlnoV'  The  price  of  saltpetre  in  the  London  market  varies  at  tlijj 
moment  (.lanuarv,  1H34)  from  :12,«-.  to  lOft.  a  cwt. 

We  are  indebted  for  the  following  cmnpreliensive  statement  of  the  importation,  consumption,  i(ie, 
of  East  Indian  saltpetre  to  .Mr.  Cook's  State  of  the  Commerce  of  Qrcut  Britain  in  1833. 

Imports,  Deliveries,  Prices,  and  Stocks  of  East  Indian  Saltpetre  during  the  10  Ye:irs  ending  with  IK33, 


years. 

Iliijiorts.                            1                           Deliveries. 

Average 

Price  (luring  the 

Year. 

/,.   ».    d. 
1     1     0 
1     5    3 
1      1   10 
1     3    4 
1     4     1 
1.  4  11 

1  15    0 

2  0    5 
1  14     1 
1  15    0 

Stock. 

Close  of  the 
Vcar.      j 

By  tlie  E.  I. 
Con^p.iny. 

Dy  lilt- Private 
Tr.iJe. 

1                         1     Quantity 
Total.         For  Export,   charged  with 

1                1     i)"iy. 

Total. 

1S24 
1823 
1826 
ISI27 
lf2S 
1829 
Is30 
IWl 
1832 
1833 

Ttmt. 
1,570 
1,720 
1,700 
1,630 
2,100 
4,2.SO 
2,270 
1,S50 
2,720 
3,250 

Timt. 
6,170 
3,1M) 
4,SC0 
8,870 
8.110 
4,530 
4.060 
6,il50 
10,160 
6,3iO 

Tuin. 
7,710 
4,8*0 
6,560 
10,500 
I0.;40 
S,.^30 
7,23-) 
8,SlO 
t2,8M 
9,5IX) 

Toiif. 
2.650 
2,  ■■■10 
2.C20 
2,360 
3,450 
2,310 

750 
I.5I0 
1,310 

950 

Tom. 
6,780 
5.G20 
6,100 
7,370 
8,5'jO 
7,750 
7,150 
7,770 
9,570 
7,7.50 

Tmi. 
9,430 
8,1:0 
8,720 
9,730 

I2,ai0 

10.080 
7,000 
9.280 

11,280 
8,700 

r.m.      i 
12.320 
(1.9,0      ! 
8.2,50      1 
7,S.50 
6,570 
4.600 
3.530 
2,4  ^■0 
3SW 
4,(j60 

Average  of  ) 
10  years.    ( 

2,305 

6,413 

8,722               2,066 

7,44j» 

9,311 

Within  the  last  3  years,  a  new  species  of  saltpetre,  under  the  denomination  of  vitrafe  ofsoita,  hag 
been  received  from  South  America.  The  imports  of  it  have  increased  from  70  tons  in  1831,  to  1,450  in 
1S33.  Though  not  applicable  to  all  the  purposes  for  which  East  India  saltpetre  is  used,  it  is  ratlicr 
preferred  by  vitriol  makers,  and  by  some  other  classes  of  manufacturers.  The  deliveries  of  tliisiic. 
scription  for  home  consuinplion  have  been  in  1831,  70  tons ;  in  1832,  690 do. ;  and  in  1833, 1,210.— (Coui 
in  loc.  cit.)  ' 

SALVAGE,  as  the  term  is  now  understood,  is  an  allowance  or  compensation  made  to 
those  by  whose  exertions  ships  or  goods  have  been  saved  from  the  dangers  of  the  seas 
fire,  pirates,  or  enemies. 

The  propriety  and  justice  of  making  such  an  allowance  must  be  obvious  to  every  one. 
It  was  allowed  by  the  laws  of  Rhodes,  Oleron,  and  Wisby  ;  and  in  this  respect  they  have 
been  followed  by  all  modern  maritime  states.  At  common  law,  the  party  who  has  saved  the 
goods  of  another  from  loss  or  any  imminent  peril  has  a  lien  upon  them,  and  may  retain 
them  in  his  possession  till  payment  of  a  reasonable  salvage. 

1 .  Snivnge  upon  Losses  hi/  Perils  of  Ike  Sea. — If  the  salvage  be  performed  at  sea,  or 
within  high  or  low  water  mark,  the  Court  of  Admiralty  has  jurisdiction  over  the  suljee: 
and  will  fix  the  sum  to  be  paid,  and  adjust  the  proportions,  and  take  care  of  the  property 
pending  the  suit;  or,  if  a  sale  be  necessary,  direct  it  to  be  made;  and  divide  the  iiroceed? 
bctvifepn  the  salvors  and  the  proprietors  according  to  equity  and  reason.  And  in  fixing  the 
rate  of  salvage,  the  court  usually  has  regard  not  only  to  the  labour  and  peril  incurred 
by  the  salvors,  but  also  to  the  situation  in  which  they  may  happen  to  stand  in  respeit 
of  the  properly  saved,  to  the  promptitude  and  alacrity  manifested  by  them,  and  to  the 
value  of  the  ship  and  cargo,  as  well  as  the  degree  of  danger  from  which  they  wcc  rcscueJ, 
Sometimes  the  court  has  allowed  as  large  a  proportion  as  a  half  of  the  properly  saved  as 
salvage  ;  and  in  others,  not  more  than  a  tenth. 

The  crew  of  a  ship  are  not  entitled  to  salvage,  or  any  unusual  remuneration  for  tlic 
extraordinary  efforts  they  may  have  made  in  saving  her;  it  being  their  duty  as  well  as 
interest  to  contribute  their  utmost  upon  such  occasions,  the  whole  of  their  possililc  service 
being  pledged  to  the  master  and  owners.  Neither  are  passengers  entitled  to  claim  any 
thing  for  the  prcfinurij  u.^sistancc  they  may  have  been  able  to  afford  to  a  vessel  in  distress, 
But  a  passenger  is  n'jt  bound  to  remain  on  board  a  ship  in  the  hour  of  danger,  provided 
he  can  leave  her;  and  if  he  perforin  any  exlraordinary  services,  ha  is  entitled  to  a  pro- 
portional recnnn)i'iice. 

In  the  case  of  valu"  do  property,  and  of  numerous  proprietors  and  salvors,  the  juris- 
diction and  proceedings  of  the  Court  of  Admiralty  are  well  adapted  to  further  the  pur- 
poses of  justice.  But,  as  the  delay  and  ex|)ensc  necessarily  incident  to  the  proceedings 
of  a  court  sitting  at  a  distance  from  the  subject  will  often  be  very  burdensome  upon  ihe 

♦  Including  from  COO  to  1,000  tons  annually  exported  in  a  refined  stale. 


2' 


SALVAGE. 


431 


,•08  really  an  alkaline 
,  it  U  iliniciilt  tosu,. 
■y  liad  confoiindoil  ii 
Huckitiniiii  cniic'irs  in 
iiiL'lit  liy  111"  !^'i>r!iti'iis 
Liable  for  warlike  pur. 

is  ronsoqnfiiilly  liaUc 
,  Mr.  i'noke  nhscrvM, 
n  time  to  '15.«  and  rose 
ilii'S  on  ttieCDiiliiicul, 
e  enatilnd  to  dispLnse 
tryjiy  wlii<  h  we  woro 
lied  |iRrnmiicii11y  ultit 
pldiirinsj  tilt;  sticirtiii. 
reakint!  out  of  llm  war 
1  market  varies  ut  ijiij 

tion,  consumption,  kc. 

,  1833. 

Vears  ending  withli«33, 

Slock.     I 


Cloje  of  it.e  i 
Year.     1 


Avmse  .^ 

ct  ilunng  the 

Ye»r. 

— 

/..   <.   d. 

I     1     0 

1    5    5 

)     1   10 

1     3    4 

1     4    1 

1.  4  11 

1   15    0 

2    0    5 

1  14    1 

1  IS    0 

7' 'VII. 

12.M0 

!l,9;0 

l<,2.M 

im 

6,5:0 
4.600 
3,130 
2,4<0 
3Sffl 
4,(i00 


ion  of  nitrate,  0/ sorin,  liai 
70  tons  in  1831,  to  1,450  in 
ipetre  is  used,  it  is  railicr 
The  delivcrie.^  of  litis  Jc- 
andinl833,l,210.-(Co«!t, 

•  compensation  made  to 
le  dangers  of  the  seas, 

)e  obvious  to  every  one, 
this  respect  they  have 
larty  who  has  saved  the 
them,  and  may  retain 

I  be  performeil  at  sea,  or 
iliclion  over  the  sulijeo; 

care  of  the  proiierty 
tnd  divide  tlie  iirocefil? 
in.  And  in  fixing  ibe 
four  and  peril  incurreJ 
Jen  to  stand  in  respect 

II  by  thcra,  and  to  the 
-hich  they  we-e  rescueJ, 
If  the  property  saved  as 

|l  remuneration  for  the 
their  duty  as  welUs 
[of  their  possililc  service 
eiUilled  to  claim  any 
^  to  a  vessel  in  distress, 
jur  of  danger,  iirovidcJ 
le  id  entitled  to  a  pro- 
land  salvors,  the  juris- 
led  to  further  the  pur- 
lent  to  the  proceedinss 
burdensome  upon  the 

Incd  state. 


narlies,  in  cases  where  the  property  saved  is  not,  perhaps,  very  considerable,  the  legislature 
has  endeavoured  to  introduce  a  more  expeditious  and  less  expensive  method  of  proceeding. 

Tlie  first  act  for  this  purpose  is  tlie  12  Ann.  stat,  2.  e.  19.  It  appears  from  the  preamble,  that  the  in- 
fiiinnus  practices,  once  so  common,  of  plundering  ships  driven  on  shore,  and  seiziiiy  whatever  could 
be  laid  hold  of  as  lawful  property— (see  WnKCK),— had  not  been  wholly  abandoned  ;  or  that,  if  the 
nroperty  was  restored  to  the  owners,  the  demand  for  salvage  was  so  exorbitant,  ilrjil  the  inevitable 
ruin  of  the  trailer  was  the  immediate  conaeciuence.  To  remedy  those  miscbiefM  in  fiiliire.  it  was  enact- 
ed, "that  if  a  ship  was  in  danger  of  buin^  stranded,  or  heint;  run  ashore,  the  sheritfs,  ju^ftices,  mayors, 
toiiBtables,  or  oHieers  of  the  customs,  nearest  the  place  of  d.in(.'er,  should,  upon  appliiaiiou  made  to 
tlii^ai,  suiiiiiion  and  call  together  as  many  men  as  should  he  thought  neces.sary  to  the  asnijitance,  and 
for  the  preservation,  of  such  ship  in  distress,  and  her  cargo;  and  that  if  any  sliip,  man-of-war,  or 
lucrtliaiitiiiaii,  should  he  riding  at  anchor  near  the  place  of  danger,  the  conntaides  and  ollicers  of  the 
cuslnins  might  demand  of  the  superior  othcers  of  such  ship  the  assistance  of  her  boats,  and  such  hands 
jscnulil  lie  spared;  and  that,  if  the  superior  otlicer  should  refuse  to  grant  such  assistance,  he  should 

forfeit  100/." 

Tlien  follows  the  section  respecting  salvage.    It  enacts,  "  that  all  persons  employed  in  preserving 
sliipsor  vessels  in  distress,  or  their  cargoes,  shall,  within  30  days  after  the  service  is  performed,  be 
paid  a  reasonable  rewurd  for  the  same,  by  the  commander,  master,  or  other  superior  otlicer,  mariners,  or 
owners,  of  tlie  shipor  vessel  so  in  distress,  or  by  any  merchant  whose  vessel  or  goods  shall  be  so  r.aved  ; 
and,  in  default  thereof,  the  said  ship  or  vessel  so  saved  shall  remain  in  the  custody  of  the  olficers  of 
cusl'onis  until  all  charges  are  paid,  and  until  the  olficers  of  the  customs,  and  the  master  or  othi-r  offi- 
cers of  the  ship  or  vessel,  and  all  others  employed  in  the  preservation  of  the  ship,  sliall  be  reasonablij 
iralififil  for  their  assistance  and  trouble,  or  good  security  given  for  that  purpose  ;  and  if  any  disagree- 
jiient  shall  take  place  between  the  persons  whose  ships  or  goods  have  been  saveii,  and  the  otficer  of 
tlie  customs,  touching  the  monies  deserved  by  any  of  the  jiersons  so  employed,  it  shall  be  lawful  for 
IhecoHiiiiander  of  the  ship  or  vessel  so  saved,  or  the  owner  of  the  good.->,  or  the  merchant  interested 
tliercin,  and  also  for  the  officer  of  the  customs,  or  his  deputy,  to  nominate  3  of  the  neiglibonring  jus- 
tices ofllie  peace,  who  shall  thereupon  adjust  the  quantum  of  the  monies  or  gratuity  to  be  paid  to  the 
several  persons  acting  or  beins!  employed  in  the  salvage  of  the  said  ship,  vessel,  or  gooiU  ;  and  such 
Bdjustniont  shall  be  binding  upon  all  parties,  and  shall  be  recoverable  in  an  action  at  law  ;  and  in  case 
U  shall  so  happen  that  no  person  shall  appear  to  make  his  claim  to  all  or  any  of  the  good.^  that  may  be 
savcii.  that  then  the  chief  officer  of  the  customs  of  the  nearest  port  to  the  plate  where  the  said  shipor 
vessel  was  so  in  distress  shall  apply  to  3  of  the  nearest  justices  of  the  iieace,  who  shall  put  him  or 
soiiie  other  responsible  person  in  possession  of  the  said  goods,  such  justices  taking  an  arcoiiiit  in 
writing  of  the  said  goods,  to  be  signed  by  tlie  said  officer  of  the  customs  ;  ar  I  if  the  said  goods  shall 
not  be  legally  claimed  within  the  space  of  12  months  ne.xt  ensuing,  by  the  rigliifiil  owner  thereof,  then 
pulilic  sale  shall  be  made  thereof;  and,  if  perishable  goods,  forthwith  to  be  sold,  and,  after  all  charges 
(leduc.ted,  the  residue  of  the  monies  arising  from  such  sale,  with  a  fair  and  just  account  of  the  whole, 
slijli  be  transmitted  to  her  Majesty's  exchequer,  there  to  remain  for  the  biMielit  of  thi!  rinbtful  owner, 
wlien  appearing;  who,  upon  atlidavit,  or  other  proof  made  of  his  or  their  ri^'ht  or  property,  thereto,  to 
tlie  satisfaction  of  one  of  the  barons  of  the  coif  of  the  excheiiuer,  shall,  upon  his  order,  receive  the 
-me  out  of  the  cxchetiuer." 

'  •  a  sv.iiseiiueiit  statute,  26  Geo.  2.  c.  19,  it  is  enacted,  "  that  in  case  any  person  or  persni,  not  ein- 
I  t-v  >iie  master,  mariners,  or  owners,  or  other  person  lawfully  authorised,  in  the  salvage  of  any 
,  e  cargo  or  provision  thereof,  shall,  in  the  absence  of  the  person  so  employed  anil  aiitho- 

,  my  such  vessel,  goods,  or  elTects,  and  cause  the  same  to  he  carried,  for  the  benefit  of  the 
,,roprietors,  into  port,  or  to  any  near  adjoining  Custom-house,  or  otlior  place  of  safe  cus- 
ti,„,,  ..iimediately  giving  notice  thereof  to  some  justice  of  the  peace,  magistrate,  or  C'ust  iiii  -house  or 
excise  otlicer,  or  shall  discover  to  such  magistrate  or  olficer  where  any  such  goods  or  elfects  are 
wronpfully  bought,  sold,  or  concealed,  then  such  person  or  persons  shall  be  entitled  to  a  rca.-:onable  rc- 
rariifiir  such  services,  to  be  paid  by  the  masters  or owners  of  such  vessels  or  goods,  and  to  be  ad- 
justed, in  case  of  disagreement  about  the  quantum,  in  like  manner  as  the  salvage  is  to  be  adjusted  and 
[laid  by  I21I1  Anne,  or  else  as  follows  :— 

'■And  he  it  further  enacted,  that,  for  the  better  ascertaining  the  salvage  to  be  paid  in  pursuance  of  the 
present  act  and  the  act  before-mentioned,  and  for  the  more  etfectually  putting  tiio  said  acts  into  exe- 
cution, the  justice  of  the  peace,  mayor,  bailiti',  collector  of  the  customs,  or  chief  constable,  wlio  shall 
be  nearest  to  the  place  where  any  ship,  goods,  or  effects  shall  be  stranded  or  cast  away,  sliall  forth- 
wilii  give  public  notice  for  a  meeting  to  be  held  as  soon  as  possible,  of  the  sherilf  or  his  deputy,  the 
justices  of  the  peace,  mayors,  or  other  chief  magistrates  of  towns  corporate,  coroners,  or  commissioners 
ofthelaiid  xax,  or  any  5  or  more  of  them,  who  are  hereby  empowered  and  required  to  give  aid  in  the 
execution  of  this  and  the  said  former  act,  and  to  employ  proper  persons  for  the  saving  ships  in  distress, 
and  such  ships,  vessels,  and  effects,  as  shall  be  stranded  or  cast  away  ;  and  also  to  examine  persons 
upon  oath,  touching  the  same,  or  the  salvage  thereof,  and  to  adjust  the  quuiilum  of  such  salvage,  and 
dislrihule  the  same  among  the  persons  concerned  in  such  salvage,  in  case  of  disagreement  among  the 
parlies  or  the  said  persons  ;  and  that  every  such  magistrate,  &.c,  attendin;!  and  acting  at  such  meet- 
ing, shall  be  paid  is.  a  day  for  his  expenses  in  such  attendance,  out  of  tlie  goods  and  effects  saved  by 
their  care  or  direction. 

"Provided  always,  that  if  the  charges  and  rewards  for  salvage  directed  to  be  paid  by  the  former  sta- 
tute and  by  this  act,  shall  not  be  fully  paid,  or  sufficient  security  given  for  the  same,  within  40  days 
ne.«  after  the  said  services  performed,  then  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  officer  of  the  customs  concerned 
in  such  salvage  to  borrow  or  raise  so  much  money  as  shall  he  sufficient  to  satisfy  and  pay  such  charges 
and  rewards,  or  any  part  thereof  then  remaining  unpaid,  or  not  secured  as  aforesaid,  by  or  upon  one 
or  more  hill  or  bills  of  sale,  under  his  hand  and  seal  of  the  ship  or  vessel,  or  cargo  saved,  or  such  part 
ilicreof  as  shall  be  sufficient,  redeemable  upon  payment  of  the  principal  sum  burrowed,  and  interest 
upon  the  same  at  the  rate  of  4/.  per  cent,  per  annum." 

An  act  of  the  53tlco.  3.  c.87.,  continued  and  extended  by  the  1  &  2  Geo.  4.  c.70.,  contains  some  regu- 
lations supplying  defects  iu  former  statutes.  They  enact,  that  goods  of  a  perishable  nature,  or  so 
much  damaged  that  tiiey  cannot  be  kept,  may,  at  the  request  of  any  person  interested  or  concerned  in 
lliesaine,  or  in  saving  thereof,  bo  sold  with  the  consent  of  a  justice,  the  money  being  deposited  in  the 
liaiulsoftbe  lord  of  the  manor,  and  an  account  of  the  sale  transmitted  to  the  deputy  vice-admiral. 
They  also  authorise  tlie  passage  of  horses,  carts,  carriages,  &c.  to  the  part  of  the  sea  coast  where  a 
vessel  may  be  wrecked,  over  the  adjoining  lands,  if  there  be  no  road  leading  as  conveniently  thereto, 
under  penalty  of  100^,  the  damages  to  be  settled  by  two  justices  in  the  event  of  the  parties  not  agree 
iiig.-Cl  t  2  Oeo.  4.  a  27.  29,  30.) 

It  is  ordered  by  the  same  statute,  that  no  lord  of  the  manor,  or  other  person  claiming  to  be  entitled 
to  wreck  or  goods,  shall  appropriate  or  dispose  of  the  same  until  he  shall  have  caused  to  be  given  in 
writing  to  the  deputy  vice-udmiral  of  that  part  of  the  coast,  or  to  his  agents  if  they  reside  within  SO 
luiles,  if  not,  then  to  the  corporation  of  the  Trinity  House,  a  report  containing  an  accurate  and  parti- 
cular description  of  the  wreck  or  goods  found,  and  of  the  place  where  and  time  when  found,  and  of 


I 
» 

I 

m 

i 


432 


SALVAGE. 


£;-- 

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p*^ 

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1** 

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1 

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c; 


nny  marks  thereon,  and  of  such  other  particulars  as  mny  better  enable  the  owner  to  recover  them,  iind 
also  of  the  place  where  they  are  deposited,  and  may  be  found  and  cxninined  by  any  person  cluiiiiiiigany 
right  to  tliem,  nor  nntil  the  expiration  of  1  whole  year  and  a  day  after  tlie  expiration  of  such  noiiie 
the  deputy  vice-admiral,  or  his  agent,  is,  within  48  hours  of  receiving  such  report,  to  transmit  a  copy 
thereof  to  the  secretary  of  the  corporation  of  the  Trinity  House,  upon  pain  of  furfeitiiig,  for  every  neg. 
lect  to  transmit  such  account,  50/.  to  any  person  who  shall  sue  for  the  same;  and  the  secretary  is  lo 
cause  such  account  to  bo  placed  in  some  conspicuous  situation  for  the  inspection  of  all  persons  clulm. 
ing  to  inspect  and  examine  it.— (I  tc  2  Geo.  4.  c.  75.  }  20.) 

It  is  further  ordered  by  the  same  statute,  that  pilots  and  others  taking  possession  of  anchors,  cnlilt^^, 
or  other  wrecked  or  left  materials  upor  tlie  coast,  or  within  any  harbour,  river,  or  bay,  shall  send  no.' 
tice  thereof,  within  tirenty-four  hours,  to  the  nearest  deputy  vice-admiral,  or  his  agent,  delivering  tho 
articles  at  such  place  as  maybe  appointed,  under  pain  of  being  deemed  receivers  of  stolen  gddds' 
The  deputy  vice-admiral,  or  his  agent,  may  also  seize  svch  articles  us  huvc  vol  been  reported  to  Aim, anii 
is  required  to  keep  and  report  them  to  the  Trinity  House  as  aforesaid  ;  and  if  he  seize  them  vviihoiit 
previous  information,  he  is  to  have  l-3d  of  the  value;  if  he  seize  in  pursuance  of  information,  the  ihird 
Is  to  be  divided  between  him  ond  the  informer.  If  the  articles  are  not  claimed  williin  a  year  and  a 
day,  they  are  to  be  sold,  and  the  money  applied  as  directed  by  the  act  of  Queen  Anne  (12  Ann  Rim 
2.  c.  18,  previously  quoted),  the  deputy  vice-admiral,  or  his  agent,  and  the  person  who  may  have  given 
information,  being  in  such  cases  entitled  to  the  salvage  allowed  upon  unclaimed  property.  Anil  it  u 
further  enacted,  that  if  any  dispute  shall  arise  between  the  salvors  of  any  goods  found,  lodged,  and  re. 
lorled  as  aforesaid,  and  the  owners  thereof,  as  to  the  salvage  to  be  paid  in  respect  of  the  same,  it  is  to 

e  determined  by  the  decision  of  3  justices;  or  if  they  difler,  by  ilieir  nominee,  who  is  to  be  a  persnu 
conversant  with  maritime  affairs.  Masters  and  others  bound  to  foreign  parts,  finding  or  takini;  nn 
board  anchors,  goods,  &c.,  knowing  them  to  be  found,  are  to  enter  the  same  in  the  log  book,  wiili  iini 
place  onil  time  of  finding,  and  to  transmit  a  copy  of  such  entry,  by  the  first  possible  opportunity,  to  the 
Trinity  House,  and  to  deliver  up  the  articles  on  their  return  home,  which,  if  not  claimed,  are  to  lics(,|i{ 
\vithin  a  year  and  day,  according  to  tlie  aforementioned  statute  of  Anne.  Masters  selling  such  urlinlej 
incur  a  penalty  of  not  less  than  301.  and  not  more  than  100/. 

Pilots,  boatmen,  or  other  persons,  conveying  anchors  and  cables  to  foreign  countries,  and  disposing 
cfthem  there,  are  to  be  adjudged  guilty  of  felony,  and  may  be  transported  for  7  years.  ' 

The  same  statute  authorises  3  justices,  or  their  nominee,  to  decide  upon  all  claims  made  by  ho.it. 
men,  idiots,  and  other  persons,  for  services  of  any  description  (except  pilotage)  rendered  by  llieiii  i.j 
any  ship  or  vessel,  whniher  in  distress  or  not. 

Parties  dissatisfied  with  the  award  of  the  justices  or  their  nominee  may  appeal  to  the  Court  of  Ad- 
miralty  ;  but  the  justices  are  in  such  cases  to  deliver  the  goods  to  the  proprietors,  or  their  agent,  on 
their  giving  good  security  for  double  their  value.    This  act  does  not  extend  to  Scotland. 

None  of  the  previously  mentioned  acts  have  any  force  within  the  Cinqvc  Ports  ;  but  the  Lord  Wnr. 
den  is  directed  by  stat.  1  &  2  Oeo.  4.  c.  76.  to  appoint  3  or  more  substantial  persons  in  each  of  tlitse 
towns,  who  are  authorised  to  decide  upon  all  claims  for  services  of  any  sort  or  description  rendered 
to  any  vessel,  or  for  saving  or  preserving,  within  the  jurisdiction,  any  goods  or  merchandise  wrcclieil, 
stranded,  or  cast  away,  or  for  bringing  anchors  or  cables  ashore,  &c.  No  commissioner  can  act  for 
nny  other  place  than  that  in  which,  or  within  u  mile  of  which,  he  is  resident.  Either  party  mav. 
within  8  days  of  the  award,  declare  his  intention  of  bringing  the  matter  before  sonie  coinpeleiit"  t'niiri 
of  Admiralty ;  selecting,  as  he  may  judge  best,  the  Admiralty  of  England  or  that  of  the  Cinque  Poris. 
The  provisions  in  this  statute  have  been  justly  eulogised  by  Lord  Tenterden,  for  the  cheap  andeasr 
means  they  afford  for  settling  such  questions. 

It  is  impossible,  as  Mr.  .luslice  Park  has  observed  (Law  of  Insurance,  c.  8.),  to  suppose  2  instanrf? 
of  loss  by  shipwreck,  or  other  peril  of  the  sea,  so  similar  to  each  other,  that  the  trouble,  daiigur,  and 
expense  of  the  salvers  should  be  exactly  equal ;  and  it  would,  consequently,  be  contrary  to  the  first 
principles  of  justice  to  award  the  same  sum  for  all  possible  cases  of  salvage.  There  was,  therefore,  no 
other  resource  but  to  appoint  competent  persons  to  decide  as  to  the  allowance  due  in  any  case  of  sal- 
vage that  might  arise,  after  taking  the  various  circumstances  with  respect  lo  it  into  account. 

2.  Salvage  vpon  Recapture. — It  was  the  practice  of  our  courts,  previously  to  any  regulations  nn  tlio 
subject,  to  order  restitution  of  ships  or  goods,  if  retaken  before  condemnation,  to  bo  mrule  to  tbecri- 
ginal  owners,  on  payment  of  a  reasonable  saleagc  to  the  rocaptors  ;  but  by  stat.  4^  (ieo.  3.  c.  Ifid.  it  ha^ 
been  adjudged,  that  "if  any  ship  or  vessel  taken  as  prize,  or  any  goods  therein,  shall  appear,  in  lie 
Court  of  Admiralty,  to  liave  belonged  to  any  of  his  Majesty's  subjects,  which  were  bethre  laktn  ijy 
any  of  his  Majesty's  eiiemies,  and  at  any  time  afterwards  retaken  by  any  of  his  Majesty's  ships,  ni 
nny  privateer,  or  other  ship  or  vessel  under  his  Majesty's  protection,  such  ships,  vessels,  and  goods 
shall,  in  all  cases  (save  as  hereafter  excepted),  be  adjudged  to  be  restored,  and  shall  be  arcordinely 
restored,  to  such  former  owner  or  owners,  he  or  they  paying  for  salvage,  if  retaken  by  any  ofAis  .Vu- 
jestfs  ships,  one  eighth  part  of  the  true  value  thereof,  to  the  flag  officers,  captains,  &c.,  to  Ire  divided 
as  tiie  same  act  directs  ;  and  if  retaken  by  any  privateer,  or  other  ship  or  vessel,  one  sink  [lart  of  the 
true  valtte  of  such  ships  and  goods,  to  be  paid  to  the  owners,  officers,  and  seamen  of  such  privateer  or 
other  vessel,  without  any  deduction  ;  and  if  retaken  by  the  joint  operation  of  one  or  more  of  his  Ma- 
jesty's ships,  and  one  or  more  private  ships  of  war,  the  judge  of  the  Court  of  Admiralty,  orotliercnnn 
liaving  cognisance  thereof,  shall  order  such  salvage,  and  in  such  proportions,  to  be  paid  to  tlie  captors 
by  the  owners,  as  he  shall,  under  the  circumstances  of  the  case,  deem  fit  and  reasonable;  hut  if  such 
recaptured  ship  or  vessel  shall  appear  to  have  been  set  forth  by  the  enemy  as  a  ship  or  vetpcl  of  war, 
the  said  ship  or  vessel  shall  not  be  restored  to  the  former  owners,  but  shall  in  all  cases,  wbeilicr  re- 
taken by  any  of  his  Majesty's  ships  or  any  privateer,  be  adjudged  lawful  prize  for  the  benefit  of  the 
captors." 

This  act  is  decidedly  more  favourable  to  the  merchants  than  the  old  law,  which  adjudged  that  all 
ships  recaptured  after  sentence  of  condemnation  should  be  the  property  of  the  captors. 

In  the  case  of  neutral  ships  captured  by  an  enemy,  and  retaken  by  lirilisli  men-of-wnr  or  privateers. 
the  Courts  of  Admiralty  liave  a  discretionary  powerof  allowing  such  salvage,  and  in  such  iirdporlioiis. 
as,  under  tho  circumstances  of  eacli  particular  case,  may  appear  just  ;  but  there  is  no  piL^iiive  law  nr 
binding  regulation  to  which  parlies  may  appeal,  for  ascertaining  the  rate  of  such  salvage.  "Tlie  ma- 
ritime law  of  England,"  says  Lord  Stowell,  "  having  adopted  a  most  liberal  rule  of  restitution  on  i^al- 
vage,  wit'.i  respect  to  the  recaptured  property  of  its  own  subjects,  gives  the  benefit  of  that  rule  to  its 
allies,  till  it  appears  that  tlicy  act  towards  Ilritish  property  on  a  less  liberal  principle  ;  in  such  a  aist.u 
adopts  their  rule,  and  treats  them  according  to  their  own  measure  of  justice." — (1  Hub.  .^itm.  Kip.  51.) 

Salvage  is  one  of  those  charges  which  arc  usually  provided  against  by  insurance.  When,  however, 
the  salvage  is  very  high,  and  the  object  of  the  voyage  in  so  far  defeated,  the  insured  i.s.  by  the  laws  of 
this  and  all  ot'ier  maritime  nations,  allowed  to  abandon,  and  to  call  upon  the  insurer  as  lor  a  total 
loss.— (See  AnANno.N.MKNT.) 

For  further  infortiiation  with  respect  to  salvage,  see  .Abbott  on  the  Law  of  Shipping,  part  iii.  c.  10  ; 
Park  on  Insurance,  c.  8. ;  and  Marshall  on  Insurance,  book  i.  c.  12.  }  8. 

[For  information  on  the  present  subject  interesting  to  the  American  reader,  reference  may 
be  had  to  Kent's  Commentaries  on  American  Law. — Am,  Ed.] 


SAMPLE— SANDWICH  ISLANDS. 


433 


to  recover  them,  nnd 
,■  pursoiitlaimiiigany 
ation  of  such  nolicf: 
rt,  to  traiisniit  n  copy 
ViliTig,  for  evi-ry  iiftg. 
nd  thH  secretary  is  to 
I  of  all  persona  claim. 

Ion  of  anchors,  caliles, 
or  bay,  shall  send  iin- 
9  agent,  delivering  111" 
livers  of  stolen  gcioils. 
■en  reported  to  //iiii.anil 
lie  seize  them  willioiii 
f  information,  the  ihirj 
!d  within  a  year  and  a 
en  Anne  (12  Ann  stnt 
n  who  may  have  given 
ed  property.  And  it  is 
1  found,  lodged,  and  re- 
lect  of  the  same,  it  is  to 
,  who  is  to  he  a  iiersfin 
s,  finding  or  taking  on 
I  the  log  book,  willitln> 
liblc  opporlnnity.totlie 

I  claimed,  are  to  be  s(.l  I 
icrs  selling  such  arliclM 

;onntries,  and  disposiiii^ 
7  years. 

II  claims  made  by  boat, 
ge)  rendered  by  them  to 

peal  to  the  Court  of  Ail- 
ietors,  or  their  agent,  on 

Scotland. 
,rts  ;  hut  the  Lord  War. 
icrsons  in  each  of  these 

or  description  rendered 
)r  merchandise  wrcckeJ, 
ommissioner  cai\  act  for 
lent.  Either  party  may. 
:e  some  competent  Cdim 
that  of  the  Cinque  I'lirts 
I,  for  the  cheap  and  easy 

i),  to  suppose  2  inslaiiPH 
the  trouble,  danger,  iinJ 
,  be  contrary  to  llii'  first 
There  was,  therefurc. no 
;e  due  in  any  case  uf  sal- 
it  into  account. 
[0  any  regulations  nn  W)" 
n,  to'bo  made  in  tliecti- 
t.  n  Geo.  3.  c.  IfiO.  it  lia^ 
ein,  shall  appear,  in  lie 
ich  were  bctiire  taken  by 
f  his  Majesty's  ships,  oi 
fehips,  Vfsjscls,  and  goods 
[and  shall  be  areordingly 
jtaken  by  any  of /lis.Va- 
jitains,  &,c.,  to  be  divided 
Isscl,  one  filth  part  of  the 
men  of  such  privateer  or 
f  one  or  more  of  his  Ma- 
.dmiralty,  orotherenurt 
to  be  paid  to  the  captors 
reasonable  ;  but  if  such 
a  ship  or  vessel  of  war, 
jn  all  cases,  whether  re- 
[ize  for  the  benelit  of  tiie 

[which  adjudged  that  al! 
1  captors. 

len-of-wnr  or  privateers, 
I  and  in  such  iiroporlions, 
lore  is  no  posilivc  law  or 
Itch  salvage.  "Tlieiiia- 
lull!  of  restitution  on  sal- 
iienedt  of  that  nilc  to  its 
linciple  ;  in  ■«"'•/'  anise.n 
-(1  Hob.  Mm.  Kip.  51.) 
lance  When,  however, 
Insured  is,  by  tlio  laws  of 
■he  insurer  as  lor  a  total 

b/iippi»f,  part  iii.  c.  10.; 

Ireatler,  reference  may 


SAMPLE,  a  small  quantity  of  a  commodity  exhibited  at  public  or  private  sales,  as  a 
gpeciincn.  Sugars,  wool,  spirits,  wine,  coffee,  and,  indeed,  most  species  of  merchandise, 
are  sold  by  sample.  If  an  article  be  not,  at  an  average,  equal  to  the  sample  by  which  it  in 
soM,  the  buyer  may  cancel  the  contract,  and  return  the  article  to  the  seller. 

Subjoined  is  a  list  of  most  articles  that  may  be  warehoused,  and  of  the  quantities  that 
may  be  taken  out  as  samples. — (Customs  Min,  Oct.  11,  1825.) 


Alk»liorl)»rill»i  • 
Alow 

Arsol        ; 
arrowroot 

B«rii,  Jnuil"!, 
in  ifeneral, 
ticepl  Jrauil'i    • 

BriiMlon"!  ""Sl]'  ' 
in  rotli 

C»i«  . ,  ■ 
Cantbsnuct 

af"  ,  • 

Cochinal  •         • 
diiit 

CofM  nut  oil 

CoBee       • 

Cojoquin'idi 

CMCulul  Indicui   • 

Coilon 

Creim  of  UrUr     • 

Cumnti    • 

EUDM     of 

pmot     or 
mon   ,  " 
Euphorbium 
rnihtn,  b«l 
Gilli 

0«ili»»    • 
O'"*"     •  „   .  .■ 
Onnllla,  la  Coclii- 

Deal. 
Ctim  Arabic 
SenepI 
Inpcanth    • 
oilier  gum   ■ 
Hooey 
jiiip 

Indigo       •,   ..   • 
Any     furllier 


Slbi. 

ptT  pile  5  tona 

Ion. 

per  packaie. 

1-9  lb. 

<lo. 

12  lb. 

do. 

2  0Z. 

do. 

1-4  lu. 

do. 

I.Ztb. 

do. 

2lba 

per  pile. 

1  lb. 

per  package. 

12  lb. 

do. 

2ni. 

do. 

1-4  lb. 

do. 

2oc. 

do. 

2<». 

do. 

1-2  pint  each  cajk. 

2  02. 

per  ba^. 

2ot 

per  package. 

loi. 

do. 

4  01. 

do. 

lib. 

do. 

12  lb. 

do. 

ber- 
le- 


loz. 

I  OZ. 


do. 
do. 


.  1.4  lb.  per  lot  6  ban. 
.     1  IS.  do. 

.  12  lb.  do. 

.     Soz.  do. 


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2oi. 

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I  OZ. 

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do. 
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quantity  (not  ei- 
ceedin;  I  3  4  lb.) 
to     be     charf^ed 
with  duty  on  de- 
livery    of      the 
packagea. 
lainglau     - 
.luicc  of  lemoni     • 
Lac  dye 
Lead,  black 
Lemon  peel 
Liquorice  juice 
root 
Madder,   maoufac- 
lured 

root 
Oil  of  almonds 
aniseed 
bay  - 
jumper 
olive 
palm 

roeeniary     • 
•pike 
thyme 
Orange  peel 
Orclietla     ■ 
Orrice  root 
Pepper 
Pimento     • 
Radix  oontrayerve 
galanga 
ipecacuaahae 
aencks 
Ralsina 
Rhubarb     - 
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I  lb.  do. 

12  lb.  each  entry. 

1-4  lb.  per  package. 


-  1-4  lb. 

1-4  lb. 
14  lb. 

I  OZ. 

I  OZ. 

I  OZ. 

OZ. 


do. 

do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 


1-2  pint  per  cask. 
1-2  pint         do. 

1  OZ.  per  package. 

I  OZ.  do. 

1  OZ.  do. 
14  lb.  do. 

2  OZ.  do. 
1-4  lb.  do. 

1  OZ.  jier  bag. 

2  oz.       do. 

1  oz.  per  package. 

2  lb  per  pile. 

I  nz.  per  package. 

I  nz.  do. 

1-2  lb.  each  mark. 

1  oz.  per  packa<;e. 
1  2  lb.  do. 

1-2  oz.  do. 

8  lbs.  per  pile. 

1  oz.  per  package. 


Sarsaparitla 

.Saltpetre    - 

Seed,  aniseed 
clover 
caraway 
lac    - 
mustard 

Senna 

Stiumac 

Silk,  raw  > 
llirown 
waste - 

Smatts 

Spirits 


Sugar,  foreign 


British 
plantation 


Tiltow       • 
Tapiica 
Turmeric   • 
Valnnia 
\Va>,  bees' 
W'ine 
Wool,  cotton 

sheep 
lambs' 

Spanish 
Yam,  niotiiir 

cottim 


or 


I  nz.  per  packai*. 
1-2  lb.        "^  do. 

1  oz.  do. 

2  oz.  do. 
2  oz.  do. 
1  oz.  Ho. 
1  oz.  do. 
1 01.           do. 

1  lb.  per  lot  10  bags. 

2  oz.  per  package. 

1  oz.  do, 

2  oz.  do. 
I  oz.  do. 

1-2  pint  per  cask 
2  oz.  per  b.tg. 
4  oz  i^er  boz  not  ei- 

ceedin<  5  cwt. 
Boz.  lerbox  or  cheat 
exceeding  5  cwl. 
1  1-2  III.  per  hosshead. 
I  I  2  lt>.  ))€r  tierce. 
J  1-2  lb.  perches!. 
12  nz.  per  barrel, 
12  lb.   ninl:isjes    per 
hhJ.  or  ca^fc. 
4  lbs.  per  lot  lOpcka. 

1  oz  per  package. 

2  lbs.  pitr  pile. 

3  lbs.  per  lot, 

1-4  lb,  (ler  package. 
1-2  pint. 

4  oz.  per  package. 


1  lb.  do. 

1  lb.  do. 

12  lb.  do. 

1-2  lb.  do. 

Mother   of    pearl )    7  lbs.  per  lot  of  10 
^  sliells        -  J         packages. 

Vermicelli  -  •     1  oz.  per  ])ackage. 


S.\NDAL  WOOD,  the  wood  of  a  tree  {Santalum  alburn  Lin.)  having  somewhat  of 

the  appearance  of  a  large  myrtle.     It  is  of  a  deep  yellow  colour,  and  yields  an  agreeable 

perfume.    The  tree,  when  cut  down,  is  usually  about  9  inches  in  diameter  at  the  root,  but 

sometimes  considerably  more.     After  being  felled,  it  is  barked,  cut  into  billets,  and  buried  in 

a  dry  place  for  about  a  couple  of  months,  during  which  time  the  white  ants  eat  off  the  outer 

wood,  without  touching  the  heart,  which  is  the  sandal.     It  is  then  taken,  up  and  sorted, 

according  to  the  size  of  the  billets.    The  deeper  the  colour,  and  the  nearer  the  root,  the 

higher  is  the  perfume.      Reject  such  pieces  as  are  of  a  pale  colour,  small,  decayed,  or 

have  white  wood   about   them ;  and  take  especial  care  that  it  be  not  mixed  with  wood 

resembling  sandal,  but  without  its  perfume. — (Milbum's  Orient.  Com.) 

Sandal  wood  is  extensively  employed  by  the  Hindoos  as  a  perfume,  in  their  funeral  ceremonies. 
But  the  Chinese  are  its  principal  consumers.  They  manufacture  it  into  fans,  and  sniall  articles  of  fur- 
nitiirfl,  and  use  it,  when  ground  into  powder,  as  a  cosmetic.  During  the  year  ended  the  .31st  of  March, 
1832,thflre  were  imported  by  British  vessels  into  Canton,  6,338  piculs  (395  tons)  of  sandal  wood,  valued 
at 74,471  dollars  (see  vol,  i.  p.  .SOI,) ;  and  the  imports  in  some  years  are  more  than  twice  this  amount. 
Theavnraire  importation  into  Calcutta  is  about  200  tons  a  year.  It  grows  principally  in  Malabar,  in 
the  mnnntainoua  country  at  a  little  distance  from  the  low  sea  coast;  in  Timor;  and  in  the  Fejee 
isl.tnds  in  the  South  Sea.  Calcutta  is  principally  supplied  from  Malabar,  while  China  derives  the 
hrger  pnrtii>n  of  her  supplies  from  Timor  and  the  other  islands.  It  is  seldom  brought  to  Eutope,  ex- 
cept by  individuals  for  their  own  use,  or  as  presents  for  their  friends.— (Be/i'y  F.xternul  Com.  of  Ben- 
[il,  pp.  49.  and  85. ;  Crau>furd''  Indian  .Brchiyelago,  vol.  i.  p.  519.,  vol.  iii.  p.  421.  &c.) 

S.\ND.\RACH,  a  resinous  substance,  commonly  met  with  in  loose  granules  a  little 
larger  than  a  pea,  of  a  whitish  yellow  colour,  brittle,  inflaniraalile,  of  a  resinous  smell, 
and  acrid  aromatic  taste.  It  exudes,  it  is  said,  in  warm  climates,  from  cracks  and  in- 
i:isions  in  the  common  juniper  bush.  It  is  used  as  a  varnish,  dissolved  in  spirits  of  wine. 
(Ainslie's  Mat.  Indica.) 

(SANDWICH  ISLANDS. — This  secluded  but  interestinij  group  of  islands  is  situated  in 
the  midst  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  nearly  under  the  tropic  of  Cancer,  and  in  about  the  160tli 
degree  of  west  longitude.  There  are,  in  all,  13  or  14  islands;  but  with  the  exception  of 
Owyhee,  where  Cook  was  killed,  the  rest  are  but  of  inconsiderable  size.  The  islanders  are 
honourably  distinguished  among  the  Polynesian  nations  by  the  advances  they  have  made  ia 
civilisation ;  and  particularly  by  their  progress  in  manufactures  and  commerce.  Bht  thej 
are  principally  entitled  to  notice,  in  a  work  of  this  sort,  from  their  being  frequently  visited 

I  bjf  English  and  American  ships  engaged  in  the  southern  whale-fishery,  or  in  the  commerce 

I  of  the  Pacific. 

The  principal  port  is  Honororii,  on  the  south  side  of  the  island  of  Woahoo,  in  laf.  21°  18'  3"  N.,lon8. 
IS8^  I'  W.  It  has  several  good  houses  ;  with  a  considerable  population,  among  whicli  are  from  150  to 
!iO  English  and  Americans.  The  anchorage  is  good  ;  nnd  it  is  a  very  favourable  place  for  refitting.  In 
iS3l  two  ships,  one  of  180.  ,ind  another  of  lilO  tor  s,  were  hnve-down,  caulked,  and  coppered  in  live  days. 
Water  is  gnod  and  plentiful :  and  fresb  provisions  may  generally  be  bad  on  very  reaiionabte  terms. 
Vol.  II.— 2  0  66 


I 


0 


434 


SAPAN  WOOD— SARDINES. 


•hi*. 


awcn 


c 


'> 


.pi^-^^^'i 


i,(jjir.':.ri^**| 


Becently,  however,  Mowee,  on  the  islan<l  of  llml  nninR,  hnn  benn  preferred  by  many  as  n  place  for  re 
fittinp.  In  IHSl.lhnre  hcloiiRPd  to  llio  Sandvvirli  lsl;iiidn,2t  shipsi.ortlie  burdiMi  of  2,030  tuns  :  of  th.^se 
10  ships,  hiirdi'ii  TOS  tons,  wito  thi'  properly  of  nativoa,  mid  the  reiniiiiider  of  foriMRiiers  establisbi.'il  iij 
the  islands.  The  following  talile  was  drawn  np  hy  a  geiilleman  long  resident  at  llonororu  :— 
Account  of  the  Niiniber  ol"  Sliips  iliat  lonched  at  Woahon,  one  of  the  Sandwich  Islands,  diirlnj  i(,« 
Eight  Years  ending  with  ISai,  distinguishing  between  English  and  American,  and  between  VViiaJe 
'    and  Merchant  Hhips. 


Tan. 

Kn^lilltl. 

Amorican. 

Under  other 

Tol,i|, 

WhilBn. 

Merchant, 

T.ilal. 

Whaler.. 

Mnrcliant, 

Total. 

ria^i. 

Wii/iJ. 

Twli. 

.SViiiij. 

TViiit. 

.SViipi. 
if 

Tom. 

'T 

TVllJ. 

Shipi. 
16 

TniK. 

SMpi. 

Tout. 

,S/i. 

Tiiiii. 

.ViifJt. 

1S21 

IJ 

6,7!IS 

500 

0,298 

I5,6S3 

3,lb3 

06 

I»,8il 

a 

1,310 

(■S 

ifi  n 

IH^i 

IS 

7,70i 

2 

400 

20 

8,IH> 

37 

II, Ml 

19 

4,077 

56 

15,616 

3 

9'iO 

79 

ifv 

I92ti 

II 

4.vil 

2 

410 

ri 

S.2i!4 

07 

21, '•92 

21 

S.'HS 

fH 

23,8-8 

6 

1,112 

107 

'•^'  Ki 

I8i7 

16 

fl.iO-, 

2 

Xtl 

IS 

0,819 

66 

21,201 

16 

3,693 

82 

21,9-)4 

7 

1,721 

II '7 

50,0  !1 

I82S 

M 

!l,77i 

6 

391 

31 

llVi63 

no 

31, IMS 

28 

5,  Ml 

116 

37,029 

8 

2,:)  13 

I5-. 

1829 

21 

8,172 

6 

1,19!) 

27 

9,371 

87 

3I,0S7 

21 

5,210 

lOS       36,297 

4 

1,003 

139 

4fii,TI 

1830 

16 

6,9S2 

10 

1,093 

28 

8,075 

77 

26,K80 

23 

1,072 

100     ISi),9;l2 

3 

413 

129 

4  ,i;? 

1811 

ai 

H,i07 

7     '   1,202 

30         9,>09 

5S 

2l,-)ti0 

2'.        4.:>S8 

81       26,149 

5 

1,172       118 

37,K1 

a 


i 


The  decrease  in  the  amount  of  American  ships  nt  VVoahoo  is  accounted  for  by  tlie  fact  of  many  of 
them  now  toiicliing  in  preference  at  Mowee.— (We  liave  tliese  details  entirely  from  private  soiirci;<) 

SAP.\N  WOOD  is  olitained  from  a  species  of  the  same  tree  that  yields  the  Drazil 
wood  (CiBsa/pinlu  Sapnn  Lin.).  It  is  a  middle-sized  forest  tree,  indigcnou.s  to  Siam, 
Pegu,  the  Pliilippiiic  Islands,  &c.  It  has  been  employed  for  dyeing  in  the  greater  part 
of  .^sia  for  many  centuries.  It  found  its  way  into  Europe  some  time  before  the  discuvery 
of  America ;  but  very  little  is  now  imported.  Its  colouring  matter  dilVers  but  littlu  from 
that  of  Brazil  wood,  but  the  best  sapan  wood  docs  not  yield  more  than  half  the  fjuaniiiy 
that  may  be  obtained  from  nn  equal  weight  of  Brazil  wood,  and  the  coloui*  is  not  (|uiteso 
bright. — {Bancroft  on  Cufours,  vol.  ii.  p.  329.)  Its  price  in  the  London  market  varies  from 
8/.  to  It/,  a  ton. 

SAPPHIKE  (Gcr.  SfippJilr ;  Du.  Sijicrfteen  ,■  Fr.  Sfiphir  .■  It.  Znjjirn ,-  8p.  Sufm, 
Sajtr;  Rus.  Juchant ;  Lat.  Supphiriis),  a  precious  stone  in  very  high  estimation.  Colours 
blue  and  red ;  also  gray,  white,  green,  and  yellow.  It  occurs  in  blunt-edged  pieces,  in 
roundish  pebbles,  and  crystallised.  Varies  from  transparent  to  tran.sliicent.  KelVacts  douljle, 
After  diamond,  it  is  the  hardest  substance  in  nature.  The  blue  variety,  or  s.ippliire,  is 
harder  than  the  ruby,  or  red  variety.     Brittle.     Specific  gravity  4  to4-2. 

It  is  found  in  lioliemia,  i^iaxony,  Franco,  &c. ;  hut  the  red  sapphire,  or  Oriental  niliy,  is  not  foiiinlin 
«ny  cotisideralile  (inaiuily  anywhere  except  in  Ava.  Nexl  lo  diamond,  sappliire  is  the  iikisI  viihiiinl.' 
of  the  nenis.  The  wliile  and  pale  blue  varieties,  by  exposure  to  Ileal,  bi'come  snow  white,  ami,  wlim 
cut,  exhi'.)ll  so  hi;;)!  a  degree  ofliistre,  tliat  they  are  iisimI  in  place  of  diamond.  The  nuisl  hi;'hly  pn/ij 
vari'!li"s  are  the  crimson  and  carmine  red  ;  these  are  thi!  Oriental  nilnj  of  the  jeweller;  the  ncM  is  | 
sapphire  ;  and  l.ist,  the  yellow  or  Oriental  (ii/in:.  Tlie  ii.^lerUis,  or  slar-stoins  is  a  vi'ry  licaiiiiinl  va- 
riety, in  wliicli  the  colour  is  generally  of  a  reddish  violet,  and  tliu  form  a  rimmboid,  with  tnnicatrj 
apices,  which  exhiliil  an  opalescent  lustre.*— (See  III  nv.) 

Mr.  (,'rawfnrd  gives  tlie  following  diilail.s  with  respect  to  the  sapphire  and  ruby  mines  of  Ava  ;- 
"The  precious  stones  ascertained  to  exist  in  the  liiirimse  territory  are  chielly  those  of  llie  sapiiiiire 
family,  and  llie  spiiielle  riiliy.  They  are  found  at  2  places,  not  very  distant  from  each  oilier,  tvillH 
MoL'.uit  and  Kyatpiian,  about  5  days'  journey  from  the  capital,  In  an  10.  S.  Iv  direction.  Ircmi  win 
I  coiilil  liN'irn,  the  gems  are  not  obtained  by  any  regular  mining  npiMalions,  but  by  diiigliigaiiil  wasliin? 
the  gravel  in  llie  beds  of  rivulets  or  small  brooks.  All  the  varieties  of  the  sappliire,  as  well  as  He 
Bpinelle,  .■ire  found  together,  and  together  with  tliem  large  quantilies  of  corundum.  Tlie  varj.ilei 
nscert.iined  to  exist,  are  the  Orii'iilal  sapphire;  tlii;  Oriental  ruby,  or  red  stone  ;  the  op:ili'.-ireiit  riilij', 
or  cat's  eye  ruby  ;  the  starrnliy;  the  green;  the  yellow  and  the  while  sapphires  ;  ;iiiil  ilie  (lii.'inai 
amelliyst.  The  roinmon  sapphire  is  hy  fir  tli.'  most  freiiuent,  but,  in  comparison  willi  ilie  ruiiy.ij 
very  lillle  prizi'd  by  tin-  Ilnrmese,  in  which  lliey  agree  willi  other  nations.  I  brought  bmiie  wiilime 
never. il  of  great  sjy.i',  the  largi'st  weighing  no  less  Ihan  'Sfi'M  grains,  or  above  907  carats.  'I'lie  s|iiiiH|le 
ruby  (zebu-gaong)  is  not  uiit'ri'(|uent  In  Ava,  but  is  not  much  valued  '"■  the  natives.  I  linnislii  iviih 
me  to  l:;nL'l:iiid  a  perfect  specimen,  both  as  to  colour  and  freedom  from  rl;i  ws,  wciL'liing  23  i;ar;Us.  Tlip 
Happhiri.'  and  ruby  mines  are  considered  the  property  of  the  king  :  at  U  ...it  he  lays  ilaini  to  all  sloiies 
that  excei'd  in  valine  a  viss  of  silver,  or  IIIO  ticals.  The  miners,  it  appears,  eiideaviuir  to  evinli'  iliij 
law  by  breaking  tln'  laru'e  stones  into  fiaginenls.  In  the  royal  treasury,  tliere  are.  nolwitlisluulin:, 
many  line  sloiii's  of  both  descriptions.  The  year  before  our  visit,  the  king  received  I'roni  llie  niini'sa 
ruby  weighing  I2i  grains ;  anil  the  year  preceding  tiiat  8  good  ones,  but  of  smaller  si/,e.  iNo  slranm  | 
is  permitled  to  visit  the  mines  ;  even  the  ('iiinesi' and  Moiiatumedans  residing  at  Av.i  are  curofuHj 
excluded." — (.Juiinial  of  an  Kmba.-gijtotlic  Court  of^ea. — p.  412.) 

SAKCOCOLLA,  a  subviscid,  sweetish,  and  somewhat  nau.sv-ous  gum-resin,  It  is 
brought  from  Arabia  and  Persia  in  small  grains  of  a  pale  yellow  colour;  tlie  whiicst, 
aa  being  the  freshest,  is  preferred.     It  is  but  seldom  imported. — (Mit/jurn'fi  Orkiil.  Vwn] 

SAKDLXES,    on    SAUULMAS    (Gcr.  Sarde/lcn ,-    Fr.  Sardines ,■    h.  Sardine.-  Hf. 
Surd'7uts'),  a  species  of  fish  of  the  herring  tribe,  but  smaller.     They  are  taken  in  roiiji- 
dcrable  quantities  on  our  coasts,  and  are  exceedingly  plentiful  on  the  coasts  of  Alyirvein  I 
Portugal,  Andalusia  and  (iranada  in  Sjiain,  and  along  the  shores  of  Italy.    The  siii 
sardines,  caught  on  tiic  coast  of  Provence,  in  France,  are  esteemed  the  best.     From  l,(li 
to  1,200  fishing  smacks  are  engaged  in  catching  these  fish  on  the  coast  of  Urilaiiy,  from  j 
June  to  the  middle  of  October.     The  French  frequently  cure  them  in  red  brine;  aiiJ,  | 

•  Professor  .lameson  says,  in  his  Mineralogy,  that  some  peculiarly  beautiful  sapphires  ;iro  fniiiiilin 
the  Capelan  mouiiltiins,  in  I'egii.  Hut  we  do  not  believe  tliat  tliere  are  any  sucli  inoiiiil.iiii.'<  iii  any 
part  of  the  world  ;  and,  in  point  of  fact,  there  are  no  inuuntains  in  Pegu,  nor  have  any  precious  slonei 
been  ever  found  in  it. 


SARDONYX— SEAL. 


435 


r  many  as  a  pliice  fur  re 
,1  of'i,030tiins:  of  lli,.,,, 
foriiiRiit'fn  CHlaMisliiMl  in 
.  at  lloiiororu  :— 

wich  Islnnds,  rturins  ihn 
can,  anil  bulwceu  Whale 


I  Under  other 
(\irtiii;n 


Sit. 


in  I. 

i,8il, 
i.flIB      3 

r.8-8; 

I,0i9! 
i,U3 


Tutil. 


Trnir  Shipi]  Tmi. 

1,310  l-H  he.n 

9'.0  71  2VJI 

1,112  107  I  32,20(1 

,  1,721  107  133,511 

1  2,;ll3  131  150,0;-,! 

1,003  1    139  ;  4fi,>i;|l 

515  1    129  '4  ,\)i. 

I  1,172  ■    118  3;.ln 


for  liy  tlic  fnct  of  many  of 
'ly  from  privulc  soiiroiis ) 

!  that  yiclils  the  Brazil 

ec,  indigenous  to  Siani, 

/eing  in  the  grpatcr  pari 

imc  before  the  iliscuvery 

Iter  (litVcrs  hut  iitlle  frnin 

■c  than  half  thu  inmntily 

>  colouf  is  not  quite  so 

indon  mavlicl  varies  from 

It.  Z'ljjlrn  ,;  Sp.  ,%fm, 
ligh  estimation.  Colours 
n  blunl-edgrd  pieces,  in 
shiccnl.  Refracts  double, 
3  variety,  or  sajiphirc,  is 
o4-2. 

rii-ntal  iul>y,  is  iml  found  in 
ippliire  is  tin'  iimsl  v.ilnalile 
nine  snow  wliilo,  ami,  when 
iiul.  Tlio  iiiiisl  liifjlily  pri/.i'J  I 
of  llic  jewellor ;  Iho  iipmij 
tone,  is  a  very  lieaiiliriil  va- 
a  rlioiiiboid.  witli  tniacated  I 

anil  ruby  niines  of  Ava;- 
liieliy  lliose  of  the  sa|i|il;ire 
[liinl  from  eaiii  oIIht,  talW 

K.  cliri'i-tioii.  rroiii  wlul 
Iml  by  (liUHiii^'aiid  Wiisliin'  I 
lie  siippl'ire,  as  well  as  IIk 
rorundnm.  The  variMiei 
tdiie  ;  llie  opalesreiil  riiliy, 
appliiri'S  ;  ami  llio  Oih'iiul 
inparisdii  witli  llie  rnliy.ij 
"  hro'.iiilil  liiinio  Willi  iiie 
ve  907  carats,  'rin;  s|iiiiH|le 
lie  natives.  I  linnislil  wiih 
^vs.  wi'iL'liinsa2i'ar;il3.  Tlif 

lie  lays  tlaiiii  to  all  sidiits 
rs,  endeavour  to  evaili^  tlia 
[tliere  arc.  notwitlislaiiiliii:. 
S  received  from  llie  iiiiiii'sa 
'smaller  si/.e.    Noslriinser  | 

idiiig  at  Avaaru  carefully 

i-ous   qum-rcsin.     It  is 

low  cohnir;  the  wliitcsl, 

\Milburii\s  Oritiit.  Com.) 

jines ;    It.  i^unilnt  ,■  i^ 

They  are  taken  in  miisi- 

'the  coasts  of  .Mjarvcin 

es  of   Italy,    'riic  small 

Id  the  hcsr.    From  lIHlO 

liP  coast  of  Britany,  from 

licm  in  red  brine;  aiiJ, 

llifiil  sappliiresarofoniiilin  | 
Iny  stii'li  inouiilaiiisiii  any 
Ir  have  any  precious  stone) 


when  thus  prepared,  dcsignato  Ihetn  anchois^e.i,  or  anchovicd  mrdine.i.     These  nro  packed 
in  vessels  previously  employed  for  holding  wine,  and  exported  to  the  Levant.     VVlien  per- 
fectly frish,  sardines  arc  accounted  excellent  fish ;  but  if  kept  for  any  lime,  they  entirely 
lose  their  flavour,  and  become  quite  insipid. 
SARDONYX,  a  jirecious  stone,  a  variety  of  chalcedony. 

Tlip  ancients  geUcted  this  siilistance  to  engrave  upon,  no  douht  frmn  its  possessinglwo  peculiar  and 
neci'^ixary  qualities,  viz.  hardReas  and  ti'nai  liy,  liy  which  it  is  capahle  of  reieiviii);  the  tinest  touch  or 
stroke  of  the  tool  without  clMp|ilng,  and  sliowin);  the  art  of  the  engraver  to  the  highest  perfection.— 
{Mufton  l.Hamiindu,  2(1  ed.  f.  121.) 

SARS.APARILLA  (Ger.  Snrsnparilk  ,•  Fr.  Sahepnrcille ;  It.  Sahapnrinllu ,.  Sp. 
7jtirziipiir'H<i)i  the  root  of  the  Sinilix  Sarsnpavillit,  a  plant  growing  in  South  America 
and  the  West  Indies.  It  is  imported  in  hales.  It  is  known  in  the  London  market  hy  the 
names  of  Lisbon,  Honduras,  and  Vera  Cruz,  hut  it  is  also  brought  from  Jatiiaica.  The 
lii^ion  root,  which  is  the  produce  of  Brazil,  has  a  reddish  or  dark  hrown  cuticle, 
j9  internally  farinaceous,  and  more  free  from  fibre  than  the  other  kinds  :  the  Honduras  has 
a  dirty  brown,  and  sometimes  whitish,  cuticle ;  it  is  more  fibrous,  and  has  more  ligneous 
matter  than  the  Iiishon  and  Vera  Cruz.  It  is  in  long,  slender  twigs,  covered  with  a 
wrinkled  brown  cuticle,  and  has  a  small  woody  heart.  The  Jamaica  dilfers  frf.m  the  others, 
in  having  a  deep  red  cuticle  of  a  clcse  texture  ;  and  the  red  colour  partially  diffused  through 
the  ligneous  part.  The  root  is  in'"'  r.rjs,  and  has  a  mucilaginous,  very  slightly  bitter 
taste:  the  bark  is  the  only  useful  p  of  the  plant;  the  ligneous  part  being  tasteless,  inert, 
woody  fibre. — (Thomson's  Dlnpensutory.)  'I'he  (|uantity  im|)orted  in  1831  amounted  to 
176,8.54  lbs,  of  which  107,410  lbs.  were  retained  for  home  consumption.  The  duty,  which 
formerly  varied,  according  as  it  was  brought  from  a  foreign  country  or  a  British  poijses.sion, 
from  !•«■  "^d.  to  \a.  per  lb,,  was  reduced,  in  1832,  to  (»/.  per  lb. 

S.\SS.\FRAS  ((ior.  and  Fr.  S.is.itifra.i ,-  It.  S is.snjfra.'sso  ,•  Sp.  Smnfras),  a.  species  of 
laurel  (Liitirus  Su.'istifi'a.f,  Lin.),  a  native  of  the  souther-*  j>art3  of  North  America,  Oochin- 
China,  and  several  of  the  Indian  islands.  Sassafras  \*Bii,  root,  and  bark,  have  a  fragrant 
odour,  and  a  sweetish  aromatic  taste.  The  wood  is  of  a  brownish  white  colour ;  and  the 
bark  ferruginous  within,  spongy,  and  divisible  into  layers.  Their  sensible  (ptalities  and 
virtues  depend  on  an  essential  oil,  which  may  be  obtained  separate  by  distilling  the  chips 
or  the  bark  with  water.  It  is  very  fragrant,  hot,  and  penetrating  to  the  taste,  of  a  pale 
yellow  colour,  and  heavier  than  water.  It  is  used  only  in  the  maleria  vicdica.  Very 
liltle  is  imported. — (T/ioniso?^'s  Dispensatory.) 

SAUNDERS  (RED)  (Arab.  Sundul-ahmcr ,-  Hind.  Ruchif-chundum),  the  wood  of 
a  lofty  tree  (Plerocarpus  santalinus)  indigenous  to  various  parts  of  India,  Ceylon, 
Timor,  &c.  The  wood  is  brought  to  Europe  in  billets,  which  are  very  heavy  and  sink 
in  water.  It  is  extremely  hard,  of  a  fine  grain,  and  a  bright  garnet  red  colour,  which 
brightens  on  exposure  to  the  air.  It  is  employed  to  dye  lasting  reddish  brown  colours  on 
wool.  It  yields  its  colouring  matter  to  ether  and  alcohol,  but  not  to  water.  The  quantity 
imported  is  but  inconsiderable.  The  price  in  bond  varies  at  this  moment  (February,  1834) 
from  13/,  to  14/.  a  ton. — (Thomson's  Dhpensdlory  ,-  Bancroft  on  Colours,  vol.  ii.  p.  236.) 
SC.AMMONY  (Ger.  S/cainmonlen  ,•  Fr.  Scammonve ,-  It.  Scammoneu ,■  Sp.  E:camnnea), 
a  gum-resin,  the  produce  of  a  species  of  convolvulus,  or  creeper  plant,  which  grows 
abundantly  in  Syria.  When  an  incision  is  made  into  the  roots,  they  yield  a  milky  juice, 
which,  lieiiig  kept,  grows  hard,  and  is  the  scamniony  of  the  shops.  It  is  imported  from 
,Mcppo  ill  what  are  called  drum.s,  weighing  from  75  to  125  lbs.  each ;  and  from  Smyrna  in 
cakes  like  wax,  packed  in  chests.  The  former  is  light  and  friable,  and  is  considered  the 
best;  that  from  Smyrna  is  more  compact  and  ponderous,  less  friable,  and  fuller  of  impurities. 
It  has  a  peculiar  heavy  odour,  not  unlike  that  of  old  cheese;  and  a  bitterish,  slightly  acrid 
taste.  The  colour  is  blackish  or  bluish  grey,  changing  to  dirty  white,  or  lathering  when 
the  surface  is  rubbed  with  a  wet  finger.  Its  specific  gravity  is  1-235.  It  is  very  liable  to 
be  adulterated ;  and  when  of  a  dark  colour,  heavy,  and  splintery,  it  ouglit  to  be  rejected.  It 
is  u-  inly  in  medicine. — (Tliomson's  Dispensuturij.)  The  duty  on  scam tuony,  which 
wa^         rly  as  high  as  6s.  id.  per  lb.  was  reduced  in  1832  to  2,'(.  Gd. 

SI  I  1,1'TURES,  figures  cut  in  stone,  metal,  or  other  solid  substance,  representing  or 
describing  sjmc  real  or  imaginary  object.  The  art  of  the  sculptor,  or  statuary,  wa.s  carried 
to  the  highest  pitch  of  excellence  in  ancient  Greece.  Fortunately,  several  of  the  works  of 
the  Grecian  sculptors  have  been  preserved ;  and  serve  at  once  to  stimulate  and  direct  the 
genius  of  modern  artists. 
Mudels,  are  casts  or  representations  of  sculptures. 

The  act  54  Geo.  3.  c.  56,  vests  the  property  of  sculptures,  models,  copies,  ami  casts,  in  the  proprietor 
for  Ityears  j  provided  he  cause  his  name,  with  the  date,  to  be  put  on  tbeiii  before  they  are  published  ; 
Willi  the  same  term  in  addition,  if  he  shoiilil  be  living  at  the  end  of  the  first  period.  In  actions  for 
piracy,  double  costs  to  be  given.  The  act  (i  Geo.  4.  c.  107.  proliiliits  the  iniportalioii,oii  pain  of  turle<t- 
iire,  of  any  sculptures,  models,  casts.  &c.  first  made  in  the  United  Kinj;doiii. 

SEAL  (Lat.  Siglllum),  a  stone,  piece  of  metal,  or  other  solid  substance,  generally  round 
or  elliptical,  on  which  is  engraved  the  arms,  crest,  name,  device,  &c.  of  some  state,  prince, 


I 

4 
.1 

M 
i 

0 
111 


436 


SEAL  FISHERY— SEAMEN. 


'3^ 


WtiLr 


1 


»«■»»•■"■■   ■■''■J 


inc.     .b-iiOgnMI  t 

«i-'V''  "■*,.?ftill 


Hi 


jbuntaiili  <> 


kjai».«c«;('t|l 


public  body,  or  private  individual.    It  is  employed  as  a  stamp  to  make  an  impreision  on 

sealing  wax,  thereby  authenticating  public  acts,  deeds,  Ac,  or  to  close  letters  or  packcu. 

Seals  were  very  early  invented,  and  much  learning  has  been  employed  in  tracing  thoir 

history,  and  explaining  the  figures  upon  them. — (See  particularly  the  work  of  Hoplcinck, 

De  Sigilliirum  Prisco  el  Novo  Jure,  4to,  1642.)     Thoy  are  now  very  generally  used. 

The  best  are  uaimlly  fnrnicd  of  precious  Htnnea,  on  wliicli  the  crent  or  thu  inillulR  of  the  poraon'a 
nnme  are  engruvcd,  get  in  Kniil.  Hut  linrncnHe  niirnlii-m  nn;  fornuMl  of  Htiiiiied  ^\u»»,  and  set  in  gjit 
copper.    They  are  nmnufuctiirud  at  London,  Uirrninb'hain,  Sn:.,  and  are  exlunsiveiy  cxpoitcd. 

SE.\L  FISHERY.  The  seal,  an  amphibious  animal,  of  which  there  arc  many  varieties, 
is  found  in  vast  numbers  in  the  seas  round  Hpitxhergen,  and  on  the  coasts  of  Labrador  ami 
Newfoundland.  As  it  frequents  the  British  shores,  it  is  well  known,  niid  has  been  repeatedly 
described.  Seals  are  principally  hunted  for  their  oil  and  skins.  When  taken  in  the  sprin); 
of  the  year, — at  which  time  they  arc  fattrst, — a  full  grown  fli-sii  will  yield  from  8  to  12 
gallons  of  oil,  and  a  small  one  from  4  to  .'j  gallons.  'J'liu  oil,  when  extracted  before  putrc. 
faction  has  commenced,  is  beautifully  trans|)arcnt,  free  from  smell,  and  not  unpleasant  in  itj 
taste.  The  skin,  when  tannccLj^  extensively  emjjloyed  in  the  making  of  shoes ;  and  when 
dressed  with  the  hair  on,  serves /or  the  covering  of  trunks,  &c. 

"To  the  Ksqiiiinaux  the  RenI  is  of  an  niiicli  ini|inrtanre  na  lirend  to  n  Kiirnpo.nn.  Its  flesh  fdrrns 
their  tnoHt  usual  food  ;  the  fat  in  partly  ilresiied  lor  eatiiii;,  and  piirlly  conHonied  in  their  i:inip<i;  ihe 
liver,  wlieii  fried,  is  esteemed,  even  among  sailorH,  as  an  agri'ealde  clinli.  'I'lie  shin,  which  tlin  Ksqui. 
niaux  dress  by  processi^s  peinliar  to  themselves,  is  made  vvaier  pronf.  WiUi  the  liair  off,  it  is  iisimIus 
coverings,  instead  of  planks,  for  their  boats,  ami  as  oiiti.'r  p.iriniMils  for  tlnMiiselves  ;  sliielilt.il  wjHi 
which,  they  can  invert  themselves  and  canoes  in  the  wati^r,  wiilionl  L'etiinji  their  hodii's  wet.  li  sirvcs 
also  for  coverings  for  their  tents,  and  for  various  other  purposes.  The  jackets  and  trowsers  in  nh  nf 
senl-skin  by  the  Elsquiniaux  are  in  great  rei|uest  among  the  whale  lisliers  for  preserving  them  iViiinuil 
and  wet." — (.Seoresby's  Arctic  Hcfrinns,  vol.  i.  p.  .110.) 

Seals  in  fine  weatfier  prefer  the  ice  to  the  water,  and  vast  herds  of  Hum)  are  frequently  fonml  lyiiijj 
on  the  field  ice ;  the  places  where  they  are  met  with  being  thence  called  "si;al  meadows."  'I'lic'scal 
hiniters  endeavour  to  surprise  them  while  slei'ping,  an,l  to  intercept  thcor  retreat  to  tlie  water.  Tliey 
attack  them  with  muskets  and  bludgeons,  but  principally  the  latter,  they  being  easily  despalcliej  by  ii 
blow  on  the  nose. 

The  seal  fishery  has  long  been  prosecuted  to  a  considerable  extent  in  the  northern  sens  by  ships  frnm 
the  Elbe  and  the  Weser;  but  very  few  ships  hove  lieen  sent  out  for  scaling  only  from  I5n!.'lanil,iliiMii;li 
occasionally  some  of  the  whale  ships  have  taken  large  quantities  of  seals.  Latterly,  however,  th.: 
seal  fishery  has  been  prosecuted  on  a  large  scale,  and  witli  extraorilinary  success,  by  vessels  of  from 
60  to  120  tons  ei^ch,  having  crews  nf  from  16  to  SO  men,  fitted  out  from  the  ports  of  NewtniiiwlliiiKl, 
Nova  Scotia,  &c.  The  business  is  attended  with  a  good  deal  of  risk,  and  instances  frequeinly  acciir 
of  the  vessels  being  crushed  to  pieces  by  the  collision  of  the  fields  of  ice.  We  borrow  the  InilnHiiig 
details  from  Mr.  Bliss's  late  tract  on  the  Trade,  Statintics,  Jj-c.  of  Canada  and  our  JVorth  American  Pot. 
lessinna. 

"There  is  another  department  of  the  colonial  fishery  which  has  originated  within  no  distant  pcrioil, 
and  is  now  becnniingof  great  extent  and  importance.  TlielarL'e  fiehls  of  ice  which,  in  the  niMnilisof 
March  and  April,  drift  southward  from  the  Polar  seas,  are  accompanied  by  many  herds  of  seals:  these 
are  found  sleeping  in  what  are  called  the  seal  meadows  of  the  ice,  and  are  tliere  attacked  and  slannlui'ml 
in  vast  numbers.  For  this  purpose  the  fishers  of  Newfoundland,  from  which  island  these  voyaifcsare 
principally  made,  without  waiting  till  the  return  of  spring  shall  liaveopeneil  thi^ir  harbours,  saw  chan- 
nels through  the  ice  for  their  vessels,  and  set  sail  in  quest  of  those  drifting  fields,  through  tl)e  (i|i€n- 
ings  of  which  they  work  a  passage,  attended  with  great  difficulties  and  dangers,  till  they  eiicoanlw 
their  prey  on  the  seal  meadows.  This  bold  and  hazardous  enterprise  seems  well  coiiipensatcd  liy  its 
success.  The  number  of  si'als  thus  taken  is  almost  incredible,  and  is  greatly  on  tlie  increase.  Tinre 
were  captured  by  the  Newfoundland  fishermen,  in  1829,  280,01  ;i  seals;  in  H:!0,  S.'iS.lS.O;  and  in  l!-3l, 
7)8,7.t5;  making  a  total  catch  during  these  3  years,  of  no  fewer  than  I„')H2,TH;<  seals  !  Tlie  "iiMiilisrof 
vessels  employed  in  the  fishery  from  Newfoundland,  in  IbSl,  was  115;  and  in  1S32,  lit);  beiii;!  m 
increase  of  about  3,400  tons."— (p.  70.) 

Subjoined  is  a  statement  of  the  prices  of  the  difi^erent  sorts  of  fish  oil  in  London,  in  January,  1831. 


L.  >.       L. 

» 

«    Olo    0 

0 

22    0  —  23 

0 

25  ro  -  26 

0 

21  10  —  22 

0 

Fisli  oils,  southern  fishery,  p.ile,  ppr  tun  (Imp.) 
yellow  221.  to  Oi.      — 
sperm    ...  — 

lied.1  inattcr       -  -  — 


/,   I.     i.  1. 

23  111  lo   9  C 

brnrt'n    22  0 

(i9    n-  0  0 

70    0-  0  0 


Fish  oils,  cod,  NenrnundUnil.  per  tun  flmp..) 
seal,  tirowD  and  yellow  — 

pale  -  .  — 

whale,  Greenland         •  — 

Undressed  seal  skins  are  worth  from  Ix.  to  \s.  6d.  each. 

See  also  JU'Oregor's  British  America,  2d  edit.  vol.  i.  p.  197.  &c.  Tliere  is  a  good  account  of  the  seal 
in  Laings  Voyage  to  Spitibergen. 

SEALING  WAX  (Ger.  SlegellacJc;  Fr.  Cire  d'Espagne,  Cire  d  cacheter ;  It.  Cera 
iMCca,  Cera  di  Spagna ;  Sp.  Lucre,-  Kxia.  Sargut.sch),  the  wax  used  for  sealing  letters, 
legal  instruments,  &c.  It  is  a  composition  of  gum  lac,  melted  and  incorporated  with  rcsiii, 
and  afterwards  coloured  with  some  pigment,  as  vermilion,  verditer,  ivory  black,  &c. 

SE.\MEN,  the  individuals  engaged  in  navigating  ships,  barges,  &c.  upon  the  high 
seas.  Those  employed  for  this  purpose  upon  rivers,  lakes,  or  canals,  arc  denominutcJ 
watermen. 

A  British  Seaman  must  be  a  natural  born  subject  of  his  Miijesty ;  or  be  naturalised  bj 
act  of  parliament;  or  made  a  denizen  by  letters  of  denization;  or  have  become  a  Britisli 
subject  by  the  conquest  or  cession  of  some  newly  acquired  territory ;  or  (being  a  foreigner) 
have  served  on  board  his  Majesty's  ships  of  war,  in  time  of  war,  for  the  space  of  3  years.— 
(3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  54.  §  16.)  But  his  Majesty  may,  by  proclamation  during  war,  declare 
that  foreigners  who  have  served  two  years  in  the  royal  navy,  during  such  war,  shall  be 
deemed  British  seamen. — (§  17.) 

Various  regulations  have  been  enacted  with  respect  to  the  hiring  of  seamen,  their  conduct 


nil 
wl 


SEAMEN. 


437 


nakc  an  impTession  on 

080  letters  or  packeU. 

loyed  in  tracing  Ihoii 

the  work  of  Hopfcinck, 

I  generally  used. 

lie  inilittiB  of  the  porson's 
iiied  (.'Inns,  and  set  In  gilt 
!ii8lvt!ly  cxpoilcil. 

icro  are  many  varieties, 
Miiflts  of  Labrador  ami 
[jiid  has  been  repeatedly 
hen  taken  in  the  spring 
will  yield  from  8  to  12 
extracted  before  |ni(rc- 
ml  not  unpleasant  in  itj 
ing  of  shoes  ;  and  when 


Riiropnnn.  Its  flesh  furins 
siitiitfil  in  thuir  lunip's;  \\k 
hie  skin,  wliieli  llli:  llsiini- 
III  the  h:iir  oir,  it  is  usimI  ;is 
llicMHelves  ;  sliiehh.d  wlili 
Iheir  hodics  wet.  Il  sirvcs 
ifls  nnd  irowKers  ini  h  ni 
or  preserving  ihem  Iromoil 

1  aro  frequently  fi>miil  lyinij 
seal  nie.idiivvs."  'I'lii'  si^ai 
relre;it  to  the  water.  Tliey 
leing  easily  Uespatclied  by  a 

northern  sens  liy  ahipsfrnm 
T  only  fri'iii  Enaliiiid.ihiMijIi 
Is.  Latterly,  howcvir,  ih« 
success,  by  ve^s"ls  (if  ft.iiii 
the  ports  of  Newl'niinilhiiil, 
I  instances  freiiniiiiily  iicciir 
We  borrow  the  rnllowing 
ndour  JVurtA  American  Pw- 

ed  within  no  distant  perioil, 

ico  which,  in  the  niMnllisof 
many  henls  of  schIs;  these 
re  attacki'd  and  sliinslitereJ 

ich  island  these  voyiiijfsare 
1  ilii'ir  harbours,  saw  tlian- 
g  tields,  throiiiih  the  ejien- 
lanRers,  till  they  eridiiiiilM 

ins  well  coiii|MMisateil  liy  iu 

tly  on  the  increase.    Th'Te 

HHO,  'j'^iAXt;  and  in  b3l, 

THS  seals'.    The  iiiiiniierof 

and  in  1S32,  15U;  beiii|!  in 

London,  in  January,  1831. 
/,  ..    /.,  I. 
^,  rrr  tun  (Imp.)         23  10  lo  9  C 

'  _  .   68   n  -  0  0 

_  .    70   0-  0  0 

i  a  good  account  of  the  seal 

Ive  a  cacheter  ,-  It.  Cera 
1  used  for  sealing  letters, 
I  incorporated  with  resin, 
Ivory  black,  &c. 
Vs,  &c.  upon  the  high 
tanals,  are  denominated 

Ity ;  or  be  naturalised  by 
Ir  have  become  a  British 
;  or  (being  a  foreigner) 
i  the  space  of  3  years.- 
Ition  during  war,  declare 
liring  such  war,  shall  be 

[)f  seamen,  their  conduct 


while  on  board,  and  the  payment  of  their  wa^es.  These  regulations  difler  in  dilTerent 
nmnlries ;  Imt,  in  all,  they  have  been  inteiideil  to  obviate  any  ilisjuiles  that  iiii.jlit  ntlierwise 
arise  between  the  master  and  seamen  a.s  to  the  icrinM  of  the  enntnict  lielween  llie:n,  to  secure 
due  obedience  to  the  master's  orders,  and  to  interest  the  seamen  in  the  completion  of  (ho 
voynge.  by  making  their  eariiimrs  depend  on  its  successful  termination. 

1.  Iliriiitr  (if  Srumcn. — To  iirevent  the  mischiefs  that  freipienlly  arose  finm  the  want  of 
pro[ier  proof  of  the  precise  terms  upon  whidi  seamen  engaged  to  pcrforiii  ilu-ir  service  in 
nuTchaiit  ship.s,  it  h  enacted  by  statute  (3  (jieo.  tl.  c.  HO.),  "  that  it  shall  not  be  hiwt'td  for 
any  master  or  eommunder  of  any  ship  or  vessel  bfimid  to  parts  beyond  the  seas,  to  carry 
niiy  seanum  or  mariner,  except  bis  apprentice  or  apprentices,  to  sea  from  any  port  or  place 
wiierc  be  or  they  were  entered  or  shipped,  to  proceed  on  any  voyage  to  parts  beyond  the 
seas,  without  firbt  coming  to  an  agreement  or  contract  with  such  seamen  or  miiriners  for 
their  wages;  which  agreement  or  agreements  shall  be  made  in  writing,  dcclariiig  what 
wages  each  seaman  or  mariner  is  to  have  respectively,  during  the  whide  voya.re,  or  fur  so 
long  time  as  he  or  they  shall  ship  themselves  for;  and  also  to  express  in  the  saiil  iigreement 
or  contract  the  voyage  fur  which  such  .seaman  or  mariner  was  shipped  to  perform  the  same ;" 
under  a  jicnalty  of  .0/.  for  each  mariner  carried  to  sea  without  such  agieenu  nt,  to  be 
torfeited  by  the  master  to  the  \isc  of  Ctreenwich  lIos|,iial.  This  agreement  is  to  be  signed 
by  each  mariner  within  3  days  alter  lie  shall  have  entered  himself  on  board  the  ship;  ami  is, 
when  signed,  conclusive  and  binding  upon  all  [lartics.  Jly  a  subseqiuMit  slatule,  tliesn 
provisions  have  been  ext.'uded  to  vessels  of  the  burden  of  100  tons  and  upwards,  employed 
\\\\.\w  conxl!i><r  trade. — (31  (Jco.  3.  c.  39.) 

The  following  is  the  form  of  the  article.^  of  agreement  required  by  statute  (o7  (Jeo.  ,^. 
c,  71).)  to  be  entered  into  between  the  master.s  and  mariners  of  ships  engaged  in  the 
West  India  trade.  It  is  substantially  the  same  with  that  which  previoll^•.ly  was,  and 
slill  continues  to  bo,  in  common  use  for  all  ships  cm[iloycd  in  foreign  trade. 

Ship 
IT  is  hereby  asireed  between  the  niaFter,  seamen,  aed  mariners  of  the  ship 


f(ir  the  port  of 


and 


lion  of  the  iiionthly  or  other  waces  n2:iiiist  each  res|ieclive  se 


now  bound 
the  master  or  commander  of  the  said  ship,  That,  in  eonsider- 


T  iiiariiii'r's  name  licnoinio  set 


they  severally  shall  anil  will  perform  the  ahoye-meiilioneil  vo>a(!c! :  and  ihe  said  master  dnih  ln'reby 
apri'e  with  and  hire  the  seamen  am!  mariners  t".,r  Ihn  said  voyage  at  such  monthly  wajiis,  lo  lii^  paiil 
fiur.-iiniiit  tn  Ihe  laws  of  fireat  Ittilain  ;  and  they,  llii'  said  seaiiini  and  mariners,  do  hereby  promise 
.iiicl  i.liliije  tli'.'iiiselves  to  do  their  duly,  and  obey  the  lawl'ol  cornmaiids  of  ihi'ir  oliuH-is  on  iioani  the 
fs\i  sliip  or  hirats  thereunto  ludon^Mii);,  as  lierome  );oo(l  and  failhl'iil  seamen  ami  ni  ■  i  liiers.  and  at  all 
pbces  where  thP  said  sliip  shall  put  in  oraiichor  diirinj;  Ihe  said  ship's  voyage,  lo  do  tlii'ir  best  endea- 
vdiirs  fur  the  preservation  of  the  said  sh'ip  and  eariio,  and  not  lo  iii'irleit  or  refuse  doin;,'  their  doty  by 
I'lv or  niirlit ;  nor  shall  so  out  of  the  said  ship  on  board  any  other  vessel,  or  be  onf  slnoe  under  any 
I  nlence  whatsoever,  till  the  voyatri,'  is  ended,  and  the  ship  lli^^har!;ed  of  her  larijo,  willioiii  leave 
iir:.tijl)lained  of  the  master,  captain,  or  comniaiKljii!;  ollicer  on  board:  and,  in  defiiilt  Ih.rec!!',  lliey 
(rri'ly  uirree  tn  be  liable  to  tlu!  penalties  mentioned  in  Ihe  act  of  [larliaiiient  made  in  the  '2d  year  of  thu 
ri'i);i!  lit' Kinj;  (Jeorire  the   Second,   iiililiiled  "  An  Act   for  the  heller   Ueyiilatioii  and  (oivemmeict  of 


I  the  Merrhaiitb'  Servi 


and  the  act  made  in  the  :i7th  year  of  the  reifjn  of  Kinc  (i 


lorfto 


ilie  Third,  inlinih'd,  'An  Act  for  preventing  the  Deseilion  of  Seamen  frnm  Dritisli  Jli  reliant  Ships 
I'adiiif!  to  bis  Majesty's  Cidonies  and  I'lantations  in  the  West  Indies  :"  and  it,  is  further  ajjrec  li  by  the 
parlies  to  these  presents,  tliat21  hours'  absence  wilhoiit  leave  shall  he  dia'med  a  total  desertion,  and 
renilersucli  seamen  and  mariners  liable  to  Ihe  forleilnres  and  penalties  eonuiined  in  the  acK  above 
rccilpil;  l!iat  each  ami  every  lawful  commaiMl  which  Ihe  said  master  shall  think  necessary  to  issue 
forllio  elVucliial  Kovernment  of  the  said  vessel, siippressinii  imnioralily  and  viceofall  liimls,  iie  strictly 
tijinpliea  with,  under  Ihe  penalty  of  the  person  or  persons  disidieyint:  forfeiting  his  or  their  whole 
wiijres  or  hire,  IngiMlier  with  every  thing  belonging  lo  him  nr  tluiii  on  hoard  the  said  vessel  :  and  it  is 
futllu'r  agreed,  that  no  ollicer  or  seaman,  or  pi^rson  belonging  to  the  said  ship,  shall  demaial  or  bo 
piililli'd  lo  his  wages,  or  any  part  lliereof,  until  the  arrival  of  the  said  ship  at  the  above-menlioiieil 
pnrl  of  discharge,  and  tier  cargo  delivered,  nor  less  than  20  days,  in  case  the  seaman  is  net  employed 
ill  the  delivery  ;  and  it  is  hereby  further  agreed  between  the  master.^  and  otViccrs  of  the  said  ship,  that 
wlntevcr  apparid,  fiirnitiire,  and  slores,  each  of  them  may  receive  into  their  charge,  belonging  to  the 
sail!  ?hi|).  shall  be  accounted  for  on  her  retiirn  ;  and  in  case  any  thing  shall  he  lost  or  damaged  through 
llii'ir  carelessness  or  insiilhciency,  it  shall  he  made  good  liy  such  olhcer  or  seaman,  by  whose  nieai;s  it 
may  lia|ipeii,  to  the  master  and  owner  of  the  said  ship  :  and  w  hereas  it  is  customary  for  the  ollicors 
siHlsoanieii,  on  the  ship's  riMiirn  hioiii'  in  the  river,  and  during  the  lime  their  cargoes  are  delivering, 
to  to  on  shore  each  night  to  sleep,  greatly  to  the  pn  jiiilice  of  such  BTiip  and  freighters;  belt  furtln  r 
asrepd  by  the  s:i!il  parlit  s,  that  neither  olhcer  nor  seaman  shall,  on  any  prelenco  w  liatsoever,  be  eiiti- 
lli.'il  lo  such  iiiihilgence,  but  shall  do  tlieir  duly  b)'  day  in  disc  Irirge  of  the  cargo,  and  keep  such  w'alch 
hy  iiiirlit  as  the  niasier  or  commander  of  the  ■  iil  ship  sliall  ihiiik  iiece:  s.iry,  in  order  fir  ihe  preserva- 
linii  oi'  the  abovi^ ;  and  whereas  it  ol'ten  hapijens  that  pari  cd'  the  cargo  is  embezzled  after  being  deli- 
vered into  lighters  ;  ami,  as  such  losses  are  maile  good  hy  the  ow  ners  of  the  ships,  he  ii  therefore 
ajreeil,  hy  these  presenls,  that  whatever  otlii'cr  or  seaiiii'.il  the  master  shall  Ihtnk  proper  to  app  lint, 
shall  lake  charge  of  the  cargo  in  the  lighters,  and  gowiih  the  seme  to  the  lawful  quay,  v.rid  there 
lii'liver  his  charge  to  Ihe  ship's  hua'aaml,  nr  his  representalive,  o'.  see  the  same  salV-ly  weinlied  at  the 
kiiis's  heani;  and,  in  coiiseiiiience  of  their  true  lideliiy,  siirli  .'eaimn  shall  be  entitled  to  ■-'.-•.  d,/.  each 
li.'liter,  exclusive  of  their  monthly  pay  ;  and  should  it  so  happen  that  lighters  are  detained  any  con- 
siileralile  lime  at  the  quay  before  iliey  can  he  uiiloaded,  snc!i  otlicer  and  seaman  so  appointed  shall  in 
tliat  case  be  entitled  to  2.<.  (W.  for  every  21  hours,  exclusive  of  their  monthly  pay  ;  that  each  seaman 
ami  mariner,  who  shall  well  and  truly  perform  the  a'.iove- inentioneil  voyage,  (provided  always,  that 
lliere  hiMio  phinderage,  einbezzleiiient,  or  other  U'llawfiil  acts,  coinniilted  on  the  vessel's  cargo  or 
stores,)  shall  he  entillcd  to  their  wages  or  hire  Uiat  may  become  due  to  liim  pursuant  to  this  agree- 
menl;  that,  for  thedue  performance  of  each  ar.d  every  the  ahove-mentioiied  articles  and  agreements, 
awl  acknowledgment  of  their  being  voluntary  and  without  compulsion,  or  any  other  clandestine 
means  being  used,  the  said  parties  have  hereunto  subscribed  their  names,  the  day  and  month  set  oppo- 
site to  their  respective  names. 
2q2 


I 

I 

* 

f 


111 


438 


SEAMEN. 


c:^: 

■vNi 

wm  '■•  ■' 

;«■ 

*Jk 

nm 

-in 

■im 

IW'  .^ 

~« 

r"  ■'- 

11 

s:?i:3ii 

C^*' 

•> 

It 


.-^fflm 


•^1 


,.i»ltt'*J4' ■,),;:)  III 
imA',.rji,-aisi  til 

Cwvr  »»!,[,, 
■'■"Tli!  'I 

CL.~t:ri,iit:iiii| 


««i»*..-Ti'-.(,i  ,;i 
,  <■••     ,1-   ■    r 


Ptua  mil  Time 
of  Rntry. 

Mtn'i  Ntmn. 

(lualiljr. 

Wiiii««iii  lo 

ucli  Min'i 

■ifnirig. 

P«jr  in  lh«  Hlvur. 

Mciriih,  or  for 
Ihi!  Voyjjf. 

Whole  Wajw, 

Whola. 

llilf. 

The  statutes  Jo  not  ronilor  a  verbal  agreemerit  for  wii)?ofl  nlisoluttily  void ;  but  impose 
R  purmlly  on  tlio  master  if  a  written  agreement  hi;  not  iniule.  WlRti  a  written  a^Tcc- 
ineiit  is  made,  it  beeomi-s  the  only  evideiir.o  of  the  eontrnct  between  the  parties ;  aii,l ,, 
oeatnan  cannot  recover  any  thing  agreed  to  be  given  in  reward  for  his  »c^vi<;c.^,  wliidi 
18  not  upccified  in  the  article*. 

A  seaman  who  has  engaijed  to  serve  on  board  a  KJiip,  is  bound  to  exert  hiinsi-il'  to 
the  iituitist  in  the  service  of  tiie  ship;  and,  therefore,  a  promise  made  by  the  master  of 
«  shin  in  distress,  to  pay  on  extra  sum  to  a  seaman,  as  an  inducement  lo  extraordinary 
exertion  on  his  part,  is  held  to  be  essentially  void. 

2.  Conduct  of  Seumrn. — It  is  essential  to  the  b  isiness  of  navigation  that  the  most 
prompt  and  ready  obedience  should  be  paid  to  t  i--  lawful  eommands  of  the  master 
To  tills  eflbct  it  is  covenanted  in  the  articles  of  agreement  previously  quoted,  that 
"  each  and  every  lawful  command  which  the  said  master  shall  think  necessary  to  issue 
for  the  cirectual  government  of  the  said  vessel,  suppressing  immorality  and  vice  of  all 
kinds,  be  strictly  complied  with,  under  the  penalty  of  the  person  or  jx^rsons  disubeyiiijt 
forfeiting  his  or  their  whole  wages  or  hire,  together  with  every  thing  belonging  to  liin, 
or  them  on  board  the  said  vessel." 

In  case  of  disobedience  or  disorderly  conduct  on  the  part  of  the  seamon,  the  master 
may  correct  them  in  a  reasonable  manner.  Such  an  authority  is  absolutely  necessary 
to  the  safety  of  tiie  shi[)  and  of  those  on  board ;  but  it  behoves  the  master  to  act  in  such 
cases  with  great  deliberation,  and  not  to  pervert  the  powers  with  which  he  is  intrusted 
for  the  good  of  tlie  whole  to  cruel  or  vindictive  purposes.  Masters  abusing  their  au- 
thority must  answer  at  law  for  the  consequences.  In  the  case  of  actual  or  open  mutinv 
by  the  crew,  or  any  part  of  them,  the  resistance  of  the  master  becomes  an  act  of  self- 
defence,  and  is  to  be  considered  in  all  its  consequences  in  that  point  of  view.  The 
Ordinances  of  Oleron  and  Wlsby  declare  that  a  mariner  who  strikes  the  master  shall 
either  pay  a  fine  or  lose  his  right  hand ;  a  singular  as  well  as  cruel  alternative,  unknown  in 
modern  jurisprudence. 

But  although  the  master  may  by  force  restrain  the  commission  of  great  crimes,  ho  ha.s  m 
judicial  authority  over  the  criminal,  but  is  bound  to  secure  his  person  and  bring  him  before 
a  proper  tribunal.  And  all  justices  of  the  peace  are  empowered  to  receive  informatiuiis 
touching  any  murder,  piracy,  felony,  or  robbery  upon  the  sea,  and  to  commit  the  oirenJers 
for  trial.— (43  Geo.  3.  c,  160.) 

The  desertion  or  absence  without  leave  of  seamen  from  a  ship,  while  on  a  voyaije  to 
foreign  parts,  being  attended  with  many  bad  consequences,  has  been  provided  against  in  all 
maritime  laws.     It  was  enacted  in  this  country,  by  the  1 1  &  12  Will.  3.  c.  7., 

"That  nil  such  seamen,  officers,  or  sailors,  wtio  slinll  dcsort  the  slilps  or  vessels  whirfiiii  tlicyarc 
hired  to  serve  for  that  voyage,  sh:itl  for  such  offence  forfeit  all  such  wages  as  shall  be  then  ilin^  to  liliii 
or  them."  By  suhseqiient  statutes  ('20co.  2.  c.  30.,  and  31  Geo.  3.  c.  3'.).),  it  is  euacteil,  that  if,  afierliav- 
iug  entered  into  the  agreement  previously  referred  to,  a  mariner  deserts  or  refuses  to  proceeil  on  llii; 
voyage,  he  forfeits  to  tlie  owners  all  the  wages  then  due  to  him,  and  a  justice  of  the  peace  may,  on 
complaint  of  the  master,  owner,  or  person  having  charge  of  tlic  ship,  issue  a  warrant  to  aiiprelitiiij 
him;  and  in  case  of  his  refusal  to  proceed  on  the  voyage,  or  of  his  not  assigning  a  sufficient  nsisoii  I'nr 
such  refusal,  may  comiuit  him  to  hard  labour  in  the  house  of  correction  for  not  more  than  tliiriii  nut 
less  than /ut/rteen  days,  A  mariner  absentinjr  himself  from  the  ship  without  leave  of  the  inastcriir 
other  chief  officer  having  charge  of  the  ship,  forfeits  two  days'  pay  for  every  sucli  day's  absence,  Kitlie 
use  of  Greenwich  Hospital.  And  in  the  case  of  foreign  voyages,  if,  upon  the  ship's  arriviil  at  lier  jiori 
of  delivery  here,  he  leaves  her  without  a  written  discharge  iVoin  the  master  or  other  person  having 
charge  of  the  ship,  or  if  in  the  coasting  trade  he  quits  tlie  ship  bofure  the  cmjiifre  is  comi'leltil  utidmr. 
CARGO  DELIVERED,  or  before  the  expiration  of  the  term  for  wliich  he  en;;  iged,  or  before  he  has  obtiiincj 
a  discharge  in  writing,  he  forfeits  I  month's  pay  to  the  said  hospital,  liut  these  provisi>jiis  da  nut  de- 
bar seamen  from  entering  on  board  any  of  his  Majesty's  ships. 

In  order  still  further  to  discountenance  desertion,  a  penalty  of  100/.  is  iinposcd  by  the  37 
Geo.  3.  c.  73.  on  every  master  or  commander  of  any  British  merchant  ship  who  engages  any 
seaman  or  other  person  to  serve  on  board  such  shi[),  in  the  event  of  such  master  or  com- 
mander being  aware,  at  the  time,  that  such  seaman  or  person  had  deserted  from  any  other 
ship  or  vessel. 

For  an  account  of  the  penalties  imposed  on  the  master  for  leaving  seamen  in  foreign 
countries,  or  refusing  to  bring  them  back,  see  Master. 

Neglect  of  duty,  disobedience  of  orders,  habitual  drunkenness,  or  any  cause  which  will 
justify  a  master  in  discharging  a  seaman  during  the  voyage,  will  also  deprive  the  seaman  of 
his  wages. 

If  the  cargo  be  embezzled  or  injured  by  the  fraud  or  negligence  of  the  seamen,  so  that  the 


ing  seamen  in  foreign 


the  seamen,  so  that  the 


SEAMEN. 

merchant  has  a  right  to  claim  «.:  r   •■  ^30 

cu«l..m  of  merchants.  ZlS  a.«^  <       l""  '""""  """  """"tcr  an,? 

conduct  the  injury  I,;;  ^  p C     A^'^rT''  ''^"^  '^^^S^^^:^ ZT'  '''7  """y-  ''^  "•« 

vidually.  a«  affecting  o,  )/£' '  r  "'T'     ^''''«  Proviso,  ho  wo  v     ^.''''T"''  "'"'"''/l.'Lnt 
whole  crew.    Nor  is  anv  L       P'"''"'"'"  Pei-sons  guiltJ  „f  7      '  ■     '"  ''^'  <-""«tru..,|  i„,|i. 

The  o/Ience,  of  runn[n7«!vay^rh";^'  f  "'^ers.  "  P"^"""  "^  ^.h  w.,g..s  t, .„,ko 

-r  mnkmg  a  revolt,  are  puni.hahle^y  j'.V  'y-'h"'"  '"'""'"'"^  yi-'''i"«  her  u„  f , 
"Tm,  >f  any  commander  or  manter  nf  ^^  "'»'"'«  ' »  &  13  Will    T    '^  1    ""  ''"'"'"y. 


liiiii..u«ly  run  away  with  hi.  „L  ,i    ^  '""  "i""  and  tiirn  i.ir„.       "  ""  '"■»•■  M(>r  nhaU  i.,  n.,      . 

any  pirate,  •■nc.  y  or  r  he   "  "  "''  ^"'"'-'irily  lo  ,,"'„  nir    *'  "*'«"•  '"'»'.  <'r<lanV     1'  '''''' ''''y  ■""'  fe" 

.J,:.:  ;'*•''-■■"■  "'I... or,,, „ ""•"-«.../.'..„.,„ 


Iiat 
in- 
ns 
(J 


5  same,  or  aiivni.h^,.V  "'^'' ^'"P  or  ves<iel  «.  „        ^"  "ii^reby  wilCnlii.       i       ""''"""8 


ror 


.....iaea..or..:y!--i--ea^d^a.^;^^ 
3.  P6////«c,j/o/5'fa,„e„.,  ,^^  ,  "«""'«.  «nd  shall  su/n 

the  course  of  tlie  voyage,  such  as  {h}?  ^''•'"'  therefore,  bv  an v  T    .     ■( "■'"^'•' '   ^''e 

the  «ca,nen  also  lose  their  w':  '^"  '°^'  °'  '^"P'"'«  "^  the  ship,  the  own  rfl      ''•?'''.""*'"^  '" 
If  a  sh.p  destined  on  a  voZe  out  .,  i  u  ''  "'"'^  '■^'''S'''. 

penshes  in  the  homeward  vovTe ?h    r''-  V'""  '""^  "^^'ivered  her  onfw     i  . 
ease  the  seamen  arc  entitl  JTo'r    e'ivrf^-'"  "^^  ""'^^^  ^g^e  tdt    ""'  '^T^^'  ''"' 
voyage  and  the  unloading  of  the  ctZ       ,''''  "^"-^^  ^^^  'he  time  emni.i    .'•  °  i"  "'"^  ^'""e 
and  homeward  voyan-e,  nl  '         ,^'?^*''  ""'^^s  by  the  terms  «f  ,^  ''."'Ployed  in  the  outward 

payahle  to  the  timfof  h;dereT''''r'\^  '"'«  «"«•    I^a  S  sai^  to'""  "TT  "»«  ""'vvari 
had  been  advanced  to  ih^  n^       ^-  "^  "^^  '««'  <^arg».    Unoi  thn  *:'"'''  f'''"'««'  wages  are 

^- her  arrival  at Ihe  JonTdreTr'^^K^  ^^'■^'"^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

proportion  to  the  monJy  advatT  ^'  "  ""^  ^'^''^  "^'"  '^e  -ai  were  :r:t u'td^ ^''''  '•' 

If,  after  seamen  have  been  hired  ih.  '°  ^''^Sres  in 

the  intended  vovaire  the  »n  '  '"^  «wners  of  a  shin  do  nnf  .i.-  , 

Jeen  employed  o'nToanAhe  sE  TJ'^  \P''^'  ^-^^  t  m";      /"^  ffr/,"  ""'^  '^^  «" 
by  breaking  ofl'the  contract    t  '  b„?    "'  '^"^  "^«"'  "^  'heir  susta  n.L  J'   '  "'"^  '"'''y  ^ave 

In  the  case  of  shipwreck  iil.hr^'°"^^'«  that  they  shouM  be  i  V"^  •'P'^'-"''''  ^'''"age 
save  as  much  as  possible  of  if  ^  '^"'^  °'"  ^'^^  seamen  fo  ever  ,b  '"f""'''"''" 
»f  the  freight  paij  by  the  methalTn'  '"'  •^'•'"•'-  ^^  'h  cTrgo  trveT  '"!'''  """-'  '" 
men  arc  also  entitled  to  a  nrnnn  r  7'^*"='  ^^'^'^<  it  scemr„n!  '^''f'^' .^"'l  »  Proportion 
cargo,  or  the  remains  of  UirS^Jb"  "^  '^"''''  ^«^««-  And™^;^'  F'nc.ple,  that  the  sea" 
pence  by  way  ofW.^/,/  Vh?.'  ^'Z'  "'''"  ««  other  persons  ',."•'"  '"  ""^'"^  the 
7  preserved  part  o?  he    hip  a^?  f  f"'"''"  '"'«'  'ha?   ;   n  iat^'of  tr'^'^^V"  ^  '■'^-'- 

charge  to  their  dwelling  XT    u      ■}"  P^'"«  to  their  content  «n7         "  ""^'^  ''*'s-  and  the 


I 

I,  .'«* 


440 


SEAMEN. 


jy,  ^^    ..«« 

r.    :^ 

C  -    •■*' 

mm'-'"      '  J 


"•»■'       r  tm 


,  w 


1^ 


.-,.  11 


guoRC  of  ihour  ancirnt  onUnnnrrs  whrthiT  l!io  pnymrnt  ilirrctod  to  lie  madr  to  Rcnmrn  nn 
thoM'  infill riclioly  orrnHiotiM,  is  to  be  a  rcwiinl  only  for  their  liilioiir  in  tho  hiiIviujc,  or  a  rvrom- 
prncc  for  Ihcir  fornwr  m-rvici's  in  llu-  nliip.  for  whicli,  iicconiiiiu  to  Rcnfrnl  |iriMciiilcN,  tl),.y 
■ro  rntitlcil  to  no  (inynii-nl,  if  no  fri'iu'lit  in  rnrnoil.  lint  Cli-irnc,  in  hin  ('(iiiiini n/iiri/  mi  t/,r 
Lttw.i  I'l'  ()/>rnn.  Kiiyn,  lli;it  l.y  nn  ortlininico  of  I'liilip  II.  of  Spnin.  mmlo  in  the  ynir  I .')(;.), 
it  is  oriliinfd,  tlmt  tlic  Hi-iinirii  ^l>illl  hhvc  us  nuirh  an  llicy  cnn  from  Hliiiiwrrck  ;  uml,  in  ili.it 
ri»si<,  llic  niii-tcr  is  lioiiiul  t  >  |i!iy  tiK'ni  llicir  wiiij<"-<,  nnd  to  five  iIii-mi  ii  finllicr  rcwunj  in, 
th«'ir  lalioiir  ont  of  tin-  ijodils.  And  tin-  HiuiHfiitic  Ordiniiiiri- of  tlio  year  KilJ  oxiirc-ly 
dirrciv,  thai  if  hO  inurli  of  llic  sliij)  lii>  mim il  aiH  ('(uml.*  the  viiiiic  of  the  wiujch  of  tlii'  mioiji  n, 
llwy  sliidl  1m!  puil  their  uholc  v\ii^i'M.  In  like  inaiincr,  liii-  Ordiiunirc  of  J{..iti'id.iin  ar.,|  ||.,. 
I''rnir/i  Ordinrincc  id^i  cxpri'ssly  din'ct  the  |M(yniint  of  w.iijcs  out  of  llu!  ri'liis  iind  iiiudij;,:, 
of  the  Hlii|i. — {Alilintl  1,11  III!'.  1.(111'  iif  Shlppim;,  part  iv.  c  «•.) 

"  F  liavi-  not  liiM'n  iilili',"  Vayt  Lord  'IVntcrdi'ii,  "  to  Iind  nny  di-ci.sioii  of  nn  I]nt,'li>-Ii  camt 
on  tho  point,  iiiid  llio  li-ttiKlatum  Iiim  nindf  no  provision  nl:'.liiij?  to  it.  AMnn  indinciiirnt  in 
the  rniirincrs  to  rxcrt  ihcinsi'lvcH  in  tliii  ho\ir  of  danuir,  it  may  nM  lin  unlit  to  holl  nut  ii 
thrtn  till'  iirospcct  of  olitaiiiinu:  thfir  wni^i's,  if  they  xavi-  so  nuicli  of  tho  hlop  as  bhall  W  •■iil'- 
ficicMt  to  |),iy  tlicni ;  hut  Ihrir  claioi  upon  the  Hiiiji  sccins  not  to  cxti'iid  to.  a  rase,  vvlii n  in, 
accordinj;  to  tlin  prinfijilis  of  tho  law  uptin  which  tlu'ir  claim  m  founded,  lit)  wayc.-i  arc  [lay. 
ohlc  to  tlicin." — (I'art  iv.  c. ',;.) 

'I'he  laws  of  ONtoii,  Wishy,  nnd  the  llnnso  towns,  direct,  that  if  a  senninn  die  durin;^  tlu: 
voyajre,  washes  shall  he  paid  to  his  heirs ;  hut  it  is  not  clear  wheliirr  the  sum  thus  dini'tcj  to 
be  p:iiil  is  to  he  nmiersiooil  is  mi'aninp;  a  payment  pri>poirti()iied  to  tile  lime  of  his  .service,  o( 
the  who|('  sum  tliat  \u'  would  have  earfie<l  liad  he  live.l  till  the  coiu!union  of  the  voyni^e.  'J'iii< 
question  has  not  been  judicially  decided  in  I'iiiKl'Uid  ;  Inil  hy  the  act  "M  (Jco.  :i,  e.  'i'.\,  ji  is 
ordered,  that  the  wn'^e.s  due  to  nny  Heaman,  who  has  dieil  on  hoard  any  shij)  trading'  lo  ih,. 
West  Indies,  shall  he  paid,  vvitldu  \\  inonlhs  of  the  arrival  of  such  f^hip  in  tJreat  lirilnin,  t,, 
the  receiver  of  the  sixpenny  duty  for  (jreenwich  Hospital,  for  tho  use  of  the  seaman's  ixocu- 
tor  or  udmiuistrator.  All  masters  nei;lecting  or  refusing  to  pay  tho  same,  incur  a  [icmliv 
of  ,50/.,  and  pay  doiihle  wages  for  each  dlfcnce, 

A  seaman  impressed  from  a  merchant  ship  into  the  royal  service,  is  entitled  to  receive  the 
proportion  of  hi:4  waijcs  due  to  him  at  the  time  of  ini[ircssmeiit,  provided  the  inercliatit  ship 
arrive  in  mi  fen/  at  the  poit  of  her  discharge. 

Policy  re(piircs  that  the  waives  of  seamen  should  not  he  paid  to  them  in  foreiutn  cniintrirs, 

as  well  to  |)reveiit  desertion,  ns  to  j)reserve,  for  the  henelit  of  their  families,  what  luiuht.jihi.T- 

wise  he  spent  in  riot  aiij  debauchery.     (Jonforinahly  to  thi ;  princiide  it  has  hccu  eiiadeil, 

"Tlial  IK)  imicter  or  owner  nrany  niercliant  aliij)  or  vcmhcI  shall  |i:iy  nr  iiiUanre,  nr  ciiiise  M  lio  palil 
or  ndvaiii'cd,  to  any  Hvainan  or  niaiiner.  clariii)!  tin;  time  lie  sliall  lir  in  pMrts  Imyoiiil  the  friis,  loiy  niii- 
Iicy  or  ellVciH  ii|)OM  JiccdUiit  i)f  waL'es,  exrerillii>!  loic  iiifitlij  cit'the  \va^;i's  wlilc  h  ^ h^ill  he  .liie  ill  IliiiJliiiio 
of  HMcli  p.iyini'iit,  iMitil  HiK'h  sliip  or  versscl  shiill  return  to  (h-eat  Itiiliiiii  or  Irrldvil,  nr  Ih"  |ihuiliitiiiii,«, 
or  to  8i)nii:  other  nl'  liU  .Miijesly's  dninlnions,  whereto  they  hcloM?,  iinil  fr  ni  wheiici!  thny  \V( n;  lir^t 
filled  out  ;  and  ifsiiili  niasirr  or  owiiir  orsa<  h  tin'rcliMiit  shi|i  nr  WisscI  shall  pay  nr  !I(Iv:im(  c,  nr  ciuiiic 
to  he  paid  nr  adv.inced,  any  wa^es  to  any  siMinan  or  mariner  iihnve  the  t^aid  ninicly,  smli  mi-iirnt 
owner  shall  fnrli'it  nnd  pay  dmihlc  the  ninney  he  Hhall  so  pay  nr  ndvanre.-tn  he  rernviri'il  in  tin'  Ili;|i 
Court  of  A<liMi rally  hy  any  person  who  sh.ill  lirst  discover  and  infuni  nl'  the  same."— C^  (ho.  I.  c.il) 

Tlie  time  when  wages  should  ho  paid  has  also  been  made  tiie  subject  of  parliaiiirntary 
enactments.  Thus,  as  to  ships  engaged  in  fureitrn  v(ii/(i!j;r!i,  it  is  ordered,  that  ii[i;iii  ijic 
arrival  of  any  ship  in  (Ireaf  liriluin  from  parts  beyond  the  seas,  the  master  or  coiiihiandcr 
shall  be  obliijed  to  jmy  the  seamen  thereto  bclonning  their  wages,  if  demnnded,  in  //«>/// rA/yi 
after  the  shiji's  entry  at  the  (,'ustoni-house,  excejit  in  cases  where  a  covenant  shall  be  ciiicrni 
into  to  the  contrary  ;  or  at  the  time  the  seamen  shall  be  discharged,  wdiich  shall  iiist  1ki|)]icii, 
if  demanded  ;  deducting  the  penalties  and  forfeitures  imposed  by  the  act,  "  under  llie  imiiiiIiv 
of  paying  to  each  seaman  or  mariner  that  shall  be  unpaid,  contrary  to  tho  intent  ami  hicim- 
ing  of  this  act,  tirenfi/  ftfilllings  over  and  above  the  wages  that  shall  be  due  to  each  |itrson, 
to  be  recovered  by  the  same  means  and  methods  as  the  wages  may  be  recovered;  and  surli 
payment  of  wages  aforcsaiil  shall  be  good  and  valid  in  law,  notwithstanding  any  action,  bill 
of  sale,  attachment,  or  incumbrance  whatsoever." — (2  Geo.  2.  c.  3().) 

And  as  to  ships  employed  in  the  coastiiiir  trade  in  the  manner  before  mentioned,  It  is 
enacted,  that  the  master,  commander,  or  person  having  charge  of  the  ship,  shall  be  oMi.'fil 
to  pay  tho  seamen  their  wages,  if  demanded,  within _^('C  (/ayf<  after  the  ship  shall  he  ciitcrcJ 
at  the  Customdiouse,  or  the  cargo  be  delivered,  or  at  the  time  the  seamen  shall  bedisrliaigpil, 
which  shall  first  happen,  unless  an  agreement  shall  have  been  made  to  the  contrary ;  in 
which  case  the  wages  shall  be  paid  according  to  such  agreement,  deducting  in  every  case  the 
penalties  imposed  by  this  act,  under  the  like  forfeiture  of  finenfiy  s/iillina;!!,  to  be  recovered  in 
the  same  manner  as  with  regard  to  ships  coming  from  abroad  ;  and  such  payment  .'.hall  lie 
good  in  law,  "notwithstanding  any  action,  hill  of  sale,  attachment,  or  incumbrance  wiiatso- 
ever."— (31  Ceo.  3.  c.  39.) 

Seamen,  have  a  threefold  remedy  for  the  recovery  of  wages;  viz.  against  the  ship,  the 
owner,  and  the  master;  and  they  may  jirocced  cither  in  the  admiralty  courLs  or  those  of  com- 
mon law :  in  the  former  case  all  may  join,  and  payment  may  be  obtained  out  of  the  value 


SEAMEN. 


441 


m«(lc  to  ipomm  on 

hiiIviil;!'.  "f  t»  rccntn- 
iTnl  |)riiii'i|ilrH,  tliry 
('tinininitiiri/  iiii  Ihe 
i>  ill  till-  yt'iir  IT)"!:!, 
iwrci'k  ;  iiii'l.  i'l  lliil 
.1  I'liitlitT  rt'Wiird  r^if 
your  Ull  I  t'Niiro-ly 
kiiurn  of  till'  Kt'iilucn, 
if  KuUt'ril.iiii  ni.il  tly 
!  ri'liiM  aiitl  matnii', 

of  nil  Kn«li'*li  <'<init 
As  lui  iiidiii  I'lni'iii  tn 
R  iii\rit  ti>  li'ill  (Hit  I'l 
L>  hlwp  'an  uliiill  Ih'  i-iiI'. 
1(1  to.  a  case,  wlirniii, 
jil,  \iO  waacrf  are  puy. 

onnian  il'io  durin?  i!ie 
1'  piim  t'liio  tliri'i'ti'cl  111 
liiiu!  (if  liH  service,  or 
II  (if  llie  vi)yii:;c.  '\'\\h 

37  (li'o,  '.1.  c.  V.i.  i!  in 
y  slii[)  irailin.;  Ici  the 
i|i  ill  (Jri'at  liritaiii,  to 
lit  the  Kcaiiuiir.sixrcii. 

Bume,  incur  a  iieimlly 

i  pntitlcd  to  receive  the 
Lle(.l  till)  iiicrihaiU  ship 

■in  in  forei>jrn  roimtrirs, 

lilies,  wlial  iiiijilit'itlii.'r- 

it  has  been  eiiaeted, 

:iiirfi,  nr  ('Hiio("  to  lie  ]iniil 
lyoiiil  Ilie  HeiiM,  iiiiy  nm- 
f\\:i\\  lie  due  ill  tliiJliiiii! 
UnuK  or  lie'  |'l-iiil;ili(iii?, 
wlioiice  lliey  wirn  lirst 
iiy  (ir  iiilvdiii c,  er  riiiise 
(I  niiiiely,  t^ieli  nei-lirnt 
i  recnvereil  in  tin'  llisli 
iiie."— («  Oio.  I.e. 'it) 

jert  of  parlianinitary 
oulereil,  that  ii|i:iii  the 
master  or  ceniiiiaiKlcr 
niandoil,  in  thirtiidivf 
venaiit  shall  he  nitcrcil 
licli  shall  iiist  hiipiicn, 
't,  "  under  the  iitiially 
the  intent  and  moan- 
he  due  to  each  jicr.-ion, 
recovered;  and  siirli 
nding  any  action,  bill 

before  mnnlioncil,  it  i-^ 
shiii,  shall  be  olili:oil 
0  ship  shall  he  oiitPrnl 
en  shall  he  discliavgcd, 
de  to  the  contrary  ;  in 
cting  in  every  case  the 
n<j;f,  to  he  recovered  in 
acii  payment  shall  be 
'  incumbrance  wlialso- 

against  the  ship,  the 
Icourts  or  tho.=e  of  corn- 
lined  out  of  the  value 


of  the  xhip.  Tho  contract  rf  main*  in  thn  cuntody  of  the  master  or  owner,  hut  they  are  hound 
10  produce  it  wlicu  rri|uircd,  and  it  in  conclunivo  cviJcnco  of  ihi'  cutilniet  betwceti  the  partici. 

Uy  the  act  Mi  (tco,  3.  c.  6H.  justices  of  tiio  p<>aco  are  authorii4C<l  Nuintnitrily  to  dcciilt>  upon 
the  complaint  of  any  seaman  as  to  tho  nonpayment  of  wa);eN  not  exceeding  20/. ;  nnd  if  they 
find  the  chiiin  well  founded,  may,  in  the  event  of  ilM  not  Ixina;  paid  within  '-i  days,  issue  their 
warrant  for  tho  levy  of  the  same  hy  distrcsN:  parties  dissalislieil  may  appeal  to  the  admiralty. 

■t,  Pdi/mfiit  It)  (irernwich  Hd.ipilul, — During  tho  reii^n  of  (Jeorjje  11.  an  eKtaliliHhntcnt 
iitiacheil  to  (ireenwich  Hospital  was  erected  (20  tJeo.  2.  c.  M.)  "fur  IhfrrllifiiiKlsii/iport 
„f,iinimid  and  di.iiiblnl  neamnt,  and  l/ie  wiilowi  aiuf  chiltlrin  iif  siirh  «.»  n/inll  Iw  killed, 
sliti",  '"■  d  iiwnrd,  ill  the  merchant  nervier.  To  provide  a  fund  for  this  charitalile  itiHtitiition, 
every  person  serviiin  in  any  merchant  ship,  or  other  privatt*  ship  nr  vessel,  lH'loiigini{  to  any 
(if  liii  .Mitjenty's  Hubjectii  in  Kif^lnnd,  (except  ajiprentiees  under  tho  ago  of  IH,  persoiiH  em- 
iiloycd  ill  bouts  upon  the  coasts  in  taking  fish  which  are  brought  fresh  on  shore,  or  in  boats 
within  rivers,  or  upon  boots  upon  tho  coast,  and  jiilots  (except  persons  employed  in  tho  ser- 
vice of  the  F.dxt  India  Company,  and  who  ore  not  entitled  to  the  benefit  of  this  institution, 
liciiit?  provided  for  by  a  futiil  established  by  the  ('ompany),)  pays  sixpence  per  ntiinth,  which 
in  (Icdiieted  out  of  bis  wages  by  the  tnaster,  and  by  him  paid  over  to  tht>  persons  aptioiiited 
under  the  authority  of  the  act  at  tho  port  to  which  the  ship  beloni-s,  before  she  shall  bu 
alliiwed  to  clear  inwards.  For  the  management  and  distrihiition  of  diis  fund,  a  ''orporiition 
wan  created,  comimsed  chiefly  of  eminent  merchants,  with  power  to  j  i  .ehn  ::  'and  and  erect 
nil  liospilid,  and  to  provide  for  seamen  reinler-  'J  incapable  of  8ervi(.\  i  y  Bii'k'M'n.-».  wounds,  or 
otluT  acci  lent  il  misf  irtunes,  and  decroint  and  worn  i  it  by  :x\!/\  tidicr  by  ri'i . ,  ing  them  into 
the  lioj-jiital,  or  by  [lensioim;  and  also  to  relievo  tl'.'S  iUiswi- nnd  oliiiJiVii  if  seamen  killed 
(If  ilnnvned  in  the  merchant  service,  provided  tho  <.li  Idrcr.  ".^v.  ia>t  of  .iic  age  of  I'l  yenrs; 
iir,  if  of  that  age  and  u[>wards,  are  incapable  of  getliag  ri  ii' -•iihooj  ly  re'ison  of  lui.i'.ineHs, 
Miiidiiesi,  or  other  infirmity,  and  an*  proper  objects  o.  cUirily  ,  art  'o  niak.-  ru.  .o'lablo 
allinvaiices  to  those  who  shall  lose  an  eye  or  lim'-,  or  lu  (.fhervviac  h.u;  or  inain-ei',  in  "<j\\{- 
iiiT,  defending  or  working  their  ships,  or  doing  any  (>t!u  r  ,lutv  v.<  t'li  ir  s.  rvico,  in  p-'ipi'ion 
to  their  hurt ;  so  far  forth  as  the  income  and  reven  ie;»  cf  IIk'  ( liariij  will  o\i\'t'  .o;  tl'icse 
nur|iO!<cs.  Uut  no  person  is  to  be  provided  for  as  ,i.  wjd,  .^lll  .-icanuM.  v  iiJ  has;  not  bi'cn  er»- 
iiliived  in  the  iiierch.int  service ^i>e  years,  an*'  isiJ  the  CMii.iii  iiion.  Ami  in  p.'ovl^i-.Dg  f  r 
tliij  eliisa,  a  preference  is  given  to  such  as  have  serv  31I  longest  and  ■■  "'titnbiito'j  nii'.t, 

1.  An  .Vcrnunt  of  the  Mnney  dediiolcd  out  of  llio  Wngi^s  of  f(,'iiiiien  eni'i'iy'il  .n  Die  iMi^rt  .riiit  .'ecvlct 
of  Ihc  Cdiintry,  for  tlie  Years  1H28  and  IS2i>j  allow  iiix  tlie  (Jrcja  At'i  'nl  rmi  'led  ilie  Nell  !  )i,nny 
piiiil  in  (]re(3ii\vicli  Iliii«|)itul,  and  tlm  Amount  and  Uit'.c  pur  Com.  puul  "  :  (,;  llcctii  1;  il't:  uLiue  in 
e.icti  Year,  and  for  what  Purposes  employed. 


1. 

11. 

18J9. 

/.. 

1. 

/. 

/.. 

1. 

d. 

Gm«  smfiunt  of  tt«  collection         -             •            .             •                         •            ■             - 

23.i*;i 

1 

ae.ia: 

i 

H 

Money  iisiil  ic  Ort'ciiwich  Hotpttat  .             .            .             .            •                          .            . 

I'.DiS 

10 

H 

2l,4li 

n 

H 

T(jl»leli.cii>eo(  collection               ...... 

4,8,17 

1 

> 

(,:2t 

4 

10}  1 

Dttaxl  of  Ihe  TiKal  Exptnn  of  CaUtclian. 

"""■     ■*"- 

. 

— ... 

— .- 

TolliflfPiily  rfteiveri  of  Great  nriliin  and  Iroljiid,  America,  Guernief,  Jem  v.  Jnl  V^w.'nina. 

iiuid,  IiJ  per  cent,  for  cnlleclnii?,  eirepi  Ihe  port  of  Lu-crimol,  which  is  7t  per  cciil.  ■ 
Tj  llie  recifivi'rs  general  for  .Scollaitd  an  t  Irt'laud,  .1  talary  ol50^  |Tr  aniiiin  each 

t'i» 

;t 

t> 

;,'  11 

4 

1 

1(11 

(1 

0 

ion 

I) 

I^Uti'atiiiti  cleik  at  the  CiMloni-huuve,  10  per  cent,  on  the  ain-innl  collected  in  America   . 

7tt 

4 

:7 

ii 

!• 

v.v»iv  iif  llie  c'lii'f  receiver  at  Ni-wfoundl.ind,  71  per  cent,  on  the  collection 

tl 

1 

H 

i 

Sdirlin  tn  ilie  receiver  geiiitral  and  comptroller  at  the  port  of  LAiiidoQ,  tlieir  cleriis,  clerk  at  tiie 

cui'iims  nieaaeiiger,  and  houiekceper         ....... 

i,<a-. 

0 

(1 

l.'f.ii 

u 

0     t 

Rfiairl      ........... 

4.17 

1! 

H 

>iiperannu»tlun  allowances  --...-. 

36 

'1 

0 

n." 

f 

0     ' 

ht'ift,  ilitiouety,  taiM,  and  bouaekeeper'a  ditbuneaientt     ..... 

L. 

4(jS 

16 

10 

4 " 

1 
1 

1 

6 

;,7i.i 

The  monies  paid  to  Greenwich  Hospital  are  applied  lo  the  rT«/>eral  piirpoups  of  the  insliiiitinn. 

V    i      ir.  ORVT    tier';  oniie  Cheque. 

The  mtiil  expense  of  collecting  amnunted  in  the  yeai  M*^  m  2(1;  ik  -  er*".,  f-i  il  in  Vj*H\  to  18  percent. 
OH  the  griiss  receipts  ;  but  arrangements  are  now  ordeicd  I'j  ix  cafilti  Um}  ti^'Xu  '»y  which  the  whole 
e\p(!nsi;  will  he  reiluced  to  about  10  per  cent. 

RnyalHoripilul,  Greenwich,  lOth  of  M-.y,  1830.  W.  11.  HOOPER.  Secretary. 

II.  Account  of  Merchant  Seamen  now  in  the  Roj  il  iIoi«pitHl  f^i^flpatn^^o  tit  Greenwich,  with  the  Com- 
parative Amount  of  Service  in  >^^'j  Uuvy  ami  in  the  iMerchunts'  Employ. 


Nunihirof  Mel) 

whti  have 

BCver  servtd 

in 

(he  Navy, 


Numhftrof  Men 

wlin  havp  Bervcd 

in  the  Navy 

Mid  'I  lll'J 

Merch.  ■!;(  SiTvlce. 


of  Vuars 
;  rvc!  ly  them 

in  the 
King't  Service. 


Nil. 


1,121 


1R,I95 


Totil  Number 

of  Viurs 

serviJ  hy  them 

In  the 

Merchant's  Service. 


14,485 


Averi^e  Number 
of  Years 
■rrved  \>y 

each  Man  in  the 
Navy. 


I6i 


Average  Number 
of  Ye-im 

•erved  tiy 

each  Mm  in  Ihe 

Merchanti'  Service. 


13 


The  uubtiabinent  of  Greenwich  Hoipital  is 

or  thwe  are- 
Seamen  whr>  have  served  in  merchant  ihips 
Seamen  who  have  served  in  {Ling's  ships  only 
Rnyil  marines     ■  -  .  - 

Lutiaticj  .  .  •  • 

Absent    •  ■  -  •  - 

Vacancies  .  .  .  • 


2,710 


4 
« 

I 
I 


J) 


66 


442 


SEAMEN  (LAWS  RELATING  TO). 


in.  Account  of  Children  ofMerchant  Seamen  in  the  School  of  Greenwich  IIoBpital. 


Tffii 


<0r    'i^'"    i'^ 


•• t:.       Jl 


H  IStmt... 


■.,ixm 


mi 

711 


■UK^    ...-vnftii.' I* 


..US*'- 


njsatii"' 


^' 


3  Kb 

k  ■ 


Number  of 
Children  of 

Merchant  Seamen 
whfue  Father! 

have  never  terveil 
in  the  Navy. 

Nnniber  of 

Children  of 

Merchant  Seamen 

whtite  F.ilhera 

have  also  si-rvej 

in  the  Navy. 

Rcmarki. 

89 

23 

Theoriff  nal  Greenwirh  lfr>spit,il  schrw.i,  to  whlth  Ihc  rhit'lren  of  merchinl  at-anien 
are  eligible,  consialeJ  of  200  cliil>lrt;n,  until,  hy  a  re^uldlion  uf  l^2ij,  it  \va.i  incrtoicj 
to  30U. 

R.  O.  KEATS,  Governor. 
Hoyiil  Hospital,  Greenwich,  0th  of  April,  1831. 

In  order  to  ascertain  the  times  of  service  and  payment  of  the  contribution,  the  inaster 
must  keep  a  muskr-mll  of  the  persons  employed  in  the  ship,  and  before  its  departure  deliver 
a  duplicate  to  the  collector  of  these  duties  at  the  port;  and,  during  the  voyage,  enter  the 
time  and  place  of  discharge,  (juitting,  and  desertion,  and  of  receiving  other  persons  on  board, 
and  of  any  hurt,  damage,  death,  or  drowning;  of  which  he  must  also  deliver  a  duplicalc  at 
his  return,  under  the  penalty  of  20/.,  to  the  tiulh  whereof  he  may  be  examined  upon  oaih 
by  the  collector.  Am!  in  case  any  person  employed  on  board  any  ship  or  vessel  shall,  in 
doing  his  duty  on  shore  or  on  board,  break  an  arm  or  leg,  or  be  otherwise  hurt  or  maimpd. 
he  is  to  be  properly  relieved  until  sufliciently  recovered  to  be  sent  to  the  place  to  which  the 
ship  belongs. 

13ut,  notwithstanding  the  principle  of  this  charity  is  excellent,  it  has  been  alleged,  and, 
we  apprehend,  on  pretty  good  grounds,  that  the  conditions  under  which  merchant  sca:nen 
are  admitted  to  participate  in  its  benefits  arc  too  onerous,  that  they  have  not  reaped  from  it 
an  advantage  equivalent  to  the  sacrifice  it  imposes  on  them,  and  that  the  ex[)enses  of  col- 
lection  have  been  quite  enormous. 

The  last  part  of  this  statement  is,  indeed,  completely  borne  out  by  the  first  of  the  foregoini; 
documents,  which  shows  that  the  expense  of  collection  is,  in  future,  to  be  reduced  to  a  Imlf 
of  what  it  has  hitherto  been ;  and  wc  have  been  well  assured  that  the  reduction  may  be 
safely  carried  a  good  deal  further. 

The  second  of  the  foregoing  accounts  shows  that  there  is  not  at  present  a  single  senmen 
in  Greenwich  Hos()ital,  except  such  as  have  served  in  the  navy  ;  a  circumstance  wliicli,  con- 
sidering the  nmnber  of  men  in  the  merchant  service,  the  large  sum  (26,000/.)  annually  paid 
by  them  to  the  hospital,  and  the  period  that  has  elapsed  since  the  termination  of  tiie  war, 
strikes  us  as  not  a  little  extraordinary.  The  subject  is  one  that  seems  to  require  a  thorough 
investigation.  Merchant  seamen  ought  to  participate,  equally  with  those  in  his  .Majesty's 
service,  in  the  benefits  of  an  institution  to  which  they  contribute  so  largely. 

For  further  details  with  respect  to  this  important  subject,  see  Lord  Tenterden's  work  on 
the  Law  of  flipping. 

(Seamkx  (CoxsoiinATioN  OF  Laws  hkiatixg  to). 
During  the  session  of  1835  an  Act  was  passed  (5  &  6  W.  4.  c.  19.)  of  great  imporlanec 
to  seamen,  and  to  persons  connected  with  navigation.  It  is  intituled  "  An  Act  for  ainondiii,; 
and  consolidating  the  Laws  relating  to  Merchant  Seamen,  and  for  forming  and  maiiitainin,' 
a  Kegister  of  all  the  Men  engaged  in  that  Service."  It  lays  down  the  various  forms  and 
regulations  to  be  observed  in  hiring,  paying,  and  discharging  seamen  ;  establishes  an  olUco 
for  their  registry;  and  prescri'uos  the  mode  in  which  lists  of  crews  are  to  be  transiiiitied  to 
the  registrar.  It  also  regulates  the  number  of  apprentices  to  be  taken  on  board  ship;  the 
conditions  under  which  seamen  may,  in  certain  cases,  be  left  in  foreign  parts ;  with  a  varieiv 
of  other  interesting  particulars.  As  any  infraction  of  the  provisions  of  the  Act  incurs,  iii 
most  cases,  the  forfeiture  of  heavy  penalties,  it  should  be  carefully  attended  to,  both  by  mas- 
ters and  men.  After  declaring  that  the  prosperity,  strength,  and  safety  of  the  kinijilom  prin- 
cipally depend  on  a  large,  constant,  and  ready  supply  of  seamen,  as  well  for  canvimi^  nn  tlip 
commerce  as  for  the  defence  thereof,  and  that  it  is  necessary,  by  all  practicable  moans,  to  in- 
crease the  number  of  such  seamen,  and  to  give  them  all  due  encouragement  and  protcciion; 
and  that,  in  furtherance  of  this  end,  it  is  expedient  to  amend  and  consolidate  the  laws  rolaiinj 
to  their  registration  and  government,  the  statute  goes  on  to  enact : — 

Repeal  of  different  Mctis.-Vtnm  and  .iflor  llio  3Ist  of  July,  I8.T),  from  wliirli  day  tliis  net  sliiill  lato 
ell'ect,  tlie  act  i  &  .')  Ann.  c.  (>.  for  llie  Increase  of  seamen.  &,c. ;  llie  act  2  V,.  2.  r,  liti.  lor  the  lu'lh'r 
ri^«Iiilation,&c.  of  Hi-anieli  in  llie  miTcliant  service  ;  tlie  net  2  (J.  .I.e.  ."il.  for  pi'rpetiialinu' tlio  hst-iiien- 
lioned  act,  &.i;.  ;  the  art  .11  (i.  3.c.  :!!).  for  the  l)etter  rcenlation,  &r,.  of  seamen  In  the  co.isiin"  iriulei'i 
the  kinirdom;  the  act  l.'i  (;.  3.  c.  SI.  for  nnieiuliiig  tlie  last  mentloneil  act;  the  act  .ST  <i.  :i.  r.  7:)  f,ir 
prevcntini;  tliedi  sertionofucamen  from  Urilish  merchant  ships  in  the  West  Indies;  the  act  .IStJ.S.,'. 
3^'.  to  extend  and  render  more  i^ir.-clnal  the  repnlations  tor  the  relief  of  seafariim  men  ami  liovs.ic 
sniijects  oftlK!  II.  K.  in  foreign  parts  ;  the  net  4  (J.  1.  c.25.  for  regnlnling  the  nnmher  rd' iipiirenrio'sM 
he  taken  on  hoard  111  iiisli  miTchant  vessel^,  &c.  ;  and  the  act  3  &  1  W.  4.  c.  h8.  for  coi.thidjiii;  the  VjC, 
3.  c.  .^H.,  for  fuilitalin!.'  Ihi.'  recovery  of  the  wapL-s  of  st'anien  in  the  merchants'  service,  an'  licri'liyp)- 
p(!uled:  providcMl  that  all  oifnci's  committed  and  penalties  and  forleitiires  imiirnil  previous  Ki  llie 
r.omniencementof  this  act,  airainst  the  provisions  of  the  said  acta,  shall  be  nunishahle  and  rccoviralile 
under  the  said  acts  as  if  ttiey  had  not  heei!  repealed.—}  I. 

JVtf  Seaman  to  be  talun  tu  A'fo  icilhout  a  written  Agreemtnl.—W.  shall  not  be  lawful  for  any  muster  of 


I*- 


SEAMEN  (LAWS  RELATING  TO). 


443 


vich  Hoapital. 


ohiWren  of  nierchinl  irrimen 
i(jn  uf  18W,  "  "•"  incrtiviJ 

I.  KEATS,  Ciovernor. 

ntribution,  the  master 
re  its  departure  dulivov 

the  voyage,  enter  llir- 
>ther  persons  on  board, 

deliver  a  duplicalc  at 
;  examined  u[ion  oath 
ship  or  vessel  shiill,  in 
rwise  hurt  or  maimed, 
the  place  to  which  the 

has  been  alleged,  and, 
hich  merchant  seamen 
ave  not  rca[)cd  from  it 
iial  the  exiHjnses  of  co!- 

.hc  first  of  the  foregoin:; 
to  be  reduced  to  a  linlj 
it  the  reduction  may  be 

present  a  single  seamen 
ircumstance  which,  con- 
'26,000/.)  annually  \n\i 
termination  of  the  war, 
ins  to  require  a  thorough 
,h  those  in  his  Majesty's 
largely. 
n-d  Tetikrden^s  work  m 


}  to). 

19.)  of  great  importance 
il  "An  Act  for  amending 
l)rming  and  maintaiiiin,; 
n  the  various  forms  ami 
n  ;  establishes  an  ollico 
are  to  be  tran^lll:tted  to 
.lUcn  on  boanl  ship ;  the 
[gn  parts;  with  a  variety 
ans  of  the  Act  incurs,  in 
ttended  to,  b,>th  liy  mas- 
[ety  of  the  kiuL^dom  [irin- 
well  for  rnrryiii'^  on  the 
iracticable  means,  to  in- 
fagemcnt  and  protection; 
lolidatc  the  laws  rdaiin? 


ill  day  tliis  act  sliall  take 
[2C;.2.  c.atV  I'nr  tlie  houer 
IpiTpeliiatiim  tin:  lasl-nim- 
lu'ii  in  till)  coivstiiiiJtr.idiM'l 
1;  llu:  act  :<7  (i.  3.  0.71  fur 
\l  Indies;  tlie  ad  fiSCJ  .', 
•alariim  m')"  a'nl  Imys.sc, 
Ir  iiiiiiil)or(if  iipiif'"'"''*':' 
IhH.  fur  i-iii,tiiHiiiis:  tlie '^'J''' 
Vis'  service,  iire  Inn'liy  re- 
Vs  iiiriirriMl  previous  to  llie 
liuiiishable  and  retuvewbie 

lawful  for  any  master  of 


.^y  ghipnr  vpssrI  helnnsinB  to  any  8iil>jert  of  the  V.  K.  trading  to  parts  lipynnd  seaa,  or  of  any  llrltish 
rec.jslpred  ptiip  uf  llie  Imrdeii  of  bOlons  or  upwards  employed  in  the  (isliiTiis  of  the  V  K  ,  or  in  trading 
Cdastivise  or  otherwise,  to  carry  to  sea,  from  this  kingiloin  or  anyoiiirr  pine,  any  seaioan  or  ntlier 
pcrsiin  as  one  of  his  erew  or  roinplemunt  CupprentireH  excepted),  without  firsi  cnii'miii  into  an  ajirec- 
meiit  in  wrilii'B  "'ith  every  sncli  seaman,  specifying  what  monihly  or  olher  waL'e^  .-nch  seaman  is  to 
lie  paid,  the  capacity  in  which  lie  is  to  act,  and  llie  nature  of  tlie  voyage  in  which  tlie  sli'p  is  inlemied 
in  be  piiipl'"yed,  so  {hat  the  seaman  may  have  some  means  of  judging  of  the  |irolialile  pi-riod  for  which 
Vjj  ji,  likely  to  he  encaged ;  and  the  said  agreement  shall  contain  llie  day  ot  tlie  nionili  andyearin 
■  liifli  the  same  shall  be  made,  and  shall  he  signed  hy  the  master  in  the  tirst  instance,  and  hy  the  sea- 
men respectively  at  the  port  or  place  where  such  seamen  shall  he  respectively  shipped  ;  imd  the  niaster 
fliall  cause  the  same  to  he,  by  or  in  presence  of  the  parly  who  is  to  attest  tiieir  respeciive  ^ignlllures 
lliereio,  truly  and  distinctly  read  over  to  every  such  seaman  before  he  shall  he  reiinired  to  sign  the 
c'lnie,  in  ordi-r  that  he  m:iy  lie  enabled  to  understand  the  pnrpoit  and  nieaning  of  the  engagement  lie 
enters  into  and  the  terms  lo  which  he  is  bound.—}  2. 

RfiriilnliiinK  rcfpecliiifr  h'lirws  uf  Jlgreeiiiciil.i.~i\\  the  cases  of  ships  b.iund  to  parts  beyond  seas,  cx- 
rniit  as  herein-after  provideil,  every  agreement  shall  be  in  llie  form  and  shall  contain  Irin'  entries  iin- 
i  r  their  lespeclive  heads  of  the  several  particulars  set  forth  in  the  schedule  marked  (A.)  at  the  end 
nftliis  act,  so  far  as  the  sai  le  can  lie  ascertained  ;  and  tlie  owners  anil  the  master  of  eierv  such  ship, 
nf  (iiie  of  I  lie  Ml,  shall,  on  reporting  his  ship's  arrival  at  her  port  of  destination  in  the  11.  K  .deposit  with 
il  fiilleclor  or  comptroller  of  customs  at  such  port  a  true  cojiy  i  {  siidi  agreement,  attested  by 
;  ujmiatnre  of  the  master,  that  every  person  interested  in  such  agreement  may  at  all  times  know 
1 10  leriiis  and  conditions  thereof;  and  in  the  cases  of  ships  employed  in  lisliing  on  ihe  coasts  of 
1 1(.  U  K..  and  of  ships  regularly  trading  from  one  pan  of  ihe  I'.  K.  to  another,  and  of  ships  regularly 
niliii"  eV  inaking  regular  voyages  to  any  of  the  islands  of  Jersey,  (iuernsey,  Alclenii-y,  Sark,  iind 
.,'  ,^r  |„  iiny  port  on  the  contiaeol  of  Kiirope  between  the  river  lOlbe  inclusive  anil  liresl.  the  airree- 
ii  ent  to  'ic  entered  into  as  aforesaid  shall  be  in  the  form  and  shall  tonlain  due  entries  in  der  their  rc- 
Lierlive  he:i(ls  of  the  particulars,  set  forth  in  the  schedule  (H.)  at  the  end  of  this  act,  so  far  as  the  same 
r\n  lie  ascertained  ;  and  the  owner  or  one  of  the  owners  of  every  such  ship  enipluyed  in  lisliing  or  in 
indiiia  '"  any  of  the  cases  I  isl  mentioned  shall,  within  ten  days  next  after  the  e.xjiiralicni  of  every  6 
mnnllis  ending  the  .SOih  nf  ,]une  and  the  31st  of  Di.'cemlier  eacli  year,  deposit  with  the  collector  or 
cnuiptroller  of  the  customs  of  the  port  to  which  the  ship  belongs  a  true  copy  of  every  agreement  en- 
ipreil  into  with  any  person  com|insing  pan  of  the  crew  within  the  preceding  fi  niontlis,  a, tested  by  the 
sicnainre  of  such  owner ;  and  all  c  ipies  of  agreements  reipiired  to  be  deposiieil  as  al'urisaid  shall, 
when  the  same  have  been  deposited,  and  be  required  to  be  produced  in  evidence  on  the  part  of  any 
seaman,  be  received  and  taken  as  legal  proof  of  the  contents  of  the  agreement.—  }  :t. 

'pc'ial'm  fur  Dcfiiiilt  —l('U\y  master  nf  any  ship  as  aforesaid  carry  out  to  sea  any  seaman  (appren- 
tices e\ee|ited)  without  having  first  entered  into  the  agreement  hereby  rei|nirecl,  lie  slinll  for  every 
fUi'li  oll'ence  forfeit  and  pay  the  siitn  of  1(1/.  in  respect  of  each  and  every  seaii  an  carried  out  contrary 
toihis  act  ;  and  if  any  master  nciilecl  to  cause  the  agreement  to  be  dislinctly  read  over  to  each  sea- 
111  in  asen'ioined  above,  he  shall  for  every  such  neglect  forfeit  and  pay  the  sum  of.''/, ;  and  if  any  mas- 
ler  n'eVleri  I"  deposit  a  copy  of  the  jigreement  with  the  collector  or  complreller  of  the  customs  as  is 
herein'  renuired,  or  shall  wilfully  deposit  a  false  copy  of  such  agreemeiil,  lie  shall  for  every  sucli  neg- 
lect nr  offence  forfeit  and  pay  the  s.;.     of  .OO/.— }  4. 

Sfiimen  vol  III  lie.  iliprircil  if  Irnal  Ileiiirdic.-!,  i^-r.— No  seaman,  by  entering  into  or  siL'nin?  such  ngrec- 
nent  as  aforesaid,  shall  forfeit  his  lien  upon  the  ship,  nor  be  deprived  of  any  retnedy  for  the  recovery 
of  his  vaL'es  which  seamen  are  now  lawfully  entitled  to  against  either  the  ship,  she  muster,  or  Ihe 
owners  thereof;  nor  shall  any  agreement  made  contrary  to  or  inconsislenl  with  the  provisions  of  this 
art.  or  any  clause  whereby  a  seaman  shall  consent  to  forego  le  right  whiili  the  ii  ariliine  law  gives 
liinitn  wasis  in  Ihe  case  of  freight  earned  by  ships  subseoiienlly  lost,  or  cont.iining  any  words  to  that 
clfert.  lie  valid  or  binding  on  any  seaman  signing  the  same  ;  and  in  cases  in  which  i  may  he  necessary 
that  the  aL'reenient  should  be  produced  to  sustain  a  claim  on  the  part  of  a  seaman,  no  obligation  shall 
lieupeii  the  seaman  to  produce  the  same,  nor  shall  any  seaman  fail  in  any  soil  or  proceriling  for  the 
recnverv  of  his  waaes  for  want  of  ilie  production  of  sin  h  agreement,  or  of  any  dopi  sited  copy  thereof 
as  aferesaiil.  or  fir  the  want  of  any  iiolice  lo  produce  tiie  same  ;  any  law  or  usage  to  llie  contrary 
nnlwiihstaniliii!!.-  }  .''■ 

Jffliiifii  rifdfiiig  lo  join  or  to  proceed  in  the.  Ship,  lyc.  may  be  ccvimilled  lo  <7i;e/.-  In  case  a  seaman 
shall,  after  liaviirg  signed  an  iigreeinenl  as  before-mentioned,  neglect  or  refuse  to  join  the  ship  on 
iioiirii  of  which  he  had  engaired  lo  serve,  or  refuse  to  proceed  to  sea  in  her,  or  absent  himself  therefrom 
wiihiint  leave,  il  shall  be  lawful  for  any  justice  of  the  peace,  at  home  or  abroad,  near  the  pbice,  upon 
com|ilaint  of  the  fict  made  upon  oath  dy  the  niaster,  mate,  or  own.'r  thereof,  and  such  justice  is  re- 
miireil,  by  bis  warrant,  to  cause  such  seaman  to  be  appreliendeil  and  brongbt  before  him  ;  and  in  case 
Biich seaman  shall  not  give  a  reason  lo  the  satisfaction  of  such  justice  for  his  neglect,  refusal,  or  nb- 
Eciice,  iiiioii  due  proof  thereof  if  shall  be  lawful  for  such  justice  to  commit  such  senm.iu  to  the  liouse 
(il'tiirrection.  to  be  kept  lo  hard  labour  for  a  period  not  exceedinc  nil  days  :  provided  that  in  case  such 
Feanian.  on  being  broiiclit  before  said  justice,  shall  consent  lo  join  the  ship  and  i.roceed  on  the  voyage 
fDrwliieb  h(!  has  agreed,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  said  justice,  at  the  request  of  the  master,  instead  of 
cniiiniitiing  such  seaman,  to  cause  him  to  be  conveyed  on  board  the  said  ship,  or  be  delivered  to  llie 
master,  for  the  purpose  nf  proceeding  on  Ihe  voyage,  and  also  to  award  lo  the  uiasler  such  costs  as 
fliall  se'eni  reasonable,  not  exceeding  in  any  case  the  sum  of  ■in»  ,  which  sliall  be  chargeable  against 
anil  iniv  !"■  abate!  frni.i  the  wages  to  grow  due  to  such  seaman.—}  (>. 

Fiirfi'iliire  fur  lewporunj  Mnevet  from  J)iily.—l(  any  seaman,  iifter  having  signed  the  aforesaid  agrce- 
inent.nr  after  the  ship  on  board  of'wliicli  he  has  agreed  lo  serve  has  left  her  first  port  of  clearance,  and 
lieforeihe  iieriod  for  which  he  has  acreed  lo  serve  be  completed,  shall  wilfully  aid  v.ithout  leave  ab- 
fpiit  himself  from  the  ship,  or  from  his  duty,  he  shall  (in  all  eases  not  of  absolute  desertion,  ornot 
ireateil  as  such  by  Ihe  master)  forfeit  out  of  liis  wages  to  Ihe  niasteror  owner  of  siu  h  ship  Ihe  amount 
ofSilays'  pay  fur  every  21  hours  of  such  absence,  and  in  a  like  proportion  for  any  less  period  of  time, 
or,  at  the  option  of  the  said  master,  the  amonnt  of  such  e.vpenses  as  have  been  iiecessaiily  incurred  in 
hirincapiilisfifute  to  perlonn  his  work  ;  and  incase  any  seaman  while  he  belongs  to  the  ship  shall 
whhniii  siilfn  ient  cause  neglect  lo  perform  siii  li  reasonable  duty  as  is  lequired  of  liiui  by  the  master 
nriiiher  person  in  command,  he  shall  be  subject  to  a  like  forfeiture  in  respect  of  every  sm  li  oirenco, 
am!  nf  every  21  hours' continuance  thereof;  and  in  case  a  seaman,  after  signing  such  atieenient,  or 
afiir the  ship's  arrival  at  her  port  of  delivery,  and  before  her  cargo  be  (liscliari'ed.  shall  quit  the  ship 
wiihnnt  a  previous  dischatge  or  leave  from  the  master,  be  shall  forfeit  1  month's  pay  eiit  of  his  w  age-s. 
Hill  nn  sill  h  forfeitures  shall  be  incurred  unless  the  fact  of  the  seaman's  leniporary  absence,  neglect  of 
itiilv,  nri]iiiiiing  the  ship  be  duly  entered  in  Ihe  ship's  log-book,  which  entry  shall  specify  truly  the 
liniirofllieday  at  which  llie  same  shtill  have  occurred,  and  the  period  during  wliich  the  seaman  was 
aliseiit  nr  iiegU'iied  his  duly,  the  Iriilli  of  which  entry  the  owner  or  master  must,  in  all  cases  nf  dis- 
jiufe,  siihsianliaie  by  the  evidence  of  the  n.ate  or  some  other  credible  witness.—}  7. 

IhirJItnoiint  of  Forfeiture  is  iifcerldineil  vhcu  Seamen  conlrurl  for  the  /'ei.ojLC— In  all  cases  where 
tlie  eeaiiiiiii  has  cuniructed  fur  wages  by  the  voyage  or  by  tliu  run,  und  not  by  the  iiiuntli  ur  oilier  slatea 


ij! 

II 


444 


SEAMEN  (LAWS  RELATING  TO) 


««■•  •  !T5 

••a.  ^  -a* 

IT''' ''•'' '■? 


pair-  ■f'^«|l 


period  of  time,  the  amount  of  forfeitures  incurred  under  tliis  act  shall  be  ascertained  as  follows  :  viz., 
if  the  whole  liriit?  spent  in  the  voyage  agreed  upon  shall  exceed  1  calendar  month,  the  forfeiture  of  1 
month's  pay,  expressed  in  this  act,  shall  be  taken  to  be  a  forfeiture  of  a  sum  of  money  bearing  the 
same  proportion  to  the  whole  wages  as  a  calendar  month  shall  bear  to  the  whole  time  spent  in  tlie 
voyage,  and  In  like  manner  a  forfeiture  of  2  days'  pay  or  less  shall  be  accounted  and  taken  to  be  a  for- 
feiture  of  a  sum  bearing  the  same  proportion  to  the  whole  wages  as  the  same  period  of  time  shall  bear 
to  the  whole  time  spent  in  the  voyage ;  and  if  the  whole  time  spent  in  the  voyage  shall  not  exceed  1 
calendar  month,  the  forfeiture  of  1  month's  pay  shall  be  taken  to  be  a  forfeiture  of  the  whole  wages 
contracted  for;  and  if  suchtime  shall  not  exceed  2  days,  the  forfeiture  of  9  days' pay  shall  beaccouiiied 
and  taken  to  he  a  forfeiture  of  the  whole  wages  contracted  for;  and  the  master  is  authorised  to  abate 
the  amount  of  all  such  forfeitures  enacted  out  of  the  wages  of  any  seaman  incurring  the  same.— }  8. 

Fiirfeihirc.  f,ir  Df.sertiun.—Eyety  seaman  who  absolutely  deserts  the  ship  to  which  he  belongs  shall 
forft  it  to  the  owner  or  master  all  his  clothes  and  effects  left  on  board,  and  all  wages  and  emoluinenis 
to  which  he  might  otherwise  be  entitled,  provided  the  circumstances  attending  such  desertion  be  en. 
tered  in  th(!  log-book  at  the  time,  and  certified  by  the  signature  of  the  master  anil  mate  or  other  creiij. 
ble  witness  ;  and  an  absence  of  a  seaman  from  the  ship  for  any  time  within  the  space  of  21  hours  ini. 
mediately  preceding  the  sailing  of  the  ship  without  permission  from  the  n)aster,  or  for  any  pi^iod 
however  short  under  circumstances  plainly  showing  that  it  was  his  intention  not  to  return,  sljall  \,e 
deemed  an  absolute  desertion;  and  in  case  any  such  desertion  take  place  in  parts  beyond  seas,  ami 
the  master  be  under  the  necessity  of  engaging  a  substitute  for  the  deserter  at  a  higher  rate  of  wates 
than  thai  stipulated  in  the  agreement  to  be  paid  to  the  seaman  deserting,  the  owner  or  master  slmii 
be  entitled  to  recover  from  the  deserter  by  summary  proceeding,  in  the  same  ninnrier  as  wages  are 
hereby  made  recoverable,  any  excess  of  wages  which  he  shall  pay  to  such  substitute  beyond  l!ie 
amount  payable  to  the  deserter  had  he  duly  ptirfurmed  his  service  pursuant  to  agreement.—}  9. 

Penalty  for  harbouring  Deserters.  — It  any  person  shall,  on  shipboaril  or  on  shore,  harbour  or  secrete 
a  seanicin  uho  has  signed  an  agreement  to  proceed  on  a  voyage  to  parts  beyond  seas,  and  has  deserted 
or  absented  himself  without  leave  from  his  ship,  knowing  or  having  reason  to  believe  him  to  be  a  de- 
serter, or  to  be  absent  without  leave,  he  shall  for  every  seaman  so  harboured  or  secreleil  forfeit  10/  ; 
and  no  debt  exceeding  5s.,  incurred  by  any  seaman  after  he  has  signed  any  agreement  as  aforL'sald, 
shall  be  recoveral)le  until  the  voyage  agreed  for  has  been  concluded;  nor  shall  it  be  lawful  for  any 
keeper  of  a  public-house,  or  of  a  lodging-house  for  seamen,  to  withhold  or  detain  any  cheat,  berl  or 
bedding,  clothes,  tools,  or  other  effects  ofany  seaman,  for  any  debt  alleged  to  have  been  contracted  by 
such  seaman  ;  and  in  case  any  chest,  bed,  &c.,  or  otiier  effects  as  aforesaid,  be  withheld  contrary  to 
this  act,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  any  justice  of  the  peace  in  any  part  of  H.  M.'s  dominions,  upon  com- 
plaint upon  oath  made  by  such  seaman  or  on  his  behalf,  to  inquire  into  the  matter,  and  if  he  see  riithttu 
cause  such  property  or  effects  so  withheld  or  detained  to  be  seized  and  delivered  over  to  the  seaman 
— }  10. 

The  Period  wtthin  which  Usages  are  to  be  paid.— The  master  or  owner  of  every  ship  is  hereby  required 
to  nay  to  every  seaman  entered  as  aforesaid  his  wages,  if  the  same  be  demanded,  within  tin;  piirlods 
followitig;  viy,.,  if  the  ship  be  employed  in  trading  coastwise,  the  wages  shall  be  paid  witliiu  ajays 
after  the  termination  of  the  agreement,  or  at  the  time  when  such  seaman  is  discharged,  whichever 
shall  first  happen;  if  the  ship  be  employed  in  trading  otherwise  than  coastwise,  then  the  wages  sh.ill 
be  paid,  at  the  latest,  within  3  days  after  the  cargo  is  delivered,  or  within  10  days  after  the  seaman's 
discharge,  whichever  shall  first  happen;  in  either  of  which  last-mentioned  cases  of  paynieni  being 
delayed,  the  seaman  at  the  time  of  his  discharge  is  ctititled  to  be  paid  on  account  a  sum  equal  tn  one 
fourth  part  of  the  estimated  balance  due  to  him  ;  and  in  case  any  master  or  owner  neglect  or  refuse  to 
make  such  payment,  he  shall  for  every  such  neglect  or  refusal  forfeit  and  pay  to  the  seaman  ilie 
amount  of  2  days'  pay  for  each  day,  not  exceeding  10  days,  during  which  payment  shall  wilhdiii  snlA- 
cient  cause  be  delayed  beyond  the  period  at  which  such  wagef  or  part  wages  are  hereby  required  to  he 
paid  ;  for  recovery  of  which  forfeiture  the  seaman  has  the  same  remedies  as  he  is  entitled  to  fur  re- 
covery of  his  wages  :  provided  that  i\othing  in  tliis  clause  contained  shall  extend  to  the  casi'S  ofsliiijs 
employed  in  the  southern  whale  fislu'ry,  or  on  voyages  >r  which  seamen  by  the  terms  of  their  agres- 
ment  are  ccunpensaied  by  shares  in  the  profits  of  the  adventure. — }  11. 

Payment  of  IVuges  to  be  valid  nottcitUstandivg  Bill  uf  Sale,  S^c. — Every  such  payment  of  wascs  tna 
■eaman  shall  l)e  valid  and  effectual  in  law,  notwithstanding  any  bill  of  sale  or  assignment  made  by 
any  seaman  of  such  wages,  or  ofany  nttachnient  or  incumbrance  thereon  ;  and  no  assigriiniMit  nrsale 
of  wages  made  prior  to  the  earning  thereof,  ni>r  any  power  of  attorney  expressed  to  be  irrev(icablo  for 
the  receipt  of  such  wages,  shall  hi;  valid  or  biniiing  upon  the  party  making  the  same. — i  12. 

Masters  tn  give  Seamen  Certificates  on  Discharge. — Upon  the  discharge  of  a  seaman  from  ship,  he 
Bhall  be  entitled  to  receive  from  the  master  a  certificate,  signed  by  him,  of  his  service  and  discharge, 
specifying  the  [leriod  of  service  and  the  time  and  place  of  his  discharge;  and  any  master  refasingio 
give  such  cerlificatc,  without  reasonable  cause,  shall  for  every  such  offence  forfeit  and  pay  such  sea- 
man the  sum  of  3/.—}  13. 

For  obtaining  imvieiliale  PaT/vient  of  Wages  of  Seamen  tn  certain  Cases. — If  af^er  a  seaman  has  been 
discharged  froiii  any  ship  or  vessel  3  days  he  shall  be  desirous  of  proceeding  to  sea  on  another  voyage, 
and  in  order  thereto  reigiiires  immediate  payment  of  the  wages  due  to  him,  any  justice  of  the  peace  in 
any  part  ol  II.  M.'s  dominions  may,  on  application  from  such  seaman,  and  on  satisfactory  proof  iliai 
he  would  be  prevented  from  employmenl  by  delay,  summon  the  master  or  owner  of  such  shi|i  or  ves- 
sel before  him,  and  require  cause  to  be  shown  why  immediate  payment  of  such  wages  shoiil  I  not  be 
made;  and  if  it  appear  to  the  satlsfiction  of  such  justice  that  there  is  no  reasonable  cause  for  delay, 
he  shall  order  payment  to  be  made  fortliwiih,  and  in  default  uf  compliance  with  such  order  sucli  mas- 
ter or  owner  shall  forfeit  and  pay  the  sum  of  5/. — i  14, 

Stininiary  Mode  of  recovering  Wages  not  exceeding  20/. — And  whereas  seamen,  in  cases  of  disputH.roay 
be  exposed  to  great  inconvenience,  expense,  and  delay  in  obtaining  payment  of  their  waps;  fw 
remedy  thereof  it  is  enacted,  in  all  cases  of  wages  not  exceeding  20/.  which  are  due  and  payable  in  a 
■eaman  for  service  in  any  ship,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  any  justice  of  peace  in  any  part  of  11.  M.'s 
dominions,  resiiliiig  near  the  place  where  the  ship  has  ended  her  voyage,  cleared  i>r  dischar|.'ed  bci 
cargo,  or  near  the  place  where  the  master  or  owner  upon  whom  the  claim  is  made  sliall  be  or  reside, 
Upon  complaint  on  oath  made  to  such  justice  by  any  seaman,  or  on  his  behalf,  to  summon  such  master 
or  owner  to  appear  before  him  to  answer  such  coniplaint,  and  upon  his  appearance,  or  in  default 
thereof,  on  proof  of  his  having  been  summoned,  such  justice  is  empowered  to  examine  upon  llie  oaih 
of  the  parlies  and  their  witnesses  (if  there  be  any)  touching  the  c<miplaint  and  the  amount  of  waces 
due,  and  In  make  such  order  for  payment  as  shall  appear  reasonable  and  just  ;  and  in  case  such  order 
be  not  obeyed  within  2  days  after  making  thereof,  it  shall  he  lawful  fir  such  Justice  to  issue  biswar- 
rant  to  levy  the  amount  of  thi;  wagi'S  awarded  as  due,  by  distress  and  sale  of  the  goods  anil  cliallels 
of  the  parly  on  whom  such  order  1^'r  payment  shall  be  made,  rendering  to  such  party  the  nverpliis  (If 
any  shall  remain  of  the  produce  of  the  sale)  after  deducting  thereout  all  charges  and  expenses  incur- 
red by  Hie  seaman  in  making  and  hearing  the  complaint,  as  well  as  those  incurred  by  llie  distress  and 
levy  ami  in  the  enfnrcement  of  the  justice's  order  ;  and  in  case  sufficient  distress  canimt  be  fooiid,!! 
■hall  bo  lawful  fur  the  said  justice  to  (^aiise  the  nmouiit  of  the  said  wages  and  expenses  to  be  levied  on 
Ibe  ship  in  respect  uf  the  suivice  on  board  wliicb  the  wages  are  claimed,  or  liie  tackle  and  apparel 


SI. AMEN  (LAWS  RELATING  TO). 


445 


i»ned  as  follows  :  viz., 
mil,  the  forfeiture  of  I 

of  nionpy  bearing  itie 
liole  time  spent  in  itie 
I  and  taken  to  he  a  fur- 
eriod  of  time  shall  bear 
^age  shall  not  exceed  1 
ire  of  the  whole  wages 

pay  shall  be  accounted 
r  is  authorised  to  abate 
irring  the  same.— (  8. 
which  he  belongs  ahnll 
wages  and  emoluinoiiu 
g  such  desertion  be  en- 
ind  mate  or  other  credi- 
le  space  of  21  hours  ini- 
ister,  or  for  any  piTiud 
n  not  to  reliirn,  sliall  be 

parts  beyond  si^as,  and 
I  a  higher  rateof  wuues 
e  owner  or  master  sli;ill 
,e  manner  as  wages  are 
li  substitute  beyond  llie 

agreement.—  }  9. 
ihore,  harbour  or  secrete 
id  seas,  and  has  deserted 
o  believe  him  to  lie  a  de- 
(1  or  secreted  forfeit  10/  j 

agreement  as  aforiisald, 
ihall  it  be  lawful  for  any 

detain  any  chest,  bud  or 

have  been  contracted  by 
,  be  withheld  conlriiry  to 
•s  dominions,  upon  com- 
.tter.andifhe  see  riijluto 
ered  over  to  the  seaman. 

ry  ship  is  hereby  required 
anded,  within  the  periods 
mil  be  paid  within '2  days 
is  discharged,  whichevtr 
nse,  then  the  wages  shall 
0  days  after  the  seanian'j 
i  cases  of  payment  being 
xount  a  sum  equal  to  one 
owner  neglect  or  refuse  to 
ml  pay  to  the  seaman  the 
yment  shall  witbimt  siiffi- 
(are  hereby  required  to  be 
as  he  is  entitled  to  fur  re- 
ttend  to  the  casis  of  ships 
the  teruis  of  tlicir  agree- 

■h  payment  of  wages  In  a 

he  or  assignment  made  by 

and  no  assigiiiueiit  or  sale 

leased  to  be  irreviicable  for 

le  same. — i  12. 

,f  a  seaman  from  ship,  be 

iiis  service  and  discharge, 

nd  any  master  ri't'usingto 

forfeit  and  pay  such  sea- 

J  after  a  seaman  has  been 
I  to  sea  on  another  voyage, 
Lny  justice  of  the  peaccin 
fon  satisfactory  proof  that 
Iwner  ofRUchsbiporves- 
BUcli  wages  shoiill  not  be 
-iiisonable  cause  for  delay, 
Ivith  such  order  such  mas- 

ln,incnse8ofdispiil(',may 
lient  of  Ihiir  wages;  lot 
Tare  due  and  payable  in  a 
k  in  any  part  of  H.  M '» 
l-lenred  or  discharged  bet 
made  shiill  be  or  reside, 
S,  to  summon  such  master 
Ippearaiire,  or  in  ilefanh 
Vo  examine  upon  the  oath 
^nd  the  amount  of  waces 
It ;  and  in  Ciise  such  onlcr 
V  justice  to  issue  his  war- 
lof  the  goods  and  chattels 
Jich  party  the  overphia  (If 
lirges  and  expenses  iiicur- 
lutred  by  the  distress  an* 
■stress  cannot  be  fonnil.il 
li  expenses  to  be  levied  on 
%  the  tackle  and  apparel 


thereof:  and  if  such  ship  be  not  within  the  jnrisdirlinn  of  such  jnstire,  then  lie  is  empowered  to 
appreliend  and  commit  Ihn  party  upon  whom  tlie  order  for  pnymeiit  sliall  be  made  to  the  common 
jiiol  of  the  foiinly,  there  to  reniuin  witliout  bail  until  piiyini'iit  of  the  imioiint  of  wages  awarded, 
and  of  ""  •'"'''''  "'"*  expenses  atlendin;j  their  recovery  :  and  the  tiwaril  anil  decisinn  of  such  justice 
shall  be  final  atid  conclusive  as  well  on  every  seaman  as  on  the  owiu  •  and  master  of  the  ship, 
_{  15. 

In  ichat  Case  Costs  of  Suit  for  lifcovery  of  IVa/rcs  not  to  be  alloired.—\f  any  suit  for  the  recovery  of 
a  seaman's  wages  be  inslitnled  against  the  ship,  or  the  master  or  owner  llii-rcof,  in  the  court  ofadnii- 
raliv  or  '"  any  vice-admiralty  court,  or  in  any  court  of  record  in  11.  M.'s  doininidns,  and  it  shall 
appear  to  the  judge  that  the  plaintiff  might  have  had  as  eircclual  a  remedy  for  Ilic-  recovery  of  his 
waccs  by  complaint  to  a  justice  of  the  peace  as  lierein-before  provided,  then  and  in  every  such  case 
fiich  jiidL'e  is  hereby  required  to  certify  to  that  etfect,  and  thereupon  no  costs  of  suit  shall  be  awarded 
10  the  plaintiff— J  It). 

If  Ship  is  fold  at  a  Foreign  Port,  Crew  to  be  sent  Ilovie  at  the  Kipense  of  the  Mofler  or  Oicners. — When 
jnv  ship  whatever  belonging  to  any  subject  of  |t  ^  II.  K.,  except  in  cases  'if  wnck  or  foiidcmnalion, 
Is  sold  at  any  port  out  of  H.  M.'s  ilominions,  t'n'  liiaster  in  all  sncli  cases  (unless  the  crew  in  the 
prf=cnci' (if  the  Rritisli  consul  or  vice-consul,  t.r  if  here  bo  nonesuch,  then  in  the  presence  of  one 
or  more  UritisM  resident  merchants  at  such  port,  slii.l  signify  their  consent  in  wriling  to  he  there  dis- 
iliart'i'il.)  is  hereby  required,  besides  paying  them  :ie  wages  to  which  lliey  sliall  be  entitled  under  the 
rireeinenl,  either  to  provide  them  with  adeiiuale  emplnymenl  on  board  some  other  lirilish  vessel 
li'jincward  bound,  or  to  furnish  the  means  of  sending  them  back  to  the  purt  in  II.  .M.'s  dominions  at 
wliiih  they  were  originally  shipped,  or  to  some  port  in  the  11.  K.,  as  shall  be  agreed  upon,  by  pro- 
viillngthem  with  a  passage  home,  or  depositing  with  the  consul  or  vice-consul  such  money  as  he  shall 
deem  reasonably  suflicient  to  defray  the  expenses  of  their  subsistence  and  passage  ;  and  il'the  master 
refuse  or  neglect  to  do  so,  such  expenses  shall  be  a  charge  upon  the  owner  whose  ship  is  so  sold, 
c.vcepl  ill  cases  of  barratry,  wrecU,  or  condemnation,  and  may  be  recovered  as  so  mucli  money  paid 
and  expended  on  his  account,  together  with  full  costs,  at  the  suit  of  the  consul  or  other  person  defray- 
ing such  e.vpeiises,  or  of  the  attorney-general,  in  case  the  same  has  been  allowed  to  the  consul  out  of 
the  public  monies.—}  17. 

Siipplij  "/  Meilieine  to  be  kept  on  Board,  ^c. — Every  ship  sailing  from  the  II.  K.  to  any  place  out  of 
Ibo  same  shall  have  and  keep  constantly  on  board  a  suflicient  supply  of  medicines,  suitable  to  acci- 
dents and  diseases  arising  on  voyages  ;  and  in  cf.se  any  di'fanit  be  made  in  providing  such  medicines, 
or  in  case  any  of  the  seamen  receive  any  hurt  or  injury  in  the  service  of  the  ship,  llie  expense  of  pro- 
viding the  necessary  surgical  and  medical  advice,  and  attendance  and  medicines,  wliicli  the  seaman 
Bhall  stand  in  need  of  until  he  be  cured  or  brmight  back  to  the  li.  K.,  shall  be  borne  and  defrayed  by 
the  owner  and  master  of  the  ship,  or  one  of  them,  without  any  deduction  whatever  on  that  account 
from  tlie  seaman's  wages  —}  18. 

Sertliins  IK  and  20.  provide  for  the  establishment  of  an  office  at  the  Custom-house,  London,  for  the 
Bcncral  register  of  merchant  seamen,  consisting  of  a  registrar,  &c.,  under  the  diri^ction  of  the  lords 
of  the  admiralty ;  and  authorise  letters  and  packets,  on  the  business  of  the  ollice,  addressed  to  the 
roiistrar,  to  go  free  of  postage. 

Masicrs  if  Ships  to  deliver  Lifts  of  their  Crew  on  their  Return. — Whereas  by  the  act  4  &.  .*)  W.  4.  c. 
52.  isee  ;)l^s^  p.  28.),  a  certain  hook  by  way  of  muster-roll  is  required  lobe  kept  on  board  inercliant 
fiilps;  and  whereas  it  is  expedient  for  the  better  cU'ecting  the  objects  of  this  act  that  a  return  should 
be  made  to  the  registrar  of  merchant  seamen  of  many  of  the  said  particulars,  it  is  enacted,  tliat  the 
ni'islers  of  every  Uriiish  ship  bound  to  parts  beyond  seas,  except  in  the  eases  hereiii-aftir  provided, 
shall  not  only  ki^ep  th.e  hook  required  by  the  said  re(  i!"(l  act,  but  shall,  on  reporting  his  ship  on  her 
arrival  at  her  port  of  destination  in  the  IJ.  K.,  deliver  to  the  collei  tor  or  ccunptioller  of  customs  at 
fiich  port  an  account,  signed  by  himself,  of  all  the  seamen  and  others  (including  apprentii cs.i  who 
have  bchiiigei!  to  the  ship  at  any  lime  during  the  absence  from  tlie  I'.  K.,  containing  a  true  and  correct 
reliirn  under  iheir  respective  heads  of  the  several  particulars  expressed  in  the  form  set  forth  in  the 
Bchfdiile  marked  ((;.)  at  the  end  of  this  act.-}  21. 

Muficrs  of  Ships  in  the  Uovie  Trade  to  return  lihe  /.i«(s.— Within  21  days  after  the  SOth  of  .Tune  and 
the  .list  of  December  in  each  year,  the  owner  or  one  of  the  owners  of  t^very  ship  employed  in  tishing 
on  tlie  coasts  of  the  II.  K.,  or  in  regularly  trading  from  one  part  of  the  V'.  K.  to  another,  and  of  every 
Eliip  rcsriilarly  trading  to  any  of  the  islands  of  .lersey,  CJueriisey,  Alderney,  Sark,  tinil  Man,  or  to  any 
port  en  the  continent  of  Europe  between  the  river  Elb,;  indusive  ;ind  I'.rest,  shall  deposit  with  the 
collector  or  comptroller  of  the  customs  of  the  port  to  which  the  ship  belongs,  or  with  the  registrar  in 
London,  an  account,  signed  by  the  owner,  or  master,  of  the  voy-i  .fs  in  which  such  ship  has  been 
enjagcd  during  tli»  half  year  ending  on  the  days  above  nieiitioned,  ■  ml  setting  forth  the  (.'hrislian  and 
surnaiiM's  of  the  several  persons  (including  the  master  iiiid  ajiprentices)  who  belonged  to  the  ship  at 
anv  lime  during  such  periods,  which  ai  count  shall  be  in  the  form  and  shall  contain  a  true  and  correct 
reliirn,  under  tlieir  respective  heads,  of  the  several  particulars  expressed  in  the  schedule  marked  (U.) 
at  the  end  of  this  act.—}  22. 

H'.tiirii  to  be  wade  in  case  of  Ship  lost  nr  sold  Abroad.— In  case  any  ship  be  lost  or  sold  while  absent 
from  the  U.  K.,  then  an  account  containing  a  similar  return  as  in  tlie  cases  before  mentioned,  niado 
ontuplotlie  period  of  such  loss  or  sale,  by  the  persons  who  were  at  that  time  owner  and  master 
tliereof,  or  by  one  of  them,  shall  he  transmitted  to  the  rei;islrar  in  the  port  of  London  so  soon  as  he 
tball  lie  able  to  make  such  return  after  the  loss,  and  within  12  calendar  months  at  farthest  alter  tlio 
tale  of  the  ship—}  23. 

LifiF  III  be  rcrtified.  ^c.—The  sn'tA  nrrounts  and  returns  required  by  this  act  to  be  delivered  to  the 
cnllettor  or  coniplroller  of  customs,  shall  be  Iransniilted  by  them  to  the  registrar  ;  and  every  owner 
orniasierofa  ship  who  shall  refuse  or  wilfully  neglect  to  deliver  such  list  or  account  as  is  hereby 
reiinired,  shall  for  every  such  refusal  or  neglect  forfeit  and  pay  the  sum  of  25/.—}  21. 

Ditpiifiil  if  the  I'.ffirts  if  Seamen  diiivg  ^fcrodr/.-W lie i, ever  a  lirilish  seaman  abroad  dies  elsewhere 
Iban  on  hoard  a  Itritish  ship,  leaving  any  money  or  ellects  within  the  limits  of  any  Itritish  consulate, 
11,  M.'s  consul  there  is  hereby  required  to  claim  ami  take  charge  of  such  money  and  eflicts,  and  to 
dispose  of  the  elfecls  for  the  henelit  of  the  next  of  kin  of  the  dei  eiistul  oi  oiher  person  who  may  be 
eniiiled  to  the  same  ;  and  in  case  no  claim  be  inaile  to  the  same  within  .'1  calendar  months  afier  the 
deaihnf  such  seaman,  the  consul  shall,  after  abating  the  amount  of  any  expenses  incurred  In  uelting 
In  the  assets  of  the  deceased,  remit  the  balanceof  sin  h  monies  as  either  have  arisen  or  shall  hereafter 
arise  to  ilie  |iresiderit  and  governors  of  the  corporation  "  for  the  relief  and  supporl  of  siek,  mainied, 
anil  disabled  seamen,  and  of  llic^  widows  and  children  of  such  as  shall  be  killed,  slain,  or  drowned  in 
lb(!  inercliant  service,"  to  be  by  them  paid  over  and  disposed  of  in  tin'  manner  and  under  ilie  regnla- 
tiims  priiviibd  by  the  act  4  iV.  S'W.  4.  c.  f)2  ;  and  in  case  iiiiy  seaman  dying  as  last  mentioned  leave  on 
b'laril  I  he  ship  to  wbich  he  belonged  any  monies,  clothes,  or  other  ellects.  and  the  same  be  not  claimed 
williin  I  imiiiili  after  the  ship's  return  to  the  U.  K.  by  the  executor  or  iulministrator  of  the  deceased, 
tlieii  Ine  master  of  the  ship  is  hereby  required  to  deposit  the  same  or  the  proceeds  arising  tlierefroni 
wiib  the  .iresldcnt  and  covernors  aforesaid,  to  he  disposed  of  in  the  manner  provided  by  the  said  act 
wiih  o'spect  to  the  wages  of  deceased  seamen.—}  25. 
fmsh  Hoys  niiiv  be  put  out  J}pprtniicta  ill  the  Sta  Sertiice.— OvcrseerB  of  the  poor  or  other  competent 
V0L.U.-2P 


Ml 

Jl 

3 


446 


SEAMEN  (LAWS  RELATING  TO). 


*m,'   ■ 

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•h». 

■»;?* 

•«■■■ 

''■i» 

ma'-^ 

J 

lipri^''  - 

'■"''"'"t-i"*  Ul 


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I'll 


persons  are  hereby  empowered  to  bind  by  indenture  and  put  out  any  boy  liaving  attained  the  age  of 
17  years,  and  of  sufficient  health  and  strength,  who  or  whose  parent  or  parents  is  or  are  nuiintaitied 
by  any  parish  nr  township,  or  wlio  shall  be?  fur  alms  therein,  with  his  consent,  but  not  othcrwixi;,  an 
apprentice  in  the  sea  service  to  any  of  II.  M.'s  sui>ject8  lieing  master  or  owner  of  any  ship  rcgisiered 
in  any  port  of  the  U.  K.,  for  so  long  time  and  until  such  boys  shall  respectively  attain  the  age  of  sj 
years,  which  binding  shall  be  as  elTectual  as  if  such  boy  had  heen  bound  hy  virtue  of  any  statute  now 
in  force  respecting  the  binding  of  parisli  apprentices,  or  as  if  such  boy  were  of  full  age  and  had  lioimj 
himself  an  apprentice,  and  notwithstanding  the  residence  of  the  master  or  owner  to  whom  lie  may 
be  bound  be  more  than  40  miles  distant  from  such  parish  or  place  :  provided  that  every  such  bjnilin^ 
shall  be  made  in  tlie  presence  of  2  justices  acting  for  the  county,  riding,  borough,  or  place  wiiiii,, 
which  such  parish  or  township  is  situate,  whicli  justices  ahall  execute  the  indenture  in  testiiiiony  of 
their  being  satisfied  that  such  boy  hath  attained  the  age  and  is  of  sufficient  health  and  strength  aa 
required  liy  this  act ;  and  that  the  period  when  (he  service  under  such  indenture  shall  expire  may  ihi> 
more  certainly  appear,  the  age  of  every  such  boy  shall  be  inserted  in  his  indenture,  the  same  btinj 
truly  taken  from  the  entry  of  his  baptism  in  the  register  book  of  the  parish  in  which  he  was  born 
(wliere  the  same  can  be  obtained),  a  copy  of  which  shall  be  given  and  attested  by  the  olliciating  minij. 
ter  of  such  parish  without  fee  or  reward  j  and  where  no  such  entry  of  baptism  can  be  found,  llie  jus. 
tices  shall  inform  themselves  as  fully  us  they  can  of  the  boy's  age,  and  from  such  informatinn  sliali 
insert  the  same  in  his  indenture,  and  the  age  of  every  such  boy  so  inserted  therein  shall  (in  riilaiion 
to  the  continuance  of  his  service)  be  takeiii  to  be  his  true  age  witliout  any  further  proof  llitreof 
— }  26. 

Parish  Apprentices  mtiij  be  turned  over  to  the  Sea  Service.— It  shall  be  lawful  for  any  person  to  whom 
any  parish  apprentice  is  bound  to  a  service  on  shore  according  to  the  statutes  already  in  force  roluij,,, 
to  such  apprentices,  or  for  the  executors  or  administrators,  or,  there  being  none  such,  for  the  wnluiv 
of  any  such  deceased  person,  with  llie  concurrence  of  two  or  more  justices  residing  in  or  near  in  Hu 
place  where  such  poor  boy  shall  he  bound  apprentice,  to  assign  and  turn  over  such  boy,  with  lijs  co^. 
sent,  but  not  otherwise,  apprentice  to  any  master  or  owner  of  any  ship  not  having  her  complement  oi' 
apprentices  as  herein  required,  to  be  employed  by  such  master  or  owner  in  tlie  sea  service  during  Hj^ 
unexpired  period  of  liis  nporenticeship. — {  27. 

Indentures  viaij  be  nxnigned  on  the  Death  -'  the  Master. — In  the  event  of  the  death  of  the  niastpr  of 
any  parish  approntl..c;  to  the  sea  service,  aliall  be  lawful  for  the  widow,  executor,  or  adniinisiraicir 
of  such  deceased  master  to  assign  his  indenture  for  the  residue  of  tlie  unexpired  term  to  any  nia.4(cr 
or  owner  of  any  ship  not  having  the  complement  of  apprentices  herein  required  ;  all  which  a.^.-i jn. 
ments,  if  executed  within  the  port  of  London,  shall  be  atiested  by  the  registrar  or  one  of  his  a^^si.slanls 
or  clerks,  and  if  at  any  other  port  by  the  collector  or  comptroller  of  the  customs  thereof.— {  23. 

Parish  Officers  to  prepare  Indentures. — Such  overseers,  ic.  shall  cauae  the  indentures  of  apprtnticp. 
ship  to  be  prepared  and  transmitted  in  duplicate,  if  the  master  or  owner  of  the  ship  to  wlinni  siicii 
apprentice  is  bound  be  or  reside  within  the  limits  of  the  port  of  London,  to  the  registrar,  and  ifatany 
other  port  to  the  collector  or  comptroller  of  customs  such  port;  and  the  said  overseers  or  oilit, 
persons  shall  cause  each  poor  boy  to  be  conducted  and  L.nveyed  to  such  port  or  place  by  the  cnnsia. 
ble  and  at  the  expense  of  the  parish  or  town.ship  sending  him  thither,  and  shall  also,  upon  thecxecuiion 
by  the  master  of  the  counterpart  of  the  indentures,  cause  to  be  paid  down  to  the  master  the  sninof 
5/.,  to  he  expended  in  providing  such  boy  with  necessary  i:ea  clothing  and  bedding  ;  which  sum,  tviih 
the  other  expenses,  are  to  be  allowed  in  their  accounts  in  relation  to  the  poor. — tl  29. 

How  Counterparts  nf  Indentures  to  be  ^«esterf.— The  rounterparts  of  all  indentures  shall,  if  the  mas. 
ter  be  or  reside  within  the  limits  of  the  port  of  London,  be  executed  in  the  presence  of  and  altesiej 
by  the  registrar  or  one  of  his  assistants  or  clerks,  and  if  at  any  other  port  by  the  collector  nrcnnip. 
troller  of  the  customs  at  such  port,  and  also  in  both  cases  by  the  constable  or  other  oflicer  wliosliaii 
convey  such  apprentices  thither,  and  such  indentures  shall  bear  date  respectively  on  the  days  on  winch 
they  are  executed;  and  the  constable  on  his  return  shall  deliver  such  counterpart  to  tlie  overseers  or 
other  competent  persons  to  be  registered  and  preserved. — }  30. 

Knery  Ship  to  have  .Apprentices  according  to  her  Tonnajre. — The  master  of  every  ship  bclnngins  ti 
any  subject  of  the  U.  K.,  and  of  the  burden  of  f-0  tons  and  upwards,  shall  have  on  board,  at  ilie  tiine 
of  clearing  out  from  any  port  of  the  V.  K.,  I  apprentice  or  more,  in  the  following  proportinns  to  the 
ship's  admeasurement,  according  to  tlie  certilicate  of  registry ;  viz.,  every  ship  of  80  tons  and  umicr 
200  tons  sliall  have  1  apprentice  at  the  least,  every  ship  of  200  tons  and  under  400  tons  shall  have  i 
apprentices  at  the  least,  every  ship  of  400  tons  and  under  500  tons  shall  have  3  apprentices  at  the 
least,  every  ship  of  500  tons  and  under  700  tons  sliall  have  4  apprentices  at  the  least,  and  every  ship 
of  700  tons  and  upwards  shall  have  5  apprentices  at  the  least,  all  of  whom  at  the  period  of  Unit 
being  hound  shall  have  been  under  17  years  of  age,  and  shall  have  heen  duly  bound  for  tlie  lerninf 
4  years  at  the  least ;  and  if  any  master  neglect  to  have  on  boanl  his  ship  the  number  of  a|,{ircnlicei 
hereby  required,  he  shall  for  every  such  offence  forfeit  and  pay  the  sum  of  10/.  in  respect  of  e.ich 
apprentice  so  deficient. — }  31. 

Apprentices  erempt  from  Contributions. — No  apprentice  bound  nr  assigned  pursuant  to  this  ad,  nnr 
any  master  or  owner  in  respect  of  any  such  apprentice,  shall  be  liable  for  the  payment  of  any  contri- 
bution for  the  support  of  any  iiospital  or  institution. — }  32. 

Indentures  and  As.iignments  to  he  registered. — The  registrar  in  London,  and  the  collector  and  comp- 
troller of  customs  at  each  other  port,  shall,  in  a  book  to  he  kept  for  that  purpose,  enter  all  indentures 
and  assignments  of  parish  apprentices,  specifying  the  dates  thereof,  the  names  and  ages  of  theappren. 
tices,  the  parishes  or  places  from  whence  sent,  the  names  and  residences  of  the  masters  to  whom 
bound  or  assigned,  and  the  names,  ports,  and  burden  of  the  respective  ships  to  which  such  niaslers 
belong,  and  shall  make  and  subscribe  on  each  indenture  or  assignment  an  indorsement  piirpurtin; 
that  the  same  hath  been  duly  registered  pursuant  to  this  act ;  and  every  collector  and  comptroller 
shall  also  at  the  end  of  each  quarter  of  the  year  transmit  a  list  of  the  indentures  and  a^^ilsnuienii 
registered  hy  him  within  the  preceding  quarter,  containing  all  the  particulars  aforesaid,  to  the  regis- 
trar in  London. — }  33. 

Indentures  of  .Apprentices  to  be  registered. — In  every  case  of  a  person  volunta.lly  bindins  iiimsHf 
apprentice  to  the  sea  service,  the  indentures  to  be  executed  on  such  occasions  shall  be  registered  iiu 
book  to  he  kept  for  that  purpose  hy  the  registrar  in  London,  and  by  the  collector  and  comptroller  of  ru<- 
toms  at  each  other  port  at  which  the  indenture  shall  be  executed,  in  which  books  sliall  lie  exptess'd 
the  dates  of  the  several  indentures,  the  names  and  ages  of  the  apprentices,  the  names  and  reslilente 
of  their  masters,  and  (if  known)  the  names,  port,  and  burden  of  the  several  ships  on  hoard  wliiili 
they  are  to  serve;  and  such  registrar  or  collector  and  comptroller  shall  indorse  and  ."uhscrihn  LipM 
each  indenture  a  certiticato  purporting  that  the  same  hath  been  duly  registered  pursuant  to  this  act; 
and  the  said  collector  and  comptroller  shall  also  at  the  end  of  eacli  quarter  of  the  year  iransniitaliil 
of  the  indentures  so  registered  hy  them  witiiiii  the  preceding  quarter,  crmlaiiiing  iill  the  pnrluiiliri 
aforesaid,  to  the  said  registrar,  I'nr  the  purposes  of  this  act ;  and  it  shall  he;  lawful  for  tlie  inasler,(ir 
his  executor  or  administrator,  with  the  consent  of  the  apprentice  if  of  the  age  of  IT  years  nriipwardi, 
and  if  under  that  age  witli  the  consent  of  his  parent  or  guardian,  to  assign  or  transfer  his  indenture 
to  any  other  master  or  owner  of  any  registered  ship ;  and  all  such  viduntary  apprentices  may,  diinm 
tlio  term  for  which  they  are  bound,  be  employed  in  any  ship  of  which  the  master  of  any  apiircniiceu 


SEAMEN  (LAWS  RELATING  TO). 


447 


ving  attained  the  age  of 
inta  is  or  arc  nuiintained 
III,  but  not  ollierwiai',  an 
er  of  any  ship  regiglcreil 
ively  attain  llie  age  of  21 
irtiifi  of  any  stalule  now 
of  full  age  iintl  liad  hound 
owner  to  wlioin  lie  miw 
i  that  every  such  biiiilin'5 
borough,  or  place  wiiliin 
indenture  in  tcstunonyof 
nt  healtli  and  slreiigih  ag 
iture  shall  expire  may  the 
indenture,  the  same  being 
jh  in  which  he  was  born 
Bd  by  the  otlicintiiig  minis. 
ism  can  be  found,  the  jus. 
im  such  inforniiUion  sliaii 
d  therein  sliall  (iu  rtlaiidn 
my  further  proof  thereof. 

\i\  for  any  person  to  wliom 
es  already  in  force  rehuing 
none  such,  for  the  widmv 
8  residing  in  or  near  lu  the 
^er  such  boy,  with  his  ton- 
having  licr  comiiloiiicnl  f]f 
I  llie  sea  service  during  tlie 

the  death  of  the  master  of 
,  executor,  or  aduiinistraKir 
expired  term  to  any  master 
eqiiired ;  all  which  assign- 
irar  or  one  of  his  assistants 
istonis  thereof—}  23. 
le  indentures  of  apprentice- 
■  r  of  the  ship  to  wbnni  such 
n  the  registrar,  and  If  at  any 
the  said  overseers  or  otiier 
port  or  place  by  the  consia. 
ihall  also,  upon  the  execution 
vn  to  the  master  the  sutnof 
i  bedding  ;  which  sum,  wtlti 
poor--}  29. 

indentures  shall,  if  the  mas. 
the  presence  of  and  alteste<t 
)rt  by  the  collector  or  cntnp- 
hie  or  other  officer  who  sliall 
"ctively  on  the  days  on  wliicli 
unlerpart  to  the  overseers  or 

r  nf  every  ship  belonging  ti 

il  have  on  board,  at  the  time 

i  following  proportions  to  the 

ry  ship  of  80  tons  anti  under 

1  under  400  tons  sliall  h:ive  i 

\\\  have  3  apprentices  at  the 

at  the  least,  and  every  ship 

■honi  at  the  period  of  tlinr 

duly  bound  for  the  term  of 

p  the  number  of  ai.jirenticei 

im  of  10(.  in  respect  ol  each 

ned  ptirsnant  to  this  act,  not 
■  the  payment  of  any  contti- 

land  the  collector  and  cnmp- 
purpose,  enter  all  imlenlnre] 
inies  and  ages  of  the  appren- 
Ices  of  the  masters  to  whom 
Ihips  to  which  such  musters 
i  an  indorsement  piirp"tlin! 
Iry  collector  and  complroller 
lindentures  and  assignineiiu 
lulars  aforesaid,  to  the  regis- 

1  voluntarily  bindina  liimBelt 
Isions  shall  be  registered  iiu 
lector  and  comptroller  nl  cu<- 
lich  books  shall  be  exptessfd 
les  the  names  and  residence 
Iveral  ships  on  hoard  «lmh 
I  indorse  and  suhscrilie  ui«n 
listered  pursuant  to  this  act; 
Ter  of  the  year  traiism.t  a  isl 
f  ntaining'all  the  piirtinita 
1  he  lawful  for  tlie  niaslei.ot 
J:  ageof  ITyearsoruimardi, 
len  or  transfer  his  inueiiwre 
lary  apprentices  may,  (liinn! 
'iniasierof  nnyapiircniiceii 


jnnnXet  or  owner ;  provided  that  every  such  assignment  be  registered  and  indorsed  by  the  said  regis- 
trar or  by  the  collector  or  complroller  of  customs  at  the  port  where  the  master  is  resident,  or  to 
which  his  ship  belongs,  in  which  latter  case  the  said  collector  or  coiiipiroller  shall  iiotifv  the  same  to 
the  registrar,  as  is  provided  with  regard  to  the  indenture  of  such  apprentice.— }  34, 

A'l)  Stamp  duty  on  ^grrenienta.—A^^rvi'woMii  with  the  crew  of  a  ship  made  in  conformity  with  this 
act,  and  all  indentures  of  parish  and  voluntary  apprentices  to  the  sea  service,  and  all  counterparts  and 
assicnineiiis  of  such  indentures  executed  after  the  passing  of  this  act,  shall  be  wholly  exempt  from 
stamp  duty.—}  35. 

Pennlly  »n  Masters  neglecting  to  rrgister  Indentures,  ^-c. — If  any  master  to  whom  any  apprentice 
mentioned  in  this  act  shall  bo  bound  or  assigned  neglect  to  cause  the  Indenture  or  the  esslgnment 
thereof  (as  the  case  may  he)to  be  registered  as  required  by  this  act, or  shall, aflor  the  ship  has  cleared 
outwards  on  the  voyage  upon  which  such  ship  may  be  hound,  snlfer  his  apprentice  to  quit  his  service 
(not  entering  into  that  of  H.  M.),  except  in  case  of  death,  desertion,  sickness,  or  other  nnavoiduble 
cause,  to  he  certified  in  the  log-book  of  the  ship,  every  such  master  shall  for  every  such  odence  forfeit 
and  pay  the  sum  of  HU.—i  Sfi. 

Justices  to  determine  Complaints.— Two  or  more  Justices,  residing  at  or  near  to  any  port  at  which 
anv  ship  having  on  board  any  sea  apprentice  shall  at  any  lime  arrive,  shall  have  full  power  and 
auihority  to  inquire  into  and  examine,  liea,,  and  determine  all  claims  of  apprentices  upon  their  mas- 
ters under  their  indentures,  and  all  complaints  of  hard  or  ill  usage  exercised  by  their  masters  towards 
their  apprentices,  or  of  misbehaviour  on  the  part  of  any  apprentice,  and  to  make  such  orders  therein 
asthev  are  empowered  to  do  in  other  cases  between  masters  and  apprentices. — }  37. 

Cmiimiin  Jissanlts  may  be  summarily  punished  by  2  Justices.— \\\  case  of  any  assault  or  battery  which 
shall,  after  the  commencement  of  this  act,  be  commilled  on  iKiard  any  llritish  merchant  ship  in  any 
place  at  sea,  or  out  of  II.  M.'s  dominions,  it  shall  he  lawful  for  any  yjusllces  in  any  part  of  II.  M.'s 
dominions,  upon  complaint  of  the  party  aggrieved,  to  hear  and  determine  any  such  complaint,  and  to 
proceed  and  make  such  adjudication  thereon  as  any  2  jiislh  es  are  empowered  to  do  by  the  act  9  Geo. 
4  c.  31  ,  s"l'J'-'''t  however  to  such  provisoes  and  llmitati"M8  as  are  contained  in  the  said  act  with 
respect  to  the  cases  of  assault  and  battery  therein  nientioi..'il ;  and  the  fine  or  forfeiture  to  be  imposed 
ill  such  case  shall  be  payable  to  the  mcnhant  seamen's  lio^pilal  or  institution  at  or  nearest  to  the  port 
or  place  where  such  adjudication  is  made. — }  ,%. 

Masters  entitled  to  reetive  the  ll'agcs  of  Apprentices  entering  into  the  JViiri/.— No  parish  or  voluntary 
apprentice  to  the  sea  service  shall  be  at  liberty  to  enter  into  II.  M.'s  naval  service  during  his  appreii- 
liceship  without  the  consent  of  his  master  ;  but  if  nevertheless  he  voluntarily  enter  on  board  any  of 
11.  M.'s  ships  of  war,  and  be  allowed  by  his  master  to  continue  therein,  such  master,  in  case  he  give 
notice  to  the  secretary  of  the  aduiiralty  of  his  consent  to  his  apprentice  remaining  in  II.  M.'s  service 
during  the  residue  of  his  apprenticeship,  shall  upon  the  production  of  his  indenture,  be  entitled,  at 
the  time  of  paying  off  the  ship,  to  receive  to  his  own  use  any  balance  of  wages  that  may  be  then  due 
and  payable  to  such  apprentice  up  to  the  period  of  expiration  of  his  indenture. — }  39. 

Forcing  on  skore,  i)f-«.  any  Person  belonging  to  the  Crew  a  Misdemeanor. — If  any  master  of  a  British 
shipforce  on  shore  and  leave  behind,  or  shall  otherwise  wilfully  and  wrongfully  leave  behimi  on  shore 
or  at  sea,  in  any  place  in  or  out  of  H.  M.'s  dominions,  any  person  belonging  to  his  crew,  before  the 
arrival  of  such  ship  in  the  U.  K.,or  before  the  completion  of  the  voyage  or  voyages  for  which  such  per- 
son was  engaged,  whether  such  person  have  formed  part  of  the  original  crew  or  not,  every  person  so 
olfending  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  shall  suffer  such  punishment  by  tine  and  im- 
nTisonment,or  both,  as  to  the  court  before  which  he  is  convicted  shall  seem  meet ;  and  the  said  offence 
niay  he  prosecuted  by  information  at  the  suit  of  the  atlorney-genersil,  or  by  indictment  or  other  pro- 
ceeding in  any  court  of  criminal  jurisdiction  in  il.  M.'s  dominions,  at  home  or  abroad,  where  such 
master  or  other  person  shall  happen  to  be,  although  the  place  where  the  offence  may  have  been  com- 
mitted be  out  of  the  ordinary  local  jurisdiction  of  such  court ;  and  such  court  is  hereby  authorised 
to  issue  a  commission  for  the  examination  of  any  witnesses  absent  or  out  of  its  jurisdiction ;  and 
at  the  trial  the  depositions  so  taken,  if  such  witnesses  be  then  absent,  shall  be  received  in  evidence. 

-HO- 

Seameit  not  ta  be  disebarge.l  Abroad  witAowt  Sanction.— 'No  master  shall  discharge  any  individual  per- 
son of  his  crew,  whether  British  subject  or  foreigner  at  any  of  II.  M.'s  colonies  or  plantations,  without 
the  previous  sanction  in  writing  of  the  governor,  lieutenant-governor,  secretary,  or  other  officer 
appointed  in  that  behalf  by  the  government  there,  or  in  the  absence  of  all  such  authorities  at  or  near 
the  nort  or  place  at  which  "the  ship  is  then  lying,  then  of  the  chief  officer  of  customs  resident  at  or  near 
to  such  port  or  place  ;  nor  shall  he  discharire  any  person  at  any  other  place  abroad  without  the  like 
previous  sanction  in  writing  of  II.  M.'s  minister,  consul,  or  vice-consul  tliere,  or  in  the  absence  of 
any  such  functionary,  then  of  two  resiiectable  merchants  resident  there  ;  all  which  functionaries  are 
tierebv  required,  antl  all  which  merchants  are  hereby  authorised,  in  a  summary  way  to  inquire  into 
the  grounds  of  such  proposed  discharge  by  examination  on  oath,  and  to  grant  or  refuse  such  sanction 
according  to  tlieir  discretion,  having  regard  to  the  objects  of  this  act. — }  41. 

JVu(  (0  beleft  Abroad  on  the  Plea  of  Incapacity  to  proceed. — No  master  shall  be  at  liberty  to  leave  behind 
abroad,  either  on  shore  or  at  sea,  any  person  of  his  crew,  on  the  plea  of  such  person  not  being  in  a 
condition  to  proceed  on  the  voyage,  or  having  deserted  from  the  ship,  or  otherwise  disappeared,  unless 
upon  a  previous  certificate  in  writing  of  one  of  such  functionaries  or  merchants  as  aforesaid,  if  there 
be  any  such  at  or  within  a  reasonable  distance  from  the  place  where  the  ship  shall  then  be,  if  there 
be  time  to  procure  the  same,  certifying  that  such  person  is  not  in  such  condition,  or  has  deserted  or 
disappeared,  and  cannot  be  brought  back  ;  and  all  such  functionaries  are  hereby  required,  on  the  ap- 
(ilicalinn  of  any  such  master,  to  inquire  hy  examination  on  oath  into  the  circumstances,  and  to  give 
or  refuse  such  certificate  according  to  the  result  of  such  examination.—}  42. 

If  ami  of  the  Criw  are  left  fteAimi,  i/ie  Proof  of  Sanction  shall  be  on  the  Muster. — If  any  master  shall 
leave  behind  any  one  of  his  crew  contrary  to  this  act,  in  any  indictir.ent  or  proceeding  the  proof  of  his 
having  ohtained  the  sanction  or  certificate  aforesaid  shall  be  upon  him,  it  being  the  intention  hereof 
that, p.vcepi  in  the  case  of  entering  into  II.  M.'s  naval  service,  no  person  of  the  crew  sliall  bf,  dis- 
charged, either  with  or  without  his  consent,  in  anyplace  abroad  where  such  functionary  can  be  found, 
unless  he  have  given  his  sanction  thereto.—}  43. 

Seamen  when  aUowtd  to  beleft  behind  to  be  paid  their  Jfa^fs.— Every  master  who  shall  leave  any  per- 
son of  his  crew  on  shore  at  any  place  abroad,  under  certificate  of  his  not  being  in  a  condition  to  proceed 
on  the  voyage,  shall  deliver  to  one  of  the  said  functionaries,  or  if  there  be  none  such  to  any  two 
respectaliie  merchants  tiiere,  or  if  there  bo  but  one  then  to  such  one  merchant,  a  just  and  true  account 
ofthe  wages  due  to  such  person,  and  pay  the  same  to  the  seaman,  either  in  money  or  by  a  bill  drawn 
upon  the  owner  of  his  ship  ;  and  if  by  hill,  then  such  functionary  or  merchant  is  hereby  required  by 
certificate  indorsed  on  such  bill  to  testify  that  the  same  is  drawn  according  to  this  act  for  money  due 
onacciuiiit  of  wages  of  a  seaman,  or  to  that  effect ;  and  any  master  who  shall  deliver  a  falsa  account, 
or  refuse  or  neglect  to  deliver  a  just  and  true  account  ofthe  wages  due  to  such  person,  and  to  pay  the 
amount  in  money  or  by  bill  as  aforesaid,  shall  for  every  such  otfence  forfeit  and  pay,  in  addition  to  the 
wages  due,  the  penal  sum  of  25Z.— }  44. 
M  not  to  preetHt  Stamen  from  enuring  into  the  JVauy.— Nothing  in  this  act  or  in  any  agreement  shall 


11 


448 


SEAMEN  (LAWS  RELATING  TO). 


«»..  '' 

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MHI»«I 


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prevent  any  iieaman  or  person  belonging  to  any  merchant  ship  whatever  from  enlet\ng  or  being 
received  into  II.  M.'s  nnvnl  service,  nor  slinll  nny  such  entry  U:  ileemcfl  ii  desertion  from  the  merchani 
flhip,  nor  incur  imy  penalty  or  forfriture  whatever,  either  of  wages,  clothes,  or  elVcclH,  or  oilier  irnitie, 
or  thing,  notwithstniiding  any  agreement  made  to  the  contrary  ;  and  all  masters  and  ownc'rs  ni  ships 
arc  strictly  proliiliited  from  introducing  into  any  ship's  articles  or  ngreemenl  with  the  crew  any  clause 
or  matter  by  which  any  penally  or  forfeiture  of  any  kind  is  agreed  to  be  incurred  by  a  Heamuu  upuji 
bU  entry  Into  II.  M.'s  service. — }  '15. 

Seamen  entering  into  the  JVaiuifnun  Merchant  Ships  entilird  In  the  immriUnte  Delivery  of  Clothes,  i{-c.. . 
When  any  seaman  quits  a  merchant  ship  iii  order  to  enter  into  II.  .M.'s  niival  service,  uiiil  is  aiinalljr 
received  into  siicli  service,  not  having  previously  cummilled  any  ac  t  aiiKJUiiling  lo  and  treated  liy  ii,,, 
master  ns  a  total  desertion,  he  shall  he  entitled  inimedialely  ii|>iin  entry  ti>  tlie  delivery  up  of  all  hj, 
clothes  and  eflects  on  board  such  merchant  ship,  and  (in  ciise  ilic  slilp  shall  have  earned  freiflii)  ,„ 
receive  from  the  master  the  payment  of  the  proporlionaKt  amount  of  his  waL'es  up  lo  the  period  of 
■Itch  entry,  in  money,  or  by  a  bill  on  the  owner ;  all  which  cldllies,  etfecls,  mcjuey,  and  bill  sncli  mas. 
ter  is  required  lo  deliver  up  to  liim  accordingly,  under  a  penally  fil'-iJi.  for  any  relusal  or  neglecl,  ii,  l,e 
recovered  with  full  costs  of  suit  by  such  seaman  :  prnvided.  Ili.ii  if  no  freight  have  been  eaiiu-d  ai  Hi^ 
time  of  such  entry,  then  the  master  shall  be  niinired  to  give  the  seaman  so  entering  a  bill  ti|i(.|i  n,, 
owner  for  his  wages  to  thti  period  of  such  entry,  p.iyahle  on  llie  ship's  safe  arrival  at  her  clcsiiiuj 
port;  but  in  case  the  master  shall  have  no  means  of  ascerlaining  llie  balance!  justly  due,  lie  siimi 
make  out  and  deliver  to  such  si^aman  a  certificate  of  the  period  of  his  services  and  the  rale  of  \\:i«,.^ 
lie  is  entitled  to,  producing  at  the  same  lime  to  the  cominanding  olliccr  of  II.  M.'s  ship  the  ;iKri'iiMi.|| 
entered  into  with  the  seaman  for  the  voyage  ;  and  every  niaslcr,  upon  Hie  delivery  up  of  such  cIdiius 
and  effects,  and  the  settlement,  as  now  direcleil,  of  such  wagi  s,  shall  be  eniiiled  lo  receive  Inim  n,, 
officer  in  command  of  II.  M.'s  ship  into  which  such  seaman  has  nilered,  a  certificate  si^'iieil  i,y  iln, 
officer,  which  he  is  hereby  required  to  give  upon  the  rii|Uesl  of  the  masKir,  leslifying  that  sinli'si.ii. 
man  has  entered  into  II  M.'s  ship  to  serve,  as  proof  ttiut  the  muster  had  not  parted  with  the  licuiiiiiii 
contrary  to  the  provisions  of  this  act.— ^  '10. 

Power  in  If.  M.  lo  sue  fur  the  Jlmuunt  otlruvreil  fur  Seamen  left  ahroatl. — In  all  rases  where  any  niaslij 
has  forced  on  shore  or  left  behind  any  person  against  tlie  provisions  of  this  iicl,  and  any  sin  ii  ikm-ih 
shall  become  distressed  and  be  relieveil  under  the  |irovisioiis  of  the  acl  II  (ii:o.  1.  c.  '2(1.,  or  niitjir  iinv 
act  hereafter  to  be  passed,  then,  in  adilitioii  to  the  wages  clue  from  and  llie  pi'iiallies  imposeil  im  siimi 
master,  H.  M.  shall  be  eiililled  to  sue  him  or  llw  owner  of  llie  slii|i,  at  ilie  opiioii  of  ilie  lords  i.in,, 
admiralty,  for  all  charges  and  expenses  incurred  ou  the  sulisisleio c,  necessary  clothing,  and  ciimvij! 
ance  lioiiie  of  such  person,  as  so  iiuicli  iiioney  paid  and  e.xpendid  lo  Ihe  use  of  llie  ilefeiidaiii,  wlmji, 
together  with  full  costs  of  suit,  may  be  recovered  in  tlie  same  inaniier  as  oilier  delils  diii>  to  II.  .M.  mj 
recoverable  ;  and  in  any  proceeding  for  that  purpose  proof  of  the  account  liirnislieil  lo  ilie  s;iiil  da,,. 
Iiiissioiiers  by  anyone  of  such  functionaries,  or  by  such  I  wo  merchants  or  oni,'  inerchanl,  accohlm^.  lu 
the  else,  as  provided  by  Ihe  said  act  of  the  II  (ieo.  4.  c.  '2U.,  shall,  togiiher  with  proof  of  pajii.ciit  l.y 
the  said  lords  or  by  the  treasurer  of  the  navy,  of  the  charges  incurred  on  account  of  sucli  persiin.l'e 
sufficient  evidence  that  he  was  relieved  and  conveyed  home  at  H.  Al.'s  expense;  and  llie  ci.iirl  m 
whiih  any  proceeding  for  the  recovery  of  the  said  money  is  insliiiiled  isauthorised  lo  issui!  ai  Dinaus. 
sion  for  llie  examination  of  witnesses  abroad,  and  thu  depositions  so  taken  shall  be  received  asuvi. 
dence.^J  47. 

Ship's  Jigreement  on  Arrival  at  a  Foreign  Port  to  be  deposited  irith  the  Consul. — Kvery  master  of  j 
British  ship,  on  his  arrival  at  any  foreigii  port  where  there  is  a  Hrilisli  consul  or  vice-coii>iil,  shall 
deliver  to  such  functionary  the  agreement  with  his  ship's  crew,  to  be  preserved.by  him  dnrinj,'  \\,t 
ship's  stay  there,  and  to  be  returned  lo  the  master  before  his  leaving  tlie  port,  witlKuii  auylecdi 
charge  for  the  same  ;  and  if  nny  master  refuse  or  neglect  to  deliver  sucli  agreement  to  the  i  unsul  m 
vice-consul,  as  is  hereby  required,  he  shall  fur  every  such  olfeiice  forfeit  and  |iay  the  siiniui'Sij 
—i  48. 

JVo  Seaman  to  be  shipped  at  a  Foreign  Port  vithout  the  Privily  of  the  Consul. — During  the  ship's  sl.iy 
nt  any  foreign  port  no  seaman  shall  be  shipped  by  any  master  except  with  the  privily  of  ilic  r.insuli.t 
vice-consul,  indorsed  or  certihed  on  the  agreement,  under  a  penalty  of  23/.  lor  every  seainuii  blnpiKj 
In  breach  of  this  act.— J  49. 

Mtstersto  produce  .Agreements  to  Officers  of  King's  Ships. — The  master  of  every  liritisti  sliipis  liprrhy 
required  to  produce  ami  show  the  mustier- ml  I  of  the  ship,  and  the  agreemenl  with  his  crew,  liiilie  c,i|i. 
tain,  commander,  or  other  commissioned  olHcer  of  any  of  II.  M.'s  ships  requiriiiL'  a  prndin  linn  and 
eight  thereof;  and  it  shall  be  lawful  for  any  such  officer  in  II.  M.'s  naval  service,  if  he  tllill|^  it  nects. 
sary,  to  muster  the  crew  and  passengers  (if  any)  of  any  liritish  ship,  in  order  to  he  satisticij  iliai  ilij 
provisions  of  this  act.  and  the  laws  relating  to  navigation  with  respect  to  llie  crews  of  mi  reliant  slij|i,, 
have  been  duly  complied  with  ;  and  if  any  master  shall,  upon  being  reiiuircd  by  any  siuli  nllicor,  ni:'. 
lect  or  refuse  to  produce  the  inuster-roll  or  agreeinent,  or  olistriicl  any  olhcer  in  niiistcriiig  tliii  saij 
crew  or  passengers,  or  produce  any  false  muster-roll,  lie  shall  for  every  such  ulleiice  luiicii aiij  nay 
the  sum  of  251.— i  50. 

Registrar  and  Officers  of  Customs  empoirered  to  require  Production  of  the  .Agreement,  i^c-  For  the  bet. 
ter  carrying  into  effect  the  purposes  of  this  act  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  registrar  and  his  iissi.stanii, 
and  also  for  the  collectors  or  other  chief  officers  of  customs,  at  the  several  ports  of  the  V.  1{.  anil  of 
the  Dritish  possessions  abroad,  to  demand  from  the  master  of  every  ship  required  to  eiiier  iiitn  an 
agreement  with  his  crew,  the  production  of  the  muster-roll  of  the  ship,  and  also  of  such  asrci'iiioni, 
with  liberty  to  take  a  copy  of  either  or  both,  and  to  muster  the  crew  and  apprentices  of  suili  sliip,  f,ir 
the  purpose  of  ascertaining  whether  the  provisions  of  this  act,  and  of  the  hiws  relating  to  iiavlcatimi, 
have  been  complied  with  ;  and  if  any  master,  ou  such  demand  being  made,  refuse  or  neglect  liipniiliKe 
Buch  iniisler-roll  or  agreement,  or  refuse  to  allow  a  copy  of  either  document  to  be  taken,  or  ri  hisi>  to 
permit,  or  prevent  his  crew  and  apprentices  from  being  iniistered,  he  shall  for  every  such  nefe'luct.rtlV 
sal,  or  offence,  forfeit  and  pay  the  sum  of  .')()/. — i  51. 

Definition  of  the  Terms  Muster,  Scauian,  Ship  and  Owner. — Every  person  having  the  rliargo  nr  cfiiii. 
mand  of  any  British  ship  sliall,  within  the  meaning  and  for  the  purposes  of  this  act,  he  (Icciiiid  ar.d 
taken  lo  be  the  master  of  s;i(  h  ship;  and  every  person  (apprentices  excepted)  employed  or  iiigapj 
to  serve  in  any  capacity  on  hoard  the  same,  shall  be  deemed  and  taken  to  be  a  seaman  witliiii  il:e 
meaning  and  for  the  purpopes  of  this  acl  ;  and  the  term  "ship,"  ns  used  in  this  acl,  shall  he  takin 
and  understood  to  comprehend  every  description  of  vessel  navigating  on  the  sea;  and  tin,'  lenn 
"owner,"  as  applied  to  a  ship,  shall  he  understood  to  comprehend  all  persons,  if  mure  than  one, lo 
whom  the  ship  belongs  ;  and  all  steam  and  other  vessels  employiMl  in  carrying  passengers  or  gum!) 
shall  be  ileemed  trading  ships  williin  the  ineaning  and  for  the  purposes  of  this  act.— J  5'2. 

Recovery  of  Penalties. — All  penalties  and  forfeiliires  imposed  by  this  act,  for  Ihe  recovery  wliprfif 
no  spcM'itic  mode  is  herein  provided,  shall  be  recoveri'd,  with  costs  of  suit,  in  iiiaiiner  lollnwiiiL':  illiit 
is  to  say),  all  penalties  and  forfeiliires  not  (exceeding '2li/.  shall  be  recoverable  at  Ihe  suit  of  any  |ifr-(ii 
by  information  and  summary  proceedinu  before  any  one  or  more  justice  or  justices  in  nny  ii.irlufn. 
M.'s  doiiiiiiions,  residing  near  lothe  place  where  the  oll'ince  shall  becommilled,  or  wliiic  Iheclliiijii 
■hall  be,  which  justice  or  justices  shall  have  full  power  lo  levy  Ihe  amount  ofanysinli  pi'iialiVit 
forfeiture  and  costs  by  distress  and  sale  of  the  olfender's  goods,  iir  by  coinmitmenl  lif  the  ull'ciiiierl'i 


I 


SEAMEN  (LAWS  RELATING  TO). 


449 


from  entering  or  being 
crllon  from  iIih  iiiprduini 
,r  flViTl",  or  oilier  iiiuitei 
itiTH  niul  ownt^ra  ol  shipj 
Willi  tilt)  crew  niiy  clause 
iirreil  by  a  seamuii  iipoii 

Delivery  of  Clnlhes,  ^-c-  - 
111  nervicH,  iiml  is  ncliiiilly 
litiK  I"  Kii'l  trcii't'il  liy  till! 
lilt!  ilflivt!ry  up  of  all  Ins 
11  luive  eiiriictl  frt;ii'lii)  lo 
;iL'i^»  up  '"  •'"'  l'""'"!  nf 
iiioiicy,  null  '''"  "'"''  "i''*- 
iiv  relusiil  tir  iii'!!lfil,U)|ie 
itliiivf  lii-'on  I'iinii'd  iillln; 
Id  fiilfrinK  a  bill  npnii  Uie 
fi,  iirrivul  »t  bi;r  tlcsiinej 
liiuto  jiiaily  'l""')  '"■  ^liiiH 
HI'S  ami  lliii  riiti!  ol'  wiims 
i.  M.'s  aliip  111'-'  iiKri'i'iiicn 
liilivi'ry  lip  "I  t-io'b  clmius 
iiIIiIimI  to  leci.'ive  Iriiiii  lln 
]i  ifrlilifitl'!  siiiiifil  liytlic 
r,  ti'stil"vinu'  Uwl  sue  U  siii. 
lol  purliJil  Willi  llie  scauiai; 

nil  rnt^i!s  wlieroauy  ui;isi(r 
is  ad,  and  any  sui  li  inir.-Dii 

«i(;().  l.  c.  '20.,  or  iniiliT  ;iiiy 
:  |ifiiiilli«s  iuiposi'il  1111  siiiii 

■  (iplillU    ol'  lilt!    lllflls   I'l'  ll,- 

isary  clolliini;,  :iii<l  tmivij. 

ISt;  (if  lIlL'  tIcriMltl.llll,  Wlllt'li, 

illicr  tlfbls  tliii'  to  II  M.  me 
I  liiniislit'il  lo  tin:  ^:lill  unu- 
iiiii>  iiiereliaul,  ai-ciiiilnimu 
r  wiltl  proof  of  pajiiifiil  !iy 
I  account  of  such  |.cr:iiiii,l'e 

f.Npi'llSO  ;    iiutl   llll'  liiurt  Ml 

mliorifiMl  to  issue  aiuiiiiiiis. 
tu  sliall  be  rtittiivcd  astv.. 

Covsiil.—li^'iiry  iiiastiT  of  a 
consul  or  vicc-inn>iil,slinil 
irtjservt.'d.liy  bini  diiiinL'  llic 
llie  liort,  wit  bout  any  Thohi 
k  n);r(!enieiil  to  lln:  cmisiij  m 
'eil  and  pay  tlio  sum  i)l'2j|. 


„;._l)iniiig  Ibe  sliiii'sslny 
lit!  privily  of  lln'  ciiiisuliir 
for  every  SLSiinan  slii|i|;til 


every  15rili?li  sbip  is  lirrchy 
I  Willi  liisircw.  Inllie  c,i|i- 
iMluiriiiL'  ii  prculnitiiinaiid 
rvii-e,  if  111'  lliink  it  iieci'*- 
li:r  lo  bt:  salislii'd  llv.il  the 
llll-  crews  i)f iiiirclnuilsliiii^ 
(1  by  any  sneli  olliior,  nw- 
Hirer  in  inusteiiiil!  Iln'  fui 
utli  oll'eiice  fuil'eit  ami  ii:,y 

/Iprerwevt,  i^c.-Vm  tliii  liet- 
i'!;isUar  and  liis  a!--sjsliiiits 
1  purls  of  tlie  V-  K.  anil  of 
required  lo  enter  iiiln  an 
nd  also  of  sncli  asri'i'iiiciil, 
ippreiiliees  of  suili  slii|i. fur 
laws  relaliniJ  I"  navicatiim, 
ri:fuseorne;.'leiltiM'f'"''i'e 
Mit  to  be  taken,  or  nfiisMo 
fur  every  sucb  iicgled,  rul'u- 

bavins  tbe  cbargo  or  cdiii. 

(if  this  act,  lie  dceiiiril  ar.i! 
;|iled)  euipbiyed  or  insasiil 

lo  be  a  seainan  williiii  ll:e 
in  this  acl,  shall  1"'  lakin 

on  till!  sea ;  and  tin:  ti:m 
LTSons,  if  more  tli;iii  "Hf.''' 
Iirryiiig  passengers  or  gimilj 
7  Ibis  ail— J  'j'i- 

■t,  for  tbe  recoveiy  wlifwf 

in  Miauner  follnw  ini;;  (lint 
Jil.lcat  tliesnitiifaiiyiiPM 
liir  jusliees  in  any  p:irliil  1 
liiitled,  or  wlieii'llienlli'iiil'i 
Vunl  of  aiiv  siirli  |ii'iiiiliy;t 
liiiiilnienlof  llieolfeiiderlt 


and  that  nil  peniilliea  anil  fnrft!iturea  inenlioned  in  ibis  net  for  wbicli  no  s|ieeilic  a|i[ilicaliou  is  before 
provided  simll,  when  recovered,  be  paid  and  applied  as  follows  ;  viz.,  one  moiety  iif  every  such  penalty 
'iliall  he  pai'l  'o  the  informer  or  person  upon  whose  discovery  or  information  the  saiiie  lias  been 
recovered,  and  the  residue  sbiill  be  divided  between  (Jreenwich  Hospital  ami  the  mercbanl  seamen's 
liosiiital  or  institution  at  the  port  lo  which  the  ship  shall  helonu,  and  if  there  be  none  such  at  said  port 
ilien  the  whole  of  the  said  residue  shall  bo  paid  to  (Jreenwicb  Hospital :  provided,  thai  it  shall  he  law- 
ful for  the  court  before  which  or  the  justice  or  justices  before  whom  any  procuedines  are  iiisiiiiited  for 
the  recovery  of  any  pecuniary  penally  imposed  by  Ibis  act  lo  mitigate  or  reduce  such  penally  as  to 
ihein  shall  appear  just  and  reasonable,  in  such  manner,  however,  that  no  penalty  shall  be  reduced 
Mow  half  its  original  amount:  and  provided  also,  that  all  proceedings  so  to  be  instituted  he  com- 
menced within  2  years  arter  the  commission  of  the  olleme,  if  the  same  have  been  cominilled  at  or 
beyond  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  or  Cape  Horn,  or  within  1  year  if  coinmitled  on  the  European  side  of 
those  limits,  or  wilhin  6  calendar  monilis  after  the  return  of  the  oflender  or  coniplainiiig  parly  lo  the 
U.  K.— }  53. 

jJs  lo  Ships  belon/rmg  to  avy  Brilish  Culovy  havinff  a  f.egislature.—TUia  acx  shall  not  extend  or  apply 
10  any  sbip  registered  in  or  helonging  to  any  Hritish  colony  having  a  legislative  as.»eiiibly,  or  lo  the 
crew  of  any  such  ship,  while  such  ship  is  within  the  precincts  of  siich  colony  ;  any  thing  lierein  con- 
tained to  the  contrary  in  anywise  notwithstaiuling.— (  54. 

Schedules  referred  to  in  the  preceding  Act. 
SCHEDULE  (A.) 

An  Agreement  niatJe  pursuant  to  the  Directions  of  an  Act  of  Parliament  passed  in  the  Sixth  Year  of 
the  Reign  of  His  Majesty  King  William  the  Fourth,  between  ,  the  Master  of  the 

Ship  .  of  the  I'ott  of  ,  and  of  the  Burden  of  Tons, 

and  the  several  Persons  whose  names  are  suhscribeil  llierelo. 

It  is  agreed  hy  .iiiJ  nn  Ihe  p.irl  uf  the  <tiiil  persons,  anJ  Ihey  fieve- 
rallv  hereby  eii^ijte.  to  serve  on  bo.irtl  the  siiil  slijp  in  the  several 
CAIiicities  cVg.iiusI  tlKir  respective  n.iliies  expreSbe  I,  on  .1  voy.i|;e  frniti 
the  port  111  to  [hrrr  thf.  iuttitdii 

mart  11 10  be  dncrihtd  as  nearly  at  rnii  l>€  done,  and  Ihe  plans  at 

'thcii  nil  ""ended  the  iMp  shall  touch,  or  if  "  '     ' 


tCliiCh  II 


^ "h,  u}- if  that  caiilt'>t  be  don':, 

liitnature  of  the  voyage  in  which  she  ts  tn  be  eniplot^ed],  ami  lj.ack 
to  thf  port  elf  ;  ami  the  siiii  crew  liirtfier  eii<.;.ii;e 

to  coDduct  themselves  in  an  onlerly,  I'aithfiil,  linneat,  careful,  and 
lober  maimer,  and  to  tie  at  all  times  Jiliueiit  in  their  respective  dntie-. 
and  (tatiolis,  and  to  be  obedient  lo  the  lawful  conuiiauils  of  the  master 


111  eierv  tliinj  relating  lo  the  said  ^hip,  and  the  niaieri.il<,  slorfs,  and 
ear^n  thertdf,  whetlier  on  board  such  ship,  in  bo;il-',  or  on  sliore  [/«■»■« 
i/irij/  If  inlotid  any  other  climses  which  the  jiarltis  inatj  think  fro- 
pirtii  be  introduced  into  the  a^rceinent,  provided  that  the  same  In 
not  cuntraiy  tour  incunsisltnt  with  the  provisions  and  spirit  jf  thit 
act.]  In  coiisidenition  of  which  services,  to  tje  duly,  luiuestly,  care- 
fully, and  faithfully  peifoinied,  the  said  master  dotli  hereliv  promise 
and  aKree  lo  pay  to  the  said  crew,  by  way  of  cninpensniioii'i  r  wages, 
ttie  amount  aicainst  their  names  respectively  expressed.  It  witness 
vvheroof  Ihe  said  p.arti)3  have  hereto  subscrilreil  their  uamjsou  Ihe 
days  against  tlitir  rcspeclive  signatures  nieuliuued. 


FUce  awl  Time  of  Entry. 

Men's 
Naniea. 

Age. 

Place  of 
Birth. 

Qualitj. 

Amount  of 

Wases 

per  Calendar 

Month, 

Share,  or 

Voyage, 

Witness 
lo 

Signature. 

Nanic  of 

Sliip 

in  which 

the  Seamen 

last 

served. 

Day, 

Month. 

Year. 

iVo/c—Anv  embezzlement  or  wilful  orneglieent  loss  or  destruction 
of  any  part  (if  the  ship's  car^o  or  storea  may  be  in.ide  pooii  to  the 
owiiernutof  the  wapes  (so  far  as  they  wiU'exteml)  nf  the  seimen 
ruilty  of  the  same ;  and  if  aoy  keaiiian  shall  euter  liiitiself  as  quali- 


fied for  a  duty  to  which  he  shall  prove  to  be  not  competent,  he  will 
be  sul»ject  to  a  rt-diiciion  of  the  rale  of  wages  hereby  agreed  for  Id  pro- 
Iioriioii  to  his  incompetem-y. 


SCHEDULE  (n.) 

An  Agreement  made,  ptusuanl  to  t!ie  Directiona  of  an  Act  of  Parliament  passed  in  tlic  Sixth  Year  of 
Ihe  Utiign  of  His  Majesty  King  Willianitlio  Fourth,  between  ,  the  Master  of  the 

Phip  ,  of  the  Port  of  ,  and  of  the  Rurden  of  Tons, 

and  the  several  Persons  whose  Names  are  suhscrihed  hereto. 


It  is.i^reed  by  and  on  the  part  of  Ihe  said  persons,  and  they  seve- 
nlly  litTfby  eti^ge,  to  serve  on  board  the  said  ship  iti  tht*  said  sever-il 
cjjacities  nViiiiist  their  respective  names  expressed,  which  ship  is  to 
if  employe  1  in  [here  the.  tmtnre  of  the.  ship^s  employnunt  is  to  hedt- 
Krilat^  whelhtr  in  thefisfiirics,  on  t/>e.  coaU,  or  in  trading  f rum  mie 
}^rl  of  the  United  Kinndorn  tn  anotiur,  or  to  any  of  the  irlnndi  of 
Jersey,  Guenmy,  Aldtmcy,  Sarhy  and  A/an,  or  iu  nntj  port  on 
iJu  cctittriciit  of  Europe  between  the  rivei  Elbe  inclusive  diidlinst]; 
Ml  the  said  crevi"  further  ens^age  to  conduct  thcinselveain  anorderlVj 
faithful,  hfine-if,  careful,  and  sober  ininner,  and  to  be  at  all  times  di 


such  ship,  in  boats,  or  on  shore  [here  may  be  inserted  any  othtr 
clauses  which  thr  partiis  may  think  proper  to  be  inirodnced  into  the 
apfnnent,  prividid  that  thi  same  be  not  contrary  to  or  incoitsistait 
tvtth  t.'.e  provisioifi  and  sjiint  of  this  act].  In  consiier.ilion  of 
which  services,  lo  be  duly,  honestly,  carefully,  and  faiilifiilly  per- 
formed, the  said  master  doth  hereby  iii-oniise  to' pay  (o  (he  stid  err  w, 
by  way  of  compensatioii  or  w.ikps,  the  amount  against  their  n:un<« 
respectively  eKpres.se,i ;  pr'iviiled  alway,»,  and  it  is  hereby  declared, 
that  no  beanian  shall  be  entitled  to  his  dischari;e  from  the  ship  duriufr 
ar7  voyage  in  which  she  may  be  engnffcd,  nor  at  any  otluT  than  a 
li^pfit  in  thtirrespeitive  duties  and  stations.and  to  heobedient  to  the  tmrt  iii  tlie  I'nited  Kii)j?dnni.  hiwitnets  whereof  the  sa'd  parties 
Uwful  comniatiils  of  the  mas'er  in  eveiy  thing  relating  to  the  siid  liavc  hereto  5ubsf'ribeil  the!;  names  ou  ttie  days  again&t  their  rtspec* 
(liip,and  the  materials,  stores,  and  cargo  thereof,  whether  on  board     tlve  signatures  inentiontd. 


Place  and  Time  of  Entry. 

Men's 
Names. 

Aio. 

PI  are  of 
Biilh. 

Quality. 

Amount  of 

Waees 

per  Calendar 

Moiuli, 

Share,  or 

Voyage. 

Wi'ncss 

to 

Signature, 

Name  of 

Ship 

in  >vhich 

the  Seamen 

l.-ul 

served. 

Day. 

Month. 

Year. 

.AWc— Any  embezzlement  or  wilful  or  negligent  loss  or  destruction 
pf  any  part  of  the  ship's  cargo  or  stores  may  oe  made  good  to  the 
owner  nut  of  Ihe  wages  (so  far  as  they  will  extend)  of  the  seaman 
luilty  of  the  ume ;  aad  if  any  seamau  shall  enter  bini'jelf  aa  qualitied 

2p2  57 


for  a  duly  to  which  he  shall  prove  to  be  not  competent,  he  will  be 
subject  lo  a  reduction  of  the  rate  of  wagei  hereby  agreed  for  io  pro* 
portion  to  his  incompetency. 


it* 


.vZ.  .»*» 

>•  ■  ■ '« 


nur 


<;..'■;»■ 

««"l-»     ■  ■   ..'1 
umtK-      ''J 


•  mtji 


'.■x<f.\ 


if 


a*"       ,-. 

'lit  -«■'■■'«"" ^ 

^■*  ,  ^,„j|  Mil  im 
'iCJi'..**'"*' 


Il#<3!' 


B**^" 


460 


SEAMEN  (ESTABLISHMENT  FOR). 


SCHEDULE  (C.) 
Bhip  ,  of  the  Port  of  ,  wticrpof  wns  Mnolnr. 

A  LUt  of  the  Crew  (Inclmling  the  M.ikIit  nnd  Appri'tiliccs)  iit  llio  Period  of  her  hiiiIIiik  fruiii  llm  Pnn 
-»  ,  in  ttiB  United  Kincilmii,  Iniiii  whicli  ulie  tnnk  Ikt  lirst  Depiirtiire  on  lier  Voyut,;  lo 

,  iiiij  of  the  Mum  who  jojiumI  the  Hhip  8iil)fii'(ineiit  to  siieh  Depiirliire  and  iitmi  i^,, 
-    '  ,  iieinK  her  Port  of  LleKlliiiition  in  the  United  Kingdom. 


of 


Return  to  the  Port  of 


Name. 


Ako. 


Place  of 
Birth. 


Quality. 


Ship  in 
wliirh  he 
I:ihI  sitvP'I. 


Dale  of      i 
jniitin.;  the  \ 

si,i|..      ! 


riace 


jTinie  or  Deailii 

or  ltMviii)(      I 
tlie  S\u\i,       \ 


Place 
wlirre. 


IIOK       ! 
lli'lirno.  of.  I 


A'j/f.— If  any  one  of  Ihi' rrrrt  hi»  inliTed  liis  Majisiy'i  m'rvicp, 
the  name  of  tlili  ItiiiK'n  ship  in  wliii'li  jirtn't-red  iiiual  ije  ftMIcU  lu  Ilie 
account,  uiiticr  the  licad  of  "  How  disi-ubfj  ul." 


A*(./c  —This  list  to  ho  fillerl  ii|),  anti,  liiiin  hrKnP'l  liy  thonmer.  i| 
In  be  deliverfil  by  him  10  the  collrT.Ior  orcinniirrolk:r  of  llii' rii.lnfrii 
nil  rt'fwirnni  hif  iliip  iiiwarls,  on  liii-  airival  at  lier  jioil  itf  tlijij,^ 
tion  in  thu  Liiiled  Kiu((dum. 


HfllKDULK  (».) 

An  Account  of  the  Voyngoa  in  wliich  the  Ship  i  of  ,  hns  hei-n  enciisi  rt  ,„ 

the  Half  Year  coniniencinR  on  the  Day  of  ,  One  thousnnd  ei):hl  huiiilri',1  ai^l 

,  nnd  endiiiK  on  llio  Diiy  of  ,  Otiii  Ihuosiind  i^iijlit  htindrml  and 

,  nnd  of  ill!  the  Persons  (Masters  and  Apprentices  included)  wlio  have  belonged  totucli 

Hhip  during  that  Period. 

ACCOl'.NT  OF  TIIK  VOVAOKS. 

[//ere  the  several  Voyages,  and  the  Periods  of  such  Voyages,  are  to  be  deseribed.l 


ACCOUNT  OK   THE   CREW. 


Name. 


Age. 


Place  of 
ISirth. 


Quality. 


.Ship  in 
*N  hifli  he 
last  nerved. 


Dale  of 

j()inin<  the 

.Ship. 


Place 
where. 


Time  of  Death 

or  leaving 
the  binp. 


Pl.ice 
where. 


JiJIwridl.l 

I 


iVo?^.— If  any  ore  nf  the  crew  shall  have  entered  his  Majesty's  .ser- 
vice, the  name  of  the  kin»;'s  ship  in  ntiirh  he  en'eied  mu&t  be  staled 
ID  his  account,  under  the  liead  of  "  How  dis|(09ed  of." 


yVf,(t.— This  account,  when  lilled  up,  is  to  he  si;ne  I  by  Ihi?  o  ntr 
and  depoNiled  with  ihe  cnllcclnr  or  eomplroller  of  the  cijsloij,s  jf  t^.^ 
port  to  which  the  ship  shall  belong,  or  withthe  registrar  ol  mejclua: 
&t'anien  in  i/Jiidou. 


SeAMF.X  (ESTAIILISIIJIENT  FOll). 

The  reader  will  find  in  the  body  of  this  work,  p.  441,  a  notice  of  the  corporation  esta- 
blished by  the  act  20  Geo.  2.  c.  3H.  for  the  relief  and  support  of  maimed  and  disaliloil  incp 
chant  seamen,  and  of  the  widows,  children,  &c,  of  such  scanipn  as  were  killed  or  (InnviuJ 
in  the  merchant  service,  lint,  as  the  funds  at  the  disposal  of  the  corporation  have  been  von' 
limited,  it  has  not  been  much  heard  of.  Under  i)revious  acts,  Gd.  per  month  %vas  di'iiiiotci] 
from  the  wages  of  all  seamen  in  the  merchant  service;  the  jiroducc  of  which  assessmeni 
was  paid  over  to  the  trustees  of  Circenwich  Hospital,  in  the  bem-'fit  of  which  institutidii  such 
seamen  were  to  be  allowed  to  participate.  But  this  arraiigeiiicnt  has  latterly  beru  niufli 
objected  to,  and  apparently  not  without  good  reason  ;  for  it  a|ipear.s  from  the  ollicial  ri-tiirns 
(ante,  pp.  441,  442.)  that,  though  the  contributions  from  merchant  ships  to  Greeiiwicli  Hos- 
pital in  1828  and  1829  exceeded  20,000/.  a  year,  there  was  not  on  theestablisbinciit  a.sinijle 
individual  who  had  been  exclusively  employed  in  the  merchant  service  !  The  huavy  a- 
penses  attending  the  collection  of  tiie  duly  were  also  much  objected  to. 

Repeal  nf  Ike  Gd.  a  Month  '.irecuwich  JJuli/. — To  obviate  these  complaints,  tlip  i  A- .5 
Will.  4.  c.  34.  directs  that  the  contribution  of  6(/.  per  month  by  seamen  in  the  mcichunt  ser- 
vice to  Greenwich  Hos]iital  shall  cease  from  the  1st  of  January,  18-3.') ;  and  that  SO,(Hlii/,  a 
year  shall  be  advanced  from  the  consolidated  fund  to  the  Hospital,  to  make  good  Ihedc- 
ficiency  caused  by  the  cessation  of  such  contribution. 

New  Estublinhment  for  Support  of  Merchant  Sea  men,  i^c. — And  to  provide  slili  more 
effectually  for  the  relief  and  support  of  maimed  and  disabled  merchant  seamen,  ami  of  ihe 
widows,  &c.,  of  those  killed  or  drowned  in  the  merchant  service,  the  act  4  &  5  Will.  1,  c.  SJ, 
has  been  passed.  This  act  repeals  the  20  Geo.  2.  c.  38.,  except  in  so  far  as  it  relates  to  the 
establishment  of  the  corporation  of  president  and  governors  for  the  relief  of  rnaiiiictl,  fa, 
merchant  seamen,  and  of  the  widows  and  children  of  seamen  killed  or  drowned  in  llie  mer- 
chant service  ;  and  it  also  repeals  as  much  of  the  act  37  CJtJO.  3.  c.  73.  as  relates  to  tlie  wiges 
of  seamen  dying  while  employed  in  ships  trading  to  the  West  Indies.  Having  thii.s  cleircJ 
the  way  for  a  new  system,  it  goes  on  to  enact : — 

President  and  Governors  empoirered  to  relieve  disabled  Seamen,  Jfc. — The  said  president  and  enveinori 
and  their  succ(>s»ors  are  antliorised  lo  provide,  in  llieir  hospital,  for  such  seamen  as  are  reiKJiTi'iiinca. 
pahln  of  service  by  sickness,  wounds,  or  other  arcideiital  misfortunes,  and  those  wlio  .-iliall  Imniiie 
decrepit  or  worn  out  by  age,  or  to  allow  them  certain  pensions,  or  oiherwisi;,  as  the  proi^iili'iii  ami 
governors  deem  meet  and  most  for  the  advantage  of  the  said  charily  ;  and  also  to  relieve  tlin  wit  mis 
and  children  of  such  seamen  as  shall  tte  killiMl,  slain,  or  drowned  in  the  said  service;  aiiiliiifiito 
relieve  the  widows  and  children  of  seamen  dying  after  having  contributed  during  a  term  of  21  jcari 
.o  the  funds  of  this  corporation,  provided  such  children  are  not  of  the  age  of  14  years,  or  if  of  tbii 


). 


SEAMEN  (ESTABLISHMENT  FOR). 


451 


w««  Mastnr. 
her  HiiiliiiK  from  'Im  Pott 
piirliirK  (111  liiT  Voyutiiii) 
I  |>c|iiirlnri!  ami  iinlil  liir 
1  lliiitotl  KiiiKilom. 


linn      ! 


i.'di.r  nr  niiiMiif""''''  "'  ""'  '■uliimi, 
1  litr  iirival  al  Iw  l'"!'  i-'  J'liii* 


inu»iiii<l  liil-'t'i  ImiiilriMlanJ 
M.iiriaiiil  i-inlil  liiiiidroil  and 
^lio  liiive  belonseil  lomch 


to  be  described.] 


if  Death 

.■iviii< 
bliip. 

rUce 
where. 

Urn-     \ 

illed  up,  is  I"  he  si?nO'l  by  Ihp  o  nef 
ir  nr  cuniptrolU'r  ol  the  ciistoiiis  if  ih; 
long,  or  withtlio  regiHlrarol  iiieutai 


e  of  the  corporatiiin  csta- 

limed  and  disiiblctl  mnr- 

wore  killrd  or  drowmil 

irporalion  have  lieun  very 

per  month  was  di'iluotci] 

luce  of  which  nsscssnienl 

of  which  institution  such 

It  has  hittcriy  hi'cn  mufti 

from  the  oilicial  rt'tiirin 

ihips  to  Ciroenwicli  llos- 

the  estabhtshiiieii;  a  single 

lervice  !     The  heavy  is- 

d  to. 

flc  complaints,  the  \  &  5 
men  in  the  merchant  ser> 
8:3.') ;  and  that  SO.OOn/,  a 
,al,  to  make  good  llie  ili- 

knd  to  provide  still  more 
Ihant  seamen,  aiitl  of  ihe 
act  4  &  5  Will.  '1.  c.  it 
so  far  as  it  relates tctlie 
Ihe  relief  of  maiiiicil,  &c, 
or  drowned  in  the  iiicr- 
t3.  as  relates  to  the  wages 
Having  thus  cleircJ 

laid  president  and  soveitMii 
Iranien  as  an;  reiiili'n'il  iiici- 
Ind  tliDse  wliosliiill  hfimt 
Iwise,  as  tlie  prosidiMit  and 
llalsn  to  relieve  thiMviimvj 
Ic  siiid  si'rvii'(>;  atiil  uIhiio 
Id  during  a  term  of  21  \ai> 
Ige  of  14  years,  or  if  of  m 


me  or  upward*,  nnt  capable  of  gcttini?  a  livpliliond  liy  reaiinn  of  liiinnnr<iia,  hlindnoHfi,  nr  nlhnr  Inlirml- 
(jes.  and  lire  proper  olijprlH  of  chiirily  ;  ami  .iho  to  relieve  Hie  \%  IiIhwh  iiml  rliildreii  (mull  rliililreii 
hi'lii'l!  proper  oliJeelH  iif  cliiirlty)  iif  sueli  hmiiiiicii  nam  Hie  limit  nt' Hum  r  tleiiih  slmll  have  liieii  receivitiK 
„f  hei'ii  enlilleil  to  peiisioiiH,  under  ami  liy  vimie  of  Huh  ml,  rnnii  Hie  ftiml  lutrelty  lo  he  1  rit:il<'il,  itg 
(liM'ri'pil  or  worn-iiilt  Hitiimeii,  provided  that  no  wlilow  Hliall  hit  eiilitled  to  tiny  lieiielll  iiiiiler  Huh  ari, 
Hhon'i''"  not  have  liiteii  Hie  wife  til' such  seaman  or  pensioner  liefure  he  Ijeriiiiie  eiilillitd  to  relief 
iitiiler  itt*  provisions  :  provliled  nevertheless,  that  no  seaman  slitill  he  entitled  to  any  provisimi  or  lieiiu- 
filiif  tills  act,  on  iiccoiinl  of  any  hurl  or  datiiaife  received  on  liuanl  any  ship  or  vessil,  unless  he  pro- 
iliirct,  or  cause  to  he  produced,  a  cerlilicate  of  the  salil  hurt  or  damaire  from  the  iiitisler,  male,  hoat- 
swtiiii,  and  surgeon,  or  so  many  of  them  as  were  in  the  vessel  to  which  lie  heloimed  at  Hie  time  of  liin 
rpcitiviiiK  such  litirt  or  ilaiiinRe,  or  of  the  iiiastitr  and  2  of  the  seamitn,  if  there  lii>  no  mhiT  othcer,  or 
in  ctise  the  master  shall  ilitt,  or  lie  killed  or  drowned,  Hieii  of  the  person  who  shall  takit  ii|iiiii  lum  tlio 
(.„rit  of  tint  ship  nr  vessel,  and  2  of  the  seamen  on  hoanl  the  same  11 11  tier  their  hands  ami  sitils,  Hiereliy 
^luiiifyim;  how  and  in  what  iiianiier  such  setiiiian  reccivitd  such  hurt  or  damage,  whether  in  liKhtiiig, 
ilefeiitling,  working,  loading,  or  unloading  the  stiid  ship  or  vessel,  where  and  when  hit  eiitereil,  and 
liinv  long  In)  had  serveil  on  hoanl  the  stiiiie  ;  ami  the  (larties  so  sigiitng  and  sealing  such  cerlilii  ato 
nrii  hereby  rcntiireil  to  make  oath  to  the  truth  thereof  b  ■fore  some  justice  of  the  peace,  if  given  in 
(;rittit  llritaiti  nr  Ireland,  or  the  chief  nllicer  of  the  ciistoiiis  of  the  port  or  place  where  there  is  nojiis- 
(iceof  Ibe  peace,  or  before  the  lirilish  consul  or  resident  in  any  foreign  country  vvlntrit  snili  crrtilicate 
i,  exiciited  (who  are  respectively  authorised  ami  required  to  administer  the  same  wiilioiil  tee  or 
ri'waril);  ami  in  case  of  sickness,  whereby  such  seaman  shall  be  rendered  iiictipable  of  service,  a  cur- 
tlliitiile,  signed,  sealed,  and  aiiHieiiticated  in  like  iiiaiincr,  signifying  that  he  was  ietilHiy  wiien  he 
cnlitroit  on  board  such  ship  or  vessel,  and  that  such  sickness  was  conlracled  on  board  tint  same,  or  on 
fhiire  in  doing  his  duty  in  the  service  of  the  ship,  and  not  otherwise,  and  expressing  the  ti-ie  and  place 
hiM'iitcritil  on  hoard  such  ship  or  vessel,  and  how  long  he  had  served  therein;  and  lli.it  no  widow, 
I'hilil,  or  children  of  any  seaman  killed,  slain,  or  drowmtd  in  the  said  service,  shall  Ik-  relieveil  or  eiiti- 
llf.l  111  any  allowance  by  virtue  of  this  act  unless  she  or  they,  or  some  person  on  her  or  their  behalf, 
shall  pr'ilnce  a  cerlilicate,  signed,  sealed,  and  authenticated  in  like  iiianner,  signifying  liow  tind  in 
wliiil  iiKiniier  such  seiiman  lost  his  life  in  the  service?  of  the  said  ship  or  vessel,  the  time  ami  place  he 
Piiieri'il  on  board,  anil  how  long  he  had  served  Hiereiii ;  and  that  no  widow,  child,  or  cliildien  of  any 
si'iiinan  in  the  said  service  shall  be  entilled  to  any  reliitf  by  virtue  of  this  act,  unless  slut  or  Hny  shall 
pniibici',  or  cause  to  bit  produced,  a  certilicate  under  the  hands  and  seals  of  the  iiiiiiisler  and  clnin  h- 
warilitiis  and  overseers  of  the  |ioor  of  the  parish,  township,  or  place,  or  any  2  of  tlieiii,  or  under  the 
lilniUand  seals  of  the  minister  ami  overseers  of  the  poor  of  the  |iarisli,  township,  or  place,  or  any  2 
of  tliitiii.  where  there  are  no  chnrchwardens,  or  if  in  Scoil.iml,  by  the  minister  and  elders,  or  if  in  Ire- 
lanil,  liy  a  justice  of  the  peace  for  the  parish,  towiishi(i,  or  place  where  such  widow,  &c.  shall  at  llio 
lime  reside,  and  if  such  widow,  &c.  are  some  of  the  people  called  (linikers,  then  by  any  2  repntahlo 
piTsiins  of  that  persuasion  of  Hie  parish,  township,  or  (ilace  where  such  widow,  &.c.  have  a  legal  set- 
tlitinent,  or  do  inhabit  ami  reside,  to  he  attested  by  2  or  more  credible  witnesses  tliat  such  widow  was 
ttiii  lawful  wife  and  real  widow,  and  that  such  child  or  children  was  or  were  the  hiwful  cliibl  orcliild- 
ri-niif  sikIi  deceased  seaman  as  aforesaid,  and  that  such  child  or  children  is  or  are  under  the  aire  of 
14  years,  nr  if  of  that  age  or  upwards,  not  capable  of  getting  a  livelihood  by  reason  of  lameniss,  bliiul- 
ncsn,  nr  other  iiifirniilies,  and  is  or  are  proper  objects  of  itharity  ;  and  thai  iioseaimin  shall  be  provided 
for  by  1  pension  nr  otherwise,  as  decrepit  or  worn  out,  unless  he  have  served  in  the  inercliant  siTvice 
for  the  space  of  five  years,  and  liave  during  that  time  paid  the  monthly  duly  out  of  his  wages,  imposed 
bv  the  act  20  Geo.  2.  c.  ,'!S.,  or  by  this  act  required  to  be  henceforward  paid  and  deducted,  as  the  case 
iiiay  happen,  for  the  uses  and  purposes  herein  provided.—}  2. 

Fiiraerij  of  CcWi^cffl^e.— Forged  certilictites  to  be  null  and  void  ;  and  those  knowingly  using  thoin  to 
be  liable  m  the  punishment  of  an  incorrigilile  rogue.— {  3. 

C!i)iiW.«.— The  president  and  5  assistants  to  make  a  court,  who  are  to  meet  weekly.  The  rniirt  may 
apply  the  inonies  of  the  corporation,  and  appoint  the  otiicers  and  their  salaries,  and  do  all  other  mat- 
ters ami  things  necessary.— J  J.  . 

AW  Miislem  and  Oinnirs  nf  Merchant  Ships  or  Vesacl.i,  S;r.  to  pay  2,?.  per  Month. — For  cITecting  the 
ends  and  purposes  aforesaid,  every  master  of  any  merchant  ship  or  vessel  belonging  to  any  liritish 
giilijert,  and  every  owner,  being  a  Hrilisli  subject,  navigating  or  working  his  own  sliip  or  vessel,  wlie- 
thi>rthit  saiil  ship  or  vessel  be  emplnyitd  on  the  high  sen,  or  coasts  of  Great  llritaiti  or  Ireland,  or  in 
any  port,  bay,  or  creek  of  the  same,  shall,  from  and  after  the  31st  day  of  Uecember,  \H'M,  pay  24-.  per 
miii.lli,  and  jiroporlionably  for  a  lesser  time,  during  the  time  he  or  they  shall  be  employed  in  such 
merchant  sliip  or  vessel,  for  the  uses  and  purposes  aforesaid  :  provided  always,  that  such  masters  or 
owners,  nr  their  widows,  and  chililren  under  II  years  of  age,  or  being  objects  of  charity  as  aforesaid, 
sliail  be  entilled  to  a  proportionate  incre.ise  of  the  pension  or  allowance  by  this  act  provided,  accord- 
inL'toIhe  dilTerence  between  Ihe  ainount  of  the  monthly  duty  paid  by  other  seaiii(>n,  mariners,  and 
pilots,  ill  Ihe  case  such  master  or  owner  shall  have  paid  the  2,s-.  per  month  for  a  period  of  5  years  or  60 
nioiiihs  before  any  application  to  the  said  president  and  governors  for  relief  under  this  act  ;  but  in  case 
any  such  master  or  owner  be  killed  or  drowned,  or  become  decrepit,  maimed,  or  disabled,  before  he 
oribey  shall  have  paid  such  increased  rale  of  2.y.  per  niontii  t'or  the  full  period  of  5  years  or  (lO  months 
as  aforesaid,  then  such  masters  or  owners,  or  their  widows  and  children,  shall  be  entilled  to  such 
sinallitr  pension  or  allowance  as  the  said  president  and  governors,  or  the  trustees  to  be  appointed, 
siiall  think  fit.— J  5. 

All  Seamen,  or  other  Persons  scnjinir  on  hoard  such  Ships  or  Vessels,  to  pay  \s.  per  Month. — Every 
seaman  or  other  person  whatsoever  who  shall  serve  or  be  employed  in  any  merchant  ship,  or  nlhcr 
private  ship  or  vessel,  belonging  to  any  Hritish  subject,  whether  employed  on  the  high  sea,  or  coasts 
of  Great  Britain  or  Irelaiiil,  or  in  any  port,  bay,  or  creek  of  the  same,  and  every  pilot  employed  on 
taril  any  such  ship  or  vessel,  shall,  from  and  after  the  31st  day  of  December,  1834,  pay  \s.  per  month, 
andprnpiirlionably  for  a  lesser  time,  during  the  time  he  or  they  shall  be  employeil  in  or  belong  lo  the 
saiil  ship  or  vessel,  for  the  uses  and  pnr|ioses  aforesaid  :  provided  that  this  act  shall  not  be  construed 
toc.ttenil  to  any  person  employed  in  taking  lisli  in  any  boat  upon  any  of  the  coasts  of  fireat  Kritain 
or  Ireland,  or  the  islands  of  Guernsey,  .lersey,  Alderiiey,  Sark,  and  Man,  nor  to  any  person  employed 
in  boats  or  vessels  that  trade  only  from  place  to  place  within  any  riverof  Wreat  ilritain  or  Ireland. — $0. 
Masters  of  Ships  to  keep  in  their  Hands  \s.  per  Month  out  of  Seamen's  Pay. — The  ninsler,  owner,  or 
commander  of  every  such  merchant  or  private  ship  or  vessel  is  hereby  required  to  deduct  out  of  the 
wases,  shares,  or  other  profits  payable  to  seamen  or  other  persons  cinployed  on  board  such  ship  or 
vessel  (Other  than  those  hereby  exci>pted),  Ihe  said  inonthly  duty,  and  shall  pay  the  same,  together 
with  the  anioiiiitof  the  duty  owing  from  himself,  to  such  olHcer  or  otiicers  as  shall  be  lawfully  appointed 
atanynf  the  out-ports  for  collecting  the  said  duty  of  \s.  per  month,  if  such  seamen  or  other  persona 
be  entilled  In  any  such  wages,  shares,  or  protlts  —  J  7. 

Appoiiilmenis  of  iifceiBcr.-'.— President  and  governors,  with  the  concurrence  of  commissioners  of 
customs,  to  appoint  such  persons  to  receive  Hie  monthly  duties  at  Ihe  out-ports  as  they  may  think  (it, 
making  them  a  retisonable  allowance  for  their  trouble,  which  is  nut,  however,  in  any  case,  to  exceed 
Spercent.  on  the  gross  sum  collected. — }  8. 


\ 


3 


;*!■ 


462 


SEAMEN  (ESTABLISHMENT  FOR). 


'MiK"'  ' 

-".« 

%^ 

•f* 

M£ 

•■«• 

El:; 

Mwr*--" 

■  1 

aMM"^-'  - 

...... 

«* 

,  -lUt 

.  ..  villi 

;,-,(»iii» 

t 


i0l> 


••  •■  .-,i,i»i 

3i» 


fc..-*  ■■"•"„ 


!»'* 


(japisiB!»''7 


MmUt  Roll.— E\efy  mniter  If  to  Keep  a  true  and  ftUhfiil  minter  roll  of  the  crew  of  hl«  »hlp,  «ppr|. 
fylngin  writlnif  llic  nnnif  ofevery  oneof  rlie  crow,  InrludliiK  apprenticed,  with  the  various  piirllnihi,, 
nslolhi-  pliircoCfiirh  pi-rBon'H  liirtlMlie  place  anil  time  (il'hlii  entry  to  iho  glilp,  the  plncr  unil  lUniM,! 
hia  ili«<  liarite  fmni  or  IciivinR  tin!  siinie,  and  If  he  l>«  illiicliaried  or  left,  with  the  other  purlituU,, 
•perilled  in  the  siilpjolned  forinulii.  In  the  event  of  his  being  hurt,  killed,  &c.  ;— 

A  I.i»t  and  Acroiint  of  the  Crew  (incluilinu  the  Master  and  Anpronllces)  of  tlio  Ship  ,  of  Hip 

I'ortof  ,  whereof  is  the  M^isler,  at  the  Period  of  her  Departure  from  Iho  l'ijrii,| 

in  the  United  Kingdoni,  and  on  her  Reliirn  lo  the  I'ort  of  In  the  Lnut,] 

Kingdom,  and  uIko  of  ihoau  who  have  Joined  the  Ship  at  any  lime  during  the  Voyage. 


Mm\ 

Pl.cti  of 

nac 

e  ind  Time  of  Entry. 

riire  nriil  Tinin  of  Div 

ctarKf,  or  Itavinn 

Ijip  Ship. 

ml 

4V4 

3  --  r 

i 

D,y. 

^!onth.     Tear. 

D,y. 

Mnnih.    Vtar. 

1*    t  i 

'^tiis 

^.. 

'•^llMlr 

t.l.d. 

' 

UuplirnleH  of  IIiIh  nrcount  are  to  be  dellverctd  to  the  coUeclors  of  Ihc  duties  at  the  port  where  ilie 
vessel  (lischar(ie»  ;  iind  any  master  or  commander  iiegleiling  lo  keep  such  musler  roll,  and  neujirin,,', 
or  refiisini!  to  diliver  it  to  the  collectorg  of  Ihe  duties,  shall  forfeil  for  every  such  otfenre  lliti  «ii,||„J 
61.  The  colleclors  are  to  transmit  to  the  president  and  governors  the  duplicales  received  from  „„|| 
vessels  as  do  iu)t  belong  to  the  port  of  discharge  ;  anil  the  latter  are  lo  transmit  them  to  lln;  iju,,,,. 
Colleclors  neglecting  to  iransmil  such  diiplicales  incur  a  penally  of  .'5/.— J  9. 

Mi.ilers  til  iluliicl  I'ciiiillirs  from  /tViirc*.— The  master  of  every  ship  coming  wllhin  the  provisinnsof 
this  act  shall  deiluct  out  of  liio  wages  of  the  seamen  thereof  Ihe  amount  of  all  forfeilures  Inciirrcij  In 
any  such  seauien,  and  every  muster  is  hereliy  required  truly  to  enter  Ihe  same  In  u  hook  lo  Im  kf|ii|,; 
him  for  Ihat  purpose,  whiiii  shall  lie  siL'iied  liy  tiie  maslcr  and  the  person  next  In  conuiiaml.  Imihi/i 
them  crrlifyi'ig  thai  it  coniains  all  the  forfeilures  which  have  been  incurred  hy  Ihe  seamen  ol'llic  t,!,,, 
during  Ihe  voyage,  lo  Ihe  truth  whereof  the  master  shall  make  oath  when  required  before  Ihe  nillif', 
of  ilie  pn-sideut  anil  governors  in  London,  or  before  llieir  colleclors  at  the  out-poris  ;  ami  ijn' saij 
book,  or  a  Iriie  copy  Ihireot  signed  and  cerlified  as  aforesaid,  shall,  williin  I  calendar  moiilh  afurtlii. 
uhlp's  relurn  from  her  voyage,  lie  delivered  lo  the  said  ollicer  by  the  inasler,  logelhiT  with  i:.xir,i,|s 
from  Ihe  lou-hook  of  the  enlries  llii  rein  of  Ihe  causes  of  the  several  forfeilures :  and  evrry  muster 
who  shall  refuse  or  neglect  lo  deliver  such  account  shall  forfeit  and  pay  the  sum  of  20/.— }  10. 

/■.'xamiHO/iun  .'/.Va.>rcr«,  i^c.— Collertors  may  summon  masters  of  vessels,  and  examine  llieiii  upon 
oath  as  to  the  trulh  of  the  miisler-rolls  ;  masters  refusing  lo  appear  or  to  answer,  to  forfeil  12'.-{  || 

iieffHiatioii.i  IIS  lo  Oorernment  *7ii/)«-.— Secretaries,  &c.  of  public  government  olHces  to  give  in  a  list 
of  ships  and  vessels  employed  in  their  service,  and  of  the  seamen  or  other  persons  employed  in  gudi 
ships  or  vessels  j  and  the  treasurers,  &.c.  of  such  offices  are  to  pay  no  wages  or  freight  lo  any  niaalir, 
&c.  iinlil  he  produce  an  aciiuillmce  signed  hy  receiver  of  dulies.— }  12. 

Payment  vf  Duties.— Tha  said  monthly  duties  are  lo  he  paid  at  the  port  where  the  ship  or  vessel  im. 
loads  iier  cargo,  bcfure  she  be  cleareilimrards  ;  and  all  olhcersare  Interdicted  from  granling  aiiycoclitli, 
transire,  &e.,  or  permllliiig  any  vessel  lo  go  out  of  any  port,  unless  it  afipear  by  Ihe  acquiuanccsof 
the  collectors  of  the  said  ilulles  that  Ihey  are  not  more  than  3  months  in  arrear  of  the  same  ;  cvitv 
oflicer  acting  contrary  lo  this  regulation  to  forfeit  10/.  Hut  masters  or  owners  may  agree  Willi  ihe 
trustees  and  collectors  for  half  yearly  payniciits. — i  13. 

Preveiiliun  nf  delay. — To  prevent  unnecessary  delay,  it  Is  enacted,  Ihat  if  masters  fail  to  produce 
proper  aciiuitiance  or  certificate  of  agreement,  tidewaiiers  to  be  continued  on  board  at  their  cxpenw 
-}11. 

Penalties  by  this  act  recoverable  before  a  magistrate.—)  15. 

.Appoint  me  lit  of  Trusteis.  »^-c.— I'roni  and  after  the  Ist  day  of  October,  1834,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  ifce 
owners,  masters,  and  commanders  employed  on  board  ships  and  vessels  belonging  to  any  of  llieoui- 
ports  to  assemble  and  meet  at  any  time  and  place  within  ihe  same  Ihat  shall  be  appolnled  by  any  J  or 
moreof  lliem  by  giving  10  days'  previous  notice,  to  be  fixed  at  the  custom-house,  wharf,  quay,  or  iitlicr 
public  place ;  and  such  persons,  or  the  greater  part  of  them,  being  i-o  assembled,  are  authoriBcd  I'roni 
time  to  time  10  nominate  and  appoint,  hy  an  instrument  iu  writing  under  their  hands  andstals,  1} 
persons  to  he  iruslees  for  such  out-port,  for  receiving,  collecting,  and  applying  the  said  duties,  which 
trustees  shall  continue  to  act  until  the  2Gth  day  of  Uerember,  IM!).'),  and  until  new  trustees  arc  imnii- 
natcd  and  conliriiied  ;  and  Ihat  williin  10  days  after  the  2(iih  day  of  December  in  each  siicceiillii! 
year,  the  owners,  masters,  &c.  at  such  out-ports  shall  have  power  to  meet  and  choose  15  persons  to 
be  trustees  for  Ihe  year  ensuing,  by  an  instrument  in  writing  under  their  hands  and  se.ili?,  or  the 
majority  of  them  so  nsseuibleil,  having  given  previous  notice  in  the  manner  before  directed  ;  which 
eaid  respective  trustees  shall  continue  from  tiine  to  time  until  new  trustees  are  nnmiiiatud,  iS^c.  as 
aforesaid ;  and  the  said  instrument  shall  be  sent,  free  of  expense,  to  the  president  and  assistants  or 
committees  of  ihe  said  corporation,  who  are  required  to  conlirin  the  saine  under  the  cominun  seal  of 
the  corporation,  without  fee  or  reward,  within  15  days  after  the  receipt  thereof;  which  trustees  when 
80  conhriued  i.aiiil  whereof/i-e  shall  be  a  quorum)  shall  have  Ihe  same  powers  and  authorities  tuniake 
by-laws,  and  lo  revoke  or  alter  Ihe  same,  and  to  receive  and  apply  any  sums  of  money  which  shall 
be  contriliuled,  devised,  or  bequeathed  by  any  well-disposed  persons  for  the  purposes  aforesaid,  and 
to  appoint  receivers  and  other  officers,  and  to  collect,  receive,  pay,  and  apply  the  said  duliesoffe. 
per  month  and  Is,  per  month  so  to  he  allowed  and  paid  by  the  seamen  or  other  persons  serving  on 
board  any  ship  or  vessel  belonging  to  such  persons,  at  such  oul-porls,  according  to  such  rules,  orders, 
and  regulations  as  are  or  shall  be  established  by  virtue  and  in  pursuance  of  this  act,  or  have  been 
established  and  conlinued  under  the  provisions  of  the  act  20  Geo.  2.  c.  3tj.,  so  far  as  the  same  arc  not 
inconsistent  with  or  repealed  or  varied  by  Ihe  provisions  of  this  act;  and  the  said  receivers  and  other 
officers  shall  have  the  same  powers  and  authorities  as  the  other  receivers  and  othcers  n|ipiiintediii 
pursuance  of  this  act,  and  shall  be  liable  to  the  same  penalties  and  forfeitures  :  provided  always,  that 
if  the  Inslrument  of  trust  be. not  sent  to  the  president  and  assistant  or  committees  within  OOdaysafier 
every  appointment  of  trustees,  the  trust  Ihereby  created  shall  he  considered  void,  and  the  trustees 
appointed  under  it  as  discharged  from  the  same  ;  and  that  the  president  and  governors  shall  have 
power  to  appoint  a  receiver  or  receivers  for  the  port  or  place  from  which  such  inslrument  of  trust  has 
not  been  sent,  for  collecting  the  forenienlioned  dulies  and  allowances  payable  at  such  port  or  place 
aforesaid;  and  Ihe  said  president  and  governors  shall  have  power  to  demand  from  the  outgoinj 
trustees  of  such  port  or  place  an  account  in  writing  of  the  former  management  of  such  void  trust,  anil 
also  to  demand  payment  from  such  trustees  of  any  balance  which  may  ot  the  time  of  such  defauli 
be  in  Iheir  hands,  who  are  hereby  required  to  pay  Ihe  same  to  such  receiver  appointed  as  aforesaid, 
together  with  the  books  of  account  and  other  books  belonging  lo  such  trustees  relative  to  such  trust. 
•■  J  16 


0. 


e  erew  of  hii  ■hip,  »por|. 
til  IhR  varliiiiii  piirtiniliitt 
lilp,  the  pliicc  uiul  iiiiKMM 
Mth  the  other  purticuUtj 

lio  Ship  .nfihi. 

epartiirc  from  the  I'dric^i 
ill  Ihu  LhiitJ 
iho  Voyage, 


L.i.d. 


tics  at  Ihc  port  vvliprei|,e 
iiMiMtor  mil,  imkI  ii<'i;li'rih,|i 
•y  Hiiih  otronin  I  lie  siiiiini 
liliciili's  roceiviid  fioiu  «ufi 
ruimiiiit  them  to  th«  lume 

ig  within  the  prnviiiimuf.f 
1"  nil  fiirt'einires  iiinirrnlliy 
lliiu  in  u  bonk  to  lie.  kcjil  ij 

next  in  oonuiiaiiil,  iKJihii' 
il  by  the  ccniiien  cirHii;  Miip 
I  reqiiireil  befiire  Ibe  nHitit 
ilic  out-ports  ;  anil  ilie  n\i 

1  calendar  iiioiilh  afurtlic 
stcr,  toBelhcr  with  c^ximd 
fcilurcs :  niiil  every  luusler 
lesiiniofao/.— {  10. 
Is,  and  cxaniine  lliemiipon 
answer,  to  forfeit  12'.—}  H 
ncnl  oliices  to  give  in  a  list 
r  persons  employed  in  suUi 
;es  or  freight  lo  any  niasttr, 

iVhcrc  the  ship  or  vessel un. 
il  from  granting  any  cockels, 
pear  by  the  ac(iiiiitance8of 
arrear  of  the  same  ;  every 
>wner8  may  agree  with  ilie 

t  if  mnsters  fail  lo  produc? 
d  on  board  at  their  cxpenH'. 


14,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the 

lelonging  lo  any  of  the  out- 

ill  be  appointed  by  any  5 or 

joiise,  wharf,  quay, or  otlicr 

mbled,  arc  aullioriscil  from 

.-  their  bands  and  scnls,  1} 

lying  the  said  duties,  wliicii 

ntil  new  trustees  are  nrani- 

eniber  in  each  succeedin! 

:et  and  choose  15  persons  to 

ir  hands  and  seiils,  or  llie 

ner  before  directed  ;  wliitli 

teea  are  nominated,  &c.  as 

iresident  and  assistants  or 

under  the  common  seal  of 

reof;  which  trustees  wlien 

ersand  authorities iDniake 

unis  of  money  wliitli  sliall 

he  purposes  aforesaid,  and 

ipply  the  said  duties  of  Ss. 

r  other  persons  serving  on 

rding  tosuch  rules,  orders, 

of  this  act,  or  have  been 

so  far  as  the  same  are  not 

he  said  receivers  and  olliet 

8  and  oflicers  appointed  in 

res:  provided  always, thai 

[littees  within  COilaysafier 

red  void,  and  tlie  trustees 

and  governors  shall  have 

ich  instrument  of  trust  lias 

rahle  at  such  port  or  place 

Jeiiiand  from  the  outgoin,' 

[lent  ofsHch  void  trust,  ami 

It  the  time  of  such  default 

er  appointed  as  aforesanl, 

tees  relative  to  sucli  itusi. 


SEAMEN  (AMERICAN).  4M 

jlpjininlmtKli  on  /J'/iu/r— Tlipun  arn  not  to  he  rcvocnhio  within  5  yonm.— J  17. 

hWmfi  7V««<c/'».— Triisteeii  prcvioiiily  uppoititud  ul  the  aeveriil  owt-portH  to  bo  iuh|ncl  to  th.i  pro- 
vislniiH  of  this  art.—}  IH. 

Triifitri  in  Hri«tul.  —  '\'\)e  corporation  of  the  Merchants  Ventiirem  of  llnatol  are  appointed  trnsters 
fur  tlif  duties,  ifcc.  received  (here  i  and  empowered  to  hold  lands,  Ilc.  for  the  piirpoio  of  Ihi*  act. 
-)  lit. 

Hull  TriiftKt.—'VUa  guild  of  tho  Trinlty-houso  of  Kiiigston-iipnn-IIull  appointed  truntecg  for  tho 
iliiiies.  *!'.  received  there.— J  i2(). 

(Irtntdfk  anil  (lliisgiiin,  i^r.— The  pints  of  (Jlasgow,  firoenock,  and  Port  (ilasgow,  *r.  to  be  deemed 
nne  united  port,  and  masters  of  sliipit  belonging  thereto  to  elect  trustees  for  cullecliiig  duties,  tic— 

Tnirn'miniiiiin  of  ,/?fci)«n(<.— Trustees  of  nut-ports  to  transmit  accounts  of  the  yearly  receipts  and 
,.x|i(Muliinre  to  prcBiilent  and  governors  -J  22. 

'/Villi""!'"'!""  "/ """•'•'"■  /ill//*.  — Collectors  appointed  by  trustees  or  corpiiratinns  aforesaid  are  ex- 
fi'pleil  from  sending  duplicate  of  niUHler  rolls  to  the  president  and  assislaiits.— J)  23. 

S,.i'lliiiis  21  mill  2.').  enact  that  im  seamaii  shall  be  entitled  to  the  beiielit  of  this  act  unless  he  pays 
(he  duly ;  anil  that  those  seamen  who  have  served  loiigi'sl  shall  be  first  provided  lor. 

.Wiiiiiiii/  Seamen  to  be  provided  for  at  the  port  wlore  the  accident  happens.  — i}  2<i. 

'l)\Mililfil  Scanirn  having  served  uiul  paid  S  yeur.s,  to  bu  provided  for  where  they  have  contributed 
niost.-}27. 

Sfiim'i  fliipwreekril,  iir  made  Vrifonrm  hy  Ihe  F.nenni,  may  he  ri'lievi'd. — J  2H. 

Il'/iirc  rf/rular  Ceilijicales  ranniil  tie  iititmneil,  nlhrrK  iiiuy  he  uiliiiillcil.—  \n  all  cr.ses  where  the  certill- 
rali'S  ilireeli'd  to  be  proiliu'.ed  by  Ihi.s  act  for  tlie  piirposi>  nf  imiIIiIiiii;  parlies  to  relief  and  siip|iorl  can- 
niii  111!  iilil.'iini'd,  SOI  II  other  ceriilicates  as  shall  be  salisl'aetory  lo  Ilie  pri'siilent  iiiiil  eovrrnors  or  triis- 
li,|.rt  ri'speelively  sliall  lie  received  anil  allowed,  ho  as  to  entitle  the  party  producing  the  same  to  tho 
piiisiiiiis  or  other  relief  provided  by  lliis  ait.— J  2!). 

Ifiii'i.'  "f  ilerra^-cil  Sniniin  In  be  pniti  In  the  J'rii.-liea. — All  siiiiis  of  money  due  for  wages  to  any  sea- 
iiinn,  niiiriner,  or  oilier  person  enssat'ed  on  board  any  Hrilisli  iiiereliant  ship  in  any  purl  or  ports  in 
riri'iil  lirilaiii  and  Ireland,  who  slitill  have  died  on  bnaril  iliiriiii;  the  voyaL'e,  sliall,  within  ^  iiiontha 
afler  III'' arrival  of  hiu  h  ship  in  any  port  of  (ireat  llrilaiii  and  Inland,  bi^  paid  to  llie  Irnslees  of  the 
s;iid  |Mrt  appoiiiti'il  ill  pursiianie  of  this  act,  or  to  the  nceiver  or  enllei'l.ir  or  other  iiuilioriseil  agent 
if  Ihi'  sail!  president  and  ifoveriiors,  where  there  are  no  such  trustees,  to  and  for  llie  use  of  i  lie  evecii- 
tirs  or  iiilniinislrators  of  the  seaiiiaii  or  other  (lerson  so  dyiiia  ;  and  in  case  no  claim  shall  be  made  on 
(he  said  iriislees  by  sin  h  e.xeciiliirs  or  adininistriiiors  on  aecuunt  of  mhIi  wages,  williiii  I  year  afler 
Die  iiaiui'  have  been  paid  over,  llien  the  said  trustees  shall  remit  the  same  to  the  collei  tor  or  receiver 
iiriillier  llieir  aiillioriseil  agent  of  ilie  president  anil  governors  at  the  |iorl  of  London,  in  sin  h  maiiner 
niul  limes  as  llie  said  president,  fcr.  shall  direct,  to  and  for  the  use  of  the  exeeiilors  or  uilmiiiislralori 
iif  ihe  seaman  or  other  person  so  d>  iiig  ;  and  in  case  no  claim  sliall  be  iiiaile  on  tlie  said  presiileiil,  &c. 
hy  the  e.\eeiitors,  &c.  of  such  seaman  on  aicouui  of  such  waues  wiiliiii  1  year  afler  Hie  same  shall 
hnve  lieeii  tirsi  paid  over  to  their  collector,  llien  it  shall  lie  lawful  fur  them  to  direil  such  wages  to  ho 
iiaid  over  (hut  wilhoul  interest  for  the  same)  to  Ihe  widow,  or  if  there  be  no  widow  ilaiiiiiiiL',  then 
III  111,'  III  IV  I'll  I  issue  respectively,  or  siieh  persons  as  liy  virliie  of  Ihe  st  a  lutes  of  ilislribiilion  of  in  I  es- 
tates'ellecls  shall  be  entitled  to  the  same;  and  if  any  master  or  eommaniler  of  any  nierihaiit  ship 
nVijiect  or  refuse  to  pay  over  to  the  said  trustees,  or  the  receiver  or  collector  at  the  port  aforesaid,  all 
mahsiiins  of  money  within  the  time  before  limited,  he  shall  forteit  for  every  such  ollence  double  the 
aiiioiint  of  the  sums  of  money  due  to  any  seaman  or  other  person  for  \vai:es  — ;  IIP. 

(('i.i'f.<,  if  iKit  (leiiiiiiided  in  3  Years  by  representatives,  to  go  to  the  use  of  the  president  and  govern- 
ors, or  the  Iriistees  of  the  respcitive  ports.— J  HI. 

Pmimnil  In  Hiaiiien's  Iloapilal  in  /.u?i(/on.— President  and  coveriiors  to  pay  5  per  cent  out  of  duties 
received  hy  them  I'roiii  seamen  in  the  port  of  London  to  the  Seumeii's  Hospital  Society  in  that  port. 
_}  3'I 

Dedurtiiins  from  Gross  JImount.. — It  shall  bo  lawful  for  the  receiver  or  collector  or  other  authorised 
.iseiit  ;if  Ihe  president  and  governors  at  the  port  of  London,  and  he  is  hereby  authorised,  to  deduct,  and 
receive  friiiii  the  gross  aiiioinit  of  such  sums  of  money  as  shall  Ue  derived  from  the  iiiielaiiiied  waueg 
of  defeased  senmeii,  received  by  him  in  respect  of  such  wages,  ,'j  per  cent,  in  satislaciion  of  all  ex- 
pense.'! and  trouble  he  may  be  put  to  in  the  n.'ceipt,  collection,  or  transmission  thereot'. 

The  cniilributions  to  the  new  fund  will,  most  likely,  ninntint  to  about  r30,0()0/.  a  year; 
so  that,  if  it  be  discreetly  anil  economically  matiagcil,  it  will  alVuni  the  means  of  suitably  jiro- 
viding  for  a  large  number  of  disabled  merchant  seamen,  us  well  as  for  the  wives  and  children 
of  tiiiise  who  have  lost  their  lives  in  that  service.  The  distressing  cimscijuences  of  those 
■iccidenls  and  casualties  lo  which  scanicn  arc  so  peculiarly  liable,  will  tliu.s  be  materially  re- 
duced ;  so  that  the  service  will,  in  fact,  be  rendered  less  hazardous,  and  more  respcctaide. 

Sup.) 
[Seamen  (American). 

We  subjoin  the  principal  statutory  regulations  for  the  protection  and  government  of  sea- 
men in  the  United  States. 

Atl  (if  Ciiv^ress  of  IheWlh  of  Jiibi,\~90.—l!  I.  That  fromandaftcrthefirst  day  of  December  next,  every 
master  or  ciunmander  of  any  ship  or  vessel  bound  fr<iin  a  port  in  the  Uii lied  States  to  any  foreign  port, 
iirnf  any  ship  or  vessel  of  the  burthen  of  fifly  tons  or  upwards,  hound  from  a  port  in  one  state  to  a 
port  in  any  other  than  an  adjoining  slate,  shall,  before  he  proceed  on  such  voyaire,  make  an  agreement 
in  writiii!.' or  in  print,  with  every  seaman  or  mariner  on  board  siicli  ship  or  vessel  (except  such  as 
shall  he  apiirentice  or  servant  to  himself  or  owners)  declaring  the  voyage  or  voyages,  term  or  terms 
nf  lime,  fur  wiiich  such  seaman  or  mariner  shall  be  siiipped.  And  if  any  master  or  commander  of  such 
fliip  or  vessel,  shall  carry  out  any  seaman  or  mariner  (except  apiireiiiices  or  servants  as  aforesaid) 
without  such  contract  or  agreement  being  first  made  and  signed  by  the  seamen  and  mariners,  such 
master  or  coiiiinander  shall  pay  to  every  such  seaman  or  mariner,  the  lii'jhest  price  or  wages  which 
shall  have  been  given  at  the  port  or  place  where  such  seaman  or  mariner  shall  have  been  shipped,  tor 
asiinilar  voyage,  within  three  months  next  before  the  time  of  such  shipping:  Pnirii/n/ such  seaman 
or  mariner  sin II  perform  such  voyage  :  or  if  not,  then  for  such  time  as  lie  shall  continue  to  do  duty  on 
board  such  ship  or  vessel  ;  and  shall,  moreover,  forfeit  twenty  ilollars  for  every  such  seaman  or  mari- 
ner.one  half  to  the  use  of  the  person  prosecuting  for  the  sann^  \\w  other  half  to  the  use  of  the  United 
Slates ;  and  such  seaman  or  mariner,  not  having  signed  such  contract,  shall  not  be  bound  by  the  regit  • 
latiiins,  nor  suliject  to  the  penalties  and  forfeitures,  contained  in  this  act. 

}2  That  at  the  foot  of  every  such  contract,  there  shall  be  a  nii'innrandiiin  in  writing,  of  the  day 
and  the  hour  on  which  such  seaman  or  mariner,  who  shall  so  ship  iind  subscribe,  shall  render  them- 
selves on  board,  to  begin  the  voyage  agreed  upon.    And  if  any  aitch  seaman  or  mariner  shall  nefjlect 


464 


SEAMEN  (AMERICAN). 


8S*.  v..  J 


.Ml'-  \.       Ul 


'ff^'  r..  J! 


•iigl< 


r^i 


to  ronder  hlm««1f  on  boiird  the  ihlp  nr  veiiel,  for  which  hf  hai  ihlppei),  at  the  lime  m«ntlnn<>ri  in  mirh 
mcmnruniliiiii,  nnil  If  thn  innati'r,  niiiiinnriilvr,  or  oilier  (itllcKr  of  ihc  ililp  or  vnaai'l,  iliull,  im  ihc  day 
on  wlilrli  mich  ni'Kl)'i't  Imppciii'il,  miikc  nii  oiilry  In  llii'  lnuhiiok  <if  hiicIi  olup  nr  vriidi'l,  nf  llin  riiiini'  nf 
piicli  atninmn  or  nmrlni'r,  iiiid  nlmll,  In  like  niiuinor,  iiolr  tlii-llnio  Hint  hi!  »o  mpkIimIimI  In  miiliT  Inii, 
ni'ir,  (tifli'r  lliu  llnii-  iippniiilcill,  overy  mich  nciiiniin  nr  niiirliH'r  iiliall  fnrfi'il,  I'nr  I'Vrry  liniir  v\  lii<  h  i,, 
Kliall  an  ni^KliM'l  In  ri'iiilcr  hliiiHi'ir,  nni:  iliiy'H  piiy,  iicrnrilliiK  In  tlii!  raliMJl'  wiiK*''  nuri'i'ij  ii|iiiii,  i,,  i, 
iIriIiicIimI  nnl  nf  III*  wiiBca.  Anil  If  any  muiIi  aeiirniin  or  nmrlripr  ahiill  whnlly  imuli  rl  In  ri'iidir  Imn 
Ki'lfiin  hniiril  of  anrli  alilp  or  vriiiirl,  nr  linvliiH  rfiiili.Ti'il  liiiiiHi'lf  nn  liniinl,  aim  II  iil'li'rwnnlH  ili'Hirl  m,  | 
i-acnpo,  Hn  Unit  the  alilp  nr  vraacl  prorei'il  In  acii  wlllimil  lilin,  pvrry  aurh  acninnn  nr  innrliii'r  hIh, 
fnrfi'lt  mill  pay  In  llii>  niiiNli'r,  owiii^r,  or  mnNlvni'i',  nf  ilm  hmhI  alii|i  nr  vi'nai'l,  n  anni  i'i|ii»l  tu  iii,,| 
wlilrti  hIiiiII  liiivr  Iii-hm  piilil  In  lilin  liy  ailvaiiiv  at  llif  lliiiiMif  Hl|;i<i>iK  llin  cnnlraul,  nvrr  anil  liiHlili^n  ih. 
Rilin  HO  ailvuiiroil,  hntli  which  aiiiiia  aliall  hi'  rci'iivi-rahli-  In  niiy  I'niirl,  or  lidfnro  liny  Jii»llr«  nr  jiimi,,., 
nf  any  atati',  rlly,  Inwii,  nr  cniinty,  wllliln  tho  TnlliMl  Stiiti'a,  which,  hy  thi!  lawa  liii'ri'iil',  havr  rii|jt,|. 
/.unci'  nf  ih'litii  nf  eipial  viiliii;,  aitaliiHt  am  h  acuniiin  or  ninrlni'r,  ur  hit  luruty  or  aiirutlta,  in  cutein 
(hall  havi'  kIvi'II  anri'ly  to  |irnri>i>il  Ihi'  vnyaRC. 

{  .1.  'I'lial  If  till!  mall!  nr  liint  ninccr  iiiiili'r  tlii!  nuiali'r,  nnil  n  majority  of  thn  crtw  of  any  Rlilp  nrvn. 
•pl,  liniiiiil  nil  a  vnyaiii-  In  any  furi'lKii  pnrt,  aliall,  after  thi!  voya|2)!  la  liritiiii  (anil  lii'fnrt!  tlir  kIii|i,, 
VMaai'l  Mhall  have  lel'l  tin-  lam!)  iliai'nvi'r  that  tlio  aaiil  alil|>  nr  vi-hhi>I  la  Inn  li>aky,  or  la  nthiTwi!!!'  uiiM 
III  hrr  rri!W,  linity,  laikh',  appari'l,  fiiriiltiiru,  prnvlNiniia,nr  alnrua.  In  prncei'il  nil  thi'  inliinih'il  vnyuci, 
anil  Nlmll  roiiniri!  audi  iiiitllni>aa  In  liu  L>Mi|iiiri!il  liiln,  thi!  inaatitr  or  cniniiianilur  aliall,  upon  IId'  ri'i|ur,{ 
of  thn  aniil  niali!  (or  olliiir  olUci'rl  nnil  aiiih  inajnrlly,  fnrlhvvllh  prncci'i!  to  nr  ainp  iit  Ihi:  m'liri'ht,,, 
innat  cniivi'nii!iit  pnri  nr  place  wlieri'  aiicli  uniinlry  can  hi;  nmile,  anil  ahall  Ihern  "(iply  In  llii>  jiid^',.  ,,^ 
till!  ilialrlcl  cniirt.  If  liu  ahall  thi'ril  rnHiih',  nr  If  nol,  In  hhiik!  JiihIIci;  nf  Ihc  peaci!  nl  tin!  clly,  inwii,  i,[ 
placi',  laklnK  with  hliii  twn  or  iniiru  nf  Ihi'  aaiil  crrw,  who  ahall  havi<  inaili)  auch  r(!i|ii<'at ;  iiiiil  iIk.^,.. 
iipnn  aiich  JiiilifH  nr  jiiallcp  la  hi!r»!hy  aiithnrl/.i'il  ami  rcipilri'il  to  iaaue  lilx  pri'ccpl,  (llri!cli'il  in  Uif,,, 
pfraniia  In  Ihii  nitlKlilinrhnml,  Ihn  innal  akilfiil  In  niarlllinii  alfalra,  that  ciiii  hu  prnciiri'il,  rL'i|uiiiii|[  Hi,.,., 
tu  ri'[iair  on  honnl  audi  ahip  or  vcaad,  and  to  nxainlno  tliu  aaino,  in  reaped  to  the  dcfecla  and  iimufii. 
cienciea  coniphilned  of,  and  In  niiike  report  In  hliii,  the  aiild  Jiidgn  or  Jiialico,  In  wrllliiK,  niidrr  i||,.|, 
hnnda,  or  the  hanila  nf  two  of  llieiii,  whether  In  any,  or  In  what,  reaped  the  aald  ahIp  nr  vesael  is  umji 
In  prncecd  on  the  Intended  vnyaire,  nnd  what  addition  of  men,  prnvlaions,  or  aliirea,  or  what  ri'ijan, 
nr  alleratlona  in  the  lindy,  tackle,  or  apparel,  will  he  neceaaary  |  and  upon  audi  repnrt.  Hie  Halil  Jmlte 
or  JUHllcp  Hlinll  ailJiiilKR  and  detennhie,  and  ahall  endorse  nn  Ihc  aald  report  hia  juilKnienI,  whetliir  il,; 
said  ahip  or  veaael  la  III  to  proceed  on  the  intended  voyngn  ;  anil  if  nnl,  whether  auch  repairs  iiin  |,j 
iiindn,  nr  deliciencii'H  aupplied,  wliere  the  ahip  nr  vcaael  then  laya,  or  wliellier  It  he  necessary  fiiriliil 
aald  ahip  nr  veHsel  to  return  to  the  pnrt  from  whence  alie  liral  auiled,  to  he  there  relilled;  nml  Hi^ 
innater  and  crew  ahall  in  all  thiiiKa  cniifnriii  lo  the  aaiil  jiiilgmcnl ;  and  the  masteror  cnniniaiideriiliaii, 
in  the  Aral  inalance,  pay  ail  lite  ciista  of  auch  view,  repnrt,  and  JiidginenI,  In  be  taxed  nnd  allniviMlfiri 
a  fair  copy  thereof,  cerlllled  hy  the  aald  jiiilKe  or  Jiiatlce.  Ihit  if  tlie  cnniplaiiit  nf  tlie  aaid  crew  sliall 
appear,  upon  the  aaid  repnrt  and  judKinenl,  to  have  hecn  without  fnundulioii,  then  the  aaiil  iiiHslor,nt 
tile  owner  or  conaipnee  of  audi  ahip  or  veaael,  ahall  dediirl  the  amount  thereof,  and  nf  rciisijnalii,. 
daninRea  fnr  the  detention  (lo  hj  nacertuined  hy  thn  said  jiidice  or  jnatice)  out  of  tlie  wni;es  (.'riiHinj 
due  to  tlio  complaining  aeainen  or  mariners.  And  if,  after  auch  JiiilKmcnt,  such  ahip  or  vessel  ig  tii  i) 
proceed  on  her  intended  voynKe,  or  after  procuring  such  men,  proviaiona,  atnrea,  repairs,  nr  ultrri. 
lions, as  may  he  directed,  the  said  anninen  or  innrlners,  or  either  of  them,  shall  refuac  In  prurcpil.n 
the  vnyaRe,  It  shall  and  may  he  lawful  for  any  Justice  of  the  peace  to  conmilt,  hy  warrant  under  hit 
hand  and  seal  every  such  seaman  or  mariner  (who  shall  so  refuse)  In  the  common  |i[aiii  nf  liie  loiinu, 
there  In  remain  without  liall  nr  mainprise,  until  he  shall  have  paid  double  the  sum  advnnciMl  tii{|,'„j 
nt  the  time  of  siihscriliini;  the  contract  for  the  voyage,  together  with  such  rcasnnahle  cohIh  as  sliallli( 
nllnwed  hy  the  auidjualice.and  Inserted  In  the  said  warrant,  and  the  aiirety  or  sureties  of  aiichsi.'aiiiiin 
nr  mariner  (in  case  lie  or  tliey  sliall  have  Kiveii  any)  shall  remain  liable  tor  sucli  payment ;  iKjrtliaii 
uny  such  seaman  or  mariner  be  discharged  upnn  any  writ  of  habeas  corpus,  nr  otherwiae,  until  umi, 
sum  be  paid  by  him  or  them,  or  his  or  their  surety  or  sureties,  for  want  of  any  form  of  cnmiiiliineiil.rr 
other  previous  proceedings.  Provided,  That  sutllcient  matter  shall  be  made  to  appear,  upon  tlie  reliirn 
of  Slid)  habeas  corpus  and  an  exanilnutlon  then  to  be  had,  to  detain  him  for  the  causes  hereiiibci'ur! 
assigned. 

i  4.  That  if  any  person  slmll  harbor,  or  secrete,  any  seaman  or  mariner,  belonging  to  any  ship  or 
vessel,  knowing  them  to  belong'  thereto,  every  siicli  person,  on  conviction  thereof,  before  any  conn  m 
the  city,  town  or  county,  where  he,  she,  or  they,  may  reside,  slmll  forfeit  and  pay  ten  dniiars  Tit  tvirv 
liny  which  he,  she,  nr  tlicy,  shall  continue  so  tu  harbor  or  secrete  such  seaman  or  mariner,  nne  liall'i'i 
rho  use  of  the  person  prosecuting  fnr  tlio  same,  the  other  half  to  the  use  of  the  United  iSt.iiesi  auj 
no  sum  exceeding  one  doiiur,  slmll  be  recoverable  from  uny  seaman  or  mariner  by  uny  one  pirsun,  fur 
uny  delil  cnntracted  during  the  time  such  seaman  or  mariner  shall  actually  belong  tu  any  sliiii  ur  vc^. 
sel,  until  the  voyage,  for  wliich  siicli  seaman  or  mariner  engaged,  shall  be  ended. 

i  5.  That  if  any  seaman  or  mariner  wlio  simll  have  subscribed  such  contract  as  is  hercinliernreil;. 
scribed,  slmll  absent  himaelf  from  on  board  the  ahip  or  vessel,  in  which  he  shall  so  iiave  sliiiipej, 
without  leave  of  the  master  or  oiHccr  commanding  on  board  ;  and  tlie  mate,  or  other  ntiicer  liavii'^ 
charge  of  the  logbonk,  shall  make  an  entry  therein  of  the  name  of  such  seaman  or  mariner,  nn  llieilav 
on  which  lie  shall  so  absent  himself,  and  if  such  seaman  or  mariner  slmll  return  to  his  duty  wiiliiii 
forty-eight  hours,  such  seaman  or  mariner  shall  forfeit  tliree  days'  pay  fur  every  day  wliicli  lie  sjiali 
so  absent  himself,  to  he  deducted  out  of  liia  wages  :  but  if  any  seaman  or  mariner  aliall  nliseni  hiinself 
fnr  more  than  forty-eight  hours  at  one  time,  he  shall  forfeit  all  the  wages  due  to  him,  and  all  Ills  fiouili 
and  chattels  which  were  on  hoard  the  said  ship  or  vessel,  or  in  any  store  where  liiey  may  iiine  lieeii 
Indgeil  at  the  lime  of  his  desertion,  to  the  use  of  the  owners  of  the  ship  nr  vessel,  and  iimreovbr  eliall 
be  liable  to  pay  to  him  or  them,  ail  damages  which  he  nr  they  may  sustain  by  being  nhlit'oil  toliire 
other  seamen  or  mariners  in  his  or  their  place  ;  nnd  auch  damages  shall  be  recovered  wllli  costs, in 
any  court,  or  before  uny  Justice  ur  Jiisticcg,  having  jurisdiction  of  the  recovery  of  debts  Ui  tlie  value 
often  dollars,  or  upwards. 

}  6.  That  every  seaman  or  mariner  shall  be  entitled  to  demand  and  receive,  from  the  master  or  com- 
iiiander  of  Hie  ship  or  vessel  tu  which  they  belung,  one-third  part  of  tlie  wages  wliich  shall  lie  diielo 
him,  at  every  port  where  such  ship  or  vessel  shall  unlade  and  deliver  her  cargo  before  tiie  vnyagelie 
ended,  unless  the  contrary  be  expressly  stipulated  in  the  contract :  and  as  sonn  as  the  voyage  is  eiidnl, 
and  the  cargo  or  huilast  be  fully  discharged  at  the  last  port  of  delivery,  every  seaman  nr  niininersliallbe 
entitled  lo  the  wages  wliich  ahall  be  then  due  according  to  his  contract:  and  if  such  wages  sliall  nolle 
paid  witliin  ten  days  after  such  discharge,  or  if  any  dispute  shall  ari.se  between  the  masteranil  seamen 
or  mariners,  touching  the  said  wages,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  tlie  Judge  of  the  district  wliere  the  said 
ship  or  vessel  shall  be,  or  in  case  his  residence  be  mnre  limn  three  miles  from  the  place,  nr  id'  his  ab- 
sence from  the  place  of  hia  residence,  then,  for  any  Judge  or  justice  uf  tlic  peace,  to  siiniiiinn  thi'inaj. 
ter  of  such  ship  nr  vessel  to  appear  before  him,  to  show  cause  why  process  shniiiil  Jiot  i.-^siieapain'! 
such  ship  or  vessel,  her  tackle,  furniture,  and  apparel,  according  to  the  course  of  adinirally  courts,!" 
aii'4'vcr  for  the  suid  wages  :  and  if  the  master  shall  neglect  to  appear,  ur  appearing,  sliuli  hut  sliow 


i ' 


SEAMEN  (AMERICAN). 


465 


ho  llnio  m«ntlonr(l  in  «iifli 
ir  vt'KDi'l,  iilinll,  nil  lhi<  ihiy 
)  or  VfHiii'l,  of  Hip  iiiiini-  ,if 
K  iirulcrluil  ti>  rt'iiiliT  liim. 
I,  fur  I'vrry  limir  w  lili  h  h, 
wiiKi'ii  nKn^i'il  iipoii,  \u  I., 
illy  IinKliit  to  rciiilrr  liiiii. 
Iiiill  iil'tcrwiirilH  ilcniri  m,) 
iKMininii  or  iiinrlm'r  nliu, 
I'HHi'l,  n  mini  I'lpuil  id  nini 
ilriict.ovt'r  mill  IuhIiIch  i||. 
fori!  liny  Jii»llr«  nr  Jiisiin, 

I  llUVH  llU'ri'llf,  llllVi!  Idijiii 

ruty  (ir  mirutlvii,  In  tuav  U 

lincrrw  ofniiy  Klilpnrvn. 
nil  (mill  lii'fori!  III!'  hIiiiii, 
I'liky,  iir  U  ollicrwisf  uii,; 
(m1  on  llii-  iiiliiiiili'il  viiyuiif, 
(lisr  bIiiiII,  Ujion  tli>'  rciiuHsi 

0  or  Hliip  III  till!  m'liri'hiir 
ttiern  miply  I"  tint  jiiiIl'c  iif 

piMCi!  ol  till!  city,  lijwii,i,r 
ti  8Ucti  r(!i|iicHt ;  mill  ilicri;. 
H  prrcopt,  iliriu'liMJ  in  ihre, 
lu  prociiri'il,  rtM|iiiiiiiK  iIihiu 

1  to  lliii  (Icfei'ts  mill  iiisuffi. 
ieo,  In  wrltiiiK.  iiiiiIit  ihi.|, 
(•  fialil  Hliip  or  vi'skiM  in  iimji 
,  or  nlores,  or  wliiil  rcimiri 
Niicli  ri.'piirt,  tlio  Hiild  jiiiij, 
I  liiH  jnilK><>*^'il>^''"'il>*:ril,i! 
Iii'thiir  Huch  ri'piiirs  (niii,, 
llier  it  Im  iitMi'stiiiry  fntiln 

Iju  there  rt'litli^il ;  niiil  tim 
inniitcr  or  I'oniniaiiiliT  «li;ii|, 
to  he  tiixeil  mid  iillnvviMlfin 
piniiit  of  the  Hiiiil  cmw  shall 
on,  then  llie  Hiiiil  iniiatcr.nr 

thereof,  nnil  of  rnisonalilc 
0  out  of  the  wn).M'8  urowim 
,  such  ship  or  vessel  is  fino 
8,  Htores,  repiiirs,  or  ullira. 
I,  Hhall  refuse  to  proceed  m 
iiiitiilt,  hy  wnrrmit  under  hii 
coiiiiiioii  gHol  of  1  lie  loiiniv, 
lie  the  Slim  udviinreil  tulnlii 
rcanonahle  costs  iis  uliall  lie 
kjor  sureties  of  such  seaman 
such  payment ;  imr  tliall 
,  or  otherwise,  iiiilil  sutli 
y  form  of  coiniiiiinienl.or 
to  appear,  upon  llio  rctuin 
for  the  causes  hereiiibcl'ure 

er,  helonging  tn  any  sliipor 
thereof,  heforc  any  coiiri  in 
il  pay  ten  dolliirs  fdnvcry 
an  or  mariner,  nne  lialli'i 
of  the  United  f5|.iles;  aU 
iner  by  any  one  ptrsun,  fui 
belong  to  any  siiipur  vci- 
mded. 

ract  as  is  hereinbefore  ile- 
he  hIiuII  so  liuve  slilppd, 
late,  or  other  ollicer  liavir; 
man  or  mariner,  on  the  day 
return  to  his  iliily  nilliiii 
every  day  wliieli  lie  sliall 
lariner  sliall  alisent  liiiiiscif 
tue  to  him,  and  all  his  jiodits 
where  they  may  inive  lieeii 
vessel, and  monovtr  eliall 
in  hy  being  olilitroiltoliire 
be  recovered  with  costs, in 
every  of  debts  to  the  value 

i-e,  from  the  master  or  com- 
•a^tes  which  sliall  licdiielo 
cargo  before  the  voyage  be 
oiin  as  the  voyage  iseiijeil, 
seaman  or  manner  shall  be 
il  if  such  waiiessliiill  nolle 
ei.'n  the  master  and  seamen 

the  district  wile  re  the  iaiJ 
foni  the  place,  or  of  his  at- 

eace,  to  siinininii  iheiiias- 
'SB  should  not  ir^siieagainsl 
irseof  adniirallycnurls.tn 

appearing,  shall  liOi  show 


tMt  the  waseii  .\rn  paid,  or  ntherwiiin  iilliini'd  or  fMrfelled,  and  If  th(>  mnltrr  In  diiipiilc  kIiiH  not  bn 
|,irtliwllh  iii'lllerf,  In  micli  rniin  the  Jildije  or  Jiistlie  nlmll  certify  to  the  rliTk  oftlie  roiirl  oftlie  dimriil. 
iMiil  tliRrn  Ik  mithrlnnt  rniin))  of  cnnipliilnt  whernoii  to  fniiiid  ndmlralty  pnin-MH.  ami  tlii'riiipon  the 
fl^rk  of  »iich  court  iihitll  laniie  prore»«  HRnlmit  the  itnid  oliip  or  vessel,  luid  the  suit  sImII  he  prorri>dpii 
tn  tliesiild  court, mill  final  ludvnieiit  hu  Riven  accordiiiK  to  the  course  oriidmlrally  i  niirtu  in  mich  rnw 
„„,d;  and  In  Ruch  suit  all  the  lemnen  or  iiinrlnerN  iliavliiK  cause  of  coniphiliil  ol'  ilii>  |i|«t>  kind  n|rnlii*t 
,hi'  •nine  "hip  or  vessel)  ihall  Im  Joined  as  coinplalnants ;  ami  It  shall  he  Inciimlient  on  ihe  ninsler  or 
,  jiiiiiaiider  to  produce  the  contract  and  logbook.  If  rei|iilred,  to  ascertain  any  niaittTs  In  dispute; 
i,,lii,rwlse  the  complainant*  shall  he  permitted  to  state  the  contents  thireof.  niiii  the  iiroof  of  the  con- 
irary  shall  lie  on  the  inaNler  or  coniniander;  hut  nothing  herein  conlaineil  shall  prevent  any  seaman 
ir  mariner  from  having  or  ninliitalning  any  action  at  coinmon  law,  for  the  recovery  ol'  his  wages,  or 
I'rniii  iiiimedlain  process  out  of  any  court  having  admiralty  Jurisdiction,  wherever  uiiv  ship  or  vessel 
„i;iy  be  found.  In  case  she  shall  have  left  Ihe  port  of  delivery  where  her  voyage  t'loled  (lel'ore  payment 
nf  the  wages,  or  In  case  she  shall  be  about  to  proceed  to  lea  before  the  end  of  the  ten  days  next  after 
the  delivery  of  her  cargo  or  ballast. 

J  7,  That  if  any  seaman  or  mariner,  who  shall  have  signed  a  contract  to  perform  a  voyage,  shnll, 
many  port  or  place,  desert,  or  shall  nbient  himself  from  such  ship  or  vessel,  wilhoiit  leave  of  the 
master,  or  olMcer  coinmamllng  in  the  absence  of  the  master.  It  shall  he  lawful  for  any  Justice  of  thn 
p,,„ce  williin  the  Tnited  Htates  (upon  Ihe  complaint  of  the  master)  to  issue  his  w  arrant  to  apprehend 
(iiihileserter,  and  bring  him  before  such  Justice  i  and  If  it  shall  then  appear,  by  due  proof,  that  he  ha* 
nsned  a  contract  within  the  intent  mid  meaning  of  this  ait,  and  that  the  voviiBe  agreed  for  is  not 
(itmln'd,  altered,  or  the  contract  otherwise  dissolved,  mid  that  such  seaman  or' mariner  has  deserted 
ijie  siii|i  "f  vessel,  or  absented  himself  withniit  leave,  the  said  Justice  shall  commit  him  In  the  house 
(,f  correction,  or  common  gaol  of  the  city,  town,  or  place,  there  to  remain  until  Hie  said  ship  or  vessel 
thall  lie  ready  to  proceed  on  her  voyage,  or  till  the  master  shall  reiinlre  his  rlisrliarao,  niiil  then  to  In- 
j,.|ivered  to  the  said  master,  he  paying  all  the  cost  of  such  comniilnient,  and  deducting  the  saiiie  out 
of  the  wages  duo  to  such  seaman  or  mariner. 

{ s.  That  every  ship  or  veasel,  belonging  to  n  citizen  or  ciliznns  of  ihn  United  Htates,  of  thn  bur- 
then of  one  hundred  and  tifty  tons  or  iijiwards,  navigated  hy  ten  or  more  (lersons  in  the  whole,  and 
liiiiindiin  a  voyage  without  the  limits  or  tlie  riiiled  Stales,  shall  be  provided  wlih  a  chest  of  rnedl- 
riniK,  pat  "P  ''V  some  apothecary  of  known  reputation,  and  accompanied  hy  directions  for  ailminister- 
iniithc  snnic  ;  and  the  said  medicines  shall  ho  examined  by  the  same  or  some  other  apoiherary,  once, 

nl  least,  in  every  year,  and  supplied  with  fresh licines  in  the  place  of  such  as  shall  htive  liiMin  used 

orapniled;  and  in  default  of  having  such  medicine  chest  so  provided,  and  ki'|it  (it  for  use,  the  master 
(ircnniinnnder  of  such  ship  or  vessel  shall  provide  and  pay  for  all  such  advice,  medicine,  or  attendance 
of  physicians,  as  any  of  tha  crew  shall  stand  in  need  ol  in  case  of  sifkness,  at  every  port  or  place 
wliero  the  ship  or  vessel  may  touch  or  trade  at  during  the  voyage,  without  any  deduclion  from  thn 
naeea  of  such  sick  seaman  or  mariner. 

}()  Tliat  every  ship  or  vessel,  belonging  as  aforesaid,  bound  on  a  voyage  across  the  Atlantic  ocean, 
iliall,  at  the  time  of  leaving  the  last  port  from  whence  she  sails,  have  on  board,  well  secured  under 
deck,  at  least  sixty  gallons  of  water,  one  hundred  pounds  of  salted  tleshmeal,  and  oni.'  hundred  poiindu 
of  wholesome  sliiphread,  for  every  person  on  hoard  such  ship  or  vepsel,  over  and  besides  such  other 
provisions,  stores,  mid  live  stock,  as  shall,  by  the  master  or  jiassengers,  he  put  on  hoard,  and  in  like 
proportion  for  shorter  or  longer  voyages  ;  and  in  case  the  crew  of  any  ship  or  vessel,  wliirh  shall  not 
have  hecii  so  provided,  shall  be  put  upon  short  allowance  in  water.  Mesh,  or  bread,  during  the  vovace, 
Ihe  master  or  owner  of  such  ship  or  vessel  shall  pay,  to  each  of  the  crew,  one  day's  wages  beyond  the 
wages  agreed  on,  for  every  day  they  shall  he  so  put  to  short  allowance,  to  be  recovered  in  the  same 
manner  as  their  sti[iulateil  wages. 

The  provisions  ol  the  8th  section  of  this  act,  relating  to  a  chest  of  medicines,  have  since  been  cx- 
leiulcd  to  all  merchant  vessels,  of  75  tons  or  upwards,  bound  to  the  West  Indies. 

M  of  Ihe  With  of  Jvlij,  1708.—}  1.  That  from  and  after  the  first  day  of  Septemher  next,  Ihe  innsler 
or  owner  of  every  ship  or  vessel  of  the  United  Stales,  arriving  from  a  foreign  port  into  any  port  of 
the  United  States,  shall,  before  such  ship  or  vessel  shall  be  admitted  loan  entry,  render  to  tlie  collector  a 
true  accniint  of  the  number  of  seamen  that  shall  have  been  employed  on  board  siirh  vessel  since  she 
was  last  entered  at  any  port  in  the  United  States,  and  shall  pay,  to  the  said  collector,  at  the  rate  of 
livenly  cents  per  month  for  every  seaman  bo  employed  ;  which  sum  he  is  hereby  authorised  to  retain 
out  of  tlie  wages  of  such  seamen. 

{2.  That  from  and  after  the  first  day  of  September  next,  no  collector  shall  gram  to  any  ship  or  ves- 
sel whose  enrolment  or  license  for  carrying  on  the  coasting  trade  has  expired,  a  new  enrolment  or 
license,  before  the  master  of  such  ship  or  vessel  shall  first  render  a  true  account  to  the  collector,  of 
the  number  of  seamen,  and  the  time  they  have  severally  been  employed  on  hoard  such  ship  or  vessel, 
during  the  continuance  of  the  license  which  has  so  expired,  and  pay  to  such  collector  twenty  cents 
pcrmonth  for  every  month  such  seamen  have  been  severally  employed  as  aforesaid  ;  which  sum  the 
said  master  is  hereby  authorised  to  retain  out  of  the  wages  of  such  seamen.  .\nd  if  any  such  ma.ster 
shall  render  a  false  account  of  the  number  of  men,  and  the  length  of  lime  they  have  severally  been 
employed,  as  Is  herein  required,  he  shall  forfeit  and  pay  one  hundred  dollars. 

}  3.  That  it  shall  he  the  duty  of  the  several  collectors  to  make  a  quarterly  return  of  the  sums  col- 
lected by  them,  respectively,  by  virtue  of  this  act,  to  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  ;  and  the  president 
ofthellnited  States  is  hereby  authorised,  out  of  the  same,  to  provide  for  the  temporary  relief  and 
maintenance  of  sick  or  disabled  seamen,  in  the  hospitals  or  other  proper  institutions  now  established 
in  the  several  ports  of  the  United  States,  or  in  ports  where  no  stieh  institutions  exist,  then  in  such 
other  manner  as  he  shall  direct :  Provided,  That  the  moneys  collected  in  any  one  district,  shall  be 
expended  within  the  same. 

J4.  That  if  any  surplus  shall  remain  of  the  moneys  to  be  collected  by  virtue  of  this  act,  after  defray- 
iiii;  the  expense  of  such  temporary  relief  and  support,  that  the  same,  together  with  such  private  dona- 
lions  as  may  be  made  for  that  purpose,  (which  the  president  is  hereby  authorized  to  receive.)  shall  be 
invested  in  the  stock  of  the  United  Slates,  under  Ihe  direction  of  the  rresidnnt  j  and  when,  in  his 
opinion, a  siilticient  fund  shall  he  accumulated,  he  is  hereby  authorised  to  purchase  or  receive  cessions 
or  donations  of  ground  or  buildings,  in  the  name  of  the  United  States,  and  to  cause  buildings,  when 
necessary,  to  be  erected  as  hospitals  for  the  accommodation  of  sick  and  disabled  seamen. 

{5.  That  the  president  oftlie  United  States  be,  and  he  is  hereby  authorised  to  nominate  and  appoint, 
in  such  ports  of  the  United  States  as  he  may  think  proper,  one  or  more  persons,  to  be  called  directors 
of  the  marine  hospital  of  the  United  States,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  todirect  the  expenditure  of  the  fund 
assigned  for  their  respective  ports,  according  to  the  .'fd  section  of  this  act ;  to  provide  for  the  accom- 
modation of  sick  ond  disabled  seamen,  under  such  general  instructions  as  shall  be  given  by  the  presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  for  that  purpose,  and  also,  subject  to  the  like  general  instructions  to  direct 
and  govern  such  hospitals,  as  the  president  may  direct  to  be  built  in  the  respective  ports  :  and  that  the 
said  directors  shall  hold  their  offices  during  the  pleasure  of  the  president,  who  is  authorized  to  lill  up 
all  vacancies  that  may  be  occasioned  by  the  death  or  removal  of  any  of  the  persons  so  to  be  appointed. 
Aiid  the  said  directors  shall  render  an  account  of  the  moneys  received  and  expended  by  them,  once  ia 


a- 


456 


SEAMEN  (AMERICAN). 


■  't 


WK"?" 


,  *«•  !.»■ 


■■•«■■  .jaw 


il*?;*' 


:f-  * 


'  :.     i 

>    ■    .1 


"■■'if 

,,  HI' I  ,1 


every  qnnrtflr  of  a  year,  to  the  see retnry  of  the  trrnsnry,  or  such  other  person  na  the  president  shaH 
direct;  hut  no  oilier  ulli)vvnnr,e  or  cumiit'iisnlid'i  sliiill  !)«  made  to  the  said  dlreclors,  exrepl  the  pny. 
ment  of  siii-li  expcnsi'o  us  tliev  niav  incur  in  t'u!  nciiial  diacliaru'e  of  the  dnties  required  hy  thl^  aci. 

Jici  of  lilt 'U  of  March,  IT'J'.l'.— Jl-  Tliat  the  presiilent  of  the  United  Stales  shall  lie,  and  he  hen  l,y 
Is,  anliioriaed  to  direct  the  cxpiMidilnre  of  any  moneys  whicli  liave  heen,  or  shall  lie,  collected  Ity  vir- 
tue of  an  act,  entitled  "An  act  for  the  relief  of  sick  and  ilisabled  seamen,"  to  he  made  vvillilii  Uie 
state  wherein  the  same  shall  have  heen  rollecled,  or  within  the  stale  next  adjoining  therein,  except. 
inp  what  may  he  collected  in  the  siairs  if  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  llhode  Island,  and  (;,,n. 
neclicnl  ;  any  Ihintf  in  the  said  act  cnnl.i  ned,  to  the  contrary  thereof  noiwithstandlns. 

}  2.  Th,\t  the  secretery  of  the  navy  si  all  he,  and  he  lierehy  is,  anthorised  and  direcled  to  dcilucl, 
after  the  first  day  of  Heptendxir  next,  noai  the  pay  thereafter  lo  become  due,  of  the  oHicers,  Kcniiicii, 
and  marines,  of  the  navv  of  the  United  rtlates,  at  the  rale  of  twenty  cents  per  month,  for  t.'very  siiili 
officer,  seaman,  and  marine,  a  J  lo  pay  the  same,  (inarler  annually,  to  the  secretary  of  the  Ireasuiv, 
to  h>;  applied  t<i  the  same  purposes  as  the  money  collected  by  virtue  of  the  above  mentioned  act  '» 
upproprialed. 

j  .t.  'I'hat  the  officers,  seamen,  and  marines,  of  the  navy  of  the  United  Stales,  shall  he  emitled  in 
receive  the  same  beneliis  and  advaiilaaes,  as,  hy  the  act  aliovcmentioned,  are  iiruvided  fur  the  lulii.l 
of  tl'.e  sick  and  disabled  seamen  of  ihe  merchant  vessels  of  the  United  Stales. 

.fin  iif  the  M  (if  Mill,  IHOi.— J  1.  That  tlic  ninneys  heretofore  collected  in  pursnrnire  of  the  sevcml 
acts  "for  llie  ri'lief  (if  sick  and  disable{|  seamen,"  anil  at  present  unexpended,  tnselher  Willi  ilie 
moneys  hereafter  lo  be  collected  by  aiilliority  of  the  beforemenlioned  acts,  shall  constitnle  a  (.'encr,,! 
fund,  which  Ihe  president  of  the  United  Stales  shall  use  and  ein|)l<iy,  as  circumstances  sImII  iiMinin', 
for  the  benelit  and  convenience  of  sick  and  disalded  American  seamen;  Prorided,  Thai  tlii  sinii  nf 
fifteen  Ihonsand  dollars  be,  and  the  same  is  heruliy,  approjiriated  for  the  erection  of  an  hospital  m  tlie 
dislrict  of  iMMssachnsells. 

}  '2.  That  it  shall  he  lawful  for  the  president  of  the  United  Slates  to  cause  such  measures  tobiMaktn 
ns,  in  his  opinion,  may  be  expedit-nl  for  prnvldincconvenient  arciiinmodations,  medical  assistance, nc. 
cessary  attendance,  and  snppli(?s,  for  the  relief  of  sick  or  disabled  s(^aInen  of  the  I'niteil  Slates,  who 
may  be  ator  neartlie  port  of  New  Oilcans,  in  cise  Ihe  same  can  be  doiii' with  tlie  assent  of  the  ;,'(!•,  irn. 
inent  havini;  jiirisi'iirlirin  over  the  port  ;  ami  fur  this  purpose,  lo  establish  such  re<.'iilatloiis,  lunlio 
niithori/.c  till' employment  of  such  pPrso'is,  as  he  may  judge  proper;  and  that,  for  (lefrayiiij;  Hi,- ,  ,- 
pense  thereof,  a  sum,  not  excei'dinu  I'oee  tlioiisaiid  dull.irs,  be  paid  out  of  any  moneys  arisiii;;  hyui 
the  said  fund,  not  otherwise  appropriated. 

a  ."?.  That,  from  and  a('i(  r  Ihe  ihirti'lh  day  of  .liine  next,  the  master  of  every  boat,  raft,  or  l!:it,  he,. 
InnRinK  to  any  citizen  of  the  United  Slates,  wliich  shall  (jo  down  the  Mississippi,  with  intention  in  pr,,. 
cecd  lo  New  Orleans,  shall,  on  his  arrival  at  fort  Adams,  remler  to  the  collector  or  naval  odicer  iJK'r,.. 
of,  a  true  account  of  the  number  of  persons  employed  on  board  such  boat,  raft,  or  Hat,  and  the  unii:  ihai 
each  person  has  been  so  employed,  anil  shall  pay,  lo  ihe  said  collector  or  naval  oihcer,  at  Ihe  riile  i,f 
twenty  cunts  per  iniHilh,  for  every  person  so  employed  ;  which  sum  he  is  hereby  aiilhori/eil  in  riiajn 
out  of  the  wajies  of  such  person  :  and  Ihe  said  colleclor  or  naval  oHicer  shall  not  jrive  a  clcariiiiii'  iij 
such  boat,  rafi,  or  Hat.  lo  proceed  on  her  voyage  to  New  Orleans,  until  an  acconnl  be  rendered  tn  liin, 
of  the  nniiilier  of  persons  emplovi  d  on  board  such  boat,  raft,  or  Hal,  and  the  money  paid  lo  liiin  In 
the  mister  or  owner  lliereof:  and  'f  any  such  master  shall  render  a  filse  account  of  Ihe  iiiiMihir  of 
persons,  and  Ihe  len!;lh  of  time  they  have  severally  been  employed,  ns  is  herein  reipiired,  he  sli;ill|'„r. 
fell  and  pay  fifiy  dollars,  which  slia'l  lie  anplied  to,  and  shall  make  a  part  of,  the  said  aeneril  fiiinl.fir 
the  purposes  of  this  act  ;  I'niriilr,!,  riial  all  persons  em|iloyed  in  naviaaling  any  such  boat,  ral'i,iir  liii, 
shall  he  coiisidi>red  as  seamen  of  the  United  Slates,  and  enlitled  to  the  relief  extended  by  law  lu  sick 
and  disabled  seamen. 

}  .■).  Thai  each  and  every  director  of  Ihe  marine  hospitals  within  the  United  States,  shall,  if  it  c;u! 
with  convenience  be  done,  admit  iiili  the  hospital  of  which  he  Is  director,  sick  foreign  seamen,  nn  ij.e 
applicali'in  of  the  master  or  coiiiniunder  of  any  fireign  vessel  lo  whicli  such  sick  seam.in  may  liiliiiii;i 
and  e.icli  seaman  so  ailinilied  sbal,  be  subject  to  a  charge  of  seventy-live  cents  per  day  fir  eai  li  il  i\  |i,. 
may  remain  in  the  hospital,  Ihe  p. ynieiil  of  which  the  in  ister  or  comiiiander  of  such  foreign  vessel  sli  ill 
make  lo  Ihe  collector  of  Hie  district  in  which  such  Imsfiilal  is  sitnaled  :  and  the  collecinr  sliiill  nr,; 
grant  a  clearance  to  any  f  iiei!;ii  vessel,  until  the  money  due  from  such  master  or  coiiimaii  'er,  iii  nian. 
ner  and  form  aforesaid,  shall  be  paid  ;  and  llie  director  of  each  hospital  is  hereby  direcled.  mulcr  lli'. 
penally  of  lil'iy  dollars,  lo  make  out  the  accoiinis  against  each  foreign  seaiiiitii  that  may  be  jilucod  iii 
the  hiispilal,  iiiider  his  direeti.in,  and  render  the  same  lo  the  colleclor  . 

,^rt  of  Ihe  'iSih  of  Fthriiarii.  1S():1.— J  ;i.  That  whenever  a  ship  or  vessel,  belonging  to  a  rlliycn  nC  the 
tJnileil  Stales,  shall  be  sold  in  a  foreign  cminlry,  and  her  company  discharged,  or  when  a  teaman  or 
mariner,  a  citizen  of  the  United  Slates,  .shall,  with  his  own  coiisenl,  be  discharged  in  a  foreign  idunlry, 
Ush  ill  be  the  duly  of  the  master  or  coin  ma  nderlo  produce  to  the  consul,  or  vice  consul,  commercial, igeiil. 
or  vice  coinmercial  agenl,  the  li-tof  his  ship's  coiii|iaiiy,  certified  as  afiiresaid,  and  to  pay  In  surliinii- 
Eul,  vice  ciinsiil,  commercial  agent,  or  vice  coin  mere  ia  I  agenl,  for  every  seaman  or  manner  i-o  discliarsjc;!, 
being  ilesiL'iiated  on  such  list  as  a  ci!i/.eii  of  the  United  Slates,  three  montlis'  pay,  over  and  almve  Hit 
wages  which  may  then  be  due  lo  siicli  mariner  or  seaman,  two  thirds  thereof  to  be  paid  hy  siuhicn'. 
8ul  or  commercial  agenl,  to  each  seaman  or  mariner  so  discharged,  upon  hi.s  engagemeni  on  ImarJiif 
any  vessel  to  reliirn  lo  the  lliiiled  Stales,  iiml  the  oilier  remaining  third  lo  be  ri  liiined  fur  ilic  puijinse 
ofcreatiiii'  a  fund  for  the  payment  of  ihe  (lassages  of  seamen  or  iiiariners,  citizens  of  the  Uniliil  .■"ialc, 
•who  111  ly  be  di  siroiis  of  returning  lo  ihe  Ui  iied  Stales,  and  for  the  maintenance  of  American  siaincn 
who  may  be  deslihile,  anil  may  be  In  such  f.ireigii  port ;  and  the  several  siiii'i  retained  fir  sticli  luiiil 
Bhall  be  acconiiliNl  for  with  the  invisiiry  every  six  montlis,  by  the  persons  roc  -Iviiig  the  same. 

J  4.  That  il  shall  be  Hie  duty  of  ilie  conse!:,,  vice  consuls,  commi'rcial  ageiili ,  vice  commercial  a  jrnU 
of  the  United  Siaies,  from  time  lo  time,  lo  |iroviile  fur  the  mariners  and  sea'uen  of  the  llnitci!  .SiaU'S, 
who  may  be  faun  I  desliliile  wiibiii  their  districts,  res|>(;clively,  siillicieiU  siibsisten.  e  and  iias5ii;;Hs  in 
some  poll  in  the  Umled  Stales,  iii  ilie  most  reasmialile  manner,  at  Hie  expense  of  the  Uiiileil  Sijifs, 
siiliject  to  such  inslriictions  as  ihe  s  'crelary  ol'slalesli  ill  give  ;  and  that  all  masters  and  co  iiie:iiii!irs 
oi  vessels  belonging  I o  citizens  of  the  li  oiled  Slates,  and  bound  lo  some  port  of  the  same,  are  liertliy 
tennired  and  enjoined  lolake  such  marineisor  seamen  on  board  of  their  .ships  or  vessels,  al  llie  rciiuojl 
of  the  said  consuls,  vice  consuls,  commercinl  agents,  or  vice  cominercii!  agents,  respei  lively,  am!  in 
transport  lliem  lo  the  port  in  ilie  lliiiled  S:,iles  to  which  siicii  shiiis  oi  vessels  may  he  11011111!' oii^ntli 
terms,  not  evceeding  ten  doll.irs  for  each  persmi,  as  may  le;  agreed  helween  Ihe  said  niasler  aiiilciii- 
Hill,  or  commercial  agenl.  And  the  saiil  mirinersor  seanien  shill,  if  able  be  bniniil  lo  ilo  ilulynn 
hoard  snc.li  ships  or  vessels,  nccor'llng  to  their  si'veral  abilities  :  I'roimled,  That  iin  111  ist.'r  nr  cajHai!! 
of  any  shi|i  or  vessLd  shall  be  obliged  in  t.ike  a  greater  iiniobef  than  I  wo  men  to  ever\  one  liiiiiilrrilli;:iJ 
inir'lieii  i.f  the  said  ship  or  vessi^l,  on  any  one  voyaiie  ;  ami  if  any  such  captain  or  imisler  shill  rcl'iH' 
the  Hiiiue,  on  Ihe  reipiesl  nr  order  of  tlie  consul,  vice  consul,  idinmercial  iiL'ent,  or  vice  coiiiiiiiTcnl 
agen'.  such  captain  or  inaslei  shall  tin  f.-li  iind  p;iy  ibe  sum  of  one  hundred  dniliu-  fnr  en  li  niariiiiTiir 
seiimaii  so  r,..fns(?d,  lo  be  recoverc'd.  for  Ihe  bi'iielil  of  the  United  Stales,  in  any  court  of  cniii|iilr:il 
jurisdiction,    And  the  certificate  of  any  such  consul  or  commercial  agent,  given  under  his  hand  aiiJ 


SEAWORTHY. 


457 


i  " 


1 119  tho  presiilenl  shall 
KClorP,  cxcrpl  ll"'  I'^vy- 

rcqiiiriMl  l>y  lliis  ii<  t. 
shall  111',  :>'i<l  •'•■  l>iT<  liy 
mil  lie,  <:(ill«rliMl  by  vir- 

to  be  iiiiiile  williin  Itie 
jdiiiing  lb«r<!|o,  t'Xi('|)t- 
Ulifide  Island,  iiiid  (.\.n- 

istnndiii!;- 

and  (liri'CtcI  to  deilucl, 
of  111"'  oflicers,  sen  men, 
;r  nioiiili,  I'lT  <.'vcry  smh 
•cretiiry  "f  Ibe  in^usmy, 
uboVL'     icnlioned  act  1.1 

[itcs,  shall  be  entitled  in 
i;  proviiled  Air  llie  lelii  f 

mirsnrnice  of  the  sevpnl 
inded,  tnsellier  with  tlie 
hall  ciinsliuile  a  (.'cmcmI 
nnistanccs  shall  ri:i|!iiri', 
raritied.  Thai  llw  sniimf 
;lion  iif  an  hosi)ilal  in  the 

!Ur.h  ineasuros  tnbiMaktn 
IS,  medical  assistanciMif. 
)!•  the  United  Stalfs,  who 
h  the  assent  of  the  (,"i'>iTn- 
snch  refliilatiivns,  luul  to 
hat,  for  defraying  lli^  .  ■:- 
any  nnnifys  arising  u  u] 

k-rry  boat,  raft,  or  ll;it,  lie- 
ippi.wilh  inteiitioii  iii|irii. 
cttir  or  naval  oliiicr  tlu-r;'- 
ft.or  flat, and  the  liiniMlial 
la'val  otlii-er,  at  IIk!  lalouf 
n-rehy  anlbori/cd  ti>  r.iiijn 
all  not  pive  a  cleariniri;  l')i 
leciiMiit  be  ri'nderi'd  loliim 
the  money  paid  to  liiinliy 
I  account  of  the  nnnihiT  of 
i!rein  reiinired.  In:  t-liuUI'ii. 
f,  the  said  uencr.il  finiil.l'it 
'any  snch  boat,  ral'i.or  I'li;, 
ief  extended  by  law  to  sick 

lited  States,  shall,  if  it  i"ii< 
sick  fori'ijin  seamen,  1111  ll.c 
h  sick  seam. in  may  Im'Iuhl'; 
Ills  per  day  for  eai  h  (li\  lif 
of  snch  firt'i.mi  vi^ssi'l  shall 
ml  the  collector  sliiill  110! 
tcr  or  coinman  'er,  in  iiiiin- 
hereby  directed.  iMuldr  Ih'. 
man  that  may  be  lil.iceit  ii, 

I'longinji  to  a  citi-znii  nf  the 
Iged,  or  when  a  seaiiiiiiioi 
Inirsjedin  aforeiuri  muntry, 
[o  consul, coimi\erciiil;igeiit. 
lid,  and  to  pay  to  such  roll- 
knor  manner  sodistiiarscl, 
lis'  pay,  over  and  ahove  Hit 
>if  to  be  paid  by  siiili  iw'- 
lis  pn(!ai.'emenlon  huarJiil 
lie  r.-tained  for  ilie  |iiii|»'se 
Ilizensoftlie  United  .Sinlt!, 
Inance  of  American  si'iimcn 
liii'i  retained  for  siicli  luiid 
lee  living  the  same. 
ill.    vicecoinnieriKilngnnU 
(.•lien  of  the  \Inttei!  Sliu^s, 
libsisten.eand  iMsswfs  to 
l.„se  of  the  United  St,iW, 
||  masters  and  coine^nukis 
lirt  of  tbe  same,  are  luTir.iy 
l,s  or  vessels,  at  lliereq.l.-l 
Ticenis,  respectively,  ini'll;^ 
Lelsniiiv  lie  liooml  eii^i"" 
li  tin;  said  nrisler  and  t'l'i- 
be  bound   to  d.i  d'HV"" 
h'hat  no  m  isier  or  c;i|iiai!i 
III  cverv  one  liiiiiclrcii  iciiS 
Itain  or  master  slnll  reins' 
In-eiil,  or  vice  coiniiierciil 
l|,.|lai-  for  e;uli  iiiiinm''"' 
lin  any  court  of  conili''!''"' 
given  under  his  band  :iii>l 


official  neai,  shnll  be  prima  facin  evidence  of  such  refusal,  in  any  court  of  law  having  Jurisdiction  for 
the  recovery  of  the  penalty  aforesaid. 

Thp  reader  may  also  be  referred  to  Kent'.i  Commentarks  on  American  Law  for  a  com- 
prehensive and  excellent  statement  of  the  law  rclatiii)^  to  seamen. — Am.  Ed.] 

SEAWORTHY,  a  term  applied  to  a  ship,  indicating  that  she  is  in  every  respect  fit  for 
her  voyage. 

It  is  provided  in  all  charterpartics,  that  the  vessel  chartered  shall  be  "  ti^ht,  staunch,  and 
strong,  well  apparelled,  furnished  with  an  adequate  number  of  men  and  mariners,  tackle, 
provisions,  &c."  If  the  ship  be  insufficient  in  any  of  these  particulars,  the  owners,  though 
icuorant  of  the  circumstance,  will  be  liable  for  whatever  damage  may,  in  consequence,  be  done 
to  the  goods  of  the  merchant ;  ani*  'f  an  insurance  has  been  elfecli'd  upon  her,  it  will  ho  void. 
But  whether  the  condition  of  seaworthiness  be  expres.sed  in  the  charterparty  or  not,  it  is 
always  implied.  "  In  every  contract,"  said  Lord  EUenborough,  "  between  a  person  holding 
hinist'lf  forth  as  the  owner  of  a  lighter  or  vessel  ready  to  carry  goods  for  hire,  and  the  person 
nulling  goodo  on  board,  or  employing  his  vessel  or  lighter  for  that  purpose,  it  is  a  term  of  the 
contract  on  the  part  of  the  lighterman  or  carrier  implied  by  law,  that  his  vessel  i.s  tight,  and 
fit  for  the  purpose  for  which  he  olfers  and  holds  it  forth  to  the  [lublic:  it  is  the. immediate 
foundation  and  substratum  of  the  contract  that  it  is  so  :  the  law  presumes  a  promise  to  thai 
tjfal  on  the  part  of  tlie  carrier,  ivithout  any  actual  proof ;  aiiiJ  every  reason  of  sound  po- 
licy and  public  convenience  requires  that  it  should  be  so," 

Not  only  must  the  ship  and  furniture  be  suflicicnt  for  the  voyage,  but  she  must  also  bo 
fuinishfcd  with  a  sufficient  number  of  persons  of  competent  skill  and  ability  to  navigate  her. 
And  for  sailing  down  rivers,  out  of  harbours,  or  through  roads,  i&c,  where  either  by  usage 
or  the  laws  of  the  country  a  pilot  is  required,  a  pilot  must  be  taken  on  board.  But  no  owner 
or  master  of  a  ship  shall  be  answerable  for  any  loss  or  damage  by  reason  of  no  pilot  being  on 
board,  unless  it  shall  be  proved  that  the  want  of  a  pilot  shall  have  arisen  from  any  refusal  to 
lake  a  pilot  on  board ;  or  from  the  negligence  of  the  master  in  not  heaving  to,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  taking  on  board  any  pilot  who  shall  be  ready  and  ollijr  to  take  charge  of  the  ship. — 
(48G'ro.  3.  c.  104.) 

A  ship  is  not  seaworthy  unless  she  be  provided  with  all  the  documents  or  papers  necessary 
for  the  manifestation  of  the  ship  and  cargo.  Neither  is  she  seaworthy,  if,  duririg  war,  she 
lifi  not  supplied  with  the  sails  required  to  facilitate  her  escape  from  an  enemy. 

It  is  only  necessary,  to  guarantee  the  owners  from  loss,  that  the  ship  should  be  seaworthy 
at  the  time  of  her  departure.  8he  may  cease  to  be  so  in  a  few  hours,  and  yet  they  may  not 
be  hable.  The  question  to  be  decided  in  such  cases  always  is,  whether  the  ship's  disability 
arose  Irom  any  defect  existing  in  her  before  her  departure,  or  from  a  cause  which  occasioned 
it  afterwards.  But  if  a  ship,  within  a  day  or  two  of  her  departure,  become  Iraky  or  founder 
at  sea,  or  be  obliged  to  put  back,  without  any  visible  or  adcipiate  cau.se  to  produce  such  an 
effect— such  as  the  starting  of  a  plank  or  other  accident  to  which  the  best  ships  are  liable, 
and  which  no  human  prudence  can  prevent — the  fair  presumption  is  that  she  was  not  sea- 
worthy when  fhe  sailed ;  and  it  will  be  incumbent  on  the  owners  to  show  that  she  was 
seaworthy  at  that  time.  They  are  liable  for  damage  occasioned  by  every  injury  arising 
from  any  oris;inal  defect  in  the  ship,  or  from  bad  stowage  :  but  they  are  not  liable  for  any 
injury  arising  from  the  act  of  God,  the  king's  enemies,  or  the  perils  of  the  sea. 

It  is  further  to  be  observed,  that  how  perfect  soever  a  ship  may  be,  yet  if,  from  the  nature 
of  her  const ructiv)ii,  or  any  other  causes,  she  be  incapable  of  performing  the  proposed  voyage, 
with  the  propo.sed  cargo  on  board,  she  is  not  seaworthy.  She  must  be,  in  all  respects,  fit  for 
the  trade  in  which  she  is  meant  to  he  employed.  And  it  is  a  wholesome  rule  that  the  owners 
should  be  held  to  a  pretty  strict  proof  of  this. 

It  has  been  already  observed,  that  any  defect  in  point  of  seaworthiness  invalidates  an  in- 
surance upon  a  ship.  There  is  not  only  an  express  but  an  implied  warranty  in  every  policy, 
that  the  ship  shall  be  "  tight,  staunch,  and  strong,  &c. ;"  and  the  reason  of  this  is  plain.  The 
insurer  undertakes  to  indemnify  the  insured  against  the  extraoi-dinary  and  unforeseen  perib 
of  the  sea ,-  and  it  would  be  absurd  to  suppose  thErt  any  man  would  insure  against  those 
perils,  but  in  the  confidence  that  the  ship  is  in  a  condition  to  encounter  the  ordinary  perils 
to  which  every  ship  must  be  exposed  in  the  usual  course  of  the  proposed  voyage. 

By  the  old  law  of  France  it  was  directed,  that  every  merchant  .ship,  before  her  departure 
from  the  place  of  her  outfit,  should  be  surveyed  by  certain  sea  oiricers  appointed  for  that  pur- 
pose, and  reported  to  be  seaworthy,  "  en  bon  ctat  de  navigation  ,•"  and  that  previous  to  her 
return,  before  she  took  her  homeward  cargo  on  board,  she  should  be  again  surveyed.  Valin 
has  shown — (Tit.  Fret,  art.  12.),  that  very  little  confidence  could  be  placed  in  these  surveys, 
ffliidi,  he  tells  u^,  were  only  made  upon  the  external  parts,  for  the  ship  was  nut  unsheathed; 
and,  therefore,  her  internal  and  hidden  defects  could  not  be  disclosed.  This  practice  seems 
now  to  be  aliandoned  by  the  ^Vench  ;  at  least,  there  is  no  allu-siou  to  it  in  the  Code  de  Com- 
mem.  It  is,  one  should  think,  much  better  to  leave  the  question  as  to  the  seaworthiness 
of  tiic  ship  to  be  ascertained,  as  in  England,  after  a  loss  has  happened,  by  an  investigation 
of  the  t'uo  cause  of  such  loss,  tlian  to  permit  so  important  a  question  to  be  decided  upon  tho 
Vol.  II.— 2  g  68 


458 


SEEDS— SHARES. 


■0* 
-  '• 

taw*  :'      -^ 


,«*• 

*« 


.^3!;||l» 


B^  ;;     SBli'^'- 


V 


report  of  officers  without  any  motive  to  inquire  carefully  into  her  actual  condition.  A  ship 
may,  to  all  appearance,  be  perfectly  capable  of  performing  a  voyage ;  and  it  is  only  after  a 
loss  has  happened,  that  her  latent  defects  can  be  discovered,  and  her  true  state  at  the  time  of 
her  departure  rendered  manifest.  Indeed,  the  survey  made  by  the  French  was  not  deemed 
a  conclusive  proof  that  the  ship  was,  at  her  departure,  really  seaworthy :  it  merely  raised  a 
presumption  that  such  was  the  case ;  but  it  was  still  open  to  the  freighter  or  the  insurer  to 
show  the  contrary. 

For  further  information  upon  this  point,  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  able  and  excellent 
works  of  Chief  Justice  Abbott  (Lord  Tenterden)  on  the  Law  of  Shipping,  part  iii.  c,3, 
and  of  Mr,  Serjeant  Marshall  on  Insurance,  book  i.  c.  5.  §  1. 

SEEDS,  in  commerce,  the  grains  of  several  species  of  graraina.  Those  of  most  import. 
ance  are  clover  seed,  flax  or  linseed,  hemp  seed,  mustard  seed,  rape  seed,  tares,  <Si,c. ;  k, 
which,  see  the  respective  articles. 

SEGARS,  on  CIGARS.     See  Tobacco. 

SENNA  (Fr.  Sene  ,•  Ger.  Sennablater ,-  It.  Senna ,-  Sp.  Sen ,-  Lat.  Cassia  Senna ,-  An\. 
Sana).  The  plant  (Cassia  Senna)  which  yields  the  leaves  known  in  commerce  iiiid  ihj 
materia  medicn  by  the  name  of  senna,  is  an  annual,  a  native  of  Upper  Egypt,  and  Bcrno. 
in  Central  Africa.  The  senna  after  being  collected  in  Upper  Egypt,  is  packed  up  in  bule- 
and  sent  to  Boullac,  where  it  is  mixed  with  other  leaves,  some  of  which  are  nearly  equallv 
good,  while  others  are  very  inferior.  After  being  mixed,  it  is  repacked  in  bales  at  Alixan. 
dria,  and  sent  to  Europe.  A  great  deal  of  senna  is  imported  from  Calcutta  and  Bombav, 
under  the  name  of  East  India  senna ;  but  it  is  originally  brought  to  them  from  Arabia,^ 
(Thomson's  Dispensatory.)  Seima  is  very  extensively  used  in  medicine.  The  total  (ju,., 
tity  imported  in  1831  amounted  to  250,296  lbs.,  of  which  130,222  lbs.  were  retained  for  ho,;, 
consumption.  Of  the  imports,  42,519  lbs.  came  directly  from  Egypt;  200,990  lbs.  fnimthe 
East  Indies;  and  a  small  quantity  at  second  hand  from  Italy  and  other  places.  The  iDipurii 
of  senna  from  India  in  1832  amounted  to  464,917  lbs.  The  duty  was  reduced,  in  1832,  Iroc, 
Is.  3rf.  to  6rf.  per  lb. 

SHAGREEN  (Ger.  Schagrin ,-  It.  Chagrin  ,•  Rus.  Schagrim,  Schagren),  a  kind  of 
grained  leather,  used  for  various  purposes  in  the  arts.  It  is  extensively  manufactured  at  As- 
trakhan in  Russia. — (See  Tooke's  Russia,  vol.  iii.  p.  403.) 

SHAMMY,  on  CHAMOIS  LEATHER  (Ger.  Sdmischleder ,-  Fr.  Chamois,-  It.  Cami- 
acio ;  Rus.  Samshuniii,  Koshi),  a  kind  of  leather  dressed  in  oil,  or  tanned,  and  mufh 
esteemed  for  its  softness,  pliancy,  and  capability  of  bearing  soap  without  hurt.  The  real 
shanuny  is  prepared  of  the  skin  of  the  chamois  goat.  But  leather  prepared  from  the  skins 
of  the  common  goat,  kid,  and  sheep,  is  frequently  substituted  in  its  stead. 

(SHARES  IN  JOINT  STOCK  COMPANIES  (PRICES  OF,  &c.).— The  followin; 
Table  may,  we  hope,  be  useful  to  such  of  our  readers  as  have  not  ready  access  to  the  lists  re- 
gularly  published  in  London.  It  embraces  the  various  companies  of  which  shares  are  usually 
on  sale  in  the  London  market,  exhibiting  the  number  of  shares  in  each,  the  sum  paid  udoj 
account  of  such  shares,  the  price  which  they  brought  on  the  3d  of  April,  1 840,  the  then  iliv, 
dend  on  account  of  each  share,  and  the  periods  when  the  dividends  are  payable.  It  is  taliea 
from  Wcttcrhall's  List,  the  most  authentic  record  of  such  matters.  It  can  hardly,  we  think, 
fail  to  be  interesting ;  for,  though  some  of  the  particulars  embodied  in  it  will  soon  become  ok* 
lete,  others  will  not  easily  change,  and  it  vill  be  always  valuable  as  a  standard  of  comparison. 

Increase  of  Companies. — The  extraordinary  increase  of  joint-stock  companies,  for  ihe 
construction  of  railways,  the  formation  of  banks,  insurance  offices,  &c,,  is  not  one  of  the  leas: 
interesting  phenomena  of  the  present  times.  This  increase  makes  it  peculiarly  desirable  thai 
the  law  as  to  these  associations,  both  as  respects  the  engagements  between  them  anil  the 
public,  and  the  rights  and  obligations  of  the  partners  in  reference  to  each  other,  should  be 
clearly  defined  and  laid  down ;  and  we  have  heard  that  it  is  intended  to  introiluce  a  measure 
in  furtherance  of  these  objects.  The  subject,  however,  is  one  of  considerable  diiricully,  anJ 
should  be  approached  with  great  caution.  But  whatever  may  be  done  in  this  matter,  we 
trust  that  no  attempt  will  be  made,  directly  or  indirectly,  to  lessen  the  indefinite  responsi- 
bility of  every  partner  in  such  concerns  for  their  debts  and  engagements.  Wo  look  upon 
this  unlimited  individual  responsibility  as  by  far  the  best,  or  rather  the  only,  security  that  b 
worth  a  straw  for  their  honest  and  prudent  management.  The  introduction  of  partnerships 
en  commandite,  or  of  partnerships  with  limited  responsibility,  would  be  both  unncfessOT 
and  mischievous:  unnecessary,  because  there  is  no  disinclination  on  the  part  of  individuals 
to  embark,  as  the  law  now  stands,  in  any  undertaking,  how  hazardous  soever,  that  alVorJs  i 
reasonable  prospect  of  even  a  moderate  return;  and  mischievous,  because  partnerships  wiih 
limited  responsibility  maybe,  and  in  tact  frc(iueiitly  are,  converted  into  en^int's  fordcceivin; 
and  defrauding  the  public.  Some  companies  have  endeavoured  to  defeat  this  iiulelinite 
liability  by  inserting  clauses  to  that  cllect  among  the  conditions  on  which  they  profess  u 
do  business.  But  it  is  believed  that  tluse  stipulations  are  illegal ;  of  their  ine.xpediciiey  there 
can  be  no  doubt ;  and  as  they  may  entrap  the  unwary,  and  give  ri.se  to  litigation,  their  pro- 
hibition by  an  act  of  the  legislature  would  seem  to  he  a  prudent  measure. 


SHARES  (PRICES  OF,  etc.). 


450 


itual  condition.  A  ship 
re ;  and  it  is  only  after  a 
'  true  state  at  the  time  of 
French  was  not  deemed 
rthy :  it  merely  raised  a 
freighter  or  the  insurer  to 

[0  the  able  and  excelleni 
/"S/ij/jpin^:,  partiii.  C.3, 

Those  of  most  import- 
rape  seed,  tares,  &c. ;  foi 

jat.  Cassia  Setina  ,•  Arab, 
wn  in  commerce  and  thi 
Upper  Egypt,  and  Bcri»i 
ypt,  is  packed  up  in  bal,?., 
which  are  nearly  equallt 
jacked  in  bales  at  Alixan. 
m  Calcutta  and  Bombay, 
U  to  them  from  Arabia,- 
nedicine.  The  total  qn,: 
lbs,  were  retained  for  hoi;, 
;ypt ;  200,990  lbs.  fnmi  thi 
other  places.  Tlu^  iiii|iorti 
was  reduced,  in  1832,  t'roE 

im,  Schagren),  a  kind  o! 
isively  manufactured  at  A?- 

,•  Fr.  Chamois ;  It.  Camo- 
I  oil,  or  tanned,  and  much 
ap  without  hurt.    The  real 
er  prepared  from  the  skins 
I  its  stead. 
OF,  &c.).— The  fiillowin;  ] 
ready  access  to  the  lisils  re- 
of  which  shares  are  usuallj 
each,  the  s\im  paid  up  oa 
April,  1 840,  the  then  Jiw 
Is  are  payable.    It  is  takea 
„.    It  can  hardly,  we  think, 
ill  it  will  soon  become  oUo- 
;  a  standard  of  comparison, 
,-stock  companies,  for  the 
,  &c.,  is  not  one  of  the  least 
it  peculiarly  desirable  that 
lents  between  them  and  the 
ne  to  each  other,  slioulJ  be 
ded  to  introiluce  a  nieasute 
considerable  diiricully,  ani 
done  in  this  matter,  we 
sen  the  indefinite  responsi- 
igemcnts.     We  look  upon 
the  only,  security  that  is 
itroductioii  of  partnerships 
outd  be  both  uiini  ces-sin- 
on  the  part  of  indiviJuals  I 
dous  soever,  that  alVorJs  J  j 
]  because  partnerships  «ith 
into  ensiiies  for  dccpivin?  ] 
III  to  dcfoiit  this  indcfiiiiii 
on  which  thoy  pmlWs  »  | 
of  their  iiie.xpedii'iK'yili"* 
Vise  to  litigation,  their  pw  ] 
lieasurc. 


Table  of  the  principal  Joint  Stoclt  Companies  In  England  and  Wales,  the  number  of  Shares  in  each, 
ttie  Sum  paid  up  on  account  of  such  Shares,  with  their  Prices,  Dividends,  &c.  on  the  3d  of  April,  1840* 


No.  of  Shires. 

DMcription  of                       AmouDl  of  Slum. 
Compauies.                                 paid  up. 

Price  per  Share. 

Dividends  per 
Annum. 

Dividend* 
Due. 

CANALS. 

Sham.  Paid. 

L.    t.    d. 

L.  1.    d. 

1,768 

1482 

720 

],2I» 

Ashton  ind  Oldham,  Average  971.  18«. 
Ashby  dela-Zouch,         .           -       Av.  1131. 
Bariisley  -            .            .            .            .160 
Basingsloke         .           •           .            -100 

112    0    0 
72    0    0 

5    0    0 

7    0    Operct. 
1    0    0 
14    0    0 

March  and  Sep. 
April  and  Oct. 
Jan.  and  July 

1,005 

Brecknock  and  Aberi^venny     -           •  150 
Birp'ingham  l-16lh  «hire,  sj.  1S».  k  71J.  ad. 

94  10    0 

6  10    0 

Jan.  and  July 
June  and  Dec. 

8,0001-16  di. 

218    0    0 

10    0    0 

4,000 

Birid.  and  Uvl.  Junction          -           ■  100    100 

27    0    0 

400 

Clwlmcr  and  Blackwater          •           -  100 

101    0    0 

6    0    0 

January 
May  ai)d  Nov. 

500 

Coventry             -           .           .           -100 

11    0    0 

460 

Cromford            .           .           .            -100 

. 

27    0    0 

Jan.  and  July 
March  and  Sep. 
Jan.  and  July 

2,060  3-4 

nudley 100 

99    0    0 

4  10    0 

600 

Derljy 100 

Diniibe  and  Mayne        -  4I<.  I3».  4d. 
F.llesniere  and  Cheater  •          ■       Av.  133 

138    0    0 

13    0    0 

20,000 

. 

10    0     — 

3,575  3.4 

82    0    0 

1    0    0 

September 

231 

Erewaah               -            .            .             -  100 

BOO    0    0 

2    0    0 

April  and  Oct. 
Jan.  and  Jjly 

1,'297 

Fortl.  ani  Cl^de            .         Av.  4001.  I6f. 

620    0    0 

30    0    0 

"•*^,. 

Grand  Junction  -            >           •           .100 

161     0    0 

10    0    0 

June  and  Dec 

2,849  \t 

Orand  I'nion       ....  lOO 

24    0    0 

1    0    0 

October 

\,Vlt) 

(irwi  Surrey      .            .           .            -  100 

. 

March  and  Sep. 

3,096 

Oral,  (  Wotern  •           •           -           •  100    lOO 

12    0    0 

[and  Dec. 

600 

GlainMrganthire    Av.  co»«  17W.  13*.  4* 

13  12    8 

March, Juue,  Sea 

749 

Gninlham            .             .                         -150 

. 

2    0    0 

May 

6,239 

Huddenfield,      -            ■   Av.  (fll  6t.  6(f. 
Kennel  and  Avon           -  Av.  391.  im.  fOd. 

35  10    0 

2    0    0 

September 

25,328 

26    0    0 

1    7    0 

March  and  Sep. 
March 

11,699  1-2 

fjincaster                        .     Av.  471.  til  M. 

28  10    0 

I    6    0 

2,897  3-4 

Leedt  and  Liverpool       •          .           •  lOO 

750    0    0 

60    0    0 

May  and  Nov. 

646  3-4 

Leicester            .           .           -           -140 

205    0    0 

15  10    0 

Jan.  and  July 

1,S97 

r,(<icesler  and  Nartbampton    Av.  831.  lOi. 

81     0    0 

5  10    0 

June  and  Dec. 

70 

Loughliorough     -           .     Av.  142t  17«. 

2J.W    0    0 

180    0    0 

Jan.  and  July 

2,409 

Monmouthshire  .           -           .           -  100 

IM    0    0 

10    0    0 

June  and  Dec. 

700 

Monfgomeiyjhire           .           .           -100 

»8    0    0 

1  10    0 

August 

250 

Melton  Mowhray            .           >           -100 

200    0    0 

10    0    0 

July 

500 

Mersey  and  Irwell          •           -            -  100 

560    0    0 

23    0    0 

October 

3,000 

Macclesfield        •            -           -           -100 

46    0    0 

2  10    0 

August 

247 

Neilh 100 

325    0    0 

7    0    0 

Jan.  and  July 

1,786 

Oxford     •           .            .           •            -  100 

610    0    0 

30    0    0 

March  and  Sep. 

2,400 

Peak  t'lTftK        ■                     Av.  alMut  78 

91    0    0 

1    0    0 

June  and  Dec. 

?I,41S 

Regent's  <or  I.ondon)      •    Av.  331.  J6>.  8d. 

121.  81  121.  2i.  Gd. 

0    7    0 

July 

5,669 

Kocbdale             -           -           ■        Av.    8S 

95    0    0 

6    0    0 

May 

600 

Shropshire          •           -           -            -  125 

138    0    0 

goo 

June  and  Dec 

800 

Somerset  Coal     .           -           •           -  ISO 

190    0    0 

9  10    0 

3,600t 
700 

Somerset  Lock  Fund  Stock       •    12/.  10». 

11     6    0 

4  10    0     — 

— 

.Stafford  and  Worcester  -           .           -140 

680    0    0 

36    0    0 

Jan.  and  July 

500 

Shrewsbury        .            -           .            -  125 

280    0  10 

16    0    0 

May  and  Nov. 

300 

Stourbridge         ....  145 

396    0    0 

7    0    0 

Jan.  and  July 

3,617 

Stratford  on-Avon          -      Av.  79!.  9».  Sd. 

44    0    0 

2    0    0 

August 

*200 

Stroud  water       •          -           .           -  150 

500    0    0 

26    0    0 

May  an'I  ^ov. 

633 

Swansea  -          .           .           -           -  100 

263    0    0 

16    0    0 

November 

3,762 

Severn  and  Wye,  and  Railway        ■  Av.  3a 

42    0    0 

2    6    0 

March  and  Sep, 

1,300 

Thames  and  Severn,  black,        •           -  100 

34    0    0 

2    0    0 

June 

1,150 

Ditto,  red            -          .           .           .100 

39    0    0 

2    0    0 

2,6001-4  ML 
8,149 

Trent  and  Mersey          -           •      j^  sh.  SO 
Thames  and  Medway     .    Av.  191.  5».  8d. 

597  10    0 

2  10    0 

June  and  Dec 

2    0    0 

1,000  ih.  1,000  1-2  ih. 

98C 

Warwick  and  Birmingham       •       Av.  100 

268    0    0 

13    0    0 

May  and  Nov. 

Warwick  and  Napton    -           -           -  100 

195    0    0 

15    0    0 

— 

6,000 

Worcester  and  Birmiagham        Av.  78f.  8f. 

68    0    0 

4    0    0 

Feb.  and  Aug. 

6,000 

Wills  and  Berks            .     Av.  67i.  10».  8rf. 

2SJ.10«.&28f.5#. 

1  10    0 

May 

'800 

Wvrley  and  Essinglon    -           -          -  125 

. 

6    0    0 

January 

126 

W'ubeach            -           -           •           -  105 

30    0    0 

903 

WeyandArin  -           -           -           -  110 
DOCKS- 

22  10    0 

1    0    0 

May 

«0*  1,065  1-2  8h. 

Commereial        ■           -           •           .100 

66    0    0 

3   0    Operct. 

Jan.  and  July 

East  and  West  India       ■           -           ■  Stock 

103    0    0 

6    0    0     — 

— 

1,033 

East  Country       -           ■            -           -  lOO 

10    0    0 

m.  8i-  3101.  5«.  10 

l,.ondon    .           .           .           ■           -  Stock 
Ditto  Bonds        .... 

66  10    0 

3  0    0     — 

4  0   0- 

June  and  Dec 

2,209 

Bristol      .           .            .           Av.  1471. 9t. 

"74  0  6 

3    6    5 

April  and  Oct. 
May  and  Nov. 

63,3241. 

Ditto  Bonds        .          .     Various  amounts 

108    0    0 

5    0    0     — 

1,332,752 
600,000 

St.  Katherine       ....  gtoeJc 

101    5    0 

5    0    0     — 

Jan.  and  July 

Ditto  Bonds         .... 

- 

4  10    0     — 

S  Ap.  and  5  Oct. 

200,000 

Ditto  Bonds  1840 

Soutbamptoa       •                     -          •    GO       8 

WATER.WOBKS. 

4    0    0     — 

4,800 
41433 

Birmingham       ■           -           •           -    25     25 

20    0    0 

0  10    0 

East  I,nlidon        -           -           •           -100 

164  10    0 

7    0    0 

Jan.  and  July 

5,500 

Grand  Junction  -           •     Av.  411.  13i.  4d. 

66    S    0 

2  10    0 

— 

i,000 

Kent 100 

44    0    0 

2    0    0 

.— 

'372 

Liverpool  Boolle           -           ■           -220 
New  River  London  Bridge  Water  An- 

327   0    0 

10    U    0 

January 

1,500 

nuities             .... 

69    0    0 

2  10    0 

April  and  Oct. 
March 

6,436 

Manchester  and  Salford  •           ■       Av.    30 

57  10    0 

2  10    0 

1,000 

V.tuxhall,  late  South  Loidon      -           -100 

103    0    0 

6    0    0     — 

April  and  Oct. 

8,294 

West  Middlesex            -      Av.  631.  I2t.  9d. 

961.  IOj.  ex.  div. 

4    0    0     — 

June  and  Dec- 

1^60 

York  Building  Co.  Lessee  Prop.            ■  100 
BRIDGES. 

35    0    0 

14    0    0 

April  and  Oct 

1,600 

Hammersmith     -           •           •           -SO 

22    0    0 

10    0 

Jan.  and  July 

7,231 

Southwark  with  new  subscr.  Av.  63/.  2».  8d. 

2  10    0 

1,700 

Ditto,  New,  of  7  1  2  per  cent.,  -           •    50 

13    5    0 

1  16    Operct 

December 

6,C00 

Waterloo             -           •           -           -100 

3    0    0 

5,000 

Ditto  Old  Ann.  of  81.       -           -           -    60 

201,  10».  ex.  div. 

1    2    0 

Feb.  and  Aug. 

6,000 

Ditto  .New  ditto  of  7t     •             •            -40 

IB    0    0 

0  19    3 

^ 

60,0001. 

Ditto  Bonds        .... 

. 

5    0    0     — 

— 

5,848 

Vauahall            -          -     Av.  701.  10».  3d. 
ASSURANCE  COMPANIES. 

2S    0    0 

0  19    0 

June  and  Dec 

2,000 

Albion 600    60 

73   0    0 

3  IS    0 

necember 

60,000 

Alliance,  Bril.  and  For.  •           •          -  100    11 

14  12    6 

6    0    0- 

April  and  Oct 

50,000 

Ditto  Marine       .           ■           •          .  100     t 

5  10    0 

6    0    0    — 

January 

24.000 

Atlas 50      5 

15    5    0 

0  12    Opersh. 

July 

1,200  Mill. 

■Ji'mingham  Fire          •          •          •  230    66 

107  10    0 

5    5    0 

May         

4eo 


SHARES  (PRICES  OF,  etc.). 


Table  of  the  principal  Joint  Stocic  Companies  in  England  and  Wales— confinuei. 


■••^•■V,.,  ■•:3I 


mm 

■• 

JX* 

nafcl 

^  V 

,,«l'Hk 

i.'j-..'. 

:ri|l» 

ii«»'"' 

.-    "* 

.s 

•■mauL' . 

I"' 

,£- 

flf 

iro.  . 

■'';!# 

I**'  ■ 

*m*^ 

i  --i'll  'l^ 

r 

" 

.  E-'im 

c 

% 


:,  .,j>'Kn» »'"' 


;)» 


;r  Jl 


iWtStf-"'"'  ■ 


KMI.' 


si{=^.!  »■")!■■ 


L',.: , 


No.  of  Shun. 

Description  of                         Amount  of  Shares 
Companies.                                   paid  up. 

Price  per  Share. 

Dividends  per 
Annum. 

Dividends     ^ 
Due. 

Shares.  Paid, 

/,.    t.   d. 

L.  1.    d. 

20,000 

British  Fire        .          .          .    2^0    60/. 

40    0    0 

4    0    0  per  ct. 

March  nid  Sep. 
June  and  Dec. 

IJMO 

Britisli  Commercial         -           •           .    60     6 

51. 13«.fc5(.  17>.6rf. 

6    0    0    — 

tm 

Clerical,  Med.  and  Gen.  Life     ■          ■  100     2^ 
County 100    III 

4    5    0 

6    0    0    — 
3    0    0 

Au,;ust 
Ilecfinber 

Crown 60    Hi 

. 

8/.  per  ct.  bs. 

November 

Eage 60     6 

Economic  Life    ■           -           •           1,000  2-i0 

5    7    6 
400    0    0 

0    5    0 
il.  p.  ct.  k  30i.  bs. 

October 
Jan.  and  July 

*^ 

EnK.  and  Sroil.  Law,  Fire  and  Life      -    60     2 

European  Life    •            -            •            -    20 

22    0    0 

1    2    0 

~. 

S.'oo 

U.lloNew            •            •            ■            -    M      2 

1  lit    0 

0    2    0 

_ 

Freemasons         •           -           •           .    20     3 

6    0    0  per  ct. 



100,000 

Globe Stock 

123    0    0 

6    0    0- 

June  and  Dec. 

20,000 

Guardian              -            -            ■            -  100    27* 

33    0     1 

5    0    0     — 

July 

3(1,000 

Hope  Life           -           -           -           .    25     2 

4    0    0 

September 

30*000 

Ditto  Fire           •           •           •           -    25     2 

. 

0    2    6 

March 

8|400 

Imperial  Fire      •           •           .           -  600    60 

. 

• 

June  and  Dec.     ! 

760 

Imperial  Life      ■           •          -          .  100    10 
Indemnity  Marine       '  -          tOOI.    6f.  13i.  (id. 

10    S    0 

. 

July 

^^ 

20  10    0 

• 

August               j 

Kent  Fire           -           -           -           •    .50    50 

92    0    0 

3  10    0 

Feb.  and  Aug. 

Ditto  Life            •           -           -           -60 

79    0    0 

3    0    0 

(8^ 

Law  Life            -           -           •           .  100    10 
i.c.'xl  ani  General  Life  •          -          ■    60     2 

30    0    0 
3    0    0 

0  16    0 

April                t 

18)900 

Ixjndnn  Fire       -           ■           -           .    25    12i 

'.    0    0 

0  10    0 

March  and  Sep,   ) 

81.000 

Ixindon  Ship       -           •           •           -    23     12^ 

i  .0    0 

0  10    0 

^^ 

M:irine 100    10 

0  10    0 

July    ~           j 

Minerva  Life      -           •           •           •    20      2 

. 

4    0    0- 

Sl'SS  ' 

Nation  il  Life      •           •           .           ■  100      6 

12    0    0 

8    0    0     — 

_ 

«MM» 

Palladium  Life    ■           -           •           -    60     2 

2    7    0 

5    0    0     — 

Jan.  and  July     i 

Phoinix 

175    0    0 

5/.  per  ct.  bs. 

"S'^SS 

I'roleclor  Life     -           -           .           •    20      1 

U  18    0 

4    0    0  per  ct. 

_ 

2,500 

Provident  Life    •           .          •          -  100    10 

11    0    0 

1   0  0' 

June 

t0O,0lX) 

Rock  Life           ■           .           ■           -212 

I  15    0 

0    6    0 

October 

689,2191.  ITi.  lOd. 

Royal  F.Kclnn^e .           -           -           .  stock 

202/.  Si  20:)/. 

5i.  per  CI.  bs. 

June  and  Dec 

10,000 

Riyal  Naval,  Milit., and  E.  L  Com.     -    23     3 

3    0    0 

4    0    0  |ier  ct. 

Siui  Fire  ..... 

210    0    0 

6/.  lOi.  pern.  lis. 

_ 

&SS2 

tliiiversily  Life   -           -           .           .  100      5 

5    0     0  per  ct. 

July 

fffiJ 

Univmal  L.fe     .           -           •           -  lOD      5 

'7  15    li 

6    0    0     — 

Miy 

1,M)0 

Union  Fire         -          -          -          •  2i,0    20 
JOINT  STOCK  BANKS. 

1241.  Il  125L 

3  10    0 

Jan.  and  July 

fltiM) 

Asricullural  and  Com.  of  Ireland         -    25    10 

Aijslralania          •            -            -            -    40    40 

57  10    0 

8    0   0  per  ct. 

Jan.  and  July 

••99? 

llillo  New           .            .            -            .    40    20 

23).  10    &  20/.  5i. 

10,000 

Birmingham  Bank          -           •           -    60    10 

10    0    0       • 

March 

20,000 

British  North  Aniericin             .           -    50    30 

261.  is.  &  26/.'l5>. 

6    0    0    — 

Juni;  and  D^r 

10(1,000 

Coinmercial  Bankof  Englaud    •           .56 

7    0    0    — 

■•           *■.*   iJt.^, 

20,0U0 

Colonial                -            ■            -            .  100    25 

32/!  15».  i  331. 

7    0    0    — 

Jan.  and  July 

IMQO 

Hiberninn             -            -            ■            •  100    25 

1m| 

Imperial  Bmk  of  England         .          .    20     8 

. 

8    0    0    — 

March  aod  Sep. 

^B 

luniaii  Stale         -           •           *           .    2i      ii 

6  10    0 

4H 

London  and  Westminster          *          .  100    20 

22!.  15l.  *  221.  I2s. 
6c(.  I7i.  6^.  &  15*. 

5    0    0     — 

March 

80^000 

Lonlon  Joint  Slock  Company    .          .    50    10 

12  10    0 

5    0    0    — 

Jan,  ami  July 

JW|M8 

Londrin  and  County        •           •           .    60    10 

9    0    0 

WtwO 

I  ■  Toool             -           -           .           .100    121 
ftlaiichester  and  Liverpool  Disct.          -  luO    15 

21     5    0 

10    0    0    — 

__ 

^SkSs 

9  12    6 

7  10    0    — 

March 

a^jw 

Manchenler          •            •            .            .  100    25 

7    0    0    — 

Oclober             ' 

jffiBIP 

Metropolitan       •           -           -           .    25      7J 

mjBBf 

M-inmouthshire  and  Glamorganshire    •    20    10 

. 

10    0    0    - 

Feb.  aii'l  Au^. 
Jan.  aiij  July      1 

*^Ss 

Provincial  Bank  of  Ireland         -           .  100    £5 

44    5    0 

S    0    0     — 

8$ora 

Uitio  New           -            ■           .           .    10    10 

17    0    0 

8    0    0    — 

National  Bank  of  Ireland           .           .    50    17j 

16    6    C 

10,000 

National  Provincial  England     •          ■  100    35 

34/  loj.  & 
34(.  12,i.ia. 

6    0    0    — 

- 

10)000 

Ditto  New           -           .           .           .    20    10 

9;.  I5i.  &  10(.  5l. 

fpfOOO 

Northern  and  Central  Bank  of  England      10    10 

5    0    0- 

31  December 

jO^dgy 

North  and  South  Wales .            .            .    20      5 

. 

6    0    0- 

81^00 

Norlhatnptonsliire  Union           •           .    25      5 

14    0    0 

14    0    0    — 

Jul,- 

1  'tOOO 

Gloucestershire    •            -            .            .    50    10 

30    0    0 

Feb.  \ni  Au». 

'  wQO 

llim|)shire          .           *           .           .    50     5 

. 

10    0    0    — 

Au^iist 

a  wuO 

North  Will 25     6 

. 

7    0    0    — 

]  ^i^D 

Southern  District            -           -           .    20      6 

. 

5    0    0     — 

May 

Jan.  and  Juiy 

9  ||^D 

West  of  F.iis.  and  Siulh  Wales  Dis.       .    20    12* 
Wilts  and  Uonet              .            .            .     15      7} 
Union  Riiik  of  Australia            -           .    25    17^ 
Union  B^nk  of  London  •           -           -    50      5 

12    5    0 

5    0    0    — 

^^2 

8    5    0 

6    0    0    — 

I^OOd 

*>** 

5    2    0 

GAS  LIGHT  AND  COKE  COMPANIES. 

' 

^ 

Bath 20i.  IGi. 

Bradford  •            •            -            .            .25 

- 

0  16    0     — 
10    0    0     — 

March  aa4  Sep. 

8^ 

British 40    18 

'l9    0    6 

1    5    0 

May  an  1  Nov. 

Diiln  Provincial  •            .           -           .    20    19 

1    7    0 

n 

Birmingham        -           -           -      77/.  10.t. 

93    0    0 

6  10    0 

J,tn.  aivt  Jijlf 
M^rrhautlSep 
April 

%ac 

B'Tinin^ham  and  Slalfordshire  •           .    50    60 

73    0    0 

4    0    0 

.flP 

RreTilford             .            .            .            -50 

IS    0    0 

4^w 

Bristol      .            .            .            .            .20 

38    0    0 

200" 

Feb.  an.l  Aii».    ' 

jmw 

Brighton  -           .           -           .           -    20 

10  15    0 

March  aM  Sep, 

w 

Ditto  General      •           .           .           -    20    20 

9  10    0 

Canterbury         .           .           .           .60 

6    0    0     — 

Jan.  an'I  J'lly 
DfiCetiiber 

Chelmsford         -           -           .           .60 

4    0    0     — 

800 

Cheltenham        •           .           .           .50 

, 

8    0    0     — 

April  aii'lOd. 

IiQOv 

City  of  Undon    -          .           .          -  100  100 

. 

10    0    0 

M\rch  111  1  ^*p. 

1)1^^ 

Ditto  New            .            .            .            .  ICO    75 

10    0    0 

Jiini"  '*V'i  Dec. 

^ 

C  in'iiHMital  Consolidated           .          .    75    62i 
Ditto  New                       .           .           .    60    11 

110    0    0 
2J/.  t  24/. 

6  lU    Opersh. 

Jan.  aad  July 

Bk 

Oventry  .           .           .           .           .25 

2  10    0 

1 

a^JBk 

Dulley     .            .            .            .            .20 

17    0    0 

6    0    Operct 

] 

JOSBy 

Depiford,  Rolherhithe,  Bermondsey,     .      1      1 

0|W0 

Kquilable            .           .            -           .    60    00 

20    0    0 

. 

JiiDe  and  Dec    i 

kuSi/ 

Eiiropran           .          .           .           .15 

11     7    6 

ll'inBr 

Impen  il  .           .           .           .           .    60    50 

63  10    0 

5    0    0     — 

P^^H 

Ditto  Roods         -            .           .           .100 

4    0    0     — 

^gDu 

Isle  of  Ihanet     -           -           .           .    25    20 

18    0    0 

5    0    0     — 

Atipu^ 

wBK' 

Indepeo'j'^nt         *            -            •            .     ?0    ,10 

^0    0    0 

6    0    0    — 

April  aii'lOc!.    ■ 

^sK 

Lon  10'     .           .           .           .           .    50    50 

4    0    0     — 

MirchmilSfL. 

oflO 

Live-,,ool           .          .          .    242J  I81. 

370    0   6 

I    IT    0    0    — 

March 

les — eontinued. 


SHARES  (PRICES  OF,  xsxc). 

Table  of  the  principal  Joint  Stock  Compaules  in  England  and  Wales— con(inuei{. 


m 


dendi  per              DivWendi       | 

knnum. 

uue.            ( 

d. 
a    0  per  ct. 

March  tn<\  Sep. 

0    0    - 

Juno  and  Dec. 

0    0    — 

Anisujl 

0    0 

Iteceliiber 

per  cl.  bs. 
J    0 

November 

October 

ct.  t  30s.  b».      Jin.  and  July      j 

2    0                             - 

2    0                             — 

0    Operct.                  — 

0  0—          July 

0    0                     September 

i    g                     Msrch                1 

June  and  Dec, 

July 

August                1 

10    0                   Feb.  and  Auj. 

0    0 

16    0                   April                1 

10    0                    March  and  Sep.   \ 

10    0                             —           i 

10    0 

July                1 

0    0      — 

—             1 

0    0      — 

- 

0    0      — 

Jan.  and  July 

per  Cl.  b%. 

0    0  per  ct. 

—^           i 

0    0 

June                 1 

5    0 

()clol)er 

per  cl.  bs. 

June  iind  Dec.     j 

0    0  per  ct. 

1 

lOl.  pnrcl.  1)3. 

— 

1 

>    U    0  per  cl. 

./nlf 

1 

5    0    0- 

M.y 

1 

J  10    0 

Jan.  and  July     ' 

1 

8   0   Operct. 

1 
Jan.  and  July 

0    0    0       ■ 

Mirch 

6    0    0    — 

June  and  D«. 

7    0    0     — 

7    0    0     — 

Jan.  and  July 

8    0    0- 

March  and  Sep. 

5    0   0     — 

March 

6    0    0- 

Jan.  and  July 

10    0    0     — 

- 

7  10    0     — 

March 

7    0    0- 

October 

10    0    0     — 

Feb.  and  Aue. 

8    0    0     — 

Jan.  anJ  July 

8    0    0- 

>'o.  of  ShircJ. 


6    0    0     — 


r. 

0 

0 

fi 

0 

u 

11 

0 

0 

10 

n 

0 

7 

0 

0 

ft 

0 

0 

.ft 

0 

u 

6 

0 

0 

31  December 

Jul,- 

¥eh.  and  Auj. 

August 

May 


0  16 
to  0 
[l    ft 

1  7 
6  10 
4    0 


|2    0    0 

16    0  0     — 

14     0  0      — 

18    0  0     — 

10    0  0 

10    0  0 

l6  10  Opersh. 

Is    0    Operct. 


IS 

I* 

■  ft    0 


0    0 
0    0 


300 
9,000 

1,000 

4,000 

8,200 

240 

400 

7.-.0 

12,000 

6,000 


6,300 

g.soo 

13,000 
7,500 

3,000 

6,000 
600 

3,000 
60,000 
12,600 

fi.lXiO 

m,ooo 

16,000 
10,918 
11.000 
!0,000 
2i.l.'00 
25,000 

6,000 
2,000 
8,000 
2,100 
6,100 
7,9«S 
11,475 
36,000 
24,000 

20,000 


25,000 

25,000 
31,250 

36,000 

26,666 

2,000 
13,000 
13,000 
10,000 

10,000 
15,000 

6,128 
2,500 

2,eoo 

1,000 
1,500 
28,000 
6,000 


Jan.  anil  July        ^He 

1,800 

^^K 

8,000 

^^B 

4,000 

'  IB 

10,000 

\  ^K 

8,000 

t   ^^^B 

2,000 

March  aod  Sep.  \   ^H 

^H| 

10,000 

M.iy  in  1  Nov.       ^^B 

6,000 

^H 

11,000 

Jnn.  ^\v\  July        ^n 

10,000 

Mj^rrhand^ep.       ^K 

10,000 

A|)ril                  ^H 

20.000 

Feb.  anl  Ant.       ^B 

10,000 

March  art  Sep.      ^H 

J^n.  :^n'I  July       ^H 

6,000 

Dt-ceniber             ■■ 

12,000 

A|tril                    ^B 

10,000 

Mirchmtyp'      ^H 

8,500 

JllTU?  -T'l  \kC..           ^K 

1.500 

Jan.  tLuJJul;     '  ^V 

1,850 

^B 

20,000 

^^B 

10,000 

^^B 

5,151 

^^B 

20,000 

June  and  Dec.      ^M 

1  ^^m 

11,500 

<  H 

S,000 

Anns)  ,         '  ^M 

10,000 

Anril  and  Ort.    '  ^H 

2,000 

.Mirch  and  Se^.     ^B) 

30,000 

March            1  ^B 

•Ma 

Description  of 
Conijunies, 


Amount  of  Shares 
l>aid  up. 


Maidstone 

PlKBuijt    • 

RatclJir    - 

South  Metropolitan  Company 

United  General   • 

W.arwick 

Wakefield 

Warrinijton 

Wesiuiiuater  Cliartered  ■ 

Ditto  New 


aitara.  Paid. 

■  SOL 

■  60    39 

■  100    80 

■  60    22 

-  60    4« 

-  60 

-  23 
•  20 

■  50 

■  50    10 


IRON  RAILWAYS. 

Birminicham  and  Derby 

Birii'iiif;hani  and  Gloucester 

Bristol  and  Exeter 

Cheltenhim  and  Great  Western 

Chester  and  Berkenliead 

Clarence  - 

Dublin  and  Dro|;heda 

Durtiain  Junction 

nepiford  Junction 

Kaslern  Counties 

Gla&i^ow,  Paisley,  and  Ayrshire  . 

Kdinburf;h,  Leith,  and  Nevstuven 

Kdinbiirgh  and  Ula;;gow 

Glasgow,  Paisley,  and  Greenock 

Grand  Junction    - 

Ditto  Half  Shares 

Great  North  of  England  ■ 

Great  Western     - 

Ditto  New 

Gosport  Junction 
HartlelKwl 
Hull  and  Selby    • 
Leetis  and  Selbv  - 
.'.iverp,  ■'  -•nd  Manchester 
Oillo  Hall ...    -- 
Ditto  (Quarter  snares 
tondou  and  Brighton 
Loudoa  and  Blackball   • 

London  and  Greenwich  ■ 

Ditto  New 

London  and  Birmingham 


■  100  90 

•  100  70 

•  100  40 

■  100  4S 
.  60  35 
.  too  100 

■  100  5 
.  100  100 

•  20  I 
.  25  21 

-  51  30 

-  20  11 

■  50  25 
.  25  17 
.  100  100 

-  jO  30 

-  100  55 

■  100  65 

■  60  30 

■  SO  20 

■  too  100 

•  60  ;15 

.  100  too 

•  100  100 

■  60  40 

-  25  2,5 

■  50  35 

-  25  17^ 

-  20  20 

-  20  20 

•  100  90 

•  25   fi 

•  32  24 


18i.  6d. 
10». 


100 

too 

60 

70 

■  70 

100 


Ditto  Quarter  Shares 

Ditto  New  Shires 

Ditto  Ronils,  1S43 

Ln  (inn  and  Southwestern  Av.  3S/.  17*.  9d. 

Ditto  Bonds 

I/indon  and  Croydon 

Ditto  Scrip 

Llanelly  Railway  and  Dock  Co. 

M.inchesteratid  l,.eeds    - 

Ditto  New  Shares 

Mani-'he^iler  and  Birmingham 

Ditto  Extension  - 

Midland  Counties 

North  .Midland    • 

Ditto  New 

Northern  and  Eastern    - 

Predion  and  Wigan 

Preston  and  Wyre 

Stockton  and  Darlington 

S'auliope  and  Tyne 

South  ilaatern  anil  Dover 

York  and  North  Midland 

MINES. 

Ari^ia  Iron  and  Coal  Company 

Albion  Copper    - 

Allen 

An<lo  Mexican,  iss.  5/.  pm. 

Ditto  Subscription 

BIa»navon  tnin  and  Coal 

Hol.inoi  - 
,  .)ifo  Scrip 
1  Brazilian  Imp  ,  iss. 6/.  pm. 

Diuo  Mocauli.as  and  Cocaes  United 

Dill')  SI.  John  del  Key    . 

Bo'    ar  Clipper  Couipmy 

I)*.:   1  Scrip 

Hntiah  Iron  Company    • 

Cala  Branca 

Cauilimga  -- 

Ditto  Registered- 

Cnrnw.ill  Great  United   - 

Collie  Copper     • 

Coi)ia)>o  • 

Columbian,  iss.  St,  pm     ■ 

Ditto  New 

English    - 

General  Mining  Association 

Hibernian 

.Mexican  Company 

Mi,lin,f  Company  of  Ireland 

Real  del  Monte,  llegistered         Av.  63.', 

Ditto,  Unregistered 

Milto  Loan  Notes 

Reitnionr  Cons'ilidated    ■ 

Rtiyinney  Iron     - 

Isle  of  Seek,  GuL.T  ry    - 

United  Mcxiciui,  iss.  21.  pu 


Price  per  Share. 


/,.  ».  d. 

100  0  0 

30  10  0 

60  0  0 


55(.  lOt.  h  661.  5i. 

!i  55L  15r.  &  66<. 

II    0    0 


65    6    0 


9i.  5«.  &  91. 


6<«.  k  mi.  k  m. 

301.  10».  k  301.  15j, 
&31I.  &31I.  lOi. 


24    5    0 
151.  5».  MS/.  7i.6d. 
ai5i.&13I.5j.&15( 

Sf.oj.  &8i.  lO.t 

81.  15j,  S  «i.  12j.  6<7. 

15/.  I0>.  k  151,  Bi. 

1511.  10^'.  k  1651. 

k  1571. 

24    0    0 

44    0    0 

43    0    0 


72J.  lOt.  k  721.  15>. 


100  100 

I  Of. 
100    25 

20 

60  jO 
lOO  100 
lOO  100 

50  18 

50  40 


50  M 

6  H 

■    15  12J 

100  100 

2-, 

60  40 

.  160  !50 

25 

,  35  20 

25  25 

20  It 

20  20 

,  10  10 

,  103  50 

•  lU  eh 

.20 


76  10 

0 

96  IT 

6 

18  10 

0 

12  10 

0 

12 


40 

20  13 

56  55 

II  li 

25  14 

20  19 

60  10^ 

100  651 

25  7 

lOl,  6d. 

160 

,      6  4^ 

.    60  60_ 

•    40  40* 


ll.tH.  lOi. 


40    0    0 
9    2    6 


Dividends  per 
Annum. 


I    .     d. 

10    ■<    0  per  ct. 
4         0    ■ 
5)0    — 
4)0    — 
I    0 


S  U  0 

I  5  0 

I  0  0 

3  0  0 

1  12  0 


14    0    Operth. 


S    0    0  per  ct. 
5    0    0- 


9  10    0    persh, 
9  !0    0    — 
9  13    0    — 


3    0    Operct 
8    0    0  per  sb. 


4    0   0  per  cl. 
3    0    0- 


6    0    0 


Dividends 
Due. 


Feb.  and  Aug. 

June  and  Dec. 

March  and  Sep. 

July 

Jan.  and  July 


October 
June  and  Dec 


Jan.  and  July 


10  September 

August 

Jan.  and  July 

April  and  Oct. 
Feb.  and  Aug. 


16  March 
Jan.  9nd  July 


1  5  0 

2  0  0  per  sh. 

0  10  0 

2    0  0 

lO   0  Operct. 


April  and  Oct. 


MaKh 

March  and  Sep. 
May  and  Nov. 

April  and  Oct. 


Jane  and  Dec. 


Jan.  and  July 


468 


SHARES  (PRICES  OF,  etc.). 


Cfgglii  •jJ'rtW 


"•  v.. 


flW 


■■BB::.,..'*«wiim» 

iK,     ■'■.■:"^ '"  i  riii% 


ijRlBK'-' 


^•tlll 


r  J 


Table  of  the  principal  Joint  Stock  Companies  in  England  and  Walea— eonttnuerf. 

Nc.orshirei. 

Dcnrription  of                         Amount  of  Shares 
<;oiiipariie9,                                   p<-«i«l  tip. 

Trice  per  Share. 

Dividends  per 
Annum. 

Divilcndi 
Due.           { 

Siturcl.  Paid. 

t.    t-    <!■ 

i.  ».    d. 

Unitpd  Mexic-in  Scrip    .          •          - 

3  13    0 

Uillo  New  Scrip            ...           61 

MTERAHY  INSTITUTIONS. 

1,000 

I^>niton,  wiih  Urnrizc  Ticket                •    7P?'. 
1, I.Ai  i:iiivci»ily          -           •           ■  11")  100 

1ft  10    0 

'?S? 

BOO 

Rmwll     •           •                       .            -    liOJ 

7    0    0 

Kiuj's  Collejo     .                       .            .          100 

19  10    a 

MISCELLANEOUS, 

1 

10,000 

Ar.Rln.Mi'xiranMinl       -           •           .    tn    10 

. 

1    4    0 

Jtine  and  Dec.     ' 

10,000 

Auilraliaii  ARmuilutal  •            •             •  100JS(.2j. 

* 

1  10    0 

Jaimaiy 

10.000 

Assam  Ti;i  (  "nipai:)-      •            .            -    60      5 

41.  I7f.  ad.  k  4i.  10>. 

lO.OUO 

Aiili-llryr.l  Cci.  Kesi'lcreil         •            -     i'i  17.J 

! 

10,000 

Hritish  iat,  iil  t  oil         ...              I 

! 

fO.OOO 

llrilinh  ABricullur.il  l,naii  Com.             •  10)      6 

1 

K,600 

Hriiiih  ll.tk.inil  I'aichlSilt      •           .    M    3,i 

. 

1     0    0 

April  and  Ori 

6,000 

Hrilish  Aii.erican  Laud  Culitpany          -    f'O    33 

10    0    0 

4    U    0  per  ct. 

Much  .111(1  Sep. 

10,0*10 

Can.aila  Con  paiiy            -            •            .100    3ii- 

. 

6    0    0     — 

Jau.  and  July 

10,000 

t'lipur  Canada  lionda      ... 

6    0    0      — 

— . 

Clly  lloncis          .... 

101    0    0 

4    0    0     — 

6,000 

Eastern  Coast  of  Central  Aiucrica  Com* 

pariv,  OtlJtiltures          -            *            -20    I'.i 

. 

4     0    0 

— 

6,000 

(ien.  hever.  and  liivestH.enl  Co.            •  UK)    7S 

. 

4     0    0 

2,700 

Eiiuil.alili- llfversion.iry  Society-            -100    45 

. 

4    0    0 

a,  100 

lluinerlorcl  .Mirkel         -            -             .  100  luO 

6,000 

London  Cemetery            -            -            -    20    li 

20,0UO 

General  Steam  .Nivigitiou          -           -    15    14 

> 

W.  Hj.  ft  2..   6(/.  hs. 

Marcli  aii'l  «ep. 

lluiUnu'sHay  Stocl(         -           -            -  1(0  100 

- 

10    0    0  per  ct. 

Jan.  and  Ji.iy 

M,000 

London  Reversionary  Int.  Society          -    60    10 

20,000 

MeKican  and  S  mill  Ainericau     ■           •    10      7 
New  Brnmwjck  (Land)  ■            -            -            57 

"l2    0    0 

0  10    0    — 

1 

5,387 

Reversionary  Interest  Society      -           .  100  100 

1331  &  1347. 

5    0    0    — 

15,000 

Koval  .Mail  SI,  am  racket             .            -  ll'U      5 

4  13    0 

2,100 

S'. ileor<es. steam  Fackel  Co.    .            -100  100 

. 

8    0    0    — 

^ 

8,ll('l1 

Ditlot^naiterSliaies        .           •           •    2',    2'> 

I 

3,(100 

slop  Owiiers'Towing  Company            -    10     7a 

- 

10    0    0 

i 

14,000 

Sn,i'h  Aus'ralian  •            -            -            -    2'>     15 

12    0    0 

4    0    0    — 

». 

1                   4,000 

'riiamtsTiiipnel    -           -           -           •    ."iO    50 

lOf.  iiBf.  I'lS.  &  ICl 

;                 10,0W) 

Van  Dicmau's  Und         -           .           -  100    17j 

11   10    0 

1      0    6    0 

.V.  D.  — Wlitn  the  aniouiil  of  a  slureouiy  ismcnlioried,  it  is  to  be  presumed  that  it  is  entirely  paid  up.— 5u/t.) 

[See  sup.,  article  Stocks.  Aiit.  Et/.] 

SHARKS'  FINS  form  a  regular  article  of  trade  to  China;  and  are  collected  for  this  pur. 
jiosc  in  every  country  from  the  eastern  shore  of  .\frica  to  New  (ruinea.  In  ihc  Canton 
Price  Currents  they  arc  as  refrularly  quoted  as  lea  or  oiiiiini;  and  the  price  of  late  years  ha.^ 
been,  accoinling  to  qualily,  from  1.5  to  18  dollars  per  pieul,  equal  to  from  50,s.  to  (JO.v.  porcivi 

SHAWLS  (Ger.  Sc/iakn  ,■  Fr.  C/iitls,  C/ia/es ,-  It.  Shavali ,-  Sp.  ffchuiHilos),  aviicjes  ot 
fine  wool,  silk,  or  wool  and  silk,  manufactured  after  the  fashion  of  a  large  haiulkcrcliicf,  usoo 
in  female  dress.  The  finest  shawls  are  imported  from  India,  where  they  are  highly  estfctiipj 
and  cost  from  .50  to  .300  guineas.  But  tiie  British  shawls  miinufactured  at  Norwich,  Pais 
ley,  and  particularly  Edinhurgh,  have  recently  heen  very  much  im|)roved;  and  Ihoush  .still 
inferior,  in  point  of  (juality,  to  the  finest  specimens  brought  from  the  Ea.st,  they  look  well,  and 
are  much  cheaper.  The  native  shawl  manufacture  is  of  very  considerable  value  and  iniportaruf, 

Cn.fhviere  Widw/.--.— Tlit'  sliiiwl  iiiiitMiliictiirc  ishelievpil  toliave  oriL'inatcd  in  tlievallry  ll^(',l^.|||^crH, 
lli<!  an(;i('nl  (;as|)lra,  .siliiiiteil  in  llio  iKirlli-wcst  ot'Iiidia,  lii'twtM'ii  llic  ,'illli  jlikI  ;i.')tli  dcfjVci.'s  iil'.V  laij.' 
tiKio,  nii'l  llie  T:i(l  and  TCitli  dt'orctis  nf  K.  loiijiiuide.  TIkhiiiIi  net  sii  tloiirlsliiiig  tis  it  inico  'v:h,iIu 
inaniiraclnrt^  is  slill  |ir()si(iit(!d  in  litis  prdvince  lo  a  vury  tDiisideralilc  I'.vlent.  Tlin  sliuwis  are'lli.: 
very  licsl  Unit  nrc,  made,  imsscs.sin);  tin(!(]nullod  tiiienos.'*,  dtdicacy,  and  warinlli.  Tlicy  arc  rorineil n,' 
tin,'  inner  liair  nt'  a  variety  I'f  llic  coininon  gnat  (capra  liircii.i),  reared  on  iIk;  lold,  dry  t.ilili;  l:uiil  of 
Tliil)el,  elevated  from  ll.lillH  Id  l(),(ll)0  led  above  the  level  of  (he  sou.  The  gnat  thrives  sullnienil* 
vvidl  in  many  niher  cnnnlries  ;  but  in  tin;  sultry  plains  ef  Hindostaii  it  '.las  hardly  nioru  li;ilr  limn  i 
(ireyhound;  and  thoiiHh  in  liialier  latitudes  the  liuir  is  inure  abundant,  it  is  for  the  most  part  sin.:; 
and  roarse.  It  i<  only  in  ihe  inletistdy  eold  and  dry  liimate  of  Thibet  ''.til  it  yields  the  ihi  iili!irl\  so: 
woolly  hair  that  roiistlttites  the  material  of  the  Iiidutn  shawl.  Wo  ;iii  not,  Ihereforc,  stippost;  ilii'ailu 
HlTorts  to  naturalise  the  sha\vl-;;oat  in  Friince  will  turn  out  wel'.  On  the  eomrary,  we  billmi!  [k 
chancea  of  success  would  tn!  ahoiil  etpml  were  an  attempt  male  to  breed  heavers  in  a  hot  cuiiiitr), 
without  water,  or  camels  in  a  moist  roniitry,  free  from  heat  aiiic  dro'l)^llt. 

The  inner  or  fine  wool  is  covt^red  over  and  protected  by  a  (Miantity  of  long  shaggy  hair,  wliicli  is, 
of  course,  carefully  separated  from  it  hot'ore  it  is  inaiitifaclurc.l. 

The  genuine  shawl-wool  has  heen  imported  into  this  comitry  ;  and  Ihe  finest  Rdinbiiicli  mul  I'.ii;. 
ley  shawls  have  been  produt  ed  iVoin  it.  Hut  it  must  be  :•  touted  that  shawls  have  tiow  here  liciMuiiiiJt; 
that  can  come,  as  respects  (lualily,  into  successful  comp>  itioii  w  illi  those  of  ('nslimere.  Tlit,'  iii,iiii|. 
facture  has  been  eslablislietl  at  Delhi  and  Lahore  for  soiue  years  ;  hut  notwithsiaiuliti;;  it  is  larrii'ilon 
by  ii.ilive  ("ashmeriatis,  and  Ihoii|;h  the  material  eioployed  be  (iiiile  tlie  same,  the  fabrics  are  suiil  to 
want  the  fineness  of  those  made  in  (■aslitnere,  ami  l<  have  a  degenerated,  coarse  appearance.  It  i< 
ditliciilt  to  account  for  tliis  siiperiorily.  It  has  heen  ascribed  lo  some  peculiar  (luality  of  Ihc  water  in 
the  valley  of  Cashmere  ;  hut  it  is  inosl.  pruliably  owing  'o  a  variety  of  circiimstances,  wliiili,  iluiugli 
each  may  appear  of  little  importance,  colleclivtdy  give  a  character  to  the  manufactttre. 

The  followiii,  details  as  to  the  inanulactiiro  of  C^ashmcre  shawls  are  extracted  from  a  recent  iiuni- 
I'cr  (if  an  Knglisli  paper  puhlistied  at  Delhi  : 

"The  grtsit  man  for  the  wool  of  which  shawls  are  made,  is  at  Kilghet,  which  "ssaid  to  be  adepcnil- 
ency  of  J.adak,  and  situateii  'K\  days'  journey  from  the  northern  boundaries  of  Cafihniere.  There  art 
2  kinds  of  it  :  that  which  can  be  re.tdily  dyed  is  white  ;  Ihe  other  sort  is  of  !\u  asliy  colour.  uiiiiiilji;iii' 
Willi  (liHii.iilly  chant'ed,  or,  .it  least,  inijiiovtMl  by  art,  is  generally  woven  of  its  natural  lute.  Aliouf' 
lbs.  of  eillier  are  obtained  from  a  siriKle  poal  once  a  year.  Alter  the  down  l;as  beiMi  earel'iilly  separaleJ 
from  the  hairs,  it  is  repeatedly  wnstied  wiih  ricc-slart-li.  Tliis  process  is  reckoned  iiiipurlaiil ;  audit 
^  to  itie  quality  of  the  water  t^f  their  valley  that  llie  Cashmeriaus  littrihute  tile  peculiar  aiitl  iuimila- 


w 


i.  I 


siip:ep. 


463 


ilea — continued. 


JcikU  Iter 

LllllUIII. 


Uivi'lcntli 
Due. 


4    0 

10    0 

Jiini*  and  Dtc.     ■    H; 
Jajiuaiy                ■ 

1  H 

1 

0    0 

U    0  per  cl. 
0    0- 
0    0     — 
0    0- 

!  m. 

April  and  Oct.        K 
Much  .lu'l  hep.        ^m, 
Jan.  ami  July          ^B 

0    0 
0    0 
0    0 

^^B 

Ij.  &  2<.  6(1.  bs. 
0    0  pur  ct. 

March  aii'l  «pp.      H, 
Jau.  and  July         ^B 

10    0    — 

B 

0    0     — 

!  1 

i    0    0    — 

1 1 

DOG 
10    0- 

H 

0    6    0 

B 

We  fineness  of  the  fabrics  prodiicpd  there.  At  Kilfhi-t  the  host  raw  wnni  is  sold  for  nlmiii  I  rupee  a 
nniind.  I'V  l''e  prcpnriilion  niid  wnshinis  rcfrrred  In,  It  loses  i,  anil  the  roiiiuliuler  bciii),'  spun,  3  ru- 
pees' weight  of  the  thread  is  cniiflidrrcd  worili  1  rupee. 

"Sliiiwls  lire  iiiiide  (if  vnriims  fdriiis,  sizo,  and  hordcrs,  wlilchiire  wrimt'lit  scpaialcly,  w  illi  I  Ik-  view 
of  ndiipt'i'B  ''"'■"  '"  "'"  •liferent  iiiarkels.  'riidse  Hciit  Ki  Tiirkcv  used  td  lie  of  Ihi!  sdl'icst  iiiid  iimst 
Jflicate  Ie.\turc.  Carpi'ts  niid  coniiterpaiies  ar(!  fahricatcd  of  iIk!  hair  or  coarser  part  of  Ihe  wool. 
Knana  variety  of  eniises,  buioiir  others  the  desiriu-iioii  of  the, laniss.iries,  who  dressed  iiiik  li  iiishawl.^, 
,l,e  loss  of  royally  in  Cal)iil,  and  the  mined  linaiices  of  I.mknow,  il  is  certain  thai  the  di'inand  for  this 
cicjiaiit  oniMiodity  has  (ircally  declined  of  lain  years.  Under  the  IMomil  emperors,  Caslin. ere  found 
work  for  3l),0C'0shawl  looms.  In  the  time  of  the  Afiihan  kinirs,  the  nninher  decreased  t(p  l>-,(:oii.  Tliere 
arc  now  not  more  than  (i,OI)0  employed.  I  should  altriliule  litih;  of  this  diminulion  to  ilie  sale  of  Kwfs- 
lisli  iiiiiialioTis  among  the  Asiatic  nations.  VVIuii  these  counlerfeils  first  appeared,  the  preii  j  paiierns 
and  hidliaiicy  of  the  cidours  took  llie  fancy  of  siuue,  liut  tlicir  ureal  inferiority  in  the  soilness  and 
waririlli  which  marks  the  genuine  shawl,  soon  caused  the  new  article  to  he  tiei!lccied  A  taiuel-load 
oi'  iliein  was  lately  put  upat  outcry  in  Delhi,  wlien  scarcely  a  native  would  hid  for  one : 

■■Tlie  averane  value  of  shawls  exported  from  Cashmere  aiuoiints  annuallv  to  l,h(Hl,P(lll  rupees.  Uun- 
jiet  Sinah  takes  |  in  kind  as  part  of  the  gross  revenue  of  llii!  province,  which  is  aliont  'J.')  lacks  a  year. 
ll;s  IliL'hness  is  said  to  sell  J  of  what  he  thus  receives,  and  to  keep  the  remainder  for  his  own  court. 
(M'llic  rest  disposed  of  by  him  and  left  for  sale  in  the  valley,  7  lacks'  worth  l-o  to  IJi'inhav  and  West- 
ern India  ;  .1  to  Ilindostan,chielly  Oiide;  Ja  lack  each  to  Calcutta,  C'ubul,  Herat,  and  13alk,  whence 
some  pass  on  to  neighbouring  countries. 

"A  carious  calcululion  of  tin'  successive  exactions  from  Cashmere  to  Bombay  inclusive,  which  mag- 
nify ibc  price  of  shawls,  is  herewith  subjoined. 

'■Actaal  cost  for  materials  und  labour  in  making  a  pair  of  reel  shawls  : — 

Fd.  rs. 
Tnlal  frtim  Kilghct  to  Rombay,  171  18  and  85  12  1-2  =    2.Vi  30  1-2 


iulirely  paid  up.— .Suji.) 

are  collected  for  this  pur- 
Guinea.  In  'In'  Canton 
the  price  of  late  yeavs  lia.> 
)  from  50,s.  to  UO.v.  per  cwi 
>]).  Schavalos).  articles  U 
X  large  haiKlkcicliief,  usoij 

tlioy  are  lii;;hly  estcciiipd 
actureil  at  Nurwicii,  I'jis 

|irovi'(l;  ami  lluiu^li  still 

East,  they  look  well,  and 

luble  value  aiul  ininortana', 

I  in  the  valley  of  (',i>liiiicrH, 
1  iLiid  '.i'llU  decrees  cil'N.  luli. 
irishiiii;  as  it  onco  was.lln 
xteiit.  The  sliawls  are  Uk 
uuilh.  They  arc  I'liriiicil cf 
1  the  cold,  dry  tlilile  l:uiil  i:i 
he  Hoat  thrives  siill'.ci.'iiiW 
Ills  hardly  more  liiur  lliun  i 
is  for  the  most  pun,  slia;:;) 
t  it  yields  the  pcciiliiirlys.ili 
t,  therefore,  suppose  lliiitlhe 
he  contrary,  we  luiievi:  llw 
d  beavers  in  a  lnu  tuuiilry, 

I  lung  shaggy  hair,  wliitli  is, 

finest  rdinburcli  niul  l',iii- 
t'ls  have  nowhere  liccn  luaile 
if  Cashmere.  Tlic  iiiaiiu. 
Ivvitlisiandin^'  it  is  lariipilon 
;iie,  the  fabrics  arc  said  Id 
ll.  coarse  apiicarance.  It  ii 
liliar  (iiiality  of  llic  water  in 
Ircumslaiices,  wliidi,  tluiugb 
linaiiufacHire. 
Titractcd  from  a  recent  imni- 

Ivliich  >9  said  to  be  a  ilepcnJ- 
Ti'S  of  Casliinere.  TIHTeart 
lull  astiy  colour.  wliirlilii'inS 
If  its  natural  biH'.  About'' 
|l;as  been  carefully  Pi'I'awlC'l 
li-cckoiieil  iniporliiiil;  iu"! '! 
Tie  the  peculiar  and  iumiila- 


Fnur  Fiirrukabid  sci^rs  of  wool 
CItJr.iiii!.  w.ishiiig,  and  spiiiiiiiig 
Ilxiiif       ■ 
Wiia  10  iveavcil    ■ 

ToUl 

Piitin  m  the  lamc—Oa  lalc  and  importalion  to  Cash 
niiTe   .  •  •  •  ■ 

On  lli(.'  ihread       .... 

Wlidc  llie  fal'ric  is  in  llic  liom 

Fits  10  tlijwdies,  Irokera,  assessors,  &c. 

Total  amount  of  duties  in  Cashmere 

Duties  from  (^-"'"""elo  Amrilsir      - 
Fitmi  Amnlsir  to  Ilonibay 
il  Bouiliay  ■  •  %  - 

Total  from  Anirilsir  to  Bnmhay 


Fd 

rs. 

■       \Z 

8 

■      SO 

0 

•     II 

0 

.  tin 

6 

■    337 

II 

'•        3  14 

8 

4 

■     12-> 

U 

■      35 

0 

•     1-1 

18 

•       12 

H 

.        3 

6  12 

■      70 

0 

-      W 

12  12 

Prinif  cost 
Priiportiiin  of  carriage 
Insuraiicu    • 


Total  cost 


337  14 
0  12 
21     0 

610  58  1-2 


''A  pair  of  such  shawls  mieht  sell  for  fiOO  rupees  at  Amritsir,  and 
in  Bombay  for  900.  The  am(.unt  of  the  imports,  ;nd  the  snins  levii;,! 
t»y  each  BDvernmci,*,  will  api)(;ar  more  in  relief  il  s'ale.l  as  Ihejr 
atlVct  a  (aniel  load  in  its  [trofircsa.  It  ronsints  of  M  1  2  cuUlia 
inannils,  aii.l  coii'ains,  on  an  average,  2,000  sliauls  of  riitVertnt 
kinds,  valued,  on  rtaclmig  It'nnb.iy,  at  .iS,o0U  Farrukab.id  ru* 
pees. 

"The  government  of  Lahore  exacts  Fd.  rs.  1,'>G4  6:  Falialah, 
61  0:  Hikineer,  43  0;  ,b,udpnre,  lit  4;  H!ini\  nujuur.  20  0;— total 
levied  bv  native  prince.",  I, St  fl  0  ;  Itondiay,  (10  (  er  cent,  n/1  vnluretn) 
2.8".0  0.^'— ((Quoted  iu  Mr.  Montgfmieiy  Martin's  --Jii.idc  C'y/(>«it.t, 
vol.  i.  |i.  231.) 

SHEEl*  (Gcr.  iichafe,-  Fr.  Rrebis,  Biles  a  laine,  Mmttons ;  It.  Perore ,-  Sp.  Pecora,  Ovrjas  ,• 
Rus.  Owzii ;  liitt.  Oves).  Of  the  domestic  animalsi  belonc;ing  to  Great  Urilain,  sheep,  with 
the  e.vccplion  of  horses,  and,  perhaps,  cattle,  are  hy  far  the  most  important.  Tln-y  can  be 
reared  in  situations  and  upon  soils  where  other  animals  would  not  live.  They  aiford  a  large 
sujiply  of  food,  and  one  of  the  priiici[)al  materials  of  clothing.  Wool  has  long  licen  a  staple 
conimociity  of  this  country,  and  its  manufacture  employs  an  immense  number  of  people. 
"Tbe  dressed  skin,"  says  Mr.  Pennant,  "forms  dilfcrent  parts  of  our  apparel ;  and  is  used 
fjr  covers  of  hooks.  The  entrails,  properly  pre)iaicil  and  twisted,  serve  for  stiings  for  various 
musical  instruments.  The  bones,  calcined  (like  other  lioncs  in  general),  form  materials  for 
tests  for  the  refiner.  The  milk  is  thicker  than  that  of  cows,  and  consequently  yields  a  greater 
quantity  of  butter  and  chee.se ;  and  in  some  places  is  so  ■  ich,  that  it  will  not  produce  the 
chfc-^c  without  a  mixture  of  water  to  make  it  part  from  the  whey.  The  dung  is  a  remark- 
ably rich  manure ;  insomuch  that  the  folding  of  sheep  is  become  too  useful  a  branch  of  hus- 
bandry for  the  farmer  to  neglect.  To  conclude;  whether  we  consider  the  advantages  that 
'■''"ult  from  this  animal  to  individuals  in  particular,  or  to  these  kingdoms  in  general,  we  may, 
with  Columella,  consider  this,  in  one  .'tense,  as  the  fust  of  the  domestic  quadrupeds,"* — 
{Painaut's  Urithh  Zoolo<ry).  The  importation  of  sheep  from  a  foreign  country  is  pro- 
hibited under  pain  of  forfeiture. — (6  G'eo.  4.  c,  107.  §  53.) — (See  Cattlk,  and  M'ool.) 

The  following  Table  exhibits  a  compendious  view  of  the  more  prominent  characteristics  of  the 
principal  breeds  of  sheep  in  Ureal  Urilain  : — 


Names  of  Breeds. 


Head. 


f'rdonr  of 
Face  and  I.cj^. 


1.  Tfeswater 

No  hoi  lis 

'I.  hiiiculn    - 

No  horns 

3,  nl^illcJ',  or  New  Letcestc-r 

No  horns 

4.  Cotswi  1,1 

No  horns 

5.  Rnniiiey  Marsh     . 

No  horns 

6.  llarlmoor,  or  B.unpton 

Nil  linrtia 

7.  Kimmr  . 

Horned 

S.  BlAfkfired,  or  Heath 

Hornet! 

9.  Hen'fiirJ,  Rv.^biid 

No  horns 

iO.  Morf,  Sliropshire  - 

Homed 

11.  Dnrset      - 

Horned 

11  Wil'5        . 

Horned 

i:.  B^rko      . 

No  horns 

H.  Sou  h  Down 

No  horus 

15.  Norfolk 

!  Horned 

16.  Henlwick 

I  Inrned 

17,  Cheviot  • 

No  horns 

18.  Uunfaccd 

No  horns 

19.  Slieiland  . 

j  No  horns 

^U  f^|i\nlsli   . 

:  Hams  horned 

!  21.  I)i!lo,  cross 

White  face  :ind  legs 
While  fixci^  ;uk1  legs 
\Vhite  tare  anil  legs 
White  f.ice  and  I;  fis 
\Vhitt'  face  and  legs 
While  face  and  Ugs 
White  face  and  'e-^s 
niick  face  and  lei^s 
\»''iite  face  and  legs 
III.  k  and  speckled 
Wl  ite  and  speckled 
W  'lite  and  s|K'ckled 
Viack  and  while  • 
apeckled  and  whit« 
Black  and  white  • 
S'peckh'd  and  white 
wliiie  face  and  leq« 
Dtii)  face  and  lefis  • 
Vaiious  coloured  do. 
White 


Wool, 


Weight  of     WfUiem,  |        A-^e 
Fk-t(f.         per  ^r.     (     kiliti! 


r.on(f  wool     . 
l..ong  wool     - 
ijong  wool  (fine) 
l/)iiK  wool  (line) 
Long  woo!  (hue) 
I  ong  wool  (tine) 
I^ong  wool  (coarse) 
l.nns  wool  fcoarse) 
Short  wool  (Kne) 
Short  wool  ttinc) 
Short  wool  Olnc) 
Short  wool  (mid.) 

.  Ij^Df,  wool  • 
Short  wool    * 

I  Short  wool    • 

1  Short  wool    • 

j  Short  wool  • 
Short  wool  • 
Fine  i-otlony  ■ 

I  Short  wixd  (•*iiper.) 

1  Short  wool  ^liin-i 


l.U. 

/Jjj. 

Ymrt. 

9 

as 

2 

10 

23 

2 

8 

22 

2 

9 

24 

2 

8 

22 

2 

9 

25 

> 

6 

16 

2  1-2 

3  1-2 

2!  2 

14 

3  12 

1  3  1 

12 

3  1.2 

3  1-2 

13 

2 

3 

20 

3 

7 

IS 

2  1-2 

2  12 

18 

2 

2 

IS 

312 

2 

10 

4  12 

3 

16 

4  1-2 

1  1-2 

7 

4  1-2 

134 

8 

4  1-2 

312 

14 

2  12 

2  3-4 

Ki 

2 

_J 


For  delaila  as  to  the  number  of  sheep,  the  quantity  and  quaUly  of  wool,  &c.,  see  Wool. 

*  Postniiji.ipsqnndrnpe.les  nvilli  pecoris  second »  ratio  ist  ;  ((na-  prima  sit  <\  ad  nia^nilu  linem  iilililalis  refcras.  Nam  id  prx'  ipne  contra 
fri(oTisviolcniiain  nrotegit,  c'>r{ioril)Usque  noslris  liLcrali\ira  OLx-bel  velauilua  ;  el  tliani  elegaDtiani  meusa*  jucuildis  cl  numem^iis  nap  i)U« 
)v,na.l-{lli  Ke  Ruitiai,  lib.  vii.  cap.  2.) 


i   <\ 


464 


SHERRY— SHIPS. 


mm-  ••'>•'■'  '.'X^ 


mm  I.-         2 


'*»l('' 


SHERRY.    SeeWiwB. 

SHIPS.  Nautical  men  apply  the  tcnn  ship  to  diHtinKuinh  a  vessel  having  3  masts,  each 
consisting  of  a  lower  mast,  a  topmast,  and  topgallant-mast,  with  their  appropriate  ri(r<;ii,g 
In  familiar  language,  it  is  usually  employed  to  distinguish  any  large  vessel,  however  ri(,'(r,,j. 
but  it  is  also  fre(|uenlly  used  as  a  general  designation  for  all  vessels  navigated  with  sails;  aii.| 
it  is  in  this  sense  that  we  now  employ  it. 

Merchant  Ships. — It  is  Imrdly  possible  to  divide  merchant  ships  into  classes,  at  least  wit!i 
any  degree  of  precision.  Their  size,  shape,  the  mode  of  their  rigging,  &;c.  depend  not  mcrdv 
on  the  particular  trade  for  which  they  are  destined,  but  on  the  varying  tastes  and  fancies  df 
their  owners.  The  ships  employed  in  the  China  trade,  by  the  I^ast  India  Coni[iaiiy,  arc  ihe 
largest  merchantmen  belonging  to  this  country  ;  the  privutc  traders  to  the  East  and  VVisi 
Indies  rank  next;  then  follow  tlie  whale  ships,  those  engaged  in  the  trade  to  the  Baltic  anj 
Canada,  the  Mediterranean,  and  a  host  of  others  of  every  variety  of  burden  and  shape. 

The  reader  will  find,  in  the  articles  Navigation  Laws,  and  Rkoistiiy,  an  account  nf  the 
peculiar  privileges  enjoyed  by  British  ships,  of  the  conditions  and  formalities  necessary  to  lie 
observed  in  order  to  acrjuirc  and  preserve  these  privileges,  of  the  mode  of  transferrinir  pf^. 
perty  in  ships,  &c.  And  in  the  articles  CuAnrEKPAUTr,  Fueioiit,  Masteiis,  Owners, 
Seamkv,  &c.,  the  law  with  respect  to  ships  and  ship-owners,  in  their  capacity  of  carriers  o( 
public  servants,  and  the  reciprocal  duties  and  obligations  of  the  masters  and  crews,  is  prottv 
fully  expounded.  In  this  place,  therefore,  we  shall  content  ourselves  with  laying  before 
the  reader  some  official  statements  exhibiting  the  progress  and  present  magnitude  of  the  tna. 
cantile  navy  of  Great  Britain. 

Increase  of  Shipping:;  in  England. — It  would  be  to  no  purpose,  even  if  our  limits  permii. 
ted,  to  enter  into  any  details  with  respect  to  the  shipping  of  England  previously  to  tlie  lie. 
volution.  Those  who  wish  to  examine  the  subject,  will  find  most  of  the  scattered  notices  of 
contemporary  writers  collected  by  Anderson  in  his  ''  Chronological  History  of  (Jommerco," 
The  mercantile  navy  of  England  first  became  considerable  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeiii;  ml 
gradually  increased  under  her  successors,  James  I.  and  Charles  I.  At  the  Restoniiion,  thf 
British  shipping  cleared  outwards  amounted  to  95,866  tons;  but  such  was  the  increase  ii 
navigation  during  the  reigns  of  Charles  II.  and  James  II,,  that  at  the  Revolution,  the  Britisi; 
ships  cleared  outwards  amounted  to  190,533  tons.  The  war  terminated  iiy  the  treaty  of  livs. 
wick,  in  1697,  checked  this  progress.  But  commerce  and  navigation  have  steadily  advanceij 
with  the  exception  of  2  short  periods  during  the  war  of  1739,  and  the  American  war,  from 
the  beginning  of  last  century  down  to  the  present  day. 

The  first  really  authentic  account  of  the  magnitude  of  the  commercial  navy  of  Englaml 
was  obtained  in  1701 — 2,  from  returns  to  circular  letters  of  the  commissioners  of  customs, 
issued  in  January  of  that  year.  From  these  it  appears  that  there  belonged,  at  the  period  in 
question,  to  all  the  ports  of  England  and  Wales,  3,281  vessels,  measuring  (or  rather  esti- 
mated to  measure)  261,222  tons,  and  carrying  27,196  men  and  5,660  guns.  Of  these  there 
belonered  to 


London 
Bristol 

Yarmouth     - 
Exeter      .    - 

Veiiels, 

600 
165 
143 
121 

Tons. 

84,882 

17,338 

9,914 

7.107 

Men. 

Hull              -  ^    - 
Whitby 
Liverpool 
Scarhoroui;h 

Vessels. 

115 
110 

102 
100 

Tons. 

7,564 
8,292 
8,619 
6,860 

Mn. 

10,065 
2,359 

668 
078 

167 

571 

I.iOl 

m 

None  of  the  other  ports  had  100  vessels ;  and  there  is  some  mistake  in  the  returns  as  to  ihetonnago 
assigned  to  Newcastle  and  Ipswich.    Of  tlie  Hull  vessels,  80  were  at  the  time  laid  up,  wliicli  iiccoutli 
for  the  small  number  of  men  in  that  port. —  (.Macpherson's  -Annals  of  Commerce,  anno  1701.) 
I.  Table  of  Ships  cleared  Outwards  from  1663  to  1811. 


Years. 

English. 

Foreign. 

Totil. 

Years. 

nrilish. 
Tont. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

Yem. 

Briliih. 

Foreign. 

Tolil. 

Tom. 

Tom. 

Tont. 

7*0)11. 

Tmu. 

Tom. 

Tom. 

Tmt. 

1663) 
1669  < 

93,266 

47,634 

142,900 

1760 

640,241 

107.237 

617,478 

1786 

1,115,024 

121,197 

i,ix.m 

1761 

682,020 

122,735 

704,755 

1787 

I,279,a33 

138,220 

1.417,253 

1688 

190,533 

95,267 

285,800 

1762 

643,441 

124,926 

663,370 

1788 

1,411,689 

12v,997 

1.5ID,6-« 

1697 

144,264 

100,524 

244,7«8 

1763 

631,721 

91,593 

723,317 

mo 

1,515,021 

103,722 

l,6lii,:H 

170O 

1761 

6«2,4M 

79,800 

742,234 

1790 

1,424,912 

143,919 

l,5:3.S!l 

1701    ■ 

273,693 

43,633 

317,323 

1763 

726,402 

72,215 

708,617 

1791 

1.511,246 

184,729 

1,695,9:5 

]l^' 

1763 

7'>8,''8I 

66,153 

824,234 

1792 

1,561.153 

175,40) 

1,73«,J6J 

1709 

213,693 

45,623 

389,318 

1787 

723,83; 

68.006 

793,841 

1793 

1,240,202 

187,032 

1,427,2)1 

1712 

326,620 

29,115 

335,735 

I76S 

761,786 

77,934 

839,770 

1794 

1,3»2,I66 

218,1177 

l,6W,2« 

1713 
1714 
1715) 

1769 

805,305 

68,4iO 

873,725 

1795 

1,145,4,50 

382,567 

l,i28,Ci; 

421,431 

26,573 

448,004 

1770 

806,495 

63,176 

869,671 

1796 

1,2.4,624 

478,356 

l,:}2,9li0 

1771 

877,004 

66,898 

943,902 

1797 

1,103,781 

39i:,271 

1,500,052 

1726 

1772 

923,456 

72,(131 

996,387 

1798 

1,319,151 

365,719 

l,6«4,K0 

1727  >■ 

432,832 

23,651 

456,483 

1773 

874,421 

67,994 

932,415 

1799 

1,3W,351 

414,774 

i,7n,i« 

1728) 

1774 

901,016 

63,402 

969,418 

1800 

1,445,271 

685,051 

2.130,312 

1736 

1773 

882,579 

68,1)34 

950,613 

1801 

1,345,621 

801,830 

2,150,501 

1737^ 

476,94t 

26,627 

603,568 

1776 

872,108 

74,323 

946,431 

1802 

1,626,966 

461,723 

i,m,m 

1738  1 

1777 

827,067 

102,638 

929,705 

1803 

1,45.1,066 

574,342 

2,02-,6« 

1739) 

1778 

732,558 

93,778 

8^6,336 

1804 

1,463,286 

587,849 

2,051,135 

r'?f 

384,191 

87,260 

471,451 

1779 

642,981 

149,040 

791,021 

1805 

l,49.-.,:09 

603,821 

2,10I,(t<0 

'41) 

17W) 

731. 2S6 

154,111 

835,397 

1806 

1,436,3  2 

563,170 

2,054.« 

1749) 

n.si 

608,219 

170,775 

778,991 

1807 

1,424,103 

631,910 

2,(K6.0:3 

1750  > 

609,798 

61,386 

661,184 

17-2 

615,150 

225, 4 i6 

840,606 

1808 

1,3-2.810 

282,145 

l,liil,93i 

1751  ) 

I7S3 

865,967 

170,938 

1,0.37,903 

1809 

l,-.3l,I52 

699,730 

2,2J0,i«! 

1755) 

British. 

1784 

932,219 

Il8.2ti8 

1,030,487 

1810 

1,624,274 

1,133,527 

2,762,<CI 

1756  > 

1757  > 

496,254 

76,456 

572,710 

1785 

1,074,862 

107,484 

1,182,346 

1811 

1,507,333 

696,232 

J,2lB,58J 

SHIPS. 


46S 


el  having  3  masts,  each 

leir  appropriate  ri(5(;ing, 

vessel,  however  rii;gcd: 

lavigatcd  with  sails ;  aivl 

into  clasBCS,  at  least  with 
;,  &,c.  depend  not  iiicrdv 
ing  tastes  and  fancies  of 
,  India  Company,  aw.  iho 
irs  to  the  East  niid  Wist 
e  trade  to  the  Baltic  nnj 
burden  and  shape. 
iisTBY,  an  account  of  the 
Kmalilies  nccfSBary  to  lio 
node  of  transferritii;  pro- 
lix, MaSTEIIS,  OwNtllj, 

3ir  capacity  of  carriers  or 
isters  and  crews,  is  pretty 
iulves  with  layini;  before 
;nt  magnitude  of  the  hut. 

even  if  our  limits  permit. 
md  previously  to  the  lie. 
jf  the  scattered  notices  of 
1  History  of  Commerce," 
iC  reign  of  Elizabeth ;  anj 
At  the  Restoration,  the 
such  was  the  incrcise  d 
he  Revolution,  the  Briu-:; 
lated  by  the  treaty  of  Uys- 
on  have  steadily  advanced, 
d  the  American  war,  from 

imercial  navy  of  Englaml 
jommissioners  of  cusloms, 
belonged,  at  the  period  in 
measuring  (or  rather  est 
G60  guns.    Of  these  there 


VesselB. 


Tom. 


115 

7,564 

167 

110 

8,292 

571 

102 

8,619 

l,i01 

100 

0,6ti0 

ti06 

Men. 


the  returns  as  to  ilietonnagt 
lime  laid  iip,  which  accousii 
lerce,  anno  1701.) 

i8ir 

Briliah. 


Tans. 
1,1I5,M4 
1,279,0)3 
1,411,689 
1,515,021 
1,424,912 
1,511,246 
1,561,15a 
1,240,202 
I,3s2,16« 
1,145.4.50 
l,2-.4,624 
1,103,781 
1,319,151 
1,302,551 
1,445,271 
1,345,621 
1.626,966 
1,45.3,066 
1,463,2!<6 
1,49'>,:09 
1,486,3 '2 
1,424,103 
1,372.KI0 
1,-)31,I52 
I    1,624.274 
I    1,507,333 


The  precAdInK  Table  of  the  DrillRh  and  rnreign  shippinK  clcnrnd  niitwnrdii  rrnm  1(V1,1  to  1811,  hnth 

Influsive,  i»  luktii  from  the  Inst  edition  itC Mr.  t'liiilmerti'n  Comiianilirr  Kstimute  It  Rivi'H  a  very  com- 
nlfle  viewof  the  iirogrcxx  of  tin.-  iinvlKatioii  of  the  country  ;  and  from  the  iiiieiitloii  piiid  liy  the  author 
oDticli  HiihjectH,  and  the  facilities  whicli  liin  Hitiialion  in  the  Uuard  uf  Trade  gave  him  fur  acquiring 
aiitlit'iitic  information,  its  accuracy  may  bo  <l(!pvnded  on. 

nitod 
navi- 
il8U 


aiiuii'i"'"- - J  J  - 1 

I]  Account  of  the  Total  Number  of  VckscIh  pn|?aRi'd  In  the  Forelun  and  Colonial  Trade  of  the  Unli 
Kiiifidoni,  with  the  Amount  of  their  Tonnage,  luid  the  NumiIiit  of  .Men  and  Hoys  eiiiplnyed  In  na 
calini!  tiie  same,  that  entered  Inwards  from  all   Parts  of  the  World,  in  tliu  several  Years  from  1' 


lu  Wii,  both  inclusive  ;  distinguishini;  llrilish  from  ForelKU. 


(le  of  the  United  Kingdom,  in 


d   Inwards  and  cleared  Out- 


Ill   Account  of  the  Shipping  employed  in  the  Foreign  and  Colonial  TriK 
the  Vciir  l''3.'i,  exhibiting  the  Niunber  and  Tonnage  of  Vessels  enleri 


the  Year  l^.w,  exiiioiiing  ine  i^uniuer  iino  lonouge  oi  >  esseis  eniereci  in»  ,iros  iuio  cieiireu  uui- 
warils  (incl'"''nK  their  repeated  Voyages),  with  the  Numlier  of  their  Crews;  sejiariiling  Itrilisli 
from  l'or<ign  Ships,  and  distinguiiihing  the  Trade  with  each  Country.— cBuurd  vf  Trade  I'upcra, 
vol.  V.  p.  ■IS-) 


.  ■ 

Inwards. 

Outwards. 

British. 

Foreign. 

British. 

Foreign. 

Ships.'. 
I,i79 

Tom. 

J»/eii. 

Shivs. 

Tim,. 

Men. 

Stlifs. 

Tmi. 

Men. 

Sliifn. 

Tims. 

Mm. 

Z32,!f2i' 

11,343 

237 

61,006 

2,916 

992 

I98.3S.1 

9.018 

I!>6 

53.698 

2,269 

Sww«n         .            -            - 

77 

12,036 

.571 

19b 

35,061 

1,724 

68 

10,6'>3 

523 

139 

22,434 

1,224 

Norwjjr 

28 

2,592 

161 

627 

95,019 

5,108 

.37 

3,179 

261 

678 

110,563 

6,184 

49 

6,007 

218 

l>77 

49.008 

2,7I'6 

327 

57,5,32 

2,313 

839 

82,441 

4.50-2 

152 

25,511 

1,178 

6oi; 

121,141 

5,375 

119 

18.690 

929 

633 

111,173 

4.837 

Oermny 

6-,6 

II  8,32  i 

5,407 

497 

39,393 

2,251 

710 

133,380 

6,131 

627 

34,0-8 

2,943 

HoltaJ 

1,021 

150,387 

7,205 

556 

66,ti22 

3,0-,9 

9)6 

142„'<I9 

6,768 

646 

53,870 

3,477 

Belgium 

6r-,6 

57,033 

4,«9i 

.371 

41,032 

2,112 

522 

49,687 

4,.:  14 

312 

31.774 

l.t^-'i 

1,722 

146,607 

13.586 

l,.38i 

lOO.SK) 

I0,53S 

1,832 

162,C37 

uUu 

1,3.13 

88,272 

8,972 

rortogil,  VIZ.  rmper    • 

4S9 

6.1,561 

3,307 

64 

7,057 

670 

414 

49.4:16 

3,13s 

79 

12,1-13 

742 

Atnm   ■ 

262 

19,512 

1,207 

•      - 

• 

. 

20H 

1.5,633 

1,090 

9 

1,262 

89 

.M.ideira 

IB 

4,250 

239 

2 

229 

15 

3S 

7.161 

484 

1 

2.14 

13 

Sp4in,  luJ  the  Balearic  lilands  • 
1                     Canaries 

469 

63,551 

3,363 

36 

4,406 

301 

335 

43,328 

2,923 

40 

7,701 

422 

25 

2,583 

13b 

. 

■ 

22 

2.211 

122 

1 

240 

10 

IGibrall.ir 

45 

6,601 

360 

. 

123 

15,310 

948 

8 

1,661 

89 

llialv  .11111  the  Italian  Islands 

455 

67,9:!0 

3,649 

24 

6,361 

301 

30* 

67,749 

3,226 

21 

6,397 

298 

IMjIii- 

7 

1,003 

54 

• 

• 

67 

10,4'  6 

545 

3 

722 

,13 

Irniinhljilils - 

60 

8,S91i 

444 

• 

• 

39 

6,002 

303 

3 

633 

30 

Turkev  awl  tonlincntnl  Greece 

140 

20.60 

I,l.).| 

. 

. 

.    . 

149 

23,499 

1,303 

1 

387 

20 

Morea  ani  Greek  Islaiuls 

!7 

2.261 

120 

. 

.    . 

8 

959 

•         58 

Eiypl 

21 

4,315 

20H 

. 

. 

58 

11.603 

667 

2 

660 

.'2 

Tripuli,  Hirl.arv,  and  Morocco  • 

24 

2,538 

142 

,    . 

20 

2,745 

141 

5 

2,120 

t1 

Ciast  ol  Africa,  from  .Morocco  to 

the  Cj|ic  of  (lood  Ilcipe 

131 

32,285 

1,717 

I3C 

30,R3S 

1,860 

1 

234 

11 

ripeotUnoJ  Hope 

44 

7,920 

444 

. 

. 

40 

8,231 

461 

EM'trn  I'Mst,  (lom  the  Capf  of 

GrtKl  Hnpe  10  n.ilicl  Maiidel  • 

1 

195 

20 

tfilifdeVerd  UUiiJn    - 

3 

818 

43 

175 

8 

2 

364 

24 

1  SI.  Ht'Ieui  and  Ascension 

. 

. 

. 

. 

9 

1,31-9 

86 

Miurilius 

60 

21,158 

1,094 

. 

. 

. 

40 

10,719 

690 

KnVa 

. 

. 

. 

. 

1 

i23 

20 

Eiil  Inilia  Cimipany's  Ternlo. 

riej— Singajwre  and  Ceylon   • 

216 

89,449 

6,490 

.     . 

. 

. 

219 

90,157 

6,022 

Sumatra 

1 

280 

17 

China- 

67 

35,427 

2,308 

. 

33 

21,218 

1,487 

9 

3,R03 

166 

hn   .... 

6 

2,053 

•  108 

1 

389 

18 

17 

6,026 

284 

3 

173 

53 

■  Philippine  Islands 

11 

3,312 

187 

3 

1,25s 

8! 

4 

888 

60 

2 

894 

76 

iOlhtr  Ijlamlsof  the  Indian  Seas 

1    (eiciusivfiof  the  Philippines) 

.     . 

. 

.    . 

1 

424 

30 

iNeiv  Holland  • 

49 

16,019 

847 

\{a 

35,919 

2,163 

ji-oillh  Sea  Islands 

. 

. 

.    . 

1 

163 

8 

British  .Northern  Colonies 

2,1S2 

631,345 

27,360 

. 

. 

1,983 

570.732 

25,929 

Krinih  West  Indies 

878 

235,179 

12,828 

. 

. 

. 

86  J 

232,864 

12,920 

Ihvli-          .            •    .        . 

6 

883 

4S 

•    . 

■ 

67 

10,442 

620 

1 

163 

10 

Cuii!,  and  other  Foreign  West 

InJies 

37 

6,454 

.333 

6 

1,272 

■n 

67 

11.206 

•  819 

14 

3.313 

179 

I'liiltJ  Stales  • 

227 

82,453 

3,532 

642 

236,3'43 

9,397 

334 

119,903 

5,506 

601    231,021 

9,930 

Mexico 

3S 

7,098 

,166 

1 

245 

12 

35 

6,039 

346 

1          277 

12 

Ciuiteniala 

8 

2,0->0 

102 

. 

. 

1 

116 

9 

.(-oliimhii 

32 

6,703 

358 

■ 

. 

10 

1,860 

104 

1 

233 

15 

Bnuil 

173 

40,360 

2,065 

4 

I,2l0 

61 

204 

60,034 

2,.340 

1 

319 

15 

Siiteiofthe  Rio  de  la  Plata 

49 

9,220 

600 

2 

417 

li 

46 

9,380 

615 

Filkluid  Islands 

1 

7!) 

7 

XMi. 

31 

7,322 

436 

6 

1,18S 

65 

24 

6,210 

322 

Peru  ■ 

15 

3,051 

179 

. 

. 

.     . 

16 

2,n"9 

187 

Tbe  Whale  Fisheries  • 

94 

31,608 

6,5S8 

. 

. 

101 

33,026 

4,32- 

ble;  ot  Ouermcy,  Jersey,  and 

Total 

2,372 

151,973 

10,876 
133,638 

39 

.5,003 

26!) 
47,13. 

2,136 
13,948 

130,479 

9,979 

14,295 

2,442,734 

6,005  866.900 

2.410,911 

136.537 

6,047  903.270 

47,927 

59 


466 


SHIPS. 


IV.  Account  of  the  Veiiela  employed  In  the  Coaiting  Trade  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  In  ISM 

IFM,  ami  lB3a. 


Tun. 


1H30 
IH.1I 
IH3i 

1830 
1831 

1832 


Coasting  Tra<te,  rirlmivfi  of  the  Infercntirt^  bcttffeai) 
Great  llritam  aittl  IrelaaiJ. 


CoailinfTride  between  Great  Drilain  and  IreUud. 


lowardl. 


niisit  or  theNiimhornf  VcHseU  and  of  their  Tonnage,  built  and  regiHteriMl  in.nnd  ofthnseticioni. 
»,  tin:  (liiruri-iit  I'ortfi  nf  tin-  UritJHh  Empire,  frotii  iS2(l  to  1835,  Imtli  iiicliiHive  ;  Bpecilyiiiz  ihr 


V.  Accnii 
iiiR  to,  tin:  (lill'uri-iit  I'orlfi  nf  tliM  UrltiHli  F.iiipire,  Trotii  iS2(l  to  1H33,  Imtli  iiicliiHive  ;  specilyiiii;  i),, 
Niiinbcrdl'  lliuir  Cri'WH.iitKl  diHtinguishing  bcl'vuen  tlioBO  or  the  Uritiaii  IiilitndB  and  rusauiidiuiji)  m 
Europe  and  those  ul'tlio  Colonies. 


H^^ *i^"    ',*^ 
^^     •  UK* 


llW" 


*1I' 

:-i\ 


'«KS^.^.'«:nMlll'll' 


JKU" 


rr 


!flll 


r'-i 


«&,,  ^  .ii»",, 


Yoif 


Vefieli  built  and  regiitered. 


18^20 
IH-JI 
18'^ 
IHJ3 
IKi4 
1843 
18'i6 
I8«7 
\W» 
18'M 
1830 
1831 
1834 
1833 
I8:M 
1835 


Uniteil  Kini(<loin 

and  l'r)H«^sioni 

in  Europe. 


Shirt. 
833 
697 
r)7l 
6114 
837 
1,1/03 
1,151 
911 
857 
734 
750 
7()<) 
759 
728 
8116 
916 


Tom. 
68.143 

59.18] 
51.533 
63,788 
93,'.il9 
124  .UJ9 
119,086 

93,ii;w 

9(1.(180 
77,635 
77,411 
H.'i,7U7 
92,915 
9i.l7l 
102,710 


Coloaiei. 


Total. 


348 

Tmi. 

16,440 

375 

1.5,3«3 

309 

15,611 

343 

33,240 

HI3 

5(1, ,-.23 

538 

80,89,j 

SM 

86,,«1 

529 

68,901 

4(J4 

.50,S44 

416 

39,237 

367 

33,719 

376 

34,290 

321 

35,470 

431 

52,476 

425 

.55,817 

334 

53,711 

Skip: 

883 

872 

780 

847 

1,179 

1,539 

1,719 

1,440 

1,321 

1  4:iO 

1,147 

1,136 

9,S(1 

1,159 

1,331 

1,330 


Tent. 

84,589 

74,S47 

64,144 

86,028 

143,741 

304,924 

3(15,640 

163,946 

140,913 

1 16  872 

110,130 

1 19,997 

118,385 

144,647 

158,,527 

174,433  I 


Veueli  and  their  Crewi  belon(ln|t  lo  the  Brilith  Empire. 


United  Kingdom 

1 

and  I'iMKuioni 

Coloniei. 

Total. 

in  Europe. 

31,^9 

Titil. 

Shirt. 

Tont. 

.S'/iirt, 
33,371 

7'i.iij. 

3.439.()^» 

3.403 

3(19  .364 

3.(;lt513 

31,6,32 

3,3,3.5,8.33 

3,384 

3(14,3.3(1 

35  (do 

2.5(i0,3li3 

31,333 

3,315  1(13 

3,4lH 

303  641 

34  643 

2.5I9,IM4   ' 

31,043 

9,3(12.867 

3,500 

303.893 

34,:342 

3  306,7(j,l 

31,380 

3,348.314 

3,498 

311.373 

34.776 

2."m9,5-I7 

30,7lll 

2,328,807 

3,.379 

314  875 

34  '280 

2,333,682 

30,968 

3,411.461 

3,6.37 

324.183 

34,6'i-| 

2.6.3,3  644 

19.524 

3  181.138 

3.673 

379.  ;»3 

S3  199 

3.460.3(111 

19,648 

3.193,300 

4,449 

334.891 

31,093 

3.318  191 

19,110 

3,199,959 

4,313 

317,041 

•2:f.4,33 

3  517.0110 

19.174 

2,20l.,392 

4  .347 

330,227 

33  721 

3,53I„8I9 

19,4.30 

3  324,336 

4,792 

337,608 

34,242 

3.581.961 

19,664 

3,361,860 

4,771 

336,308 

24  4.r. 

3,6l8.li(ii 

19,689 

3,271, 3(JI 

4  696 

363,376 

34,383 

3  634.377 

19,975 

3,312333 

5,080 

40.3,745 

35.053 

3.716  100 

33,300 

3,360,303 

5,311 

4-23,158 

35,511 

3,783.761 

Crew 


n4,M( 
169,1)9 

IM,4H 

u;s,(i37 

16S,!ia 

r>i,ti,5 

133,571 

131,M„ 

51  aU 

161,731 
164,00(1  I 
IGX.'^I 

___m£a)  I 

N.  B, — The  falling  ofl*  in  the  number  of  ships  in  1827  is  .ipparent  only.     The  numbers  returned  in  the  nrevioiis  years  were  tbiise  thati^ 

fxared  on  the  registers.  But  a  ship,  when  once  placed  on  them,  remained  (ill  evidence  was  produced  of  her  hiving  h.-en  sold  to  foreimfii' 
Dst,  or  otherwise  destroyed  ;  so  that  a  go<Ml  many  ships  were  at  all  times  on  the  register,  which,  in  fact,  did  not  rsist.  The  H  aijtrv  A^ 
fiasaed  in  1 826  obliged  all  owners  of  ships  to  register  them  of  new  i  when,  of  course,  the  uanies  of  those  that  had  ce.ued  lo  eiist  Jiunj,L!> 
rom  the  books.  '^^^ 

VI.  An  Account  of  the  Number  of  Ships  or  Vessels  belonging  to  the  different  Ports  of  the  Britlih 
Empire  on  the  aist  of  December,  1835,  stated  in  succession,  ngreeably  to  the  Ainount  of  Tonna»t 
belonging  to  each ;  and  specifying  ulso  the  Number  of  the  Crews.  (Ubtained  from  the  C'ustoui 
House.) 


Ports. 
London 

Ships. 

2,828 

Tons. 

Men. 

Ports. 

Ships. 

Tons. 

Men. 

Ports. 

Kirkw.ill      . 

Ships. 

Tons. 

1  Men, 

566,152 

32,392 

Penzance 

94 

6,00: 

474 

77 

4,218 

323 

Newiaullo    • 

1,034 

208,100 

9,665 

Rye  • 
Cliepstow 

90 

4,319 

361 

Banll 

73 

4,218 

322 

Liverpoiil     - 

096 

2117.833 

11,511 

68 

4,580 

312 

Lerwick 

101 

3,W>7 

7(1 

Sunderland   • 

712 

132,070 

6,952 

Padslow 

81 

4,333 

301 

Thurso 

40 

2,573 

Whitehaven- 

443 

65,978 

3,490 

Bridlinginn    • 

30 

4,160 

192 

Stornaway    - 

56 

2,3l>2 

231 

Hull  - 

603 

t>3,.324 

3,7-3 

llfracnmbo     • 

63 

3.897 

222 

Campbeltown 

64 

2.2  il 

2(0 

Bristol 

281 

42,913 

3,899 

Cardiff 

48 

3,735 

213 

Stranraer 

,37 

17^9 

'        111 

43,583 
39,954 

2,324 

2,065 

Blackney  and 

Clay 
Llanelly 
Carlisle 

Whitby 

252 

64 

3,734 

268 

Total  Scotland 

3,287 

335,820     2J,924 

Plymouth     • 

Seal  .x)roMgh 

373 
172 

30,701 
27,032 

l,S03 
l,3'-9 

72 
39 

3,637 
3,419 

236 
209 

Belfast 

293 

52,315       l,'21 

Uartmouth   • 

373 

27,140 

l,7tO 

Wisbeich       - 

48 

3,374 

181 

Dublin 

324 

23,036  ,     2.891 

Beaumaris    • 

393 

21,885 

1,453 

.SImreham 

65 

3,372 

223 

Cork 

302 

21.514 

l,5M 

Eieter 

1 92 

15.979 

873 

Wells 

63 

3,287 

244 

Waterford    . 

126 

13,S79 

S26 

Lynn 

120 

15,283 

736 

Arundel 

33 

3,034 

171 

Newry     and 

Poole 

163 

15,113 

939 

Woodbridge 

38 

2,682 

146 

Slrangfnrd 

161 

9,060 

l»i 

Cardigan 

273 

14,436 

1,030 

Chichester     . 

69 

2,620 

164 

I/ind,iiiderry 

43 

6.237 

37- 

Stockton 

104 

13,308 

619 

Truro 

34 

3,411 

142 

V    iford       . 

109 

6.750 

\m 

Gloucester    • 

346 

13,237 

1,113 

Soulhwold      - 

34 

2,310 

164 

Limerick 

69 

4.8S3 

311 

Goole 

167 

12,686 

469 

Aldborough    - 

39 

2,170 

162 

Droghala      . 

39 

4,272 

272 

Rochester     ■ 

274 

12,364 

744 

Barnstaple      . 

37 

2,063 

119 

lldiiinore     - 

19 

2,925 

312 

Ipswich 
Portsmouth  - 

154 

11,308 

595 

■Scilly 

41 

2,038 

236 

8ligo 

19 

1,762 

101 

201 

11,968 

7.30 

Bridport 
Newhaven     • 

19 

1,932 

99 

Galway 
Duiidalk 

10 

649 

41 

Milford 

152 

10,376 

634 

20 

1,476 

66 

II 

613 

40 

Boston 

175 

8,982 

628 

Lyme 

19 

1,382 

83 

Cnleraine     - 

16 

.5,59 

lil 

Lancaster     • 

lai 

9,613 

627 

Grimsbv 

33 

1,187 

92 

Westport     . 

6 

123 

18 

BiJeford       - 

115 

9,509 

645 

Minehead 

Port  of 

Bridgewater. 

— — 

1 

St.  Ives 

117 

9,019 

608 

Gvveek 

II 

6l'8 

43 

Total  Ireland 

1,627 

131,733  1    9,282 

Swansea 
Colchester    • 
Cowes 
Southampton 

137 
236 
170 
177 

8.918 
8,648 
8,330 
8,363 

663 
940 
737 
668 

Ueal- 

23 

641 

132 

British  Islands. 
Jersey 

' 

Total  England 

14,823 

1,853,112 

105,943 

243 

78 

23,221 
9,ISii 

2,023, 

tas' 

Faversham  • 

229 

8,370 

694 

Glasgow 
Diimlee  St  Perth 
Alierdeen 

312 

68,478 

4,321 

Alan 

242 

7,229 

U97t 

Maldon 
Fowey 

1.30 
95 

6,9,33 
6,827 

413 
411 

387 
339 

44,S69 
41,743 

3,002 
3,095 

Total  British  \ 
islands         ) 

563 

1 

Aberystwith 
Falmouth     • 

129 
86 

6.717 
6.73;' 

442 
411 

Greenock 
Uilh 

367 
227 

42.722 
23,538 

2,723 
1,7,^8 

j,i»j 

Newport 

61 

6,0-2 

323 

Grangemouth 

184 

22,887 

1,239 

Total  United 

Bridgewater 

77 

6,796 

615 

Mitiitrose 

181 

18,012 

1,1.33 

Kingdom  A 

Dover 

III 

6,702 

333 

Kirkaldy 

179 

13.493 

1,301 

Brit,  islands 

20,300 

2,360,3fa 

143,1(9 

Weymouth  - 

73 

5.69.S 

306 

Irvine  &  Ayr 

128 

13,393 

»89 

Chester 

&3 

5,627 

429 

Dumfries 

192 

11,798 

779 

British  plan- 

( 

Harwich 

89 

5,3:2 

403 

Bii.'rx)wstonei« 

121 

8,4:-2 

488 

tations 

6,211 

423.458 

2T.9I1 

Ramsgate      • 
Berwick       • 

83 
65 

6,546 
5,160 

7,597 
7,500 

630 

400     Grand  Total 

318 

Port  Glasgow 

60 

23,6111 

2,7t3,T6l     I7I,M 

SHIPS. 


ivr 


Itain  and  Ireland  tn  1630, 


an  Oreal  Drilain  and  Inlwd, 


Oulwirdh 


•STiipi.  Tom. 

I»,I4«  I.S!4i,UI7 

l:l,iriH  I    I.^IUJ'ti 

14,604  I  I,4I7,&33 


Uni. 


he  Unilnl  Kln|i)oni. 


er«!il  In,  nnd  of  IhnsB  helnin. 
h  iiicliiHiVB  ;  Bperil'yiiig  i|u 
I8laii(l8  and  Pusavuaiuiia  m 


njing  to  lh«  Briliih  Empire. 

t 

Tolll. 

Cren 

ma. 

Shim. 
2i.37( 

Ttiui. 

mA 

2,«1«5)3 

ni.Mi 

^M 

25, (HH 

J,5riU,2ii3 

169,179 

H4I 

24  64'2 

2,5I9,(H1 

106,113 

R»S 

it  Mi 

2  506,7811 

iK.m 

g73 

\    34.716 

2,5-.9,5-n 

li.s.fcSI 

875 

24**" 

2,r>.-)3.682 

lli«,IS3 

,1S3 

H.BTi 

2,635  614 

.S7,i,:« 

,:V!'J 

23  199 

2,1fio  'mil 

r.1,115 

8»l 

!    21,095 

2,518  191 

In.W 

1141 

iLij;) 

2  517,01111 

\M~,« 

)«7 

23  7  a 

2,.W1,8I9 

I-.111' 

r,fiiia 

24,242 

2,581,981 

m.m 

iaw 

21  43.'-. 

2,618.1161 

M.-n\ 

1,«6 

24,385 

2  634.177 

161.11(10 

1715 

25,115.3 

2.716  1  nil 

l6H,'<il 

J  ,458 

25.511 

2,783.761 

m,m 

I  the  previous  yc.ir*  were  tlmie  tindp, 
J  of  her  hiviiie  li.-en  mid  lo  foreipiin, 

II  fact,  iliJ  not  rxnt.    Tlic  K-siilr;  ir\ 
DM  that  had  ceueil  to  exiit  diupiiurti 


ifferent  Ports  of  tlin  Dhilgh 
to  the  Aiii'miil  of  Tonnage 
(Obtained  from  the  C'uslom 


ortB. 

Shipi. 

Tuns. 

Men. 

wall      ■ 

77 

4,il8 

32] 

75 

4,218 

3>i 

irlc       - 

101 

3,1*7 

711 

40 

2,r.73 

l!« 

i,w,iy     . 

66 

2,3i>2 

231 

itieitown 

64 

2,2  it 

m 

raer 
Scotland 

37 

I,7j9  1 

iJi 

3,1!87 

33.^820 

2J,92l! 

293 

52.515        l,'2t 

11 

321 

2,1,936       2,291 

302 

21,511 

I,5W 

rford    • 

126 

I3,S79 

826 

y     and 

innfonl 

161 

9,060 

69) 

iiiderry 

43 

6,237 

317 

ord 

lot) 

6,T-0 

m 

■ick      . 

69 

4,S(-3 

31! 

ie.la     • 

39 

4.272 

272 

lore     • 

19 

2.92", 

312 

19 

1,762 

101 

Ifk       " 

10 

619 

41 

II 

613 

10 

line     ■ 

16 

M9 

SI 

lorl 

Ireland 

ihlinds. 

6 

123  1         IS 

1,627 

131,733  1     9,282  j 

y 

243 

23,MI 

2,(ia| 

naey    • 

78 

9,18ii 

l)3Sl 

212 

7,229 

1,297 

Irilish  > 
•        i 

563 

39,636 

3,959 

United 

loni  k 
island! 

20,30C 

2,360,3ca 

U3,ltS 

plan- 

6,21 

423,459 

27,911  '■ 

Total 

25,511  i2,>3,:6l  \\1I0_ 

VII.  Aronnntof  the  Ntimbflr  of  Ship*,  with  the  Aiiiinirit  of  Ihrlr  Tonnmo,  dlmlnBiii«hlnB  hrtwcen 
llrlli,.ti  mill  Knrfimi,  whii  h  enlt-riiil  thii  iiMiliT-iiiintioiiiMl  l'orl8,  frmii  ruitiliin  riiilH  in  eiichoftli.i 
Tliiee  Veam  ending  with  IHM.—il'apera  publtuked  by  Buard  uf  Trailt,  vol.  v.  p.  4(1  ) 


|V)rli. 


limloii  • 
Livrriiiol 
Hrnliil  • 
Hull  • 
N«««Mlo 
>>lvin[iutll 
Uiltl  • 
Cli»K"«»  • 
I'lreeuuck 
Cnrk 

Hflful     • 
Dulilio     - 


IU3. 


Brillth. 


roralgn. 


SIlBI. 

rnill. 

.V*ip». 

3,421 

078,289 

1,061 

1,801 

410,fl« 

»0« 

278 

51,182 

2t 

7,W 

I42.;kii 

610 

42i 

69,2l>:l 

415 

285 

30,490 

22 

198 

3I,3M8 

160 

117 

11,0.11 

270 

e'<,o,9 

II 

144 

29,215 

IK 

153 

30,733 

It 

1140 

45,!I3» 

3» 

\tM.                         1 

lib. 

ronlfib 

Tinu. 

Shiiit, 

Tnnj, 

740,i55 

1,057 

i'-H,8g3 

517,172 

809 

269,1137  1 

Kl'ii 

28 

4,9W 

IH9,16I 

7311 

77,589 

1112,1.35 

459 

60,079 

il.l"! 

If, 

l,.l«7 

ai,'MI 

143 

13,078 

17,137 

10 

/,,I68 

«!.,  Mil 

17 

4.310 

2i,'M0 

27 

3,415 

30,(101 

34 

aIhhs 

02,430 

34 

6,847 

VIII  An  \croiinlof  the  Number  nml  Tonnage  of  the  Vei<8('l«pntfring  Into  and  snilliiBlrotn  tho  PortHof 
licliinil  III  IhiM,  mid  Ihi!  Rnli8i'(iii(!nt  VoiirB  nionlioiiiMl  hijlow,  (ll.silnKiiiHlilntt  ImUWimhi  tin;  rrmlu  vvtili 
(ireul  Drituin  und  lliut  with  I'uroijjn  VnxXa.— (Papers  publhlied  by  the  Board  uf  Trade,  vol.  i.  |>.  174.) 


Tride  with  Great  Britj 

varda, 
Tant. 

Trade  with  Foreign  Parti. 

Total. 

Ian. 

Iniraitli. 

Pj'l 

Inwardi. 

Outwardi. 

towanlf. 

Oulwardt. 

,S''llfH. 

Toiu. 

SMpl. 

Ship: 

Tnni. 

Shipt. 

Tm>. 

,sh,r>. 

Tittu. 

SMpt. 

bOI 

6  816 

,582.11.3.1 

874 

r29  239 

T.li'M 

711.212 

iw6 

6,875 

598.720 

6,306 

566,790 

1,085 

15.712 

829 

I36.W7 

7,!l«i) 

754.162 

7,115 

703,717 

Irtn!) 

7,011 

5811.587 

7.111 1 

61)0.898 

853 

115.3,8 

696 

1113,212 

7,864 

695,913 

7,737 

704,110 

Mi) 

9,U96 

773.286 

8,Sj9 

718,851 

8'26 

1 '23. 895 

986 

171.319 

9,922 

899.181 

9,555 

690,170 

1-17 

111,112 

815.260 

9,186 

770,517 

718 

1US,7.52 

7-23 

116.973 

10,890 

9.51. 012 

9,9i)D 

bh7,5iO 

Ml 

9W4 

811,997 

9,110 

819,648 

8110 

116,538 

621 

98,718 

10  7'24 

961. .535 

lo.()6l 

918,266 

I<i5 

11.512 

984,754 

8.9'« 

711,182 

1.116 

182.660 

767 

136  991 

l2,6-,8 

I. 167. 414 

9,689 

878,173 

US 

13  978 

1,'292,(MI 

8,922 

906,158 

1,093 

178,936 

7-23 

I33,3ll3 

11, ''71 

1,170,977 

9.615 

1,039.461 

1.31  ,  I3,3;l9 

I.21I.9II1 

8,455 

8811,963 

968 

166,182 

690 

l;«,'218 

14.307 

1,407,1)83 

9,115 

1,016,213 

IMl     IJ.584     l,'282,'Z2l 

9,o;9 

Ml, 126 

BIS 

158,161 

772 

152,417 

14,499 

l,l-20,3«2 

9,801 

I,073,.>15 

IX.  Account  specifying  the  Number  and  Tonnnge  of  the  Ships  built  nnd  registered  in  (  nch  Uivision 
nt'thu  BritiHli  Rinpiro  in  1832  ;  witli  their  Cliissitication  accurding  to  the  Amount  of  thuir  Tonnage. — 
{^I'tipi  n  published  by  Hoard  of  Trade,  vol,  ii.  p.  40,) 


Great  Britain. 

Ireland. 

lilei  of  (luerniiey, 
Jerwy,  U  .Man. 

British  Plantation!. 

Total. 

Shipl. 
18§ 

Torn. 

Shift. 

Tmi. 

Shipi. 

Tmt. 

Shir: 

Tunit. 

SMpi. 

Tmi. 

I'ttier  SO  loM     - 

5,644 

15 

414 

12 

299 

From  50  In  100  tons 

200 

13,868 

3 

208 

4 

3116 

100  •  150  - 

74 

9,078 

2 

214 

3 

336 

150  ■  200  - 

68 

11,679 

2 

377 

. 

200  •  300  - 

137 

33,603 

3 

666 

6 

1,354 

,    221 

25,470 

960 

118,385 

300  ■  400  - 

31 

10,340 

•    • 

• 

• 

400  ■  51)0  — 

7 

3,018 

.    • 

. 

1 

440 

M0•600- 

1 

301 

.    ■ 

> 

. 

Abone  600  toiu    • 

1 
708 

612 

•    • 

• 

- 

• 

J 

ToUl 

f  8,271 

25 

1,909 

26 

2,735 

221 

25,470 

nSlO     >      118,385      1 

Siip-diiiWiii^'.— TLecost,  including  the  outfit,  of  the  ships  built  in  IS.IS,  iiiny,  we  believe,  he  tnkcn,atu 
tougli  average,  at  fr  iinlO/,  to  12/.  per  ton,  or  \\l.  at  u  medium,  making  their  total  value  l,30'.2,33,')2.  Lon- 
don, Sunderland,  Newcastle,  Liverpool,  Hull,  Yarmouth,  &.c.  are  the  principal  building  ports.  The  busi- 
ness has  im-toased  with  extraordinary  rapidity  at  Sunderland;  so  much  so,  that  wliile  only  tiO  ships, 
of  the ')dr(len  of  7,560  tons,  were  built  in  that  port  in  1S2(),  no  fewer  than  109  ships,  of  the  burden  of 
B.Iitltoiis,  were  built  in  it  in  1832.  Ships  built  at  London,  Liverpool,  Bristol,  and  other  western  ports, 
are,  however,  in  higher  estimation  than  those  built  on  the  Tync  and  the  Wear,  at  least  fur  those 
branches  of  trade  where  the  best  ship.s  are  required.  Within  the  last  few  years,  a  jireat  many  sleam 
boats  hiive  been  built  on  the  Clyde. — (As  to  building  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  see  next  paragraph.) 

Slattof  the  Shippitiff  Interest. — A  great  deal  of  evidence  was  taken  by  the  Committee  of  the  House  of 
Commons  on  trade.  Manufactures,  &c.,  in  1833,  on  the  state  of  the  shipping  interest.  The  statements 
inaileby  souie  of  the  witnesses  ditfur  very  materially  from  those  of  others  ;  but,  on  the  whole,  they  go 
10  show  that  it  was  then,  and  had  been  for  some  years,  very  much  depressed.  It  is  difficult,  however, 
seenigihe  number  of  new  ships  that  are  every  year  built,  not  to  suspect  that  the  complaints  of  the  ship 
owners  are  very  much  exaggerated.  No  doubt  tlieir  profits  are  a  good  deal  lower  than  they  were  dur- 
ing the  war ;  but  this,  if  it  be  really  an  evil,  is  one  that  is  not  peculiar  to  them,  but  equally  atTects 
agriculturists,  manufacturers,  and  merchants  ;  and  is  not  even  confined  to  this  country,  but  extends  to 
others.  We  have  already  shown  the  grounillessness  of  the  clamour  raised  against  the  reciprocity 
treaties  (vol.  ii.  p. 211.) ;  which,  far  from  being  injurious,  have  been  signally  beneficial  lo  our  commer- 
cial and  shipping  interests.  It  is  believed  that,  owing  to  the  peculiar  facilities  alforded  by  means  of 
docks  and  other  devices  for  the  loading  and  unloading  of  ships,  the  employment  of  steam  tugs  to  bring 
lliem  quickly  to  their  moorings  and  to  take  them  to  sea,  and  the  greater  economy  and  despatch  that 
nowp'Tvade  every  department  of  the  business,  3  ships  are  able  to  perform,  and  do,  in  fact,  perform,  as 
much  work  as  was  done  by  4  at  the  end  of  the  war !  There  lias,  in  this  way,  been  a  virtual  addition 
of -100,000  tn  500,000  tons  to  our  mercantile  navy.  And  this  surely  is  enough,  without  looking  at  any 
thing  else,  tn  account  for  the  decline  in  the  rate  of  freiglit  since  1815. 

The  full  in  the  value  of  ships  has  been  a  consequence  of  tiie  still  greater  fall  in  the  value  of  the  timber, 
iron, hemp,  &c.  of  which  they  are  constructed  ;  and,  however  injurious  to  tliose  who  happened  to  have 
bought  or  built  ships  during  the  high  prices,  it  is  in  no  ordinary  degree  advantageous  to  the  public,  and 
lo  the  ship  owners  that  are  now  engaging  in  the  trade.  Tlie  heavy  discriminating  duties  on  Baltic 
limber  are,  in  fact,  the  only  real  grievanca  under  which  our  shipping  interest  labours.  Were  it  not  for 
ibein,  ships  might  be  built  cheaper  in  England  than  in  any  other  country.  Such,  however,  is  the  vast 
iiiilinrlance  tn  a  maritime  nation  like  this  of  being  able  to  build  ships  at  the  lowest  possible  rate,  that 
wethink  they  ouehtto  be  allowed  to  be  built  in  bond,  or,  if  that  would  he  inconvenient,  Ihat  a  draw 
lack  should  be  allowed  of  the  duty  on  every  article  used  iu  their  construction.    A  measure  uf  this  sort 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


|4S 

150 


Ul    125 


m 

■  40 


■  2.2 

^     13.6       iMI 


US 

u 


IL25  i  1.4 


H 


H2.0 

La 


1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STMET 

WEBSTER, N.Y.  I4SS0 

(716)S72-4S03 


^^4^^ 

^ 


5 


468 


SHIPS. 


jife.jj 


•«•••  ■• 


laa.-i    ■'•'■* 


-^1.  -11 


«»*-  '>*'niiiii|t 
.nr..,..      4, 1 


1^. 


■■r'-«»ll 


would  give  to  the  «hipping  of  England  the  name  superiority,  in  pnlntof  chenpnetiR,  that  in  now  prijnycii 
by  our  cnltoim ;  and  would  do  mure  than  any  lliiiiK  else  to  congnljdnte  uiid  streiipthcn  the  IdUiichiti'on^ 
of  our  niiiritline  ascendency.  It  \a  entirely  owing  to  the  operatiun  of  the  dutleH  that  so  many  hIiIih  ar« 
now  built  in  the  cohinies.  Tlicy  are  very  inferior  to  those  huilt  in  Fngland  ;  and  were  the  latter  hinit 
in  bond,  or  were  tlie  duties  on  the  articles  used  in  their  construction  drawn  bacic,  they  would  alaube 
the  cheapest  of  the  two. 

It  may  bo  worth  mentioning,  as  illustrative  of  the  singular  anomalies  that  have  been  nllownd  to  in- 
■inunte  theiuHelves  into  our  conmierrial  system,  that  timber  may  be  imported  into  the  Isle  of  Man,  nr 
into  any  otiier  Ilritisli  possession,  without  re^tard  to  its  origin,  on  payment  of  an  ad  valorem  duty  of  lo 

fer  cent. !  It  is  remaritable  that  advantage  was  not  earlier  taken  oflliis  anomaly,  to  build  shipi  in  the 
sle  of  Man,  Latterly,  however,  several  vessels  have  been  built  in  it ;  ond  it  is  cbmr  that,  uiili'ss  ii  be 
placed  on  the  same  footing  as  tlie  other  parts  of  the  empire,  it  will  become  the  grand  seat  of  tin-  >|np 
building  business.  We  Inipe,  however,  that  the  ei|ualisation  will  he  made,  not  by  exteiulingoar  tiiulier 
laws  to  the  Isle  of  .Man,  but  by  giving  to  Britain  and  Ireland  the  same  advantages  as  it  enjoys.  There 
cannot  be  a  doubt  that  the  equalisation  of  the  limber  duties  would  be  one  of  the  greatest  improvcniciils 
whicli  it  is  possible  to  make  in  our  commercial  xystem. 

Mercaulile  Mwij  of  France.— Vie  have  elsewhere  given  (see  vol.  i,  pp,  752,753.)  very  full  details  iviih 
respect  to  the  navigation  and  shipping  of  Krance  ;  but  the  subjoined  classitied  account  of  the  sliippiui) 
belonging  to  that  kingdom  on  the  1st  of  January,  18W,  1831,  and  m32,  may  not  be  uiuicceptaMe  u>  uur 
readers. 

Account  of  the  Mercantile  Marine  of  France  on  the  Ist  of  January  of  each  of  the  Tliree  Years  endin; 

with  lb3'2. 


Tonnage. 

1830. 

Shipi. 

2 

6 

3 

14 

83 

201 

678 

IS31.        1832. 

Tounagb 

1830. 

IS3I, 

mi. 

Ships  of  SOO  Ions  anil  upwards 

—  700  lo  800  tons 

—  600  — TOO  — 

—  500  -  000  — 

—  4')o  —  sno  — 

—  3IKI  —  400  — 

—  200-300- 

Shipi. 

6 
2 
1,5 
SI 
198 
6-0 

Shipi. 
8 

15 

47 
108 
5(i0 

Ships  or  too  tn  200  Ions 

—  60—  KK)   — 

—  30-     60  — 

—  30  and  under 

Total  . 

Shift. 

1J4-. 

I,n6 
1,101 
9,993 

Shipi. 

i,;i08 

l,'<44 

1,086 
10,250 

Shipi. 
I,2i(i 
1,5 '0 
1,0-1 

lOJSI 

14,852 

15,031 

1.S2J4 

(Archives  du  Commerce,  tome  iv.  p.  139.) 

(SHIPS  (CtAssiFiCATioN,  QUALIFICATIONS  OP  Masteus  OF,  &c.). — Thefo  is  in  the 
All.  WmxK,  an  account  of  the  annual  average  number  of  shipwrecks  from  1793  10  1829, 
with  a  classified  account  of  those  in  the  last  year.  Since  then,  the  number  of  these  calami- 
ties has  in  no  degree  diminished.  The  fallowing  account,  compiled  from  Lloyd's  books,  shows 
the  amount  of  shipwreck,  in  so  far  as  it  can  be  ascertained,  from  the  Ist  of  January,  1832,  to 
the  30th  of  June,  1836. 


Statement  of  the  Number  of  the  Vessels  lost,  abandoned, 

broken  up. 

&.C. 

Drilish. 

Foreign. 

1 

Tobl. 

No.  of 

Average 

No.  of 

Average 

No.  Pf 

Average    ■ 

In  1832,  actual  losses,  &c.  from  Lloyd's  hooks 

Ships. 

Tonange. 

Ships. 

Tonn.ige. 

Ships. 

TonnJ?e. 

315 

unknown 

139 

unknown 

464 

unknown! 

In  1833,  actual  losses,  &c.  from  Lloyd's  hooks 

626 

ditto 

185 

ditto 

811 

ditto    , 

In  1834,  losses,  &.c.  Ist  of  January  to  31st  of 

December,  from  oflice  hook,  Lloyd's  list, 

and  oilier  sources,  surveyors,  &.C. 

432 

113,184 

158 

41,396 

590 

154,580 

In  1835.  losses,  &c,  1st  of  January  tn  Slst  of 

December,  from  office  book,  Lloyd's  list, 

and  other  sources,  surveyors.  Sec. 

594 

121,770 

158 

32,390 

752 

151,160  1 

In  18,30,  losses,  &.C.  1st  January  to  Slst  of 

June,  from  Lloyd's  list,  and  other  sources 

284 

50,268 

115 

20,355 

399 

70,623  , 

This  account  must  not,  however,  be  taken  as  fairly  representing  the  total  loss  from  ship- 
wreck. The  return  as  to  foreign  losses  is  too  defective  to  be  of  the  least  value ;  and  even  ai 
respects  British  shipping,  such  losses  only  are  taken  into  account  as  are  entered  upon  Lloyd's 
books,  whereas  it  is  well  known  that  very  many  vessels  are  annually  lost  that  are  not  cntcreJ 
in  these  books,  and  of  which,  consequently,  no  account  is  kept. 

But,  such  as  it  is,  the  above  account  shows,  estimating  the  value  of  the  wrecked  ships  anJ 
cargoes  at  the  moderate  rate  of  18/.  a  ton,  that  the  pecuniary  loss  arising  from  the  shipwreck 
of  British  vessels,  in  1835,  amounted  to  the  immense  sum  of  2,191,860/.  (121,770  X  1^-) 
But  the  loss  of  property  is  less  afflicting  than  the  loss  of  life.  In  1833,  the  crews  of  38  ships 
were  entirely  drowned,  while  those  of  very  many  more  partially  shared  the  same  fate.  But. 
owing  to  the  extent  to  which  emigration  has  of  late  years  been  carried,  and  esjiccialK  to  the 
numbers  of  poor  emigrants  ready  to  embark  in  any  ship,  provided  they  git  a  cheap  pas9ai,'o, 
the  loss  of  crews  is  no  criterion  of  the  loss  of  life  occasioned  by  shipwreck.  Tluis,  in  1834, 
no  fewer  than  731  emigrants,  bound  for  Can9da,  lost  their  lives  by  shipwrerk,  principallv  in 
the  gulph  and  river  of  St.  Lawrence  (see  vol.  i.,  art.  Emiorants)  ;  and  within  the  last  ft™ 
years  there  has  been  a  still  more  lamentable  waste  of  life,  in  consetiuence  of  the  loss  of  con- 
vict ships  bound  for  Australia.  The  frequency  and  amount  of  shipwreck  is,  indeed,  quite 
appalling ;  and  has  at  length  begun  forcibly  to  attract  the  public  attention. 

It  may  be  thought,  perhaps,  that  these  disasters  are  wholly  ascribabic  to  the  perils  inciclcnt 
to  navigation,  and  that  they  are  not  really  greater  than  might  be  expected  to  occur  to  aiiifr- 
cantile  navy  so  extensive  as  that  of  England,  whose  flag  is  displayed  on  every  sea,  howwr 
remote  or  dangerous,  but  such  is  not  really  the  case.     If  we  suppose  that  a  third  part  01  m 


SHIPS. 


409 


i»,  that  i»  now  enjoyeil 
cllicM  llie  riiuiiiliilioiii 
lliul80iir.iii>nlii|war^ 
III  w«re  tliB  l'"'«'  '»"'> 
Ltk,  tliey  would  ul«u  be 

vo  been  nltowcd  m  in- 
into  tlie  Isle  of  Mnn,  nt 
n  ad  valorem  iluty  iil  10 
ily  tobiitUl  ships  in  the 
icloar  thiit,iinl''sa'llie 
Brand  seal  of  Uii:  flnp 
bycxleiidinso'irl'"!''" 
.Kfs  as  it  enjoys.  Tlitic 
.  greatcBt  uiiprovcmenis 

3  )  very  full  details  wiih 
account  of  tlic  sliiiniins 
I  be  uimcceplalile  lo  (jui 

r  the  Three  Years  endin; 


1830. 

i;i4> 

1,101 
9,993 

14,8*2 


1831. 


l,;i08 

l,-.4l 
l.OSO 
10,260 

""15,031 


mi 

1,320 
1,0-1 
lOjJI 


,  139.) 


mmerce,  tome  IV.  p. 

&c"). — There  is  in  the 
•cks  from  1793  lo  1829, 
number  of  these  calami- 
om  Lloyd's  books,  sho«> 
Ist  of  .lanuary,  1832,  to 


'  ditto      1   81i    1     ditto 
41,396    I  590   I   W,!^ 


\  32,390 
1  20,355 


752 
399 


151,160  i 


I  the  total  loss  from  ship- 
least  value ;  and  even  as 

are  entered  upon  Lloy'l' 
',  lost  that  are  not  entered 

of  the  wrecked  sWpsanJ 

lising  from  the  shipwrec 
£l,860/.  (121,770  XS.) 
|833,  the  crews  of  38  ship 
lared  the  same  fato.  but 
lricd.andesi.ecmll.Vtolh. 
|theygHachrap.I«' 
Inwreck.    Tbu:<,  m  1834. 

and  within  thelaf 
Iquenceoftheloss  fcj 
l;ipwreckis,tndecd,qt"« 

Petothe  perils  inda^ 
Lectedtooccurtoara 

fc^d  on  every  Bea,ho«>^ 

Urhi^t^  third partoi^' 


wTPeks  that  have  taken  place  of  lato  years  have  been  occasioned  by  the  dan^^ers  of  the  sea,  we 
believe  wo  shall  not  be  within,  but  beyond  the  mark.     The  other  livo  tfiirils,  or  more,  have 
originated  in  artificial  causes,  of  which  the  principal  have  been  the  crronrous  system  adii|itcd 
by  the  underwriters  in  the  classification  of  ships,  and  the  incompetency  of  the  masters. 
'  1.  Old  System  for  cliisvfi/infr  Ships. — To  insure  a  ship  on  right  priiicipicii,  or  in  such  a 
way  that  the  premium  shall  bo  the  fair  equivalent  of  the  risk,  is  no  easy  matter.     The  risk 
depends  partly  on  the  condition  of  the  ship  and  the  capacity  of  the  master  and  crew ;  partly 
on  the  nature  of  the  cargo  she  is  to  take  on  board;  and  partly  on  the  voyage  she  has  to  per- 
form.   The  last  two  circumstances  disclose  themselves,  and  their  influence  may  be  appreciated 
At  least  with  sufHcicnt  accuracy  for  practical  purposes,  without  any  ditFiculty  ;  but  it  is  far 
otherwise  with  the  condition  of  the  ship,  and  the  capacity  of  the  master  and  crow.     It  is  es- 
sential to  the  adjusting  of  an  insurance  on  fair  terms,  that  these  should  be  known  ;  and  it  in, 
at  the  same  time,  exceedingly  difficult  to  acquire  any  accurate  information  with  respect  to  them. 
It  is  plain  that  there  is  but  one  mode  in  which  any  thing  satisfactory  can  be  learnt  with 
respect  to  the  condition  of  ships,  and  that  is,  by  the  inspection  and  examination  of  persons 
of  competent  information  as  to  such  matters.     To  acquire  a  jusl  character  at  first,  a  ship 
should  be  repeatedly  surveyed  while  she  is  being  built ;  and  to  learn  her  condition  at  any 
subsequent  period,  some  of  the  planks  should  be  taken  oiT,  and  her  hull  and  rigging  sub- 
jected to  a  thorough  examination.     This  is  the  only  method  to  be  followed  if  we  wish  to 
arrive  at  results  that  may  be  safely  depended  on.     The  age  of  a  ship  should  not  be  alto- 
gether overlooked  in  estimating  her  condition ;  but  it  is  not  a  criterion  that,  taken  by  itself, 
is  worth  almost  any  thing.     There  is  the  greatest  possible  dinferencc  in  the  materials  of 
which  different  ships  are  built,  in  the  way  in  which  they  are  built,  and  in  the  wear  and  tear 
lo  which  they  are  exposed.     Some  have  been  so  very  bad,  that  they  have  actually  gone  to 
pieces  on  their  first  voyage ;  others,  with  difficulty,  last  for  3,  4,  or  7  years ;  and  others, 
again,  run  for  10,  15,  and  even  20  years,  and  upwards,  with  but  little  repair.     It  may  be 
presumed  ttiat  the  condition  of  ships  built  of  similar  materials,  on  the  same  plan,  and  cin- 
pioyeJ  in  the  same  departments  of  trade,  will  depend  materially  on  their  ages :  but  a  thou- 
sand circumstances  conspire  to  defeat  this  presumption  ;  and  it  would  be  ludicrous  to  suppo.se 
lliat  it  should  apply  at  all  in  the  case  of  ships  constructed  of  different  materials,  and  engaged 
in  different  lines. 

But  notwithstanding  the  criterion  of  age  is  thus  really  worth  less  than  nothing  as  a  rule 
iiy  which  to  judge  of  a  ship's  condition,  it  is  almost  the  only  one  that  has  been  referred  to 
ill  this  country.  From  about  the  year  1 7G0,  or  perhaps  earlier,  down  to  1831,  ships  were 
arranged,  by  the  underwriters  at  Lloyd's,  in  classes  marked  by  the  letters  A,  E,  I,  and  O,  and 
the  figures  1,  2,  and  3;  the  former  referring  to  the  hull  of  the  ship,  and  the  latter  to  the 
rigging.  A  ship  marked  A  1.  was  in  the  highest  class;  that  is,  her  hull  and  rigging  were 
liflth declared  to  be  in  the  best  condition;  ships  marked  B  1.  were  in  the  next  class;  those 
marked  I  1.  were  in  the  lowest  available  clas.4,  or  that  formed  of  such  as  were  tit  only  for 
carrying  coals,  or  other  goods  not  liable  to  sea  damage  along  the  coast ;  ships  marked  O  were 
uniieaworthy.  But  to  get  into  the  highest  class,  no  examination  of  the  ship,  or  none  worthy 
of  the  name,  was  required.  Unless  some  very  flagrant  defect  were  obvious  in  their  construc- 
tion, all  ships  were  entitled,  when  new,  to  be  marked  in  the  highest  class ;  and  they  were 
entitled,  whatever  might  be  their  real  condition,  to  stand  in  it  for  a  certain  number  of  years, 
varying  from  6  to  12,  according  to  the  port  in  which  they  happened  to  be  built !  It  is  not 
easy  to  imagine  that  any  thing  can  be  more  absurd  than  such  a  classification  ;  but  the  whole 
extent  of  the  injury  arising  from  it  is  not  immediately  obvious.  The  great  majority  of  mer- 
chants and  underwriters  have  not,  and  could  not  be  expected  to  have,  any  personal  know- 
ledge of  diSerent  ships,  and  have  nothing  to  trust  to  but  the  classified  accounts.  Suppose, 
now,  that  two  ships  were  built  at  the  same  time  in  London  or  any  other  port ;  that  one  was 
constructed  of  the  best  materials,  and  in  the  best  way,  while  the  other  was  constructed  of 
the  worst  materials,  and  in  the  most  defective  manner :  these  two  ships  were  placed  side  by 
>ide  in  the  class  A  I.;  the  underwriters,  seeing  them  there,  were  ready,  without  further  in- 
iiuiry,  to  insure  them  at  the  same  premium,  and  the  merchants  were,  for  the  same  reason, 
quite  as  willing  to  employ  the  one  as  the  other !  A  bounty  was  thus  given  on  the  construc- 
tion of  what  have  been  called  slop-built  ships,  or  ships  of  an  inferior  class.  For  a  half,  or, 
It  most,  two  thirds,  of  what  would  be  required  to  construct  a  good  and  re.ally  sufficient  ship, 
« shipowner  got  an  inferior  vessef  of  an  equal  burthen  sent  to  sea ;  and,  owing  to  the  match- 
Ins  abaurdity  of  the  system  of  classification,  the  inferior  was  placed  in  the  same  rank  with 
^i  superior  ship ;  enjoyed  all  the  advantages  such  distinction  could  give ;  and  was,  in  thii 
public  estimation,  deemed  quite  as  good  and  as  deserving  of  employment  as  the  other.  This 
>)s  been  a  more  copious  source  of  shipwreck  than  all  the  currents,  rocks,  and  fogs  that  infest 
wseas;  but  it  was  not  the  only  one.  At  the  end  of  a  certain  number  of  years,  depending 
(»s  already  stated)  on  the  port  where  the  ship  was  built,  both  the  vessels  referred  to  above 
*i>re  degraded  to  the  class  E ;  and  yet  it  might  happen,  that  the  superior  ship  was,  when  so 
%aded,  better  entitled  to  continue  in  the  class  A  than  the  inferior  ship  was  ever  to  be  in 
U-  But  even  this  does  not  exhaust  the  whole  absurdity  of  this  preposterous  schome ,  for 
Vol.  II— 2  R 


470 


SHIPS. 


ri* 


»"W 

;;jiM» 

.**»» 

•^.^1 

kMKc 

. -■"■•li 

.*M»«' 


supposing  that  the  superior  ship  hail  been  so  thoroughly  rcpaireil  as  to  ho  as  prood  as  tlio 
day  she  came  otV  the  stocks,  and  that  the  iiiforii)r  siiip  iiad  got  no  repair  at  all,  Htill  tlii-y  wore 
both  placed,  side  hy  side,  in  the  class  E  !  All  the  annals  of  all  the  maritiiiiu  nations  of  the 
world,  from  the  Phcenicians  downwards,  furnish  no  example  of  a  more  pervirsc,  contradic- 
tory,  and  absurd  regulation.  That  it  should  have  existed  amongst  us  for  the  irrcat"r  part  of 
a  century,  strikingly  exemplifies  the  power  of  habit  to  procure  toleration  for  iho  must  d^. 
structive  practices  and  errors. 

It  may  be  said,  perhaps,  that,  whatever  system  of  classification  is  adopted,  there  must  !«. 
great  numbers  of  inferior  vessels;  for,  though  we  did  not,  foreigners  would  build  them  ;  and, 
being  consequently  able  to  sail  them  cheaper,  would  drive  us  totally  out  of  all  trades  in  wlmli 
they  could  come  fairly  into  competition  with  us.  This  is  true;  but  no  one  ever  thoui^ht  of 
|>roscribing  inferior  ship-s  or  of  dictating  to  the  shipowner  what  sort  of  ships  he  hliouKI  buiiij, 
or  to  the  merchant  what  sort  he  should  employ.  We  do  not  object  to  inferior  sliijis,  luit  we 
do  object  to  the  same  character  being  given  to  them  that  is  given  to  superior  ships.  'J'his  is 
practising  a  gross  fraud  upon  the  public;  and  gives  an  unfair  and  unjust  advantage  to 
the  owners  of  inferior  vessels.  The  interests  of  navigation  and  of  humanity  imperatively 
require  that  ships  should  be  correctly  classified ;  that  those  that  are  not  scawonliy  sliould 
not  be  classed  with  those  that  are,  but  that  the  real  stale  of  each  should  be  distinctly  set 
forth  in  the  register,  and  be  made  known  to  every  one.  If  ihis  be  done,  the  merchant  and 
the  underwriter  may  be  safely  left  to  deal  with  them  as  they  think  fit. 

In  consequence  mainly  of  the  laudable  exertions  of  Mr.  Marshall,  the  attention  of  the 
principal  merchants,  shipowners,  underwriters,  &c.  of  the  metropolis  was  some  years  ago 
directed  to  this  subject;  and  in  1824  a  committee,  consisting  of  representatives  I'roni  these 
difl'crent  bodies,  was  appointed  to  inquire  into  and  report  on  it.  The  committee  collected  a 
great  deal  of  valuable  evidence ;  and  laid  an  able  report  before  a  general  meeting  of  mer- 
chants, shipowners,  &c.,  on  the  1st  of  June,  1826.  We  subjoin  an  extract  from  this  report, 
which  more  than  bears  out  all  that  we  have  stated :  — 

"From  the  absence  of  all  rdiitrol  on  the  originnl  construction  of  ships  while  hiiihllne,  nnil  tho  impoj. 
sibility  of  ascertaining  hy  any  insipcction,  after  cnnipletion,  their  real  quality,  it  iippeiirs  Id  hi;  injis. 
putnhly  proved,  by  an  almost  iiniforni  concurrence  iif  testinuiny,  thnt  tlie  first  characlir,  or  A  I.,  jj 
indiscriminately  extended  to  ships  differing  widely  in  strength,  durability  of  niateriuls,  and  nil  those 
qualities  on  which  character  nu^ilit  to  be  depenihMit ;  that  many  shijta  to  which  the  lir»t  clnss  is  !Hsi);ni>d 
are  decidedly  inferior  to  others  which  are  placed,  from  lapse  of  time  alone,  in  a  lower  rliiss;i|iji 
many  become  totally  unlit  for  the  conveyance  of  dry  cargoes,  long  before  the  expiration  of  t\v  period 
during  which  they  are  entitled,  according  to  the  present  system,  to  remain  on  the  tir;:i  letter  in  whicli 
ttiey  are  notwithstanding  continued  ;  that  instances  are  on  record  of  lirst  class  ships  winch  hiive  been 
unlit  from  their  origin  for  the  conveyance  of  dry  cargoes  ;  and  sotue  arc  dechirc  d  to  have  ln'cn  lianlly 
fit,  when  new,  to  proceed  to  sea  witli  safety.  ()ne  case  is  even  adduced,  in  which,  I'r. m  ill  construe- 
tinn  and  insufficiency  of  fastening  a  new  ship,  her  insecurity  was  predicted,  and  she  uctiially  fonnili'reil 
on  her  first  voyaee  ;  and  yet  this  identical  vessel  was  ranked,  accorditig  to  the  indiscriuiiiiatu  system 
pursued,  in  the  first  class. 

"Such,  as  respects  new  ships,  appears  by  the  evidence  to  be  the  practical  results  of  a  system  which, 
assuming  to  designate  by  marks  their  intrinsic  quality,  provides  no  mennsof  actually  a.xci'riaiiiiagilmt 
quality  ;  but  olfers,  in  effect,  a  premium  fur  the  building  of  inferior  and  insufficieiil  .v/ii/).«,  by  the  iiidiice- 
nient  it  holds  forth  to  fraudulent  construction,  and  by  the  equality  of  character  it  indiscriiDJiiatelyei- 
tends  to  the  best  and  the  worst  8hi|)8  built  at  the  same  port. 

"Nor,  your  committee  regret  to  have  to  rejiort.  is  the  evidence  of  the  errors,  incnnsistenries, and 
evils  arising  from  the  existing  system,  as  apidied  to  old  ships,  by  any  means  less  cnnrliifiive.  ily  ilie 
refusal  to  restore  character,  in  conseguciiec  of  repairs,  however  extensile,  the  inducement  to  ma  lata  In  sliips 
in  an  elAcient  slate  is  removed ;  whilst,  from  the  absence  of  all  regular  provision  for  stated  or  periodi- 
cal examination,  their  efficiency  or  inefficiency  is  rendered  dependent  upon  the  varyiiia  views,  llie 
caprices,  or  the  interests  of  the  proprietors.  Hence,  though  the  second  character,  or  M,  is  declared  by 
the  rules  of  the  system  to  be  the  designation  of  ships  which,  having  lost  the  first  cliarartrr  from  age, 
are  kept  in  perfect  repair,  and  appear,  on  survey,  to  have  no  defects,  and  to  be  coniph'lely  ciilnilated 
to  carry  dry  cargoes  with  safety,  the  whole  body  of  evidence  distinctly  proves  that  cliaractrr  tnbe.  In 
very  numerous  instances,  assijjned  to  ships  which,  from  original  defect  or  want  of  reijiiisite  repairs, 
are  utterly  unfit  and  unsafe  for  dry  cargoes ;  while  others,  which,  fVom  sound  constitmiun  nr  clliciem 
reparation,  are  found  to  be  pronounced  in  the  evidence  to  be  superior  to  many  new  ships,  are  iiwliscrimi- 
nalely  classed  with  the  actually  worthless  and  unsea^orthy.  Hence,  loo,  the  employnicnt  of  .sliips, alter 
they  have  passed  the  period  prescribed  by  a  tall.iciotis  standard  of  classiticaiion,  beciiaics  iincerlaiii, 
precarious,  and  difficult ;  the  shipowner  is  injim^l;  tin* shipper  and  underwriter  tni'-lcd;  llie  build- 
ing of  superior  ships,  capable  of  ion^  service,  is  disciTnraged,  and  direct  inducement  is  held  out  tntlie 
construction  of  those  of  an  inferior  description;  the  general  character  of  our  mercantile  inarineis 
degraded  ;  aiffl  it  is  to  be  feared  that,  cnuld^ie  system  be  traced  to  its  ultimate  results,  it  would  be 
productive  of  a  lamentable  loss  of  property 'and  life."      _ 

It  may  have  seemed  surprising  that,  despite  the  continued  complaints  of  the  lovvness  of 
freights,  and  the  want  of  employment  for  8tii^{>ing,  so  many>ncw  ships  should  be  annually 
built.  But  this  was,  to  a  considerable  extchKat  least,  occasioned  by  the  system  of  classifi- 
cation now  described.  Hitherto,  instead  of  building  a  really  good  and  durable  ship,  the 
principal  object  has  been  to  construct  one  that  should,  at  farthest,  be,  as  the  phrase  is,  riin 
off  her  legs  in  about  ten  years  or  thereby.  T!ie  reason  is,  that,  whatever  niislit  be  a  ship's 
condition,  she  was  then  degraded  from  the  class  A  1.,  and  that  it  was  hardly  possible,  in 
most  departinents  of  trade,  to  find  a  mcrchatit  to  employ,  on  any  thing  like  reasonable  terms, 
a  ship  to  which  these  symbols  of  imaginary  excellence  were  not  attached.  Hence,  the  ship- 
owner, instead  of  repairing  his  10-years-old  ship,  sold  her  for  what  she  would  fetch,  and 
built  a  new  one.    But  the  person  who  purchased  the  ship  degraded  to  £  1.  forced  hec 


SHIPS. 


471 


to  bo  as  (jood  as  llic 
if  at  all,  still  they  wnre 
iiaritiiiio  nations  of  the 
ire  pervtrsc,  contradic- 

for  tlio  i;r(';U"r  irarl  of 
alioii  lor  llio  nw.si  lif. 

ttiloptcil,  there  must  k 
ifoulJ  build  them  ;  ami, 
It  of  all  trades  in  whidi 
no  one  ever  thi)\ii;ht  of 
f  ships  he  nhould  build, 
to  interior  ships,  Init  we 
superior  ships.  This  is 
id  unjust  advai\tai;e  to 
humanity  imperatively 
e  not  scaworiliy  slioulil 
should  be  dii'tiiiclly  set 
done,  the  merthaiU  anJ 
t. 

ill,  the  attention  of  the 
is  was  some  years  ago 
preseutativcs  from  these 
he  committee  collected  ;i 
[reneral  uicclinK  of  mcr- 
I  extract  from  this  report, 

lilo  Imililiiie,  nml  Hi''  \m\ica- 
iilily,  it  iiiipciirs  In  In;  iiiilis. 
e  first  cliiiraclcr,  or  A  l.,ij 
of  materials,  anil  all  those 
liili  tli«  first  il;ips  is  msippii 
one,  ill  a  li>\v(!r  f  lass ;  llm 
the  expirtiliiiii  of  111"  iwriod 
1  on  lli«  first  Ictlcr  in  wliitli 
class  sliips  wliicli  lwv(!  been 
lottarKl  li)  h;ivi  Ih'imi  hardly 
in  wliidi.  In  III  ill  rnnslriit- 
I,  Biid  slif'  actually  fnrndiTfd 
;o  the  iiidihcriuiiiiati;  syglcni 

results  of  a  system  which, 

if  actually  asct'naiiiing  thai 

^•cienl  o/ii;'.s  liy  the  iiidiice- 

acter  it  inaiscriiiiiiiaiely  ei- 

errors,  incnnsisteiifies,  and 
ins  less  coiirliisive.  By  llie 
idiiceiiu'iit  to  ihiiiiilaiiisliipa 

ivisioii  for  slaleil  or  perioJi- 
"ipon  llie  varyina  viiws, the 

iracler,  or  1'.,  is  declared  by 

ilie  tirst  i-liararler  fidiiiagf, 
to  be  coniplelely  calculated 

aves  that  character  m  be,  in 

ir  want  of  requisite  repairs, 
mil  coiistitiitic.il  or  eflicieiil 
y  new  ships,  am  iiiili<crlnii- 
eeniploviiicnl  111' ships, after 

ficatii)ii,"hee(iiiie3  iiiicerlain, 
erwriler  ini'-led  ;  the  build- 
iliicemcnt  is  held  out  tn  the 

»f  oiir  iiiereantile  marine  is 
illimate  tcsults,  it  wouldbe 

)laint8  of  the  lovvness  of 
ships  should  be  annually 
by  the  system  of  classif;- 
ad  and  durable  ship,  the 
be,  as  the  phrase  is,  run 
liatever  misht  be  a  ship'! 
It  was  hardly  possible,  in 
Eng  like  reasonable  terms, 
Itachcd.  Hence,  the  ship- 
lat  she  would  fetch,  and 
Vaded  to  E  1.  forced  hei. 


thotic;h  at  an  enortnous  reduction,  into  business;  so  that  there  were  two  bad  or  inferior  sliips 
in  the  field  ;  whereas,  under  a  reasonable  system  of  classilicalioii,  there  wouiil  have  been 
onlv  one  i(oo(l  ship.  The  injury  that  this  has  done  to  the  shipping  interest  is  too  obvious 
to  reipiiii"  to  be  pointed  out.  It  has  lieen  inlniilely  more  hostile  to  it  than  all  those  reciprocity 
treaties,  and  that  foreign  competition,  about  which  there  has  been  so  much  unfotuuleil  cla- 
mour. "  If  the  system  of  dassilicition  were  founded  on  the  principle  of  intrinxir  merit,  if 
the  real  eiriciency  of  the  ship  formed  the  basis  on  which  character  was  given,  the  conse- 
quence, ill  numerous  instances,  would  be,  that,  instead  of  supplying  the  place  of  those  ships 
that  at  present  lapse  from  age  only  into  the  second  class  with  new  ones,  the  owners  would 
clTcctually  repair  the  cxisluig  shijis ;  so  that  there  would  speedily  be  not  only  a  material 
iinprovcmeiit  in  the  construction  of  ships,  but  a  material  increase  in  the  amount  of  tonnage, 
and  a  correspomting  increase  in  the  rate  of  freight. — {Murs/iull's  Stutemcnts,  p.  1;».) 

The  conclusive  report  and  exposition  referred  to  above,  did  not  produce  the  consci|uence8 
that  mi-rht  have  been  anticipated.  Government  seems,  for  reasons  known  only  to  itself,  to 
have  concluded  titat  this  was  not  a  subject  with  which  it  should  interfere;  and  it  was  laid 
aside  for  some  years  more.  Uutthe  siill-increasing  amount  of  shipwreck,  and  the  frightful 
loss  of  life  and  property  conseijuent  thereon,  again  roused  the  public  attention  to  thesulject: 
and  we  are  glad  to  have  to  announce,  that  the  principal  nierchatits,  shipowners,  and  under- 
writers  have  at  last  succeeded  in  setting  on  foot  machinery  by  which  it  is  believed  that  a 
classified  account  of  shipping  will  be  obtaiiieil,  founded  on  correct  princi|ilcs.  8hould  this 
anticip'ilb'ii  prove  well  founded,  the  public  will  owe  much  to  the  able  and  intelligent  indi- 
viduals who  have  imjiosed  on  themselves  this  dillicult  and  important  task.  They  will  have 
done  inure  than  any  other  set  of  men  to  improve  the  character  of  our  mercantile  marine,  and 
to  lessen  the  disasters  incident  to  a  seafaring  life. 

2.  Ntw  system  ij  ClassificaltMn. — This  new  classification  is  conducted  under  the  direc- 
tion and  superintendence  of  a  committee  of  merchants,  shipiwners,  and  underwriters  esta- 
blished in  18;!4.  The  committee  establish  rules  for  classifying  ships,  and  appoint,  control, 
and  dismiss  the  surveyors  by  whom  they  are  inspected  and  examined.  A  classified  register 
isanmially  published,  which  will  be  gradually  made  more  and  more  comjilete  ;  and  the  ex- 
penses aili-nding  the  institution  are  defrayed,  partly  by  the  fees  charged  on  making  an  entry 
in  the  re;iister,  partly  by  the  profits  on  the  sale  of  the  register  or  book,  and  partly  from 
voluntary  sources.  But,  as  the  subject  is  of  the  utmost  importance  to  every  one  interested  in 
commerce  and  navigation,  we  think  we  shall  do  an  acceptable  service  to  our  readers,  by  lay- 
ing before  them  the  statement  prefixed  by  the  society  to  their  register.  It  fully  explains 
their  ol'jects,  the  principles  on  which  they  arc  proceeding,  and  the  means  they  have  adopted 
for  carrying  their  views  into  eircct. 

Classificatiox  of  Ships. 

Aftc  announcing  the  formation  of  the  committee,  die  otHcial  statement  goes  on  to  s.iy, 
that  the  fodowing  resolutions,  rules,  and  regulations,  have  been  adopted  ;  viz.  : — 

That  a  sociiMy  lias  Iicen  cstahlislied  fur  "liiaiiiins  a  faillil'iil  ami  accurate  classification  of  the  iiier- 
cmtile  iiiarine  of  the  United  Kitijidniii,  and  of  ilie  I'lprejiin  vessels  trading  thereto,  for  whose  goverii- 
nwMil  Ilie  followinjr  rules  and  hy-laws  have  lieeii  aduiited  :— 

Thai  ft  lio'ik  cniitainliiB  a  reuister  of  such  classifii  aiioii  he  annually  printed,  to  he  railed  IMtyd'a 
Rtgi.'Ur  i-f  Bnti.-h  milt  h'orciijii  Sltiiipi}ij!  ;  and  that  all  persons  siihseribine  llift  sum  "f  three  euincas 
annually  dir  such  lUlier  sum  as  may  he  fixed  hy  the  com  m  it  tee),  shall  be  iiiuiiibers  of  the  Society,  aiiit 
entiili'd  (  fiir  iheir  oirii  iine)  to  a  copy  of  the  rejiisler  lionk. 

ni:it  Ilie  price  at  which  llic  register  book  be  issued  tu  public  establislmients,  not  bciiit;  marine  insu- 
rance ciiiripaiiles,  be  IIV.  IPs. 

Tint  the  register  bonk  shall  bo  periodically  posted  Ibrnupbout  the  year. 

Tint,  r<ir  the  convenience  of  nieiiibors  not  resident  in  l.iuidon,  a  moutbly  supplement,  cnntninini; 
the  a.ldilioiis  and  corrections  to  the  reaister  book,  be  printed  in  such  convenient  form  as  will  admit  of 
iislriuisiiii!<siiiii  by  post,  that  those  parlies  may  be  furnished  with  the  latest  and  most  correct  inl'orma- 
lion ;  lull  lor  wliK'li  an  additional  charge  of  I/.  \.i.  per  annum  will  be  made. 

Suiieriiilenihiiri-  af  'he  tiarietji. — That  llie  BiiperinliMidence  of  the  alVairsof  this  society  be  under  the 
dircdiiin  of  a  ciiniiiiitiee  in  London,  conipoged  of  21  memlii^rs,  coiisistin);  of  an  ei|iial  proportion  of 
nierrlriiits,  shipowners,  and  iindi'rwriters ;  and  that,  in  adiliiion,  the  cliairma'n  of  t><e  coinuiitlee  for 
niaMiiL'iiiL'  liie  atl'airs  of  Lloyd's,  and  the  ciiairniaii  of  the  l<'eiieral  Cship  Uwners'  Society  fur  the  tiinu 
hi'iiis,  shall,  cr  ctiicio.  be  members  of  the  commillee. 

Si\  iit'ilie  iiieinliers,  namely,  *i  ol'eacli  of  the  constituent  parts  of  tlie  couiinittee,  shall  go  out  annu- 
ally by  r  lal,i(m,  but  be  eligible  to  be  re-elected. 

the  vacancies  so  arisimr  shall  be  filled  up  by  the  election  of  2  shipowners  and  i  inercliaiil,  hy  the 
cdmiiiiltce  of  the  (;eiieral  Shipowners'  Hociely;  and  2  uuderwrilurs  and  I  merchant  by  the  committee 
fur  iiiainKiiii!  the  all'alrs  of  Moyil's, 

Tlie  coinmiitee  shall  !i|ipiiint  I'roiii  their  own  body,  annually,  a  chairiuau  anil  deiiuty  chairman. 

Tlic  secret  iry,  clerks,  and  servants  of  the  society,  and  the  surveyors  for  London  and  the  outports, 
ihall  lie  a|>poiiiled  hy  and  be  under  the  direction  of  the  cnmmitlee. 

Tlie  ceiiMiiitlee  shall  meet  lor  the  despatch  of  Im  sin  ess  every  Thursday  or  on  such  other  day  as  they 
may  ap|ioliit,  at  II  o'clKck  precis  ly,  and  5  members  uf  the  comiiiittee  shall  hi;  a  uuoruiii. 

S'piMjal tiiiL's  of  the  committee  may  be  convened  by  order  of  the  chairman,  the  iJe|iuly  chairman, 

or  any  3  iiiHinbers. 

All Vleciions  and  appointments  whatever  shall  be  made  by  ballot. 

The  cciMiiiiitlee  are  empowered  to  make  such  by-ltiws  for  Iheir  own  povernment  and  procendines  as 
they  imiy  deem  reiinisile,  not  beinu  inconsistent  with  llie  original  rules  and  regulations  under  which 
tile  uncifty  is  eslahllshed  ;  but  no  new  rule  or  by-law  shall  be  introduced,  nor  any  rule  or  by- law 
altered,  wiihuui  speciul  notice  being  given  fur  that  purpose  at  the  uieeiiiig  of  the  cummittcc  next  pre 


V 

!, 


*l 


ft 


472 


SHIPS. 


S^1^ 


i^  :  I 


>'ur  tlie  linl  talrf  and  Cl.iuiHulion. 

ffirfifhitiip 
Dil'o 
Dilt'i      ■ 
Uillo      . 

-     unilnr  ISO 
IMaiiil  UMilir  30O 
300        -         '.00 
SOO  .ind  upwanli 

For  Rfgiilenng  Rcpaira  after  Survey. 

/.  f.  d. 

■  0  10    fl 

■  110 

■  220 
•    330 

Fnr  Pach  «hip 
llillo 
iSiilu 
Uillo      ■ 

T'  ni. 

•     iin  lor  1  lO 
IMand  under  300 
301}        —         :M 
600  and  upnardi 

L.  t.  d. 

■  0  10    ti 
-110 

■  220 

■  330 

Tnlll. 

Forencl)  thip 

■     uiuler  lOJ 

Dill.i      ■ 

irOand  uivler  2X) 

Diilo 

2r0        _         3  0 

llillo 

3<I0        —          4U0 

DilKi 

4(10  and  upuanli 

ceding  the  nnc  at  which  any  inch  motion  la  Intended  to  be  made  ;  wlitch  notice  ahall  be  Inserted  in 
the  luininnni)  rnnveninir  that  nicctliie. 

Suroryurs.— There  slinll  liun|i|iiiint«d  for  the  port  of  London,  and  other  port*  of  the  United  Klnjiliim 
■iRh  niiinlivr  of  shipwriKht  and  nautical  mirvcyum  as  from  time  tn  time  may  appear  expedient  tu  Hi^' 
conimillcc  to  li)>  ro()iiiiiite  fur  the  olijiTts  and  purpoaes  of  the  lociitty. 

No  Riirveyor  will  he  pormiCed,  without  the  special  naiiclion  of  the  romnilltee,  to  receive  any  foe 
Rratiiily,  or  reward  whutitoever,  to  his  own  line  and  hnnutll,  fur  any  service  performed  by  him  in  |||,' 
capacity  of  surveyor  to  tliis  nociely,  on  pain  of  iininediate  dismiHdiun. 

The  surveyors  to  Ihc  society  will  he  direrlcd  lo  iillenil  on  special  surveys  of  ships  under  dniii!i(;(. «[ 
repairs  lor  restoration,  when  rci|iiired  hy  merchants,  shipowners,  and  underwriters;  the  charuu  fi,, 
which  will  he  regulated  accordiiiK  to  the  nature  and  exii'iit  of  the  service  performed. 

/|'« »(/.(.— Tile  fiinils  will  he  iiiiiler  the  aiilliority  mid  coiiirol  of  ihi-  coiiimittue,  and  a  statement  of  ihe 
rerelplH  iind  i-xpeiiditiires  will  he  anniiiilly  printeil  for  Ihc  iiiformalioii  of  the  siihscrihi-rs. 

The  following  fees  will  be  charged  to  the  owners  of  slilps  surveyed,  prior  to  their  being  classed  and 
registered  in  the  hook  :— 

For  enlcrint  »iil  riiitiii<  New  Ships  bnill  in  Ihe  ^nil^l  KmjrJon, 
and  tur  tulcrinif  and  clawin({  ihiin  re|iainHj  (^  Keatdratiiiu,        ' 

'■■  >  i. 

•  I  I  0 
■    J  •  0 

•  3  J  0 

•  •!  I  0 

•  '>    i   U 
For  ipccial  aurvrya,  antl  wliere  ihe  survrynn  tn  the  aociciv  art-  rt 

quiru)  tijf  the  owiii th  iit  !>h'|"»  I"  superinlriid  rcplirs  fnr  riv.iriiir, 
a  chirKi'  will  be  niade  accurJinx  lo  the  nature  and  extent  ol  ttie  ycj. 
vice  ■•t'ir>rMH-d. 
All  certific.i'es  nf  rIi«iifimtion  will  he  pizne'l  I  y  one  nf  IIip  rVj  ■. 

I  men,  an  i  ctiuiilcnijni- 1  ly  tlie  secretary  ;  the  cluigc  tur  w  likj,  [^  (^ 

'  lUi.  fitr  each  ceitiftcate, 

Rui.EB  FOR  Classification. 

The  following  rules  and  reeulations  for  Ihe  cinssificalion  of  ships  have  been  adopted  nfiorniiirh 
labour  and  matiire  consideration,  assisted  by  Ihe  valuable  information  and  practical  knowledge  oi'  Hi,. 
commitlee  of  the  fieneral  i^hip  Owners'  rtociety. 

Tlie  characters  to  be  assigned  lo  ships  sliali  be,  as  nearly  as  circumstances  will  permit,  n  cdrrcri 

indicaliiiii  of  their  real  and  inlrinslc  (|iialities  ;  and  the  same  shall  no  longer  he  regulated  by  II n- 

certain  slandnrd  of  the  port  of  building,  nor  hy  the  uncontrolled  decision  of  surveyors,  but  will,  Inaii 
cases,  lie  tinally  tixed  by  the  commillee,  after  due  consideration  of  tlie  reports  of  the  surveynni  und 
the  diioiinieMts  which  may  be  subiiiilted  to  Ihe  coinniittee. 

FinsT  Class  Ships.— There  shall  be  two  denominnlions  of  ships  of  the  first  class,  tohedistiiigiiislid) 
aa  "  First  Description  of  the  First  Class,"  and  "  ."Second  Description  of  the  First  (;iass." 

1.  Firal  Hesrriiiliun  of  Ihe  Fimt  C/ii»«— will  comprise  all  ships  which  have  not  passi^d  a  pri'scriliei] 
age,  and  which  are  kept  in  the  highest  state  of  repair  and  eflicieiicy  ;  tiiese  will  be  designated  liy  ijic 
letter  A. 

The  period  for  the  continuance  of  ships  on  this  class  shall  he  limited.  The  extent  of  that  |HTliiilnii| 
be  deleririiiied  by  reference  lo  the  original  construction  und  i|ualily  of  liie  vessel,  the  m:ili'ri;iU  mi. 
ployed,  and  the  moile  of  building;  but  it  is  desirable,  on  gnuiiids  of  national  policy  and  of  iiiilivnliiil 
jitsfire,  ibat  after  the  expiration  of  Ihe  (irescribed  period,  ships  shall  be  permitted  to  remain  llic  I'im 
i)ei<criptlon  of  the  First  Class,  or  to  be  restored  thereto  for  a  further  limited  period,  under  ccrialii 
defined  rt^giilulions. 

2.  Secnnil  Description  nf  the  First  Class— wiW  comprise  all  ships  which  have  passed  the  presrrilwd 
ngi*  (lull  not  having  undergone  Ihe  repairs  that  wniilit  entitle  them  to  be  continued  in  or  resiiireilioiiie 
first  description),  or  which  shall  have  been  restored,  and  the  period  assigned  fur  such  resliiraliun 
having  expired,  are  still  in  a  condition  for  the  safe  conveyance  of  dry  und  perishable  cargoes  :  Iht'se 
will  hi'  (li'^lL'iiateil  by  Ihe  di|ilillioiig  Ai. 

SrciiNn  Cuss  ."^iiips.— This  class  will  comprise  all  ships  which  shall  he  found,  on  survey,  iinfii  fm 
carrying  dry  cargoes,  but  perfectly  safe  for  Ihe  conveyance  of  cargoes  not  in  tlieir  nature  lialle  lusca 
riniiiage,  in  till  parts  nf  the  iBnrld :  these  will  be  designated  by  the  letter  10. 

Tmiin  Class  Ships— will  comprise  such  ships  as  are  good  in  const  it  ul  ion,  and  which  shall  bo  found 
on  survey  fit  for  the  conveyance,  on  short  voifajres  (not  out  of  Europe),  of  cargoes  in  llieir  naliiro  nol 
linhl  ■  III  sell  damage :  iliese  will  be  designated  by  the  letter  I. 

.■^11  IPs'  ANCHons,  CAnt.K.s,  and  Stokes  — The  elhcient  slate  and  condition  of  ships'  "Aiirnurs,  f'j. 
hies,  and  Stores,"  will  conllnue  to  be  designated  by  the  figure  1 ;  and  where  the  same  arc  found  insuf- 
ticient  in  i|uunlity  or  defective  in  quality,  by  the  figure  2. 

Ge.neral  Remarks. 

All  reports  of  survey  shall  be  made  in  writing  by  the  surveyors  to  this  society,  and  suliinilted  In  ilif 
conHidi'ration  of  the  committee,  or  of  the  siih-commlltee  of  classification  ;  but  the  clutracler  us.ilgiipij 
by  the  lailer  shall  be  siiliject  to  confirmation  hy  the  general  conimiuee. 

In  a.«signiiig  character  lo  Ihe  existing  tonnage,  and  especially  in  restoration  to  the  fir«t  di'scriplion 
of  Ihe  first  class  of  ships  that  have  been  built  without  ti  view  to  such  a  privilege,  the  grealesi  t.iiiiinn 
will  lie  exercised,  but  with  a  rigid  allention  to  render  ample  justice  to  llie  shi|iowiier. 

No  iiienilier  of  Ihe  commillee  shill  be  periiiilled  lo  vote  in  tlie  decision  of  the  classificaliuii  of  iiny 
B)ii|i  of  which  he  is  an  owner,  or  directly  or  indirectly  inlerested. 

The  re;ioris  of  surveyors,  and  all  documents  and  proceedings  relating  to  the  classification  nf  slilp*. 
will  lie  carefully  preserved,  and  those  parties  proving  themselves  to  be  inlerested  therein  may  li:ire 
access  ll-i'reto  under  certain  regulations. 

In  all .  as  's  where  the  ships  are  proposed  lo  he  removed  to  an  inferior  class,  notice  shall  he  iiivi'ii, 
in  writing  to  the  owner,  master,  or  agent,  willi  an  inliniatii<n  that,  if  the  alteration  Im' nhjciieil  in, 
:lie  coninjillee  are  ready  lo  direct  a  special  survey,  on  Ihe  owner,  master,  or  agent  agri'eing  m  iiiylln 
expenses  allenditig  the  same  ;  provided  it  shall,  upon  the  re-survey,  appear  that  there  has  been  siiiri- 
cient  ground  for  such  removal. 

In  cl.issiiig  foreign  ships,  and  ships  built  in  the  lirilish  possessions  abroad,  after  survey  on  Ibcir  arri- 
val in  Bngland,  a  due  regard  will  he  had  to  their  having  been  exenipti'il  from  that  siipervlsinn  wliile 
htiil'liiig  In  which  all  llrllish  ships  arc  to  be  stiliji'cted,  and  characters  will  he  assigned  to  them  uccoiil- 
ing  to  their  intrinsic  quality,  and  from  the  best  information  that  can  be  obtained. 

First  Class  Ships. 
First  Desrrrplinn  nf  First  Class  Ships. — New  ships  are  required  to  have  been  surveyed  while  biiilJ- 
Ir.R  hy  I  lie  surveyor  to  this  soci'ly,  in  Ihe  fiillowing  three  stages  of  their  prngress;— 
fii-.s^,— when  Ihe  frame  hi!  coinpleled. 
iticcdnd,— wlieii  tlie  beums  be  in,  but  before  the  decks  be  laid,  and  with  at  least  twostrakcs  of  ihr 


SHIPS. 


478 


/..  I  i. 

•110 
•-•JO 
•  3  ,1  (I 
•410 


itlee  Rhall  be  inserted  in 

I  of  the  United  Kingilnni, 
uiipcar  cxpeilienl  to  the 

Ittee,  to  receive  any  frf, 
perl'ormetl  by  hhu  in  liii 

if  nhipn  under  dnniaKi'  nt 
rwriiers  j  the  timrtje  fui 
rrorniud. 

■«,  nnil  a  gtateinent  of  the 
siibarritii^rs. 
to  llieir  being  classed  and 

ihips  built  in  Ihe  I'nilf  I  KniiJom, 
Hill  reipiiroa  («r  llMlnraticiu. 

iiivler  100 

nJ  uiwler  JX) 

_        30 

_  4U0 

„,|,ili»arl»  •         .-   '•   i  1 

y  tlie  survrvoTi  to  the  soricly  arc  ;r 
jiilHTinH-ihl  ti-\mn  fnr  riv  ,i,^i  ,., 
[  to  the  OTlure  mil  f  «teul  ul  ilic  m- 

n  will  tip  ni?!""'  I  y  ""•  "'  ""  "■^J'- 
letitury  j  il'e  claigi:  lor  wliitliwu 


;  h(!cn  ailnpteil  nflor  niurh 
practical  liMowlcilgi!  of  Hit 

inccs  will  permit,  a  fomn 
jer  he  regulated  by  llii'iin- 
)l'  Btirveyttrs,  but  will,  in  all 
sports  of  the  surveyora  and 

irst  class,  to  be  distiiipiiished 
e  Kirsl  t^lass." 
ave  not  passed  a  priscnlird 
ae  will  be  desigiialed  liy  llio 

"he  extent  of  that  period  will 
le  vensiil,  the  uiatiTiiils  im- 
iiial  poliry  and  of  indivulinl 
M'rinitled  to  reiniiin  llii'  I'lr-t 
nited  period,  under  tfriain 

have  passed  the  presrriW 
int lulled  in  or  ri'slnrt'illoilie 
Rsigned  for  such  rcsliiriuidn 
d  perishable  carfofs:  llii'se 

1!  found,  on  survey,  ""fit  hi 
in  their  naliiru  lial.lelosca 

|)n,  and  which  shall  be  found 
cargoes  in  tlieir  nature  not 

lion  of  ships'  "Anciiors,Ci. 
(re  the  same  arc  found  iiisuf^ 


lociety,  and  siiliinilled  In  Hip 
but  the  cluir:icler  as!<isiifd 

lalion  totho(ir<t  di-srri|ilion 
livileae,  the  griiutest  tiiull»n 

shipowner. 

1  of  the  classihcatmnoriiny 

lo  the  classification  of  sliip*. 
Inleresled  therein  may  li:ive 

flags,  notice  shall  he  Biv>Mi, 

[e.  alteration  I bjci"!''  '"• 

Jor  aeeiil  aariMMiic  m  piyoi'i 
far  that  there  baa  been  buM- 

ll,  after  survey  on  their  iirri- 
Iroiii  that  siiporvisinn  win  e 
|l>e  assiiMied  lo  them  attord- 
lluined. 


Ibeon  surveyed  while  btiiia^ 

Irojiresa: — 

Lt  least  iwostrakeaofthc 


nlank  of  the  celline,  between  the  lower  dork  anil  the  bilge,  iinwrniiglit,  to  admit  of  an  c.xnmlnalion  of 
Ihe  liiiier  Kiirfice  of  tin-  plank  of  tlii^  lioltion. 

Thii'l,-    when  ii)io|ilete(l,  and,  if  poHni  de,  lief.Mi!  the  plank  be  palnleil  or  p.iyed 

i  CiHi.liiteiiiiMit.  aureiMJiiv  lo  a  Bcliediile  prepnreil  for  the  piirpciKe,  of  the  ilnoi'iiainns,  sraiilliiiKS, 
fiC  of  all  new  shi|H,  veriiled'liy  tlie  builder,  shall  he  (ransinitted  by  IIk-  surveyor,  and  will  he  liept  an 
jri.nircl  in  thimlliie  of  the?  soifety. 

Ill  liiiilliiiu  shipH,  lo  entitle  them  to  be  ranked  in  the  longest  period  of  this  class,  the  followiiij!  riilei 
Id"  III  he  oli<erved  ;  — 

/'/»,/>f'i"i' — 'lie  whole  of  the  timherinff  to  he  of  KnRli-ih,  African,  or  live  oak.  or  teak,  ol  L'nod 
iiiiliiv  the  stem,  slern-posl,  beams,  transoms,  aproiw,  kiiiirlil  heails,  hawse  tiiiiliers.  and  kelson,  to 
lei'Mliri'ly  fnv  from  all  defeels;  the  frame  lo  be  well  sijiiared  from  lirsl  Ibolliook  lieiuN  upwards,  and 
iV,.i.  from  sap,  and  also  helow  unless  Ihe  limber  Is  pniporlioiiahly  larcer  linn  llie  seiiiilliiij,'  hereafier 
lesiriliid;  I'verv  alleriiate  set  of  limbers  to  he  framed  and  bnlled  tojeiher  to  the  cunwale.  Tin?  hints 
"f  the  limli'Ts  lo  he  close,  and  not  to  In;  less  In  tlilrkiiess  Itian  one  third  of  the  entire  moulding  at  that 
place,  and  to  bi;  well  chocked,  with  a  butt  at  each  emi  of  the  chock. 
piScanlliitstloUatfoUoxeii—  '  '  '  '    '" 


Trm. 

Tiiu. 

IV) 

MX) 

litchn. 

Imhct 

20 

■M 

8 

13 

7 

II 

«I2 

10 

6 

9 

8 

13 

7 

II 

4 

6 

Scantling  fiT  ship* 

I'liion  »i  'i^'''.  't  wpiire.  *'"i  fri'c  from  wp,  to  be 

not  It-H'*'!'  If'*'  kel^in  'hill  • 
Finl  ftxiIliK'k*.  iide-i,  if  I'lUAre,  at  floor  licadi   • 
If  otil  f^-'Uii'kn,  *i'l«;'i.  if  5i|U.iri',  at  llir  heads  • 
"ihirJ  foothooki,  »iiie<l.  an.)  top  timbert,  if  iquire 
Tlic fraii'C "» '*••'  nmulJel  at  k>l«tm 
Tw  frtnii'  t"  be  inouliltil  at  H  xir  twidi 
Toutmitj  I*  1 1  be  iiioulJeJ  at  their  liuaJi  at  the 
■he-inlnke  .... 

The  in'crnipiia'e  tlimfnsinni  for  the  scantlhiir  of  tiinhf-n  bclwwn 
•hetlncir  fie^iiis  mmX  the  itun\<'Ale  lo  tie  rt'<iiUtL>(l  iii  |>ri>)»uriion  In  the 
JijMiice from  the  t«o  (loiitts.  Should  tlie  rmnii  aii<l  npice  be  in 
crtAK«tt  (he  '.\'\.\n%  uf  the  timbers  to  be  iucrcased  in  pn<p(irtinii. 

Tom,       r.'Mf. 
.     1)0  WW 

Inrhtt,      Inches. 
TVibemmiHel  inthemi-Mle  (not  lew*  than) 
TftI*moul  tetl  at  the  enJs  (nut  lew  than) 
iftdmbe  liilcd  ... 

Thoie  at  tiie  after  eud  of  the  ship  to  bfl  reduced  id  proportion  to 
ifei-irlriMih. 


>'ur  tlii|>s 


II-; 


10 


For  ships 


Tom, 

150 

Iitchct. 


Tom. 

soo 

Inches. 

II 

10 

13 


of  1  f«el  may  bf  all.iwt-d  ;  ami  no  butt  to  be  on  the  same  tiinber,  ub- 
le«  'here  bu  Ilirre  Mrakr-*  beh%eru. 
'ihickiifu  of  I'taiik  (o  be  u  uuth-r  :— 


For  ihips 


Oitttide. 


To  be  mi'ilile  I  '"  'he  ii»i  I  "e  On»t  lew  than) 
To  t*  111"  -l  i'*'l  '»t  "he  eihls  ui ''  h'ss  than)  7 

jinlio  bfsi  VI  •  ■  •  -9 

Th'we  1*  ilc  ifti-r  eii<I  of  the  ship  to  be  reduced  in  proportion  to 

ihe.rirnftli. 

A'lWfl'"*  A'7iofn;— 
ForBlii|W 


Ton  I. 

.     15) 

Inches. 

9 

7 

•      10 

in 


rmif. 

5)0 

Inchts, 

13 

10 

It 

14 


K-f l!  m"iiMe'l  Ivliw  the  rabbet  not  less  than 

MiinkrKnii  tolies'iifl 

Miiu  keiyin  to  Ue  nmul  led 

Ti«»c"l'li*"f  kt'lvMi,  where  only  I  kelson,  to  be  5  ft.  7  ft. 

Put  where  ri.lrr  kelsons  are  a<Mel,  then  th^y  may  be  l  1-2  ft.  G  ft. 

Shift!  "f  tifiilwr  in  shipi  of  2rO  tons  and  upwanU,  to  be  not  le« 
'hin  i-7iht>(  till*  mam  lueitlih  ;  an  I  in  ships  under  206  tons,  to  be 
nnt  ]m  ihin  l-Hth  of  the  imiii  brea  llh. 

PldfU.— 1.  Th'outiile  plank,  alx>ve  the  lifht-w*a*er  mark,  lo  be 
Eii(liih  fir  Aftican  oak.  KasI  Indian  le;tk,  or  red  cedar. 

2.  'IV  (i!  irk*  i)t'Io^v  t!re  li.;tit  water  iinrk  to  he  X'hmI  whi'e  otk. 
elm,nrli*rf!i;  Imt  tlie  ehii  or  herrh  not  tn  be  wriu^ht  hiifhtr  than 
the  first  l"oh -ok  heid^:  ir  if  vvTon?ht  hiihcr,  then  I  year  will  be 
dftiucifti  fniin  'In-  period  that  would  o'herwisr  be  assigned. 

3.  TbecUmi'S,  >i)iir::ct[in;^,ahi:tf  pieces, and  ceiling,  lobe  Knglish 
orAfrirtnn;ik,  or  teik. 

Theoutii'e  ptaiik  In  lie  clear  of  all  defects;  the  in.side  to  be  free 
ofailffny,  ttnixy,  or  deciyd  phnks,  and  Ihe  whnle  to  be  pnperly 
iltiM  »'ii  f.isIt'iiL',1,  N"  hut's  lo  be  nearer  than  5  feet  to  eich  other, 
anieis  tliere  Ijo  a  tlrak»''  \vr(m.;hl  between  them,  and  then  a  ilistance 


Hil^  to  wales  not  less  than 
SiKirl  hiHhIs     .  •  .  . 

Htlne  pl.tnks  .  -  •  • 

Ril<f  lo  keel  -  .  .  • 

W.ilcs  \averagej  ... 
'I'lip  sidles  .... 
Shear  stnke  .  •  •  • 

riaiik  shear  .  .  .  - 

7;ifirfr. 
Crilin^T  beliiw  the  hold  lieams  • 
{  IinipHand  l)il<e  plaiks 
rpiiiTii'-rk  (limps  And  spirketlings 
Twiit  deck  ceiling 

Deck. 
For  ships  .  •  > 

tapper  deck  .... 
Water  ways  .... 

Fust  mil  1^1. —The  treenails  lo  be  all  of  fiwl  F.njiish  or  African 
'lak,  Inciist,  or  oilier  hard  vvo<hI  ;  but  in  no  c:ise  Hilitc  or  American 
oik  to  In:  used  ;  and  all  planks  alHive  9  inches  iii  width  -ire  to  be 
iirniiiled  double  and  sinjile.  except  bolts  iriterveiie;  and  it  below 
Unt  width,  then  to  be  tret-uaiie  I  siiittle,  an  I  at  teiii  one  Inlf  "f  ilic 
•  reeiiails  used  arc  require  1  lo  gn  lliroi;»Ii  the  ctiliru.  All  sl.ip'iof 
thiidescrij>tion  of  the  tint  class  are  rctjuired  tu  be  copper  bs'.eueU 
below  iheir  wales. 


T<iiii. 

Toiif. 

IV) 

',00 

hithtt 

hiiha. 

i\  I 

4 

2  12 

3 

3 

4 

212 

3 

4 

S 

2 

3 

3 

4 

2  1-2 

4 

2 

3 

212 

4 

2!.' 

3 

2 

2|.S 

T   HI. 

Tims. 

IV) 

■■no 

Iwhti. 

Incliti, 

2  1-2 

a 

4 

S 

Siia  of  Bofti:-^  Tuiiu  T-us, 

For  ships  -  ■  •  150  fiOO 

Inchit,  Inches. 
Heel,  knee,  an !  dead  wood  abaft           -          I  11-2 

Ki'lvinliciltj,  one  Ihmu'h  iMch  fliHir  •  0  7^«llu  I  l-Slh 

1)  pill  thfu^h  the  bilge  ami  foil  wailing  0  'iSlh,  0  T'^lhn 

nilt'-MIs        .  •  .  .  0  3  Situ  0  3  4lhl 

lliild  lirain  tnlli  •  .  •  0  7  Sllis  1  I  8lh 

Owk  hp.ini  liolu        -  •  .  0  3-nlij  OTSihJ 

ll™ilnri.r«ar.lat(hmit  •  •  0 --Silis  1  I  «lh 

llrviks  fnrwaril  at  anus  •  •  0  .t-4lli,  1 

Trinwnu       .  .  0  7  Sllu  I  ISIh 

'ihe  lower  pintle  or  Ihe  niciJer  •  2  1-2  312 

The  bfamn  lo  be  miflicient  in  number,  an-I  Bccurely  f.istene  I  al  the 
siiles,  vvitli  cither  iron  or  \voo<l  knees,  or  lx>tb,  or  wiih  sheil'  pieces 
and  Icnees  ;  the  sime  to  tte  well  and  siitTtciently  l)tiliei] ;  and  it  is  re, 
(piired  lliat  I  iKtIt  in  eicb  bull  hetow  the  wales,  and  ihc  bolts  in  Ihe 
biUes.  shall  be  thronjjh  and  clenc-herl, 

111  all  cases  where  the  butt  and  bilge  Mis  are  not  through  and 
cicnchal,  I  year  will  beiledurteil  from  the  period  that  would  other- 
w.sc  he  assi^nc<I  in  the  clauiticalion  or  the  vt-ssi  I ;  but  tliis  rule  shall 
not  be  applied  to  ships  built  previously  to  the  pniniuig^tioii  of  the 
re;;ulaiiiuis  of  this  society,  although  the  ml.-,  will  be  ri,;iJly  euforced 
in  Ihe  c.'tse  of  all  vessels  built  since  that  periotl. 

(irnfrnl  Rniiitrk.-\—Thtt  scnntllngs  nnd  dimensions  of  nil  intermediate-sized  vessels  to  be  prnpor- 
llnnali'ly  reuiil.ited  ncrecably  to  a  scale  adopted  by  the  society,  n  copy  of  which  is  in  the  bands  of  each 
of  the  surveyors;  and  it  is  lobe  clearly  nnilerstood,  that  smaller  dimensions  will  not  entitle  the  ship 
10  be  piai'i'il  in  ilift  lonKest  period  of  this  class. 

1.  All  ships  BO  constrncted,  and  havinir  the  whole  of  the  workmanship  generally  performed  in  the 
best  iiiaiiner,  will  he  marked  in  the  book  thns,  "  12  A"  ;  thereby  denoting  that  they  are  ships  of  the 
lirsl  quality,  and  will  remain  in  the  first  description  of  the  first  class  12  years,  provided  they  be  kept 
masl;ile  of  clliiient  repair. 

2.  i*lii;is  surveyed  while  building,  as  before  mentioned,  in  which  while  some  of  the  requisites  for  a 
I2yp:irs'  slii|i  may  hive  b;>en  fulfilled,  others  have  been  omitted  ;  hnt  in  which  all  the  requisites  for  a 
10 years' ship  sIimII  have  been  complied  with,  will  be  marked  in  the  book  thus,  "11  A";  denotinR 
ihfy  iiri!  Ill  rein:iin  in  the  first  description  of  the  first  class  II  years,  provided  they  be  kept  in  a  slate  of 
elliiieiit  repair. 

,1.  Ships  surveyed  while  btiildinir,  as  before  mentioned,  the  scantlins  of  timber,  thickness  of  plank, 
anilsizi'of  I'usleiiiiiKS  of  which  shall  be  in  no  respect  less  than  those  in  the  foregoing  specilii-ations, 
biinvhirli  may  not  he  framed,  nor  chocked,  nor  the  timbers  so  well  squared,  as  in  the  manner  before 
desrrllieil.  or  In  which  live  oak  and  red  cedar  alternately  may  have  been  used  in  the  framing,  or  in 
wtiirligiind  foreign  while  oak  may  have  been  used  for  ceiling,  shelf-pieces,  and  clamps,  will  be  marked 
in  the  lioiik  tliiis,  "  10  A"  ;  denoting  that  they  are  to  reinuin  in  the  first  description  uf  the  first  class  10 
years,  provided  they  he  kept  in  a  state  nf  etiicient  repair. 

4.  Ships  surveyed  while  bnilding  as  before  mentioned,  but  In  the  frame  of  which  foreign  oak  timber 
shall  he  used  for  kelsons  or  for  floors  and  (irst  foothooks  only,  or  in  which  good  white  Dantzic  oak 
plank  shall  be  used  below  the  wales  outside,  whilst  in  other  respects  they  are  constructed  in  the  man- 
ner set  forth  in  the  preceding  descriptions,  will  he  marked  in  the  book  thus,  "9  A";  denoting  that 
they  arc  to  remain  in  the  flrst  description  of  the  first  class  9  years,  provided  they  be  kept  in  a  state  of 
eicient  repair. 

i.  Ships  surveyed  while  building,  as  before  mentioned,  and  framed,  fastened,  and  constructed  In  the 
"  n2  60 


I'd 
'',  'I 

i 


474 


SHIPS. 


■9:  .■  fvjm 


«»•..*»«  »'|  I 


mannrr  net  forth  in  the  prcriMllnR  drurriptinnR,  b'lt  In  Ihc  pinnkiiie  nf  which  ifonil  fnrcign  wliiic  -,,; 
Rhiill  III'  i>ni|)l'iyiMl  in  olIiiT  imrt*  lliiiii  tin-  ImiIIiiiii,  will  Uv.  niiirki'il  In  llii!  Imok  IImih,  "H  A";  ilmoinr. 
thai  llii'y  iiri'  In  rvninin  hi  Ihi!  lirst  ili.-Hi'ri|ili(in  ot'lhc  lirnl  clung  8  yciirii,  iirovldud  llicy  Im  k«iit  in  u  ft;u,' 
orflticlciil  rcpiiir. 

6  Shi|m  unrvpvcd  while  liiilldinir.  n»  bc'orp  mrntlnncd.  nnd  framiHl,  fnilf  nrd,  nnd  coimtriipfi-d  in  ihe 
niiiiincr  hcI  fnrlli  In  the  prrci-dimr  drucriptionii,  hnl  in  which  good  furoign  while  oak  Khali  hi;  mmi'iI  i,, 
the  rriiincs  ahcivi!  111!' lirKl  Indlhcicik  Im'ikIh,  or  in  lli<?  iil.'inkinR  nf  wliii  h  («!<ci|it  Hit;  Hlr.ikcK  iln,  i,;i 
which  Ihn  hnnin  faslrninirs  pans)  (.'ond  Danl/.ic  (ir  shall  bi!  naed,  will  Ik-  niarkt'd  in  Ihu  licicik  Awn,  ■■• 
A"  ;  di'iiotiiitf  thai  ihcy  an;  to  remain  in  the  flr«t  dcHcriptiuii  of  llie  llrsl  tlu»ii  7  years,  pruviilrd  llicy 
hi-  kcpl  in  a  xlale  orctlirlcnt  repair. 

7.  Sliipii  Hiirvcyi-d  wiiiln  hiiil(liMi»,  as  tioforp  incnlinncd,  in  Ihe  rrainca  nf  which,  above  Ibo  firni  f,,,,^ 
hook  hcailH,  Hinind  Hi.'ciiiiii-liand  KiiuliHti  nr  African  nak  or  teak  liinlierii  ihall  hi!  lined,  lint  plankcil  and 
in  other  respects  conHlriicted  atreenldy  to  any  of  the  precediiiK  de-nriiitionK,  or  willi  Aiiieriraii  ml 
pine,  or  yellow  llalllc  pine,  will  he  iinrked  in  the  lionk  IIiiih,  "0  A";  denoting  that  tlieyar>'i, 
remain  in  the  first  dvarriptinn  of  Ihe  lirHt  claim  fi  years,  provided  they  be  kept  in  a  stuto  of 'etlnn.,,, 
repair. 

N.  Ships  surveyed  while  hiiildinff,  ns  before  mentioned,  In  the  frnnies  of  which,  above  the  first  fi,n|. 
honk  lieadn,  red  jilne  tinihir,  either  American  or  Italtic,  or  Hackmatack,  and  in  the  hnltunis  «rulii(|i 
below  thai  mark,  the  same  materials  are  used,  or  black  birch,  elm,  anil,  or  hard  wood  of  like  i|ii:iliiy' 
and  ill  the  plankini;  of  which  Kood  yellow  pine  shall  he  used,  but  in  other  respects  con^lnicliil  ifne. 
ably  to  any  ol^lhe  precedliie  descriptions,  will  be  niarkuil  in  the  bonk  thus,  ".1  A"  j  denotini!  thai  ilin 
are  to  remain  in  the  lirst  description  of  the  lirsl  class  .'i  years,  provided  they  bo  kept  in  u  slate  or  iir,'. 
cient  repair. 

9.  Ships  surveyed  while  bnildinK,  as  before  mentioned,  the  frnnies  of  which,  above  the  first  rmihrM.jr 
heads,  are  composed  of  yellow  pine,  elm,  ash.  birch,  spruce,  nr  nllier  similar  woods,  but  in  oiImt  rr- 
specls  cnnslrncted  agreeably  to  any  nf  the  precedinc  descriptions,  will  be  marked  in  tlie  bimk  ilm,. 
"4  A"  ;  denotiiiK  that  they  are  to  remain  in  the  lirst  description  of  tlic  first  class  4  years,  prcivulni 
they  be  kept  in  a  state  of  efficient  repair. 

Ships  built  in  the  I'.  K.  under  a  roof,  and  which  shall  have  occupied  a  period  of  not  less  ihnn  15 
monilis  in  their  cnnstriiction,  will  have  one  year  added  to  the  period  |irescribcd  fur  their  comiinijngi,, 
the  first  description  of  the  first  class. 

Ships  built  In  the  V.  K.  since  the  proniiilRatinn  of  these  repnlatinns,  and  not  surveyed  while  liiiililir; 
by  the  surveyors  to  this  society,  or  where  the  owners  or  builders  may  have  refused  to  permit  Ihem  in 
survey  nnd  examine  the  sanie'al  the  several  periods  prescribed  by  the  rules,  will  be  sulijectcil  luj 
special  examinatinn  previously  to  nsaiRninR  Ihe  class  in  which  they  are  to  he  placed,  accordiiii;  Ui  ijip 
preceiliiiK  regulations ;  but  in  all  such  rases,  1  year  will  be  dediicled  from  the  period  allnweii  In  thai 
class,  in  considerntion  of  not  having  been  siibmilted  In  such  survey  diiriiiB  the  cnustrnctinn. 

S  eriiil  F.irriitiiDin.—TUc.  prohiliilinn,  in  nil  cases,  nf  the  use  i>(  jfr  will  nnt  apply  to  ships  llie  l(ip«|i|,. 
plankiiiL'  nf  which,  between  the  lower  paint  or  shear  sirake  nnd  the  upper  black  struke  only,  shnll  b» 
composed  of  pilch  pine,  or  Uantzic  nr  Rli;a  fir,  of  the  best  i|unlily. 

InON-KASTFNKD   SlIIT.'). 

Ships,  iron-fuftenrd,  if  under  l.'iO  tons,  luny  be  entitled  to  ronlinne  In  the  first  desrriptinn  of  lliedM 
class  for  a  period  not  exceeding  10  years;  but  if  above  I M)  tons,  then  fur  a  period  not  exceeilini'^  vcir*. 
provided  that  in  all  other  respects  they  be  constructed  in  accordance  with  the  prcscribeil  rule's,  aiiii 
that  tlieir  holtonis  be  not  copper-sheathed. 

At  the  ex|iiratlon  of  ilie  several  periods  assigned  to  ships  for  remaining  on  the  first  description  of  ih,, 
first  class,  they  will  be  reduced  to  the  second  descriplion  of  llie  lirsl  class,  desi'.'iialed  by  the  ilipliilion; 
ilO  ;  but  If  not  surveyed  within  12  niontlis  after  entering  this  description,  such  ships,  iiaviiii;  liei'ii  iliir'- 
ing  that  time  in  snine  pnrt  of  the  (I.  K.,  the  cliHrncter  will  be  omitted  until  such  survey  lie  licld,  ur,  if 
re(|uired  by  the  owner,  will  be  allowed  to  pass  into  the  letter  I'.. 

Second  DeKcripiion  of  Fii-nt  CUihk  Ships. — This  class  comprises  ships  which,  havinor  passed  tlip  pre. 
scribed  iige,  but  not  having  undergone  the  repairs  that  would  entitle  them  to  hecnntinued  in  nr  rcilnrcl 
to  the  first  description,  nr  whicli  shall  have  been  restnred,nnd  the  period  assi'.'iied  for  sncli  ristiiruliun 
having  expired,  are  still  ill  a  condition  for  the  safe  conveyance  of  dry  nnd  ;.crisliable  cargoes;  ilh:« 
will  be  designated  by  the  diphlhoiiL'  .V.. 

Generul  Remark.-.— Vol  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  competency  of  any  ship  for  this  descriplinn, 
careful  survey  will  he  required  to  be  made  annually,  or  on  the  return  from  every  foreign  vciyagu, liy 
one  nf  Ihe  surveyors  to  this  society. 

The  bottom  of  every  ship  of  this  description  will  be  reqiiircil  to  be  caulked  at  least  once  in  nvirvS 
years  ;  nr,  if  wood,  sbeallied  and  felted  once  in  every  7  years  ;  but  if  any  sliip  be  snipped  wiiliin  iIkisc 
periods,  the  bottom  to  be  caulked  if  necessary. 

The  surveyors  in  their  reports  to  the  committee,  on  which  the  cnntinnanre  nf  ships  on  lliis  Iciirri' 
to  he  fnunilcd,  are  reiiuired  to  stale,  distinctly  and  separately, the  actual  condition  of  llie  deiks,  ht'ii(!«, 
top-sides  (particularly  in  the  way  of  the  deck  fastenings),  water-ways,  hatcliway-coniiiigj,  iicuits, 
breasthnnks,  upper  and  lower  deck  fastenings,  timber,  plank,  and  treenails. 

Where  the  surveyors  to  this  society  consider  repairs  to  be  requisite,  they  are  respectfully  to  inlimale 
the  same,  in  writing,  to  the  owner,  agent,  or  master ;  and  if  such  repairs  be  not  entered  upon  wiiliin 
a  reasonable  time,  a  corresponding  report  will  be  made  to  the  committee. 

Porties  considering  the  requisitions  of  the  surveyors  to  this  society  to  be  unnecessary  and  unreason. 
able,  may  appeal  to  the  committee,  who  will  direct  a  special  survey  and  report  fnr  their  giiidanci':  but 
should  the  requisition  nf  the  surveyors  he  confirmed  by  the  coinin'ittec,  then  the  e.xpense  of  suclisiir- 
vrv  shall  be  paid  by  the  party  appealing. 

In  cases  where  it  shall  sntisfactorily  appear  to  the  surveyors  to  Ihl.t  society  that  doubling,  of  !iif)i. 
cient  thickness  and  properly  wrnught  and  fastened,  may  be  allowed  as  a  substitute  fnr  tlie  s^liifiin'of 
plank,  either  in  the  wales  or  bottom,  the  surveyor  is  tn  make  a  special  report  thereof,  togullier  nilli 
his  reasons  to  the  committee,  who  will  determine  thereon. 

Second  Class  Shipi 

Will  comprise  all  ships  which  shall  be  found,  on  survey,  unfit  for  carrying  dry  cargoes,  but  porfcctly 
safe  and  fit  for  the  conveyance,  to  all  partt  of  the  world,  of  cargoes  not  in  tlicir  nature  subject  losei 
damage  ;  and  they  will  be  designated  by  the  letter  E. 

Subject  to  occasional  inspection,  ships  will  continue  in  this  class  so  long  as  their  condition  sliall,  in 
the  opinion  of  the  committee,  entitle  them  thereto. 

Third  Class  Ships 

Will  comprise  ships  that  are  in  good  constitution,  and  which  shall  be  found,  on  survey,  fit  fnr  the  con- 
veyance, on  thort  voyages  (not  out  of  Europe),  uf  cargoes  in  their  nature  not  subject  to  sea  daniagei 
and  tbey  will  be  designated  by  the  letter  I. 


SHIPS. 


476 


Lg  as  their  condition  shall,  in 


RRKTonATION   or  HlllPK  TO  TIIK   FlU^T   DkiICIIIPTION    or   Tllf.    l'lR>iT   ('!,««». 

If  nl  nny  tim«',  lii'forc  I  In-  pxiilrnlinii  iil'iiiii'  hall'iif  \\w  iiiiiiitiiT  of  ynirs  (icnoihI  Hic  piTind  for  wlilrh 
,hi|H  ariMo  ri'iniiiii  ill  lint  llr*!  (|i"irrl|ilii>ii  nf  ilii'  ilfl  iliiti,  iiii  mviicr  Id-  ilrxirmi'i  to  liivr  1114  hlii|i 
,„niiriiit'il  ill,  iir  rt'slornl  lo  iliiii  (li'MiriiUHui,  hiii  li  nMinraiidii  (nii  Iii4  cuiiKi'iiiiii::  |..  iln-  .'hih'ciiI  juirvi-y 
|iiTi;ifl<T  iIckitIIiclI,  anil  |H'rfciriiilMK  llii>  fiiiir'*  lliiTiMii  f.iiiipl  riM|ni.ili>)  «  ill  li,>  ^r  intril  fur  ii  fiirllwr 
ni>ri'<'l.  not  rtiTi-iliMK  two  lliiriln  »(  llic  linic  nrluuiiilly  iiHHiu'iii-il  ("r  li'T  ri'in:iiiiiii|{  in  Iln;  lir«l  ili-Mcrip- 
liiiii  iif  ill)!  Ilrm  claim  :  llii*  a.iiiit!  lo  In-  ralnilali'il  from  ilii>  ilali-  of  smli  ri'iiairs. 

Hi  I'lifiie-i  fur  Wf»»finifi«n  —  All  llio  IioIih  In  Ihi-  r  ini.'i'  of  larli  cli-c  k  lo  he  rlrivi'n  mil,  ami  Itic  plankR 
inki'M  oiil ;  lli>- iippiT  dcrk  wali'r-uayx,  ami  plank  xlicar',  ami  Hpirkt'llinir,  ami  ilic  hiriKc  in'M  llii> 
^';il,'r-wavH  on  llii;  lower  ili'ik  in  (lo>  niicUliJp!*,  10  h>' also  taken  oni  ;  the  Hlieailiini;  to  lie  niiirely 
^t|i{i|i>'(l  oiniie  liotloiii;  a  strnke  In  the  upper  ronrse  of  ilie  Imtloni  lielween  llie  wall's  iinl  llie  litflit- 
iv!\|i'r  in  irk,  fore  ami  al'i,  ami  a  plank  In  llie  leillni^  ai  the  lloor  lieails,  lo  li  '  taken  out  ;  ili"  iiniler!*  lo 
I  I  li'ir.aiiit  (lie  liooks  forward  I  o  he  exposed  ;  and  in  that  Klate  llieHliip  to  liesnliniilted  toaHpei  iiUnrvi'y 
aii'l  I'saiiilnilllon,  at  wliirli  the  allenlion  of  the  Hiirveyors  to  thlM  mu  teiy  in  to  lie  parlirnlarlv  iliri^lcit 
III  the  >'lale  of  the  derki),  the  rciiiaininit  plank  of  the  topHidei4,  the  wales,  upper  ronrses,  ami  liefiialla, 
iiml  (itlier  faHtPiiiiiKH  ;  also  to  the  Mlale  of  the  fraine,  luiwse  tliiilierH,  and  kiiiu'lit  hinds,  kehon,  (Inor, 
f.iiitho'iks,  ciMlinit.  and  lireast  hooks,  the  rudder  In  all  its  parlH  and  han<.'in|;s  ;  and  if.  ifler  siii  li  exn- 
iniiinliiin,  llie  owner  shonlil  conHent  to  take  out  all  plankx,  tiniliors,  huaiiis,  knees,  water  ways.  I'astun- 
iiiC'i.  and  otIiRrpaila  that  may  lie  found  dcferiive,  and  olijiileil  lo,  and  replace  ilieio  willi  inaierialii 
iif  the  same  species,  or  of  eiiiinl  i|iialily,  nM  tiiose  of  whirli  the  ship  was  orlidnally  con«innteil.  such 
,|,Mi,i  III  he  entitled  to  reslorntion  to  the  lirst  descriplioii  of  the  first  class  for  a  I'lirlher  ihtimI  propor- 
imniiie  to  their  real  roiidltion  and  the  edeiit  i-f  the  repairs  perforiiied,  and  provided  that  lliey  beat 
allliiiies  thereafter  kept  In  »  state  of  elticieiil  repair. 

.Iihliiiiiniil  Rule.— ttul  if,  at  any  atte,  the  wlmle  of  the  outside  plank  of  a  vessel  slionM  he  taken  oflT 
jj'liuv  as  tliu  second  foothook  licads,  niid  the  remainder  of  the  plaiikinj;,  either  oni'-iil  '  or  inside, 
liipcllier  with  all  the  decks,  he  removed,  to  «s  lo  trpuse  Ihr  limhrr.i  e/  the  framr  eiilirclij  in  nnr,  and  in 
tliii  stale  llie  ship  he  siihniitted  to  a  special  xiirvey  ami  examination  liy  the  surveyors  lo  this  soriely  ; 
anil  If.  afier  such  examination,  all  lliiiliers.  heams,  knees,  kelsons,  transoms,  hreast-hooks,  remaining 
iilank,  inside  or  outside,  or  other  parts  to  he  found  ileferlive,  he  replaced  with  materials  of  ihe  saiiiii 
[nprii's,  or  of  eiiiial  (jiialily,  with  those  of  which  the  ship  was  oriuiiially  nmslriicied,  and  ill  llie  tree- 
nails driven  onl  and  reiii;wedi  sinli  ships  may  he  restored  to  the  lirst  description  of  the  first  diss,  for 
miliiica  period  lis  may  he  deemed  expedient  hy  ihe  commillee,  not  exceedini!  in  any  case  the  term  of 
iiil  years,  as  provided  hy  (he  seventh  general  rule  for  sliips,  in  the  construction  of  whicli  sucoikI-IiuikI 
liinlier  has  lieen  used. 

>'„r  .s7ii;).'i  irliirh  comprise  thr  txi^linfr  Tnnnngc  — All  ships  coniprisiiiB  the  existing  toniiace  are  to  iin- 
i|,.i,;ii  a  very  careful  survey  hy  the  surveyors  to  this  society,  prior  to  reyi-lration,  and  will  he  ilassoil 
111  ifii'  ri'Sister  book  agreeably  to  the  descriptions  herein -before  laid  down  for  Ihe  hiiildlnj,'  of  mw  sliips, 
mili'ss  nil  such  survey  there  be  found  siiHicleiit  cause  10  iissiL'ii  them  a  less  period. 

()•!  Ill"  proposed  survey,  especial  att'ntioii  is  rei|iiireil  to  the  follow  ing  poinis;  namely,  to  an  exami- 
n.iiiiiii  "\'  llie  stale  of  the  upper  deck  fastenings,  water-ways,  spirketling,  plank  ^lii  irs.  to|i<idis,  and 
unniT  il'Tk.  with  its  appendages;  also,  the  lower  deck  fastenings,  wales,  and  counter,  ami  Hie  plitiik 
ami  treenails  outside  the  water's  edge;  tlie  state  of  tlie  rudder,  windlass,  and  capst.ni  (if  the  latter 
be  use!  f'T  purchasing  llie  anchors). 

KnA  if  on  examination  of  any  ship  she  shall  he  foiiiid  to  he  so  dpfeclive  as  to  render  her  unfit  to  con- 
Ijiiiio  III  Ihe  tirsi  description  of  the  tirsi  class  for  tile  remainder  of  the  term  of  years  iiKsigiied  to  her 
In  iici'ordance  with  these  rules  and  regulations,  a  iiotice  of  the  intention  to  in. ike  such  a  rediictioii  ut 
111,' i\|iiratiiin  of  thirty  days,  shall  be  civen  in  writing  hy  the  surveyors  to  this  society  to  Hie  master, 
ovvniT.  iir  agent,  inliinating  that,  if  the  alteration  be  ohjei  le,l  to,  tlie  comiiiittee  will  direct  a  special 
survey,  nn  the  said  master,  owner,  or  agent  agreeing  to  pay  the  e.xpenses  utteiidiiig  tlie  a,ime,  nhould 
\[bc  found  Ihal  the  proposed  rrdnctiun  iras  jimlifiable. 

Ships'  Anchors,  CAntEs,  and  Stores. 

All  vessels  aro  required  to  have  iheir  masts,  spars,  and  standing  rieglng  in  good  order,  and  the  prin- 
cijiiil  nails  in  sutiicieiit  niiniher  and  good  condition;  and  every  ship  is  to  he  supplied  with  a  good 
bcMipi'ii  stream  cable,  or  hawser,  of  siiHicieiii  si'/.e  and  length,  and  with  at  least  one  good  warp  ;  and  all 
vp:.«ils  are  reipiired  to  be  provided  with  anchors  of  proper  weight,  and  cables  of  approved  quality,  in 
miiiilicr  and  length  according  to  the  iinderiiientioned  scale:  — 

.1acli'irs.—K\\  vessels  under  'iOD  tons  lo  have  at  least  two  liower  anchors  :  iind  all  vessels  above  that 
tonnage  to  be  provided  with  at  least  thrije  liower  anchors. 


t'aUa. 


Tl'in.  Fitiht<mt 

-All  veui'h  iirdpr  lot)  to  h.^VL<  it  least  \W  if  ch.iin. 

_         lO'J  III  ISO  —  ibO      — 

_        ISO  — ano  —  170      — 

—        20J  —  300  —  ISO      — 


Tons.  rii(;;i'int- 

. "  ■  ■,  ,«Ia  from  .1M  1(1  4tX)  to  liave  at  lnji  im  a  drain. 
400  —  IiIjO  —  iia       — 

But  in  all  ''      ^-  where  litinit'Cn  ciblcs  are  used,  llieti  one  siklli  mnre 
ill  leiiglli  \.  ill  be  rfi)uirei). 

Boais—KW  vessels  under  l.')0  tons  to  he  provided  with  one  good  boat ;  and  every  vessel  above  that 
tiinnagti  tu  be  provided  with  at  least  two  good  boats. 

For  Ships  navigated  by  Steam. 

All  pei-gning  vessels  navigated  hy  steam  shall  be  required  to  he  surveyed  lirire  in  enrh  ymr,  when  a 
(hiMrter  will  he  assigned  to  them  according  to  the  report  of  survey  as  regards  the  classiiicaliou  of  tho 
hull  and  materials  of  the  vessel. 

Tint  with  respect  lo  the  boilers  and  machinery,  the  owners  are  required  to  produce  to  the  surveyors 
lolliis  siiciety,  at  the  above-directed  surveys,  a  certificate  from  some  competent  master  engineer,  de- 
(tribing  their  stale  and  condition  at  those  periods  ;  and  to  which  cerlilicale  it  is  desirable  there  should 
beailiieil  a  description  of  the  particulars  of  the  same  as  far  as  may  he  practicable,  in  Ihe  manner  and 
fiiiiii  annexed  ;  to  be  appended  to  the  report  of  survey,  and  delivered  to  the  conimittec,  who  will  there- 
iipnn  insert  in  the  register  hook  the  letters  "  M.  (;.,"  denoting  that  the  boilers  and  machinery  have 
lieiti  inspected,  and  ceriitied  to  be  in  goo  I  order  and  safe  working  condition  ;  hut  if  no  certificate  of  their 
conilitimi  be  furnished  by  the  owner  or  master,  then  no  character  can  be  assigned  for  the  machinery. 

//«(/— The  surveyors  to  this  society  are  directed  to  cxutnitie  and  report  the  scantling  of  timbers, 
plank,  and  fastenings,  where  built,  and  hy  whom,  in  the  same  manner  as  directed  for  sailing  vessels. 

S-iin(finf.'i.— The  scantlings  are  to  he  deemed  sullicient  for  a  steam  vessel  under  .100  tons  register,  if 
equal  m  those  required  by  tlie  scale  prescribed  in  the  rules  for  this  society  for  a  sailing  vessel  of  two 
thinls  of  the  registered  tonnage  of  such  Kteain  vessel ;  but  for  a  steam  vessel  above  31)0  tons  register, 
then  Ihe  scantlings  are  to  be  equal  to  those  required  by  the  scale  for  a  sailing  vessel  of  three  fourths  of 
the  resistered  tonnage  of  such  steam  vessel. 

Ji"(»ur.«.— Where  the  vessel  is  not  tilled  in  solid  to  the  floor  heads  in  the  engine  room,  an  exception 
will  lie  specially  made  against  any  reduction  of  the  scantling  of  the  floors,  which,  in  such  cases,  will 
not  111!  perinitled  to  be  upon  the  reduced  scale  of  two  thirds  or  three  fourths  of  the  dimensions  for  tho 
icamlings  of  sailing  vessels  as  before  slated  ;  hut  the  floors  will  then  he  required  to  be  equal  lo  tbedi- 
mcnsiuns  set  forth  in  the  rules  for  ships  of  the  actual  registered  tonnage  of  the  steam  vessel. 


'    '.I 


470 


SHIPS. 


»'.  1; 

r.j 


IT" 


■    '    ! 


The  mirvryor*  «r^  r<'(|iiiri>i1  In  rrporl  ih»>  niiinhor,  ulr.n,  Icnflh,  fhatrninf*,  nndmodeof  iirr(lnffi>nii<(ii 
of  llic  ciiKiii'i!  iiiiit  hiilli'r  Hlet'iMTH,  mill  llii-  ili'Hi'ri|illi>ii  of  tiiiilii^r  of  wlili  li  lli>-y  iiri-  ('iiiiiihihi'iI.  ;,,„{ 
wlii'lliir  iliiiuoniillv  triimiuil  with  wnml  iir  iriiii,  anil  In  tvliiil  r^lrnl  ;  Ilii-  li'iivlh,  hi/.<-,  iiiiil  raalciiiiiK^  „|' 
Rhi'll'-iin'CfH  iiiiil  imilillf  lii'iiiiiH  J  mill  uIhIIut  tin-  vr-Hi'l  111!  riitiHiriii'li'il  with  ii|iiiiii'iii|iii,  uiiil  how  limy 
II ri!  lortiii  il  ;  iiiiil  In  ttivc  iln'  kimiitiiI  Ii-iikiIi  <><iit  nliit'lliiv  iil'tliit  |iliiiik  iiiltiiiili'  uiiil  liioiili-. 

Miilrii.iU  unit  Sliirrn.-  'VUf.  mirvryiirii  ate  In  i-\aiiiliir  miil  ri'|"irt  llif  iiimiiIiit  uiiiI  ilf  »iTl|ilion  I'f  th, 

iiinHlH.  i>iilU,  iiiirlKirK,  I'liliIeK,  li:i\v«i'rii,  wiirjiN.  mill   bniiH,  im  iliri'ilnl  In  Inr  il !  I'nr  MailiiiK  vi'.ni'lj  ^ 

lull  till'  mnlinrM  mill  riiiilrs  will  Mill  III!  rri|iiiri'il  In  cxrri-il  III  niiiiihrr,  \vri)!lil,  mill  li'iiglll  lliiiau  i,\  4 
Riiilliiii  vi'i'Kfl  iif  Iwii  IIiiiiIh  iiruii'  ri'i^Hlrrril  li>iii>it|.'i'  nl  Ilic  nIimiii  vi'khi'I. 

'Mil'  mirvrynrs  iinr  inlii'  |i:iiiiriilur  ill  cvuiiiiiiiiit,'  mill  ri'iinrliiitftliu  conililiini  »l°llie  buultof  ull  vvueit 
eiuiiUi) vil  ill  vurr)lii||  |KiiiHt.>iif;riii. 

r'nllM  I>l'  ("KRTIKICATK  Inn  VknmKI.S  NAVIOATKD  DV  HTKAM. 

Lloyil'i  Ri>Kl*tor  nf  llrllisli  iinil  I'linHKii  Hlii|i|iiii|{.— Ccrliticutu  lor  VmacN  imvi|{iitn(l  by  Slutim. 


|l  la.f.in.l  I,i'i-|  ,  ,  1K.1  , 

,  ilii  rrrtify  ilul  iliu  wholg  nf  (lis  loilen  tat  michiiicry  ur 
llin  ilrniii  vhm.  I  ,  btluli|iii|{  10  , 

Hhfn'.if  In  iii»«irr,  loiii,  hivp  Itreii 

rjrrfully  ii)i|>ecteJ  inJ  ci.iiiiiuut  L^  ,  at  . 

■  ii'l  (lifli  liiifl  llie  vine  Ut  te  at  litis  time  In 

gouU  oriltrr  aii<l  mre  wurkiiil^  CDiiililiiJli. 

WilueM  IiiikI. 

,  Mutrr  CMxinetr. 

Thr  r  >llo»  lilt  it  >  Ini*  iccounl  of  ihr  iiirtinilanuf  the  niachinerf 
01  tbc  atiiam  vcmcI  |  lierelii  iiajiiej  — 

F.ngintt. 
Niimlirr        ...... 

(;tllntatnl  [Kiw-fr        ..... 

l)ialfi('trr  nf  |'.i<t(Jle.H'he«ll     •  •  -  • 

l^nclli  nf  |pi  illM       .  .  .  •  • 

Wn-adth  nl  |  ,<  I  lli«       ..... 

If  iiimii  tilt*  Hm  or  »ffon(|  niotinn         ... 
Number  n(  rcvnlnticn*  j  er  ntinule       •  .  - 

bile  intl  cuuJilinu  of  the  liulding  down  twIli    •  . 

Futl. 
\Vhfrf  itownl  .  •  •  •  . 

If  In  cnii  :ici  wi'ti  hnl'er         .... 
Knr  whtl  <|ii.tntiiv  rniiii  il  prnviileil     • 
If  lial.li  Imil  HI- I.J  .... 


JJitiUrt. 
Whi-tliiT  Imn  nr  cnpprr 

Wi.rkinK  piewnri?        .... 
If  il  cm  te  lucreaied  at  pleaiura 

If  any  anil  wliil  nir.in*  ff  cIiintriiiK  Die  water  with:)iil 
cklniKuithinj  tlic  litt«  and  liliiwiliX  nir 

Niiinlirr  of  fred  punipf  .... 

Mriw  alurlifd  ..... 

Stale  nf  tlie  Uiilen     ..... 

Whit  rlear  «nace  u|ion  the  tnpsidu  of  the  boiler 
end 


Do  anlir  r 

l>u.  louni  ilin  ctilnint'y 

IHimfi. 
Nunilier  of  land  pumpi  .... 

If  any  ali.iclird  to  I'nginc,  (tirir  plirpoae  antt  power 

NuniliiT  nf  fnrrp  pniiip<i,  with  a  iTaiich  and  hn«e  nf  •ul!i- 
cieul  leiiglli  to  rtach  to  every  part  ul  die  veaerl 

,  Maaltr  KrjjiiifCT, 

The  riilea  herein  ai-l  forth  may  at  all  tirnpn  he  alteri-<l  tij-  ttip  p^. 
■idinic  cnniniiltre, and  npenally  lo  iiift-t  any  ni  knin« lediicl  niijirrvf. 
iiii-nti  wliicli  iiiiy  Iw  made  in  iijval  archiit-ctiuf,  01  in  the  iiiatcoiii 
UM'ti  in  al.ip-) ml  iihk. 

No  Diir  van  qiiPKlioii  tlip  ndvnntnctrs  tliiit  will  rr.-iull  from  cnrr\iiiR  n  jilixn  of  this  sort  com. 
plftcly  into  pxfciition.  \A'p  cniifi'sM.  liowcvcr,  tliiit  wc  dniilit  iniicli  wliotiiiT  lliiscnn  In'  ||,,|,|, 
witlniut  lilt'  ('i)-o|i(Tiitiiin  of  Koveriiiiiriil.  It  ']>•  iiividiniis  to  impose  on  oiip  ^^l  t  of  miTclKiiiisunil 
pliip-owiitTM  till!  tusk  of  (li'ci(!iii}»  upon  Iho  roiiililioii  of  the  ships  or  other  pro)MTly  lH'!iiii;.'iiiir||) 
olluTs;  and,  ihoun^h  wc  liavo  every  coiilideiice  in  the  intej^rity  of  the  Krntlemeii  ec)iii|M)sin.r 
the  eominitlee,  the  most  honouriilile  men  nre  lialile  to  he  inlluencud  liy  an  c'-jiril  da  cn/yj  ,,aiij 
by  iiiseiisilili!  hiasses.  We,  therefore,  cannot  help  thinkini;  that  the  schetiic  would  liawa 
imich  heller  ehanee  of  suceess,  nnd  tiiat  the  clasRifiration  woiilil  he  more  likely  to  ho  I'Dirnn, 
were  it  muiiai;ed  hy  individuals  nowise  comieclcil  with  busiiieHS.  'J'he  surveyors,  on  wiiose 
cnpaeily  ami  honesty  the  whole  selicme  prineipally  depends,  ou^hl  to  Ik;  tjuite  iiid<'|iciiJi'iii(,|' 
tlie  Rood  or  ill  will  of  those  011  whose  jiroperty  they  have  to  report.  Hut  can  ih  it  he  suiilto 
lie  the  case  at  present  ?  and  can  il  he  fairly  presumed  that  incrchants  or  shipowiu  is  will  iIimiI 
hy  the  propcity  of  their  friends  nnd  neighbours  as  it  mii^ht  he  dealt  with  hy  oll'icers  apiiiiiiiitii 
by,  and  responsible  only  ti>,  (.'ovirniiierit  ?  Wc  apprehend  that  both  those  questiinis  mii't 
be  answered  in  the  negative  ;  and  hence  our  conviclioii  that  this  is  a  matter  in  which  ijiivirn- 
nient  should  interfere.  No  one  can  doubt  that  it  is  bound  to  do  every  tiling  in  its  pDwcrin 
promote  the  safety  uf  navij^ation,  and  to  preserve  the  lives  of  our  seamen.  In  thij\ii'ivit 
erects  li<;hthouses,  and  prescribes  regulations  as  to  pilola);e,  &c.  l)ut,  how  inilispeiisaiiii'  m- 
ever,  these  are  not  more  essential  to  the  interests  of  navigation  than  a  proper  chissiiiciitiDii  of 
shi|)s ;  and,  if  other  means  should  fail  to  effect  this  desiral'Ie  purpose,  govcrnmmt  will  certain- 
ly neglect  a  most  important  duly  if  it  do  not  interpose. —  (For  a  further  discussion  of  this  im. 
portani  <iucslion,  seethe  article  on  the  Frequency  of  Shipwrecks  in  the  122d  number  of  the 
Edhifiwi^h  Review ;  see  also  the  Report  of  the  Commercial  Cumntitlee  of  I83G,  on  ii\\\\)- 
wreck.) 

3.  Incapacity  nf  Ma  stem, — Means  hy  which  it  mii^ht  be  obviated. — IJul  govern  niciit  will 
not  do  its  duty  if  it  do  not  go  further  than  this.  An  erroneous  classification  of  shippiiii;  has 
been  a  great,  but  not  the  only,  cause  of  shipwreck.  The  ignorance  and  incapacity  of  the 
nusters  and  olFicers  is  another,  and  hardly  a  less  copious,  source  of  disaster.  Oiru'ersiiflhe 
novy  have  to  go  through  a  course  of  discipline,  and  are  obliged  to  submit  to  certain  oxainina- 
tions  as  to  their  proficiency  in  seamanship.  This,  also,  wos  the  case  with  the  officers  of  the 
East  India  Company's  ships,  which  were  exceedingly  well  navigated.  Indeed,  the  Company 
trusted  entirely  for  protection  to  the  goodness  of  their  ship.s,  and  the  skill  of  their  officers  aiitl 
men  ;  it  not  binng  their  practice  ever  to  insure.  But  the  masters  and  ofTicers  of  onliiiary 
merchant  ships  are  not  subjected  to  any  specific  training,  or  any  regular  examination.  Every 
thing  is  left  to  mere  individual  investigation  and  selection  ;  and  this,  as  every  one  knows, 
depends  almost  wholly  on  accident ;  or,  which  is  nearly  equivalent  to  it,  on  the  skill,  indus- 
try, liberality.  Sec.  of  the  shipowner.  Every  one  must  be  satisfied  that  masters  so  chosen  can- 
not fail  of  being,  in  many  instances,  very  ill  qualified  for  their  business.  Few,  however,  have 
any  notion  of  the  extent  of  the  mischief  thence  arising  ;  but  we  have  l)cen  assured  by  gciille- 
men  of  undoubted  information,  and  extensively  connected  with  the  business  of  insurance,  that 


SHIPS. 


4fn 


,  nnd  mndfi  nt  nrtnnc'iwm 

I  ilM-y  urr  i'"iiii|"'»iil.  mill 

(till  "!'■''>  "'"'  •''""'"llllll  111' 

II  H| i'IHK!),  UIkI  IioW  llhy 

<  mill  lllnill)'. 

ihiT  mill  ilf»rrl|Mli)ii  rf  tin. 
•  iliMii!  I'lir  miiliiiK  vc.,i.i, , 
gilt,  mill  li'iiglll  tlloau  111  d 

nil  of  the  boat!  of  all  veueli 


TEAM. 

I'lHtmvignlndby  SIoimm. 

Di'i'tii- 


inriiK  Hie  water  wilhiml 

iui«iii(>iir 


•ide  of  lh«  boiUr  ■ 

r  piirpoae  and  power 

a  t.raiicli  anil  )in«r  of  iufll* 
y  pari  ul  ilie  veiat'l 

,  Maater  Kii^inrcr. 

mijr  ll  all  •imra  t>«  alifri^l  lij-  il.f  fj.. 
ly  tu  liirft  aiiv  ai-kn"«  If ilif  I  iiii|>r..tf- 
iuvil  u-cliilcctuji',  or  ill  ilic  ii.ileiii:i 

up;  a  ]iliin  of  this  sort  rum- 

wIipIIkt  lliisriiii  111'  iliiiiii 

II  (iiirst  tof  iii('r(lK\iilsiiiiil 

(ihof  |ir(iprriy  lu'l'iiiuiinitii 

tlm  t»riitU'incn  comiiDsiii;' 

liy  an  esprit  du  ri'/7i.,,iiil 

the  scheme  woulil  liiivci 

I  more  likely  to  iHM'nin'ct, 

'J'lie  surveyors,  oti  \vl\iise 

to  be  quite  iiiih'iieiiili'mdl 

But  cnn  th  it.  In;  saiil  to 

itK  or  shipowiu  iswill  iloai 

with  liy  olTii-ers  iiiijiiMiiii'il 

lotit  those  qiiestiiiiis  mint 

ii  iiuitter  ill  which  Qiovirn- 

|vcry  thing  in  its  iiowiTto 

sf.iinen.     In  thij  view  it 

[jul,  liow  iiuli.siieiis-alilc  so- 

a  proper  clii.>isiricatii)n  of 

I,  (Tovcrnnieiit  will  ccrlaiii- 

ther  disrussion  of  iIiIm  i:ii- 

ll  the  122il  nunilioiot'llie 

niittee  of  1 830,  on  Sliiii- 

Vj. — IJut  government  will 
tsification  of  8lii|)pin!;ha.i 
]pc  and  incBpiicilv  of  ilie 
disaster.  Olliccrsofthe 
libmit  to  certain  examina- 
te  with  the  olFiccrsot'  the 
\\.  Indeed,  the  Company 
:  skill  of  their  otliccrs  and 
J  and  officers  of  ordiiiaiy 
liar  examination.  Every 
fhis,  as  every  one  knows, 
1  to  it,  on  the  skill,  indus- 
lat  masters  so  chosen  can- 
Iss.  Few,  however,  liave 
Ic  been  assured  l)y  gciill«- 
lusiness  of  insurance,  that 


nrarly  half  the  lomics  at  sen  may  hn  Uftcrilied  to  the  iKtiornnec,  inenpacily,  and  rnre!ei<KnriiH  nf 
(he  m««lerH  an'l  rrews.  I'erhiips,  there  may  In'  HOini-  exti|i;i(erati()ii  in  this  ;  lull,  Niippiming 
thnt  only  a  tl...d  part,  or  that  alimit  SOd  out  of  the  <i'J(»  vensclrt  vviiTked  in  Ih;|:).  were  IomI 
i|iroin;h  the  rirciiiiiHtances  referred  to,  is  not  that  eiioiii;b,  not  merely  to  jiiHiily  t-'overnmeitt 
intrrlfrinn  tt)  avert  so  (jreat  an  evil,  but  to  make  such  iiilerference  a  posiiivi-  duty  ! 

The  interposition  of  (government  in  a  cuse  of  this  Horl,  is  not  only  iiliMolnirly  Jiint  and 
nprc^'snry,  but  it  is  ronformable  to  the  liiifhest  authority.  'I'lie  fimoiiii  French  oriliimnce  of 
ItiSl  has  the  following  article : — '*  Auciin  uf  poiirra  ei-iiprrn  tirr  rr^-i*  ciipifainr,  mallre, 
iiH  l>(il''(i'i  ilf  uiiiiie,  iju'il  unit  iinri<^ui'  pciiddiit  rim^  tins,  ft  n'ai'f  tie  rX'iiiiiit<'  /iiihlupu- 
men!  ""■  If  fiiit  de  In  iinviiiutwu,  et  Irauvi'  ciprih/e  par  deux  nnrienn  nniilns,  tn  prrnnire 
dm  (ij/icicm  de  rAiniraule  il dn  I'ruJ'inMitr  de  I'Hijdnt'^riiphir,  s'il  i/  in  ii  dans  k  litn." 
(I,iv.  ii.  tit.  1.  (j  I.)  A  similar  article  has  Ihm'h  inserted  in  the  Cudc  df  ('oinniinr;  and, 
III  \H'^Pt,  the  French  K»vernment  i.-<Nued  an  ordinance  specifying;,  in  drtuil,  the  ijiiiililicaiionx 
tliiit  lire  necessary  before  any  one  can  ubtniii  a  eertiliciitc  of  his  fiincKs  to  ciMiiiiiiiinl  a  ship, 
filliiTon  a  foreign  or  constincf  voyage;  the  |)ersons  who  are  to  examine  ciiiidid;itcs  ;  mid  the 
nili'H  ihat  are  to  be  observed  in  the  exainiiiution.  Sonic  similar  ordciil  shoulil  crrl.iinly  be 
i:gta!ili''hed  in  this  country,  'i'lie  authority  of  the  master  is  so  very  i;rc:it,  anti  the  tru>t 
rriMisi'd  in  him,  including  not  merely  the  Nhi|i,ind  goods  of  his  employers,  but  tlic  lives  of  tho 
crcnv  and  passengers,  so  very  extensive,  that  it  is  the  bouiiden  duty  of  the  public  to  jiroviilo 
lliat  it  bo  not  committed  to  ignorant  or  incapalilc  hands. 

Pciliaps  it  would,  at  (irst,  be  enough  lo  enact,  that  no  sliip,  whiih  cleare<l  out  for  nu  nrrrsra 
vnyng'',  should  be  deemed  a  IJrili.Hh  ship,  unless  the  niastrrand  llie  seciind  in  euiiiiiiaiid  had 
ret'civi'd  a  certificate  of  fitness  from  tiie  pro|ii'r  authorities.  This  wmild  leave  if  lo  the  owners 
to  lake  whom  they  [.leased  as  masters  of  coasting  vessels;  but  we  believe  lhat  ibe  better  way 
would  lie  to  enact  that  all  nnisters  of  vessels,  above  a  specil'ird  tonnage,  i-houlil  be  selected 
from  among  certificated  persons.  We  do  hope  thai  the  next  tune  we  may  havi>  to  notice  this 
fubji'ct  will  bo  to  announce  that  the  measure  now  suggeiited,  or  one  of  a  like  import,  has 
liceii  carried  intoelVect. — {Kdinhnrirh  Rivirw,  /iic.cit.) 

4.  Dlsordcrli/  Conduct  of  the  Crews. — Mmns  hi/  which  It  mi-'^ht  he  idiri'iilnl. — \othing, 
wc  are  well  assured,  would  <lo  so  much  to  obviate  the  disortlerly  bad  conduct  so  frcipiently 
comiilaincil  of,  on  the  part  of  seamen,  as  the  enforcing  of  sobriety  on  board  ships.  }lowevcr 
disgraceful,  there  can  be  no  doubt  of  the  fact,  that  some  very  bad  cases  of  shipwreck  have 
been  mainly  occasioned  by  the  drunkenness  of  the  crew.  The  Americans  have  seen  the 
advuntige  that  would  arise  from  a  reform  in  this  particular;  and  large  numbers  of  American 
6hi|i«,  especially  those  engaged  in  long  voyages,  are  now  sent  to  sea,  in  which  the  use  of 
sjiiritsi  is  strictly  prohibited,  unless  when  prescribed  by  the  surgeon  as  a  cordial  or  medicine. 
In  these  ships  the  conditions  of  agreement,  ."igned  by  the  men,  have  at  their  head  the  words 
"N'li  Orui)  Allowkd,"  printed  in  large  capitals.  Instead  of  it,  tho  seamen  are  liberally 
.supplii'd  with  coU'ee,  cocoa,  &c. ;  and  it  is  said  lhat  the  crews  of  the  ships  fitted  out  on  this 
plan  are  not  only  more  orderly,  but  that  they  are  more  vigorous,  and  able  to  endure  greater 
i'lii^uc.  Hut,  to  establish  the  sujieriorily  of  this  practice,  it  is  enough  to  mention  that  tlie 
A'Ditican  insurance  olliees  have,  for  some  time  past,  insured  "  temperance  ships"  nt  a  de- 
cidcdlv  hirer  prriniuiii  than  others  !  Wc  are  convinced  that  nothing  would  do  half  so  much 
taimiirove  the  character  of  our  common  seamen,  as  the  introduction  of  a  similar  system  into 
our  inirchant-service.  And,  notwithstanding  the  prejuilices  against  it,  we  are  glad  to  have 
ilto  state,  that  some  ships,  fitted  out  on  this  plan,  have  sailed  from  London  nnd  l-iverpool, 
and  lhat  (even  in  this  its  incipient  8taH;e)  it  bus  been  found  to  answer  exceedingly  well. 

5,  Imprnper  Built  of  Shi/ix. — We  have  elsewhere  noticed  (!Su|ipleiiieiit,  artiile  Ton- 
x\nr.)  the  act  5  and  C  Will.  4.  c.  50.,  passed  in  IS'S^t,  for  ascertaining  the  tonnage 
ofship^.  In  the  old  system,  the  tonnage  w.is  determined  by  rrfirence  only  to  a  ship's 
Ions;! h  and  breadth;  which  led  to  vessels  being  built  of  a  disproportionate  depth,  in  order 
that  llieir  registered  tonnage,  and,  eonseipicntly,  the  charges  depending  on  it,  might  be 
(iiniinihed  as  much  as  po.ssible.  The  faulty  construction  of  sliips  thence  arising  ha.s,  no 
doubt,  contributed,  in  some  degree,  to  occasion  lo.sses;  but  the  act  referred  to,  by  making  the 
(onnane  be  fairly  determinetl  according  to  the  capacity  of  the  ship,  whatever  the  form  may 
be,  will  completely  obviate  this  source  of  defective  construction  and  loss. 

I.  An  Account  of  tlie  Number  and  TonnnRe  of  Vessels,  witli  tbe  Nninber  of  tlieir  Crews,  belonging  to 
the  Brillsli  LJinjiire,  on  the  31st  Decunibur,  183S,  1830,  and  I.M7,  respectively. 


riiilH  Kin^tlnm  . 

Iilt>  of  1  luf riiwv,  Jency,  and  Man 

Bnluli  riinUluina 

On  the  Slat  Dccfmber,  183V 

Vrtnlf.      Ti'iii.        Mtn. 
19,737    iiSlf,Ml    I3!),l'il 
663        .■W.6W       3,011 
6,211       42  MW     2:,U11 

On  Ihc  3 hi  Dmnib 

rr,  1816. 

Mm. 
I3S.116 

28,51.0 

On  Ihc 

1  'ttK-/r. 

19,1136 

6U0 

5,MI 

3lsl  ni-cemb 

1      Timt. 
i,2  6.227 
3-.J<JI 
47i,4<j7 

2,7!.  1,0  IS 

•r,  1937. 

1  'i  t»f  (f. 

K'.SAI 

!S6> 

6,432 

Tmt. 
2,;)12,Sl6 
3(!,'03 

.Vcn. 

K19.232 

4.2.!0 

30,044 

ToUl 

2S,5II    2,7S3,76I    171020 

2-|,«20 

2.7<)2,B|6 

170,637 

26,037 

173.50" 

478 


SHIPS. 


II.  Alnlfnifnt  nt  Ihn  fliilpplni  emplnyvH  In  Iha  Triidi-  (if  Ihr  ITnllRil  Kingilnm,  tn  Ihn  Ycnr  l*A7,  cthl. 
liKliiK  llii*  NiiiiilM'r  iiMii  TiinimKii  ol  Vi-^ukU  Hint  lliilnri'il  liiwunlK  iiiiil  ili'iiri'd  OiitwiiriU  (im  liiilii,] 
llii'lr  r>'|M'iiii-cl  ViiyiiK''').  Willi  till!  Niiiiiliiir  odlDilr  C'ruwii,  ii'iiurutliig  liritlili  Iruiii  l''uii'igii  VvmiIi, 
iinil  tllxiiiiKtilaliIng  Ilia  Triidn  with  fiii-li  I'miiilry, 


r  J 


■•U...i 


••'"1.  •  i 


I* 


■;  >  '1 

1,3      f 


kW.-  <' 


CaiiniriMi 

InwafJa. 

UlMwanh. 

tiff; 

BriUtk. 

IbNlfK 

■flnini 

rMriin. 

Tnu. 

M>n. 

'  1^ 

I\mt, 

IMh. 

'MM 

Tatu. 

M*t|, 

'^ 

Tnii.  1  v.a. 

Ru«<l*             •            .            • 

sr,«i« 

I4,"«t 

•7,947 

!l,27:l 

i,iii 

l»^M'• 

11,113 

»«.>1«    lit. 

9»»l»n           * 

41 

7,«W 

3i>2 

2ll 

42.6112 

l,'l,H 

66 

0,374 

4  0 

IKI 

31, Vm    i,i,„ 

Nriri»»jr 

II 

1,0  » 

12 

an 

8H.IHJI 

4,712 

20 

i,'t,t 

111 

648 

mi-2'  M„; 

l)i*liiiurk                         •               * 

4^ 

ft,;i»7 

2«0 

191 

A6,><«l 

3,  KM) 

2:lK 

6,3.261 

a,vi3 

1,^1 

lio,»»l    h,:j, 

j'rilMU 

411 

6',  i<i»i 

3,01 

1>3 

IH,74J 

6,11  II) 

3^2 

61,11113 

2.616 

61.2 

lU.im      ',;,' 

(Idiiitiiy          • 

IMT 

l:li,iJO 

7.611 

•  11 

mi,<ii 

3,707 

11 -. 

1  III  091 

8,0U9 

M2 

6-1,110     41. 1 

MiilUiil 

l.li't 

iM,.i!n 

►,IIV1 

69 

^2,!•al• 

a,>il3 

I.li-i. 

ivi,'i:« 

H,ll>4 

64') 

6*I.V(i     ,V|, 

IliUioni 

^4I 

A7,in« 

»,2'>7 

4a 

49,*»l 

3011 

6t> 

6<l  lil 

6,666 

371 

•12.  ■21    !,-, 

k'rAiK-fi 

lito 

•UO  Viii 

m,  w 

1,978 

131  ..i7J 

WhIWI,    23i. 

2il,7ill 

.11,040 

1,814 

12Mtl   |ji„ 

l\irlu^al,  I'rnpM 

W'J 

3%cll'l 

2,27  i 

10 

1,087 

641 

292 

M-,2>ii 

2,437 

81 

lO.'iU       74 

Asiri-t 

■m 

2ii,iMii 

I,4<i8 

( 

416 

42 

*17 

16  un 

l,30H 

12 

I.I2I      III 

Ml  lain 

n 

2,0  la 

IM 

. 

^1, 

6.216 

2'i8 

1 

8piln,  Mkl  lh>'  Ht'urlr  UlaiiJi  - 

4M 

4ll,<>*' 

3,612 

'  13 

8,17*1 

'  687 

21M 

3l,]vl 

2,'i'J4 

>• 

».»2«'     5-1 

Ciiunu* 

Ul 

3.3-B 

I7!» 

1 

lUU 

6 

21 

2.UH 

111 

4 

6.12        jl 

(iiliraltir 

S^ 

in.m 

»(M 

l!ll 

2'I,'I23 

2.c:lii 

6 

91".         (1 

Irdy  iii'l  llie  l(4luil  liUnii* 

Mifu- 

4^l» 

6<l,l2l 

3,>6II 

'   « 

10,ld'> 

660 

33.1 

ri2,l>l 

2,91" 

41 

»,1.3|      W 

II 

1,-WP 

!•« 

> 

. 

71 

l.'l,lPi4 

7(HI 

3 

1,012!       1, 

liliiui)  l«Uli'U  •              •               * 

71 

9,iV) 

(127 

.    • 

. 

• 

41 

6,iT" 

3<>2 

2 

Mm 

it 

riirki)  .kill  ro'ilinenUI  (IrMCS 

110 

|^I4J 

9-11 

• 

. 

147 

2I,.'I.'6 

1,'Ul 

C 

1,M| 

M.irrt  an  1  lirofll  ULiirli 

'*! 

2.KI6 

I4» 

• 

. 

23 

4.121 

21  . 

1 

!l2l> 

1} 

K«)(|il 

Hi 

4.:l!ii 

2111 

. 

, 

6<i 

12,2  IH 

611' 

2 

tiH) 

III, 

rnimli,  nirl.«rv.  •ii'l  M  micro  ■ 

13 

l,7J2 

93 

> 

. 

21 

3,322 

1:11 

24 

»,744 

m 

Cikial  111  Aim  1.  fniiit  M>>r(>ccuto 

llir  C^iir  iif  lio»l  ll.i|i« 
Cape  of  rif>»il  tlii)ie 

IW 

4Mi:9 

2,4n<" 

6 

460 

30 

13<i 

34,«'6 

i,n>M, 

1 

»2 

10 

Hi* 

4,7M 

270 

■ 

• 

62 

I4,6U9 

hii 

Eailfni  fi..«l,(i"ni  the  Capi- of 

(I'Kil  IImI'II  in  llilwl  MauJel  • 

Capr  J«  V>r<l  lilliilt     • 

. 

. 

.     . 

. 

. 

2 

317 

18 

SI.  Ilclni.i  .in'l  Aicuiitioa 

■ 

. 

•    . 

• 

7 

l.ftll 

87 

1 

MaiUftwar 

3 

681 

38 

1 

l^le*  nf  lliiurljun 

• 

. 

. 

.    . 

• 

. 

, 

1 

1,009 

4S 

Maiirttiut 

74 

20,310 

Ifi^l 

. 

63 

l4,B'iO 

ro 

Amli.a 

■ 

.    . 

. 

. 

6 

I,.'i2i 

73 

Eail  hiilia  Company'«  TerrlUv 

rie«— .SiiiKipuniaiia  Ceyluu   • 

231 

11 8,7  W 

7,079 

.    . 

. 

. 

231 

100,921 

6,337 

Siiiitatra 

1 

||7'l 

17 

J.iva    .... 

4 

1,669 

84 

389 

81 

8 

2,118 

143 

1 

2» 

11 

lllliiT  Ul.iti'li  nf  Ihe  lii'liaii  S«al 

(f  «rlu«ivr  of  lh«  Miilippiun) 

. 

, 

•    . 

. 

■ 

1 

261 

32 

riiilippiiK!  MaiiJi 

1 

2,148 

lil 

IIB 

21 

1 

447 

29 

1 

Hi 

U 

I'lirlB  of  .Siaal    ■ 

1 

31b 

16 

Cliiiia    .            .             .             • 

62 

92.212 

1,908 

■    . 

• 

. 

26 

IT,ti9l 

1,178 

2 

172 

» 

Nriv  Hnllan.l  • 

6:1 

18.1-16 

919 

.    . 

. 

. 

I2» 

47,240 

2,^38 

New  ZraUii.l  inil  .Sniilh  Sn  klanill 

2 

427 

28 

' 

llriliih  .S'lirtherii  ('uIoiiih 

IflM 

031,4^7 

28,079 

. 

. 

I,6li6 

60S, 14" 

22,792 

1 

Ilritiali  Weil  Imliui 

8,^ 

226.418 

1 1,963 

.    . 

. 

. 

913 

241,146 

13,612 

1 

ll.iyll- 

t:u(ii,  and  oUier  fowlga  W«it 

17 

2,.01 

141 

.    . 

• 

. 

34 

6,6U1 

330 

a 

416       i|! 

Imlin 

40 

9,820 

60^ 

4,113 

199 

IS 

I6,2ri6 

866 

30 

«,c6-i    n\ 

I'liiii'.l  Slalm   - 

20'» 

B  1.023 

3,2-.1 

602,    27-1,813 

10,276 

260 

1 10,47  1 

4,673 

624 

2M,M!J  11,111 

:  Mfiicn 

41 

7.2!ll 

43  i 

.    .  '  . 

. 

3<< 

6,126 

381 

(tiiairniaU 

1 

124 

10 

•    .  '  . 

. 

2 

123 

16 

1 

CotUMllMa 

20 

4,108 

2J4          1           JM 

16 

4 

mi 

46 

2 

5»«     r 

Ilr.izil« 

IM 

37,291 

1,>*«         4           870 

46 

173 

4I.6-.1 

3,139 

3 

M      0 

MaiMiif  nio  Jolal'lili 

32 

Ii,2i7 

323    ..      . 

49 

12,!lll 

67 

ICIiili. 

41 

9.387 

612          8        l,Ain 

lOO 

22 

4,67i 

27M 

2 

m     3ji 

Peru  .... 

19 

4,174 

231          1           '259 

13 

13 

2,6'W 

164 

1 

248        lil 

Tho  Whal.  FiihoriM   • 

71 

21,^54 

2.777    ... 

61 

20,11  8 

2,Mi 

j 

bluol  Uuoniuy.JcrKy.anJ  Man 

2,419 

r.,i.vi 

IJI,I2U 
2,617,166 

11,691        22         2.039 

123 

2,21/2 

1 13,262 

lll,fil.8 
14  ■',632 

i 

Total 

116,319  7,343  l,l)0-i,94n  56,778 

I4,,')67 

7,41;  1 

I,ii3',73!( 

.■,7.0:1 

,Sl,,M 


[Tho  following  tables,  rolaliiiff  to  tho  shifipingr  of  the  United  States,  are  from  oflicial  ri|m(ij 
made  to  Congress  by  tho  Secretary  of  the  'J'reasury. 

Number  niid  Class  of  Vpsflels  built,  and  tliu  Tnnnn)(c  lliiirenr,  in  cnrli  Rliite  nnd  Territory  of  the  Uniivil 
Htatua,  for  tlm  Vimr  ending  on  the  30th  Septuinbur,  InllU. 


SUtw. 

Clau  of  Vfiieli. 

Total 
miniliiT  of 

Total  Tcinuijt. 

Shiiii. 

Bris«. 

Schoooera, 

Sloo|ii. 

S'cain. 

lii.llH. 

vesarU  built. 

Tom.  ji'lhw 

1 

Mniiie    .             .            .            .             ■ 

26 

48 

61 

. 

3 

14i 

27,-(lil0  1 

New  llalnpihini 

6 

2 

. 

7 

2.7ni5l 

.MajMHrliuselta      .             «             -             . 

31 

14 

100 

1 

, 

116 

HUUfi  1 

Hliiiile  Maud       .... 

2 

4 

2 

1 

. 

9 

i.iii  IJ 

(Iiiiineclicut         .... 

1 

17 

16 

3-> 

i,7Tl  !■ 

New  York           .... 

10 

7 

26 

46 

17 

100 

17,' •■•1  n 

New  .leraey         .... 

■ 

1 

37 

24 

10 

11 

|.,7lj'l  7) 

lVnn«ylv»nii      .... 

4 

7 

14 

13 

11 

49 

6,.>-.l  i7  1 

Deliware 

•     . 

- 

9 

7 

. 

16 

I..2I  o;  ^ 

Marylaiiil 

S 

7 

114 

6 

129 

13,1  HI  i? 

Di.lricI  of  Coliunbii 

1 

1 

10 

2 

14 

1,2  5  2« 

VirKiiiia  -              •             .             -             . 

•         • 

. 

9 

1 

10 

Wli  31 

Niirlll  Cinilinl 

•         . 

. 

23 

2 

26 

l,3l't.'7 

S<,uih  Caruliiu 

■         • 

. 

3 

1 

4 

442  70  1 

flpor^ia  .             .            •            .            . 

•         • 

* 

Z 

. 

6 

7 

K73  10 

Ohio       ..... 

•         . 

•     . 

i 

. 

42 

41 

6,»2  III 

leiinonee            •            •   .        • 

■ 

.     • 

, 

3 

3 

497  Oj 

Alabama              .... 

Mimwippi            .... 

Loiiisima            .... 

•          • 

.     • 

6 

1 

4 

II 

W3I9 

Kpniu'^kjf            .... 

.          . 

.     . 

11 

II 

2,iniW 

MiU'iiiri              .... 

• 

. 

, 

. 

5 

6 

1*1  ro 

Mii-hiitan            .... 

. 

. 

3 

, 

4 

7 

6M22 

Florida  ..... 
Total 

•          • 

•     • 

1 

1 

1 

3 

UO  fi 

b3 

89 

439 

122 

126 

858 

ll'O.r'K-'  31  , 

Nini's. 


47U 


n.  In  111"  Y«nr  IW,  pihl- 
ifftl  ()iit\viiril«  Ciiirlii.liii| 
iditruiii  iMjicigii  Vi'xili, 


ttiiiemenl  of  Ihe  Tonnntn  «tni»rml  n«rh  Hinln  iinil  TBrrlinry  nf  ihii  riilinl  i»iniri,  romnien(tn|  on  llio 
lit  day  III'  Ucliiltvr,  l»'M,  anil  finliiiKiiii  iliu  Jiiili  ilny  nl  n<'|iii;iiibi'ri  iO^J, 


UutWMllt. 


rontfik 


H,i\.    Mill. 
Il,«ll        t/T| 


S'.O 


4  0 
1.1 

a.  Via 

«,UI« 
H,lu4 
ft.VSdl 
.'Ii,0-l0l 

l,.10l<l 

J'.lH 
S,'i94l 

H7i 
J.r:l()| 

■IHP' 
1,'UI 

■;i  i 

Ull 

nil 

I.C"!. 


lb 


IKI 

<kl<<! 
I, 'UK' 

mtr 
Wi 
»4'J 
371 
l,HU 
fl| 

u 
i 

6 

41 
3 
1 
« 

i 
21 


Tni: 

V.n. 

5a,vi« 

n4> 

3I,V«I 

IVi, 

H-i.li'J' 

Vi,i. 

1  lU.II  >l 

^  •! 

Ill.lHi 

''(,1 1'l 

It-l.llO 

4.t»i 

ftll.V  h 

■I.Hi 

•»..»> 

J.'ll 

Wt,l4l 

Ijllt 

lli.irK 

T'« 

l,lil 

lit 

,1111 

26 1  { 
447 

,h9l 
',i4U 

,US 
i,M« 

i.UUI 

,2116 
,47.'. 
,126 
U3 
I'll 
.8  ■.7 
,<lll 
,17  ■• 

■  H 
',J!ii 

,W7 


170 

,5; 

C,537 

U3 

32 
29 

1,176 

2,f3H 

22,7in' 

13,612' 

3301 

Mi 
4,473 

3)<ll 

II 

46 

3,139 

6  7 

271 

164 

2,r.3-.i 

io,.'.i.6; 


6<ij 

!»»• 

9,7  -l, 

1,1' ij 

M»,| 

l,l>ll 

f,7U 


1,000 


S"l 

.!> 
'I 

U 


tcs,  un 

[ennd  Territory  of  tliel'nitjJ 
lti39. 


.TolJl  Toimijt 

Tii(»l  ; 

limitl»'r  lif 
•c»m-     I  vcucla6uLlt. ;      Tmit  fth- 


17 
10 
II 

6 
2 
I 

1 
5 

I  42 
3 


4 
II 
5 
4 
1 


14-. 

2:,*ii)  lO 

1 

2.7rt  Jl 

146 

24416  ;« 

» 

l.l'-ti  li 

3> 

■J.771  1! 

106 

r,!''l  « 

72 

I..W  :s 

49 

C.'-J  '1 

16 

i..:i  o; 

129 

13.'  *) '.' 

U 

10 

k.'C  JI 

26 

'•"'!:'■; 

4 

7 
41 

4ij:o 

Sll  10 

6,iW  fi 

3 

497  Oj 

11 

«C1!3 

2,101  50 

i 
1 
3 

t,1'i  ft) 

6«3;l 

1(0  (J 

' 

Anrtrlcin. 

runl6«. 

Tiilal  AimrlrM 

•I..I  l^nrcitn. 

I     ibM  inl  Ttrnloriai. 

No. 

Tom. 

Craot, 

No. 
926 

Tom. 
illlM 

Cnwi, 

Cniwi. 

Mtn.  1  thfk 
1 42*       IM 

Mm.     !!(<¥•. 
3,2111         4H 

1,211 

iin.M 

Mm. 

ft.7ii 

Ili4 

Mil* 

Ml 

*>.*I4 

\M  llimi«liil«      •            • 

m 

ft,H2I 

221           S 

19 

«;« 

ii    •     • 

31 

•.,»'> 

2li2 

a 

Wfrtw*"' 

if< 

4I.II1I 

1.204    •      ■ 

■  •.I. 

41.111 

1 .2..^ 

U4M).tli.Mll|                  ■                     • 

1,222 

I  4.. 22 

I2,i'9il|       610 

606 

44,070 

il,ioii      »» 

I.KiK 

3C11  7»2 

1  i.im 

169 

||<i>fr  liUll.l              • 

1      IJ7 

2iiU2« 

l.JUl    • 

D 

911 

.m   .    . 

Ml 

2I..M.I, 

1,111 

I2'l 

2-.,  in 

\MS\        II 

lU 

i.mti 

^1   .    . 

1.1(1 

2I..  Ml 

I.I.I  1 

II 

s,»  » .Ik   • 

4,0011 

ai4.ii*>i 

3l,40l'     l,40H 

1,110. 

344,  .11 

20,-..>M       2:16 

6,111 

l,OI9,17j 

61.KIII 

i,«ri 

SfH  Jrnrjr 

9 

1.2.9 

M     •      ■ 

1 

97 

4     .      ■ 

in 

.,1  11 

t.2 

|>rni.l)llll>l* 

4t:i 

9a,ii«7 

4,200        M» 

11 

u.'.ue 

690          HI 

631 

lll,.llkl 

4.11.0 

331 

l»l)«.it<     • 

S3D 

»«,»')ii 

t,Ht            1 

90 

in,ii04 

971     .      . 

42n 

19.S02 

S.UII 

1 

||„,„fl ..(  ColUllll)l4 

ti 

6,H4<I 

24i;       2 

11 

l,W 

Hi             6 

34 

1,111 

.123 

1 

r 

N,7lS 

«-4     •      • 

37 

6,(llit 

341    •      • 

124 

*l,7l.l 

1.017 

V.C111  CiroIlM 

IM 

I'.lHi 

K7I,          13 

»l 

2.111 

l>4             2 

iia 

10,111 2 

1,1. S 

16 

s«ih  Cutiliitt 

I4t 

20,  .22 

1,21.3 

M 

9« 

27,614 

1,171         194 

210 

»4,>tKl 

2.117 

2111 

itffi<r.u       • 

Ml 

ii.-.ia 

44H 

fto 

90.433 

ItJ      ■     ■ 

im 

31.()4' 

1.2:11 

1 

jtlil'iiiia     • 

128 

2I,IM7 

I,0j3 

. 

44 

17,408 

124      •    . 

173 

9V,2a> 

1,777 

M,»<Mppl  ■ 

[jHllN4UA     • 

aoa 

l2e,M7 

^1ln 

3 

219 

66,618 

2,94))'   •      ■ 

*U 

IKI,<6t 

»,7W 

3 

1*10 

M 

4,JJ0 

200 

- 

34 

1,M<3 

90    ■      ■ 

90 

«,I1U 

290 

K'oiKiir  . 

\khi(ii>    • 

41 

1.206 

m 

3ft 

>,4n2 

99    ■      ■ 

K 

4,6811 

1!W 

fhj.iiU 

110 

10,449 

900 

13 

14 

1,119 

160    .       ■ 

IU4 

ll,6M 

l,l'.0 

13 

SInimin     • 

Totll 

*AK 

1,491,279 

li^922 

_2jU14 

4,li4 

024,HI4 

34.211        H34 

12,441 

2,ll«,ill»3 

101,1(10 

3,118 

futement  of  Ihn  Tonnnve  clonrnd  from  each  HtntP  ami  Trrrltnry  nf  tho  T'niinil  Htntfn,  cnnimRneins 
on  tim  l>t  (Juy  ol'tictubcr,  IttSi,  and  uinliiiK  un  llit  :illtliil:iy  i>r  r*ii|iii'iiiliiir,  ItilK). 


! 

^H       itaiH  inJ  TerrlioriM, 

AnMrlun. 

tonitn. 

Tula 

1  Anitrion 

anil  I'lin 

»l(n. 

CniwB. 

Trtwa, 

I  mvi. 

1 

2J!) 

IS 

^H 1 

No. 

Tona. 

No. 

Tima. 

__ — 

Nn. 

Tona. 



1 

.Men.     Bnya. 

M«n, 

It!.)'. 

Mi'n.     Rnjfa, 

1           148 

B 

^m    llllina 

4» 

11,9«1 

3,114       244 

921 

61. mi 

3,252 

49 

I,.1«0 

139,1  K5 

e.HKt        292 

^H   Nr*  HimiHbln 

U 

3.l4lt 

151           ft 

10 

67n 

3. 

. 

is 

4, -.-'7 

ir!)            & 

2          «, 

U 

IS.6 

44,766 

1.275 

. 

.    . 

\>:> 

4i.:i« 

l.-V-i 

^B     Mloc  illKlll 

9iO 

193,3-11 

9.61:1       201, 

612 

4ft,oi:9 

2,  91 

6 

l,6!ii 

231,147 

11,113        215 

1 

^H    Hli .kill III  1 

121 

22.K1'. 

i.im   .     • 

3 

319 

13 

li- 

21.^01 

i,r.i 

\        1 

^H    ('...iDrdirul 

III, 

iti.'MW 

1  670          1. 

9 

916 

49 

. 

lt 

27.2M 

1,719          16 

^B  vm 

3,601 

M'.m 

2H,01i      l,62t; 

l,72H 

330.1166 

111,91 1 

186 

6,3iJ 

0O0,4"2 

4».ii"0     I,7l2 

9          41 

i       W 

^H    \,»  IrntJ 

17 

3.mii 

117'           1 

2 

3»7 

16 

2i 

4.2-11 

1111           1 

^H    l'niii>)lvllli« 

333 

ei.uiH 

2,0)2        217 

11 

I3,3»l 

6.11 

61 

m 

17,6.19 

,1,6  U        218 

no!     ".cc 

1      3i« 

^H    llrliwire    • 

1 

624,    iM,V 

D  11,141 

^M    M<r)liivl    • 

311 

49,208 

2,411     .      • 

M 

in.'.'.t 

W\ 

40.1 

6«,'-"-i4 

3.^5 

^H   Di'iiriol  ColumbU 

4ti 

e.OMi 

an        K 

11 

l,V17 

>2 

6 

.'47 

8.244 

41-. 

13 

\ 

^H    Vir(inia 

19.' 

41,191 

l,79V         lb 

60 

1,19j 

449 

242 

49.3>» 

2.  Ml 

18 

r      » 

«'    r. 

^H    Xxrhl.rolinl 

314 

4',Sl.i 

2,ll«l           6 

37 

3313 

24; 

3-1 

4.. '.11 

2.  I4ii 

fc 

3          t* 

J       431 

^H    NHl'tl  Cilaiioa 

'2\1 

6I,^2•< 

2,168         97 

102 

30,621 

1,24J 

m' 

,114 

12.4  S 

il.to-l 

2M 

1 

^H  fjt^'V* 

111 

3l,5li4 

l,242|          1 

60 

19.4' IN 

162 

1 

11.1 

'>0,!'-2 

JMn 

2 

2'       r. 

H        3J; 

^H    tl.binu     • 

2t<0 

4)1, 2N6 

2,077    .      . 

44 

17,606 

111 

214 

6-.,2u2, 

2,7UI 

1          2 

»        lil 

^^1    Vlmmifipl  . 

1 

^^H    l/iaitiud    • 

681 

117.2 -,1 

7162           3 

209 

»4.1T2 

2,77-' 

19) 

2.12.0. '<)! 

lo.rii'i 

3 

^H   iJkn          ■ 

16 

4,116 

il)K       .         . 

3« 

1,991 

97 

•    • 

112 

6,lW 

3U. 

—  _— 

^H    krnluckr    - 

; 

1,461  l,<i3",7 

ij  iT.ori 

^H    Innwee  * 

1 

. 

^H    M  d,.(U    - 

1' 

3,109 

I.ifl       .        . 

34 

1,9.16 

Sn    .     . 

112 

5,6 '4 

2:16 

^H     iTlJl 

199 

12,422 

I,0JS            6 

18 

l,23U 

112,  .     . 

211 

I3,6bl 

1,197 

6 

m  olVicial 

rt'iioiti 

H              Total       • 

1 

2,089,761 

101,319 

8,312 

l,471,92H 

68,931     2,421 

4,036 

611,839 

34.3SII 

493 

12,148 

2,9U 

I A  Comparative  View  of  the  registered,  enrolled,  and  licensed  Toniiuge  of  the  United  Stales,  from 
■  181S  to  1»39,  inclusive. 


1915 

\m 

1S17 
1S18 
lti|9 

m 
i«i 
\m 

m 
i«» 
m 

18% 
I  1SS7 


ResiileriHl  ion- 


F.nmlln)  an  I  li- 
ceoie.]  tonnage. 


Total  tonnage. 


Ti.nt  and  9J||», 


8.^4,2!) »  71 

800,7.^9  e.-) 

809.724  70 

eoe.o-^s  04 

012,030  44 
619  047  53 
61tt,89fl  40 
628,1.10  41 
fi39,920  76 
669,972  60 
700,787  08 
739,978  15 
747,170  44 


513,833  04 
571,4.58  85 
.590.186  fiO 
009,095  51 
BI7,fr21  17 
eOI.II8  liO 
679,062  30 
fiWl,548  71 
6iKJ,6U  87 
719,190  37 
722,323  69 
796,211  68 
873,437  34 


1.363,127  78 
1,372,218  53 
1,399,911  41 
1,-J25.184  20 
1,'2I!0,751  61 
1,2>J0,166  24 
1,298,9.')8  70 
1,324,699  17 
l,.3.3t),.505  68 
l,:<N9,163  02 
1,42:MI0  77 
1,534,190  83 
1,620,607  78 


Yean. 


1828 
1829 
1830 
1831 
1H32 
1833 
1834 
1835 
1836 
1837 
1838 
1839 


ItegiMf  rf'l  ton* 
iiate. 


RiimlliHl  an^  li- 
cenacJ  tunuagu. 


812,619  37 
850,142  88 
576,475  33 
620,451  02 
686,91^0  77 
750,026  72 
857,438  42 
885,821  60 
897,774  51 
810,447  29 
822,591  89 
834,214  54 


Tona  ami  95lht. 

928,772  50 

610,6.51  88 

61.5,310  10 

ll|7,.19t  .32 

752,4110  .".9 

8.50,123  22 

901. 46S  07 

0.39,118  40 

981,328  14 

1,086,238  40 

1,173,047  89 

1,262,234  87 


Tutal  tonnap. 


1,741,391  87 
l,2r.n.977  81 
1,191,776  43 
1,267,816  29 
1,139.450  21 
1,601,119  04 
1,7.58,907  14 
1.82 1.940  14 
l,h!)'i,102  «5 
1.8911,685  m 
1,995,039  80 
2,090,478  81 


liO.f'S-l  51 


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Statistical  view  of  tho  Tonnage  of  Aineriran  nnd  Foreisrn  VcsseU  nrrivinR  from,  aiitl  rlcpuriin"  (,, 
each  foreign  country,  during  tiie  Yuura  ending  on  tliu  30tli  duy  of  Supteiiibcr,  IKtT,  IMS,  and  Itfiy, 


ca« 

—  IT- 

5** 

t0ti'-- ' 

"  -Mi 

•*    ■ 

■0* 

M! 

-m 

■1 

-31 

•fdM 

ST' 

«a«in'. 

1 

Miic^'  . 

■^^■.^i 


:•«■;-  flaw 


■» 


ft  rn 

$ 


,  -I    ''4iP< 


1836-1837. 

eirn 

1837— 18.38. 

l838-1^39. 

Ci'li 

American 

For 

American 

Foreign 

American 

F.ir 

Countriea. 

Tonnage. 

Tonnage.      1 

Tonnage. 

Tonnage. 

Tniin.ige. 

'l'..iiI..Ti;e. 

Entered 

Ihe 
United 
States. 

Cleared  t 

from 

Ihe 

I'niled 
States. 

Entered 

Ihe 
Uniled 
Slates. 

Cleared 
from 
Ihe 

Uiiitfd 
Slates. 

Enler.d 

Ihe 
I'niled 

States. 

Cleared 

from 

the 

Cnilcd 

States. 

Enlereil 

llie 
Uliite.1 
Slates. 

Cleared; 

from 

the 
l.'nilca 

Slates. 

Entered 

the 
fiiiliJ 
Slates.  1 

Cleareil 

from 

the 

ri.ile.l 

Slates. 

Enlcrel  '^[""•-1' 

Ihe    i    '""1 

I'liil.'l    ,."it 

Slalts.     '"'*! 

WaiK. 

Tonnage. 

Tonnage. 

Tonnage.                \ 

Russia 

13,153 

6,644      6,091 

4,147 

12,801 

7,253!        813         ins 

15,423 

8,540 

2,011 

[ 

3j- 

Prussia 

707 

-      -         17,7J7 

4,i;2i 

2401         643       1,433 

'2S3! 

816 

311 

\.ii\^ 

Sweden  and  Norway    • 

7,9SI 

1,3311    ll,4'>7 

4,0-l 

'  7,221 

1,4121      6,613       1,639 

9,6b 1 i 

797 

13,711 

2.6>», 

■Swcdiih  West  Indies    • 

1,021 

2,628'  - 

^4 

29:-' 

1,943    -        -   ■  . 

f.09l 

2,1  S4 

d 

Denmark 

234 

1,092       3,514 

4,797 

. 

8S0 

1,024       1,072 

2341 

703 

23 

&b,i 

Dinisli  West  Indies      • 

20,013 

31,657       \,-3l 

.5,1911 

24,22.1 

31,1B!< 

921:         719 

23,79»l 

3.3,563 

1.024 

3,601 

Nctlierlands    - 

12,933 

13,74),    I8,13li 

22,71-8 

lO.TOii 

ll).50l 

5,260     12,029 

14,1671 

11,612 

3,63! 

li^il' 

Dutcti  East  Inities 

4,026 

5,441:   - 

7,340 

3,7  6 

1l,43ll 

-      . 

4,S79| 

9,234 

6  •■ 

Hulcli  West  Indies 

1I,60J 

6,i03          631 

5(i;l 

M,2:i9 

2,')48 

8.5 

16S 

9,.125 

4,02(1 

532 

441' 

Dutcli  Guiana  • 

6,069 

6,37s;  • 

2,177 

7, 2' 2 

4,718 

■        •   i 

7« 

6,390l 

6,ra7 

Relgium 

6.363 

4,905      3,14". 

9,211 

5,027 

1.3,314 

1,334' 

6,044 

3,S4h 

2,211 

i.ens 

3.7*; 

Knf^land 

273,377 

268,C68   100,900 

67,125 

3l4,l5J 

344.616 

72,369 

76.6HS 

277,1.^2 

269,41.6 

110,(H|. 

!r2*i 

SeotUnd 

8,257 

12,641 

10,747 

7,924 

6,1.3 

9,437 

7,361 , 

6,3S7 

4,1)84 

2,321 

10,211 

6,4(0i 

Ireland 

480 

551 

11,961 

1S4 

1,391 

472 

7,429 

166 

1,313 

l,3(i2 

9,0-9 

33i 

Gibraltar 

3,410 

10,387 

749 

1,673 

640 

.11,496 

. 

1,911 

1,640 

13,V61 

'j3J 

214 

Malta  - 

1,0J7 

1,993 

• 

710 

390 

857 

. 

914 

1,869 

*,iv. 

Hriiish  East  Indies 

11,574 

3,487 

- 

• 

3,697 

8,334 

. 

. 

8,92N 

10.337 

Rritisli  West  India 

62,l»l 

®»'?;:j 

26  315 

16,08S 

30,i22 

56,769 

23.389 

11,243 

43.113 

70,740 

23,614 

ll2i' 

Rriliah  Guiana              ■ 

599 

4,113 

1,961 

4!l3 

1,266 

6.992 

2,249 

1,763 

1,083 

4,'»2 

6,W 

2> 

Rritish  Hntiduras 

4,5'J4 

6,083 

1,963 

2,15S 

2,797 

2,406 

2,237 

1,50^ 

3,J3I 

6,431 

1,171 

24;i! 

llrilisli  African  I'orts    • 

3^4 

- 

• 

• 

1,179 

309 

491 

lis 

Cape  of  Good  Hope 

878 

453 

• 

- 

716 

1,064 

• 

312 

I,r44 

2,27s 

53) 

Mauritius 

• 

91 

- 

91 

• 

295 

. 

419 

924 

533 

Rrltish  North  American 

Colonies 

286,660 

282,234 

388,996 

440,002 

266,220 

261,286 

370,397 

383,156 

334,121 

395,5061332,097 

373,77i: 

llanse  Towns  and  other 

! 

1 

Ports  of  Germany 

14,767 

6,957 

74,576 

48,565 

7,40-2 

8,366 

34,581 

34,542 

10,721 

4.892  i   37.741 

French  A'lanlic  Ports  • 

79,747 

91,687 

14,434 

20,032 

8I,9S3 

108,036 

lu,4u3 

16,10S 

77,902 

88,3191    14.3>i 

N,7;; 

French  Mediterranean 

Ports 

9,196 

10,525 

'•^I 

5.116 

7,166 

17,345 

3,839 

2,691 

7,039 

9,236 

7,7"- 

3.i!il 

French  West  Indies      • 

13,078 

21,514 

8,030 

2,276 

11,721 

23,168 

6,703 

1,871 

21,332 

24,339 

3,liJ3 

iM 

French  Guiana 

2,3'>9 

2,600 

• 

• 

1,815 

1,9S6 

216 

2,843 

2,303 

French  African  Ports  - 

. 

- 

• 

• 

. 

22>< 

i 

Hayli 

20,200 

17,642 
2,7iJ 

'•^S5 

1,332 

17,120 

ir,06'6 

2,005 

2.914 

22.P00 

21,031 

1341 

2.017' 

Spanish  Atlantic  Ports  • 

12,453 

696 

5,813 

14,331 

j,301 

. 

1,536 

6,749 

13,129 

'307 

i,6;r' 

Spanish  Mediterranean 

Ports 

14,786 

1,846 

3,502 

4,838 

8,679 

I,S53 

2,764 

4,736 

16,472 

6,637 

6,112 

2,'!- 

Tenerifle,  and  other  Ca- 

naries 

3,697 

2,157 

435 

• 

3,335 

2,177 

228 

3,576 

1,192 

744 

Manilla  ,\nd  Phillippine 

Islands 

7,4S8 

• 

718 

• 

2,347 

1,780 

. 

. 

7,413 

I,B74' 

Cuba    • 

151,193 

175,796 

7,686 

13,194 

184,398 

193,74b 

11,491 

10,618 

193,014 

I9!,37,.i     13.02S 

I2.'«: 

Porto  Rico 

38,728 

17,071 

2,341) 

l,:55 

4*1,261 

19,33! 

1,137 

2,406 

61,461 

22,317       1.0i4 

1,16.1 

Portufal 

6,034 

3,226 

1,032 

10,407 

9,6l9 

2,92i 

i,4'-4 

1,041 

13,403 

3.f»il       2,057 

ips. 

Madeira 

2,783 

4,230 

434 

- 

2,437 

3,461 

4 '.2 

2,112 

4,2731 

^    1 

Fayal  and  other  Azores 

1,263 

486 

• 

1,114 

509 

- 

68 

'814 

S!9'        It2 

' 

Cane  dn  Verd  Islands    • 
Italy  ■ 

529 

3'2?^ 

- 

2,148 

835 

3,224 

. 

B68 

337 

3.8:16 

1 

6,193 

2,637 

7,144 

3,531 

3,181 

3,041 

2,105 

1,310 

4,233 

2,100'     1,016 

l,S3ii 

Sicily 

I0,6ti2 

1,230 

3,701 

2,103 

10,807 

1,012 

3,517 

1,824 

13,707 

2,233 1     3,7S0 

2,*i 

Trieste,  and    other 

Austrian   Adriatic 

ports 

4,761 

*•!!? 

8,072 

12,919 

2.679 

4.974 

1,477 

2,703 

4,480 

S.m',       760 

2,874; 

Turkey,  Levant,  be.    - 

Mocha 

Morocco,  and   Garbary 

4,756 

484 

1,231 

1,759 

2,274 

1,29. 
233 

- 

305 

3,381 

2,232 

IM 

Sute. 

844 

• 

426 

. 

646 

213 

143 

, 

447 

. 

371 

Meiico 

14,475 

17,502 

1,571 

4,018 

15,538 

11,338 

1,6.30 

2.725 

17.409 

17,816 

4,721 

5,6» 

Teias- 

9,239 

12,939 

938 

1,092 

25,091 

28,195 

662 

397 

38,841 

48,303 

S9j 

\M 

Central  America 

1,167 

1,083 

- 

1,580 

1,843 

- 

741 

471 

Colombia 

. 

- 

- 

. 

9,794 

6,8'23 

2,569 

1,917 

Veneiuela 

9,666 

7,815 

1,808 

1,893 

- 

> 

- 

4.976 

9,241 

I.S24 

\.v» 

New  Grenada  • 

3,098 

960 

1,298 

l,2n2 

- 

- 

- 

2,186 

1,262       1,723 

1.367. 

Rra7.il 

23,122 

19.576 

5,766 

4,107 

23,037 

30,623 

276 

1,601 

34,457 

39,431,     2,367 

3,1S^ 

Argentine  Republic 

4,575 

4,372 

1,313 

951 

7,119 

3,00. 

169 

169 

645 

929 

Cisplatine  Republic 

2,073 

l'^'' 

433 

1,473 

3,112 

• 

170 

7,341 

8,336 1       570 

iffi 

Chili  ■ 

6,048 

6,944 

• 

- 

4,266 

6,235 

• 

4,571 

8,683'  -      - 

W 

Peru  . 

- 

M21 

• 

• 

196 

1,674 

• 

. 

1,019 

\ 

South  America,    «ne- 

1 

rally 

418 

800 

• 

• 

197 

11" 

• 

1,612 

China 

16,160 

3,793 

• 

• 

11,821 

7,314 

■ 

. 

7,392 

6,419 

i 

Europe,  ^enerallJ^ 

■ 

1,015 

- 

250 

219 

. 

141 

,3!K)    .       - 

636, 

Asia,  generally 

2,084 

2.2M 

321 

- 

'  1,345 

707 

. 

'2,367 

4,320        369 

Africa,  generally 

6,307 

6,632 

1,121 

641 

4,939 

6,925 

405 

611 

6,538 

6,870    -       . 

I.* 

West  Indies,  generally  ■ 

11,801 

80 

6,851 

. 

13,908 

. 

4,38S 

374 

16,279   -      - 

3;i9i 

South  Sell  and  Sand- 

wich Islands 

63,902 

61,978 

- 

. 

50,5'iO 

66,396 

. 

, 

65,951 

38.3,19        302 

Australasia 

274 

637 

■ 

• 

824 

620 

. 

. 

772 

1,033 

Northwest     Coaat     of 

America 

• 

246 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

1,601 

107' 

Atlantic  Ocean 

• 

. 

7,092 

1,193 

1 

Uncertain  placet 
Total 

"2,645 

"     - 

2  is 

,  . 

1,101 

• 

-       • 

-     • 

279' 

1 

1,299,720 

1,266,622 

765,703  756,292 

1,302,974 

1,408,761 

592,110 

1 604,166 

1 

1,491,479 

1,477,928  621,814 

6II,S3!; 

ii 


'i  Vi,:<i  Tr^< 


SHIPS. 


483 


/'ma  from,  ami  (Icpnninu  in 
Bii.bcr,  1H:i7,  1S38.  ami  IH3y. 


183iJ-ll-39. 


American 
TfiimigB. 


I  Entered       ,„,,„ 
I      Ihc 


the 
I'uiU'.l 
Sules.  I    jjijies. 


Forci'u 

1 

Kntorei;'^'""-' 
fi.il.'l    ,."" ; 
SUles.  ■ 


SlaU'S. 


Tonnage. 


8,5t0 
816 
71)7 

7ra 
wms , 

11,612 

4,0211 
6.1^3- 

t,2n 

269,4fi6 
2,;P.l 
1,3H2 
13,V6l 

l,SG9l 

I       10.5^7 

70,74n 

1        4,1M 

6,431 


iio.owi 

10,211 
D.O-u' 

■iaj 


23,GM 
1.171 


33,156 
Ib.lOS 


2,2-» 
924 


334,121 1   395,606 1  332,011: 

4.892!   3';,74| 
88,5191    14,5!;' 


7,039 
21,3i2 
2,843 

22.f00 
6,749 


9,2S6 

24,3V3 

2,305 

21,031 
15,129 


Sn,")! 


13.028' 
l.Uil 
2,0:7 

1C2 

1,016 
3,7S0 


2,703 

305 


I  2.725 
397 

1,917 


1,601 
169 
170 


141 


611 
I  4,385 


4,4?0 
3,381 


44- 
17.409! 
38,^41 

741 

4.976 
2,186. 
34,4571 
645 
7.341 
4,671 


1,012 

7,392 

"  2,367 

6,538 

374 

65,951 
772 


3,089 
2,232 


17,816! 
4S,a03i 

471 1 

9.24r 
1,262 

39,131 1 

929, 

8,136! 

8.683' 

1,019 


6,419 

590    ■ 
4,320 
6,870 
16,279 

38,339 
1,053 


I,1W  1 

s,ok: 


2,671; 


I,*; 


l.w  I 

1.367. 
3,l»i| 


570 


63i|| 


302 


1,601| 


Biatement  exhlhititiR  the  Number,  Tonnage,  Crews,  and  National  Character  of  the  Foreign  Vessels 
(liiit  iHitureil  into,  and  cleared  from,  tlie  United  tjtale!>,  during  the  Year  ending  on  the  30th  i^ep- 
teiiihcr,  \xM. 


felW;F9  1,477,928  624,814,6n,Wl 


Flag. 


Bnliili 
frcicll 

vvvcdi^h 
|)»iii«h 
llijlch 
!|i„»e,ilic    • 

I'orliU"""  • 
Puwian 

iiciliM 
Genoese 
Sir  iiii'"'     • 
>'isi|jnliUn  • 
Tu'can 
Aujiiijn 
Btljun 
j;„rive^iali  • 
Bfjrili^in     • 
.Meiirin      • 
Teian         • 
yew  Gr«tiaaian 
OiloniMan  • 
\Viie7iielail  • 
HJVlieli        - 
tnrejislerw 

Total 


Cleared. 


No. 

Tons. 

Crows. 

No. 

.Men. 

B  js. 

3,534 

4(r).3.Vl 

27.74  1 

7il 

3,500 

'•11 

22,bS6 

I,1S4 

U 

92 

102 

iD.iOl 

1,0S9 

7 

5.0 

64 

17,72-. 

7)2 

14 

66 

28 

5,053 

1,8  J 

6 

28 

19 

3,.1S4 

177 

4 

17 

139 

41.139 

l,8'i4 

17 

132 

7 

l,0n9 

64 

3 

6 

8 

2,788 

119 

3 

8 

2,2114 

88 

4 

5 

17 

3,6 18 
340 

197 

8 

18 

2 

24 

. 

1 

3 

621 

38 

1 

1 

2 

461 

20 

2 

2 

71S 

32 

2 

6 

1,662 

63 

. 

7 

6 

1,143 

52 

3 

S 

3 

739 

36     .     ■       . 

2 

3 

433 

28 

. 

1 

17 

1,462 

143 

• 

16 

18 

995 

94 

. 

16 

5 

923 

12 

. 

5 

6 

1,142 

54 

2 

■1 

3 

455 

28 

. 

7 

6 

1,004 

42 

. 

6 

6 

1,313 

68 

4 

Tons. 


Crews, 


491,481 

21.6-0 

13,753 

18,787 

4.719 

3,211 

38,1167 

81.8 

I, '2' 4 

1,213 

4,000 

219 

|i-3 

455 

748 

2,173 

1,145 

3>J 

140 

l,3C0 

844 

922 

800 

1,074 

961 

9:0 


Men. 

2c,ll,9 

1,1IS 

964 

-M 

277 

1^7 

1,759 

62 

61 

60 

226 

12 

12 

22 

32 

99 

61 

19 

12 

140 

78 

46 

39 

69 

53 

41 


4,105 


62J,8I4 


34,277 


834 


61I,S39 


31,3S9 


Iliijs. 

~l27 
20 

6 
10 

4 

2 
16 

2 


493 


Am.  Ed.] 

SHIPS'  PAPERS,  the  papers  or  documents  required  for  the  manifi-stalion  of  the  property 
of  ihe  sliip  and  cargo,  &c.  They  are  of  2  sorts;  viz.  1st,  those  required  hy  the  hiw  of  a  par- 
ticular country — as  the  certificate  of  registry,  licence,  charterparty,  bills  of  lading,  bill  of  health, 
4(.,_(see  those  titles) — required  by  the  law  of  England  to  be  on  board  British  ships;  and, 
2dlY,  those  required  by  the  law  of  nations  to  be  on  board  neutral  ships,  to  vindicate  their 
title  to  that  character.  Mr.  Serjeant  Marshall,  following  M.  Ilubncr  (De  la  Saisic  des  Biiti- 
mens  Nculre.t,  torn.  i.  pp.  241 — 252.),  has  given  the  following  description  of  the  latter  class 
of  documents : 

1.  T/ie  Passport,  Sea  Brief,  or  Sea  Letter. — This  is  a  permission  from  the  neutral  state 
to  the  captain  or  master  of  the  ship,  to  proceed  on  the  voyage  proposed,  and  usually  contains 
his  name  and  residence ;  the  name,  property,  description,  tonnage,  and  drstination  of  the 
ship;  the  nature  and  quantity  of  the  cargo,  the  place  whence  it  comes,  and  its  destination  ; 
with  such  other  matters  as  the  practice  of  the  place  requires.  This  document  is  indis[)cnsably 
necessary  for  the  safety  of  every  neutral  ship.  Hubner  says,  that  it  is  the  only  paper  rigor- 
ouslv  insisted  on  by  the  Barbary  corsairs ;  by  the  production  of  which  alone  their  friends  are 
protected  from  insult. 

2.  The  Pronfi  of  Properti/. — These  ought  to  show  that  the  ship  really  belongs  to  the 
subjects  of  a  neutral  state.  If  she  appear  to  either  belligerent  to  have  been  built  in  the  enemy's 
country,  proof  is  generally  required  that  she  was  purchased  by  the  neutral  before,  or  captured 
ami  legally  condemned  and  sold  to  the  neutral  after,  the  declaration  of  war  ;  and  in  the  latter 
case  the  bill  of  sale,  properly  authenticated,  ought  to  he  produced.  M.  Hubner  admits  that 
these  proofs  are  so  essential  to  every  neutral  vessel,  for  the  prevention  of  frauds,  that  such  as 
sail  without  them  have  no  reason  to  complain  if  they  be  interrupted  in  their  voyages,  and  their 
neutrality  disputed. 

3.  T/ie  Muster  litill, — This,  which  the  French  call  role  d\'f]uip(vj;c,  contains  the  names, 
ajes,  quality,  place  of  residence,  and,  above  all,  Ihe  place  nf  birth,  of  every  person  of  the 
ship's  company.  The  document  is  of  great  use  in  ascertaining  a  ship's  neutrality.  It  must 
naturally  excite  a  strong  suspicion,  if  the  majority  of  the  ciow  be  found  to  consist  of  foreign- 
ers; still  more,  if  they  be  natives  of  the  enemy's  country. — (Sec  Skamkx.) 

4.  T!ie  Charterpartf/. — Whi're  the  ship  is  chartered,  this  instrument  serves  to  authenticate 
many  nf  the  facts  on  which  the  truth  of  her  neutrality  must  rest,  and  should  therefore  be 
always  t'ounil  on  board,  chartered  ships. 

.5.  Tiic  Bills  of  Lading. — By  these  the  captain  acknowledges  tlin  receipt  of  the  goods 
speciiieil  therein,  and  promises  to  deliver  them  to  the  consignee  or  his  order.  Of  these  there 
arc  usually  several  duplicates  ;  one  of  which  U  ki'pt  by  the  captain,  one  by  the  shipper  of  the 
goods,  and  one  transmitted  to  the  consignee,  'i'his  instrument,  being  only  the  evidence  of  a 
private  transaction  between  the  owner  of  the  goods  and  the  captain,  does  not  carry  with  it  the 
same  degree  of  authenticity  as  the  charterparty. 

TItp  Inroices. — These  contain  the  particulars  and  prices  of  each  parcel  of  goods,  with  the 
amount  of  the  freight,  duties,  and  other  charges  thereon,  which  are  usually  transmitted  from 
llie  shippers  to  their  factors  or  conaigiiees.  These  invoices  prove  by  whom  the  goods  were 
fhippi'd,  and  to  whom  consigned.  They  carry  with  them,  however,  but  little  authenticity, 
being  easily  fabricated  where  fraud  is  inlendcd. 


484 


SHOES— SIERRA  LEONE. 


-m 


K   1 


r 


■■  '"111 


7.  T^e  Logf  Book,  or  Ship's  Journal. — This  contains  a  minute  account  of  the  ship'g 
course,  with  a  short  history  of  every  occurrence  during  the  voyage.  If  this  be  faithfully  kept, 
it  will  throw  great  light  on  the  question  of  neutrality ;  if  it  be  in  any  respect  fabricated,  tlie 
fraud  may  in  general  be  easily  detected. 

8.  The  Bill  of  Health. — This  is  a  certificate,  properly  authenticated,  that  the  ship  comes 
from  a  place  where  no  contagious  distemper  i)revail9 ;  and  that  none  of  the  crew,  at  the  time 
of  her  departure,  were  infected  with  any  such  disorder.  It  is  generally  found  on  hoard 
ships  coming  from  the  Levant,  or  from  the  coast  of  Barbary,  where  the  plague  so  frequciuly 
prevails. 

A  ship  using  false  or  simulated  papers  is  liable  to  confiscation. — {Marshall  on  Insurance, 
book  i.  c.  9.  §  6.) 

SHOES  (Du.  Schoenen ;  Fr.  Sotiliers  ,•  Gcr.  Schtihe  ,•  It.  Scnrpe ,-  Rus.  Baxchmnla; 
Sp.  Ztipatoa),  articles  of  clothing  that  are  universally  worn,  and  re(iuire  no  desrripii,,!,. 
The  shoe  manufacture  is  of  great  value  and  importance.  The  finest  sort  of  shoes  ia  rnutlein 
London  ;  but  the  manufacture  is  carried  on  upon  the  largest  scale  in  Northamptonshire  and 
Staffordshire.  The  London  warehouses  derive  considerable  supplies  from  Nantwicli,  Con. 
gleton,  and  Sandbach.  in  Cheshire.  During  the  late  war,  the  contractor  for  shoes  gpncrallv 
furnishud  about  600,000  pairs  annually. — (For  an  estimate  of  the  value  of  the  shoes  an. 
nually  manufactured  in  Britain,  see  Lkathkh.) 

SHUiMAC  OK  SUMACH  (Ger.  Schmack,  Sumach  ,-  Fr.  Sumac,  Rmire,  Rnux  ,•  It.  Sim. 
macn ;  Sp.  Zumaque  !  Rus.  Sumak).  Common  shumac  (Rhus  Corinria)  is  a  shriil)  that 
grows  naturally  in  Syria,  Palestine,  Spain,  and  Portugal.  That  which  is  cultivated  in  It;ilv, 
and  is  improperly  called  yountr  fustic,  is  tlie  Rhus  Colinus.  It  is  cultivated  with  i.ieJt 
care :  its  shoots  are  cut  down  every  year  quite  to  the  root ;  and,  after  being  dried,  thev  are 
chipped  or  reduced  to  powder  by  a  mill,  and  thus  prepared  for  the  purposes  of  dyeinir  i„|j 
tanning.  The  shumac  cultivated  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Montpellicr  is  c;dled  r^dnul  nr 
rouduu.  Shumac  may  be  considered  of  good  quality  when  its  odour  is  strong,  colour  of  a 
lively  green,  is  well  ground,  and  free  from  stalks.  Italian  shumac  is  used  in  dyeing  a  full 
high  yellow,  approaching  to  the  orange,  upon  wool  or  cloth  ;  but  the  colour  is  fugitive.  CDm. 
mon  shumac  is  useful  for  drab  and  dove  colours  in  calico  printing,  and  is  also  capai)lc  ol 
dyeing  black. — {Bancroft  on  Culotirs,  vol.  ii.  p.  100.) 

The  entries  of  shumac  for  home  consumption  amounted,  at  an  average  of  1832  and  1833,  to  13S,'2II 
cwt.  a  year.    The  imports  are  almost  entirely  from  Italy. 

Shumac,  the  produce  of  Europe,  may  not  be  imported  for  home  consumption  except  in  British  shins 
or  in  ships  of  the  country  of  which  it  is  the  produce,  or  from  which  it  is  im[H)rted,  under  peM.'iltv'ol 
confiscation,  and  forfeiture  of  100/.  by  the  master  of  the  ship.— (3  Sl  4  fVill.  i.  c.  54.  {{  2.  and  22.) " 

SIERRA  LEONE,  an  English  settlement,  near  the  month  of  the  river  of  the  same  name 
on  the  south-west  coast  of  Africa,  in  lat.  8°  30'  N.,  Ion.  13°  5'  W. 

Objects  if  the  Colony. — This  colony  was  founded  partly  as  a  commercial  estal)lishmenl, 
but  more  from  motives  of  humanity.  It  was  intended  to  consist  principally  of  free  blacks, 
who,  being  instructed  in  the  Christian  religion,  and  in  the  arts  of  Europe,  should  become,  as 
it  were,  a  focus  whence  civilization  might  be  difliused  among  the  surrounding  tribes.  .Alioui 
1.200  free  negroes,  who,  having  joined  the  royal  standard  in  the  American  war,  were  oMJired, 
at  tiie  termination  of  that  contest,  to  take  refuge  in  Nova  Scotia,  were  conveyed  thither  in 
1792  :  to  these  were  afterwards  added  the  Maroons  from  Jamaica ;  and,  since  the  lei^nl  alio- 
lition  of  the  slave  trade,  the  negroes  taken  in  the  captured  veasels,  and  liberated  by  the  mived 
cotnmission  courts,  have  been  carried  to  the  colony.  The  total  population  of  tlic  colony  in 
1831  amounted  to  31,627,  of  which  18,073  were  males,  and  13,554  females.  The  whites 
make  but  a  very  small  fraction  of  the  population. 

Success  of  the  Efforts  to  civilise  the  Blacks. — Great  efforts  have  been  made  to  intrmlucc 
order  and  industrious  habits  among  these  persons.  We  are  sorry,  however,  to  he  ohiiijed  lo 
add,  that  these  efforts,  though  prosecuted  at  an  enormous  expense  of  blood  and  treasure,  have 
been  signally  unsuccessful.  There  is,  no  doubt,  much  discrepancy  in  the  accounts  as  to  tlie 
progress  made  by  the  blacks.  It  is,  however,  suHiciently  clear,  that  it  has  been  very  iii'-on- 
siderable,  and  we  do  not  think  that  any  other  result  could  be  rationally  anticipated.  Their 
laziness  has  been  loudly  complained  of,  but  without  reason.  Men  are  not  indu.strious  without 
a  motive  ;  and  most  of  those  motives  that  stimulate  all  classes  in  colder  climates  to  enuaie 
in  laborious  employments,  are  unknown  to  the  indolent  inhabitants  of  this  burnini;  region, 
■where  clothing  is  of  little  importance,  where  sufficient  supplies  of  food  may  be  ol)t  lined  with 
comparatively  little  exertion,  and  where  more  than  half  the  necessaries  and  convenieiieesof 
Europeans  would  be  positive  incumbrances.  And  had  it  been  otherwi.se,  wh.at  priia;ress 
could  a  colony  be  expected  to  make,  into  which  there  are  annually  imported  thousandjof 
liberated  negroes,  most  of  whom  are  barl)arinns  in  the  lowest  stage  of  civilisation  ! 

Influence  of  the  Colony  upon  the  illicit  Slave  Ti-adf. — As  a  means  of  rheckini^  the  pre- 
valence of  the  illicit  slave  trade,  the  e.-itablishnient  of  a  colony  at  Sierni  Leone  li;is  been  wow 
than  useless.  That  trade  is  [irincipally  carried  on  with  the  countries  ronnd  the  higlil  of 
Bidfra  and  the  bight  of  Benin,  many  hundred  miles  distant  from  Sierra  Lcoue ;  aiul  tlie 


SIERRA.  LEONE. 


485 


;e  account  of  the  ship'g 
If  this  bo  faithfully  kept, 
ly  respect  fabricated,  the 

ated,  that  the  ship  comes 

e  of  the  crew,  at  the  time 

enerally  found  on  hoard 

the  plague  so  frequcptlv 

.(Marshall  on  Insurance, 

'firpe;  Rus.  Bnschiiink'i; 
(1  require  no  dcarriptiun. 
•st  sort  of  shoep  is  in;ule  in 
in  Northamptonahiri"  m\ 
lies  from  Naiitwicli,  Con. 
tractor  for  shoes  Roncmlly 
lie  value  of  the  shoes  an- 

jc.  Rnnre,  Rnux  ,•  It.  .Sim. 
I  Con'aria)  is  a  shruli  that 
fhich  is  cultivated  in  Italy, 
It  is  cultivated  willi  i^ie.it 
after  being  dried,  tlicv  are 
he  purposes  of  dyeiiii,'  and 
tpellier  is  called  r^flmil  or 
)dour  is  strong,  colour  of  a 
lac  is  used  in  dyeina;  a  full 
he  colour  is  fugitive.  Com- 
ing, and  is  also  capal)lc  ol 

ige  of  18.32  and  183.1,  to  I3S,'211 

imption  except  in  British  sliips 
I  is  impt'rted,  under  penalty  ol 
v'ui.  i-  c.  54.  ii  2.  and  22.) 

the  river  of  the  same  name 

commercial  establishment, 
<t  ()rincipalty  of  free  blacks, 
[■  Europe,  should  become,  as 
jsurrounding  tribes.    .Miom 

.merican  war,  w^re  olin!;ril, 

I  were  conveyed  thither  in 
and,  since  the  lei;al  alio- 
I,  and  liberated  by  themixeJ 
T)opulation  of  the  colony  in 

1,554  females.    The  whiles 

Ive  been  made  to  introduce 
y,  however,  to  be  obli^eil  lo 
I  of  blood  and  treasure,  have 
L?y  in  the  accounts  as  lo  liie 
liat  it  has  been  very  inron- 
tonally  anticii)atcd.    Tlioir 
■are  not  industrious  without 
I  colder  climates  to  m<BX 
rfits  of  this  burnint;  reiiinn, 
I  food  may  be  obt'.iined  wilh 
Isaries  and  conveiiiciircsof 
otherwise,  wb.at  pmstrrss 
Iilly  imported  thousamlsof 
Y  of  civilisation  1 
ucaiis  of  rhiickiii!?  the  pre- 
icrra  Leone  h:i^  lieeii  wor* 
iitries  round  the  l>i'-'lil  «f 
Ini  Sierra  Lcoue ;  ajul  the 


piortality  in  the  captured  .ships  during  their  voyage  to  the  latter  is  nfleti  verj-  great.  In  fact, 
ihere  is  but  one  way  of  putting  down  this  nefarious  truH'ie  ;  and  that  is,  by  the  great  powers 
Jocl-.iring  it  to  be  pirac;/,  and  treating  those  engaged  in  it,  wherever  and  by  whomsoever 
they  may  be  found,  a.s  sea  robbers  or  pirates.  Such  a  declaration  would  be  (piite  conforinablc 
to  the  spirit  of  the  declaration  put  forth  by  the  Congress  of  Vienna  in  1821. — (See  Slave 
Tii.ui'^:)  And  were  it  subscribed  by  England,  France,  the  I'niled  States,  Russia,  &e.,  the 
Spaniards  and  Portuguese  would  be  compelled  to  relimiuish  the  trade;  but  unless  stinietliing 
if  this  sort  be  done,  we  are  afraid  theie  are  but  slen<!er  grounds  for  thinking  that  humanity 
will  speedily  be  relieved  from  the  guilt  and  suffering  inseparable  from  the  trallic. 

Clitiiiik  (if  Sierra  hrnne. — The  soil  in  the  vicinity  of  Sierra  Leone  seems  to  bo  but  of 
inililferent  fertility,  and  the  climate  is  about  the  most  destructive  that  can  be  imagined,  'i'ho 
mortality  among  the  Africans  sent  to  it  seems  unusually  great;  and  amongst  the  whites  it 
is  quile  excessive.  Much  as  we  desire  the  improvement  of  the  blacks,  we  protest  against  its 
being  attempted  by  sending  our  countrymen  to  certain  destruction  in  this  most  pestiferous 
of  all  ])estiferous  places.  It  would  .seem,  too,  that  it  is  (piite  unneces.saiy,  and  that  instruetcd 
blacks  may  be  advantageously  employed  to  fill  the  official  situations  in  the  colony.  But  if 
otherwise,  it  ought  to  be  unconditionally  abandoned. 

CoiiDuerce  of  Sierra  Leone,  and  the  Went  Caast  <f  Africa, — Commercially  considered, 
i^icrra  Leone  appears  to  quite  as  little  advantage  as  in  other  jioints  of  view.  V\'e  im])ort 
from  it  teak  wood,  camwood,  ivory,  palm  oil,  hides,  gmn.*,  and  a  few  other  articles;  but 
their  value  is  inconsiderable,  amounting  to  not  more  than  from  40,000/.  to  60,000/.  a  year. 
The  great  article  of  import  from  the  coast  of  Africa  is  palm  oil,  and  of  thi.s  more  than  fifty 
limes  as  much  is  imported  from  the  coast  to  the  south  of  the  Kio  Volta,  several  hundred 
miles  from  Sierra  Leone,  as  from  the  latter.  We  doubt,  indeed,  whether  the  commerce  with 
the  western  coast  of  Africa  will  ever  be  of  much  importance.  The  condition  of  the  natives 
would  re(piire  to  be  very  much  changed  before  they  can  become  considerable  consumers  of 
European  manufactures.  It  is  singular,  that  speculative  persons  in  this  country  should  bo 
50  much  bent  on  prosecuting,  without  regard  to  expense,  a  trade  with  barbarous  uncivilised 
hordes,  while  they  contribute  to  the  neglect  or  oppression  of  the  incomparably  more  extensive 
ami  beneficial  intercourse  we  might  carry  on  wilh  the  opulent  and  civilised  nations  in  our 
immediate  vicinity.  The  equalisation  of  the  duties  on  Canadian  and  Baltic  timber,  and  the 
abolition  of  the  existing  restraints  on  the  trade  with  France,  would  do  10  times  more  to  ex- 
tend our  commerce,  than  the  discovery  of  50  navigable  rivers,  and  the  possession  of  as  many 
forls  on  the  African  coast.  If,  however,  an  establishment  be  really  required  for  the  advan- 
tageous prosecution  of  the  trade  to  Western  \frica,  it  is  abundantly  obvious  that  it  should 
be  placed  much  further  to  the  south  than  Sierra  Leone.  The  island  of  Fernando  Po  has 
been  suggested  for  this  purpose;  but  after  the  dear-bought  experience  we  have  already  had, it 
is  to  be  hoped  that  nothing  will  be  done  with  respect  to  it  without  mature  consideration. 

I. Imports  into  the  United  Kingdom  in  IWO  from  tlie  Western  Coast  of  Africa,  distinguishing  their 

Quantilies  and  Values. 


m 


Quautitie.1  imported.                                                        Olficial  Value  of  Imports.                              1 

Aitidei  imported. 

Siern  I.eone, 

Itie  River 
GatnliiA,  and 

Ilii'Co.'wt 

between  the 

Ganil'ia 

and  tlie 

Mesumd.!. 

Wif.d- 

want 

Coiht, 
from  the 
River  Me- 
surada  to 

Cape 
Apollonia. 

Cftl'e  Cn.as' 
Castle  and 
ll>e  GiiM 
Ci  ast,  from 

C.pe 
ApoHonia 

In  llie 
Rio  Vulla. 

Coajl  South- 
ivanlofihe 
R  0  Vnlla, 
wi  h  the  Is- 
land of  Ter- 
Daudo  I'o. 

Sierra  l.onne, 

the  River 
Ganihii,  and 

the  Coast 

between  the 

Gambia 

and  the 

Meaurada. 

Wind- 

wanl 

Coast. 

from  the 

River 

Mesurada 

to  Ca|>e 

Ap^lli  nia. 

Cape  Coast 
CaMleand 
the  Gold 
"oast,  from 
Cape  April 
Ionia  10  'he 
Kio  Volta. 

Coast 
Southward 
of  the  Rio 
Volta,  with 
the  Island 

of  Fer- 
nando Fo. 

Total. 

'Coffw  ■         •        ths 
Dye  and  liard  woods, 

1    VIZ.— 

Birwood 

tontf  cwt.  qr.  lb 
Cam  »  00 1 
'        I'm, cwt. qr.  lb. 
■  Ebony 

j        (  lit,  cwt.  qr.  lb 
1  Rtdor  (niiiiea  wood 
'        to',1,  fit-r  qr.  lb. 
Elefhim'stficth 

not.  qr.  11. 
.Cininsduinca    •    Ibt. 
'Gum,  cn|al          •    U-it 
i  Senegil    cwt.  qr.  lb. 
[Hidei,uii'aiiri'd 

act.  qr.  lb. 
Oi'.pjim    cwt  qr.lb. 
Skiu,  calf  ami  kip 

civt,  qr.  lb 
Titntff,  viz.— 
TcAkwood 

loadtl^  feet 
Wu,be«'cuj(.qr.«. 
Oiher»rticle« 

ojjidal  value 

1,327 
103    4    1    3 

318    2    24 

9.007 

12,576 
2,587     1     6 

3.6^6    2  25 
2,9J3    1  15 

827    1  21 

16.015  26 
4,510    1  19 

400    o"o 
0    3    6 

638    .•»    6 

5,302 
56j 

7,001  2   18 

6,766 

246  15  2  13 
15  18  0  19 
12    4  2  20 

3    1  3  15 
1,233    2  22 

'  423  ' 

169,556  3  7 
64    2    0 

/..     ». 
82  18 

825  14 

1,912    S 
131    7 
524    0 

5,493    0 

11,101  12 
2,963    7 

2,606    8 

10,207  15 
21,436  II 

767  12 

L.    ». 

400    6 
2  10 

1    5 

403  15 

L.     J. 

3,820  16 
77    6 
23  11 

-',001  13 

464    4 
11,387  12 

/..     .. 
4i2   17 

9,871     4 
127     6 
201    17 
123    15 

7,432     3 
17   12 

169,5iSI   16 

"aC6'7 
614     3 

L.     .. 

5.i5  16 

9,871    4 

952  19 

201  17 

12J  15 

13,'6i    6 

208  13 

665    3 

6,493    0 

11,101  12 
1-9,'.'21  17 

2,603  19 

10,207  15 
2I,7»2  19 

1,847    B 

58,107  15 

188,674     3 

258,573    6 

2s2 

486 


SIERRA  LEONE. 


II.  Export*  of  Britlih  Produce  unci  Mn nii furl ii res  from  the  United  KinRdom,  In  1829,  to  the  Woslcrn 
Coast  of  Africa,  (listinijuiiiliinf;  tlieir  Uiiniitities  ami  Valiicx. 


cr 

>«■ 

%»'>**' 

:1^ 

jlgBiV 

'  '.« 

W 

«»• 

re 

••• 

1 

> 

«wi-< 

3 

a«>^ 

i^-11 


.«•« 

•re 

■  '■■. 

««.. 

..rvM* 

IK?* 

••,r"i» 

■»** 

»n*l|| 

tl^-- 

■r 

w . 

'      lif 

,»«- 

i" 

4**^ 

•icr 

..!'-'ii.*'r 

I 


'■■■   .  i:v>>-*- 


Qumlitin 

riported. 

OSIcitl  Value  of  Ei|iorti.                          i 

Sierra  I-eonc, 

Wind- 

Cape  Coait 

Sierra  l^enne. 

Wind      !r™rm.. 

Cmft 

(he  Hiver 

war.1 

CaMleand 

Com  Sou'h- 

the  River 

wanl 

f  n«t  ll>  .111(1 

*^tiittivvnrtl 

Articlei  eiported. 

Gambia,  and 

Cont, 

Ihe  (iohl 

want  (if  Ihe 

Oaiiihii,  ami 

Coail, 

^  tilt  1  V.  4IIIU 

the  Gold 

.^.•11, 11. 1..,. 
nf  the  Itio 

thcCoa-it 

from  the 

Cia^t,  fnim 

K>0  V.illi, 

Ihe  Coast 

rmni  Ihe 

C'laati  f  n*ii> 

Voll.t.  with 

Total. 

between  the 

K'ViT  Me- 

Cape 

with  the  1*' 

helweeii  the 

River 

Cape  A|Mil 
Iniiia  Itt  (he 

the  ivtand 

(ianiliia 

silnrla  to 

AiKtUonia 

laiiit  i>r  Ter- 

(Unihla 

Mesuraija 

of  Ker- 

' 

and  (he 

A{)ollc)nia. 

ti)  Ihe 

nanilo  Po. 

and  Ihe 

to  Cape 

Hjo  VolLi. 

nando  Po. 

MeKurada. 

Kin  Viilla. 

Mwuiaila. 

Apolliiiiia, 

JVI1  f      ■  »*l  •'•• 

L.     f. 

I..    $. 

/..  1. 

/,.   .. 

X~7 

Apparel  and  slnpi 

■ 

. 

• 

7,172  14 

10    0 

670    2 

1,333  16 

9,186  II 

Bram  ami  copprr 

ciy(.  t/r,  lb. 

32S    2    0 

10    0    0 

77    2    0 

242    0    7 

1,637    9 

45    0 

360    7 

l,:62  10 

3,205  6 

Cottons,  entered  by  Ihe 
yani,                 yardi 
Ilosiery,    lace,    and 

558,187 

119,484 

651,908 

631,361 

41,501  IS 

6,961    6 

40,049    6 

61,068    9 

141,581    1 

siimII  war' I 

. 

• 

■ 

218  15 

• 

• 

• 

2I«  i; 

Ola:-^  anit  t-arl  hen  ware 

, 

. 

. 

. 

878  II 

13  15 

139    7 

931     0 

1,962  It 

Gunn  a  d  pialola       So. 

21.151 

2,<M)0 

I4.SSS 

37,9->5 

15.783    5 

2,220    0 

I0,93S  15 

28,468    5 

S^Ws  5 

Gunmwder         •    lln. 
Hamvvare  and  cullerv 

3i7,601 

2i,000 

23J,400 

I,54a,3!i0 

10,802  12 

736    4 

0,960    0 

4I),S03    6 

C>,3il    > 

cwt.  or.  lb. 
Iron,  wmiifrhl  and  uu- 

420    0    0 

2    0    0 

43    2    0 

1,194  2  20 

1,157     1 

6  10 

119  12 

3,285    7 

4,567  11 

w  roil  4  lit 

f'lfir,  cwt.qr.  lb. 

627  18  0  17 

20000 

151  8  2  6 

1,157  12  00 

8,647  16 

210    0 

2,220    3 

11,684  16 

22,762  u 

Ijead  and  shot 

tdHSt  cwt.  qr  lb. 

8    32    0 

4  7  00 

3530  0 

4    6  00 

85  16 

47  13 

309    1 

45    8 

6-18  C 

I*eather,  wrought  and 

wrought    • 

. 

. 

■ 

. 

772  19 

• 

174    3 

. 

917  S 

Linens             •     yards 

36.102 

3,918 

i,K53 

1,736  17 

. 

178    0 

79  10 

I.W)4  ■ 

Salt      •           •  btuhei* 
Soap  and  candles 

nvt.  qr.  Ih. 

38,440 

• 

• 

141,700 

1,279  16 

• 

■ 

4,723    6 

fi.OUi  } 

500    3  21 

, 

20    226 

270    0  16 

1,795  16 

, 

68    4 

810    8 

2,675  « 

Stationery  of  all  sorts  - 

• 

- 

• 

958    9 

- 

44  10 

- 

lil»2  1> 

Sugar,  refined 

i 

cwt.  qr,  lb. 

199    1    2 

. 

14    3  22 

261    3    3 

690  II 

. 

41    2 

478    14 

1,110  7, 

Swonis  and  cutlaut's 

No. 

16,193 

. 

400 

12,162 

4,048    6 

- 

ICO    0 

3,OtO  10 

7,I8S  13! 

Wood,  viz.- 

Staves  and  casks 

vacki 
Wo'llens,  entcrfii  hy 

170 

200 

1,295 

10,747 

113    6 

60    0 

756  13 

7,164  13 

^084  13 

the  piece         piacts 

196 

3 

228 

40 

934    3 

13  10 

435    0 

ISO    0 

1,552  13 

by  Iheyird,  ijanls 

8U0 

. 

60 

660 

53  10 

. 

5    0 

48  13 

107  j 

Hosiery     and     smalt 

wares 

. 

. 

. 

> 

161  19 

3    0 

66    6 

1,323  10 

l,5>t  1; 

All  other  articles 

7,'.a)  19 

133    4      2,0!I5    2 

l,5t-8    7 

M,377  13 

I07,8K2  13 

12,46S    3     6->,791   IS     164,21'*  II 

3V),3«I   ; 

Exclusive  of  the  above,  we  exported,  in  1829,  to  the  western  coa.st  of  Africa,  1G1,'I,31/, 
worth  of  foreign  and  colonial  merchandise ;  of  this  amount,  43,550/.  worth  went  to  the  coast 
south  of  the  Rio  Volta. 

Expenses  incurred  on  account  of  Sierra  Leone. — The  pecuniary  expense  occasioned  hy 
this  colony,  and  our  unsuccessful  efforts  to  suppress  the  foreijjfn  slave  trade,  hsvc  been 
altogether  enormous.  Mr.  Keith  Douglas  is  reported  to  havestated,  in  his  place  in  the  House 
of  Commons,  in  July,  1831,  that  "down  to  the  year  188t,  the  c/w7exj)ensps  of  Sierra  Leone 
amounted  to  2,208,000/.;  and  that  the  same  expenses  had  amounted,  from  1821  to  1830,  to 
1,082,000/.  The  naval  expenses,  from  1807  to  1824,  had  been  1,B30,000/.  The  payment 
to  Spain  and  Portugal,  to  induce  them  to  relinquish  the  slave  trade,  amounted  to  1, '.230,000/, 
The  expenses  on  account  of  captured  slaves  were  533,092/.  The  expenses  incurred  on  ac- 
count of  the  mixed  commission  courts  were  198,000/.  Altogether,  this  establishment  hail 
cost  the  country  nearly  8,000,000/, 

The  prodigality  of  this  expenditure  is  unmatched,  except  by  its  uselcssness.  It  is  doubt- 
ful whether  it  has  prevented  a  single  African  from  being  dragged  into  slavery,  or  conferred 
the  smallest  real  advantage  on  Africa.  The  kings  of  Spain  and  Portugal  have  certainly 
turned  their  spurious  humanity  to  pretty  good  account.  We  hope  there  is  now,  at  least,  iin 
end  of  all  attempts  to  bribe  such  monarchs  to  respect  the  rights  of  humanity,  or  the  treaties 
into  which  they  have  entered. 

For  further  deaths  with  respect  to  Sierra  Leone,  and  the  trade  of  Western  Africa,  see  the 
Report  of  the  Select  Committee  of  the  House  of  Commons,  No.  06 1.  Sess.  1830. 

SILK  (Lat.  Sericum,  from  >Stercs,  the  supposed  ancient  name  of  the  Chiticse),  a  fine  glossy 
thread  or  filament  spun  by  various  species  of  caterpillars  or  larva;  of  the  phalrna  genus,  Of 
these,  the  Phalmna  atlas  produces  the  greatest  quantity :  but  the  Phulaena  boinhijx  is  that 
commonly  employed  for  this  purpose  in  Europe.  The  silkworm,  in  its  caterpillar  state,  which 
may  be  considered  as  the  first  stage  of  its  existence,  after  acquiring  its  full  growth  (about  3 
inches  in  length),  proceeds  to  enclose  itself  in  an  oval-shaped  ball,  or  cocoon,  which  is  forni' 
ed  by  an  exceedingly  slender  and  long  filament  of  fine  yellow  silk,  emitted  from  the  stomach 
of  the  insect  preparatory  to  its  assuming  the  shape  of  the  chrysalis  or  moth.  In  this  latter 
stage,  after  emancipating  itself  from  its  silken  prison,  it  seeks  its  mate,  which  has  undergone 
a  similar  transformation  ;  and  in  2  or  3  days  afterwards,  the  female  having  deposited  hereggs 
(from  300  to  500  in  number),  both  insects  terminate  their  existence.  According  to  Roaa- 
mur,  the  phulaena  is  not  the  only  insect  that  affords  this  material, — several  species  of  the 
aranea,  or  spider,  enclose  their  eggs  in  very  fine  silk. 

Raw  Silk  is  produced  by  the  operation  of  winding  off,  at  the  same  time,  several  of  the  j 


SILK. 


487 


om.  In  1829,  to  the  Western 
Values.  

il  V»lu«  ot  Eiimrti. 


lc»P«Co"l       im**   ,1 

I  Cattle  anil   Soullnvar.1 

the  Cii>ld     nf  the  Km 

'     C"asl,fnilii'VMlta.  wilh 
Cape  AiH.l  I  Ihe  l«l»i»l 

'     Bio  VolU.  1  iiauJn  ro. 


Tola], 


>•  i 
0 

L.    ». 

610    2 

1,333  19 

/..     1. 

9,i«e  II 

0 

360    7 

1,1©  10 

3,203  6 

6     40,019    6 

51,068    9 

141,561    1 

15     '  139    7 
0    10,D3S  iri 
4      0,960    0 

931    0 

2)>,466    5 
411,803    5 

21?  1) 
1,962  11 

r>7,i(iH  i 

10         119  12 

3,285    7 

4,567  11 

0 

2,220    3 

11,684  IS 

22,762  U 

13 

369    1 

45    S 

649  0 

■ 

174    3 
178    0 

•  1     !»n  s 

79  10      1«  • 
4,723    6      6,0W  J 

69    4 
44  10 

810    8      2,675  » 

. 

41    2 

478    U'^     1,110  T. 

• 

ICO    0 

3,040  10      7,1SS  lii 
1 

0    0 

756  13 

1 
7,164  13^    S,OM  13 

3  10 

435    0 
5    0 

180    0      l.WiiS 
48  15         10-  5 

3    0  :        66    6 
j3    4      2,0fl3    2 

1,323  10!     I.Vvlli 
1,,W8    7     : 1,3:7  1) 

68    3     6-.,79l   18     164.22S^n   3V1,36I   7 

m  coast  of  Africa,  101,431/, 
550/.  worth  went  to  the  coast 


liary  expense  occasioned  liy 

f,.ijrn  slave  trade,  have  been 

ted,  in  his  place  in  the  Hou»e 

'ivil  expenses  of  Sierra  Leone 

anted,  from  1821  to  1830,  to 

1,(V30,000/.    The  payments 

ade, amounted  to  l,'i30,OflO/, 

he  expenses  incurred  on  ac- 

her,  this  cstahlishmcnl  hail 

its  uselcssness.  It  is  doubt- 
;ed  into  slavery,  or  conferred 
,nd  Portugal  have  certainly 
ope  there  is  now,  at  least,  an 
of  humanity,  or  the  treaties 

)  of  Western  Africa,  sec  the 
061.  Sess.  1830. 
ifthe  Chinese),  a  fine  glossy 
1  ofthe/)/i"/<T>?ascnu3.    Of 
lie  yhalxna  bomhijx  is  that 
T  in  its  caterpillar  state,  which 
ling  its  full  growth  (about  3 
111,  or  cocoon,  which  is  form- 
Ilk,  emitted  from  the  stomach 
lalisor  moth.    In  this  latter 
\  mate,  which  has  undergone 
ale  having  deposited  her  eggs 
Itencc.     According  to  Reaa- 
Irial,— several  species  of  the 

L  same  time,  several  of  the 


bjillrt  or  cocooil^  (which  are  immersed  in  hot  water,  to  soften  the  nafiira!  gum  on  the  fila- 
ment) oil  a  common  red,  thcreliy  forjiiing  one  smooth  even  thread.  Wlun  the  skein  is  dry, 
It  is  taken  from  the  reel  and  make  up  into  hanks;  hut  liefore  it  ir*  lit  for  vvcaviiii;,  and  in 
order  to  cnahlc  it  to  undergo  the  process  of  dyeing,  without  furring  up  or  separating  the  lihres, 
Il  is  converted  into  one  of  three  forms ;  viz.  sin!j;/es,  tram,  or  orifunziiif. 

aiiiiilea  (a  collective  noun)  is  formed  of  one  of  the  reeled  threads,  heing  twisted,  in  order 
to  give  it  strength  and  iirmncss. 

Tram  is  formed  of  'i  or  more  threads  twisted  together.  In  this  state  it  is  commonly  used 
inweaving,  as  the  shuut  or  irfft. 

Thrown  Silk  is  formed  of  "Z,  3,  or  more  singles,  according  to  the  substance  required,  heing 
twisted  together  in  a  ciintrari/  direction  to  that  in  which  the  singles  of  wiiich  it  is  composed 
jri'  twisted.  This  process  is  termed  organzining  ;  and  the  silk  so  twisted,  oririniziiic.  The 
art  of  throwing  was  originally  confined  to  Italy,  where  it  was  kept  a  secret  for  a  long  period. 
Stow  says  it  was  known  in  this  country  since  the  5th  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  "  when  it  was 
gained  from  the  strangers;"  and  in  that  year  (1562),  the  silk  throwsters  of  the  imtropolis 
were  united  into  a  fellowship.  They  were  incorporated  in  the  year  1039  ;  but  the  art  con- 
tinued to  be  very  imperfect  in  England  until  1719.— (Hce/ws/.) 

1,  Historical  Ski  tch  of  the  Munufaclure. — The  art  of  rearing  silkworms,  of  unravelling 
the  threads  spun  by  them,  and  manufacturing  the  latter  into  articles  of  dress  and  ornament, 
seems  to  have  been   first  practised  by  the  Chinese.     Virgil  is  the  earliest  of  the  Roman 
writers  who  has  been  supposed  to  allude  to  the  production  of  silk  in  ('hina,  and  the  terms  he 
emiiloys  show  how  little  was  then  known  at  Koine  as  to  the  real  nature  of  the  article : — 
Velleraqao  ut  foliis  depectant  teniiia  Seres.— (Ocor^.  bnolt  ii.  tin.  121.) 
But  it  may  be  doubted  whether  Virgil  does  not,  in  this  line,  refer  to  cotton  rather  than  silk, 
Pliny,  however,  has  distinctly  described  the  formation  of  silk  by  the  bomlii/x. — {Hint.  Nat. 
lib.  .xi.  c.  17.)     It  is  uncertain  when  it  first  began  to  be  introduced  at  Koine  :  but  it  was  most 
probably  in  the  age  of  Pompey  and  Julius  Cscsar;  the  latter  of  whom  displayed  a  profusion 
of  silks  in  some  of  the  magnificent  theatrical  spectacles  with  which  he  sought  at  once  to  con- 
ciliate and  amuse  the  people.     Owing  principnlly,  no  doubt,  to  the  great  dintance  of  China 
from  Rome,  and  to  the  difficulties  in  the  way  of  the  intercourse  with  that  country,  which  was 
carried  on  by  land  in  caravans  whose  route  lay  through  the  Persian  empire,  and  partly,  per- 
haps, to  the  high  price  of  silk  in  China,  its  cost,  when  it  arrived  at  Rome,  was  very  great; 
so  niaih  so,  that  a  given  weight  of  silk  was  sometimes  sold  for  an  equal  weight  of  gold  !     At 
first  it  was  only  used  by  a  few  ladies  eminent  for  their  rank  and  opulence.     In  the  beginning 
of  the  reign  of  Tiberius,  a  law  was  passed,  ne  vcsti.s  scrim  viros  fmliret — that  no  man 
should  disgrace  himself  hy  wearing  a  silken  garment. — {Tacit.  Annal.  lib.  ii.  c.  S.*?.)     But 
the  prolligate  Heliogabalus  despised  this  law,  and  was  the  first  of  the  Roman  emperors  who 
wore  a  dress  composed  wholly  of  silk  (/lotosericttm).     'i'he  example  once  set,  the  custom  of 
wearing  silk  soon  became  general  among  the  wealthy  citizens  of  Rome,  and  throughout  the 
provinces.     According  as  the  demand  for  the  article  increased,  eflbrts  were  made  to  Import 
larger  quantities  ;  and  the  price  seems  to  have  progressively  declined  from  the  reign  of  Aure- 
lian.  That  this  must  have  been  the  case,  is  obvious  from  the  statement  of  Ammianus  Marcel- 
linus,  that  silk  was,  in  his  time  (anno  370),  very  generally  worn,  even  by  the  lowest  classes. 
Sericum  ad  ustim  antckac  nobilium,  nunc  ctium  injimorum  sine  ulla  discretione proficiens. 
—(Lib.  xviii.  c.  6.) 

China  continued  to  draw  considerable  sums  from  the  Roman  empire  in  return  for  silk,  now 
become  indispensable  to  the  Western  World,  till  the  Gth  century.  Abont  the  year  550,  two 
Persian  monks,  who  had  long  resided  in  China,  and  made  themselves  acquainted  with  the 
mode  of  rearing  the  silkworm,  encouraged  by  the  gifts  and  promises  of  Justinian,  succeeded 
in  carrying  the  eggs  of  the  insect  to  Constantinople.  Under  their  direction  they  were  hatched 
and  fed;  they  lived  and  laboured  in  a  foreign  climate;  a  sufficient  number  of  butterflies  was 
saved  to  propagate  the  race,  and  mulberry  trees  were  planted  to  aflbrd  nourishment  to  the 
rising  generations.  A  new  and  important  branch  of  industry  was  thus  established  in  Europe. 
Ei|)erience  and  reflection  gradually  corrected  the  errors  of  a  new  attempt;  and  the  Sogdoitc 
ambassadors  acknowledged,  in  the  succeeding  reign,  that  the  Romans  were  not  inferior  to  the 
natives  of  China  in  the  education  of  the  insects,  and  the  manufacture  of  silk. — {^Gibbon,  De- 
dint  and  Fall,  vol.  vii.  p.  99.) 

Greece,  particularly  the  Peloponnesus,  was  early  distinguished  by  the  rearing  of  silkworms, 
and  by  the  skill  and  success  with  which  the  inhabitants  of  Thebes,  Corinth,  and  Argos  carried 
on  the  manufacture.  Until  the  12th  century,  Greece  continued  to  be  the  only  European 
country  in  which  these  arts  were  practised :  but  the  forces  of  Roger,  king  of  Sicily,  having, 
in  1147,  sacked  Corinth,  Athens,  and  Thebes,  carried  oflT  large  numbers  of  the  inhabitants  to 
Palermo ;  who  introduced  the  culture  of  the  worm,  and  the  manufacture  of  silk,  into  Sicily. 
From  this  island  the  arts  spread  into  Italy ;  and  Venice,  Milan,  Florence,  Lucca,  &c.  were 
■oon  afler  distinguished  for  their  success  in  raising  silkworms,  and  for  the  extent  and  beauty 
of  their  manufactures  of  silk. — {Gibbon,  vol.  x.  p.  110.;  Biographic  Universelle,  art- 
%rJ7.) 


i»'. 


488 


SILK. 


^*"*  •ML 


Bi.  ,■• 

<fci,„,^* 

i,l- 

arr 

w'^ 

,-,»;*' 

^:: 

jj.:.i  ;r 

..I'J^in 

The  silk  mnniifarturo  was  intrcxliiroil  into  Frnncn  in  1480 ;  Loiiin  XT.  hnvirnr  iiivitp,! 
worktiicii  IroMi  ll.ily,  who  rstiil)li«luMl  ihcmHclvcH  iit  Tours.  The  niiiiiiirnrture  wax  iiii  |„.. 
gun  at  liVoria  till  nlniut  l.V^l);  wlicii  Friincin  I.,  hiiviiig  Rot  |ioHar»sioii  of  Milnn,  prfviiilcd,  i, 
some  iirtisiiiiH  of  tho  IntliT  city  to  rnliiliJiHh  thcinsclves,  under  hia  protection,  in  tlie  roriiicr, 
Neaily  ul  tiie  same  period  the  rearini?  of  Hilkworms  lieRan  to  he  KUCcesHfuily  proseciitid  |„ 
Provence,  and  oliior  provinces  ofllic  Houth  of  France.  Ifenry  I\'.  revvarded  Kuch  of  tiic.;it|v 
nmind'.iclurirs  as  had  Hupporlcd  and  iiiirsncd  tlie  trade  for  1 'J  years,  willi  patents  of  noliiliiy. 

Si/k  Mi'uificfnre  iif  iliti^laml. — The  niannficturo  seems  to  liave  been  introdiice,!  j.n,, 
Eiii;hind  in  llie  loth  century.  Wi!k  had,  iiowever,  l>een  used  l)y  persons  of  distinction  i^o 
centuries  previously.  'J"he  tnanufacturc  docs  not  appear  to  have  made  much  proi^ress  till  \\^„ 
Ui^e  of  Kli/.ihelh  ;  tlie  trani|niility  of  whose  lont;  rei^n.  and  the  inllux  of  Flemings  occa;i,inp,| 
hy  the  disturltances  in  the  Low  ('ountries,  i^ave  a  powerful  stinnilus  to  the  manufactiiris  of 
Enijland.  The  silk  throwsters  of  the  metropolis  were  united,  as  alrenily  ohserved,  in  a  WW.'n. 
ship,  in  l')()2;  an<l  were  incorporated  in  l(i'^!).  Thonirh  retarded  hy  the  civil  wars,  ili,, 
maiMifacture  continued  Rradnally  to  advance;  and  so  (lourishinir  had  it  become,  tli:il  it  jj 
stated  ill  a  preaml)le  to  a  statute  pa'^sed  in  IGOO  (i:i  iSt  11  Clia.  2.  c.  15.),  that  tiicie  were  a| 
that  time  no  fewer  than  'lO.OOO  individuals  entraRed  in  the  trade  !  And  it  is  of  impDrtatire 
to  observe,  tli.it  though  the  importation  of  French  and  other  foreisrn  silks  was  occasJDiiallv 
prohiiiit<'d  duriny;  the  reii^ns  of  .lames  I.  and  ('liarles  I.,  the  Protectorate,  and  the  rci!,'n  dI 
Charles  H.,  the  prohibition  was  not  strii  tly  enforced  ;  and,  generally  speaking,  their  iiniiorta. 
tioii  was  ipiitc  free. 

A  considerable  stimulus,  though  not  nearly  so  great  as  has  been  commonly  supposed,  w;n 
given  to  the  English  silk  manufacture  by  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  in  !!;<•, 
Louis  .\T\^  drove,  by  that  disgracei'ul  measure,  several  hundreds  of  thousands  of  ais  most 
industrious  sulijects  to  seek  an  asylum  in  foreign  countries;  of  whom  it  is  supposed  iihout 
fiO,()(t()  came  to  England.  Such  of  these  refugees  as  had  been  engaged  in  the  silk  rniiin. 
facture  estalilislud  themselves  in  Spitalliilds,  where  they  introduced  several  new  br,uiili(Sui 
the  art.  When  the  rcfiujccs  lied  to  England,  foreign  silks  were  freely  admitted  ;  and  il  afj. 
pears  from  the  ("u~toin-house  returns,  that  from  (j()(),()()()/.  to  THO.OOO/.  worth  were  aiuiiiiillv 
imp'^rtcii  in  the  ])eri  ul  from  1(18.)  to  Iti'.l.;,  bejjig  the  very  \H'\un\  during  which  the  iJritish 
silk  manufictur.'  made  the  most  rapid  advances,  liut  the  manufacture  was  noilouL:  piTiiiitliil 
to  continue  on  tiiis  footing.  In  lO'JJ,  tin?  refugees,  who  seem  to  have  been  (pdt(^  as  cdiivrr. 
sant  Willi  the  arts  of  monopoly  as  with  those  either  of  spinning  or  weaving,  obtained  a  i/;ileiii, 
giving  liiem  an  exclusive  right  to  inanufaeture  lustrings  and  ii-li-)iiii(/cs, — the  silks  thin  \<\ 
greatest  demand.  'J'liis,  however,  was  not  enough  to  satisfy  them;  for,  in  KiOi',  l\.rli,iiiiPiit 
passed  an  act,  in  compliance  with  their  solicitatio'is,  prohibiting  the  imiiortation  of  all  I'Vciiiii 
and  other  I'nropean  silk  goods;  and,  in  1701,  the  pruhibilion  was  extended  to  the  silk  goods 
of  India  and  China. 

These  facts  show  th-  utter  fallacy  of  the  opinion  so  generally  entertained,  that  we  owe  the 
introduction  and  establislimc  it  of  the  silk  maiuificture  to  the  prohibitive  system.  Sd  firfwin 
this  bring  the  case,  it  is  proved,  hy  statements  in  numerous  acts  of  parliament,  ami  nthor 
authentic  documents,  that  the  silk  manufacture  had  overcome  all  the  dinicultics  iiicidciit  lo 
its  first  establishment,  had  been  firmly  rooted,  and  had  become  of  great  value  and  iinpDrtanot', 
long  before  it  was  suiijected  to  the  trammels  of  monojioly ;  that  is,  before  the  maiiufacturorj 
were  tauLi;ht  to  trust  more  to  fiscal  regulations,  and  the  exertions  of  Custom-houac  ullicers, 
than  to  their  skill  and  ingenuity,  for  the  sale  of  their  goods. 

The  year  171 'J  is  an  imjiortant  epocii  in  the  history  of  tlie  British  silk  maniif.niurc;  a 
patent  being  then  granted  to  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir  Thomas)  liomho  and  his  brotlior,  for  the 
exclusive  ])ro|)erty  of  the  famous  silk  mill  erected  hy  them  at  Derby,  for  throwing  silk,  from 
models  they  had  clandestinely  obtained  in  Italy.  At  the  expiration  of  the  patent,  Parliaini'iil 
refused  the  prayer  of  a  petition  of  8ir  Thomas  Lombe  for  its  renewal ;  but  graiilod  liim 
14,000/.  in  consideration  of  the  services  he  had  rendered  the  country,  in  erecting  a  machine 
which,  it  was  supposed,  would  very  soon  enable  us  to  dispense  wholly  with  the  siip|iliesof 
thrown  silk  we  had  previously  been  in  the  habit  of  importing  from  Italy:  hut  instead  orbiin; 
of  any  advantage,  it  is  most  certainly  true  that  the  establishment  of  throwing  mills  in  EnuilunJ 
has  proved  one  of  the  most  formidable  obstacles  to  the  extension  of  the  manufacture  amnnirst 
us.  These  mills  could  not  have  been  constructed  unless  oppressive  duties  had  hcoii  laiilon 
thrown  or  organzine  silk ;  and  the  circumstance  of  their  having  been  erected,  and  a  lar;o 
amount  of  capital  vested  in  them,  was  successfully  urged  for  more  than  a  century,  as  a  con- 
clusive reason  for  continuing  the  high  duties ! 

From  this  period  down  to  1824  the  history  of  the  silk  manufacture  presents  little  more 
than  complaints,  on  the  part  of  the  manufacturers,  of  the  importation  of  foreign  silks;  impo- 
tent efforts  on  the  part  of  parliament  to  exclude  them  ;  and  combinations  and  outrages  on 
the  part  of  the  workmen.  Of  the  multitude  of  acts  that  have  been  passed  in  reference  tothij 
manufacture,  from  1697  to  the  era  of  Mr.  Huskisson,  we  believe  it  would  be  exceedingly 
difficult  to  point  out  one  that  is  bottomed  on  any  thing  like  a  sound  principle,  or  that  was 
productive  of  any  hut  mischievous  consequences.    Tho  French  writers  estimate  the  avemge 


SILK. 


489 


;  Tjoiiis  Xf.  hnvino;  inv'nc] 
11-  niiiniil'ufturi'  \vi»^  nil  |i,.. 
wion  of  Miliin,  iircvuiloilhn 

protfolion,  in  tlio  t'onncr. 
HllCfi'SHrully  i>rasccutn|  i,, 
.  ri'WiudiMl  Kuch  of  llll'  IMtly 
s,  with  iintents  of  tiDliiliiy. 
have  luHMi  intnnliicnl  im, 

persons  of  ilistiiiction  two 
miiilo  m\ich  progri'xn  tillih. 
lux  of  Fli'in'm^!*  oci-iniiiiuM 
ilus  to  thn  niniiufiutiiri'snf 
Ircmly  oliscrvt'd,  in  u  fi  ll^.w. 
ili'il  iiy  lilts  civil  wurs,  the 
itr  hiitl  it  l'i'''omi',  tli;\t  ii  j< 
2.  c.  15.),  that  lUfif  wiTc  ai 

!  And  it  is  of  iinpDrtanoe 
cigii  Mk*  was  occMsiimally 
•oti'ctoralc,  nnd  the  U'V^n  of 
rally  speaking,  their  iiniiorta. 

en  commonly  8Uppn<oil,  \v:i, 
c  ediet  of  Nantes,  in  I'W), 
ids  of  thousands  of  '.lis  mo-t 
whom  it  is  supposi'ij  ;il«)iit 
cniiatfod  in  the  silk  mimi. 
iced  several  new  hr.nuliesui 
c  freely  admitted  ;  nml  it  ap. 
10,000/.  worth  were  aiimiullv 
lul  duiin^i  which  Iho  linlish 
acluie  was  not  Ioul:  piTiiii;ti',l 
to  have  heon  ipiite  us  coiivor- 
;)r  weaving,  ohtainnl  a  patciii, 
■ii-iiwih'.x, — the  silks  thru  m 
em  ;  for.  in  1  (>07,  i'arli.iiiv'iit 
the  importation  of  all  Vmv'w 
ras  extended  to  the  silk  g.iods 

entertained,  that  we  owe  the 
(diiUitivc  system.  So  fir  from 
lets  of  parliament,  anil  othir 
dl  the  dilliculties  iiiciilont  lo 
If  great  value  and  impDrtanre, 
is,  heforc  the  maiiut'.u'turers 
lis  of  Custom-house  oliiccrs, 

iDritish  silk  inaniif,ii'turc;  a 
Inbe  and  his  hruthor,  lor  the 
L^rby,  for  throwing  silk,  from 
ton  of  the  patent,  I'arliaineiil 
renewal ;  but  granted  him 
intrv,  in  creeling  a  iiiachine 
[wholly  with  the  supplies  of 
In  Italy  :  but  instead  nf  lain; 
V  throwing  mills  in  En^lanJ 
(of  the  manufacture  ammi^st 
Isivc  duties  had  been  laiilon 
been  erected,  and  a  lar;e 
Ire  than  a  century,  as  aeon- 

Ifacture  presents  little  more 
Ition  of  foreign  silks ;  iinpo- 
libinalions  and  outrages  on 
In  passed  in  reference  to  ihij 
\e  it  would  1)0  exceedingly 
found  principle,  or  that  was 
V  filers  estimate  the  average 


rtp<irtntion  of  ailka  from  Frnncc  to  England,  during  tho  period  from  IfJSS  to  1711,  nt  about 
l'-i,.')l)0,000  franca,  or  500,000/,  a  year!     In  17Ga,  nttimiplH  were  made  to  cluck  the  preva- 
lence of  smuggling;  and  tiio  uilk  mercerH  of  tiio  metropolis,  to  show  their  onxiety  to  forward 
the  scheme,  are  said  to  have  recalled  their  orders  for  foreign  goods  !  It  would  seem,  however, 
either  that  their  patriotic  ardour  had  very  soon  cooled,  or  that  they  had  been  supplanted  by 
others  not  quite  so  scrupuluuD;  for  it  u[i|M>ar8  from  a  report  of  a  committee  of  the  i)rivy 
council,  appointed,  in  1760,  to  inijuire  into  the  subject,  that  siniiggling  was  then  carrictl  on 
tu  greater  extent  than  ever,  and  that  7,072  looms  were  out  of  employment.     The  same  com- 
mittee reported,  tliat  tiiough  the  French  were  <lecidedly  superior  to  us  in  some  branches  of 
the  trade,  we  were  (juite  eiiual,  and  even  superior  to  them  in  others  ;  but  insteail  of  proposing, 
consibtently  wilii  their  report,  to  admit  French  silks  on  a  reasonable  duty, — a  measure  whicli 
would  have  proved  very  advantageous  to  those  branches  of  the  mantifacture  in  which  wo 
were  sui)erior,  or  nearly  ecpuil,  to  the  French,  without  doing  any  material   injury  to  the 
others),  whicii  were  already  in  the  most  depressed  condition, — they  recommended  the  con- 
tinuance of  the  old  system;  subslitutmg  absolute  prohibitions  in  the  i)lace  of  the  proliibilory 
duties  that  formerly  existed !     Whatever  innnediato  advantages  the  manufacturers  might 
have  reaped  from  this  measure,  the  ultimate  tendency  of  which  could  not  fail  of  being  most 
injurious,  were  elTectually  countervailed  by  the  turbulent  proceedings  of  the  workmen,  who 
guiceeded,  iu  1773,  in  obtaining  from  the  legislature  an  act  which,  by  itHtIf,  was  (piiie  sulli- 
fienl  to  have  destroyed  even  a  prosperous  trade.     This,  which  lias  been  commonly  called 
ihe  t^pitalfields  Act,  entitled  the  weavers  of  Middlesex  to  demand  a  fixed  piire   for  their 
lalionr,  which  should  he  settled  by  the  magistrates;  and  while  both  masters  nnd  men  were 
restricted  from  giving  or  receiving  more  or  less  than  the  fixed  price,  the  nmiiufacturers  were 
liable  in  heavy  penalties  if  they  eniployed  weavers  out  of  the  district !     The  nionoiioly  which 
the  manufacturers  had  hitherto  enjoyed,  though  incomplete,  had  had  sulllcient  inlluen'-e  to 
niuh'r  inventions  nnd  discoveries  of  comparatively  rare  occurrence  in  the  silk  trade;  bui  the 
!<]iitairiclds  .Act  extinguished  every  germ  of  improvement.  Parliament,  in  its  wisdom,  having 
seen  lit  to  enact  that  a  manufacturer  should  be  obliged  to  pay  as  much  for  work  done  by  the 
lifst  machinery  as  if  it  were  done  by  hand,  it  would  have  been  folly  to  have  thought  of 
attempting  any  thing  new  I     It  is  not,  however,  to  be  denied  that  Macclesfield,  Manchester, 
Norwich,  Paisley,  &c.  are  under  obligations  to  this  act.     Hud  it  extended  to  the  whole 
liins'doin,  it  would  have  totally  extirpated  the  manufacture;  but  being  confined  to  Middlesex, 
it  gradually  drove  the  most  valuable  branches  from  Spitalfields  to  places  where  the  rate  of 
wages  was  determined  by  the  competition  of  the  parties,  on  the  principle  of  mutual  interest 
and  compromised  advantage.     After  having  done  incalculable  mischief,  the  act  was  repealed 
in  1824.    Had  it  continued  down  to  the  present  day,  it  would  not  have  left  employment  in 
tlie  metropolis  for  a  single  silk  weaver. 

But,  as  the  ellccts  of  this  act  did  not  immediately  manifest  themselves,  it  was  at  first  ex- 
ceedingly popular.  About  178.'>,  however,  the  substitution  of  cottons  in  the  place  of  silk 
gave  a  severe  check  to  the  manufacture,  and  the  weavers  then  began  to  discover  the  real 
nature  of  the  Spitalfields  Act.  Being  intenlicted  from  working  at  reduced  wnges,  they  wwe 
ti'tail)  thrown  out  of  employment;  so  that,  in  17913,  upwards  of  4,000  Spitalfield  looms 
were  quite  idle.  In  17'JH,  the  trade  began  to  revive  ;  nnd  continued  to  extend  slowly  till 
1815  and  181(3,  when  the  Spitalfields  weavers  were  again  involved  in  sulferings  far  more 
extensive  and  severe  than  at  any  former  period. 

It  appears  from  this  brief  sketch  of  the  progress  of  the  English  silk  trade,  that  from  the 
year  1095,  downto  our  own  limes,  it  has  been  exposed  to  the  most  appalling  vicissitudes.  The 
reason  is  obvious.  The  monopoly  enjoyed  by  the  manufacturers,  and  Ihe  Hpitaltields  Act, 
fiTectually  put  a  stop  to  all  improvement ;  so  that  the  manufacture  continued  stationary  in 
England,  while  on  the  Continent  it  was  ra[)idly  advancing.  Whenever,  therefore,  the 
markets  were,  either  from  the  miscalculation  of  the  manufacturers,  or  a  change  of  fashion,  over- 
loaded with  silks,  there  were  no  means  of  disposing  of  the  sur|)lus  jirolitably  abroad,  and  the 
ilistress  became  extreme.  Notwithstanding  the  unparalleled  advances  we  had  made  in  other 
ilopartmentsof  manufacturing  industry,  it  wasafTirmed,  in  1826,  by  the  member  for  Coventry 
(Mr.  Ellice),  in  his  place  in  the  House  of  Commons,  "  that  there  were  in  that  city  9,700 
looms;  7,500  of  which  were  in  the  hands  of  operative  weavers,  who  applied  their  manual 
labour,  as  well  as  their  machinery,  to  the  manufacture  of  ribands.  These  looms  were,  for 
the  most  part,  of  the  worst  possible  coiisl ruction  ,•  and  it  would  scarcely  be  believed  that  the 
improved  loom  in  France  would,  in  a  given  time,  produce  5  times  as  much  riband  as  the 
common  loom  in  England  with  the  same  manual  labour !  He  could  also  state  that  there 
exi^ted  an  improved  manufacture  in  Germany,  by  which  one  man  could  make  farfy-eiirht 
thius  as  much  velvet  as  ciiiilU  Ije  made  in  an  tf/iial  tiiiie  by  an  Eiiirlish  muc'tine.  What 
chance  was  there  that  the  English  manufacturer  could  maintain  such  a  competition  V 

Perhaps  these  statements  may  be  somewhat  exaggerated  ;  but  there  can  be  no  doubt  that 
they  are  substantially  well  founded.  Surely,  however,  no  one  lH.'lieves  that  the,  inferiority  of 
the  machinery  used  by  the  English  manufacturers  is  to  be  ascribed  to  any  thing  except  that 
the  protection  they  enjoyed  had  made  them  indifferent  to  improvements.     No  one  Lelieves 

62 


II 


400 


SILK. 


!c::^? 


r  .1 

r  J 


-31 


,>SI»  <"» 


tu 


lf;<1 


^,71  ■>■!» 


iHJ 


nc    ••     j;|fi.JI  -il 


that  tlip  Frenrh  or  Oormnnn  nrc  Kiiporior  ti>  \\w  Rntjlixh  in  tho  ronMriirlinn  of  mnrliirirs  ;  n\\ 
\\w.  roiitraiv,  lli»'ir  iiifiTiorify  ix  inlinitli'il  liy  tluMiii-clvcH,  imd  liy  rvcryliDily  i'Ihc.  Thiit  tlmt 
Hliiril  (il  iiiviMitioii,  wliicli  Imn  rtliiti-tl  miuIi  nst(iriiHl»iii!»  riMultH  in  llip  c.ittoii  rimmiriuiurr, 
Hhould  liavo  Ih'cmi  wholly  •mkiiown  in  tiuit  orniik,  in  rntiri-ly  to  lio  iiscrilicil  to  liic  I'.irl  ol  i|i,. 
lornicr  nrvcr  liavint?  been  tlio  olijpct  of  li'tj;iHlativo  j)rc)li'clion.  Tlu!  cotton  innnulm  iiinrs 
wcro  not  brilifd  into  tlic  ndnpiion  of  a  routine  syHtoni ;  tliry  could  not  ri'«t  Hiitisfu'ii  uiiii 
nu'diocrity  ;  l>ut  hoini^  roinipi'llcd  to  put  forth  uil  their  poweiH — to  avail  llu'inwlvcH  of  cmiv 
roHourci'  of  ffiiMicc  and  ofiirl — liicv  iiavi-,  in  a  few  yearn,  raised  the  Urilish  eoltoii  niaimri.iur,. 
from  a  sidiordinale  and  trilliiiur.  to  the  very  firHt  place  amongst  tiie  manufactures,  not  of  iln, 
country  only,  hut  of  the  world  ! 

Cliiiiiirr,  ill  IM'^fi,  itf  l/ir  Miiiiii/inli/  Si^yfeni. — At  lenRth,  Iiowever,  the  impolicy  of  the 
HVi^lem  liv  which  the  Hilk  inanulacture  had  heeu  so  lont;  depressed,  became  obvious  Ioimtv 
intelligent  individual.  'I'lie  principal  manufacturers  in  and  about  Fiondon  subscrilicij,  m 
18-1,  a  petition  to  the  Hou-se  of  ("ominous,  in  which  they  stated  that  "  this  important  niiinii. 
fai'turc,  thouiih  recently  considerably  extended,  is  still  depressed  below  its  natural  level,  Iv 
laws  which  prevent  it  from  attaiiiinu  that  decree  of  prosperity  which,  under  more  favoiir,i!.|i. 
eircuiiistances,  it  would  accpiire."  Fortilled  by  this  aulborily.  by  the  experience  of  KKtyiMM, 
iluriiiii  whicli  the  ])rohi!)itive  system  had  been  allowed  to  paralyse  tlu'  ener%'ics  of  the  iiiiuiii. 
facinrcrs,  and  by  the  sanction  of  parliamentary  commillees,  Mr.  lluskis.son  moved,  on  lli(><!li 
of  .March,  1821,  thnt   the  prohibition  of  foreij^n  silks  should  censo  on  the  .'ith  of  .Inly,  l<i,;i;, 

and  that  they  should  then  be  admitted  for  im[)ortation  on  payment  of  a  duly  of  :i(t  per  i i, 

(III  viilomn.  On  this  occasion  .Mr.  II.  observed  —"The  monopoly  hail  produced,  wimt  miv 
iiojioly  was  always  sure  to  produce,  an  indillerencemih  re>;aril  to  im])rovenient.  'I'hat  iiid'ui 
zeal  which  t^ives  life  to  industry,  which  fosters  inj^'einiity,  and  which  in  manufacturi's  ei,-,. 
sions  unceasing  eilorts  to  produce  the  article  in  the  most  economical  form,  had  been  eoiii|ar;i. 
tively  extinnuislicd.  Tu  llie  pnthihilivc  si/sfnii  it  irni  to  lie  (i.ir.rilird,  tlitit  in  silk  ini/ii.iii 
the  iv/tolf  ntiii;r  of  mannfiictures,  irc  were  lift  lichiiitf  our  ncijrhlnturs  !  We  have  Ik  re  \ 
proofofth.it  chilling  and  bonumbinu;  ell'ect  which  is  sure  to  be  produced  wlien  no  (jeniu^j^ 
called  into  a'tioti,  and  when  we  are  rendered  indillerent  to  exertion  by  the  indolent  sei'mjiv 
derived  fioin  restrictive  rej^ulation-s.  I  have  not  the  sli«iitest  cloubt.  that  if  the  saiiio  sy.<i(';n 
had  been  continued  with  respect  to  the  cotton  manufacture,  it  woulil  have  been  at  tliis  mi. 
inent  as  subordinate  in  amount  to  the  woollen  us  it  is  junior  in  its  introduction  into  the 
country." — {Speechen,  vol.  ii.  p.  249.) 

We  have  already  alluded  to  the  enormou.s  duties  impo.sed,  in  1719,  when  Sir 'rhonns 
liOmbe  erected  his  throwing  mill  at  Derby,  on  foreiirn  organ/.iuc  silk.  These,  thou'.;!i  sul),,.. 
cpienlly  reduced,  amounted,  in  1824,  to  no  less  than  14.<(,  7^^/.  per  lb. !  'I'hcre  was  als.i,  at 
the  same  time,  a  duty  of  4.«.  per  lb.  on  raw  silk  imported  from  Uengal,  and  of  ."j.v.  Ihl.  per 
lb.  on  that  imported  from  other  jilaces.  Even  had  the  manufacture  been  otlierwiM'  in  a 
flourishinnr  condition,  such  exorbitant  duties  on  the  raw  material  were  eiioui;li  to  have 
destroyed  it.  Mr,  lluskisson,  therefore,  proposed,  by  way  of  |)reparinu;  the  maiiiit'acttircrs 
for  the  approachiniT  change  of  system,  that  the  duty  on  foreign  thrown  silk  .•should  lie  ini'm-. 
diatcly  reduci'd  to  7s.  Gd.  (it  was  further  reduced  to  5.v.  in  182()),  and  the  duly  on  riiw  <i'li 
to  .3(/.  per  lb.  Tiiese  j)rop.)saU  were  all  agreed  to;  and  considerable  reductions  were  at  l!io 
same  time  cllceted  in  the  duties  charged  on  most  of  the  dye  stulls  used  in  the  itmiiiiraciurf, 

It  is  to  be  ri'gretted  that  Mr.  Huskissi)n  did  not  propose  that  the  reduction  of  the  (liitlcson 
riiw  and  thrown  silk,  and  the  legalised  importation  of  foreign  silks,  should  be  simiiU;iiiiii|ii 
and  immediate.  During  the  interval  that  was  allowed  our  manufacturers  to  iiiakc  picirira- 
tions  for  the  change,  the  French  had  been  accumulating  a  large  stock  of  goods  to  pmir  into 
our  markets.  To  quiet  the  alarm  occasioned  by  this  circumstance,  a  singular  device  was 
fallen  upon. — The  French  had  long  been  accustomed  to  manufacture  their  goods  of  a  (•«■ 
tain  length  :  and,  in  tlu;  view  of  rendering  their  accumulated  stock  unfit  for  our  niirkcis.  a 
law  was  i)assed  in  1820,  prohibiting  the  importation  of  any  silks  except  such  as  were  ot' en- 
tirely dill'erent  lengths  from  those  commonly  manufactured  by  the  French  !  No  one  r;in  re- 
gret that  this  wretched  trick,  for  it  deserves  no  better  name,  entirely  faib-d  of  its  olijoet.  The 
French  manufacturers  immediately  commenced,  with  redoubled  zeal,  the  [jreiiarationol'ijiiiiiis 
of  the  legitimate  length :  and  the  others  having  Income  unsaleable  at  any  thing  like  lair 
prices,  were  purchased  up  by  the  smugglers,  and  imported,  almost  entirely,  into  tliiscniiiitry. 

But  no  permanent  injury  arose  from  this  circumstance;  and,  on  the  whole,  the  elliriof 
the  opening  of  the  trade  has  been  such  as  to  justity  all  the  anticipations  which  the  advucaies 
of  the  measure  had  formed  of  its  success. 

Effects  itf  the  Cham^e  nf  1820. — We  do  not  exaggerate,  we  only  state  the  plain  tnaller 
of  fact,  when  we  allirm  tiiat  the  silk  manufacture  has  m.ide  a  more  rapiil  progress  (liiriii? 
the  last  8  year.s,  or  since  the  abolition  of  the  prohibitive  system  in  182(),  than  it  did  (iiiriii; 
the  [)rece(iing  century.  So  unprecedented  has  been  its  aiivance,  that  "  the  once  existing' dis- 
parity in  quality  between  goods  of  French  and  English  make  has.  with  some  very  unim- 
portant exceptions,  not  merely  disappeared,  but  actually  ranged  itself  on  tlic  side  of  tlie 
British  artisan."     Some  of  our  readers  will,  probably,  ho  not  a  little  surprised  to  Icarii,  that 


SILK. 


401 


istnirtinn  of  machinrn  ;  nn 
icrvlxiily  •'Itf.  'i'liii'  'li:it 
II  thr  (Mtloii  miiii\ifni'iiiri', 
(  iiMcrilictl  ti)  the  Tn'l  nl'ilu' 
Tim  rotton  ini»iniriiiiurt'ri 
)ulil   not  ri'st  mitiHlu'il  with 

I  llVllil  lIllMllSOlvCH  III'   ('\ity 

Hril'iMli  cnltiiii  iniinur.iriiir.' 
I)  iiiiimifiicluroM,  iiiit  of  ihi, 

vrvcr,  tho  iiiipulicy  »(  tlie 
■«1,  l)ic:>inr  oliviiillM  tofViTv 
iiiit  liondipii   HuliscrilM'il,  in 

th;it  "  llli^^  iini""''""' '"'""I- 
lic-low  its  naliiriil  Icvil,  l,v 
liicli,  uiidcr  miiri'  t'liv.Mir.iMn 
till- cxiiciicnco  ot  I'-tOyiMf*, 
i>  the  oiior^ico  ot"  llu-  iiiniiii. 
luxkUHoii  moved,  oiitlirs^!i 
so  on  tho  fith  of  July,  [<-\ 

lit  of  u  duly  of  :)()  per  ivnt, 
oly  Imil  produced.  \vl\;U  111,1. 
0  iin]iroveineiif.  Tluit  11 .1'lil 
.vliieii  in  nmnul'iu'luivs  wcx- 
ie;»l  form,  Imd  l)eeii  coiiipiir;!. 

scriliiif,  Ifi'il '"  •""'''■  ""'"•  "1 
ir/ihinirx  .'  Wo  liave  lure  a 
produced  when  no  (jciiius  ij 
rtion  l>y  the  indnleiil  seciiriiy 
i)ul)t.  tliiil  it'  lilt!  Mium>  .sy>iiMii 
would  hiive  beiMi  iit  this  mi. 
in  ita  introduction  iiilo  liic 

in  1719,  when  Sir 'rimnns 
p  silk.     These,  tho\i'.^h  sulw. 
per  II). !     There  was  also,  at 
Ueni^nl,  nnd  of  .'j.v.  7^(i,  per 
fiieture  been  otlierwi-e  in  a 
terial  were  eiioU'j;!i  tn  liave 
Iprepiirini;  the  nv.uiufiU'lurcrs 
thrown  silk  shmiM  lie  iiii'in'- 
fi),  unii  the  duly  on  raw  si'li 
Irrable  reductions  wore  at  llie 
ills  used  in  the  nmiuii'iiciiiro, 
he  reduction  of  llie  diitiisoii 
lilks,  should  lie  siimillanivus 
lufacturers  to  make  iiri'|iiri- 
stock  of  Roods  to  jiiiur  into 
itanco,  !i  singular  dcviiv  \v;u 
lil'aclurc  their  pomls  of  a  cfr- 
Itock  unlit  for  our  inirki>is,a 
Is  except  such  as  were  oftn- 
lie  French  !     No  one  cm  re- 
rely  failed  of  its  objoi't.  The 
ical,  the  preparatimi  nl'^iiils 
[ileahlc  at  any  tiling'  like  tair 
ist  entirely,  into  thisnimitry. 
on  the  wdiole,  the  ell'icl of 
f  pations  which  the  ailvocales 

only  state  the  jilaiii  niatler 
,  more  rajiid  progress  (liiriii? 
I  in  lH2(i,  than  it  did  ilnrin; 
Ithat  "  the  once  existiniili-- 
Ihas.  with  some  very  uiiim- 
led  itself  on  the  side  of  the 
little  surprised  to  learn,  ihat 


the  real  or  decl.ired  value  of  the  silk  Roodn  of  lirilish  inanut'icluro  exported  to  France,  in 
1«,;)J,  iimounled  to  ;,"», IHi/. 

.Mosl  of  the  iiiiK'hiniN  and  processeH  known  on  the  Oonlinenl  have  been  introihicrtl 
iini()iin>t  iiH,  and  many  of  lliem  Imve  been  iimleriidly  improved.  ,\,ir,  after  wlml  lia»  taken 
place,  eun  llie  least  dunbt  remain  in  the  mind  of  any  one,  that  had  the  same  freed. un  U-en 
j,jv,.|i  to  the  Hilk  manulaeture  M)  yiiiritano,  that  was  wiven  to  it  in  iS'Jti,  it  w.mld  now  have 
fiiiikid  amonn  the  nioHt  impoilant  iind  valuable  businesses  in  the  kinndom,  and  would  liavo 
|,;„|  nolliin«  whatever  to  Har  from  the  ailmission  of  loreiKH  silks,  I'ne  of  duly.  It  is  tlui 
o|iinioii  of  the  most  intellit>ent  persons  in  the  trade,  that  the  exisiini,'  iluty  of  iiO  per  cent,  on 
fort'iuii  silks  imuht  to  be  reduced  to  '*0  per  cent.;  and  that  it  nIiouI.I  be  fiirlln'r  redured  I  [H-r 
ifiit.  per  ainnnn  till  bronchi  to  l-J  or  I,")  per  cent.,  at  whieli  it  miulit  be  allowed  loe.mlinue 
»tiiliiiiiary,  not  as  a  protecting  duty,  but  as  a  duly  imposed  for  the  sake  of  revenue.  A  inea- 
iiurc  of  this  sort,  by  increasing  J'liir  eonipetition,  would  continue  the  impulse  already  K'vcn 
to  the  manufacture,  and  excite  to  new  elforts  of  invention.  I'nder  such  a  system,  we  are 
well  assured  that,  in  a  very  lew  years,  perha|)s  not  more  than  .'')  or  (i,  our  superiority  over 
rraiice  in  some  im|)ortaiil  ilepartinents  of  the  silk  niainifaeture  would  be  little  lc.■^s  ilVcided 
than  ill  lliat  of  cotton. 

'•  1  maintain,"  saiil  Mr.  Poulett  'J'homson.  in  his  cxrellent  speech  on  the  Htate  of  ihe  silk 
traile  (lllh  of  A|iril,  IHil!)), — a  sjieech  eipially  distinguished  for  soundness  of  principle  and 
InMUiy  of  illustration, — "  I  maintain,  without  fear  of  contradiction,  that  the  very  essence  of 
eoinniercial  and  inanufaclurinK  industry  is  freedom  from  lenislalive  interference  and  le|,'isla- 
tjvo  protection.  Atlcmpt  to  assist  its  course  by  legislative  enactments,  by  fosti  rinu;  eare,  you 
arrest  itn  progress,  you  destroy  its  vij^our.  Unbind  the  shackles  in  which  your  unwise  ten- 
Jorness  has  eonlined  it — permit  it  to  take  unrestrained  its  own  course— expose  it  to  tho 
nholtsome  liree/.es  of  eonipetition, — you  jjive  il  new  life,  you  restore  its  former  viujour.  In- 
ilusiry  has  been  well  likened  to  the  hardy  Al|)ine  plant;  self-sown  on  the  inounlairi  side, 
exposed  to  tho  inclemency  of  the  season,  it  Ratliers  strenKth  in  its  struy;irles  for  existence — 
it  alioots  forth  in  vigour  and  in  beauty  .  Tiansplanted  to  the  rich  soil  of  the  parterre,  tended 
liytlie  fostering  hand  of  the  gardener,  nursed  in  the  artificial  atmosphere  of  the  foieiiit{-);las;i, 
iljrniws  sickly  and  cnervnted,  its  shoots  are  vi;.'ourless,  its  llowers  inodorous.  In  one  sinulo 
word  lies  tho  soul  of  industry — competition.  The  answer  of  the  statesmin  and  the  econo- 
mist to  his  sovereign  innuiring  what  he  could  do  to  assist  the  iiuhislry  of  his  kiiij^'dom  wa>, 
'Let  it  take  its  own  way.'  SSuch  is  my  prayer,  lielicve  ns  from  the  chains  in  which  your 
imliscrcet  tenderness  has  shackled  ns ;  remove  your  oppressive  jirotectioii ;  i;i\e  us  the  fair 
Held  we  ask;  and  we  demand  no  more.  The  talent,  the  genius,  the  enterprise,  the  capital, 
the  industry  of  this  great  people  will  do  the  rest;  and  England  will  not  only  retain  her  pie- 
sent  position,  but  she  will  lake  a  yet  more  forward  place  in  the  race  of  competition  lor  wealth 
and  iniiirovement  which,  by  the  nature  of  things,  she  is  destineil  to  run  amongst  the  nations 
of  the  world.  Place  tis  in  that  condition,  not  by  any  violent  change,  but  by  slow  and  easy 
transition.    Here  wo  shall  find  security  for  our  enterjirise,  and  reward  for  our  labours. 

'"Hie  patet  hiconiiH  campus;  rertiisnno  mrreiili 
Htat  favor;  ornatur  propriis  iiuliisiiia  iloni!..'  " 

It  was  not,  however,  to  be  supposed,  that  all  departments  of  the  silk  manufacliiie  would 
W  equally  benefited  by  the  change  of  system  that  has  taken  jilace. —  Ps'mi  tnnniit  jioxxumtis. 
The  probability  is,  that  the  trade  will  in  future  he  divided  between  the  English  and  French. 
in  pint  of  substantial  excellence,  the  plain  silk  goods  manufactured  in  England  are  superior 
to  those  of  France;  and  the  dilTerencc  in  favour  of  the  latter  in  point  o(  Jbiis/i  is  every  day 
becoming  less  perceptible;  while  in  all  mixed  manufactures,  of  silk  and  wool,  silk  and  cotton, 
silk  and  linen,  &c.,  our  ascendancy  is  admitted  by  the  French  themselves.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  ritiands,  figured  gauzes,  and  light  fancy  goods,  manufiictured  in  France,  are  superior  to 
those  of  this  country.  Even  in  this  department  we  have  made  a  very  great  jirogiess;  and 
fancy  goods  are  now  produced  at  Spitalfields,  Coventry,  and  other  places,  contrasting  most 
advantageously,  in  point  of  taste  and  beauty,  with  those  produced  previously  to  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  new  system.  Still,  however,  we  are  not  sanguine  in  our  expectations  of  our 
fountrymen  being  able  to  maintain  a  successful  competition  with  our  neighbours  in  the  manu- 
facture of  this  class  of  articles.  The  greater  attention  paid  to  the  art  of  designing  in  Lyons, 
ihe  consequent  better  tiiste  of  the  artists,  and  the  superior  brightness  and  lustre  of  their  co- 
lours, give  them  advantages  with  which  it  will  be  very  dilTicult  to  contend. 

But,  supposing  that  the  trade  is  partitioned  between  the  two  countries  in  the  way  now 
stated,  it  is  easy  to  see  that  the  best  share  will  l)elong  to  us,  and  that  that  share  will  be  incom- 
parably more  valuable  than  the  whole  manufacture  formerly  was.  The  proofs  of  the  accu- 
racy of  this  statement  are  at  hand.  Notwithstanding  the  decline  of  tho  trade  at  Coventry 
and  a  few  other  places,  the  manufacture,  taken  as  a  whole,  is  rapidly  increasing.  During 
1822  and  1823,  when  the  restrictive  system  was  in  its  vigour,  the  entries  for  consumption 
of  all  sorts  of  raw  and  thrown  silk  amounted  at  an  average  to  2,4.54,842  lbs.  a  year.  But. 
in  despite  of  all  the  sinister  predictions  indulged  in  with  respect  to  the  ruin  of  the  manufac- 
tare,  the  entries  amounted,  at  an  average  of  1832  and  1833,  to  4,565,850  lbs.;  being  an 
increase  of  nearly  100  per  cent,  upon  the  quantity  entered  during  the  monopoly ! 


402 


SILK. 


Thi'  inrrmfn*  in  thr  export*  of  wroiiuht  silkH  nfrtnln.  if  poMnihlo,  n  «till  niori»  drriiiivp  proof 
of  till'  fxinioriiiniiry  iinprovpiiiiMit  iiml  cxti'iisioii  of  iho  niniiufnctiiri'.  (nnti>n(l  of  hiiviim  i„iy 
tliini;  to  fnirfrom  tho  romprtition  of  llm  Fri'iirh  nt  homt',  w««  iirr  mliinlly  iiinlfrwllitijf  il,,,,;, 
ill  tin-  licnviiT  mill  morn  iinportiiiit  npfrirn  of  hoimIh,  in  ovi-ry  forci«n  nmrkcl  ««i|uiilly  mi .•«!. 
Mo  to  lioih  piirti«'n.  'I'ho  export*  of  Hilkn  from  Friinri'  hiivr  hrrii  dcclininK,  while  tlidKc  |r,)ni 
EiikIihkI  huv<«  lM'«n  inproiwinn  Iwyond  nil  prociMlrnt.  Thi-  ticcliirpil  vuluc  of  our  ('xporiM  nf 
oilk  iroodn,  in  lHa;j,  iiniounti-d  to  U5I,40!I/.,  wluTCiisin  |H:I3  it  iiniountrd  to74«,2!)l/.,  Inirn 
an  iiilviinrc  nf  mnrr  Ihim  rnit,  ptr  mil..'  Not  otdy,  llH-rrforc,  iiVc  tho  Htnti'mrntn  ns  to  (i,, 
ruin  of  llu)  nilk  inniiufucturn  proved  to  lio  wholly  without  cvi-n  the  Hhndow  of  ii  foumhiiiiin, 
liut  tin-  ex|nTtiilionH  of  tlioMC  who  conlcndrd  Ihiit  the  repeal  of  the  restrictive  nyHteiii  woul,) 
Imi  the  eoiiuneneenieiit  of  u  new  era  of  invention  and  improvement,  huvo  heen  reuliscil  (^ 
the  fulleNt  extent. 

Whiil  hull  now  been  nfnted  renders  it  ohvioiin,  that  though  the  ninnnfaeturerN  of  hwn 
go(Mli4  inuy  lie  olilit^eil  to  ehiinjre  their  employment,  n  new,  nnd  nt  the  ««rne  time  a  more  cj. 
tensive  nnd  fruitful,  field  is  opened  for  their  exertions.  We  Inment  the  hnrdships  ineiliiu  t,, 
tho  trniiMilioii  even  from  one  department  of  the  siime  liusineHS  to  another,  hut  the  Hiillirinij 
thenee  arisiiiK  will  speedily  diHappenr  ;  and  when  the  eh.iiiQre  hits  heen  etlectcd,  the  niunul'dr. 
turers  will  enter  with  fresh  vijjour  on  n  new  eareer  of  prosperity. 

It  is  to  lie  renretted,  thnt  it  is  not  posNilile  either  to  ahiindon  a  routine  system,  or  to  jniro. 
dueu  new  and  improved  methods  of  production,  without  injury  to  individunls.  liut  Ihcuim 
such  is  the  fact — liecauso  the  hridge  cannot  he  built  withuut  displaciiiK  watermen,  nnr  ihp 
plout^h  inlnidueed  without  siiperscditiK  the  Npail(<,  nor  wine  brought  from  nliroiul  witlmui 
diininishiii);  the  demand  for  nie  nnd  beer — is  that  any  reason  for  proscribing  inventimis,  nnj 
denying  ourselves  Kratificatioiis  within  our  reach  F  To  ninintnin  the  allirmntive,  would  Im> 
evidently  nlisurd, — it  would  be  eipiivnleiit  to  mnintninina;  that  the  interests  of  society  nrclnst 
promoted  by  perpetuating  poverty,  iKOoraiice,  nnd  barbarism  !  The  injury  occasioned  liviji,, 
adoption  of  an  improved  iiiethod  of  iiroduction,  or  thn  opening  of  new  nuirkels  wlionca 
cheaper  supplies  of  ony  article  may  be  oblained,  is  temjiorary  only,  niiil  nlVecIs  but  .i  vorv 
small  portion  of  the  community  ;  while  the  ailvantntce  is  periiianent,  and  benefits  every  iiidj. 
vidunl,  even  those  whom  it  may,  in  the  tirst  instance,  have  forced  to  resort  tu  t.iher 
businesses. 

Those  unneiiuainted  with  the  history  of  the  silk  trade,  who  may  have  looked  into  the 
pamphlets  and  speeches  of  those  opjiosetl  to  the  late  alterations,  will  probably  be  dispnsi'd  tn 
think  that,  thoiif^h  more  limited  in  point  of  numbers,  the  condition  of  the  workmen  i'ii„Mp<(| 
in  the  trade  was  belter  previously  to  XH'iT-)  than  it  has  been  since.  But  those  who  Jian. 
looked,  however  cursorily,  into  the  history  of  the  trade,  must  know  thnt  such  is  not  tlict.ici; 
and  that,  speaking  generally,  the  situation  of  those  engaged  in  il  has  l)een  materially  improvcl 
since  18'.;.').  We  have  already  adverted  to  tho  stale  of  the  trade  in  1793  and  I81G.  At  Iho 
Inst  mentioned  period,  7  years  before  any  relaxation  of  the  monopoly  had  been  so  niiich  a.< 
thought  of,  the  distress  in  the  silk  trade  was  infinitely  more  severe  than  it  has  ever  been  gjticp 
tho  introdiiclion  of  the  new  system.  In  proof  of  this,  we  may  mention  that,  at  a  jinhlir 
meeting  held  for  the  relief  of  the  Spitnllields  weavers,  at  the  Mansiim-house,  on  the  2()thof 
November,  1816,  the  secretary  stated,  that  two-third.i  of  them  were  without  emplovnicnt, 
nnd  without  the  means  of  support;  "  that  some  had  deserted  their  houses  in  despair,  unable 
to  endure  the  sight  of  their  starving  families ;  and  many  pined  under  languishing  dispases 
brought  on  by  the  want  of  food  and  clothing."  And  Mr.  Fowcll  Buxton,  M.  P.,  stiitcd,  at 
the  same  meeting,  that  the  distress  among  the  silk  manufacturers  was  so  intense,  that  "i7 
partook  of  the  nature  of  a  pestilence,  which  spreads  its  contagion  around,  and  devastates  an 
entire  district."  Such  was  the  state  of  tho  workmen  under  that  monopoly  system  that  has 
lieen  the  worthless  theme  of  so  much  recent  eulogy.  But  such,  we  are  glad  to  say,  is  not 
their  state  nt  present.  The  trade,  being  now  mostly  diverted  into  those  branches  in  which 
we  have  a  superiority,  is  comparatively  secure  against  revulsions  ;  and  it  would  be  an  absurd- 
ity to  imagine,  that  measures  that  have  about  doubled  the  manufacture,  should  have  reduced 
the  rate  of  wages,  or  been  otherwise  than  advantageous  to  the  workmen. 

We  have  already  noticed  the  smuggling  of  foreign  silks  carried  on  in  the  early  part  and 
towards  the  middle  of  last  century.  The  evil  was  not  afterwards  abated.  The  vigilance  nf 
the  Custom-house  officer  was  no  match  for  the  ingenuity  of  the  smuggler ;  and  at  the  very 
moment  when  the  most  strenuous  efforts  were  made  to  exclude  them,  the  silks  of  France  and 
Hindostan  were  openly  displayed  in  the  drawing-rooms  of  St.  James's,  and  in  the  House  of 
Commons,  in  mockery  of  the  impotent  legislation  which  sought  to  exclude  them.  We 
doubt,  indeed,  whether  the  substitution  of  the  ad  valorem  duty  of  30  per  cent.,  in  place  of  the 
old  system  of  prohibition,  has  been  productive  of  any  materially  increased  importation  of 
foreign  silks.  "  I  have  lately,"  said  Mr.  lluskisson,  in  his  famous  speech  in  vindication  of 
his  policy  as  to  the  silk  trade,  "  taken  some  pains  to  ascertain  the  quantity  of  smuggled  silks 
that  has  been  seized  inland  throughout  the  kingdom  during  the  last  10  years:  and  I  find  that 
the  whole  does  not  exceed  5,000/.  a  year.  I  have  endeavoured,  on  the  other  hand,  to  get  an 
account  of  the  quantity  of  silk  goods  actually  smuggled  into  this  country.    Any  estimate 


SILK. 


in 


Rtill  miirr  tlrriKivi'  (invif 
..  Inntrntl  of  hi«viim  imy 
•liially  iinil«Twll'n>«  tliiin 
II  iniirkol  ••i|iiiill.V  iKi IS.!. 
iTliiiiiiK,  whili'  tlxiiM'  iVoin 
1  vhIuo  of  mir  <"XiiiiriH  ,if 
,untr.l  to710,'J!H/.,l.rin.i 
(•  iho  utiilfinriitK  n*  lo  tin- 
)  nhndow  c»f  n  f"Uiuliiiii)n, 
>  rrntrirtivo  HyHtciii  wimiM 
it,  htt>o  Itt'cn  ri'uliHiil  i.j 

lO  ninnnfnrturprH  of  faiiry 
thi>  Hiinir  lime  a  niorc  r\. 
t  Uir  linrdHhipi*  iniMilini  i,) 
imothiT,  luit  thf  Hiiir  rinn 
it'cii  elVootcd,  tlio  nittiiuldr. 

rmilinp  syMrm,  i>r  to  intro- 
iiulividunlH.  Hut  Ihcuim 
pliiciiiK  watpriiHii.  ni>r  the 
iiiuht  from  nbrond  willmui 
proscribing  iiivciiliniis,  anj 
.  tlic  allirmntiviN  wmilil  U 
inforcHta  of  unciety  nrc  Irsl 
'111'  injury  occnsioiu-ii  liy  llic 
jr  of  new  nmrki'ts  whence 
Illy,  and  ntVcftH  liut  a  very 
['lit,  and  lu-nt'titrt  rvfry  iiidi. 
c  forced  to  resort  to  othn 

mny  have  lookotl  into  the 
will  jirobably  be  (lis|HiKei|  tn 
>n  of  the  workmen  fii^MRpil 
iiice.     But  those  wIid  Iwvi. 
)\v  that  Hurh  is  not  llict.ui; 
as  Iwn  materially  iiiiiiroveil 
ill  1793  and  1810.     At  the 
)noly  had  been  so  nuich  as 
V  than  it  has  ever  been  since 
^  mention  that,  at  a  |mlilir 
nsion-house,  on  the  '.itiih  of 
were  without  eniployMionl, 
•it  houses  in  desjuiir,  unable 
under  languishing  diseases 
11  Buxton,  M.  P.,  stiitcil,  at 
ira  wns  so  intense,  tiiat  "  i7 
1  around,  and  devastates  an 
monopoly  system  that  has 
,  we  are  glad  to  say,  is  not 
fo  those  branches  in  wliich 
land  it  would  be  an  absurd- 
cture,  should  have  reduced 
jrkmcn. 

[d  on  in  the  early  part  and 
\  abated.     The  vigilance  of 
smuggler ;  and  at  the  very 
!m,  the  silks  of  France  and 
lee's,  and  in  the  House  of 
it  to  exclude  them.    We 
10  per  cent.,  in  place  of  the 
/  increased  importation  of 
s  speech  in  vindication  of 
uantity  of  smuggled  silks 
10  years:  end  I  find  that 
the  other  hand,  to  get  an 
Is  country.    Any  estimate 


f  ihi*  nvii'ntity  miint  he  very  vngue  ;  but  I  Imvc  born  (jivrn  fo  under-tlnnd  that  the  vuliic  of 
4iii'li  KDOtlx  ns  lire  reKul'irly  entered  iil  the  ('iihIhih-Iiouhim  of  Fniiiei-,  I'lir  expurlatii'ii  to  tlim 
.MUiilrV.  i"  (f»ni  lOtt.OOO/.  to  l.'')(),Ot)(l/,  n  year;  and  thin,  of  eonrKc,  in  rxeluNive  of  llio  fur 
,,rnilt'r  ii"ppf.i/  which  is  poured  in  tliroiigliool  all  the  rhiiiinels  of  Niiiiii;i;ling,  williout  lu'iiii^ 
.ulMielf'd  ii  xnv  entry.  In  fuel,  to  aueh  an  extent  is  tlii/4  illieit  tnide  nirrinl,  that  llirre  is 
^arrely  a  haliriilfl»beT's  shop  in  the  siiialleitt  villuKe  of  the  United  KiiiKdnin,  in  which  pro- 
liiliitcd  xilkx  are  not  snid  ;  and  tint  in  the  fare  of  day,  and  to  a  very  coiHiilt'riililn  extent. 

.•'I'lic  honoiiriible  nwiniii !  for  Coventry  (Mr.  Kllice)  has  nientioned  the  cilk  vnmU  from 
IiJiuttM  those  ag.iifi^t  which  any  itiitlg  but  prohibition  would  prove  an  unavailing  prntcctidii. 
\ii\v,  It-  '"Y  opinion,  it  m  srarccly  posathle  to  conceive  a  stronger  caNC  than  ihosc  very  silkii 
I'lriiirth  HH'.  'the  hoiiour'tblo  nienibcr's  own  arHument.  I  believe  it  is  uiiivcrHally  known 
iliit  a  lin'ge  '1"  .iili'y  of  Dandana  liiirHlkerchicfs  are  sold  every  year,  for  exportation,  by  the 
Hint  Indi"  t'ompan*.  Hut  does  any  gciitleiimn  tjiippose  that  thcso  numhinas  lire  sent  to  the 
I'lintiiient  for  the  purpos.'  of  remaining  there  ?  No  sueli  thing !  They  arc  sold  at  the  Com- 
l,iiiv'ii  gales,  to  the  iiumlHr  of  about  SOO.OOO  or  1,0(10,001)  a  yiar,  at  about  If.  each;  lliey 
irc  iinmeiliatcly  shipped  oil'  for  Hainhiirgh,  Antwerp,  Kotlerdam,  Oslcnd,  or  (iucrnscy,  uiiil 
from  thence  they  nearly  all  illicitly  lind  their  w  \y  back  to  this  country. 

" Mark,  then,  the  efTect  of  this  beautiful  system, — Thise  Handunas,  which  had  {ireviously 
been  sold  for  exportation  at  4.^.,  are  finally  diNtrihuted  in  retail  to  the  jieople  of  England  at 

iMut  9ii'  each ;  and  the  result  of  this  prohibition  is  to  levy  upon  tlie  consumer  a  lax,  and  to 
jijivothosc  who  live  by  evading  your  law  a  bounty  of  4s,,  ujion  each  handkcrcliief  sold  iit 
I iIiH country  !"—(.'>/mv.cAm,  vol.  ii.  p.  .MO.) 

Indeed,  one  of  the  principal  objections  to  the  present  duly  of  HO  per  cent,  on  fori'i;^!!  nilks 
I  i<,  that  it  is  high  enough  to  enable  a  considerable  smuggling  trade  to  be  still  carried  on  ;  (he 

ficility  for  smuggling  being  increased  by  means  of  the  legalised  iiiiportalion.     A  duty  of  1'^ 

of  15  per  cent,  would  not,  however,  be  so  high  as  to  balance  the  risks  run  in  sinug:;liiig;  and 
Loiild,  therefore,  really  all'ord  the  inanuf.icturer  a  more  elllcieiit  proteelion  tli.in  he  derives 

from  the  existing  duty,  at  the  same  lime  that  it  would  place  all  clasHcs  of  dealers  on  the  same 
Ifuilini;;  whereas  the  advantage  is  at  present  on  the  side  af  lliuxc  iv/ia  cnirdi^t  in  fniiu/iiiriit 

1  K(h'MtS, 

li';;uliilions  an  to  the  fmporlation  of  Silk». — Bilk  innniilHfliirfls  nrc  not  to  \w  Imported  In  imy  vessel 
I  ijiiili'r  Tl)  tons  biinlcii,  exrept  liy  lieeiteu  frniii  the  riMiiiiiisHlciiii'rH  iif  llie  eiislDMiN  to  veiiHil!)  IxIntiKinir 
Itilliivi'r,  t»  Import  sneli  iiianiitactiireH  illreol  t'ri>iii  CaliilH,  tlioiiiih  siirli  voshi'Ih  iiiny  not  exienl  (id  Iuim 
Ibiinli'n.  Hilk  Kooiln,  tliu  iiinniil'actiiri!  of  Kiiropi!,  nut  to  lie  im|i(irteil  excipt  into  llie  port  of  l.iiiiilna 
LiTilieport  of  Dublin  direct  from  llorduaux,  ur  the  port  uf  Dover  direct  rrinii  Calais. —(.1  &  4  Hill.  4. 
|c  SJJJSj  antf,  p.  II.) 

When  (lie  shoot  or  tlie  warp  only  is  oT  sllli,  tlio  article  is  to  he  rnnsidercd  us  coinpoHed  oT  noi  mure 
llluiione  lialf  part  uf  Hill<,  and  siiliject  to  tlie  ad  Kulnrem  duty  of  ,10  per  cent.;  Ii.il  ii  the  Hhoot  or  the 
Inarji  be  entirely  of  Hilk,  and  a  portion  of  the  oilier  Im  of  uilk  alnn,  tlie  urtiele  is  to  he  eoiiKiilered  to  he 
Icomponeii  of  more,  than  one  half  part  of  ailk,  niiil  siihji'ct  to  the  ruteil  duties  at  per  Ih.,  or  to  the  atl  rii- 
■  lirdiidulle!),  ut  the  option  uf  the  nt)K'er!i.—(.1/in.  Com.  Cus.  Mill  of  AiiKUgl,  IHiU  )  Hut  in  all  ciiHeg 
IwliiTetlie  dalies  chnrijed  hy  \vel|{ht  U|>on  mixed  articles  would  iiiaiiife!<lly  exteed  30  per  rent.,  Iiy  rea> 
lionnl'thi!  weight  of  the  wool,  or  other  incredient  thereof  besides  silk,  the  article  is  to  be  admitted  to 
Idilrynl  value.— (.^Hn.  Com.  C'm».  IWth  of  Decpiiiher,  18.11.) 
1  I'ortlie  regulations  as  to  the  sniiiggling  of  silks,  see  HvicnoLlNo. 
||.  .Ucnunt,  illuatrntlve  of  the  Progress  of  the  ISilk  Manufacture,  showing  the  Qiiuntlllns  of  Raw, 

ivasle,  andThrown  Silk  imported  at  diirurent  Periods.— (Ai«;)urt  «/  laS'ion  Silk  Trade,  p.  10.,  and 
tirl.  Paptr,  No.  U.  Bess.  1834.) 


Average  Iin|)orU. 


\'i\  r66, 1767,  l)cing  the  commencenient  of  the  ataotute  prohibition 

•«S,17AI787 

'l<(l|iol811 


:jiS,  18  6, 1617,  bein{  SO  ynn  after  pmliibition,  anil  the  lint  3  yean  of  neace 
'    '22, 1823,  IjeiiiK  the'  vein  imniiiliately  previoui  to  the  abolition  or  the  prohibition 


.  I«I,I822, 1 — , „  ....  i 

ISI,  1832, 1893,  beion  the  lail  3  yran 


Riw. 

Waste. 

Ihrown. 

Total. 

LU. 

Lit. 

I.bs. 

l.U. 

3V2.000 

3h3.W0 

7IS.(«0 

664,0(X) 

. 

337,100 

89l,(i4JO 

760,000 

SiO.OOO 

1,11  ,000 

i.tai.ooo 

27,000 

2'j3,000 

1.413,0  0 

1,97U,0C0 

71,000 

35i,000 

2  399,000 

3,137,271 

6S»i,3(i9 

»4=>,J70 

4,17' ,910 

111.  Account  of  the  Quantities  of  Raw,  Waste,  and  Thrown  Silk  entered, for  Consumption  in  each  Year 
frnnil814,  with  the  total  Amoiml  of  Duly  received  on  the  same  in  each  Year  from  l.v2(t.— (From  the 
M.  Papers,  No.  678.  p.  10.  Seas.  1832,  No.  9.  Sess.  1834  ;  and  Papers  published  by  the  Board  uf  Trade.) 


1 1  Tun. 


1  l«l« 
I  VAi 

I^I6 
I  1!17 
I  m 

m 

m 

m 

m 

m 

\iU 

l>2! 

i<2e  I 

"27  I 
l!2j  I 
1<29   1 

m  1 

I  m  ! 

\m 

'  M  I 


Raw. 


I,.W4,23J 
1,069,  <>96 
873,414 
l,313,0M 
1,414,881 
1,446,097 
I,«!l,5g0 
1,861,425 
1,993,509 
2,061,896 
3,414520 
2,S48,li06 
l,8r4,ISS 
3,539,138 
3,912,  )S0 
2.419,062 
3,771,969 
3,020,015 
33i2,6l9 
3,104,244 


Waste. 


Liu 
29,234 
27,921 
4,l(i2 
49,0.'>S 
86,940 
71,331 
96,091 
105,115 
6i,l76 
62,362 
133,257 
191,910 
150,000 
200,000 
2iO,OU) 
300.000 
4«5,0I3 
758.748 
160,696 
663,965 


Thrown. 

Total 
ofallSorlt. 

niitf 

received. 

I.i>. 

Lhi. 

L. 

SS6,505 

2,119,974 

377.H-22 

1,475,3.39 

20S,0I4 

1,08  s^SO 

294,6.->3 

l,C86,6i9 

391,166 

1,922,987 

331,125 

1,848,553 

309,9->3 

2.027.6)5 

614,478 

360,248 

2,329,808 

732,542 

3«2,''79 

2,441,583 

772,451 

36.1,86.1 

2,468,121 

768.630 

463,271 

4,011,033 

3i^,9S4 

659,642 

3,604.0  .S 

246,430 

2S9,325 

2,2';3,5I3 

84.4S7 

454,015 

4.213,  l:d 

128, -.09 

385.2b2 

4,547,SI2 

111,907 

172,2  '9 

2,(!92,201 

45.248 

436,135 

4,ti>)3,il7 

89,544 

614,210 

4.293,031 

49,378 

329,9.12 

4.373,247 

66,6SI 

268,244 

4,768,4.53 

59,682 

Hitei  of  Duty. 


Rnteof  Duty^  firtU'.— FromIn'Iia4i.  perlb..  fnniinthpr 
places  5f.  Gd.  pi-r  lb.,  to  the  2jih  of  Mnrcli,  IS24  ; 
Srf.  |)er  lb.  fmm  all  phcpi,  to  tbe  5lli  of  July,  IK26 ; 
Id.  per  )b.  fnun  .ill  pUren,  from  llip  5th  of  July,  1826. 

Rate  of  Duty,  ll^/c— Fmm  In  lh,3j.9ff.  per  lb.,  f  mm 
other  places  -1*.  per  lb.  to  the  1M\  of  M;irch,  1H24  ; 
3d.  per  lb.  from  all  place-i,  to  \W.  5th  of  July,  \Si^\ 
Id.  per  lb.  to  the  5th  of  July,  lW9j  1*.  per  cwi.  from 
all  places,  after  the  &th  uf  Julv,  H29. 

RaU  of  lixiiy^  Thrmoiu—On  iH  kinJ»,  -lye^I,  2/.  5i.  6d., 
and  imdyett,  Uf.  8d.  per  lb.,  to  the  '2Mh  of  March, 
IS24  ;  dyed  and  untyed,  Tt,  6d.  per  lb.,  to  the  5lh  of 
November,  1^2.5;  then  St.  perlh.  on  undyed,  to  the 
6th  of  July,  1826 ;  thereafter,  6f.  8d.  on  orjpinzine  and 
crape,  and  4i.  on  tram  and  sin<lia  dyt-d,  and  3f.  on 
tram  and  siu<leH  not  dyed,  to  the  5lh  of  July,  IS2^; 
and  then  &i,  2d.  on  org^nzine  and  crape,  and  3i.  on 
tram  and  single*  dyed ;  'Aa.  6d.  on  or^n/me  jod  crapes, 
24.  uii  tram,  and  It.  ^d.  ou  singles  not  dyed. 


n 


Vol.  II.— 2  T 


c^":i? 


II 


l<l.'flSllil'l 


:UM 


»f!ii!''jn 


494 


SILK. 


in.  An  Account  of  nil  Silka  and  nibanrts  (si'pnrntely)  iinpnrtfld  from  July,  18-2fi,  to  tlm  present  Tim,. 
(Report  from  Select  Committee  of  Silk  Vrmli,  p.  13.     For  Untfis  of  Duly,  see  Tarikk.) 


Silkt  of  Europ*. 
SilkorKHin  •  .  .  . 

ID  ribands 
(laii-i  •  -  .  . 

ID  ribands 
Crif  -  .  .  . 

Vi'lvct  -  .  .  . 

in  ribands 
Ribands  cmbobsed  or  figured  with 
velvt'l        .  .  .  . 

Fancy  nillt  net  or  tlicnt 
bill;  niixtid  with  metal 

in  ribands     > 

Total  entered  by  wei.i;ht 
Plain  aillf  lace  or  net,  cailnt  tulle 

si]iiare  yds. 
Millinery  viz.  turbans  or  ca[>s    No. 
lilts  or  Iwnnets  -         — 

dresses  •  •         — 

at  value  declared  value 

Manurnctures  of  silk,  or  of  silk  and 
any  other  materials,  not  particU' 
larly  enumerated  - 

Siltl  of  India. 
Bandanas,  roinals,  and  silkhandker. 

chiefs        •  .  •  pieces 

Silks  and  crapes,  in  pieces   •     — 
C'r\pe  shawls,  si-irfs,  gnsvn  pieces, 

and  handkerchiefs,  •     No. 


Silk  Manufactures  iujporltil  into  the  Uuilid  Kingdom  for  Hon  e  Cuiuuniption. 


IS28. 

From  the 

6ihof  July. 


1827. 


1923. 


1829. 


LU.    flz.  Llii,    oz.  Lla.    f'Z.    |  Lit,  oc 

20,228  II  12  3ll,ri49   012  61,321   214  ?»,,,,,  ,,„ 

7,6rf     11-2  20  9-.8I1I-2  ai,-.l6U  jO*,"!''  ■»  I  ■* 

5,2»2l4l-4,  6,301.112  4,(»I0   0  |.4  (  ,„  „.,  ,,. 

3,617  15       !  ifi,.'in  14  3-4'  21,917  13       i  J '»,"«  .JJ4 

6,496  13  3-4  I6.3HI    I       |  21,951  13      I  22,786  1112 

S,3I8    8  1-2  15,ir3li3-l  18,170  7       !  !  ,„  y,^  q 


1830. 


52  10  '242  2  2;i01  103.4^  $"''''' 


Not  entereil  under  this  dcnoininatiou 
until  the  5lhnf  July,  1829. 


27  14 
339  8 
54    I 


48,301     I  1-2 


40,i;76  1-4 
113 

in 

44 

L.    J.    d. 


2I,IS9   5   0 


208,'^6 
32,734 


77,776 


223 

5s1 10  1-4 

220  13 


II    4 

512   734 
125    I 


317    S 
3  12 
438  12  |.2 


Lb*,  oz. 

61,417  Cl'2 

30,241  3 

28,8t>0  4 

14,847  6 

52!)  3 

'.2  II 

412  7 


\^\. 


Lbi,    oz. 
82,246   5 

33,4SS  73-1 
19,607  0 
12,210  0 

34".  14 
9512 
401   8 


IM!. 
/.JT 

■o.u. 

46,  Mj 

15,031 
ll,'J>T 

6;; 
10: 
I,: 


11.1,278   Sl-4  169610  9       '    I21,9'i3  13  1-4  126,3:0   Sl-2  l48,-.l«:fl3  4    Mtijj 


I3;,23i«  1  2 

326 

428 

213 

L.    s.    d. 

60  12    0 


54,128    9  10 


66,183 
18,150 

21.200 


I7l,r0i  1  2 
295          1 
414 
275 

L.    ».    d. 
13  10    0 

7,189    0    8 

.   69,628 

4,7,'S 

109,729  1-2 

r-23 

330 
/,.       ».     d. 
30  12    0 


114.3«1 

1  4 

368 

63) 

293 

/..     ». 

d. 

154     4 

u 

SI,II7 
201 
412 

2uu      ; 
/..  .t.  rf,  I 

27  16    0 


85,299  19    5    44,923  IS  10  31,636    0    0 


67,465 

10,164 

1,959 


77,913 
2,U78 

17,620 


101.023 

3,779 

10,117 


L      : 

3; 


43,n 


!-'.19! 


lyiii 


i\'ote.  -The  distinction  in  the  rates  of  duty  between  silks  and  ribands  having  ceaseil  to  eiist  in  1829,  on  the  passing  of  the  ^ct  IOG«  j.  I 
c.  2)..  Imlh  arlirltfs  have  since  bee/i  entt^rod  at  the  Custom  house  under  the  general  denominations  of  silk  or  s-itiu,  gauze  and  ulu'l,a,.Jw  I 
necessarily  st.ital  in  thi?  same  nLinner  in  the  above  return.  '       I 

IV.  Account  of  llie  Ollicial  nnd  of  tlio  Declared  or  Real  Value  of  Dritisli  Maniifiictured  Silks  exporitl  I 
from  the  United  Kingdom  since  lb'20,  with  tlie  Bounty  or  Drawbtick  paid  thereon.  ' 


Total  British  Silks 


Years. 

expor 
OIHcial 

ed. 

Goods  all  Silk. 

Value. 

Declared  Value. 

L.       > 

d. 

t. 

1820 

203,666 

1821 

136,841 

19     1 

224,2^7 

1822 

141,174 

17    6 

211,1-98 

1823 

140,469 

19    5 

203,71)9 

1824 

159,670 

17    6 

183,635 

1825 

110,886 

19    9 

93,988 

1828 

106,931 

10    1 

73,247 

1827 

173,593 

4    6 

99,015 

1828 

179,013 

19  II 

97,346 

1829 

221,998 

1     3 

143,&)S 

1830 

427,849 

5    7 

3,15,790 

1831 

471,119 

0    0 

3:8,826 

l»32 

475,165 

0    0 

• 

1833 

. 

- 

. 

Sdk  mixed  with 

Total  British  Silks 

othiT  Materials. 

oKported. 

Bountvor 

Onicial  Value. 

Declared  Value. 

DrawUicli  paid. 

L. 

/,. 

r.. 

168,109 

371,771 

2'i,i>  11 

110,183 

374.4-3 

aivi 

161.801 

381,702 

SL-m 

147  610 

311,409 

32,446 

268,961 

442,596 

342',2 

202,750 

29i,736 

M 

95,154 

168,801 

67 

137,289 

236.344 

a 

118,524 

251,870 

124,296 

2i)7,931 

*,fM 

161,220 

621,010 

3l>,lil0 

190,048 

678,048 

46,l,i9 

. 

52y,!«0 

. 

740,294 

The  Unilftl  Stales  is  our  best  customer  for  silk  goods.  Of  the  total  quantily  exported  in  1831,  they  took  neirly  1-2,  nr  to  Ihr  imoMi  j 
237,9851.  of  r»al  value.  During  the  same  year,  the  exports  to  the  British  North  American  colonies,  were  93,0131.  j  to  tlie  liritiili  «■ 
Indies,  27,608(. ;  to  France,  43,4621. ;  to  Spain,  24,8331.,  &c.  -.  .        .  ng 

Sources  of  the  Supply  of  Silk. — The  following  Table  shows  the  sources  whence  we  dirpcily  ilrtiri  I 
our  supplies  of  raw  and  of  foreign  thrown  sill<,  and  the  tiuantities  brought  from  each  in  1^31  and  \ik 

Imports  of  Silk. 


Countries. 


Raw  silk  from  India  - 
Cape  of  Ijood  Hope 
China 
Turkey 
Italy 
France 
Other  countrial 

Tola)  of  r»w  silk   ■ 

Waste  aud  knubs  from  India 
Turkey       -  • 


1831. 


I.bt. 

1,721,850 

26,930 

8,374 

451,421 

111,766 

821,349 

86,375 


3,236,865 


1832. 


1,814,707 
8,194 
28,105 
418,278 
216,702 
719,418 
116,318 


3,391,721 


112 
701 


Countries. 


I 


If3l. 


1331. 


W.isle  and  knubs  from  Italy    • 
France 
Uthsr  countries 

Total  of  waste  and  kjiub« 

ThrowD  silk  from  Italy 
France 
Olher  countries 

Total  of  thrown  silk 


I.U. 
4 1 0,7 '.0 
329,321 

16,743 


IJi.  . 
347,a  J 
ilT.OH 

50,:27 


■36,723 


699 
612,190 

l\9S3 


6Jl',OIO 

ItliSI 

il,lj« 


629,2S1 


i;7,iii« 


It  is  necessary,  however,  to  observe  that  this  account  does  not  exhibit  the  countries  which  reallfl 
furnish  us  with  silk,  and  the  quantities  we  import  from  them.  It  merely  (exhibits  tlie  sotirres  nlienctl 
we  immediately  derive  our  supplies,  without  tracing  them  to  their  source.  Ileiicfi  it  makes  the  lm|ioili| 
of  silk  from  China  and  Italy  appear  very  much  less  than  they  really  are,  and  those  tViim  Iiiili.i  anil 
France  much  larger.  With  respect  to  Chino,  it  would  appear  from  this  account  llitit  only  t*,.'!:iilii.l 
were  imported  from  it  in  1831  ;  whereas  it  appears  from  another  parliamentary  paper.  Hint  tiii;  imponil 
of  Cliineso  silk  in  that  year  really  amounted  to  460,092  lbs.;  and  even  this  last  is,  we  belii'vf.uiiiier-l 
rated— (see  vol.  i.  p.  304.).  The  reason  is,  tliat  by  far  the  largest  portion  of  the  (^hinese  silk  iiii|H)rleil| 
into  Encland  is  carried,  in  the  first  instance,  to  Singapore,  or  to  Bonie  port  in  India,  anil  is  llii'ticeini-l 
ported  under  the  name  of  Indian  silk.  During  the  year  1831-32,  tlitire  were  e-vporliMl  t'roin  CiiiiMii.inl 
liritish  ships,  ti,V>l  piciils,  or  1.126,800  lbs.,  of  silk,  costing  at  the  port  of  shipment  (Caiilon)  3,fiM,M| 
dollars  ;  and  of  this,  by  far  the  largest  portion  came  to  England. —  (See  vol.  i.  p.  301.)  The  silke.vpoileill 
from  Canton  consists  of  two  leading  varieties,  known  in  commerce  by  the  names  of  Canton  .indXin-r 
king.  The  first  which  is  raised  principally  in  the  province  of  Canton,  is  divided  into 5 si.,..-.  Aiul 
average,  (he  picul  of  Canton  silk  brought  nt  Canton,  in  1831-32,  158  dollars.  The  Nanking  silk,pro.r 
duced  in  the  province  of  Kiangnan,  is  divided  intp  2  sorts,  known  in  commerce  by  tlie  names  of  Tiii-I 
lee  and  Taysaam.  It  is  very  superior  to  the  other,  and  usually  fetches  more  than  dntible  its  prion.  Ill 
cost  at  Canton,  in  1831-32,  368  dollars  a  picul.    We  have  no  doubt,  now  that  the  trade  to  Cliina  is  iliio«>| 


iy. 

1820,  to  til 

>  present  Time., 

olUiily,  sneTAHiKF.) 

ijdoni  for  Hon  e  Cuiuumi  lion. 

b 

1830.               1S31. 

1831 : 

LU.    01.    1    it'-    M- 

12    61,417  61-2    Si,H6  5      | 

•O.Ui 

3  4    30,241   3 

33,483   73-4 

46,a) 

12    28,880  4 

19,667   0 

1.1,051 

14,847   6 

12,210  0 

11,'W 

J2!>  3 

345  14 

6-.; 

^l   11 

9512 

i« 

1-2 

412  7 

4GI   8 

u: 

1-4  I26.3T0   8  1-2  I48,-.10:0  3  4    114,!,i«     | 

■2         114,31114 

61,117      '    .is.T 

368 

201         i     3  s 

535 

412         !     M6 

'293 

2U0      i    m 

d.      1-     >■     rf- 

L.    .t.  (/.  ,     L 

0        154     4    0 

27  lU    0 

•s. 

5    44,!«3  16  10 

35,636    0    0 

«,n 

77,953 

101.023 

9!.19! 

2,978 

3,779 

:,*; 

)                17,620      1        16,ir.7 

i    12,Jl! 

1  in  1829,  oi\  llio  (Mssinn  of  llip  act  IOG«.i 

ions  of  silk  or  initio,  ■iM.-l.c  and  1 1  Ucl,i,.J  „ 

liali  Maniifiicturecl  Silks  exporltd 

)rawbiick  paid  thereon. 

DoSe,l  Value.           nrawb.uk  part.   1 

L.                                 /.. 

371,775                           2.M)I         1 

374.4-3                             3.I.W3         1 

381,702                             31.3,3 

3i  1,409 

3J,4I6 

442,596 

34.23 

29i,736 

m 

168.801 

57 

236.314 

m 

2M,870 

267,931 

4,!1U 

621,010 

36,010 

678,048 

46,li59 

52U.9U0 

740,294 

SILK. 


495 


B3I,  they  took  iieirlv  1-2,  or  In  llif  ammitH  I 
coloniea,  were  93,0131.  j  lo  llie  Brilish  Wti  I 

iiirrcs  whence  we  dirpclly  rtirivi] 
luughl  from  each  in  1S31  and  \i'Sl 


\ 

If  31. 

IM!. 

It.aly    • 

IM.                I.ll. 
4in,7-.0     '      317.4^ 
329.32:1     .     2i7.0H 

16,743      j       aO.Tfl 

ind  knubt 

736,728     ■■     656,010 

r 

698 
612,590 

l'',993 

I4i.!8l 
2;<,136 

wn  silk 

629,281 

I7;iii 

Ixliibit  tlie  coinitrii'a  which  reallfl 

lerely  exhihits  tiie  poiiroes  wlieiKtl 

free.     lltMice  it  makes  the  iiiiFliI 

ly  are,  anil  tlinae  finm  India  audi 

|i  this  account  tli:il  only  S,3:illi!.l 

lampiitary  paper,  tliat  tlie  imi»ml 

In  this  last  is,  we  l)i'licvi',miiier.l 

Ition  of  the  riiin(!se  silk  iiiijuirWI 

le  port  in  India,  anil  is  lliciice«-I 

Te  were  e.vporleil  from  ('■"i';']V!l 

It  of  shipment  (Ciiiiton)  5,6M,MI 

levol.i.  p.SOI.)  TlicsilkMFlfll 

lythc  names  of  Canlon  aiidNai'l 

In,  is  divided  inloSsc...    Aunl 

Idollara.    The  Nankins*.    , 

Icommcrce  hy  the  iiiunes  ol  1«  1 

^s  more  than  double  its  pntc-  J 

I  that  the  trade  to  thina  is  lliio»»l 


open,  that  the  exports  of  Chinese  silk  will  bo  materially  increased  ;  and  that  it  will  become  nn  article 
of  (!ri!:it  commercial  importance. 

HiiBt  India  native  silk  comes  wholly  from  RenEnl.  About  the  year  1700,  the  East  India  Company 
iriirodiici'd  the  Italian  mode  of  reeling  silk,  wliicli  was  proiiiiclive  of  a  very  grent  improvement  in  thn 
nuuliiy  of  the  article;  but  wo  are  not  aware  that  any  snhsei|uent  improvement  has  been  etfectod. 
Acooriliiig  to  the  Piirliaiiientiirii  Paper,  No.  i'l5.  Sess.  1H33,  the  imports  of  raw  silk  from  all  places  to 
the  eastward  of  the  ('ape  of  Good  Hope,  e.\cept  China,  were,  in  1830,  1,730,231  llis.;  iu  IhSl,  l,72.5,fi50 
lbs.;  and  in  lS3'i,  1,S1 1,811)  lbs.  lint,  notwithslandiiiB  this  exception,  we  believe  that  a  very  consider- 
jhj,.  i|uantity  of  the  silk  so  imported  was  the  produce  of  China;  being  broimlit  to  ns  partly  from  Sin- 
papiire,  and  partly  from  the  Iiulian  ports.  Some  of  it  was  also  the  produce  of  I'ersia,  shipped,  in  the 
lirsl  instance,  from  liushire  for  liombay.  The  silk  goods  brought  from  Inilia  are  not  only  inVe'rior,  in 
point  of  <inality,  to  tliose  of  Europe,  but  also  to  those  of  China.  The  quantity  imported  of  lute  years 
jj  specified  in  the  Table,  No.  III. 

\  piod  deal  of  the  silk  brought  from  Turkey  is  supplied  by  Persia.  Some  considerable  part  of  the 
PiTsian  silk  that  used  to  be  exported  from  Hiishircand  other  ports  on  the  Persian  (Jiilf,  is  now  exported 
by  ivay  of  Trebisond;  which  promises  to  become  an  important  emporium  for  Persian  and  Turkish  silk 
-(See  TnEBisoND.) 

liy  far  the  greatest  part  of  the  raw  and  thrown  silk  that  comes  to  us  from  France,  is  not  the  growth 
of  liiat  country,  but  of  Italy  ;  being  principally  conveyed  by  the  canal  of  l.angiiedoc  and  the  O.ironne 
10  lirileaiix,  whence  it  is  shipped  for  England.  So  much  is  this  the  case,  that  it  appear.-  from  the 
olfirial  accounts  published  by  the  French  government,  thai  while  the  negrecale  value  of  the  French 
and  foreign  raw  and  thrown  silk  exported  from  France  in  1831  amounted  to  4.'),  102,051  fr.,  the  valiieof 
tlie  piirtion  whicli  was  of  French  origin  was  only  '2,0'J2,770  (i.'.—  (^dmiimtratiun  des  Duuanes,  for  IS3I, 

The  reader  will  tiiid,  under  the  article  Venice,  an  account  of  the  exports  of  silk  from  the  Venetian 
priiviiices  in  182!),  1830,  and  1831.  Hince  the  article  N.\i'l.Es  was  printed,  we  have  obtained  tlie  follow- 
insaiitlientic  statement  of  the  exports  of  silk  from  that  city  duriiig  the  0  years  ending  with  1833,  and 
of  the  stocks  on  hand  :— 


Exports. 

Stocks  on 

lhc3lslorUecciiiber. 

Tears. 

IKS 
IS29 
1S30 
1»3I 
1812 
I83J 

ToUl 

Raw. 

Spun. 

Sewiiiij. 

Total, 

Wasle. 

Riw. 

S{)un. 

Total, 

LU* 

1S9.091 

176,133 

217,312 

138,777 

310,635 

313,229 

46,604 
31,838 
3'i,'2S8 
22,585 
32.786 
52.668 

itj. 
9,5,196 
96,1)01 
132,617 

230,150 
127,874 
105,575 

Llis. 
3,10,817 
304,642 
3811,24! 
3915  12 
471,295 
471,472 

IM. 
38,718 

6,770 
12,036 
27,169 
19,213 
26,694 

l.ht. 
107,100 
137,5.0 
118,200 
173,800 
130,100 

88,500 

l.h. 
3,600 
7,200 
1,800 
600 
3,0(0 
2,400 

Lit. 
1 10,700 
144,700 
120,000 
174,400 
133,100 

90,900 

l,34'>,!S3 

225,787 

■     788,043 

2,339,013 

130,655 

[The  following  account  of  the  silk  culture  in  the  United  States,  from  the  third  report  of  the 
Agricultural  Society  of  Massachusetts,  will  be  interesting  to  the  American  reader. 

The  production  of  silk  in  this  country  has  been  repeatedly  brought  before  the  public  ;  and  presented 
in  various  forms  as  a  subject  of  general  interest  to  the  agricultural  community.  When  the  state  oi* 
(Jeorpia  was  settled,  silk  and  wine  were  recomniiiuded  as  particular  objects  of  culture.  In  Virginia, 
nicasnres  were  taken  as  early  as  1G03  to  encourage  the  general  production  of  silk  ;  and  the  failure  to 
pliinl  mulberry  trees  at  the  rate  of  ten  for  every  hundred  acres,  was  made  by  the  lav.'s  a  penal  olfiince. 
In  ITCiO,  the  society  in  London  for  the  encouragement  of  arts,  manufactures,  and  commerce,  oll'ered 
liberal  premiums  for  the  production  of  silk  in  (Jeorgia,  Pennsylvania,  and  Connecticut.  "  The  society 
propose  10  give  for  every  pound  weight  of  cocoons  produced  iii  the  Province  of  Con.Teclicut  in  the  year 
lir'i,  (ifaii  hard,  weighty,  and  pood  substance,  wherein  one  worm  only  has  spun,  three  pence;  for 
every  pound  weight  of  cocoons  of  a  weaker,  lighter,  spotted,  or  bruised  quality,  thougli  only  onu  worm 
has  spun  in  them,  two  pence  ;  for  every  pound  of  cocoons,  produced  in  the  same  year,  ivherein  two 
worms  are  interwoven,  one  penny.  These  premiums  will  be  paid  on  condition  that  a  imi.Mc  filature 
ic  establisheil  in  Connecticut,  and  that  each  person  bring  his  or  tier  bulls  to  such  public  filature."  This 
iii'italinn,  says  Jared  Eliot,  in  his  remarkable  essays  on  Field  Husbandry  in  New  England,  is  not  to 
a  business  to  which  we  are  wholly  strangers ;  it  is  not  to  an  empty,  airy,  and  untiied  project;  for 
there  lias  been  something  of  this  manufactory  carrit^d  on  for  sundry  years,  and  by  a  number  of  our 
people  ill  divers  of  our  towns,  by  which  we  are  assured  that  it  is  practicable.  As  early  as  1747,  the 
povcrnor  of  Connecticut,  Mr.  I.aw,  wore  the  first  coat  and  stockings  made  of  New  England  silk;  and 
in  1750,  llis  dauiiliter  wore  the  first  silk  gown  of  domestic  production. 

Ill  an  almanac  of  Xalhaniel  Ames,  for  tlie  year  1T0'.I,  it  seems  the  subject  had  been  matter  of  much 
piililio  di>i:iissioii,  and  "  a  gentleman,  whom  p<isterity  will  bless,  deposited  one  hundred  dollars  in  the 
bands  of  the  selectmen  of  IJoston  ;  forty  dollars  to  be  given  to  the  person  who,  in  the  year  1771,  shall 
iiave  raised  the  greatest  quantity  of  mulberry  trees  ;  thirty  dollars  to  him  that  shall  have  the  next 
grealost  iiiiinber ;  twenty  to  the  next ;  and  tiMi  to  the!  next ;  certificate  being  produced  from  a  justice 
of  llie  peace  of  tlie  number,  and  that  they  belong  lo  Massachusetts  Hay."         ♦        ♦        ♦        ♦ 

llis  fiinlier  slated  liy  Eliot,  in  1702,  "that  by  a  lale  account  from  Oe.orgia,  it  appears  that  the  silk 
niannl'aclory  is  in  a  flourishing  way.  In  tlie  year  1757,  the  weight  of  silk  balls  receiviMl  at  the  filature, 
was  only  l.O.'iO;  last  year  produced  7,010,  and  this  year  already  about  10,000;  and  it  is  very  remarka- 
lilclhauhe  raw  silk  exported  from  (Jeorgia,  sells  at  London  from  two  to  three  shillings  a  pound  more 
than  that  fnmi  any  other  part  of  the  world."  It  is  stated  by  president  Stiles,  that  in  1702  Georgia  cx- 
pirled  lo  London  1.'>,()II0  lbs.  cocoons,  deemed  sullicieiil  to  make  l.'iOO  lbs.  of  silk. 

Other  rtMiiarks  of  Eliot,  considering  the  time  when  lie  wrote,  are  particularly  dc^serving  of  attention. 
Ill' coininends  especially  the  cultivation  of  silk  lo  llie  norlliern  colonies,  "  wlio  are  destitiile  of  any 
staple coniinodity  by  which  they  could  make  an  immediate  and  din^ct  return  to  England,  for  such  goods 
as  we  want,  and  must  always  want,  more  abundantly  than  we  have  means  at  present  by  whifh  we 
can  refund.  This  seems  to  be  the  state  of  fieorgia,  Pennsylvania,  and  Connecticut."  The  cultivation 
of  Hie  {]|reat  staple  of  cotton  was  not  pursued  then  to  any  extent  in  the  southern  states. 

He  goes  nn  lo  say  that,  "  those  aii.ong  us,  who  raise  silk,  say,  that  it  is  more  profitable  than  other 
cnlinary  business.  Some  yc'iirs  past,  I  asked  a  man  of  good  faith  and  credit,  who  had  then  made  the 
niosisilknf  any  among  us,  what  profit  iiiiglit  be  made  of  it.  His  reply  was,  that  he  could  make  a  yard 
of  sillt  as  cheap  as  he  could  make  a  yard  of  linen  cloth  of  eight  run  to  the  pound.  A  woman  of  expe- 
rience In  tills  business  told  me,  that,  in  the  short  time  of  feeding  the  worm  and  winding  the  silk  balls, 
fhecnnld  earn  enough  to  hire  a  good  spinner  the  wliole  year.  1  have  not  the  least  scruple  of  the 
informer's  veracity,  but  liow  far  their  capacity  might  serve  for  an  exact  calculation,  1  know  not."  ♦  ♦ 


*  Two  lbs.  avoirdupois  are  equal  tu  about  2  7-0  libri  Nupblitani. 


496 


SILVER. 


r»t    .»'   gij.j  .J. 


In  1772,  as  appears  from  the  manuscript  Journal  of  President  Stiles  of  Yale  College,  his  foniily  en. 
ffaged,  to  some  extent,  in  the  culture  of  silk,  and  their  production  was  sent  to  England  to  be  manu- 
factured, a  sample  of  which  cloth,  presenting  a  singularly  beautiful  fabric,  together  with  the  Journal 
itself,  is  now  in  mv  possession. 

About  the  year  1770,  a  filature  was  established  in  Thiladelphia,  and  it  is  a  remarkable  fact,  from  ihe 
25th  of  June  to  the  15th  of  August  1771,  2,3(K)  pounds  of  cocoons  were  brought  to  the  fliaturc  m  be 
reeled,  or  were  bought  by  the  managers.  These  cume  (Voui  I'eiinsylvunia,  New  Jersey,  and  Ihh. 
ware. 

About  the  year  1760,  the  culture  of  silk  was  introduced  into  Mansfield,  Conn.,  and  some  of  the  neigh. 
bouring  towns.  It  has  been  pursued  ever  since  that  time,  to  a  small  e.vtent,  in  several  other  plaeis  ig 
New  England ;  but  it  cannot  lie  said  to  have  maintained  its  foothold  in  any  otiier  situation  tliurnn 
Mansfield.  In  other  places,  where  it  planted  itself  willi  every  favourable  prospect  of  success,  it  pre 
sently  expired.  In  Mansfield,  Conn.,  it  iia.s  continued  to  In;  pursued  to  Hie  present  time.  The  larjist 
auKuint  of  raw  reeled  silk  reported  to  have  been  produced  in  any  erne  ye.ir  in  Manslielil,  as  was  stii|,.i| 
to  me  in  that  town,  has  been  about  seven  thousand  poutidi".  In  t;enerul,  iiowever,  it  has  not  Hxcfii|~j 
three  thousand  pounds  per  year.  Tlie  inhabitants  of  Mansfield  have  bcfn  wholly  dependent  npnn  i||s 
white  mulberry  for  feed  for  their  worms;  and  a  large  proportion  ofthese  were  destroyed  by  tlieaevirp 
winter  of  18.14-5. 

i'lie  silk  culture  became  again  strongly  the  subject  of  public  attention  in  IS20.  Congress  encoiirawii 
it,  by  the  publication  and  distribution  of  large  editions  of  manuals  atid  treatises,  prepared  with  groat 
care  and  fulness,  and  giving  all  the  directions  and  delails  necessary  to  the  prosecution  of  ih(!  Imsiniisj^ 
from  the  raising  of  the  trees,  to  the  preparation  of  the  article  for  us(!.  The  vast  amounts  of  uidiuv 
annually  sent  abroad  for  the  purchase  of  tiiis  article  of  universal  use  and  almost  of  necessity,  Hij 
increasing  use  of  tlie  article  among  all  classes  of  people,  and  to  an  e.\lent  I'robably  not  known  In  am 
other  country  ;  and,  at  the  same  time,  the  acknowledsji'd  capacity  of  the  country  to  produce  silk,  ami  (f 
tlie  best  ipiality,  gave  new  prominence  to  the  subject  in  llie  cimnnunily,  and  drew  the  public  atteiiiinii 
to  it  with  an  intense  interest;  but  with  no  greater  interest  than  in  an  economical  view,  in  the  opinion 
of  many  intelligent  men,  its  national  importance  may  justly  claim. 

In  Ih30,  the  introduction  of  a  new  plant  into  the  country,  (llie  Pernttet  mulberry,  or  morns  iniilii. 
caul  is,)  whicli  promised,  from  its  extraordinary  capacity  of  rapid  multiplication,  and  its  prodiHilvriM.^j 
nf  fidiage,  to  furnish  superior  advantages  for  the  prosecution  of  the  silk  culture,  g.ive  a  new  impiii,, 
to  the  cause,  and  aroused  pulilic  enthusiasm  to  a  high  degree  of  (Vrvour.  The  disappointment  luta- 
sioned  by  tiie  almost  universal  diislruction  of  these  plants  by  the  frosts,  produced  a  revulsion  in  pui,. 
lie  feeling ;  and  the  progress  of  the  silk  culture  was  again  arrested  and  set  back  in  a  strong  eiili. 

It  does  not  fall  within  my  province  to  detail  more  particularly  the  history  of  events  in  relation  toihi) 
subject.  The  introduction  of  ibis  extraordinary  variety  of  the  mulberry,  the  morns  nmltiraiilis,  m 
many  stalked  mulberry,  or,  as  I  tliink  it  should  be  called  after  the  name  of  the  spirited  individual  who 
brought  it  into  Europe,  the  Perottet  mulberry,  led  to  the  introduction  of  other  valuable  varietii,, 
About  this  time  the  erection  of  a  cocoonery  at  Northampton,  in  Massachusetts,  of  extraordinary  di- 
iiiensions  and  expense,  and  the  reiterated  and  extravagant  calculations  of  profit,  which  were  lo  MWw 
from  the  culture  of  silk,  continually  given  to  the  public  in  the  most  imposing  forms,  and  the  estalili^ii. 
nicnt  of  societies  in  all  parts  of  the  country,  witii  large  capitals  for  this  object,  kept  the  curiosity  aiij 
interest  of  the  public  constantly  upon  the  stretch.  The  announced  introduction  of  varieties  (il'ih.. 
iiiiillierry,  of  sucli  hardihood  as  to  brave  the  severity  of  our  climate,  and  especially  the  adoptinn  c:'i 
plan  for  taking  up  the  tender  varieties  and  resetting  them,  or  laying  them  down  in  the  spriiu;;  aiij 
the  practlcableness  in  this  way  of  obtaining  in  the  same  season  from  trees  thus  managed,  an  ample  sii|i- 
ply  of  food  for  the  worms,  seemed  to  give  strong  assurance  that  the  bright  hopes  wliich  liad  been 
indulged  on  this  subject,  were,  at  least  in  some  degree,  on  the  point  of  being  realized. 

In  the  year  1838,  a  new  chapter  in  the  history  of  the  silk  culture  was  to  be  unfolded.  There  isliiile 
reason  to  doubt,  that,  at  this  time,  a  conspiracy  or  combination  of  some  principal  individuals,  deeply 
interested  in  the  multicautis  in  the  United  States,  was  formed,  in  order  to  force  the  sales  (jf  this  tree 
't  high  prices.  By  every  species  of  finesse,  and  by  tlie  grossest  impositions,  the  pulilic  piiUewas 
ciiirkened  10  a  rapidity  and  intensity  of  circulation  almost  unparalleled  in  the  history  of  tlie  e.vciie- 
I  iiMiis  of  the  human  mind.  The  selling  of  spurious  seed,  the  disposal  of  trees  under  false  names,  tlie 
s.dliin^for  niulticaulis  that  which  did  not  even  belong  to  the  species  of  tlie  mulberry,  and  especially 
the  villany,  for  it  deserves  no  milder  name,  and  should  shut  out  its  perpetrators  from  all  coniniiniiiv 
with  lioiiest  men,  of  getting  up  extensive  auction  sales  of  multicaulis  trees,  which  were  purely  lieti. 
tioiis,  and  this  with  no  other  view  than  that  of  fraudulent  wliolesale  imposition  upon  the  pulilli',  pre- 
sent facta  ill  the  liistory  of  our  community  equally  remarkable  and  disgraceful.  Tliey  are  instrnrlivc 
nioiiuinents  to  mark  the  extremes  lo  which,  under  the  influence  of  an  unbridled  avarice,  thecniiniiis 
of  some  men  will  proceed,  and  the  credulity  of  others  may  be  led.  In  tliese  circumstances  the  piibbt 
attention  was  directed  exclusively  to  the  growing  of  trees.  The  production  of  silk  did  not  enii  r  Iiiid 
tlie  calculation.  Thousands  and  thousands  of  acres  were  planted  with  the  Perottet  niiilhurry;  ami 
iniiiiense  importations  of  these  trees  have  been  made  from  foreign  countries. 

Hy  the  caprices  and  fluctuations  incident  to  all  human  aflltirs,  and  liy  no  means  unexpected  In  .lease 
nf  such  violent  and  extravagant  speculation,  as  that  of  which  I  have  been  speakini!,  it  has  li.ippened 
that  the  elib  has  gone  down  in  proportion  to  tiie  elevation  of  the  fliod.  This  speciilaiion  is  at  aneal; 
anil  ihoiiifh  all  the  growers  and  speculators  in  morus  multicaulis  from  Florida  to  Maine  shnnM  piiinp 
at  the  bellows  together,  they  are  much  more  likely  to  blowout  the  last  embers  that  remain  nn  ilie 
heartli,  than  to  fail  them  into  a  flame.  It  is  feared  that  in  too  many  cases  Hie  exposure  of  the  specu- 
lation, as  it  was  termed,  would  present  only  humiliating  e.xamples  of  fraud  and  credulity;  aiiJ  ii 

w<Mild  be  an  invidious  and  ungrateful  task  to  rake  open  the  ashes  for  the  sake  ofseeingthebiirnll es 

and  carcasses  of  those  who  have  perished  in  the  flames.  The  multicaulis  is  no  longer  in  quiek  ile- 
niand,  and  may  be  purchased  at  a  price  far  below  its  actual  and  intrinsic  value.  The  tree  liavin? 
ceased  to  be  an  object  of  speculation,  it  is  now  hoped  that  public  attention  will  be  directed  lo  the  prn- 
diiction  of  silk.  The  best  trees  of  the  best  descriptions  being  obtainable,  even  by  persons  of  the  iiicji 
limited  means,  it  becomes  matter  of  important  inquiry,  whctlier,  to  what  extent,  and  iiiulir  uliai 
circumstances,  the  silk  culture  may  be  conducted  and  encouraged  as  a  profitable  branch  uf  ai'ri- 
culture.— ,4m.  £rf.] 

SILVER  (Ger.  Sllber ,-  Da.  Zilver,-  Da.  Sdlv ,-  Sw.SUfver,-  Fr.  Argenf .-  It.  Argailo; 
Sp.  Plnfu  ;  Port.  Praia  ,•  Rus.  Serebro  ;  Pol.  Srebro  ,•  Lat.  Argentum  ,■  Gr.  u^ji'^;?;  -Arak 
Ftizzeh),  a  metal  of  a  fine  white  colour,  without  either  taste  or  smell;  being  in  point  of 
brilliancy  inferior  to  none  of  the  metallic  bodie.s,  if  we  except  polished  steel.  It  is  softer  than 
copper,  but  harder  than  gold.  When  melted,  its  specific  gravity  is  10'47i;  when  ham- 
mered, 105I.     In  malleability,  it  is  inferior  to  none  of  the  metals,  if  we  except  golil.   It 


may  be  beaten  out  into  leaves  only 


1 

1  il  od'iT 


of  an  inch  tliick.     Its  ductility  '\*  vi\m\ 


\-  ri'- 


luarkuble :  it  may  be  drawn  out  hito  wire  much  finer  tlian  a  human  hair ;  ao  liiu-,  in  1^4 


SINGAPORE. 


497 


Yale  CnUcge,  his  fiiniily  en- 
enl  to  Englanil  to  be  iiianu. 
c,  logellier  willi  the  journal 

i  a  reiiiarkahle  fact,  frnm  the 
brought  to  the  tilutiiro  to  be 
nia,  New  Jersey,  and  Uela- 

;onii.,  and  some  of  the  neigh- 
nt,  in  several  other  plaeis  in 
I  any  other  situation  tlmn  m 
l(!  prospect  of  success,  il  \m. 
le  present  time.  The  largisi 
ir  in  Manslielil,  as  was  slal.il 
however,  it  has  not  exceiil-J 
n  wholly  dependent  npmiili» 
were  dijbiroyed  liy  tlie  si;v,:ri 

n  1S20.  Congress  encnnraHil 
realises,  prepared  with  gnji 
e  prosecution  of  the  Imsiniiss, 
The  vast  amounts  of  iikhkv 
Hnd  almost  of  necensily,  ilii 
III  |. reliably  not  known  in  iin; 
(luntry  to  produce  silk, ami  if 
and  drew  the  puldic  alti'miin 
;onoinical  view,  in  the  npiiiii.n 

let  nmlberry,  or  innrns  iniilii. 
jcation.anil  its  prodiicliviu.si 
;  culture,  gave  a  new  h\\\\h\,, 
IT.    The  diriappiiintnieiil  iirci- 
,  produced  a  revulsion  in  pub- 
set  back  in  a  strong  eiih, 
ory  of  events  in  relation  tntliis 
rry,  the  niorus  mullicaulis,  ot 
of  the  spirited  individual  who 
in  of  other  valuable  varieUi,. 
ichusetta,  of  extraordinary  di- 
of  profit,  which  were  to  fullrn 
osing  forms,  and  tlie  establish- 
s  object,  kept  the  curiosity  and 
-itroduction  of  varieties  oniis 
id  esppciallv  thi'  adopiim,  cl'i 
Ihem  down  in  the  spriin.';  iiiiJ 
es  thus  managed,  an  ample  sup- 
I  bright  hopes  which  had  beer, 
jcing  reali/ed. 
to  be  unfolded.    There  Is Imie 
principal  individuals,  deoiily 
,  to  force  the  sales  of  this  tree 
lositions,  the  public  pidse  was 
il  in  the  history  of  the  e.\cii«- 
•  trees  under  false  names,  the 
the  mulberry,  and  cspeciiilly 
.pctrators  from  all  cnininiirnty 
rees,  which  were  purely  liili- 
iposition  upon  the  pulilic.  |ire- 
raceful.    Tlicv  are  instrnrtivc 
.nbridled  avarice,  thecmniins 
these  circumstances  the  |iiilil,t 
ction  of  silk  did  mil  eiilernihi 
h  the  Perottet  luulberry;  ami 
ries. 

10  means  unexpected  in  a  rase 
^en  speakinil,  il  has  liapiieiieJ 
This  speculation  is  at  anetil; 
"loridato  M;iine  shonM  pmnp 
ist  embers  that  remain  nn  llie 
es  the  exposure  of  the  specii- 
•'"fraud  and  credulity;  ami  il 
sake  of  seeing  the  burnt  liiiiies 
ulis  is  no  longer  in(piiek  ile- 
isic  value.  The  tree  liavii,? 
on  will  be  directed  to  tlie  |iro- 
even  by  persons  of  the  musl 
■hat  extent,  and  umler  wlial 
a  protilablo  branch  ol  a:ri- 

\tt.  Argent ;  lU  Argciih ; 
lentum  ,-  Gr.  u^-}v^-.(\  .^nh. 

smell;  being  in  point  ol 
Ihed  steel.  It  is  softer  than 
lly  is  10-471;  when  ham- 
lals,  if  we  except  goM.  Il 
1  Its  iluclility  i^  eciuaily  ri^ 
Lan  Imii- ;  so  lim-,  iaM 


that  a  single  grain  of  silver  may  be  e.ttcnilet!  about  400  feet  in  length.  Its  tenacity  is  such, 
that  a  wire  of  silver  0'078  inch  in  diameter  Is  capable  of  supporting  a  weight  of  187"13  lbs. 
avoirdupois  without  breaking.  Silver  is  easily  alloyed  with  copper  by  fusion.  The  com- 
pound is  harder  and  more  sonorous  than  silver,  and  retains  its  white  colour  even  when  the 
proportion  of  copper  exceeds  ^.  The  hardness  is  at  a  maximum  when  the  copper  amounts 
to  oi'.e  Jiff  ft  of  the  silver.  The  standard  or  sterling  silver  of  Britain,  of  which  coin  is  made, 
is  a  compound  of  I23  parts  silver  and  1  copper.  Its  specific  gravity  is  10  2.  The  specific 
gravity  of  Paris  standard  silver,  compo.sed  of  1.37  parts  silver  and  7  copper,  is  lfl'17.5.  The 
French  silver  coin  during  the  old  government  was  not  nearly  so  fine,  being  composed  of  3GI 
parts  silver  and  27  copper,  or  9^  parts  silver  to  1  part  copper.  The  Austrian  silver  coin  con- 
tains 7j^\  of  copper.  The  silver  coin  of  the  ancients  was  nearly  pure,  and  appears  not  to 
have  been  mixed  with  alloy. — (Thomson's  Chemistry.) 

The  most  productive  silver  mines  are  in  America,  particularly  in  Mexico  and  Peru.  There 
are  also  silver  mines  in  Hungary,  Saxony,  and  other  parts  of  Europe,  and  in  Asiatic  fius- 
jig._(Sec  Phecious  Metals.) 

Besides  being  used  as  coin,  or  money,  silver  is  extensively  employed  in  the  arts.  The 
value  of  the  silver  plate  annually  manufactured  is  very  considerable.  Large  quantities  are 
also  used  in  plating. — (See  Plate.)  For  an  account  of  the  quantity  of  silver  coined  at  the 
British  mint,  since  1790,  see  vol.  i.  p.  389. 

SINGAPORE,  an  island  and  recent  British  settlement  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  tho 
Straits  of  Malacca.    The  town  is  in  lat.  1°  17'  22"  N.,  Ion.  103°  51'  45"  E. 

The  island  is  of  an  elliptical  form,  about  27  miles  in  its  greatest  length,  and  15  in  its 
greatest  breadth,  containing  an  estimated  area  of  270  square  miles.  The  whole  British  set- 
tlement, however,  embraces  a  circumference  of  about  100  miles;  in  which  is  included  about 
50  desert  islets,  and  the  seas  and  straits  within  10  miles  of  the  coast  of  the  principal  island. 
Singapore  is  separated  from  the  main  lanii  by  a  strait  of  the  same  name,  of  small  breadth 
throughout,  and  scarcely,  indeed,  ^  of  a  mile  wide  in  its  narrowest  part.  In  the  early  period 
of  European  navigation,  this  channel  was  the  thoroughfare  between  India  and  China. 
Fronting  the  island,  on  its  southern  side,  and  at  the  distance  of  about  9  miles,  is  an  exten- 
sive chain  of  islands,  all  desert,  or  at  least  inhabited  only  by  a  few  wild  races,  of  which 
nothing  is  known  but  their  mere  existence.  The  intervening  channel  is  now  the  grand 
route  of  the  commerce  between  the  eastern  and  western  portions  of  maritime  Asia ;  the  safest 
and  most  convenient  track  being  so  near  to  Singapore,  that  ships  in  passing  and  repassing 
approach  close  to  the  roads.  The  town  is  on  the  south  side  of  the  island,  and  is  situated  on 
a  river,  or  rather  salt  creek,  navigable  by  lighters  for  about  ;J  of  a  mile  from  the  sea.  Ships 
lie  in  the  roads,  or  open  harbour,  at  the  distance  of  from  1  mile  to  2  miles  from  town,  accord- 
Lig  to  their  draught  of  water.  The  assistance  of  a  number  of  convenient  lighters,  which  are 
always  in  readiness,  enables  ships  to  load  or  unload,  with  scarcely  any  interruption,  through- 
out the  year.  The  river  or  creek  is  accessible  to  the  lighters,  and  the  goods  are  taken  in  and 
discharged  at  convenient  quays,  at  the  doors  of  the  principal  warehouses. 

The  climate  of  Singapore  is  hot,  but  healthy.  Fahrenheit's  thermometer  ranges  from  71° 
to  89°.  In  a  place  only  about  80  miles  from  the  equator  there  is,  of  course,  very  little  vari- 
ety in  the  seasons.  There  is  neither  summer  nor  winter ;  and  even  the  periodical  rains  are 
short,  and  not  very  well  marked — moderate  showers  of  rain  falling  for  about  150  days  each 
year.  The  settlement  of  Singapore  was  formed  in  February,  1819,  and  its  sovereignty  and 
property,  in  their  present  extent,  confirmed  to  the  British  government  in  1825,  by  a  conven- 
tion with  the  king  of  the  Netherlands,  and  a  treaty  with  the  Malay  princes  of  Johore,  to 
whom  it  belonged.  When  taken  possession  of  by  the  English,  it  had  been  inhabited  for 
about  8  years  by  a  colony  of  Malays,  half  fishermen  and  half  pirates.  When  the  first  cen- 
sus of  the  population  was  taken,  in  January,  1824,  it  was  found  to  amount  to  10,683.  In 
1828,  it  had  increased  to  15,834:  in  both  cases,  exclusive  of  troops,  camp  followers,  Indian 
convicts,  and  a  floating  population  of  about  3,000.  The  following  statement  of  the  censuses 
taken  on  the  1st  of  January,  1832,  and  on  the  1st  of  January,  1833,  shows  the  dilTcrent  classes 
of  inhabitants,  and  their  proportions  to  each  other : — 


Mil. 

1833. 

Male*.  JFeniilcs. 

Males. 

Venules. 

Eump«an« 

83 

'O. 

91 

28 

bji  Rrilnns 

67 

27 

66 

40 

Nuive  Clirislilni 

274 

146 

167 

133 

inneoiani 

20 

6 

27 

8 

Jm       . 

i 

. 

2 

inb)      • 

61 

3 

96 

Milin    ■ 

3,748 

3,467 

3,763 

3,368 

ChiMSt    . 

7,149 

613 

7,650 

867 

NjlivMotlheCoutofCo. 

mnwDdel 

1.374 

.40 

1,762 

57 

Nat.  of  Hindoslan 
J.iv.iuese  ..  • 
Ru^ia,  Baunese,  &c. 
CiBVes 
Farsees 

Total 
Feaialct 

Total  Inhabilanti 


1832.                        1S33. 

Males. 

Females.!  Males. 

Females. 

409 

391 

735 

7 

2 

121     1      3B9 
2.'>3           361 
692           794 

'1        " 

116 

214 

932 

U 

14,324 
6,391 

S,39t     .  15,191 
-     .    '   6,797 

5,797 

'  19,715 


20,978 


The  principal  merchants  and  agents  are  Englishmen,  of  whom  also  there  are  a  few  shopkecperi, 
I  luclioneers,  &c.    There  are  also  some  respectable  Chinese  merchants  ;  and  the  bulk  of  the  shopkeep- 
er!, with  the  most  valuable  part  of  the  labouring  population,  consigt  of  Chinese.     A.bout  5,000  adult 
Hies  arrive  annually  from  China  by  the  Junks ;  about  1,000  of  whom  remain  at  Singapore,  the  rvat 
2t2  63 


i  M 


!? 


498 


SINGAPORE. 


US'.-    ,   .'•m 

_, .^■^ 


(rtfc     -  /  :■■•  m» ' 


,..tfi^  IKI 


m 


-«»»"•« 


dispersing  thomselveB  among  the  nelRlibouring  Dutch,  EngliBh,  and  Malay  gettlements.  The  bnatme, 
are  chiefly  natives  of  the  Coroinandel  coast;  and  the  Malays  employ  themselves  as  lishernien,  In  cm 
ting  tiniher,  and  in  supplying  the  settlement  with  the  rude  produce  of  the  neighbourhood.  There  ar» 
Sgood  daily  markets,  open  at  all  hours,  and  well  aiipi>l><-'d  with  vegetahles,  fruits,  grain,  (Ish,  pork,  aini 
green  turtle;  the  latter  the  cheapest  animal  food  that  can  he  procured.  At  Hinfiapore  there  areno 
export  or  import  duties  levied,  nor  anchorage,  harbour,  light-house  dues,  or  any  fees  ;  but  a  register  |, 
kept  of  all  exports  and  imports.  Reports  must  bo  made  to  the  master  attendant  by  the  masters  uf  ve,. 
Bels,  and  invoices  delivered  to  the  superintendent  of  imports  and  exports. 

CommoJitie.t  and  Price*.— Singapore  is  chiefly  an  entrepdt,  having,  with  the  exception  of  pearl  sajo 
manufactured  on  the  spot  from  the  raw  material  imported  from  the  north  coast  of  Sumatrn,  iirijiip^ 
ments  of  agriculture,  and  some  others  fabricated  by  the  Chinese  from  European  iron,  and  guiiiliii..r  „, 
catechu  grown  and  manufactured  on  the  island,  few  commodities  of  its  own  exportation.  The  Inljon. 
ing  price  current  of  the  22d  of  August,  1833,  will  convey  the  best  idea  of  the  miscellaneous  articleui' 
wliich  tlio  commerce  of  the  port  consists :— 


Articles. 


EoMtem  Artida, 
Bees'  wai 

Biclie  (te  mer,  1st  sort        • 
inferior 
tale  of  France 
Bcnj.iiniu 
RctuI  nut  • 
Bird's  nests,  white  - 

blick- 
Camplior,  Barai     • 

Clijna 
Canvass^  Bengal     - 
Colt'ce,  bumatra 

oilier  descriptioni 
Copper,  Japan,      •  > 

Cordage,  coir 

Cotton      •  ■  • 

Danimer,  raw 
Dholl 

Uragon's  blood,  inf 'r  (block) 
Ebony,  Isle  of  Prance 

of  ottier  parts  • 
Elephmt's  teetb,  Ist  sort    • 
2.1  ilo. 
3d  do. 
Gambler,  Rhio  and  Singapore 
Silk  .  .        '  . 

Gamboge  - 
Ghee,  cow 
buiralo 
Grain,  rice,  while  ■ 
car^o,  Ist  sort 
do.  inferior  - 
Bengal  • 

wheat 

gram,  2  maunds 
Gold  dust,  of  Pahang  &  Siac 

of  other  parts  - 
Gunnies    • 
Mother.o'-pearl  shells 
Nankeens,  long  juuk 

short  do. 

Oil,  cocoa  nut 

Opium,  I>atna 

Benares 

Malwa 

Pepper,  bl.ick 

long  •   •         . 
Piece  goods,  Bengal  sannahs 
Mahmoodies-  • 

Gurrahs 
Bafl.is 

chintz  of  12  cubits 
chintiof  10  cubits 
Madras,  mories,  white  - 

blue 
niempirea,  blue 

brown    - 

handkerchiefs 

knlanikoriea  • 

kambayaa     ■  - 

bugis  sarungs 

Bali  cloths    - 

Balick  bandkfs. 

Rattans      . 

S.ign,  |)earl,  in  casee 

Salt,  Siam 

Saltpetre  • 

Sapan  wood,  Manilla 

Siam  • 
Silk,  raw,  China,  junk 
Canton,  No.  3. 
Macao 
Spirits,  arrack 
Stick  lac  ■ 
Segan,  Manilla     - 
Sugar,  Siam,  Isl  sort 


per  picul 


per  catty 
per  picul 
per  catty 
per  picul 
per  bolt 
per  picul 


per  bale 
per  picul 

per  bag 
per  picul 


Prices. 


per  coyan 


per  bag 


per  bung 

per  100 
per  picul 

per  too 
per  corge 
per  picul 
per  chest 


per  picul 
per  corge 


per  picul 

per  coyan 
per  picul 


72  cyts. 
lOOcyts. 

SScyts. 

per  gsl. 
per  picul 
per  1,000 
per  picul 


From 
2S  dol. 
40 
20 

7 
16 

I  1-2 
30 
30 
12 
30 

3 

91-2 

9 
27 

3  1-2 
18 

I 

2  3-4 
12 

3 

2 

too 

95 
70 

4 

6 
15 
14 
12 
65 
4S 
40 

2  1-2 

3 

2 
30 
27 

7 

20 
38 

7 

6 
630 
630 
630 

5  1-2 
4 

33 
28 
12 
20 
14  1-2 

8 
22 
80 
40 
30 
30 
20 
12 
16 

6 

8 

1  1-2 

2  3-4 
23 

7  1-2 
I  1-4 
13-4 
KO 
320 
300 
16  Ota. 
12 
6 

6  1-2 


To 

32  dol. 

60 

25 

15 

65 

13-4 

43 

200 

30 

35 

4 
10 

9  1-2 
30 

6 
22 

I  1-4 

3 
26 

31-2 

3 
120 
100 
90 

6 

80 
18 
14 
60 
0 
45 

2  3-4 

3  1-4 
2  1-4 

31  12 
30 
9 
22 
45 
8 

6  1-2 

720 

TiO 

6t« 

6 

34 
30 
14 
22 
16 
10 
25 
40 
50 
36 
100 
46 
13 
30 

7 
16 

2 

3 
24 

8 

1  1-2 

2 

240 

330 

310 

20cla. 

14 

6  1-2 

6 


Articles. 


Eaaltni  Atlida. 

Sugar,  Cochin-china 
Sugar  candy 
Tin,  Banca 
Straits 
Tobacco,  Java 

China 
Tortoiseshell 

Ihiropean  Artida. 
Ale,  Hntlgsou's 
Allsnp's 
Barcl-iy's 
Ancliors  and  grapnels 
Kiittles,  English     - 
Canvass    •  ■  • 

Copner  nails  and  sheathing  • 
Cordage    - 
Cotton  twist,  No.  16.  to  36. 

No.  38.  to  70.  - 
Gunpowder 
Flints 

Iron,  Swedish,  bar 

English 

nails,  spike 

Lead,  pig . 

sheet  • 

Patent  shot 

Faint,  oil  • 

Provisions,  beef,  American 
English 
porK,  Engl  ish - 
flour,  • 
Rosin 
Speller 

Sleel,  Swedish        •  • 

Tar,  Stockholm 
Piece  goods,  Madapolams,  25 
yds.  by  32  to  36  inchis 
iniitalion  Irish,  i2dyds.  by 
36  inches 

long  cloths,  3S  to  4C  yds. 
by  36  to  37  in. 
3Stn40yds.ly38to40in. 
33  to  40  yds.  tiv  44  in.    - 
38  to  40  yds.  by  «0  in.     - 
38  to  40  yds.  by  54  in.    • 
3S  to  40  yds.  bv  CO  in.     - 
prints,  7  8,  liifnt  grounds, 
single  cnfouni  • 
9-51,  do.  do. 
7-8,  dark,  do.   - 
9  8,  do.  do. 

7-8  and  9-8,  2  colours  - 
9-P,  Turkey  reil  ground, 
24  yards 

9-8  furniture,  24  yards  - 
cambric,  12  yds.  by  42  to 
44  inches         •  - 

12  yards  by  45  inches     • 
jacconot,  20  yds.  t)y  44  to 
46  inches 

lappets,  20  yds.  by  40  to 
44  inches 

handkerchiefs,  imitation 
Baikic,  dbl.     • 
Pulicat 
Woollens,  long  ells 

camlets  •  • 

ladies*  cloths  (scarlet)    - 
bombazettea 
Wines  and  spirits — sherry  • 
port     . 

claret,  French  • 
English     ■ 
brandy 
rum    ■ 
gin      . 


per  picul 


40  baskets 
per  picul 

per  hhd. 


per  picnl 
per  100 
per  bolt 

per  picul 


per  IDO  lbs, 
per  picul 


per  bag 

per  gallon 

per  bri. 


per  picul 
per  tub 
per  brl. 

per  piece 


per  corge 
per  dozen 
per  piece 

per  yani 
per  piece 
per  dozen 


per  gal. 
per  case 


Prices. 


From 
3t  cts 
6 

IS^dol. 
120 
14 
1,000 

36 
.13 
10 
10 

312 

9 
35 
10 
38 
60 
26 
30  cts. 

6  dol. 

2 

3 

6 

5  1-2 

1 

1  1-2 
2 

30 
25 

4 

2 

4 

6 

5 

11-4 

2  1-4 

3  1.2 
4 

6 

\     « 

10 

212 
3 

2  1.2 
3 

3  1-2 

10 


1  14 
1  1-2 

1  1-2 
11-2 

5 

2  1-2 
10 
25 

I  1.2 
7 
6 
9 
4 
8 
34 
SOcli. 
6 


l,OW 

40 
40 
20 
12 
4 
II 
40 
M 
40 


5l2i 
212  . 
314 
(HI 
6  ' 
2  I 
134 


5 

3     I 
41-2 
10 


3 

21-2 

6 

6H  ■ 


31-3  : 
h\-i 


2      ' 
2M 

4      j 

2      I 

61-2  ' 

II      I 
32     { 

214  1 
9     i 


45*: 
7 


The  following  arethe  rates  of  commission  and  warehouse  rent  charged  at  Singapore,  except  in  cates 
of  ipecial  agreement 


Cammiition. 

1.  On  all  sales  or  purchases,  eicept  the  following,  6  per  cent 

2.  On  purcliases  of  goods  or  produce  for  returns,  2  Ui  per  cent. 

3.  On  sales  or  purchases  of  opium,  3  per  cent. 

4.  On  sale  or  purchase  of  shipa,  vcMels,  housci,  or  lands,  2  1-2  per 
oant 

£.  On  sale,  pnrchue,  or  shipment  of  bullion,  I  per  cent. 

6.  On  sale  or  purchase  of  diamonds.  Jewels,  ftc,  2  per  cent. 

7.  On  returns  in  treasure,  bullion,  or  bills,  1  jper  cent. 

8.  On  all  goods  consigned  and  withdrawn.  1.2  commisalon. 

9.  On  eale,  purchase,  or  negotiating  of  bills  not  serving  for  purchase 
of  goods  or  produce,  I  per  cent. 

0.  On  all  goods  sold  by  auction  by  the  agents  thenuelvm  in  tddi- 
tioa  to  Ills  ibon,  >  1-2  per  cent. 


11.  On  del  credere,  or  guaranteeing  salts  when  siieciallymiiiRil,  I 
2  1-2  per  cent. 

12.  Shronrage,  I  percent,  per  mille. 

13.  On  all  advances  of  money  for  the  purpose  of  trade,  nbetbtrltt  I 
goods  are  consigned  to  the  agent  or  not,  and  ^vhereacommiwn  I 
of  6  per  cent,  is  not  charged,  2  1-2  ))er  cent.  I 

14.  On  ordering  goods,  or  superintending  the  fullilmeot  of  coDtnn  I 
whence  no  oihercommiseion  isdtrived.2  l-2|)erccDl.  | 

15.  On  guaranteeing  bills,  tmnds,  or  other  enga.^nienla,  ami  od  ^  I 
coming  security  for  administrations  nf  estates,  or  to  mtt^  j 
ment  or  individuals  for  contracts,  .'•grecments,  Ac, 2  life  I 
cent.  I 

16.  On  acting  for  the  estates  of  penont  deceased  as  eneutonn  tl'  I 
minMrators,  6  per  cent. 


SINGAPORE. 


499 


ay  getllemenff".  The  bo.iimeri 
einaclves  as  fishermen,  in  cm. 
he  nclglilioiirhood.  There  atn 
sB.ffuils,  grain,  fish,  pork,aiij 
id.  At  Singapore  there  are  m 
a,  or  any  fees  ;  but  a  register  ii 
tenUant  by  the  maslera  uf  vtj. 

•8.  .        ,         , 

ih  the  exception  of  pearl  saw, 
orth  coast  of  Sumatra,  iiii|iie. 
European  iron,  anil  painlMcrur 
own  exportation.  The  follow. 
)f  the  miscellaneous  articles  of 

I  I'ricn. 


IT  On  the  muiAfement  of  atatei  of  othert,  on  the  amount  receiveO, 
*  i  1  2  per  cent. 


per  i>icul 


idet. 


40baikcti 
per  picul 

per  htvl. 

per  picnt 
per  100 
per  bolt 

per  picul 


per  ICO  IlM. 
.     per  picul 


per  tug 

per  gallon 

per  lirl. 


n>,2S 

;hM 

li.bjr 


per  picul 
per  tub 
per  brl. 

per  piece 


unda, 


10 


en 


per  yani 
per  piece 
per  dozen 


led  at  Singapore,  except  incases  I 
luariDteelni  salii  when  .i«cially  re<i«ml, 

tXa?n!f?nrrh"tai™e..o[«.»" 

E.  bonds,  or  other  engagemeQls,  ami  o  t^ 
l\aiiiini«tratmui  of  «til«,  or  to  p«^ 
I  for  contract*,  pgreementi,  be,  i  n  F 

LtM  Of  per»0D8  deccaied  as  executcin«  fcl"  I 
cat.  ■ 


31.  On  transhipping  all  gorylsor  produce,  cicepi  the  fullowini;,  I 
|ier  cent. 

32.  (.In  transhipplni(  whnln  clirstjinri..;.^!^,  caMia  tjiiilii,»nift('ed,cam* 
phor,  iiaiiKL>eiis,  ainl  Kuniiy  t.i;(ti,  p«r  packn^f,  I  tlolLir. 

33.  At  the  option  of  the  a^i-nt,  on  the  amount  ilt-bilr  I  ur  credited 
within  the  year,  incliidnig  inlrrt^t,  and  tixrcpt  iuf{  onlv  iturh  items, 
on  which  at  lean  2  1*2  per  cent.  Iiai  bt-en  charjceit,  I  per  ct'iit. 

This  chargt^  not  to  apply  to  paying  over  a  halatice  ilut  mi  an  ac* 
count  inadt:  up  to  a  (articular  peritxl,  unleu  where  luch  balance  is 
withdrawn  williout  reasonable  notice. 

li^arehmae  Rent  per  Month, 

Chesti  of  opium  or  litk,  bales  of  woollens,  pipes  of  wine  or  brandy, 

tba<;uera<»r  arrack,  Ac,  I  dollar. 
nates  of  Iitduii  piece  i;>)"d!i,  cotlm,  anti  gunny  t>a:{s,  50  cents. 
C.^sfs  of  lilurupean  pieci>  ^i>mls,  trUiiM'S  uf  wualh-iia,  ^c,  2o  ctnts 
Hot^lie.ids  of  liquor,  1-2  chests  of  wine,  &c.,  4i)  cents. 
I'cpper,  rice,  cuttee,  sui^ar,  &nltpetre,  ^c,  lU  per  cent. 
Iron,  tin,  luteniKue,  speller,  comber,  lead,  &c.,  tt  percent. 
All  other  goods,  not  mentiont-J,  to  |>ay  accordingly,  or  l)y  measure- 

oirnt,  at  the  rate  uf,  per  loo  of  50  cubic  feet,  1  dollar. 


IB.  On  -irocuring  freight,  or  advertisinv  as  the  ajjenl  of  owner  or 

coui'nianders,  on  the  amount  of  fieight,  whether  the  same  passis 

through  the  hands  of  the  agent  or  nol,  5  pt-r  cent. 
iQ  On  chartering  ships  for  oilier  (larties,  2  I  2  per  cent. 
K)'  Ou  making  insurance,  or  writing  orders  for  do.,  1-2  per  cent. 
fj'  ons^lilioK  insurance  losiet,  total  or  partial,  and  on  procuring 

rrturu  of  premium,  I  per  cent. 
21  Oil  jt-'ltts,  when  a  proceu  at  law  or  arbitration  is  necessary,  2  1-2 

per  cent.— And  if  received  by  such  means,  6  per  cent. 
M  (^  bills  of  exchange  noted  or  protested,  2  per  cent. 
21  Uncollecting  house  rent,  6  per  cent. 
«!  Oi»ihi|»'  disbursements,  2  1-2  per  cent. 
M  Ou  negotiating  loans  on  respondentia,  2  per  cent 
27'  Ou  letters  of  credit  granted  lor  mercantile  purposes,  2  I  2  per  cent. 
M  On  purchasing  or  sell  uig  government  securities,  or  on  exchange 

in?  or  transferring  the  same,  12  per  cent. 
M  On  delivering  up  do.,  12  per  cent. 
to  On  all  advances  not  puiiclually  liifuidited,  the  agent  to  have  the 

oT)\ion  of  charginga  second  conmnssion,  as  upon  a  fresh  advance, 

iirovijed  the  cnirge  be  ouly  made  once  in  the  same  year. 

frade  of  Sinffapore.— The  foWow'ing  TRbU'n  dire  taken  (Tom  tljc  ollicial  Htateinenls  published  in  the 
SiHffdpo^i  ChrovieUf  '27th  of  September,  1832.  The  sums  are  expresaeU  in  sicca  rupees,  at  tiie  fixed 
escWge  of  310^  sicca  rupees  per  100  Spanish  dollars. 

I.  Total  Account  of  Imports  and  Exports  at  Singapore  for  the  Years  1823  to  1831-32. 


Yean. 

Impurti. 

Eiporls.* 

Yian. 

Iiii|H)rls. 

Exports. 

Sicca  Ruptti. 

Sicca  Rupees. 

Sicra  Rupees. 

Sicca  tiujiees. 

1823 

not  Blate'l. 

117,21,818 

1W8I829 

IWi,  11,203 

lS,i,41i,t)04 

1824 

145,55,098 

139,02,685 

1829-1S30 

212.1.5,599 

l87,B2,r.09 

IK2i 

132,39,178 

122,87,863 

1810-1831 

187,53,505 

1^.2,66,319 

1S28-I827 

138,19,786 

13?,K1,0«2 

183M832 

178,09,918 

156,51,673 

18271828 

148,85,999 

138,72,010 

II  Total  Value  of  Imports  and  Exports,  with  tlie  Places  stated,  to  show  the  general  Channel  of  Tran- 
shipments. 


— ""^ 

Ini  porta.                                                                         1 

Countriei. 

1826-IS27. 

1I27-IS28. 

1828-1829. 

1829-1830. 

1830-1831. 

1831-1832. 

rtom  EnfUnd  and  Foreign  Europe 

From  China 

FremJava 

Sicca  Rupees. 
28,35,477 
15,13,555 
11,78,676 

Sicca  Rupees. 
24,61,800 
17,92,675 
22,84,638 

Sicca  fiupcu. 
2.i,09,X)9 
66,'22,I36 
14,49,149 

Sicco  Rupees. 

34,bS,549 
71,84,407 
17,81,427 

■Sicca  Rupees. 
26,04,403 
6I),I5,1'40 
21,89,228 

i'tcca  Rupees, 
33,.U,U7 
51,2J,4S3 
2u,60,-48 

Eiporls. 

To  Enjland  and  Foreign  Europe    • 
To  t  iiina            .            -            - 
ToJ«>  .            •            •            • 

26,89,576             30,61,745 

24,61,^15             15,19,897 

8,26,966              10,2ti,379 

68,60,717 
18,12,729 
10,34,598 

77,63,176 

23,82,328 

8,97,488 

76,52,126 
18,93,037 
11,41,729 

64,38,988 
I5,4i^,042 
7,;7,l:-3 

Note. — Japan  copper  from  Batavia  is  an  article  of  tmuabipnieat  to  Calcutta,  and  occosion.illy  to  Duml>ay. 

Ill  Table  showing  the  total  Value  of  Cargoes  exported  to  England,  distinguishing  Transhipments 
from  Straits'  Produce,  in  the  Years  1820-30,  1830-31,  lb31-32. 


Vean. 

Veiaels. 

Tons  Register. 

Straits'  Produce.t           Transhipments. 

Total.              1 

1629-1830 
1830-1831 
1831-1832 

20 
23 

20 

6,019 

7,785 
6,7-6 

Sicca  Rupees. 
19,03,792 
23,34.232 
19,53,613 

Sicca  Rupees. 
68,55,209 
80,713.361 
6I,16,7&« 

Stc^     Hupces. 
,UU1 
,4,lU,'.93 
7U70,377 

IV.  Quantities  of  the  principal  Articles  exported  from  Singapore,  in  the  undermentioned  Years. 

Articles. 

Year  ending  1st  of  April, 

Year  ending  Ist  of  April,  1830. 

Yearendins  Ist  of  April, 
1831. 

Year  ending  1st  of  April, 
1832. 

Picul«.  CoJu' 

Ba^t.  Corg. 

PicuU. 

Cases. 

Sags. 

Corf. 

Piculs. 

Cases. 

2)<. 

Piculs. 

Casts. 

Corff. 

8 

75 

. 

. 

428 

28 

• 

• 

56  It 

6 

842-69 

C»ia-     •     • 

3,461 

■ 

• 

. 

. 

- 

• 

• 

5,512- 1 

• 

. 

1,870 

buds-      ■ 

224 

Cimphor, 

ChlM     •      ■ 

3,535 

. 

■ 

, 

958 

1,854 

• 

■ 

467-3 

- 

142 

Coffte       ■      • 

38,620 

. 

. 

. 

18,525^ 

- 

1,211 

- 

31,770-38 

• 

. 

23,228  23 

Unsnn's  blood  • 

26 

25 

. 

. 

8* 

■ 

■ 

202-3 

68 

> 

101-84 

Elephants' 

teeth 

Itelh      .      • 

37i 

> 

. 

. 

70  65 

1 

17 

> 

77-12 

• 

. 

41-87 

C bungk. 
)            18 
"S     purell 

7 

bungk. 

mayams 

GolJdiut  •     ■ 

• 

" 

• 

• 

3  94 

3 

j 

8-62 

12 

• 

8-20 

72 

Nirikeens  « 

4,588 

7,012 

8,524 

260 

6,335 

pieces 
885,081 

piece« 
28ti,tij4 

Ptppn,  liljck  • 

8,395' 

- 

. 

31,814 

• 

559 

. 

32,051-84 

. 

37,539"88 

white  - 

6,009 

bund. 

bund. 

Riwiillt   .     • 

150 

234 

3,810      . 

98 

1911 

4,420 

, 

2,355 

• 

. 

1,65416 

. 

103 

Rice  .     .      • 

2,658 

" 

26,277 

2* 

707 
bundles 

• 

46,470 

• 

• 

38,784 

llallaiis     •     • 

6,120 

" 

7» 

43,146 

• 

1,940 

lbs. 

25,672 

' 

34 

15,232 

10 

Spica-     .     . 

87 

66 

• 

2,670 

4,953 

•J  hhd.   \ 

2,777 

3,433  i 

4 

311 

3,052 

hps.     .      . 

34,356 

, 

. 

38,409 

10 

79 

. 

63,917 

, 

, 

44,183 

5,0.     .      . 

2,305 

" 

" 

4,965 

75 

slabs 

• 

2,050|^ 

• 

• 

5,084J 

It.    .     .     . 

2,841 

• 

• 

24,262 

■ 

843 

• 

19,776 

teti 
22 

• 

25,063 

Toiloiwshell    . 

158 

. 

94-31 

?2 

■ 

• 

218 

mi 

10 

•  Ptnang  and  Malacca  ar«  included. 

t  Mcr  this  head  it  included  Banc*  tin.  which  bu  been  largely  trasihipped,  but  the  state  of  the  entries  does  not  permit  of  its  beinc  iu. 

tiafuiibed.  ^^ 


500 


SINGAPORE. 


<r:^. 


<^%'Ti 

'MEL.,t«]«  nii^ 

nffwj"^  /imt 

'imic:^-4% 

::t'"r"iiil 

*^,*ra  till  1* 

c:^::^ 

^;.    jjti.ir 

Et^M.^r'tfi 

![.*-. 


V.  General  Trade  with  India  for  the  Years  1896-87  to  1831-1833. 
(Imports  into  Singapore  from  India.) 


From  C»lcull» 
fiuiiibay 

Tnl.ll 

1826-1827.       1        I827-1S'2S.       |       1828-1929. 

I82»-I830. 

1830-1831. 

l(-31.|k3), 

.Sirai  Rupea. 
19,K),I20 
4,n3,0i  a 
2,55,700 

Sirra  Rupees, 
23,l6,IUIi 
4,l4.(i9S 

3,76,S89 

Sirra  Itnyets. 
29,77,1)86 
10,90.278 
3,'-2,249 

Sieca  Rupees. 
27,9MI5 
.'),74,.'.S6 
2,73,393 

Sirca  Rupees. 

2','9,r.92 

1,02,58,) 

2,22,311 

Sieea  fti,,,,„ 

2A-.",:i;,3 

2.lll.,(<n 

1.92,7(ii 

26.1l,t.?2 

31,n8.(ri3         1         44,49,613 

3(i,4l,3!H 

28,S4,516        ■        2:.iS(*~ 

To  Calnilfa    • 
Maftras 
Dullibay    • 

Total 

20,39,762 
2,7S.92S 
5,26,188 

16,31,149 

1 1,'1S,0<J9 

1,'-S,012 

Exportl  (o  liidi.a. 

23,'8,S94                 20,3,'i,747 
3,93,-inO                    2,(10,877 
3,73,03d                    6,00,474 

2231,713 

2.8Sb7S 
4,06,628 

I8,5I,.1T| 
3,I2.T.2 
3,U),lu 

28,44,878 

29,.57,460 

31,2.1,529 

28,43,098 

29,26,919        1        2->,27,;H7~ 

VI.  Corrected  Liat  of  Cargoes  to  Europe,  hy  VcsspIs  which  sailed  from  the  Port  during  tills  Offiriii 

Year  1831-32.  "" 


Veiscis'  Namefc 

Toil!. 

At  wick 

341 

Helen  .Mar 

2r. 

Madeline 

2.>6 

Kliia    • 

53S 

Victoria 

375 

Ei^Ie 

2(16 

Edni'ind  Castle 

2S5 

Reucnnleii 

402 

I.ady  Qordon  ■ 

2-3 

(anny  • 

280 

RuQDyniede     • 

4C0 

Straits' 
Produce. 


DoUars. 

9,900 
86,117 

6.0ti6 
60,K|8 
8.5, 1  HI 
37,997 
83,006 
6'>& 
66,833 
49,153 
65,037 


Transhipt, 


Dollars. 

198,159 

13,845 

3:,6I-I 

40390 

61,546 

10,710 

6,0.0 

29'),201 

727,  ,61 


Total. 


Dullarf. 

SOX) 

284  276 

6,061 

64,«i3 
12.',872 

78,577 
138,552 

11,365 

72,855 
341,658 
79.',511 


Vessels*  Nanicfl. 


!  Harold 


Childe 

Hebe 

Aurora 

Rilavja 

Orynthia 

Spirlaii 

DiikenrRoxbur);)!  ■ 

Edward 

Irene 

Tolils 


Tons. 


463 
256 
5,50 
360 
318 
237 
417 
354 
180 


Straits' 
Pnxluce. 


Di'llart. 
36,504 
6 -,368 
Ii3,79,> 
32,060 
54,5S1 
2,091 
33,239 
64.32/) 
40,1  04 


Traiahipt. 

Toui. 

Dollars. 

SO^COO 

2,700 

61,003 

3+t,i«! 
,'1.0*1 
'PI 

4,039 

654,536 
9,J93 
10,000 

6>,6M| 
2,091 

"WiO , 

6o,o:^ . 

0,756     92a,0.-2      2,130,767     I     3,3j?.fH 


Ciirrencij,  Weights,  iMnguage,  ^c. — The  currency  and  weights  are  simple  and  convenipnt.  Met- 
chantM*  nccniints  are  kept  in  Spiuil.«h  dolhirs,  divided  into  100  |iarts,  represented  either  l)y  Diiich  (i,,|(," 
or  by  English  copper  coins  of  the  8nine  value.  The  weights  in  use  (and  almost  every  thing  is  soM  iiv  1 
wpiglil,  as  in  ('hiiia)  are  the  Chinese  picul  of  100  catties,  or  IliSJ  Ihs.  avoirdupois.  Rice  (llu;  prdducj 
of  Sinm  and  the  Archi|iela!,'o)  and  salt  are  sold  by  Ihii  coyaii  of  40  piculs.  Gold  dust  is  sold  hv  a  .M;i|m 
weight  called  the  buiigkal,  wliich  weighs  two  t^panish  dolpirs,  or  8,S'2  grains  Troy.  llenL'al  rii'o,  \\\in\  I 
and  pulses  of  the  s;iiue  country,  are  sold  by  the  bug,  containing  2  Uengal  niaiinds,  or  IO!J  lbs.  avoiniii. 
pois.  IMere  goods,  &c.  are  sold  by  the  corge  or  score.  English  weights  and  measures  are  frcc|u,:iii|y 
used  in  reference  to  European  commodities.  The  iiinde  of  transacting  business  among  llic  IJirdiiial, 
merchants  is  simple  and  etlicient.  Instead  of  trusting  their  affairs  to  native  agents,  as  in  nihir  m\i 
of  India,  they  transact  them  in  person,  with  tin!  occasional  assistance  of  a  Chinese  Creole,  tis  an  jubr- 
preter  and  broker.  The  European  merchants  transact  business  on  their  own  account ;  but  a  pnai 
deal  of  their  employment  consists  in  acting  as  agents  for  houses  in  London,  Liverpool,  Glasignw,  .^m. 
sierdain,  Antwerp,  Calcutta,  Uoinbay,  Mailras,  Canton,  and  liatavia.  They  are  also  agents  for' van. 
ous  insurance  othces  at  Calcutta  and  elsewhere, and  policies  of  insurance  to  any  exterit  may  betlt'fiipj 
without  (lilficulty.  The  langnagi;  of  commercial  intercourse,  winire  any  of  the  natives  of  ihc  Da^i 
are  concerned,  is  universally  Malay, — a  simple  and  easy  dialect,  of  which  all  the  resident  inerilialiii 
have  a  siilficient  aciiuaintance  f"r  ihe  iriinsiicting  of  ordinary  business.  A  newspaper,  the  Siiimm 
Chruiiirli;  is  publishivl  once  a  week,  and  contains  a  price  current,  an  account  of  arrivals  and  dtMiarl- 
lires  of  shipping,  and  an  oltirial  detail  of  all  the  exports  and  imports  of  the  preceding  week.  Tlie 
adniinislratiipu  of  justice  is  enlirely  EuL'lisli,  there  being  a  recorder's  court  for  the  settlenieiit,  in  com. 
flion  with  the  two  neigtibouriiig  ones  of  fenang  and  Malacca, 

(Statement  of  the  Value  of  r'le  Import  and  Export  Trade  of  Singapore,  with  the  undermentioned 

Prices,  in  the  Years  1836-37  and  1837-38. 


Imports. 

Exports, 

Countries. 

1836-37. 

1837-38. 

1836-37. 

1837-3?. 

' 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 

Dcllars. 

Great  Britain        .... 

1,720,428 

1,632,457 

1,11-0,8.53 

970,392 

Foreign  Kurope    - 

88,036 

9,516 

34,K14 

70,4>S 

United  Slates         .... 

100,298 

60,680 

308,540 

113.1^2 

Rio  de  Janeiro       .... 

2,725 

41,883 

22,700 

Mauritius  ..... 

I2,P47 

28.720 

73S,7.:3 

i,iii.2(a 

Calcutta 

1,406,907 

1,619,794 

111,985 

175,614 

Madras  and  Ports  in  Cape  Coast  . 

272,5.56 

379,400 

469,658 

3W,K),i 

Bombay     ..... 

23.,ail 

301.607 

16,641 

60,ui7 

Arabia       .           .           .           .          - 

2,220 

25,:i61 

2^9,372 

413,T95 

Manilla 

94,048 

213,305 

10,320 

SIM 

Ceylon       ..... 

8,120 

17,049 

1,312,054 

1,169,7-0 

Chin* 

790,735 

659,272 

608,171 

fiM.700 

Java 

892,961 

1,037,157 

106,618 

1I5,M 

Rhio 

148.394 

124,282 

360,872 

324,782 

Slam          ..... 

22.5,969 

3S1,516 

105.558 

95,6:i 

Cochin  Chlni       .... 

94,918 

70,908 

174.934 

293,393 

Sumatra     ..... 

::    ^81 

321,890 

406,295 

314,22^ 

E.  S.  Peninsula     ■ 

W„ 

368,777 

24,<94 

26,406 

W.  S.  Peninsula    .... 

.i^,.  !■) 

44.061 

250,043 

31-,4il 

Borneo       ..... 

'!•!)    IW 

289,058 

253,992 

293,5-1 

Neighbourioi;  Islarls,  &c. 

l&ft,t'->3 

117,573 

129,006 

116,516 

Bally 

CelMies  and  other  Eailem  Islandt 

Total  Dollan 

91,382 
273,242 

83,097 
310,184 

136,413 

106,243 

7,628,980 

8,166,862 

6,973,618 

7,095,«9 

7,528,990 

6,973,618 

627,862 

121,841 

Eastern  Ports  trading  with  Singapore.— ks  every  thing  that  relates  to  the  trade  of  the 
East  is  now  becoming  of  the  first  importance  to  commercial  men,  we  make  no  apology  for 


SINGAPORE. 


601 


[o  1831-18W. 


1830-1631. 


Sictn  Rupert. 

l,ni,58,» 
2,22,311 


itai-naj, 

S\cca  Hum, 

22,-.Ml;,3 

2.|iii,wn 

l.lU.TUi 


" 

as-.M.Me 

2:,iv2i; 

22.31,713 
2.»Sli78 
4,06,528 

iKii.ri 

3,I2.7-..' 
3,W,1U 

29,26,919 

2M;'xr~' 

3  m 

the  Port  (luring  this  Offitiii 

vXL     Tra.^hipt.1      Toui. 


Dvllari. 

Dollnri. 

a  liar,. 

36,404 

5 -,388 

ao«,ooo 

2,700 

M,7D3 

61,003 

i2i,:» 

32,060 

- 

31,'\ii 

54,581 

4,039 

'AW. 

2,091 

. 

m 

33,239 

654,530 

«■;,:!■; 

64,32:-. 

9..'95 

■iUli 

40,1  04 

10,000 

EO.U.I 

.7j6_92a,0.-2      2,130,767     \     MJvH^ 

B  simple  and  cnnvenifiiil.    Mer. 
>|irt' sentcil  cither  by  Unuli  doiti, 
mrt  aliiiDsl  every  tiling  isscildby 
avoiriliipois.    Uice  (lln!  prdiluti  I 
ula.    (Jold  (lust  is  snlil  hy  a  .M;ihy  ! 
B[rainsTriiy.    Hciiiral  riio, wlicai, 
gal  iiuiiuulH,  or  lOli  His.  avoinlii- 
jhts  and  iiit'asiireH  are  frtMiu.Milly 
iig  business  anions.'  I  lie  lliir.iiitan 
o  native  agents,  as  in  ntlnr  pjrli 
8  of  a  Ctiiiiese  Creole,  lis  an  iiilpr- 
their  own  account ;  liiii  a  pmi  ] 
fondon,  Liverpool,  Glasgrnv,  Km. 
.    They  are  also  agents  for  vari- 
nee  to  any  extefit  may  be  tlleilcil 
any  of  the  natives  of  llio  tasi 
hich  all  the  residenl  lucrchanis 
A  newspaper,  the  t^imrapm 
iccount  of  arrivals  and  deiian- 
rts  of  the  preceding  wuvk.  Tlie 
court  for  the  seltlenieiit,  in  com. 


ipore,  with  the  undermentioned 
18. 


1                          Ex|K)r(8. 

1        lK)6-37. 

1837-3S. 

1         mllan. 

DMm. 

■        l,I^P,t<=>3 

970,592 

■            34,('34 

70,4>S 

■           308,640 

113.1M 

■            4l,bt^3 

22,700 

■          73H,7'3 

l,lri,2«) 

■          Ill,9b1 

175.614 

■          469,658 

35J,K)i 

■             16,641 

60,HS7 

■          2»'9,372 

443,193 

■            10,320 

C,736 

■  l,312,0'>4 

■  608,171 

1,169.7-0 
.5$3.7C0 

■          106,618 

115, -.04 

■         360,S72 

324,782 

■          105.558 

95,671 

■          174.934 

293,J93 

■         406,295 

3\i.ili 

■           24,':»4 

26,406 

■         250,043 

3r,42J 

^1         253,992 

293,571 

■         129,005 

116,516 

^m         136,413 

106,243 

H     6,973,618 

7,095,459 
6,973,618 

H 

12l,«l 

tit  relates  to  the  trade  of  the 
en,  we  make  no  apology  for 


lavifR  before  the  reader  the  following  statements,  taken  from  a  late  number  of  the  Sin^n' 

fore  Free  Press,  respecting  the  Enstcrn  ports  from  which  native  ships  arrive  at  Singapore, 
hey  are  mostly  all  very  imperfectly  known  even  to  residents  at  the  Hcttlcmeiit ;  and  tlie 
names  of  some  of  them  may  now,  pcrhajis,  be  learned  for  the  first  time  hy  the  English  rciuler. 

Commencing  with  ports  to  the  northward,  those  in  China,  from  which  junks  (which  are  included 
mnong  the  native  cru/O  arrive  liere,  are,  Canton,  Tkw-chevv,Ciii.'N<ii.im,  and  Mac:ao,  in  (;;(nton  pro- 
vince; Amov  and  Chincuew  in  FoUien  ;  and  Seanoihk  and  Ninoimi,  lart'e  coniinerrial  cities,  in 
t'hekeang  province.  They  come  also  from  IIailam  or  Hainan,  which  is  subject  to  Cantun.  Tlii! 
average  number  of  these  vessels  (some  of  which  are  of  large  burden,  300  to  100  tons),  is  '20  arrivini: 
liere  annually.  The  cargoes  they  bring  are,  however,  only  cliietly  intended  for  the  consii  nipt  ion  of  tin; 
nuiiK^rous  Chinese  who  are  settled  in  Uutch  and  lOngllsli  coloiiii.'s  in  these  parts,  as  well  as  in  the 
native  states,  and  are  re-e.vpnrted  tln'nce  by  smaller  vessels,  to  places  vvbere  tliey  may  li.'  inoslly  rc- 
(liiired.  The  only  articles  they  brini',  in  any  way  re(iuired  by  liuropiians,  are  raw  silks,  nankeens,  and 
leas.  Tbosu  vessels  likewise  convoy  a  large  number  of  emigrants  from  China  every  year,  pruh.ibly 
from  liOOO  to  5,000,  most  of  whom,  however,  proceed  to  other  places  soon  after  landing  Inire. 

Till!  purls  in  Cochin-chinn  ami  Canihodia,  from  which  similar  vessels  arrive,  are  Kanokao  and 
I,0KNOi,  in  Cambodia, and  Tuhon  and  Sakjon,  in  Cochin-cliina  Proper.  Anoni  or  An.im,froin  wbicli 
iiiiiny  vessels  report  themselves  to  come,  is  but  a  general  naiuo  for  either  (Cochin-cliina  or  Tunnuin. 
The  average  number  of  vessels  arriving  from  these  ports  are  40  annually,  bringing,  principilly,  siiL'ar, 

jjfc,  nil,  salt,  and  some  other  articles  of  minor  importance.    Tlieso  vessels  are  usually  snialler  ihiiii 

ihe'c'liiaese  and  Siamese  junks. 
Bamkok  and  Chantibun  are  the  only  two  ports  in  Siam  of  any  note,  and  from  these  about  30  to  10 

junks  and  topes  arrive  annually.     Tliey  ar.i  manned  and  owned  almost  milirely  by  Chinesi!  r(^siiliiig 

in  Siiiiii,  and  bring,  chiefly,  sugar,  rice,  oil,  iron  pans,  sticlac,  gamboge,  salt,  iildigo,  paiidy,  tobacco, 

amisiipanwood. 
We  have  had  too  frequent  occasion  to  notice  the  depredations  and  cnipltics  which  every  clas-i  of 

vessels  from  the  places  above  mentioned  have  siill'ered  at  the  hands  of  pirates  every  year,  on  their 

iiay  to  Ibis  port,  whicli  certainly  contributes  to  check  an  increase  of  trade  williilie  cimiitries  they 

coine  from. 
The  ports  on  the  east  coast  of  the  I'eninsula  are  Sunoora  and  Caiantan,  subject  to  Siam  ;  and 

TniNOANi;,  Ki'.M'.iaman  and  Paiiano.  indop.'nilcnt  stiiles.     There  are  olIHT  ports  on  Ibis  coast,  but  of 

mill' note;  namely,  Doongoon,  lOiidau,  I'akoh,  .Sadeelee,  and  Tidoban.    Tlie  produce  usually  brought 

lire  by  pucats  and  other  craft  from  those  first  menlioned  consists  chielly  of  tin,  gold  dust,  pepiier, 
1  Maliy  sariinL'S  and  trowsers,  bees'  wax,  hides,  elephants'  teeth.    Junks  occasi.miilly  touch  at  these 

ports,  and  we  sometimes  havi-  the  produce  of  Siam  and  China  brought  here  from  them.    The  average 

liuinber  of  craft  arriving  thfuce  may  be  about  1'20  or  130  annually. 
PrnceHiling  to  Borneo,  we  llnd  a  great  variety  of  ports,  from  which  vessels  report  themselves,  of 

wliitli  the  following  is  a  list; — ♦  DANjniniAssiN,  BxmMnANUAN,  dubnai,  coti,  mkmi>awa,  mattan, 

rONTIANAK,  PASSKIR,  I'EOIJOTAN,  SAKAWAK,  SAM»A8,  SUCCAUANA,  Bri.ssU,  Bu'ltHcheil,  Bllliralun,  Blll- 
\otdDO,  Calakiik,  Cuti-ringin,  Coobno,  Chiukol,  Knijona,  Monterado,  Miikah,  .)[(ihtii,  Oijiik,  I'diiihiKinjr 
Sadons,  Sdinpit,  Tekrann-,  uml  Tixnnah  Diirat.  Some  of  these  are  well  known,  others  only  by  the 
names  reported :  the  locality  of  the  l.ittcr  is  also  but  little  understood.  Ttiose  with  whicli  trade  is 
principally  carried  on  are  Brunai,  or  Borneo  Proper,  Banjermassin,  Pontinnak,  Hambas,  Coti,  Passier, 
Tea'Dlan,  and  Sarawak.  The  productions  commonly  brought  here  from  Borneo,  in  general,  arc, 
raians,  birds' nests,  bees' wa.K,  torloiseshell,  gold  dust  and  diamonds,  biche  de  mer,  pearl  and  raw 
sago,  camphor,  rice  and  paddy,  mother  of  pearl  shells,  garro  and  lakka  woods,  pepper,  seaweed,  mats, 
eliiinyaml  antimony  ore.  The  number  of  boa  tsar  riving  here  annually  from  all  the  above  pi  ices  average  ^ 
aboni  l.'iOor  100.  The  boats  which  come  from  the  southern  and  eastern  parts  are  commmily  manned 
bvBuifis,  who  seem  to  be  the  principal  carriers  in  the  Archipelago,  and,  next  to  the  Chinese,  are  the 
iiiost  enterprising  and  industrious  of  the  traders  in  tliese  regions.  'I'liey  are  considerably  less  tainted 
Willi  piracy  than  the  iMalays. 

CEi.EnES  is  the  parent  country  of  the  Bugis,  whicli  name,  though  properly  belonging  only  to  one  of 
llie tribes  on  Celebes,  is  applied  generally  to  all  traders  from  that  island,  from  the  east  and  south-east 
coasts  of  Borneo,  and  from  the  islands  to  the  southward  and  eastward  of  it.  Of  these  triiies,  by  far 
I  ilienKist  considerable  in  point  of  improvement  and  numbers  are  the  Uiigisof  WajoorTu\vujo,a  coun- 
try ne:tr  the  centre  of  Celebes,  and  situated  up  the  Bay  of  Boni.  The  ports  in  Celebes  from  which 
pralms  arrive  here  are  Bonirati,  Bugis  Pari-pari,  VVajok,  Bugis  Peniana,  Kailie,  Macassar,  Mandhar, 
I  airl:^aiigye.  They  usually  bring  sarongs— the  produce  of  their  own  looms— ratans,  wax,  torloisesliell, 
pearl  shells,  seaweed,  biche  de  mer,  cnllee,  birds'  nests,  sandal  and  bookoo^oods,  and  other  articles 
ofiiiiiinr  iniporlance.  The  imiiiberof  vessids  arriving  here  from  the  above  places  average  about  50  or 
i  CO  annually. 

The  islands  to  the  eastward  and  southward  of  Celebes,  from  which  the  Bugis  bring  cargoes  to  this 

I  port,  are  chiefly  Bootoon,  Knd.iy  or  Flores,  Selayer,  Timor,  Booroo,  I,ombok,  Suuibawa,  Aniboyna, 

t'erani,  and  even  from  the  Aroos  and  Papua.     The  articles  are  the  same  as  those  from  Clebes,  with 

the  adilition  of  kayu-pooteh  oil,  birds  of  paradise,  and  wild  nutmegs.    The  vessels  arriving  from  these 

I  places  may  averasie  about  30  every  year. 

The  island  of  Bali,  or  Bally,  contains  several  ports,  from  which  upwards  of  50  pralms  annually  arrive 

litre:  tlu'  principal  of  these  are  Baliling,  Bali  Badong,  Sasak,  Saiiparang,  and  Ampanan  ;  they  bring 

rice,  oil,  bides,  tobacco,  sarongs,  wax,  birds'  nesls,  and  biclie  de  mer.  In  this  tratlc,  we  believe,  the 
1  Biiijisare  likewise  the  principal  carri.,rs. 

Hemming  westerly,  we  come  to  ,Iava,from  various  well-known  ports  of  which  upwards  of  00  native 
I  craft,  iiidepi'ndnnlly  of  siiuare-rigged  vessels,  annually  freipient  this  harbour,  bringing  the  productions 

oflhat  valuable  and  fertile  island,  principally  rice,  sugar,  tobacco,  cachang  or  peas,  tamarinds,  hides, 
I  cnlielis,  llatlic  handkerchiefs  and  salendongs.     We  go  next  to  Sijmatua,  from  the  various  ports  on  the 

eiistcoast  of  which  the  greatest  number  of  native  craft  freiiuenting  this  port  arrive,  amountiiig  on  an 

avenee  to  between  .SOO  to  100  annually.  The  names  of  these  ports  are,  Acbcen,  Apong,  .\ssahaii,  Hatu 
I  bira,  Diikitliatu,  Billah,  Ayerctam,  Campar,  I)<dli,  (iawang,  Indragiri,  .lamliie,  Kitaman,  Langkat, 

LamiMing,  .Mc.nda,  Merba,  Pulo  Padang,  Panai.  Palembang,  llantow,  Uiltee,  Siac,  Subee,  and  Tailing 
iTIaBle.    The  greatest  portion  of  boats  come  from  Apong,  Manda,  Uantow,  and  'I'abing  Tiniiie,  with 

lawsaijn.    'I'he  next  in  numbi'r  are  those  from  Campar,  Jambie,  and  Siac,  brimring  cotl'ee,  rice,  wax, 

taiiaiis,  ivory,  gold  dust,  benzoin,  dragons'  blood,  hikka  wood,  and  a  few  other  articles.  From  Palem- 
I  bang  come  tlie  lacquered  basons  and  ceeree  boxes  so  much  in  request  among  natives  ;  and  the  best 
I  man  mats  are  made  there.    The  coast  near  Siac  furnishes  in  great  abundance  the  7'r»ft»,  or  tishroe, 

♦The  plac(?s  mentioned  in  this  statement,  of  which  the  names  are  in  capitals,  are  either  well  known 
I  to  Europeans  by  long  report  or  actual  intercourse;  while  those  in  italics  remain,  so  far  as  we  have 
ascertiiined,  not  only  unvisited  by,  but  are  only  recently  known  byname  to  them:  fewer  none  of 
ibem  earlier  than  the  foundation  uf  this  settlement. 


502 


SINGAPORE. 


^:J 


no  iiniversnlly  used,  and  affords  otir  principal  supply  of  sago,  which  has  now  become  an  arliije  of 
coinnierco  at  Hingnporn. 

Tlie  iiniiiea  of  the  potty  p1aeen  on  the  west  siilo  of  the  Malayan  Peninsula,  opposite  the  Huiii^ira 
shore,  between  this  and  Tennng,  are— Hutu  I'.ihat,  llcnook,  Ueladong,  Dooyong,  Brooas,  Mnj,^ 
Padans,  Poonlian,  and  Panghic  ;  while  the  principal  ports,  besides  Malacca  and  her  depeiidcricje-, 
are  :— Pernk,  Halengore,  I.ingin,  and  Lookoot.  Friiii  ihe  former  very  few  articles,  and  those  only  df 
trIHing  value,  are  brought  here,  consisting  chiefly  oflowls,  cocoa  nuts,  paddy,  fruit,  &c. ;  but  \\w.  dihi., 
ports  all  furnlHli  tin  in  large  iiuantilies,  besides  several  other  articlcH  of  less  importance.  Tlie  wlmlj 
ofthis  const,  however,  bears  a  bad  name  for  piracy.  The  nuniberof  prahus  arriving  here  from  \\\\  n,,, 
places  above  named  amouiits  to  about  100  every  year. 

Of  the  neifililiouring  islands,  H  mo  is  the  one  with  which  we  carry  on  the  most  extensive  and  cntisiurji 
trade  ;  the  number  of  boats  or  rather  trips  ofa  regular  set  of  Chinese  boats,  called  mmfan  /iiif/ifs,  i.,,,. 
plnyed  in  the  trade,  being  about  300  every  year.  They  bring  chiefly  pepper  and  gambjer,  tlu;  pnnjiiK 
of  llinlang.  Krom  I.inihn,  or  I,isci.\,also,  we  have  upwards  nf  70  or  80  Imats  arriving  annually.  Iirint- 
ill).'  a  great  variety  of  useful  produce,  but  principally  pepper,  tin,  ralans,  iVc.  Uili.iton  sends  uhijiilJi 
boats  vearly,  wliiih  bririif  bitlie  dc  mer,  seaweed,  torloiseshell,  wax,  &c. 

HiNcoiiAN  (or  (ireat  Natunas)  and  Beantan  (or  N.  Anand)as)uro  the  next  In  importance,  from  wliirii 
30  or  40  vessels  trade  with  this  settlement.  Tlie  other  islands  are— Pulo  Awore,  Uenawang,(,'i,iiil,irc, 
i^arimons,  .lamaja,  (or  S.  Anamlia-),  Pulo  l.aut,  I.aboo,  l.ebor,  Meppar,  Nongsa,  Sarassan,  Sinklfj 
8(iobie,  Tajaui,  Tiuddan,  Tirniang,  Tiugili,  Trong,  Curimala,  llngarau,  and  some  others, 

I'lrncy  in  the  Eastrni  Seas. — We  regret  to  liavo  to  state  that  piracy  has  been  of  late  ex- 
ceedingly frequent  in  the  sens  to  the  eastward  of  the  Straits  of  Malacca,  and  even  in  the 
Straits  themselves.  It  has  always,  it  is  true,  prevailed  to  a  less  or  greater  extent  in  the  K.istcrn 
Seas;  but  latterly  the  nuiniiur  of  pirates  has  rapidly  increased,  and  they  have  prosocnted 
their  depredations  with  a  boldness  and  success  that  require  immediate  attention.  In  so  far 
as  we  can  judge  from  the  statements  in  the  Singapore  and  Canton  papers,  we  seem,  tosav 
the  least  of  it,  to  have  manifested  the  most  singular  indinerencc  to  the  spread  of  this  great  ami 
growing  evil.  In  1834,  we  bound  ourselves  by  treaty  with  the  Dutch  to  co-operate  with 
them  for  the  suppression  of  piracy  in  the  Eastern  Seas.  It  is  alfirmed  that,  until  very  re- 
cently, \vc  did  little  or  nothing  towards  the  full'ilnient  of  this  engagement,  though  we  nufar 
more  interested  in  the  supi)resMion  of  piracy  than  any  other  people.  Hitherto  the  traiicnf 
Singapore  has  chiefly  suH'ered  from  piratical  attacks ;  but,  besides  waylaying  the  .siiia||n 
junks  and  ships  of  the  Chinese,  Siamese,  Ac,  the  pirates,  emboldened  by  impunity,  lime 
recently  attacked  some  British  ships  in  the  Straits  of  Malacca,  and  have  actually  ca|jiurej 
some  ships  in  the  seas  more  to  the  eastward,  inflicting  the  most  horrid  barbarities  on  ihe 
unhappy  passengers  and  crews.  The  Andromache  ship  of  war  destroyed  in  June,  18liO,  a 
nest  of  pirates ;  but,  until  the  naval  force  in  the  seas  in  question  be  considerably  stretii^llienc), 
and,  especially,  till  some  armed  steamboats  be  sent  to  the  assistance  of  the  other  vcsseLs,  the 
nuisance  will  not  be  materially  diminished,  much  less  suppressed.  It  would  really  .=cciii, 
from  the  little  attention  that  the  subject  has  attracted  in  this  country,  as  if  it  were  iinaniiiej 
that  the  trade  of  the  Eastern  Seas  is  of  little  or  no  value.  But  we  are  within  the  mark  wlifii 
we  afl'irm,  that  from  fen  to  twelve  millions'  worth  of  British  property  (including  tlie  trade 
between  India  and  Canton)  is  annually  conveyed  through  the  Straits  of  Malacca,  ami  the 
other  Eastern  Seas  infested  by  pirates.  The  trade  from  England  to  China,  already  of  vast 
importance,  and  increasing  more  rapidly  perhaps,  than  any  other  department  of  our  com- 
merce, is  wholly  carried  on  through  the  channels  referred  to;  and,  as  we  do  not  licsilalelo 
send  powerful  squadrons  to  secure  far  less  valuable  interests  in  other  quarters,  it  is  not  cnsv 
to  see  why  we  should  not  send  some  half-dozen  steamers  to  protect  this  great  and  growing 
trade,  as  well  as  that  which  we  carry  on  with  the  Philippine  Islands,  New  South  Wales, 
&e.,  from  the  depredations  ofa  piratical  banditti.  Nothing  but  the  employment  of  stoiimers 
will  be  able  elTectually  to  abate  the  evil  of  piracy.  The  infinite  number  of  small  i.siands  in 
the  Eastern  Seas,  the  dilhculty  of  their  navigation,  and  our  little  acquaintance  with  aiiv  Iml 
the  principal  lines  of  intercourse,  afford  the  greatest  facilities  for  the  escape  of  jiirates  from 
ordinary  crui-sers.  But  steam  shi|)s  could  follow  them  into  their  haunt.s;  and  the  pirates 
would  not  be  able  to  escape  from  them,  as  they  frequently  do  from  sailing  vessels,  by  takinj 
to  their  oars  while  their  pursuers  are  becalmed.  Except  when  defending  our  own  shnres, 
the  navy  is  never  so  legitimately  employed  as  in  the  defence  and  extension  of  comiiiwe. 
Its  protection  is  one  of  the  most  important  duties  which  government  has  to  discharge;  anil,  j 
considering  the  immense  naval  force  at  our  disposal,  it  may  well  excite  astonishment  t 
piracy  in  the  Eastern  Seas — one  of  the  great  highways  by  which  commerce  is  carried  oii- 
should  have  been  allowed  to  attain  to  such  a  magnitude,  and  that  the  reiterated  coni|iiaiiits  I 
of  the  merchants  and  others,  who  have  sufl'ered  by  its  prevalence,  should  have  been  so  liiile 
attended  to.  A  very  little  outlay  on  the  part  of  government  might  make,  in  so  far  at  least 
as  piracy  is  concerned,  the  navigation  of  the  Eastern  Seas  quite  as  safe  as  that  of  the  Chan- 
nel ;  and  the  advantages  thence  resulting  to  our  trade  would,  in  a  very  short  period,  far  more  | 
than  countervail  llie  little  sacrifice  required  at  the  outset. 

Besides  putting  down  jiiracy  in  the  Eastern  Seas,  government  should  take  the  neceMry  j 
measures  for  obtaining  accurate  information  with  reispect  to  them,  and  the  ports  and  countries  | 
to  which  they  afford  access.     We  know  very  little  indeed  of  many,  or  rather,  we  should  say, 
of  most,  of  the  islands  to  the  east  of  Malacca;  and  yet  several  of  them  are  of  great  extent,  I 
and  they  all  abound  in  valualdc  products;  and  might,  it  is  probable,  were  we  belter  ac- 
quainted with  their  ports  and  capabilities,  furn'sh  the  means  of  carrying  on  an  extensive  anil 


SINGAPORE. 


503 


IB  now  become  an  artlde  of 

insula,  opposite  the  Hiiinnln 
na,  Dooyong,  Brooas,  Mm. 
iliicca  anil  h<'f  (Ifpumli'iirid-, 

•  w  nrticlps,  nnil  ttioHe  only  df 
nilily,  fruit, &c. ;  lull  tin"  iuIht 

less  linportanie.  Tlie  wlinle 
iliiiB  arriving  liere  from  iill  tlie 

le  most  nxtcnsive  and  i-onstari 
)i\l9,  railed  KiwiKin  jiiirfif.^.  iiii. 
■ppcr  and  ganihior,  tlio  prudiiK 
ImiitH  arriving  nnnnally.  linn;. 
,  &c.     UlLl.lTON  sends  aliuuiij 

next  in  importance,  from  wlirt 
lo  Awore,  Uena\van|.',Oini|.,rc, 
ar,  NoniTB.i,  Siirassun,  SinU;; 
,  and  some  others, 
it  piracy  has  been  of  late  ex- 
(f  Malacca,  and  even  in  the 

•  greater  extent  in  tlic  EiHrn 
.1,  and  they  have  proseciiM 
mediate  attention.  In  so  fat 
nton  papers,  we  seem,  to  say 
to  the  spread  of  this  great  and 
do  Dutch  to  co-operate  with 
9  atnrmed  that,  until  very  re- 
iifraqemcnt,  though  wo  arc  fat 
eople.  Hitherto  the  tnule  of 
esides  waylaying  the  smallci 
mboldened  by  impunity,  have 
;a,  and  have  actually  ca|itureJ 
lost  horrid  barbarities  on  the 
itar  destroyed  in  June,  IS'.iH,  a 
1  be  considerably  stroiih'tliciid, 
stance  of  the  other  vessels,  the 
rcssed.  It  would  really  fcciii, 
ountry,  as  if  it  were  iinaginwi 
t  we  are  within  the  mark  when 

property  (including  the  trade 
le  Straits  of  Malacca,  ami  the 
[and  to  China,  already  of  vast 
ithcr  department  of  our  com- 
and,  as  wc  do  not  hesilalc  to 
In  other  quarters,  it  is  not  easy 
Kotect  this  great  and  growing 
le  Islands,  New  South  Wales, 
At  the  employment  of  steameii 
ktc  number  of  small  islands  in 
Ltle  acquaintance  with  any  hut 
for  the  escape  of  pirates  from 
itheir  haunts ;  and  the  pirates 
.Tom  sailing  vessels,  by  taking 
[en  defending  our  own  shnrcs, 
and  extension  of  commerce, 
Inment  has  to  discharge ;  anJ, 
well  excite  astonishment  thai 
|iich  commerce  is  carried  on- 
[thatthe  reiterated  comidaints 
ice,  should  have  been  so  little 
.might  make,  in  so  far  at  tel 
le  as  safe  as  that  of  the  Chan- 
a  very  short  period,  far  mote 

lent  should  take  the  neceMry 
ji,  and  the  ports  and  countries 
lany,  or  rather,  wc  should  say,  j 
ll  of  them  are  of  great  extent, 
1  probable,  were  wc  belter  ac- i 
1  carrying  on  an  extensive  anil 


advantageous  commerce.  Had  utility  been  at  nil  attended  to  in  such  m.itti  r-<,  the  (  xploration 
of  New  Guinea,  and  of  the  seas  and  numberless  iMhinds  in  its  vicinity,  would  iiave  taken  pro- 
ccdence  of  many  late  expeditions. 

The  following  paragraph,  taken  from  the  Canlon  Rejxhiiltiri/  for  March,  183G,  corrobo- 
rates what  has  been  now  stated : — 

I'Tlie  vnlne  of  the  trade  which  anniuilly  passes  throiiKh  the  Chinese  Sea,  and  llie  nninlicr  uf  pi'rsnns 
einpioved  in  it,  present  a  slriklnu  contnisl  to  the  paiiclly  of  Ihe  nii'ans  of  proleiilnti  iiil'.inled  <\s  from 
i,iif 'liMlier-londs.'  Tlie  nund)er  of  llrilisli  vessels  tliat  arrived  in  Cliina  dnriiii.'  1^.11  was  l.li.  'I'liu 
,„liil  of  Itrilish  trade  for  the  year  18:i3-:M,  opinni  Inchideil,  was  alionl  .tti,li.O:i„)-t)  ddllins  j  ami  tliat  (ot 
|sat.;(,'i  was  slill  greater.  The  nnnilier  of  American  vcshcIh  wliirli  an  iveil  In  t'lilim  durum  lMi:;-:il  was 
^0,  mid  llie  total  of  the  trade  is  estimated  at  ll),77,'),0(),'t  dollars  ;  the  numlier  ol' vismiI.^.  and  tuial  ofim- 
norls  and  exports  for  l»31-:t5,  were  nearly  the  same  amount.  'I'lii!  niiinlier  of  Dun  h  \fs;ul»  that  come 
l„  mis  port  we  cannot  stale;  hot  llie  total  of  the  Nt'llierlaiids  traili;  wllh  Cliliia,  In  l>-i'.)-:ii),  was 
>.()ili,'il3  dollars.  Besides  these,  there  is  also  a  conHlderalde  amonnt  of  rortiiKoese,  Spanish,  Trench, 
liaiiibiirgli,  Danish,  and  Swedish  trade  annually.  Tlie  trade  of  Manilla,  already  amoiintini!  lo  several 
nilllioiii',  13  on  the  increase.  The  nUMd)crof  8i|iiarc-rigged  vessels  liial  imported  lo  SliiLMporo  during 
IStl-H."!  \\i\f  M7,  which  exceeded  any  former  year;  llial  of  native  craft  was  IISI,  wlmli  Is  li:>s  than  in 
,,illur  (if  the  two  preceding  years.  Tlie  iiumlier  of  Dutch,  foreign,  and  native  vessels  whitli  cleared 
Iroiii  Java  in  ll?33  was  1720,  with  a  tonnage  of  190,193  tons. 

"Willie  such  is  the  annual  amount  of  trade  carried  on  in  these  seas,  cmplnying  in  the  foreign  ves- 
sels more  than  10,000  seamen,  what  care  have  our  governments  shown  for  lis  prolecllcm  1  «V««  ««« 
ofhii  Hr.llanit,  Majesty's  ships  is  slaliuned  itt  the  Chiiie.-e  Sea;  nut  one  is  iiet  staliininl  ccm  al  Sintrapnre, 
thovgli  an  occasional  visitor  makes  a  sireep  among  the  pirates.  'J'he  Americans  have  done  nolliln!,'  Iiere 
since  llw!  bloody  olTair  of  (^uallali  llatoo;  it  is  said,  liowever,  that  these  seas  are  lieiiceforlh  lo  ho  one 
r.fllie  sl.ilions  for  the  American  navy.  A  wide  range,  indeed,  will  two  or  lliree  small  men-of-war 
liave  from  Ihe  Cape  of  (iood  Hope  lo  .lapan  !  The  rorliiguese  here,  we  underslaml,  iinvn  no  naval 
aniiaiiiniit  whatever.  It  is  long  since  a  French  man-of-war  has  visited  lljese  seas.  Tlic  Spaniards 
31  .M;inilla  have  a  number  of  small  craft  called  ponllnes,  for  the  deslruclion  of  tlie  piraliial  Malays 
who  Infest  the  sea  to  llie  southward  of  l.uconia.  These  are  characterisi'd  by  a  writer  In  a  tale  number 
ofllic  Canton  Free  Press  as  particularly  successful  in  the  capture  of  sliills  and  turtles,  but  most  inefli- 
cienl  In  the  destruction  of  the  pirates.  The  Dutch  alone  have  done  anytliiiig  ellecliial  towards  the 
guiipression, and  their  activity  in  this  respect  is  worlliy  of  all  praise.  In  Java,  and  nein'rally  in  all 
places  contiguous  to  their  possessions,  tln^y  have  ellloT  suppressed  or  greatly  clKicked  plraiy,  and, 
were  it  not  the  tendency  of  their  severe  and  restricted  governiiient  to  niaiie  as  many  outlaws,  as  they 
ilestroy,  no  deduction  need  be  niaile  from  tiieir  praise.  They  ahme  have  systematically  ailempled  la 
pill  iliiwn  lawless  misrule  in  these  seas,  and  make  tliein,  what  the  Creator  duslj-Mied  them  to  be,  the 
highway  of  nations." — Sup.) 

Trade  of  Java. — Since  Ihe  article  B.*tavia  was  printed,  we  have  received  a  number  oftlie  Si)firnpor» 
Clronic/e,  contoining  the  following  account  uf  the  <iuanlilies  of  the  principal  articles  exported  from 
Java  in  1830,  1831,  and  1832.  It  shows  o  very  rapid  progress.  There  wants  nothing  but  good  ma- 
nagement to  render  Java  by  far  the  most  valuable  of  all  the  Eastern  possessions  belonging  louny  Euro- 
pean power. 


ArlirlM. 


I  Coffee 
!  Sit^ar 
iTiu 
I  I'n'per 
i  liiJi^ 

Rice 
I  Arnck 

Ili.Irs 


picult 


•  Ills. 

*  piculs 


1930. 

18.11. 

1832. 

Articles. 

2S«,742 

2n9,0!.6 

314,173 

Rattans            •    picula 

lOS.WO 

120,298 

243872 

Torldisesliell  .     — 

2\,lia 

30,2i5 

47,801 

Triiiann           .     — 
Bird!,'  uests      •     — 

6,061 

7,W6 

7,075 

22,063 

42,841 

160,211 

Mace   .            •     — 

392,067 

60;1,I99 

622,')J4 

Nutmeg         -     — 

1,»27 

1,497 

2,000 

Cloves             -     — 

30,219 

63,271 

82,3,r« 

1S30. 

1831. 

1632. 

5,091 

5.1S8 

11,323 

4,38) 

9,M 

ii.r.3 

4,909 

4,059 

5,378 

2  1 

216 

3;2 

177 

715 

!'47 

1,301 

2..->i» 

3,St9 

K3 

i,:m 

5,144 

(.See  .Tournal  of  an  Eiiibasi>y  to  Siavi  and  Cochin  China,  by  John  Crairfard,  Esq.,  chap.  xiv. ;  Keliirn 
t-j  the  Population  of  British  India,  in  Report  of  the  Select  Committee  of  Ihe  Cummous,  It>3i ;  licport  of  the 
idut  Committee  of  the  Common.i,  for  1830;  and  Singapore  Chronicle,  passim.) 

SINOPE,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  on  the  S.  coast  of  the  Black  Sea,  lat.  43°  2'  .30"  \., 
Ion.  3.5°  9' 45"  E.  Population  uncertain,  probably  from  8,000  to  10,000.  Sinnpe  is  situ- 
ated on  a  low  narrow  isthmus,  connecting  the  high  rocky  promontory  of  Ada  with  the  main 
land.  Its  port,  which  is  the  best  on  this  coast,  on  the  south  side  of  the  town,  is  jirotected 
from  the  N.  and  N.  E.  gales  by  the  isthmus  and  promontory  already  mentioned,  fships  an- 
chor within  5  mile  of  the  town,  in  from  13  to  17  fathoms;  or  nearer  to  it,  in  from  5  to  7 
fathoms.  There  is  a  roadstead  on  the  north  side  of  the  isthmus,  but  it  is  open  and  exposed. 
Sinopc  is  one  of  the  principal  stations  of  the  Turkish  fleet ;  and  there  are  docks  and  arsenals 
for  its  accommodation  and  outfit.  Ita  exports  are  inconsiderable,  the  principal  being  tiin- 
kr,  salt,  cordage,  fish  oil,  &c. 

In  ancient  times,  Sinope  was  a  city  nf  great  wealth,  magnitude,  and  importance.  It  was  the  birth- 
plicenf  Uiogenes,  the  Cynic;  ond  Mithridates  niade'it  the  capital  of  his  dominions.  After  its  cnii- 
ijuesl  by  tbe  Romans  uiider  I.ucullus,  it  became  the  scat  of  a  colony  ;  and  continued  for  a  lengtlieiied 
petiiiil  to  enjoy  a  good  deal  of  consideration. 

.'ihoiild  civilizalicin  and  the  arts  once  more  revive  in  the  ancient  Pontus,  and  the  other  countries  lo 
the  south  of  the  Black  Sea,  the  excellence  of  its  port  could  not  fail  to  restore  to  Sinope  some  portion 

I  oflts  former  grandeur.  Even  now  a  considerable  intercourse  is  beginning  to  take  place  with  the 
countries  E.  and  S.  of  Sinope.  Diarbeker,  on  the  Tigris,  in  lat.  37°  54'  N.,  Ion.  30°  53'  45"  E.,  is  one 
of  the  principal  seats  of  Eastern  commerce;  and  caravans  set  out  regularly  from  it  for  Aleppo,  Smyrna, 

I  md  Constnntinople  :  but  any  one  who  consults  a  map  uf  Asia  Minor,  and  of  the  contiguous  countries, 

I  will  see  at  once  that  Trebisnnd  and  the  neighbouring  ports  on  the  S.  E.  coast  of  the  HIack  Sea  are  tbe 
natural  channels  through  which  Armenia,  Koordistan,  ond  the  north-western  parts  of  Persia  may  best 

j  maintain  an  intercourse  with  Europe.  We  shall  afterwatds  show  that  the  danger  to  vessels  in  the 
roads  of  Trebisond  has  been  very  much  exaggerated. — (See  Tredisond.)  In  the  event,  however,  of 
the  commerce  with  the  countries  referred  to  becoming  of  any  considerable  importance,  Sinope  would 
be  an  advantageous  entrepdt  to  which  goods  might  be  brought,  and  whence  they  might  be  conveyed  in 
pioper  vessels,  and  ut  proper  times,  to  the  other  ports.    At  all  events,  it  is  of  material  importance 


A  K 


004 


SKINS,  SLATE. 


■■.1 


J 


«^";jd  .,ii« 


(•If*-'-*  vW'** 

■li^t  jr.*  till'" 


iir»i» 


1*1''' ''  •lii''^''' 


thnt  n  direct  liilcrcnuriin  wllli  {\u>  Doiitlinrn  rnnsi  of  tlio  llliirk  Hen  nhmild  lin  pstnlilinliril,  nnd  that  ihu 
triiilu  Willi  it  aliDiilcl  not  lir  carrird  on,  iih  liillirrto,  llmiijuli  OdcKKii  — (I'lir  I'lirllM'r  |iurli(  uliirN  uh  to  rji. 
nope,  Ni!(!  l\iurnifort,  y'lnjaife  ilii  l.rrani,  t<nn  il.  |'|>  20^-^18.;  liwA  Kuril' t  Sailing  IMrtcltont  for  tki 
liiiuk  liea.     Slmi  ulmi  Itie  lirtiili)  Tui^niNUNi),  in  tliia  work  ) 

SKIIVS,  Tho  term  io  npplied  in  comini'rriiil  Iniigua?o  to  the  skinfi  of  those  aninmls, « 
calvcH,  (li'cr,  goatH,  liiiiibs,  Acv,,  which,  when  prrpured,  arc  usi-il  in  the  lighter  worlcH  of  Imok. 
binding,  tho  manufacture  of  gloves,  parciuneiitM,  &v.;  whih)  the  term  hides  is  applied  to  the 
skins  of  the  ox,  horse,  &c.,  whicli,  when  tanned,  arc  used  in  the  manufacture  of  shoes,  hnr. 
ness,  and  otlicr  heavy  and  strong  articles.  J^and)  and  kid  skins  are  principally  used  in  the 
glovo  manufacture;  120  skina  being  supposed  to  produce,  at  an  average,  18  dozen  pain 
of  gloves. 

Account  of  the  Skins  imporlRd  in  ii^.ll,  sppcifyinir  tlio  Countries  whence  thcv  ratne,  and  tlio  Niiiiiberi 
lirought  fruni  each.— (/'aW.  Paper,  No.  030.  Idess.  Iti'M.) 


CouDlriei  from  whldi  Imported. 

Shim. 

— 

Cilf  aiiil  K 

>!■> 

Dter, 

1      Oint, 

Kill, 

Kill,            l«iiiib. 

.Snl, 

ui)Utntie< 

. 

unJrmirt]. 
XwnUr. 

^   IIIKlrtSH-il. 

NumUr. 

j  unilrcsflul. 

ilrti.eJ.      unilrt-Mtil, 

L'wt.    tirt. 

"i. 

Kumhtr. 

Auiiitw. 

NwnUr. 

Rniinia                 ... 

27,501    3 

" 

Hwpdcn                ... 

. 

. 

s 

Norway 

3    0 

5 

a 

18,210 

617 

DiMunitrk            ... 

220    0 

lU 

. 

. 

. 

. 

13,20,1 

Prn.<sitt               ... 

2,2K0    3 

8 

. 

4S) 

. 

. 

2,2()( 

(Ji'rnmiiy             ... 

8,011    0 

0        1,07.1 

12,IH1 

1,658 

16,914     114,2f-^ 

90 

Tlie  Netherlands 

a.Mi    1 

0 

'  . 

1(1.,103 

. 

57tt        ll,0.'il 

Sti 

Trance                ... 

- 

. 

. 

3S,710 

30,780 

5951,973     23I,7M 

I'ortiigiil,  Propur 

- 

- 

- 

INfi 

ISO 

33,46i 

Azores 

. 

.. 

. 

2fi 

Hpain  nnd  the  llalearic  Islands  - 

- 

- 

. 

855 

43,312 

200,    296,710 

(iiliralliir            ... 

- 

1 

. 

1,03,') 

-           -    1                18 

Italy  and  the  Italian  Islands     - 

- 

- 

. 

5,n:i2 

510,457 

4,0.12  2,113,078 

Malta       -           .           -           . 

- 

.. 

. 

7U8 

• 

1 

Ionian  Islands    ... 

. 

. 

. 

. 

312 

- 

205 

1 

Tnrkny  and  Continental  Oroece, 

1 

e.M'lusivQ  of  tin:  Morea 

0    1 

12 

. 

. 

. 

. 

2,790 

Tripoli,  Itarhary,  and  Morocco  - 

. 

- 

. 

137,010 

We8l«rn  ('oast  of  Africa 

575    1 

22 

Capu  of  Good  Hope 

101    U 

23 

n 

00,030 

2 

54 

- 

e,m 

Ht.  llrliMia         ... 

- 

. 

. 

1 

, 

East  India  Company's  territo- 

ries and  Ceylon 

Sll    3 

1 

5 

29,374 

1,217 

New  South  Wales,  Van  Die- 

niiMiV  Land,  and  fiwan  River 

1    2 

0 

. 

. 

. 

• 

. 

fi,ii,r 

ISrilish  Northern  ruloni'is 

20    0 

10 

1,942 

5 

3 

• 

. 

5I3,I5»' 

Urilish  West  Indies 

. 

- 

14 

Hbi 

I  iiiied  rotates  of  Americ '. 

7    I 

13 

122,151 

. 

. 

. 

. 

51 

^■ha 

MexKo    .... 

- 

- 

13 

. 

. 

. 

. 

3ii8, 

^HD6 

Urazil      .... 

3    I 

24 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

10 

■sli 

8iaies  ofilie  Riode  la  Plata    - 

078    0 

Id 

89 

- 

- 

. 

. 

fiJS 

■4, 

Cliiii        .... 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

. 

Xf&\ 

Pern         .... 

. 

. 

68 

-  10,735 

- 

• 

. 

im- 

^H  ' 

The  Wli:ile  Fisheries    . 

. 

. 

. 

- 

. 

. 

. 

i,%% 

^Hrj0 

Isles  of  Gnernsey,  Jersey,  Alder- 

ney,  and  Man  (foreign  goods) 
Total  import 

4    3 

15    . 

1 

3 
354,584 

^Hprl 

42,6.17    1 

27|    li5,357 

595,573 

021,780] 

2,820,092  511,09! 

■ihic 

Qnantily  retained  for  home  cnn- 

1 

■feet 

stiinption,  deducting  the  quan- 

i 

^^■icni 

tity  exported  siihsequenlly  to 

^Hmsf 

the  [)ayinctit  of  dnty    - 

10,193    3 

19       31,079 

212,422 

486,527 

621,780,2,819,709  528,506   1 

■ipac 

SLATE  (ROOF),  Gcr.  Sehiefer.-  Fr.  Ardnse ,-  It.  Lavngna,  Laftra.-  Sp.  riz(irra),i 
fossil  or  compact  stone  (^aririllaceous  scfiistnK),  that  may  be  readily  split  into  even,  smooth, 
thin  laminiB.  There  are  several  varieties  of  this  valuable  mineral,  the  prevailing  colours 
being  grey,  blue,  and  brown.  But  the  tints  are  very  various  ;  and  slates  are  often  marked 
with  streaks  of  a  different  colour  from  the  ground.  Slate  is  principally  used  in  the  covering 
of  houses,  for  which  purpose  it  is  infinitely 'superior  to  thatch  or  tiles,  and  is  far  less  expen- 
sive than  lead.  Good  roofing  slate  should  not  absorb  water;  and  it  should  be  so  compact  as 
not  to  be  decomposed  by  the  action  of  tho  atmosphere.  When  properly  selected,  roof  slalrs 
are  of  almost  perpetual  duration  ;  but  those  which  are  spongy  and  imbibe  moisture  speedily 
get  covered  with  moss,  and  require,  at  no  very  distant  period,  to  be  renewed. 

The  use  of  slates  in  the  covering  of  houses  is  entirely  Ruropean.  From  the  Hcllespniil  to  riiiiu 
inclusive  there  is  not  a  single  slated  house ;  and  this  does  not  arise  from  any  want  of  slate,  whicli  ii 
as  ahundant  in  Asia  as  in  Knrope. 

8lates  carried  by  land  have  never  been  subjected  to  any  duty:  but  those  carried  coastwise nm, 
until  1831,  charged  wilh  duties  varying  according  to  their  si/.e  and  species.  The  injustice  of  thisdii- 
tinction,  and  the  impolicy  of  laying  any  duty  on  an  article  of  this  sort,  are  obvious.  The  revenue  II 
produced  was  quite  Inconsiderable,  not  exceeding  35,000^  a  year.  It  was  repealed  at  the  same  lint 
as  the  duty  on  coal  carried  coastwise. 

Since  the  repeal  of  the  duty,  tlie  coniumption  of  slate  haa  been  materially  increased ;  and  il  is  nor 


SLAVES  AND  SLi^    E  '1  KADK 


bnontnl.li"!!"'!.  ""'"'""  "i" 
liirtliiT  |'«rllr"li«f"  •>"''""• 
•,  Saiti^lt  HirecltonifuT  thi 

nkinK  of  those  aninmls.u 
the  lighter  worku  of  Imnk- 
■rin  hiilcs  is  applii-J  to  the 
nninifnciurc  of  Bhocn,  har- 
»ro  i.rincipully  uho.I  in  ihe 
n  average,  18  doxeii  \)m 


they 
183S.) 


came,  and  tlie  Niimticti 


617 1 


Kill, 


Lam''.         Sral,  I 
I  unilrt-Mt'il.   nuilrfn'i. 


A-uiiiUr.  i  A'tH"l«r.    .VumUf  ] 


13,205 
2,211(1 


'  570       ll,tMl>i 

,7«0     599.973     23l,7H) 
150l  -         -         ^'•'.■•"•'j 

3,3121  500,    296,710 

M57    ■    4,032  2,113,078 


509 

i(l«  ippUcalilr,  lui-h  as  tha 


f««(i'riiin  of 

-"  for  llifi' 

circd  ton> 

Mt  i  mid,  w 

>i  in  Londii 

r  in  Mr.  Peu 
iT"  iht)  iiioaa 
111  1,020  iiivfi 


Mt«n*iv«ly  amploycd  for  varlniiii  piirpoaci  tn  whirh  it  w    «  not  rirmnrly 

HoorliiK  or  warehnuiea  anil  vuiiUh,  tint  pnvliiK  of  Klrexi      llie  fornmliiiii 

worn  or  decayed  flonm,  anil  of  the  walli  of  housefi  In  lupoi.,  <\  Ritiiullimii  K 

nurpoi"  l»c"t  '>y  "i^  circiilnr  law  Into  ploceH  of  fri)iu  i  an  iiirli  to  2  Incbcit  iliiuk.     M-> 

Uve  t)e<!n  uied  in  the  cniiriH  of  the  hut  2  years  In  paving,  Huorini;,  &c.  at  Iht^  l.cinii«>ii  ' 

belicVK.  with  much  advantage  to  the  coinpuny.    Largu  Utpdlt  of  sUtea  uru  now   I' 

anit  otiier  great  towns. 

The  principal  sinte  quarries  In  Great  Drltaln  are  In  Cacrnnrvonnhlre.    Thnun  licloii. 
nint  (fiirnierly  Lord  I'enrhyn's),  near  llangnr,  einphiy  about  1,500  inen  and  hoys,  :<ii 
ctlensivc  and  valuable  In  the  empire.    The  other  quarrlei)  in  the  Haniu  conniy  otiipluv 
and  boya:  and  there  are  some  In  other  parts  of  Wali^s.    There  are  ulmi  exteiiHive  iiuarrlcs  at  tlver 
iionc,  In  Lancashire  ;  and  others,  of  inferior  magnitude,  in  various  parts  of  Westmoruiand  and  Cum 

The  principal  slate  quarries  in  Scotland  are  at  Ensdale  and  Ilnlachiilixh,  In  Argyleshlrc.  HpenklnR 
generally,  the  Scotch  quarries  do  not  afford  slntcs  of  the  si/.e  and  HiniiutlineHs  of  tlione  olitiiliied  from 
tiie  VVi'IhIi  quarries ;  and  the  wood-work  of  the  roofs  covered  with  them  requlreH  to  lie  slroniter. 

RooHnx  slates  are  of  different  sizes,  and  are  denominated  Imperials,  Uueeiis,  I'rincesses,  &c.  Their 
nrlcea,  supposing  their  quality  tn  be  In  other  respects  equal,  depends  partly  on  llicir  size  and  partly  on 
llitiir  welglit.    The  subjoined  account  explains  the  mode  in  which  it  is  determined. 
Account  of  the  Prices  of  the  dllferent  Sorts  of  Slate  on  Sliipboard  at  Uungor,  in  January,  1838. 


Iroperli'i,  M.  24,  27,  anil  30  inches  long,  and 

orinus  lircadiln       ,  .1 ,    ,   ' ,         ' 
DiiBM  27,  30,  M.  »™*  •'*'  '"'•"■  '""fi  *"<'  P™- 
^mtiioMie  liriaJth'i  MW'W    • 

fnocwei, «  by '<  i"*" 

flucliMW,  24  in.  by  12,  weighing  per  m.  66  cwt. 

Co°!ii'le«M,'20  in.  hy  10,  wdshinj  44  do. 

«:i,*lM.        11    —       o  !•», —         13  do. 
'  silam,  U  to  1»  by  6  to  16  in.  82  do. 

/n/erior». 

inwbHM  J4  In.  by  12,      weighing  86  cwl.    - 
C;ol««>,JO   -     10,  -       65  -     . 


f.  d. 

1 

60  0  per  ton. 

41  0     - 
430     — 
41  0     — 
31  8     - 

140  Oper  m.-i 
900    — 
40  0    — 
18  0    - 
7  6    — 
13  6    - 

■1 

110  Opens, 
680    — 
27  6    - 
13  6    —      , 

■s 

Slabi,  uwn,  prrtniinru?  ft.  luprrricial,  in.  Ihick, 
l)n.  ir  uo'lur  2  ffel  Innff,  or  I  ft.  6  iii.  wntn 


CO  per  ton. 
-  70    — 


OravetUme),nollnitl»n6ft.  I>v3ft.  2r2iil.  Ihicll,    -M    — 
Kiiiltst  l)l()Cl(ii  or  itabt,  uwn  at  the  euds  only     >  •  6!>    — 

Unpawn  do.  .  -  •  ■  43    — 

Siiippiiig  expenam,  Gd.  per  ton ;  btlli  of  lading,  3i,  6cf. 
An  allowance  niarle  for  l)realtage  of  1  cwt.  over  intvery  ton,  and 
60ilalei  over  iu  every  1,200. 

I. 
No.  1.  plain  Jamba,  mantel  and  turned  blocking,  with 

plain  edge  ihelf    .  ■  ■  -  -10  each. 

2.  moulded  .lamlis,  mantel  with  turned  blocking,  with 
plain  edge  ibelf     .  .  .  -  . 

3.  nioutdnd  Jamba,  be,  with  bead  mould 


18  — 

21  — 

30  — 

30  — 

30  — 


4.  (ireciaii  fret  i'\mbi  and  mantel 

5.  moulded  In  .j  jatnbn  .ind  mantel   • 

6.  panelled  janiba  and  mantel 
Cisterns,  with  aidea  and  eudi,  inch  thick,  Ir.  lOd.  per  foot  cubie 

cooteuta. 
Do.  do.  1  l-2in.Uilck,2i.2if. 


Tlie  subjoined  account  shows  a  very  material  increase  in  the  quantity  of  slates  exported. 

I  An  Account  of  the  Quantities  of  Slate  exported  from  England  to  Foreign  Parts  in  each  of  the  Five 
'  Years  ending  with  1832. 


Ttan. 

Slale  or  Slatea,  rough. 

Slatea  in  Pramea. 

A"Km6er. 
37,034 
32,106 
35,160 

Ycare. 

Slate  or  Slatei,  rough. 

Slatea  in  Framea. 

Kwnlier. 
18,372 
15,420 

18S8 
1829 
1830 

Tmit. 
3,741 
3,925 
2,536 

Number* 
3,250,929 
4,768,953 
3,999)594 

1831 
1833 

7*<»if. 
4,798 
6,061 

A'uinfcer, 

4,257,494 
1,859,283 

I6,S27     621,780,2_,829,709J2WM 


Y,a.Laslra.-  Sp.  rnarraU 
l.UW  split  into  even,  smoolh, 
Lr«\,  the  prevailing  colours 
land  fllates  arc  often  marketl 
Incipally  used  in  the  covenns 
%  tiles,  and  is  far  less  expen. 

td  it  should  be  so  compact  as 
properly  selected,  roof  ste 

Ud  imbibe  moisture  speedily 

I  be  renewed. 

IVa^rSrdat't'irSiiJ 
lerially  increased;  and  it  is  now 


(Slate  and  chalk  laden  on  board  any  ship  or  vessel  bound  for  foreign  parts  shall  be  deemed 

illast;  and  all  such  ships  or  vessels  having  on  board  only  slate,  or  slate  and  chalk,  shall 

I  be  deemed  to  be  departing  in  ballast;  and  if,  on  the  return  of  any  such  ship  or  vessel,  any 

hlates  or  chalk  be  remaining  on  board,  they  shall  be  deemed  to  be  her  ballast. — (4  &  5  Will. 

\i.  e.  89.  §  3.) 

JVew  Uses  of  S/««e.— Slate  is  now  generally  used  in  framing  the  tops  of  billiard  tables.  The  size  of 
each  slate  is  6  feet  H  inch  by  3  feet,  and  1  inch  thick ;  4  of  these  make  a  table  top,  12  feet  by  6  feet 
clear  of  the  cushions.  The  first  slate  billiard  table  was  made  in  1834,  and  500  have  been  made  in  Lon- 
don down  to  December,  1836,  many  of  which  have  been  exported  to  the  East  Indies  and  America  :  the 
price  of  each  table  top  is  about  132. 

Slate  is  likely  to  be  largely  consumed  in  the  shape  of  Idocks  for  railways  ;  a  piece  of  slate  2i  inches 
tliick  being  found  to  be  as  strong  as  a  piece  of  stone  1  foot  thick.  A  piece  of  slate  2  feet  6  inches  by  2 
feet  and  2  inches  thick,  bore  the  pressure  of  20  tons,  and  broke  with  25  tons ;  and  a  piece  of  the  same 
ien;lh  and  breadth,  but  3i  inches  thick,  bore  35  tons,  and  broke  with  40  tons.  The  experiments  were 
made  by  placing  the  slate  blocks  against  a  bearing  of  3  inches  at  each  end,  leaving  a  clear  hollow 
iipaceofSfeet  between  the  bearings,  and  applying  the  piston  of  a  hydrostatic  press,  9Unches  diameter, 
[toihe  centre. —Sup.) 

SLAVES  AND  SLAVE  TRADE.  A  slave,  in  the  ordinary  sense  of  the  term,  is  an  in- 
iviilual  at  the  absolute  disposal  of  another,  who  has  a  right  to  employ  and  treat  him  as  he 
aseg.  But  the  state  of  slavery  is  susceptible  of  innumerable  modifications ;  and  it  has 
in  usual,  in  most  countries  where  it  has  been  long  established,  to  limit  in  various  ways 
I  power  of  the  master  over  the  slave.  The  slave  trade  is,  of  course,  the  business  of  those 
'ho  deal  in  slaves. 

Origin  of  Slavery,'^— A  great  deal  of  learning  has  been  employed  in  tracing  the  history 
slavery,  though  the  subject  is  still  far  from  being  exhausted.    It  seems  most  probable  that 
originally  grew  out  of  a  state  of  war.     In  rude  uncivilised  communities,  where  the  pas- 
ion  of  revenge  acquires  a  strength  unknown  in  more  advanced  states  of  society,  captives 
ikeii  in  war  are  adjudged  to  belong  to  the  victors,  who  may  either  put  them  to  the  sword, 
reduce  them  to  a  state  of  servitude.     In  antiquity  the  ideas  of  war  and  slavery  were  in- 
parable.    Probably,  in  very  remote  ages,  prisoners  were  most  commonly  put  to  death ;  but 
le  selfish  gradually  predominated  over  the  more  passionate  feelings,  and  for  many  ages  it 
as  usual  to  reduce  them  to  the  condition  of  slaves ;  being  either  sold  by  their  captors  to 
lei^,  or  employed  by  them  as  they  might  think  fit.    "  Jure  gentium,"  says  Justinian, 
jertit  nostri  sunt,  qui  ab  hostibus  capiuntur." — (Instit,  lib.  i.  5.) 
Voi.II.-2U  64 


I 


BOO 


SLAVES  AND  SLAVE  TRADE. 


lJlr«J    "2 

r  1 

•w»  ••'3 


a  • 


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«!      Ml 


•^   jg|-T 


I 


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1^ 

■"":;  all  ..a 


I  -v  t^ 


The  practice  of  reducing  men  to  a  itato  of  Mlnvory,  liaving  onco  begun,  wan  extended  in 
variouH  wityH,  The  progeny  of  hIuvoh,  or  of  women  in  a  Niato  of  Hiavcry,  were  HliiveN ;  im  <,^ 
born  free  mit{ht  Hell  tncmflelveit  um  nliiveH;  oiul  |mrentM  litid  authority,  in  Judea  ai.'l  Uoinc,  ^^,, 
(]iH|>nHe  of  their  children  for  tlio  name  purpime. — {Michiiflin  ou  thr  /.«(('»(</' A//; m,  vol.  y. 
p,  l(i:i.  Hug.  ed.)  It  wiM  the  law  of  Home,  and  of  moHt  other  ancient  xtates,  that  tht<  pt^, 
■onii  of  dehtors  who  had  eotitracted  obligations  which  they  could  not  diHcharge,  nhuuld  b^ 
comt?  the  properly  of  their  creditorH. 

'I'reulinrnt  of  SlavcH. — The  treatment  of  HJuveH  in  onticiuity,  on  in  u  ire  modern  lin»a 
(liiTered  very  widely  in  ditferent  countrieH  and  pt>riodH,  and  among  dilU-rent  claxHex  of  Hlavo 
in  the  Hamu  country  and  at  the  Hiime  time.  A  great  deal  uUo  depended  on  the  chiirn'tcr  ^f 
particular  maHti^rn.  MInveH  bred  up  in  the  houxe  or  family  of  the  maMterit  were  unif<)rii„i> 
trcuteil  with  greater  indulgence  than  olhern,  anil  became  entitled,  by  euHlom,  to  Hrvcrut  ). 
portant  privileges.  At  Athcnit,  xluveH  ap|H>ar  to  have  Ix'en  better  treated  than  in  uiiv  n  ,, 
ancient  Htnte ;  and  DemoNthenen  mentiouH,  in  IiIh  riecond  IMiilippic,  that  "  a  slave  wu^  {>nu:, 
oil*  at  .\thenH  than  a  free  citizen  in  many  other  countries."  In  republican  Konu!,  liu-  \n^ 
torH  hod  liio  power  of  life  and  deatli  over  their  hIuvch,  who  were  often  treated  with  Ibi)  1110,1 
detestable  barbarity.  It  wan  not  an  uncommon  practice  to  expose  olil,  useless,  or  sirkHJuvfi 
to  starve  in  on  island  in  the  Tiber!  We  may,  as  Mr.  Hume  has  justly  remarked,  "imj. 
gine  what  others  would  practise,  when  it  via»  the  ])rofeHscd  maxim  of  the  elder  (Juto,  tusrl] 
his  superannuated  slaves  at  any  price,  rather  than  maintain  what  he  esteemed  a  usi>|i'.s!<  hur.  I 
den." — {Plutarch,  in  Ilia  Cutonis.)  J'Jrijajilula,  or  dungeons,  where  slaves  were  cm,. 
lined  ond  chained  at  night,  and  where  they  were  sometimes  made  to  work  in  the  diiy,  were  I 
common  all  over  Italy.  Columella  advises  that  they  Ih)  always  built  under  ground — (lili.i 
c.  a.) ;  and  remains  of  them  are  still  seen  in  the  lower  stories  of  ancient  buil.lixir^t  jn  ly, 
anil  Sicily.  Hundreils  of  slaves  were  sometimes  put  to  death  for  the  crime  of  oni!  ..■'ily;ai|j 
Ihey  were  exposed,  when  they  committed  any  petty  fault,  to  all  the  violence  of  the  mo«| 
capricious  and  unrestrained  despotism. 

It  was  not  uncommon  in  the  biirliarous  ages  to  immolate  captives  on  the  tomb  of  sutk 
chiefs  as  had  fallen  in  battle ;  and  magnificent  games  were  celebrated  on  those  occasions,' 
The  gladiatorial  exhibitions,  so  common  at  Rome  after  the  Punic  wars,  seem  to  have  urmvu I 
out  of  this  practice.  These  were  contests  between  slaves,  denominoted  gladiators,  luintj I 
to  fight  in  public  for  the  amusement  of  a  ferocious  populace,  who  took  the  greatest  i!di4il 
in  their  sanguinary  combots.  Thousands  of  unfortunate  wretches  were  annually  sacrilicejl 
in  this  inhuman  s|)ort.  After  his  triumph  over  the  Ducians,  Trajan  exhibited  spectaeli'!j,io| 
which  no  fewer  than  11,000  wild  beasts  of  dilTerent  kinds  were  killed,  and  10,000  giadiatjn I 
fought ! — {Adam's  Konian  Aiil!(/uilks,  p.  13 17.) 

The  cruelties  inflicted  on  the  slaves  occasioned  frequent  revolts,  attended  by  the  inasl 
dreadful  excesses.  Wpaitacus,  a  Thracian  captive,  destined  for  the  profession  of  a  gladialotj 
headed  a  rel)ellion  of  gladiators  and  slaves,  wliich  continued  for  3  years,  and  reiiuindallilifl 
force  of  the  republic  to  suppress.  When  finally  defeated  by  Crassus,  about  fi,O00ofliii| 
followers  were  nailed  to  the  cross,  in  double  rows,  that  extended  almost  from  Cajiualjl 
Rome. — {Ferguson,  Rom.  Krpuli/ic,  c.  IB.)  No  one  acquainted  with  the  manners  of  lie  I 
Romans  can  be  surprised  at  the  atrocities  of  so  many  of  the  emperors.  The  worst  of  ihenil 
treated  the  citizens  better  than  the  latter  treated  the  slaves.  Humanity  could  not  he  looWl 
for  in  the  rulers  of  a  state  in  which  human  life  was  held  in  contempt,  and  human  sulFeri^-l 
made  the  subject  of  popular  sport. 

In  consequence  partly  of  their  ill  usage,  and  partly  of  its  being  accounted  cheaper  to  boj  I 
than  to  breed  slaves,  vast  numbers  were  annually  imported  into  Italy.  Thraco,  and  tJnl 
countries  round  the  Black  Sea  furnished  large  supplies  of  the  best  slaves ;  and  minitel 
were  olitained  from  Egypt,  Syria,  Cappadocia,  and  other  places.  Uelus  in  Ciiicia  was  tkl 
greatest  slave  market  of  antiquity  ;  as  many  as  10,000  slaves  have  been  sold  there  in  a  sill 
gle  day. — {SIraho,  lib.  xiv.) 

Besides  its  brutalising  influence  on  the  manners  of  the  people,  the  institution  of  slavql 
was  in  other  respects  productive  of  the  worst  eflects.  The  best  Roman  writers  bear  teni'l 
mony  to  the  negligence,  waste,  and  bad  conduct  of  slaves. — {Columella,  lib.  i.  §  8.;  Fk\ 
Hist.  Nat.  lib.  xvii.  §  3.)  The  inferiority  of  the  ancients  in  most  of  the  useful  artsisprijl 
cipally  to  be  ascribed  to  the  prevalence  of  .slavery,  which  not  only  extinguished  all  eraulvl 
tion  and  invention  on  the  part  of  most  of  those  engaged  in  industrious  employmenls, tal 
made  the  employments  be  considered  in  some  measure  disgraceful.  In  the  ancient  %M 
agriculture  and  arms  were  the  only  occupations  that  were  reckoned  worthy  of  a  frccmiil 
The  mechanical  arts  were  carried  on  either  wholly  by  slaves,  or  by  the  very  dregs  ofllil 
people  ;  and  remained  for  ages  in  the  same  stationary  state. 

The  establishment  of  Christianity  contributed  more,  perhaps,  ihan  any  thini;  ol5e,linl| 
to  mitigate,  ond  finally  to  suppress  the  abomination  of  slavery.     But  within  no  verylotJl 
period  after  its  abolition  had  been  completely  elfected  in  every  part  of  Europe,  its  hi 
began  to  be  inflicted  on  America. 

*  Achilles  sacrificed  12  Trojan  captives  on  the  tomb  of  Patroclus.— (//iad,  lib.  23.) 


E. 

;o  begun,  won  cxtcnilfJ  in 
f  Hlavcry,  were  wluvfit;  iin, 
mly.in  JuiU-a  ai'l  Uduumo 
,  th,-  /,««"  «/  'W'  .'-•'.  *>'l-  li. 

d  not  iliHchargc,  ulioulJ  be- 

r  nx  ii»  "  '"'  moiliTU  lunw, 
iln  dillWiMU  cla>tH»>n  1)1  «liiv,N 
JflieiitW'il  oil  tliuilmri'l.r   f 

the  muHUTU  werB  uuil-f    y 
,.,1,  by  niHloin,  to  ncvi^fal    > 
;tcr  triuitfd  than  in  uny  "  let 
npic,  that  "  u  Blavc  wun  Uiiet 
1  rcpubhiim  Uon«!,  tho  mas- 
to  often  trcatoil  with  Itin  nvw 
[)oHC  oUl,  useless,  or  Hii-k  shivM 
,0  hart  jUHlly  remarkLHl,  "  inij. ' 
luxiin  of  tho  oUler  I'lito,  to  *E 
(hat  ho  oBli'Oini'cl  a  uwli'ss  but.  | 
I'ons,  whore  wlavea  won-  cdh. 
nmJc  to  work  in  tho  dny,  were 
y«  built  n"il''f  Rrouild— (lili,!. 
M  of  aiiciout  l)uil:>"";><  in  Italj 

for  tho  criino  of  ono  .:'ily;unill 

0  all  tho  violence  of  tho  mo(l| 

;e  captives  on  tho  tomb  of  sud 
crlobraled  on  these  occasions' 
?unic  wars,  seem  to  have  k;ruwnl 
denominated  Rladialors,  \mM 
,  who  took  tho  greatest  MM 
'retches  were  annually  sacrificejl 

1  Trajan  exhibited  speclacb,  ml 
Jere  killed,  and  10,000  gladiaWrsI 

,t  revolts,  attended  by  the  \m\ 

for  tho  profession  of  a  glailialot.l 

for  3  years, and  reiiuired allltKl 

by  Crassus,  about  fi,000  of  hill 

extended  almost  from  Capuaul 

[uainted  with  the  manners  of  ikl 

I  emperors.    The  worst  of  ihml 

Humanity  could  not  be  lookeil 

contempt,  and  human  sullerinsj 

,  being  accounted  chcaiier  tobiijl 
led  into  Italy.  Thrace,  and  tin  I 
If  the  best  slaves ;  and  minilwil 
laces.     Dolus  in  Cilicia  was  till 

I3S  have  been  sold  there  in  aii»| 

people,  the  institution  of  slarcijl 
,  best  Uoinan  writers  bear  »l 
l_(Cr)/«/rte//a,  lib.i.  §8.;P««.I 
In  most  of  the  useful  arts  IS  rii»l 
lot  only  extinguished  all  eniij|.| 
[in  industrious  employ raenls,te| 
lisgraceful.  In  the  ancient  wrtJ 
V  reckoned  worthy  of  a  frce»l 

Ives,  or  by  the  very  dregs  oflJil 

Lrhaps,  ihan  any  thini;  clse.linl 
ivery .  B  ut  within  no  very  l»i!!| 
[very  part  of  Europe,  its 

[>atroclU8.-(«iad,  lib.  23.) 


SLAVES  AND  SLAVE  TRADE. 


507 


Afrirnn  Slave  Trade. — Thin  infamou*)  trolTic  wni»  commenced  by  the  Portupfucnc,  in  1112. 
The  triiilo,  however,  wan  but  of  triHiiiK  extent  till  the  coiniiie unent  of  the  Hixteeiith  cen- 
tury. '"  con»e(juen("c,  however.  i)f  the  rapid  dextruelion  of  tiin  liitliiuiit  employed  in  llio 
tniiifHof  St.  Domingo  or  llayli,  Cliurles  V.  anthoriMeil,  in  l.')17,  the  introductiitn  into  tiio 
iHlaiul,  of  .\frican  slave*  from  the  eHtaliluhmentfi  of  the  I'ortiiitneHe  on  tho  const  of  (iiiinea. 
The  coiiriirrenee  of  the  emfH'ror  was  obtuined  by  the  interce.sHion  of  the  ecUilirated  Las  (Jasas, 
lii>l><i|)  of  ('liia|ia,  wiio,  contradictorily  enough,  laboured  to  protect  the  liiiliuiis  by  eiislitvio^ 
tlie  Afrieans.  The  latter  were  certainly  more  vi^^orous  and  capaitli^  of  bourinn  f.ainui-  than 
(lie  fiiriiier.  Hut  this  circumHtance  nH'onls  no  real  juMtificatioii  of  tln^  iiieuHure,  which,  at 
|,ertt,  was  iiotliinu;  more  than  the  substitution  of  one  spucieH  of  crime  and  misery  in  the  place 
iifntiollier. — (liiiliirtMiii's  Hint,  .iinrrivii,  book  iii.) 

Ttie  iinp'""'"''""  "'^'"'8''"'^''  into  tho  West  Indies  and  America,  liavinR  once  begun,  gradu- 
ally iiirreaKed,  until  the  extent  and  importance  of  the  trallie  rivalled  its  cruelty  and  guilt. 
Mir  John  Hawkins  was  the  first  Knglishman  wi\<)  engaged  in  it :  and  hucIi  wuh  the  ardour 
with  which  our  countrymen  followed  liis  example,  that  they  exported  from  Alriea  more  than 
;)(I0,IU)0  slaves  Iwtween  the  years  UiSO  and  1700 ;  and  between  1700  and  IVhCi,  lilO,tK)tl 
African^  were  imported  into  Jamaica  only ;  to  which  adding  the  imports  into  the  other 
islands  aud  the  continental  colonies,  and  those  who  died  on  their  pasnage,  the  number  car- 
riftl  from  Africa  will  appear  immense. — (Bii/iin  Edituirds,  Hint.  UV.v/  Indus,  vol.  ii.  p. 
fit.)  The  importations  by  other  nations,  particularly  the  French  and  I'oriuguose,  were  also 
very  great. 

It  itt  not  easy  to  say  whether  this  trafTic  has  been  more  injurious  to  Africa  or  America.  In 
the  former  it  has  perpetuated  and  multiplied  every  sort  of  enormity  and  aiiuse.  The  petty 
princes  have  been  tempted  to  make  war  on  each  other,  that  they  might  ubtain  captivr.s  to  sell 
to  the  European  traders ;  and  when  these  could  not  be  found,  have  seized  and  sold  their  own 
snlijects.  Many,  too,  have  Iwen  kidnapix-d  by  the  crows  of  the  slave  ships,  nor  is  there  any 
sort  of  crime  known  among  pirates  and  banditti,  which,  for  more  than  3  centuries,  tho  civil- 
iseJ  inhabitants  of  Europe  iiave  not  perpetrated  upon  the  unoflending  natives  of  Ontral 
Africa.  In  the  West  Indies,  and  those  parts  of  America  into  which  slaves  have  been  largely 
imported,  its  cfTect  has  been  equally  disastrous.  It  has  led  to  the  most  violent  antipathy  be- 
■tween  the  whites  and  tho  blacks;  and  been  tho  fruitful  source  of  crimes,  convulsions,  and 
disorders,  of  which  it  is  dilficult  to  see  the  termination. — (TI.erc  are  some  good  remarks  on 
I  dkvery  as  it  exists  in  America,  and  on  tho  multiplied  evils  of  which  it  is  productive,  in  a 
volume  entitled  "  Excursion  of  an  English  Gentleman  through  the  United  ^^tatesand  Cana- 
da," published  in  1824.) 

It  would  1)0  to  no  purpose  to  enter  into  any  examination  of  the  sophisms  by  which  it  was 
formerly  attempted  to  justify  tho  slave  trade.  We  shall  not  undertake  to  pronounce  any 
opinion  upon  the  question  as  to  the  inferiority  of  the  blacks ;  though  it  does  not  appear  to 
I  us  that  the  statements  of  Mr.  JelTerson  on  this  subject,  in  his  "  Notes  on  Virginia,"  and  simi- 
jlar  statements  made  by  others,  have  received  any  suiricient  answer.  But  supposing  the  infe- 
Iriority  of  the  negroes  were  established  beyond  all  question,  that  would  be  no  justification  of 
Itlic  infamous  cruelties  intlicted  upon  them.  Did  any  one  ever  think  of  vindicating  a  robber, 
llecause  ho  happened  to  lie  stronger  or  cleverer  than  his  victim? 

Abolition  of  the  Slave  Trade. — Notwithstanding  the  sanction  it  received  from  parliament, 
land  the  supineness  of  the  public,  the  slave  trade  was  frequently  denounced  by  distinguished 
linilividuals,  in  this  and  other  countries,  as  essentially  cruel  and  unjust.  Of  these,  Montes- 
Iquieu  is,  perhaps,  the  most  conspicuous.  He  successfully  exposed  the  futility  of  the  dif- 
Ifrrcnt  pleas  put  forth  by  the  advocates  of  slavery. — {Esprit  des  Luix,  liv.  xv.)  ;  and  the  ex- 
Itensivc  circulation  of  his  great  work,  and  the  deference  paid  to  the  doctrines  advanced  in  it, 
■contributed  powerfully  to  awaken  the  public  to  a  just  sense  of  the  iniiiuity  of  the  traflic. 
rhc  Quakers  early  distinguished  themselves  by  their  hostility  to  the  trade ;  of  which  they 
|werc  always  the  consistent  and  uncompromising  enemies. 

The  first  motion  on  the  subject  in  [larliamcnt  was  made  in  1770;  but  without  success. 

The  subject  was  not  taken  up  systematically  till  1787,  when  a  committee  was  formed,  of 

nhich  Mr.  Granville  Sharp  and  Mr.  Clarkson,  whose  names  are  impi^rishably  associated  with 

khc  history  of  the  abolition  of  the  slave  trade,  were  members.     This  committee  collected  cvi- 

llence  in  proof  of  the  enormities  produced  by  the  trade,  procured  its  circulation  throughout 

he  country,  and  succeeded  in  making  a  very  grcit  impression  on  the  public  mind.     After  a 

bumber  of  witnesses  on  both  sides  had  been  examined  before  the  privy  council,  Mr.  Wilber- 

ferce,  on  the  12th  of  May,  1780,  moved  a  series  of  resolutions  condemnatory  of  the  tralFic. 

They  were  supported  by  Mr.  Burke  in  one  of  his  best  speeches;  and  by  Mr.  Pitt  ami  Mr. 

fox.    But,  notwithstanding  the  resolutions  were  carried,  nothing  was  done  to  give  them 

fclToct,    The  friends  of  the  trade  having  obtained  leave  to  produce  evidence  at  the  bar  of  the 

house,  contrived  to  interpose  so  many  delays  that  the  session  passed  ofl'  without  any  thing 

«inq;  done.    In  the  following  sessions  the  great  struggle  was  continued  with  various  success, 

kut  without  any  definite  result.     At  length  the  triumph  of  humanity  and  justice  was  finally 

onsummated  iu  1807 ;  a  bill  for  the  total  and  immediate  abolition  of  the  slave  trade,  havinj; 


508 


SLAVES  AND  SLAVE  TRADE. 


"■■1    .. .«« 

•■«i...ijH 


.MBIS-""™'' 


been  carried  in  both  houses  by  immense  mujorities,  received  the  royal  assent  on  the  25(h  of 
March,  being  the  lust  act  of  the  administration  of  Mr.  Fox  and  liOrd  Grenviile.  "  Thus 
ended,"  says  Mr.  Clarkson,  "one  of  the  most  glorious  contests,  after  a  continuance  of  so 
years,  of  any  ever  carried  on  in  any  age  or  country :  a  contest,  not  of  brutal  violence,  hut  of 
reason ;  a  contest  between  those  who  felt  deeply  for  the  happiness  and  the  honour  of  their 
fellow  creatures,  and  those  who,  through  vicious  custom,  and  the  impulse  of  avarice,  had 
trampled  under  foot  the  sacred  rig'^'s  of  their  nature,  and  had  even  attempted  to  ellacc  all 
title  of  the  divine  image  from  their  minds." 

America  abolished  the  slave  trade  at  the  same  time  as  England. 

But  notwithstanding  what  had  been  done,  further  measures  were  soon  discovered  to  be 
necessary.  The  Spaniards  and  the  Portuguese  continued  to  carry  on  the  trade  to  a  greater 
extent  than  ever;  and  British  subjects  did  not  hesitate,  under  eovi-r  of  their  flags,  to  become 
partners  in  their  adventures.  An  effectual  stop  was  put  to  this  practice  in  1811,  by  the 
enactment  of  a  law  introduced  by  Mr.  (now  Lord)  brougham,  that  made  trading  in  slaves 
punishable  by  transportation  for  14  years,  or  by  confmemeut  to  hard  labour  for  a  term  of  not 
more  than  5  years  nor  less  than  3  years. 

The  British  laws  relative  to  the  slave  trade  were  consolidated  by  tho  act  5  Geo.  4.  n.  I13. 
But,  as  the  greater  part  of  this  act  has  been  superseded  hy  the  late  statute  for  the  extinction 
of  slavery  (3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  73.),  we  shall  merely  lay  before  our  readers  the  clauses  still  in 
force  relating  to  the  dealing  in  slaves.  « 

Dealing  in  Slaves  in  the  Ilich  Seas,  ^-c.  to  be  deemed  Piracy. — And  if  any  snlject  or  aulynrls  nf  his  Ms- 
jesty,  or  any  person  or  persons  residing  or  l)King  within  any  of  ttiH  dominions,  frts,  s(:tllt;nioMl!i,  fe. 
tories,  or  territories,  now  or  herenfter  t)elonpinjr  to  liis  Majesty,  or  l)rin(i  in  liis  Miijesly'a  i)c(ii|i,itioii 
or  |)osse9Bion,  or  under  the  giivcrnnient  of  thu  United  Conipuny  nf  Merchants  of  riiigliiiid  irmlino  to 
the  East  Indies,  shall,  except  in  such  cases  as  are  by  this  act  perniitted,  after  the  1ft  day  of  .iinuary, 
1825,  upon  the  hi^h  seas,  or  in  any  haven,  river,  creek,  or  place,  where  the  admiral  haa  jnrisillciioii 
knowingly  and  wilfully  carry  away,  convey,  or  remove,  or  aid  or  assist  in  carrying  away,  r"iiveyiiif| 
or  removing,  any  person  or  persons  as  a  slave  or  slaves,  or  for  the  purp<ise  of  his,  her,  or  tluir  lieiri" 
imported  or  brought  as  a  slave  or  slaves  into  any  island,  colony,  country,  territory,  or  place  wliaiso- 
ever,  or  for  the  purpose  of  his,  her,  or  their  being  sold,  transferred,  used  or  dealt  with  as  a  slave  or 
slaves  ;  or  shall,  after  the  said  1st  day  of  January,  1835,  except  in  such  cases  as  are  by  this  act  |ii:rniit. 
te  ',  upon  the  high  seas,  or  within  the  jurisdiction  aforesaid,  knowingly  and  wilfully  ship,  iiiibark, 
receive,  detain,  or  confine,  or  assist  in  shipping,  emharking,  receiving,  detaining,  or  coriliniiig,  on 
board  any  ship,  vessel,  or  boat,  any  person  or  persons  for  the  purpose  of  his,  her,  or  their  lining  car- 
ried away,  conveyed,  or  removed  as  a  slave  or  slaves,  or  for  the  purpose  of  bis,  her,  or  llicirl)cin' 
imported,  or  brought  as  a  slave  or  slaves  into  any  island,  colony,  country,  territory,  or  place  wliiuso- 
ever,  or  for  the  purpose  of  his,  her,  or  their  being  sold,  transferred,  used,  or  dealt  witli  as  a  slave  or 
slaves;  then,  and  in  every  such  case  the  persons  so  offending  sfiuU  be  deemed  and  adjudged  ffuitii/nf 
piracy,  felony  and  robbery,  and  being  convicted  thereof  shall  suffer  death  without  ben^t  of  c/cr^j,— and 
loss  of  lands,  goods,  and  chattels,  as  pirates,  felons,  and  robbers  upon  the  seas  ought  to  sutrer.— )9. 

Persons  dealing  in  Slaves,  or  exporting  or  importing  Slaves,  ^-c.  guilty  of  Felony. — And  (except  in  such 
special  cases  as  are  by  this  act  permitted)  if  any  persons  shall  deal  or  trade  in,  purchase,  sell,  liarter, 
or  transfer,  or  contract  for  the  dealing  or  trading  in,  purchase,  sale,  barter,  or  transfer  of  slaves,  nr 
persons  intended  to  be  dealt  with  as  slaves  ;  or  shall,  otherwise  than  as  aforesaid,  carry  away  or  re- 
move, or  contract  for  the  carrying  away  or  removing  of  sidves  or  other  persons,  as  or  in  order  to  ilieir 
being  dealt  with  as  slaves  ;  or  shall  import  or  bring,  or  contract  for  the  importing  or  briiisiing  into  any 
place  whatsoever,  slaves,  or  other  persons,  as  or  in  order  to  their  being  dealt  witii  as  slaves;  orstiali, 
otherwise  than  as  aforesaid,  ship,  tranship,  embark,  receive,  detain,  or  confine  on  board,  or  loiitraci 
for  the  shipping,  transhipping,  embarking,  receiving,  detaining,  or  continingon  board  of  atiy  ship,  ves- 
sel, or  boat,  slaves  or  other  persons,  for  the  purpose  of  their  heing  carried  away  or  removed,  as  or  in 
order  to  their  being  dealt  with  as  slaves ;  or  shall  ship,  tranship,  embark,  receive,  detain,  nr  ('(inline  on 
board,  or  contract  for  thcshipping,  transhipping,  embarking,  nxeiving,  detaining,  or continin;.' on  bnaril 
of  any  ship,  vessel,  or  boat,  slaves  or  other  persons,  for  the  purpose  of  their  being  imported  cir  lironglit 
into  any  place  whatsoever,  as  or  in  order  to  their  being  dealt  with  as  slaves  ;  or  shall  tit  out,  man,  na- 
vigate, "equip,  despatch,  use,  employ,  let  nr  take  to  freight  or  on  hire,  or  contract  for  the  littiiigoul, 
manning,  navigating,  equipping,  despatching,  using, emiiloying,  letting,  nr  taking  to  freight  nronliire, 
any  ship,  vessel,  or  boat,  in  order  to  accomplish  any  of  the  objects,  or  the  contracts  in  relation  to  the 
objects,  which  objects  and  contracts  have  hereiu-before  been  declared  unlawful ;  or  shall  ktiowincly 
and  wilfully  lend  or  advance,  or  become  security  for  the  loan  or  advance,  or  contract  for  the  leiiilin; 
or  advancing,  or  becoming  security  for  the  loan  or  advance  of  money,  goods,  or  effects,  eiiiiiloyedor 
to  be  employed  in  accomplishing  any  of  the  objects,  or  the  contracts  in  relation  to  the  objects,  wliirli 
objects  and  contracts  have  herein-befnre  been  declared  unlawful ;  or  shall  knowingly  and  wilfully 
become  guarantee  or  security,  or  contract  for  lbs  becoming  guarantee  or  s(!curity,  for  agents  eniplnyed 
or  to  be  employed  in  accomplishing  any  of  the  objects,  or  the  contracts  in  relation  to  the  ohjects,  nliicli 
objects  and  contracts  have  herein-before  been  declared  unlawful,  or  in  any  other  manner  to  engage, 
or  contract  to  engage,  directly  nr  indirectly  therein,  as  a  partner,  agent,  or  otherwise  ;  or  shall  know- 
ingly and  wilfully  ship,  tranship,  lade,  or  receive  or  put  on  board,  nr  contract  for  the  sliipinnjr,  Iran- 
shipping,  lading,  receiving,  or  putting  on  board  of  any  ship,  vessel,  or  boat,  money,  gnmls  <!r  eirerls, 
to  be  employed  in  accomplishing  any  of  the  objects,  r>r  the  contracts  in  relation  to  the  ohj-^cts,  which 
objects  and  contracts  have  herein-before  been  declared  unlawful;  or  shall  take  the  charge  or  eomniand, 
or  navigate,  or  enter  and  embark  on  board,  or  contract  for  the  taking  the  charge  or  cintiniand,  or  for 
the  navigating  or  entering  and  embarking  on  board  of  any  ship,  vessel,  or  boat,  as  captain,  master, 
mate,  surgeon,  or  supercargo,  knowing  that  such  ship,  vessel,  or  boat,  is  actually  eni|iliiy(>(l,  or  Is  In 
the  same  voyage,  or  upon  the  same  occasion,  in  respect  of  which  they  shall  so  take  the  cli;irgenr  com- 
mand, or  navigate,  or  enter  and  embark,  or  contract  so  to  do  as  aforesaid,  intended  to  he  employed  in 
accomplishing  any  nf  the  objects,  or  the  contracts  in  relation  to  the  objects,  which  ohjects  and  con- 
tracts have  herein-bi'fore  been  declared  unlawful ;  nr  shall  knowingly  and  wilfully  insure,  orcnnlrarl 
for  the  insuring  of  any  slaves,  or  any  |)roperly  or  other  subject  matter  engaged  or  employed  In  accom- 
plishing any  nf  the  objects,  or  the  contracts  in  relation  to  the  objects,  which  objects  ana  contrac's  have 
herein-before  been  declared  unlawful ;  or  shall  wilfully  and  fraudulently  forge  or  coiiiilerlV'it  anycer- 
(ificatc,  certillcate  of  valuation,  sentence,  or  decree  of  condemnation  or  roslitution,  copy  nf  sentence 
or  decree  of  condemnation  or  restitution,  or  any  receipt  (such  receipts  being  recpiired  hylhisaciv 
any  part  of  sucbcertilicate,  certiticate  of  valuation,  sentence  or  decree  of  condemiiatiun  ur  ri'stituilog 


E. 

jyal  assent  on  the  25th  of 
Lord  Grenville.  "  Thus 
after  a  continuance  of  20 
it  of  brutal  violence,  but  of 
;9  and  the  honour  of  their 
e  impulse  of  avarice,  had 
yen  attempted  to  cUacc  all 

I. 

were  soon  discovered  to  be 
•y  on  the  trade  to  a  (greater 
or  of  their  tlags,  to  become 
lis  practice  in  1811,  by  the 
hat  made  trading  in  slaves 
lard  labour  for  a  term  of  not 

liy  thoact  5  Geo.  4.  c.  113. 
te  statute  for  the  extinction 
r  readers  the  clauses  siill  in 

Y  snl'jecl  or  sulijncta  of  his  Ms- 
liiiimis,  f.rts,  stailtMiioiils,  fac. 
nd  ill  liis  Miijesly's  (xciipntion 
rclianls  of  Knglaiul  iniding  to 
I,  aftiT  llie  1ft  lUiy  nf  .linuiiry, 
•e  llie  admiral  has  jiirisilictinn, 
t  in  carrying  oway,  rniivcyiii', 
rpcise  of  his,  lier,  or  lluir  lieiiij 
try,  territory,  i^r  place  wlialso- 
ise'd  or  dealt  with  a8  a  slave  oi 
cases  as  are  by  tliis  act  punnit- 
icly  and  wilfully  sliii>,  i  iiiburk, 
ne,  detaining,  or  contining,  on 
■of  his,  her,  or  their  beingcar- 
irnosc  of  his,  her,  or  tlieir  Ijein; 
iitry,  territory,  or  place  whiilso- 
ised,  or  dealt  with  as  a  slave  or 
;  deemed  utid  adjudged  guiliijoS 
h  without  bev^t  uf  clcrgy,-ini 
the  seas  ought  to  suffer.-}  9. 
of  Fdony.—\m\  (except  in  such 
trade  in,  purchase,  sell,  barter, 
barter,  or  transfer  of  slaves,  or 
as  aforesaid,  carry  away  or  re- 
■  r  persons,  as  or  in  order  to  their 
u  importing  or  bringing  iiilnany 
,g  dealt  with  as  slaves  ;  or  shall, 
r  confine  on  boanl,  or  contract 
i'lningon  board  of  any  ship.ves- 
[rried  away  or  removed,  as  or  in 
k,  receive,  deiain,  orcimtineon 
detaining,  or  continin!!  on  board 
.their being  imported  orbronglil 
laves  ;  or  shall  tit  o"t,  man,  iia- 
Lor  contract  for  the  lilting  out, 
or  taking  to  freicbt  or  on  hire, 
the  contracts  in  relation  to  the 
.unlawful;  or  shall  knowmfly 
Inco,  or  contract  for  tlie  leiidms 
goods,  or  effects,  einployeilor 
n  relation  to  the  objects,  which 
shall  knowingly  ami  wilfully 
r  security,  for  agents  employed 
In  relation  to  the  oljecls,  which 
n  any  other  manner  to  engage, 
,  or  otherwise  ;  or  shall  know- 
ontracl  for  the  shippin?,  Iran- 
boat,  money,  goods  or  etlefl!, 
I,  relation  to  the  obj'-cts,  which 
all  take  the  charge  or  coninianil, 
the  charge  or  coiiitnanil,  or  for 
lel  or  boat,  as  captain,  inasler, 
R.'is  actually  employed,  or  IS  in 
IshallsolakelhecbMrgeorcoiii. 
aid,  intended  to  be  emplnvcd  in 
ibiecls,  which  objects  and  con- 
iml  wilfully  insure,  or  cnulract 
L'ngagedoremidoyediMiicroni- 
llich  objects  ana  coiitrat  s  Mie 
llv  forge  or  counterleilaiiycer- 
.r  ro.slitution.copyofscnlenoe 
,  lieing  required  by  this  ad,. • 
of  condei.  nation  or  resimitioil 


SLAVES  AND  SLAVE  TRADE.  509 

toriy  of  sentence  or  decree  of  condemnation  or  restitution,  or  receipt  as  aforesaid  ;  or  shall  knowingly 
and  wilfully  utter  or  publish  the  same,  knowing  it  to  be  forged  or  counterfeited,  with  intent  to  di'l'raud 
his  Majesty,  or  any  otlier  person  or  persons  whatsoever,  or  any  body  politic  or  corporate  ;  tlieii,  aiij 
in  every  such  case  the  persons  so  offending,  and  their  procurers, counsellors,  aiih'rs,  and  abettors.  .•■IkiII 
he  felons,  and  ehall  be  transpnrtcd  for  a  term  not  exceeding  1-1  years,  or  slialkbl;  coiiliiied  and  kept  to  liarj 
labour  for  a  term  not  exceeding  5 nor  less  than  3  years,  ul  the  discretion  of  tlie  court  before  whom  sucU 
oVemlers  shall  be  tried.—}  10. 

Seamen,  i^'C.  serving  an  Board  such  Ships  guilty  of  Misdemeanour. — And  (except  in  such  special  cases, 
or  for  such  special  purposes  as  arc  by  this  act  permitted)  if  any  persons  shall  enter  and  cmliark  on 
board,  or  contract  for  the  entering  and  embarking  on  board  of  any  ship,  vessel,  or  boat,  as  petty  oll'icer, 
teainan,  marine,  or  servant,  or  in  any  other  capacity  not  herein-bcfore  specitically  niemioiied,  kiiow- 
jiiBthat  such  ship,  vessel,  or  boat  is  actually  employed,  or  Is  in  the  same  voyage,  or  upon  tlic^  sanui 
occasion,  in  respect  of  which  they  shall  so  enter  and  embark  on  board,  or  contract  so  to  do  as  afore- 
said, intended  to  be  employed  in  accomplishing  any  of  the  objects,  or  the  contracts  in  relation  to  the 
objects,  which  objects  and  contracts  have  herein-before  been  declared  unlawful;  Iben,  and  in  every 
such  case,  the  persons  so  oiremliiig,  and  their  procurers,  counsellors,  aiders,  and  abettors,  shall  be 
cuiltvofamisdemeanour  only,  and  shall  be  punished  by  imprisonment  furatcrm  not  exceeding  2  years. 

i.  p.  413.)  to  the  ever  memorable 

British  colonics.     In  enact iiig 

this  celebrated  statute,  parliament  endeavoured,  and,  wfe  think,  successfully,  to  reconciio  the 


Abolition  of  Slavery. — We  have  already  alluded  (vol. 
act  of  1833,  for  the  Aiiolition  of  Slavkuy  throughout  the  British  colonics.     In  enacting 


apparently  conflicting  claims  of  humanity  and  justice,  by  providing  for  the  cmaiici|iation  of 
the  staves,  without  prejudice  to  the  just  rights  and  claims  of  their  proprietors.  'I'his  was 
effected  by  assigning  to  the  latter  the  sum  of  twenty  millions  sterling,  which  is  to  be  dis- 
tributeJ  amongst  them  on  their  complying  with  the  provisions  of  the  act.  This  is  the 
greatest  sacrifice  ever  voluntarily  made  by  any  nation  in  vindication  of  the  right  of  property. 
But  it  was  not  too  great  for  the  object  in  view  ;  for  had  that  right  been  violated  in  this  in- 
stance, a  precedent  would  have  been  set  for  its  violation  in  others,  and  the  con.sequences 
would  have  been  most  disastrous.  The  measure,  in  fact,  reflects  (juite  as  much  credit  on  the 
wisdom  and  honesty,  as  on  the  generosity,  of  the  British  nation. 

We  subjoin  a  full  abstract  of  such  parts  of  this  important  statute  as  seem  to  be  of  general  interest. 
Act3&4  Wn.L.  4.  c.  73.,  ron  the  Adohtion  or  Slavery  thuoi'chout  the  British  Colonies;  for 
promoting  the  Industry  of  the  manumitted  Slaves ;  and  for  compensating  the  Persons  hitlierto  enti- 
tled to  the  Services  of  such  Slaves. 

Slaves  to  become  apprenticed  Labourers  from  \st  of  August,  1831. — After  reciting,  that  it  is  expedient 
that  the  slaves  in  the  British  colonies  should  be  manumitted  and  set  free  on  compensation  being  made 
to  those  entitled  to  their  services,  the  act  goes  on  to  declare,  that  from  and  after  the  1st  day  of  .\ugiist, 
1*34,  all  persons  who,  in  conformity  with  the  laws  now  in  force  in  the  said  colonics,  shall,  on  or  before 
the  1st  day  of  August,  1831,  have  been  duly  registered  as  slaves  in  any  such  colony,  and  who,  on  the 
said  1st  day  of  August,  1834,  shall  be  actually  within  any  such  colony,  and  who  shall  by  such  registries 
appear  to  he,  on  the  said  1st  day  of  August,  1831,  of  the  full  age  of  (i  years  or  upwards,  shall  by  force 
and  virtue  of  this  act,  and  without  the  previous  execution  of  any  indenture  of  apprenticeship,  or  other 
deed  or  instrument  for  that  purpose,  become  and  be  apprenticed  labourers;  provided  that,  tor  the  pur- 
poses aforesaid,  every  slave  engaged  in  his  ordinary  occupation  on  the  seas  shall  be  deemed  and  taken 
to  be  within  the  colony  to  which  such  slave  shall  belong.— 5  1. 

l(7io  entitled  to  Services  of  the  Slave. — During  the  continuance  of  the  apprenticeship  of  any  such 
labourer,  such  person  or  persons  shall  be  entitled  to  the  services  of  such  labourer  as  would  for  the  time 
being  have  been  entitled  to  his  or  her  services  as  a  slave  if  this  act  had  not  been  made. — }  2. 

All  Slaves  brought  into  U.  K.  with  Consent  of  Possessors,  free.— AW  slaves  who  may  at  any  time  pre- 
vious to  the  passing  of  this  act  have  been  brought  with  the  consent  of  their  possessors,  and  all  appren- 
ticed labourers  who  may  hereafter  with  the  like  consent  be  brought,  into  any  part  of  the  United  King- 
dom, shall  from  and  after  the  passing  of  this  act  be  absolutely  and  entirely  free  to  all  intents  and 
purposes  whatsoever. — i  3. 

Apprenticed  Labourers  to  be  divided  into  pr(rdial  attached,  prcrdial  unattached,  arm  non-prwdial . — And 
whereas  it  is  expedient  that  such  apprenticed  labourers  should,  for  the  purposes  herein-after  men- 
tioned, be  divided  into  3  distinct  classes  ;  the  first  consisting  of  prandial  apprenticed  labourers  attached 
to  the  soil,  and  comprising  all  persons  who  in  their  state  of  slavery  were  usually  employed  in  agricul- 
ture, or  in  the  manufacture  of  colonial  produce  or  otherwise,  upon  lands  belonging  to  their  owners  ; 
the  second  consisting  of  prandial  apprenticed  labourers  not  attached  to  the  soil,  and  comprising  all  per- 
sons who  in  their  state  of  slavery  were  usually  employed  in  agriculture,  or  in  the  manufiicture  of 
colonial  produce  or  otherwise,  upon  lands  not  belonging  to  their  owners  ;  and  the  third  consisting  of 
non-pra'dial  apprenticed  labourers,  and  comprising  all  apprenticed  labourers  not  included  within  eiilier 
of  the  2  preceding  classes ;  be  it  therefore  enacted,  that  such  division  shall  be  carried  into  ctl'ect  in 
such  manner  and  form,  and  subject  to  such  rules  and  regulations,  as  shall  for  that  purpose  be  esta- 
blished by  such  acts  of  assembly,  ordinances,  or  orders  in  council  as  are  herein-after  mentioned  :  pro- 
vided always,  that  no  person  of  the  age  of  12  years  and  upwards  shall  be  included  in  either  of  the  said 
^classes  of  priedial  apprenticed  laboiii'ers,  unless  such  person  shall  for  12  calendar  months  at  the  least 
next  before  the  passing  of  this  act  have  been  habitually  employed  in  agriculture  or  In  the  manufacture 
of  colonial  produce.— }  4. 

Apprenticeship  of  the  pro-dial  Labourers  limited.— Tio  person  who,  by  virtue  of  this  act,  or  of  any  act 
of  assembly,  ordinance,  or  order  in  council,  shall  become  a  pra-dial  apprenticed  labourer,  whether 
altacheil  or  not  to  the  soil,  shall  continue  in  such  apprenticcshiii  beyond  the  1st  day  of  August,  IHtO  ; 
and  during  such  apprenticeship,  no  such  prieilial  apprenticed  labourer  shall  be  boiiiid  or  liable  to  per- 
form any  labour  in  the  service  of  his  or  her  employer  or  employers  fur  mure  than  45  hours  in  one 
week.—}  5. 

•Apprenticeship  of  the  non-prcFdial  Labourers. — No  person  who,  by  virtue  of  this  act,  or  of  any  act  of 
assembly,  ordinance,  or  order  in  council,  shall  become  a  non-pra'dial  apprenticed  labourer,  shall  con  • 
tinue  in  such  apprenticeship  beyond  the  1st  day  of  August,  18.(8.— J  6. 

Labourer  may  be  discharged  by  Ai.?  EHi/i/uj/pc-If  before  such  apprenticeship  shall  have  expired,  lilt 
person  or  persons  entitled  during  the  remainder  of  any  such  term  to  the  services  of  such  npprenlicctl 
labourer  shall  be  desironsto  discharge  him  or  her  from  such  apprenticeship,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  such 
person  nr  persons  so  to  do  by  deed  or  instrument;  which  deed  or  ii'Strument  shall  be  in  such  form, 
and  shall  he  executed  and  recorded  in  such  manner  and  with  such  solemnities,  as  shall  bo  prescribed 
under  authority  :  provided  that,  if  any  person  so  discharged  from  apprenticeship  by  voluntary  act  as 
2  v2 


m 

■'S' 


1 1-: 


.  .1 


510 


SLAVES  AND  SLAVE  TRADE 


I  1 


I  (   ,  - 


nfnreHaid  shall  at  that  time  be  of  the  age  of  50  years  or  upwards,  or  shall  he  then  lahnurinff  under  anj 
such  disease  or  mental  or  bodily  intirniity  as  may  render  him  or  her  incniialle  of  earning  liis  or  her 
subsistence,  the  person  or  persons  so  discharging  such  apprenticed  labourer  shall  continue  and  he  |j;,. 
!de  to  provide  for  his  or  her  support  and  maintenance  during  the  remaining  term  of  the  apprcnliccshm 
Bs  fully  as  if  such  labourer  had  not  been  discharged.—}  7.  ' 

^jiprenticcd  Labourer  vtay  purchase  his  Vise har^re.— It  shall  be  lawful  for  any  apprenticed  lahniirerio 
purchase  his  or  her  discharge  from  such  apprenticeship,  even  without  the  consent,  cjr  in  opp(isiti„n,jc 
necessary,  to  the  will  of  the  person  or  persons  entitled  to  his  or  her  services,  upon  paynicnt  losud, 
person  or  persons  of  the  appraised  value  of  such  services  ;  the  appraisennMit  being  cficcled,  the  pur. 
chase  money  being  paid  and  applied,  and  the  discharge  being  given  ami  e  cutcd,  in  fuih  nuiniieranii 
form,  and  subject  to  such  conditions,  as  shall  be  prescribed  by  competent  aulhurily.— J  S. 

Jippreulictd  Labourers  not  rcmorable  fnnii  the  t'(;/i/?i;/.— No  apprenticed  liilionrer  shall  be  sniijccloi 
liable  to  bo  removed  from  the  colony  to  which  he  may  belong;  and  no  pra'diiil  apprenticed  laihnrif 
who  may  become  attached  to  the  soil  shall  be  subject  or  liabli;  to  perform  any  labour  in  the  prrviceff 
liis  or  lier  employer  or  employers  except  upon  the  work.s  and  business  of  the  plantations  or  eslaies  lo 
whicli  he  or  she  had  been  attached,  or  on  which  lie  or  hhe  had  been  usually  employed  previ(,ii..,|y  ,„ 
the  said  1st  day  of  August,  IbSl;  provided  that,  with  the  consent  iji  writing  of  any  2  iir  iiKjn.  jug. 
tices  of  peace  holding  such  special  commission  as  lien  iii-al'ler  mentioned,  it  shall  be  lawful  Inr  tlin.-e 
entitled  to  the  services  of  any  prailial  apprenticed  labourer  or  labimrers  to  transfer  his  or  tlieirstr. 
vices  ti)  any  other  estate  or  plantation  within  the  same  colony  belonging  to  them  ;  wliich  written  cnnstni 
shall  in  no  case  be  given,  or  be  of  any  validity,  unless  such  justices  of  the  peace  shall  tirst  have  as. 
cerlaincd  that  such  transfer  would  not  separate  any  such  apprentice<l  labourer  from  his  or  ltrHj|'( 
or  husband,  parent  or  child,  or  from  any  one  reputed  to  bear  such  relation  to  him  or  her,  ami  that  sutii 
transfer  would  not  probably  be  injurious  to  the  health  or  welfare  of  such  labourer;  ai.d  sncli  written 
consent  to  such  removal  shall  be  expressed  in  such  terms,  and  be  in  each  case  given,  attested,  anij 
recorded  in  the  manner  prescribed  for  that  ptirpose.— J  'J. 

Hiffht  to  the  Services  of  apprenticed  Labourers  lobe  trav^ferahle. — The  ripht  or  interest  of  any  em. 
ployer  or  employers  to  the  services  of  any  apprenticed  labourers  shall  be  transferable  by  barpainand 
sale,  contract,  deed,  &.C.,  according  to  such  rules  and  in  such  manner  as  shall  for  that  purpose  lie  pio. 
vided  as  herein-after  mentioned;  provideil  that  no  apprenticed  labourer  shall,  by  virtue  of  any  such 
bargain,  sale,  tec,  be  subject  to  separation  from  his  or  her  wife  or  husband,  parent  or  child,  or  from 
any  one  reputed  to  bear  such  relation  to  him  or  her.— J  10. 

Employer  to  supply  the  Labourer  with  Food,  i^c- During  the  continuance  of  such  apprenticeship, iin. 
person  or  persons  entitled  to  the  services  of  every  apprenticed  labourer  shall  be  and  is  re(piired  to 
supply  him  or  her  with  such  food,  clothing,  lodging,  medicine,  medical  attendance,  and  such  ntlier 
maintenance  and  allowance  as,  by  any  law  now  in  force  in  the  colony  to  which  such  apprenticed 
labourer  may  belong,  an  owner  is  required  to  supply  to  any  slave  of  the  age  and  sex  as  such  appren. 
liced  labourer;  and  in  cases  in  which  the  food  of  such  apprenticed  labourer  shall  be  siippliud,  not  by 
the  delivery  to  him  or  her  of  provisions,  but  by  the  cultivation  by  such  labourer  of  ground  selapati 
lor  the  growth  of  provisions,  those  entitled  to  his  or  her  services  shall  and  are  required  to  providesuth 
apprenticed  labourer  with  ground  adequate,  both  in  quantity  and  quality,  for  his  or  her  support,  and 
within  a  reasonable  distance  of  his  or  her  usual  place  of  abode,  and  to  allow  such  labourer,  from  and 
out  of  the  lime  during  which  Kj  or  she  may  be  required  to  labour,  after  the  rate  of  45  hours  perweek 
in  the  service  of  his  or  her  employers,  such  a  port ionof  time  as  shall  be  adequate  for  the  proper  culij' 
vation  of  such  ground,  and  for  the  raising  and  securing  the  crops  thereon  grown  ;  the  actual  extent 
of  which  ground,  and  the  distance  thereof  from  the  place  of  residence  of  the  apprenticed  lalroiirerfor 
whose  use  it  is  allotted,  and  the  length  of  time  to  be  deducted  for  the  cultivation  of  the  said  ground 
from  the  said  annual  time,  shall,  in  each  of  the  colonics  aforesaid,  be  regulated  as  hercin-afier  men- 
tioned.-} II. 

jJ//  Slaves  in  the  British  Colonies  emancipated  from  the  }st  ofMvgxist,  1634.— Subject  to  (he  obligations 
imposed  by  this  act,  or  to  be  imposed  by  any  act  of  general  assembly,  ordinance,  or  order  in  council  as 
herein-after  mentioned,  upon  such  apprenticed  labourers,  all  and  every  the  persons  icho,  on  the  Istrfav 
of  .lugust,  1834,  shall  be  holden  in  slavery  within  any  British  colony,  shall,  from  and  after  the  .'aid  Istdt'j 
of  -August,  1834,  become  and  be  to  all  intents  and  purposes  free  and  discharged  of  and  from  all  viannertj 
slavery,  andshall  be  absolutely  undfor  ever  munnmilted ;  and  the  children  thereafter  to  be  burn  toanysvck 
persons,  and  the  offspring  of  such  children,  shall  in  like  man7ier  be  free  from  their  birth  ;  and  from  and 
after  the  said  1st  day  of  August,  1834,  slavery  shall  be  and  is  hereby  utterly  and  for  ever  abolished  unddt- 
dared  unlawful  throughout  the  British  colonies,  plantations,  and  possessions  abroad. — }  12. 

Children  may  be  apprenticed.— Whereas  it  m.ay  happen  that  children  who  have  not  attained  the  ago 
of  6  years  on  the  Ist  of  August,  1834,  or  that  children  who  after  that  day  may  be  born  to  female  appren- 
ticed labourers,  may  not  be  properly  supported  by  their  parents,  and  that  no  other  person  may  lie  dis- 
posed voluntarily  to  undertake  their  support,  and  it  is  necessary  that  provision  should  be  made  for  the 
maintenance  of  such  children  ;  be  it  enacted,  that  if  any  child  who,  on  the  Ist  of  August,  1834,  iiad 
not  completed  his  or  her  6th  year,  or  if  any  child  to  which  any  female  apprenticed  labourer  may  give 
birth  on  or  after  the  said  1st  of  August,  1834,  shall  be  brought  before  any  justice  of  the  peace  huldln; 
such  special  commission  as  herein-after  mentioned,  and  if  it  he  made  to  appear  to  the  satisfaction  of 
such  justice  that  such  child  is  unprovided  with  adequate  maintenance,  and  that  such  child  hath  not 
completed  his  or  her  age  of  12  years,  it  shall  bo  lawful  for  such  justice,  and  he  is  her'^hy  required, 
to  execute  an  indenture  of  apprenticeship,  binding  such  child  as  an  apprenticed  labourer  tn  the  person 
or  persons  entitled  to  the  services  of  its  mother,  or  who  had  been  last  entitled  to  her  services;  but  in 
case  it  be  made  to  appear  to  such  justice  that  such  person  or  persons  is  or  are  unable  or  unlit  to  enter 
into  such  indenture,  and  properly  to  perform  the  conditions  thereof,  then  such  justice  is  required  to 
bind  such  child  to  any  other  person  or  persons  approved  by  him,  who  may  be  willing  and  able  properly 
to  perforin  such  conditions;  andevery  indenture  of  apprenticeship  shall  declare  whether  such  childshall 
thenceforward  belong  to  the  class  of  attached  prandial  apprenticed  labourers,  or  to  the  class  of  unat- 
tached prandial  apprenticed  labourers,  or  to  the  class  of  non-pra<dial  apprenticed  labourers ;  and  the 
term  of  apprenticeship  of  such  child  shall  be  made  to  continue  in  force  until  such  child  shall  have 
completed  his  or  her  21st  year,  and  no  longer;  and  every  child  so  apprenticed  shall,  during  his  or  her 
apprenticeship,  be  subject  to  all  rules  and  regulations  respecting  work  or  labour,  and  respecting  food 
and  other  supplies,  as  any  other  apprenticed  labourers  :  provided  always,  that  the  indenture  of  appren- 
ticeship shall  contain  sufficient  words  of  obligation  upon  the  employer  to  allow  reasonable  time  and 
opportunity  for  the  education  and  religious  instruction  of  such  child. — }  13. 

Ilis  Majesty,  or  any  Governor,  may  appoint  Justices  of  the  Peace. — This  clause  authorises  his  Majefly, 
or  any  governor  of  any  colony,  to  appoint  special  justicks  of  the  peace  for  carrying  this  act  intoetl'eci. 
— }  14. 

His  Majesty  may  grant  Salaries  to  special  Jvstices.—Th\a  clause  authorises  his  Majesty  to  grant  sala- 
ries, not  exceeding  3002.  a  year,  to  such  special  justices  ;  providing  that  no  person  in  the  receipt  of 
half-pay  from  his  Majesty's  land  or  naval  forces  shall  forfeit  or  lose  the  same  on  being  appoiuled  a 
justice  under  this  act.     It  also  directs  lists  of  such  justices  to  be  laid  before  parliament.—}  IS. 

HceituI  of  various  Regulations  necessary  forgiving  Effect  to  this  At.— Whereas  it  is  necessary  that 


E 

he  then  lahoiirint!  under  an; 
;npall(!  of  eaiiiiiig  his  or  her 
rer  shall  contimie  and  lip  lia. 
iglerm  of  the  appremiicsliip, 

r  any  apprenticed  lahniircrln 
e  c(inB«iit,  iir  in  oppiisiti(.n,ii 
rvicea,  upon  paynicnl  to  such 
nii-iit  beinp  eflccted,  llie  pur- 
e  filled,  ill  f mh  nuiiiiier  anil 
t  auiliiirily.— $  **■ 
d  liilKiiirer  shall  he  suljcclPi 
I  pr.Tdiiil  iippreiilircd  laliiiitr; 
n  any  lalionr  in  the  service n( 
f  the  plantations  or  cstiilestrj 
sually  eiiipltiyed  previously  |„ 
writing  of  any  2  or  more  jus. 
ed,  it  shall  he  lawful  for  those 
rs  to  transfer  his  or  their  str. 
otheiii ;  wliieli  written lonstnt 
•  the  peace  shall  lirst  have  as. 
labourer  from  his  or  lirniit 
on  to  him  or  lier,  and  that  sutli 
uh  lahonrer;  aid  snch  writitn 
each  case  given,  attested,  and 

le  riphl  or  interest  of  any  em- 
he  transferable  by  harpain  and 
s  shall  for  that  purpose  be  pro. 
•or  shall,  by  virtue  of  anysiicli 
ishand,  parent  or  child,  or  from 

ncc  of  such  apprenticeship,  tin 
irer  shall  be  and  is  required  to 
:al  attendance,  and  such  oiher 
iny  to  which  siich  apprenticed 
he  age  and  sex  as  such  appreu- 
bourer  shall  be  supplied,  not  by 
ch  labourer  of  ground  set  apatl 
ami  are  required  to  proviilesuch 
lity,  for  his  or  her  support,  and 
o  allow  such  labourer,  from  and 
er  the  rate  of  45  hours  per  week, 
iie  adequate  for  the  proper  culii. 
ereon  grown;  the  actual  extetil 
fe  of  tlie  apprenticed  lahnnrerfor 
e  cultivation  of  tl;e  said  ground 
regulated  as  hercin-afler  men- 

16,'i4.— Subject  to  the  obligations 
irdinance,  or  order  in  council  at 
the  persons  7cho,on  llie  Isti/aj 
;/,  /rout  and  after  the  said  ist  iluj 
irged  iif  and  from  all  manner I'j 
I  lliereofler  la  be  born  to  onjsif* 
from  their  birth  ;  uml  from  a«i 
■ly  and  for  ever  nboliahed  and  it- 
ons  abroad. — }  12. 
who  have  not  attained  theaso 
may  he  born  to  female  appren- 
,at  no  other  person  may  liedis- 
ro  vision  should  be  made  for  the 
on  the  Ist  of  August,  1634,  had 
apprenticed  labourer  may  give 
ny  justice  of  the  peace  holding 
to  appear  to  the  satisfaction  of 
',  and  that  such  child  hath  not 
ce,  and  he  is  her';by  required, 
rcnliced  labourer  to  the  person 
■nlitled  to  her  services ;  but  in 
i  or  are  unable  or  unfit  to  enter 
-en  such  justice  is  required  to 
lay  be  willing  and  able  properly 
leclare  whether  such  child  shall 
lurers,  or  to  the  class  of  unal- 
pprenticed  labourers ;  and  the 
te  until  such  child  shall  have 
enticed  shall,  during  his  or  her 
or  labour,  and  respecting  food 
g,  that  the  indenture  of  appren- 
10  allow  reasonable  time  and 

clause  authorises  his  Majesty, 
for  carrying  this  act  intoettect. 

llsea  his  Majesty  to  grant  sala- 
lit  no  person  in  the  receipt  of 
■he  same  on  being  appointed  a 
Ijfore  parliament.-}  15. 
-Whereas  it  is  necessary  thai 


SLAVES  AND  SLAVE  TRADE. 


511 


various  rules  nnd  regulations  should  be  established  for  ascertaining,  with  reference  to  each  appren 
liced  labourer,  to  what  class  he  or  she  belongs,  and  for  deterinining  the  manner  in  nnil  llio  si>loiiiiiiiicii 
with  svliich  the  voluntary  discharge  of  any  apprenticed  labourer  may  be  elfi-cleil,  and  for  pr.si  ribiuK 
the  manner  in  and  the  solemnities  with  which  the  purchase  by  any  apprenliieil  lalioiirer  of  liis  or  her 
discharge  from  such  apprenticeship,  without,  or  in  opposition,  if  necessary,  to,  Iho  consent  of  those 
entitled  to  his  or  her  services,  shall  be  efTected,  and  how  the  necessary  appraiseiiicnt  of  ihe  future 
value  of  such  services  shall  be  made,  and  how  and  to  whom  the  amount  of  such  appriiisciin.Mit  shall 
he  P'lid  ■I"*'  ttpplied,  and  in  what  manner  and  by  whom  the  discharge  shall  be  given,  l'^<'cllted,  and 
recorded:  and  it  is  also  necessary,  for  the  preservation  of  peace  throughout  the  said  (ulniiies,  that 
proper  regulations  should  be  established  for  the  maintenance  of  order  and  good  discipline  amongst 
Uio  said  apprenticed  labourers,  and  for  insuring  the  punctual  discharge  of  the  services  due  by  them 
tu  their  employers,  and  for  the  prevention  and  punishment  of  indolence,  or  the  negli'it  or  improper 
performance  of  work  by  any  apprenticed  labourer,  and  for  enforcing  the  due  pcrforinance  by  such 
labourer  of  any  contract  into  which  ho  or  she  may  voluntarily  enter  for  any  hired  service  during  the 
time  ill  which  he  or  she  may  not  be  bound  to  labour  for  his  nr  her  employer,  and  for  the  prevention  and 
punishment  of  insolence  and  insubordination  on   the   part  of  such  apprenticed  labourers   towards 
their  employers,  and  for  the  prevention  and  punishment  of  vagrancy,  or  of  any  conduct  on  the  part  of 
anvsuch  apprenticed  labourers  injuring  or  tending  to  ihe  injury  of  the  property  of  any  employer,  and 
fur  the  suppression  and  puniaiiment  of  any  riot  or  combined  resistance  of  the  laws  on  the  part  of  such 
apprenticed  labourers,  and  for  preventing  the  escape  of  such  apprenticed  labourers,  during  their  term 
of  apprenticeship,  from  the  colonics  to  wliich  they  may  belong :  and  whereas  it  will  also  be  necessary 
for  the  protection  of  such  apprenticed  labourers,  that  various  regulations  should  be  framed  and  esta- 
blished in  the  said  colonies  for  securing  punctuality  and  method  in  supplying  them  with  food,  clothing, 
lodging,  medicines,  medical  attendance,  and  such  other  maintenance  and  allowances  as  they  are  enti- 
tled to  receive,  and  for  regulating  the  amount  and  quality  of  all  such  articles  in  cases  where  tlii;  laws 
at  present  e.\lstingmay  not  have  made  any  regulation  or  any  adequate  regulation  for  that  purpose  ;  and 
it  is  also  necessary  that  proper  rules  should  be  established  for  the  |ireventioii  and  punishment  of  any 
frauds  which  might  be  practised,  or  of  any  omissions  or  neglects  which  might  occur,  respecting  the 
quantity  or  the  quality  of  the  supplies  so  to  be  furnished,  nr  respecting  the  periods  for  the  delivery  of 
the  same  :  and  whereas  it  is  necessary,  in  those  cases  in  which  the  food  of  any  such  pra'dial  appren- 
ticed labourers  as  aforesaid  may  either  wholly  or  in  part  be  raised  by  themselves  by  the  cull  ivat ion  of 
ground  set  apart  and  allotted  for  that  purpose,  that  proper  regulations  sliould  he  made  and  estublished    . 
as  to  the  extent  of  such  grounds,  and  as  to  the  distance  at  which  such  grounds  may  be  so  allotted  from 
the  ordinary  place  of  abode  of  such  pra:dial  apprenticed  labourers,  and  respecting  the  deductions  to  be 
made  from  the  cultivation  of  such  grounds  from  the  annual  time  during  which  such  pricdial  appren- 
ticed labourers  are  declared  liable  to  labour:  and  whereas  it  may  also  be  necessary,  by  such  regula- 
tions, to  secure  to  apprenticed  labourers  the  enjoyme-t  for  their  own  benelit  of  that  portion  of  their 
time  during  which  they  are  not  required  to  labour  in  the  service  of  their  respective  employers,  and  for 
securing  exactness  in  the  compulation  of  the  time  during  which  such  labourers  are  required  to  labour 
in  the  service  of  their  employers  ;  and  it  is  also  necessary  that  provision  should  be  made  for  prevent- 
ing the  imposition  of  task-work  on  any  apprenticed  labourer  without  his  or  her  free  consent  to  under- 
take the  same  ;  but  it  may  be  necessary  by  such  regulations  in  certain  cases  to  require  and  provide  for 
the  acquiescence  of  the  minority  of  the  pra;dial  apprenticed  labourers  attached  to  any  plantation  or 
estate  in  the  distribution  and  apportionment  amongst  their  whole  body  of  any  task-work  which  the 
majority  of  them  shall  be  willing  and  desirous  collectively  to  undertake  ;  and  it  is  also  necessary  that 
regulations  should  be  made  respecting  any  voluntary  contracts  into  which  any  apprenticed  labourers 
may  enter  with  their  respective  employers  or  with  any  other  person  for  hired  service  for  any  future 
period,  and  for  limiting  the  greatest  period  of  time  to  which  such  voluntary  contract  may  extend,  and 
for  enforcing  the  punctual  performance  of  such  contracts  on  the  part  both  of  such  labourers  and  of 
tho.4e  engiiging  fur  their  employment  and  hire  ;  and  it  is  also  necessary  that  regulations  should  be  made 
for  the  prevention  or  punishment  of  any  cruelty,  injustice,  or  other  wrongor  injury  done  to  or  inflicted 
upon  any  such  apprenticed  labourers  by  those  entitled  to  their  services  ;  and  it  is  also  necessary  that 
proper  r    ulations  should  be  made  respecting  the  manner  and  form  in  which  indentures  of  apprentice- 
shipsknli  be  made  on  behalf  of  children,  and  respecting  the  registering  and  preservation  of  such  inden- 
tures: and  whereas  it  is  also  necessary  that  provision  should  be  made  for  insuring  promptitude  and 
despatch,  and  for  preventing  unnecessary  expense,  in  the  discharge  by  the  justices  of  the  peace  of  the 
jurisdiction  and  authorities  committed  to  them,  and  for  enabling  such  justices  to  decide  in  a  summary 
way  such  questions  as  may  be  brought  before  them  in  that  capacity,  and  for  the  division  of  the  coIo- 
iiies  into  districts  for  the  purposes  of  such  jurisdiction,  and  for  the  frequent  and  punctual  visitation 
by  snch  justices  of  the  apprenticed  labourers  within  their  respective  districts;  and  it  is  also  necessary 
that  regulations  should  be  made  for  indemnifying  and  protecting  such  justices  of  the  peace  in  the  up- 
right execution  and  discharge  of  their  duties  :  and  whereas  such  regulations  could  not  without  great 
Inconvenience  be  made  except  by  the  respective  governors,  councils,  and  assemblies,  or  other  local 
legislatures  of  the  said  respective  colonies,  or  by  his  Majesty,  with  the  advice  of  his  privy  council,  in 
reference  to  those  colonies  to  which  the  legislative  authority  of  his  Majesty  in  council  extends ;  be  it 
therefore  enacted  and  declared,  that  nothing  iii  this  act  contained  extends  or  shall  be  construed  to 
e.Uend  to  prevent  the  enactment  by  the  respective  governors,  councils,  and  assemblies,  or  by  such 
oiher  local  legislatures  as  aforesaid,  or  by  his  Majesty,  with  the  advice  of  his  privy  council,  of  any 
such  acts  of  general  assembly,  or  ordinances,  nr  orders  in  council  as  may  be  requisite  for  making 
and  establishing  such  rules  and  regulations,  or  for  carrying  the  same  into  full  and  complete  effect: 
provided  nevertheless,  that  it  shall  not  be  lawful  for  any  such  governor,  council,  and  assembly,  or 
fiirany  local  legislature,  or  for  his  Majesty  in  council,  to  make  or  establish  any  enactment,  regulation, 
p  pision,  rule,  or  order  in  anywise  repugnant  or  contradictory  to  this  present  act,  but  that  every  such 
ei  Ictment,  regulation,  &c.  shall  be  and  is  declared  to  be  absolutely  null  and  void. — i  16. 

■  keh  Colonial  ^cts  may  not  authorise  the  whipping  or  Punishment  of  ihe  Labourer. — It  shall  not  be 
lawful  for  any  such  governor,  &c.,  or  other  colonial  legislature,  or  for  his  Majesty  in  council,  by  any 
such  act,  ordinance,  ^c,  to  authorise  any  one  entitled  to  the  services  of  any  apprenticed  labourer,  or 
any  person  or  persona  other  than  justices  of  the  peace  holding  special  commissions  as  aforesaid,  to 
punish  any  apprenticed  labourer  for  any  offence  committed  or  alleged  to  have  been  committed,  by  the 
whipping,  beating,  or  imprisonment  of  his  or  her  person,  or  by  any  other  personal  correction  or  pu- 
nishment whatsoever,  or  by  any  addition  to  the  hours  of  labour  hurein-bcforc  limited ;  nor  to  authorise 
any  court,  judge,  nr  justice  to  punish  any  apprenticed  labourer,  being  a  female,  for  any  offence  by  her 
committed,  by  whipping  or  beating  her  person  ;  and  that  every  enactment,  regulation,  &c.  for  any 
such  purpose  is  hereby  declared  to  be  absolutely  null  and  of  no  effect :  provided  always,  that  nothing 
Inthiaact  contained  doth  or  shall  extend  to  exempt  any  apprenticed  labourer  from  the  operation  of 
any  law  nr  police  regulation  in  force  for  the  prevention  or  punishment  of  any  offence,  such  law  or 
police  regulation  being  in  force  against  and  applicable  to  all  persons  of  free  condition.— (  17. 

The  next  2  sections  provide  that  none  but  special  justices,  holding  commissions  as  aforesaid,  shall 
act  in  execution  of  this  act,  or  interfere  between  apprenticed  labourers  and  their  employers;  but  re- 
serving to  the  supreme  courts  such  powers  in  relation  hereto  as  may  now  be  vested  in  them. 


m 


; 


61*2 


SLAVES  AND  SLAVE  TRADE. 


—■<''■  /,ji* 

**  ,  .-Si 

Ml"  ..  ^ 

■■'^  ■■-"•• -J 


If.....-- 


r*'' 


«-lIM»''J 


Apprenticed  Labourers  not  to  besubjeet  to  ^Prolan  ffatinn  or  Renewal  of  Apprenticeship. — No  apprcmicej 
labourer  shall,  by  act  of  assembly,  ordinance,  or  order  In  council,  he  rendered  liable,  In  respnrt  of  aiiy 
ofTeiice,  or  upon  any  pretext  whatsoever,  except  as  hereafter  ia  nieiitioned,  to  any  prolon|,'utiiiii  <if  |,jj 
or  her  term  of  apprenticeship,  or  to  any  nuw  or  additional  apprenticeship,  or  to  any  such  additional 
labour  as  shall  impose  upon  such  apprenticed  labourer  the  obligation  of  working  in  the  service  or  tor 
the  benefit  of  those  entitled  to  his  or  lit-r  siirvicea  fir  more  than  15  extra  hours  in  the  whole  in  any  | 
wei:k,  but  every  such  enactment,  regulation,  provi.-iion,  &c.  sliall  be  and  is  null  and  void  and  (if  no 
cHect :  provided  nevertheless,  that  any  net  of  assembly,  ordinance,  or  order  in  council,  ni;iy  cip. 
tain  provisions  for  compelling  any  apprenticed  labourer,  who  shall,  durini;  his  or  her  apprenti(.e.slii,i 
wilfully  liu  absent  from  the  service  of  his  or  her  employer,  either  to  serve  such  eniployi^r  afiei  u',!, 
expiration  of  liis  or  her  apprenticeship  for  so  Imig  a  time  as  he  or  she  shall  h;ive  so  been  absent  fnun 
sucli  service,  or  to  make  salisfaclioti  to  his  or  lier  employer  for  the  loss  sustained  by  such  iihsenoe 
(except  so  fir  as  he  or  she  sliall  have  made  siitisfaclinu  fur  such  ub.-ence,  either  nut  of  sucli  ovira 
hours  as  aforesaid,  or  (ilh<!rwise),  but  nevertheless  so  that  such  extra  service  or  couijfensatlori  sh;i|| 
not  be  com|)ella!)l(!  afti^r  the  expiration  of  7  years  next  after  the  termination  of  the  upprentice.shipof 
Buch  apprentice. — t)  '20. 

Apprenliccd  Luhoiirers  not  to  be  compelled  tn  murk  on  Sunddijs. — Neither  under  the  provisinn.s  nr 
obligations  imposed  by  this  act,  cir  any  act  of  general  as?  'uibly,  ordinance,  or  rrder  in  council,  sluui 
any  apprenliced  labmirer  be  compelled  to  labour  on  Siiinlays,  except  in  works  of  necessity,  or  iji  il,,. 
niestic  services,  or  in  tlie  proteclinn  of  property,  or  in  tending  of  cattle,  nor  shall  any  a|)|irenliif,| 
labourer  he  himlered  from  attending  anywhere  on  Sundays  for  religious  worship,  at  his  or  her  IVee 
will  or  pleasure,  but  sh  ill  be  at  full  liberty  so  to  do  without  let,  denial,  or  interruption  whutsocver 
— }21. 

JVolhiii^  herein  to  interfere  with  re.rliiin  Colonial  /.nw.s— Nothing  in  this  act  extends  or  shall  lie  cnn. 
Btruoil  to  extend  to  interfere  willior  prevent  the  euaitment  by  the  governors,  councils,  and  assemlilles 
or  by  such  other  local  legislature  of  any  colonies,  or  by  his  Majesty  in  council  in  reference  t(i  sinll 
colonies  as  are  suliject  to  tlie  legislative  authority  of  his  Majesty  in  council,  of  any  acts,  or.lih:un«!s 
&c.  for  exempting  any  apprenticed  lalKUirers,  during  the  continuanci!  of  their  appreritlceslii;i,  fr,,.,! 
any  civil  or  military  service,  or  for  disqualifying  them  during  the  continuance  of  any  such  a|i|iniiiiic.. 
Bhips  from  the  enjoyment  or  discharge  of  any  political  franchise,  or  for  exempting  them  diirini,'  the 
continuance  of  such  apprenticeships  from  being  arrested  or  imprisoned  for  debt. — J  22. 

Ac's  pa.-'.ieil  liij  lueiil  I.eirislatares  with  similar  but  improved  Knaclmevts  to  this  Act  to  supersede  iliis-.iel. 
— In  case  llie  governor,  council,  and  assembly  of  one  or  more  colonies  shall,  by  any  act  or  actsolNvMio- 
ral  assembly  for  that  purpose,  substitute  for  the  several  enactments  herein  contained,  or  any  if  tiiem, 
nny  eiiacluients  accomplishing  the  several  objects  in  such  enactments  respectively  conlenip'iiteij as 
fully  and  to  the  like  elfect,  but  in  a  manner  and  form  better  adapted  tn  the  local  circumstances (ifsiali 
colonies  or  colony,  and  in  case  his  Majesty  shall,  by  any  order  in  council,  confirm  and  allow  such  act 
or  acts  of  assembly,  and  shall  in  such  order  recite  and  set  forth  the  provisions  and  enactments  nt'  thij 
present  act  for  which  such  other  enactments  shall  have  been  substituted,  then  and  in  such  case  so 
much  and  such  parts  of  this  present  act  as  shall  be  so  recited  and  set  forth  in  nny  such  order  in  council 
Bhall  be  suspended  and  cease  to  be  of  any  force  in  such  colony  from  and  after  the  arrival  and  prnrlaina- 
tion  therein  of  any  such  order  or  orders  in  council,  and  shall  continue  to  be  so  suspended  so  lonjaj 
any  such  substituted  enactments  shall  continue  in  force,  ami  no  longer.—}  iS. 

The  Treasury  man  raise  Loans,  not  exceeding  20,000,000i. — This  section  recites,  that  towards  conipen- 
eating  the  persons  at  present  entitled  to  the  services  of  the  slaves  to  be  manumitted  and  set  free  by 
virtue  of  this  act  for  the  loss  of  such  services,  the  Commons  of  Great  llritain  and  Ireland  in  parliament 
assembled  have  resolved  to  give  and  grant  to  his  Majesty  the  sum  of  •2(),0()0,0()0/.  sterling.  Aiitlinrity 
is  then  given  to  raise  such  20,000,0(10/ ,  and  to  grant  annuities  for  the  same.  Directions  arc  also  piven 
how  the  same  is  to  be  paid;  and  the  interest  and  charges  are  made  chargeable  upon  the  coiisolidaloj 
fund.—}  }  2t— 32. 

Commissioners  to  be  appointed  for  distributing  Compensation. — It  shall  be  lawful  for  lii.s  Majesty  from 
time  to  time,  by  a  commission  under  the  great  seal,  to  constitute  and  appoint  such  persons,  not  bein; 
less  than  .'>,  as  to  his  Majesty  shall  seem  meet,  to  he  commissioners  of  arbitration  for  in(|uiring  into  ami 
deciding  upon  the  claims  to  compensation  which  may  be  preferred  to  them  under  this  act.—}  ,1,1. 

Sections  31.  to  43.  inclusive,  regulate  the  appointment  of,  meetings,  and  manner  cf  proceeding  be- 
fore, the  commissioners. 

JV'«  Part  of  Compensation  to  be  applicable  to  any  Colony  tmless  his  Majesty  declare  that  adequate  Pro- 
vision has  been  made  by  the  Legislature  thereof. — No  part  of  the  said  sum  of  20,000,000/.  sterling  shall  be 
applied  for  the  benefit  of  any  person  now  entitled  to  the  services  of  any  slave  in  any  of  the  colonies, 
unless  an  order  shall  have  been  first  made  by  his  Majesty  in  council,  declaring  that  adequate  and 
satisfactory  provision  hath  been  made  by  law  in  such  colony  for  giving  etl'ect  to  this  present  act  by 
such  further  and  supplementary  enactments  as  aforesaid,  nor  unless  a  certified  copy  of  such  order  In 
council  shall  have  been  transmitted  to  the  commissioners  of  his  Majesty's  treasury  for  their  giililanre 
or  information;  and  every  such  order  shall  be  published  3  several  times  in  Ihe  London  OuMle^ani 
Bhall  be  laid  before  both  houses  of  parliament  within  6  weeks  next  after  tlie  date  thereof,  if  parliament 
shall  be  then  in  session,  and  if  not,  within  6  weeks  from  the  next  ensuing  session. — }  11. 

The  Commissioners  to  apportion  the  Compensation  Fund. — The  said  commissioners  shell  proceed  to 
apportion  the  said  sum  into  19  diiferent  shares,  which  shall  be  respectively  assigned  to  the  several 
British  colonies  or  possessions,  viz.  the  Itermud.i  Islands,  the  Uahama  Islands,  .lamaica,  nuiidnras, 
the  Virgin  Islands,  Antigua,  Montserrat,  Nevis,  St.  Cliristopher's,  Dominica,  Uarbadoes,  (ir('nad:\,^t. 
Vincent's,  Tobago,  St.  Lucia,  Trinidad,  British  Ouiana,  tli-;  Cape  of  Oood  Mope,  and  Mauritius;  and 
in  making  s'icli  apportionment  of  the  said  funds  among  the  several  colonies,  the  coiumissiimerssball 
and  are  rei|uired  to  have  regard  to  the  nuinlier  of  slaves  belonging  to  or  settled  in  each  of  such  colo- 
nies, as  the  same  may  appear  and  are  stated  according  to  the  latest  relurns  made  in  the  ollico  of  the 
registrar  of  slaves  in  England,  appointed  under  the  authority  of  the  act  'y'i  (Jeo.  3.  c.  120.,  intituled  "An 
Act  for  establishing  a  Registry  of  Colonial  Slaves  in  ttreat  Britain,  and  for  making  further  Provision 
with  respect  to  the  ttemoval  of  Slaves  from  British  Colonies;"  and  the  said  commissioners  arc  further 
required,  in  making  such  apportionment,  to  have  regard  to  the  prices  for  which,  on  an  average  of  8 
years  ending  tue  Slst  day  of  Deceinher,  1830,  slaves  have  been  sold  in  each  colony,  excluding  from 
consideration  any  sales  in  which  they  shall  have  siiincicnt  reason  to  suppose  that  slaves  were  sold  or 
purchased  under  any  reservation,  or  suhject  to  any  e"pre8S  or  tacit  condition  alfecting  their  price 
and  the  said  commissioners  shall  then  proceed  to  ascertain,  in  reference  to  each  colony,  what  nmount 
of  sterling  money  will  represent  the  average  value  of  a  slave  therein  for  the  said  period  of  tj  years; 
and  the  total  number  of  the  slaves  in  each  colony  being  multiplied  into  the  amount  of  sterling  Inoncy 
so  representing  such  average  value  of  a  slave  therein,  the  product  of  such  multiplication  shall  lie  as- 
certained for  each  colony  separately ;  and  the  said  20,000,000/.  sterling  shall  then  bo  assigned  to  and 
apportioned  amongst  the  said  several  colonies  rateably  and  in  proportion  to  the  product  so  ascertained 
for  each  resfiectively.— }  'l.'i. 

JVu  Compensation  to  be  allowed  for  Per.<ions  iltegnlly  held  in  Slavery. — In  case  it  shall  appear  llmt  any 
persons  in  respect  of  whom  claims  for  compensation  shall  have  been  made  have  been  regiiitered  and 


STAVES  AND  SLAVE  TRADE. 


513 


■tnticeship.—^o  apprcmlcej 
red  lialtle,  in  reHpert  of  :iiiy 
1, 10  any  prolon(,'utiim  of  his 
,  or  to  any  siitli  mldiiional 
working  in  tlifi  servki;  or  lor 
hours  in  the  whole  in  any! 
is  null  ami  voiil  ami  of  no 
oriler  in  council,  m:iy  con. 
12  Ilia  or  her  appriMilicesliiii, 
rvn  such  employ"'"'  "'"''  Hie 
ill  h:ive  so  been  alisciil  from 
-1  s\islaincil  liy  such  iilisimrc 
ice,  either  out  of  fiiaii  cMra 
ervice  or  coinpeii9:itioii  shall 
ion  of  the  upiiroiilice.sliiiiof 

her  nmler  the  provisions  nr 
ice,  <ir  rriler  In  coiiiiril,  slwll 
works  of  necessity,  or  in  iIm. 
le,  nor  shall  any  u|iprcnliir,l 
,is  worship,  at  his  or  lirr  lu,; 
,  or  iuteiruptiou  wliutsnuvur. 

s  act  extends  or  shall  he  rrin- 
lors,  couocils,  anil  assenililjpa, 
council  in  reforeiico  to  such 
iiicil,  of  any  acts,  or.liiiiinMs, 
of  their  appreiiticeslii;i,  fraiu 
nance  of  any  such  apprrntiie. 
•  exeinptintr  theui  diirini!  tlic 
for  debt.-}  22. 
7,  this  Jtcl  In  s«/if»ve(/c  '/ii.v.lcf. 
lall,  liy  any  act  or  act-sof  nom;. 
ein  contained,  or  any  of  thum, 
s  respertively  coiiteinpiiilcdas 
ihe  local  circumstanci'sof  siicli 
Ml,  confirm  and  allow  siidi  act 
visions  and  enactments  of  this 
tuted,  then  and  in  such  case  so 
rlh  in  any  such  order  in  counc'l 
after  the  arrival  and  prorlania- 
^  to  he  so  suspended  so  long  as 
;_}  23. 

I  recites,  that  towards  compcn- 
he  manumitted  and  set  free  by 
ilain  and  Induml  in  parlianiem 
!0,000,0I)0/.  sterling.  Authority 
.iile.  Directions  are  also  jiven 
rgeahlu  upon  the  consolidateJ 

,  be  lawful  for  his  Majesty  from 
Ippoint  such  persons,  not  hein; 
^■hitration  for  inquiring  inloaiiJ 
em  under  this  act.— { .Ti. 
land  manner  of  proceeding  bo- 

Vesty  declare  that  adeiiuate  Pro- 
[of  20,000,OOOJ.  sterling  shall  be 
ly  slave  in  any  of  the  colonies, 
I,  declaring  that  adequate  and 
If  etlVct  to  this  present  act  by 
fcertiticd  copy  of  such  order  in 
ly's  treasury  "for  their  guidance 
les  in  the  London  Gazelte^ani 
[the  date  thereof,  if  parliament 
\\a  session. — {  U. 
jimmissioners  shell  proceed  to 
lively  assigned  to  the  several 
1  Islands,  .Tamaica,  Honduras, 
Inica,  Uarbadoes,  (".renad^^t. 
lod  Hope,  and  Mauritius;  and 
Inies,  the  conimissionors  shall 
V  settled  in  each  of  such  colo- 
lirns  made  in  the  ollico  of  the 
19  Geo.  3.  c.  120.,  intituled -'.Vn 
Ifor  making  further  Provision 
laid  commissioners  are  turtlier 
lor  which,  on  an  average  nfli 
1  each  colony,  excludini!  from 
Ipose  that  slaves  wore  sold  or 
Iditinn  alfecting  their  price 
Ito  each  colony,  what  amount 
Ir  the  said  period  of  8  years; 
Ihe  amount  of  sterling  money 
Ich  multiplication  shall  lie  as- 
fchall  then  be  assigned  to  and 
|to  the  product  so  ascertained 

rase  it  shall  appear  that  any 
iide  have  been  registered  ana 


held  in  slavery  in  any  colony  mentioned  In  this  act  contrary  to  law,  in  every  such  case  the  commis- 
■inncrs  shall  deduct  from  the  sum  to  be  appropriated  as  compeiigatioM  to  the  proprietors  in  such  colony, 
guch  sums  as  shall  correspond  with  the  estimated  value  and  nuiober  of  the  persons  so  illegally  regis., 
tered  and  Held  In  slavery  ;  ai.d  all  such  sum  or  sums  which  may  be  deducted  as  herein-before  prnvided 
chall  he  applied  towards  defraying  the  general  expenses  of  the  commission  :  provided  always,  that  for 
the  purpose  of  ascertaining  in  what  cases  such  deductions  shall  be  made,  every  question  arising  in  any 
colonv  respecting  the  servile  condition  of  any  persons  registered  as  slaves  shall  be  inquired  of  and 
deteriiiined  by  the  commissioners  to  he  appointed  under  this  act,  according  to  sucii  rules  of  legal  pre- 
auiiiption  and  evidence  us  are  or  shall  bo  established  by  any  law  in  force  ur  which  shall  be  in  force  in 
any  such  colony.—}  46. 

Commissioners  to  institute  Inquiries,  S^c. — It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  commissioners,  and  they  are 
hereby  required,  to  institute  a  full  and  exact  inquiry  into  all  the  circumstances  connected  with  each  of 
the  said  several  colonics  which  in  their  judgment  ought,  in  justice  and  equity,  to  regulate  or  atfect  the 
aiiportinnnient  within  the  same  of  that  part  of  the  general  compensation  fund  which  shall  be  assigned 
to  each  of  the  said  colonies  ;  and  especially  such  commissioners  shall  have  regard  to  the  relative  value 
(irpricdial  slaves  and  of  unattached  slaves  in  every  such  colony ;  and  they  shall  distinguish  such  slaves, 
whether  prieJial  or  unattached,  into  as  many  distinct  classes  as,  regard  being  bad  to  the  circumstances 
of  each  colony,  shall  appear  just;  and  such  commissioners  shall,  with  all  practicable  precision,  ascer- 
tain and  fix  the  average  value  of  a  slave  in  each  of  the  classes  into  which  the  slaves  in  any  such  colony 
iihall  he  divided  ;  and  the  commissioners  shall  also  inquire  and  consider  of  the  principles  according  to 
nl'iicbthe  compensation  to  be  allotted  in  respect  to  any  slave  or  body  of  slaves  ought,  according  to  the 
rules  of  law  and  equity,  to  be  distributed  amongst  persons  who,  as  owners  or  creditors,  legatees  or 
annuitants,  may  have  any  joint  or  common  interest  in  any  such  slave  or  slaves,  or  may  bo  entitled  to 
or  intcresteil  in  such  slave  or  slaves,  either  in  possession,  remainder,  reversion,  or  expectancy  ;  and 
Ihe  coainiissioners  shall  also  in(|uire  and  consider  of  the  principles  and  manner  in  which  provision  might 
be  most  cllectually  made  for  the  protection  of  any  interest  in  any  such  compensation  money  which  may 
belong  to  or  be  vested  in  any  married  women,  infants,  lunatics,  or  persons  of  insane  or  uiisound  mind, 
or  persons  beyond  the  seas,  or  labouring  under  any  other  legal  or  natural  disability  or  incapacity,  and 
according  to  what  rules,  and  in  what  manner,  and  under  what  authority,  trustees  should,  when  neces- 
s.iry,  be  appointed  for  the  safe  custody,  for  the  benefit  of  any  person  or  persons,  of  such  compensation 
fiind',orof  any  part  thereof,  and  for  regulating  the  duties  of  such  trustees,  and  providing  them  with  a 
fjir  and  reasonable  indemnity;  and  the  commissioners  shall  also  inquire  and  consider  upon  what 
principles,  according  to  the  established  rules  of  law  and  equity  in  similar  cases,  the  succession  to  such 
funds  should  be  regulated  upon  the  death  of  any  person  entitled  thereto  who  may  die  intestate;  and 
Ihe  coMiniissioners  are  also  required  to  consider  of  any  other  question  which  it  may  be  necessary  to 
investigate  in  order  to  establish  just  and  equitable  rules  for  the  apportionment  of  such  compensation 
money  amongst  the  persons  seised  of,  or  entitled  to,  or  having  any  mortgage,  charge,  incumbrance, 
iudgmcnt,  or  lien  upon,  or  any  claim  to,  or  right  or  interest  in,  any  slave  or  slaves  to  be  manumitted 
as  aforesaid,  at  the  time  of  such  their  manumission  ;  and  having  made  all  such  inquiries,  and  having 
taken  all  such  matters  and  things  as  aforesaid  into  their  consideration,  the  said  commissioners  shall 
draw  up  and  frame  such  general  rules,  regard  being  hud  to  the  laws  and  usages  in  force  in  each  colony 
respectively,  as  to  them  may  seem  best  adapted  in  each  colony  for  securing  the  just  and  equitable  dis- 
tribution of  the  said  funds  amongst  or  for  the  benefit  of  the  several  persons  aforesaid,  and  for  the  pro- 
tection ot  such  fu;'ids,  and  for  the  appointment  and  indemnification  of  such  trustees  as  aforesaid  ;  and 
such  general  rules,  when  framed,  and  agreed  upon  by  the  commissioners,  shall  be  subscribed  with 
their  respective  hands  and  seals,  and  transmitted  to  the  president  of  council,  to  be  laid  before  his  Ma- 
jesty ;  and  so  from  time  to  time  as  often  as  any  further  general  rules  should  be  so  framed  and  agreed 
to  for  the  purposes  aforesaid,  or  any  of  them.— }  47. 

Rules  to  be  published  in  the  London  Gazette. — The  general  rules  to  be  transmitted  as  aforesaid  to  the 
said  Lord  President  shall  be  forthwith  published  in  the  London  Oaiette  on  3  several  occasions  at  least, 
together  with  a  notice  that  all  persons  interested  in  or  affected  by  them  may,  by  a  time  to  be  in  such 
notice  limited,  appeal  against  any  such  rules  to  his  Majesty  in  council ;  and  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the 
Lords  of  his  Majesty's  privy  cotincil,  or  for  any  3  or  more  of  them,  by  any  further  notice  or  notices 
mihlished  in  the  London  Oazette,  to  enlarge  the  time  for  receiving  any  such  appeals.— {48. 

Section  49.  enacts  that  his  Majesty  in  council  may  hear  such  appeals,  and  thereupon  confirm  or  dis- 
allow any  general  rule  so  appealed  against. 
Section  50.  enacts  that,  in  absence  of  appeal,  his  Majesty  in  council  may  confirm,  rescind,  or  amend 

The  remaining  sections  respect  the  enrolment  of  rules,  and  the  proceedings  under  appeal  to  his  Ma- 
jesty in  council ;  the  mode  in  which  sums  awarded  by  the  commissioners  are  to  be  puid,  &c. 

Foreign  Slave  Trade. — At  the  congress  of  Vienna,  in  1814,  the  plenipotentiaries  of  the 
great  powers  agreeil  to  a  declaration  that  the  slave  trade  was  "  repugnant  to  the  principles 
of  humanity  and  of  universal  morality;  and  that  it  was  the  earnest  desire  of  their  sovereigns 
to  put  an  end  to  a  scourge  which  had  so  long  desolated  Africa,  degraded  Europe,  and  afflicted 

humanity." 

But  nolwilhstanding  this  memorable  declaration,  the  immediate  abolition  of  the  trade  was 
not  agreed  to.  France  was  allowed  to  continue  it  for  Jive  years.  It  is,  besides,  abundantly 
certain  that,  though  the  trade  nominally  ceased  in  1819,  it  has  since  been  clandestinely  car- 
ried on  to  a  great  extent  in  French  ships,  if  not  with  the  connivance,  at  least  without  much 
opposition,  on  the  part  of  the  late  government  of  France.  There  is  now,  however,  reason  to 
hope  that  it  will  be  effectually  suppressed  ;  for  according  to  a  recent  arrangement  (Nov.  30, 
1831)  made  with  his  Majesty  Louis-Philippe,  the  right  of  search  is.  reciprocally  conceded, 
within  certain  limits,  by  the  French  and  English ;  so  that  French  ships  suspected  of  being 
engaged  in  the  trade  may  be  stopped  by  British  cruisers. 

Considering  the  efforts  Great  Britain  made  in  behalf  of  Spain  and  Portugal,  and  the  influ- 
ence she  might  have  been  supposed  to  have  acquired  with  the  restored  monarchs  of  those 
countries,  it  may  well  excite  astonishment  that  our  negotiators  (whether  from  the  intract- 
ability of  those  with  whom  they  had  to  deal,  or  from  want  of  address  and  firmness  on  their 
parts,  we  leave  it  to  others  to  decide)  were  unable  to  prevail  on  these  powers  to  renounce 
the  trade  till  after  the  lapse  of  a  considerable  period.  They  succeeded,  indeed,  in  inducing 
them  to  exempt  that  portion  of  the  African  coast  north  of  the  Equator  from  their  piratical 
attacks ;  and  for  this  concession,  and  damages  alleged  to  have  been  sustained  by  their  slavo 

66 


514 


SLAVFS  AND  SLAVE  TRADE. 


r  ;f 

Mai-«  -■■J' 


■\.^i\ 


t«.  * 


C^^ 


ships  from  our  cruisers,  Great  Britaia  has  paid  them  no  less  than  1,230,000/.  I — (See  Siehra 
Lkonk.) 

The  Spanish  slave  trade  was  to  have  finally  ceased,  according  to  the  stipuiationH  in  the 
treaty  between  Spain  and  this  country  of  tho  5th  of  July  and  28th  of  August,  1814,  in  1S20, 
But  within  these  2  years,  and,  perhaps,  at  Ills  very  moment,  slave  ships  have  been  pulilidy 
fitted  out  from  Cuba,  and  immense  numbers  of  slaves  have  been  imported  into  that  JNlam) 
with  tho  open  connivance  of  authorities.  A  mixed  commission  court,  consisting  of  Briiish 
and  Spanish  commissioners,  has  been  established  at  Havannah,  for  the  condeninalii)n  of 
vessels  proved  to  have  been  engaged  in  the  slave  trade.  But  we  are  ollicialiy  informed  liv 
Mr.  Maclcay,  one  of  the  commissioners,  that  since  the  establishment  of  the  court  no  Hoizorc 
of  a  slave  vessel  has  ever  taken  place,  but  on  the  interference  and  denunciation  of  the  liriiish 
commissioners ;  and  even  then  such  seizure  has  only  been  made,  to  he  instanili/  fifl/oind 
by  a  perfect  acquittal  in  the  Spanish  tribunals  .'"—(Pari,  Paper,  No.  120.  Suss.  1>J3| 
p.  53.) 

Slaves  were  freely  imported  in  immense  numbers  into  Brazil,  till  February,  1830,  when 
the  trade  was  to  cease,  conformably  to  the  convention  entered  into  with  this  country  on  ihc 
83d  of  June,  1826. — (See  Rio  nr.  Janeiho.)  But  whether  the  clandestine  and  iile),'al,  as 
well  as  the  open  and  legitimate  importation  of  slaves,  be  at  an  end,  is  more  than  we  can  un- 
dertake to  say. 

On  the  whole,  we  are  afraid  that  nothing  short  of  a  declaration  by  the  great  powers,  makiti" 
the  slave  trade  piracy,  will  be  sufficient  entirely  to  rid  humanity  of  its  guilt  and  horrors,   ° 

IDistribution  of  Slave  Compensation. — The  Comniissioners  for  the  apportionment  of  tlie  sum  of 
30,000,000/.  granted  by  parliament  as  compensation  to  slave  owners,  under  tlie  act  3  &  4  Will  |.  r„„ 
73.,  have  issued  the  following  table.  It  shows  the  average  value  of  a  slave  in  each  colony ;  iha  niinli 
ber  of  slaves  in  each  by  the  last  registration  ;  the  total  value  of  the  slaves,  supposing  tlic  iuimiui  vain. 
of  each  were  realised  ;  and  the  proportion  of  the  20,000,0002.  to  which  each  colony  is  entitled. 


Colony. 

Average  Value 

of  a  Slave  from 

1S22  to  1830. 

Number  of 

Slave!  by 

the  hist  Re- 

gislration  in 

tt.is  Country. 

Relative  Value  oflhe 
Slaves. 

Proportion  nf  ilie 

20,000,000/1,,  wliiclieidi 

Colony  is  entiiltj. 

Beimuda   •          .           •          .           . 
Ballainaa    -           -            -           .           - 
Jamaica     .          .           .          .           - 
Hondurafl  .          -           -          -           - 
Virrin  Island!       .... 

Antipia 

MoDt»errat            .... 
Nevii        ..... 
St.  Chriitophert    .           .          -          • 
Dominica  .           -            .           >           . 
BarbaJoet  ..... 
Grenada     ..... 
St.  Vincent'!         .... 
Tobago      ..... 

St.  Lucia 

Trinidad 

British  Guiana      .... 

Cape  of  Good  Hope 

Mauritius  ..... 

L.    I.     d. 

27    4  11  3-t 
29  18    9  3  4 

44  15    2  1-4 
120    4    7  1-2 

31  16     13.4 

32  12  10  1-2 
36  17  10  3  4 
39    3  113  4 
36    6  1034 
43    8    7  1-2 
47     I    3  1-2 
69    6    0 

68  6    8 

45  12    0  1-2 
66  18    7 

106    4    6  1-4 
114  II     6  1-4 
73    9  II 

69  14    3 

4,203 

9,705 

311,692 

1,920 

6,192 

29,537 

6,355 

8,722 

20,660 

I4,3S4 

82,807 

23,536 

22,997 

11,621 

13,348 

22,359 

84,915 

38.427 

68,613 

L.       t.    d. 

114,627    7    6  1-4 
299,.573  IS    33.4 
13,931,139    2    3 
230,844    0    0 
165,143    9    2 
961,198    0  10  1-2 
234,466    8    0  1-4 
341,893    6    3  1-2 
760,840    7    1 
624,715    2    0 
3,897,276  19    0  1.2 
1,396,684  16    0 
1,341,491  13    4 
629,941  16    21-2 
739,890  10    4 
2,352.635  18    0  3-4 
9,729,047  13    6  1.4 
2,824.224    7    9 
4,783,183  16    3 

/.         ».        rf. 

60,584    7    0  1.2.41 
I2S,340    7    63.4.47 
6, 161, 927    5  103.4-5? 
101,938  19    7  1.2-92 
72,940    8    5l4-:6 
425,866    7    01.4.13 
103,5,8  IS    3       .38 
151,007    2  1134-33 
331,630  lU    7  1-4 -82     ' 
275,923  12    8  |.2  -30 
1,721,345  19    7       .g7      1 
616,444  17    7       <3     ' 
692,508  IS    01.4.93     i 
234,164    4  1134  35 
33.5,627  15  113  4-19 
1,03!),II9    1    3  1211 
4,297,117  10    6  1.2  30 
1,247,401    0    7  3.4-6     1 
2,ll2,fc32  10  II3.4  06     1 
Deficient  fractions   -CH     I 

780,993 

4.3,281,738  15  10  14 

20,000,000    0    0              i 

[It  was  by  an  act  of  Congress,  passed  on  the  2d  of  March,  1807,  that  the  importation  of  slaves  iiiio 
the  United  States  was  prohibited,  under  severe  penalties,  after  the  Ist  of  .Tanuary,  180S ;  this  belli; 
the  earliest  day  on  which  the  prohibition  was  allowed,  by  the  constitution  nf  the  general  governnicni, 
to  tal<e  effect.  By  the  act  of  the  20th  of  April,  lbl8,  those  penalties  were  increased,  and  the  oitizeiij 
of  the  United  States  were  prohibited  from  being  in  any  way  concerned  in  the  slave  trade.  On  tlieSJ 
of  March,  1819,  the  president  was  authorized  to  employ  the  armed  vessels  of  the  United  States  to  en- 
force the  acts  of  Congress  prohibiting  the  slave  trade ;  and  all  veRsels  unlawfully  engaged  in  ihe 
transportation  of  negroes,  miilattoea,  or  persons  of  colour,  were  rendered  liable  to  seizure.  Allenglli, 
by  the  act  of  May  15th,  1820,  entitled  "An  act  to  continue  in  force  '  An  act  to  protect  the  cnimncrd' nf 
tlie  United  States  and  punish  the  crime  of  piracy,'  and  also  to  make  further  provision  for  punisliiii; 
the  crime  of  piracy,"  it  was  enacted. 

That  if  any  citizen  of  the  United  .States,  being  of  the  crew  or  ship's  company  of  any  foreifT  sliip  or 
vessel  engaged  in  the  slave  trade,  or  any  person  whatever,  being  of  the  crew  or  ship's  coiiiiianv  ni'.iny 
ship  or  vessel,  owned  in  whole  or  in  part,  or  navigated  for,  or  in  behalf  of,  any  citizen  or  ciiiziMisnf 
the  United  States,  shall  land,  from  any  such  ship  or  vessel,  and,  on  any  foreign  shore,  svv/.c  any  wntn 
or  mulatto,  not  held  to  service  or  labour  by  the  laws  of  either  of  the  states  or  territories  ol'lhi;  rniitJ 
States,  with  intent  to  make  such  negro  or  mulatto  a  slave,  or  shall  decoy,  or  forcibly  bring  nrcarrv, 
or  shall  receive,  such  negro  or  niuluttn  on  board  any  such  ship  or  vessel,  with  intent  as  afuresaiil, 
such  citizen  or  person  shall  he  adjudged  a  pirate  ;  and,  on  conviction  tliereof,  before  the  circuit  courl 
of  the  United  States  for  the  district  wherein  he  may  be  brought  or  found,  shall  suffer  death. 

And  also. 

That  if  any  citizen  of  the  United  States,  being  of  the  crew  or  ship's  company  of  any  foreisrn  ship  or 
vessel  engaged  in  the  slave  trade,  or  any  person  whatever,  being  of  the  crew  or  ship's  coniimiiynl' 
any  ship  or  vessel,  owned  wholly  or  in  part,  or  navigated  for,  or  in  beh.-.lf  of,  any  citizen  orciiizeiis 
of  the  United  States,  shall  forcibly  confine  or  detain,  or  aid  and  abet  in  forcibly  confining  "r  lielainin?, 
on  board  such  ship  or  veitael,  any  negro  or  mulatto  not  held  to  service  by  the  laws  of  either  nfilie 
States  or  territories  of  the  United  States,  with  intent  to  make  such  negro  or  mulatto  a  slave,  or  sliall, 
on  board  any  such  ship  or  vessel,  offer  or  attempt  to  sell,  as  a  slave,  any  negro  or  nuilalto  not  hililio 
aervice  as  aforesaid,  or  shall,  on  the  high  seas,  or  any  where  on  tide  water,  transfer  or  deliver  over, 


SMALTZ,  SMUGGLING. 


515 


530,000/.!— (See  Si EBHA 

;o  Iho  stipulations  in  the 
of  August,  18 14,  in  1820. 
3  sliips  have  been  put)licly 
I  imported  into  that  island, 
ourt,  consisting  of  British 
,  for  the  condcmiiatiim  of 
are  olficially  informed  hy 
lent  of  the  court  no  Hri/.urc 
denunciation  of  the  Uriiish 
/c,  to  he  inntaiifli/  fullmnil 
iper,  No.  120.  Sess.  1831, 

,  till  February,  1S30,  whon 
ito  with  this  country  on  ihe 
5  clandestine  and  illegal,  as 
id,  is  more  than  we  can  un- 

by  the  great  powers,  rnakinj 
of  its  guilt  and  horrors. 

apportionment  of  tlie  sum  of 
imler  the  acv  3  &  4  Will  1.  cup. 
ilave  in  each  colony  ;  the  num- 
ires,  supposing  the  iiiinuul  value 
each  colony  is  entitled. 


e  of Ihe 


Proportion  of  Ihe 

20,000,0001.  to  which  eith 

Colony  is  eiititluJ. 


/,  I.         d. 

60,581    7    OI.S-41 

12S,310    7    5  3.4-W 

8,l61,fli7    5  inS-l'S 

101, 9i8  19    7  1.2  ■92 

72,940    8    5  I  4  --e 

425,«66    7    0  |.4  '13 

103 fi<S  IS    j       -38 

151,007    2  113.4-35 

331,630  10    7MS2 

275,923  12    8  1.2  -30 

1,721,345  19    7       K 

616,444  17    7       -(.3 

592,608  18    0  14  W 

234,164     4  113  4  .53 

33.1,627  15  II  34  19 

1,039,119     I    31211 

4,297,117  10    61-2  30 

1,247,401    0    73.4:6 

2,112,632  10  II  3-4  « 

Uet'icietil  fractiom   iS 


20,000,IX»    0    0 


Suf.) 

It  tlie  importation  of  slaves  into 
^t  of  January,  1808 ;  this  being 
Ition  of  the  general  governiiieni, 
^rere  increased,  and  the  rilizeiis 
\l  in  the  slave  trade.  On  tlie  3d 
£els  of  the  United  Stales  to  en- 
lels  unlawfully  engaged  in  the 
Ved  liable  to  seizure.  At  lenntli, 
V  act  to  protect  the  cnniiiiene  (if 
[further  provision  for  iiiniisliing 

Icompany  of  any  foreip  sliipot 
I  crew  or  ship's  coin|)aiiy  ol  iiny 
llf  of,  any  citizen  "r  citizens  nf 
1  foreign  shore,  seize  any  iiesm 
Jatesor  territories  of  the  I'niled 
Icoy,  or  forcibly  bring  nr  curry, 
Issel,  with  intent  as  aforesanl, 
■hereof,  before  the  circuit  court 
Id,  shall  suffer  death. 

lompany  of  any  foreign  sliipnt 
Ihe  crew  or  ship's  company  of 
Ihi.lf  of,  any  citizen  nrcilruii! 
■forcibly  confining  or  detauiin?, 
1e  by  the  laws  of  either  of  tie 
Iro  or  mulatto  a  slave,  or  slinl. 
Iv  negro  or  mulatto  nut  lu'Mio 
Vater,  transfer  or  deliver  over, 


to  any  other  ship  or  vessel,  any  negro  or  mulatto,  not  held  to  service  as  aforesaid,  with  intent  to  make 
such  negro  or  mulatto  a  slave,  or  shall  land,  or  deliver  cm  shore,  from  on  boanl  any  siirh  ship  or  ves- 
sel, any  sii'l'  "«Bro  or  mulatto,  with  intent  to  make  sale  of,  or  having  previously  sold,  siieli  negro  or 
niulatlo,  as  a  slave,  such  citizen  or  person  shall  he  adjudged  a  pirate;  and,  on  conviction  thereof,  be- 
fore llie  circuit  court  of  the  United  Htates  for  the  district  wherein  lie  shall  be  brought  or  found,  shall 
sutler  death. 

rtce  Kent's  Commentaries  on  American  lair.  Lecture  9lh,  and  Gordon's  Digest  of  the  Latea  of  the 
Uniiid  Slates,  Hook  Dili,  Chapter  Vl\\.—jiiii.  Kd.] 

SMALTZ,  on  SMALT  (Ger.  Schmnh  ,-  Du.  Smalt  ,•  Fr.  Smalt ;  It.  Smalln  azztirro, 
Smiiltino  i  Sp.  Esmalte,  Azul  azitr  ,•  Uus.  Lasor),  an  oxide  of  cobalt,  melted  with  siliceoua 
eartli  and  potash.  It  is  a  sort  of  glass,  of  a  beautiful  deep  blue  colour;  and  being  ground 
very  fme,  is  known  by  the  name  of  powder  blue.  The  colour  of  sinaltz  is  not  allccicd  by 
(jre;  and  it  is  consequently  in  great  demand  in  the  painting  of  earthenware.  It  is  also  cm- 
ployed  in  the  colouring  of  paper,  and  for  other  purposes  in  the  arts.  Deckmann  has  proved 
that  the  process  used  in  the  preparation  of  smaltz  was  invented  about  the  end  of  the  I5th  or 
the  beginning  of  the  16th  century;  and  that  the  blue  glass  of  the  ancients  owes  its  colour, 
not  to  the  presence  of  cobalt  or  of  smaltz,  but  to  that  of  iron. — (Hint,  of  Inventions,  vol.  ii. 
art.  Cobalt.) 

Smaltz  is  principally  manufactured  in  Oermany  and  Norway.  Of  391,52?  lbs.  imported  into  Great 
Britain  in  1S31,  200,840  lbs.  came  from  Norway,  ll)l),705  from  (Jermniiy,  and  23,1)58  from  the  Nether- 
lands, ^t  an  average  of  1831  and  18.12,  the  entries  of  smaltz  for  home  consumption  amounted  to 
319,103 11)3.  a  year.    The  duty  on  smaltz  has  recently  been  reduced  from  td.  to  \d.  per  lb. 

SMUOGLING,  the  offence  of  defrauding  the  revenue  by  the  introduction  of  articles  into 
consumption,  without  paying  the  duties  chargeable  upon  them.  It  may  be  comiuilted  indif- 
ferently either  upon  the  excise  or  customs  revenue. 

Origin  and  Prevention  of  Smtifrfrling. — Thia  crime,  which  occupies  so  prominent  a  place 
in  the  criminal  legislation  of  all  modern  states,  is  wholly  the  result  of  vicious  commorcial  and 
tlnancial  legislation.     It  is  the  fruit  either  of  prohibitions  of  importation,  or  of  0[>prcs3ively 
high  duties.     It  does  not  originate  in  any  depravity  inherent  in  man  ;  but  in  the  folly  and 
ignorance  of  legislators.     A  prohibition  against  importing  a  commodity  does  not  take  away 
the  taste  for  it ;  and  the  imposition  of  a  high  duty  on  any  article  occasions  a  universal  desiro 
to  escape  or  evade  its  payment.     Hence  the  rise  and  occupation  of  the  smuggler.     The  risk 
of  being  detected  in  the  clandestine  introduction  of  commodities  under  any  sy.stcm  of  fiscal 
regulations  may  always  be  valued  at  a  certain  average  rate;  and  wherever  the  duties  exceed 
this  rate,  smuggling  immediately  takes  place.     Now,  there  are  plainly  hut  two  ways  of 
checking  this  practice, — either  the  temptation  to  smuggle  must  be  diminished  by  lowering 
the  duties,  or  the  difficulties  in  the  way  of  smuggling  must  be  increased.    The  first  ia 
obviously  the  more  natural  and  efficient  method  of  effecting  the  object  in  view  ;  but  the  second 
has  been  most  generally  resorted  to,  even  in  cases  where  the  duties  were  quite  excessive. 
Governments  have  uniformly  almost  consulted  the  persons  employed  in  the  collection  of  the 
revenue  with  respect  to  the  best  mode  of  rendering  taxes  effectual ;  though  it  is  clear  that 
the  interests,  prejudices,  and  peculiar  habits  of  such  persons  utterly  disqualify  them  from 
forming  a  sound  opinion  on  such  a  subject     They  cannot  recommend  a  reduction  of  duties 
as  a  means  of  repressing  smuggling  and  increasing  revenue,  without  acknowlcdijing  their 
own  incapacity  to  detect  and  defeat  illicit  practices  ;  and  the  result  has  been,  that,  instead  of 
ascribing  the  prevalence  of  smuggling  to  its  true  causes,  the  officers  of  customs  and  excise 
have  almost  universally  ascribed  it  to  some  defect  in  the  laws,  or  in  the  mode  of  administering 
Ihem,  and  have  proposed  repressing  it  by  new  regulations,  and  by  increasing  the  number  and 
severity  of  the  penalties  affecting  the  smuggler.    As  might  have  been  expected,  these  at- 
tempts have,  in  the  great  majority  of  cases,  proved  signally  unsuccessful.     And  it  has  been 
invariably  found,  that  no  vigilance  on  the  part  of  the  revenue  officers,  and  no  severity  of 
punishment,  can  prevent  the  smuggling  of  such  commodities  as  are  either  prohibited  or 
bailed  with  oppressive  duties.     The  smuggler  is  generally  a  popular  character ;  and  what- 
ever the  law  may  declare  on  the  subject,  it  is  quite  ludicrous  to  expect  that  the  bulk  of 
society  will  ever  be  brought  to  think  that  those  who  furnish  them  with  cheap  brandy,  geneva, 
tobacco,  &c.  are  guilty  of  any  very  heinous  offence. 

"  To  pretend,"  says  Dr.  Smith,  "  to  have  any  scruple  about  buying  smuggled  goods,  though 
a  manifest  encouragement  to  the  violation  of  the  revenue  laws,  and  to  the  perjury  which 
almost  always  attends  it,  would,  in  most  countries,  be  regarded  as  one  of  those  pedantic 
pieces  of  hypocrisy,  which,  instead  of  gaining  credit  with  any  body,  seems  only  to  expose  the 
person  who  affects  to  practise  them  to  the  suspicion  of  being  a  greater  knave  than  most  of 
ills  neighbours.  By  this  indulgence  of  the  public,  the  smuggler  is  often  encouraged  to  con- 
tinue a  trade,  which  he  is  thus  taught  to  consider  as,  in  some  measure,  innocent ;  and  when 
the  severity  of  the  revenue  laws  is  ready  to  fall  upon  him,  he  is  frequently  disposed  to  defend 
I  wuh  violence  what  he  has  been  accustomed  to  regard  as  his  just  property ;  and  from  being 
at  first  rather  iniprudent  than  criminal,  he,  at  last,  too  often  becomes  one  of  the  most  deter- 
mined violaters  of  the  laws  of  society." — (  Wealth  of  Nations,  vol.  iii.  p.  49 1.) 
To  create  by  means  of  high  duties  an  overwhelming  temptation  to  indulge  in  crime,  and 
Ilea  to  puuish  men  for  indulging  in  it,  is  a  proceeding  completely  subversive  of  every  prin 


..4 


616 


SMUGGLING. 


IT 


*■   ■ r 1 » 

MIL.  '.<!»,,  t 

— »  wjtt 
*■'■''  ifi;i  '^ 


Hi*!"*'' 


mf-o 


«.,m'"  t,  .*■•'  ■ 


ciple  of  justice.  It  revolts  the  natural  feelings  of  the  people ;  and  teaches  them  to  foci  an 
interest  in  the  worst  characters — for  such  Bmuggicrs  generally  arc — to  espouse  their  causo, 
and  avenge  their  wrongs.  A  punishment  which  is  not  proportioned  to  the  oUbnce,  and 
which  does  not  carry  the  sanction  of  public  opinion  along  with  it,  can  never  be  productive 
of  any  good  efll-ct.  The  true  way  to  put  down  smuggling  is  to  render  it  unprofitnlilc ;  lo 
diminish  the  temptation  to  engage  in  it;  and  this  is  not  to  bo  done  by  surroundini; the 
coasts  with  cordons  of  troops,  by  the  multiplication  of  oaths  and  penalties,  and  making  the 
country  the  theatre  of  ferocious  ond  bloody  contests  in  the  field,  and  of  perjury  and  ciucanprv 
in  the  courts  of  law ;  but  by  repealing  prohibitions,  and  reducing  duties,  so  that  their  colloc 
tions  may  be  enforced  with  a  moderate  degree  of  vigilance  ;  and  that  the  forfeiture  of  the 
article  may  l)e  a  sufficient  penalty  upon  the  smuggler.  It  is  in  this,  and  in  this  only,  that  we 
must  seek  for  an  eircctual  check  to  illicit  trafficking.  Whenever  the  profits  of  the  fair  trader 
become  nearly  equal  to  those  of  the  smuggler,  the  latter  is  forced  to  abandon  his  huzardouj 
profession.  But  so  long  as  prohibitions  or  oppressively  high  duties  are  kept  up,  or,  wliichis, 
in  fact,  the  same  thing,  so  long  as  high  bounties  are  held  out  lo  encourage  the  adventurous 
the  needy,  and  the  profligate,  to  enter  on  this  career,  we  may  be  assured  that  armies  of  excise 
and  custom-house  officers,  backed  by  the  utmost  severity  of  the  revenue  laws,  will  be  insuf. 
ficient  to  hinder  them. 

Smuggling  in  France  and  England. — The  recently  printed  Report  of  Messrs.  Villierj 
and  Bowring,  on  the  commercial  relations  between  Franco  and  Great  Britain,  contains  some 
very  curious  and  instructive  details  as  to  the  smuggling  carried  on  between  them.  Thev 
afford  the  most  satisfactory  and  convincing  proofs  of  the  incapacity  of  restrictions  and  prohj. 
bitions  to  secure  a  real  monopoly  of  any  extensive  market ;  and  show  that  their  principal 
effect  is  to  promote  illicit  tralFic ;  and  to  make  that  ingenuity  and  invention  be  exerted  in 
devising  means  to  defeat  and  elude  the  law,  which,  under  a  more  liberal  system,  would  b« 
exerted  to  improve  the  methods  of  production.  The  introduction  of  prohibited  goods  ij 
more  easily  etliicted  by  land  than  by  sea ;  and  smuggling  into  France  is,  in  consequence 
carried  on  principally  through  her  north  ond  east  frontiers.  Considerable  quantities  of  pro. 
hibited  or  overtaxed  goods  are,  however,  introduced  by  sea.  A  regular  tariff  of  risiis  is 
established  ;  and  persons  of  undoubted  solidity  contract,  for  certain  premiums,  which  for  the 
most  part  are  abundantly  moderate,  to  deliver  any  prohibited  article  in  any  part  of  France, 

Owing  to  the  system  of  octrois,  or  of  the  collection  of  duties  at  the  gates  of  larsjc  towns  I 
where  an  inspection  of  the  goods  may  also  be  made,  the  cost  of  smuggling  into  Paris  anj 
other  populous  places  is  considerably  greater  than  that  of  smuggling  into  villages.    At  an 
average,  however,  most  foreign  goods  may  be  delivered  in  Paris  at  a  charge  of  from  25  to  30 
per  cent,  ad  valorem  on  their  real  value. 

Notwithstanding  the  advantage  of  a  sea  frontier,  a  coast  guard,  and  a  most  efficient 
Custom-house  establishment,  the  facts  embodied  by  Messrs.  Villiers  and  Bowring  in  their 
Report  show  that  smuggling  is  in  quite  as  flourishing  a  condition  on  the  shores  of  Englaml 
as  on  the  land  frontier  of  France.  The  premium  on  the  illicit  introduction  amongst  us  of 
prohibited  or  overtaxed  goods  varies  from  15  to  40  per  cent,  ad  valorem,  according  to  the 
description  of  the  article.  The  parties  employing  the  smugglers  run  no  risk.  The  latter, 
or  their  agents,  attend  regularly  upon  'Change ;  and  "  it  is  their  constant  practice  to  deposit 
the  value  of  the  goods  confided  to  their  care  in  a  banker's  acceptance,  as  a  security  to  the 
owner!" — (Report,  p.  m.)  It  could  hardly,  indeed,  have  been  otherwise.  Brandy,  which 
is  the  favourite  article  for  smuggling  speculations,  may  be  bought  for  shipment  in  France 
at  from  3$.  6d.  to  5s.  a  gallon.  It  is  highly  popular  amongst  us ;  but  instead  of  admitting  it 
to  consumption  under  a  moderate  duty,  or  even  under  the  high  duty  of  8s.  or  10*.,  we  load 
it  with  the  oppressive  and  exorbitant  duty  of  22s.  6d. ;  that  is,  with  a  duty  varying  froni 
450  to  650  per  cent,  ad  valorem .'  Had  those,  who  originally  imposed  this  duty,  and  those 
by  whom  it  has  been  kept  up,  been  deeply  interested  in  smuggling  adventures,  their  conduct 
would  have  been  intelligible ;  but,  as  no  such  excuse  can  be  made  for  them,  it  has  been  in 
the  last  degree  irrational  and  absurd.  The  temptation  to  the  illicit  introduction  of  brandy, 
occasioned  by  the  exorbitancy  of  the  duty,  has  roused  all  th»  energies  of  the  sraugcler,  who 
has  defeated  the  utmost  vigilance  of  the  revenue  oiHcers,  and  eluded  or  defied  the  multiplici! 
pains  and  penalties  of  the  customs  laws !  Messrs.  Villiers  and  Bowring  estimate,  from  a 
comparison  of  the  shipments  of  different  articles  from  France  for  England  with  the  imports 
into  the  latter,  and  other  authentic  data,  that  the  total  amount  of  duties  evaded  by  the 
fraudulent  importation  of  overtaxed  French  articles  (exclusive  of  tobacco,  whole  cargoes  of 
which  are  sometimes  introduced  into  Ireland)  into  this  country  amounts  to  about  8UO,O00/, 
a  year. — (p.  54.)  Of  this  sum,  the  loss  on  brandy  makes  by  far  the  largest  item;  and  is 
sa.J  to  be  *^  considerably  more  than  500,000/.!" — (p.  57.)  It  is  plain,  therefore,  thai, 
as  a  means  of  raising  revenue,  this  system  is  signally  unsuccessful ;  but  it  is  so  in  a  far 
greater  degree  than  appears  even  from  the  above  statements :  for,  in  addition  to  the  vast 
quantity  of  overtaxed  articles  clandestinely  introduced,  and  on  which  a  reasonable  duly 
would  be  paid,  it  occasions  the  overloading  of  the  market  with  spurious,  counterfeit  articles, 
by  which  the  public  health  as  well  as  the  revenue  is  materially  injured.    Nor  is  this  alL  la 


SMUGGLING. 


517 


id  teaches  them  to  fed  an 

e to  espouse  their  caiisp, 

tioned  to  the  otVence,  and 
it,  can  never  be  produtiive 
I  render  lit  unprofitnlile ;  to 
I  done  by  surroundin;;  the 
penalties,  and  making  the 
[id  of  perjury  and  chicanery 
duties,  so  that  their  collec- 
d  that  the  forfeiture  of  the 
lis,  and  in  tliis  only,  that  we 
the  profits  of  the  fair  trailer 
1  to  abandon  his  hazarJouj 
es  are  kept  up,  or,  wliichis, 
encourage  the  adventurous, 
assured  that  armies  of  excise 
revenue  laws,  will  be  insut 

il  Report  of  Messrs.  Villierj 
Great  Britain,  contains  some 
d  on  between  them.  They 
:ity  of  restrictions  and  jirohi- 
nd  show  that  their  principal 
and  invention  be  exerted  in 
lore  liberal  system,  would  be 
iction  of  prohibited  goods  is 
J  France  is,  in  consequence, 
lonsiderable  quantities  of  pro- 
A  regular  tariff  of  risks  is 
rtain  premiums,  which  for  the 
article  in  any  part  of  France. 
33  at  the  gates  of  lar£;e  towns, 
;  of  smuggling  into  Paris  mi 
uggling  into  villages.  At  an 
lis  at  a  charge  of  from  25  to  30 

L  guard,  and  a  most  efficient 
[villiers  and  Bowring  in  theit 
don  on  the  shores  of  Englaml 
[it  introduction  amongst  us  of 
ad  valorem,  according  to  the 
lers  run  no  risk.    The  latter, 
lir  constant  practice  to  deposit 
jceptance,  as  a  security  to  the 
[n  otherwise.     Brandy,  which 
mght  for  shipment  in  France 
IS ;  but  instead  of  admitting  it 
I  duty  of  8s.  or  10s.,  we  load 
I,  with  a  duty  varying  from 
imposed  this  duty,  and  those 
ling  adventures,  their  conduct 
made  for  them,  it  has  been  in 
■illicit  introduction  of  brandy, 
[nergies  of  the  smuggler,  who 
ludcd  or  defied  the  multiplicil 
d  Bowring  estimate,  from  a 
for  England  with  the  imports 
unt  of  duties  evaded  by  the 
of  tobacco,  whole  cargoes  0 
amounts  to  about  800,0001, 
far  the  largest  item;  and  is 
It  is  plain,  therefore,  that, 
■cessful;  but  it  is  so  in  a  tar 
for,  in  addition  to  the  vast 
m  which  a  reasonable  duly 
spurious,  counterfeit  articles, 
injured.    Nor  is  this  alL  In 


orJcr  to  render  opprwiBive  duties  productive  of  any  revenue,  it  is  necessary  to  organise  and 
keep  constantly  on  foot  a  very  numerous  and  costly  customs  ostablishment.  It  is  abundantly 
crtain  that  we  lose,  by  the  clandestine  importation  of  brandy,  geneva,  and  tobacco,  from 
France,  Belgium,  and  Holland,  above  1,500,000/.  a  year  of  revenue;  and  it  is  admitted,  on 
all  hands,  that,  but  for  the  oppressive  duties  on  these  articles,  a  saving  of  500,000/.  a  year 
might  be  effected  in  the  customs  department.  Nothing,  therefore,  can  bo  more  futile  than  to 
attempt  vindicating  exorbitant  duties  on  the  pretence  of  their  being  required  to  keep  up  the 
revenue.  In  point  of  fact,  such  duties  are  about  the  most  efficient  engines  that  can  bo  devised 
for  its  reuuction.  The  revenue  derived  from  coffee  has  been  trebled  by  reducing  the  duty 
from  Is-  '''''•  ^  ^^'  P®"^  "*• — ("^  CorrEB) ;  the  revenue  derived  from  British  spirits  was  ma- 
terially increased  by  reducing  the  duty  from  5».  6d.  to  2s.  Bd.  the  wine  gallon — (see 
Spirits)  J  and  Mr.  Pitt  increased  the  duty  derived  from  brandy,  geneva,  &c.  in  1786,  not  by 
adding  to,  but  by  taking  50  per  cent,  from,  the  duties  with  which  they  had  previously  been 
loaded!  There  cannot,  indeed,  be  the  shadow  of  a  doubt  that  the  revenue  derived  from 
brandy  and  geneva  wo:i'd  be  very  largely  increased  by  reducing  the  duties  to  8s.  or  iOs.  a 
gdlon.    A  measure  of  this  sort,  coupled  as  it  ought  to  be  with  a  reduction  of  the  duties  on 

,fjf)iCCO (see  Tobacco  J, — would  do  what  neither  coast  guards,  preventive  services,  revenue 

cruisers,  or  customs  acts  will  ever  do, — it  would  go  far  to  annihilate  smuggling ;  and  would 
enable  the  services  of  a  large  number  of  revenue  officers  to  be  dispensed  with. 

But  the  demoralising  influence  of  an  extensive  smuggling  system  rs  the  worst  consequence 
ofoppressive  duties  and  prohibitions.  They  make  the  smuggler  be  regarded  as  a  public 
beiiefactor,  and  procure  for  him  the  sympathy  of  all  classes,  and  the  strenuous  support  of 
those  in  the  lower  walks  of  life.  No  one  acquainted  with  the  state  of  the  peasantry  in  ex- 
tensive districts  of  Kent  and  Sussex,  will  believe  that  it  is  easy  to  exaggerate  the  evils  that 
spring  from  this  source.  The  whole  body  of  labourers  may  be  said  to  be  in  combination  with 
the  smugglers ;  and  numbers  of  them  are  every  now  and  then  withdrawn  from  their  usual 
employments  to  assist  in  their  desperate  adventures.  Lawless,  predatory,  and  ferocious 
habits  are  thus  widely  diffused ;  and  thousands,  who,  but  for  this  moral  contamination,  would 
have  been  sober  and  industrious,  are  trained  to  despise  and  trample  on  the  law,  and  to  regard 
its  functionaries  as  enemies  whom  it  is  meritorious  to  waylay  and  assault. 

Such  being  the  operation  and  result  of  those  oppressive  duties  and  absolute  prohibitiona 
to  which  smuggling  owes  its  origin,  it  is  not  surely  too  much  to  hope  that  the  former  may  be 
modified,  and  the  latter  repealed.  When  this  has  been  done,  smuggling  will  cease ;  but  not 
one  moment  sooner.  Till  then  it  will  continue,  in  despite  of  all  the  impotent  efforts  that 
may  be  made  for  its  suppression,  to  scatter  its  seeds,  and  spread  its  roots  on  all  sides ;  im- 
poverishing the  fair  and  enriching  the  illicit  dealer — emptying  the  public  treasury  of  the  state, 
I  and  filling  iU  gaols  with  criminals ! 

Smusgling  by  Dogs, — The  following  extract  from  the  Report  of  Messrs.  Villiers  and 
i  Bowring  developes  one  of  those  ingenious  devices  by  which  mischievous  customs  laws  are 
[  sure  to  be  defeated.  i 

"The  director  of  the  Custom-house  made,  on  the  30th  of  July,  1831,  some  very  curious  statements 
I  to  tlie  minister  of  finance  on  the  subject  of  the  fraudulent  introduction  of  articles  by  means  of  dogs. 
I  He  says,  tliat  since  the  auppression  of  smuggling  by  horses,  in  1825,  dogs  have  been  employed  ;  that 
I  ibe  first  attempts  were  made  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Valenciennes,  and  that  it  afterwards  spread  to 
I  Dunkirk  and  Charleville ;  that  it  has  since  extended  to  Thron  ville  and  Strasburgh ;  and,  lasi  of  all,  in 
1838,  to  Besanfon. 

"In  18'i3,  it  was  estimated  that  1(X),000  kilogrammes  of  goods  were  thus  introduced  into  France  ;  in 
1825,187,315;  and  in  1886,  2,100,000  kilogrammes  ;  all  these  estimates  being  reported  as  rather  under 
Itbe  mark :  the  calculation  has  been  made  at  2^  kilogranunes  '  pro  rata'  per  dog.  The  dogs  sometimes 
Icarry  10  kilogrammes,  and  sometimes  even  12.  The  above  estimate  supposes  that  1  dog  in  10  in  certain 
liistricis,  and  in  others  1  in  20,  is  killed  ;  but  these  calculations  must  necessarily  be  very  vague.  In 
Itbe  opinion  of  many  of  the  Custom-house  offlcers,  not  more  than  1  dog  in  75  is  destroyed,  even  when 
lioiice  has  been  given,  and  the  dogs  are  expected. 

I  "Tobacco  and  colonial  produce  are  generally  the  objects  of  this  illicit  trade  ;  sometimes  cotton  twist 
lind  manufactures.  In  the  neighbourhood  of  Dunkirk,  dogs  have  been  taken  with  burdenaof  the  value 
Icf  600,  or  800,  and  even  1,200  francs.  Publications  hostile  to  the  government  have  not  unfrequently 
Ita  so  introduced. 

I  "The  dogs  which  are  trained  to  these  '  dishonest  habits'  are  conducted  in  packs  to  the  foreign  fron- 
Itier;  they  are  kept  without  food  for  many  hours;  they  are  then  beaten  and  laden,  and  at  the  beginning 
lor  the  night  started  on  their  travels.  They  reach  the  abodes  of  their  masters,  which  are  generally 
jitlected  at  2  or  3  leagues  from  the  frontiers,  as  speedily  as  they  can,  where  they  are  sure  to  be  well 
Itreated  and  provided  with  a  quantity  of  food.  It  is  said  they  do  much  mischief  by  the  destruction  of 
jipicultural  property,  inasmuch  as  they  usually  take  the  most  direct  course  across  the  country.  They 
are  dogs  of  a  large  size  for  the  most  part. 

I  "The  Remri  slates,  that  these  carrier  dogs,  being  so  tormented  by  fatigue,  hunger,  and  ill  usage, 
find  hunted  by  the  Custom-house  ofhcers  in  all  directions,  are  exceedingly  subject  to  madness,  and 
prequently  bite  the  officers,  one  of  whom  died  in  consequence  in  1829.  They  have  also  been  trained 
po  attack  tlie  Custom-house  otiicers  in  case  of  interference."— (p.  47.) 

Various  efforts  have  been  made  to  suppress  this  species  of  smuggling,  but  hitherto  without 

38.    It  is  ludicrous,  indeed,  to  suppose,  seeing  the  vast  extent  of  the  land  frontier  of 

France,  that  any  means  should  ever  be  adopted  capable  of  excluding  cheap  foreign  products 

1  extensive  demand.  Nothing  short  of  surrounding  the  country  by  Bishop  Berkley's  wall 
bf  brass  could  accomplish  such  an  object.    The  director  general  of  the  French  customs  says, 


618 


SMUGGLING. 


•is/.  -'^ 

:",  .-2S 

•5!^  ....'3 


'»^v"3| 


fii 


i 


that  imufigUng  is  carried  on  to  an  extent  that  ia  vraimcnt  effmyante ;  and  he  may  truly 
any  so,  when  it  is  estimated  that  Englinh  bobhinet,  though  prohibited,  is  introduced  int,j 
France  to  the  extent  of  10,000,000  fr.,  or  400,000/.  a  year;  cotton  twist,  and  various  other 
prohibited  articles  of  British  produce  and  manufacture,  are  also  everywhere  met  with. 

Thus  it  is  that  the  two  greatest  and  most  civilised  nations  of  Europe,  by  uplioldini,'  vicious 
and  destructive  systems  of  commercial  and  financial  legislation,  mutually  injure  eurh  other. 
France  and  England,  by  their  proximity,  and  the  difference  and  variety  of  their  product, 
are  fitted  to  carry  on  a  far  more  extensive  and  beneficial  commerce  than  is  carried  on  by  anv 
other  two  nations.  But  owing  to  their  jealousy  of  each  other's  advancement,  and  the  pre. 
valence  of  unfounded  theories  as  to  the  causes  of  national  wealth,  their  intercourse  has  been 
subjected  to  the  most  oppressive  fetters,  and  confined  within  the  narrowest  limits ;  most  pan, 
too,  of  what  is  actually  carried  on,  has  been  diverted  into  illegitimate  channels ;  so  that  wlut 
would,  if  left  to  itself,  have  been  the  most  prolific  source  of  wealth,  and  the  moHt  powerful 
incentive  to  genius  and  invention,  has  been  made  principally  productive  of  crime  and  de- 
inoralisation.  This  conduct  is  as  much  opposed  to  their  duty  as  to  their  interest.  Hmim^ 
hominum  causa  sunt  generati,  ut  ipiii  inter  se  aliia  prodcsae  pusaint,  .  .  Sed  ut  mai^noi 
utililutia  adipiacimur  conspiratione  hominum  ac  consensu,  aic  nulla  tam  detestabilis paiif 
eat,  qux  non  homini  ab  komine  nuacatur. — {Cic.  Dc  Offtciis,  lib.  ii.  c.  5.) 

Law  rt«  to  Smuggling  in  England. — The  penalties  imposed  on  illicit  dealing  in  comnio. 
dities  subject  to  duties  of  excise  have  been  specified  in  the  articles  on  such  commodities.  'J'j^ 
following  formidable  statute,  with  its  multiplied  provisions  and  penalties,  refers  entirely  td 
customs  duties.    The  importance  of  the  subject  has  induced  us  to  give  it  nearly  entire. 

Act  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  53.,  for  the  Prxventiox  of  Smuoglino. 
Vessels  and  Boats. 

Commencentknt  of  the  ^et.—F\r»t  of  Septijiiiber,  1833. — }  1. 

Certain  Vessels  found  within  certain  Distances  of  the  U.  K.  to  be  forfeited. — If  any  vessel  not  hejni 
sqiiure-rigged,  or  any  boat,  belnniting  in  the  whole  or  in  part  to  liia  Miijeaty's  Biibjects, or  liavin;;  \\\l 
persona  on  board  8ul)Jectg  of  his  Mujesty,  shall  be  found  or  discovered  to  liuve  been  within  lOOIvacuei 
of  the  const  of  the. United  Kingdom  ;  or  if  any  vessel  belonging  in  the  whole  or  in  part  to  his  Mnjusu'i 
subjects,  or  having  i  the  persons  on  board  subjects  of  liis  Majesty,  or  nny  foreign  vessel  nut  beinz 
square-rigged,  or  any  foreign  boat,  in  which  there  shall  be  1  or  more  subjects  of  his  Majesty,  shall :« 
found  or  discovered  to  have  been  within  4  leagues  of  that  part  of  the  United  Kingdom  wlikhislK. 
twcen  the  North  Foreland  on  the  coast  of  Kent,  and  Bcachy  Head  on  the  coast  of  Sussex,  or  wiilijnj 
leagues  of  any  other  part  of  the  coast  of  the  United  Kingdom;  or  if  any  foreign  vessel  or  bnalshallli( 
found  or  discovered  to  have  been  within  1  league  of  the  const  of  the  United  Kingdom  ;  or  ifany  vessd 
or  boat  shall  be  found  or  discovered  to  have  been  within  1  league  of  the  islands  of  f'Ucrnsey/Jersev 
Alderney,  Sark,  or  Man  respectively,  or  within  any  bay,  harbour,  river,  or  creek  of  or  bt;l>iii|;lntij 
any  one  of  the  said  islands;  any  s\ich  vessel  or  boat  so  found  or  discovered,  liaving  on  board orin 
any  manner  attached  thereto,  or  having  had  on  board  or  in  any  manner  attached  thereto, or  conveyinr 
or  having  conveyed  in  any  manner,  any  spirits  not  being  in  a  cask  or  package  containing  4U  ifallonsii 
tlie  least,  or  any  ten  exceeding  6  lbs.  v/eight  in  the  whole,  or  any  tobacco  or  snulf  not  being  in  a  aA 
or  packaec  containing  4.^0  lbs.  weight  at  least,  or  being  packed  separately  in  any  manner  within  any 
cask  or  package,  or  any  cordage  or  other  articles  adapted  and  prepared  for  slinging  or  sinkiufsmili 
casks,  or  any  casks  or  other  vessels  whatsoever  of  less  size  or  content  than  40  gallons,  of  the  desciip- 
tion  used  for  the  smuggling  of  spirits,  then  and  in  every  such  case  the  said  spirits,  tea,  tuhacco, or 
snutr,  together  with  the  casks  or  packages  containing  the  same,  and  the  cordage  or  oilrer  arilclei, 
casks,  and  other  vessels  of  the  description  aforesaid,  and  also  the  vessel  or  boat,  shall  be  forfeited.-^i! 

jS»;/  Vessel  or  Boat  arrivinjr  within  any  Port  of  the  U.  K.  having  prohibited  Oouds  on  board,  f«rjt\i;i, 
unless  there  was  no  IVant  of  Care  in  the  Master  or  Owner. — If  any  vessel  or  boat  whatever  sinill  arrive 
or  shall  be  found  or  discovered  to  have  been  within  any  port,  harbour,  river,  or  creek  of  ilie  I'liM 
Kingdom,  not  being  driven  thereinto  by  stress  of  weather  or  other  unavoidable  accident,  iiavinggg 
board  or  in  any  manner  attached  thereto,  or  having  liad  on  board  or  in  any  manner  attached  therelo, 
or  conveying  or  having  conveyed  in  any  manner,  within  any  such  port,  liarbour,  river,  or  creek,  an; 
spirits  not  being  in  a  cask  or  package  containing  40  gallons  at  the  least,  or  any  tobacco  nr  siiiitt'noi 
being  in  a  cask  or  package  containing  4A0  lbs.  weight  at  least,  or  being  [lacked  separately  in  any  man- 
ner within  any  cask  or  package,  every  such  vessel  or  boat,  together  with  such  spirits  or  tobaccoor 
snutf,  shall  be  forfeited  :  provided  always,  that  if  it  shall  lie  made  appear  to  the  satisfaction  of  llic 
commissioners  of  his  Majesty's  customs  that  the  said  spirits,  tobacco,  or  snutf  were  on  board  wilhout 
the  knowledge  or  privity  of  the  owner  or  master  of  such  vessel  or  bout,  and  wilhout  any  wilful  negleti 
or  want  of  reasonable  care  on  their  or  either  of  their  behalves,  that  then  and  in  such  case  the  said 
commissioners  shall  and  they  are  hereby  authorised  and  required  to  deliver  up  the  said  vessel  orboai  { 
to  the  owner  or  master  of  the  same.—}  3. 

Certain  Cases  in  which  Vessels  shall  not  be  forfeited.~-'Nothing  herein  contained  shall  extend  loren- 
der  any  vessel  liable  to  forfeiture  on  account  of  any  tobacco  or  snuff  from  the  East  Indies  bein;  in  I 
packages  oflOOIbs.  weight  each  at  least,  or  on  account  of  any  segars  being  in  packages  of  100  His.  tveltlil 
each  at  least,  or  on  account  of  any  tobacco  made  up  in  rolls,  being  tlie  produce  of  and  inipimcd  from 
the  State  of  Colombia,  and  in  packages  containing  320  lbs.  weiglit  each  at  least,  or  on  accoinil  o/any 
tobacco  of  the  dominions  of  the  Turkish  empire  which  may  be  separated  or  divided  in  any  manner  I 
within  the  outward  package,  provided  such  package  be  a  hogshead,  cask,  chest,  or  case  conlainin; 
450  lbs.  weight  nett  at  least,  or  on  account  ol^  uny  rum  of  and  from  the  British  (dantatlons  in  mil 
containing  20  gallons  at  the  least,  or  on  account  of  any  spirits,  tea,  or  tobacco  really  Intended  for  the 
consumption  of  the  seamen  and  passengers  on  board  during  tlieir  voyage,  and  not  being  rnnreia 
quanlily  than  is  necessary  for  that  |iurpo!,e,  or  to  render  any  square-rigged  vessel  liable  to  lorleiture 
on  account  of  any  tea,  or  of  any  spirits  in  glass  bottles,  being  really  part  of  the  cargo  of  such  shlp,3Di 
included  in  the  manifest  of  such  ship,  or  to  render  any  vessel  liable  to  forfeiture  if  really  hound  fm 
one  foreign  port  to  another  foreign  port,  and  pursuing  such  voyage,  wind  and  weatlier  periniuiii|, 
— }4. 

Vessels  belonging  to  his  Majesty's  Subjects,  J^c.  throwing  overboard  any  Ooods  during  Chase,  forfdtii  I 
— When  any  vessel  or  boat  belonging  in  the  whole  or  in  part  to  his  Majesty's  subjects,  or  having  io( 
the  persons  on  board  subjects  of  his  Majesty,  sliall  be  found  within  lUO  leagues  of  the  coast  of  ibi) 
kingdom,  and  shall  not  bring  to  upon  signal  made  by  any  vessel  or  boat  in  his  Majesty's  service,  u in  ( 


SMUGGLING. 


510 


ruyante ;  and  he  may  truly 
jhibited,  is  introduced  into 
ton  twist,  and  various  other 
ivcrywhero  met  with, 
luropo,  by  uplioldini;  vicious 
mutually  injure  each  other, 
id  variety  of  their  productj, 
:ce  than  is  carried  on  by  any 
's  advancement,  and  the  pre- 
,h,  their  intercourse  has  Iwn 
I  narrowest  UmiU ;  most  part, 
imato  channels ;  so  that  what 
alth,  and  the  most  i)owerful 
y  productive  of  crime  andJe. 
as  to  their  interest.   Hmm^ 
possint.  .  .  ^f(i  "'  '"«?"« 
c  nulla  tarn  detestabiUs  ptilii 
lib.  ii.  c.  6.) 

id  on  illicit  dealing  in  comnio. 
es  on  such  commodities.  Tlw 
id  penalties,  refers  entirely  ij 
18  to  give  it  nearly  entire. 

ijj  Of  Smuoclino. 

•„rfeiled—if  any  vessel  not  lieinj 

Wiiiesty's  Hul)j«cl»,or  ImvingJiiK 

B(lio  Imve  bceiiwitliin  lOOIuatuei 

le  whole  or  In  part  ^^Ms  Mujosiy'i 

V  or  any  foreign  vessel  iiol  bein? 

re'suhjccls  of  his  Miijesly,  shall:, 

tho  United  Kingdom  wliidi  is  be. 

on  the  coasl  of  Sussex,  or  williinj 

'any  foreign  vessel  or  l)oal shall bt 

.  United  Kingdom;  or  ifaiiyvcsid 

',(  the  islands  of  Guernsey,  Jersey, 

river,  or  creek  of  or  belDiigiiiBto 

discovered,  having  on  board  ohn 

luer  attached  llicreto,  or  conveying 

ir  package  containing  40  gallons ii 

obacco  or  snulf  not  being  in  a  aA 

parately  in  any  manner  wilhiiiany 

tpared  for  slinging  or  sinking  simll 

ent  than  40  gallons,  of  the  desciip. 

U  the  said  spirits,  tea,  luhacco.oi  , 

[  and  the  cordage  or  other  aniclei, 

fssel  or  boat,  shall  be  forfeiled.-H. 

\trohibiled  Goods  on  board,  forfnt;i 

Wsel  or  boat  whatever  shall  arr.ve 

foour,  river,  or  creek  of  llie  I'niled 

r  unavoidable  accident,  having oa 

Ir  ill  any  manner  attached  iherelo, 

port,  harbour,  river,  or  creek, any 

I  least,  or  any  tobacco  or  snuff  not 

ine  packed  separately  in  any  man- 

'•r  with  such  spirits  or  tohaccooi 

)  appear  to  the  satisfaction  of  ibe 

lo  or  snutf  were  on  board  wilhom 

Ut  and  without  any  wilful  negleti 

hat  then  and  in  such  case  the  said 

deliver  up  the  said  vessel  or  toil 

Icin  contained  shall  extend  loren- 

Iff  from  the  East  Indies  bems  iii 

leing  in  packages  of  100 Ih9.nei?lil 

llie  produce  of  and  iinporlcilfroin 

lach  at  least,  or  on  acconnl  ni  any 

larated  or  divided  in  any  manner 

Td  cask,  chest,  or  case  conlaininj 

li  the  British  plantations  in  cas  i 

lor  tobacco  really  intended  for  lb« 

Ir  voyage,  and  not  being  more  u 

le-risged  vessel  liable  to  forleiiurt 

t,art  of  the  cargo  of  such  ship,  mJ 

fto  forfeiture  if  really  houmUrom 

le,  wind  and  weather  pernuiuni, 

hny  Goods  during  ChaseJorfM 
l^lajcsty'ssubjects  or  having  » 
In  100  leagues  of  the  coast  otltiB 
Voat  in  his  Majesty's  service,  01  ui 


tht  iiervlc«  of  the  revenue,  hnliiing  the  proper  pendant  and  ensign,  In  order  to  bring  such  vessel  or 
boat  to,  and  thereupon  chase  shall  he  given,  if  any  person  or  perNons  on  board  surh  vessel  nr  liiiiit  so 
chiisi'd  shall,  during  tho  chase  or  hefciru  such  vessel  or  boat  shall  lirliiu  to,  throw  overboard  any  part 
of  the  iadlngof  iuch  vt'ssel  or  boat, or  shall  stave  or  destroy  any  partof  sucli  lading,  to  prevent  seizure 
Ihereof,  then  and  in  such  case  the  said  vessel  or  boat  shall  be  forl'eltrd  ;  nnti  all  pers4)iis  escaping  front 
inch  vessels  or  hoali,  or  from  any  foreign  vessel  or  boat,  during  any  chase  niaiUi  thereof  by  any  vchhoI 
or  bout  In  his  Majesty's  service  or  in  the  service  of  the  revenue,  shall  be  dueiiied  and  taken  to  be  sub- 
locii  of  his  Majesty,  unless  it  shall  be  proved  to  tho  contrary ,—i  S. 

VdhIh  in  Port  mth  a  Cargo,  anil  aftericarilnfounil  in  Bnlinut,  and  Cargo  unaccnunttd  for,  forfriled. — 
Ifany  vessel  or  boat  whatever  shall  he  found  within  the  liuills  of  any  port  of  the  Hulled  Kliigdnni  with 
a  cargo  on  board,  and  such  vessel  nr  boat  shall  afterwards  lie  found  light  nr  In  ballast,  and  ilie  master 
Is  iinalilu  10  g've  a  due  account  of  the  port  or  place  within  the  United  Kliigdmn  whore  such  vvkhcI  or 
hoat  shall  have  legally  discharged  her  cargo,  such  vessel  or  boat  shall  be  forfeited.— j  0. 

Higtilalioiig  as  to  Vctstla  nailtng  from  (hternsey,  Jtmcij,  S[e. — No  vessel  or  boat  belonging  wholly  or 
In  part  lo  his  Majesty's  subjects  shall  sail  from  (iuernsey,  .lersey,  Alilerncy,  Hark,  or  Man 


(ienrance,  whether  in  ballast  or  having  a  cargo  ;  and  if  with  a  cargo,  the  master 
Majesty,  in  double  the  value  of  the  vessel  or  boat  and  of  the  cargo,  for  duly  '' 
nnri  for  which  the  vessel  clears ;  and  every  such  vessel  or  hoat  not  having  s 


without  a 
hall  give  bond  to  his 
landing  the  same  at  the 
norl  tor  wnicii  iiic  v,TBBt:i  i^iuum ,  iiim  cvciy  Bu^i,  vrcaiTi  ill  ifiiui  not  iii^vihk  sucli  Clearance,  or  which, 
having  a  clearance  fur  a  cargo,  shall  be  found  light  or  with  any  part  of  the  cargo  discharged  before 
delivery  thereof  at  the  |)ort  specilled  in  the  clearance  (unless  through  necessity  or  for  preservation  of 
llie  vessel  or  boat,  to  he  proved  to  thu  satisfaction  of  the  coiiimissionera  of  his  Majesty's  customs), 
shall  be  f.irfelted.— }  7. 

hatch  to  bring  to  «u  being  chased  by  VessrU  or  Boats  nf  the  JVary  or  in  Preventire  Serrier.  —In  case 
any  vessel  or  boat  liable  to  seizure  or  examination  under  any  act  or  law  for  the  prevention  of  siniig- 
cllnl  shall  not  bring  to  on  being  required  so  to  do,  on  being  chased  hv  any  vessel  or  boat  in  II.  M. 
navy  having  the  proper  pendant  and  ensign  of  11.  M.  ships  lioisted,  or  by  any  vessel  or  boat  duly  cm- 


navy 


sign  hoisted,  it  shall  be  lawful 


ninyed  fur  the  prevention  of  smuggling,  having  a  proper  pendant  and  ensli 

for  the  captain,  master,  or  other  iierson  having  charge  or  command  of  such  vessel  or  boat  In  II.  M. 
navy,  or  employed  as  aforesaid,  dlrst  causing  a  gun  to  be  fired  as  a  signal,)  to  fire  at  or  into  such  ves- 
sel or  lioat;  and  such  captain,  master,  nr  other  person  acting  in  his  aid  or  assistance,  or  by  his  direc- 
tion, shall  be  indemnitied  and  discharged  from  any  indictment,  penalty,  action,  or  otiier  proceeding  for 

lodfling.— {  l^' 

yesstls  belonging  to  his  Majesty's  Subjects  not  to  hoist  any  Pendant,  Ensign,  or  Colours  usually  worn 
hykia  Majesty's  Ships.— 1(  any  person  or  persons  shall,  from  and  after  the  passing  of  this  act,  wear, 
carry, or  hoist  in  or  on  board  any  vessel  or  boat  whatever  beliuiging  to  any  of  his  Majesty's  subjects, 
whether  the  same  be  merchant  or  otherwise,  without  particular  warrant  for  so  doing  from  his  Ma- 
lesty,  or  the  High  Admiral  of  Great  liritain,  or  the  coinmissioners  for  executing  the  ofHce  of  High 
Ailniiral  of  Great  Britain,  II.  M.  jack,  commonly  called  the  Union  Jack,  or  any  pendant,  ensign,  or 
colours  usually  worn  by  U.  M.  ships,  or  any  flag,  Jack,  penilant,  ensign,  or  colours  resembling  those 
ofhis  Majesty,  or  those  used  on  board  II.  M.  ships,  or  any  other  ensign  or  colours  than  the  ensign  or 
colours  by  any  proclamution  of  his  Majesty  now  in  force  or  hereafter  to  be  issued  prescribed  to  ba 
worn,  then  and  in  every  such  case  the  master  or  other  person  having  the  charge  or  command  thereof, 
or  the  owner  or  owners  on  board  the  same,  and  every  other  person  so  ofTending,  shall  forfeit  and  pay 
the  8«ni  of  MM. ;  and  it  shall  be  lawful  for  any  officer  or  oHicerg  of  II.  M.  navy  on  full  pay,  or  for  any 
oflicer  or  offlcers  of  customs  or  excise,  to  enter  on  board  any  such  vessel  or  boat,  and  to  seize  any 
guch  flag.  Jack,  pendant,  ensign,  or  colours,  and  the  same  shall  thereupon  be  forfeited.— }  9. 

fusels  and  Boats  used  in  Removal  of  run  Goods  to  be  forfeited. — All  vessels  and  boats  made  use  of  in 
the  removal,  carriage,  nr  conveyance  of  any  goods  liable  to  forfeiture  under  this  or  any  other  act  re- 
lating to  the  revenue  of  customs,  shall  bo  forfeited.—}  10. 

BootJt  of  V'essels  to  have  thereon  the  JVame  9f  Vissel,  Port,  and  Master. — The  owner  of  every  vessel 
belonging  in  the  whole  or  in  part  to  any  of  his  Majesty's  subjects  shall  paint  or  cause  to  be  painted 
upon  the  outside  of  the  stern  of  every  hoat  belonging  to  such  vessel,  the  name  of  such  vessel,  and  the 
port  or  place  to  which  she  belongs,  and  the  master's  name  withinside  the  transom,  in  white  or  yellow 
Roman  letters,  not  less  than  2  inches  in  length,  on  a  black  ground,  on  pain  of  the  forfeiture  of  such 
boat  not  so  marked,  wherever  the  same  shall  be  found.— ^  II. 

Boats  not  belonging  to  Ships  to  have  M'ante  of  Owner,  ^e.  thereon. — The  owner  of  every  boat  not 
belonging  to  any  vessel  shall  paint  or  cause  to  be  painted  upon  the  stern  of  such  boat,  in  while  or  yel- 
low Roman  letters  of  2  inches  in  length,  on  a  black  ground,  the  name  of  the  owner  or  owners  of  the 
boat,  and  the  port  or  place  to  which  she  belongs,  on  pain  of  the  forfeiture  of  such  boat  not  so  marked, 
wherever  the  same  shall  be  found.—}  12. 

yesstls  and  Boats  used  in  piloting  or  fishing  to  be  painted  Black. — The  owner  or  owners  of  every  vessel 
or  boat  employed  on  the  coast  of  the  United  Kingdom  in  piloting  or  fishing  shall  paint  or  tar  every 
such  vessel  or  boat,  or  cause  the  same  to  be  painted  or  tarred,  entirely  black,  except  the  name  or  other 
description  now  required  by  law  to  be  painted  on  sUch  vessel  or  boat ;  and  every  such  vessel  or  boat 
not  so  painted  or  tarred,  and  every  boat  so  painted  as  to  resemble  any  boat  usually  employed  for  the 
prevention  of  smuggling  or  in  any  other  employment  in  II.  M.  service,  shall  be  forfeited:  provided 
always,  that  nothing  herein  contained  shall  extend  to  prevent  any  distinguishing  mark  being  placed 
onany  vessel  or  boat,  or  to  be  otherwise  painted,  if  the  commissioners  of  customs  think  proper  to 
allow  the  same,  expressing  it  so  in  tlie  licence  of  said  vessel  or  boat. — }  13. 

British  Vessels  having  secret  Places,  Jf-r.  forfeited. — All  vessels  and  boats  belonging  in  the  whole  or  in 
part  to  H.  M.  subjects,  having  false  t)ulkhcads,  false  bows,  double  sides  or  bottoms,  or  any  secret  or 
disguised  place  whatsoever  in  the  construction  of  the  said  vessel  or  boat  adapted  for  the  purpose  of 
concealing  goods,  or  having  any  hole,  pipe,  nr  other  device  in  or  about  the  vessel  or  boat  adapted  for 
the  purpose  of  running  goods,  shall  be  forfeited,  with  all  the  guns,  furniture,  amnmnition,  tackle,  and 
apparel  belonging  to  such  vessel  or  boat;  and  all  foreign  vessels  or 'boats,  not  being  square-rigged, 
Cuming  to  any  port  of  the  United  Kingdom,  having  on  board  any  goods  liable  to  the  payment  of  duties, 
or  prohibited  to  be  imported,  concealed  in  false  bulkheads,  false  bows,  double  sides  or  bottoms,  or  any 
secret  or  disguised  place  in  said  vessel  or  boat,  shall  be  forfeited.—}  14. 

Goods  concealed  on  board  forfeited,  and  all  Goods  packed  therewith. — If  any  goods  which  are  subject 
to  any  duty  or  restriction  in  respect  of  importation,  or  which  are  prohibited  to  be  imported  into  the 
United  Kingdom,  shall  be  found  concealed  in  any  manner  on  board  any  vessel,  or  shall  be  found,  either 
before  or  after  landing,  to  have  been  concealed  in  any  manner,  in  such  case  all  such  goods,  and  all 
ether  goods  packed  with  them,  shall  he  forfeited.--}  15. 

Licences.— A*.  B.  The  clauses  of  this  act,  with  respect  to  the  licensing  of  ships,  from  }  16.  \.-y  )  27. 
both  inclusive,  are  given  under  the  word  Licences. 

Vessels  and  Goods. 
Ooods  unshipped  toithout  Payment  of  Duty,  and  prohibited  Goods,  liable  to  forfeiture. — If  any  goods 
liable  to  the  payment  of  duties  be  unshipped  from  any  vessel  or  boat  in  the  United  Kingdom  or  the  Isle 
I  of  Man  (customs  or  other  duties  not  being  tirst  paid  or  secured),  or  if  any  prohibited  goods  whatsoever 


620 


SMUGGLING. 


I  ) 


•■r» 


J 


b«  Imported  into  any  part  of  lh«  United  Kingdom  or  ofllie  lile  ofMnn,  or  If  any  goodi  warohniiicd  or 
nllinrwliin  neciired  In  liie  llnllod  Klnudoni,  fur  liiinin  riinmiriiplloii  or  cxporlnlldn  lie  clanilpunni  |y  ,,^ 
lllugully  riMiKived  frnin  any  wnrelionie  or  pluci'  of  iKciirily,  lliiin  nnd  In  nvrry  ■ncliiBio  nil  mirti  Knodi 
■hull  III!  forfeited,  toRetliiir  with  all  liomt-ii  luid  otlior  unliiiuli,  and  all  currlaKei  luid  other  tlilni(«,  „u\it 
die  of  In  tlin  removal  of  snch  goodi.— ^  'M. 

Hpirilt  ami  'I'ubarrn  found  tcuhuiit  a  I'cnnit  lo  b»  dttmeil  ri/Ti.— All  iiplrll»  or  tnhnrro  which  nlmll  \,f, 
found  riMoovIng  wllliout  u  liiitul  permit  for  th«  Haniu  *hull  li«  drvincd  to  hi;  rnlrllii  or  liilinno  hiilili;  i^ 
and  iiniihlppud  without  pnynieiit  of  duty,  unlvii  the  parly  lit  whoso  pniHeiilon  the  laine  bo  fiiuridot 
•elT.Rd  prove  to  the  contrary.— }  UK. 

Heilrutid  (ioodi  to  be  dtrmtd  run.— All  gonda  thfl  Iniporlnllon  of  wlilch  li  in  nny  wny  rcairirti'j 
which  urn  of  n  duHcrlptloti  ndniliHlltlH  loilnly,aod  wlilili  ii|i:ill  hi!  foiiiiil  mid  hcI/imI  In  tho  lliiltnl  Kiiji.' 
dom  iind^r  nny  law  rttlntlnir  to  ilie  ciialoniH  or  exriiic,  hIiuM,  tor  Ilie  piirpom-  nf  procccillnir  fur  ilni  f,„] 
fultiiruof  them,  or  for  any  piiniiily  IncorrtMl  In  rpuppit  of  th<-iii,  hu  doirlln-d  in  nny  lnforiimii(,nrt' 
hllilled  on  nccuunt  of  audi  forfeiture  or  puniilly  a«  gnoilit  linliiu  to  und  uiialilppi'd  without  pnyiin'nh.r 
dulii.'H.— ;  :io. 

ProhibUed  Goodi  fhippid  or  u>at$rbiirne,  wilH  intent  li>  br  iipnrted,  i^r.  furftitrd,  iV«— 'f  "Oy  Cnd^  n,,,. 
hibltt.'d  III  lilt  exported  lie  put  on  Imnrd  any  vrani'l  or  Imat  with  liili'iil  lo  he  iaili'ii  or  alilppvil  lor  i'\|j„,|] 
utiiiM,  or  lie  hrouiiht  to  iiiiy  quny,  whurf,  or  iillicr  yXwtv  In  llii;  Dniled  KliiHiluin  to  tie  put  on  lniMrd  any 
vi.'HHel  or  boat  fur  lli«  piirpiiio>  of  lieiiix  exporled,  or  if  nny  k.i(i(I»  prnliiliiteJ  In  he  exported,  lie  liiinilin 
any  pnckiiife  produced  to  llie  oltlccr  or  oilicerfi  of  the  iiixloiiiii  mi  contaliiiiiir  K'>odi  not  'o  prii||||,i|,.,{ 
then  and  In  every  inch  cnte,  not  only  nil  audi  prolijliltud  |[oodi,  but  itluo  nil  other  i;iiodi  pnikcil  Hj,.,,,,' 
with,  Khali  bo  forfuiled.— Ml' 

yesseln.  Boats,  and  (ioada  may  be  eehrd  bii  Offir.rrs  and  Pemnitii  berth  mrntianfil,  ^-r .— All  voiiiii<||  j,,j 
hontH,  and  nil  kooiIh  whatHOCvi-r,  liable  to  fiirleiiiir«  under  IIiIh  or  nny  oilier  act  reiHtini;  to  tlic>  ri:vii. 
one  of  cuHtoniR,  inay  be  eeued  In  any  phice,  eillier  upon  land  or  water,  by  any  nllU'er  or  oIIIuih  nf  id, 
iiriny,  navy,  or  iiinrlneH,  duly  pinpliiyed  for  Ihu  preventiiin  of  hiiiokuIIiii.',  and  on  full  pay,  or  hy  uii> 
olHcer  oroilicera  of  cUHtoma  or  excise,  or  by  nny  permin  Imvlii);  aiilhnrily  to  nelzefroni  Ihe  cdiiiini.sinn' 
era  of  cui<touii*  orexclHu;  nnd  nil  vesoelH.  bmilii,  and  tfoiidi)  no  Hei/.ed  uliall,  iia  noon  ni  lonv(;iiit.j,|U 
niuy  be,  be  delivered  into  the  care  of  the  proper  ulliccr  appoinled  to  receive  liieiiaiiie.— }  ;\'i. 

I'ennltij  on  Vffieera,  dfr.  making  tuUunine  Stiiuree  or  lakin)t  Uribea,  and  on  t'erncna  ifferitiff  tlitm~\f 
any  ottlcer  or  olliccri  of  the  cuHlonut  or  exciHe,  or  of  the  army,  navy,  or  iiiariiieM,  eiuplnyeri  fur  Hut  pre. 
venlion  of  miiiipKlIng,  nnd  on  full  pay,  or  any  other  perniin  or  pcrsnnii  wlialHiievcr  duly  eiii|<lii)p||  f,,j 
Ihe  prRVenllon  of  Biiiuimling,  make  nny  colluHivu  eei/.ure,  or  deliver  up,  or  mnke  any  aKrifuiKni  |„ 
deliver  up  or  not  to  Hei/.e,  nny  veiael  or  boat  or  any  koimIii  IIuIiIu  to  fnrfeiiiire,  or  take  nny  liriln',  gtaiij. 
ity,  reconipence,  or  ruwnrd  for  the  nejjiett  or  non-perforirnnce  of  hin  duly,  every  micli  nHhir  cr  diiici 
permin  shall  forfeit  fur  every  BUcliotrencuSUt)/.  niul  be  rendered  incnpable  of  serving  hii  M^ijerly  jnany 
olHcu  wlinlcver,  cither  civil  or  military;  and  every  permin  who  Khali  nwe  or  olTer,  or  ptoiiii.si'  io|iii« 
or  procure  to  he  iiivcn,  nny  hrilie,  reconipence,  or  reward  to,  or  Hhall  mnke  any  colliiKive  MijriM'iiicit 
with,  any  such  olHcer  or  periion  aa  aforeKald,  to  Induce  him  in  nny  wny  to  ne|;lecl  hin  duty,  nr  ii,  |{„ 
conceal,  or  connive  at  any  act  whereby  any  of  the  proviflioiis  of  nny  net  of  parliuiiient  relatinij  lu  ii,j 
revenue  of  cuKtoina  may  he  evaded,  Khnll  uirfeit  the  Kiiin  of  'Jl)(l/.— j  :i3. 

yeaaeUand  Peraont  may  beaearched  within  the  Liniitaof  Ihe  Porta.— It  ghnll  nnd  may  he  lawful  fcirjnv 
officer  or  oincers  of  the  army,  navy,  or  innrinep,  duly  etiiploved  for  the  prevention  of  kimucl'IIi  e,  anil 
on  full  pay,  or  for  any  odicer  or  otilcera  of  cuKtoniR,  proiluci'iiK  his  or  their  warrant  or  ileputaiinn  (If 
required),  to  go  on  board  any  vessel  within  the  limiifi  of  nny  of  the  porla  of  thlH  klnfidoni,  anil  tn  rum- 
inage  and  aearch  the  cabin  and  nil  other  parts  of  such  vessel  for  prohibited  and  uiiciislonied  coi'iU  ami 
lo  remain  on  board  such  vesnel  during  the  whole  time  thnt  the  snine  shall  continue  within  the  limjij 
of  such  port,  and  also  to  search  any  person  or  perHons  either  on  board  or  who  shall  have  laiideil  rrnm 
any  vessel,  provided  such  olllcer  or  officers  have  good  reason  to  suppose  that  such  person  nr  iiprsnin 
bath  or  have  any  uncustomed  or  prohibited  goods  secreted  about  his,  her,  or  their  person  or  pirtnnt' 
•nd  if  nny  person  obstruct  any  officer  or  officers  In  going  or  remaining  on  board,  or  In  enierini;  ol 
■carcliiii?  Huch  vessel  or  person,  every  such  perHon  shall  forfeit  and  lose  the  sum  of  KIDf.— (  :m, 

Before  Persons  are  searched,  they  may  require  to  be  taken  before  a  Justice,  ilj-c.— Hcfore  any  pirsnn  shiH 
be  searched  by  any  such  officer  or  ofncers.  It  shall  be  lawful  for  such  person  to  reiiuire  ihe  officer  or 
officers  to  take  him  or  her  before  a  jiisllce  of  the  peace,  or  before  the  collector,  com|itriiller,  nrmhei 
auperlor  officer  of  the  customs,  who  shall  determine  whether  there  is  reasonable  ground  toBiip|)0!i> 
that  such  person  has  any  uncustomed  or  prohibited  goods  about  his  or  her  (lerson  ;  and  if  it  appear  lo 
stich  justice,  collector,  &.c.  that  there  ia  reasonable  ground  lo  suppose  that  such  person  has  nny  iincus- 
lomed  or  proliihited  goods  about  his  or  her  person,  such  justice,  collector,  comptroller,  or  ntlier  supe- 
rior officer  of  customs  shall  direct  such  person  to  be  searched  in  such  manner  as  lie  shall  ililnk  lit;bij| 
if  it  shall  appear  to  such  justice,  collector,  comptroller,  &c.  that  there  Is  not  reasonable  ground  Insup. 
pose  that  such  person  has  any  uncustomed  or  prohibited  goods  about  his  or  her  person,  tlienaiiclijiii- 
tlce,  collector,  Itc.  shall  forthwith  discharge  such  person,  who  shall  not  in  sucii  case  be  liable  tube 
■earched  t  and  every  such  officer  or  officers  is  and  are  authorized  and  rcijuired  to  tnke  siirli  penon, 
upon  deniand,  before  any  justice,  collector,  &c.  detaining  him  or  her  in  the  meantime:  provided  alw!iyi| 
that  no  person,  being  a  female  shall  be  searched  except  by  a  female'duly  authorised  by  the  coinnili- 
■loners  of  customs. — }  35. 

Penalty  on  Officers  for  Misconduct  uith  respect  to  Search.~\(  any  such  officer  or  officers  shall  not  take 
Buch  person  with  reasonable  despatch  before  such  justice,  collector,  comptroller,  or  ntlier  superior 
officer  of  customs,  when  so  required,  or  sliull  require  any  person  to  be'  searched  by  liiin,  net  liavlag 
reasonable  grounds  tn  suppose  that  such  person  has  any  uncustomed  or  prohibited  goods  about  tils  or 
her  person,  such  officer  shall  forfeit  and  pay  the  sum  of  lOl.—i  3(1. 

Penally  on  Persons  denying  having  Foreign  Goods  about  them. — If  any  passenger  or  other  person  on 
board  nny  vessel  or  boat  shall,  upon  being  questioned  by  any  officer  of  customs,  whether  he  erslietii) 
any  foreign  goods  upon  his  or  her  person,  or  in  his  or  her  possession,  deny  the  same,  and  any  sucli 
goods  shall,  after  such  denial,  be  discovered  upon  his  or  her  person,  or  in  his  or  her  possession,  aucli 
goods  shall  be  forfeited,  and  sucli  person  shall  forfeit  treble  the  value  of  such  goods.— ^  37. 

Officers,  authorised  by  Writ  of  Assistance,  may  search  Hou.ses  for  prohibited  Goods,  dj-c— It  shall  and 
may  be  lawful  for  nny  officer  or  officers  of  customs,  or  person  acting  under  the  direction  of  the  com- 
inlssioners  of  customs,  having  a  writ  of  assistance  under  the  seal  of  the  Court  of  Exchequer,  lotak! 
a  constable,  headborough,  or  other  public  otficer  inhabiting  near  the  place,  and  in  the  duylime  tnenier 
into  and  search  any  house,  shop,  cellar,  warehouse,  room,  or  other  place,  nnd  in  case  of  resistance  lo 
break  open  doors,  chests,  trunks,  and  otiier  packages,  there  to  seize  and  from  thence  tn  brin;  an; 
uncustomed  or  prohibited  goods,  and  to  put  and  Necurc  the  same  in  the  Custom-house  warehouse  in 
the  por*  n'.'xt  to  the  place  whence  such  goods  shall  be  taken  :  provided  always,  that  for  the  purpngei 
of  this  act  any  such  constable,  headborough,  or  other  public  officer,  duly  sworn  as  such,  ma)  actai 
well  wilhoiit  the  limits  of  any  parish,  ville,  or  other  place  for  which  lie  shall  be  so  sworn  in  nltliln 
8uch  limits.—}  3S. 
JOuration  of  IVriis.—K\\  writs  of  assistance  so  issued  from  the  Court  of  Exchequer  shall  continui 


SMUGGLING. 


521 


r  If  any  innili  warehoiiicd  or 
portnliiin  lie  clQiulmllmly  or 
vrry  ■iiihcuio  nil  «inli  kmihIi 
laiiei  niid  alimt  lliliiii*,  iiiudc 

I  or  tnhocco  which  «linll  h* 
hi!  (pirtlii  or  liilmi'ici  Inililc  in 
inetilun  the  mine  bo  rciund  ut 

Ich  ii  In  nny  wny  rostrlficj, 
mil  »i!I/«mI  Inlhi!  HiiiiimI  Kiin- 
loiii'  iif  (irnci'i'illtiB  I'lf  Hm  fur- 
rihi'd  In  Hiiy  Inforniaih.ii  pv 
iiBlil|>|it'il  wilhoul  Mii)inini(,r 

rfeilnl,  Sfc.—lt  nny  enmU  pro. 
lie  liiilt'iicir!<hl|>l"-'''  l"r  <'M""I- 
iii)(<l"<ii  til  lit!  pot  >'»  li'i'iril  any 
If.)  (II  liB  i!.x|iiirlt!ili  I"'  I'uriliii 
liiiins  (TiHiilii  n<il  »"  pfi'liibuwl, 
I)  itti  other  giimli  (illtkiil  llisrc 

mfvlioneil,  ^-r.— All  vc^HcUnnj 
Dihtir  iirt  rt'lmliiB  "i  Hi"  ruvi-. 

Iiy  liny  nihfcr  nr  ntlkctii  of  ih( 
iiilT,  ninliin  l'"l'  liiiy.iir  hyuii; 
y  til  Kiii/.H frimi  lh«  iiiiiimijHion- 
■  liiill,  im  Miion  01  innveiiii'iill; 
;ilv«  tlu'Httmc  — }  iri. 
li  (1)1   I'trni'itt  I'Seruif  lhim-\{ 

iiiuruit'K,  enilil<iy«fl  I'nr  llii!  (ire- 
I  wliatMiievrr  iliily  (.mimiIujimI  fur 
\iii,  iir  niBke  any  iiKfuimm  in 
■|)liiire,  or  tiike  iiiiy  lirilM-,  sraiij. 
limy,  tiverv  Biifh  olliiir  it  niliti 
jli)  ol'sfrvinB  lii»  Maji'>ly  in  iinjf 
i[ive  or  otr«r,  or  |itiinii*i.'  lo)in* 

make  any  cnlliiBivi!  iiijrpi'inriii 

ay  to  nfftlprt  hix  'Iniyi  nr  lo  ili., 
act  of  parliament  reliiiiiiKlnlw 

3. 

ghnll  and  may  he  lawful  fur  any 
he  prevention  of  miiiiCL'lii  ;,  and 
their  warrant  nr  depiilatinii  (if 
irlH  of  thU  kingdom,  liiHtlorum. 
lilted  and  iincnstomeil  niiiuls,  anil 
I  shall  continue  williiii  llie  limits 
I  or  who  shall  have  lanileil  from 
lOBO  that  iitich  person  or  jiorsiiiii 
her,  or  their  person  or  piTsons; 
iiii!  on  board,  or  in  emiirlii|joi 
se  the  Biiin  of  \m.-ti  a4. 
jjg^  jj.e. —Before  any  pi:riinnilmll 
person  to  renuiru  Iheofliceiot 
collector,  coniplroller,  or  rnhfi 
reasonable  prmind  to  fnippii!!! 
her  person  ;  and  if  it  appear  to 
that  such  person  has  nny  iiiituj- 
ctor,  coniplroller,  or  ntlier  sup*- 
manner  as  he  shall  think  tit ;  but 
is  not  reasonable  ground losup- 
Jiis  or  her  person,  then  such  jm- 
not  in  such  case  be  liiible  lob« 
d  required  to  lake  such  person, 
the  ineanllnie :  proviiledalwayi, 
duly  authorised  by  the  comnii!- 

I  offlcer  or  officers  shall  noi  take 
,  coniptroUer,  or  other  superior 
be  searched  by  him,  not  liaving 
or  prohibited  goods  about  liisoi 

ly  passenper  or  other  person  on 
customs,  whether  he  or  she  tiai 
I  deny  the  same,  and  any  suth 
tr  in  Ills  or  her  possession,  sutli 
M  such  goods— J  37. 
hibiitd  Goods,  ilj-c.-Il  shall  and 
■under  the  dircclioM  of  tliecom- 
lthe  Court  of  Exchequer,  lotalii 
Lee.  and  in  the  daytime  in  enter 
tee,  and  in  case  of  resistance  to 
k  and  from  thence  to  bring  anj 
■le  t;u8toin-hoiise  warehouse  in 
Id  always,  that  fur  the  pur|mM 
Inly  sworn  as  such,  may  iiei  ai 
Ihe  shall  be  so  bWi.rnaiwUM 

Irt  of  Exchequer  shall  conlinui 


jind  t\e.  In  force  ilurinf  the  whole  of  thn  reign  In  which  inch  writs  have  boon  granted,  and  for  A  innnlhi 
from  luioncluilon-  J  Sit. 

okftrt  mil V,  on  probahit  Cau»t,  ttop  CarU,^-f.,nnJ  tutrrh  fur  Oitaitt  ~  It  Hh:ill  he  lawful  foraiiy  "flii-er 
nf  I'lmloina  or  iixclsn,  or  olher  jiiirann  aitiiig  In  liii«  or  llinr  ulil  or  aNaintiinci',  or  duly  enipliiyi'd  Inr  Iha 
iinvi'ntliin  of  sinuugllnir,  U|iiiii  reaHoiiuble  aiiiiiili'ion,  to  slop  ami  riiiiiiiiiii  any  carl,  wai(iiii,  nr  olliur 
iiii-inK  of  conveyancu,  for  the  piirposH  of  aNcerlainiiiii  whother  any  •iiiukkIuiI  gooils  am  iiiiilaiiii'tl 
tliiri^ni  ami  If  no  luch  giiodn  liu  fniind,  the  olRi'er  or  olher  person  ■ioppinii  and  enaiiiiiiiiiu  'sin  h  carl, 
tviiifoM,  die.  having  had  probable  cause  lo  suspect  thai  KiniiKgled  goods  were  contaiiu'd  thin  •in,  nliali 
,11,1  on  uccnuiit  of  such  stoppaga  and  search,  be  lialilii  to  any  acllnii  at  law  on  ai  rninii  tlnTi'iif ;  and 
ill  oi'miina  driving  or  conducting  hucIi  cart,  wagon,  &.c.  refusing  to  slop  when  rei|iiireil  so  lo  ilu  in  llld 

KiiiH""  "»'""'  »''""  ''"'''■"  '"<"•-*  •'"• 

ji„(„.j  o^etrt  telling  <tood>  to  tarry  Ihrm  to  tf'urehoii.'e  -  If  any  goods  subject  or  liubli'  lo  furfuiturti 
iinili'r  tbix  or  any  olher  act  relating  to  the  custoiim  lie  Hlnpped  or  taken  by  any  ihiIhi!  oillci'r  >>r  oilmr 
m.rsiin  acting  by  virtue  of  any  art  of  parliament,  or  ntlierwise  duly  nulhurlsiid,  such  gnnilH  <ili.ill  bo 
rirrlt'd  III  tliu  ('tistoni-house  warehouite  next  to  tlie  placi'  where  the  guilds  were  sIhiiimiiI  or  laliiii,  ami 
ilipri)  ilolivered  to  Ihe  proper  olllcor  uppuliited  to  receive  thn  same,  williin  tH  hours  allur  the  said  ^uuda 
were  slopped  and  taken.— 1>  -11. 

Ci,}a(li  itoiiped  hy  Police  Ojjirtm  maij  he  retained  until  I'rial  of  Pertonn  eharfed  leitlmtealinif  lhem.-\(  any 
fiiiiiU  bi 
II  shall 


r.  stopped  or  taken  by  a  (kilice  utllter  on  siinpicloii  thai  the  sanii;  have  bren  felnniouHiy  sloleii, 

_    III)  lawful  for  tile  said  lUllcer  lo  carry  the  same  to  the  police  olllcelo  wliicli  tlieoiremleri'*  l.ikeii, 

ilier'e  in  remain  to  bo  pnnlueed  at  the  trial  of  said  otlVnder  ;  and  in  such  case  the  olllcer  is  rei|uirril  to 
iijvii  notice  In  writing  to  the  coiiiinissloners  of  ciisloiiis  of  his  having  so  delained  Ihe  gouits,  Willi  Ihe 
piirliciil'ii'S  of  the  same  ;  and  liiimeiliately  afler  III,;  trial  all  such  giioils  urn  to  be  di'piiHlleil  in  llir  Cus- 
tiiin-lioa^:!  warehouse,  to  he  proceeded  agaiiiKt  according  to  law  ;  and  in  case  any  police  otHcur  niiiking 
itetiiniion  of  any  such  goods  neglect  lo  convey  the  same  to  such  warehouse,  or  to  give  nutlcuuf  having 
slopped  the  saiiiu  as  before  described,  he  shall  forfeit  'MU.—i  I'i. 

Ciimminiiiunera  of  Treaaurij,  \c.  may  restore  Stiiures.  —  \\.  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for  the  commission- 
ers of  the  treasury,  or  any  3  or  more  of  them,  or  for  the  ciimiiiisNiniiirs  uf  cuslnms  or  excine,  by  an 
orili.'r  for  that  purpose,  to  direct  any  vessel,  boat,  goods,  or  commoililios  sei/.ed  under  this  or  any  act 
relating  to  the  customs  or  excise,  or  to  the  Iraile  or  navigatiiiii  of  the  Uiiiled  Kingdom,  or  to  any  of 
liin  Majiisly's  possession*  aiiroad,  to  be  delivered  lo  Ihe  prnpriulor  or  pro|irl('tiirs,  whether  condemna- 
ilon  liuvo  taken  place  or  not,  upon  such  terms  and  conilitiiuis  as  they  may  deem  expedient,  and  wliicti 
iiliall  be  inenlloned  in  Ihe  said  order  t  and  It  shall  he  also  lawful  for  the  saidcoiiiiiii><Hiiini'rs  of  ilie  Ireu- 
miry,  and  of  the  customs  anil  excise,  lo  mitiKaln  nr  remit  any  pinially  or  tine  which  sli.ill  have  heeit 
liiciirrcil,  or  any  (uirtof  such  penally  or  line  Incurred  under  any  such  act :  provided  always,  that  no  per- 
son shall  be  entitled  tulhe  hnnetitoi  any  order  fur  delivery  or  mitigation  unless  the  turiiisuiidcoiidiliuiii 
cipressed  In  tbe  aalti  order  are  fully  and  elfeutually  cuuipliud  wllli.— 4  43. 

Penalties. 

l'triontuiuhippiug,t(e.  antj  prohibited  or  uncustomed  Goods,  to  forfeit  Treble  the  Value,  or  100/ — Kvory 
person  who  shall,  either  in  the  U.  K.  or  the  Isle  of  Man,  asHlst  or  iie  concerned  in  the  unshipping  of 
any  goods  prohibited  to  he  imported  into  the  U.  K.  or  Into  the  Isle  of  Man,  or  the  diilies  fur  which  have 
tint  been  paid  or  secured,  or  who  shall  knowingly  harlioiir,  keep,  or  conc(>nl,  nr  knowingly  permit  or 
fUlTer  to  be  harboured,  kept,  or  conceale<l,  any  goods  which  have  been  illegally  unshipped  with- 
out payment  of  duties,  or  which  havn  been  illegally  removed,  without  payment  of  the  same,  from  any 
warehouse  or  place  of  security  in  which  they  may  havn  been  deposited,  or  any  goods  prohiliited  lo  be 
iiiinoried,  nr  to  be  used  or  consumed  in  the  U.  K.  or  In  the  Isle  of  Man,  and  every  person,  eitiier  in  the 
U.  K.  or  the  Isle  of  Man,  to  whose  possession  any  such  uncustomed  or  prohibited  goods  shall  know- 
ingly come,  or  who  shall  assist  or  be  in  anywise  concerned  in  the  illeaal  removal  of  nny  goods  from 
any  warehouse  or  place  of  security  in  which  they  have  been  deposited,  shall  forfeit  either  the  treble 
value  thereof,  or  the  penally  of  lOOJ.,  at  the  election  of  Ihe  commissioners  of  customs.—}  44. 

Ihie  ViiUie  is  to  be  ascertained. — In  all  cases  where  nny  penalty,  the  amount  of  which  is  lo  he  deter- 
mined by  the  value  of  any  goods,  is  directed  to  be  sued  for  under  nny  law  now  in  force  or  to  be  made 
fur  Ihe  prevention  of  smuggling,  or  relating  to  the  revenue  of  customs  or  excise,  such  value  shall  be 
laken  to  bo  according  to  the  rate  and  prico  which  goods  of  the  like  sort  nr  denomination  and  of  the 
best  quality  bear  ul  such  time,  and  upon  which  the  duties  due  upon  iinportadon  have  been  paid. 

-}45. 

Per^ont  inturing  the  Delivery  of  prohibited  or  uncustomed  Goods  to  forfeit  50W.— Every  person  who 
by  way  nf  insurance  or  otherwise  shall  undertake  or  agree  to  deliver  any  goods  to  be  imported  from 
lieyonii  the  seas  into  any  port  nr  place  in  the  ('.  K.  without  paying  the  duties  duo  on  such  importation, 
or  any  prohibited  goods,  or  who  in  pursuance  of  such  insurance  shall  deliver  or  cause  to  he  delivered 
any  uncustomed  or  prohibited  goods,  and  every  aider  or  al>ettor  nf  such  person,  shall  for  every  such 
olTence  forfc'll  500i.  over  and  above  any  olher  penalty  to  which  he  may  l>e  liable  ;  and  every  person 
who  shall  agree  to  pay  any  money  for  the  insurance  or  conveyance  nt  such  goods,  or  shall  receive 
or  take  them  into  his  custody  or  possession,  or  sutfer  them  to  be  so  received  or  taken,  shall  also 
forfint  5002.  over  and  above  any  penally  to  which  he  may  be  liable  on  account  of  suchgoods.- H*^- 

Penalty  on  Persona  offering  Ooods  for  Sale  under  Pretence  of  being  run  or  prohibited. — If  any  person 
or  persona  olfor  for  sale  any  goods  under  pretunco  that  the  same  are  prohibited,  or  have  been  unship* 
ped  and  run  on  shore  without  payment  of  duties,  in  such  case  all  such  goods  (although  not  liable  to 
any  duties  or  prohibited)  shall  be  forfeited,  and  the  person  or  persons,  and  every  of  them,  offering  the 
i:iuie  for  sale,  shall  forfeit  the  treble  value  of  such  good^,  or  the  penalty  of  100^,  at  the  election  of  the 
commissioners  of  customs.— J  47. 

Persons  found  to  have  been  on  6<?ard  f''esseli  liable  to  Forfeiture  subject  to  a  Penalty  of  lOOl. — Every  per- 
son, being  a  subject  of  his  Maje»ty,  who  shall  he  found  or  discovered  to  have  been  on  board  any  vessel 
nrboat  liable  to  forfeiture  under  this  or  nny  other  act  relating  to  the  customs  for  being  found  or  dis- 
covered to  have  been  witliin  any  of  the  distances,  ports,  or  places  in  this  act  mentioned,  from  or  in 
Ihe  United  Kingdom,  nr  from  or  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  having  on  board  or  in  any  manner  attached  thereto, 
or  having  had  on  board  or  in  any  manner  attached  thereto,  or  conveying  or  having  conveyed  in  any  man- 
ner, such  goods  or  things  as  subject  such  vessel  or  boat  to  forfeiture,  or  who  shall  be  found  or  disco- 
vered to  have  been,  within  any  such  distance  as  aforesaid,  on  board  any  vessel  or  boat  from  which  any 
part  of  the  cargo  or  lading  of  such  vessel  or  boat  shall  have  been  thrown  overboard,  or  staved  or 
ilcstroyed,  to  prevent  seizure,  shall  forfeit  \00l.;  and  every  person,  not  being  a  subject  of  his  Majesty, 
who  shall  have  been  on  board  nny  vessel  nr  boat  liable  to  forfeitiira  for  any  of  the  causes  aforesaid, 
within  I  league  of  the  coast  of  the  United  Kingdom  or  nf  the  Isle  of  Man,  or  within  any  bay,  harbour, 
liver,  or  creek  of  the  said  island,  shall  forfeit  for  such  offence  100/.;  and  it  shall  be  lawful  for  any 
olliccr  or  ofncers  of  the  army,  navy,  or  marines,  being  duly  employed  for  the  prevention  of  smuggling, 
anil  on  full  pay,  or  any  officer  or  oflicers  of  customs  or  excise,  or  other  person  acting  in  hia  or  their  aid 
or  assistance,  or  duly  employed  for  the  prevention  of  smuggling,  and  he  and  they  is  and  are  hereby 
authorised,  e'npowered,  and  required,  to  detain  and  to  carry  and  convey  every  such  person  before  any 
Juatice  of  the  peace,  to  be  dealt  witb  as  herein-after  directed :  provided  always,  that  any  sucb  persoa 
2x2  68 


522 


SMUGGLING. 


1 


•^v '11 


i**«l« 


if'-  r^'ii 


:  WSlSU'tD'"'* 


proving,  to  the  latiafliction  ofanyjuitice  or  juitices  before  whom  he  may  be  brought,  that  he  wasonU 
a  pasienger  in  such  VRRsel  or  boat,  and  hud  no  interest  wtiatever  either  in  the  vessel  or  bout,  or  in  tbe 
cargo  or  goods  on  board  the  same,  Bhnll  be  fortliwith  discharged  by  sucli  justices. — }  48. 

Person!  unthippivg,  (f-c.  Spirits  or  Tobacco,  to  forfeit  100<.  ij-c— Every  person  wlialsoever  who  slmll 
unship,  or  lie  aiding  or  concerned  in  the  unshipping,  of  any  spirits  or  tol)acco  liable  lo  furfeiture  under 
thiit  or  any  other  act  relating  to  the  customs  or  excise,  in  the  U.  K.  or  the  Isle  of  Mnn,  or  wliu  shall 
carry,  convey,  or  conreal,  or  be  aiding,  assisting,  or  concerned  in  (he  carrying,  conveying,  or  conceal. 
Ing  of  any  such  spirits  or  tobacco,  shall  forfeit  fur  such  offence  100{.;  and  every  such  person  nuiy  be 
detained  by  any  officer  of  the  army,  navy,  or  marines  duly  employed  for  the  prevention  of  sniuggijnj 
and  on  full  pay,  or  by  any  officer  or  officers  of  customs  or  excise,  or  other  person  acting  in  his  (jr  their 
aid  or  assistu:icc,  or  duly  employed  for  the  prevention  of  smuggling,  and  tuken  before  any  justice  of 
the  pence,  to  be  dealt  with  as  herein-ufler  directed.—  }  49. 

Persons  carrying,  Sfc.  Tea  or  manvfuctured  Silk  to  forfeit  Treble  the  ra/iir,  i?t.— Every  person  wliai. 
Koever  who  shall  unship,  or  be  aiding,  assisting,  or  otherwise  concerned  in  thu  unshipping,  ot°  any  lui 
or  fiiruigii  mnnufactured  silk  of  the  value  of  20/.,  liable  to  forfeiture  under  any  uct  rel.iling  to  the  cus. 
toms  or  e.xcise,  or  who  shall  carry,  convey,  or  conceal,  or  be  aiding,  assisting,  or  concerned  in  Hu 
carrying,  conveying,  or  concealing  of  such  tea  or  Kilk,  slinll  forfeit  for  every  such  ofTence  treble  ihe 
Value  thereof;  and  every  such  person  shall  and  may  be  detained  by  any  ofhcer  of  the  army,  n;ivy,(ii 
marines,  duly  employed  for  the  prevention  of  smuggling,  and  on  full  pay,  or  by  any  officer  nf  customs 
or  excise,  or  by  any  other  person  acting  in  his  aid  or  assistame,  or  duly  emplnyed  for  tlic  lirevention 
of  smuggling,  and  taken  befiire  any  justice  of  Ihe  peace,  to  be  dealt  witli  as  hnrein  directed  :  providiii 
always,  that  it  shall  be  lawful  for  such  detained  person  to  give  security  In  treble  the  amount  of  tjie 
goods  seized,  to  the  satisfaction  of  such  justice,  to  appear  at  a  time  and  place  appointed  ;  and  tliatno 
such  person  shall  be  liable  to  serve  his  Majesty  in  his  naval  service.— $  60. 

jjl  Justice  may  order  Persons  taken  before  Aim  for  <^ffences  relating  to  Ihe  Customs  to  be  detained  a  na- 
tollable  Time. — Where  any  person  or  persons  shall  have  been  detained  by  any  officer  of  the  army 
navy,  or  murines,  employed  for  the  prevention  of  smuggling,  and  on  full  pay,  or  by  any  officer  of  cus.' 
toms  or  excise,  or  any  person  or  persons  acting  in  his  or  their  aid  or  assistance,  or  duly  employed  (m 
the  prevention  of  smuggling,  for  any  offence  under  this  or  any  other  act  relating  to  the  cusioing,  ai,^ 
shull  have  been  taken  ami  carried  before  aiiy  justice  of  the  peacc.if  it  shall  appear  to  such  justice  lli.it 
there  is  reasonable  cause  to  detain  such  person  or  persons,  he  may  and  he  is  authorised  and  required 
to  order  such  person  or  persons  to  be  detained  a  reusonuble  time,  and  at  the  expiration  of  such  linieio 
be  brought  before  any  3  justices,  who  are  authorised  and  required  finally  to  hear  and  determine  the 
matter.—}  .51. 

jJnp  Person  liable  to  Arrest  making  his  Escape  may  be  detained  by  any  Officer  of  Cusloms.~\{  any 
person  or  persons  liable  to  be  detained  under  the  provisions  of  tiiis  or  any  other  act  relating  to  tlie 
customs  shMl  not  be  detained  at  the  time  of  so  committing  the  offence,  oT  after  detention  shall  make 
his  or  their  escape,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  any  officer  or  officers  of  the  army,  navy,  or  marines,eni- 
ployed  for  the  prevention  of  smuggling,  and  on  full  pay,  or  for  any  officer  of  customs  or  excise,  or  any 
other  person  acting  in  his  or  their  aid  or  assistance,  or  duly  employed  for  the  prevention  of  smuggling, 
to  detain  such  person  at  any  time  afterwards,  and  to  carry  him  before  any  justice  of  the  peace,  lo  be 
dealt  with  as  if^  detained  at  the  time  of  committing  the  said  offence.—}  52. 

Persons  making  Signals  to  Smuggling  yessels  at  Sea,  on  Conviction  lo  forfeit  lOOi ,  l^-c. — No  person 
shall,  aAer  sunset  and  before  Funrise  between  the  2Ist  day  of  September  and  the  1st  day  of  April,  or 
after  the  hour  of  8  in  the  evenmg  and  before  the  hour  of  6  in  the  morning  at  any  other  time  in  the 
year,  make,  aid  or  assist  in  making,  any  signal  in  or  on  board  or  from  any  vessel  or  boat,  or  on  or  from 
any  part  of  the  coast  or  shore  of  the  United  Kingdom,  or  within  6  miles  of  any  part  of  such  coa-tisor 
shores,  for  the  purpose  of  giving  any  notice  to  any  person  on  board  any  smuggling  vessel  or  boat, 
whether  any  person  so  on  board  such  vessel  or  boat  be  or  be  not  within  distance  to  notice  such  signal;' 
and  if  any  person,  contrary  to  the  intent  and  meaning  of  this  act,  make  or  cause  to  be  made,  or  aid  or 
assist  in  making,  any  such  signal,  such  person  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanour ;  and  it  shall  be  law- 
ful for  any  person  to  stop,  arrest,  and  detain  the  person  or  persons  who  shall  so  otfend,  and  lo  carry 
and  convey  such  person  or  persons  before  any  1  or  more  justices  of  the  peace  residing  near  the  place 
where  such  offence  shall  be  committed,  who,  if  he  sees  cause,  shall  commit  the  offender  to  the  next 
county  gaol,  there  to  remain  until  the  next  court  of  oyer  or  terminer,  great  session,  or  gaol  delivery, 
or  until  such  person  or  persons  shall  be  delivered  by  due  course  of  law ;  and  it  shall  not  be  necessary 
to  prove  on  any  indictment  or  information  that  any  vessel  or  boat  was  actually  on  the  coast;  and  the 
offender  or  offenders  being  duly  convicted  thereof  shall,  by  order  of  the  court  before  whom  they  are 
convicted,  either  forfeit  and  pay  the  penalty  of  100/.,  or,  at  the  discretion  of  such  court,  be  comniitleil 
to  the  common  gaol  or  house  of  correction,  there  to  be  kept  to  hard  labour  for  any  term  not  eiceedin; 
I  year. — }  53. 

Proof  of  a  Signal  notbeing  intended,  to  lie  on  the  Defendant. — In  case  any  person  be  charged  wither 
indicted  for  having  made  or  caused  to  be  made,  or  been  aiding  or  assisting  in  making,  any  such  signal, 
the  burden  of  proof  that  such  signal  so  charged  as  having  been  made  with  intent  and  for  the  purpose 
of  giving  such  notice  as  aforesaid  was  not  made  with  such  intent  and  for  such  purpose  shall  be  upon 
the  defendant.—}  54. 

JIny  Persons  may  prevent  Signals. — It  shall  be  lawful  for  any  person  whatsoever  to  prevent  any 
■ignal  as  aforesaid  being  made,  and  to  enter  upon  any  lands  for  that  purpose,  without  being  liable  to 
any  indictment,  suit,  or  action  for  the  same. — }  55. 

Persons  resisting  Officers,  or  rescuing  or  destroying  Goods  to  prevent  Seizure,  forfeit  100/.— If  any  per- 
■on  whatsoever  shall  obstruct  any  officer  or  officers  of  the  army,  navy,  or  marines,  employed  for  the 
prevention  of  smuggling,  and  on  full  pay,  or  any  officer  or  officers  of  customs  or  excise,  or  any  person 
acting  in  his  or  their  aid  or  assistance,  or  duly  employed  for  the  prevention  of  smuggling,  in  the  exe- 
cution of  his  or  their  duty,  or  in  thedue  seizingof  any  goods  liable  to  forfeiture,  or  shall  rescue  or  cause 
to  be  rescued  any  goods  which  have  been  seized,  or  shall  attempt  orendeavourtodoso,  or  shall  before 
or  at  or  after  any  seizure,  stave,  break,  or  otherwise  destroy  any  goods,  to  prevent  the  seizure  thereof 
or  the  securing  the  same,  then  and  in  such  case  the  party  or  parties  offending  sliall  forfeit  for  every 
such  offence  100/.—}  56. 

Ptnally  on  Persona  procuring  others  lo  assist  in  unshipping  prohibited  Goods. — Any  person  or  persons 
who  shall  by  any  means  procure  or  hire  any  person  or  persons,  who  shall  depute,  authorise,  or  direct 
any  person  or  persons  to  procure  or  hire  any  person  or  persons,  to  assemble  for  the  purpose  of  beiii; 
concerned  in  the  landing  or  unshipping  or  carrying  or  conveying  any  goods  prohibited  to  be  imporicil, 
or  the  duties  for  which  have  not  been  paid  or  secured,  shall  for  every  person  so  procured  or  hired  for- 
feit 100/.-}  57. 

Felonies. 

Three  or  mart  armed  Persons  assembled  to  assist  in  the  illegal  Landing  of  Goods,  ^c.  deemed  guilty  of 
JFVIany.— If  any  persons  to  the  number  of  3  or  more,  armed  with  flre-arms  or  other  offensive  weapons, 
■ball,  within  the  U.  K.,  or  within  any  port,  harbour,  or  creek,  thereof,  be  assembled  in  order  to  aid  and 
Miiit  In  the  illegal  landing,  running,  or  carrying  away  of  any  prohibited  goods,  or  any  goods  liable  to 


SMUGGLING. 


623 


I  any  person  be  charged  wiihoi 
ling  ill  making,  any  siicli  Bignal, 
Iwith  intent  and  for  tlie  purpose 
Ifor  such  purpose  sliall  be  upon 

hn  whatsoever  to  prevent  any 
lurpose,  williout  being  liable  to 

Keiiure,  forftit  lOOI.-lf  any  per- 
I,  or  marines,  employed  fonli« 
listoms  or  excise,  or  any  person 
Intion  of  smuggling,  in  the  ese- 
Ifeilure,  or  shall  rescue  or  cause 
^eavour  to  do  so,  or  shall  before 
Ito  prevent  the  seizure  thereof 
Iffending  sltall  forfeit  for  every 

JJooda.—Kny  person  nr  persons 
liall  depute,  authorise,  or  direct 
emble  for  the  purpose  C  being 
^ods  prohibited  to  be  iniporled, 
lerson  so  procured  or  hired  for- 


any  duties  which  have  not  been  paid  or  secured,  or  in  rescuing  or  talcing  away  any  goods,  after 
seizure,  from  the  officer  of  the  customs  or  othcrofflcer  authorised  to  seize  the  same,  or  frmn  any  per- 
son or  persona  employed  by  or  assisting  them,  or  from  the  plitci?  where  tin;  same  havf-  been  Imlged  by 
Ihem,  nr  In  rescuing  any  person  who  shall  have  been  apprehended  for  any  of  the  offences  'iiade  f«lony 
by  this  or  any  act  relating  to  tho  customs,  or  in  the  preventing  the  apprehension  of  any  person  guilty 
oi'such  offence,  or  in  case  any  persons  to  the  number  of  3  or  more,  an  armed,  shiill,  within  the  U.  K., 
or  within  any  port,  harbour,  or  creek  thereof,  be  so  uidlna  or  assisting,  every  person  so  offtiiicling,  and 
fvury  person  aiding,  abetting,  or  assisting  therein,  shall,  being  thereof  convicted,  be  adjudged  guilty 
of  Mnny,  and  suffer  death  as  a  felon.—}  58. 

Persona  shooting  at  any  Boat  belonging  to  the  JVnry,  *c  deemed  guilty  of  Filony.—U  any  person  shall 
malicinnsly  shoot  at  any  vessel  or  boat  belonging  to  11.  M.  navy,  or  in  the  service  of  ilm  revenue, 
within  100  leagues  of  any  p.irt  of  the  coast  of  the  U.  K.,  or  shall  maliciously  shoot  at,  maim,  or  dan- 
gerously wound  any  olflcer  of  the  army,  navy,  or  marines,  employed  for  the  prevention  ol'siiiiiegling, 
and  nn  full  pay,  or  any  otiicer  of  customs  or  excise,  or  any  person  acting  in  his  aiil,  or  assistance,  or 
employed  for  the  prevention  of  sinugiiling,  in  the  due  execution  of  his  office  or  duty,  every  person  30 
oTending,  and  every  person  aiding,  abetting,  nr  assisting  therein,  shall,  being  lawfully  convicted,  be 
adjudgiJil  guilty  of  felony,  and  suffer  death  as  a  felon.—}  59. 

jinij  Person  ii»  company  with  4  others  haning  prohibited  Goods,  or  with  1  other  armed  or  di.iguised, 
gnittij  of  Felony.— If  auy  person  being  in  company  with  more  than  4  other  persons  be  found  with  any 
gondii  liihin  to  forfeiture,  or  in  company  with  1  other  person,  within  5  miles  of  the  sea  coast  or  of  any 
iiavigalile  river  leading  therefrom,  with  such  goods,  and  carrying  offunsive  arms  or  weapons,  or  dis- 
ffiiised  in  any  way,  every  such  person  shall  be  adjudged  guilty  of  felony,  and  shall,  on  conviction  of 
ludi  utfence,  be  transported  as  a  felon  for  the  space  of  7  years.—}  00. 

Officers. 

Personf  assaulting  Officers  >y  Force  or  Violence  may  he  transported. — If  any  person  shall  by  force  or 
violence  assault,  resist,  oppose,  molest,  hinder,  or  obstruct  any  otiicer  of  the  army,  navy,  or  marines, 
employed  for  the  preventlcm  of  smuggling,  and  on  full  pay,  or  any  officer  of  customs  or  excise,  or  other 
person  acting  in  his  or  their  aid  or  assistance,  or  duly  employed  for  the  prevention  of  smuirgling,  in 
the  due  execution  of  his  or  their  office  or  duty,  such  person,  bjing  thereof  convicted,  ahull  lie  traris- 
porled  for  7  years,  or  sentenced  to  be  imprisoned  in  any  house  of  correction  or  common  gaol,  'iiul  kept 
10  hard  liihnur,  for  any  term  not  exceeding  3  years,  at  the  discretion  of  the  court  before  whom  tue 
olfenJer  shall  be  tried  and  convicted  as  aforesaid. — }  61. 

Commanding  Officers  of  Vessels  in  the  Service  may  haul  their  Ve.isels  on  Shore  irilhout  being  liable  to 
iny  Jlclion  fur  so  doin^. — It  shall  be  lawful  for  the  commanding  officer  of  any  vessel  or  boat  employed 
for  the  prevention  of  smuggling  to  haul  any  such  vessel  or  boat  upon  any  part  of  the  coast  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  or  the  shores,  banks,  or  beaches  of  any  river,  creek,  or  inlet  of  the  same  (not  being 
aivarden  or  pleasure  ground,  or  place  ordinarily  used  for  any  tiatliing  machine  or  machines),  which 
gh°all  be  deemed  most  convenient  for  that  purpose,  and  to  moor  any  such  vessel  or  boat  on  such  part 
of  the'aforesaid  coasts,  shores,  &c.  below  high  water  mark,  and  over  which  the  tide  flows  on  ordinary 
occasions,  and  to  continue  such  vessel  or  boat  so  moored  for  such  tiiiie  as  said  commanding  officer 
shall  deem  proper ;  and  such  officer,  or  person  or  persons  acting  under  his  direction,  shall  not  l)e  liable 
to  any  indictment,  action,  or  suit  for  so  doing,  any  law,  statute,  custom,  or  usage  to  the  contrary  not- 
withstanding-—}  62. 

okcer,  if  wounded  in  the  Service  of  the  Customs,  to  be  provided  for,  ifc. — In  all  cases  where  any  officer 
or  seaman  etnployed  in  the  service  of  the  customs  or  excise  shall  be  killed,  maimed,  wounded,  or  in 
any  way  injured  in  the  due  execution  of  his  office,  or  if  any  persim  acting  in  his  aid,  or  duly  employed 
for  the  prevention  of  smuggling,  shall  be  so  killed,  maimed,  wounded,  or  in  any  way  injured  while  so 
nidins  such  officer  or  seaman,  or  so  employed,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  commissioners  of  customs  and 
excise  to  make  such  provision  for  the  officer  or  person,  so  maimed,  wounded,  or  injured  as  aforesaid, 
or  for  the  widows  and  families  of  such  as  shall  be  killed,  as  they  shall  he  authorised  and  empowered 
to  do  by  warrant  from  the  Lord  High  Treasurer  or  commissioners  of  the  treasury. — }  63. 

Vessels  and  Goods  seized  to  be  disposed  of  as  the  Commissioners  direct.— Wl  vessels  and  boats,  and 
all  goods  whatsoever,  seized  and  condemned  for  breach  of  any  liw  relating  to  the  customs,  shall  be 
disposed  of  as  soon  as  conveniently  may  be  after  the  condemnation  thereof,  in  such  manner  as  the 
coinmissioncrs  of  customs  shall  direct.—}  61. 

Rewards. 

Revards  to  Officers  for  detaining  Smugglers.— U  shall  be  lawful  for  the  commissioners  of  customs,  and 
tlieyare  hereby  authorised  and  empowered,  to  award,  to  any  officer  or  other  person  detaining  any 
person  liable  to  detention  under  this  or  any  other  act  relating  to  the  revenue  of  customs,  to  he  paid 
upon  the  conviction  of  such  person,  any  reward  they  may  think  flt  to  direct,  not  exceeding  the  sura 
of  201.  for  each  person.—}  65. 

Rewards  to  Officers  where  pecuniary  Penalties  are  recovered. — It  shall  be  lawful  for  the  commissioners 
of  customs,  and  they  are  hereby  auth.')rised,to  order  the  following  reward  to  be  paid  to  any  officer  or 
officers  nr  persons  by  whose  means  any  pecuniary  penalty  or  composition  is  recovered ;  (that  is  to 
say,)i  part  of  the  penalty  or  sum  recovered,  except  in  seizures  of  silk  goods,  in  which  case  the  officers 
may  receive  i  the  penalty  or  sum  recovered.—}  6(3. 

Remards  to  Officers  making  Seiiures.-U  shall  be  lawful  for  the  commissioners  of  customs,  and  they  are 
licreby  anthnrised,  to  order  to  be  paid,  in  respect  of  any  seizure  made  under  this  or  any  act  relating  to 
ilie  custoina  or  to  trade  and  navigation,  to  the  person  or  persons  making  the  same,  the  following  re- 
wards ;  (that  is  to  say,) 


In  (he  at  of  Mitum  of  ipiritt  or  tobsoco : — 

If  til  ll\e  parlies  cnncernnl  in  (he  >ct  which  occMioni  (be 
leizore,  beinit  athivp  .he  aj^e  nr  16  ymn,  are  detained  and 
convicted,  ttie  wliole  value  Ihereof,  luch  value  to  be  fixed 
jiiJ  letlled  by  the  l,onl«  of  Ih''  Treasury,  or  by  llie  coiiimii. 
ilonmof  hii  Majesly'a  custonii,  as  hereinafter  directed; 

It2ar  more  of  such  parlies,  not  beini  the  wliote,  are  so  detained 
tnilc^iiviclel, 7  Slhsof  such  value: 

It  I  nic'i  pirly,  not  beini(  ihe  whole  "f  Ihem,  but  brine  a  seafaring 
man,  is  1 1  detained  and  rnnvicted,  3  4lhs  of  sucll  value : 

Ut  such  parly,  not  being  the  whole  of  ihem,  is  detained  and 
convicted,  and  the  vessel  or  means  of  conveyance  is  or  are 
seiled  and  cnndemned,  3-4ths  of  such  value ; 

Itl  such  lurly,  not  being  the  whole  of  Ihem,  nor  bring  a  na- 
farm;  man,  is  so  detained  and  convicted,  6'Bths  of  luch 
value : 

If  the  veset  or  means  of  conveyance  it  leixed  and  condenaned 
without  any  person  being  detained,  t  3<t  of  such  value: 

If  III  the  ;;nds  are  seiieil,  and  all  the  parlin  concerned  as  afore- 
said are  suliseouenlty  convicted  in  consrouence  of  such 
sennre,  and  by  meeiertion  of  the  seizoi-a,  t -2  of  such  value  : 

Utile  goodi  only  are  Kind,  l-8tb,  or  lucli  other  part  as  Uie  com- 


miisioneri  of  (he  cui(omi  ihall  tbinit  proper,  not  exceeding 
l-4lhof  such  value: 

In  the  case  of  scizureiof  other  goods,  not  silks:— 
If  the  vessel  or  u<her  mrans  of  conveyance  ii  or  are  seized  and 
condemned,  or  if  any  person  is  pn»tecuted  to  cniiviclion  on 
account  of  the  sam^  1*2  of  the  produce,  exclusive  of  tbo 
dulirs: 
If  the  goods  only,  I-4th  of  such  produce  : 

In  (he  case  of  damaged  tobacco,  snuff,  or  other  goods  dtatroyed, 
such  reward  a*  the  liOrdi  of  the  Treasury  or  the  commis> 
sioners  of  liis  Majesty's  customs  may  iliiiilc  proper  to  direct, 
not  exceedini;  a  inoiely  of  the  ituly  payable  on  such  goodi 
in  case  the  same  had  been  sold  for  hnnie  consumption  : 

la  the  case  of  snzurea  nf  sitit  goo<ls,  the  whole  value  of  luch  goodi, 
exclusive  of  tlie  duly  Ihereon  : 

In  the  case  of  seiiurvi  of  vessels  and  boats  :— 
If  sold,  a  nioiely  of  the  produce  : 

U  taken  into  the  public  service  or  broken  up,  a  raoiclT  of  tb» 
value ; 

lo  (be  case  of  seizures  of  cattle  and  carriages,  in  all  cases  3-4tili  N 
the  produce  ol  the  sale.— Seci.  £7. 


I; 


624 


SMUGGLING. 


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Tht  Treasury,  ^e.  to  fix  tk$  Value  of  Spiritg  ^  Tobacco,— The  value  of  apirits  and  tobacco  fleiztd  aa 
aforosalil  ahull  in  all  casea  be  deemed  and  taken  to  beaiichasthe  Lords  of  the  Treasury  or  the  coiniriis. 
sinners  of  customs  nrjay  think  fit  lo  fix  the  same  at  per  gallon  or  per  pound  weight,  for  the  purpose  of 
rewarding  the  otflcer;  and  all  the  before-mentioned  rewards  shall  be  paid,  subject  to  a  deduction  of 
10/.  per  cent,  on  account  of  law  charges  and  other  expenses.— $  68. 

Ml  Hewardsy  S^'c,  payable  to  Offir^ers  of  Jininj,  dj'c.  to  be  regulated  by  H.  M.  Orders  in  Council. —y^y^j^ 
such  reward,  or  part  or  share  of  any  such  seizure  or  of  the  value  thereof,  as  shall  he  payahle  lo  any 
olTicer  or  odicers,  non-conimisstoncd  officers,  petty  otflcers,  seamen,  or  privates  of  the  army,  navy,  or 
murines,  or  acting  under  the  orders  of  tht>  Lord  High  Admiral  or  commissioners  of  the  admiralty,  shall 
be  divided  and  distributed  in  such  proporiiims,  and  according  to  such  rules,  regulations,  and  orders, aa 
his  Majesty  shall  he  pleased  to  direct  and  appcdnt.— $  09. 

Commissioners  may  distribute  Shares  of  Heiiures  so  as  to  reward  Persons  not  actvalUj  vresenf.^\\ 
flhati  be  lawful  for  the  commissioners  of  cuj^toms  or  excise  respeclivoly,  in  case  of  any  seizure  of  ves. 
sels,  boats,  or  goods,  or  of  (he  upprehensinn  of  any  parties,  under  Itiis  or  any  other  act  relating  tothg 
cu.sloms,  lo  direct  the  distribution  of  the  seizor's  share  of  such  veast?ls,  boats,  or  goods,  or  of  any  pe. 
naliics  (pr  rewards  that  may  be  recovercul  on  account  of  any  seizure,  in  sirl*  manner  as  to  eiiahleany 
otiicer  or  otlicera,  or  other  person  or  persons  through  whose  information  c»r  means  such  seizure  shuli 
Iiave  been  made,  or  penalty  recovered,  or  parly  apprehended,  and  who  may  by  them  he  deemed  in  bu 
60  entitled,  to  participate  in  such  proportion  us  the  said  commissioners  shall  respectively  deemexpe. 
dient.— $  70 

in  case  Ojjirers  act  negligently  or  collnsivcltj.—Vpon  proof  being  made  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  com. 
niissioners  of  customs  or  excise  that  any  otticerorodicersor  person  or  persons  as  at'i>rt'sai(l  have  artod 
colhisively  or  iieuligently  in  the  making  of  any  seizure,  the  said  commissioners  may  direct  that  llie 
whole  or  any  pari  of  the  proportion  of  such  seizure  he  applied  lothe  use  of  his  Majesty.— $  71. 

JV'o/ic  except  Officers  to  take  up  Spirits  in  small  Casks  sunk  or  floating  upon  the  Sea. — No  person  or 
persons  whatsoever,  being  a  suhject  or  subjects  of  his  Majesty,  other  than  an  otiicer  or  othccrs  of  ttie 
navy,  customs,  or  excise,  or  some  person  or  persons  authorised  in  that  behalf,  shall  internieddle  will] 
or  take  up  any  spirits,  being  in  casks  of  less  content  than  40  gallons,  found  Hoating  upon  or  sunk  inihe 
eea  within  100  leagues  of  the  United  Kingdom;  and  if  any  spirits  shall  be  so  intermeddled  wiihor 
taken  up,  the  same  shall  be  forfeited,  together  with  any  vessel  or  boat  in  which  they  are  found.— ^t^. 

Rerards  to  Persons  filing  Information  of  Goods  floating  or  sunk  in  the  i?ca.— If  any  person  or  persnns 
shall  discover  any  spirits,  being  in  casks  of  less  content  than  40  gallons,  floating;  upon  or  sunk  in  tho 
sea,  and  give  information  to  any  officer  of  tin:  customs,  or  other  person  or  persons  authorised  to  niak^; 
seizure  of  such  spirits,  so  that  seizure  be  made  of  the  same,  the  person  or  persons  giving  such  informal 
tion  shall  he  entitled  to  aiut  shall  receive  such  reward  as  the  commissioners  of  customs  may  dceinei. 
pedient  lo  direct.— $  73. 

Mluwanccs  to  poor  Persons  confined  for  Offences  against  Laws  of  Customs  and  Exrisc—Vftr  the  neces- 
sary subsistence  of  any  poor  person  confined  in  the  United  Kingdom  or  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  under  or 
by  virtue  of  any  exchequer  or  other  process  for  the  recovery  of  any  duties  or  penalties,  upon  bond  or 
otherwise,  sued  for,under  or  by  virtue  of  any  order  of  the  commissioners  of  customs  or  excise,  it  shall 
be  lawful  for  said  commissioners  respectively  to  cause  an  allowance,  not  exceeding  the  sum  of  "^^ 
and  not  less  than  4id.  per  day,  to  be  nmde  to  any  such  poor  person,  out  of  any  mun  '  i:.  the'r  hands 
arising  from  the  duties  of  customs  or  excise,  as  the  case  may  require.— $  74. 


Jurisdiction. 


Penalties  and  Forfeituret  koto  to  be  nud  fi)r.—A\\  renaltiea  and 
forfeitures  incurred  or  ini|)OSbiI  by  this  or  any  other  act  relating  lo 
the  customs,  or  to  trade  or  navi^tion,  shall  and  may  be  sned  for,  |*ro* 
wcuted,  and  recovered  by  action  of  debt,  bill,  niaiiit,  or  intormalion 
in  any  court  of  record  at  VVestniluiter,  or  at  Dublin,  or  at  Edinburgh, 
or  in  the  royal  courts  of  the  islands  of  Guernsey,  Jersey,  Alderney, 
Sark,  or  Man,  in  the  name  or  names  uf  the  attorney -general  or  of  the 
lord  advocate  uf  Scotland,  or  in  the  name  of  some  officer  or  officers  of 
customs,  or  by  inf.irniaiion  before  any  2  or  more  justices  of  the  |ieace 
iu  the  li.  K.,  or  before  any  governor,  deputy  governor,  or  deemster 
iu  the  Iiile  of  Man.— Sect.  7^. 

yesselsj  Boat),  aiui  Goods  teized^  thail  he  deemed  to  he  condemn' 
edt  uiilest  the  Owner  gives  Xotice  that  he  ititejidi  to  claim— A\\ 
vessels,  boats,  and  ^oods  which  have  been  or  shall  be  hereafter  seized 
fts  forfeited  under  any  law  relating  to  the  customs,  and  which  have 
been  or  shall  hereafter  be  ordered  to  be  prosecuted  by  the  commis- 
tinners  of  customs,  shall  be  deemed  and  taken  to  t>e  condemned,  and 
may  l>e  sold  in  the  manner  directed  by  taw  in  re8|)ect  to  vessels, 
boats,  and  goods  seized  and  condemned  for  breach  of  any  law  relating 
to  the  custouis,  unless  the  person  from  whom  such  vesssels,  boats,  and 
goods  have  l)L'en  seized,  or  the  owner  of  them,  or  some  person  au* 
ihorised  l)y  him,  shall,  within  I  calendar  month  from  the  day  of 
seizing  the  same,  give  notice  in  writing,  if  in  London,  to  the  penx)n 
seizing  the  snme  or  to  the  secretary  or  solicitor  for  the  customs,  and 
If  elsewhere,  lothe  person  seizing  the  unieortolhe  collector  and 
comptml  ler  or  other  chief  officer  of  the  ciiitonis  at  the  nearest  port, 
that  ne  claims  the  vessel,  boat,  or  goods,  or  intends  to  claim  them.— 
Sect.  70. 

Offences  on  the  High  Seas  deemed  to  have  been  committed  at  the 
Place  into  which  the  Offtnder  is  brought,  or  in  which  he  is  found,— 
In  case  any  oftence  be  committed  upon  the  high  seas  against  this  or 
any  other  act  relating  to  the  customs,  or  any  penalty  or  forfeiture  be 
iijcuned  upon  the  high  seas  for  any  breach  of  such  acts,  such  offence 
shall,  for  the  purpt^e  of  prost>cution,  be  deemed  and  taken  to  have 
been  committed,  atid  such  penalties  and  forfeitures  to  have  been  in- 
curred, at  the  place  on  land  in  the  U.  K.  or  the  Isle  of  Man  into 
which  the  person  committing  such  offence  or  incurring  such  penally 
or  forfeiture  hall  t»e  taken,  brought,  or  carried,  or  in  which  such 
person  sliall  be  found  ;  and  in  case  such  place  on  land  is  situated 
within  any  city,  borough,  liberty,  division,  franchise,  or  town  corpo- 
rate, as  well  any  justice  of  the  peace  for  such  city,  boroueih,  liberty, 
division,  franchise,  or  town  cor[>orate,  as  any  justice  of  the  peace 
of  the  county  within  which  such  city,  borough,  lilicrty,  division. 
franchise,  or  town  corporate  is  situated,  shall  have  jurisdiction  to  hear 
and  deteniiineall  cases  of  offences  agninst  such  act  so  committed 
Upon  the  ^ighseas,  any  charter  or  act  of  parliament  to  the  contrarj- 
notwithst  Tiding:  provided  always,  that  where  any  offence  shall  he 
coromil'.cii  in  any  place  u\xtn  the  water  not  being  within  any  county 
of  the  U  K.,  or  where  any  doubt  eiists  as  to  (he  same  l*ing  within 
any  oiunty.  stich  offence  shall,  for  the  purposes  of  this  art,  be 
deecied  and  taken  to  Iw  committed  upon  the  high  seas.— Sect.  77. 

Justices  may  iummrin  Offender^  and  theSummont  may  be  left 
«l  Alt  last  Place  of  kesidena,  or  on  InMrd  any  thip  to  which  he  he- 
longi. —Ut>on  the  exhibiting  any  information  before  any  justice  of  the 
paace  for  any  offence  against  this  or  any  icl  relating  to  the  custnmii  or 
to  trade  or  navigation,  for  which  the  party  charged  is  not  liable  to  be 
detained  in  marmcr  hereinbefore  mentioned,  such  justice  Is  hereby 
required  to  issue  a  luuimoos  for  the  appcanmce  of  the  party  againit 


iienihii 
d  any  ship  or 


whom  such  information  is  exhibited  before   : 
and  such  summons,  directed  to  such  party,  ! 

or  her  last  kiiown  place  of  resilience,  or  o  _  _ 

vessel  to  which  such  party  may  belong,  shall  be  deemed  I'o'Lve 
teen  sufficiently  served.— Sect.  1^. 

Two  Justices  way,  upon  J9ppcarance  or  Ikfault  of  tht  Party 
proceed  to  tlte  Hiaring.—Vpon  the  apptaraLce  or  default  ofaiiJ 

f)ai1y  so  summoned,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  any  2  justices  oflhe  ittace 
0  proceed  lo  the  examination  of  the  matter  contained  in  such  iofnr< 
mation,  and  upon  due  proof  thereof,  either  ui>on  the  couftssioo  ct 
part^  or  upon  the  aath  of  I  or  more  credible  witness  or  witnesses,  lo 
convict  such  party  in  the  penalty  or  penalties  sued  fur  by  such  in- 
formation ;  and  in  case  of  nonimyment  thereof,  such  justices,  or  I  of 
them,  or  someother  justices  or  justice  of  the  peace,  are  hereby  lu- 
thorised  and  required,  by  warruit  under  hnnd  and  seal,  to  coniOi;! 
such  party  to  any  of  his  Majesty's  gaols  within  their  or  his  jurialie. 
tion,  there  to  remain  until  the  penalty  or  penallits  shall  be  paid- 
Sect.  79.  * 

l^'arrants  shall  and  may  be  executed  in  any  part  of  the  I'Dited 
Kingdom.-Sect.  80. 

Justica  empoiixrtd  to  mitigate  PmaWy.— Where  any  party  ihilj 
or  may  be  convicted  before  any  2  or  more  of  his  Al.ijcslj's  jusiices  of 
[he  p&.ce  in  any  penally  or  penalties  incurred  as  atornaid,  eireptjj 
is  he.ein-afier  provided,  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for  the  uiJ 
justices,  in  cases  where  upon  consideration  of  the  circumstances  tlMy 
shall  deem  it  expedient  so  to  do,  to  mitigate  the  )i:iyiiit;nt  of  the  said 
penalty  or  penalties,  so  as  the  pum  to  be  paid  by  such  party  t.e  oct 
less  than  1-4th  of  the  amount  of  the  penalty  in  which  sucfi  lorl)  shall 
have  been  convicted.— Sect.  81. 

^s  to  Persons  onnmitted  for  Penalties  under  lOW,— Where uiv 
person  shall  have  been  so  committed  by  any  justice*  or  juslit-eofihs 
peace  to  any  prison  for  nonpayment  of  any  penalty  less  than  lOCi.,  [be 
gaoler  or  keeper  of  such  prison  is  hereby  authorised  anti  required  (o 
discharge  such  |>erson  at  the  end  of  6  calendar  months  from  the 
commencement  of  such  imprisonment.— Sect.  ii. 

Married  IVomen  may  t^e  committed  to  /'riwn.— Where  any  pirty 
so  convicted  before  2  justices  of  the  peace  sh:ill  be  a  married  wqdiid, 
such  party  shall  be  liable  to  be  conimiltcd  to  prison  In  n)aDDerher6 
in-twfore  mentioned,  notwithstanding  her  coverture.— Sect  K). 

Mode  of  Proceeding  before  Justices.— When  any  informalinn  ihi  I 
have  been  exhibited  before  any  justice  of  the  pearefir  iheforfeiiiire 
of  any  goods  seized  under  this  or  any  act  relating  lo  the  cuitonu,  it 
shall  be  lawful  for  the  said  justice,  and  he  is  hereby  authnriteil  t&l 
required,  to  summon  the  party  to  whom  such gooc's  belonged,  or  from 
wUi'm  they  were  seized,  lo  appear  before  any  iJjusticesof  the  [wct; 
and  such  summons,  directed  to  such  party,  beiiig  left  either  at  hisor 
her  last  known  place  of  residence  or  on  board  anyihij)  to  which  !tj:h 
parly  may  beioug,  shall  be  deemed  to  have  been  siifiicit-ntly  sfrve-J; 
and  upon'his,  her,  or  their  appearance  or  default,  any  i  justicrs  mij 
proceetl  to  the  examination  of  the  natter,  and,  upon  due  \irwi  ihit 
the  said  gootls  are  liable  lo  forfeiture  under  this  orany  act  relaliiiglo 
the  customs,  may  condemn  the  said  goo<ls.— Sect.  84. 

Persons  on  Conviction  to  forfeit  100/.  or  if  seafaring  Me:)  toU 
sent  into  the  Navy  for  5  years.— 1\  shall  lie  lawful  for  any  2  or  more  I 
justices  of  the  pe^ce  before  whom  any  person  liable  to  he  dehiaed, 
and  who  shall  have  been  detained,  for  any  offence  aminit  any  »t 
relating  to  the  customs,  shall  be  brought,  eitheron  thecKrifetsionof 
sw:b  penon  of  luch  offence,  or  on  proof  thereof  upon  the  osthi  of  1  or 


SMUGGLING. 


525 


ipiritB  and  tobacco  seized  ai 
■  the  Treasury  or  the  cotiimis. 
id  weight,  for  the  purpose  of 
lid,  subject  to  a  deduction  of 

\f.  Orders  in  CounctJ.— Every 
f,  as  sliall  be  payable  to  any 
rivntea  of  the  army,  navy,cit 
sionersofthe  adniirally, sliall 
es,  regulations,  and  orders,  dj 

•sons  not  actually  prcfenl.~]\ 
ill  case  of  any  seizure  ofveg. 
r  any  other  act  relating  to  tlie 
boats,  or  goods,  or  of  uny  |ic. 
Bi*b  nmnncr  as  to  eiialile any 

I  or  moans  such  seizure  sli;,|| 
may  by  llieui  he  deemed  to  In 
shall  respectively  dccni  expi;. 

to  the  satisfaction  of  the  cnm. 
■rsons  as  aforesaid  have  aoiid 
issioncrs  may  direct  that  Hie 
3  of  his  Majesty.— {71. 
r  upon  the  Sea.~No  person  or 
lan  an  odicer  or  otlicers  of  Hie 
behalf,  shall  intermeddle  ivitli 
ind  rtoaling  upon  or  sunk  in  tlie 

II  be  so  inlerinedilletl  wither 
n  which  they  are  found.— }:2. 

S«(i.— If  any  person  or  persons 
s,  floalina  upon  or  sunk  in  the 

or  persons  auTliorised  to  inak.; 
ir  persons  giving  siicli  informa. 
jiiers  of  customs  may  deenicK- 

ims  and  Krnse.—Tor  the  ncces- 
or  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  under  or 
jties  or  penalties,  upon  bond  or 
•rs  of  customs  or  excise,  it  shall 
not  exceeding  the  sum  of  "y 
,ut  of  any  mon  '  i:.  the 'r  hands 
-{74. 


is  exhibileilbefon   ;  "f   lepijce; 

•Aei  to  such  parly,  !  .  »  ■  neril  to 
*  of  resiJcnw,  or  o  .  ..a  my  iliip  or 
riy  may  belong,  ihall  ue  ilesmed  In  bve 
-Seel.  7S. 

"lion  Jppcarance  at  Defavlt  of  l»e  rorlj, 

I— L'iK)u  tile  appi-araute  or  defaull  ofaiiy 

ull  lie  lawful  for  any  2  jvislica  of  the  |w« 

-ilioli  of  the  matter  contained  in  such  iDfnr- 

(Of  thereof,  either  M\^n  the  coufessioD  of 

I  or  more  ci-edible  witnew  or  witneisei,  'o 

penalty  or  |)enalliet  sued  for  by  such  in- 

I  iioniiavinent  thereof,  such  justices,  or  I  nf 

ices  or'justice  of  the  peace,  are  hereby  lu- 

I  warntit  under  hand  and  seal,  to  comniit 

flajesty's  gaols  within  their  or  his  juriilic- 

[l  the  peually  or  penalliu  shall  be  piiil.- 

lay  be  eiecuted  in  any  part  of  the  I'Diltd 

rniitigati  PciiaUy.— Where  any  parly  ihill 
le  any  2  or  more  of  his  M.ijesly's  justices  of 
\t  penalties  incurred  as  aloiesaiJ,  eicepljl 
fit  shall  and  may  be  liwlul  for  llie  aid 
Von  consideration  of  «ie  circunistsnces  tbcf 
[  to  do,  to  mitijtate  the  paynienl  of  the  aid 
1  the  sum  to  be  paid  by  such  tarty  le  not 
Lnt  of  the  penally  in  which  such  inrlj  sbill 
11.81. 

Id  fm  Peimlli««JiArlOOI.-\Vlicrtiiiv 
Vommilted  bv  any  juslicB<or  justice  o(iti« 
[payment  of  any  penalty  less  than  lOCi.,  ibe 
l/rison  is  hereby  autllnrtsed  and  rtiiuirtitio 
I  the  end  of  6  calendar  months  from  the 
linrisonnient.— Sect.  h2. 
tfcomnuttid  to  /■nKm.-Whcreanypiny 
lei  of  the  peace  shall  be  a  married  vtoniiD, 
lo  be  coniniiltcd  to  prison  in  ninnnfr  hert 
llhstaiiding  her  coverture.-Secl  M. 
Tie  yuJlices.— When  any  information  iha  1 
i  any  justice  of  the  peace  fur  the  forfcimre 
Ithisor  any  act  relating  to  llie  cuitomil 
\  jualice,  and  he  is  hereby  aulhnriwl  ind 
t  rty  to  whom  such  goods  belnnijd,  or  from 
i  appear  before  any  1!  justices  of  the  iwct; 
Id  to  such  parly,  being  left  either  M  hi!  or 
lidence  or  on  Imard  any  shyi  to  which  !u;h 
1  deemed  tn  have  been  siiiricirnlly  scriR); 
aiiiiearince  or  default,  any  i  )u>lic«liui 
Xof  the  matter,  and,  upon  due  |im.il  ihil 
Ifnrfeiture  under  this  or  any  act  rtlilngto 
I  the  said  goods.-Sect.  6-1.  . 
lo  for  fell  KXll.  or  i/  fM.(anny  Wn  ton 
art  —It  shall  lie  lai/ful  for  any  2  or  mm 
.wiiom  any  person  liable  lo  be  delnnel. 
ftflainetl,  for  »iiv  offence  apinsl  any  ul 
111  be  brought,  either  on  the  cniitessi™  ol 
[or  on  proof  thereof  upon  the  o»Uu  of  1 « 


-ore  creililile  wilnan  or  witneaet,  to  e«n<lcl  luch  person  of  any 
luch  olfence :  and  every  lUch  person  in  convicted  ahill,  immediately 
iiuon  such  conviction,  pay  into  the  hands  of  such  just  icet,  for  the  use 
of  liis  .Majesty,  the  penalty  of  100/.  without  any  mitigation  whilever, 
for  any  such  utliiiice  of  which  he  shall  be  so  convicted  as  aforesaid  ; 
or  ill  default  thereof  the  laid  justices  shall  be  autlmrised  and  required, 
bv  warrant  under  their  hands  and  seals,  lo  commit  such  person  so 
couvicled,  and  making  itichdefault  to  any  gaol  or  prison,  there  to  re< 
main  until  such  pemlty  be  paid  :  provided,  tliat  if  the  person  con. 
V  rted  of  such  oni^oce  or  otlences  be  a  seafaring  man,  and  tit  and 
able  t"  serve  in  his  Majesty's  naval  service,  and  shall  not  prove  that 
he  is  not  a  subject  of  hii  Majesty,  ii  shall  be  lawful  for  any  such 
ia>iicea,  an  I  thry  are  hereby  required,  in  lieu  of  such  penally,  lo  or- 
drr  any  officer  of  the  army,  navv,  or  marine,  eniployed  fir  the  pre- 
vention of  smug;;liug,  and  on  full  pay.  or  any  officer  of  customs  or 
exciie  to  carry  or  convey,  or  cause  lo  be  carried  or  conveyed,  such 
oerson  ini  board  any  of  his  .Majesty's  ships,  in  order  lo  his  serving  in 
(tie  naval  service  for  the  term  of  5  years  ;  and  if  such  peiion  shall  at 
any  lime  wiihin  ihal  period  escape  or  desert  from  such  custody  or 
lervice,  he  shall  be  Ij.ahle  at  any  tmif  afterwards  to  be  again  arrested 
and  iletaine  I,  and  d-livered  over  to  complete  his  service  of  5  years  ; 
urn  i  Ic-I  also,  Ih  't  if  il  shall  be  made  lo  apnear  to  any  such  justices 
that  convenient  arrangement  cannot  be  made  at  the  time  of  the  con 
vicli  inof  the  sai  1  pirly  for  immedialely  carrying  or  conveying  such 
leafarin?  man  so  convicted  on  board  any  of  his  Majesty's  ships,  il 
ihdl  belaivful  for  such  Justices  lo  commit  such  conviclrl  seifarini; 
min  to  any  prion  or  gaol,  there  to  remain  in  safe  custody  lor  any 
neriod  not  exceeding  i  month-  that  time  may  be  given  to  make  ar- 
nniiments  fir  cimveying  him  i^--  one  of  H.  M.  ihiiis  j  provi  led  also, 
thai  the  comiiiissioners  of  Ihe  treasury,  or  any  3  or  more  of  theiii, 
(ball  have  full  jrower  to  remit  or  mitigate  any  such  penally,  punish- 
mc  jt,  or  service,  whether  Ihe  parlies  be  seafairing  men  or  otherwijc. 
—Seel.  S5. 

jiaiita  irwyameiul  In{antviUcni.—\(  zny  person  shall  be  pro- 
ceeded against  under  this  or  any  other  ad  relating  lo  the  ciistnnis  or 
unse,  and  the  information  exhibitefagaiiistsuch  person  shall  charge 
hnn  as  bein{  a  teifaring  man,  and  fit  and  able  to  serve  his  .Majesty  in 
his  naval  service,  and  it  shall  appear  lo  the  justices  before  whom 
lufh  iienon  is  brouglil  thai  he  is  guilty  of  the  oB'ence  with  ivhich  he 
iichar?el-  but  thai  he  is  not  fit  for  Ihe  naval  service,  then  and  in  such 
ciseilslnll  lie  lawful  for  such  justices,  and  they  are  hereby  reipiireil, 
to  ainind  such  infirmation  accordingly,  and  lo  convict  such  person  in 
the  penalty  oflOOf.  as  if  proceeded  against  as  not  being  a  seafaring 
mill  or  fil'f  r  the  naval  service — Sect.  «6. 

//  Ptnons  conviclcd,  oiirf  Jciif  on  t,nard  H.  M.  Shift,  bt  found 
Hurt/,  lltty  »miy  **  "<""*  conveyrd  btfure  MagistraUi^  and  c^rnvicled 
III  Ihi  Pmiitly  uf  100(.  If  any  pera'oii  so  convicted  as  a  seafaring 
min,  and  carried  on  board  any  ship  of  war,  shall,  on  eianiinalion  by 
any  sur«on  or  surgeons  ofH.  M.  navy,  within  1  month  after  being 
so'carrieil  on  board,  be  deemed  to  be  unfit,  and  shall  be  refused  on 
that  account  lo  be  received  into  H.  M.  service,  such  person  shall,  as 
rxraai  convenient,  be  conveyed  before  any  justice  of  Ihe  peace,  and 
upon  pnof  that  he  has  been  refused  lo  be  received  on  board  any  of 
iTm.  shijis  as  unfit  for  H.  M.  service,  such  instice  shall,  and  he  is 
iiereby  authorised  and  required  to  call  upon  iRb  said  person  to  pay 
Ihe  iienally  of  1001.  without  hearing  any  evidence  other  than  such 
proof  ai  list  aforesaid  ;  and  in  default  of  immediate  payment  of  Ihe 
ometo  the  said  justice,  for  Ihe  use  of  his  Majesty,  lo  commit  Ihe 
laiJ  person  to  any  gaol  or  prison  till  such  penally  be  paid ;  provided 
il«ay",  tlial  no  person  so  convicted,  and  onlered  lo  serve  on  board 
any  of  H.  M.  ships,  shall  be  sent  away  from  Ihe  U.  K.  on  board 
such  s'lip  io  lets  than  I  month  from  Ihe  date  of  lucb  conviction.— 
Sect.  67. 

At  lo  Juritdiclion  in  JJorougftf— Wliere  any  offence  against  this 
or  any  other  customs  act  shall  be  coinmitle<l  in  any  city,  borough, 
liberlv,  division,  franchise,  or  town  corporate,  any  justice  of  siid 
City,  birough,  ftc.  and  any  ju'.lices  of  any  county  in  which  such  city, 
boniii;h,  &c.  is  situated,  shall  have  jurisdiction  to  hear  and  determine 
upon  the  same.— Sect.  88. 

HagiilraU  of  oil  odjoinfng  Cmtnlu  may  act  viilh  Ont  of  llie 
Cmnly  whtrt  Offmct  commiderf— Where  the  attendance  of  i  ma- 
(iilrates  haying  jurisdiction  in  the  county  where  Ihe  offence  is  com- 
mitted cannot  be  conveniently  obtained,  a  magistrate  of  any  adjoining 
county,  with  1  magistrate  of  Ihe  county  in  which  Ihe  oll'ence  was 
coiiimitied,  may  hear  and  deleririino  an;  information  eihibited  bef  .re 
them,  and  have  the  same  powers  and  authoritie,  in  all  respects  at  lo 
inv  proceeding  had  under  any  act  relating  lo  Ihe  customs,  as  if  they 
werebith  magistralei  for  Ihe  county  in  which  Ihe  offence  was  com- 
milleJ.-Sect.  S9. 

irnd  of  Certiorari  and  Hahtat  Corfia  not  to  be  itfued except  on 
Afidatil.—tia  writ  of  c'rliorari  shall  issue  from  the  Court  of  King's 
Bench  lo  remove  any  proceedings  liefore  any  justice  or  jiisllres  of 
the  peace  under  any  act  for  the  prevention  of  smuggling  or  relating  to 
the  customs  n  >r  shall  any  writ  of  habeas  corput  issue  to  bring  up 
the  body  of  any  person  convicted  before  any  justice  or  justices  of 
the  peace  under  any  such  act.  unless  Ihe  parly  againit  whom  such 
proceeding  shall  have  been  directed,  or  who  shall  have  been  lo  con- 
viclcd, or  hit  allorney  or  agent,  shall  state  in  an  affidavit  in  writing, 
to  be  duly  sworn,  the  gmundi  of  objection  to  such  procee>lings  or 
conviction,  and  that  upon  the  return  lo  such  writ  or  certinrari  or 
tsfnu  coepiu  no  objection  shall  be  taken  or  considered  other  than 
rich  as  shall  have  lieen  stated  in  such  aflidavit ;  and  il  shall  be 
linfol  tor  any  justice  or  justices  of  the  peace  lo  amend  any  in- 
lormilion,  conviction,  or  warrant  of  commitment  for  anv  offence 
under  any  such  act  at  any  time,  wliether  before  or  afler  conviction.— 
Seel.  90. 

hi/briiwfion»,  ^c  fo  be  in  fAe  ^orm  f  twii  in  the  Schedule.— AW 
inforraalion  before  jiislices  of  Ihe  peace  for  any  offences  cnmmitled 
l(iin!t  this  nr  anv  other  act  relating  lo  Ihe  customs,  and  all  convic 
ti  ml  lor  such  offences,  and  warrants  of  justices  of  the  peace  founded 
upon  such  convic'ions,  shall  be  In  Ihe  form  or  lo  (he  ellecl  in  the 
Khedule  tn  Ihis  act  annexed.— Seel.  91. 

/n/urmaliu.ii,  Ifc.  deemed  valid  ifOffenft  it  let  forth  in  the  IVmds 
of  l^it  .flcf.— F.very  informalion  for  anv  penaltv  or  forfeiture,  and 
every  conviction  or  warrant  of  commitment  for  any  penally,  shall  be 
deemed  valid  an  I  sulHcient,  in  which  Ihe  offence  for  avhich  such 
penalty  ilttll  have  been  inflicted,  or  Ihe  cause  of  luch  forfeiture,  ii 
let  firth  in  Ihe  worls  of  ihis  act.- Sect.  92. 

fduxri  of  Juilica  to  be  exenitcd  hy  Oooemori  or  DMnwterf  of 
IhiliUnf  Min-AII  Ihe  powers  vested  in  anyjusticra  or  justice  of 
the  peace  by  virtue  of  this  act  are  hereby  ve^le-l  in  and  may  be  exer- 
ci»l.  in  Ihe  Isle  of  Man.  bv  any  govenioV,  deputy  governor,  or  deem> 
Iter  of  the  li'enf  Mm,  so  f.ar  as  regards  offences  committed  against 
orpjndiiesnr  forfeitures  incurred  by  Ihii  or  any  other  act  relating 
lolhecuitami.-Srct.  SX 


Penalliu,  ^e.  lo  bt  paid  to  Committionert  of  Cuttomi,  ^,— All 
penallieeand  lorfeitures  which  miy  be  recivered  before  any  justice* 
of  the  peace  under  this  or  any  other  act  relating  to  Ihe  customs  or  ex* 
else,  or  any  prosecution  by  order  of  Ihe  commissioners  of  cuttoma, 
shall  be  paid  to  said  commissioners  of  customs  and  vn  any  prosecu- 
tion by  order  of  Ihe  ciiuiniissionen  of  excise  shall  be  paid  lo  said  com- 
missioners of  excise,  or  to  the  pervin  apjioiiiled  by  tliem  respectively 
to  receive  the  same ;  and  such  peuallies  and  forfeitures  shall  be  ap- 

filled  by  Ihe  said  commissioners  respectively  in  such  manner  as  IIh) 
»w  directs,  any  thing  contained  inaii  act  paued  in  the  ;1  U.;o.  4.  c.  5i., 
intituleil  "  An  Act  f  t  the  more  effectual  Adniinislratioii  of  Ihe  Office 
of  A  Justice  of  Ihe  Feace  in  and  near  the  .'Vleln)|H)lis,  an.l  for  the  moru 
effectual  frevenlion  of  Depredations  on  the  Hivur  'f hanies  and  its 
V  icinity,  for  Seven  Years,"  or  any  other  act  now  in  furce  or  hereafter 
to  be  made,  to  the  contrary  in  any  wise  itotwilhslandiiig.— Seel.  Ud. 

Capiat  may  itnie  agaiittt  i\ront  tued  tdiii.  r  r/m  .^cr,  who  are  to 
give  JJail.— Whenever  penalty  shall  be  sued  for  as  afon^said  by  in- 
lorniatlon  against  any  person  in  any  court  of  record  at  Weslmiutter, 
Dublin,  or  Edinburgh,  a  lapiat  may  thereupon  issue  as  the  tiist  pro- 
cess, specifying  the  amount  of  tl.  -penally  sued  for;  and  such  persou 
aftainst  wh:im  such  capiat  shall  issue  sliall  be  obliged  to  give  sutii* 
cieni  bail  or  security  by  natural  born  subjects  or  denizens,  to  tlie  person 
or  ptrsoiis  to  whom  such  capita;  shall  tie  directed,  to  ajpear  in  the 
court  out  of  which  such  co;i-,.ii  shall  issue,  at  Ihe  il.ay  of  Ihe  leturn 
of  such  writ,  to  answer  met  suit  and  prosecution,  and  shall  likewise 
at  the  time  of  such  appearing  give  sufficient  bail  or  security,  by  such 
persons  as  al'orcs.iid,  in  Ihe  s.ud  court,  to  answer  and  |}ay  all  the  fir. 
feitures  and  penalties  incurred  for  such  offence  or  otlences  in  case  tie, 
she,  or  they  sliall  be  convicted  dli-reof,  or  to  yield  bis,  her,  or  their 
body  or  bodies  to  prison.- Sect.  9j. 

Periitls  in  Oaul  nut  apiiearmg  or  pkadinf;  to  tta  Informationf 
Jud^Tiuint  may  b  entered  by  Ot/iritf/.-lf  any  pers'iii  a,4.iiust  whom 
a  capias  shall  i^sue  out  uf  any  court  uf  recont  shall  be  ai  rested  u^jon 
such  capias,  and  taken  to  [iris"n  for  want  of  sullicieiit  bill,  a  copy  of 
the  information  exhibited  agains-  such  perMin  shall  be  served  upon 
him  or  her  in  giol,  or  delivered  to  he  gaoler,  keeper,  or  turnkey  of 
the  iiiisiin  in  which  such  persou  shall  be  confined  ;  and  if  such  person 
shall  iitgiect  or  refuse  lo  appear  or  plead  to  the  slid  iiiforiiialion  for 
the  space  of  20  days,  judgment  shall  be  entered  by  default ;  and  in 
case  judgment  shall  be  olilained  against  any  such  person  or  persons 
by  detault,  verlict,  or  otherwise,  and  he  or  Ihey  shall  nut  pay  the 
sum  recovere'I  for  his  or  their  olfence,  execution  shad  be  issued,  not 
only  against  tlie  body  or  bodies  of  the  [leriou  or  persons,  but  against 
all  their  real  and  personal  estates,  for  the  sum,  or  sums  recovered 
agai  ^st  him,  her,  or  Iheni.— Sect.  91). 

I'eiiunt  not  worth  bt.  may  defuid  Suite  in  forma  pauperit. — la 
case  any  person  arrested  and  iniprisoned  by  virtue  of  any  writ  of 
ciiptas  shall  make  affidavit  before  Ihi;  c-.urt  where  the  informalion  il 
brought,  or  before  any  other  persou  comiiiissioiied  lo  like  affidavits 
in  such  court,  Ihal  he  or  she  is  not  north,  over  and  above  his  or  her 
wearing  apparel,  the  sum  of  5t.  (which  affidavit  the  judge  or  judges 
of  such  court,  and  such  ]ierson  so  commissioned,  is  antnorised  and 
required  to  take,)  and  such  person  shall  petition  such  court  to  defend 
himself  or  herself  in  forma  pauperis,  Itien  the  judge  or  judgea  of 
such  court  shall,  accon  og  lo  llitir  discretion,  admit  such  person  to 
defend  himself  or  herself  against  such  information  in  the  same  man- 
ner and  with  the  same  privileges  as  they  are  by  law  directed  and 
authorised  lo  admit  poor  subjects  to  commence  actions  for  Ihe  reco- 
very of  their  rights;  and  for  that  end  and  purpose  Ihe  judges  of  such 
courts  shall  assign  counsel  learned  in  the  law,  and  ap|)0int  a<i  altor* 
ney  and  clerk,  to  advise  and  carry  on  any  lesal  defence  that  aucll 
person  can  make  against  such  action  or  infiirin  i'i"ii.  And  which  said 
counsel,  altomey,  and  clerk,  is  and  are  hereby  i-  ijuired  lo  give  hifa 
and  their  advice  and  assistance  lo  such  person,  and  lo  do  their  dutiet 
without  fee  or  reward — Sect.  97. 

Shetiffto  grant  special  M'tiriant  on  fVrit  of  Crtj?ia*.— Where  any 
writ  of  eapiri*  or  other  process  shall  issue  out  of  any  court,  directed 
to  any  sheriff,  mayor,  bailiff,  or  other  person  having  the  execution 
of  process  in  any  county,  city,  or  liberty,  against  any  person  guilty 
of  any  offence  against  this  or  any  act  relating  lo  the  customs,  every 
such  sheriff,  mayor,  or  bailiff,  and  other  persons  ha\ ing  execution  of 
process  as  aforesaid,  and  their  under  sh'irilfa,  deputies,  and  other  per- 
sons acting  for  them,  shall  and  are  hereby  enjoined  and  required, 
upon  the  request  or  ajiplicalion  of  the  solicitor  for  the  customs,  (sucb 
request  to  be  in  wriliiig,  and  indorsid  upon  the  back  of  Ihe  said  pro- 
cess, and  signed  by  such  solicitor  with  his  name,  and  a.ldition  or  so- 
licitor for  the  customs,)  to  grant  a  special  warrant  or  warrants  to  the 
person  or  persons  named  lo  tlieiB  by  such  solicitor,  for  apprehending 
such  offender  or  offenders  ;  or  in  default  thereof  every  such  sheriff, 
mayor,  fcc.  acting  in  said  otiice  or  offices  sliall  be  suliject  to  such 

firocess  of  contempt,  fines.  &c.  as  Ihey  or  any  of  them  are  now  by  any 
aw,  custom,  or  usage  liable  to  in  case  of  refusing  or  negleicting 
to  execute  the  like  process  where  Ihe  defendant  might  have  been 
taken  in  the  common  and  usual  method  of  proceeding- — S-.-ct.  98. 

Sheriff  indemnified  from  fisco/icj.— All  and  every  such  sheriff, 
mayor, liail iff,  under-sheriff,  and  other  peisnnsso  graiiliiigorinikiii|( 
out  such  special  warrSnt  .as  aforesaid,  are  hereby  indemnified  against 
his  Majesty,  his  heirs  and  siicces-.ors,  and  against  all  and  every  olher 
person  whomsoever,  of  and  fniin  all  escapes  of  any  person  or  penont 
taken  by  virtue  uf  any  such  warrant  as  aforesaid,  which  shall  happen 
from  the  lime  of  taking  such  offender  or  offenders  till  he,  she,  or 
they  be  committed  lo  the  proper  gaol  or  prison,  or  offered  and  tender- 
ed to  the  gaol-keeper,  or  olher  person  having  charge  of  such  gaol  or 
prison,  (who  is  hereby  enjoined  and  required  to  receive  every  such 
person  or  persons,  and  give  a  receipt  for  his,  her,  or  their  body  or 
bodies,)  ana  of  and  from  all  actions,  prosecu'ions,  proce-sof  contempt^ 
and  other  proceedings  for  or  by  leason  of  such  escape,  any  law,  cus- 
tom, or  usige  to  the  contrary  hotwithstanding.— Sect.  99. 

No  Claim  or  Appearance  to  be  entered  uutctt  in  the  Kame  oftht 
Oioiier.— No  claim  shall  he  periiiitle'l  to  lie  entered  lo,  and  no  ap- 
pearance shall  be  permitted  to  Ije  entered  to,  any  information  filed 
for  the  forfeiture  of  any  vessel,  boat,  or  goods  seized  for  any  cause  of 
forfeiture,  and  relumed  into  any  court  of  record,  unless  such  claim 
or  appearance  is  entered  in  Ihe  true  and  real  name  or  names  of  tliA 
owner  or  ow  ners,  proprietor  or  proprietors  of  such  vessel,  boat,  or 
goods,  de.scribiiigthe  place  of  residence  and  the  business  or  prifossion 
of  such  person  or  p.-rsoiii,  and  if  such  person  or  persons  shall  reside 
at  L.ondon,  Kdinburgh,  or  Dublin,  or  within  Ihe  liberties  thereof, 
oath  shall  be  made  by  him,  her,  or  Ihem  before  1  of  the  judges  of  the 
court  into  wliich  the  said  vessel,  lioal,  or  goods  are  nMurned,  or  in 
which  such  infoimalion  is  filed,  ihat  tlif  said  vessel,  lifiat,  or  good! 
was  or  were  really  and  Inily  the  properly  of  him,  her,  <'r  them  at  Iha 
lime  of  such  seizure  ;  but  if  such  person  or  persons  shall  not  lie  resi 
dejil  in  I/indoii.  F  liiibitrgh.  or  Dublin,  or  the  liberties  thereof,  then 
uid  is  lUcU  cau  oalli  ihall  b«  nude  io  like  uuiuoer  by  Ihe  acent  p  > 


I    . 


m 


'4 


626 


SMUGGLING. 


'•mi*! -"2 

■Iti'a"!  'Iff 
■«'■■  '"^ 

it.:;  4 

lull  r-  |jt..i^ 


.jmiaBJJw'''' 


ttlnrnet  or  lollcttor  by  whom  lueh  claim  or  appearancf  ihall  be  en- 
tered, (hat  he  hu  full  |)ower  and  legal  authority  aud  directions  from 
tuch  owiien  or  iimprietor  to  enter  tuch  claim  or  appearance,  and 
that  to  the  best  of  hit  knowledge  and  belief  such  veisel,  boat,  or 
goods  wete,  at  the  time  of  the  seizure  thert-of,  hoiiafidtzxvX  truly  llie 
real  properly  of  the  |>erson  or  (wreons  in  whose  name  or  names  such 
claim  or  appearance  is  entered;  and  on  failure  thereof,  the  vi«sel, 
boat,  ornmisshill  be  absolutely  coniJemned,  aud  ju'lgmunt  bhall  be 
en^er&l  ihcreoit  by  default,  in  tiie  same  manner  as  if  nu  claim  or  ap 
|iearance  h.id  lieen  entered  thereto;  and  every  (leraon  who  shall  be 
convicted  uf  maLiiig  nr  takiiiic  a  false  oath  to  any  of  the  facts  hf  rein- 
belore  directed  or  nquired  to  be  sworn  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of 
perjuiy,  ami  fhall  b-  frnbleto  the  pains  and  pemlties  to  which  per- 
sons are  liable  lur  wilful  and  corrupt  perjury.— Sect.  100, 

Ownnri  to  f(ive  Seijirity  for  C'oifr.— Upon  the  entry  of  any  claim 
10  any  boat  or  vessel,  or  to  any  goods,  seized  for  any  cause  of  for 
feitiire,  or  of  any  ap|iearince  to  any  infurnntioii  iiled  for  sucli 
forfei  ure,  the  prnon  or  persons  who  enter  the  claim  or  appearaiire 
as  the  owner  or  pmprietor  thereof,  (in  case  surh  claimant  shall  re^i(le 
in  the  U.  K.)  shall  be  bound,  with  2  other  sufhcient  sureties,  in  the 
penal'y  of  IGO/.  to  answer  and  pay  the  costs  occAiiiDned  by  such  claim 
or  appearance  ;  an*!  if  such  owner  or  nroprietor  sh  it  I  not  reside  in  the 
V.  K..  then  the  .itlorney  or  solicitor  oy  whose  direction  such  claim 
fhall  ba  entered,  shall  be  bound,  with  two  other  sutlicient  suretiet),  in 
the  like  peiiaby,  to  answer  and  pay  the  costs  occasioned  by  such 
clnim  or  ap|ieArance.— Sect.  101. 

If  Suit  ^roM<A(  on  account  vf  Seizure^  andJttdge  certify  there  ivai 
probabltCatue,  Platutijf  tohaveid.  Damagti,  witfiont  Coats.— In 
esse  any  information  or  suit  be  commenced  or  broui^ht  to  trial  on 
account  of  the  seizure  of  any  vessel,  boat,  or  goods,  nieirhandise,  or 
commodities  whaisoever,  or  any  horses  or  other  animals,  or  any  car- 
riage, seized  as  forfeited  by  Uiis  or  any  act  relating  to  the  customs, 
wherein  a  verdict  shall  be  found  for  the  claimant  thereof,  and  it  shall 
appear  to  the  judge  or  court  before  whom  the  same  Is  tried,  that  tlien- 
was  a  probable  cause  of  seizure,  such  judge  or  court  shall  certify  in 
the  record  that  there  was  !-uch  probable  cause,  and  in  such  case  the 

Serson  who  mule  such  seizure  shall  not  be  liable  to  any  action,  in- 
ictment,  or  other  suit  nr  prosecution  on  account  of  such  seizure ;  and 
in  case  any  action,  indictment,  or  other  suit  or  prosecution  shall  be 
commenced,  and  brought  to  trial  against  any  person  or  persons  what- 
■oever,  oji  account  of  any  such  seizure  as  aloresaid,  wherein  a  verdict 
thall  be  given  against  the  defendant  or  defendants,  if  the  court  or 
judge  liefore  whom  such  information  or  suit  be  trinl  shall  have  cer- 
tified that  there  was  a  probable  cause  for  such  seizure,  (hen  the 
plaintitf,  besides  the  things  seized,  or  the  value  thereof,  shall  not  be 
entitled  to  above  2d.  damages,  nor  to  any  costs  of  suit,  nor  shall  the 
di:fendant  in  such  prosecution  be  fined  above  1i.— SecL  1C2. 

No  Procat  to  Itenud  rntt  against  auy  Officer,  untd  I  Calendar 
Monthafter  Xotice.—tin  writ  shall  be  sued  out  a<;ainHt,  nor  a  copy 
of  any  process  served  upon,  any  officer  of  the  army,  navy,  marines, 
customs,  or  excise,  or  against  any  person  acting  under  the  direction 
of  the  commiuioners  of^  customs,  for  any  thing  done  in  the  execu- 
tion of  or  by  reason  of  his  office,  until  1  calendar  month  next  after 
notice  in  writing  has  been  delivered  to  him,  or  left  at  his  usual  place 
of  abode^  by  the  attorney  or  agent  forthe  parly  who  intends  to  sue  out 
Buch  wilt  or  procfss,  in  which  notice  shall  be  clearly  and  explicitly 
contained  the  cause  of  acl'on,  the  name  and  place  of  abode  of  the 
person  who  is  to  bring  such  action^  and  the  name  and  place  of  abode 
of  the  attorney  or  agent ;  and  a  fee  of  20r.  shall  be  paid  for  preparing 
or  serving  every  such  notice,  and  no  more.— Sect.  103. 

No  cviderue  to  be  addnced  but  what  is  contained  in  the  Notice,— 
No  phintifF  in  any  case  where  an  action  shall  be  grounded  on  any 
met  done  by  the  derendant  shall  be  jwrmitted  to  produce  any  evidence 
of  the  c-iuse  of  such  action,  except  such  as  shall  be  contained  in  the 
notice  to  be  given  as  aforesaid,  or  shall  receive  any  verdict  against 
iuch  officer  or  person,  unless  he  prove  on  the  trial  of  such  action  that 
such  notice  was  given ;  and  in  default  of  such  proof,  the  defendant 
•hall  receive  a  verdict  and  costs.— Sect.  104. 

Officer  may  tetuter  Amends.— U  shall  be  lawful  for  any  officer  or 
other peison  to  whom  such  notice  has  been  given,  at  any  time  within 
1  calendar  month  after  such  notice,  to  tender  amends  to  the  party 
complaining,  or  to  his,  her,  or  their  agent  or  attorney,  and  in  case 
the  same  is  not  accepted,  to  plead  such  tender  in  bar  to  any  action 
brouxht  against  him,  grounded  on  such  writ  or  process,  together 
with  thepleaofNotOuiliy,  and  other  pleas,  with  leaveof  the  court ; 
and  if,  upon  issue  joined  thiireon,  the  jury  shall  find  the  amends  so 
tendered  to  have  been  sufficient,  then  (hey  nhall  give  a  verdict  for 
the  defi'iidant :  and  in  such  cane,  or  in  case  the  plaintiff  shall  become 
nonsuited,  or  discontinue  his,  her,ortheiraction,  or  in  case  Judgment 
shall  be  given  forsuchdefcnclant  upon  demurrer,  then  such  defendant 
shall  be  entitled  to  the  like  costs  as  he  would  have  been  entitled  to 
in  case  he  had  pleaded  the  general  issue  only;  but  if,  upon  issue 
joineil,  the  jury  shall  find  that  no  amends  were  tendered,  or  that  the 
same  were  not  sufficient,  or  shall  find  against  the  defetioant  in  such 
o'her  plea  or  pleis,  then  they  shall  give  a  venlict  forthe  plaintiff,  and 
■uch  damages  as  they  shall  think  proper,  together  with  his,  her,  or 
their  costs  of  suit.— Sect.  106, 

Neglectint:  to  tender  Amends,  may  pay  A/hnry  tnfo  Court  —In 
case  such  officer  or  o'her  person  shall  neglect  to  tender  any  amends, 
or  shall  have  tendered  insufficient  amends,  before  the  action  brought, 
it  shall  be  lawful  for  him,  by  leave  of  the  court  at  any  time  before 
the  trial  of  the  said  action,  to  pay  into  court  such  sum  of  money  as  he 
shall  see  fit,  whereupon  such  proceedings,  orders,  and  judgments 
thall  be  had,  maile,  and  given  in  and  by  such  court  as  in  other  ac- 
tions where  the  defendant  is  allowed  to  pay  money  into  court, — 
Sect.  106, 

Action  to  be  commenced  within  6  Months  after  Cause  of  Action 
hat  ariien.— If  any  action  or  suit  be  brought  or  commenced  as  afore- 
•aid,  such  action  nr  suit  shall  be  bmucht  or  commenced  within  6  { 
months  next  after  the  cause  of  action  shall  have  arisen,  and  not  after-  I 
wards,  and  shill  be  laid  and  tried  in  the  county  or  place  where  the  | 
facts  were  committed,  and  not  in  any  other  county  or  place ;  and  the 
defendant  or 'tefenlants shall  and  may  plead  (he' general  issue,  and 
{rive  the  special  matter  in  evidence,  at  any  trial  had  thereupon ;  and 
if  the  plaintiff  or  pUinlift^  be  nonsuited,  or  discontinue  his,  her,  or 
their  action  or  suit,  t  If,  upon  a  verdict  or  demurrer,  Judgment  be 

ffiven  against  them,  the  defendant  or  defendants  ^hall  or  may  receive 
reble  costs,  and  have  such  rente*!;-  for  the  same  as  any  defendant  or 
defendants  in  other  cases  where  ct'wts  are  given  by  law.— Seel.  107. 

Judga  of  the  King's  Rench  may  isnu  IVanants  for  apprehend- 
"ir  '^ir<"rf<''»  -Whenever  any  person  shall  be  charged  wiih  any 
offence  against  this  or  any  act  renting  (o  the  customs,  or  for  which 
he  or  she  may  he  prosecuted  ly  indictment  or  information  in  the 
Court  of  King's  Rench,  and  the  -time  shall  he  n  .vie  appear  to  any 
judfe  of  the  same  court,  by  affidavit  or  Ly  certificate  of  an  iurorma- 


tion  or  indictment  being  filed  against  such  person  In  the  said  coum 
lor  such  offtuce.  it  shall  .ind  may  be  Itwiul  for  such  Judge  lo  \um 
his  warrant  unaer  his  hand  and  seal,  and  thereby  to  cause  such  per. 
son  to  be  apprehended,  and  broui;hl  before  him  or  some  other  juOjte 
uf  \he  same  court,  or  before  some  1  justice  of  the  peace,  in  oriltr  to 
his  or  her  being  b(>un<l,  with  i  sufficient  sureties,  in  such  sum  ai  in 
Ihesaid  warrant  shall  be  expreued,  wiih  condition  to  apjicar  la  the 
said  court  at  the  tiiue  mentioned  in  such  warrant,  and  to  anmerio 
all  and  singular  mdictnienis  or  infornialious  lor  any  such  ottence- 
and  ill  caM  any  such  pert.oii  stiall  neglect  or  rctuse  lu  become  {m.^A 
as  aforesaid,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  such  judge  or  justice  to  ctO'iiai 
such  person  to  the  common  gaol  of  the  cuunly,  city,  or  place  HiitL 
the  oitence  has  been  conmiided,  or  where  he  or  she  shall  have  Uto 
apprehended,  to  remain  until  he  or»he  shall  become  tjound.or  |« 
discharjfed  by  order  of  the  court  in  ttrn  time,  orol  1  ofihe  judctiif 
the  Ci.urt  in  vacation  ;  .md  the  reccgntzai.ce  to  be  taken  shull  Ce  ^ 
turned  and  fi  ed  in  the  baid  court,  and  shall  coullnue  In  force  uDt,| 
such  person  shall  be  acijuittednf  suchofience,  or  in  ctbe  cfconviriitn 
shall  have  received  judgment  fur  the  same,  unless  socmer  onlertti), 
the  court  to  tie  discliaiged  ;  and  where  any  person,  either  by  virlii 
of  such  warrant  of  commilment  aforesaid,  or  l>y  virtue  of  ahynM 
of  capias  ad  rtspondendum  issued  out  of  the  &;iid  couil,  is  riow  > 
(Ained,  or  shall  be  committed  to  and  detained  in  any  gml  lorHju 
of  hail,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  prnsecuiur  of  such  liKjiclnjentoriQ. 
formatiiin  to  cause  a  copy  thereof  to  tie  delivered  to  btah  penon  n 
10  tlie  gaoler,  keeper,  or  turnkey  of  the  gaul  wherein  such  i.tmjtj|i 
detained,  with  a  notice  thereon  indrr^Ld,  (hat  unlrtib  &i,rh  \^j^^ 
shall,  within  8  days  from  the  tune  of  such  delivery  of  said  com 
cause  an  appearance  and  also  a  plea  or  demurrer  to  tie  emerej  m 
court  to  such  indictment  or  information,  an  appearance  an  1  the  u\a 
of  Not  Guilty  will  be  en'ered  thereto  in  the  name  of  siicli  iiery^n- 
aiid  in  case  he  or  she  shall,  for  the  space  of  tf  days  after  tlie  drlivfrr 
of  a  copy  of  such  Indictment  or  Information,  neglect  to  cause  anjti. 
p&irance,  and  also  a  plea  or  demurrer,  to  be  entered  in  thesaiJcouL 
to  such  indictment  or  information,  it  shall  be  lawful  fur  the  iirritnU' 
tor,  upon  affidavit  being  made  and  filed  in  t,  e  court  of  the  delivrn 
of  a  copy  of  such  indictment  or  information,  with  such  i.olice  indond 
thereon  as  aforesaid,  to  such  person  or  to  such  gaoler,  keeier 
turnkey,  as  the  case  may  be,  which  affidavit  may  be  made  befort'icT 
judge  or  commissioner  of  the  court  authorised  to  tilte  ^flidavits,  to 
cause  an  appearance  and  the  plea  of  Not  Guilty  lo  be  entered  tnmch 
indictment  or  Information  lor  such  person ;  and  such  pn*cctdinn 
shall  be  had  thereupon  as  if  the  defendant  appeared  ami  pleaded  >'di 
Guilty,  according  to  the  usnal  conrae  cf  the  court ;  and  if,  ui>outrii| 
any  defendant  bo  committed  and  detained  be  acniiltted  of  all  ihe  of' 
fences  .therein  charged  upon  h'm  or  her,  it  shall  he  lawful  fnrthe 
judge  before  whom  such  trial  'hall  be  had,  although  he \\\m not  i* 
oneof  the  judges  of  the  King's  Bench,  to  order  that  siichdeftiKJaitit« 
discharged  out  of  custody,  as  to  his  or  her  commitment  as  afortuH) 
and  such  defendant  shall  be  thereupon  discharged  accordingly.-iHcl' 
lOS. 

IVfan  Recognizance  is  g^^^^^  ^"rf  '^  Party  shall  not  pkad  « 
Copy  of  the  Information  or  Indictnunt  may  be  delivertd  to  hii  At- 
torney or  Agent,— V/lieTe  any  person  arrested  by  virtue  of  a  wamni 
i&Buedas  aforesaid,  enters  into  a  recognizance,  and  appears  iucourlil 
the  return  of  the  said  recogniz.'ince,  but  does  not  afterwanis  plead  lo 
Ihe  information  or  Indictment,  it  shall  be  lawful  lor  (lie  prosecutor  lo 
cause  a  copy  thereof  (o  be  delivered  to  such  person,  or  to  his  or  htt 
attorney  or  agent,  or  to  be  left  at  his  or  her  last  place  of  abrvic,  wnii 
a  notice  thereon  indorsed,  that  unless  such  person  shall,  wiibinfidni 
from  the  time  of  such  delivery,  cause  a  pica  to  be  enler^  In  court io 
such  information  or  indictment,  Ihe  prosecutor  will  enter  a  pin  li 
Not  Guilty  on  his  or  her  behalf;  and  upon  affidavit  bein^  n.ade  ind 
filed  in  the  court  of  Ihe  delivery  of  a  copy  of  such  inforniaiinn  orin- 
diclment,  with  notice  indorsed  thereon  as  aforesaid,  to  such  persn 
or  to  his  or  her  attorney  or  agent,  or  at  his  or  her  last  place ofaboJe 
as  the  case  may  be,  it  shall  he  lawful  for  the  prosecutor  to  cai«e  ilw 
plea  of  Not  Guilty  to  be  entered  to  such  information  or  indlctu  ni 
for  such  person,  and  such  proceedings  shall  be  had  thereujjfin  ij  jf  be 
defendant  bad  pleaded  according  to  Ihe  usual  course  ot  the  said  atn. 
—Sect.  109. 

Certain  Articles  not  to  ^f  landed  until  the  Thus  of  the  City  of 
London  are  paid.  —If  a1 1  or  any  of  Ihe  goods  of  the  description  ht^^ 
in  after  mentioned,  (that  is  to  say,)  firkins  of  butter,  tnns  of  chffs* 
fish,  eggs,  salt,  fruit,  roots  eatable,  and  onions,  broiij5titcoMlwjscii,!e 
the  port  of  the  said  city,  and  which  are  liable  to  the  said  dues,  sfwll 
be  landed  or  unshipped  at  or  In  the  said  port  btfore  a  jirnper  cer:ti- 
cate  of  the  payment  of  the  said  d'ltiei  shall  have  been  obiainttl.  luth 
goods  shall  be  forfeited,  and  may  be  seized  bv  any  oflicer  of  custufw 
empowered  to  seize  goods  landed  without  dne'  entry;  ami  such  forfel!- 
ure  maj;  be  sued  for,  prr.secuted,  and  recovered  by  action  of  debt, 
bill,  plaint,  or  information  in  any  court  of  record,  at  Weilmitislpr.  ,q 
Ihe  name  of  Ihe  chamberlain  of  Ihesaid  city,  on  behalf  of  tlie  ti.:7or, 
commonalty,  and  citlrens.— Sect.  110. 

IVhen  Offenders  art  urresttd  and  give  Bail,  the  Bail  Bmd  to  U 
assigned  to  his  Majesty.— If  any  person  shall  be  arresied  lyivrW 
of  capvas  nd  responaeiiaum  issuing  out  of  ai.y  court  nf  record, rr net 
of  any  of  the  superior  co,:rts  oi  record  of  either  of  the  countiej  juli- 
tine,  at  the  suit  of  his  Majesty,  and  the  sheriff  or  other  oflirer  sfjil 
take  bail  from  such  person,  he  shall,  at  Ihe  reqiital  and  costs  d  [h 
prosecutor,  assign  to  his  Majesty,  his  heirs  and  succssrira.  the  hit 
bond  taken  irom  such  person,  I  y  indorsing  Ihe  same,  ami  aflcsiing  ii 
under  his  hand  and  seal,  in  Ihe  presence  of  2  or  more  credible  wit. 
nesses,  which  may  be  done  without  any  stamp,  provided  the  assizs- 
nient  so  indoised  be  duly  stamped  before  any  suit  he  cnmeiH 
thereupon;  and  if  such  bail  bond  be  forfL-itn),  such  procfti  »tjll 
thereupon  issue  as  on  bonds  originally  made  to  his  Majesty,  hishni 
and  successors ;  and  the  court  in  wh'ch  kuoh  bait  bond  is  put  in  lurl 
may  give  such  relief  to  the  defendant  or  defendants  as  is  agreeable  to 
juslice  and  reason. — Sect.  1 1 1. 

Indictments  to  be  preferred  l/y  Order  of  the  Comnmiiontn-yts 
indictment  shall  be  prelerred  or  suit  commenced  for  Ihe  recovery  ff 
any  penalty  or  fbrfcinire  under  this  or  any  other  act  rflatir<  to  \k 
customs  or  excise  (except  in  the  caws  rf  pi- rsons  detained  •■'dcirr'*' 
before  I  or  more  justices  in  pursuance  of  this  act)  imlrss-  tiiuiiU 
commenced  in  the  name  of  Ihe  attorney  general,  or  of  tlie  lonlid 
vocate  of  Scotland,  or  unlen  such  indictment  be  preferred  ur,dff 
Ihe  direction  of  the  com  mi  ss  loners  'tf  customs  or  Fxci»r,  or  uulia 
such  suit  be  coniT  "need  in  the  name  of  vtme  oflicer  of  cu<>t(init  or 
excise,  under  the  direction  of  the  said  coniDiifsiouen  respect ii tit.- 
Sect.  112. 

The  Attorney-genereU  or  Lord  Advocate  may  sign  a  A''^i  proff^n. 
—If  any  prosecution  xvhatrver  be  cnmmence«l  forilierfcnverjtfiiiy 
fine,  penalty,  nr  forleiture  inrurred  under  this  or  any  olhrr  «t  re- 
lating to  Ihe  cu&loms  or  excise,  it  shall  be  lanful  fur  the  altoiuT* 


If.  I 


SMYRNA. 


627 


i  aninit  wch  penon  In  Ihe  said  com 
iiiav  bo  l.wtui  f"f  •>"''  i'^l'  '°  '»» 
nd  ial,  ami  ti.ereby  to  caUM  such  p«. 
.rounhlWore  hiiii  or  wine  ulherHn, 

mn.l  I  i"«li«  o'  ""  •'""i  '"  ''"'"  " 

I  .uincient  aureties,  in  luch  Jum  ai  ia 
iireMtcl  Willi  coudilionto  aiii«rmiht 
,„«iiT.'iucti  warrant,  and  tu  aiii.eno 

or  ii.forn.alioui  lur  any  audi  oUeiict| 
.hall  litKlccl  or  rtluae  lo  bwoinij  Umi 
ful  for  .mil  judge  or  ju.me  to  amn,,! 
gaol  of  lire  cuuoly,  ciiy,  or  l.laci  *hn 
led  or  where  he  or  ahr  »lwll  hue  Ut« 
111  he  or  .he  ih.ill  beculi.e  bound  or  I, 

mrl  in  urn  tinir,  i.rol  I  of  ibr  judgn,! 

,"e   Jc,.|!n.«..«  10  be  lak«.  shJl  1«  ,. 

c oun,  and  »b»ll  cmiliiiue  in  forct  uma 
tdof.ucboaence.onnoseofconvici,,, 
ill  for  the  same,  unUw  sooi."  orilaij  l, 

and  where  any  I><;r«on,  cUI.er  by  vi,l« 
Hieut  aforeMiJ,  or  by.  yirlue  ol  any  «,il 
n  issued  oulol  Ihewidcnuil,  is  m»  * 
led  to  and  detained  in  »"y /'"l  '"".M 

r  the  nroaeculor  of  auch  uiJii  nieia  (ir  in. 

hereof  to  tie  delivered  lohiith  penon,  ct 
irnkey  of  the  Raol  wherein  such  |.tni«„ 
hereoii  indrr,td,  that  unless  .i.cl,|™, 

the  tiiue  of  such  delivery  of  saiJ  coi,y, 
.Iso  a  lilea  or  demurrer  to  lie  enlereJ  tt 
I  information,  an  ap|.e.iraiice  an  the  via 
ered  ihcrelo  in  the  mme  of  such  iitrvn; 
1  for  the  suace  ol  b  daji  after  the  ildiur, 

;,t  or  infornialion,  iie^lecl  to  cau«  an .,,. 
or  demurrer,  to  be  entered  m  the  ssiJ  court 
"rmalion,  it  shall  be  lawful  fur  the  iinw.. 
made  and  filed  in  I.  ecourl  of  the  Jelurt, 
,nt  or  niforination,  wiUi  such  i.olice  indonol 
such  person  or  to  such  gaoler,  ketitr,  m 
be,  w\.ich  alfidavit  may  be  made  hefire it, 
r  the  court  authorised  to  tike  ailidavilj,n 

the  (ilea  of  Not  Oiiilty  to  be  entered  iniuH 
on  itir  such  lier»<n ;  «nl,»"cli  prciccolran 
.if  the  defendani  appeared  and  pleaded  Nol 
o.nal  course  of  the  court :  and  if.  upou  mil, 
hS  an  detained  be  acnuitt-d  o(  all  U,.  o|. 
LV™hn.orher,il.l..illl,ela«fuHor,l., 
h  tr  al  .hall  be  had,  altliough  he  may  nol  l< 
Kiiis'a  Bench,  to  order  that  suchdettiBlMllj 
Iv  M  lo  hit  or  her  loniniilmeiil  as  afomiid, 
1  be  thereupon  diacharged  accordmgly.-S«i 

i,  rtnen,  ond  the  PorjvJftnH  ""f  P'"''.' 
m  or  /ndirtiKil  may  be  Mmrtd  Ki  to  J|. 
■re  any  peraon  arrested  by  virtue  of  a  wamil 
•n  into  a  recognizance,  and  appears  lu  rourtu 
'ncorniMnce,  but  does  not  afler«  anlj  plndlo 
ctiiient,  it  shall  be  lawful  fur  the  ppiseciHorlo 
be  delivereil  to  such  person,  or  to  his  or  to 
be  left  at  his  or  her  last  place  of  abjvle,  «,H 
kI  that  unleas  such  pcrsou  shall,  wiihin  8 Jiii 
kl'iver?,  cause  a  plea  to  be  entered  in  tnurlio 
ictnient,  the  prosecutor  will  enter  a  pin.! 
•r  liehal^  and  upon  affidavit  beini;  n.adt  ini 
'.  delivery  of  a  copy  of  such  inforniaiinnonn- 
Indorsed  thereon  as  aforesaid,  to  such  penr., 
Iv  or  agent,  or  at  his  or  her  hs  place  of  aW., 
ILll  be  lawful  fur  the  prosecutor  to  caiiK  tin 
IB  entered  to  such  inforniatinuor  indicliinl 
'h  proceedings  shall  be  had  lhereui<,ni^.(b! 
iccording  to  the  usual  coune  ol  the  said  ain. 

I  (0  te  landed  until  the  Dtin  of  Iht  Ol»o/ 
ill  or  any  of  the  gomls  of  the  descriiilioii  htrN 
la  is  to  sav,)  hrkins  of  bulter,  ti.iis  nf  chew, 
^tseatahl"e,aiid  onions,  brought  coMUviseiiiij 
fc  and  which  are  liable  lo  the  said  dues.* I 
Tat  or  in  the  said  r"Tt  before  a  proijcr  ctr';«- 
■  the  said  il'ities  shall  have  been  i.blaintd,sah 
and  may  be  seimi  by  any  oflicer  of  c«*ii,i 
fc,l8  landed  without  due  entry;  and  such  toW- 
r,n-,seculed,  ami  recovered  hy  action  ol  M, 
in^i  in  any  court  of  record,  at  Wfilniinslrr, ,« 
lerlai"  ""the  Kiid  city,  on  behalf  of  Uie  n,!;.., 

KIVmI."  n"I«%'fe  Sail,  the  Baa  BM  I. 
\T-lt  any  pelson  shall  be  arreslrf  by  ■  «l 
Kum  issuing  out  of  ai.y  court  o(  rec<,rd,of  rtl 
lo"r".  o!-  reSird  of  either  of  the  countiB  pal.; 
|3al"'v,  and  the  sheriff  or  other  oliicerjt,. 
liThe  ""Iwll.  ••  'he  re.pi"t  and  c™i, .( 
^V  Majesty,  his  heirs  and  sue.-es»^n,  llie  li 
fcrwnVy  indorsing  the  same,  airi  a  teicg . 
K  the  presence  of  2  " '"-«  "J'"' ' * 
line  without  any  stamp,  provided  Ihe  ass^ 
Rly  iuinped  before  any  suit  lie  C'.n.n.ti|C«l 
Y,  bail  Imnd  be  forfeited,  such  pl«n.  .1^11 
fcnds  originally  made  lo  hi,  Ma  esly,  hiihni^ 
t  court Tl  wh  ch  such  tail  hon3  is  pul  m  >« 
[ihr  defendant  or  defendants  as  u  agrceaM.lo 

Klili'f*  Ordir  e/  Ihe  ronimi.ii(mm.-So 

'"under  this  or  any  n'ler  nct.rel.  in  lo'^ 
lr,i  in  the  cas"B  r  f  persons  detuned  ".I  tatii« 
t\'„^u™u.nceof\hi».cl)unle«;  .«'< 
11  r,f  the  attorney  general,  or  of  the  c«>« 
TunU  .ucrwlcfnient  be  preferrrf  .* 

ImLioners  -.f  "}^'"""  "L'J"^C^« 
Id  in  the  name  of  vrnie  officer  of  cu>«™^ 
*    ,  of  the  said  coniniirsloneni  respecli..!).- 

;^.i:;^:;rti^iru!^:^'"*''- 


-nsral,  or  for  Ihe  lord  advocate  of  Scollaml,  if  he  Is  salirflcd  that 
uch  ftne  *c.  wa.  incurred  with'iut  any  inlentioii  of  fnud,  or  that 
ii  if  ineipe  lienl  to  procoid  in  the  said  prosecution,  lo  stop  all  furl  her 
nniecedinjs  liy  entering  a  iiod  proatijui,  or  oHierwise.  on  such  inlor- 
Eulion  M  "^"  "'""  t*'!'"'^'  '"  "i"  ''life  "'  "t"^''  "nei  peiwity,  or 
ivrfeitu're  to  which  any  olFrer  or  officers  may  be  entitled,  a«  to  ihe 
kint's  share  Ihereof.-Sect.  1 13. 

fmf  n/  Payment  uj  lAi'iii,  or  of  Ihe  lawful  tmporlalion  of 
foodlto  ie  un  thz  (turner,  — U  iny  goods  bescizvd  fur  nuiipayment 
of  duties,  or  other  cause  of  forfeiture,  and  any  dispute  arise  whether 
ihecuilouis,  eacise,  or  inland  duties  have  been  paid  for  the  same,  or 
Ihe  time  Inve  been  li» fully  impurled,  or  conceriilnir  the  place 
whence  such  goods  weie  brought,  the  prrvif  thereof  shall  Iw  on  the 
owner  or  ctaimer  of  such  goods,  and  nut  on  the  officer  seizing  and 
Jomiing  the  same.— Sect.  1 14. 

llu  Jiulia  cunnecltd  toM  (V  Collfcd'mi  of  Ihe  Revalue  lo  inter- 
fee  ill  tuninvxry  CViivciimii.— No  justice  of  the  peace  being  a  col 
Woror  coini  truller,  or  otherwise  connected  with  the  customs  or 
ficiie  shall  take  cognizaiici  of  any  in  liter  relating  to  sunmiary  con- 
JicliiiDs  of  persons  otTenJiug  ajaiusi  this  or  any  other  customs  act.— 

Mtrmmt  of  certain  Matteri  lo  U  iti^cieiif,— Incaaeof  any  in* 
foriiutinR  or  proceedings  h.id  under  any  act  relating  lo  the  customs, 
the  avermeot  that  the  cominissioneis  of  customs  orexcis"  havedi- 
r«ted  or  elected  such  iiformatioii  or  proceedings  lo  be  instituted,  or 
[hit  any  vessel  is  foreign,  or  belonging  »  holly  or  in  part  lo  H.  M. 
luliiects,  or  that  any  person  detained  or  found  on  board  any  vessel  or 
L,i  lialile  to  seizure,  is  or  is  not  a  aubjecl  of  his  Majesty,  or  that  any 
~^u  detained  is  or  is  not  a  seafaring  man,  or  fit  or  able  to  serve  in 
}(«  naval  service,  or  that  any  person  is  an  officer  of  customs,  and 
where  the  odliice  is  cnmnjitled  in  any  port  of  ihc  U.  K.,  Ihe  nam.n; 
ofiuch  port  in  any  informaiion  or  proceedings,  sh  ill  be  sufficient 
widioui  proofas  to  such  fact  or  facts,  utiless  defeudaut  prove  to  tlie 
PQntrary.— tied.  IIS. 

ftrtoiupr'ueiili'tjf  fmuggUng  to  bt  deemed  duly  emphyed.— 
All  persons  employed  for  the  prevention  of  sniuggling  under  the  com* 
miawncrs  of  customs,  or  of  any  officer  or  oUiceia  in  the  service  of 
Ibe  customs,  shall  be  deemed  and  lakfn  to  be  duly  enipl  lyed  fur 
tk,  prevention  of  smuggling;  and  Ihe  averment,  in  a,./  informa- 
iion or  suit,  that  such  parly  was  so  duly  employed,  shall  be  suffi- 
cient ptnof  thereof,  uideas  the  defendant  prove  to  the  contrary.— 

Srtt  117* 

riPfl  voce  Evidence  ma]i  be  ^inen.— If  upon  any  trial  a  question 
ihall  arise  wheiher  any  person  is  an  officer  of  the  army,  navy,  or 
marines,  duly  I'liiploye'd  for  Ihe  prevention  of  smuggling,  and  on  full 


IS  such  shall  be  deemed  sufTicient,  and  sorh  person  shall  not  be  ro* 
quired  lo  priiduce  his  comiiiisainn  or  depulalion,  iiiiL-ss  sutTicient 
proof  be  ;5iveii  to  llie  routrary  ;  and  every  such  nlVner,  and  any  per- 
S'lii  acting  in  Ins  aid  or  assistance,  stuill  lie  a  eompe'enl  witness  upon 
the  trial  of  ai.y  suit  or  informalK.n  on  accounl  of  any  seizure  or  \ns 
naky,  iiolwillistanding  such  officer  or  person  may  be  enliileil  to  Ihil 
whole  nr  any  part  of  sucli  seizure  or  pen  illy,  or  to  any  reward  Ufion 
cunviclinu  if  the  party  charged  iu  such  suit  or  inlonualiun.— ^ect. 
118. 

H^'idf  detmed ntfficient  Evidence  of  an  Order  of  Commiuionertof 
Cuilutii'  or  £xivK.  — I'iKiii  the  trial  of  any  issue,  or  uiniii  any  judicial 
hearing  or  investigation  touching  any  |ieiialiy  or  liirli'iture  under  any 
latv  or  laws  relating  to  Ihe  customs  or  eacise.  or  lo  the  law  of  navigv 
lion,  where  it  may  lie  necessary  to  give  prmif  of  any  order  issued  by 
the  c^ln1Illi^^ioners  of  the  treasury,  or  by  Ihe  ci.muiihsioiiers  of  cus- 
toms or  exeise,  the  letter  or  instructions  olliei.illy  re.-eive>l  by  th« 
offi.-er  of  cusloiusor  excise  at  the  place  or  disiriel  where  such  penalty 
or  forfeiture  was  incurred,  or  shall  be  alleged  to  have  been  incurred, 
for  his  government,  and  in  which  such  order  is  inentiuned  or  referre.i 
to,  and  under  which  instructions  he  shall  hive  acted,  shall  be  admit- 
ted and  taken  as  sullicient  evidence  and  pniof  of  such  order  to  all  lu- 
lent,  and  [lurj-oses  what.socver.— Sect.  I  lit. 

IVtthin  what  Time  .Su.fv,  ^r.,  are  tti  he  exhlbiled.^AW  suits,  in- 
diclmeiit,,  or  infirinationa  extnbited  for  ai.y  ollence  against  this  or 
any  other  act  reliling  to  the  cusloiiia  in  any  court  of  record  at  West- 
iiiinst.  r,  or  in  Dublin,  or  in  Edinburgn,  or  in  the  royal  courts  nf 
Guernsey.  Jersey,  Aldemey,  Sark,  or  iNlin,  stiall  and  may  be  had, 
brouglii,  sue  t,  ui  exhibited  vviihin  three  yeirs  next  after  Ihe  date  if 
theolfeuee  coiiilntted,  and  shall  and  may  be  ealiilnted  before  I  or 
more  jii.vlices  of  the  {leace  within  ij  iiionlhs  next  alter  the  date  of  the 
otFence  conimilt-d. -Sec'.  120. 

l.ifiH  malion  may  be  exUibiledany  Time  after  6  .Uoiif/ii.— Where 
any  p  irsoii  shall  have  been  detained  for  any  oirence  against  this  or 
any  other  customs  act,  and  shall  have  iiinle'his  escape  from  custody, 
an  infirmati.in  may  be  exhibited  befire  I  or  more  justices  of  the 
pe-ice  a:;aiiist  such  person,  for  such  ollence,  .it  any  lime  aflerwards, 
a:tliou<n  111  >re  than  6  months  have  expired.— Seel.  IJl. 

Indietm  ntj  or  Infiirma'ions  may  te  tuiui  i't  ai<v  HcuntiJ- — Any 
indielnieni  or  infurmaiion  for  any  oQ'ence  against  this  or  ai<y  other 
customs  act  sli.ill  be  inquired  of,  examined  tried,  and  determined  in 
any  counly  of  Kn^tand  where  the  olfence  is  eoinniitted  in  Kiigland, 
and  in  any  coui  ty  in  Scollaiid  where  the  ofTence  is  eommil'ed  in  Scot- 
land, and  in  any  county  in  Ireland  vvh'.re  ihe  oin-iire  is  commitled  in 
Ireland,  in  sucfi  manner  and  r.riii  a,  if  ihe  oilonce  had  l.eeii  commlt- 

_ ,  led  in  the  Slid  C'.iuiity  where  thesaid  iiidictineut  or  infornialiou  shall 

pay'arau  oihcer'of'custuuis  or  excise,  evidence  of  his  having  acted     tie  lrie,l.— Sect.  U2. 

(The  85lh  clause  in  the  act  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c,  53.,  for  the  prevention  of  smuKi'ling  (anle, 
p,  524.),  authorising  justices  to  sentence  seafaring  men,  convicted  of  smuggling,  to  serve 
in  the  navy  for  5  years,  has  been  repealed.  Persons  convicted  of  such  ollences  are  now  to 
be  committed  to  the  house  of  correction,  to  hard  labour,  for  not  less  than  6  months  for  the 
first  offence,  9  for  the  second,  and  12  for  the  third.— (4  &  5  Will.  4,  c.  13.  §  2.) 

Boats  used  in  fishing  on  the  coasts  of  Scotland  are  not  required  to  have  licences. — (6  <& 
7  Will.  4.  c.  60.  §  8.)       _ 

Magistrates  are  authorised  to  commit  offenders  convicted  of  offences  against  the  customs' 
to  the  nearest  house  of  correction. — (§  9.) — Sup.) 


[Concerning  frauds  on  the  customs,  and  penalties  for  breach  of  the  revenue  laws  of  the 
United  States,  see  Gordon's  Digest  of  the  Laws  of  ihe  United  Slates,  book  9th,  chapter 
16th,  section  4tk. — Am.  Ed.] 

SMYRNA,  a  large  city  and  sea-port  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  on  the  western  side  of  .\sia  Minor, 

lat.  38°  25'  36"  N.,  Ion.  27°  6'  45"  E.     Population,  probably,  about  120,000;  of  whom 

60,000  may  be  Turks,  40,000  Greeks,  and  the  remainder  Armenians,  Frank;?,  Jews,  «Scc. 

Smyrna  is  situated  at  the  bottom  of  a  deep  gulf;  the  entrance  to  which  lies  between  the 

islanil  of  Mylilene  on  the  north,  and  Cape  Carabourun,  in  lat.  38°  41'  30"  N.,  Imi.  20°  21' 

E.,  on  the  south.    The  woodcut  on  the  next  page  gives  a  better  idea  of  the  gulf  of  Smyrna 

than  could  be  derived  from  any  description.     The  dotted  line  shows  the  cour.-e  inwards. 

The  assage  between  James's  Castle  (D)  on  the  south  and  the  op[iosite  sand  bank  is  narrow ; 

but  there  is  from  9  to  10  fathoms  water,  with  a  blue  clay  bottom.     Merchant  ships  anchor 

abreast  of  the  city  in  from  7  to  8  fethoms ;  but  the  water  is  so  deep  that  they  may  come 

close  to  the  quays.  The  inbat  or  sea  breeze  blows  from  morning  till  evening,  and  is  always 

waited  for  by  ships  going  up  to  the  city.     There  is  excellent  anchorage  in  most  j)arts  of  the 

gulf,  merely  avoiding  the  shoals  on  the  north  side.    Smyrna  is  a  place  of  grt-nt  antiquity. 

The  excellence  of  its  port,  and  its  admirable  situation,  have  made  it  be  several  times  rebuilt, 

after  being  destroyed  by  earthquakes.     On  approaching  it  from  the  sea,  it  has  the  appear- 

auceof  an  amphitheatre:  the  castle  is  at  the  back  of  the  town,  which  it  commands,  on  the 

lop  of  the  hill;  but  it  is  in  a  state  of  decay,  and  coultl  oj)pose  no  resistance  to  an  invading 

force.    The  interior  of  the  city  does  not  correspond  to  its  external  appearance  ;  the  streets 

being,  for  the  most  part,  narrow,  dirty,  and  ill  paved.    Owing  to  the  want  of  ck;anliiicss,  and 

of  all  sorts  of  precautions,  on  the  part  of  the  Turks,  Smyrna  is  frequently  vi.sited  by  the 

gue.    So  late  as  1814,  from  60,000  to  60,000  of  the  inhabitants  aic  said  to  have  been 

cut  off  by  this  dreadful  scourge.    The  trade  of  this  city  is  more  extensive  than  that  of  any 

other  in  the  Turkish  empire.  The  caravans  from  Persia  arc  chiefly  composed  of  Armenians. 

I  They  arrive  and  depart  at  fixed  periods,  which  are  nearly  identical  with  those  of  the  arrival 

and  ileparture  of  most  of  the  foreign  ships  frequenting  the  port.     Bargains  are  principally 

effected  by  Jew  brokers,  many  of  whom  have  amassed  considerable  fortunes.     The  princi 

pal  articles  of  import  consist  of  grain,  furs,  iron,  butter,  &c.  from  Odessa  and  Taganrog , 

and  of  cotton  stufii  and  twist,  silk  and  woollen  goods,  coffee,  sugar,  cochineal,  and  dyo 


;  i 


SMYRNA. 


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mu-v 

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Referrnr.es  fo  Plan.—\.  Partridge  Islnnd.  on  the  south  aide  of  which  there  is  excellent  anchcngc in 
rem  15tn  7  fatlioms,  mildly  l)ottoni.  M,  a  mud  point.  C,  Pelican  Point.  1),  James's  Cattle,  E,Liiv» 
narrow  islands.    Soundings,  e.wepl  where  othcrwlbe  niarlsod,  in  fatlioms. 


SMYRNA. 


520 


,Uierci9excellenianchcw« 
nt.  1),  James's  fttbile.  E.ww 
loms. 


woods,  iron,  tin,  and  tin  plates,  rum,  brandy,  paper,  cheese,  glass,  wine,  &c.  from  Great 

Britain,  France,  Italy,  the  United  States,  &c.    The  exports  consist  principally  of  raw  silk 

and  cotton,  fruits — particularly  raisins;  opium,  rhubarb,  and  a  variety  of  drugs  and  gums; 

olive  oil,  madder  roots,  Turkey  carpets,  valonia,  sponge,  galls,  wax,  copper,  hare  skins,  goats' 

wool,  safflower,  &c. — (For  further  details,  see  Tourrcfort,  Voyage  du  Levant,  tome  ii.  pp. 

495-507.  4to  edit.;  and  MacgiU'a  Travels  in  Turkey,  vol.  i.  Letters  5,  6,  7,  8,  and  9.) 

Monitt,  Wtighti,  ani  JUeattiret,  same  as  at  Conitantlnnple  ;  which  see.  Acconnls  are  kept  in  pias- 
irei  of  40  paras,  or  iiiedinl.  The  value  of  the  piastre  fluctuates  according  to  the  excliange.  It  has 
been  very  much  degraded  ;  and  Is  at  present  worth  about  4d.  The  oke  is  the  principal  weight  used. 
It  ii  equivalent  to  3  lbs.  13  oz.  5  dr.  avoirdupois ;  45  nkes  =  1  kinta  =  100  rottoUis  =  137  '48  lbs.  avoir- 
dupois.   The  kintal  of  Constantinople  is  only  44  okes.    A  teffee  of  silk  =  4S  lbs.  avolrdiipnig.    A 


chequce  of  opium  =  1|  lb.;  u  chequee  of  goats'  wool  =  5i  lbs.    Corn  is  measured  by  the  klllow 
1456  Winch,  bushel.    The  pic,  or  long  measure,  =  87  £ng.  inches —(Ar«Hv'»  Cambist,  ^-c.) 

CoMMEBCE  OF  Snthna. — The  following  details  with  respect  to  the  commerce  of  Smyrna 
with  Western  Europe  are  copied  from  a  letter  addressed  by  an  intelligent  English  merchant, 
eslablished  in  Smyrna,  to  his  correspondent  in  London,  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for  it. 
Nothing  so  complete  or  satisfactory  has  ever  been  published  as  to  the  trade  of  this  emporium. 
It  is  right,  however,  to  mention,  that  since  1828,  when  this  paper  was  drawn  up,  the  com- 
merce of  Sroyrnn  '  s  lost  some  of  its  importance.  Syria,  the  islands  of  the  Archipelago, 
the  eastern  parts  .  Greece,  &c.  used  formerly  to  derive  a  considerable  part  of  their  supplies 
of  foreign  produce  at  second  hand  from  Smyrna ;  but  they  now,  for  the  most  part,  are  either 
supplied  direct  from  England,  Marseilles,  Ac,  or  indirectly  from  Syria,  which  is  become  a 
considerable  dep6t. 

Chargtt  on  Selling  and  Buyinff.—Ke  we  conceive  that  a  correct  list  of  selling  and  buying  charges  is 
aneasential  piece  of  information  fur  those  interested  in  the  commerce  of  the  Levant,  we  annex  the 
same,  including  every  item  of  expense,  namely  :— 

OnSdling.  _  On  Buying, 

Fer  ecfit. 
Cuntoni  duly  (acrording  In  the  quality  of  the  article)-  ■    I  (a  3 

For'erifce  (included  in  llie  cost  of  picliaites,  which  vary 

according  lo  the  quality  of  the  goodi  packed), 
Hduae  and  street  brotierajje      -  *  •  -  -    I  1.3 

Cnmniiuinn  (except  ODiiga,  which  ii  6  per  cent.)     -  •    3 

Warehouie  rtut  ■  •  -  •  •  •    0  !■> 


Fer  cent 

2 

3 


019 

2 

3 

1  1-2 

2 

012 


fnifht  (Mcoriiing  to  Ihe  nie  agreed  upon  in  England)  ny 
Cuil'm>luly(onren«ral  gmvis)  -  •        ^.  ■         ^ 

forteraje  trom  1  to  2  piaalres  per  package  (according  lo  Ihe 

ii»i. 
ShroSije         •  • 

Houie  >nd  ilr"'  broHerage      ■ 
ConmiMion'oreffecllDgMe    .  ■ 

DUO  i(  proceed!  are  remilled  by  bill  or  ipecie 
nil  creiltre  dillo  (when  required  lo  be  charged) 
I  Wirtbouse  rent .  •  •  •  • 

Willi  regard  to  the  cost  of  packages,  those  for  silk  are  about  24  piastres  each ;  for  gnlls,  18  do.;  gums 
I  mastic,  tragacanth,  Slc,  20  do.;  scammony,  18  do.;  opium,  30  to  38  do.;  raisins,  12  to  14  do.;  tigs,  25  to 
30para8 ;  cotton  wool,  from  12  to  20  piastres,  Slc. 

\Vp  learn  from ,  Ihnt  your  lirm  deols  largely  in  skins  and  furs,  but  he  does  not  state  the  quality 

lof  eitlier;  the  latter  article  is,  however,  of  a  very  limited  and  ordinary  nature  wth  us,  and  chiefly 

consists  of  hare  skins,  which  are  abundant  and  shipped  in  considerable  quantities  for  the  German  and 

Frencli  markets.    They  ore  most  plentiful  during  the  winter  BPason,  when  they  are  also  cheaper  and 

I  iieep  bntter  than  in  the  hot  months  of  the  year.    Sheep,  goat,  lamb,  and  kid  skins  ure  plentiful,  and 

lareonen  in  request  for  America;  particularly  the  2  latter  when  in  souson,  which  is,  for  liiiiib  skins 

from  tlie  middle  of  March  to  the  beginning  of  June,  and  for  goat  skins  from  November  until  April. 

I  We  have  no  want  of  ox  and  cow  hides,  both  dried  and  salted,  the  leather  of  which  is  said  to  be  more 

Ipljaljle  than  those  of  Europe.    They  are  now  and  then  sent  to  Marseilles  in  small  parcels  ;  but  as  it 

I  would  be  difficult  to  convey,  by  a  written  description,  the  exact  quality  of  those  skins,  we  intend 

Imakingupalittle  bale  of  such  kinds  as  may  for  the  moment  be  met  with,  and  to  forward  it  by  an  early 

I  vessel  to  London,  when  it  shall  be  submitted  to  your  inspection,  with  an  invoice,  and  remain,  if  you 

|thinl(  proper, at  your  disposal. 

I  We  now  proceed  to  make  you  acquainted  with  the  manner  in  which  our  sales,  purchases,  and  bar- 
liersare  efl°ected,  together  with  the  nature  of  sales  made  on  credit  or  for  cash,  &c. 

Sulci  are  etfected  in  this  country  between  our  house's  brokers,  and  what  is  termed  a  street  or  out> 
Idoor  brolter;  tlie  former  receiving  their  instructions  from  us,  and  the  latter  acting  on  behalf  of  the 
ibcyer  When  the  terms  are  mutually  agreed  upon,  the  real  buyer  and  seller  personally  meet ;  and  a 
■  bond  or  obligatory  note  stating  the  terms  and  amount  of  the  transaction  is  drawn  out' and  signed  by 
Ithe buyer,  and  when  not  much  approved  of,  one  or  more  signatures  are  required  to  the  bond,  whoindi- 
Ividually  and  collectively  become  responsible  for  the  fulfilment  of  it. 

I  FiircAiuMare  similarly  made,  except  that  the  purchaser  or  agent  himself,  in  the  first  instance,  and 
Ibis  broicers,  inspect  the  goods  he  is  about  to  treat  for:  cash  down  is  generally  expected  ;  and  it  is  but 
lidilom  that  a  short  credit  of  1  or  2  couriers  is  obtained  :  it  not  unfrequently  happens,  also,  that  i  or 
Ifven  'i  of  the  purchase  amount  is  advanced  to  the  seller,  when  an  insullicient  quantity  of  the  article 
Iviuied  by  the  buyer  is  in  the  place,  and  which  must  then  be  procured  from  the  interior  or  place  of 
Ifrowth.  The  money  advanced  (which  is  to  be  returned  if  the  quality  does  not  suit)  is  sent  by  a  con- 
Itdenlial  person  on  the  part  of  the  purchaser,  accompanied  either  by  the  seller  in  person,  or  by  some 
lone  representing  him. 

fiaricr>  are  generally  attended  with  delay,  impediments,  and  sacrifices  to  the  Kurnpean  agent  who 
Idchanges  his  constituents' goods  for  native  produce,  and  are  never  completed  without  his  paying  a 
|lar;e portion  in  cash,  which  is  mostly  },  sometimes  even  i,  but  never  less  than  i  of  the  full  amount; 
Ibesides  always  paying  a  higher  price  for  the  produce  than  if  it  were  bought  for  ready  money.  On  the 
|otljer  hand,  so  far  as  the  agent's  transaction  goes  in  goods,  the  price  of  which  he  also  advances,  it  is 
Itoan  advantageous  cash  sale,  deducting  a  discount ;  but  still  he  loses,  as  we  have  just  stated, 
Ion  that  part  of  the  operation  which  subjects  him  to  the  necessity  of  giving  ready  money  for  such  part 
jcf  the  produce  as  remains  above  the  counter-value  given  in  goods,  at  a  higher  rate  than  it  is  worth  in 
■the  open  market.  Thus  the  advantage  is  all  in  favour  of  this  country,  and  against  the  agent.  Indeed, 
■barters  are  seldom  undertaken  unless  when  a  profitable  result  is  anticipated,  when  European  goods 
lire  difficult  to  be  placed  upon  saving  conditions,  either  from  the  want  of  demand  or  a  glutted  market. 

krwhen  (which  is  mostly  the  case)  the  holder  of  such  goods  has  orders  from  the  owners  of  them  lo 
llemiuhcm  in  produce,  and  thus  realise  their  property,  if  not  upon  profitable  terms,  at  least  without 
llberislt  arising  from  bad  debts ;  sometimes,  also,  outstanding  bonds  are  taken  in  part  payment,  to  the 
Ititent  occasionally  of  | :  another  i  is  taken  in  goods  at  an  advance  of  from  i  to  10  or  12  per  cent,  abovo 
■Vot.II.-2Y  67 


no 


SMYRNA. 


■If.'..  -■!• 


I  111  \T}"t-  "■"' 

'*..';-  as*-*' 


current  prices ;  and  the  remaining  \\n  casli  against  produce,  at  from  6  to  10  percent,  more  than  it 
fetches  in  the  bazaars.  However,  it  is  by  barter  alone  that  any  extensive  transaction  ever  takes  place, 
or  that  it  can  be  either  readily  or  saTuly  etfocted. 

Salea  on  Credit.— The  terms  of  credit  vary  considerably,  and  depend  entirely  upon  the  ijimllty  ofiijj 
goods  which  the  ogenl  gulls  :  for  current  or  deninnded  niorchandise,  2  couriers  (or  9  periods  of  1.1  day,, 
and  two  and  three  31  days,  are  the  present  terms;  which  ore  extended  to  four,  five,  and  six  ,1i  i|,,yj 
for  articles  not  much  in  request.  Couriers  mean  post  days ;  of  which  wo  have  9  in  each  iimiilli;  a, 
each  courier,  and  31  days,  a  proportionate  payment  becomes  payable  ;  for  instance,  on  a  creilii  cf  ,|, 
31  days,  1-Cth  falls  due  at  the  expiration  of  the  first  month  ;  and  if  pnid,  is  noted  accordingly  on  the 
bond,  and  so  on  until  tlio  remiiiriiiig  5  periods  are  expired  ;  it  must,  however,  be  observed,  thai  pay. 
inents  are  by  no  means  punctually  made,  except  by  a  few  of  our  more  wealthy  bazaar  buyers,  iilihoi^i, 
for  the  first  3  or  4  periods  of  a  lonij  credit  some  regularity  is  observed ;  but  as  the  time  liinin, ,, 
shorten,  payments  are  proportionubly  retarded,  so  that  two  31  days  on  a  bond  of  credit  for  0  momhj 
may  be  considered  as  a  fair  average  of  lime  in  addition  to  the  limited  term. 

Sales  for  CasA.— Those  very  seldom  occur,  indeed,  and  then  only  when  money  is  abundant,  orihj 
article  sold  scarce  and  in  great  demand  ;  in  fact,  not  1  sale  in  100  is  made  on  these  terms  ;  anil  In  ulmui 
the  s.inie  ratio  is  a  discount  taken  off  from  a  bazaar  bond  at  oven  an  e.xorbltant  rale,  liowevi-rjlmri 
the  period  may  be  that  it  has  to  run  :  occasionally  a  sale  is,  however,  effected  for  \  cash,  and  the  othtt 
i  short  credit,  for  some  very  current  goods. 

Charactr.r  I'f  Dealer».—na(MO  entering  upon  the  articles  of  commerce,  we  are  desirous  of  rimkin» 
you  acquainted  with  the  character  and  customs  of  our  bazaar  dealers.  The  Greek  dealers  nro  In ^'. 
neral  petty  shopkeepers,  very  cunning,  and  very  bad  payers.  The  Jews  have  similar  defects,  Ihuj,, 
well  supported  by  their  brethren,  who  generally  become  guarantee  for  each  other.  The  Arinerilan, 
are  by  far  the  largest  traffickers  both  for  buying  and  selling;  and  tliough  hard  bargainers,  uru  inngHy 
all  solvent,  and  honourable  as  well  as  honest.  The  Turks  are,  however,  as  far  superior  to  the  fnr,. 
going  races  in  all  moral  qualities,  as  they  are  inferior  to  tbem  in  means  and  commercial  ahiliilea;  y^, 
they  sometinies  deal  largely,  and  tlieir  bond  is  as  punctually  discharged,  in  general,  as  the  ilny  comet 
when  it  falls  due.  The  laws  in  this  country  mostly  favour  the  debtor  at  the  expense  of  the  crcdiioi- 
and  so  far  they  encourage  dishonesty.  The  number  of  insolvent  native  dealers  was  at  one  limeci' 
cessive;  but  of  late  the  means  of  each  individual  buyer  have  been  so  corefully  investigated,  thai  j, 
present  we  are  not  aware  that  there  is  one  bazaar  dealer  who  is  not  able  tomeetthedeiniintlaofiiiose 
from  whom  he  has  purchased.  The  European  con.suis,  who  enjoy  nmch  ronsiileration  by  the  Turks. 
protect  the  interestsof  their  countrymen  in  disputed  points  ;  and,  in  general,  questions  of  a  coiniiieniai 
nature  are  suhinitled  to  the  decision  of  a  Turkish  tribunal,  where  very  little  pleading,  but  a  goodJeil 
of  plain  straight-forward  justice,  goes  forward;  except  l\vAl,  perhaps,  the  European  is,  if  any  thing, 
rather  less  favoured  than  the  native. 

We  now  proceed  to  olTer  some  observations  on  the  leading  articles  of  our  imports  and  exports  for 
your  government,  the  correctness  of  which  may  be  relied  upon. 

Imports. 

Cnffef..—Th\s  is  by  far  the  most  current  article  received  here,  and  is  sent  from  England,  Irance. 
Holland,  Trieste,  Marsi'illes,  Leghorn,  Genoa,  and  America  ;  but  first,  and  principally  of  late  yean, 
from  the  latter  country;  the  vessels  of  which  are  frequently  laden  with  coffee,  and  always  partly  so 
the  next  in  point  of  quantity  comes  from  England ;  but  is  shipped  mostly  in  small  parcels  ut  a  ilriir 
of  from  300  to  600  sacks,  although  occasionally  that  amount  is  doubled.  France  follows,  but  nn  a  lesi 
extensive  scale  ;  and  Austria,  Holland,  and  the  small  ports  in  the  south  of  Europe,  do  not  tneeilicrex. 
port  more  than  what  is  received  from  Enijland  alone.  We  have  4  different  qualities  of  cntri^e  in  our 
markets  ;  namely.  Mocha,  St.  Domingo,  Ilavannah,  and  Brazil :  the  first  is  sent  from  Alexandrin,an(l 
by  American  vessels,  and  but  seldom  from  Europe;  the  consumption  is,  however,  limited,  arid  docj 
imt  exceed  60,000  okes  annually.  At  Constantinople,  about  3  times  that  quantity  is  sold  yeiirly.  W« 
never  remember  to  have  known  such  heavy  importations  of  West  India  coffee  as  within  these  lasit 
months  (written  in  November,  1827) ;  the  consequence  of  which  has  been  such  an  excess  beyond  the 
wants  of  the  place,  that  not  only  buyers  ore  fully  supplied  for  some  time  to  come,  but  also  the  heavy 
stock  in  first  hands  can  only  be  diminished  either  by  forced  or  ruinous  sales,  or  must  wait  fntin'i 
months,  until  the  demand  agiin  comes  round;  wlilch  is,  however,  certain  to  lake  place, as  rnfTee 
forms  one  of  the  necessaries  of  life  in  this  country:  in  short,  an  Asiatic  cannot  do  without  hlsrnffee; 
and  it  is  well  Imown  that  in  Smyrna  alone  not  less  than  perhaps  400,000  cups  of  it  are  diiily  dninli! 
which,  compoted  at  the  cost  price  of  2  paras  each,  amount  to  20,000  piastres  I  The  St.  Doininenand 
Havannah  cotlee  are  preferred  to  the  Brazil,  although,  when  the  latter  is  of  a  fair  round  iiiiiility^tliere 
is  not  more  than  5  per  cent,  diiriirence  in  price ;  the  small  green  West  India  berry  certainly  comiiiaiidi 
a  ready  sale  ;  but,  for  the  finest  sort,  not  more  than  6  or  8  per  cent,  can  ho  obtained  above  the  midilhng 
and  sound  quality.  Coffee  is  amongst  the  very  few  orlicles  which  occasionally  meet  with  .i  partial 
and  entire  cash  sale  and  short  credit ;  and  is,  moreover,  from  the  means  and  diameter  of  the  dealers 
in  it,  the  least  liable  to  risk  from  inscdvency.  It  is  also  the  easiest  through  which  an  advanlagcw 
barter  can  be  effected,  as  a  much  larger  quantity  of  coflTee  will  be  taken  in  exchanste  for  produce  than 
almost  any  other  item  of  European  merchandise.    Annual  consumption,  about  3,000,000  okes. 

Svgitr  is  the  ne.xt  in  consequence.  This  article  is  supplied  from  the  same  sources  as  coffee,  and ij 
attended  in  its  disposal  with  similar  results.  We  receive  the  following  qualities:— White  criislicil, 
white  Ilavannah,  brown  do.,  white  East  India,  refined  in  small  loaves  of  4  lbs.  and  in  large  of  Slbs 
each  :  the  2  latter  are  mostly  shipped  from  America  and  England.  The  brown  and  ordinary  sorts  are 
not  so  current.     Annual  consumption,  10,000  kintals. 

Indigii  follows  the  2  preceding  articles,  not  so  much  in  extent  as  meeting  a  ready  sale  always, aitd 
not  unfrequentlya  profitable  one:  It  is  attended  likewise  with  all  the  advantages  and  fat'iliiiosattncheil 
to  coffee  and  sugar,  and  is  fornishi'd  by  Europe  and  America,  but  principally  by  England.  The  quali- 
ties we  receive  consist  of  East  India  purple  and  copper,  ditto  common,  and  Guatemala.  The  lirstof 
the  3  is  the  kind  best  adapted  for  our  markets,  and  is  placed  sooner  and  bettor  than  the  other  2;  but. 
as  is  the  case  with  coflTee,  the  ?)«ry/ne  will  not  pay  cost  price,  and  ought  therofore  never  to  be  si'iit 
The  pieces  suited  for  our  buyers  ought  to  be  good  sized,  with  about  an  equal  proportion  of  piirjile  anil 
copper  in  each  piece.  The  few  cheats  on  sale  are  all  ordinary,  and  consequently  dull ;  aiidihelirsl 
arrival  of  15  or  20  chests  (and  not  more  ought  ever  to  be  shipped  at  one  time)  oTfair  Ea«t  India  will 
meet  with  a  ready  and  favourable  sale  at  20  piastres  per  oke.    Annual  consumption,  80  chests. 

Manufactures. — This  is,  in  point  of  amount,  the  most  e.xtensive  branch  of  trade  carried  on  in  Tiirkev, 
We  have,  as  you  will  perceive  from  our  price  current,  a  numerous  assortment  of  British  and  Bail 
India  cotton  goods  and  English  shalloons.  The  white  or  unprinted  cotton  goods  are  most  in  demand 
during  the  warm  weather,  and  the  coloured  or  printed  BtiifTs  during  winter,  although  a  considerable  | 
quantity  of  all  sorts  is  regularly  and  largely  sold  throughout  the  whole  year.  The  East  India  manu- 
factures are  supplied  by  America  and  England  exclusively;  the  latter  country  also  sends  f.iir  iiiiiii- 
tions  of  the  East  India  loom,  in  long  cloths,  seersuckers,  &c.  The  native  consumers  are  ejceedinily 
fastidious  in  their  choice  of  designs  and  colours,  which  ought  very  frequently  to  be  altered,  in  orderto 
meet  their  capricious  taste.    Manufactured  goods  are  always  sold  at  long  credits,  but  large  barters  ue 


SMYRNA. 


631 


5  to  10  per  cent,  more  than  n 
e  tran»acHon  ever  lakes  pUce, 

nllrely  upon  the  ijnality  of  ibe 
Liriera  (or  4  periods  of  15  days), 
1  to  fiiur,  five,  and  »\x  31  dayi 
wo  hnve  3  ii>  each  iiiniiili:  bi 
for  instance,  on  a  creilil  of  iii 
lid.  Is  noted  accordiii|!ly  oil  the 
wever,  be  observed,  that  pay. 
reallhy  bazaar  buyers,  iililioujh 
ed  i  but  as  the  lime  bi'gin*  i,, 
1  a  bond  of  credit  for  «  niumbi 

hen  money  Is  abundant,  orihe 
do  on  these  terms  ;  anil  in  uIkhh 
exorbitant  rate,  however  ihnn 
ffected  for  I  cash,  and  the  oitet 

irce,  we  are  desirous  of  making 
The  Greek  dealers  are  In  je- 
ws  have  similar  defect!*,  but  are 
jr  each  other.  The  Aniieniani 
juh  hard  bargainers,  are  iiiosUy 
Bver,  OS  far  superior  to  tiii!  fnre. 
IIS  and  commercial  abiliiicsj  yei 
■ed,  in  general,  as  the  day  comej 
•  at  the  expense  of  the  cnilitot; 
itive  dealers  was  at  one  liiiicM- 
so  carefully  investigated,  lliaut 
\ble  to  meet  the  demands  of  iluise 
nuch  consideration  by  llie  lurks, 
oneral,questlonsof  ttcoiiiiiienial 
ry  little  pleading,  but  a  good  deal 
w,  the  European  is,  if  any  ihiiij, 

jg  of  our  imports  and  exports  for 


id  is  sent  from  England,  trance. 
rst  and  principally  "f  's""  y^M. 
,vith  coffee,  and  always  partly  sn 
mostly  in  small  parcels  at  a  limp, 
led.    France  follows,  but  nn  a  less 
utti  of  Europe,  do  not  toceilierex- 
[liflfprent  qualities  of  coffiM!  in  nut 
'  first  is  sent  from  Alexandria, ami 
ion  is,  however,  limited,  anddoci 
that  quantity  is  sold  yearly.   W. 
^ndia  coffee  as  within  these  last 0 
Is  been  such  an  excess  beyond  tlie 
time  to  come,  but  also  the  heavy 
lous  gules,  or  must  wail  for  2 or 3 
'  certain  to  lake  place,  as  rnlfee 
Btic  cannot  do  without  his  rnffee; 
[on  000  cups  of  it  are  daily  drunk 
ptastros:    The  SI.  DnniiiiBnanil 
er  is  of  a  fair  round  riuality,  there 
ftt  India  berry  certainly  commamli 
[an  bo  obtained  above  the  niiddlin? 
'occasionally  meet  with  a  iianinl 
Bans  and  character  of  the  dealers 
through  which  an  advantageoin 
\en  in  exchanse  for  produce  llian 
ion,  about  3,000,000  okes. 
llie  same  sources  as  cnflec,  and  h 
[wing  qtialities  :-\Vliilc  triislied, 
Ives  of  4  lbs.  and  in  large  of  Slhs 
^lic  brown  and  ordinary  sorts  are 

meeting  a  ready  sale  always,  and 
Jidvantagea  and  facilities  attncheil 
Incipally  by  England.  Jlie,aii«l'; 
Ion,  and  Guatemala.    The  lirs  o 
^iid  better  than  the  other  2;  Imi. 
huBht  therefore  never  to  lie  senl^ 
In  equal  proportion  of  purple  snd 
Tconseqtienllydnll;  andlhetirsl 
i  one  time)  dTfairKaMlmliamll 
lal  consumption,  80  ibests. 
Teh  oftrade  carried  on  in  Turket^ 
1  assortment  of  British  and  Em 
lotton  goods  are  most  m  demand  I 
1  winter,  although  a  coiisKleraWe 
■lie  year.    The  East  India  inanu- 
Ir  country  also  sends  for  imil';  | 
latlve  consumers  are  exceeding) 
inuenlly  to  be  altered,  ni  orderto 
long  credits,  but  large  barters  a« 


often  eirbctedthroufh  them.  A  person  deiiroui  of  entering  Into  this  Item  of  onr  commerce  Is  almost 
certain  ultimately  to  reap  an  advantage ;  but  he  must  hnve  patience,  a  large  capital,  and  must  not  be 
disheartened  at  the  Ural  or  second  result  of  his  enterprise,  should  it  diNapjioInt  his  hopes  of  proHi.  He 
must  also  enter  into  the  thing  with  spirit,  and  keep  his  agent  always  su|iplied  with  the  goods  he  may 
recommend;  and  he  is  to  remember  that  many  months  must  elapse  before  he  can  expect  a  return  by 
billi  of  exchange,  but  sooner  if  he  order  a  barter.  The  capUal  employed  must  also  at  least  lie  to  the 
xinoiint  of  20,0UO/.  to  do  any  good;  and  further,  this  sum  ought  to  be  disbursed  by  him  withmit  any 
pecuniary  embarrassment  or  inconvenience.  For  a  person  willing  to  undertake  such  a  step,  he  would 
require  to  he  regularly  furnished  with  patterns,  and  advices  of  the  manner  in  which  they  oiii;lit  to  be 
printed  and  varied  ;  and  we  again  repeat,  that  wiUxcnmpnteitt  meant,  a  real  desire  to  follow  the  branch 
up  Ariiily,  and  full  information  hence  of  what  is  required,  a  most  extensive  and  Anally  lucrative  busi- 
ness would  be  done:  and  we  recoiiiinenil  the  matter  strongly  to  your  best  consideration.  Annual  cun- 
lumption  of  all  kinds  (British),  about  307,300  pieces. 

Ciitlon  Taitl  forms  no  Inconsiderable  article  In  our  trdde,  and  is  iiipplied  exclusively  from  England. 
Mule  twist  has,  however,  superseded,  in  some  degree,  the  demand  which  formerly  existed  for  water 
twist,  and  is  consequently  more  in  request.  Water  twist  is  nevertheless  saleable,  and  both  qualities 
nuiht  to  be  of  rather  high  numbers.  This  article  is  oflen  given  in  barter,  but  mostly  sold  nt  rather  long 
credits,  and  hardly  ever  fur  cash.  Annual  consumption  of  water  twist,  10,000  okes ;  ditto  uf  mule 
diuo,  W,000  okes. 

Iron  til  Burt,  English,  was  formerly  largely  consumed  ;  but  from  the  buyers  being  plentifully  sup- 
plied, it  is  at  present  but  little  demanded,  even  at  the  losing  price  of  the  day.    Barters  are  very  fre- 
quently effected  through  irons  of  all  descriptions,  and  command  a  short  credit,  and  sometimes  a  cash 
tale.    Annual  co.isumplioii,  10,000  to  ItJ.OOU  kintals. 
Iron  I'lalea  are  generally  employed  for  building  purposes,  and  store  doors. 
Iron  Hiidt  are  always  saleable. 

Ironlliiopi  are  most  saleable  in  August,  September,  and  October,  for  fruit  and  other  export  barrels. 
Iron,  Uussit,  and  Swedisk  Burt. — These  kinds  are  sent  in  rather  large  parcels,  particularly  the 
former,  and  fetch  a  higher  price  than  the  English,  owing  to  their  malleable  qualities,  which  render 
labour  easier,  and  by  that  advantage  command  a  preference :  though  the  high  price,  boyonil  the  Eng- 
lish make,  puts  the  two  qualities  upon  a  level,  and  commands  a  larger  consumption  of  the  latter.  An- 
nual consumption,  3,500  kintals. 

Tin  in  Bart  is  a  good,  steady,  saleable  article  ;  is  often  given  on  fair  terms  in  barter,  always  disposed 
of  oil  short  credit,  and  now  and  then  placed  fur  cash.  It  comes  from  England  exclusively.  Annual 
consuiiiptinn,  830  to  1,000  barrels  of  4  cwt.  each. 

TVs  in  Plates  ia  attended  with  the  foregoing  advantages,  and  is  also  supplied  by  England  alone. 
Annual  consumption,  1.200  double  boxes. 

Uiid  in  Sheets,  Pigs,  and  SAut.— These  3  items  have  lately,  particularly  shot,  been  sent  from  Ger- 
inany,and  prove  dangerous  competitors  with  the  English ;  in  consequence  of  which  the  thing  is  over- 
done, and  we  have  more  in  market  than  meets  the  demand  at  losing  prices. 

i«id.  Red  and  jrAite. —These  2  articles  have  lately  been  much  in  request  for  the  formation  of  paint. 
8oine  large  parcels  of  red  have  lately  arrived,  and  sell  well  and  currently,  but  we  are  altogether  with- 
out white.  The  consumption  uf  all  sorts  of  lead  has,  however,  considerably  decreased  of  late  years, 
and  no  longer  forms  nn  item  of  any  great  consequence  in  our  trade. 

Runand  .Branny.— Leeward  Island  and  Jamaica  are  furnished  by  America  and  England  ;  the  former 
narlicularly  in  the  lower  qualities,  of  which  we  have  a  full  market  at  low  prices.  The  better  kind  and 
krandy  are  supplied  from  England,  but  do  not  obtain  a  proportionate  'idvance  compared  with  the  com- 
mon sorts.  Brandy  is  but  of  limited  demand,  and  2  or  3  puncheons  are  sulticient  at  a  time.  It  ought, 
as  well  na  rum,  to  be  deeply  coloured.    Annual  consumption  of  rum,  300  puncheons. 

S^iceiare  all  saleable  in  small  parcels  at  a  time,  particularly  pepper'und  pimento;  the  latter  of 
which,  in  small  sound  berries,  is  demanded  at  good  prices.  Nutmegs  are  very  abundant,  and  offering 
very  low  without  fliiding  purchasers.  France,  America,  and  England  supply  us  with  spices,  but 
France  more  so  in  cloves  than  in  other  kinds ;  and  it  may  be  remarked  that  the  qualities  received  from 
England  are  preferred.    Credit  on  selling  is  generally  short. 

Ciiciiiitea/  is  a  fair  article  now  and  then  in  small  qualities;  and,  when  in  demand,  at  times  fetches 
good  prices,  occasionally  a  cash  sale,  and  always  one  of  the  shortest  credits.  Annual  consumption, 
1,500  okes. 

In  concluding  our  observations  on  imports,  we  could  wish  to  impress  the  conviction,  that  a  poor 
man's  purpose  cannot  be  answered  in  speculating  to  this  country  ;  for,  should  his  circumstances  re- 
quire a  speedy  remittance  in  bills,  be  must  submit  to  a  heavy  sacrilice,  in  order  to  meet  his  wants,  by 
telling  his  property  for  whatever  it  may  fetch  in  cash  ;  and  such  a  measure  cannot  but  be  attended 
with  very  heavy  loss.  On  the  contrary,  when  an  opulent  person  tinds  that  his  property  cannot  be 
realised  at  saving  prices,  he  can  afford  to  wait  until  a  more  favourable  moment  presents  itself;  and 
eiich  a  moment,  in  less  than  12  months,  is  almost  certain  to  arrive,  when  he  retires  his  money  with 
tn  advantage  more  than  equal  to  any  interest  he  couM  obtain  for  it  in  Europe. 

That  the  rate  of  exchange  has  regularly  advanced,  and  will  continue  to  advance,  is  the  natural  re- 
•aliof  the  continual  deterioration  of  the  Turkish  specie.  We  remetnber  when  the  piece  of  money 
denominated  '  Mahinoudia,'  passed  at  about  its  value,  or  nearly  so,  of  10  piastres :  it  rose  to  23  soon 
afterwards ;  and  the  few  which  remain  are  ut  present  worth  38  each.  At  the  period  we  allude  to  (1812), 
the  exchange  on  London  was  at  25  piastres  tlie  pound  sterling;  and  until  lately  (owing  to  the  great 
stagnation  of  trade,  and  to  political  events,  which  have  lowered  it),  the  rate  has  been  up  to  60.  It 
cannot,  however,  increase  beyond  that  rate  more  than  5  per  cent.,  as  it  then  will  nearly  be  on  a  par 
with  the  value  of  the  gold  and  silver  current  coin  of  the  realm,  when  it  will  be  better  to  remit  in  specie 
than  by  a  bill  at  63  piastres  for  61  days'  sight.*  The  rates  of  exchange  lluctiiate  considerably,  and  a 
Merence  of  Ho  1  per  cent,  often  occurs  between  one  post  day  and  another,  and  are  attributable  to  the 
quanlitynr  scarcity  of  paper  in  market:  it  is  for  this  reason  that  the  rate  always  decreases  during  the 
fruit  season,  which  takes  place  at  the  latter  end  of  August,  and  continues  until  the  middle  of  October; 
whea  It  rises  again  to  meet  the  limited  wants  of  drawers,  and  the  larger  demands  uf  those  remitters 
who  did  not  ship  fruit,  and  invest  the  funds  of  their  employers  in  that  article.  These  observations 
lead  us  to  submit  the  question  of  the  advantage  which  a  person  in  Europe  has  in  receiving  from  this 
country,  instead  of  sending  to  it.  Late  extensive  liarters  have  proved  to  us,  and  which  we  have  en- 
deavoured to  show  you,  the  unprofitable  terms  upon  which  they  are  conducted,  were  it  only  in  pay- 
ing, and  that  in  cash  too,  for  at  least  i  of  the  p.mount,  at  a  higher  rate  than  was  current ;  now  this 
higher  rate  is,  in  itself,  supposing  the  produce  taken  in  barter  to  meet  with  a  saving  sale  in  Europe, 
of  no  small  consideration;— then  you  have  the  advantage  of  drawing  at  a  high  e.\change  in  making  a 
purchase;  and  again  you  have  the  choice  of  selecting  the  good  part  uf  the  produce,  and  of  rejecting 

*  The  exchange,  partly  from  t^ie  farther  degradation  of  the  coin,  and  partly  from  the  balance  of 
payments  being  against  Smyrria,  is  now  (February,  1834)  08  piastres  to  the  pound  sterling!  This 
variation  of  the  exchange  renders  the  holding  of  property  upon  a  speculation  for  an  advance  very 

haurdoiu. 


\  • 


632 


SMYRNA. 


cr; 

tt0 

l«U-«H 

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MKjV 

..Jia 

Ml 

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mi' 

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r 

f 

«Sf ...  --J 

c- 

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•?  ■  ■  3"», 

'-;'  — .,« 

iJl*  >*  ■   ill 

:y.-:'.  ■■■" 


•  r" 


th«  Inferior,— B  choice  which  li  not  allowed  In  iBkIng  It  In  barter  i  laitly,  the  principal  ai)v8nta(i>  Hi 
buying  over  bartering  it,  that  you  can  avail  yourielf  ofa  depreiilon  In  the  produce  niarliet,  and  KfTen 
your  purchaie  upon  eaiy  terine;  whereat,  when  a  barter  It  prnpnted,  it  hut  the  imnivdiate  eiritiof 
producing  a  general  rite  In  the  whole  inarlcet,  and  alHo  of  engeiiderinti  tho  most  ahiurd  preteiiHioni  on 
the  part  nf  prciduce  hnldert,  whoare  tooconverinnt  with  cominercu  not  tn  ice  that  either  the  Eiirnpei. 
honte,  wishing  to  barter,  it  In  want  of  procuring  returni  for  hit  principnl,  or  elie  that  the  nrtlaiiiior 
produce  wanted  are  in  great  demand  in  Europe — without  which,  the  European  agent  would  never 


■ubniit  to  tiike  produce  at  to  much  higher  a  price  than  ho  could  procure  it  for  with  caah  I    The 


only 


time  in  which  the  person  tending  to  tliTt  country  ciin  calculate  upon  a  profitable  return,  It  durinn  lh« 
fruit  tenton ;  and  fur  that  reason  he  ought  to  forward  hit  shipments  from  Europe  so  us  to  uieei  i|), 
demand,  and  to  be  cashed  by  the  beginning  of  August.  A  vessel  from  England  hence  is  In  gK]\tn\ 
from  4(1  to  50 dayi  In  performing  her  voyage;  sonit'liuiRS  nnich  less,  and  but  seldom  longer:  gu(,^, 
ought,  If  possible,  always  to  be  shipped  in  n  fittt  iind  llrst  clasi  ship. 

We  now  continue  our  reinarlcs  on  the  articles  of  our  trade,  and  the  following  are  tome  of  tiieinieu 
hence,  and  deserving  of  lerioui  attention. 

ExPORTt. 

Silk.— TMt  Is  the  richest  raw  article  In  our  export  trade  with  Europe  In  general,  but  almnst  eiclu. 
tively  with  England,  which  consiimet  nearly  our  niitlre  proiUu'e.  There  are  3  dilfKrent  <|uiiliiiet,  vi^ 
fine,  middling,  and  coarse.  Dales,  adapted  for  the  Engliith  nmrltet,  lire  cimiposud  of  tin- ,1  i|iiiiij(,^, 
but  the  lesser  quantity  is  of  tlie  coarse  klrl ;  at  one  lime,  all  course  wus  in  request  in  l.oiiilon,  hm,! 
present  an  assortment  of  the  3  qualities  li  preferred.  When  an  order  is  given,  it  oiiglit  to  l)c  uccnm. 
pnnled  by  a  description  of  the  quality  reqi  red  ;  ^nd  it  is  necessary  to  stale  that,  for  all  of  ihu  linen 
without  being  mixed,  a  higher  price  Is  d  w  .ided.  A  b»le  contains  40  letl'ees ;  niid,  liet'nn:  Ikji,! 
packed,  is  carefully  examined  and  upprov^d  of  l>y  cunipeiitiit  iiiitive  JiidgcH.  Silk  is  iiroiliiced  ai 
Briissa,  a  large  city  ubout  300  miles  distant  from  Siiiyrnii,  whence  it  is  forwarded  by  cHruviinit  to  n,, 
different  places  of  consuuiplion,  which  are  C'onstaiitlno|ile  and  this  town.  Vnlil  very  lately,  alinnii 
the  entire  crop  of  silk  came  for  snie  to  flmyrna,  but  at  present  tlie  most  cuiislderaldu  pun  in  nunti,, 
Constantinople,  where  the  price  is  higher  :  we  have  therefore  liere  an  udvaiitiige,  not  only  in  |iric( 
but  also  in  our  manner  of  packing,  which  fetches  5  or  6  per  cent,  more  in  England  than  if  packidjij 
the  cupilal.  I^ilk  is  mostly  a  ready  money  article,  though  it  sonictiniet  may  lie  had  in  small  i|iiuiiiliiei 
at  a  short  credit ;  or  half  cash  and  half  1  or  2  couriers  :  it  is  alto  now  and  tiien  given  in  barter.  Ag. 
nutti  overage  produce,  2,500  bales,  or  about  4)"0,0(iO  lbs.* 

Opium,  in  point  of  value,  and  as  an  article  of  speculation,  hardly  gives  way  to  silk  :  hiit  ag  It  ji 
largely  shipped  by  Americana,  and  sent  In  smaller  quantities  to  Holland,  and  the  south  of  l'',nrii|ii',  juj 
Bubject  to  much  competition  and  variation  of  price,  although  we  have  invariably  observed  llni't  ihe 
opening  price  of  the  new  crop  is  always  the  lowent,  which,  however,  ii^  in  some  nieariure  eoiiiiivrli:!. 
lanced  by  the  decrease  in  weight  which  occurs  by  keeping.  This  is  alsoa  cash  article,  and  iinleednub! 
ject  to  the  same  conditions  as  purchasing  or  bartering  for  silk  ;  it  nevertheless  has  one  iiirerlnrliy 
which  the  silk  Is  not  liable  to— namely,  a  difference  in  the  quality  of  the  crops  :  hint  year,  for  instance 
opium  was  of  a  very  bad  kind,  and  hardly  saleable  in  England ;  this  year,  though  small,  it  U  fine.  On 
the  Continent  and  in  America,  the  small  sort  is  preferred  to  tlie  larger  si/.ed.  We  olitierve  tlml,jn 
England,  the  prices  of  opium  fluctuate  considerably;  but  we  are  not  aware  llmt,  by  Imliling  it,  J;,. 
loss  has  ever  happened, — another  reason  wliy  a  wealthy  man  only  should  emtiark  in  the  Turkey  trade 
It  would  be  impossible,  or  at  least  dltiitult,  and  atten(led  with  much  expense,  to  obtain  a  iiionnpulyor 
the  opium  crop,  at  it  is  produced  through  some  thousands  of  individuals,  each  one  (and  they  are  all  I 
poor)  adding  his  produce  ;  and  when  collected  in  suflicient  quantities,  it  is  brought  to  market  by  the 
natives,  having  each  of  them  1  or  3  baskets  for  sale.  What  might  be  done  is  tills  :— Send  a  pfrson  lo 
the  place  of  growth  with  ready  money  to  purchase  a  certain  but  limited  quantity,  and  wliicli  hecag 
do  easily,  if  not  hurried,  to  the  extent  of  50,  or  even  lOU  baskets,  and  upon  terms  of  udvuntuge,  from 
the  simple  fact  that  Ihe  collectors  of  it  prefer  to  receive  a  remunerating  price  on  llie  B|iot  of  gnjwili 
rather  than  perform  a  long  and  expensive  journey,  with  the  chance  of  not  finding  pnrchaHers  ininie' 
diately.  Opium  is  produced  at  sundry  places  in  the  interior,  of  from  10  to  30  days'  distance  hence' 
but  that  grown  at  Caissar,  about  600  miles  from  Smyrna,  is  tiie  must  esleenied,  from  its  cleanness  siiii 
good  quality  ;  It  comes  to  market  In  June,  and  (Inisiius  about  December  or  January.  Annual  averare 
produce,  3,000  baskets,  or  about  400,000  lbs.* 

Drugs  and  Qums  form  one  of  our  principalbranchet  of  commerce,  and  is  almost  entirely  in  the  handi 
of  the  Jews.  At  present,  gum  Arabic  and  mastic  are  exceedingly  scarce  ;  and  it  is  only  when  ihatli 
the  cage,  or  the  demand  for  exportation  is  very  brisk,  that  much  variation  exists  in  the  price  nt'driiKi. 
Trieste,  and  occasionally  America,  consume  a  considerable  portion  of  gunii<,  but  the  largest  quanliiy 
goes  to  tlie  English  markets.  Uurters  are  often  effected  through  this  medium ;  but  it  is  n(>t  altendeii 
with  much  advantage,  as  they  are  conducted  by  a  race  who  never  lose  in  any  transaction  they  under- 
take. It  is  Impossible  to  ascertain  the  quantities  of  drugs  received  in  Smyrna,  and  equally  su  to  know 
the  quantity  remaining,  as  they  are  dispersed  all  over  the  city,  and  consumed  so  irregularly  in  Europe, 
as  bids  defiance  to  all  regular  calculation. 

Sponges  have  been,  and  still  are,  an  article  of  considerable  moment,  particularly  for  the  English  mar- 
kets, and  are  found  about  the  islands  in  theGreciun  Archipelago,  brought  here,  and  cleaned  for  export- 
ation. They  vary  in  price  from  6  to  90  piastres  per  oke,  according  to  fineness  and  quality  :  the  betlei 
sort  alone  answers  for  speculation,  and  which,  it  would  appear,  from  the  considerable  quantity  sent 
to  London,  turns  to  good  account.  The  produce  depends  so  entirely-on  chance,  that  no  correct  esti- 
mate of  Ihe  yearly  quantity  can  be  formed  ;  however,  we  are  seldom  in  want  of  a  niudernte  supply, 

Oalla  are  shipped  in  considerable  quantities  for  the  English,  German,  and  French  markets ;  the  ihi 
former,  however,  being  the  largest  contumers  :  for  EuL'land,  Ihe  blue  galls  are  those  principally  senlj 
though  the  market  there  for  their  sale  being  dull  and  low,  prices  with  us,  moderate  as  they  are  com- 
pared to  last  year,  will  still  fiirtherdecllne,  should  a  demand  not  spring  up,  of  which  there  is  noappeai- 
ance.    Annual  produce  of  all  sorts,  5,500  kintals. 


*  Since  the  period  when  this  paper  was  driiwn  up,  a  considerable  change  has  taken  place  intheiilk 
and  opium  trade  of  Smyrna.  A  few  years  ago,  the  Turkish  government  so  far  receded  frnni  the  free 
principles  which  pervade  its  commercial  policy — (see  Conbtantinopi.e), — as  to  attempt  the  establish- 
ment of  monopolies  of  silk  and  opium ;  by  compelling  the  producers  of  these  articles  to  sell  them  ata 
fixed  and  low  price  to  the  government  agents,  by  whom  they  wore  afierwards  disposed  of  at  an  ad- 
vanced rate.  But  a  plan  of  this  sort  could  not  be  carried  into  effect  in  such  a  country  as  Turkey;  and 
had,  consequently,  to  be  abandoned.  A  duty  of  nearly  10  per  cent,  has,  however,  heen  iinpiisedoa  j 
the  silk  and  opium  exported  to  foreign  parts.  And  in  order  to  facilitate  the  collection  of  this  duty.ihe 
whole  of  these  articles  Intended  for  exportation  are  required  to  be  bnuight  to  Conslantliiople!  Tbii 
regulation  has  done  considerable  Injury  to  Smyrna  ;  but  it  seems  so  very  ahsiird,  and  its  inrnrcemenl 
it<o  obviously  impossible,  that  it  is  not  likely  it  will  be  maintained  for  any  cousiderabiv  periud-HC'- 
quhart  on  Turkey  and  it*  Resources,  p.  169.) 


SNUFF,  SNUFFBOXES. 


B38 


ly,  the  principal  tilfiiiitam  h 
he  produce  market,  and  nffen 
it  hii«  the  Iniiiii'diule  effoci  of 
he  most  ahiurd  preteiiHUiin  „^ 
to  »ce  that  either  the  Europe^ 
ml,  or  elie  thut  the  nrtlolemf 
European  agent  would  never 
re  It  for  with  cash!  The  oni, 
(irofllahle  reinrn,  li  durlni  (lie 
mil  Europe  fio  aa  to  nieeliin 
1  England  hence  U  In  gciiertl 
and  lint  seldom  longer:  gudd) 

jUowing  are  lome  of  them  tm 

«  ill  irenernl,  bnt  almniit  e«lu. 
ire  are  3  dlir«reMl  (iniiliiicn.vu. 
irc  compoBcd  of  llu'  a  (|imlitie,^ 
'UR  In  rei|iieat  in  l.onil huui 

is  given,  it  ought  to  Im  accntn. 
I  sinlH  that,  for  all  of  lliu  liiitu, 
n  40  letVees  i  and,  liiifuti;  Ueinj 
'«  Jndgi'H.  Silk  is  itrdilnced  jt 
8  forwarded  hy  ciinivuiis  lo  ilie 
lown.  l!nlil  very  liilely,  iilii,i,s| 
list  tonsiderulilu  |i'>rl  ik  nehiin 
nn  mlvnntage,  not  only  in  prite, 
re  in  England  than  if  puchai  jn 
B  may  he  had  in  sinnll  i|iiaiilliiei 

and  then  given  in  butter.   Aj. 

r  gives  way  to  silk;  hnl  as  it  ii 
lid,  and  the  south  of  EMrdpe,  iiii 
ve  invariably  observed  lli;it  itn 
r,  if  in  s<inie  nieasnre  coiinlirli;!. 
Isoacash  arlicle.aiid  imlKeiUub- 
leverlheless  has  oiie  iiifericirjiy, 
he  crops  :  lant  year,  for  instance, 
year,  though  i>innll,  it  is  fine.  On 
rger  si/fid.  We  observe  llial,  in 
111  aware  that,  by  ludding  it,  any 
onid  embark  in  the  Turkey  trade. 
expense,  to  obtain  u  nuiiii>p(i|ynf 
duals,  each  one  (and  they  are  all 
es,  it  is  brought  to  market  liytlie 
3  done  is  this :— Send  u  persdn  lo 

lied  quantity,  and  wliidi  he  can 
upon  terms  of  advuniuge,  from 
ng  price  on  the  spot  of  growth, 
■  iiot  finding  pnrtbasers  ininie- 

..  10  to  30  days'  distance  hence; 

esteemed,  from  its  cleanness  anil 
r  or  January.    Annual  average 

id  la  almost  entirely  in  the  handi 
tree  ;  and  It  is  only  when  thatii 
aiion  exists  in  the  price  nfdnip. 

'  gums,  but  the  largest  quantity 
.  medium  ;  but  it  is  ni't  attended 
ifi  in  any  transaction  tliey  under- 

Smyrna,  and  equally  so  to  kno* 
nsunied  so  irregularly  In  Europe, 

particularly  for  the  English  mar- 
[gilt  here,  and  cleaned  for  export- 
fineness  and  quality  ;  thebettei 
n  the  considerable  quantity  sent 
<in  chiince,  that  no  correct  esti- 
in  want  of  a  moderate  supply. 
[i,  and  French  markets ;  the  two 
galls  are  those  principally  sent; 
ih  us,  moderate  as  they  are  cow- 
up,  of  which  there  is  no  appear- 


Jiange  has  taken  place  inlhesilk 

lent  so  far  receded  from  the  free 

Te),— as  to  atlcnipl  the  cstabhsh- 

If  these  articles  to  sell  ihematJ 

Ifierwards  dis|iosed  of  at  an  ad- 

I  such  a  country  as  Turl(ey;and 

IhHS,  however,  been  iinimsed  on 

le  the  ccdieclion  of  this  du'y.l'i' 

[ought  to  C'onslanlinople!   Thi! 

lery  absurd,  and  its  enforcemNil 

r  any  cousiderablu  period.-(l/f- 


Cnlto*  >ri/«l,  of  which  we  hav«  aevoral  qualities.  Is  chiefly  exported  to  Trieste  and  Marseille*.  The 
demand  at  present  for  all  kinds  of  this  produce  Is  exlreniply  llmllvd,  and  we  expect  that  priecs  will  gn 
Inwer  with  us  before  long,  when  perhaps  something  good  might  be  done  in  Hoiibougens  lo  England, 
which  generally  receives  onlv  that  quality.  Barters  are  made  to  a  large  extent  In  cottons.  Annual 
average  produce  of  all  sorts,  nU.UOO  kintals. 

fu/'i'iia  einployg  more  British  shipping  for  fiill  cargoes  of  only  one  article,  than  any  other  speclet 
of  produce.  If  we  except,  perhaps,  fruit:  it  is  also  sent  to  Dublin  and  to  the  Uerman  markets  In  con- 
fiilerahle  quantities.  Almost  any  supply  can  be  obtained,  and  It  Is  shipped  generally  near  the  place* 
of  irowth,  which  are  numerous,  although  there  Is  never  any  want  of  it  in  the  Hmyrnn  market.  It  la 
iniich  resorted  to  as  a  means  of  makinir  barters,  which  perhaps  are  as  easily  uifi.'Cled,  upon  pretty  fair 
tprnm,  as  with  any  other  article  of  produce.  The  annual  produce  Is  sulHcienttumoet  tlio  wants  of  all 
Curopc.    It  can  be  had  to  any  extent,  and  ut  all  periods, 

'  /I'riiit.— This  Is  an  artlclo  which  occupies  the  attention  of  all  Smyrna,  more  or  less,  and  produces, 
during  the  season,  great  interest  and  activily.  Figs  come  to  market  early  in  8epteiiilier,  and  raisins 
are  ready  for  shipping  early  in  October  :  the  former  are  procurable  rmly  at  Smyrna,  whiTc  the  latter 
mall  their  qualities  may  be  procured  ;  but  the  Hliipinents  are  generally  made  at  Cesmu,  Vourla,(.'iira- 
lioiirna,  Usheek,  &c.,  from  which  ports  the  name  of  the  raisin  takes  us  origin.  Large  sums  are  fr<;- 
oiii'ntly  gained  In  fruit  speculations  ;  and  when  the  demand  in  England  Is  brisk,  and  the  prices  aid 
,  iiallty  fair  with  us,  it  very  seldom  happens,  Indeed,  that  any  loss  Is  sustained :  it  is,  liowev.tr, 
attended  with  risk  ;  must  Iw  shipped  dry  ;  and  ought  only  to  go  in  a  very  fist,  sound  vessel,  as  much 
depends  uiion  a  first,  or  at  least  an  early  arrival,  which  obtains  in  general  a  higher  price  tliun  the  later 
irrWnls.    The  quantity  prn.luced  is  always  uncertain. 

For  the  remaining  articles  of  exports  hence,  we  refer  you  to  our  price  current.  Carpets  are  pro- 
duced to  the  extent  of  about  80,000  to  100,000  pikes  a  year.  Oil  (olive),  to  the  amount  of  10  to  15  iiiid- 
dhng  sized  cargoes,  from  the  islands  of  Mytilene,  Candia,  kc,  is  generally  shlp|ied  for  America  and 
France:  seldom  for  England  ;  the  season  commences  in  September,  but  the  crops  of  olives  tliictuute 
rtccediiigly  in  point  of  quantity  ;  hence  arise  dear  and  cheap  years :  last  year  was  a  high  one,  uiid  It 
ii  expected  to  be  lower  this.  Copper,  old  and  new,  may  be  computed  at  .10,000  okes,  which  are  gene- 
rally I'ought  up  as  soon  as  offered,  for  Europe.  Hare  skins  are  coin|iuted  at  from  .S.'iO.dOO  10  400,000 
annually.  Madder  roots  at  12,000  kintals.  Peletons,  at  13,000  to  15,000  chequees.  (Jnats'  wool  of  all 
kinds  may  be  calculated  per  year  at  45,000  to  50,000  chcqueea ;  sheep's  wool  ut  23,000  kintals.  Wax 
(yellow),  1,600  kintals. 

We  have  now  flnished  our  general  remarks  nn  the  exports  and  imports  of  the  place  ;  and  in  cnn- 
duilini!  them,  wc  beg  to  state  tliat,  upon  an  average  of  all  of  them,)  with  the  exception  of  fruit  from, 
and  of  Iron  to,  Turkey,)  the  selling  charges  may  (excluding  del  credere  commission)  be  calculated  at 
ahoul  12  per  cent.,  and  on  purchasing  at  about  o  per  cent 

SNUFF  (Ger.  Schnupftabacic  ,•  Fr.  Tabae  en  poudre;  It.  Tobacco  da  naso ,-  8p.  Tabaco 
depvh'O;  Rus.  Nosowoi  tabak),  a  powder  in  very  general  use  as  an  errliine.  Tobacco  is 
the  usual  basis  of  snuff;  but  small  quantities  of  other  articles  are  frequently  added  to  it,  to 
vary  its  pungency,  flavour,  scent,  &c.  Though  substantially  the  same,  the  kinds  and  names 
of  snuff  are  infinite,  and  are  perpetually  changing.  There  arc,  however,  3  principal  sorts: 
the  first,  granulated;  the  second,  an  impalpable  powder;  and  the  third,  the  bran,  or  coarse 
part  remaining  after  sifting  the  second  sort.  Unless  taken  in  excess,  no  bad  consequences 
result  from  its  use. 

Dealers  in  tobacco  and  snulT  are  obliged  to  take  out  a  licence,  renewable  annually,  which  costs  5«. 
Tlieyare  alsojibliged  toenter  their  premises,  and  havetheir  names  written  in  large  legible  characters 
over  their  door,  or  on  some  conspicuous  part  of  their  house,  under  a  penalty  of  hOl.  The  dyeing  of 
iniifT  with  ochre,  amber,  or  any  other  colouring  matter  except  water  tinged  with  colour.  Is  prohibited 
miller  a  penalty  of  lOOf.;  and  its  intermixture  with  fustic,  yellow  ebony,  touchwood,  sand,  dirt,  leaves, 
ic.  is  prohibited  under  a  penalty  of  100/.  and  the  forfeiture  of  the  article. — (1  &  2  Oen.  4.  c.  109.)  If 
tnuffbe  found  to  contain  4  per  cent,  of  any  substance,  not  being  tobacco,  and  other  than  water  only, 
or  water  tinged  with  colour,  or  flavoured  only,  such  snutT  shall  be  deemed  adulterated,  and  shall  be 
forfeited,  and  the  parties  subjected  to  a  penalty  of  100/.  over  and  above  all  other  penalties  and  forfcit- 
mi—(lb.)  No  quantity  of  snulT  weighing  above  2  lbs. shall  be  removed  by  land  or  water  without  a 
|)crniit.-(29  Oto.  3.  c.  68.)— (See  Tobacco.) 

SNUFF-BOXES  are  made  of  every  variety  of  pattern,  and  of  an  endless  variety  of  ma- 
terials. We  only  mention  them  here  for  the  purpose  of  giving  the  follo'.ving  details,  not  to 
be  met  with  in  any  other  publication,  with  respect  to  the  manufacture  of  Ijaurencekirk  or 
Cumnock  boxes.    These  are  made  of  wood,  admirably  jointed,  painted,  and  varnished. 

These  beautiful  boxes  were  first  manufactured  at  the  village  of  Laurencekirk,  in  Kincardineshire, 
about  40  years  since.  The  original  inventor  was  a  cripple  hardly  possessed  of  the  power  of  locomo- 
tion. In  place  of  curtains,  his  bed  (rather  a  curious  workshop)  was  surrounded  with  benches  and 
receptacles  for  tools,  in  the  contrivance  and  use  of  which  he  discovered  the  utmost  ingenuity.  The 
inventor,  instead  of  taking  out  a  patent,  confided  his  secret  to  a  joiner  in  the  same  village,  who  in  a 
few  years  amassed  a  considerable  property:  while  the  other  died,  as  he  had  lived  In  the  greatest 
poverty.  The  great  difliculty  of  the  manufacture  lies  in  the  formation  of  the  hinge,  which,  in  a  genu- 
ine box,  is  so  delicately  made  as  hardly  to  be  visible.  Peculiar,  or  aa  they  are  called,  secret  tools,  are 
required  in  its  formation ;  and  though  they  must  have  been  improved  by  time  and  experience,  the 
mystery  attached  to  their  preparation  is  still  so  studiously  kept  up,  that  the  workmen  employed  in  one 
ihnpare  rigorously  debarred  from  having  any  communication  with  tiiose  employed  in  another. 

About  the  beginning  of  this  century,  an  ingenious  individual  belonging  to.  the  village  of  Cumnock, 
in  Ayrshire,  of  the  name  of  Crawford,  having  seen  one  of  the  Laurencekirk  snuff-boxes,  succeeded 
after  various  attempts,  by  the  assistance  of  a  watchmaker  of  the  same  village,  who  made  the  tools,  in 
producing  a  similar  box;  and  by  his  success,  not  only  laid  the  foundation  of  hia  own  fortune,  but 
ireatly  enriched  his  native  parish  and  province.  For  a  while,  the  Laurencekirk  boxes  were 
most  in  demand  ;  but  Mr.  Crawford  and  his  neighbours  in  Cumnock  not  only  copied  the  art,  but  so 
improved  and  perfected  it,  that,  in  a  very  few  years,  for  every  box  made  in  the  north  there  were,  pro- 
bably, 20  made  in  the  south.  In  1826,  the  Cumnock  trade  was  divided  amongst  8  master  nmnufactu- 
lers,  who  employed  considerably  more  than  100  persons.  The  demand  at  that  time  equalled  the  sup- 
ply, and  It  was  calculated  that  the  trade  yielded  from  7,000/.  to  8,000/.  annually,— a  large  product  for 
a  manufacture  seemingly  so  insignificant,  and  consisting  almost  exclusively  of  the  wages  of  labour. 
Plane  is  the  wood  in  common  use,  and  the  cost  of  the  wood  in  an  ordinary  sized  box  does  not  exceed 
\i.;  the  paints  and  varnish  are  rated  at  2d.:  and  though  something  is  lost  by  selecting  timber  of  the 
finest  colour,  the  whole  expense  of  the  raw  material  falls  considerably  short  of  1  per  cent,  on  tli« 
return  it  yields! 
!8i3 


■..i'r,Si:-\ 


SOAP. 


z- 

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d 

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■  :^^m 

M^ 

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^ 

:v'»» 

flnulT-boi,  like  pin  maklni,  •dmiti  of  iiibdlvUInn  «riiihniir;  nnd  In  rII  wnrkihnpi  of  nny  iIik] 
clnaiRi  of  perinnR  nr»  eniplnyRii,— palnlniiR,  polUlH'ra,  niiil  Jolneri.  At  Iha  perlixl  •llii<|p<l  In,  nn  IrHliii. 
Irlniii  jnliipr  earnt-tl  rrnm  30t.  to  4fl<.  wttekly,  a  pniiitrt  rroiii  4.t».  lo  31.,  nnil  n  |Mi|iiher  cimiilitrriihly  |r,j 
than  nlth'-r.  Wh«n  Mr.  Crawroril  nmt  roinini!ni'(>il  lidiliiea*,  lin  oiiinltiHil  nlniiim  any  prliR  lii>  rli>iii>|„ 
auk  ;  and  many  Initancei  occurred,  in  which  nnlliinry  il/.nd  •niil]'-l)iixei  lold  at  V.  I'ij  «rf.,  ami  Indi^,' 
work-boiKR  at  V)t.  Hut  ai  the  trade  iiicrraiRd,  it  liccanie  nnreiiary  in  eniiiloy  npiireiilic)!*,  who  tlni 
lii'rntiK' JmirnHyiiinn  and  thon  ninitort  j  and  xii'h  have  hren  Ihe  vtwexn  i>(  Inijiriivi  ninnt  iiiiii  rciiripcu. 
tiiin,  llial  artirlcii  iiuch  ai  ore  Rp<>riMtMi  above  may  now  hu  olitHliif<it  iit  llin  r<^«|it'c'liv)>  prli:<!ii  of  in  ami 
lirrniy-fre  thiHingi.     While  llio  Jolni^r'a  part  ol  lhi<  art  han  rcmuiiiRd  priMly  •liiliiiiary,  Hint  nf  id, 

fminlcr  liaa  bcfn  griiduallv  Imnrovinir.  Ily  nifans  of  the  /VnM^rn/)*,  wlilih  Ih  niiicli  eniplnyrij,  (i,, 
ntt>'.»\  cnRrnvinnii  are  rviliicud  loilii>  li/.R  mud  ronvonicnt  fur  llio  wnrkmnti,  wiihimt  iiiJiirliiK  ih, 
priiilH  in  thi!  iiliKliti'Rl  doK"'*! :  and  he iirii  ii  miiirT-licix  niniiiinii'lurcr,  IjI<('  ii  DiiiirnnnliiiR  Wimivit, cng 
work  toord«r  by  nxhibitinir  on  wood  IiIk  i'iiipbi\  fr'«  coal  of  arrm,  or,  in  c'lorl.nny  obji-ct  liit  iiiiiy  fm,,. 
w  ilhlii  the  range  of  thR  pirtorlal  art.  Home  f>f  Uih  piiiiili-ri  iliH|iliiy  roiiKiitcriililii  lalriil,  anil  an  nfi,,! 
»<t  Ihi'y  chooKH  In  put  forlli  their  RlrnnKlh,  proiliiit!  Iiox-IIiIh,  whicli  iiro  rciilly  worlliy  of  bcinn  i,,,. 
Hvrvod  aR  pIclurcR.  At  llriil,  nearly  tlin  whole  riiIiJimIh  cIioncii  ur  oriniiD-iil!),  wrri'  litkL'ii  liom  llnrin'j 
jinoniR ;  and  tliRre  can  be  no  doubt,  Ihiit  the  "  ('olt"r'H  Huinrdny  Nicht,"  "Taiii  O'Hhiiiili'r,"  "  Wiiii, 
brewed  a  peck  o' maul,"  &c.  &.<•.,  have  peni-trntHd  in  IhiR  form  into  every  i|iiurlcr  of  iliu  biihiiaiii, 
globe.  Now,  however,  Ihi!  iirtiNiN  of  Ciiuinock  tiike  a  wider  rnii|;i! ;  ilie  RliidloH  of  Wllkli-,iiiiil  iiii,,, 
artinlR,  have  been  laid  under  conlrlbulimi ;  hindKCiipCR  lire  ur  oOeii  met  wiili  ur  llgurefi ;  iiml  ilirrr ,, 
learcely  8  celebrated  iceiie  in  the  country  Hint  Ir  not  plrliired  fortli  more  or  lei<R  purl'i  clly  on  ihe  |ij 
of  a  Oumnock  Ruuirbox.  A  few  yearR  ii|io,  the  art  in  i|iieRlion  wiix  miirli  aflVcleil  by  Ihu  long-cnnil. 
nued  depreRRinn  of  the  weaving  buRlnesR;  ro  niiirh  ho,  lliat  many  left  il  for  Rome  oilier  enipliiyiiii>iii 
and  Rome  of  thoRR  who  eniigrnlcd,  having  iiiaile  a  good  deal  of  money,  iiixlend  of  being  rniipeil  iiu|. 
a  workahop,  are  now  thriving  propri«torH  in  lljiper  Canada.  Iliil  ufler  a  lirlef  Interval  Ibe  iriiile  ral. 
lied  ;  and  ihniigh  pricea  are  low,  it  is  now  more  Hoiirinhing  Ibun  ever.  In  (.'iimnock,  ihe  niiiijbi>rnr 
haiida  haa  IncreaRed  cnniideraiily,  nnil  In  Mauchline  there  Ir  one  workRhop  no  cxteiiRive  ihul  It  ma, 
alinoRt  be  compared  tn  a  cotton  mill  or  factory.  In  other  quarterR  the  trade  Ir  extending,  rim  h  on  i|p! 
leiiRhiirg  near  Oreennck,  Catrine,  Maxwellinwn,  DiimfrieR,  &c.  The  principal  iiiarketR  for  ibo  inutT. 
hoxca  are  London,  Liverpool,  GlaRgow.aitd  Kdinburgh.  Alone  lime,  large  IoIr  of  Iioxcr  were  cipum^ 
tn  t<oiiih  America,  and  prnbably  are  Rn  at  preReiit.  Cumnock,  in  a  word,  in  regard  in  iiM  Hinple  manu- 
facture. Ir  in  that  palmy  slnle  ro  well  deacribed  by  a  modern  writer ; — "The  condilion  moat  I'avniirabli 
tn  population  Is  that  of  a  laborious  frugal  people  minlRh^riiig  to  the  demanilR  of  opulent  nelpliimuri' 
heraiiRR  lliia  sitimllnn,  while  it  leaves  them  every  ndvantage  of  luxury,  exempts  lliem  rioin  iiie  eviii 
which  accompany  lis  ndniiaxiun  intn  a  country.  Of  the  different  kiiulH  of  luxury,  thoHe  are  ihn  nioit 
innocent  which  afford  employment  to  the  grealest  tiiimher  of  nrliala  and  iiiunufaclurerR  ;  nrUiniejn 
which  the  price  of  the  work  bearn  the  grenteat  prnporlinn  to  that  of  the  raw  material."  Hiimg  very 
wretched  Imitations  of  Cumnock  bnxea  have  been  produced  in  different  parlR  of  Knglnnd;  bin  iliry 
can  deceive  no  one  who  ever  saw  a  genuine  box.  The  hinge,  as  well  as  tiic  llniuhiiig,  is  clumsy  in  ihl 
extreme. 

*«*  We  are  indebted  for  thia  curious  and  instructive  article  tnour  eateemed  friend,  John  M'Diarmiil 
Eaq.,  Editor  of  Ihe  Dumfries  Courier,  one  of  the  beat  provincial  papers  in  thu  empire.  ' 

SOAP  (Ger.  Selfe ,-  Fr.  Savon ,-  It.  Sapone ;  8p.  Jabun  ,•  Rus.  Millo  ,•  Lat.  Sapo),  The 
Boap  met  with  in  commerce  is  generally  dividt'd  into  2  sorts,  hard  and  soft :  the  former  ii 
made  of  soda  and  tallow  or  oil,  and  the  latter  of  potahh  and  similar  oily  matters.  Soap  made 
of  tallow  and  soda  has  a  whitish  colour,  and  is,  therefore,  sometimes  denominated  whik 
soap :  but  it  is  usual  for  soap  makers,  in  order  to  lower  the  price  of  tho  article,  to  mix  i 
considerablo  portion  of  rosin  with  the  tallow  ;  this  mixture  forms  the  common  yellvwrnm 
of  this  country.  Soap  made  of  tallow,  &c.  and  p.tash  docs  not  assume  a  solid  form;  iu 
consistence  is  never  greater  than  that  of  hog's  lard,  'i'he  properties  of  soft  soap  as  a  deter- 
gent do  not  differ  materially  from  those  of  hard  soap,  hut  it  is  not  nearly  so  convenient  foi 
use.  The  alkali  employed  by  the  ancient  Guuls  and  Germans  in  tho  formation  of  loap 
was  potash ;  hence  we  see  why  it  was  described  by  the  Romans  as  an  unguent.  The  oil 
employed  for  making  soil  soap  in  this  country  is  whale  oil.  A  little  tallow  is  also  added, 
which,  by  a  peculiar  management,  is  disper.scd  through  the  soap  in  fine  white  spots.  The 
soap  made  in  countries  which  produce  olive  oil,  as  the  sclUth  of  France,  Italy,  and  Spain,  a 
preferable  to  the  soap  of  this  country,  which  is  usually  manufactured  from  grease,  tallovr, 
&c. — {Thomson's  Chemistry.) 

London,  Liverpool,  Newcastle,  Bristol,  Brentford,  Frodsham,  and  Glasgow,  are  the  great  aeataof 
the  British  snap  manufacture.  Thus,  of  110,379,037  lbs.  of  hard  soap  made  in  Great  Britain  in  ISsi 
London  furnished  29,627,735  lbs. ;  Liverpool,  28,878,406  lbs. ;  Newcaalle,  6,982,049  Ilia. ;  Ilrimnl, 
6,861,407  lbs. ;  Brentford,  5,573,074  llis. ;  Frodsham,  4,933,335  Iba. ;  and  Glasgow,  4,607,354  lbs.  Of 
10,350,703  lbs.  of  soft  soap,  made  during  the  same  year,  Liverpool  furnished  above  i;  the  rcstbebf 
;upplled  by  Glasgow,  London,  Bristol,  IIull,  &c. 

The  use  of  soap  as  a  detergent  is  well  known :  it  may,  in  fact,  be  considered  as  a  necessary  of  life. 
Its  consumption  in  moat  civilised  countries  is  immense.  Pliny  Informs  us,  that  soap  was  inveniedby 
the  Gauls;  that  it  was  composed  of  tallow  and  ashes;  and  that  the  German  soap  was  reciioned  ibe 
best.— (Lib.  xvili.  c.  SI.) 

certain  ipicn  ot  lime  are  limlled  for  comnlelinK  the  clnium;  inl 
tilling  out  of  the  io»n,  iccorJing  lo  the  kind  of  loap,  and  iIk  itmtt; 
nf  frames  into  which  the  unie  is  put.  Cnpners  iml  oiher  uitmili 
nm»t  l)e  cleanied  once  in  every  month.  The  fnnrn  wi  n  mikrt| 
hard  aoap,  for  cleaniini;  luid  pultinfi  Ihe  umeinionl  't  Muiail 
of  the  vwwtl  when  boiled  and  prepared,  niu»t  be  eilliers'.-jiT  or  ob- 
long, and  the  bottom,  sides,  and  end  of  such  frames  are  to'be  2  tttia 
thick  and  not  more  than  45  inches  long,  and  BinchesbrnaittieniM 
bein^  marked  and  numliered  at  the  expense  nf  the  soap  nuker.  Thi 
makjn^  of  yellow  or  moltled  soar  is  regulated  by  69  Geo.  3.  c.  90,, 
by  which  every  maker  is  requirea,  as  soon  asthesameiiclrarMdor 
taken  nut  of  Ihe  vessel  in  which  it  has  l>een  made,  to  add  iwl  initio 
the  copper  or  vessel  all  the  fob  and  skimmings  taken  out  nf  Ihttune, 
and  also  grease,  in  the  pmiwrtion  of  at  least  10  cwl.  of  peue  fw 
every  ton  ofyellow  or  mottled  soap  which  the  copper  or  vessel  ibiil 
be  by  the  officer  computed  to  boil  or  make,  and  inimediilelvmwll 
iuchgrease  in  the  presence  of  the  officer  of  excise.  No  lers  lit  fortbi 
making  of  loap  may  be  manufactured  for  sale ;  nor  mar  unr  binlli 
be  ground  or  pounded  for  ule ;  nor  when  grouol  or  poiiadcd  bciiU 


Ripilaliimi  tu  lo  Iht  Manufacture.— Sotp  il  charged  with  a  duty 
of  excise,  and  its  nianufacture  is  consequently  regulated  by  several 
prnvisions  intended  for  the  protection  of  the  revenue.    No  jienon  is 

fiermitted  to  make  soap  within  the  limits  of  Ihe  head  office  of  excise 
n  London,  unlew  he  occupy  a  tenement  of  101.  a  year,  and  iaasunsed 
to  and  pays  the  parish  rates ;  nor  elsewhere,  unless  he  is  assessed  and 
pays  to  cfiurch  and  poor ;  and  every  soap-maker  is  required  to  take 
out  a  licence  to  be  renewed  annually,  for  which  he  is  to  pay  41.  j  but 
persons  in  partnership  require  only  1  licence  for  I  house.  They  are 
also  required  lo  provide  sufficient  wooden  covers  for  all  coppers  and 
other  utensils  wherein  they  boil  hard  soap  ;  which  covers  are  to  be 
locked  and  sealed  down  by  the  officer  whenever  anv  soap  is  left  in 
(he  same ;  and  the  furnace  door,  cover,  and  the  ash  note  door  is  also 
to  be  locked  aad  sealed  at  all  timee  except  when  the  same  is  at  work. 
Regulations  are  also  m.ide  for  preventing  the  use  of  any  private  con. 
▼eyance  or  pipes;  empowering  officers  to  break  up  Ihe  ground  lo 
•eareb  for  the  nine,  and  cut  them  up  if  found ;  If  not,  the  officers 
■nasi  make  compensation  for  Ihe  injury  done.  (In  cleansing  or  taking 
•oap  oul  o<  Um  coppen,  the  maken  an  required  to  (ire  notice ;  and 


SOAP. 


035 


n  III  worliihopiof  anyilMj 
lha  p«rlii<1  Klliiilfil  ti),  nn  liiclm. 
mil  n  |Hi|i»herc(iniililiT;ililyi,.„ 
I'll  nlniimi  »ny  l"'*"  '"  '•"■•i-tn 
■  milil  lit  IW.  I'J*  M;  nnil  litdlti' 

eniiiloy  «|i|ireiitlr«».  who  tlr«i 
I  111'  Imiiriivrninnt  nml  riiiiipni. 
lliR  rrfpi'Cllv  P'tte"  "f  »"«iiil 
I  nri'liy  •liilloiinry,  llint  nf  ihr 

Willi  It  111  i"i"cl'  e">i|''"y<'ili  ili« 
vnrkiimn,  wIlhoHl  lnjnriin  ih, 
ikf  11  Duiifuriiillii"  wiMiviT,  tun 
,  ii>\cirl,  i\i<v  iilijfit  III'  iiiiiy  fniTy 
iiimileriililii  liil»'iil.">iil  ««<ifiiii 
iri<  ii'iilly  worlliy  "f  ln'inn  »«■■ 
iiii'iilK.  wri' <|>I"!"  I"""  ll'<'<»'i 

"  "'ruin  O'Hhuiili'r,"  "  WiilK 
I'i'vrry  iimirlvr  nf  lli«  liiilmablj 
Ihc  miiilloH  i'(  Wilkip, mill  1.11,(1 
,rl  will!  im  llKOf''  •  "'"'  IIXTi-K 
iiinrt'  iir  li-m  porlVclly  »ii  Ihe  H 
iiirli  iiMVclHil  liy  llii!  l.Piig-cnml. 
t  It  r.ir  minii-  olhtr  liinliloyiiiem: 
y.  InsU'lliI  of  IxlliR  I'liiipi'illlliln 
IT  u  lirii'f  Inturvnl  lli«  Irmle  ml- 
't.  In  riniiniick,  lint  nunibrrct 
irknlii'P  Bii  cxteimive  itial  it  ma; 

I  iriiile  i»  iixli-mliiiK,  miiii  sillf. 
.  primlpnl  iiiarkfts  fur  llin  muff. 
liirgc  liim  "''  lioii"''  w<'"'  eipii'led 
ord,  In  ropnril  In  lis  ulnple  monu. 
-"The  riiiiilUlon  lii"«t  fiivniirabl« 
(liMiioiiilK  of  opulent  ni'iptilifluti; 
iiry,  i^xRinptB  ihtMU  Irniii  llieevili 
iiiIh  of  luxury,  thone  are  Ihn  moii 
«nii(l  iiittniifnctiirorp  J  nrtliiuein 
r  the  tHW  ninterlnl."  Hnmevety 
TuMt  piirts  of  Englnnd  j  but  ihey 

II  ao  the  llnluhliig,  la  clumsy  In  the 

psteemeil  frlenil,  John  M'Diarmid, 
era  In  Ih"  empire. 

Rub.  Millo ;  Lat.  Sapo).  Th« 
hard  and  soft :  the  former  ii 
imilar  oily  matters.  Soap  made 
somctimea  denominated  whik 
e  price  of  iho  article,  to  mix  i 
irma  the  common  yellow  soap 
not  assume  a  solid  form ;  iu 
iperties  of  soft  soap  as  a  deter- 
not  nearly  so  convenient  foi 
lans  in  the  formation  of  loap 
lans  as  an  unguent.    The  oil 
A  little  tallow  is  also  added, 
joap  in  fine  white  spots.    The 
[of  France,  Italy,  and  Spain,  is 
lufactured  from  grease,  tallow, 

1  Glasgow,  are  the  great  «eat!  of 
In  made  in  Great  Britain  in  I8A 
Vwc8»tle,  6,962,049  lbs.;  Bristol, 
[and  Glasgow,  4,607,354  lbs.  0( 
rurnished  above  \;  the  rest beii){ 

Iconsidercd  as  a  necessary  of  life. 
Ims  us,  that  soap  was  invented  by 
{German  soap  was  reckoned  the 

lare  limited  for  complelim  the  clnniiDi  >^ 

■acconling  to  the  kiiiJ  of  loap,  ami  ihe  m\f 

WM  unie  is  put.    I'opiiera  ami  olher  uwill 

in  evOTV  month.    Thernninui'J  mmikiij  j 

l(  «nd  putlini  the  same  into  »K-i  UkMKi 

lid  nnd  prepared,  mu.t  be  either  >  .^air  or*  ] 

Idea,  and  end  of  such  framea  are  IoImJikIm 

I,  45  inches  loni!,»nd  ISinchrabniaa.lhtBM 

IlKTed  at  the  eipenae  of  the  ajap  "■iktr.  Tit 

lottled  aoan  it  regulated  by  ^  G"; '■  ^J*- 

lit  required,  >■  awm  as  the  jameii *>»«!« 

In  which  it  haa  been  marte,  to  a*  an  («  itj 

Ithe  fob  and  skimmmp taken  oulnfihttim, 

I  proportion  of  at  leaat  10  c»l.  ot  p«  ta 

Inrnttled  aoap  which  the copFT or  v«».l*^ 

l,Bl  to  boil  or  make,  ai.d  "imedialth^m* 

Vce  of  the  officer  of  eiciae.  No  IM  Hi  b'™ 

rmtnofactured  for  tale ;  nor «".  .wtenjU 


utitHiH  "■*  "eitkt  of  M  lla.  nf  tuh  Uritia  al  dm  time.  In  the 
HBOval  of  anan  ticeedinf  the  qiiaoliljr  of  2i  ll)t.,  Ihe  woril  **Mia|i'* 
tiull  I)"  p«i"i*<'  or  in.arken  in  ItrR*  letten  of  At  Iraaf  i  nirh^e  lonfon 
„try  clieal,  tttakal,  boi,  caak,  or  |>acka<a  CMoiantioi  Itie  aania  i  and 
Ihe  Mioi*  vi'ord  niuit  be  peiiilaij  or  ni.irllBil  In  Irltert  ■>f  at  le:itl  :1 
inrM  10  hnfih  nn  every  wtfnr),  Ctrl,  or  olher  rarrlaae  rtfrying 
mniT  'tian  irl  llie.,  in  tome  cnntpicinua  and  open  part  of  Hie  uniR, 
unl.M  II  ■*  lamtd  by  a  perann  t>eiiiK  a  known  and  p'iblic  nr  cuninon 
tirr.«rof  |otidt  ami  luarcbaudita  fnim  one  |iart  to  anolhtr  ;  oltn-eii 


may  Imi  ee'  Ihe  map  and  'he  arenmptrying  eertiltcate,  !l,iap'Swlltif 
tie  altn  III  knii  Ikh'Ik.  an,l  enter  ihrrein  all  ipiihhlita  '  I  »«p  tnlj 
cirr*liii(  in  IU.  t;«tfy  Urnl  of  iiiiip  mini  cm, lam  i  11  lU.  aiiiir. 
du|.>ii>j  rviry  liliarri'l  \l*  lln.  ;  avriy  Aikiii  61  lln.  ;  aii'l  avrrv  I  I 
nrkin  W  lln  ,  bri  da.  Ilir  <*>i(l,i  and  larai.f  Ihe  r  uk.  N>ip  maker* 
niiiil  hrrp  traira  and  writhtt,  aivl  ataitl  llie  elcae  nltireri  in  ihe  uaa 
of  1'  rill,  anil  liiii.t  wri^ti  Itirir  niatrriil.  fur  lli.ikln^  mu\\  befnni  tin 
otTir.r,  nn  (leiully  of  Mii  — iC'/iiilyi  Cum,  iUiui,  »c.l.  li.  Pp.  4I»— 
Uii.) 


F./poff  «f  >^«0P  '>"'<  Candlfs  —We  annually  export  from  10,000,000  in  12,000,000  llm  of  iioiip  iinil  can- 
dl«(,  worth  rrnin  230,00()(.  to  :tOO,00(l/.  Nearly  \  nto  evpnrti'il  to  the  llrlliiih  WutI  liidliin  iiiid  American 
roliinlci.     A  very  large  quantity  In  alio  ^xpnrliMl  to  llray.ll. 

Opprii!'ivn>ft  »f  Ihe  />Nfif.— The  dlri^rl  duty  rliiirgt-il  on  hard  lonp,  which  la  by  far  the  niont  nxlrn- 
,iv,.|y  iiaed,  ainounlcd,  till  June,  1833,  to  3ii.  per  Ih.,  or  ViM.  per  iwt.,  while  Ihe  prlie  of  Nimp  rarely  iix- 
rerriiiil  (Id.  per  lb.,or  5A«.  percwl.in  that  the  illreel  duty  wni  fully  100  per  rent.!  Hut  tiiHh'ea  this 
rtiiiriiiiiiia  duty,  the  lubilanceii  of  which  Roan  la  made,  viz.  tallow,  harlllii,  nnd  turpentine,  or  main,  were 
reapertively  eharired  with  diitleaof  3<.  4il.,  'in.,  nnd  4«.  4iJ.  a  i:wl.  ;  and  Inking  theae  Indirect  laxea  Into 
iii-rniiiil,  II  may  lie  truly  atated  that  aonp  waa  Inxed  from  120  to  1.10  pur  cent,  ad  vuliinm  !  The  lmpii> 
tiiliiii  of  >■"  exorbitant  a  duly  on  an  article  that  Is  Indiapensnlile  to  the  pri<ai>tnlliin  of  ninny  hrancheg 
i.rnianiifactitre,  and  tn  thn  comfort  and  cleanllneaa  of  all  ordera  nf  peraona,  wna  in  tlie  laat  degroi 
mnipciliont.  There  were  good  reaaona,  too,  for  ihlnkliig  that  in  ciiii»ei|uence  of  the  eiicoiiragenieiit 
wiiicit  li*'" '^'"^^*'''^'' ''"'y  K"^"  to  Hintigt'llng  iind  fraud,  the  revenue  derived  from  It  waa  not  much 
ireili'r  tltsn  It  will  he  now  that  It  la  reduced  to  i  its  forniur  ninoiint.  During  the  5  years  ending  with 
l^tl,  tiie  i-oiiaurnpllon  nf  duty-paid  snap  waa  nearly  alallonary  ;  ihonsh  there  can  he  no  doiitit,  from 
the  inrreaMe  of  ntanuflicturea  and  population  during  that  pi  Mud,  that  It  'vo'iUI  h,tve  breii  very  conal- 
ilt'iitlily  extended,  but  for  Ihe  increaao  of  amiiKgling.  Tliia  harmful  prad.ce  la  r'acllllaled  hy  lite  total 
r\eiii|itii)n  wlileli  Ireland  enjoys  rrnni  thia  duly  ,  fm  It  not  !'r4''ii>i|i  .  |y  hnppena  that  the  xonp  made 
liilhm  cotitilry,  and  acnl  tolrelani'  under  n  drt. tvhr  .'.k,  la  :'..)..iii  .  laiiileHilnely  Inlroiliiceil  iiitn  fireat 
Briiiiin.  it  la,  perhaps,  needle:<M  to  aay,  that  nott  Mg  but  t!  r  ofT'i  l  >..'  ri  diiction  nT  the  duly  could  put 
isiop  to  tli*' ""■"l^f"'>ll  and  frniiil  that  hr.'  hee:.  .<■>  :fi'ii.  r,i|ly  p^tt  t  .nl.  Ho  long  na  Ihe  profit  to  lie 
iii^du  by  breaking  Ihe  law  waa  an  high  bp  I  '>  ')r  U<'<  |i>.r  rent  , ''  i  '..i:  ^  atum  It  sure  to  he  broken,  In  de- 
ipitd  ol  the  intiltipllcallon  of  petialilea  f;i«I  i  ;n  iirn'iiit  u  livitv  f  >'il  vigilance  of  the  ollicera.  Hut  now 
tint  Ihi!  duty  luia  been  reduced  \,  Ihe  teiniitii'lon  to  'i;!iiii;,<le  <  viil  Se  moat  nin'r  rially  diiiiiiiiHlied,  And 
It  in.^y  be  fairly  cnneliided  that  the  Increaaeil  ciiiiHUnivnioo  MMt  w'l>,  nn  donhi,  f  llnv.  this  reilui  lion  of 
iliily,  will  go  farm  render  the  low  duty  na  pro  I  >ct'.ve  n  >  itio  '.iRlierone  ;  an  lli.il  tliundvuiitiigia  result- 
in;'  rnita  till)  dimlniahed  InniptntiiM  tu  i;mn;;jlinv,  a.i.i  <rnu>l  a  il  the  i.'tliieiii-iHif°  it-e  reduced  price  <>.' 
Ill"  article  in  facilitating  mniiufaclur'iiK  inil'tm  >,  •inJ  it'  iiii)i'.io'l:!i;  ha  ji<  of ''toi.iiliii.:8r  vv  I'l,  ii:jal 
priiliably,  bu  obtained,  without  any  conaid>-r»l  !>  loac  i  '  le^'  iniir. 

The  entire  repeal  of  the  aoap  duty  woiilil  be  »  j.njiulu  inen.ture  ;  hi>v  :.  .-Kiit  i.iat  a  In'ttr^  pnwitnt  of 
revenue  muil  be  raised,  and  that  thoae  '■•i.ioa  only  i-i  pro-iMi'tlve  vv!;tch  ailcci  all  clis.'ji  o'  ,',i»  rom- 
inimlly,  we  should  not  bediapoaed  n  ii;f  i>v.iiion<t  mii  ii  a  lovnK  ir'i  h  la:  iirl  l'  c  f  .i  .'r.'.'f,  bt't  the 
(ippreisive  extent  to  which  It  waa  <  > mod  tliul  '.;a,(t'  it  i  lijec-'uoubic  InnrMt,!  of  j'r.  v-  i  'iig  Va  rcpen!, 
we  think  It  ought  to  lie  extended  lii  IrelaiMl.  Tlu  efomiU'i'"  of  one  '^rr'  or'ihif  eiiruf,  r  oiii  a  liuty  „(' 
thiiinrt  iinpoaed  on  another  part.  Is  ci-iUn'-v  to  jl!  prim  r'it,  •'ml  Is  fr<vi|'l'l  wi;i  li.e  r.iot  i  uriri'iotia 
[tiulli.  It  will  be  iniposaihie  to  gel  rid  of  >''.iuggliiig  ;  >  I  )->^  r<'  .hlH  liijiivU  il'i-'iiiiitioi' iij  ciiiA- i  ^  to 
eiiit.  Were  the  duty  extended  to  Ireland,  the  >,<sc»"itr.  r<i.-  jri'.i  ii'ii»  ilrai< '  uku  <>u  the  s-wp  .i;i...r><i(| 
toil,  nnil  of  laying  cuuntervuiling  duties  ai:  (hat  imported  I'V  .tii  ii,  vi'oul'i,  o.  Ciiurau,  'ail  totti'^  p  "v,'i<l. 
And  wi!  feel  cnnndent  that,  though  a  still  furt>'.er  d"vlui-tio,>  were  nin..e  f  inn  ih?  riit.1  oi'  'ti.'.)',  itn  pir.. 
duciiveneia  would  not,  under  such  clrcumt'.iince;.  be  ..ti,m',r>  a  ever  >,:  Ki'^jiaiKt. 

I,  Account  of  the  Quantity  of  Ifa.-l  and  •?»/«  ioap  c.'iarge.i  Vii!i  !7icciso  Dut/  in  G'l-c.t  Brit  tin.  In  fsch 
of  the  Rievcn  Years  ending  ftth  January,  1S,13;  ttit*  nat>  s  of  I>iUy ;  e.tid  tae  Orvta  and  J^t'ult )  luljue 
of  the  Dulles.— (Compiled  from  diirerenl  /*&.  liamenlary  Pffpri-a.) 


Ton. 


isn 
m 
iMi 
m 
m 

1927 

\m 

1830 
1831 
1832 


FsuDdt'  Weight  uf  Soap. 


j    !iatee  rf  tint) . 


Hard. 


Lbs. 
89,168,934 
92,9IM,382 
97,071,496 
100,261,333 
102,623,165 
96,859,694 
104,372,807 
108,110,198 
103,041,961 
117,324,320 
119,379,037 


Soft. 


Lbs. 
7,583,9.'58 
8,073,803 
8,226,922 
9,297,485 
8,910,.''.04 
7,278.446 
9,64i1,477 
10,024,(vi;- 
9,068,9  IS 
10,209,M0 
10,350,703 


Ha"!, 
p-..-  ih. 

d. 
3 


pi<l  lb. 


(2. 
II 


.r .«  Pro-luce  of  "hi 
Dutiri. 


Noll  t'tfiVrx  ul  vun 

iililliea. 


£ 


f.     rf. 


1,317  761  i9  10 
l.!:t>.1,818  3  8 
l,r4.098  19 
l,42i,;i6  11 
l,'«',,152  0 
],s:3,149  19 
1,550,344  15 


a.    d. 


1,179,612  a 
1,147,060  7 
1,199,409  18 
1,210,754  11 
1,151,009  15 
1,249,684  13  10} 
1,186,219  11  llf 


4 

lOJ 

5i 

4t 


II.  Account  of  all  Soap  exported  rt. 
during  the  Nine  Years  e.'dln!^ 

ir^lanii  and  Foreign 
vith  5tli  -f  January 

Countries,  on  which  a  Drawback  was  allowed, 
1833,— (Par/.  Paper,  No.  23.  »ess.  1831.) 

li  i\.  nu,                                                    1 

Foreipi  CouDtrin, 

Tor. 

i 

Foiudt    ^I'.'hl  0.  Soap 
ea|iorl6d. 

Drawback  allowed 
thereon. 

Pounda'  Weijhl  of  Soap 
exported. 

Drawback  allowed 
tbereoii. 

Hard. 

Son. 

Hant. 

Soft. 

ISiM 
lii« 
\M 

.  m 
\m 
\m 

1830 
1831 
1833 

Lbs. 
116,401 
146,855 
210,912 
301,642 
947,326 
2,751,558 
6,559,461 

10,714,1»3 

Lha. 
72,814 
83,041 
88,890 
89,280 
90,875 
140,673 
120,992 

120,25« 

£      a.   d. 

1,935  18  lU 

2,441    3  10} 

3,284  11     U 

4,421  10    6 

12,504    4    n 

35,420    4    3} 

82,875    9  11 

134,805    3    1 

Lbs. 
4,993,694 
5,764,070 
4,073,973 
7,445,467 
7,936,569 
6,884,061 
8,098,205 

Lbs. 
3,729 
3,526 
2,773 
6,491 

12,734 
4,467 

10,324 

£       a.    d. 
62,448    7    3f 
72,076  11    8t 
50,944  17    7» 
93,115  13    \i 
99,299  19    3* 
86,083    6    H 
101,302  16    0 

i 

1 

'f 


536 


SODA— SPERMACETI. 


•'Si 


.a—A'  V" »" 

jws.-'aja  ub  ''1* 


SODA.    So<3  Alkali. 
(SOUND. 

Return  of  the  Number  nf  Veiaels  which  passed  the  Bound  and  cleared  at  Elsinore,  in  1833, 1834,  l$3> 
18.^0,  and  1837 ;  diBtinguishing  the  Countries  to  which  they  belonged,  and  stating  tlieir  Tonnaei 
for  1837.  *' 


FUs«. 

Shipt,  1833. 

Shipt,  1834. 

Shipi,  1836. 

Shipi,  1838. 

Sh  p.,  1837. 
3,417 

Tonnije  in  I83;.i 

liritish 

3,102 

2,756 

2,472 

3,194 

C5.'),447    i 

Ilmioverlan 

314 

386 

386 

416 

477 

60,572  1 

Dullish 

826 

7.'.9 

752 

920 

1,113 

110,256   ■ 

Swedish    - 

i,aiiu 

930 

991 

963 

1,058 

111,090 

Norwegian 

1,461 

1,496 

1,357 

1,447 

1,843 

1W,1I3   1 

PriisHian    - 

2,0.S<J 

1,927 

1,938 

2,392 

2,319 

475,.?95 

RiisHian     - 

S30 

551 

625 

661 

-21 

156,4.17   ' 

Dutch 

370 

681 

654 

663 

847 

101,610 

H.'Ipian      - 

.•» 

13 

16 

6 

43 

.■i.aso 

iMeeklenhiirg 

5.')4 

585 

583 

740 

760 

0O,il20 

llaiiiltiirg    - 

44 

26 

21 

27 

38 

5.168 

Hr  jiieii 

53 

49 

43 

49 

40 

4,86j  ■ 

American  - 

1C6 

158 

120 

133 

104 

26,2.50 

I'liriujiuese 

4 

3 

4 

624  ; 

French 

121 

115 

146 

105 

130 

I0,9S|   1 

Itaiiaii  Rlates 

10 

32 

21 

26 

26 

3,276  1 

Stmiiiah     - 

10 

18 

7 

19 

14 

2,5*>0  I 

Oldenliiir'g 

60 

35 

46 

60 

55 

6.770 

Lubeck 

91 

82 

71 

91 

93 

9,052 

Totals 

10,985 

10,605 

10,255 

11,921 

13,102 

_  J,033,70C  i 

Sup.) 

SOUTH  SEA  DUTIES.    The  act  of  the  9  Ann.  c.  21.,  establishing  the  South  Sea 

Company,  conveyed  to  them  the  exclusive  privilege  of  trading  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  aiij 

along  the  cast  coast  of  America,  from  the  Orinoco  to  Cape  Hum. 

This  privilege  was  t.iken  away  by  the  47  Gen.  3.  c.  23.;  and  in  order  to  raise  a  guariintce  fund  for 
the  indemniliciitinn  of  the  Company,  a  duty  of  2  per  cent,  ad  valorem  was  ioipnsed  by  the  55  Geo.  3.  c 
57.  on  ali  goods  (with  the  exception  of  those  from  Brazil  and  Dutch  Surinam*  ;  and  with  the  eicepi 
tion  of  blubber,  oil.  See.  of  whales,  or  fisli  caught  by  the  crews  of  British  or  Irish  ships)  imported  from 
within  the  afnrt-said  limits.  A  duty  of  Is.  6d.  per  ton  was  also  imposed  on  all  vessels  (except  In  bal- 
last or  importing  the  produce  of  (he  fishery  of  British  subjects)  entering  inwards  or  clearing  outwardi 
from  or  to  places  within  the  said  limits.  The  duties  are  to  cease  when  the  guarantee  fund  isconi. 
pleted. 

SOY,  a  species  of  sauce  prepared  in  China  and  Japan  from  a  small  bean,  the  produce  of 
the  Dolkhos  snja.  It  is  eaten  with  fish  and  other  articles.  It  should  be  chosen  of  a  good 
flavour,  not  too  salt  nor  too  sweet,  of  a  good  thick  consistence,  a  brown  colour,  and  clear; 
when  shaken  in  a  glass,  it  should  leave  a  coat  on  the  surface,  of  a  bright  yellowish  brown 
colour ;  if  it  do  not,  it  is  of  an  inferior  kind,  and  should  be  rejected.  Japan  soy  is  deemed 
superior  to  the  Chinese.  It  is  worth,  in  bond,  from  6s.  to  7^.  a  gallon.  It  is  believed  to  be 
extensively  counterfeited. — {Milbnm's  Orient.  Com.) 

SPELTER,  a  name  frequently  given  to  Zinc  ;  which  see. 

(The  exportation  of  spelter  or  zinc  from  Europe  to  India,  which  began  in  1821,  pro- 
duced an  extent  of  speculation,  and  a  fluctuation  of  price,  that  could  hardly  have  been  con- 
ceived possible-  —Subjoined  is  an  account  of  the 

Quantity,  Value,  and  Selling  Price  of  the  Spelter  imported  into  Calcutta,  ft'om  all  Parts,  from  tbe 

year  1920— 31. 


Vmn. 

quMlilT 

imported. 

Vllua. 

Averaiie  Price 
per  Fy.  Md. 

Ye»n. 

Quintitjr 
imported. 

Value. 

Average  Price 
per  f)-.  .Ml, 

Baz.  Udi. 

So.  Si. 

Cur.Bt. 

Bat.  Mdi. 

.sa.  m. 

ISI20-2I 

Nil. 

Nil. 

1887-28 

185,634 

1,173,614 

9  3 

1621-22 

22,63S 

225,3«0 

23    7 

1828-29 

133,4'il 

711,217 

7   2 

1822-23 

46,032 

6IO,4ffr 

20  10 

lffi9-30 

89,795 

4S7,if7 

6   1 

1823-ei 

64873 

1,412,338 

IS  10 

183(K>I 

74.416 

3M,208 

6  10 

1824-21 

190,900 

l,9Bi;,790 

13    8 

1831-32 

64,331 

299, -.83 

5   8 

182i-26 

130,380 

l,IS3,9S6 

12  13 

1832-33 

30,710 

130,94!4 

I82S-27 

|S8,670 

1,328,738 

10  13 

1833-34 

24,941 

96.312 

1 

This  table  shows  the  extraordinary  e.xtent  to  which  speculation  had  operated  on  this  article.  The 
excess  of  imports  from  1824-25  to  1828-29  was  such,  that  recently  the  trade  may  be  said  to  have  been 
altogether  extinct ;  the  supplies  that  were  carried  out  during  the  3  years  ending  with  18;i4-.13  being 
intended  rather  to  serve  as  dead  weight  than  as  a  merchantable  article.  The  stock  in  the  India  mar- 
ket has  now,  however,  been  so  much  reduced,  that  a  considerable  rise  of  prices  may,  at  no  distant 
period,  be  fairly  anticipated.  IBell't  Comparative  fieui  of  the  Commerce  of  Bengal  for  1S30-3I,  and 
1831-32,  p.  5.;  and  for  1832-33,  and  1833-34,  p.  24.)— Sup.) 

SPERMACETI  (Ger.  Wallrath  ,-  Fr.  Blanc  de  Baleine,  Sperme  de  Baleine ,-  It.  Sperm- 
aceli ;  Sp.  Esperma  de  Ballena ;  Rus,  Spermazet),  a  product  obtained  from  the  brain  of 
the  physeter  macrocephalus,  a  species  of  whale  inhabiting  the  Southern  Ocean.  The  bnin 
being  dug  out  from  the  cavity  of  the  head,  the  oil  is  separated  from  it  by  dripping.  The 
residue  is  crude  spermaceti,  of  which  an  ordinary  sized  whale  will  yield  13  barrrls.  Aller 
being  brought  to  England,  it  is  purified.  It  then  concreirs  into  a  white,  crystallised,  brittle, 
semitransparent,  unctuous  substance,  nearly  inodorous  and  insipid.    On  being  cut  into  small 

•  Tbe  provinces  of  the  Ilio  de  la  Plata  bave  since  been  Bdded.-(7V(af .  Order,  12tb  of  Marcli,  M) 


SPIRITS. 


537 


»t  Elainore,  In  1833, 1831, 183:, 
id,  aud  itating  their  Tonr.ag« 


«. 

?h  p.,  1837. 

14 

3,417 

ft 

477 

in 

1,113 

-.3 

1,0.^8 

n 

1,813 

n 

a,319 

fti 

-21 

fiS 

817 

ft 

43 

in 

769 

27 

38 

49 

4n 

33 

194 

3 

4 

ns 

130 

2ft 

2fi 

19 

14 

fin 

.15 

91 

93 

Tnnmje  in  1837.' 

65,'),447 

60,5:2 

110,2riC 

111,090 

|Sfi,113 

475,395 

15fi,4,')7 

101,610 

5,(129 

00,920 

5,168 

4,8f)o 

26,2iO 

624 

10,9^1 

3,276 

2,5S0 

6,770 

9,052 


ni 


13,102 


2,033,706  1 
Sup.) 

,  establishing  the  South  Sea 
ing  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  ami 
>rn. 

[ler  to  raise  a  guarantee  fund  foi 
I  was  imposed  by  the  55  Geo.  3.  c. 
I  Surinam*  ;  and  willi  the  excep. 
itish  or  Irish  ships)  imported  from 
ispaX  on  all  vessvls  (except  in  bal- 
•ing  inwards  or  clearing  oiitwardi 
vhea  the  guarantee  fund  is  coo- 

n  a  small  bean,  the  produce  of 
It  should  be  chosen  of  a  good 
ce,  a  brown  colour,  and  clear; 

of  a  bright  yellowish  brown 
[jected.     Japan  soy  is  deemed 

a  gallon.     It  is  believed  to  be 


la,  which  began  in  182 1,  pro- 
lit  could  hardly  have  been  con- 

talcutta,  from  all  Tarts,  from  lie 


Value. 


8a.  Kf. 

1,173,614 

711,217 

4S7,2!-7 
3ia,209 

130,949 
W,3li 


Avenge  Price 
per  Fy.  Md. 


Cur.  Si, 
9  3 
7  I 
6  I 
5  10 
i  8 


^___ I 

Ld  operated  on  this  article.  Tbe 
K  trade  may  be  said  to  have  been 
kreara  ending  with  1834-35  being 
Be.  The  slocli  in  the  India  rait- 
lise  of  prices  may,  at  iiodisiant 
herce  of  Bengal  for  1830-31,  and 

[erme  de  Balelne ;  It.  8pm' 
\  obtained  from  the  brain  of 
Southern  Ocean.  The  brain 
td  from  it  by  dripping.  The 
[will  yield  12  barrels.  Aflct 
V  a  white,  crystallised,  brittle, 
Ud.  On  being  cut  into  small 
\as.  Ord«r,12lh  of  March,  1*8.) 


pieces  it  assumes  a  flaky  aspect     It  is  very  heavy ;  its  specific  gravity  being  9-433.     It  is 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  candles,  in  medicine,  &c. 

SPICES  (Ger.  Spezereyen ,-  Du.  Speceryen ,-  Fr.  Epieerien,  Epices  ,-  It.  Spesj,  SpeziC' 
fie;  Sp.  Especias,  E/tpecerias;  Port  Enpeciaria ;  Rus.  Prdniie  korenja).  Under  this  de- 
nomination are  included  all  those  vegetable  productions  which  are  fragrant  to  the  smell  and 
pungent  to  the  palate ;  such  as  cloves,  ginger,  nutmegs,  allspice,  &c.  These  will  be  found 
under  their  proper  heads. 
SPIRIT  OF  WINE.    See  AtcoiuiL. 

SPIRITS.  All  inflammable  liquors  obtained  by  distillation,  as  brandy,  rum,  geneva, 
whisky,  gin,  &c.,  are  comprised  under  this  designation,  'i'he  term  British  spirits  is  applied 
indiscrin>inately  to  the  various  sorts  of  spirits  manufactured  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 
Of  these,  gin  and  whisky  are  by  far  the  most  important. 

The  manufacture  of  spirits  is  placed  under  the  surveillance  of  the  excise,  and  a  very  large 
revenue  is  obtained  from  it.  The  act  6  Geo.  4.  c,  80.  lays  down  the  regulations  to  be  fol- 
lowed by  the  distillers  in  the  manufacture,  and  by  the  oHlcors  in  charging  the  duties.  This 
act  is  of  great  length,  having  no  fewer  than  151  clauses;  it  is,  besides,  exceedingly  compli- 
cated, and  the  penalties  in  it  amount  to  many  thousand  pounds.  It  would,  therefore,  be  to 
no  purpose  to  attempt  giving  any  abstract  of  it  in  this  place.  Every  one  carrying  on  the 
business  of  distillation  must  have  the  act  in  his  possession,  and  must  be  practically  acquainted 
with  its  operation. 

1.  Spirit  Duties.     Consumption  of  British  Spirits  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. — 
There  are,  perhaps,  no  better  subjects  for  taxation  than  spirituous  and  fermented  liquors. 
They  arc  essentially  luxuries;  and  while  moderate  duties  on  them  are,  in  consequence  of 
their  being  very  generclly  used,  exceedingly  productive,  the  increase  of  price  which  they  oc- 
casion has  a  tendency  to  lessen  their  consumption  by  the  poor,  to  whom,  when  taken  in 
excess,  they  are  exceedingly  pernicious.     Few  governments,  however,  have  been  satisfied 
with  imposing  moderate  duties  on  spirits ;  but  partly  in  the  view  of  increasing  the  revenue, 
and  partly  in  the  view  of  placing  them  beyond  the  reach  of  the  lower  classes,  have  almost 
invariably  loaded  them  with  such  oppressively  high  duties  as  have  entirely  defeated  both 
objects.    The  imposition  of  such  duties  does  not  take  away  the  appetite  for  spirits;  and  as 
no  vigilance  of  the  oiRcers  or  severity  of  the  laws  has  been  found  sufficient  to  secure  a  mo- 
nopoly of  the  market  to  the  legal  distillers,  the  real  effect  of  the  high  duties  has  been  to 
tiirow  the  supply  of  a  large  proportion  of  the  demand  into  the  hands  of  the  illicit  distiller, 
and  to  superadd  the  atrocities  of  the  smuggler  to  the  idleness  and  dissipation  of  the  drunkard. 
During  the  latter  part  of  the  reign  of  George  I.,  and  the  earlier  part  of  that  of  George  II., 
gin-drinking  was  exceedingly  prevalent ;  and  the  cheapness  of  ardent  spirits,  and  the  multi- 
plication of  public  houses,  were  denounced  from  the  pulpit,  and  in  the  presentments  of  grand 
juries,  as  pregnant  with  the  most  destructive  consequences  to  the  health  and  morals  of  the 
community.    At  length,  ministers  determined  to  make  a  vigorous  effort  to  put  a  stop  to  the 
further  use  of  spirituous  liquors,  except  as  a  cordial  or  medicine.     For  this  purpose  an  act 
was  passed  in  1736,  the  history  and  effects  of  which  deserve  to  be  studied  by  all  who  are 
clamorous  for  an  increase  of  the  duties  on  spirits.    Its  preamble  is  to  this  etrect : — "  Where- 
i  as  the  drinking  of  spirituous  liquors,  or  strong  water,  is  become  very  common,  especially 
among  people  of  lower  and  inferior  rank,  the  constant  and  excessive  use  of  which  tends 
greatly  to  the  destruction  of  their  health,  rendering  them  unfit  for  uscfril  labour  and  business, 
debauching  their  morals,  and  inciting  them  to  perpetrate  all  vices ;  and  the  ill  consequences 
of  the  excessive  use  of  such  liquors  are  not  confined  to  the  present  generation,  but  extend 
Id  future  ages,  and  tend  to  the  destruction  and  ruin  of  this  kingdom."   The  enactments  were 
such  as  might  be  expected  to  follow  a  preamble  of  this  sort.     They  were  not  intended  to 
repress  the  vice  of  giii-drinking,  but  to  root  it  out  altogether.    To  accomplish  this,  a  duty  of 
tmnlij  skilliiigs  a  gallon  was  laid  on  spirits,  exclusive  of  a  heavy  licence  duty  on  retailers. 
Extraordinary  encouragements  were  at  the  same  time  held  out  to  informers,  and  a  fine  of 
L  was  ordered  to  be  rigorously  exacted  from  those  who,  were  it  even  through  iiiadvcr- 
Iteiicy,  should  vend  the  smallest  quantity  of  spirits  which  had  not  paid  the  full  duty.     Here 
I  was  an  act  which  might,  one  should  think,  have  satisfied  the  bitterest  enemy  of  gin.     But 
[instead  of  the  anticipated  effects,  it  produced   those  directly  opposite.     The   respectable 
I  dealers  withdrew  from  a  trade  proscribed  by  the  legislature ;  so  that  the  spirit  business  full 
I  almost  entirely  into  the  hands  of  the  lowest  and  most  profligate  characters,  who,  as  they  had 
I  nothing  to  hse,  were  not  deterred  by  penalties  from  breaking  through  all  its  provisions.   The 
|p>^|iulace  having  in  this,  as  in  all  similar  cases,  espoused  the  cause  of  the  smugglers  and  un- 
used dealers,  the  oflicers  of  the  revenue  were  openly  assaulted  in  the  streets  of  London 
land  other  great  towns ;  informers  were  hunted  down  like  wild  beasts ;  and  drunkenness,  dis- 
lorders,  and  crimes,  increased  with  a  frightful  rapidity.     "  Within  2  years  of  the  passing  of 
Itheact,"  says  Tindal,  "it  had  became  odious  and  contemptible,  and  policy  as  well  as  hu- 
jinanity  forced  the  commissioners  of  excise  to  mitigate  its  penalties." — {Continuation  of  Jiw 
\pk,  voL  viiL  p.  358.  ed.  1759.)    The  same  historian  mentions  (vol.  viii.  p.  390.),  that  during 

68 


i; 


1188 


SPIRITS. 


to.'--  ■»*» 

Iff--'  ;■-, 

Mian    .^  •  .'•-; 


c:: 


.»(••*»• 


«rit 


the  2  years  in  question,  no  fewer  than  12,000  persons  were  convicted  of  offences  connecteil 
with  the  sale  of  spirits.     But  no  exertion  on  the  part  of  the  revenue  officers  and  magistratei 
could  stem  the  torrent  of  smuggling.     According  to  a  statement  made  by  the  Earl  of  Choi. 
mondeley,  in  the  House  of  Lords — (Tiniherland's  Debates  in  the  House  of  Lords,  vol.  vijj 
p.  388.),  it  appears,  that  at  the  very  moment  when  the  sale  of  spirits  was  declared  to  be  i\](. 
gal,  and  every  possible  exertion  made  to  suppress  it,  upwards  of  sevkw  millions  of  gallons 
were  annually  consumed  in  London,  and  other  parts  immediately  adjacent !     Under  sufi, 
circumstances,  government  had  but  one  course  to  follow — to  give  up  the  unequal  strugrr|f 
In  1742,  the  high  prohibitory  duties  were  accordingly  repealed,  and  such  moderate  duHej 
impo.sed,  as  were  calculated  to  increase  the  revenue,  by  increasing  the  consumption  of  h^nWy 
distilled  spirits.     The  bill  for  this  purpose  was  vehemently  opposed  in  the  House  of  Lorjj 
by  most  of  the  Bishops,  and  many  other  peers,  who  exhausted  all  their  rhetoric  in  depiciin; 
the  mischievous  consequences  that  would  result  from  a  toleration  of  the  practice  of  gii,. 
drinking.   To  these  declamations  it  was  unanswerably  replied,  that  whatever  the  evils  of  the 
practice  might  be,  it  was  impossible  to  repress  them  by  prohibitory  enactments ;  and  thai 
the  attempts  to  do  so  had  been  productive  of  far  more  mischief  than  had  ever  resulted,  q. 
could  be  expected  to  result,  from  the  greatest  abuse  of  spirits.     The  consequences  of  the 
change  were  highly  beneficial.     An  instant  stop  was  put  to  smuggling;  and  if  the  vice  of 
drunkenness  was  not  materially  diminished,  it  has  never  been  stated  that  it  was  increased, 
But  it  is  unnecessary  to  go  back  to  the  reign  of  George  IL  for  proofs  of  the  impotency »{ 
high  duties  to  take  away  the  taste  for  such  an  article,  or  to  lessen  its  consumption.    The 
occurrences  that  took  place  in  the  late  reign,  though  they  would  seem  to  be  already  forooi- 
ten,  are  equally  decisive  as  to  this  question. 

Duties  in  Ireland. — Perhaps  no  country  haa  suffered  more  from  the  excessive  height  to 
which  duties  on  spirits  have  been  carried  than  Ireland.  If  heavy  taxes,  enforced  by  severe 
fiscal  regulations,  could  make  a  people  sober  and  industrious,  the  Irish  would  be  the  most  so 
of  any  on  the  face  of  the  earth.  In  order  to  make  the  possessors  of  property  join  heartily  Iq  j 
suppressing  illicit  distillation,  the  novel  expedient  was  here  resorted  to,  of  imposing  a  hem 
fine  on  every  parish,  town  land,  manor  land,  or  lordship,  in  which  an  unlicensed  still  wm 
found ;  while  the  unfortunate  wretches  found  working  in  it  were  subjected  to  trampnrlalm 
fur  seven  years.  But  instead  of  putting  down  illicit  distillation,  these  unheard-of  severities 
rendered  it  universal,  and  filled  the  country  with  bloodshed,  and  even  rebellion.  It  is  stated 
by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Chichester,  in  his  valuable  pamphlet  on  the  Irish  Distillery  Laws,  pub- 
lished in  1818,  that  "the  Irish  system  seemed  to  have  been  formed  in  order  to  perpetuate 
smuggling  and  anarchy.  It  has  culled  the  evils  of  both  savage  and  civilised  life,  and  rejected  i 
all  the  advantages  which  they  contain.  The  calamities  of  civilised  warfare  are,  in  general, 
inferior  to  those  produced  by  tlu  Irish  distillery  laws;  and  I  doubt  whether  any  nation  of 
modern  Europe,  which  is  not  in  a  state  of  actual  revolution,  can  furnish  instances  of  legal  1 
cruelty  commensurate  to  those  which  I  have  represented." — (Pp.  92 — 107.) 

These  statements  are  borne  out  to  the  fullest  extent  by  the  ofRcial  details  in  the  Reporli 
of  the  Revenue  Commissioners,    In  1811,  say  the  commissioners  {Fifth  Report,  p.  19,), ' 
when  the  duty  on  spirits  was  2s.  6d.  a  gallon,  duty  was  paid  in  Ireland  on  6,500,361  ga|.  I 
Ions  (Irish  measure)  ;  whereas,  in  1822,  when  the  duty  was  5s.  6d.,  only  2,9.50,()47  gallons 
were  brought  to  the  charge.    The  commissioners  estimate,  that  the  annual  consumption  of 
spirits  in  Ireland  was  at  this  very  period  not  less  than  tex  millions  of  gallons;  and, as 
scarcely  three  millions  paid  duty,  it  followed,  that  seven  millions  were  illegally  supplied;  i 
"  taking  one  million  of  gallons  as  the  quantity  fraudulently  furnished  for  consumption  bv  I 
the  licensed  distillers,  the  produce  of  the  unlicensed  stills  may  be  estimated  at  six  milliom  \ 
of  gallons." — (lb.  p.  8.)    Now,  it  is  material  to  keep  in  mind  that  this  v^ist  amount  of  smug- 
gling was  carried  on  in  the  teeth  of  the  above  barbarous  statutes,  and  in  despite  of  the  utmost  { 
exertions  of  the  police  and  military  to  prevent  it ;  the  only  result  being  the  exasperation  c 
the  populace,  and  the  perpetration  of  revolting  atrocities  both  by  them  and  the  military.  "In  I 
Ireland,"  say  the  commissioners,  "  it  will  appear,  from  the  evidence  annexed  to  this  Report,  I 
that  parts  of  the  country  have  been  absolutely  disorganised,  and  placed  in  o|)position  not 
only  to  the  civil  authority,  but  to  the  military  force  of  the  government.     The  profits  to  be  I 
obtained  from  the  evasion  of  the  law  have  been  such  as  to  encourage  numerous  individuals] 
to  persevere  in  these  desperate  pursuits,  notwithstanding  the  risk  of  property  and  life  v 
which  they  have  been  attended." 

To  put  an  end  to  such  evils,  the  commissioners  recommended  that  the  duty  on  spirin  | 
should  be  reduced  from  5s.  6d,  to  2s.  the  wine  gallon  (2s.  4d.  the  imperial  gallc.i), 
government  wisely  consented  to  act  upon  this  recommendation.     In  1823,  the  duties  were  I 
accordingly  reduced;  and  the  following  official  account  will  show  what  has  been  the  result | 
of  this  measure : — 

It  may  appear,  on  a  superficial  view  of  this  Table,  as  if  the  consumption  of  spirits  in  Ire- 1 
land  had  been  nearly  trebled  since  1823  ;  l)ut,  in  point  of  fact,  it  has  not  been  in  any  degree  I 
increased.     The  reduction  of  the  duties  substituted  legal  for  illicit  distillation,  and  freed  thei 


SPIRITS. 


539 


ficted  of  oflfences  connectftl 
nuc  officers  and  magiBtrates 
;  made  by  the  Earl  of  Choi. 
he  House  of  Lords,  vol.  viij, 
pirils  was  declared  to  be  ille. 

'SBVBIT  MII.I.IONS  of  gallons 

tely  adjacent !  Under  sucli 
ve  up  the  unequal  8trug:>lo, 
I,  and  such  moderate  duti« 
ig  the  consumption  of  lei;ally 
jaed  in  the  House  of  Lorilj 
all  their  rhetoric  in  depiclin; 
ration  of  the  practice  of  gin. 
that  whatever  the  evils  of  the 
ibitory  enactments;  and  that 
ief  than  had  ever  resulted,  o; 
[8.  The  consequences  of  ihc 
imuggling ;  and  if  the  vice  of 
stated  that  it  was  increased, 
br  proofs  of  the  impolency  (it 
lessen  iu  consumption.  The 
Id  seem  to  be  already  forgoi- 

e  from  the  excessive  height  to 
»avy  taxes,  enforced  by  severe 
the  Irish  would  be  the  most  so 
ars  of  property  join  heartily  in 
sorted  to,  of  imposing  a  heavy 
which  an  unlicensed  still  was 
'ere  subjected  to  trnnspnrtatim 
ion,  these  unheard-of  severities 
ind  even  rebellion.    It  is  stated 
6  Irish  Distillery  Laws,  pub- 
formed  in  order  to  perpetuate  | 
B  and  civilised  life,  and  rejected 
ivilised  warfare  are,  in  general, 
doubt  whether  any  nation  of 
can  furnish  instances  of  legal 
Pp.  92—107.)  ' 

official  details  in  the  Report) 
.loners  {Fifth  Report,  p.  19.), 
1  in  Ireland  on  6,500,361  gal. 
l5s.  6d.,  only  2,9.50,fi47  gallon! 
lat  the  annual  consumption  of 
MILUON8  of  gallons;  and, as 
ns  were  illegally  supplied; and 
furnished  for  consumption  by 
be  estimated  at  six  millm 
that  this  vJist  amount  of  smug- 
es,  and  in  despite  of  the  utmost 
lul't  being  the  exasperation  of 
Ly  them  and  the  military.  "In 
[dence  annexed  to  this  Report, 
and  placed  in  opposition  not 
/ernment.    The  profits  to  be 
lourage  numerous  individuals 
risk  of  property  and  life  with 

lended  that  the  duty  on  spiriti 
Urf.  the  imperial  gallon),  and 
Ion.  In  1823,  the  duties  wei«  I 
liow  what  has  been  the  i' 

Iconsumptionof  spiriteinlre-l 
1  it  has  not  been  in  any  degree 
licit  distillation,  and  freed  the 


country  from  the  perjuries  and  other  atrocities  that  grew  out  of  the  previous  system;  but  it 
would  be  wholly  erroneous  to  say  that  it  increased  drunkenness.  We  have  already  seen 
that  the  commissioners,  who  had  the  best  means  of  obtaining  accurate  information,  estimated 
the  consumption  of  spirits  in  Ireland,  in  1823,  at  tkn  millions  of  gallons;  and  it  was  not 
more  in  1828  and  1829.  The  measure  was,  therefore,  in  every  point  of  view  most  success- 
ful; and  it  is  much  to  be  regretted  that  it  was  interfered  with  in  1830,  by  raising  the  duties  from 
2s.  \0d.  to  3s.  id.  The  following  Table  shows  that  this  increase  has  materially  diminished 
the  quantity  of  spirits  brought  to  the  charge.  We  do  not,  however,  believe  that  it  has  occa- 
sioned any  diminution  of  consumption.  The  truth  is,  that  2s.  lOd.  was  as  high  a  duty  as 
the  article  would  bear;  and  'he  additional  6rf.  has  again  thrown  the  balance  in  favour  of  the 
smuggler,  and  led  to  a  partial  rjvival  of  illicit  distillation.  The  evidence  taken  before  the 
commissioners  of  excise  inquiry  has  completely  established  this  fact;  and  sound  policy  would, 
therefore,  suggest  that  the  du  ;  should  be  once  more  reduced  to  2s.  lOrf.  At  all  events,  we 
trust  that  no  senseless,  though  well-meant  clamour  about  the  prevalence  of  drunkenness,  and 
no  pecuniary  necessity,  will  ever  tempt  ministers  to  add  further  to  the  duties  on  spirits. 
Such  a  measure  would  not  bring  a  shilling  into  the  public  treasury,  nor  cause  any  diminu- 
tion of  the  vice  of  drinking ;  it  would  merely  add  smuggling  and  its  attendant  evils  to  the 
other  disorders  with  which  Ireland  is  afflicted. 

An  Account  of  the  Quantities  of  Spirits  made  in  Ireland,  which  have  paid  the  diuies  of  Excise  fur 
Home  Coiisuraplion  ;  stating  the  Rale  of  Duty  paid,  and  also  the  Nell  Aninuiil  of  Revenue  received 
ineacli  Year,  since  the  Year  1820.— (PaW.  Paper,  No.  340,  Sess.  1829,  No.  61.  Scss.  1831,  &c.) 


T»™. 

Mumbrr  of  Gallon. 

Rate  per  Gallon. 

Nell  Amount  of  Revenue. 

Ivivtrial  Meniure. 

£ 

*. 

d. 

1621 

2,649,179 

5s.  6(2.  per  Irish  gallon. 

912,2.'*8 

7 

5 

1822 

2,328,337 

Ditto. 
r                          Ditto.                           ■) 

797,518 

13 

3 

1823 

3,348,505 

<  fromlOlhof  Oct.  1823.2»  per  English  S- 
t                     wine  gallon.                      J 

634,460 

7 

U 

1824 

6,690,315 

Ditto. 

771,690 

16 

0 

182,5 

9,202,744 

Ditto. 

1,084,191 

6 

5 

1826 

6.837,408 

.  2«.  10(2.  per  Imperial  gallon. 

964,509 

10 

8 

1827 

8,260,019 

Ditto. 

I,122,0i.6 

14 

10 

1828 

9,937,903 

Ditto. 

1,39.1,721 

12 

11 

1829 

9,212,223 

Ditto. 

l,.?05,«f)4 

IS 

6 

1830 

9,004,539 

2«.  lOd.,  3j».,  and  3«.  4d.  per  ditto. 

1,109.128 

3 

7 

1831 

8,710,672 

3s.  id. 

1,151,580 

7 

1 

1832 

8,657,756 

Ditto. 

1,412.815 

9 

11 

1633 

8,168,5!«j 

Ditto. 

l,:tt'0,7G9 

6 

8 

Duties  in  Scotland. — ^The  experience  of  Scotland  is  hardly  less  decisive  as  to  this  ques- 
tion. The  exorbitancy  of  the  duties  produced  nearly  the  same  effects  there  as  in  Ireland. 
Mr.  John  Hay  Forbes,  formerly  sheriff-depute  of  Perthshire,  now  one  of  the  Lords  of  Sesi- 
sion,  stated  in  evidence  before  the  commissioners,  that,  according  to  the  best  information  he 
could  obtain,  the  quantity  of  illegally  distilled  spirits  annually  produced  in  the  Highlands 
could  not  amount  to  less  than  two  millions  i.f  gallons.  In  corroboration  of  this  he  stated, 
that,  in  1821,  only  298,138  gallons  were  bro,lght  to  the  charge  in  the  Hiijhlands;  and  of 
these,  254,000  gallons  were  permitted  to  the  Lowlands,  leaving  only  44,000  gallons  for  the 
consumption  of  the  whole  country; — a  supply  which,  we  are  well  assured,  would  hardly  bo 
sufficient  for  the  demand  of  2  moderately  populous  parishes.  In  a  letter  of  Captain  Munru 
of  Teaninich  to  the  commissioners,  it  is  slated  that,  "  at  Tain,  where  there  are  upwards  of 
20  licensed  public  houses,  not  one  gallon  had  been  permitted  from  the  legal  distilleries  for 
upwards  of  twelve  months,"  though  a  small  quantity  of  smuggled  whisky  had  been  pur- 
I  chased  at  the  excise  sales,  to  give  a  colour  of  legality  to  the  trade.  'J'he  same  gentleman 
thus  expresses  himself  in  another  part  of  his  letter  : — "  The  moral  allf-cts  of  this  baneful 
trade  of  smuggling  on  the  lower  classes  is  most  conspicuous,  and  increasing  in  an  alarming 

gree,  as  evidenced  by  the  multiplicity  of  crimes,  and  by  a  degree  of  insiilioniination  for- 
meiiy  little  known  in  this  part  of  the  country.  la  several  districts,  such  as  Strathoonon, 
Strathcarron,  &c.,  the  excise  officers  are  now  often  deforced,  and  dare  not  attempt  to  do  their 
duty;  and  smuggled  whisky  is  oAen  carried  to  market  by  smugglers  escorted  by  armed  men, 
in  defiance  of  the  laws.  In  short,  the  Irish  system  is  making  progress  in  the  Highlands 
of  Scotland." 

To  arrest  the  progress  of  demoralisation,  government,  pursuant  to  the  judiciou*  advice  of 
the  commissioners,  reduced  the  duties  on  Scotch  to  the  same  level  as  those  on  Iiish  whisky; 
and  the  consequences  were  equally  salutary.  The  subjoined  official  statement  (page  540) 
shows  the  effect  of  the  reduction  of  the  duty  in  1823,  and  of  its  subsequent  increase  in  1830. 

TliiB  Table  sets  the  impolicy  of  the  increase  of  duty  in  1830  in  nearly  bb  striking  a  point  of  view  a* 
ildoes  the  policy  of  its  redurlion  in  18'23.  There  isro  denying  the  fiirt,  thiitthip  iinciilled-for  nieasura 
has  diminished  the  consumption,  and  given  a  powerful  stimulus  to  illicit  distillation.    We  understand 


^1 


540 


SPIRITS. 


Mil;'.'  -'iM 

•7.    «; 

■arf  .:'^ 

•»       J 


that  the  commlsRioner*  nf  Rxclae  inquiry  mean  to  recommenil  ttiat  the  duty  be  ngaln  rediicpd  tnS, 

iOd.i  and  every  one,  not  anxioua  for  the  prevalence  of  smuggling,  wiil  be  dcairouB  that  this  recoiiu 

incndation  should  be  carried  into  etfect. 

An  Account  of  the  Quantities  of  Spirits  made  in  Scotland,  which  hnve  paid  the  Duties  of  Exclac  for 
Home  Consumption  ;  stating  the  Rate  of  Uuty  paid,  and  also  the  Nett  Amount  of  Revenue  ruceived 
in  each  Year,  since  the  Year  1820.— (PaW.  Paper,  No.  340.  Sess.  1829,  No.  61.  Sess.  1831,  Slc.) 


Vnra. 

Number  of  Oillou. 

Rate  per  Gallon. 

Nett  Amount  of  Revenu 

ImfMrial  Meaturt, 

£ 

».    d. 

1821 

2,229,435 

it.  fid.  per  English  wine  gallon. 

727,050 

19     7 

1823 

2,079,558 

Ditto. 
(                          Ditto.                           ■) 
i  from  10th  of  Oct.  1823,  Z$.  per  English  > 
(.                     wine  gallon.                     } 

691,136 

6     8 

1823 

2,232,728 

536,654 

17     8 

. 

1824 

4,350,301 

Ditto. 

520,624 

18     4 

1825 

5,981,-550 

Ditto. 

683,848 

11      1 

182f$ 

3,988,788 

Zi.  lOd.  per  Imperial  gallon. 

563,263 

4     fl 

1827 

4,7.52,199 

Ditto. 

672,441 

6    a 

1828 

5,716,180 

Ditto. 

809,559 

6     7 

1829 

5,777,280 

Ditto. 

618,448 

0    n 

18.10 

C,007,C31 

S<.  lOd.,  3i.,  and  3s.  Id.  per  ditto. 

939,258 

6    n 

18:tl 

5,700,689 

3.«.  id. 

950,041 

4    3 

18.13 

6,407,097 

Ditto. 

001,182 

16     8 

18.13 

5,988,556 

Ditto. 

998,051 

3     3 

Vtitiea  in  iCn^/and.— Previously  to  the  reduction  of  the  duty  on  Irish  and  Scotch  spirits,  llic  (liiiycm 
English  spirits  had  been  »s  higli  as  lOs.  6d.  a  gallon.    This  high  duty,  and  the  restrictions  under  whidi 
th "  trade  was  placed,  >     .-a  productive  of  the  worst  effects.    They  went  far  to  enable  the  disiiiiirs 
fix  tne  price  of  spirits,  "and  consequently,"  (we  quote  the  words  of  the  commissioners)  "to  riiije 


.  -      .        ,  raipe  ji 

much  beyond  tliat  which  whs  sulhcient  to  repay,  with  a  profit,  the  cost  of  the  manufacture  ,in()  h,; 
duty  advanced  to  the  Crown."  And,  in  proof  of  this,  the  cnmniissioners  mention,  that  in  Nnvi'mbn 
lS2:i,  "  when  corn  spirits  might  be  purchased  in  Scotland  for  about  2«.  3d.  a  gallon,  raw  spirits  ciiiiM 
not  be  purchased  in  Etigiand  for  Ipss  tlinn4«.  6d.  reody  money,  and  4s.  9rf.  credit,  omitting  in  botlioascj 
the  duty."  In  consequence  of  this  state  of  things,  the  adulteration  of  spirits  was  carried  nn  tflarregi 
extent  in  England;  and  tile  large  profits  made  by  the  smuggler  occasioned  clandestine  impnriaiioniii 
considerable  quantities  from  iScotlai  '  'id  Ireland.  To  obviate  these  inconveniences,  and  althesame 
time  to  neutralise  the  powerful  additi>..;al  stimulus  that  the  reduction  of  the  duties  in  Scotland  aiij 
Ireland  would  have  given  to  smuggling,  had  the  duties  in  England  been  continued  at  their  i',<rnier 
amount,  the  latter  were  reduced,  in  1825,  to  7.1.  a  gallon,  facilities  being  nt  the  same  time  given  loilie 
importation  of  spirits  from  the  otlier  paits  of  the  empire.  It  is  of  the  effects  of  this  measure  tliai  m 
many  complaints  hnve  been  made,  tliougli  nothing  can  well  be  imagined  more  completely  rlestiiiiiPdf 
foundation.  The  commissioners  estimated  the  consumption  of  Britisli  spirits  in  Englmid  and  Waieg 
in  182.1,  nt  6,000,000  gallons. —  (Sup.  to  t'ifllt  lieporl,  p.  8.);  and  it  appears  from  the  subjoined  acfoiim 
that  it  nmouuted,for  the  year  ending  theSlh  of  January,  1834,  to  7,7 17,303  gallons;  producing  2,Si(.1,iiS'.;' 
12».  6</.  of  revenue;  so  that,  making  allowance  for  the  increase  of  population,  and  tlie  clieokpivin 
to  adulteration  and  smuggling,  the  increase  must  appi^ir  very  trifiing  indeed  ;  and  we  are  warMtiiid 
in  al'e  iiiing  that  the  reduction  of  tlie  duties  lias  been  as  eminently  successful  in  England  as  in  eiiliet 
Scotland  or  Ireland. 

Account  of  the  Quantities  of  British,  Colonial,  and  Foreign  Spirits,  which  paid  the  Ilome  Consunin. 
tion  Duty  for  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland,  from  the  Year  1821  to  1834,  inclusive. 


Yeira. 


1821 
1822 
1823 
1824 
1825 
1826 

mn 

1828 
1829 
1830 
1831 
1833 
1833 
1834 


Foreign. 


Imp.  Oal. 
969,474 
1,054,540 
1,131,099 
1,268,609 
1,348,482 
1,198,230 
l,.12l,221 
1,325,197 
1,293,523 
l,2fi7,397 
1,217,971 
1,530,988 
1,319.816 
1,317,4,16 


England. 
Colonial. 


Imp  llaL 
2,166,441 
2,100,925 
2,222,923 
2,407,207 
1,980,1507 
3,982,053 
3,080, 1. W 
3,0(M,8.')6 
3,202,113 
3,503,141 
.1,479,911 
3,377,.507 
3,3»},9I8 
3,20e,()50 


Drilish. 


hup.  Oal. 
.1,820,015 
4,.14(),318 
3,521, r)86 
4,067,233 
3,443,551 
7,407,205 
6,671,5(12 
7,759,(>87 
7,T0O,7(i6 
7,7.12,101 
7,431,047 
7,259,287 
7,717,303 
7,644,:iOI 


Scotland. 


Foreign.    ^    Cuhniial. 


Imp.  Oal. 
138,189 
130,H79 
108.102 

i:;4,9&6 

104,752 
29i,505 
185,214 
188,089 
152,461 
1.17,600 
125,702 
112,026 
124,3.57 
111,169 


Brilith. 


Irt'Iaml. 


Foreign.    |    Coloujal. 


hnp.  Oal. 

34,601 

35,739 

34,297 

47,710 

56,564 

42,092 

42,756 

45,749 

43,228 

38,1)1)7 

39,741 

69,236 

46,696 

41,748 


Imp,  Oal. 

2,229,435 

2,079,556 

2,232,728 

4,350,301 

5,981,549 

3,988,789 

4,752,200 

5,716,180 

5,777,280 

I  6,007,631 

i  5,700,689 

I  5,407,097 

5,988,556 

'  6,045,043 


Imp.  Oal. 

9,325 

10,225 

25,282 

1,352 

4,550 

9,452 

9,179 

9,779 

10,374 

10,406 

10,483 

33,413 

21,262 

27,988 


imp.  Oat. 
l'J,6h5 

15,();(5 
18,175 
9,153 
I0,U8 
27,758 
2.1,210 
24,708 
21,262 
18,011 
18,984 
24,432 
22,b88 
27,3.')8 


Fntiih. 

hhp.  /miJ. 
2,l)!il,i;o 
2,3-iJ,K  ' 
.1.,148..i0.5 
6,CWI,3I5 

6,(<37,-!ft* 

I  8,ai0,!(lll 

y,l).'i7,!l(l3 

9,212,223  ' 


(l,n(H,5.?9 
8,TI(l,f);3 
8,t)j7,;i6 : 

b,\m,:m  \ 

9,:08,41(i ' 


Account  of  the  Nuinlior  of  Gallons  of  Kritish,  Colonial,  and  Foreign  Spirits,  which  have  paid  tlielloiiif 
Consumption  Duty ;  specifying  the  Quantities,  separately  entered  for  England,  Scotliuid,  and  Irf- 
land,  and  the  Total  Nett  Revenue  derived  from  the  same;  during  the  Year  ended  tlie  .^lli  i>i' 
January,  1836. 


Brilinh  Spirilj 
C'>lniiial  'iitto 
Foreign  diuo 

Tiilals  • 

England. 

Scotland. 

Ireland. 

Uni:ed  KiDgiloui. 

Gall'ins.     1    Rt  venue. 

Gallons. 

OaUiml. 

t,0I3,>i32 

tC6,19fl 

4o,a  0 

Bevrouf. 

Gallons. 

OalUnxs. 

Il,3!<  1,223 
26.295 
2l,(i;i!) 

llevfnue. 

Gal  Inns. 

R^vraut.  ' 
1.  37,>«(  1 

1,  («,t6;  1 

Gallm.               L. 
7,3I3.0J3        2,74.>.U5 
il^MTS         l,478,.iiil 
l,2Sti,l07    '     I,4;ii),MI 

L. 

I,00!,32! 
47.340 
4j,6'J6 

1,327,8C9 
11,833 
24,418 

Oallcns. 

21,710,08 
3,41tv9  6 
l,'J4N7iU 

II.SS'MJS        5,1.61,217 

6,160,110 

I,n9-.,3.'i8 

11,439,171 

I,3t>»,0t0     '■     29,47i,S14       f,l20,ij. 

The  following  Table  exhibits  in  detail  the  consumption  of,  and  revenue  from,  the  diiri'rfnt 
sorts  of  spirits  in  the  United  Kingdom,  during  the  3  years  ended  with  the  5th  of  Juiiuaiv, 
1833 :— 


SPIRITS. 


S41 


!  rtiily  be  again  rediicpr)  (nj,. 
11  b«  de8iruuB  that  this  recoiu- 

I  paid  the  DiiHea  of  Excise  for 
t  Amount  of  Reveiiufi  received 
No.  61.  8es«.  1831,  tc.) 


Nett  Amount  of  Revenue. 

£        ».    d. 

727,050    1«     7 

691,136      U     6 

isht 

536,654    17     8 

520,624    18     4 

682,848    11      1 

563,263      4     0 

67-2,441      6     6 

809,559      6     7 

> 

818,448      0     0 

939,258      6     0 

930,041      4     3 

901,182    16     8 

998,051      3     3 

h  and  Scotch  spirite,  llie  (luiynn 
and  the  restrictions  unilftrwhidi 
eiit  fur  to  enable  the  dislillcrsio 
'  the  commissioners)  "to  raise  ii 
cost  of  the  manufacture  and  Hk 
ners  mention,  that  in  Novtmbet, 
!s.  3d.  a  gallon,  raw  spirits  coiiid 
9d.  credit,  omitting  in  botti  casci, 
f  spirits  was  carried  nii  loapreai 
lioiied  clandestine  iin|inrlati(inin 
!  inconveniences,  and  at  the  same 
on  of  the  dnties  in  Scntlamlanj 
been  continued  at  their  former 
ing  at  the  same  time  given  totiie 
le  effects  of  this  measure  that  ro 
ned  more  coniplcf.'ly  destitute  nf 
isii  spirits  in  England  and  Wales 
ears  from  the  snlijnined  lUTdiim, 
,303  gallons ;  producing  2,?<0,!iS>/ 
■  population,  and  the  checl(  given 
lg  indeed  ;  and  we  are  warrantrd 
uccessful  in  England  as  in  eiilict 

I'hich  paid  the  Home  Consunif. 
1821  to  1834,  inclusive. 


In'lanU. 


Foreign.     |    Colouial. 


/mp.  OoX. 

}mf>.  Oat. 

9,325 

1'J,CS5 

10,225 

I5,ns5 

25,282 

18,17,1 

1,352 

9,153 

4,5S0 

10,1:8 

9,4,'>2 

27,7.% 

9,179 

23,2  !0 

9,779 

21,708 

10,374 

21,21)2 

10,406 

18,011 

10,483 

18,984 

33,413 

24,432 

21,262 

22,888 

27,988 

27,3.'i8 

Dnlith. 

2.(i;it,i;o 

2,3-2«,3S;  ' 

3,34b..i0.'( 

6.C!i(l,315 

«,2fi2,:i3 

6,e37,40S 

,  8,aiO,!»l!l 

I  U,937,TO 

1  9,-2l'2,223 

I  <J,0{H,5.')9 

|8,TI0,e:S: 

b,6j","56 ' 

9,:08,41() 


)iril8,  which  have  paid  the  lloiiie 
Ifor  England,  Siotlaiul,  and  In- 
ling  the  Year  ended  the  M\  nl 


/.. 

1,327,8C9 
11,833 

24,118 


Gnlloni.     . 

21,710,08  5,0.3,r6 

3,4t^9■6  I  I.  n«  1 

l,'J4t-,7iU  i  I,  (?',*;  j 


l,3t>l,0t0    ■■    2»,47'i,9H f.l20£. 

11(1  revenue  from,  the  ilitli'reni 
ilcd  wilh  the  5lh  of  Junuarv, 


1  An  Account  of  the  Quantity  of  each  of  the  different  Sorts  of  Spirits  that  paid  Duty  in  1830,  1831,  and 
1832;  distingiiigliing  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland;  with  iIib  Amount  of  Unty  thereon. 


Tear  1830. 

Geneva        •          • 
£em.<le«piril»  • 
ToUl  • 

YearlSJl. 

BwKljr        • 
Ctneva 

Rum           '  •  •*   " 
Hwue-inade  jpinti  • 

Total 

year  1832. 
Bnndr 
Gfneva        •           ' 

n5mMiiade  spirits  • 
Total  • 

England. 

Scotland. 

Ireland.                |         Uoitad  Kingdom^        | 

Quintily. 

Duly. 

Quintity. 

Duty. 

Quantity. 

Duly.       1    Quantity.     | 

Duty. 

Imp.  Gab. 
1,239,113 
19,373 
3..'i03,144 
7,732,101 

L. 

I,39l,l<74 

2l,8l3 

1,531,821 

2,867,148 

Imp.  Gala> 

27,997 

9,633 

136,520 

6,007,631 

L. 

31,495 

10,>-37 

60,017 

939,'-.34 

hnp.  Gall. 

7,693 

1,793 

19,294 

9,004,539 

/.. 

8,655 

2.018 

8,493 

1,412,917 

linv.  Gait. 

1,274.803 
30.799 

3.6-.8,9',3 
22,74I,J71 

L. 

1,432.024 

3l.6ii8 
1,6011.331 
5,209,599 

12,493,731 

»,802,6S6 

6,181,781 

1,041,883 

9,033,319 

l,432/)S3 

27,70S,831 

8,276,622 

1,194,717 

lS,0-9 

3,479,911 

7,434,047 

1,342,735 

16,971 

1,564,776 

2,787.,767 

31,563 

7,431 

125.702 

5,700,689 

3:>,509 

8.361 

56,566 

950,115 

8.821 

1,388 

l»,9a4 

8,710,672 

9,923 
1,502 
8,  40 

1,431,779 

1,235,101 

23,898 
3,824,597 

21,845,408 

1,3«8,167 

28,^94 

1,629  881 

5,1  ('9,611 1 

12,12.3,754 

6,712,248 

5,863,383 

1,050,531 

8,739,86-, 

31,577 

1,402 

24,432 

8,6,7,756 

11,471,504 

26,729,001 

8,234,603 

1,508,924 

13,8,13 

3,377,.i07 

7,259,287 

1,697,093 

15,567 

1,118,994 

2,722,233 

61,151 

7.068 

112.026 

5,407,097 

68,794 

7,947 

50,108 

901,183 

36,512 

1,577 

10,978 

1,442,959 

1,601.652 

?2,301 

3,513,965 

21,324,140 

1,801,401 

25.091 
1.6S.n.3!.0 
6,076,375 

12,159,551 

5,953,889 

.5,5M.340 

1, 02^,332 

8,715,167 

1,4-11 .026 

26.4  2,03S 

8,4^3.247 

The  extraordinary  increase  in  the  consumption  of  brandy  in  1832  is  wholly  ascrihable  to  the  alarm 

I  octasioiied  by  the  breaking  out  of  the  cholera,  and  the  prevalent,  but  now  exploded,  notion  that 

bTDiiily  potations  were  an  antidote  to  llie  disease.    As  soon  as  tlie  alarm  subsided,  the  consumption 

of  brandy  declined  to  its  old  level;  the  entried  for  home  use  in  1S33  not  having  exceeded  1,350,620 

I  ^\mdiiii  .Spiri/i.— No  jpiritt  made  in  England,  .Scotland,  or  Ire 
liiid.  iti"'l  1*  convpj-eil  from  England  to  Scolland  or  Irei,inil,  or  from 


I  Miind (ir Ireland  to  Eriland,  olhernise  than  in  caslia  containing 
««»  sal'oi"  "'  "'°  '"*''  *"''  '"  '"''''  "'  ""'  '""  """  fif'y  """ 
Ijriinnnt  wtiatuicver,  not  being  licensed  dislillen,  reclJfuTS,  or 
MuiiunJm,  liavir?  more  than  ei^hly  gallonj  of  spirits  in  llieir  pos- 
Imioii  shall  be  deemed  dealers  in  spirils,  and  subject  to  tlie  survey 
!nk.n(1icer»of  cicise,  and  to  all  Ihe  regul.ilioiis,  penalties,  fee.  to 
,hch°"ch  persons  are  liable.- (6  Uio.  4.  c.  hO.  sect.  122.) 

Ilfalenin  Brilisli  spirits  are  prohibited  selling  or  li.iviiig  in  their 

nta>m\  any  plain  Hrilisli  spirits,  eicept  spirits  of  wiiic,  of  any 

K!»rth  piceedmg  me  strength  of  25  per  cent,  above  'lydronielor,  or 

Ti[VSlifi«llilie!ow  17  per  cent,  under  hvdronietfr  proof;  or  any 

1  ampiiunde^  !|,irils,  cicept  shrub,  of  any  greater  slrenglh  tlian  17  per 

I  m\.  ■««''i'  h)  Jronieter,  under  paiu  of  forfeiting  all  such  sjiirils.  Kith 

I  tlf  usks.  Jkc— Sect.  124. 

I  Dnleniii  foreign  and  British  spirits  are  to  keen  them  separate,  in 
IJun,  vaui",  or  other  places  specially  entered  f.ir  that  purpose, 
I  ■■Jrrjbeaw  penally;  and  any  lietson  miiing,  selling,  or  sending 
InulinvBriliih  spirits  mixed  with  foreign  or  colonial  spirits,  shall 
I  loifnilOOI.  for  every  such  oBence  .-Sett.  12S. ,  , .  . 

I  No  retiiltr  of  spirits,  or  any  other  person  licensed  or  unlicensed, 
I  ihill  stll  ot  send  out  from  his  stock  or  cuslody  any  quantity  of  spirits 


exceeding  1  gallon,  unless  the  same  he  accompanied  by  a  true  and 
lawful  perniil,  under  p.iin  of  forfeiting  2()L'/. ;  .iiid  any  rectifier,  com* 
pounder,  or  dealer  in  spirils,  recetviug  Ihe  same  into  their  s  ock,  or 
allowing  any  one  else  to  receive  it,  and  any  carrier,  boatman,  or  other 
person,  knowingly  carrying  the  same,  shall  forfeit  the  sum  of  20JI,| 
witit  Ihe  boat,  horse,  carl,  he.  used  in  the  carriiige. — Seel.  116. 

No  licence  to  be  granted  for  lelailing  spirils  within  gaols,  houses 
of  correction,  or  workhouses  for  parish  poor  ;  nor  arc  spirils  to  bo 
used  there,  except  medicinally  prescribed  hy  a  regular  physician,  sur. 
geon,  or  apothecary.  Penalty  for  .1  t'irbt  olfeoce  of  this  sort  coDiniitted 
t)y  giialers,  kc.^  leo/. ;  a  second  oirence  to  Ijc  deemed  a  forfeiture  of 
their  olhce.— Sect.  134. 

Persons  hawking  tpirits  to  forfeit  them  and  lOOf. ;  and  if  ths 
penally  be  not  iinmeuialely  paid,  they  are  to  be  commilled  to  the 
house  of  correction  for  3  nionlhs,  or  iinlil  paid.— (Sect.  13S.)  Any 
person  is  aulhorisetl  to  detain  a  hawker  of  spirits,  and  give  notice  to  a 
peace  rlirer,  who  is  to  carry  Ihe  offender  before  a  justice. — Sect.  140. 

Any  ofiicerofexcise,  or  other  person  employed  in  the  excise,  taking 
any  siim  of  money  or  other  reward  from,  or  enterin)^  into  any  collu- 
sive agreement  with,  any  oerson.  to  act  conir.iry  to  his  duly,  to  forfeit 
5C0f.,  and  be  incapacitated  ;  and  any  person  otli-ring  such  reward  or 
proposing  such  agreeineiit,  to  forfeit  iiOO/.  —Sect.  145. 

For  the  regulations  as  to  the  iniportatiou,  &c.  of  foreign  spirits,  W0 
Brandyy  Gaitvay  and  Hum. 


(The  reader  will  find  in  the  foregoing  article  a  statement  of  the  smufjgling  and  other  per- 
Inicious  consequences  resulting  in  Ireland  from  the  oppressive  duties  laid  on  spirits  previously 
ltol823;  of  the  good  effects  of  the  reduction  of  the  duty  to  2s.  lOd.  the  imperial  gallon  ia 
I  that  year ;  and  of  the  influence  which  the  addition  of  Gd.  to  the  duty  in  1 83 1  had  in  leviving 
Ilhat  illicit  distillation,  the  preceding  reduction  had  gone  far  to  put  down.  The  view  we  took 
lof  the  necessity  of  making  a  fresh  reduction  of  the  duty  was  approved  and  strongly  recom- 
I  mended  by  the  Commissioners  of  Excise  Inquiry ;  and  has,  we  are  glad  to  say,  been  acted 
Ion  by  govtrnment ;  the  act  4  «&  5  Will.  4.  c.  75.  having  reduced  the  duty  on  British  spirits, 
jentired  for  home  consumption  in  Ireland,  to  2s.  Ad.  a  gallon. 

I  It  was  contended,  when  this  measure  was  before  parliament,  that  the  reduction  should  be  extcndeil 
itoall  pans  of  tlie  empire  ;  and  that,  by  confiring  it  lo  spirits  used  in  Ireland,  a  new  temptation  would 
Ibecn^aleti  to  smuggle  from  that  country  into  England  and  Scotland.  This  no  tlotibt  will  be,  in  soma 
lilecree,  the  case ;  and  we  hope  that  no  long  period  will  be  allowed  to  elapse  till  the  measure  !)e  gene- 
lialised.  We  do  not,  however,  think,  that  there  is  inurh  probability  of  its  giving  birth  to  any  consider- 
Lble  amount  of  smuggling ;  and  it  itj  not  to  be  denied  that  the  reduction  was  iiitich  more  urgently 
Inquireil  in  Ireland  than  any  where  else.  Scotch  whiskey  carried  lo  Ireland  is  admitted  for  consump- 
llionatiheluw  duty. 

SpiniTS  ANi)  VNne,  (Consomption  of.) 
Lccoiinl  of  the  Number  of  Gallons  of  Foreign  and  Colonial  Spirits  apon  which  Duty  was  charged  in 
the  United  Kingdom  since  the  Year  1832 ;  with  the  Amount  of  Duty  received  thereon  ;  also,  a  sit  1- 
lar  Account  of  Home-made  Spirits  and  of  Foreign  Wine. 


Fan. 


Foreign  and  Colonial  Spirits. 


Brandy. 


Galloixt. 
1,601.662 
1.357,3S1 
l,a«8,731 
1,315,071 
lXi7,!l«) 
1,209,107 
22<.  6il.  per 
Galtoa 


Geneva. 


Gallonu 
22,301 

21.699 
19,703 
2(1,006 
18,151 
22/.  6d.  per 
Galloa. 


Rum. 


Oalhms. 
3437,1*17 
3,492,765 
3.345.668 
3,417,6-2 
3,325,068 
3,562,702 
St.  per  Gall. 


Total. 


Oallont. 
5,161.7^0 
4,871.132 
4,756.116 
4,75_',4'.6 
4,803,(134 
4,789,960 


Home-made 
Spirils. 


ff,i//oni. 
21,346,7'i3 
21,874.455 
23,3f.7,-;60 
24.710,208 
26,74  ".,300 
24,493,539 


Total 

of 

■  Spirils. 


GalUma. 
2ti..';0S.533 
26.743,587 
28.153,878 
29,462,t>63 
31,348.334 
29,2.'3,499 


Rate  of  Duty  on  Home  made 
Spirits. 

Id  England,  7t.  6rf.  per  Gall. 
Scotland,  3i.  4(f.        — 
Ireland,  3f.  id.  until  Sept., 
1S34,  when  2t.  Ad. 


Foreign 

Wines 

of  all  Sorts. 


GallotM. 
6.178.328 
6.421,631 
8,712,531 
6.640,533 
7.(06,J48 
6,5(i2,973 
Cape  Wine 
2>.  tM.,  other 
•oris  6i.  (U. 


•liV 


Vol.  n.— 2  z 


i. 


542 


SPONGE— ST  ADE. 


^«i<w 

m^r^ 

»• 

•K/- 

'.j« 

»h. 

n« 

•»?' 

..■mi 

ri 

1 

,:;i 

r.i 

> 

:.:J 


li 

I, 


Account  of  the  Number  of  Proof  Gallons  of  Rum,  Urandy,  Geneva,  and  all  other  Foreign  and  I)t|,;,^ 
Spirlls,  that  paid  Duly  in  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland  re»pectively,  durine  ISW  j  willi  iiic  Tuiji 
Number  of  Galloni  that  paid  Uuty  in  the  United  Kingdom,  and  the  total  Duty  in  the  above  Vcai. 
(Varl.  Paper,  No.  323,  Bess.  1838.) 


Rum 

flnndy 
Geneva 

Other     Forei^ 
SpirilB 

Tol»l  of  Foreign  { 

Spirits     •  J 

Spiriti  of  llie  M»-  ■ 

nufactiire  r  '  "  ■ 

UriiieJKii 
Dilio 

Guernsey 

Jeney  - 

Spiriti  of  all  hind* 


1 

Itie  Ma- ) 
«  of  the  > 
aiigdoin  ) 


England. 


Number 

of 
GalloM. 


3,<n9,T78 

1,160,608 

11,958 

11,802 


4,264,146 
7,133,669 

26,013 


Net 
Amount 
of  Uuty. 


/-. 

1,385,910 

l,306,57i 

13,468 

9,213 


2,714,163 
2,674,900 

9,390 


I,423,0ii3  I      5,398,453 


Scotland. 


Number 

of 
Gallon!. 


83,804 

31,161 

4,835 

1,110 


120,040 
1,124,035 

SI 


Net 
Amount 
of  Duly. 


i. 

37,720 
33,056 
6,439 

E09 


79,024 
1,020,570 

9 


6,243,026  1,099,603 


Inland. 


Number 

of 
Gallons. 


20,673 

16,877 

1,441 

383 


39,379 
ll,236,as 


Net 
Amount 
of  Duly. 


18,987 
1,622 

383 


United  KinjJom, 


Number 

of 
Gallons. 


ol  Uuv, 


3,184,25-.        l,4,v 

".MO  1     m 


30,201 
1,310,766 


11,276,014    i       l,3.ll.0:.6 


4,424,465 
24,493,539 

26,C99 

2S,943,U'3 


7,S)wi?' 


Spirit  Licenses. — The  net  4  &  5  Will.  4.  c.  "IR.  iiindc  certain  additions  to  the  duties  on  spirit  licences  I 
but  tlicsc  have  been  repealed  by  the  act  0  &  7  Will.  4.  c.  72  ;  and  the  spirit  licences  arc  now  thesa^ 
D8  those  dated  in  p.  138.— Sup.) 

SPONGE  (Ger.  Schwamm  ,•   Fr.  Eponge ,-  It.  Spugna  .•  Sp.  Espimja),  a  soft,  ^^^ 
very  porous  and  compressible  substance,  readily  imbibinf;  water,  and  as  readily  giving  it  ouj 
again.   It  is  found  adhering  to  rocks,  particularly  in  the  Mediterranean  ^'ca,  about  the  is|ai,jj 
of  the  Archipelago.     It  was  formerly  supposed  to  be  a  vegetable  production,  but  is  nj^ 
classed  among  the  zoophytes;  and  analysed,  it  yields  the  same  principles  us  aninial  sulk  I 
stances  in  general.     'J'he  inhabitants  in  several  of  the  Greek  islands  have  been  tr-iincd  froj  I 
their  infancy  to  dive  for  sponges.     They  adhere  firmly  to  the  bottom ;  and  are  not  detached  I 
without  a  good  deal  of  trouble.     The  extraordinary  clearness  of  the  water  fiicilitates  the  ope.  I 
rations  of  the  divers.     Smyrna  is  the  great  market  for  sponge.     The  price  varies  trom  C  to  I 
16  piastres  per  oke  for  ordinary  and  dirty,  and  from  80  to  100  piastres  per  oke,  lor  liiieanjl 
picked  specimens.     Sponge  is  also  fished  in  the  Red  Sea. — {I/re's  Dictionary  ,■  iiumn'A 
Letters  on  Greece,  Eng.  ed.  p.  109.;  ani]  private  communications,) 

Sponge  is  used  in  surgery,  and  for  a  variety  of  purposes  in  the  arts.    The  duty  on  it,  in  1SS2, pro^ 
duced  3,1197/.  4s.  Id.;  but  it  has  since  been  Judiciously  reduced  from  3s.  to  6d.  per  lb.  when  lirduiilufrrinil 
a  foreign  country,  and  from  fiii.  to  Id.  per  lb.,  when  brought  from  a  liritish  possession.    Tlio  fur  create  I 
portion  comes  from  the  former.    No  deduction  is  made  from  the  duty  on  account  of  sand  ur  din  ui. I 
less  it  exceed  7  per  cent.,  and  then  only  for  the  excess  above  7  per  cent. 

SQUILL  (Ger.  Mcerzwiehcl;  Fr.  Scilk,  Oiffnon  marin,-  Jt.  Scil/a,  Cipolla  mariiw:] 
Sp.  Cebolla  albarrana),  or,  as  it  is  sometimes  denominated,  the  Sea  onion,  is  a  plant  wiihil 
large  bulbous  root,  which  is  the  only  part  that  is  used.  It  grows  spontancoudy  on  miA 
shores  in  Spain,  and  the  Levant;  whence  we  are  annually  supplied  with  tliu  mots,  Therl 
should  be  chosen  large,  plump,  fresh,  and  full  of  a  clammy  juice :  some  are  of  a  reildiii 
colour,  and  others  white ;  but  no  difference  is  observed  in  the  qualities  of  the  2  sorts.  Ttel 
root  is  very  nauseous,  intensely  bitter,  and  acrimonious;  much  handled,  it  ulcenilesthcskial 
The  bulbs  are  brought  to  England,  preserved  fresh  in  sand.  The  acrimony  of  the  luois.oiil 
which  their  virtue  depends,  is  partially  destroyed  by  drying  and  long  keepiiip;,  ;inj  is  com[ 
pletely  destroyed  by  exposure  to  heat  above  212°.  Squill  is  one  of  the  most  powerful  anJI 
useful  remedies  in  the  materia  medica. — (Lewis's  Mat.  Med.  ,•   T/wmson's  Dispensalmj.) 

STADE,  a  small  city  of  Hanover,  on  the  Schwinge,  22  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Jlamburgli,! 
lat.  53°  30'  32"  N.,  Ion.  9°  28'  34"  E.  It  has  very  little  trade ;  and  would  be  quite  unworl 
thy  of  notice  in  a  work  of  this  sort,  except  for  the  circumstance  that  a  toll  or  duty  cliargsll 
by  the  Hanoverian  government  on  all  goods  imported  into  Hamburgh,  whether  for  cMisurajvI 
tion  or  transit,  is  paid  at  the  castle  of  Brunshauscn,  contiguous  to  this  town.  The  duiyiil 
generally  about  ^  per  cent,  ad  valorem.  It  is  rated  according  to  a  tarltV;  and  is  coinpiitdl 
from  the  ship's  manifest,  bills  of  lading,  cockets,  «&c.,  which  must  be  left  at  Brunsliauseii  ( 
that  purpose.  The  duties  are  paid  in  Hamburgh ;  and  no  vessel  i.-!  allowed  to  unload,  lillil 
receipt,  subscribed  by  the  Hanoverian  authorities  in  that  city,  be  produced  for  the  dutiful 
We  have  already — (See  HAMni'K(iii) — expressed  our  surprise  that  an  obstruction  of  ibiil 
sort  should  have  been  tolerated  for  so  long  a  period.  The  duties  fall  hea\ily  on  certain  ilfrl 
scriptions  of  goods ;  jjarticularly  on  some  manufactured  articles ;  and  are,  at  an  averatfJ 
decidedly  higher  than  the  duties  charged  in  Hamburgh.  They  are  most  objectionable,  lioifi 
ever,  from  their  requiring  many  troublesome  regulations  to  be  complied  with;  tiic  uninlen| 
tional  deviation  from  any  one  of  which  exposes  the  cargo  to  confiscation,  and  never  fii 
occasion  a  great  deal  of  delay,  trouble,  and  expense.  As  the  principal  part  of  the  fortijil 
trade  of  the  Elbe  is  in  our  hands,  we  are,  of  course,  principally  alTcctcd  by  the  Sladc  toS; 
and,  considering  the  source  of  the  nuisance,  it  is  really  not  a  little  astonishing  it  shoulil  m 
have  been  abated  long  ago.    The  sum  which  the  Hanoverian  government  derives  from  I 


STARCH. 


5-13 


nd  o\l  other  Foreign  ftnd  Ihii;,|| 
ely,  during  1837;  witli  lln-Tini 
tutul  Duly  In  ll'B  ttbove  Vcat  - 


:luid. 


Vniled  Kin«dom, 


duties  18  but  triflinf^  compared  with  the  injury  thry  inflict  on  our  trade ;  it  would,  conse- 
quently, lie  good  policy  for  the  former  to  sell,  and  for  the  British  Rovernmcnl  to  huy,  nn  ex- 
eroptio"  from  so  vexatious  a  duty ;  and  we  are  well  assured  that  few  things  would  do  more 
to  extend  our  trade  with  Hamburgh  than  the  completion  of  an  arrangement  of  this  sort. 

Previously  to  1736,  English  ships  passing  up  the  Elbe  had  to  come  to  ci  anchor  opposite 
Brunshausen :  but  they  were  then  allowed,  under  certain  conditions,  to  pass  on  to  Ham- 
burgh. The  proclamation  to  this  eftcct,  and  which  contains  an  epitome  of  the  regulations 
that  have  still  to  bo  observed,  is  subjoined. 


1I1B  to  tlie  duties  on  fipiril  lirenm;  , 
he  spirit  liceiitos  are  now  ilie  same 

1 ;  Sp.  Enponja),  a  soft,  liglu, 
atcr,  and  as  readily  giving  it  out 
itcrrancan  ^Va,  about  the  islandi 
gctable  production,  but  is  now 
same  principles  as  animal  sub. 
k  islands  have  been  trained  froit 
le  bottom  ;  and  arc  not  delacheii 
IS  of  the  water  facilitates  the  opt. 
ige.  The  price  varies  from  C  to 
1 00  piastres  per  oke,  Ibr  line  anJ 

. (^Ure's  Didiotiary ;  i'uiwj'i 

.cations.) 

-  arts.  The  duty  on  it,  in  IW.pro. 
ill  2s.  to  Od.  per  II).  wlicn  lirouulitfroii 
1  Brilisli  possession.  Tlio  fartrealn 
duty  on  account  of  sand  ut  dirl,uii. 
r  cent. 

li.  Scilla,  Cipolla  marim; 
1,  the  "Sea  onion,  is  a  plant  wiihij 
grows  spontaneously  on  sanjjl 
supplied  with  tliu  roots.    Tlie;| 
jy  juice:  some  are  of  a  rcdiliihl 
he  qualities  of  the  2  sorU.   Ike  I 
luch  handled,  it  ulcerates  the  skin.! 
The  acvimony  of  the  roots,  onj 
and  long  keopiiiR,  and  is  co.ii'| 
^s  one  of  the  most  powerful  ai ' 
;    Thonnun's  Dispenstthmj.) 
,  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Hamburgh,! 
•ade ;  and  would  be  quite  un»j 
ince  that  a  toll  or  duty  chargcii| 
amburgh,  whether  for  consunip'j 
lous  to  this  town.    The  duiYi!! 
ing  to  a  tarilV;  and  is  compuK^j 
must  be  left  at  Brunshausen  toil 
Ivesscl  is  allowed  to  unload,  till  jl 
city,  he  produced  for  the  dutnl 
irise  that  an  obstruction  of  ihitj 
Juties  fall  hea\  ily  on  certain  Je-I 
[rticlcs;  nnd  are,  at  nn  avci^g(,j 
Ihey  are  most  objectionable,  lio^tl 
be  complied  with;  the  uiii:iteii.| 
I  confiscation,  and  never  fails  til 
he  principal  part  of  the  foretpl 
tipally  affected  by  the  StadctollJ 
a  little  astonishing  it  should  nOj 
government  derives  from  tlii| 


I  That  •II  Knfclish  vcneh  !«  exempted  from  cnniini^  lo  an  anrtior 
tuliire  Uie  river  Schwiiigr,aiia  allowed  lo  Mil  directly  up  lo  Ham- 

i  Socli  En«li»h  veweli  iliall  be  obliged,  tt  llieir  approach,  wilhin 
ilo'ut  I*  "f  '  ''"IC"*'  there*.!',  lo  hoist  their  Ciiloum.  lo  lower  their 
uili, anil  only  to  drive,  till  llii  legiliiiutiou  is  made  at  Ilie  kiug'i  ' 

3  The  in.i»t.r  of  the  ihip,  or  a  proper  person  fuUy  proviiietl  wiih  I 
llw'necewary  documents,  is  to  150  0!i  board  (he  frigate,  and  aflerwardi 
(J  ihe  Lui'OMi-house  at  Hrunili-tusen  and  Slade  {  and  there  to  produce 
jmtia'^t  manifest,  and  ttie  original  hills  of  lading,  cockets,  kc. 

i  The  JociiHient^  bein,:  produced,  the  accounts  nlinll  lie  staled,  and 
lU  duties  niiist  ite  paid  at  nrunshausen,  Staile.  or  llatiiburgh. 

5  Ttie  cie.iraiice  shall  he  given  at  Itrunsbaiisen  to  Ihe  iierson  sent 
t'llhertiy  the  nnslerof  the  vessel ;  by  whom  it  must  betlejivered  to 
.y^in,;',cojiinii!t»ary  in  Haiiilinrgh,  tngelhcrwith  the  documents  of 
tbf  cjrgi,  anil  a  spccificalion  of  the  parcels,  bales,  casks,  kc,  which 
wtrr  rtceiviil  on  board  at  the  port  of  lading,  « lielher  designed  for 
Hiujlurilh  or  other  places. 

6  Hulk  must  not  tie  broken  till  all  this  has  been  performed,  except 
Ihe  kings  cuuiunssary  ia  Hamburgh  permits,  in  urgent  ca.«s,  the 

'^'J  The'vesiel  being  thus  allowetl  to  pass  the  frigate  without  bring 
KSithed,iiif***'  of  suspect  ing  any  fraud,  the  masters  rdialt  heoblii^ed 
tosit'na  proper  oath  ;  and  theinerclianis  in  Ifaniburgli,  who  receive 
ufccliliy  lltose  vessels,  shall  make  an  exact  report  thereof,  and  give 


»  certificate  in  lieu  of  an  oath— that  they  neither  have  rrceiveil  nof 
expected  more  gtxvts  Ibaii  have  l>een  specilii-d, — which  iiiuvt  be  il*. 
livere<l  to  his  Alajesly's  commissary  in  Ifamburgh,  to  enable  bim  to 
examine  the  reitorl  made  by  the  master 

8.  No  master  is  to  depart  from  llaiuburgh  before  he  has  taken  a 
ccrlificate  from  his  Majesty's  commitsaty,  proving  that  all  has  been 
duly  iierformed ;  which  11  to  be  sent  lo  the  king's  frigate,  near 
RruiiMiausen. 

9.  The  signals  mentioned  in  the  second  article  are  likewise  to  be 
made  when  Ihe  ship  repasses  Stade. 

10.  The  taking  cognizance  of,  and  punistiing  misdeuieanoun, 
frauds,  and  n)isniana|;eiiieiits,  as  well  as  the  neglecting  of  the  pre- 
ceding ar'icles,  remains  in  the  Couit  of  the  King's  Customs  at  Stade; 
so  that  lioth  merchants  and  masters  of  ships,  who  may  be  called  to 
an  account,  shall,  when  summoned,  appear  before  Ihe  said  court,  and 
submit  to  its  decisions;  but  they  hivu  the  libcity  of  appeal  lo  the 
superior  courts  for  a  revision  antf  relief. 

11.  As  to  all  other  points  not  expresnly  mentioned  in  the  foregoing 
articles,  they  shall  be  observed  at  the  king^i  Custom  liouses  at  Ilrunt* 
haiisen,  Stade,  and  Hambnrgli,  according  to  the  regulations  and 
customs  heretofore  practiseit. 

12.  This  gracious  concession  is  lierehy  granted  only  rft(r*niife  ftrng 
flacito;  \\\f  king  reserving  to  himself  and  bis  successors  in  his  Ger 
man  dominions  the  right  of  revoking  it,  ind  making  aay  ^IteraUoDi 
or  new  orders,  whenever  they  sltall  see  reason. 


The  following  statement,  taken  from  the  hnoUsnra  Ilamburgh  merchant,  shows  in  parallel  columns, 
(tie  anioiitit  of  the  Slade  and  lliimbiirj.'li  duties  paid  on  certain  articles  imported  into  Ilamliiirgli.  It 
Bclcar  frmii  i'.  Ihnt  even  llion(i;ll  there  were  no  hiirdcnsome  regulations  to  lie  complied  with,  the 
amount  of  the  Stade  duties  must  be  a  very  serious  drawback  on  the  trade  of  the  Elbe. 

A  List,  slijwing  the  Amount  of  Stade  Duties,  and  the  Amount  of  Hamburgh  Duties  paid  on  the  same 

Goods  imported  into  Hamburgh. 


Articles. 

SL-ide 

Duty. 

Town  Duly. 

Articles, 

Stade 

Duly. 

Town 

Duty.  ] 

Bco.  Mara. 

Jko.  Marct. 

■ 

ecu.  Mara. 

Jko.  Mara.    1 

40  Biles  cotton 

17 

13 

16     12 

3S3  Casks  coffee  - 

419 

3) 

1,300  Bjgs  rolTi-e 

385 

IS 

22.5      8 

l5o  Hogsheads  ilitto 

138 

\[ 

eo3 

8 

IIXXI  Rio  Grande  hidea  - 

37 

2 

107      8 

341  llarrels  ditto  - 

101 

*s 

10  Chests  itidigo 

13 

6 

28      4 

314  and  46  liercea  rice      . 

27 

0 

9.-. 

12 

131  Bsg^  saltpetre 

19 

8 

21      8 

330,  1  iO  and  S  boxes  sejarj 

7i 

12 

16 

4 

102  Btiwlles  whalebone 

IS 

2 

13      4 

40  Hogsheads  tobacco    ' 

136 

1 

25 

10 

1,009  IliiJra  Havaiiiiah  sugar    • 

111 

6 

288      0 

30  Ditto  .... 

71 

4 

27 

12 

lOi  Ung^hrails  sugar  • 

23 

6 

66    10 

4  Ditto  .... 

0 

4 

4 

4 

444  Cases  Bdiia  sugar 

49 

7 

374     14 

121  nales  ditto      ■ 

70 

6 

7 

8 

■25  Tons  logwood 

20 

13 

10      C 

1 4  Casks  tobacco  stems  . 

2 

10 

4 

10 

33  Puncheons  rum    - 

8 

4 

21      5 

100  Chests  souchong  lea  . 

77 

8 

10 

4 

IIS  Bags  pimento 

IS 

7 

16      S 

95  Hogsheads  quercitron  bark  - 

21 

2 

28 

4 

30  ll.mshtads  refined  sugar  • 

6 

12 

29      2 

ST.\RCH  (Ger.  Araidan;   Fr.  Amidon  ;  It.  Atnodi,  Amito ,•  8p.  Amidon,  Almidon ,- 

Rus.  Kruclimal),  a  substance  obtained  from  vegetables.     It  has  a  fine  white  colour,  and  is 

usually  concreted  in  longish  masses ;  it  has  scarcely  any  smell,  and  very  little  taste.    When 

[  kept  dry,  it  continues  for  a  long  time  uninjured,  though  exposed  to  the  air.     It  is  insoluble 

I  in  cold  water;  but  combines  with  boiling  water — forming  with  it  a  kind  of  jelly.     It  exists 

I  chiefly  in  the  white  and  brittle  parts  of  vegetables,  particularly  in  tuberose  roots,  and  the 

seeds  of  the  gramineous  plants.     It  may  be  extracted  by  pounding  those  parts,  and  agitating 

them  in  cold  water ;  when  the  parenchyma,  or  fibrous  parts,  will  first  subside ;  and  these 

being  removed,  a  fine  white  powder,  diffused  through  the  water,  will  gradually  subside,  which 

is  the  starch.     Or  the  pounded  or  grated  substance,  as  the  roots  of  potatoes,  acorns,  or  horse 

[chestnuts,  for  instance,  may  he  put  into  a  hair  sieve,  and  the  starch  washed  through  with 

I  cold  water,  leaving  the  grosser  matters  behind.    Farinaceous  seeds  may  he  ground  and  treated 

1  in  a  similar  manner.   Oily  seeds  require  to  have  the  oil  expressed  from  them  before  the  farina 

is  extracted.    Potato  starch  goes  a  good  deal  further  than  wheat  starch — a  less  quantity  of  it 

Ifliffieing  to  form  a  paste  of  equal  thickness,  with  water.     It  has  a  very  perceptible  crystallised 

I  ippearance,  and  is  apparently  heavier  than  common  starch. — (  Thomson's  Chemistry  ,•   Ure'a 

1  Dictionary.) 

fitarch  is  charged  with  a  duty  ofS\(l.  per  Ih.;  and  its  manufacture  is,conseqiienHy,  placed  under  the 
Iconirnl  of  tht;  excise.  Every  maker  of  starch  for  sale  inusl  take  out  an  annual  licence,  which  costs 
151.  Notice  iiiiiBt  be  given  10  the  excise  of  the  ereclion,  and  of  all  changes  in  the  construction,  of 
I  norkstiops,  iiiiplenieiits,  &c.  used  in  the  iiianufaetiire  of  starch,  under  a  pitnally  of  200/.  All  starch, 
Phfiire  it  is  put  into  any  stove  or  place  lo  dry,  must  bo  p:\pered  and  sealed  or  stamped  by  the  ntlicer, 
luniler  a  penalty  of  100/.  Any  person  forging  or  counlerfeiting  such  stamp  or  seal  is  guilty  of  felony, 
iDiilu-ith  the  benefit  of  clergy.  Any  person  knowingly  selling  any  starch  with  a  forged  or  counterfeit 
litamii,  &c.  forfeits  500i.  ^n  quantity  of  starch  exceeding  28  lbs.  to  be  removed  from  one  place  lo 
I siinilier,  unless  the  word  .'larch  be  marked  on  the  package  in  legible  loiters  3  inches  long,  under  for- 
jfeiliire  of  tl>fl  p.ickase,  and  of  the  cattle  and  carls  conveying  Ihe  same.  Any  dealer  in  starch  receiv 
linpany  (iimiililycxceedinG28  lbs.  not  marked  as  above,  stiall  forfeit  20W.  Suircli-tiiakers  are  to  make 
Iweitkly  entries  of  the  stiirch  made  by  them,  under  a  penally  of  50J.;  and  are  to  make  payment  of  the 
Iduiies  wiiliin  a  week  of  such  entry.    Cockets  granted  for  shipping  starch  to  be  carried  coastwise  are 


'    !: 


544 


STEAM  VESSELS. 


"to.*.'  >• 

mur.  '-'-m 
*9".-     .  at 


C 


i 


lurfii 


fraiicaii. 


"'Ml 


to  expreii  tha  quality,  quantity,  weight,  the  mark  of  the  packafe,  by  whom  made  and  lold,  and  to 
whom  consigned  ;  and  if  »liippcd  without  Ruch  cockut,  it  may  be  iiulzed.  No  starch  li  to  lie  imported 
unless  in  patltuges  containing  ai  least  221  llis.  stowed  openly  In  the  hold,  on  puin  of  forfeiture  nnd  of 
Incurring  a  penalty  of  50*.  No  starch  Is  to  be  exported,  unless  the  package  as  originally  seui,.,!  or 
itamped  by  the  officer  be  entire,  and  unless  the  orticer  mark  the  word  eiportaltan  upon  it.  Tiie  diiil,.| 
must  have  been  paid  on  all  starcli  exported  ;  but  the  exporter  U  untitled  to  an  excise  drawback  u(m 
per  lb.— {Burn'aJutlict  uf  iht  Peace,  Marriott's  ed.,  tit.  Slarck.) 

An  Account  of  the  Number  of  Pounds  of  Starch  that  paid  the  Home  Consumption  Duty  in  Orent  Dri. 
tain,  the  Rale  of  Duty,  and  the  Cross  and  Nett  Produce  of  the  Duly,  in  each  of  the  Three  Yeari 
ending  with  the  9th  of  January,  1833. 


Tnra  tndnl  6lh  Jan. 

Rilg  |Mr  lb. 

18.11 
1833 
1833 

d. 
H 

Lbf. 


7,fi45,48« 
7,5.')3,»69 
8,070,026 


Ornu  Produce. 


£  I.  d. 

103,5.12  12  5 

102,2Nti  11  3 

10U,281  13  0 


Netl  Pnxlun. 

~~£  a.  dr 

80,453  U      4 

70,114  3     8 

85,103  18     8 


(The  injurious  itiflucnce  of  the  duty  on  starch,  the  nelt  produce  of  which,  in  18.l;j, «« 
only  91,517/.  18*,  2^^.,  was  most  ably  exposed,  and  its  abolition  strongly  rcconiineiided,  by 
the  Commissioners  of  Excise  Inquiry,  nnd  we  arc  glad  to  iiuve  to  add  lliat,  ai;roniil)|y  to  ihat 
recommendation,  the  duty  has  been  abolished. — (4  &  6  Will.  4.  c.  77.)'— Sup.) 

(STE.\JVI  VESSELS 


▲n  Account  of  the  Number 


Year 


f  the  Number  and  Tonnage  of  Steam  Vessels  belonging  to  the  Hritish  Empire  in  ih« 
1837,  distinguishing  Uritish  Possessiions  in  Europe  from  tlic  Dritish  I'lantatidmi. 


En<laod. 

ScolUod.' 

Ireland. 

United  Kingdom. 

Isles  of 

(iucniscv, 

Jersey,  &  Man. 

nritikh 
FUi.talions. 

VeweU    Tonn.ige 

Torn. 

Vmcli 

ToDnjge 

Veweli  |TennaBC 

Veuels  1  Tonnage 

Vemli 

Tonnage 

Veisf^la    'J*nniiAge 

Vessels 

Toiimi, 
7«,W 

422 

37,240 

109 

13,368 

87          18,437 

618 

69,04} 

6 

832 

44       I     8.411 

1 

Steam  Engines  and  Steam  Vessels,  <!5-c.  of  (he  United  States. — We  believe  wo  .shall  be 
doirig  an  acceptable  service  to  the  bulk  of  our  readers  by  laying  before  them  the  folliiwinj 
extracts  from  a  letter  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States,  prepared  m  pur- 
suance of  a  resolution  of  the  House  of  Repjp.sentatives,  of  the  20th  of  June,  1838.  It  oom. 
municates  many  interesting  particulars  with  respect  to  the  employment  of  steam  eni^'inesanJ 
Steam  vessels  in  the  United  States,  and  the  accidents  that  have  happened  to  the  Ituter. 

Number  of  Steamboats,  Locomotives,  and  other  Steam  Enirims  in  the  United  Stales.— 
"The  whole  number  of  steam  engines,  of  every  kind,  in  the  United  States,  reckoiiin);  one  to 
each  boat,  is  estimated  to  be  3,010.  Of  these,  2,6.53  have  been  ascertained,  and  3.57  arecsii. 
mated,  in  places  from  which  the  returns  are  either  defective  or  not  received  at  all.  Of  this 
whole  number,  about  800  are  supposed  to  be  employed  in  steamboats,  of  which  700  are 
ascertained,  and  100  estimated.  About  3.50  are  employed  in  locomotives  upon  railroads, 
Of  these,  337  are  ascertained,  and  13  estimated.  The  residue,  being  1,860,  are  used  ia 
manufactories  of  various  kinds.     Of  these,  1,616  are  ascertained,  and  344  estiimitod." 

Number  of  Accidents  to  Steam  Engines. — "  The  number  of  accidents  occasioninir  lossof 
life  or  inuch  injury  to  property,  which  have  occurred  in  the  use  of  steam  eiiu;inos  ul'  pvcry 
kind  in  the  United  States,  is  computed  to  have  been  about  260.  Of  these,  2.');i  arc  ascer- 
tained, and  the  rest  are  estimated.  Such  accidents,  by  explosions  atid  otiiur  disasters  to 
steamboats,  appear  to  have  constituted  a  great  portion  of  the  whole,  and  arc  sii|)|)oseJ  to  j 
have  equalled  230,  of  which  215  are  ascertained.  The  first  of  these  is  believed  to  liavc  oc- 
curred in  the  Washington,  on  the  Ohio  river,  in  1816. 

"  Since  the  employment  of  steamboats  in  the  United  States,  it  is  computed  that  (luitc  1,300 
have  been  built  here.     Of  these,  about  260  have  been  lost  by  various  accidents,  as  many  as  I 
240  worn  out,  and  the  rest  are  now  running. 

"  The  first  steamboat  used  for  practical  purposes  here,  (or  indeed  in  any  part  of  the  worlJ,) 
was  in  1807,  on  the  Hudson  Kiver,  in  the  State  of  New  York.     She  was  built  hy  Fulton, 
called  the  North  River,  with  an  engine  of  only  18-horse  power,  and  made  the  passasjebfr 
tween  Albany  and  New  York  in  thirty-three  hours.    Though  with  a  steam  engine  manufac- 1 
tured  abroad  by  Boulton  and  Watt,  yet  no  boat  was  launched  in  Europe,  that  proved  suc- 
cessful in  practice,  till  five  years  after,  by  Mr.  Bell,  at  Glasgow,  in  1812.     At  that  time  tbel 
Car  of  Neptune,  built  in    1808,  the  Paragon,  in  1811,  and  the  Richmond,  in  1812,  were! 
all,  in  addition  to  the  boat  first  built,  running  from  New  York.     Rumnoy  is  known  toliaTel 
made  experiments  on  a  small  scale  as  to  steamboats,  in  Virginia,  as  early  as  1787;  biittlicvl 
were  not  reduced  to  any  practical  use.    Both  he  and  Fitch  commenced  trials  in  this  country  I 
as  early  as  1783  and  1784,  and  Oliver  Evans,  in  1785  and  1780.     They  had  been  priwdejl 
in  France,  in   1762,  by  the  Marquis  d'Jcalfrey;  and  the  idea  of  applying  steam  in  lioatil 
had  been  suggested  in  England  as  early  as  1 736,  by  Jonathan  Hulls. 

"  The  whole  number  of  steamboats  ascertained  and  estimated  to  be  now  in  this  rouiitrv,! 
is  800.  In  Enijland,  in  1836,  the  whole  number  is  computed  to  have  been  600.  On  tliej 
Western  and  South-western  waters  alone,  near  400  are  now  supposed  to  be  ruiiiiiiiij,  whertl 


STEAM  VESSELS. 


645 


horn  made  »n<l  •"W.  """l  to 
No»lnrch  litobe  Iniporlfld, 
(III  pulnof  forfolture  and  of 
kugu  »»  originally  «<svIhiI  or 
,oHation  upon  il.  Tlu!  (Iitei 
10  an  extiae  drawback  of  3id 


n.umpUon  Duty  »n  firoat 
.    ill  each  of  Hie  Tlirce  V 


nri. 
eati 


iluce  of  which,  in  ISS'.J.was 
(\  strongly  rcconimeiuled,  by 
to  aJJ  that,  afiroealily  to  ihal 
L  c.  Tt.)—*''"/'-) 


,a  totho  British  Empire  in  (he 
llie  British  IMiinlntimis. 


Brit'nh                    Xq.iI, 
Flaiilations. 

,«e    VeweU    TonliAHe   VmkIi   Tonii;nl 

^            i^l"!*'!         SG8 

78,M 

igj^ Wo  believe  we  shall  be 

ing  before  them  the  following 

LInited  Slates,  prcpiireil  in  put- 

20th  of  June,  1838.    Itcoiiv 

ploymciit  of  steam  engines  anil 

e  happened  to  the  liUter. 

iirhifs  in  the  United  IStutcs.- 

Jnited  States,  reckoning  one  to 

n  ascertained,  and  357  are  esti- 

r  not  received  at  all.    Of  this 

steamboats,  of  which  700  are 

n  locomotives  upon  railroads. 

!due,  being  1,860,  are  used  in 

,ied,  and  344  estimuted." 

|of  accidents  occasionini;  loss  of 

use  of  steam  engines  of  every 

,60.     Of  these,  2.')3  iirc  ascer- 

ilosion^i  and  other  ilisasters  to 

0  vvhole,  and  are  sniiposod  to 
(f  these  is  believed  to  liavcoc- 

lit  is  computed  that  nuite  1,300 

1  various  accidents,  as  many  as 

Ideed  in  any  part  of  the  world,) 
|rk.     She  was  built  by  Futon, 
Iwe'r,  and  made  the  jjassaijebe- 
*  with  a  steam  engine  manufac- 
Jed  in  Europe,  that  proved  sue- 
(win  1812.     At  tliat  lime  the 
the  Richmond,  in  1812,  were 
Ik      Rumney  is  known  to  have 
lia,  as  early  as  1787;  but  lliey 
Inmenced  trials  in  this  country 
|78G     They  had  been  preceded 
lea  of  applying  steam  in  boatil 
In  Hulls. 

[ted  to  be  now  in  tins  rouiitij, 
ll  to  have  hoeii  000.  On  the 
[supposed  to  be  runniii':!,  «lien 


nonfl  were  used  till  1811,  and  where,  in  1S34,  the  number  was  computed  to  bo  only  234. 
Of  these  400.  about  141  are  CHtimated.  On  the  Ohio  river  alone,  in  1837,  nliDUt  413  dif- 
ferriit  litrnmboats  arc  reported  to  have  passed  throu,i;h  the  Iiouisviiie  und  Portland  ciiiial, 
licfiidcs  all  below  and  above,  which  never  panscd  through.  Uut  it  liesi'rves  notice,  lluit  of 
those  413,  near  60  went  out  of  use  by  accidentn,  decay,  &c.,  williin  that  year  ;  and  several 
of  the  others,  viz.,  104,  were  new,  und  many  of  ihem  probably  were  destined  to  run  on 
other  rivers.  As  an  illustration  of  the  rapid  increase  of  business  ii\  ste.nnboiilw  on  the  Ohio, 
the  number  of  passages  by  them  through  the  Louisville  canal  increased  from  40li,  in  1831, 
(0  1,501,  in  1837,  or  nearly  fourfold  in  six  years.  About  70  boats  were  running  the  present  . 
year  oil  the  Norlh-western  lakes,  where  a  few  years  ginee  the  number  was  \eiy  small,  having 
been  in  1835  only  25.  Of  the  800  steamboats  now  in  the  LInited  States,  the  greutLst  num- 
ber ascertained  to  he  in  any  State  is  140,  in  the  State  of  New  York. 

"It  is  a  matter  of  surprise  that  so  few  of  these  are  sea-going  vessels,  considering  that  tha 
first  steamboat  which  ever  crossed  the  Atlantic  was  built  in  New  York,  so  long  ago  as  1819, 
jiid  went  from  Savannah  (the  place  after  which  she  was  caJiod)  to  fjiverpool  in  2'i  days ; 
and  that  the  Robert  Fulton,  as  early  as  1822,  made  several  trips  t )  New  Orleans  and  Ila- 
vaniia.  A  similar  remark  applies  to  the  circumstance  that  only  one  of  the  whole  innnbcr 
Is  a  public  vessel  of  war,  when  the  first  steam  vessel  of  that  kind  ever  launched  was  the 
Fulton,  and  was  built  in  this  country,  so  limg  ago  as  1815.  The  (lovernment  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  never  owned  but  two  steam  vessels  of  war — both  called  tlio  '  Fulton.'  'J'he  first 
was  lost,  by  accident,  in  1829  ;  and  now  there  is  only  the  other,  before  alluded  to,  built  in 
183S.  It  has,  however,  13  other  steam  vessels,  employed  in  the  war  department,  on  tho 
publii'  works,  and  in  the  transportation  of  troops  and  stores, 

"Of  the  whole  number  of  locomotives  in  the  United  Slates  propelled  by  steam,  being 
about  350,  the  most  which  have  been  ascertained  in  any  State  is  9G,  in  the  Stale  of  Penii- 
sylvanin. 

"None  of  them  were  introduced  here  till  1831,  though  they  now  run  on  nearly  1,500 
niilos  of  railnwd.     The  first,  it  is  believed,  was  in  the  State  of  Delaware,  on  the  Newcastle 
railroad;  the  second,  in  Maryland,  on  the  Ualtimorc  and  Ohio  railroad;  and  the  third,  bcr 
nvecn  New  Orleans  and  Lake  Pontchartrain,  in  tlie  State  of  Louisiana,     'i'hey  had  been 
tried  in  this  country,  by  Oliver  Evans,  as  early  as  1804,  and  in  England  as  early  as   1S05  ; 
but  not  reduced  to  useful  practice  in  the  latter  till  1811,  for  freight,  and  in  1830  for  passen- 
cersand  speed.     One  succeeded  on  a  common  road,  from  London  to  Bath,  in  ISC'J.     Of 
the  whole  number  of  other  steam  machines  in  the  United  Stales  (being  about  1,80(1),  the 
State  of  Pennsylvania  has  the  most,  being  383.     The  number  in  some  Slates  is  not  accu- 
latclv  ascertained ;  but  near  300  are  ascertained  and  computed  to  exist  in  Louisiana  alone. 
The  introduction  of  them  here,  and  especially  with  the  high  pressure  machinery,  was  much 
promotcJ  by  Oliver  Evans,  about  1804.     The  first  of  them  in  use  in  the  United  States  was 
put  up  in  1787,  in  the  Stale  of  New  .Jersey,  for  raising  water  and  earth  from  mines.     The 
next  were  about  1791,  in  a  cotton  factory  in  Kensington,  near  Philadelphia;  and  soon  after 
in  saw-mills,  and  iron  slitting  and  rolling  mills  at  Pittsburgh.     The  power  has  been  known 
in  England  to  be  api)licahle  to  mechanical  uses  since  the  experiments  of  the  Marquis  of  Wor- 
cester, in  1003.     It  is  said  by  some  that  he  w.is  preceded  in  France  (and  a  pamphlet  pub- 
lished on  the  subject  as  early  as  1C15)  by  Solomon  do  (Jaus.    But  the  views  of  the  latter,  like 
many  who  preceded  him  in  the  knowledge  of  steam  as  a  moving  power,  arc  supposed  to  have 
been  rather  theoretical  than  practical.    Several  machines  were  made  in  England  as  early  as 
1720 ;  and  Walt's  first  patent  was  taken  out,  for  improvements  in  them,  as  early  as  17C9.    But 
tbey  were  not,  even  there,  very  extensively  and  successfully  applied  to  mills  and  manufacto- 
ries, till  1785,  though  18  large  engines  were  employed  in  the  mines  of  Cornwall  as  early  as 
17/0;  and  a  flour-mill,  with  20  pairs  of  stones,  was  moved  by  steam  in  London  in  1784. 

"The  greatest  employment  of  these  in  the  South  is  in  the  sugar  manufacture,  and  in 
cleaning  and  ])ressing  cotton;  in  the  West  in  grist  and  saw  mills,  and  in  various  manufac- 
tures of  iron  machinery  and  tools;  and  in  the  East,  in  mills,  in  printing,  in  cotton  manufac- 
tories, and  the  i)ulilic  works  at  navjj  yards  and  armories. 

"The government  of  the  United  States  owns  17  of  these;  they  being  employed  at  their 
navy  yards,  to  empty  docks,  saw  timber,  &c. ;  and  at  some  arsenals  and  armories,  in  manu- 
facturing arms.  .• 

"The  tonnage  of  all  the  steamboats  in  the  United  States  is  computed  to  exceed  155,473. 
Of  this,  137,473  is  in  boats  ascertained  or  reported.     By  the  olficial  returns,  the  whole  ton- 
nage would  now,  probably,  equal  near  160,000  tons,  having  been,  in  1837,  equal  to  153,660. 
Many  boats  included  in  those  returns  have  been  lost  or  worn  out,  and  several  new  ones  built 
[since.    In  England,  the  tonnage  is  estimated  to  have  been  67,969  in  1836.     The  tonnage 
I  of  each  boat  here  averages  about  200;  and  the  estimates,  where  the  returns  have  been  do- 
jfeciive,  were  made  on  that  basis.   The  power  employed  in  all  the  steam  engines  in  the  Uni- 
ted States  is  ascertained  and  estimated  at  100,318  horse-imwer ;  of  this,  12,140  only  is  in 
engines  estimated  and  not  returned.     In  the  aggregate,  all  this  new  mechanical  force  would 
[be equal  to  the  power  of  601,808  men.    Of  thid  force,  57,019  horse-power  is  computed  to 
2  z2  69 


549 


STEAM  VESSELS. 


ir  'I 

■■»•.,  "J 


"■■J 


jf 


-Aigij^ 


lairii 

»■;  *■*! 


.  ail*  ;* 


UK 


be  in  itoamhoaU;  fl.OflO  in  railroads ;  and  the  rest,  being  30,319,  in  other  ennine*.  Thii 
QvcrnRnH  iilmut  70  horHc-powor  to  carh  boat,  or  onu  horso  to  bctwoi'ii  two  iitid  tlui'c  (oih,  n^j 
IcKii  tbiiii  'H)  liorHe-powcr  to  ratii  of  tbo  other  ennineu.     It  in  a  striking  fact,  lliiil  tho  m|p^|„. 

Eower  employed  in  Btatidini^  enKineH,  \a  iH\wi\  to  about  twotbirilii  of  all  thut  is  uhivI  in  Hlcain. 
oats.  Tbo  largest  luiat  in  the  IJnitril  States  is  supposed  to  bo  the  Natcbc/,,  of  Hlio  mh, 
and  near  300  horse-power,  desiine<l  to  run  between  New  Vork  and  MissiKsip|)i ;  llir  llliii,)^ 
and  the  Miidison,  on  Lake  IJiie,  are  the  next  in  si/.e,  the  former  beinu;  7.').'),  and  tlic  Im,,, 
700  tons ;  the  Mussiiebusetts,  in  Long  Island  Hound,  is  the  next  largest,  being  (i'Jt;  ton,. 
and  the  UufFalo,  on  Lidto  Krie,  next,  being  of  013  tons.  'J'lie  largest  lioiits  pus.iiiig  l,,||,jj 
ville,  in  1837,  were,  the  Unrlo  Hum,  of  147  tons,  and  the  Mogul,  of  ■111  tons;  tlion^-li  i,,,. 
low  Louisville,  the  Mediterranean,  of  490  tons,  and  the  Noith  America,  of  44.')  tons,  (m  ||,j 
Ohio,  mid  the  St.  Louis,  of  .').'J0  tons,  on  the  Mississippi,  are  ruiming.  The  Rreaiest  |,is,  „f 
life  well-autiientieated  on  any  one  oeeasion  in  a  stfaiidioiit,  appears  to  have  been  by  eullisj,,!, 
and  conse(]uent  sinking,  in  the  case  of  the  Moinnoutb,  in  1S37,  on  the  Mississippi,  by  \v||i||, 
300  lives  were  lost.  The  next  greatest  were  by  explosions;  of  the  Oronoka,  in  iHliN, nn 
the  same  river,  by  which  130,  or  more,  lives  were  lost;  and  of  the  Moselle,  at  ('iiiciiinmi 
Ohio,  by  which  100  to  120  persons  were  destroyed.  'I'he  greatest  injury  to  life  by  aciiJnuj 
to  boats  from  snags  and  sawyers  appears  to  liavc  been  13  lost,  in  1H34,  in  the  case  of  the  Si, 
Louis,  on  the  Mississippi  river.  The  greatest  by  shipwreck,  was  in  the  case  of  the  Hniiic,i„ 
1837,  on  the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  whore  100  persons  were  lost.  The  greatest  jiy  (itp 
happened  in  the  Ben  Shcrrod,  on  the  Mississip|)i  river,  in  1837,  when  near  130  jJiTishcd.  'J'l,,, 
tiumber  of  steaml)oats  built  in  the  L'nited  States  in  1831,  was  88 ;  but  in  1837,  it  \v;im  |s|. 
or,  had  increased  over  "00  per  cent,  in  three  years.  The  places  where  the  greatest  luiiiibof 
of  steamboats,  nnd  other  sicam  machines,  apjiearto  have  been  constructed  in  thiscouiiirv,a:c 
Pittsburgh,  (Cincinnati,  and  Louisville,  on  the  Western  waters ;  and  New  Vork,  l'|iil;iJi|. 
phia,  and  Baltimore,  on  the  Atlantic.  At  Louisville  alone,  from  1819  to  1838,  tlicre  appean 
to  have  been  built  244  steam  engines;  of  which  G2  were  for  boats.  The  fuel  originally  usdj 
in  steamboats  in  tlie  United  States,  was  wood  ;  but,  of  late  years,  bituminous  coal  has,  in 
many  instances,  been  substituted  ;  and,  in  several,  anthracite  coal.  The  latter,  fr()in  the  small 
space  it  occupies,  would  seem  to  possess  a  decided  advantage,  in  sea-going  vessels,  as  well  as 
in  locomotives. 

"  Some  steamboats,  made  of  iron,  arc  believed  to  be  in  use  in  Georgia,  if  not  in  othei 
parts  of  this  country,  though  none  of  that  material  have  been  manufactured  here;  but  it  ij 
computed  that  their  cost  is  less  than  those  of  wood,  nnd,  as  they  draw  less  water  with  the 
same  freight,  they  are  more  useful  on  shallow  streams." — Sup.) 

[The  number  of  steamboats  built  in  the  United  States,  duritig  the  years  ending  on  Ihe 
30ih  of  September,  1838  and  1839,  were  90  and  12.')  respectively.  j 

The  23d  of  April,  1838,  constituted  an  era  in  the  progress  of  navigation,  by  the  arrival  al 
New  York  of  the  steam  shi()s  Sirius  and  Clreal  Western  ;  the  former  having  left  L'urk,  in 
Ireland,  on  the  4th  of  April,  and  the  latter  Bristol,  on  the  8th. 

The  shortest  passage  of  the  Great  Western,  down  to  the  19th  of  June,  1840,  from  Bristol  lo 
New  York,  was  13  days;  the  longest  21^;  and  the  average,  IC.  The  shoitost  jwssa?* 
from  New  York  lo  Bristol,  during  the  same  period,  was  12  days;  the  longest,  l.j;  ainl  the 
average,  13  3-. 

Besides  the  Great  Western,  the  steam  ship  British  Queen  now  passes  regularly  liptween 
New  York  and  Great  Britain.  Her  jiassages  have  averaged,  from  Portsmouth  lo  iVcw  Vork, 
I7i  ;  and  in  the  contrary  direction,  10  days. 

Cunard's  Liverpool,  Halifax,  and  Boston  line  of  steam-packet  ships,  consisling  of  the 
Britannia,  Acadia,  Caledonia,  and  Columbia,  is  now  in  successful  operation  ;  the  iirst  arrival 
at  Boston  being  that  of  the  Britannia,  on  the  18th  of  July,  1840,  in  14-^  days.  On  the  Hili 
of  August,  the  Acadia  arrived  at  Boston,  after  a  passage  of  only  12  days  and  18  luurs— the 
shortest  passage  ever  made  between  Europe  and  America. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  success  of  the  abovementioned  vessels  will  speedily  W  lo 
the  introduction  of  steam  ships  as  the  principal  means  for  conveying  passengers  from  the  one  | 
continent  to  the  other. — Am.  Ed.] 

S'J'EEL  (Fr.  Acier  ,■    Ger.  Sfafil;  It.  Acciajo;  Lat.  Chali/hs ,-  Rus.  Sfal ,■  Sp.  Aceri; 
Sw.  SliXl),  is  iron  combined  with  a  small  portion  of  carbon  ;  and  has  been,  for  that  reason, 
called  carburctted  iron.     The  proportion  of  carbon  has  not  been  ascertained  with  inuohiire- 
cision.     It  is  supposed  to  amount,  at  an  average,  to  y||,th  part.     Steel  is  so  hard  as  to  be  1 
unmalleable  while  cold  ;  or  at  least  it  acijuires  that  property  by  being  immersed,  while  igiiil 
in  a  cold  liquid;  for  this  immersion,  though  it  has  no  cflTect  upon  iron,  adds  greatly  to  ilie  j 
hardness  of  steel.    It  is  brittle,  resists  the  fde,  cuts  glass,  allbrds  sparks  with  flint,  and  retaini 
the  magnetic  virtue  for  any  length  of  time.   It  loses  this  hardness  by  being  ignited,  anil  cooleJ 
very  slowly.     It  is  malleable  when  red  hot,  but  scarcely  so  when  raised  to  a  white  heal.  Il 
may  be  hammered  out  into  much  thinner  plates  than  iron.     It  is  more  sonorous;  ami  it) 
specific  gravity,  when  hammered,  is  greater  than  that  of  iron — varying  from  7'78  to  ?8i 


STETTIN. 


547 


10,  in  other  enffinPH.    Thii 
wciMi  iwi)  nnd  lUn-i!  toiH,  utij 
strikitin  fi»'"U  ll>iil  lilt!  K|pni„. 
ilHoriill  thut  is  iiHi'tl  ill  Hli'ani. 
be  t\w  Niiti-iu'/,  "f  H(l(t  toni, 
uiid  Mittxixs'l'l"  ■>  •'"■  "liii'iis 
iiicr  lifiiii?  '/.'jf),  1111(1  till'  liiui.f 
next  liirmtst,  lioiiit;  fi'^C)  loii!; 
UiTgoHi  liimts  i>i»ssin;;  I,,iui„ 
|rui,  of  414  tDiin;  tliou-li  1,,,. 
America,  of  445  titus,  mi  the 
iiiiiinp;.     Tiio  Rivaiftit  lossnf 
lears  l»  Imve  Wen  h\  ('.illisiyn, 
,  on  llic  MisHishiiipi,  liy  whiih 
ot"  tlie  Orciimku,  in  iKlJs.on 
1)1"  tlie  Moselle,  ut  (-liiiciiinaii, 
itest,  injury  to  lite  by  aniJuiu 
in  I8:i4,iu  the  ease  of  the  St, 
k'lis  in  the  case  of  the  lloincii, 
•e  lost.     The  greatest  liy  tire, 
when  near  130  pcrishnl.  The 
iH8;  but  in  18:57,  it  was  1S|; 
ees  where  the  (greatest  iimnlifr 
eonatrueteil  in  this  coinitry, arc 
•rs ;  nnd  New  VorU,  I'liihukl. 
ini  1819  to  1838,  there  iipiitar* 
L)o:»t8.    The  fuel  oriKiiiully  usij 
years,  bituminous  co;il  Ims,  in 
:oal.   The  latter,  from  llic  stnill 
,  in  8ca-going  vessels,  as  wvlhs 

use  in  Georg'a,  if  not  in  otboi 
i  manufactured  here;  luit  it  ij 
}  they  draw  less  water  with  the 

during  the  years  ending  nn  the 
itively. 
of  navigation,  by  the  arrival  at 
the  former  having  left  Curk,in 

|h  of  June,  1840,  from  Bristol  to 
ce,  IC.  The  shortest  passage 
lays;  the  longest,  IJ;  and  the 

now  passes  regularly  iiptwecn 
l"rom  Portsmouth  to  New  Voik, 

jiacket  ships,  consisting  of  the 
|sful  operation  ;  the  llrsi  arrivdl 
!40,  in  14^  days.  On  the  liili 
Illy  12  days  and  18  hours-ihe 

led  vessels  will  speedily  W  to 
vcying  passengers  from  the  one  1 

\h/hs,-  Rus.  Slal;  Sp.  Acm; 
\iu\  lias  been,  for  that  reason, 
[•n  ascertained  with  much  pre- 
ft.  Steel  is  so  hard  as  to  be 
J  being  immersed,  while  ii;iiitcJ, 
lupon  iron,  adds  greatly  to  the  | 
\  sparks  with  Hint,  ami  retains ! 
Iss  by  being  ignited,  and  cooleJ 
lien  raised  to  a  white  heat.  It 
It  is  more  sonorous;  anil  it) 
In— varying  from  7'78  to  M 


gt«l  i«  usually  divided  into  3  «orti,  nrcordinn  lo  the  method  in  which  it  is  prnpaml ;  m  na- 
tural ■-lifl,  ntffl  of  r.iiiiditdtioti  I  and  rdxt  utirl.  The  l.iltt  r  is  the  rno  .[  \  iliialili'  cf  all,  as 
iti  texture  is  the  most  compact,  and  it  admits  of  (ho  finest  puli^ji.  |i  ih  used  for  r^/.iirs,  Hur> 
^tow  iiistrumenlH,  and  similar  purpows  Wieel  is  cliielly  einpliiyed  in  the  innnnlacturo  of 
■words,  knives,  and  cuttiiiff  instruments  of  all  sorts  used  m  the  arts;  for  which  it  is  pecu* 

llnrly  atlapted  by  its  hardness,  and  the  linenvss  of  the  edge  which  may  be  given  to  it. 

[Thiiinson'a  Chemitilrt/ ,-  nnd  see  Ihon.) 

(S  TF'TTIN,  a  city  of  Prussia,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Oder,  about  30  miles  from  its  mouth, 
in  lut.  53°  1:3'  20"  N.,  long.  14°  .33'  E.  It  is  well  built,  htrungly  furlillcd,  and  lias  a  popu- 
jatioii,  cxcluoivo  of  troops,  of  30,000. 

gicllln  Ik  111*  •*»'  "f  11  cxtensivfi  nml  (rrnwlnd  commerce  t  and  \n  now,  Inilppd,  the  priiiripnl  port 
of  iiiipcrtiUlnii  in  I'rtiHHiit.  hthn  owfH  tlilH  tliHlltirllori  iiiiiliily  Id  her  siliialliin.  'I'lir  Oili'r.  wlm  li  Mi.wi 
llimiigli  llx'  ceMtre  iil'  tlit;  PriiDiiiaii  <loniliil(iiiH,  is  imviKiil)lii  iin  t'lir  iih  Uiilllior,  near  iIik  cMmiM'  >.>nili 
(,i[  liiiiiriiliiry  of  PriiHsian  Hilesiu  ;  nnd  Is  iinilerl,  liy  ini'iiim  (il°  laiiiiU,  wllli  the  Visinlii.  ilii-  IMii,',  ilii 


.«|ir.' 


.  lie 
,  icc.  Hti'ttlii  in,  eoiiaci)ii«mly,  (In:  prlii('i|ml  I'liipnriiiiii  (it  iinniu  very  rMiuiHivi'  ami  llciiiri<liln!( 
ciiiinlrit'n  ;  nnd  Is  not  only  llie  iinrtol  l-'rankl'iirt-on-ilin-Odur,  llrcslaw,  Sli'.,  ImiI  aUool'  llrrliii.  llmic, 
ntllit'  priiper  HeasniiH,  Us  wliarls  arc  cfdwded  Willi  lifjIilrrH  iliul  lirlim  down  tin'  prrxlni'i!  cil'  ilii.  clillrr- 
enlcoiiMiries  traviTHi'd  Ity  the  river,  ami  lirliitf  hade  colonial  jirodnc'ts,  and  olher  arli<  h  s  nl' lurciKn 
(„nvlli  ami  inannfacture.  VesHels  of  coiiHiilerahlB  hnrden,  or  Ihosi!  draw  injj  ahove  7  nr  h  IitI  water, 
1,11,1101(1  unliiad,  liy  means  of  lighters,  at  the  inonlli  ol' llin  river,  at  Mwineninnde,  the  iiiitpi.ri  of 
Sifinn,  iin  the  east  coiisl  <if  the  iale  of  tlsedoin.  In  lal.  5:i°  iy  N.,  hm^r.  11'  15'  13"  I).  I'nriMeily  ihern 
«iTe  net  more  than  7  leet  water  over  the  har  adjacent  to  Hw  ineninndt? ;  hnt  the  harhunr  nf  the  taller 
liiisri'ceiillylieen  so  nineh  Improved,  hy  iIk!  ronslriiction  of  piers  ,'iiid  hreakwaiers,  ilri'ilL'iii!;.  &e.,that 
ilijiiiiw  111"  lies!  on  the  I'rnssian  coa^l,  and  admits  vesnels  drawinu  Croin  1>,  to  lIM'eel  water.  A  li((ht- 
Ii,iii«e  has  lieeii  erecied  at  llie  exiremily  iit'lln:  Ivislern  pn'r.  Htellin  Is  a  I'rei!  p  rt ;  llial  is,  ii  pint  into 
amtfriim  which  all  sorts  ii|'«nii(ls  may  he  impiirled  nnd  re-e.\ported  I'ree  of  duly.  If  (rooils  linni'.'ht  ihriMiKli 
llii.  SiiimhI  III!  iinpiirled  at  .Slellln,  and  entered  fur  hnine  ('iJiisnnipllon  in  the  rrnssi.in  stales,  ihey  are 

cliarired  with  'ij  jier  cent,  less  duly  llian  if  lliey  hiid  hi Inipiirled  Itirmiiili  any  (illier  c  haniiel.     'I'hls 

iMiileialed  to  reiinlilirsu  the  merehiinl  fur  llie  Sniiml  dniieH,  and  In  eiiioiirage  iiiipurl:iii(iii  hy  this 
ji,iiil  route  in  preferenei!  to  that  carried  on  llironi;li  liainhurgli  and  Emliden.  There  Is  a  ijreat  wool 
lair  in  the  inonlli  of  .Inne  each  year. 

.Wiinif.*,  HWi'A^s,  luid  JMntsiiren,  same  as  at  Dantzie,  which  sue.    The  Uank  of  Ilerlin  has  a  hrancli  at 
i!leltin,and  the«u  is  also  an  insurunce  otl'ice. 


Inpf^ti (iiiii  flrfni/'.— 'I'lic  j)riiici|nl  arliclt-i  'if  imiiorl  .it  Slellin 
irtiuiir.coller,  il)!-' »' "I".  ""I"",  if"",  ""l  lurilw.iro,  oil.  lillow, 
tollon,  snJ  cnllnii  aromli,  h.■^rinK^  »|iirll»,  lliiirrd,  nwl,  ».\ll,  *c. 
'Ihe  iinnctiinl  ('X|iorla  are  liiieii,  liiiilmr  ami  tl.wei,  corn,  wool,  zinc, 
luilln,>c«l  lliM.  Ii'mi-".  ni.iu<.iiieiie,  fiuiU,  fic. 

In  16.^3,  .11111)11?  nlher  article*,  lltrri'  ivere  iiii|inrted  32,IM)3  Ions  raw 
,nar  'il.'447  <l0'  ctaypil  Biigar,  32,^03  ilo.  iimta^Hei,  t.Ji'tt  Larr**l» 
-'ifte  M^^i  l()li>  "'ivti  "it,  1  it*93  ill).  Iicninwed  oit,  ri,  II J  dn.  fiahli 
ml  ijy.'iW  (Himlali  dye  ))i«ids,  IIJ,')  >D  liane's  herriius,  Illl,3li0 
tiikiwi'ne,  17,3)3  c|uililal«  irrni,  ei!,737  do.  lallow,  47,0(it)  do.  iiot- 
mil  ',S^  till,  ciipptr,  *tc.  Allionj5  Uio  exjiorta  in  tlip  saiiir  year, 
[idiirvp  of  linens,  Ac  ,  were  1,6-0  rjinntatii  of  wikiI,  4,"3i  i  istn  cnrn, 
1 1)36  lo.  iiik  l'avw,3.Wli  do.  wauiiciil,  I7,KI3  |in;i'i»  of  vvi.ol  f'lr 
t'li.iJiiH,  .'),044  lilts  of  wood  f>>r  ship  liuiMin*.  71,192  i|inn'al»  i  f 
line  l.**'i6ilo.  pl.i»a.  4,4">3  do.  inanKmrse,  Js.ShO  do.  lioiies,  3ti,04ti 
J,,  (ill  rak«,  tit),"' lioi'lf,  S"^.  'Ilie  »lieauliipi'f!l  fruni  sicllm  is 
miiilv  ml.  and  if  very  line  i|inlily.  Tl.o  liarley  ii  alv>  very  tjoo,!. 
TlieoaliiiavM  are  lielirvnl  lu  lie  fqual,  or  perhaps  superior,  lu  .iiiy 
IreB  iny  olher  port  of  llie  D.illic. 

A'owadoii.-.'ilt'lliii  l>  "i"  prinrip\l  shipping  pnrt  in  the  Pnij- 
lili doniini ms.  In  1H31,  there  lielonjel  lo  it  22Sih'|U,lif  the  hur- 
dtDo(i4,J>j9  lasts,  bciui!  aUiul  n  third  jiarl  of  Ihe  shiiipiug  belong- 
iig  10  Pruaia. 

Ictount  of  the  Arrivals  and  riepirlure  of  Shipping  at  Swinemunde, 
Ihe  Out-port  of  Slellin,  iu  1SJ4. 


^rcminl  of  thar%n  incnrrrd  liy  n  Ilritish  ship,  of  about  2C0  loni 
btirilen,  at  SMineiiiiinile  and  Stettin  : — 


Si 

Lutage. 

Whereof 

Flip. 

i 

391 

Laden. 
2J.I-92 

a. 

II: 

In 
Rlllasl. 

I  Arr, 

1  Utp. 

Hi 

40,987 

12.095 

?n«iao    • 

545 

41,804 

I9i 

3(1,791 

so 

6,013 

Arr. 

87' 

3,914 

63 

2,'.6I 

21 

l,3-.3 

Daniih 

Pi  p. 

So 

3,860 

49 

2,i38 

311 

1,322 

Arr. 

6 

423 

3 

307 

3 

lib 

Mecklenbiin; 

Dcp. 

8 

6<0 

6 

542 

•i 

148 

Arr. 

0 

879 

6 

3s7 

4 

41)2 

llaase  Towns 

Dip. 

0 

869 

9 

869 

Arr. 
Dip. 

2 

331 

2 

351 

Siuiiin     ■ 

2 

3.il 

1 

164 

1 

197   1 

Arr. 

13 

862 

13 

862 

S»eJish    • 

Dip. 

16 

954 

3 

236 

12 

718 

i  Arr. 
}Dep. 

i2i 

I.I4T 

25 

1,143 

Norirtjiau 

26 

MM 

11 

601 

15 

595 

( Arr.      50 
j  Dep.      fiO 

4,^66 

47 

4,538 

3 

328 

Briliih 

J.'-Wi 

42 

3,734 

8 

1,132 

(Arr-    31 

1,337 

IS 

780 

13 

.557 

Iluoveriao 

i  Dep. 

30 

1,313 

2!) 

\,t9a 

1 

23 

S  Arr. 
(  Dep. 

16 

bSI 

12 

473 

4 

158 

01  lei  burgh 

13 

513 

11 

421 

2 

t2 

French     • 

(  Arr. 
Dip. 

{ 

4S 
4S 

1 
1 

48 
48 

Ndherhndi 

Arr. 
Dep 

IMl 

52 

2..WS 
2,560 

19 
52 

1,032 
2,6-.0 

31 

1,626 

Italian 

(Air. 
i  Dep. 

6 
6 

703 
7C3 

6 
1     5 

703 
698 

I 

105 

Total     - 

J  Arr. 
\  I'rp. 

'  817 

58,702    en-- 

42,077     2(19 

16625 

842 

59.807 

■11 

io.ri 

128 

9,33  i 

HUttin.—VWaXn^  and  fee 

'I'nwii  (liirs  Aiiil  ctearaiicn 

I'nor  riles         .  .  ,  , 

Ibtiistrr  mil       •  .  ■  . 

nrukcrnge  and  fliarfer  parly      • 

HriikiTB  ociiiiiitin&ioti     - 

MrriMiriiijj        .  .  .  . 

.*>iO(/ic»*iu»(rfc.  — Port  charges,  InwarJi 

Ilirh'  ur  diii-i  .  .  .  . 

Coinriii&sioi)     .  .  •  . 

]'ru<isi.in  dollars,  or  about  100  SpaniBh 
d-illan  .  .  .  . 


Hix  d. 

S.gr. 

If. 

8 

6 
1 

28 
.0 

2 

27 

s 

A 

20 

18 

22 

8 

31 

12 

8 

34 

12 

8 

14 

21 

3 

IS 

151 

14 

Port  Uciialat\m\t.—K\\  vevHt  are  prohiliited  cntrriiijc  Swine- 
niuiidf,  uiikm  forced  l.y  lilrrss  of  wi-atluT,  wilhnut  I'rrviously  heav* 
\i\l,'\{i  for,  And  rect-iviiiK,  a  pilot  on  iMLiril.  h'li  wjien  cninpHIrd  to 
filter  without  a  pilot,  Ww  master  ia  ti>  oliscrve  lim  !ii|{iiaU  iiiide  from 
tin-  li|;Iith(iu*e  nn  Ihe  tasferii  pier,  and  to  slupp  hi^  course  accord- 
iinily.  If  nn  titi;  lu  h'>iii1el  on  the  lij^liihon^,  nor  ^ii^nal  made,  Ihfl 
|ii)it  cannot  i  »■  i-ntered,  and  Ihe  ma»tt-r  niusl  eiiher  .uicl  cir  in  the 
rnadu  orttlanl  oiil  to  sea.  After  the  pilot  has  been  rectlvid  on  hoardi 
the  mastt-r  is  bound,  in  all  cases,  tornnf'trni  In  hitdireciimiH.  \Vilhin 
2l  hours  after  arrival,  the  iTiasler  must  lieliver  tn 'he  rusioni  house 
an  account  r>f  ihe  species  .md  quantily  of  tacli  article  on  U}ard  ;  and 
lie  is  subjected  to  a  heavy  fine  if  this  .iccount  slimilil  turn  nut  to  be 
incorrect.  Ilo  is  to  abide  by  thu  instructions  i;ivfn  him  as  tndis* 
charicini;  his  cargo,  Inadiiuf.'&c.  No  f;i)ni»owitrr  is  to  be  kept  oii 
b  ).irtl,  fKir  any  intlammalde  mailer  I  oiled  in  the  fihip,  M\  ship* 
prncedlm;  fnun  Sv«  memunrle  lo  S'eltin  must  have  pilnis.  The  mas- 
ter muftI  produce  at  the  imlct;  office  the  nnister  roll  of  the  crew,  and 
the  passpoits  of  the  passenger*,  if  there  le  any  on  boaid.  'I  he  laller 
are  bound  to  c-o  witli  him  to  the  police,  and  Ihi-  crew,  it  .teaired.  All 
presents  to  pil  Is  and  riistnm  hu use  officers  aie  stiic'Iy  piolnbitcd. 
Vessfls  direc'ed  lo  perform  quirantinc  must  imniedi.ilfly  hoist  the 
yellow  flag  ;  and  on  no  ace  unl  (pji(  their  assigned  ber'h  The  maz- 
ier is  respiMiaible  fnr  the  cmiluct  ftf  the  crew ;  anit  if  atiy  of  tlienri 
be  discharged  or  remain  on  shore,  tie  must  give  notice  iberuof  tu  the 
]K)lice. 

The  fo'lowlng  regul.itions  apply  to  a'l  the  Prussian  ports  : — 
SvttjXcatwn  to  I'npiaint  of  Ship*  res|ieclin)if  lni(iorialioh  and  Ex- 
portalioii  !iy  Sea  in  Ihe  Prussian  DoniidiHiis  :  — 

As  soon  as  a  ship  arrives  in  the  mid,  and  has  complied  n  ith  the 
police  regulations  of  the  port  (which  arr  coinmunicaled  to  her),  tlie 
explain  repairs  to  the  custom  house,  and  delivers  a  cnmplele  list  or 
iiiaiiifeit  of  cargo.  This  list  heais  the  tiMe  of  a  thief  declaration,  or 
manifes*.  and  iu  preparing  il,  the  fk  Uowiiig  coiiditiuns  are  to  be 
ohserveil  :  — 

If  ihe  whole  careo  he  not  destined  for  the  port,  that  part  wb'ch  is 
tn  proceed  further  with  Ihe  ship  is  lobephcel  under  a  distinct  division. 

The  gooiN  accnrnpaniett  wiih  bills  of  lading  art*  tnlereil  iu  rotauca 
after  each  other  fur  eve'y  bill  of  lading. 

'Ihe  account  ('tr  s  atemer-t)  is  made  out  In  kinlinii  qmnlity,  apree 
able  to  those  ineasuresand  divisions  adopted  in  the  tantl  lor  the  pay 
nient  of  duties. 

Kkcepliiig  Iherefrnn)  var'onx  artirles  conveyed  tn  an  unpacked 
Blate,  the  fidhiwinK  measures  are  valid  : — 

For  beer  iu  ca&ks,  turn  of  100  i*rui.  quirts. 


648 


STETTIN. 


«i"     '1 

*w .,  ■■'J 

-J 


.|u«»qir'<i 


Ptir  v»inn,  hfiMr,  %  Tln«f«r,  In  ftibi,(ftlfn«n)of0Orn».  (quarto. 
I'»r  Ittrnnit*,  I'Arrtli. 

l'<iP  tiii>^ii1  ri  niti,  iiiiia  of  4  I'm*.  Inifthr'i 

l'i>r  kll  ii'tiir  |iii-ki'il  nrit'ti^,  ((i.tnUlkir  110  imiituU  cnwi  wrl^ht, 


Ut  frvf.   A  PvpoH  of  (tw  pmvUWwi  iiifltrM.  iM  further  fftnttnl  qf,, 

tlmtU  l'N«  |>  •ri'whfn.ni  |-arttriiliir  citw,  it  lamnihlrrH  nvrp^yT 

If  III*  f.i|.t4iri  h*vr  4inilliri  >l>BMitAi|i>li,  .iid  nt.ly  «i«iU  i|,r  l.i,,^^ 

Ihrfxigti   III  rtiMty.  ihcM.   mi  orlrr  (»  Itii*  irdintbnl  iim  itm\  ij 

. . . .t      1.......I1 Ill    IaL.b      I    la.x.      ...     ll.^t .       .*"* 


■CC<l 

tan'*' 


it  til.  ir  I*'  »  iiuiiil'fr  fit  |'a«lt.i«rB  iif  ■iiiulir  4rtiilf«.  .iii't  r  rh  .  (Arxn.a  RrtiDtal  ltii|irrl|ni)  •iiily  tihii  ilncr.ui  thil  no  [i%ri  .f  i|, 
rk  ur  I''  III  nil  4ii  ri|ijftl  i)uiii>lity,  Ihrv  iii-iy  tr  rn'irxl  «i>iiini.iiilv.  ctri.i  may  Ih*  inM  nr  ili*|  i>«e<t  of.  \V)irn,  ^Kiwrvrr,  t\n  U  irn,,,,, 
conliitK  lit  ilinr  iiiiinUr  aii<l  iirr  |  aiul  n  i(t9i,vi.il  itilcU'Ciit  d  il.c  ,  Ii4«  Imiii  |[lwn,  ■  ri-|Hirt  i»  imk'I«  of  Itir  c^rni),  (u  ni  Ur  u  llii  i),,, 

I ta  u<ll  «i.in>f.  |Mi>rT«Antl  ihr  ki)i>v%|iil(iti>f  llii  mptitii  iitiml.  ** 

It'tiiArtiltiC  Uir  ftirlhrf  tff«lliiMit  nf  Ihft  liiialiiril,  thr  tM«t.  m  h,|,- 

will  like  iutli  nIhiT  iiiMiurfi,  rtrmritiMK  In  rirniiha'Jiir**,  v,/  ,k. 

.1  _- ..._  . i #.i...i    ...   u.i,..ii...   ti.-   '^■* 


U  Ihv  CfMi'fi  li  of  the  |iark.ix«  la  iliirrrenl,  then  Ihr  cuiifflnU  of 
tarh  niu''  l<-  ■irtillMJ. 

'J'hu  huitair''  o(  ih»*  t'4Hniccn  niiiM  hr  niArhfit  «•  mrh  In  Ihe  m^ 
imrt,  It  II  cniiiiial  nf  i.'i-iirriil  IrAViltin^  liitTKUi',  it  »'ll  t'«  MUMiiJi 
in  tutr  ll<**  I  anicuUr  tiuif*  nr  jarrrlt;  l<iil  il  il  cfiiiiltl  <'f  fuuili, 
Ihcii  ihii^t  iliii>-  lit)  fttatfil,  4t-riiriliiiK  to  mmil'rr  tiiil  k<id. 

'1  Itr  III  'IV I  lull  {irni't^i  y  of  itiv  ('.i|it.iin,  with  Ihr  rirvptinn  of  Him 
|imvi»iit(i»,  I*  sutfil  liKc  all  iiihrr  iMilf^mni'*  |iH.|.friy.  with  nii.n- 
•i'Mi  r<r  ll'v  ill  1 1,11, itiiin  (>(  ft  rrtriviri  hh'I  it  i«  .ilim  uLiIl-iI  hi  itio  <!« 
clanl«<n  lOxl  «riu- >•  irii.ain  mit  of  ih*'  >lii|>'t  hnM, 

Tiulrr  Ifiti-r  A.  «  ■(  riiiniii  ii  Kitrn  of  the  irjinrt.  Il  iiiuiil  l<«  flllfit 
up  aiirtr'h  xTitrttiiu  ii>  thit  fii  nni'lf.  unil  |itr|..ir<  i|  nrcoMliiiv  (o  \hv> 
liiilrut  lioiii  tjflnrL'  iiivnliMiiel, -iiitl  wnltrn  r.iiil)  ami  oiireL-lly  i»  Ihn 

Ut'Mlllll  I  llijll    (I*. 

'I  hi«  ilr(-lKr.«iii<ii  It  hiiitliiiK  nn  lti«  r.ipt,iin,  anil  rvflry  rrrnr  l)>it 
nuv  lie  tl.iii)  IT  <l  on  Ihf  iiiil.vliii/,  or  r>i)  rk-linilitll' it,  hrino  ^vilh 
il  t|if  |,iiiiifthrii>  II'  tiinl  in  H    12 >  r|  ihn  im(uU'miii  c'f  cuntoin*. 

If  ihf  ( i|<l.i<ii  h  ivK  ii"i  li'iiuKht  Willi  liiin  a  ir|Mirl,  he  iii'iy  havt 
onr  C(<iii|.|i''f>l  ill  itii*  I'ort,  by  a  nixl  <iii*i'  nffti'cri  In  »liicti  (-.\'«i  hv 
glVM  ii|i  ill  h  1  |M|)fn  to  Ihr  uid  ntHrer,  wh»  thru  iiniii|ii  mil  iiuin 
Un  thi-iii.  ilii!  Ii-<t  iiiitii)irrlirin<  innrknl  ni  inch.  'Ihr  ra|ila-ii  at 
ttm  Mint'  I  nil-,  iiifi)i  ini  tti«  nlticer  of  Ihti  pnipcrly  lirltiiittiiiv  to  liiin* 
•eiranil  I'l-K'OiC  riof  ^^liirh  Ihttre  art)  n'  arc  iiiiHi  (tim  tlK-ri-ii|ioii 
liiikcflniit  A  liKt  thriT'^f,  which  ii  tUwA  hy  itm  ca|itiiii,  ami  rutuni 
■  i,  in  nnli-r  lo  l>r  u^<l  iii  prrjiarinif  Hit*  r('|>«rt 


Iliiir  (hi-  raiKo  rtniniri  iililourhi.l,  nr  whi-Mirr  Ihr  K4iiir  ii.i„|  , 
u  holly  or  I  frlly  iliMharirtl  lor  Om  rr|  Air  u(  Iha  ihi|>,  lo  (t^| , 
rarao  iii.iy  Ir  (  npnrtnl  in  l*n>rl<iMil  •M'r.  "* 

ir  .1  (III til  11  tif  ihi-  tarvn   l«  I'l  hn  -IiiihmuI  of  lu  Ihe  counlry  ,t 
I'liir.lift'it  in  itif  •.iiiif*  H'.iy  an  n'liiT  impoit  fon<lt. 

In  rawtcf  <lnti<linf,  al'rr  Ihr  ftr»t  i.ilv.iKr  of  itir  rfin.N,  ih^miyf, 
and  <pi.(iiti'y  Ihrii'nl  ii  ,itri-rtjiiiicil,  with  thu  A<NiiUiit<*  t.f  i|ip  ^^^  . 
il  C  tllictTR,  rikI  niuit  he  pUriJ  In  •rcurily  (ill  fuilhrr  iliiec'icu  u 
livrii  a>  I'lil  il. 

'Ihr  crifo.  f  vfiwU  «hlih  p"'  '"  ''»  wliif'r  nnul  ht  .iriiniin,-H,. 
toon  ni  po«ihlr,  in  m  f.*r  .n  tlir  thiti'a  pAprri  five  iiifiirniin.n  ini 
lilt'  kiiovi  It'iUr  o|  iht  i.\pMiii  t  lit  iiiU  111  on  llir  luhjtvl.  'l'|„  '  ' 
Hon  if  ihp  mirriKl  larli  r)l  th«  \t%w\  ami  llu-  irlidft  riinii,Mj 
'III  iron,  *-ikti  phn-  ihn-i'ily,  niiil  the  riitrnnctii  In  ths  >hi|)i  Uj,) '„ 
lockr.l  up.  I'nitI  Ihr  ilcrlaralion,  iinprftion,  fin<l  hK-kinf  uf./x^ 
viMrl  Mk«  plarr,  ihe  la  Kutrileit  al  ihrrhpt^nioof  thr  cip*  m,,  m,  |',' 
Riant,  ill  partiriiliri'.iMa,  iiijy  liftl  jj  lon^  u  the  iuti<.ii,|-',,V|,, 
MiMil  iii*y  thtni  nrcpMarv. 

VfUM-U  whit  h  niily  Ai>' )inr  In  Ihe  niii.n,  An<]  tlo  tint  tntpr  i  ■,,.. 
arr  nul  nf  ihn  cniilri'l  of  thf  riiHoma'  oMIct-r*;  ihty  nmsi  nc,  JV 
ever,  hoi  J  any  iD'rirnur^e  wiih  Ihriihon-.dr  the  (niil,  nllirrHiwij/ 
ii.iMt  kIvc  in  rr|MirU  Irfxit  jitiitj.  md  pritrni  llirir  pn)  rra,  ' 

If  Ihr  vi-Mrl  rrniiin  in  (hr  roAiIn  li»)t(t-r  th;in  il  homo  ipu 


■  i,  innnlcr  lo  l>r  u'^<i  in  prrparlnic  ilif  report.  ir  ihr  vi-Mrl  rrniitn  in  liir  roAiin  ii»)t(t-r  than  H  homo  iT'ir  'rn 

in  ta-r  Ihr  rri  oil  h.m  lu  h«  pn-pirrd  on  ,liorr,  Il  niuit  hrHi-livrrnl   ,   ntion  it  iii.vlf,  htforr  pri»criJi|ijc  hi  put  iii  or  imlni.t,  ij  ij,,.  ,'.,^ 

up  In  iA  houm,  :il  lati-*l,  afirr  thr  .irrivnl  ot  tht  rnptAin  In  thr  rnml  t  j  tlir  iitlirr  he  not   prrvriiitil   I  y  »trifi»  ot  wr.iflirr,  linn  an  dir.rpf « 

"     .-L-..  ...  .1...  .1...   ...._. -^   ...1  ;  .1 „.-i       ■  .ura  111  (he  dh'p,  rifliiiii^ci  tilt  ilnk»  auil  ihe  ailiiUi  ilitjto,,  .  j 

itkt  lip  MireiiiMi.c.a,  kv.  to  ihr  hoM,  '''* 


if  not.  I"  ftki-oftKiji  i«  liken  1)1  the  bliip,  al  hit  ikprimr,  whiih,  Acct  rd 
\n%  In  111'*  jU'tKiiiriit  vf  llie  tuiitniiis,  iimy  take  phice  rven  looncr,  hut 
frea  nl  ei(piii»r. 

It  is  till- hiiMit'M  of  Itie  captain  (n  prnriirr  for  hiinH-lf  thr  lirret 
Mry  ii.r  itiii-i'Mii  hr  tin-  rr}»(ir'  in  tin-  aiTHurd  iii>iiiiirr,  on  rrcripl  of 
Iht)  rAiC'\  If  If  h»"  »  iihoiit  llii*.  ;iii.I  \  irpcrl  ((  lie  cirijo  i»  onlrrrd 
catiiinl  l*r  pirpirr  I.  Itii'  dircciiont  of  ihr  t  iialnmi  rftinl^itioni  (a.  Vt.i 
arrailopifd,  i  he  ri<|niri'd  ihiMturrK  in  nnlrr  lo  pincr  in  wriirily 
the  Hhoir  (-■tiito.  •('■  tliil  it  inny  hr  diM'liirKcd  in  tniich(d,  are  taken ; 
but  sevrrti  nthi-rvvike  adniisiihle  facililita  in  Ihe  rxpvJiiiiig,  cjiiucl 
be  Uiil  '-liiiii  'n 

Hnpei'tii  %  (lie  provisinnt,  if  thry  rnnilal  nf  artirtri  which  pay  a 
coiiiniii|itii'ii  duly,  .1  (111  liK'l  or  atpin'r  rrpnrl  iimmI  ho  fiicn  in  du 
plicalr  One  ia  irturnrd  In  iht>  r.ipl.iiii  Al'rr  a  ft''i'cril  reviimn,  in 
order  Ih.il  hr  n  ay  tike  uilli  hint  an  iipial  quanlily  of  Ihe  ar(iclf«i 
tpfciflfd  ill  i'  "  hrii  he  Mil*.  If  i:i|i  lo  not  happen,  nr  if  the  depar- 
ture do  not  tike  pLire  wi  hiri  a  l^uUeiiiniith,  (hrii  iht  cnntninp'inn 
dutv  in  In  he  piid  on  Ihe  ariidri  riMnaininic  on  hand.  'Ihr  nipiain 
li,  hnwevrr,  M  Uhrrty  to  dt'potit  Ihr  prnviaiono,  ttilijrct  to  Ihr  cun. 
•unipiinn  duly,  at  the  cuatoin  huuae  until  he  Mil. 

Olhrr  arlidrw,  not  properly  hrlniKiiut  to  the  c.-ifKo,  are  in  m  far 
adniilled,  ihit  Ihry  uitihuLttaly  hi  Ionic  «>  t'lC  ahip'a  inventory,  and 
■re  utiimilit  for  ihr  vo>  i<e.  Ai licit h  which  rirr  not  rnunird  na  such 
are  taae«t,  if  'hey  he  unhject  to  a  con  uniptinn  lix,  nr,  in  order  hi 
takr  them  ai(.uii  away,  IIk  y  Are  depohiicd  ai  the  cu^tnni  honw. 

If  the  khip  irniaiii  in  ihe  mad,  and  iln  nnl  enter  the  tMrtxiur,  hut 
coiivrya  ther*-  the  cirjcn  l>)'  li|(h(frt,  the  cnn->uitiplJ0ii  lu  the  road  ia 


To  ihr  ipftlrrri  wlinarenidrred  forarrvicem  honnl  lhevr»f|i,,( 
forded  a  prnixr  n>Airilrii»ncR  nr  Irealiiient,  Ihu  »iii:f  ai  u  2,1.1  il 
Iravellna  of  thr  IrAdinK  cta«.  *   '" '" 

If  Iheocinp.Uionnf  U-r  \t%n\  tikfi  phre  itt  the  rnat  nf  iln-nn 
tain,  hr  ia  then  fMuAhd  In  Kive  the  (dreit*  the  ilii  y  p,iy  (,f  1  ,.' 
lAiik,  aa  rrgulahd,  and  lo  prnvutr  fur  their  return  to  thor  dn. 


place 


welhH- 


If  il  happen  Ihat  ofliren.  owlnit  tn  an  Interruplrd  cninnniniMifa 
Willi  II  »•  ^horr,  are  h»rrel  to  reniAin  hf>n  tl 'J  davs  on  i>fufi),i|,? 
the  rai  lain  niti«l  nive  thrin  their  inrala,  nn  their  |  .iVinit  lori|i«!jii,. 
and  if  any  diflicully  ariae  ahuul  the  cti^rKc,  il  ii  to  I  v  dt-riiJett  ly  i'^ 
|>nlii-e  mnhnniita-  ' 

In  nil  cmt-ii,  the  captain  inuit  row  Itack  Ihe  oflicrrs  fmm  thcfrj) 
In  Ihe  fiaihnur. 

Thedireclinrnof  Ihe  nffirert,  lourhinic  thr  dincharsr  nf  Uipv^wi 
in  Older  that  Ihrv  nay  he  aide  lo  txuciae  properly  the  duiiM  r( 
their  .true,  immthefonnwed.  "" 

If  a  captain  hat  a  well  founded  complaint  tn  tnike  alniit  thr  cm- 
duct  nf  Ihe  officera.  he  nnut  |  rrirnt  it  at  the  head  riuionidiPuw  2,j 
luAy, after  previuua  rxaminaiion,  fxpecl,  wiihnul  deiav,  ltieir<|itirit- 
kil  vBtnlelJung^.  Tn  every  caplain,  afirr  clearing  mil,  ihe  rftwn 
nf  roiitplainla  (v%  hich.  acconliriif  tn  a.  107.  of  the  reKiiLi'i-in  nf  t»i« 
must  I  r  in  every  ciiMoin  houw)  it  prenented,  in  ur.tr  tliat  I  c »,» 
eider  thertiu  his  iianie,  and  whatever  complaint  he  may  luvcid 
make. 


Spi'riinpii  A.  (reft^rred  lo  above). 
Report  uf  t'uptaiti 


,  BB  to  the  Contents  of  thn  Vedscl  ralloil 


No. 


from 


Tlie  Vessel  cnrrit's 

l.llSiS,  (1 

f  4,000  rriiHsiun  I'oiimls. 

IIUIJI 

Riiiinii.K 

a 
3 

(ifl'cijl   ,V 
lic.iivhrn 
'lie  OfKrip- 

tiorinfl^t 

No  Ml 
Ille 

Nimet  nf 
Cuuiijuev'i. 

Deicriptinn  of 
the  tiouUi. 

No.  (.f 
P.>ck.igti. 

u 

M.l»kB  nf 
I'ackagca. 

OroM  Weight 
of  Packages. 

(Ilher  Rale 
nf  Measure. 

Furihfr 
Re m.irk*  of 
Ihe  Uedarcr. 

P»l»ri. 



'^ 

i»  furtlier 
''kjilaiiitJ. 

? 

t^uitit.  l.bi. 

1 

1 

Sclimid. 

Sugar  leaves. 

6  ca^ki 

1 

8 

4      60 

2 

10 

6      — 

3 

IB 

4     m 

4 

29 

3     110 

5 

29 

4       10 

1 

6 

3(i 

5       - 

2 

Kn  onlre. 

CoOee. 

3  caiks. 

7 
H 
9 

* 

64 
ICO 
N6 

2  60 

3  50 
3      50 

3 

Schulz. 

Wine. 

7  caiks. 

10 
II 
] } 

No  signature. 

0    cimers. 
3M    - 
2 
12         — 

1.1 

\ 

• 

14 
II 

• 

3          — 
3  1-4    — 

16 

'  D  ■ 

3  14    — 

4 

Brand. 

Tallow. 

2  caaki. 

17 

14 

0       4 

• 

>  Are  placed 
5  U|iuu  deck. 

1 

18 

20 

0        6 

. 

S 

Prnpetty  nf 
tliB  caplain. 

Earthenware. 

2  caiki. 

• 

No  signature. 

19 

. 

8       0 

. 

)  Are  In  Ihe 
S     cabin. 

liO 

. 

1      60 

. 

6 

Dir. 

I'.iMPnjfers'  pm- 

perty.  clnthi-a 

:^ih1  liiieti. 

I  box. 

21 

No  signature. 

Unknown. 

7 

■            " 

I'.issfrmer^* 

pr»»p«'r(y, 

cnltoii  ^uf'iJs. 

1  pack. 

22 

*,         18    SO 
24    30    ;w 
42     SO    bt 

0      40 

8 

Dant-r. 

Imn  plale 
t<lai'k. 

8  cask,. 

23 

lo 
30 

^      16  pacli, 
fc     at  i  cvvi. 

9 

Ixo. 

Herring,. 

40b.irrel5 

3M<i70 

No  signature. 

. 

40  barrels. 

10 

Scliiiii'll. 

CoUt»;.             m  bagl. 

In 

" 

18      20 
each  \me,  at 

91) 

1 10  II11. 

STOCKHOLM, 


B49 


prntlitom  tiiirifM,  «nil  fur1>\»r  torlrnl  m, 
I,  |.«rl"iil«r  r«««,  II  !•  runil.lf  tKl  inri,„„ 

hll  .lit'lliK' «li'l  "Illy  "'"I'"  II. r  l..ill.„, 

III  111  l»r  I"  Oil'  wtuiil)r  Ml  llm  •ml  i,^ 

III  .inly  uln«  lUtf,  «>  Itnl  lio|nrl,(i|, 

,|in«<l  iif.     WlifnilKi*"",  •iidv  »f„,,., 

,.  iii>'U  III  III'  "'("I  I"  »•   ■"  »•  >li<  llu)  I 

II III  III!  rapliilltlliKt' 

llfuliiiflil  "(  Ih"  l"i«i"'".  Ill"  >'u«'  m  l»«i, 

iitifit  ArinplinK  111  rirriimt'.iiii»i,  u/.  »ht 

illliillilli.l.  iir    Khrll'fr    111!'   Mliir   II, U.I  I, 

iril  I'T  llm  fr)air  iil  IIm  iIii|>,  hi  Ibl  1,4 

I  I'i  nrt^inil  ■l.llr. 

ml   li  III  I.B  iliilHinil  of  III  lli«  I'OUDlry, ii  J 

\y  Mii'liiT  inipiiil  iliioiU. 

I'rr  till'  Mm  niv.nt  III  111'  rnn.li,  ihf  mi,,,, 

irrrlaliKil,  *'">  '•'"  "••l"l"iiti' i.(  ilinin„i, 

l>Uri>l  In  ■pi'urity  till  fuitlirr  iliraciibu  i^ 

hiih  I'll'  In  111  »  iiiirr  niiKl  I*  .iniiniin,H  „ 
r  ,i»  III!'  <lii|i'>  iniiri"  •I*'  inliirn«lii.ii,  1,1 
,lain  nliiiil"  ninii  llii"  iiilijl'il.  The  ii,i|„. 
■tt  III  lh»  vow',  tilil  llli'  ■>rll(lM  ciiii',.,,,,1 
cily,  anil  llir  I'lilianrili  I"  On  >lii|ii  lii.|,|,„ 
;rl»i»liiin,  iini'iriiiin.nnil  Inckini  ur-IHi 
KU.irileil  >l  ih»|||.|ifim'i'f  ll''i:i|''"iii  "Iwli 
,,,  may  la»l  aa  \><u(  «a  lU  iwlmiii' Ji,,,,. 

ii  linr  in  the  n).v*s  ami  itn  nol  i-iiier  a  u,» 

I  till- rii«. inn'  iillifinl  ilii'V  must  nc,  I,! 

,.e  >villi  llif  .horr,  lir  llw  imll,  tillirrniMii,,, 

i.iilnliil,  mil  iinariil  llii-ir  lain-n, 

n  ihr  riiaiN  liiiurr  llian  H  liiiiir»  ifin!,!,. 

,rnrri-<lii<K  lo  |iiil  in  nr  nnUii.l,  if  ilii- ^,f  , 

Illfil   ly  llriaa  III  wlMllirr.  Hun  an  nlfr,-! ,,, 

111. CI  lit  ill (ka  anil  ilie  ailiili*  lhtituii,i,4 

Jic.  In  llir  hull. 

n  oiiliTpl  (it  si-rvin-  on  Imaril  Hit  viwi  i,,i, 

riianco  (ir  Ircalliitnl,  IliU  aaiiieaa  ii  |n,„  1, 

K  rUa. 

llicviiM-l  laktf  (ilirc  ;il  Ihi' mil  olllinnj. 

Ii'il  In  Kivi'  llil-  I'lliriK  llii-  ilai  y  |uy  i,(  1  , , 

la|iriiviil'  (nr  llicir  return  In  llmr  ilndliLj. 

irtri.  rnvinn  In  an  iiiliTru|iiril  fcniiniiiiOTitj 
rcrl  I"  iMiiitin  ln-yo  il '.J  ilaii  on  knril,tl.r, 
hpni  lliiir  nipala,  nn  lln-lr  |  nviim  Inriliinn,; 
riK  aliuul  llie  clurKt'i  it  la  In  li.'  JcciJeJ  ly  i|, 

liin  inuat  rnw  lack  the  olTictra  (mm  Ihewi 

(1  nfllre ri,  IniirliinK  llic  iliiclarii'  n(  llif  vrwi, 

»y  liu  alilc  to  niiciie  |inniirly  llic  dulm  tl 

nllinMil. 

.i-ll  fiiuntlril  cnmplaint  lo  inaki'  abniit  ihf  trn- 

niual  (Tiifnl  il  at  lln'  htaii  riiiliinilinitif  ;ii^ 
aiiiinaiinn,  f  «pf  el,  wiUinul  delay,  llieirdninit 
pyi'ry  ca|ilaili,  adi-r  clfarinn  mil,  llie  rfjn,, 

.acciinlinic  In  i.  107.  nf  llif  ri'Kula'inn  nf  lan, 
nni  lloilM)  i"  |ircai'iilcil,  iiiiir.'iT  llial  lemij 
lie,  and  wliatevcr  cuui|ilaiiil  be  niiy  luvc  is 


No. 
1  ralloii 
Biaii  I'oiimU. 


Table  of  Pfl«i  pnyabte  to  iha  Brohtn  of  Bltltlni  «•  fixed  the  8th  JanuRrjr,  \m. 


from 


Dlher  Kale 
(,f  Mcaiurc. 


Furlhir 
Rtiiurk*  nf 
the  Ueclaier. 


0    limfn. 

31-4  — 
2 

1 12  — 

3  — 

3  1-4  — 

31*  — 


HO  liarrcli. 


>  Are  placed 
I  u|ion  deck. 


)  Are  in  llie 
(     cabin. 


On  lioadl  ttxUt  u/  Ktchanf,  »l\d 
Mirrl.y. 
On   lb«  Wfiilialluli  nf  bllla  nf  •!• 

I'lianiiii     ...  par  nil*. 
On  I  haii(in«  nviiMiy,  or  |W|«r<  con. 

■  iileriiil  aa  iiiniiry  » 

Oil  cvi-ry  ilMrripliiin  nf  liuainmt  In 

pMNla,  ricrp  1114  Iha  enrn  irad«     pur  ctut 
Du  Ihe  corn  Iraile,  wx.  :  — 

Wheal,  rye.  pma.  anil  lliMMd 
fill  an  fir  aa  Ihe  tatlir  it  aolil 
iiy  III*  wtiii|iel)  •        — 

Biiley.  nail,  ami  niall  — 

N.  n.  The  Itenia  I  In  4.  Inrlil- 
tlvo,  are  to  lie  inid  iKith  liy  IIm 
luyer  and  the  aelter. 

On  aalee  t>y  ancii'in,  fmiii  Ihe  lelter      — 

If  the  aaiii"  lie  willidrawn  pre> 

viiiiia  III  the  tiled  |i«riul,  u 

ri-itiiincralinii 

(In  fertifti.Mle«  nr  rilrarl  nf  Iha 

jnurual,  eiclualvt  uf  Iha  itunp  • 

a 

Ftft  patfal'le  to  SMp  Brukert^ 

Fur  freif  litiiif  veiiieli  reckmie.!  ac 
curling  III  I'nia  laii  .Nnniiil  lull. 
nivalile  hy  the  ni«ncr  aa  well  aa 
Ihe  all'iai|hi«r     -  -per  lail 

Fur  the  cliarierparly  (mm  iKiih 
pariiei,  lheairiri<|j|er  and  char- 
lerer  .... 
Theilamp  ii  Inhepiid  leparate. 

lyhy  Ihe  p.irllrl  inleiealed. 
Fur  relKirtiliK  «  vemel  aiTlviliK  wl'h 
carip       •       per  Truiaian  Norman  lait 


041  sii.rj 

(irue. 
I    0    0 
0  IS    0 
0    1    < 


0    T    6 
0  15    0 


0  IS    0 

1  0    0 
0  2U    0 


0  I  e 

1  0    0 

0  4  n 


(Wilhniil  illiltnrllnn  aa  In  Iha 
nimilier  nl  pi'rannii  i.ileieiled  iji  Hie 
rarrn,  nr  wliencn  the  yeiial 
eiiniea  ) 

I'.ir  rrfwirtlnK  an  niilwanl  bonnil 
ihip  wiih  carKii 

per  rritaaian  Normal  laat 
For  re|inrtin(  a  vewel   in  baltui 
eiiniiiitf  in  nr  |iiiiii(  nut    •  — 

Mtlc  — If  a  v.tMil,  eiiMihiK  in  or 
ItnlniC  (lilt,  he  only  partly  t.iiten, 
inch  ear^o  ia  rediireil  lo  I'ruaai  in 
Nnnnal  Iiaia,  in  pni|iortiiin  in  Iha 
nuiiiher  of  liitailaiel  in  Ihe  ihip'i 
raitialer,  and  aeeoidiiif  in  Ihia  iha 
dtlliei  are  ral.-ulaleil.     The  lleiiil, 
X  4.  \  Iha  hrnker  liai  to  charxe  lo 
ine  ihlp        .... 
Fur  pmrnrinii  money  nn  hoilnniry, 
payalJe  liy  Ihe  teiuler  ai  well  aa 
the  Imrniwer,  for  every  100  dnl* 
Ian  .... 

For  Lite!  nf  ililfii  or  liiiiile  ihan'a, 
ff'  111   I'mIIi    parliea    Iniver,   and 
leller,  ivliether  hy  auction  iir|ir|. 
vaii-ly,  per  ceni  of  ihe  price 
If    ihe   aitei   lie   nol   elTecled 
wiitiin  llie  hied  pjrind,  on 
whole  venell 
oniliaiei 
For  rerlilicaii'i  and  exiracta  from 
the  ililp'a  pajieri,  ilaleinenia  ol 
a,era{et,  or  liijiii  the  ln(  botik, 
eicliiiiie  of  lUllip 


i/xu.  .iii.w. 

UrM. 


a  0 

0  10 


0    3    9 


0    7    6 


0  10    0 
Sup) 


STOC^KHOI.M,  the  oapitnl  of  SwPilon,  HituntpJ  nt  the  jmiclion  of  the  Inko  Maelnr  with 
sninli'tof  tho  Haltk-,  in  lat.  .5'J°  20'  .31"  N.,  Ion.  17°  .Ol'  !•].;  a  wpll-l)uilt,  httiidHomo  city. 
PopuiiUioi  80,000.  'I'iip  entrance  to  the  liiirlioiir  is  intricate  and  dan^erouH,  and  Hliould  not 
he  attempted  without  a  pilot;  but  the  iiarbour  itself  is  capacious  and  excellent,  the  liir)j;cist 
vfswls  lyiiiff  in  safety  close  to  tho  quays,  Stockholm  posseases  half  tho  fi>reig[n  trade  of 
!<wfilen  ;  hut  this  is  confined  within  comparatively  narrow  limits,  in  consciiuence  of  the  im- 
politic I'lforts  of  tho  government  to  promote  industry  liy  excluding  forcijjn  products.  Iron, 
limber,  ami  deals  form  the  great  orticles  of  ex|>ort.  Swcdi.sh  iron  is  of  very  superior  <iua!ity, 
anil  is  extensively  used  in  Ureat  Britain ;  tho  imports  of  it  amounting,  in  ordinary  years,  to 
about  10.000  tons,  exclusive  of  500  tons  of  steel.  In  addition  to  the  above  leading  articles, 
Stotkholm  exports  pitch,  tar,  copper,  Sec.  The  timber  is  inferior  to  that  from  the  southern 
porli!  of  the  Baltic.  The  imports  principally  consist  of  colonial  products,  cotton,  dye  stulFs, 
dt,  British  manufactured  goods,  hides,  fish,  wine,  brandy,  wool,  fruit,  &c.  In  seasons  of 
ecarcity  corn  is  imported,  but  it  is  generally  an  article  uf  ex|iort. 

Pifofii^f  — Vessels  bimnd  for  Htnckliolin  take  a  pilot  iit  llio  Biiiall  inl.uiil  of  Oja.  I.aiids-hort  light- 
hoiiiie. 70  t'<')*t  IiIkIi,  nml  n.'iinletl  wliilc,  Is  erected  on  tlie  soiillR'ni  e.xtreiiiily  of  litis  islaiiil.  in  lat.  58° 
ino"  N.I  Ion.  1*"  ^^'  '^  ^-  I'  '"  fiiniiHlKMl  with  a  tixcil  light,  wliiili  may  Iik  suen,  under  fiivotirnlilo 
cirtuiiisiaiiccti,  5  leiigiies  oir.    " '        " 

jf„ay.-Accounl«  are  kept  here,  at  Oollenburgh.  and  generally 
Ihroiifli'ul  SiieJen.  in  rililoMaii,  or  crnwiii,  nf  4S  ikilliiifli,  eavh  of 
12  nil Myck! i  or  in  riidollari.  ikillinji,  and  ruiidilycki,  haiico. 
Tlielillfr  currency  i«  al  preaent  (IftU)  .W  lier  cent,  more  valiialde 
llJB  llie  liirinei.  A  rildnllar  banco  ia  worth,  al  Ihe  current  ralea  of 
(icIUMf.frtini  iliout  l.i.  6d.  lo  It.  M.  iterliin.  Eicept  copper,  Ihere 
irrnncdii.!  in  circnialion,  nor  hive  Ihere  been  any  for  30  yean  p.-iil. 

Hiif'iliaml  ,»/iatiiiii.— The  victuali  nr  conunercial  »eii(hli  are 
miJi.  hininrli,  ami  «ki|ipiilidi  j  20  pundi  lieinn  equal  lo  I  li-puiid, 
i,i'Wli>i"iiiili ;-  I  Jkippuiid  ;  lOO  Ibj.  .Swedish  conunercial  wemhl 
-'  93  U  11*.  aviiinlii|ioii  =  42  \'i  kiloi;.  =  M  3-4  lbs.  ol  l?ainlnir<h. 

The  mm  «ei<hl>  are  3-Slh!  of  llic  vicluili  or  coniniercal  " liitli'a ; 
r  n.irki  --  I  mark  puiid  i  20  mirk  puiids  =  I  ikippuml ;  and  7  I  2 
ikipvui«li  ■=  I  Inn  Knuliih.  Hence,  100  puiula  Swediih  iron  «  eiRlit 
-  7i  llii.  ivmnluiiois,  and  100  lbs.  avoirduimia  =  133  1-3  Iba. 
irtfilisli  iron  wei^lil. 


Tlie  Hignal  for  a  |iilot  is  a  tlag  at  tlie  fniu-lopiiiast  head,  or  firing  a  gun. 

2        Eiinera  .  •  .        =   1  Ahni. 

1  1  2  Aliln     ■  ■  .  .        =   I  llihort. 

2  Ollioft     •  .  -  .  =    1    Pipe. 

The  pill*  =--  124  1.4  Ensli.li  wine  Gallnni ;  and.  conHci|iiently,tha 
ahni  ~   It  .'i  liihiililhi,  ami  ICO  kannnr  =  69  |.;'ilh  dilln. 

Ihe  Swedish  fmil  -  1 1  lis4  F.nj(lish  inchej;  Ihe  ell  or  aija  »»  2 
feet  i  Ihe  fallioii.  --  3  elK;  Ihe  rtid  =  »  elU. 


Ill  ciirn  nicaaure  :— 

4  ((uarll 

2  Sjiinn 

ITun  • 

A  lul  of  rye  from  Rin 
nilti)  l.ieliau 

hillo  Slelliu 

lliilo  SlnKiind 


Spann. 

Tun  or  liarrrl. 


=     I 
=     I 

=    4  1.6lh  Winch,  buih. 
-=  IS       TunK. 
=  1(11  2    — 
c  2212    — 
=  24 


Thi!tiinor3JkipporconUiui4  1.6lb  VVincheiter  busheli. 

lo  liquid  measure:— 

2. Slop  .  •  .        =   1  Kanna. 

ISKaimor  -  .       =  I  Anker. 

2Aiikeri  •  .        =   I  Eiiiier. 


In  esiiiiiaiiiiK  by  UsN 

",ail  of  piirh,  ashes,  kc. 


1  i 


^  12  h  J  rela. 
1    dilln    iir.  oil,  »ic.  •  .  .    «=  in    illn. 

I  l.ait  of  hemp,  Hax,  tallow,  Ac.     •  •   =    (i   kippundi. 

1  T'lin  of  Liverpool  comnioii  salt  •  ~    7  luiis  Swed, 

Metals.  Ac.  ejtporlel  from  Stockhnlnt  during  Ihe  year  1^13.  Total, 
281,9)iti  I  2skippuudi  =  37,6'jll  tons ;  cousisliiig  of— 

Shipprmdi. 
Bar  iron  -  .  -    - 

lloop   llilto 


noil  ditto  - 

Hiindle  dilln  -  • 

Sillpan  plalel,  Ike. 

Iron  platea 

Nails 

Sleel 

Ciiilery    • 

Cast  articles 

Scroop  iruu 

Rrass 

Copper     . 

niiiiiitniie.  vitriol,  and  alum 


-  2i2,s39 
.       2,602 

■  2.176 
•      1,896 

708 
.  4,722 
.      6.080 

-  6,21)5 

■  2,aOi 
.      2,358 

■  1,493 

4t» 

■  3.674 
.      5,718 


ProfiimH  Invoice  of  150  Sklb.  equal  to  20  Tons,  Iron,  sliipped  at  Stockholm,  per  Captain  ,  for 

London. 


712  ban  iron,  wcijhiiiK,  iklb.  loO  0  0  at  bo.  r.  I  3  • 

Charfit. 
DutTsnlihippin?  chtrees 

I  11  nl.  per  Iklb.       .  .  Bo.  r.    200    0    0 

Brokerage  on  purchase  1-4  per  cent.     •       6    6    0 
Slaii.pi  and  {Mitagea       -  ■  •        2  23    0 


Bo.  r. 


2,250    0    0 


208  29    0 


2,438  29    0 


Brought  forward 
Conimiuion,  2  per  cent. 


Bill  brokerage,  1-8  per  cent. 


Sloeklirtm,  1833. 


Bo.  r. 

At  exchange  R.  13. 
E.  E., 


2,458  29  0 
49    8  0 


2,507  37  0 
3    6   0 


2,510  43   0 


L.I93    8  11 


650 


STOCKHOLM. 


Ht. 


r  -  i 


•n. 


m»- 


,*S':|I 


*•■■*■;, .,f 


Rum,  and  other  foreifn 

•piritt- 
Cone«     .  .  . 

yiih((lry} 
Herriugft 


kanDor 

Ibi. 
liipund 
karreli 


Quaii'ilUM  of  wme  of  the  principal  Articlei  imported  into  Stockhalm,  in  1833. 
Salt  ■  •  ■    lunnor        89,MJ  I  llillc<  nlallu  • 

Indigo        -  •  -        lbs.  11,191  I  Sillo 

Suiian       ■  .  .       _      6,017,137  i  Conoiu 

Tobacco    ...       —        310,S6j    VVoolkni     • 


126  869 

2,203,137 

132,433 

48,431 


»!""  la.iKi 


Thaog  of  Sweden. 


Offlciai  Account  of  ch  3  principal  Articles,  with  tlioir  Vulues,  exported  from,  and  imported  iiuo, 

Sweden,  in  1831. 


Country. 


Export!. 


onicial 

Va;ue> 


Imtwrts. 


Finland 
Prussia 


MecklentmrKh, 
Hanover,  &c. 

Denr  urk 


Netheri.inds 
Great  Britain 


France 

Portug.il 
Gibnitar 
Sardinia 
Tuscany 
Austria 
Alf^iers 
Eeypt  ■ 
Unilod  States 

of  America 
Niirway 
Hamburgh  and 

Lubeck 

Spain   . 

Holh  Sicilies    . 

Brazils 

Ruuia  '• 


liK  iron,ore,herrings,dealg,  salt,  limestone. 

Iron,  steel,  tar,  pitch,  lime,  cannon,  cop* 
per,  wood,  papur,  flooring  stones,  iron 
plates,  &c. 

Wood,  lime,  iron,  paper,  staves^  stones, 
steel,  manufactured  iron,  tar,  pitch,  co. 
lours,  alum,  &c. 

Corn,  slaves,  Wf)od,  paper,  iron,  copper, 
mill  and  floorins  stones,  tar,  pi. ch,  alum, 
nails,  lime,  cutlery,  fire  wood,  oak  bark, 
sieel,  brass  wire 

Woml,  rm-k  moss,  tar,  pitch 

Iron,  steel,  tar.  pitch,  corn,  wood,  cobalt, 
rock  miifli,  itones,  bark,  mau;sajese,  oil- 
cakes, &c. 

Iron,  wooil,  tar,  j.itch,  copper,  porphyiy, 
s*  ives,  bricks,  colours 

\Vo(mI,  iron,  sleel,  tar,  pitch,  slaves 

Woo<I  and  iron        .... 

WckkI,  iron,  tar,  pitch 

Ditto 

Tar 

Wood 

Wood,  tar,  copper  .  -  -  - 

Iron  and  iron  plates 

Corn,  cooper,  bricks,  &c. 

Iron,  cutlery,  copper,  steel,  tar,  wood,  co- 
balt, pitch,  staves,  brass  wire,  alum, 
lime,  colours 

Wood,  tar  •  .  .  . 

Iron  and  wood         .  .  .  . 

Iron,  wood,  t}eer,  steel,  tar,  pitch,  ate, 
IHirter,  &c. 

jv'uni,  colours,  coflt:e,  indigo,  wine,  steel, 
,  alt,  herrings 

Riidollars  banco    • 


Aixd.  ba. 

78tl,2UU 

669,171 

439,773 

I,SiS6,SI4 


n30,3<il 
3,l!3ij,700 


706,071 

5;0,120 
I3,U>9 
65,170 
133,920 
IVCX) 
6,2CO 
41,366 
3,199,255 

624,372 
S75,aj 


41,236 

6,764 

339,744 

113,447 


13,364,618 


Corn,  tar,  tallow,  butler,  flour,  deals,  fire 

W(KXt 

Corn,  wool,  hides  .... 
Com,  wool,  hides.  Tun,  fruit,  &c.  * 


Sugar,  cotton,  cotToo,  wine,  rum,  spices, 
chalk,  salt,  manufacturi-s,  corn,  oil, 
wool,  herrings,  hides,  lead,  tish 

Manufactures,  cork,  hops  - 

Sugar,  colfee,  apices,  mahogany,  maniifac- 
turts,  cotti  n,  dyes,  wine,  cognac,  rum, 
coals,  cottfMi  yarn,  earthenware,  &c. 

Wine,  cognac,  oil,  cork,  salt,  spices,  Iruit, 
lead,  soap.  Sic. 

Salt,  fiuit,  leathe,',  hiden,  cork,  &C. 


Tobacco,  cotton,  sugar,  hides,  rice,  dye 
woods 

Fish, 

Mauufactures,  &c,  -  •  •  . 


Salt,  fruit,  wine,  oil,  lead,  &c. 

Salt,  fiuit,  oil,  &c.  .  .  .  . 

Sugar,  coflee,  tobacco,  hides,  horn,  &c.     . 

Bristles,  corn,  seeds,  hemp,  tallow,  soap, 
hides,  oil,  &c. 

Rixdollars  banco    ■ 


Otlicul 
Value, 

Kizd.  la. 

i,«'Aiw 

lliO,17S 


II!),W2 
1,155,412 

2I>2,;20 

I,7i5,i;ii 
357,1:2 

3CO,502 


i,sr,i:o 
2,1-21,4:1 


IH'43 
l,C69.393 


li.lOlfisi 


Vessels  entered  outwards  for  foreign  places  :— 

Vaieb. 

1830.  Swedish      ....    2.3!.2  a.  7?,S7!)  ^^ 

—  Foreign       .  -  .  .    1 ,7'i5  =  78  igj  _ 

1831.  Swedish       ....    2,379=  74,l;7   _ 

—  Foreign       ....    1,576^  1,8.258  _ 
Or  together — 

Reported  inwards,  1830  •  •  -  4,071  =  i3'',C30li!!i 
1S3I  .             .  .    4,0H-.  .u  136,442  - 

Entered  outwards,  1830.  •  .  4,1147:.  Uk  7^7  _ 
1831  •            -  .    3,ll,-.5=  142,3:5   - 


Shipping  ofSwfden  —Swedish  vessels  employed  in  foreign  trade, 
uperoflicial  retuins:-- 

1830.  104  vevifls  =  1^,17396  lasts)  navigated  b,  4,725  manners, 
eaclusive  of  maste  -s. 

1831.  671  vessels  ::=  44,161-78  lists;  navigated  by  4,635marineri, 
exclusive  of  maste -s. 

Vcuals  reported  iiiwaris  from  foreign  pUces:— 

1630.  Sweilish  ....  2,2S0  =  67,896  lasts. 

—  Foreign  ....  1,781  =  70,754    — 
1831.  Swedish  ....  2,427  =  69,099    — 

—  Foreign  ....  1,6 -8  =:  67,343    — 

Regnlaliovs  as  to  the  workivg  of  Mines  in  Sweden. — The  following  paper,  whirh  we  have  received 
from  Sweden,  and  on  the  authenticity  of  which  our  readers  uiay  rely,  allows  the  nature  ol'tlieolisiruc- 
lions  laid  on  the  principal  hranch  of  industry  curried  nii  in  that  kingdom.     Tlu'y  apppiir  In  us  to  In;  in 
the  last  degree  absurd  and  oppressive.     It  might:  be  proper  to  eiiacl  regiilatiniis  to  ptevciil  the  waste 
of  the  forests  ;  but  having  done  this,  every  one  oiigli!  to  beat  liberty  to  produce  as  iiuiili  item  as  lie 
pleased,  williotit  being  subject  to  any  sort  of  regulntinii  or  control.     VVe  are  surprised  itiiit  so  initlli. 
gent  a  government  as  that  of  Sweden  should  tiiinli  of  imposing  such  preposterous  roBtiliitions. 

"  Sweden  has  at  present  front  .S30  to  MO  smelting  furnaces,  wliiili  produce  annually  I'mm  Ml.pro  to 
95,000  tons  of  pig  iron.     In  convening  the  pig  into  bar  iron,  almut  23  percent,  is  allinved  Inr  waste; 
and  as  near  as  can  be  ascertained,  the  annual  manufacture  of  bar  iron  is  from  fi;!,(ll!0  to  ():'.,(KIO  tons 
The  number  of  iron  worlds  is  between  420  and  430,  having  tiliout  1,100  furges  (hearllis).    '1  In;  atiniial 
exportation  of  bar  iron,  at  an  average  of  the  10  years  ending  1^31,  was  40,508  tons ;  of  which  were, 
for— 

Great  Britain  .........    10,000  ions. 

United  States  -.....-..    80,1100  — 

fJermany,  Holland,  France,  and  Portugal  .  .  -  „  -    i,'),(K)0  — 

Tiie  remainder  to  Ilrazil,  and  a.  very  little  to  the  Mediterranean         -  -      4,Sl>8  — 

Total    -    40,508 


"TheMnelting  furnaces  and  iron  works  are  licensed  for  particular  i|uantitics,  seme  lipitipaslcn' 
as  50  tons,  and  olliers  as  liisli  as  400  or  500  tons;  and  some  line  bar  i  on  \vnn,s  liiive  licensH 
for  1,000  tons  e:ich.  Tliese  licences  are  granted  by  the  College  of  Mines,  wliich  li;is  11  ((Hilrol  ovciall 
iron  works  and  mining  operations.  The  iron  masters  make  aiiiiiial  returns  of  their  luiMiiifariiire, 
which  must  not  exceerl  the  privileged  or  licenced  quantity,  on  pain  of  the  overplus  lieiiig  cnnlisiiilfu. 
Tlie  rolle;;e  lias  subdrdiniile  courts,  called  T'ottrts  of  Mines,  in  every  dislriel,  with  su|iervisliiC  illireri 
of  various  ranks  All  irnn  siMit  to  a  port  of  shipment  must  be  lamled  at  tlie  pulilie  sveldh-hmisp, the 
superintendent  of  wliich  is  a  delegate  of  the  Collegt!  ;  and  his  duly  is  to  register  all  lliat  lurivi's.aiid 
transmit  a  iiuarterly  report  thereof  to  the  college,  so  tlial  it  is  impossible  for  an  iron  nlil^tl■^  loffiai 
more  iron  to  market  than  h,.s  licence  .■lutbnrises.  Many,  however,  sell  iron  to  inland  riiii.>^iiiiii'r«al  llie 
forges,  of  which  no  rolitrns  are  ever  made  out,  and  in  so  far  Hie  licences  are  exceediMl ;  luii  weilniiol 
guppn;-e  that  the  (juaiitity  so  disposetl  of  exceeds  2,000  or  3,000  tons  a  year.  Kvery  fiiiniiic  and  hK'. 
pays  a  certain  annuiil  duty  to  the  Crown.  Its  BUioutit  is  fixed  by  the  t.dlh^ge  when  llie  Ii.imicc  is 
grnnled  ;  and  care  is  takiMi  not  !o  grant  a  licence  to  any  one,  unless  he  has  lln-  ronini.uiil  1 1'  (^>m\- 
equal  to  the  rciiuired  supply  of  charcoal,  without  encroaching  uii  the  supply  of  this  niaturlal  reiiuirti 


STOCKINGS. 


551 


,  in  IB33. 

sUlki  ■ 


>II<.UI 


lbs.  ija.Ga 

ftliiar    1:1,11,3 
—      MM 


for  the  existing  forftes  in  theneiphhonrhnnd.    As 
1,1  bo  iiiii'le  iJeiiiR  never  exceeded,  llie  Collepi.', 


s  the  supply  of  pig  iron  Is  limited*,  the  finantity  licem 


Led  from,  and  imported  into, 


lint)ort«. 


oniciii 

Value, 


Hixd.  Ill 
liuUer,  flour,  ile»l»,  fire       1,0113,11)5 

,   .  .  •  •  160,173 


s,  turn,  fruit,  ftc.  - 

■nffoc,  wine,  rum,  spicM, 
maiiufacturiH,  cciril,  oil, 
J,  hiJia,  ItaJ,  f«l> 

;orlc,  liopj  -  ■  • 

lices,  iialmgany,  miniiuc- 
dyes,  Willi:,  cognac,  rum, 
y:irii,  eartlieoware,  &c. 
oil,  cork,  sail,  spicm,  (ruil, 
c. 
ler,  hilled,  cork,  ttc 


3n,  sugar,  hiJo,  rice,  dye 

,kc.  ■ 

ne,  oil,  lead,  4c. 

,  *c.  - 

tobacco,  1  ides,  born,  Sic.     ■ 

,  seeds,  hemp,  lallow,  soap, 
ic. 

Rildolhrs  banco    ■ 


IIO.WJ 
1,155,112 

502,520  ' 
1,745,131  i 

3S7,« 
300,502  ' 


905,547  ! 

l,S47,i:0 
2,U1,471   ' 


154,543  i 
31,960 
1,3&5,(«6 


12,302,C>2 


rda  for  foreign  places 

2,262  = 
l,7.->5  = 
2,379  = 
l,57(i  = 

72,fi791u!i. 
78,f68  - 
74,1:7   - 
1.8.258  - 

1830- 
isai  • 
ISilO  - 
1831  - 

4,071  -^ 

4, OS')  ^ 

.    4,1147  = 

.    3,9.55  = 

i3-'.G;0Iu1i 

-  l3ti,H2  - 

-  U'-.727   - 

-  142,375   - 

paper,  whirh  we  linvc  rrceivpii 
shows  the  natnre  ol'llie  iiliMriii- 
doin.  Tlii'y  uppeur  In  us  to  lii;  in 
regulatiiMis  id  prevent  the  waste 
ty  lo  produce  as  iimcli  irmuislie 
VVe  are  surprised  that  so  iiiielll- 
prppostcrinia  roKulalioiis. 
produce  uiimmlly  rmm  Wl.OWlo 
J  percent,  is  allmved  lor  waste; 
ron  is  from  fi;i,(H!n  lo  ti.%(KlO  tons 
00  fiirsi.'S  (liearllis).  Tlio  atmual 
vas   49,508  tons;  of  wliich were, 

.    10,fl(K)tons. 
.     2(1,11(10  — 

-  15,(100  - 

-  4,5ti8  - 


Total 


4(1.508 


hr  quantities,  si'iiie  lioing  as  1(™ 

|e  liar  i-on  \vnii>s  li;ive  luensfs 

lues,  wliicliliasi.  .■(iiilniliivetall 

III  returns  of  their  ini'.mifa'-liirf. 

It'  the  overplus  lieiu)!  cnnfisi'alf"- 

|dislrict,\Mtlisupervi<ii:LM:lfcf» 

Id  at  the  pulilie  weiiih-lMHisf^ine 

itoreBislerall  llial  iirrivi's.aii 

fsililc  for  an  iron  llKl^ll■r  mfM 

■1  Iron  lo  Inland  i'niifniiii'r«anli« 

OS  are  exceeded;  Out  weJoiwl 

I  year.     Kverv  fiiriiaco  and  forf? 

Vlie  Collepe  when  the  li.™«  [i 

I  he  has  tin-  roiiiiii:niil  ol  l"r«i 

Isupplyof  ihisnaicrialrciiuiM 


,,,  bo  iiiit'ie  oeiuK  never  exceBiieii,  iiic  i^oiie).'!.',  in  (jraiitinR  new  licences  lobar  iron"  works,  alw^'.  s 
takes  into  consideration  how  far  this  may  be  done  without  creating  a  scarcity  of  pig  iron.  Hence,  t.  • 
erection  of  new  forges  depends— 1st,  on  havini^  a  supply  of  charcoal,  wlilioiil  encroacliiiiK  on  ilie 
forisls  which  supply  your  neiKlihours  ;  and  i2dly,  on  the  i)iianlily  of  pig  iron  which  the  Ciille(,'i!  knows 
to  be  disposable.  The  courts  of  the  mines  decide  all  disputes  that  ari.ie  among  the  iron  masters 
lecai'ling  theexceedins;  of  their  licences,  encroachniunts,  *.<;.;  an  appeal  lo  the  College  lying  from  their 
ijctuio",  and  ultimately  to  the  king  in  council,  or  to  the  supreme  court  of  llie  kingdom.  In  1821,  the 
mines  produced  8.50  tons  of  copper,  50  tons  of  brass,  4(>  loiia  of  lead,  1,700  tons  of  .•iliim,  40,021)  lbs.  of 
cobalt,  3,000  ibs.  of  silver ;  and  of  late  years  several  mines  of  manganese  have  been  worked,  the 
produce  of  which  may  be  from  300  to  400  tons." 

STOCKINGS,  r.i  every  one  knows,  are  coverings  for  the  Icg.'^.  Thoy  are  formcJ  of  only 
1  thread  entwined,  so  as  to  form  a  species  of  tissue,  extremely  elastic,  and  reailily  adapting 
itself  to  the  figure  of  the  part  it  is  employed  to  cover.  This  ti.ssue  cannot  be  called  cloth,  for 
it  has  neither  warp  nor  woof,  but  it  approaches  closely  to  it;  and  for  the  purposes  to  wliich 
it  is  applied,  it  is  very  superior. 

\.  Historical  Sketch  of  fht  Slocliing  Manufacture. — It  is  well  known  that  the  I^omans 
and  other  ancient  nations  had  no  particular  clothing  for  the  legs.  During  the  middle  ages, 
however,  hose  or  leggins,  made  of  cloth,  began  to  be  u.sed  ;  and  at  a  later  period,  the  art  of 
knitting  stockings  was  discovered.  Unluckily,  nothing  certain  is  known  as  to  the  individual 
l,y  whom,  the  place  where,  or  the  time  when,  this  important  invention  was  made.  Howell, 
ill  his  Mistcry  of  the  World  (vol.  iii.  p.  222.),  says,  that  Henry  VIII.  wore  none  but  cloth 
hose,  e.tcept  there  came  from  Spain  by  great  chance  a  pair  of  silk  stockings ;  that  Sir  Tho- 
mas Gresham,  the  famous  merchant,  presented  Edward  VI.  with  a  pair  of  long  silk  stockings 
f(om  Spain,  and  that  the  present  was  much  taken  notice  of;  and  he  adds,  that  Queen  Elizti- 
heth  was  presented,  in  »he  third  year  of  her  reign,  with  a  pair  of  black  knit  silk  stockings, 
and  that  from  that  time  she  ceased  to  wear  cloth  hose.  It  would  appear  from  this  circum- 
stantial account,  that  the  art  of  knitting  stockings,  or  at  leust  that  the  first  speciniops  of  knit 
jtociiings,  had  been  introduced  into  England  from  Spain  about  the  middle  of  the  16th  cen- 
tun ;  and  such  seems  to  have  been  the  general  opinion,  till  an  allusion  to  the  practice  of 
knitting,  in  the  pretended  poems  of  Kowley,  forged  by  Chatterton,  caused  the  f  ubject  to  be 
more  strictly  investigated.  The  result  of  this  investigation  showed  clearly  that  the  practice 
of  knitting  was  well  known  in  England,  and  had  been  referred  to  in  acts  of  parliament,  a 
rood  many  years  previously  to  the  period  mentioned  by  Howell.  But  it  had  then,  most  pro- 
1  lablv,  been  applied  only  to  the  manufacture  of  woollen  stockings;  and  the  general  use  of 
cloth  hose  shows  that  even  these  had  not  been  numerous.  'J'hcre  is  no  evidoiice  to  iihow 
ivliether  the  art  is  native  to  England,  or  has  been  imported. — (See  Beckmann's  Inventions, 
!  vol.  w.  art.  Knitting  Nets  and  Stockings.) 

It  is  singular  that  the  stocking  frame,  which,  even  in  its  rudest  form,  is  u  very  complex 
i  and  ingenious  machine,  that  could  not  be  discovered  accidentally,  but  must  havt;  been  the 
'  result  of  deep  combination  and  profound  sagacity,  should  have  been  discovered  so  early  as 
i  158!),  before,  in  fact,  the  business  of  knitting  was  generally  introduced.     The  inventor  of 
I  this  admirable  machine  was  Mr.  William  Lee,  of  Woodborough,  in  Nottingham.shire.     He 
i  attempted  to  set  up  an  establishment  at  Calverton,  near  Nottingham,  for  the  iiumuf'aclute 
of  stockings,  but  met  with  no  success.     In  this  situation  he  applied  to  the  queen  for  assist- 
ance: hut,  instead  of  meeting  with  that  remuneration  to  which  his  genius  and  inventions  ;o 
we':'  entitled  him,  he  was  discouraged  and  discountenanced  !     It  need  not,  therefore,  excite 
I  niprise  that  Lee  accepted  the  invitation  of  Henry  IV.  of  France,  who,  having  heard  of  the 
invention  promised  him  a  magnificent  reward  if  he  would  carry  it  to  France.     Henry  kept 
I  his  word,  and  Lee  introduced  the  stocking  frame  at  Rouen  with  distinguished  success;  but 
after  the  assassination  of  the  king,  the  concern  got  into  dilficulties,  and  Lee  died  in  poverty 
1  at  Paris.    A  knowledge  of  the  machine  was  brought  back  from  France  to  England  by  some 
fi'ie  workmen  who  had  emigrated  with  Lee,  and  who  established  themselves  in  Notting- 
amshire,  which  still  continues  the  principal  seat  of  the  manufacture. — (See  Beckmann's 
I //ii£)i(i««."i,  vol.  iv.  pp.313 — 324.;  and  Letters  on  the  Utility  nnd  Policy  of  Machines, 
[Ud.  1780.) 

During  the  first  century  after  the  invention  of  the  stoclang  frame,  few  imjjrovcments  were 
I  mile  upon  it,  and  2  men  were  usually  employed  to  work  I  frame.  But  in  the  course  of  last 
I  century,  the  machine  was  very  greatly  improved.  The  late  ingenious  Mr.  Jedediuh  Strutl, 
I  of  Derby,  was  the  first  individu..!  who  succeeded  in  adapting  il  to  the  manufacture  oiribhtd 
I  ttof  kings. 

S(ali!/iM(  VUw  of  the  Stocking  Trade.— Wo,  sulijoin,  from  a  paper  liy  Mr.  Felkin,  of  Nottingham,  who 
|isveryailv'ii.nlageously  known  by  his  statistical  researches,  the  fulluwing  view  of  tliu  present  state 
ftlie'liriiish  hosiery  trade. 


•We  do  not  mean  that  the  manufacture  of  pig  iron  is  limited  ;  for  any  one  can  get  a  licence  tc 
limelt,  whncan  prove  he  has  a  sufflcioncy  of  charcoal  at  his  disposal;  but  the  quantity  licenced  ia 
I  never  exceeded,  but  is  often  less. 


,..'1 


ftsa 


STORAX— STORES. 


mm:-  -'*■ 


*^MU-'. 


:j 


*^>/i| 


r-ii 


It 


B-.^'** 
;-..»-•'» 


I**  „ 


Worsted  limirry  is  chiefly  made  in  Leicestershire ;  s'',k  hi  ^lery  in 
Derby  nml  Ni>tlini;li.im  ;  and  cottdn  hrisiery  throughout  the  counties 
of  Nottit)gh:ini  nnd  Derby,  at  Hincllley,  and  at  Tewlcf  bury.  The 
analysis  turnislieit  by  Illacknrr,  in  1812,  mn;^'  be,  nertia.w,  nindiliej 
ai  follows,  so  as  In  show  the  kinds  and  qualities  of  gooJs  which  the 
frames  are  now  employed  upon,  viz. — 
Plain  cnlloii,  14  In  2^ltau2e,  l,6(K.    24  loZS.gauKe,  1,600; 

30  to  34  Kaurr,  2,790 ;  36  la  6U  K^u^e,  1,600  frames        ■        7,590 
Gauze,  60t};  glove:i  and  caps,  1,000:  drawer.',  600:  sun- 

driw,560   -  -  .        '   .    '       .       '    .     '      .        2,680 

Wide  frames,  making  cut'Ups  and  various  other  kinds        -        6,030 
Worsted,  12  to  20  Kauge,  4,400 ;  22  to  26  gauge,  3,600 ;  29 

lo34.gauge,  l,4S0franiet-  .  .  .  • 

Frama.  Dotm. 

'fashioned  cot- 
ton hose  • 
cut  up,  &c.  • 
fashioned 
^■■3  ^      worsted     • 
I  I  cut  up,  &c.   • 


Angola 
lambs'  wool  • 

(.silk  ■ 


33,000 


420,000 
1,960,000 
710,000 
100,000  i 
93,000 

l3i,noo  I 

90,000  J 
3,510,000 


9,450 

Lbl. 

cotton* 

880,000  yarn 

2,940,000    — . 

2,840,000^;T': 

400.000     — 

332')00     — 

619,^(10     — 

103.000  silk   -. 


AnHa,  l,3i0i  lambs'wool,  1,900;  shirls,600ffamet      .      37^ 
Wide  frames,  on  wilh  worited  ^nols  "  "  •         S20 

Silk,  2,300;  gloves,  330;  and  knots,  330     •  -  3,(^ 

Total  of  f  ramee  .      ^^ 

The  following  statement.  It  is  believe),  presents  a  sufRcienll;  vet 
rate  approzimation  to  the  annual  amount  in  quantity  and  vduerf 
the  goods  manufactured  in  this  trade,  to  answer  all  |>rac|ju|  p^, 
poses; 

Each  narrow  cottou  frame  produces  about  40  dozen  of  hose  a  yn, 
if  of  women's  size;  wide  cotton  frames,  301) ;  narrow  worstcj  7j.' 
wide  wonted,  160 ;  and  silk,  30.    There  are—  '    ' 


L. 

L. 

L. 

1 

Ml 

'                ^ 

' 

f 

73,0C'J 

220,000 

32,000 

a 

172,000 

% 

>'~-^ 

285,000 

htt 

98,000 

■3 

U-, 

284,000 

213,000 

/■S-! 

41,000 

a 
^  «  S 

40,000 

30,000 

= 

10,000 

i* 

43,000 

f 

40,000 

19,i)00 

o 

80,000 

tf 

50,000 

l(i,l)(10 

L   120,000  J 

L   108,000  J 

L     I3,(XK)  J 

32i,000 
5<0,COO 

inj.ioo 
iie.wo 

2'1I000 


8,137,000 


814,000 


948,000 


229,000 


According  to  this  calculation,  the  value  of  the  cotton  hosipry  an- 
ntally  made  is  ISO.OOflf. ;  that  of  worsted,  &c.  is  870.0001. ;  and  that 
of  silk  is  .^4 1, 000/, —To  produce  these  goo<1s,  it  is  probable  that 
4,5><4.00O  lbs  of  raw  cotton  wool,  value  Ij3,f0(i/.,  are  used;  and 
140,000  lbs.  nf  raw  silk  (2-3lh5  China  and  3.5lh»  Nmil.  value  91,001'/.; 
also,  6,318,(100  lbs.  of  English  wool,  value  316,nco;.  Thf  Inal  origi- 
nal value  of  the  materials  used,  is,  therefore,  ri60,00o/.,  which,  it  ap- 
pears, becomes  of  the  ultimate  cost  vilue  of  l,991,U0W.,  in  this 
manufacture. 

There  are  t-mployed  in  the  various  processes,  as  follows,  viz. — 
In  cotton  Biiinninsr,  doubling,  Ac,  3,000;  worsted  carding, 

spinning.  iVc,  2,;'>00 ;  silk  winding,  throwing,  &c.,  1,000  6,600 
In  making  stockings  I3,0C0  nun,  10,000  women,  and  10,000 

youths;  and  women  and  children  in  seaming,  winding, 

kc,  27,000 (»,000 

In    embroidering,   mending,  bleaching,  dyeing,    dressing, 

puttiog-up,  &c,,  probably  about      .... 


Total  persona  employed 


6,500 
73,000 


The  capital  employed  in  the  various  branches  of  the  trade  may  be 
thus  estimated,  taking  the  machiiierv  and  frames  at  neither  (lieir  ori- 
ginal cost,  nor  actual  selling  price,  nut  at  their  working  value,  and 
the  stocks  of  hosiery  on  an  average  01  yean  : — 
The  capilal  in  mills  and  machinery, 'for  preparing  cotton,        /-, 

is 70,000 

—  —  worsted,  &c.      52.000 

—  —  silk  -      18,000 


Fixed  capital  in  mills,  ftc. 
—        is  frames 


Total  of  fixed  capilal 


140,r(l0 
■       243,000 

.  L.  383,000 


In  wool  and  yam  in  process  and  stock 


Floating  capital  in  spinning,  &c. 


Capital  in  narrow  cotton  frames 

—  widu         — 

—  narrow  worsted  frames 

—  wide         — 

—  silk  frames 


Fixed  capital  in  frames 


L 

■  8,MI 

•  I50,IM 

•  3i,l« 

I-  «C,t(i) 

■  eo,flM  ! 

•  urn 

•  ii,M 

■  36,»J1 

C  I 

•  3io.o;o  1 

■  Vim 

L 

■  t.m 

!■■  l,IM,fO(  I 

iV.  B This  estimate  is  independent,  of  course,  of  tlie  viluer,! 

the  hosiery  wrought  by  wires;  but  this  i^  not  very  cuosiiltnl'f 
We  believe  it  underrates  the  total  value  of  the  nianul.iciurfiV 
a  sum  of  1,99I,(HX)/.  is  barely  equivalent,  wiihout  e\eii  diOcciiiiu  | 
ez|iorts,  which  are  very  cnu.sid(  rable,  to  an  esiieiiditure  ■d;niii  'iij^\. 
iiigsof  about  2*,  5d.  a  year  to  each  individual  in  (Ire.ii  Lrilaio-i 
sum  which  we  are  inclined  to  think  is  decidedly  uii  Icr  the  unit 


In  goods  in  process  and  stock 


Floating  capilal  in  making  hose 
—  in  spinning,  &c. 


Total  of  floating  capital 


STORAX.     See  Balsam. 

STORES,  MILITARY  and  NAVAL,  include  arms,  ammunition,  &c.    It  is  enacicd,  | 
that  no  arms,  ammunition,  or  utensils  of  war,  be  imported  by  way  of  merchandise,  except  bv 
license,  for  furnishing  his  Majesty's  public  stores  only. — (6  Geo*  4.  c.  107.) 

STORES,  in  commercial  navigation,  the  supplies  of  different  articles  provided  for  the  sub*  I 
sistence  and  accommodation  of  the  ship's  crew  and  passengers. 

It  is  laid  (l<i\vn,  in  general,  that  ihe  surjilus  siorns  of  every  Fhip  arriving  from  parts  heynnd  seas  are  ! 
to  be  snhjcct  to  the  same  duties  and  regiilaiions  as  those  which  aftect  similar  conimoditii-s  wlienim.  ' 
ported  as  merchamlise ;  but  if  it  shall  appear  to  (he  collector  and  comptroller  that  ihe  (iuaritiiyof  ! 
such  stores  is  not  excessive,  nor  unsuitable,  under  all  the  circumstances  of  the  voyaye,  tiicy  maybe 
entered  for  the  private  use  of  the  master,  purner,  or  owner  of  such  ship,  on  pavment  of  ili'e  \m\^,\ 
duties,  or  he  warehoused  for  tlie  future  use  of  sucli  ship,  although  the  sanic  cuuld  not  be  legally 
imported  by  way  of  merchandise.— (3  &  4  IVill.  4.  c.  52.  $  35.) 


No  stnrcs  shall  be  shippeci  for  tlie  use  of  any  ship  bnuiui  to  parts 
beyond  (he  sras.  nor  shall  any  kooJs  be  detnif  J  (o  bi>  <iurh  slori'9(  ex- 
cept such  as  shall  be  bfjrne  upon  the  viclualliiig  bill. —(3  &  4  IVxU. 
4.  c.  52.  sect.  61.) 

Go<mIs  deiivpied  into  the  charRa  of  the  searchers  to  be  shipped  as 
itores,  may  be  so  shipped  without  entry  or  payment  of  any  duty,  for 
any  ship  of  the  btinieii  of  70  tons  at  leist  bfuiid  upon  a  voynee  to 
forei»;n  p.»rf8,  ihe  probable  durat/on  of  which  out  and  home  will  not 
be  less  than  todays:  provided  such  stores  be  'luly  Ijorne  upon  Ihe 
ihip's  victualling  bill,  and  Ik-  shipjHd  in  such  (lu.intitjes,  and  subject 
to  such  directions  ami  regulalifpus.  as  the  coniniissionfrs  of  customs 
thai!  direct  and  appoint.  — (3  &  i  li'itl.  4.  c.  ^7.  sect    16,) 

Rutn  nf  Ihe  nnlish  plantations  may  be  delivered  to  tin- searcher,  to 
be  Bhippe<l  as  stores  for  any  ship,  without  entry  or  p  lyn  eiil  of  any 
duty;  and  any  surplus  sti)re8  of  any  ship  may  be  uifliverrd  to  the 
searcher,  to  be  reshlpped  as  stored  for  the  same  ship,  or  for  the  same 
master  iti  anoiher&hip,  without  entry  or  lajment  of  any  duty, <  such 
rum  and  c>urh  furplns  stoi-es  liein^  duly  fiorne  upon  Ihc  victiialtine 
bills  of  such  shl|iB  renpectively  ;  and  if  Ihe  ship,  for  the  future  use  of 
which  any  Hurplus  Ktn*-es  have  been  warehouB<d,  shall  have  bei-n 
broken  up  or  S'lil,  such  stores  may  be  so  delivered  for  ihe  use  of  any 
other  shiii  belfnt^iu^  to  ths  same  owners,  or  may  be  entercii  for  \  ay 
nentof  'luly,  and  delivi-red  for  ihe  private  use  of  such  owners  or  any 
of  them,  or  of  the  ma.ster  or  purser  of  the  ship.— Sect,  17. 

The  searchers  in  I.r)udon,  on  char.inre  of  ves.seH  roaslu  ise  to  lake 
in  car);r>es  for  foreif^n  part^,  are  to  apprise  the  collectors  and  comp- 
troller*! at  Ihe  outpoits  where  the  ves^tls  may  be  bound,  of  ihe  quait 
tity  and  description  of  the  coods  whith  inay  have  been  »ihipped  as 
itores  on  boird  such  vessels,  and  that  l»)ii(f  has  been  f^iven  by  the 
tnasiers  of  the  vessels  that  no  part  .  f  st.ch  stores  ».hatl  be  consumed 
by  Ihe  en  «c,  or  any  package  opened  oralientd.  until  the  vef«els  have 
■cMially  I  pen  cle.ired  on  their  f  Tejjtn  voyag'-s;  and  the  collectors 
•nd  cnniplrrtljers  at  lheout|>orlH  are  in  like  manner  to  cause  a  aindlnr 
comiuuti'c  tiuu  tu  be  made  to  the  ports  where  the  oul\«a''d  cargoes 


are  to  be  taken  nn  board,  and  the  officers  at  Rurh  ports  are  to  tiit 
rare  to  ascertain  that  the  severil  Roods  ^o  j!iip[,c{i  .ire  actuiliy  ni 
board  the  vessels  on  their  arrival,  and  have  neillier  lictn  cowiiwii 
or  run  on  snore  during  the  coisiing  voyage;  and  if  so,  tn  reiori  itK 
same  to  the  Doanl.— (iv/iH.  liy  Cvru.  oj  C'luhj/u,  19li  of  I'tb-liil) 
List  of  Fotei^u  Goods  allowtd  to  be  ihipjioi  ns  .s/[irf.i,  frm  U(  I 

Lmided  l((irf/iow«j/r«o//>i*^v-— lCu8loui*aMiinitt',29iiruf>'oi, 

It32.) 

TVo,  1-4  of  an  07. ;  coffiee  or  cocoa^  1  02.  per  day  for  ncli  r 
on  boani,  wiih  the  option  to  ship  the  entire  nuaulity  reijuiml(L'r'lii  I 
voyage  ot  eiiher  spfcies  of  these  arliiles.  /ia(Mii  07.  of  ici  t^imci-  I 
sidered  equal  to  owe  oz.  of  coHee  or  cocoa ;  Ihe  tea  ic  le  sliiiftJ  a  I 
Ihe  original  (Mckages  in  which  it  was  imporletl. 

IVnie,   I   quart  per  day  for  the  master,  each  iiate,  aiKJ  wb.i  I 
passenKer.  f 

Wme  bottled  in  the  Nmded  warehojues  fir  ex|)ort,itifiti  mir  l» 
shipped  as  storef,  in  packages  contaiuing  not  Um  Umi  3  iloi,re|'L!tJ 
q'lar',  or  ti  doz.  reputed  pint  bottles. 

Sfiiritif  viz,  brantly,  eenevA,  rutn  (British  plaDtatioii),  1  2piD![a  I 
dav  for  each  person  on  noanl.  , 

hritiAh  plantation  rum  to  be  in  the  prn[>ortion  nf  1-2  of  ibi 
whol"  quintity  of  hpirits  shipped.  Karh  deRcnpiicii  of sjurlls  Inleti?]  I 
as  sto-es  to  be  shipped  in  I'ue  cask  capable  nf  cnntainin?  the  tadn  I 
(piinlily  of  brainly,  or  of  geneva  or  rtjin,  allowed  frir  the  vn)]it,or  | 
in  r.vhks  containing  not  less  than  40  gallons  of  brai.dy  or  eeurvi,  or  | 
^1)  gallcHis  of  Rrilish  plantation  rum,  as  ihe  cate  may  hr '  [r^ui^l  I 
that  if  Bpi  I  its  shall  have  been  importeii  in  I  "tiles,  or  Njti  r.l  m'fce  I 
bonded  warehouses  for  eX|>ortalion,  the  s.  i^e  nia/ t>«  ^hi{[A^l]  ! 
slnreH,  in  packages  containing  not  less  than  :l  lioz.  reputed  <]turt(7(  | 
t.'o7.  repu'ed  pint  hollies.  I 

/into  Sunar  ntid  MiJatfei  {together  or  iqflaraU),  2  ot.]xr it)  iat  ] 
each  (lertonon  bo«r»I. 

Vned  /Vuifi,  i^  lbs.  per  week  for  Mcb  person  on  tioard. 


STRANDING. 


553 


no 


1,1,900;  .hirt«,  600  fremei 
ud  kuou,  J™     • 

ToUl  ol  frtniM 

»  ia  believel,  prtaents  a  lufficienll  j  jcc«. 
'.nnuil  amouiil  m  (luaiitity  and  vilue  „f 
a  thii  trade,  to  aniwer  all  prichal  pu. 

ne  nroducCT  about  40  dozen  of  lio«  j  ym, 
cotton  fi^inw,  301)  i  narrow  wonitj,  7i; 
ilk,  30.    Tberoare- 
L. 


(48,000 


229,000 


I,'J9I,(>jO 


xe»  and  stocit    •  * 

ipital  in  iplnning,  Sc. 

in  frame!  ■  * 

lied  frames  ] 

'ixed  capital  in  fiamet 
djtock     • 


L 

■  8S,W 
•    Ia0,(lt« 

■  i:,m 

I. 

■  iim  ' 

■  Ui.M 

■  im 

■  ll,M 

l" 

■  W,M 

■  am 

r 

•  TSIjM  I 

•  M,M  I 

l.  \MIOi  1 


r./v  2  ',\n.  ppr  week  for  cv^h  pprwm  on  board. 

?'oi['ie"  f"!'"')  '•*  "*•  P"r  day  for  tlie  niasitr,  each  mate,  and  each 

Tu'titiire  (ji'inntUy  of  foreign  8e:;ar9,  allowed  ss  stores  for  each 
vopje,  10  lie  shipped  in  one  package. 

.  ,■,(  i^j  British  manufactnnd  CiDodi  to  ftf  alhiced  to  be  thipped 
■'  at  stortJ  on  l/ie  usual  Jtounty  or  Vrawlack, 

BrituA  Trfiinti  Susnr,  3  oz.  per  day  for  Ihe  master,  each  mate,  and 
,rh  caljili  iussciii^er. 

Brilci/i  mauujactured  Tn/'aao,  1-2  oz.  per  day  per  man. 

BiiliJ*  fXfi'i"'''*  '■'""'■'i  viz.  beer,  ale,  an,l  porter  (loRether  or 

•  iralf)    I  qu.irt  per  day  for  the  mailer,  each  male,  and  each 

''nmji''r>  ''2  P'"'  P"  w:e)ii  for  each  person  on  board. 


Soap,  1  2  oz  per  flay  for  each  pennn  on  iKiard.  The  sinii'  indul. 
(TPtiCf,  111  rwpecl  'if  t:.e  <ilii|  niriit  til  sl.irei'.  which  his  ItH-n  Kr.inted 
to  merchant  viswh  undir  i|ib2&3  Will.  4.  c.  M.,  and  liy  subsiTiuent 
onlers,  is  jranled  lo  trjiispnrliutiu'.T  the  fnllowiiij  coiidiliiiiu,  viz.i— 
Oil  .1  cerlitiMte  beiii?  prmluceil  f  .r  enh  i-.'ssel,  Iriini  the  nfficc  of  a 
coil  iilrollei  for  vicluilliiis  ani  Irinupiirl  servicrs.  settrn?  I'.irlh  thn 
ileslinaliiin  of  the  VfSsel,  and  llir  iiuii-iier  of  Ihe  crew  and  pa^heii^i-ni 
on  Uianl,  who  are  not  lo  be  misied  liy  the  victuillinj  shipped  by  tlm 
public  ;  and  as  respects  solili.rj  einlurked  as  Kuaids  in  ships  cbar- 
tcr^d  for  the  tr.iii!p(irt.»tion  of  convict..,  on  a  i-ertiiioale  bciiii;  pr* 
duced  from  the  proper  dep.irlini-ni,  sprcifyiin  Ihe  ininilierof  s  Idiuri 
to  be  eiiiltaiKed  in  each  case;  but  tin  iii.iul^'ei.ce  can  be  pran'.';!  in 
rmarJ  to  Ihe  article  of  soap.— (7'ifnj.  Or./n,  6;h  of  March,  l>.Ui  see 
albo  W/is*i  Jlriltsh  TatiJJ'Jor  lt:3J  and  lfc34,--aii  accurate  and  useful 
publication.) 

\U«t,  hy  which  to  calculate  the  Amount  of  Stores,  of  the  estimated  Average  Number  of  nays'  Dura- 
'  'tion  of  a  Voyage  from  the  United  Kingdom  lo  the  dilforent  Ports  eiminerated,  and  back. 


ikin!  hose 
uning,  8ic. 

Total  of  floating  capital 

ate  is  independent,  of  course,  ot  llie  vilut  r|  : 
'bv  wires :  bul  ihis  n  m\  very  considtni:!, 
•rates  Ihe  lolal  value  of  the  nianul.wurt;  isi  , 
is  barelv  equivalent,  wilhout  even  diJocinlit 
erv  ciin'si.lirable,  to  an  eipeii.hlurf  avmi  tixl 
a  vear  lo  each  indiviilual  iii  (.real  blilJiii,-! 
clineJ  to  tbink  is  decidedly  un  ler  Hit  uuik. 

nmunition,  &c.    It  is  enacicJ, . 
way  of  merchandise,  cxceiil  bv 
Lvo.4.c.  107.). 
;nt  articles  provided  for  the  sub- 

'•s.  I 

driving  from  parts  lioyoiiil  seas  ate 
[ect  similar  coininoilitii's  wlienini. 
1  comptroller  that  the  iiiiaiiiiiyof 

ancea  of  the  vnyafie,  they  maybe 
V  ship,  on  payment  of  llie  [wki 

rh  llie  same  cuuld  nol  be  legally 

Lrd,  and  the  officers  at  such  ports  art  lo  Okl 
f  Ihe  sever.il  eiml.  to  ^hlpl,l•d  are  acHullj  ni 
Iheir  IrrWal,  fnd  have  neilher  be..  co»s.»^  | 
|,neco..Mingv,.p?ei  and  '  J;  "'  7'« 
Bwiii  iy  Com.  oj  Liuloms,  19!hiilltb,l«)., 

\,  allowld  to  U  •Mwid  ??.'''''°'"v{™  j*  I 
l/rM  of  Z)«l  v.-(Cu8U)m's  Mniulc,  29lli  »l  No.. 

Icoffee  or  cocoa,  1  oz.  per  day  for  "*F™  , 
l"n  to  ship  the  entire  .luanli-y  req.iirjJfcr  l!. 
s  of  the»'  articles,  /lolf  an  nz.  odea  Um<  .t- 

.  of  coflee  or  c«-oa  ;  Ihe  tea  ic  be  >lii||*l  u 

Ell  wliicli  it  w.as  iniporleil. 

f  dty  for  the  master,  each  n.ate,  and  uhl 

bonded  vrarehovises  for  rj\^Ttt\m  "«'' 
.ITaSes  containing  not  le,s  ttau  3  Jol.rt|i»l  I 

'',l;;:;!,a:lt;'(nrili.h  ,. Mali™),  1-2 Fi»'l« 

tumlo  be  in  Ihe  pro|»>rl,on  o(  I!  ol ;!«  1 
t,    liroel    Kach  deJcniii.'i.  nfM'"!  '"""f' 
?,     Lrcask  capable  ..(  cntaininS  Ite  M 

1'la.Ki  (l"r"*"  '^  'V'""^'  '^  "'■  '•' '"' " 
1  cr  week  for  each  Iierson  on  lioani- 


Polls  cfPeslinat  ion. 


Days 
of 

Voyage. 


■  Aliefrta 

I  jUoM  ljl« 
Alicanl       ■ 

Aim 

Ao'll"'  ,  • 
Au|u*!inc'8  Hay 

ADCona 
.  Akiinilria  • 

AiMiMion  Isle 
I  AitlHptl'iO  ''I"     ■ 

AOlOtKiDJ    • 

Aic'uinel  ■ 
:  Amiiaba     • 
Alexanilret'a 
Aoipulco,  Mexico    ■ 

Brulnim  • 
Rircplona  • 
BlvofBnsCJ 

Hiilimore  • 
,  Bilniinlsle' 

I I  Ilirta.iots  ■ 
Btrhite  ■ 
Di'tiiiudi  • 
P.i*lon 

■  Hiiiia 
Bruili 

BoenM  Ayres 
BivotCampeachy 
:  Bimlor     ■ 
B'-mliy     • 

Brcpl 

Ri'iBV  Ifcy 
Env-I.i      ■ 
E;emen 
Biyoiine     • 
Bilna 

trSUI     • 

fiirv.Mia     • 

Culscrona  • 

rjrtliJjcna  ■  j 

CipedeVenlelshuls,' 
'  ,      viz. 

SI.  An'onio  ^ 

Si.  Vincent  f 

.   S1.J150  V 

CcoU        •  •  I 

i  finirj'hles 
Cliri!liinia  •  •  I 

Ci'i^flhageQ  •  I 

;  tee 
CiiilaVecchia         • 
Crnica  Ule 
Cayenne     • 

Cil-elliyli-  •   1 

I  hirlestowo 
!  CkfsiiJcake  Bay 
l:(Ua 

CfPMlailt  - 
J' Ciodii  We- 
ll UphaloDia  •  * 

JiCilii'ir     ■ 
l|[il«  Coast  Caille    - 
liCirtha^ua,  Spanish 
1|    mi.n 

j'CireSl.  Miry 

i  C^.riC»i)tinf>ple 
J'  Cu].  mini  River 
I'  Ci.miM     - 


IJO 
121 

t 
110 
110 

ISO 
150 
'60 
I^O 
240 
11*0 
ISO 
120 
420 
1^0 
45(1 
100 
liO 
100 
110 

no 

120 

I.tO 

ISO 
ISO 

uo 

120 
200 
200 
240 
240 
36-) 
365 
400 
4i0 
4M 
42 
80 

to 

FO 
SO 
00 
100 
100 


Ports  of  Destination. 


Cyprus 

Cape  of  Good  Hope  - 

I'alloa 

C'i((uimbo  • 

fbili 

(■,.l(.,ila       - 

Cobiriibo 

Ceylon 

C'uddalore  • 

('hina 

Canton 

Oanlzic 

Ilr-iu'heim  • 

I)  law, ire  Hay 

Di'iiierar.i    • 

Dominica    - 

llavin  Straits 

l-.iiibilen 

Klhing  . 

KUii.tur      . 

KMm  Isle     • 

Pri.n.lty  Islaivls       - 

t";\ie  Libi.tis,  N.Rca- 

Farii  IsUii;),  Cmarica 

Ft-rnil 

Fa>;il 

Kciii.uido  Po 

Falkluirl  hl.-ihiU        . 

U'  Ui-ntnirgh 

Vn.    ihar     . 

Gi'iioa 

(irenada 

Guadaloupe 

Gicece     - 
Giiliiinli      . 
(iree'.ilaiid  fishery    - 
(fOrce 

Guayariuil  - 
Gatijf.inatam 
Goi 

Haniburfrh  - 
Hcliirolaiid  ■ 
H;ivti 
Haiif.x 
Havauuah   . 
Hnriiiuraa    - 
Mil  i.sr.n's  Pay 
H  hTrlTowii 
Iceland 
Ivica 
Italy 

Isif  of  SaMe 
lon'nn  I^iles 
IshiKls  intiir  Archip. 
Isles  (if  France  and 

BiiurboQ  - 
Jamaica 

Java  -  ,  . 

Koiiigblerg- 
Lima 

l^aiironea     • 
Lishnii 
I. u  beck 
l,ejthorn 
l.nii^  Island 
I,a  Giiayta 
I.a  ('niictption 
Miulstroom 
Malaga 
Madeira 
Mt-nit-l 
Mogailore    • 


Days 

ot 

Voyaije. 

180 
210 
400 
400 
3G0 
40U 
3tj5 
365 
400 
4i0 
420 
K»0 
100 
l;iO 

1 60 

1^0 
210 

42 

9') 
100 

r!u 

180 
420 
100 

nr» 

80 

SO 

I«0 

240 

100 

too 

I'iO 
180 
1^0 

180 
IbO 
180 
HiO 
420 
4C0 

42 
42 
2  0 
120 
2(0 
240 
240 
400 
10) 

no 

130 

120 

130 
It^O 

270 
210 
400 
100 
400 
430 
SO 
100 

no 

I  '0 
240 
400 
100 
100 
90 
100 
120 


Forts  of  Destitiatiou. 


Majorca 
Minorca 
M.M'seilles   • 
^^■ssilla 
Nlonlreat 
Malta 

Martinicn     • 
Mariegalante 
Minnilchi  • 
Montsfrat  • 
Maranhain  - 
Mnntc  Vjtleo 
Mada^^nscar- 
Mrxic'i.     riffe  Vera 
Cruz  and  Acajiulco. 
Mn:;a;li)re    - 
Maiiritins    - 
Mitlrag 
M*!aliar       ■ 
Malacca 

Manilla 

Mangalnre 

MaMulipatam 

Moclia 

N  lilies 

Ntwfoiindland 

Norili  Bergen 

N.iij!ps 

N.irbonne    -  • 

Nice 

Nova  Scotia 

New  V'lrk   • 

Nl'W  I'loviiitncc 

New  Orleans 

Nl'W  G'tliica 

New  Soiilii  Wales    . 

New  Z'alaud 

Neiiapalam 

Nb'w  Brunswick 

Neu-pnit      - 

Oporlr) 

Odessa 

Otahfile 

Owhybee     • 

Heteraburgh 

Pillau 

Flactntia  Ilarbonr    . 

Port  St.  Jiihn,  New- 

fmindland 
Port-au  Prince,  Haytl 
Palermo 
Petisacola  • 
Pbibutelpbia 
I'orto  Hico  . 
I'rovidenCf,   B.ahania 

Maud-)      . 
Pernanibnco, 
Pnrlo  Bello  - 
!*ara 
I'auama 
Perd 

Pbilippine  Islands    • 
rniviiclierry 
IVIIew  Islands 
tjiiebcc 

Qnern  Ann'.s  Point    • 
Kio  Grantli'- 
Iliii  Janeiro  • 
Hicbtlle      . 
Hevcl 
Itma 
H'ltren 
Home 


Days 

1 

":r 

of 

Ports  ui*  Destination. 

Voyage. 

Voyage. 

no 

Rhoiie  Island 

ISO 

110 

River  C.uiihia 

190 

130 

SI.  Anoen)  ■ 

1-0 

130 

St.  Cbes       • 

SO 

150 

Salee 

120 

140 

Slellin 

100 

180 

Sloikholm  • 

too 

ISO 

St.  .John's,  Newi'ound. 

120 

100 

SI.  Mary's   - 

95 

ISO 

.St.  Michael's,  Azores 

so 

l!-0 

St.  John,  New  Uruns. 

120 

230 

SI.  Andrew,  ..lo. 

120 

270 

Salerno 

1.10 

Sardinia  Islo 

1.30 

Siisa 

120 

103 

Savannah    • 

150 

270 

Syravusu 

14U 

400 

SI.  Au^iisiine's  Ray  . 

10 

365 

St.  Helena  . 

210 

400 

Sydney,  N.  S.  Wales 

400 

420 

Siiinalia 

400 

363 

S  cit-'y  Inlands 

420 

400 

S^-.aii  "River 

363 

365 

Singapore    • 

.165 

SO 

Suiat 

363 

120 

Suidwich  K.':s 

420 

KO 

.Sonlh  Sf-a  (Isliery 

3  ye.vrs 

130 

Si.  Barllif.lonieiv 

ISO 

130 

St.  Croix      - 

ISO 

1.30 

.St.  Cliristophtr's      - 

l.'^O 

ISO 

S'.  Drininso 

210 

123 

St.  Kns:a'ia 

ISO 

120 

SI.  Uiria     . 

ISO 

163 

.St.  Marlin   • 

ISO 

I'.K) 

St.  'I'linnias 

ISO 

400 

St.  Viiirei.t'l 

ISO 

4iO 

.Salonika 

ISO 

400 

Saiila  Martl-.a 

240 

400 

SI.  Salvador.or  Bahia 

200 

120 

SI.  Selnstian 

210 

120 

Senriral 

ISO 

SO 

Sierra  Leone 

ISO 

540 

Si-an  laroon  - 

ISO 

420 

Syra 

1^0 

420 

siiivrna 

liiO 

1(0 

Taiu'i;-!-       - 

120 

100 

•I'niiiiy  Hay 

120 

120 

Tunis 

120 

Tarragona  • 

no 

120 

'rrnningeii  * 

42 

210 

Toulon 

130 

130 

Tripoli 

120 

100 

Teneiille     . 

95 

120 

Torl.ila 

ISO 

210 

Tobajo 

ISO 

Trinidad      - 

ISO 

100 

Trieste 

160 

IM 

Tru-iillo      . 

4IU 

240 

Timor 

420 

IS5 

Tellicherry 

365 

420 

Traiupiel  ar 

i        400 

4l'0 

Ti'incoinal 

1       3S0 

420 

Viso 

80 

4(0 

Valencia 

no 

420 

Venice 

160 

150 

Vira  Cmz   ■ 

260 

18) 

Vcne/uela  - 

240 

200 

Vahfivia 

400 

ii.'O 

Valp:!ra;so  • 

400 

SO 

Van  Dienien's  Land  - 

i>.  ' 

ton 

Wyl.ur^      - 

too 

100 

/..ra            - 

160 

100 

■/.ra 

160 

130 

/.ante  Isle    • 

160 

Fur  such  placi'g  iis  arc  not  included  in  the  List,  Ihe  same  allowance  should  be  granted  as  ih  given  to 
|lhe  place  nearest  thereunto. 

STR.\NI)ING,  in  navic;ation,  the  running  of  a  ship  on  shoro,  or  on  thn  boach. 

It  is  the  iii,,;iial)lc  practice  to  su.ijoin  tlie  loliovving  ineniorandnni  to  policies  of  insurance 
Jesecuteil  by  private  indiviilunls  in  this  country  : — "  iV.  li. — Corn,  fish,  salt,  fruit,  flour,  and 
l(«l,  are  warranted  free  from  average,  unless  general,  or  the  fihip  he  xlrimdrd ,-  sugar,  to- 
Ikcco,  hemp,  (la.'s,  hides,  and  skins,  are  warranted  free  from  average  under  5/.  per  cent. ;  and 

1  iillier  goods,  also  the  ship  and  freight,  aro  warranted  free  of  average  under  3/.  percent., 
hiiiloss gciieriil,  nr  the  ship  be  stranded" 

Vol.  II.— 3  A  70        ' 


554 


STURGEON  FISHERY.  SUCCORY. 


Wl. 

.■jm 

..^ 

■btv 

■    :fli 

r 

1 

.^ 

K^ 

•> 

c 

i/iwi 

%»•. 

.1 

"*"'• 

«%« 

c^":^' 

--V 

i| 

•••r 

■'Ok.. 

«»s» 

«B^ 

,-.-''^'l« 

•■£■ 

'"'^l 

•r 

'■T  'si! 

■Ji 

«>i 

p' 

r 

":::i? 

^ 


It  is,  therefore,  of  the  greatest  importance  accurately  to  define  what  shall  be  <leniiicd  a 
stranding.  But  this  is  no  easy  matter;  and  much  diversity  of  opinion  has  beon  nntertainej 
with  respect  to  it.  It  would,  however,  appear  that  merely  striking  against  a  rock,  Imnk,  or 
shore,  is  not  a  stranding;  and  that,  to  constitute  it,  the  ship  must  be  upon  the  rock,  tScc.  for 
some  time  (how  long  ?). — Mr.  Ju^^tico  Park  has  the  following  observations  on  this  subji-ct;, 
"  It  is  not  every  touching  or  striking  upon  a  fixed  body  in  the  sea  or  river  that  will  consii. 
tute  a  stranding.  Thus,  Lord  Ellenborough  held,  that  in  order  to  establish  a  stranding,  ihe 
ship  must  be  stationary ,  for  that  merely  striking  on  a  rock,  and  remniinng  there  a  short 
time  (as  in  the  case  at  the  bar,  about  a  minute  and  a  half),  and  then  passing  on,  thoiisjh  the 
vessel  may  have  received  sume  injury,  is  -lot  a  stranding.  Lord  Ellenborough's  lai)iruj„j 
is  important. — Ex  vi  termini  stranding  m.  ans  lying  on  the  shore,  or  something  analogous 
to  that.  To  use  a  vulgar  phrase,  which  has  .'een  applied  to  this  subject,  if  it  be  tinich  and  m, 
with  the  ship,  there  is  no  stranding.  It  cannot  be  enough  that  the  ship  lie  for  a  few  momenta 
on  her  beam  ends.  Every  striking  must  necessarily  produce  a  retardation  of  the  ship's  motion, 
If  l>y  the  force  of  the  elements  she  is  run  aground,  and  becomes  stationary,  it  is  immaterial  wjip! 
ther  this  be  on  piles,  on  the  muddy  bank  of  a  river,  or  on  rocks  on  the  sea  shore ;  but  a  mere 
striking  will  not  do,  ttherever  that  m-^  '  Happen.  I  cannot  look  to  the  consequences,  witli. 
out  considering  the  causa  cnusans.  '  '  lere  has  been  a  curiosity  in  the  cases  about  str.indinn 
not  creditable  to  the  law.     A  liitlc  common  sense  may  dispose  of  them  more  s.itist'drtorilv.' 

This  is  the  clearest  and  most  satisfactory  statement  we  have  met  with  on  this  suliject^ 
still,  however,  it  is  very  vague.  Lord  Ellenborough  and  Mr.  Justice  Park  hold,  that  to  con- 
stitute a  stranding,  the  ship  must  be  stationary ,-  but  they  also  hold,  that  if  sl.o  tneri'ly  re- 
main upon  a  rock,  &c,  for  a  sfiort  lime,  shi  is  not  to  be  considered  as  having  been  stationarr, 
Hence  every  thing  turns  upon  what  shall  be  considered  as  a  short  time.  And  we  caiinoi 
help  thinking  that  it  would  be  better;  in  order  to  put  to  rest  all  doubts  upon  the  sulijcci  to 
decide  either  that  every  striking  against  a  rock,  the  shore,  &c.  by  which  damage  is  done  to  the 
ship,  should  be  considered  a  stranding ;  or  that  no  striking  against  a  rock,  &c.  siiould  be 
considered  as  such,  provided  the  ship  be  got  otF  within  a  specified  time.  Perhaps  a  Ilk 
would  be  the  most  proper  period  that  conld  be  fixed. 

The  insurance  companies  exclude  the  words,  "or  the  ship-be  stranded^''  from  the  memo- 
randum.  (See  Ix.WUANCE,  MAHIIfE.) 

STURGEON  FISHERY.     The  sturgeon  is  a  large,  valuable,  and  well  known  fish, of 
which  there  are  several  species,  viz.  the  sturgeon,  properly  so  called,  or  Accij)ens(:r  sturo  ■ 
the  beluga,  or  Accipeiiser  huso ,-  the  sevruga,  or  Accipenser  stellaius,  &c.     The  sturgeon 
annually  ascends  our  rivers,  but  in  no  great  number,  and  is  taken  by  accident  in  the  salmon 
nets.     It  is  plentiful  in  the  North  Ame''-  'n  rivers,  and  on  the  southern  shores  of  the  Bal- 
tic ;  and  is  met  with  in  the  Mediterranean,  &c.     But  it  is  found  in  the  greatest  abundant 
on  the  northern  shores  of  the  Caspian,  and  in  the  rivers  Wolga  and  Ifral ;  ani  there  iij  I 
fishery  employs  a  great  number  of  hands,  and  is  an  important  object  of  national  industry. 
Owing  to  the  length  and  strictness  of  the  Lents  in  the  Greek  Church,  the  consumption  of  I 
fish  in  Russia  is  immense ;  and  from  its  central  position,  ano  the  facilities  alVoidi'd  for  (heir  | 
conveyance  by  the  Wolga,  the  products  of  the  Caspian  fishery,  and  those  of  its  iributarv 
streams,  are  easily  distributed  over  a  vast  extent  of  country.     Besides  the  pickled  carcases  I 
of  the  fish,  caviar  is  prepared  from  the  roes ;  and  isinglass,  of  the  best  quality,  from  the 
sounds.     The  caviar  made  by  the  Ural  Cossacks  is  reckoned  superior  to  any  other;  aiiduolh 
it  and  isinglass  are  exported  in  considerable  quantities.   The  belugas  are  sometimes  of  a  very 
large  size,  weighing  from  1,000  to  1,500  lbs.,  and  yield  a  good  deal  of  oil.    'J'hc  seallisherv 
is  also  pretty  extensively  prosecuted  in  the  Caspian.   The  reader  will  find  a  detailed  account 
of  the  mode  in  which  the  tishery  is  carried  on  in  the  Caspian,  and  in  the  rivers  Wolga  and 
Ural,  in  Tooke's  Rusnia,  vol.  iii.  pp.  49 — 72.     We  subjoin  the  following  olli  iai  statefflenl 
of  the  produce  of  the  Russian  fisheries  of  the  Caspian  and  its  tributary  streams  in  ISM  I 
and  1S29: — 


re»r. 

Number  of 
PcnoiM  employed. 

Number  of  Fiili  taken. 

Praluclsof  Stiirnmii, 

Id 
Fishin;. 

In 

huiitlDj; 
Seaila. 

SlurgeoD. 

Sevniga. 

Belug*. 

Smus 
(Carp). 

Sells. 

Caviar. 

Cardhsc.       '"*'* 

I82B 
1829 

?,S97 
H,760 

2S4 

257 

43,0M 
68,325 

6>3,I64        23,069 
697,116    '.    20,391 

8,353 
5,9.10 

99,5S4 
69.S72 

Ptmils.  Ill 
34,5111)    1 
2'<,420    7 

Pmi:l.i.  //.!.  '  yonil!.  111. 
1,20:  flJ     '     ijiii? 

SUCCORY,  oil  CHICCORY,  the  wild  endive,  or  Cichnnum  htfybns  of  Linnirus.  Ttiil 
plant  is  found  growing  wild  on  calcareous  soils  in  England,  and  in  most  countne.-!of  EuwiaJ 
In  its  natural  state  the  ^.tcm  rises  from  1  to  It  feel  high,  but  when  cultivated  it  shoots  to  the  | 
height  of  .5  or  6  feet.  Tlie  root  runs  deep  into  the  ground,  and  is  white,  fleshy,  aiidyiel 
a  milivy  juice.  It  is  cultivated  to  some  extent  in  this  country  as  an  lierbagc  plant,  its  excel- 1 
lence  in  this  respect  hf  -ing  been  strongly  insisted  upon  by  the  late  Arthur  Youns.  Butin] 
Germany,  and  in  some  parts  of  the  Ncil»erldrids  and  France,  it  is  extensively  cultivated  foi  I 


ORY. 

inc  what  shall  be  (lepincil  g 
Dpinion  hns  benii  ciUcrtaineil 
Icing  again-st  a  rock,  bunk,  or 
ast  be  upon  the  rock,  &c.  for 
jscrvations  on  this  subjnct  ;- 
sea  or  river  that  will  consti. 
r  to  establish  a  slnuiding,  the 
nd  remaiinnn  there  a  nhoH 
1  then  passing  on,  ihousjh  the 
ord  Ellenborough's  Iani,'ua5e 
Ijore,  or  something  analogous 
3  subject,  if  it  be  tauch  nndgr, 
the  ship  lie  for  a  few  monicuu 
ilardation  of  the  ship's  motion. 
tationary,  it  is  immaterial  whe. 
s  on  the  sea  shore ;  but  a  mere 
(ok  to  the  consequences,  with. 
ty  in  the  cases  about  strAmlin; 
B  of  them  more  f.,itistdrtorily," 
ive  met  with  on  this  suliject; 
Justice  Park  hold,  that  to  con. 
io  hold,  that  if  sl.e  merely  re- 
ered  as  having  been  stationary, 
I  short  time.     And  we  caniioi 
dl  doubts  upon  the  sulijf-ct,  to 
by  which  damage  is  d.iiietoihe 
against  a  rock,  &c.  s!)ould  be 
lecijicd  lime.     Perhaps  a  /iA 

Jje  stranded,"  from  the  memo- 

uahle,  and  well  known  fish.ot 
so  called,  or  Accipensn  duro; 
r  stellatus,  &c.    The  sturgeon 
taken  by  accident  in  the  salmon 
he  southern  shores  of  the  Bal- 
jund  in  the  greati^sl  iitiunJana 
Volga  and  Ural ;  an  i  there  it) 
.nt  object  of  national  industry, 
\  Church,  the  consumption  ot 
li  the  facilities  alVoidfd  for  their 
Ihery,  and  those  of  its  tributary 
Besides  the  pi(-klcd  carcases 
!,  of  the  best  quality,  from  the 
superior  to  any  other;  andoolh 
belugas  are  sometimes  of  a  very 
_  deal  of  oil.    'J'he  seal  fishery 
^dcr  will  find  a  detailed  accounl  j 
In,  and  in  the  rivers  Woljai 
[he  following  olli  ial  statemcnl  i 
its  tributary  stroains  in  ISJS 


SUGAR. 


556 


FroJuclJ  of  Slur^mii. 


I     U  »i!0      1  I  JO'  ^■'  I-''"   '  1 

Lot  Itifybm  of  I.innifus.  Thb 
id  in  most  couiitncsof  EumiAj 
ihen  cultivated  it  shoots  to  the 
land  is  white.  Ilcshy.  andyielJi 
\  as  an  herbage  plant,  its  eicel- 
lu«  late  Arthur  Youns.  Dutial 
1  it  is  extensively  cultivated  foil 


the  sake  of  its  root,  which  ia  used  as  a  substitute  for  cofTce;  and  it  is  this  circumstance 
only  that  has  induced  us  to  mention  it.  When  pre/^/cd  on  a  largo  scale,  the  roots  are  par- 
tially Jr'cil.  and  sold  to  the  manufacturers  of  the  arti  ?,  who  wash  them,  cut  them  in  pieces, 
kiln-dry  them,  and  grind  them  between  fluted  rollers  ito  a  powder,  which  is  j.acked  up  in 
papers  containing  from  2  oz.  to  3  or  4  lbs.  The  powder  has  a  striking  resemblance  to  dark 
ground  coffee,  and  a  strong  odour  of  liquorice.  It  his  been  extenbively  used  in  Prussia, 
Brunswick,  and  other  parts  of  Germany,  for  several  years  ;  but  as  it  wants  the  essential  oil 
and  the  rich  aromatic  flavour  of  cotlee,  it  has  little  in  common  with  the  latter  except  its 
colour,  and  has  nothing  to  recommend  it  except  its  cheapness.  It  is  only  lately  that  suc- 
cory powder  began  to  be  used  in  England ;  but,  within  the  last  3  years,  considerable  quan- 
tities have  been  imported  from  Hamburgh,  Antwerp,  &c.  We  believe,  too,  that  a  small 
quantity  has  been  produced  in  the  Isle  of  Thanet. — (^Loudon's  Enci/c.  of  Agriculture  ; 
Kef.n'x  Cyclopaedia ,-  and  private  infc.rmationj 

Succory,  when  first  imported,  l)ein(,'  an  nnenumerated  article,  was  cliargrd  wilJi  a  dnty  nf  20  per 
cent,  ail  vulorem.  Hut  itie  average  price  (if  iiritisti  plantation  coffee  may  be  talten  al  HUs.  per  cvvt.  in 
bond;  '""'  ""'  ''"'V'  l'«'ns  t6s.  per  cwt.,  is  eqiiivalont  to  an  ad  valorem  dnty  of  al)oni  70  per  ccnt.j  bo 
idjlc.i^ie  ""'■'  li'^"l  mure  than  three  times  as  much  as  succory.  Had  cotTee  been  a' ways  sold  nniironnd, 
ll)l3  distinction  in  the  duties  wonld  tiave  been  less  objectionable  ;  lii.t  as  tlie  lowcr'classes,  who  are 
„ow  tlieftreatconsinnersof  colfee,  have  no  facilities  lor  roast initatid  (iriiidinL' it  at  iinnie,  tliey  nnifnrnily 
biiv  it  in  the  slnipe  of  powder  ;  lii'nce  it  is  plain  that  the  iliscrimiiiatiiiB  duty  in  favonr  nf  snccory  nnist 
have  .icteil  as  a  preniinni  upon,  ind  an  incentive  to  the  udnlteralion  of  cotlee  by  its  intermixture.  We 
arc,  tlii'refore,  clad  to  have  to  slate  ttnit  it  has  been  abolished,  and  that  snccory  is  now  subjected  to  a 
duty  of  tW.  per  lb.  The  imposition  of  ditrerent  dniies  n[mn  convertible  articles' \s  qnile  subversive  of 
fverysounil  principle  ;  and,  whether  it  be  so  intended  or  not,  is  calculated  only  to  promote  adultera- 
lion  and  fraud. 

SUttAU  (Fr,  Sucre,-  Ger.  Ziicher ,-  It.  Zucchero ,-  Tluss.  Snchar ,-  Sp,  Azucar ,-  Arab. 
Siikliir ;  Malay,  Soola,-  Sans.  Sarkard),  a  sweet  granulated  substance,  too  well  known  to 
require u. ;'  particular  description.  It  is  every  where  in  extensive  use;  and  in  this  country 
ranks  rather  among  the  indispensable  necessaries  of  life,  than  among  luxuries.  In  point  of 
commercial  importance,  it  is  second  to  very  few  articles.  It  is  chiefly  prepared  from  the  ex- 
pressscd  juice  of  the  arundn  saccharifera,  or  sugar  cane ;  but  it  is  also  prepared  from  an 
immense  variety  of  other  plants,  as  maple,  beet  root,  birch,  parsnep,  &c. 

1,  Species  of  Siitrar. — The  sugar  met  with  in  commerce  is  usually  of  4  sorts; — brown, 
or  muscovado  sugar ;  clayed  sugar  ;  refined,  or  loaf  su<^ar ;  and  sugar  candy.  The  dillerence 
between  one  sort  of  sugar  and  another  depends  altogethi'"  on  the  difltjrent  modes  in  which 
they  are  prepared. 

i.  Brawn,  or  Muscovac-i  Suirar. — The  plants  or  canes  being  crushed  in  a  mill,  the  juice, 
having  pas.sed  through  a  strainer,  is  collected  in  the  clarifier,  where  it  is  first  expo.sed  to  the 
action  of  a  gentle  fire,  after  being  "  tempered"  (mixed  with  alkali),  for  the  purpose  of  faci- 
htaling  the  separation  of  the  liquoi"  from  its  impurities.  It  is  then  conveyed  into  the  large 
evaporatina;  coppor,  and  successively  into  two  others,  each  of  smaller  size;  the  superintend- 
ini;  boiler  •Vccing  it,  during  th^  i)rocess,  fron-  the  scum  and  feculent  matters  which  rise  to  the 
surface.  The  syrup  then  reaches  the  last  copper  ve.'ssel,  calleil  the  ''striking  tache,"  where 
it  is  boiled  till  sulficientiy  concentrated  to  be  capable  of  granulating  in  the  cooler,  whence  it 
is  transferred  with  the  least  possible  delay,  to  prevent  charring.  Here  it  soon  ceases  to  be  a 
liquid;  and  when  fully  crystallised,  is  put  into  hogsheads  (called  "pottiiii^"),  placed  on  their 
ends  in  the  curing-house,  with  several  apertures  in  their  bottoms,  through  which  the  molasses 
drains  into  a  cistern  below.  In  tltis  state  they  remain  till  properly  cured,  when  the  casks  are 
filled  up,  and  prepared  for  shipment. 

2,  Chii/id  S!i<i:;ar  is  prepared  by  taking  the  juice,  as  in  the  case  of  muscovado  sttgar,  when 
boiled  to  a  proper  consistency,  and  pouring  it  into  conical  pots  with  the  apex  downwards. 
Vse  pots  have  a  hole  at  the  lower  extremity,  through  which  the  molasses  or  syrup  is 
allowed  to  drain.  After  this  drain  has  continued  for  some  time,  a  stratum  of  moistened 
cliiv  is  spread  over  the  surface  of  the  pots ;  the  moisture  of  which  piircolaling  through  the 
mas    is  I'miinl  to  contribute  powerfully  to  its  pnrilic.ation. 

3,  Rffinid  Siiirfir  nmy  be  (irepareil  from  muscovado  or  clayed  sugar,  by  redissotving  the 
fdjar  in  water,  and,  after  boiling  it  with  some  purifying  substances,  pouring  it,  as  before, 
into  conical  pots,  which  are  again  covered  with  moistened  clay.    A  repetition  of  this  process 

j  produces  thubk  r'Jiiud  sugar.     But  a  variety  of  iiniirovcd  processes  are  now  resorted  to. 

4,  Hiiv^ar  Ct/udi/. — Solutions  of  brown  or  cla>ed  sujtar,  boiled  till  tln-y  become  thick, 
and  then  removed  into  a  hot  room,  form,  upon  sticks  or  strings  put  into  the  vessel  for  that 
purpose,  into  >Tystals  or  candy. 

II.  Hlnlorictil  Av(//(.-e  of  Sit!j;ar. — The  history  of  sugar  is  involved  in  a  good  deal  of  ob- 
scmiiy.  It  was  very  iinpi^rfectly  known  tiy  the  fireeks  and  Uomans.  Theophraslus,  who 
1  lived  about  IKO  years  before  the  Cliristian  era,  the  first  writer  whose  works  have  come  down 
to  us  by  whom  it  is  mentioned,  calls  it  a  sort  of  "honey  extracted  from  canes  or  reeds." 
Strabo  states,  oi.  iho  authority  of  Nearchus,  Alexander's  admiral,  that  "  reeds  in  India  yield 
honey  without.  Iiee>'.."  And  Seneca,  who  was  put  to  death  in  the  ti5th  year  of  the  ('tiristian 
er,i,  ahuiles  (Ejiist..  84.)  to  the  sugar  cane,  in  a  manner  which  shows  that  he  knew  next  to 


656 


SUGAR. 


Mn  -Mi 


;J 


>«ib 


vil 


.^.-iK* 


'**,;;..aia.r 


nothing  of  sugar,  and  absolutely  nothing  of  the  manner  in  which  it  is  prepared  ?nd  obtaitiuj 
from  the  cane. 

Of  the  ancients,  Dioscoridcs  and  Pliny  have  given  the  most  precise  description  of  Hii^tjf 
The  former  says,  it  is  "  a  sort  of  concreted  honey,  found  upon  canfs,  in  India,  and  Aniliiii  1\,. 
lix ;  it  is  in  consistence  like  salt,  and  is,  like  it,  brittle  between  the  teeth."  And  Pliny  j,,. 
scribes  it  as  "  honey  collected  from  canes,  like  a  gum,  white  and  brittle  between  the  tcoth; 
the  largest  is  of  the  size  of  a  hazel  nut :  it  is  used  in  medicine  only." — {Saccharuin  el  Arul,i^ 
ftrt,  sed  laudalius  India  ,-  est  aufein  iiiel  in  arundiiiibus  col/eclum,  gitinnuuin  rnoJ<)  am- 
diduin,  dciitibiis  fragile,  ainplisnimuin  tnicis  aucllunx  inugniludine,  ad  medicinx  tantum 
usum, — Lib.  xii.  c.  8.) 

It  is  evident,  from  these  statements,  that  the  knowledge  of  the  Greeks  and  Romann  widj 
resi)ect  to  the  mode  of  obtaining  sugar  was  uinguhirly  iinpt^rfect.  Thoy  appear  lo  hmo 
thought  that  it  was  found  adhering  to  the  cane,  or  that  it  issued  fn)m  it  in  the  slate  orjuiLc 
and  then  concreted  like  gum.   Indeed  Lucan  expressly  alludes  to  Indians  near  the  Ganges.^ 

Quiqtte  hibunt  tencrd  dukes  ah  arundine  succos, — (Lib.  iii.  1.  237.) 

But  these  statements  arc  evidently  without  foundation.  Sugar  cannot  be  obtainnd  from 
the  cane  without  the  aid  of  art.  It  is  never  found  native.  Instfad  of  flowing  from  the  pliim, 
it  must  be  forcibly  expressed,  and  then  subjected  to  a  variety  of  processes. 

Dr.  Moseley  conjectures,  apparently  with  much  probability,  that  the  sugar  (Ipscribp.l  hv 
Pliny  and  Dioscoridcs,  as  being  made  use  of  at  Home,  was  sugar  candy  obiaiiUMl  IV,),]) 
(Jhina.  This,  indeed,  is  the  only  sort  of  sugar  to  which  their  description  will  at  all  nppiv, 
And  it  would  seem  that  the  mode  of  preparing  sugar  candy  has  l)cen  understood  and  [inu. 
tised  in  China  from  a  very  remote  antiquity;  and  that  large  ((uantities  of  it  have  been  iiiuii 
ages  exported  to  India,  whence,  it  is  most  probable,  small  quantities  found  their  wav  to 
Rome. — (Treatise  on  Sii^ar,  2d  edit.  pp.  66 — 71.  This,  as  well  as  Dr.  Moseley 's  Trciilke 
on  Coffee,  is  a  very  learned  and  able  work.) 

Europe  seems  to  be  indebted  to  the  Saracens  not  only  for  the  first  considerable  supplies 
of  sugar,  but  for  the  earliest  example  of  its  manufacture.  Having,  in  the  course  ot'  the 
9th  century,  conquered  Rhodes,  Cyprus,  Sicily,  and  Crete,  the  Saracens  introduced  inio 
them  the  sugar  cane,  with  the  cultivation  and  preparation  of  which  they  were  faiiiilinr.  It 
is  mentioned  by  the  Venetian  historians,  that  their  countrymen  imported,  in  the  12th  cfii- 
tury,  sugar  from  Sicily  at  a  cheaper  rate  than  they  could  import  it  from  Egypt. — {Emiiik 
I'Hisliiire  du  Commerce  de  Feni.se,  p.  100.)  The  crusades  tended  to  spread  a  taste  for  sii?at 
throughout  the  Western  world  ;  but  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  it  was  cultivated,  as  iiw 
slated,  in  modern  Europe,  antecedently  to  the  era  of  the  crusades;  and  that  it  was  also  pre- 
viously imported  by  the  Venetians,  Amalphitans,  and  others,  who  carried  on  a  commercial 
intercourse,  from  a  very  remote  epoch,  with  Alexandria  and  other  cities  in  the  Levant.  It 
was  certainly  imported  into  Venice  in  996. —  (See  the  E.ssai,  <Vc.  p.  70.) 

Tlie  art  of  retining  sugar,  and  making  what  is  called  loaf-sugar,  is  a  modern  European 
invention,  the  discovery  of  a  Venetian  about  the  end  of  the  15th  or  the  begimiiiig  of  the 
16th  century. — (Muscleiy,  p.  66.) 

The  Saracens  introduced  the  cultivation  of  the  sugar  cane  into  Spain  soon  aftrr  lliey  oli. 
tained  a  footing  in  that  country.  'J'he  first  plantations  were  at  Valencia ;  but  they  were  :it;ir- 
wards  extended  to  Granada  and  Murcia.  Mr.  Thomas  Willougliby,  who  iravcllod  over 
great  part  of  Spain  in  1664,  has  given  an  interesting  account  of  the  state  of  the  Spanish 
sugar  plantations,  and  of  the  mode  of  manufacturing  the  sugar. 

Plants  of  the  sugar  cane  were  carried  by  the  Spaniards  and  Portuguese  to  the  Canary 
Islands  and  Madeira,  in  the  early  part  of  the  i5ih  century  ;  and  it  has  been  assprtiJ  In- 
many,  that  these  islands  furnished  the  first  plants  of  the  sugarcane  that  ever  grow  in  America, 

But  though  it  is  sufficiently  established,  that  the  S|)aniards  early  conveyed  i)hiiils  of  llif 
sugar  cane  to  the  New  World,  there  can  be  no  doubt,  notwithstanding  Iluinboldt  seems  to 
incline  to  the  opposite  opinion  {Es'/ri  Po/itir/ue  stir  Id  Nnuvei.'e  Esprrrriic,  liv.  iv,  c.  10.], 
that  this  was  a  work  of  supererogation  .  and  that  the  cane  was  indigenous  both  to  the  Ameri- 
can continent  and  islands.  It  was  not  for  the  |)lant  itself,  which  flourished  s[)oiitiiiK'oiisly  in 
many  parts  when  it  was  discovered  by  Coluiid>us,  but  lor  the  secret  of  making  sin^'ur  f.oiii  it, 
that  the  New  World  is  indebted  to  the  Spaniards  and  Porlugue.sc ;  and  these  to  tlie  iialions  j 
of  the  East. — (See  Lajilriu,  Mceurs  des  Huurai^fis,  tome  ii.  p.  150.;  EdwanL's  Wat  In- 
dies, vol.  ii.  p-  238.) 

B;irbadoes  is  the  oldest  settlement  of  the  English  in  the  West  Indies.     They  took  pos-  j 
session  of  it  in  1 627  ;  and  so  early  as  10 16  began  to  export  sugar.     In   1670,  the  IraJo  of 
Barbadoes  is  said  to  have  attained  its  maxinunn,  being  then  capable  of  einployiiig  400  sail 
of  vessels,  averaging  150  tons  burden. 

.lainaica  was  discovered  by  Columbus,  in  his  second  voyage,  and  was  first  o'Tupieil  by  the 
Spaniards.  It  was  wn'sted  from  them  by  an  expedition  sent  against  it  by  Cioinuiil. in 
1656;  and  has  since  contiimcd  in  i,ur  possession,  forming  bv  fir  the  most  vahnlile  of  out 
West  Indian  ctdonies.     At  the  lime  when  it  was  conipicrcd,  there  were  only  3  small  ;Uiyt 


SUGAR. 


557 


it  is  prepared  ?nd  obtained 

ccisc  description  of  su!,'ar, 
3,  in  India,  and  Ariil)ia  Fe. 
le  teeth."  And  Pliny  dc- 
brittle  between  tbo  tioih; 
." — (^Sacclinruin  et  Anihk 
urn,  guinmium  modo  em- 
iline^ad  medtcinx  tanlum 

Greeks  and  Romans  with 
ffct,  Tboy  appear  In  h;ivo 
from  it  in  the  slate  otjuice, 
Indians  near  the  Ganges,— 

,.  iii.  1.  237.) 

i\r  cannot  be  obtained  from 
;id  of  Uowing  from  liie  plum, 
processe^i. 

thiit  iho  sugar  doscrilied  l,y 
sugar  candy  oblaini'il  I'lom 
doscriplion  will  at  all  niiply, 
I  been  understood  and  pr.u. 
iintilies  of  it  have  been  in  all 
juantities  found  their  way  tj 
ell  us  Dr.  Moselcy's  Trealm 

le  first  considerable  supplies 
Having,  in  the  course  of  the 
the  Saracens  introduced  iiiio 
vhich  they  were  familiar.  It 
;n  imported,  in  the  12th  ceii- 
rt  it  from  Egypt.— (LVshm/c 
tided  to  spread  a  taste  for  su;at 
hat  it  was  cultivated,  as  now 
dcs ;  and  that  it  was  also  pre- 

ho  carried  on  a  coinniercml 
ither  cities  in  the  Levant,   It 
[Vr.p.70.) 
i-sugar,  18  a  modern  Luropran 

Ifnh  or  the  beginning  of  the 


plantations  upon  It.  But,  in  consequence  of  the  influx  of  English  settlers  from  Barbadocs 
aiid  the  mother  country,  fresh  plantations  were  speedily  formed,  and  continued  rapidly  to 
increase. 

The  sugar  cane  is  said  to  have  been  first  cultivated  in  St.  Domingo,  or  Hayti,  in  1.500.  It 
succeeded  belter  there  than  in  any  other  of  the  West  Indian  Islands.  P<ter  Martyr,  in  a 
work  published  in  1530,  states  that,  in  1518,  there  were  28  sugar-works  in  St.  Domingo 
estaMishcd  by  the  Spaniards.  "It  is  marvellous,"  says  he,  "  to  consider  how  all  things 
increase  and  prosper  in  the  island.  There  are  now  28  sugar  p.esses,  wherewith  great  plenty 
of  sugar  is  made.  The  canes  or  reeds  wherein  the  sugar  groweth  are  bigger  and  higher  than 
in  any  "thcr  place  ;  and  are  as  big  as  a  man's  wrist,  and  higher  than  the  stature  of  a  man  by 
the  hiilf.  '1'1''8  is  more  wonderful,  that  whereas  in  Valencia,  in  Spain,  where  a  great  quantity 
of  sugar  is  made  yearly,  whensoever  they  apply  themselves  to  the  great  increase  thereof, 
jet  doth  every  root  bring  forth  not  past  5  or  6,  or  at  most  7  of  these  reeds  ;  whereas  in  St. 
Domingo  1  root  beareth  20,  and  oftentimes  30." — (Eng.  trans,  p.  172.) 

Sugar  from  St.  Domingo  formed,  for  a  very  long  period,  the  principal  part  of  the  European 
supplies.  Previously  to  its  devastation,  in  1790,  no  fewer  than  65,000  tons  of  sugar  were 
1  exports^  from  the  French  portion  of  the  island. 

HI,  Sources  whence  the  Supply  of  Sugar  is  derived.— The  West  Indies,  Urazil,  giiirinnm,  Java,  Mnnri- 
liiis,  UengHl,  Siiiiii,  llie  Islu  de  Boiirboii,  and  tlie  I'liilippines,  are  tlie  principal  snurcna  whence  tliu  sup- 
lilies  required  for  the  European  and  American  inarltels  are  derived.  Tlie  average  quantities  exported 
from  these  countries  during  each  of  the  3  years  ending  with  1833  were  nearly  as  follows  :— 

British  West  Indies,  including  Detnerara  and  Berbice 
Mauritius  -.-... 

Bengal,  Isle  de  Bourbon,  Java,  Siam,  Pliilippines,  &c. 
Cuba  and  Porto  Ilico         .  -  .  .  . 

French,  Uutcli,  and  Danish  West  Indies'.     ... 
Bra/.d  ...... 


Tons. 

190,000 
30,000 
60,000 

110,000 
95,000 
75,000 


■  500,000  tons. 


Loafer  lump  sugar  is  unknown  in  the  East,  sugar  candy  being  the  only  species  of  refined  sugar  that 
ijmaile  use  of  in  India,  China,  &c.  The  manufacture  of  sugar  candy  is  carritul  on  in  Ilindoatun,  but 
(lie  process  is  extremely  rude  and  imperfect.  In  China,  however,  it  is  manufactured  in  a  very  supe- 
lior  manner  and  large  i|uuntities  are  exported.  When  of  the  best  description,  it  is  in  large  white  crys- 
uls.aml  isa  very  beautiful  article.  Two  sorts  of  sugar  candy  are  met  with  at  Canton,  viz.  Cliinchew 
anil  Canton;  the  former  being  the  produce  of  the  province  of  Fokien,  and  the  latter,  as  its  name 
implies,  of  that  of  Canton.  The  Chinchew  is  by  far  the  best,  and  is  about  50  per  cent,  di^arer  than 
llie  other.  Chinese  sugar  candy  is  consumed,  to  the  almost  total  exclusion  of  any  other  species  of 
sujar,  liy  the  Europeans  at  the  different  settlements  throughout  the  East.  There  were  exported  from 
laiilon,  in  18:11-32,  by  British  ships,  32,279  piculs  {38,-127  cwt.)  of  sugar  candy,  valued  at  212,11(10  dol- 
lars; and  lifl,t)27  piculs  (72,175  cwt.)  of  clayed  sugar,  valued  at  318,250  dollars  ;  and  during  the  previous 
year  the  exports  were  about  50  per  cent,  greater.— (See  vol.  i.,  pp.  302,  303.)  Th.-  exports  by  the  Anieri- 
caiisarc  also  considerable.  At  an  average,  the  exports  of  sugar  from  Canton  may  be  taki'U  al  from 
6,11(1(110  i'\U(IO  tons  ;  but  of  this  only  a  small  quantity  liiids  its  way  to  Europe.    The  exports  f.um  Siara 

\  anilCuchin-China  are  estimated  at  about  12,500  tons. 

Consumption  of  Sugar  in  FAirope,  Sfc. — Mr.  Cook  gives  the  following  Table  of  the  im- 

I  ports  of  sugar  into  France  and  the  principal  Continental  ports  in  1831,  1832,  and  1833, 
and  of  the  stocks  on  hand  on  the  31st  of  Dccemlier  of  each  of  these  years: — 


lito  Spain  soon  after  tliey  oli. 
'alencia ;  but  they  were  ;i!!i'r- 
llougliby,  who  travelled  uvor  ^g  j 
|t  of  the  state  of  the  Spaiiijh 

Portuguese  to  the  Canary 
and  it  has  been  asserted  liy 
[ne  that  ever  grew  in  Aini'iica. 
Icarly  conveyed  plants  of  the 
Istanding  Hiiniboldt  scem.^  to 
TcVe  Esp(Ts;iic,  liv.  iv.  c.  10.], 
liKtigcnous  both  to  the  Aiiwi- 
Ih  nourished  spontrtneoiisly  ir, 
lecret  of  making  sugar  iVom  it, 
lesc  ;  and  these  to  the  tvalions 
150.;   Edwarda's  Wtst  !«• 

/■est  In.lics.     They  took  pos-  j 
»gar.     In    lt)7fl,  the  trade  of 
[i^iable  of  employing  '100  sail  I 

land  was  first  o-cupied  Iw  ihe 
|t  against  it  by  CvoinweiLin 
liar  the  most  valuable  of  out  I 
hci-c  were  only  3sma!l:ii::« 


France  - 

Trieste  - 

Genoa    - 

Antwerp 

Rntterilam 

.imsterilam 

Hamburgh 

Bremen 

Cojicnliagen 

Petersuurgh 


Imports. 


1831. 


Tuiu. 

97,450 

17,950 

9,500 

5,910 

10,700 

18,370 

38.800 

12,380 

5,350 

11,170 


1832. 

Tmn. 
82,000 
22,400 
10,500 

8,780 
11,000 
22,380 
37,930 
12,500 

5,850 
23,100 


1833. 

Tuns. 
79,500 
13.800 

6.800 
12,600 

8,650 
20,100 
30,000 

7,350 

5,560 
18,500 


stocks,  3l8t  of  Decemlier. 


1831.        1832. 


roil,. 
25,870 
O.'JOO 
1,500 
2,000 
1,800 
2,200 
9  000 
3,230 
800 
8,840 


220,910  1237.010  203,060  I  61,740 


Tons. 
9,350 

11,900 
2,200 
2.000 
3.900 
3,400 

"3,400 
5.800 
2,,370 

11,660 


1833. 


Talis. 
10,450 
6,840 
2,180 
5,100 
3,3,50 
5,300 
9,820 
3.550 
1,8.TO 
15,600 


05,980  1  64,020 


This  Table  does  not,  however,  give  the  imports  into  any  of  the  ports  of  the  Peninsula, 

[But  the  consumption  of  Spain,  only,  has  been  estimated,  apparently  on  good  grounds,  by 

Monlveran  {Exsai  de  Slalistiquc  sur  ks  Colonies,  p.  92.),  at  45,000,000  kilog.  (41,050 

Ions,)    This  may  appeer  large  for  a  country  in  the  situation  of  Spain;  but  the  quantity  is 

Witccd  from  comparing  the  imports  with  the  exports;  and  it  is  explained  partly  by  the 

I  moderation  of  the  duties,  and  partly  by  the  large  consumption  of  cocoa,  and  other  articles 

I  that  require  a  corresponding  consumption  of  sugar.     Mr.  Cook's  Table  also  omits  the  im- 

ts  into  Leghorn,  Naples,  Palermo,  and  other  Italian  ports.     Neither  does  it  give  those 

[into  Stettin,  Konigsberg,  Riga,  Stockholm,  Gottenburgh,  &c.     It  is,  besides,  very  difficult, 

owing  to  transhipments  from  one  place  to  another,  accurately  to  estimate  the  real  amount  of 

I  the  imports.    On  the  whole,  however,  we  believe  that  we  shall  be  within  the  mark,  if  we 

eslimate  those  for  the  whole  Continent  at  from  285,000  to  310,000  tons,  including  wliat  is 

I  sent  from  England. 

3a2 


668 


SUGAR. 


;5T 


The  following  Table,  compiled  from  the  best  authorities,  cxliibita  the  total  consumpiinn 
of  colonial  and  foreign  sugnrs  in  France  nt  ditleront  periods  .since  1788,  with  the  popuiaiiod 
and  the  average  consumption  of  each  imlividuul. —  (See  Munlvtran,  Essai  lie  ''^lutiiiliijuc,u, 
96.,  and  the  authorities  there  referred  to.) 


Yean. 

CoasuniptioD. 

Population. 

23,600.000 
-)l,O0O,O(H) 
4:1,000,000 
.30.000,000 
30,833,000 
31,10.3,000 
3l,2W).O00 
3l,(i25.000 
31,H15,(KI0 

Iniiividual  Coii«uni|jiio, 

'.'.'Mm'. 

£  1  II  1 

liiiiiiii 

21,^00,000 
25,200,000 
1C>,000,000 
30,000,000 
47,000,0110 
47,250,000 
55,750,000 
62,500,0110 
07,250,000 

■!«)« 

•813 

-372* 
1-200 
1  500 
1-513 

1-7V2           ' 
l-'.t-ft           ' 
2-120 

This,  however,  is  independent  of  the  consumption  of  indigcnoua  sugar — (see  7>r«/),  anj 
of  the  sugar  introduced  by  the  contraband  trade, — both  of  which  are  very  consideralilc.  Tlie 
entire  consumption  of  all  sorts  of  sugar  in  France  in  1832,  including  from  8,000,000  lo 
9,000,000  kilog.  of  beet-root  sugar,  and  allowing  for  the  (|iiaiitity  fraudulently  introducr(l,ni:iv 
be  estimated  at  about  88,000,000  kilog.,  or  1<)3,000,000  Iks.;  wliich,  taking  the  jjopiilaiinn 
at  32,000,000,  gives  an  average  consum[)tion  of  (i  lbs.  to  each  individual,  being  niinnt  !|i] 
part  of  the  consumption  of  each  individual  in  Great  Britain !  'I'liis  extraordiiiarv  dkat. 
pancy  is  no  doubt  ascribable  to  various  causes ; — partly  to  the  greater  poverty  of  tiie  inajj 
of  the  French  people ;  partly  to  their  smaller  consuniption  of  tea,  collee,  punch,  and  other 
articles  that  occasion  a  large  consumption  of  sugar;  and  partly  and  principally,  perliaps, lo 
the  oppressive  duties  with  which  foreign  sugars  are  loaded  on  their  being  taken  into  France 
for  home  consurnption. 

The  United  States  consume  from  70,000  to  80,000  tons ;  but  of  these,  from  30,000  to  | 
40,000  tons  are  produced  in  Louisiana. 

About  170,000  tons  of  sugar  are  retained  for  home  consumption  in  Great  Britain,  anil  j 
17,000  tons  in  Ireland  ;  exclusive  of  about  13,000  tons  of  bastard,  or  inferior  sugar  obtainej  1 
by  the  boiling  of  molasses,  and  exclusive  also  of  the  refuse  sugar  and  treacle  roin;iiiiing  alter 
the  process  of  refining. 

On  the  whole,  therefore,  we  believe  we  may  estimate  the  aggregate  consumptinn  of  the  I 
Continent  and  of  the  Briti.sh  islands  at  about  500,000  tons  a  year;  to  which  if  we  add  tlie 
consumption  of  the  United  States,  Turkey,  &c.,  the  aggregate  will  be  nearly  einiivalein  to 
the  supply.     The  demand  is  rapidly  increasing  in  most  countries ;  but  .is  the  [lower  to  pro- 
duce sugar  is  almost  illimitable,  no  permanent  rise  of  prices  need  be  looked  for. 

Taking  the  price  of  sugar  at  the  low  rate  of  1/.  4s,  a  cwt.,  or  '^1/.  a  ton,  the  [)rime  cost  of 
the  article  to  the  people  of  Europe  will  be  12,000,000/.  sterling;  to  which  addiiii;  73  perl 
cent,  for  duty,  its  total  cost  will  \ie  21,000,000/. !     'J'his  is  .sullicient  to  jirove  tlie  purainuimi 
importance  of  the  trade  in  this  article.     Exclusive,  however,  of  sug.ir,  tlie  ntlier  ]iroJuctsof  | 
th(  catie,  as  rum,  molasses,  treacle,  &c.,  are  of  very  great  value.     The  revenue  derived  bv 
the  British  treasury  from  rum,  only,  amounts  to  nearly  1,600,000/.  a  year. 

Progressive  Consumption  of  Sugar  in  Great  Britain. — We  are  not  aware  that  there  are  I 
any  authentic  accounts  with  respect  to  the  precise  period  when  sugar  first  began  to  be  usejl 
in  England.  It  was,  however,  imported  in  small  quantities  by  the  Venetians  and  (ienoese  I 
in  the  14th  and  15th  ccnturies-j- ,  but  honey  was  then,  and  long  after,  the  ijrincipal  i'i;;re-| 
dient  employed  in  sweetening  liijuors  and  dishes.  Even  in  the  early  part  of  the  ITtli  eoniurj-, 
the  quantity  of  sugar  imported  was  very  inconsiderable;  and  it  was  made  use  of  only  in  tlie  I 
houses  of  the  rich  and  great.  It  was  not  till  the  latter  part  of  the  century,  when  coli'ee  aiiJ  [ 
tea  uegan  to  be  introduced,  that  sugar  came  into  general  demand.  In  1700,  tiic  qu.intilrl 
consumed  was  about  10,000  tons,  or  22,000,000  lbs.;  at  this  moment  the  consumption  ksj 
increased  (bastards  included)  to  above  180,000  tons,  or  more  than  400,000,000  llis.;  solhstl 
t.igar  forms  not  only  one  of  the  principal  articles  of  importation  and  sources  of  revenue,  b 
an  important  necessary  of  life. 

Great,  however,  as  the  increase  in  the  use  of  sugar  has  certainly  been,  it  may,  we  tliiiiU 
be  easily  shown,  that  the  demand  for  it  is  still  very  far  below  its  natural  limit;  ami  tbt,[ 
were  the  existing  duties  on  this  article  reduced,  and  the  trade  placed  on  a  proper  footing, ilsl 
consumption,  and  the  revenue  derived  from  it,  would  he  greatly  increased. 

During  the  first  half  of  last  century,  the  consumption  of  sugar  increased  five-fold.  Ill 
amounted,  as  already  stated — 

In  1754,  to  53,270  tons  or  119,320,nflflll 
1770—1775,  72,500  (average)  -  lti2,.'iO(l,0(KI  - 
1786—1700,    81,000"     —        -181,500,000- 


In  1700,  to 
1710,  - 
1734,    - 


10,000  tons 
14,000  — 
42,000  — 


or  22,000,000  lbs. 

-  31,360,000  — 

-  94,080,000  — 


*  Continental  system  and  empire. 

t  In  Marin's  Storia  del  Commercio  de'  Veneziani  (vol.  v.  p.  306.),  there  is  an  account  of  a  stiiprawlj 
made  at  Venice  for  England  in  1319,  of  100,000  lbs.  of  sugar,  and  10,000  lbs.  of  sugar  candy.  Tliesii;>i| 
is  said  to  have  been  brought  from  tbe  Levant. 


SUGAR. 


559 


Kil't. 

■m\ 

■813 

r,i* 

vm       , 

l-ftOft          ! 

ir)i3        1 

V7H» 

V'.nfi 

2' 12(1          1 

litH  the  total  con8um])ti()n 
I78B,  with  the  i)i>\)ulation. 

1  Individual  Comuniiillon, 

000 
0(Mt 
,01)0 
,000 
,000 
.000 
.000 

i.iton 

1,000 

nous  8Ugar-(8ee  po^l),^i 
h  arc  very  consiJeral.lc.  Ihe 
nclmUng  from  8,000,00010 
fraudulently  introduanlmay 
vliich,  takins  the  l-oimlatum 

individual,  beiuR  «i>»ol  ilh 
I  Tills  cxtraurduiary  discte. 
■  greater  poverty  of  the  mass 

tea,  colVce,  punch,  and  olhei 

V  and  v.i«'C>P''"y'.l'«f>'';i'^''» 
"their  being  taken  uitohunce 

;  hut  of  these,  from  30,000  to 

amptioninGreatBrituin,and| 
lard  or  inferior  sugar  obtained 
.nu  and  treacle  rcu.ainins  alter 

rate  consumplinn  of  the 
'  to  which  If  wc  add  llie  | 


In  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne,  the  duty  on  sugar  amounted  to  Us.  Cnl.  per  cwt.  .Sni:\ll  ad- 
Jitioiis  were  made  to  it  in  the  rrign  of  (.te(iri;o  II,;  but  in  I'iSO  it  wui  only  liv.  Ni/,  In 
1781,  a  considerable  addition  wan  made  to  the  previous  duty;  and  in  1787  it  was  ns  high 
us  12.1.  '!(/■  In  I7UI  it  was  raised  to  I5,v, ;  and  while  its  exteu.slve  and  increasing  conHunip- 
tii)0  pointed  it  out  as  an  article  well  fitted  to  augment  the  p\ililic  revenue,  the  prcMsiire  on  the 
miWic  fmances,  caused  by  the  French  war,  occasioned  its  liciiig  loaded  with  duties,  which, 
though  they  yielded  a  largo  return,  would,  there  is  good  reason  to  think,  liavo  heen  more 
productive  had  they  been  lower.  In  17!)7,  the  duty  was  raided  to  17,v.  (ii/. ;  tj  years  alter,  it 
was  raised  to  20.*. ;  and,  by  successive  augmentations  in  IRIK),  1801,  and  ISOti,  it  was  raised 
to  30.1'. ;  but  in  the  last-mentioned  year  it  was  enacted,  that,  in  the  event  of  the  niarlut  price 
of  suijar  in  bond,  or  exclusive  of  the  duty,  being,  for  the  4  months  previous  to  the  .'ith  of 
January,  the  5lh  of  May,  or  the  5th  of  September,  below  'Ids.  a  cwt,,  the  Lords  of  the  'i'reasury 
might  remit  Is.  a  cwt.  of  the  duty  ;  that  if  the  prices  were  below  48.v.,  they  might  remit  2s. ; 
and  if  I'clow  47s.,  they  might  remit  3s.,  which  was  the  greatest  reduction  that  co..l,'  be  made. 
In  18-t),  the  duty  was  declared  to  be  constant  at  27.s.,  without  regard  to  price  ;  but  it  was 
riJuced,  in  18-30,  to  24s.  on  West  India  sugar,  and  to  '3'2s.  on  East  India  sugar. 

I  .tccoiliit  of  ttie  (Quantity  of  Sugar  retained  for  Homo  f'onsuriiplion  in  r;n|.:,\T  Hiutain,  tlin  N'ctt  Ilc- 
veniie  derived  from  it,  and  tli«  Ual(,s  of  Only  willi  wliicli  il  was  tliargod  ;  and  tlie  I'licc,  (;.\clusivc 
of  the  Duty,  in  each  Year  from  1789  to  1832,  both  inclusive.  — 


ngi?regi 

tewlll  be  nearly  eqoivate  to 
tHcs;  butasthopowcrlopr^ 

eed  be  looked  for. 
,nr"l/.  a  ton,  the  prime  cost  ot 

in«  -,  to  which  adding  75  per 

llki^it  to  prove  the  p«nl 

|ofsug.>r,  the  other  proJuoso 

ue.     The  reveiuic  derived  b, 

0(10/  a  vear. 

;Veare  not  aware  that  thercare 

n  sugar  fust  began  to  be  use^ 

llw  the  Venetians  and  U>n«^ 

'  ,ig  after,  the  principal  Pwre- 

early  part  of  the  17th  « 

itwasmadeuseofoul-n.kl 


ong  after,  the  .P";>^;i!«l^«;^ 
Bcai 

I   it    VVUO    111..---  ,, 

f  the  century,  when  collee 
mand.     In  1700,  li.c  qu,inllv 

moment  the  consumption  has! 

than  400,000,000  lbs.;  sol 
ion  and  sources  of  revcnuo,ta 

|rtainlyheen,itmay,vvell* 
Vow  its  natural  limit;  mid  th 
,lced  on  a  proper  tooling, iu| 

^^UgSrStsed  fivem  ^1 

nrll'),3?M'*'"'l 

53,970  tons     „„^'  ..V-iOilOOO- 
Ta  500  (average)  -  U>  ,•  ^  '^^  _  | 

1 81,000-     -        -'°'' 

l-e  is  an  acco-t  J  a  S| 
1)00  lbs.  of  sugar  caiiuy.  i 


[Quantities  retained 
lor  Homo  Con- 

Nutt  Revenue. 

llati»  of  Dui),. 

J',  in;  of  Jamaica 

lirnuimr  .Musro- 

v:l(ti>  Siu;ar  in  fiond. 

fan. 

British  Planta- 

East India  Sit^ar, 

BUIl'|lliUll< 

tion  Sui5ar. 

iuctuiliii);  Mauritius. 

per  Gazette  Average. 

Cwt. 

rer  Cuil. 

rer  Cwt. 

Ptr  Cml. 

/ 

er  CuL 

(. 

£        t.  d. 

£  s.     d. 

£   s.     d. 

a'l  vnl>.tem. 
£    ,s.     d. 

£ 

S. 

d. 

1789 

1,547,109 

862,632  11  11 

0  12    4 

37  10    3 

1790 

L.-i-W.^lta 

908,954   17     4 

1791 

1,403,211 

1,074,1)03  16     5 

0  15    0 

0    2    8 

37  16    3 

1792 

1, .'161,502 

1,012,538  12     1 

1793 

1,077,097 

1,316,502  14     3 

1794 

l,4h9,392 

1,031,492     4     2 

1795 

1,3.10,230 

919,901   16     1 

i:9fl 

1,554,002 

1,22,5,213     7     5 

1797 

1,273,722 

1,299,714     0    7 

0  17    6 

0    5    2 

37  10    3 

179S 

1,476,,^.52 

1,791,990  15     9 

0  19    0 

0    5    2 

40  16    3 

1799 

2,772,4,38 

2,321,935  16     5 

1    0    0 

0    2    6 

42  10    3 

1600 

1,500,921 

1,8.35,112  11     1 

^ 

1»01 

2,773,795 

2,782,232  18     1 

- 

0    3    2 

42  16    3 

b02 

2,2.50,311 

2,210,801     6  11 

^ 

1903 

1,492,505 

1,551,457  17  11 

1    4    0 

1     6    4J 

1    4    0 

1»04 

2,144,369 

2,158,124  18     3 

1     6    6 

1     9    1} 

1    6    6 

1S05 

2,076,103 

2,439,795     1   10 

1    7    0 

1    9    6i 

1    7    0 

1S06 

2,801,747 

3,097,590     3     6 

1807 

2,277,665 

3,150,7,53     6     3 

1S08 

2,812,813 

4.177,916    3    4 

- 

1  10    0 

1     0    0 

'1609 

2,504,507 

3,273,993    2    3 

ISIO 

3,489,312 

3,117,330  12    9 

fl    9    0 

U    8    0 

1   12    0 
1   11     0 

1     0    0 
1    0    0 

1311 

3,220,757 

3,339,218    4    3 

1     7     0 

1  10    0 

1    0    0 

,{1812 

2,604,019 

3,939,939  17    2 

1S13 

2,209,063 

3,147,560    4    5 

1  10    0 

1  13    0 

1    0    0 

Per  Cwt. 

(          £1     10    0            -) 

\          1    11   0         S- 

t             1     19    0            3 

USU 

1,997,009 

3,276,513    6    5 

. 

3 

13 

4 

1815 

1,888,965 

2,957,403    2    4 

- 

\              1     10    0             ) 
\              1     17    0             1 
f             1     19    0            ■) 
-'              2      0    0             V 
l            1    17    0           3 

3 

1 

10 

1815 

2,228,156 

3,166,851  18    0 

1    7    0 

2 

8 

7 

1817 

2,960,791 

3,967,154    5    0 

. 

1     17    0 

2 

9 

8 

1813 

1,457,707 

2,331,472    3    5 

1  10    0 

2      0    0 

2 

10 

0 

1919 

2,474,738 

3,507,844  11    0 

CI    8    0 
}  1    7    0 

1     18    0             ■) 
1     17    0            S 

2 

1 

4 

lS-20t 

2,.5SI,256 

3,477,770  11     4 

1    7    0 

1     17    0 

16 

2 

1821 

2,076,274 

3,660,567    6    7 

r 

. 

13 

2 

Mi 

i     2,61-8,490 

3,579,412  12     1 

- 

. 

11 

0 

bJ3 

2,842.670 

4,022,782    4     1 

- 

- 

12 

il 

ivn 

2,957,261 

4,223,210  18    5 

- 

. 

11 

6 

1V35 

lv27 

2,655,959 
3,255,075 
3,021,191 

3,756,654    0     1 
4,518,690  15    9 
4,218,623    6    7 

':    ": 

f  Duty    on  Mauritius  "^^ 
1  sugar  reduced  to  i's.  S 

18 
10 
15 

6 

7 
9 

18'M 

3,285,813 

4,576,287  13    4 

. 

- 

n 

8 

182!) 

3,211,535 

4,452,793  18  11 

. 

. 

8 

7 

h:tl) 

3,396,056 

4,354,103    0    0 

1    4    0 

1     12    0 

4 

11 

b3l 

3,421  „'>97 

4,219,049    0    0 

. 

• 

3 

8 

1832 

3,315,836* 

3,986,519    0    0 

- 

- 

%\ 


Sugar  used  in  the  distilleries  included  in  these  years. 
I' Previously  to  1820,  the  importation  of  East  India  sugar  was  comparatively  trifling,  and  does  not  at 
lis  moment  amount  to  above  190,000  cwt.    The  imports  from  the  Mauritius  have  increased  rapidly 
Irini;  ilie  last  5  years,  more  especially  since  1826,  when  the  duty  on  sugar  from  that  island  waa 
puwil  lo  the  same  level  as  that  on  sugar  from  the  West  Indies. — (See  antf.,  p.  327.) 
|«-V.  £.— 'i'liese  quantities  include  the  sugar  retined  in  Britain  for  exportation  to  Ireland. 


660 


SUGAR. 


cr^ 


I 

'J 


II* 


or,.,  -il^l 


II.  Account  of  thn  Impnrti,  Exportu,  and  Home  rnn«iimptlon  of  Hiignr  in  the  ITnitkd  KiNcinnv,  ;i„,i 
llio  ItiiVt^niitMlfrlvvd  ll'i-rfCrniri,  in  ciicli  y<>iir  frdni  1MI4  to  1HS5  iiicliialvo,  apcriryliiK  lli«  (liir,'ri.fi( 
ripeclm  of  Hiigir,  and  lliu  UiiantitieH  of  carli  oiiiiHiiniud  and  Rxpiirtcd,  with  tliu  (inmK  uii,|  ,'^,,,, 
Amount  ol'  llio  l)my.—  {Htiiurl  of  the  It  ml  Jnillii  Cummitlte  of  IHIIU,  p.  288. ;  anil  Pari.  Vapira.) 


^^H    H 

ytirfc 

;                                                                                           ImporK. 

'■1 

{      nntlihFlinUIJnn. 

Mauriliui, 



Eut  India. 

Foreign  Planlaliiiii. 

'loi.ll  of  liiiioni 

Mt 

Vwt. 

Vwt. 

t'liif. 

Cwl. 

Cwl. 

II 

1814 

3,fi8l,il8               •( 

(                      49,849 
I2',6ia 

681,121 

4,2lj,:«(i 

HI 

\*\i 

3.(il2,MI7 

306,-119 

4,l;l4,J:li 

HI 

1818 

3  5(i<J,3l7 

127,052 

m2,7t'0 

3.8-0,1  Id 

H  1 

mi? 

3,ti7i»,3i2 

125.8(13 

IU,5,<i16 

3,9ll,lti| 

■  1 

IklB 

3,77,.,379 

r»i»lder«l  at  Eail 

li;2,:i95 

I3»,011 

4,(I7'>,-|I(|         ,    ^M    M 

181't 

3,1)07, 151 

liiili*    lugar  iu 

20-i,'i27 

85,837 

4.lll-.'.l,i 

j    ^^M 

IHiO 

3,7119,158 

viiear.  yioMU 

277,229 

162,190 

4,it9,l,T8 

\  ^^1 

1821 

3,!)0«,»i7 

2(19,162 

197,1137 

4,:m,ll.6 

^^1 

IS22 

3,43-1,061 

Wi.,:i7l 

1 12,9 .4 

3,:7I..*6 

^^1 

I8J3 

3,773, -.28 

2I9,5>0 

20'.,598 

4,2ljl,7(l« 

^^H 

\*U 

3,ll3i,(U2 

a7l,«49 

il(15,7'0 

4,412,11  i) 

^^H 

Wil, 

3,^01,281 

P,3,7'23 

150,347 

162,784 

3,9(IH,1,'U 

^^H 

WM 

4,0(>2,'l2a 

186,782 

161,822 

66,065 

4,-119,"ll3 

^^1 

\m 

3,5611.1118 

204,344 

176,846 

178,910 

4,ll(i,lils 

^^H 

IIU8 

4,313,430 

3b 1,123 

1.56,266 

136,999 

4,('6-,(«0 

^^H 

lUB 

4,152,815 

'297,958 

206,UV2 

I99,5(>8 

4,><5(.  3'.,1 

^^H 

1830 

3,el3,2li8 

485,710 

2w,:e9 

2^1,257 

4.III6IIII 

^^1 

1831 

4,1(13,746 

617,563 

237,416 

6(J7,547 

6,3t6,2i2 

^^H 

183] 

3,784,213 

541,771 

175,252 

36H,482 

4,%,.'.H 

^^H 

l!-33 

3.6  5.tili 

529,351 

20 -,301 

316,027 

4,73H,2ai 

^^H 

1834 

3,841,214 

665,^6I 

141,280 

a(.2,030 

4,74,1,414 

^^H 

1636 

3,523,948             | 

558,237 

213,646              1                 152,436 

4,44-,ik7 

1 

y«n. 

Eiporli. 

Coniumption, 

lUw  Sugar. 

British  Rrlliird 
Sugar,  reduced  (0 

Total  Expoit  of 

Qu.iiiiilywilnK 
I'T  u-  uai 

I 

Briliih 
Flaiiiaiion. 

Mauritius. 
Cwl. 

Eait 

India. 

Ci<.(. 

Foreign 
Plantation. 

Cwl. 

Total  of 
Raw 

Sugar. 

Cwl. 

i(s  eciuivalent 
Quantity  of  Haw 

Sugar. 

Sugar,  Haw,  and 
Rallied. 

LoilSUril|l|;|||l 

III  Itie 
I'liiled  Kin<lofn. 

^H  i>ie 
H  '''< 
^M  B(ii 

Cwl. 

Cutl. 

Cwl. 

Cm. 

1814 

43U,817     ■ 

41,083 

459,990 

931,890 

897,347 

l,i^29,'237 

f,  ■2.124,051 
)  iijilu-linij  i„p, 
)     li-i  1  111  .liilil. 

1  ^ 

1815 

385,761 

CnnsiiliTed 

67,605 

311,378 

764,«04 

On4,r25 

I,75s,f23 

\.     le;  irt. 
2,2ll,ii)9 

^H 

1816 

231,»"6 

a«  K.III 

ioi,-+i 

190,190 

62lJ,7B7 

(.33,314 

1,48(1,081 

2,  2!M0I 

^B   Hi 

IHI7 

14^,571 

ludta 

9 -.,2 18 

132,5-37 

370,72li 

1,141,724 

1,512,450 

.1..'!lH.94l 

^1  Jiv; 

IKIS 

n8,i  2 

i»i«.ir 

|(!!l,952 

118,1187 

317,151 

1,1 -.7,(1^2 

1,474,233 

1,7^S-«6 

^1  I'liil 

IS:9 

B.s.ni'i 

ill  (tiuse 

(■7,51.7 

102,710 

219,210 

8n,-,D8 

1,C07,IjO9 

2,-.'o,:  0 

IWO 

7:, 057 

yean. 

185,068 

I38,'298 

400,423 

1,0UH,bl6 

1,499,039 

2,)MI,-til 

^H  Fure 

\wn 

9.1-51 

144,332 

186,314 

310,497 

1,022,731 

1,3*3,228 

:i.i)'rtj,-*i 

H' 

IS22 

l(),6i7 

9-,277 

137,707 

246.611 

601,206 

l'07,S47 

I  '.-''.1  ",7 

^H    '^" 

1823 

11.231 

104,198 

176,717 

2!).!,744 

677,593 

970,337 

.1.2.'-,  <)l 

1824 

H.f.lO      . 

1 46,3J8 

2I3,9!I0 

36'),174 

640,0)4 

1,I0S,228 

3,  t7,Ji4 

^^H  1 

1825 

1 1  ,:^2') 

21,,59.'» 

36,623 

173,075 

242,822 

649,782 

792,604 

y.l.79,Sh 

^M  I'.-ni 

\n6 

102.2  '7 

45,534 

46,06^3 

I05,8l<l 

3()U,JU1 

586,172 

886,473 

3,'.7J,!'jO 

^H  I'mii 

1827 

40.n3l 

46480 

61,0:9 

101,963 

2-5,455 

695,4  2 

9i0,8i7 

3,3l(',W7 

H  llr.i/ 

^1  liuru 

lt28 

.50,;iS6 

1  7,9s5 

42,546 

161,329 

371,446 

776,(24 

1,148,070 

3,1X11,419 

1S29 

I6.4b7 

52,321 

56,174 

172,950 

297,912 

8(W,43S 

1,106,347 

3,'..1»,«:i 

1830 

13,355 

4S,:i«3 

Kl,413 

liiB,3IO 

311,461 

l,032,(i86 

1,344,347 

3,722,1,1(4 

^^1 1 

1S31 

10,800 

11,174 

111,102 

i..7,«44 

420,:^n 

!;8!1,I20 

1,409,>140 

3,7-7.3fi| 

^^B  1 

IW2 

6,;19S 

12,146 

92,049 

260,501 

308,095 

774,939 

1,143,034 

3.t.Vi,M|      ! 

^H  1 

IK13 

7,S^0 

3,327 

111,550 

'24J,t-23 

3(;b,j:,o 

417,(,!>7 

781,237 

.1,r.il,S4     1 

^^H 1 

1834 

12.313 

4,''50 

8l',l-67 

60(1,714 

591,744 

681,773 

l.'2''0,519 

3,711,1:9     ' 

^^1 

1835 

11,4.55 

l,7.-.0 

157,042 

200,ii)-3 

371,230 

693,930 

965,160 

3,.ti(i,itii« 

^H 

Ynn. 

Revenue  derived  from  Sugar. 

^1 IV, 

GroM  Receipt  of  Uulie«. 

Faymnils  out  of  Groia  1               1 

Receipt. 

^1    :'Illi 

^H  Uiiiii 

i 

nreign  Fhntitions  (in. 

^H  Year 

c 

udiiig    Sutcar  of   Mar- 

Total  of 

(irt)SB 

Receipt. 

Drantwck   and   Tl 

Wlllv  Nctt  Pmln«, 

^^1 

UrilisS 
ri.iulalion. 

Mauritiua. 

East  India.   \ 

iiiijue  and  (itiailalun]ie 
Jtiiitted  for  llniiie  Con* 

allowed  on    pxpi-rlaliiili    of  Dulia " 
to    KorciRii    l',irls,   and                  , 

^^1 J 

s 

iiiiption  under  Act  63 

Hepavnier.*son  Over-En.!                 ! 

H| 

(j 

e. .  3.  c.  62.) 

triej,!ic. 

1 

1                  i 

i        ;. 

^^1  far  CD 

L. 

L. 

/,. 

/,. 

L. 

1814 

4,577,9-.6 

24,299 

2.53,229 

4.955,484 

1,1 -7,960 

3,767,524  . 

^^1 

1813 

4,7li),781 

35,999 

65,571) 

4,8t0,359 

1,426,026 

3,454,M 

^^1 

1816 

1,921,034 

Considered 

64,913 

79,349 

6,065,296 

1,45.1,103 

8,lili,ll>3 

^^1 

1817 

5.966, -.45 

50,612 

8,034 

6,023,191 

1,.5HI,2r.i 

4,-lM,9J« 

^^1 

1818 

4,313,581 

[      Iiuli" 
«ut;ar  in 
thrse 
yean. 

50,114 

H}? 

4,305,813 

1,614,706 

2.7-.i,in 

^H  Gn-at 

1819 

4,931,878 

192,014 

924 

6,177,816 

1,181,273 

s.m.M  I 

^H  Irelai 

1(.20 

5,2-8,926 

156,968 

1,011 

5,446,903 

1,521,518 

3,!'25,)>: 

le'21 

5,352,130 

222,438 

1,075 

5,575,643 

1,3-6,(185 

4,1 --95* 

^^1 

18212 

4,1.11,730 

254,335 

1,117 

4,^67,182 

806,738 

4,(H.0,m 

^m    Ini 

1823 

6,135,409 

190,783 

750 

6,326,942 

919,532 

4,40-,(!0 

^^1 

1S24 

5,207,132 

282,537 

210 

5,489,879 

847,975 

4,641.9(4 

^^1  a^Hi 

1825 

4,651,525 

106,205 

198.3-22 

99 

4,956,161 

779,496 

4,l76.t5) 

^^1 

182(i 

5,a:3,648 

150,356 

2Ia5,037 

85 

5,689,126 

738  128 

4.9i0.9SJ 

^^H 

1827 

Sv '59,208 

230,005 

172,406 

30,251 

6.491,870 

841,679 

4.(i*ii';  ■ 

^^H 

I8'28 

6.415.715 

326,448 

1 80.035 

2,658 

5,924,876 

922,579 

6,00;,.'«T 

^H  Foreri 

1829 

5,340  258 

324,732 

223,002 

8,745 

5,896.757 

1,000  515 

4,tP6.':i 

^^H 

1830 

5,226,966 

658,207 

230,185 

47,964 

6,063.322 

1,295,980 

4,7t7,3l2 

^^H 

1831 

4,936,592 

547,8.5.5 

189,609 

104,358 

6,778,414 

1,127,824 

4,6»,iM 

^^B 

1832 

4,595,377 

631,600 

r27,374 

90 

5,.'1J4.441 

960,102 

4,394.m 

^^1 

1833 

4,167,2& 

609,353 

157,285 

194 

4,934,094 

613,794 

4,4IJ,M 

^^H  \ 

1834 

4,496.843 

6.53,333 

194,3t7 

124 

5,344,691 

78,5,314 

4,559,3;: 

^H 1  Greni 

1835 

4,529,792 

709,788 

157,964 

88 

5,397,632 

729,736 

4,6li7,i)76 

^1 '  Irelan 

JV.  B.— The  raten  of  duty  in  this  Tabic  are  the  same  as  those  in  Tabic  No. 

1. 

■  1  Unit 

*  Tliesc  quantities  are  exclusive  of  the  coarse  sugar  and  bastards  remaining  from  tlie  prnre.<siir| 
refinint;;  and  they  are  abo  exclusive  of  the  coarse  sugar  obtained  by  boiling  molasses.  The  qiiaiilllu.!! 
of  the  latter  luk(;n  fur  lionie  consumption,  in  lb31,  were  S,()2U  tons;  in  lb;)2,  11,450 do.;  and  in  1(33,1 
13,970  Ao.— (.Cook's  Commerce  of  lb33,  p.  6.) 


SUGAR. 


501 


in  Iho  ITnitm)  KiNunoM,  111,4 
ii«ivo,  »|M;nl'yiiiK  iliu  diili  r.M 
lu.l,  Willi  lilt)  (JroBH  uikI  ,>e|, 
atiS. ;  and  furl.  Papir:) 


< 

n  plintiUi'ii.           ''ul.il  of  hii|«irii.    : 

/■„,<                                            CU'/. 

3",S.-I'9                          ^.'^''.Jl' 

|M,7^o                3.»';<;.'ii; 

i.t,,Ki-i                    4,in\',iii      1 

I6i,'<90 

4,21.9,076 

I»7,IOT 

4,:i71,lt,8         1 
3,774,;»6 

W.'<,ft98 

4,*)l.:il|) 

ilOS,7?0 

4A\i.0» 

ll>3,7H4 

3,9(m,i:i3 

ti6,063 

4,4I9,IM)3 

ntt.fllO 

13G,9)19 

4,!'6-,t70 

l99,r)W 

2J3,2.i7 

4.9i()i>il 

507,547 

6,»t6,2li 

30«,4!I2 

4,>tb,.-,J8 

318,027 

4,73'i,Jai 

i!(,i,030 

4,74,1,414 

I.S2,436 

4,44S,2()7 

Conttimption. 

rd 

C(u,iniilyrttiii,«i; 

Ito     Total  Eipoit  of 

f*'r  M  uat      1 

1        Sugiir,  Haw,  and 

Codsiimiition   1 

iw            Betiiicd. 

III  ilie 

Initeil  Kini;'om. 

lull.                         till. 

I,t2a,'237           r  .8,1^4,051 

\  iiirli.'lim  jupi' 

1      li^r!  in  itiitil'l 

(.     Itrl  in. 

l,7riS.f23 

2,211,219 

\AW,nn\ 

2,  i'l.'.'Jl 

1,M2,.IW 

.1.J!fSit4l 

i,4-;4.2n3 

irae^K 

l,C97,liU9 

■i,>i0.l^f> 

1,499,0^9 

a.aoi.w 

I,3fc3,228 

3,0W.ftl     I 

i                 ^()7,»47 

2,HW,ii')7 

1                       970,337 

3.22|<,;'>|| 

1,(0!-,  228 

a.'Xi.ui 

-92,(«4 

S.tTVH 

fc86,473 

3,=.73,H« 

9iO,8:'.7 

3,3l(i,W7 

1,148,070 

3,601,419 

1,106,347 

3,'3'J,'>il 

1,344,347 

3,:2J,0« 

l,409,''40 

3,7v7,391 

1,143,034 

3,b-,5,Sll 

7SI,237                  3,6JI,1»)4 

l,'^0,il9                  3,71l,i:9 

9ti'i,HiO                  3,!kilsiW« 

Paymfiil"  out  of  GroM  i 

—               It 

ite;|il. 

nrawtijck   ami   Hn\mH' ;  Nelt  PmJm,  j 
.illoweil  nil    pxporlatiiin.    o(  Uulitt 
lo    Kori'lfiii    P."!",   'iiJ  I 

Kep.lvniei:'^on  Ovfr-Ell-j 

I ! 


Iries,  fcc. 


/.. 

L 

1,1  "7,960 

3,767,521 

1,426,(126 

3,454,M  ' 

1,45.3,103 

3,612,1*1 

l,5«l,2f.'i 

4,433,92( 

1,614,706 

2,--'l,li'l  1 

1,181,273 

s.mM  1 

l,S2l,5I9 

3,!ft3>;  1 

1,3V6,6W 

4.1"S93S  j 

bU6,739 

4,(«iC,Hl 

919,532 

4.4in.ll0  1 

847,97^ 

4,6ll,9(^ 

779,496 

4,i:6,l)5i 

738  128 

4,950,MJ 

841,678 

4,6«.l?2 

922,579 

6,W1,B 

1,000  515 

4,H*,2ii 

1,295,980 

4,767,312 

1,127,824 

4,6-iO.S» 

960,102 

4,3M,«9 

613,794 

4,4U.lt« 

785,314 

4,S59,3': 

729,758 

4,6b7,b76 

The  following  Tables  exhibit  tho  sugar  trailo  of  1H;)5  morn  in  detnil:— 

m  Arr"!'"'"''  llio  (limiillty  nf  rnri'fliii-d  Hiiu'iir  Iniporli'il  Inln  tlin  lliiltcil  Klnifiloiii,  fnun  the  invernl 
lirilixli  (/'iil<>i>iu«  mill  ridiiliilliinH,  I'rurii  llii-  llrlllHli   riMHi'nHliniH  In  llie  ll.ist  IiiiIIi'h,  nml  Irimi  I'lirclun 


lose  in  Table  No,  1. 


(',iiiMlrii!8,  III  lliH  Y(!(ir  iinli'il  5lli  nf  J(iiiii:iry,  In.'IO;  (ll:(liiii;iilHlilng  lliu  Mcv^rut  HurU  n 
llie  I'liluiiivH  ikiid  CiiiiiitriuH  t'roiii  wlllcli  tli<.-  muiiiu  whii  iiiiimrtuil. 


Siigiir,  ami 


Iremainiiig  from  Hie  process  nfl 
loiling  molasses.  Tlie  niiamilif!l 
liii  1832,11,450  do.;  and  in  M.I 


Wh«ii<»  impurlnl. 

or  lh«  Rrlllih 
1'UiiL.t.uiia. 

Of  MinriOm. 

Of  Iha 
Ea>t  liiJici. 

OfOie  riTFifn 

J'Ul.t..I.iiHi, 

Toiil  IJinnlily 
iuilMifli-J. 

UritHli  cnlonius  and  plnntationii 

(.'uif.   tir>.  Itt. 

Cwt.  ijr 

.Ibi. 

Cwl.  qr$.  lit. 

Cwl.  qn.  lit. 

Cwl,  ^>.  Il'i. 

In  ,\iiii!rlca,  viz. — 

\nii|!iiii          ... 

174,018  0    3 

- 

. 

. 

. 

174,818  0    a 

Ilartiidoes      ... 

3ll,tWI  I    0 

• 

. 

. 

. 

3II.H>"I  I     0 

Iiiiiiiliiica      ... 

2\0I3  3    3 

. 

. 

- 

. 

2.'.  ,01 3  2    5 

(Ii.iiiuda        ... 

170,280  0  14 

- 

. 

. 

. 

i7ll,'2MI  0  14 

l,lls,7(;o  1     8 

. 

. 

. 

. 

l,l|M,7liO  1     8 

.Mnnii^errat    ... 

10,201  8    a 

. 

. 

. 

. 

10,201  2    3 

Ncvi8 

HI.  ChriHlopher 

30,037  0  32 

. 

. 

. 

. 

;i'.l,l):i7  U  22 

80,7 '.1  0     8 

- 

. 

. 

8.'-.»  3    1 

87,013  3    U 

iil.  I.ucia        ... 

51,731   3  22 

. 

. 

. 

It  3    4 

51,713  2  20 

(  fi|,  Vincent    - 

l»5.(i.'iO  2  24 

. 

. 

. 

. 

10.'),(156  3  21 

■  Tiib:itfO           ... 

77,250  3  23 

. 

. 

. 

. 

-,  7,250  3  22 

1  Tiifioli          ... 

13,N;1   1  21 

. 

. 

. 

. 

\:t.>n   1  21 

Triiiiiliid        .           .           - 

880,302  .S  18 

. 

. 

. 

. 

2Mi,:i02  3  18 

]),. riira      ... 

7(iO,.375  2  21 

. 

. 

. 

7l.O,:i;5  2  84 

,  IIitIiIci) 

120,  is  J  3    y 

. 

. 

. 

. 

120,184  3     9 

,  l)(iii-l>  Norlli  Ainuncun  colu- 

nii'9            -           -           - 

610  0  22 

. 

- 

. 

0  0    8 

010  1     8 

iiierni  l.ooiio    -           -           - 

- 

. 

. 

- 

4  0    7 

4  0     7 

1  ;i|i,.  (if  Good  Hope      - 

Miiiriliiii          ... 

. 

- 

- 

0  1   18 

. 

0  1    lo 

• 

558,337 

1  22 

47.5  0    3 

- 

858,713  1  2J 

j,iii,li  |.iissi!sflion8  in  liie  East 

;     Inilios,  VIZ.— 

Ea*t  India  Company's  terrl- 

lorii'8,  exclusive  of  Siiiga- 

!     pore           .           .           - 
1  Singapore      ... 

hn     -    .  ,    ', 

ipiiilippiiio  Islands 

. 

• 

. 

107,100  3  20 

. 

107,100  3  i'O 

_ 

. 

. 

30,h7l  3  10 

. 

30,871  3  10 

. 

. 

. 

28,135  0  18 

. 

28,135  0  18 

- 

. 

■ 

47,059  a    4 

. 

47,059  2    4 

Foreign  colonies  in  the  West 

i     liiilies.viz. — 

1  Cuba  -           -           -           - 

- 

. 

- 

• 

58,692  3  26 

58,002  2  26 

- 

. 

. 

. 

914  3  25 

914  3  85 

Peru     -           -            -            ■ 

- 

. 

. 

. 

5,71-2  1  M 

5,782  1   14 

Iniieil  States  of  America 
lln/.il    -          -           -           - 
turupe  -           -           -           - 

Totals 

1 ■ 

- 

- 

- 

- 

3,717  3  22 
81,317  2    4 

3,7 17  3  2S 
81,317  2     4 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1,104  3  15 

1          1,104  3  15 

3,523,917  2  27 

558,237 

1  22 

213,645  3  17 

^  152,436  0  14 

,  4,418,207  0  21 

1 

I IV,  .\ccoiiiit  of  the  Amount  of  Diitins  rnceivod  on  Siisar  in  tho  United  Kingdom,  in  tho  Y.^ar  ended 
fill  of  January,  18.')0,  diHlinKiiisliiiig  eacli  Sort  of  .Siij.',-ir  ;  ulso,  nt' tlii>  Aiiioiint  of  DrnwI.acIo  and 
Doiimies  allowed  upon  the  Kxportation  thereof,  and  of  the  Nctt  I'rnducc  of  the  l^ulics,  in  sucll 

Year. 


Gn«9  Kuccipt  of  Dutica  on  Sugar. 

faitciillDsSth  Jan.  1836. 

Of  Oie  Rritisli 
Plaiitatiuus. 

of  Klauritius. 

Of  (ho 
Easl  InJits. 

or  II  e  KnrciKn 

1  lai'lati'ilis    and 

forfigii  Ilt'linai 

Su:;ir. 

Tolal. 

£ 
4,091,031 
400,001 

Great  Britain 
Ireland 

£ 

4,128,670 
401,116 

4,529,792 

£ 

'(11,110 
5,378 

£ 

1.57,807 
07 

£ 

48 
40 

United  Kingdom 

709,788 

157,964 

88 

5,397,032 

TBridinsSihJaii.  1836. 

Fafnients  out  of  the  Gross  Receipt  nf  Uutiet  on  Siig.-ir. 

Nclt  Prndiici-  of  llie 
Duties  on  Sugar. 

Homilies  r.ii'I  on  Hiitii,h 
Kifincd  Sugar  cxpniltJ. 

Ilepaynieilt^  on  Over- 
tCulii'es,  DanLigtM,  &c. 

Total. 

Great  firitain 

1  Ireland 

£ 
700,015 
3(lfi 

£ 

19„322 
1.023 

£ 

728,337 
1,110 

£ 

4,20-:,fin4 

40.%  182 

1  I'liiled  Kingdom 

709,411 

20,345 

729,756 

4,007,870 

71 

IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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// 


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€ 


1.0 


1.1 


£  Iffi    120 

u 


IL25  imi  1.4 


1.6 


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Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14SS0 

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i\ 


a>^ 


<^ 


o^ 


>!^ 


662 


SUGAR. 


■*■•-' a* 

If    'I 

•;  J 


■rvi 

c..;:ij 


V.  Accniint  of  the  Quantity  of  Hnw  and  Refined  Sugar  exported  from  the  ITnited  Kingdom,  in  thp  Yciir 
ended  0th  of  Jniiiiary,  1h:iO  ;  rcdiiciii);  the  Uuiiiilily  <if  Ueflncd  into  its  I'rnportion  ofltaw ;  <li8iiiiguiii|,. 
ing  the  aeveral  SortH  ofSiiRar,  and  the  CoiintrleH  to -.vhich  the  same  wai  exported.— (A*.  £.—  l,ba,ar« 
omitted  in  tlie  Coiumna,  but  nlinwed  for  in  the  Totais.) 


Countrim  to  nrhicb  exported. 


Fnmt  Ortat  Britain, 
RuHia         .  .  .  . 

Sweden       .  .  •  • 

Norwfcy       -  ,  ,  . 

Denmark     .  .  .  • 

rtutoia         .  .  .  . 

(•erniaiiy      .  ,  .  - 

'I'he  Netherlandi 

France        .  .  .  . 

Porlui^l,  the  ATnree,  end  Aladeira 
Spain  and  (he  Caiiai  ies 
Ciibiallar     .  .  .  . 

Italy  .  .  .  . 

Malta  .  .  .  . 

The  Ionian  liilandi    . 
Turkey  ami  C.iniinrntal  Greece 
Murea  and  Grt'fk  hlinds 
Uuemiey,  Jeiey,  Alderaey,  and  Man 


CApe  of  Good  Hope  • 
Other  parts  nf  Africa 
Fast  Indies  and  China 
I  Nrw  .South  Wales,  .Swan  River,  and 
Van  l)lemen*B  Land 
FriliRh  North  American  Colonies 
nritiil)  West  Indirs   • 
Foreign  West  Indies  • 
United  States  or  America 
Mexico        -  .  .  . 

Colombia     .  .  .  - 

Bnuil  .  .  .  . 

Stales  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata    • 
Chili  .  .  .  . 

Peru  .... 


ToUl  from  Great  Britain 

From  Inland. 
British  North  An>ericaa  Colonies 
British  West  Indies  . 

Total  from  Ireland    • 

Total  Quantity  eiported  from  the 
trilled  Kin^lom 


Raw  Sugar. 


Of  the 
Briii-h 
rianla- 
tions. 


Cwt.  qri. 
1    3 


607    0 
274    0 


26    0 
I    2 


8,133  0 

9,04&  3 

43  3 

7  3 


3 

2,352 


11,453    0 


I    3 


1I,45S    0 


Of 

Mauri, 
tins. 


Ciot.  an. 
3    3 


400    0 
44    2 


I    2 

72    I 
661    0 


1,363  0 

146  2 

8  0 

too  I 

141  2 


1,750    0 


Ofthe 
Ka'.l 
Indies, 


Of  the 
Foreign 

riariU- 
tions. 


Cwt.  qri. 

6,845  1 

1,916  2 

Wt  2 

37t)  I 
23,079  1 
I3,5J4  0 
8-1,965  3 


Total  of 
Raw 
Sufar. 


Vivt.  qri. 
32.8:6  3 
1,779  i 
1,193  2 
10,997  I 
21,0)3  I 
ll.89t«0 
92,460  0  I 


Refined  Sugar. 


Actual 
WeiKhl 
ei  ported. 


241  2  I 
1,514  3  : 

21,877  3  . 

3.^18  3  1 

37S  2  I 

na  i  j 

2jH  3 
161  2  I 


Cwt.  qri. 
38,6)  6  U 
3,696  0 
1,29S  U 
11,375  3 
44,112  2 
26,429  I 
177,744  2 
.   I 
4332  I 
2,081   I  i 
20  2  \ 
37,320  0 
6,632  2  I 
1.421  2  I 
3919  0 
1.931  0 
9,IUS  0 


200,698  3 

135  1 

22 


690 
51  0 
40 

1  2 

2  1 


ISO 


366,188  0 

802  2 
6>0 

172  3 

3,946  0 

40 

1  2 

3  I 


342 
33 

40 


157,041  2     2l0,9»3  0    371,227  3 


I  3 


I  3 


I 


1,760    0     157,041  2     200,983  0    371,229  3    349.370  3    593,930  I  I  963.160  0 


CU!t.  qri. 

4,6.10  2 

87  I 

671  0 

180  2 

98,fi2'i  2 

M,I1I9  0 

210  3 

8-2  1 

2.043  3 

3,5UI   I 

4,t0'(  2 

137.163  0 

10,222  3 

I3,4>«)  2 

3(i,2ti7  0 

2.473  I 

3,807  1 


318,696  2 

106  2 

I,3i4  3 

665  0 

4,S7I   I 

I8,5t7  2 

4,372  3 

327  0 

313  3 

17  2 

1  70 

63  2 

31  3 

170  0 

II  0 


349,187  1 


183  2 


I3.i:7  > 


5t3,6l8  I  ,  (16.|,Mli  I 


311  3 


183  2  : 


IS' 

3;i3< 


3133 


The  duty  on  foreign  sugars  is  a  prohibitory  one  of  G3,v.  a  cwt.  Sugar  from  the  M.iuriiius 
is,  however,  by  a  special  provision,  allowed  to  be  imported  at  the  same  duty  as  ^Vl'st  India 
sugar. 

fiifiuenee  of  the  Duties. — The  price  of  sugar,  exclusive  of  the  duty,  may  be  tal<en,  nt  an  avpratcnf 
the  last  few  years,  nt  from  21*.  to  35s.  a  cwt.  Bitt  to  lay  a  tax  of  iu.  on  a  nccesscTty  nf  iil'i'  rusiiiig 
from  24«.  to  33«  ,  including  8».  per  cwt.  frei|:lit  and  charges,  isnliviotisly  a  most  oppressive  |ir(iceeil;p«. 
Indeed,  there  docs  not  seoni  to  he  much  room  for  iloiiliiing  tliat  the  constiniption,  anil  ri,ii$ei|u>':iily 
also  the  revenue,  would  ho  very  greatly  increased  liy  reducing  the  duty  to  lt>».  or  I!-.*.  Tliis  iii.-n  be 
pretty  confidently  inferred  from  the  increase  of  constiiiiption  that  has  invariably  followed  every  hlliii 
the  price  of  sugar.  During  the  3  years  ending  with  IK08,  when  the  price  of  lirown  or  initsi'dvinlnsiiL'^r, 
inclUHJvo  ofthe  duty,  was  tibout  (His.  a  cwt.,  there  were,  at  an  average,  2,610,741  cwt.  rt^mliieil  furln  me 
consumption.  During  the  3  years  ending  wilh  IHI6,  Ihu  price  wiis  about  'Ms.,  and  the  tiVf>riiL'ei|ii:iii- 
tity  retained  for  home  coRsuinplioii  full  off  to  2,03H,3<3  cwt.  Uiit  during  the  3  ycar.s  eliding  n  lili  lr.!il, 
the  price  having  fallen  to  about  5T«.,  the  average  quantity  retained  for  home  ciinNiiiii|iii(iti  rnsiMo 
3,2UT,5!)I  cwt.;  being  an  increase  uf  more  than  yi//i^  pur  cent,  upon  the  (|uantity  cnnsunii'd  during  llie 
previous  period  I 

It  will  bo  observed  that  the  duty  was  either  the  same,  or  very  nearly  the  same.  In  ihose  3  pcii'>iU; 
but  had  it  been  imposed  on  an  ad  valortm  principle,  or  made  to  vary  direitly  as  the  price,  ilie  reiluc- 
tion  in  the  last-mentioned  period  would  have  been  proportionately  greater,  and  there  niiiilil,  cuiise. 
quently,  have  been  a  still  greater  increase  of  consiimplion. 

The  reduction  of  3s.  a  cwt.  from  the  duty,  in  1830,  was  too  trifling  to  have  much  efli'cl ;  ami  it  is 
difflcult  to  say  what  portion  of  the  increased  consumption  that  has  since  taken  place  is  to  lie  tiscrilied 
to  it,  and  wliat  to  other  things.  But  if,  instead  of  reiliicing  the  duty  froin  U7.i.  to  21.'.'..  Il  had  hen 
reduced  from  27«.  to  ICs.  or  IHs.,  the  reduction  would  have  had  a  powerful  influence  ;  uml  wdnlil  nr- 
tainly  have  occasioned  a  great  increase  in  the  consumption  of  the  lower  prii:ed  sugars,  parlicularl)  in 
Ireland. 

The  quantity  of  sugar  consumed  in  Great  Britain  is,  at  present,  allowing  for  the  qtiantity  sent  10  j 
Ireland,  more  than  double  what  ,.  was  in  17(10.  But  had  the  duty  continiieil  at  12s.  4(/ ,  it!'  aiimit:  1  in 
1790,  there  ctinnot,  we  think,  be  much  doubt  that  the  consumption  would  have  been  (jtiiiilrupli'il.  Hut. 
ing  the  intervening  period,  the  population  has  been  Utile  less  tliaii  doubled  ;  and  llie  pruporlinn  ulmli 
the  middle  classi's  now  bear  lo  the  whole  popiilalion  has  been  decidedly  aiigitieiitcd.  The  rcnisunii. 
tion  of  colTee— an  article  in  the  preparallun  of  which  a  great  deal  of  sttifiir  i.s  used  in  this  ceiiniri,  17 
all  who  can  afford  it— is  more  than  22  times  as  great  now  as  in  I7!iO ;  that  is,  it  has  iiicreiisi'il  1-  in 
under  l,()00,(N)0  lbs.  to  iibovn  22,(100,000  Ihs.!  The  consumption  of  te.i  has  nbi.iit  doiililed  ;  iiiiil  ll'rf 
lias  been  a  vast  increase  in  the  use  of  home-made  wines,  prenerved  and  baked  fntils,  &i',  lii»ir:iJ, 
Iherefori?.  of  having  done  lillle  more  Ihati  increase  proportiotiiilly  lo  the  increase  of  Itit!  piiptil:iti''ii. n  | 
oiay  be  fairly  presumed  that  the  consumption  of  sugar  would,  had  there  nut  been  some  powerful  loun- 


SUGAR. 


603 


United  Kingdom,  in  ihp  \ni 
)p(irtionof  Raw;  iliBiiiiRiiigh. 
s  exported.— (A".  B.—\.\)i.  ate 


RtllhHl  Sufar.       I 

1 

he  Mme  ' 

llaleii  u 

Tnl.l    ' 

Kjw         (iijirt  in 

of       Actujl 

SuK^r  in     Cwt,,,,,f 
the  I'm-         l|j,> 

VVeiuhl       ,„f„n|,  „f 
.       eipoiled.   34c«t.  nf 

bugar. 

lUw  10  M  1 

twi.  of   1 

ni.     (. 

Refined.  1 

wl.  an.     Cull.  ori. 

(lot.  in 

i  0       i,mb  i        •l,«Ji  (i ; 

4'',3>  1 

BO              87  1             148  1  1 

3.S1I4J 

S  0            511  0 

971  0 

2.21,9  0 

5  !1            l«0  2 

307  0 

ll,t>2  3 

2  i      3»,f>i'  t 

6S6t3  1 

mi.Tk  1) 

9  1       (m.1119  0 

I10,r,32  2 

r;6  9u  0 

4  2            210  3 

40!)  1 

n-.iMO 

W2  1 

1,493  0 

l,4'O0 

B  2        2,!>43  3 

5,' 04  1 

5.13.1) 

1  1         a.iiUl  1 

6,9.2  1 

K0<13 

!0  2  1      4,tOi  2 

7,K34  3 

■.■•ii  1 

!0  0  1  137,163  U 

233,r7  1 

2-n  J97 1 

12  2  1    10,^22  3 

17,378  3 

24.111  i 

21  2  !     I3,4>i0  2 

22,917  a 

24.^5S  J 

19  0      311.267  0 

51,4^3  3 

M,373  0 

31  0 

2,413  I 

4.201  ;i 

6,;35  3 

050 

3,M)7  1        liA'i  1 

13.ST!  i  ■ 

08  0 

319,696  2     641,7S4  0 

'  90-,H2  1 

1   1 

106  2            ISl  0 

1         l'2l 

02  2 

1,324  3 

2.2.'.2  1 

S.fi.-j  0 

65  0 

663  0 

1,130  3 

l,19il 

72  3 

4.671  1 

7,771  1 

'.'■W! 

146  0       I8,SI7  2 

3I,W  0 

3i.lft  ; 

4  0        4,372  3 

7,433  2 

7,4 1-  3 

1  2 

327  0 

5'.li0 

W  > 

3  1 

313  3 

633  1 

!        iXl 

17  2 

29  3 

\         i<j  i 

1  70 

11  3 

113 

. 

63  2 

91  0  1          91  1 

34  2 

31  3 

51  0            Hi  i 

3  3 

170  0 

2M1  0          2-1  (1 

40 

11  0 

19  u '      a\ , 

227  3 

349,187  1 

5t3,618  1  ,  96.|,'46  1  ^ 

1  3 

n' 

183  8 

3113          3'.;  3' 

1  3 

\i3', 

!  ;         311  3  1        3'J3 

1                   1 

,229  3 

349,370  3  '  S»3,930  1  1  9M.'6O0 

Sugar  from  the  Mauritius 
ihe  same  duty  as  Wtst  luJia 

may  be  taken,  at  an  nvpraBof 
■  .  (in  a  necessary  »(  lil'n  fi'snng 
ly  a  most  oppressive  pruceeiliii'. 
consinnptiiin,  and  ciiostiiiu'Mly 
Illy  to  Itis.  or  l>ii.  Tliis  iimy  be 
invariably  followcil  every  fill  in 
ce  "I"  lirown  or  nmsciiviulii  susar, 
.  2  610,711  cwt.  retaineil  fnr  I)'  me 
)mil  y3s.,  and  tlie  avcmcc  i|ii;iii- 
Inp  llie  3  years  eiiilinp  n  itii  l>a, 
I  for  Imiiie  cdiisiiniiiiiim  msiMo 
le  ((uanliiy  consunieii  during  ilie 

riy  tlic  same,  in  those  3  \<c\mU; 

t  direttiv  as  the  price,  llie  ri'iliic- 

'realer.'and  liiere  would,  loiise- 


to  liave  iMiicb  effort ;  and  it  is 
nco  taken  place  is  to  he  iisiril*<l 
y  from  27.V.  to  2I>'..  it  Imd  li«ii 
.erfnl  iiitlnenee  ;  and  wmiM  or- 
wer  priced  sugars,  piirticulatly  in 

allowing  for  the  qnantity  SPi:tlo 
,ntin.iedatl2.s.4<;.itsau,nii.iim 
iiild  have  been  (|midru|iW.  1  m- 
nuldedjaiidlhepriipDrtiiinHliuli 
l...tly  auttmeotcd.    The  cousmij- 

sncar  isiised  m  this  cc)niilr,\,l'y 
10;  that  is.  It  has  iiicreiifi'il  l'^«  ' 
,aha«  nbM.t  donlded;  anil   lie  e 
,1  nnd  baked  fruits,  bv.    ln>'"  ;  ] 

llie  increase  nf  the  piM'"l' i;  ■ ' 
ere  not  been  Bume  powerluUouii- 


i.r:ifline  caiisp  In  operation,  have  inrreased  In  n  far  ifTe.ner  decree.    Instead  of  aiiiounting  to  little 
niori'  ll>a>>  ^.000,000,  it  onuhl  to  iinve  anionnled  to  0,11011,1100  cwt. 

T.ikii)'.;  the  n|;i{reKali!  coiisiiinption  of  (ire:it  llrilain  at  400,000,0(10  Uu.,  nnd  tin?  |>"pnlition  at 
|,-,.',0U,iiO(i,  the  averaice  consiirniition  of  each  iiidlviiliiul  will  lie  aliii)it'i4  l!is  This,  thoiiL'h  a  tiir  Kre'iter 
jvi'iai^e  than  that  of  France,  or  any  of  the  (.'untiiinntal  slates,  is  small  compared  wiili  what  it  might 
he  iv(.re  siiear  supplied  nnder.i  more  liberal  sysleiii.  in  workhouses,  the  cnsiiiDiaryaMiiiiil  allnwaine 
f.ii'  I'acli  iiidiviilnal  is,  we  helii-ve,  3i  lbs. ;  and  in  private  families,  the  siiidIIl'sI  separate  iillixvance  for 
j„iiieglics  Is  I  lb.  a  week,  or  ."iS  llis.  a  year.  Tliese  facts  RlroiiKly  corroburate  what  we  have  already 
,ljt>'d  as  to  the  R.xtent  to  wliich  the  congnmption  of  sugar  may  be  increased;  and  nlhers  may  he 
jer'rri'd  to,  that  are,  if  piissible,  still  more  conclusive.  Mr.  Iliiskissiio  staleil,  in  his  phu)!  in  ih,.  House 
(,(■  CiiMiiiioiis,  on  Mr.  rirant's  motion  for  a  reduction  of  the  sugar  ilniies,  25tli  of  .May,  I'^iO,  that  "in 
coni<ei|aeuce  of  the  present  enormous  duty  on  sugar,  the  poor  working-man  with  a  lame  family,  to 
nlmin  pence  were  a  serious  consideration,  was  denied  Ilie  use  of  tli.it  commodity  ;  and  he  lii'lleve<l 
u  id  not  go  too  far  irhen  he  atated,  that  TWO-Tllinus  nf  llie  piiunr  cnnmimera  uf  cuff  re  drani;  Ihal  bcrcni/re 
tiinoiil  sugar.  If,  then,  the  price  of  sugar  were  reduced,  it  would  become  an  article  of  liis  coiisiimp- 
iion,  like  many  oilier  articles— woollens,  for  exain|ile,  which  are  now  used  from  their  cheapness— 
«|ii(li  lie  was  formerly  unable  to  purchase."— (SpcecAes,  vol.  ill.  p.  45.1.)  There  are  no  grounds  for 
ililnkini;  that  this  statement  is  in  uny  degree  e.xaggi-rated ;  and  it  strikineiy  shows  the  very  great 
eiienl  m  which  the  consuniiition  of  sugar  might  be  increased,  were  it  brought  fully  under  tlie  com- 
manil  "f  the  labouring  classes. 

It  Is  in  Ireland,  however,  tliat  we  should  anticipate  the  greatest  and  most  salutary  efferis  from  a 
(ediiclina  of  the  duties  on  sugar.  The  direct  importations  into  Ireland  do  not  e.xceed  I.VmO  tons ;  and 
if  we  add  to  these  6,000  tons  fiir  the  second-hand  importations  from  Cireat  liritain,  wliicli,  we  believe, 
ii quite  as  much  or  more  than  they  amount  to,  the  entire  consumption  of  tliat  country  will  be  3I,(M)U 
ions,  or  47,010,000  lbs.,  which,  taking  the  population  of  Ireland  at  8,000,000,  gives  about  5810.4.  to  each 
individual ;  or  about  l-4th  part  of  the  average  consumptinn  of  each  individual  in  (ireat  liritain.  So 
(ineular  a  result  must,  we  believe,  be  nscribeil.  In  a  considerable  degree,  to  the  comparative  poverty 
ofihe  Irish  ;  but  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  it  is  partly,  if  not  principally,  owing  to  over-taxatimi.  The 
itiiect  imports  of  sugar  into  Ireland  wore  twice  as  great  30  years  ago  as  they  are  at  this  nioment ;  and 
iliere  is  no  reason  for  thinking  that  the  increase  in  the  second-hand  imports  lias  been  eiinival.^nt  to 
llie  increase  in  the  population.  Hence,  in  order  to  dill'use  a  taste  for  so  necessary  an  article  as  sugar 
ininnsllie  population  of  Ireland,  it  would  be  very  desirable,  if  possible,  to  reduce  the  duties  even  na 

low  -a  \'i.i.  a  cwt.;  and  we  are  well  convinced  that  such  reducti though  it  might  occasion  an  iinnie- 

diale  Ini^s,  would,  in  the  end,  be  productive  of  a  great  incr'iase  of  revenue,  besides  being  atlemied 
^Itti  other  and  still  more  beneficial  consequences.  The  "one  thing  needful"  in  Ireland  is  to  inspire 
llie  iinpulatlon  with  a  taste  for  the  conveniences  and  enjnymenls  of  civilised  life  ;  but  how  is  it  possi- 
ble to  dn  tills  while  these  conveniences  are  burdened  with  oppressive  diitit^s,  that  funn  an  insuperable 
obstacle  to  their  being  used  by  any  but  the  richest  classes  1  Ilenre,  the  tirst  step  towards  supplying 
Kliat  i^  confessedly  the  grand  desideratiiin  in  the  case  of  Ireland,  is  to  reduce  the  duties  on  articles  of 
(onvenieuce  and  luxury,  so  that  they  may  become  ntiainable  by  the  mass  uf  the  people.  If  this  be 
dune,  we  may  rest  assured  that  the  desire  inherent  in  all  individuals  of  improving  their  condition,  will 
imriel  tliein  to  exert  themselves  to  obtain  them.  A  taste  for  the  articles  in  (|nestiou  will  be  gradually 
dilTiiseil  amongst  all  ranks;  and,  ultimately,  it  will  be  tlioiight  dis..'reditable  to  be  without  iheni. — 
[Hrl  Paper,  No.  97.  Sess.  1831.) 

We  have  already  seen  that  the  imports  of  sugar  from  the  British  West  Indies  nnd  thn  Mauritius 
may  be  estimated  at  2I0,.S00  tons,  and  the  consumption  of  (Jreat  liritain  and  Ireland  at  nliove  ist.uoo 
10119, eicclusive  of  bastards  ;  but  of  this  quantity,  about  6,000  tons  l.s  llengal  sugar, — making  the  nett 
(onsuinption  of  West  India  and  Mauritius  sugar  178,000  tuns,  leaving  38,UU0  tons  of  the  latter  for 
eipiittatiiin,  exclusive  of  the  surplii.s  of  llengal  sugar. 
The  duty  on  East  India  sugar  ought  to  be  reduced  to  the  same  level  as  that  on  West  Imlia  sugar.  It 
iidllficult  to  imagine  that  there  can  be  any  good  reason  why  all  the  productions  of  the  dilferent  depend- 
encies nf  the  empire  should  not  be  allowed  to  come  into  the  home  market  on  paying  the  same  duty. 
The  ailiiiisslon  of  Mauritius  sugar  at  a  duty  of  21s.  is,  indeed,  a  full  roncession  of  the  principle  ;  for 
I'lere  ij  nut  a  single  argument  that  could  be  alleged  in  favour  of  admitting  Mauritius  sugar  at  tiic  same 
duty  an  West  India  sugar,  that  will  not  equally  apply  to  llengal  sugar.  However,  we  do  not  think 
tbaithis  point  is  nf  so  mucli  practical  importance  as  is  generally  supposed.  East  India  sugar  has  not 
as yet.  made  any  way  in  the  Continental  inarkels,  most  of  wliicli  are  open  to  it  on  the  same  terms  as 
1) oilier  sugars  ;  and  unless  its  quality  be  materially  improved,  or  its  price  considerably  reduced,  there 
libut  little'  prospect  of  its  being  able  to  come  into  competition  with  the  sugars  of  Jamaica,  Uracil, 
I  md  Cuba. 

Biiimrf  (in  the  Exportation  of  Rffned  Si/jrur.— The  business  of  refining  sugar  for  exportation  ban 
I  heen  carried  on  to  a  considerable  extent  in  this  country  ;  but  it  may  In-  doubted  whether  its  prosecu- 
tion Ims  ever  been  productive  of  any  material  national  advantage.    It  had  long  been  suspected, — and 
I  the  r.icl  seems  now  sufficiently  established, — that  the  drawback  allowed  on  the  exportation  of  retined 
I  fiicar  has  been  greater  than  the  duty  charged  on  the  raw  sugar  used  in  its  inannfacliire  ;  the  excess 
I  teini;,  in  fact,  a  bounty  paid  to  those  engaged  in  the  trade.    Previously  to  1826,  the  drawback  on  dou- 
lue  refined  sugar  was  468.  a  cwt.:  it  was  then  reduced  to  43s.;  but  there  is  reason  to  think  tliat  it  ia 
Hill consideralily  above  the  mark.    The  average  price  of  sugar  in  bond  in  this  country,  for  several 
(tars  past,  has  been  from  5«.  to  6.<.  a  cwt.  above  what  sugar  of  the  same  quality  bai>  brought  on  the 
('ontinent;  a  difference  which,  as  we  export  sugar,  could  not  have  been  maintainvil,  had  it  not  been 
I  foithe  bounty.    The  same  conclusion  has  been  established  liy  the  trials  made  under  tlie  siiperintend- 
I  me  of  Dr.  lire  at  a  sugar  house  taken  for  the  purpose  by  government.    It  is  said  to  be  tlie  intention 
of  ministers  to  reduce  the  drawback  to  what  may  be  supposed  to  be  the  fair  equivalent  of  the  duties 
h«ld  on  the  raw  sugar ;  a  measure,  of  the  expediency  of  which  no  doubt  can  be  entertained.    It  has 
I  been  the  practice,  in  making  up  returns  to  parliament,  to  reduce  the  relined  sugar  exported  into  raw 
liugar.  by  allowing  34  cwt.  of  the  latter  to  20  of  the  former.    Uiit  the  export  of  sugar  is  thus  made  to 
I  ipiiear  greater  than  il'really  is:  for  though  34  cwt.  of  raw  may  be  required  to  produce  20  cwt.  of 
I  Klined  sugar,  the  whole  of  the  moiasses  nnd  bastards  that  remain  (about  13  cwt.)  are  consumed  at 
I  home.  We  subjoin  those  clauses  of  the  act  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.58,  which  refer  to  the  allowing  of  u  bounty 
1 00  relined  sugar. 

I  Souiiiiej  upon  the  Exportation  of  Refined  Siigar.So  long  as  the  duties  which  are  now  payable  upon 
I  the  importation  of  sugar  until  the  .5lh  of  April,  1834,  shall  be  continued,  there  sliall  he  allowed  upon 
I  the  exportation  of  refined  sugar  made  in  the  United  Kingdom  the  several  bounties  set  forth  in  the  Ta- 
I  tie  berein-afler  contained ;  (that  ia  to  say,) 


I  btitd  lofir,  viz.—  L.  I.  <L 

BuiwH  lu^ir,  or  relined  losf  lugir  broken  in  piecei,  or 
btio;  (round  or  |iowileiT<l  lugir,  or  lucb  iufu 
loundtd,  cruhed,  or  broken, 
npoittd  in  a  BrilUh  iihip,  for  every  ewl.  ■  -14    0 

I M^  "P""^  in  » ihip  not  Rrilitli,  for  every  cwt.         •      13    0 
1 0»  rand  lurar  in  lotl^  complete  and  whole,  or  lumps 
111;  nneif,  hkiinc  beta  perrectly  cUri&oi  ud  tbo- 


£.<.  d. 


roughly  dried  in  the  stove,  and  tifinf  of  a  uniform 

whitriieullirauglioul,  oriiich  lugar  pounded,  craihed, 

or  broken,  and  iiinir  candy, 
exported  in  a  Ilritiih  >hi|>,  for  every  cwt.  ■  •  1    IC    10 

eiported  in  a  ihip  not  Briliih,  for  every  rwt.         ■  I    15     I 
Double  refined  augar,  and  iupr  equal  in  quality  to 

double  refined  lugai ,  additioual  bounty  for  every  cwt.  0     6     t 


504 


SUGAR. 


■IK-''  '•* 

,0 


«r^'> 


or..      I^J 


*  in 


flnnrf  f()  '"  irirfn  for  Ihr  iliir  F.rpnrlnliiiti.—'l'Ui;  rxpnrlrr  nf  gnniin  in  rpnport  of  whirh  nny  hniiniv  ,, 
rliijiiMil  iMiil.r  lliiH  iicl,  iir  Ihr  inrsoii  ni  w  lidst;  iiaim- (Ik-  Hiiiiic  lire  «iiliTir(l  (iiilwiinlH,  i<liiill,'ii|  i|„,  i;,,^^ 
of  ciilry  ami  hcriiif  rockcl  lir  t'raiiliil.  aivc  •.cciinlv  liy  ImiikI  in  iloiilili!  Ilii!  value  of  llm  ihmmIs.  um,  ; 
Hiidirifiil  iiiiri'ly,  llial  llii'  caiiif  hliall  lie  iliily  rxporlcd  lo  Ihr  plaii'  for  which  Ihry  an^  <'iil>'riil. ,,,  i,^ 
othiTU  iKi'  ai'coiitili'il  fur  lo  Ihf  ^'llli^fal•li(lll  of  Ihr  c'(iiiiiiil»Hioiiirn  of  ciisloiim,  nii<l  xhall  not  [w.  ri  Imdn 
In  till!  ilniteil  Kingdom,  nr  laiiilv il  in  thu  Me  of  Mun,  uiiIuhii  uxprt'ssly  tinlL-rvd  lo  be  vx|iorti'd  tlitrcio 
—i  3. 

Canilit  in  Piirknfrrn  nf  J  Tfr/.—  No  homily  'hall  lie  ttlviMi  upon  Hip  csportnlion  nf  nny  ri'fipiKl  snj,, 
cnlled  rriiidy,  iMilcss  it  he  propnly  n  liiicil  and  inaniifK  lured,  and  free  from  dirt  and  H(iiiii,aii(|  p,:ik,,j 
in  piickairis,  each  of  uhicli  i-liall  conialii  5  a  ewi   of  «nch  candy  at  the  leant, -^  1. 

Hiilfiir  iniflinl  fur  i'.i  iiorlnlinti  -  If  any  sn;.'ar  in  hiinp"  or  loaveH  is  lo  he  ponndi.'d,  crushed,  or  hrnkfn 
lieforu  the  Haine  he  exported,  for  Ilie  hnniily  payahle  thereon,  Hinh  liiinpH  or  loaveH  shall,  alicrdui 

entry  tloTeof,  he  lodirc'd  in  sonn'  warehouse  provided  hy  the  exporter,  ami  approv<nl  hy  the  c i,,,,. 

Hloners  Id'  the  customs  for  such  purpose,  to  he  then  Hr-I  examined  hy  the  ollicern  of  cnsliuiis  while  in 
Hiicli  lumps  or  loaves,  ns  if  I'or  iminedl  ite  shipment,  and  allerwards  lo  he  there  poiindi'd,  criislicj,  i,f 
hrnken,  ami  packed  for  exporlaiioii,  in  the  presence  of  siicli  ollicers  and  at  the  i-xpcnse  of  the  eA|.,.,|',.f. 
and  such  sucar  shall  he  kepi  in  sui  h  w  arehonse,  ami  he  removed  thence  for  shipment,  and  he  !-liijj|».|i 
iimler  the  (11  ri'  and  in  the  charge  of  the  searchers!,  that  the  shijiliienl  unci  exportation  llierent  u.^  ^ 
duly  cerliliiil  hy  them,  upon  the  di  henturi',  according  to  Ihe  iiiialily  usctTlaiiied  hy  tliem  of  the  ,|||,|j 
whih'  in  such  lumps  or  hiavs— J  .'i. 

Diffrrinl  S,.rl.s  of  rnishril  .-•ui.'ar  In  hi  keiil  nrpariilt. -''I'hi-  dilferent  sorts  of  sncli  fcuBar  shall  he  |,tp| 

npiiri  fiom  each  other  in  such  iicaicmT  and  in  such  clisliiicl  rooms  or  divisions  of  such  wccnl se  nj 

shall  hedirecled  and  iippoiicled  hy  Ihe  ccunmissiotiers  of  the  cnsloniR  ;  and  if  any  sort  of  sue  li  >cis»i 
shall  he  found  in  any  part  of  sui  h  v.arehimse  ap|iointeil  tor  the  keeping;  of  siifar  of  a  sort  siiiHrinrig 
<|iinlily  Iherelo;  Ihe'same  shall  hi^  t'nrfeiied  :  and  if  uny  sort  of  such  suuar  shall  he  hroii):lit  i.isiirii 
warehouse  to  he  pcMinded,  crashi  <1,  <U'  liroken,  which  shall  he  of  a  ([iiality  inferior  to  the  &01I  cii' .lunr 
p.vpresseil  in  the  entry  for  the  same,  such  snirar  shall  he  forfiited.—  (i  (1. 

Siiiriir  Krjiiicr.i  III  ii'rantlr  S,:iiiiilf  l.oiirm  ,.f  Dniihle  lirfnii'l  »'i'/,'nr— There  shall  he  proviih  cl  lij- arij 
at  the;  e\|ii'n«e  of  thi!  coniniillee  of  sufar  relimTS  in  l.omlon,  and  hy  and  at  Ihe  expense  nt  lln' nm. 
miltee  of  iieicliaiiis  in  llnhlln,  as  many  lo.ives  of  douhli-  relincd  sii|.'ar,  prepared  III  inaiUKT  licriin. 
nfler  dini  led,  as  the  commissii  m-rs  i>(  customs  shall  think  necessary  :  wliiili  loaves,  whi'ii  a|iiiriiv>ii 
of  hy  the  said  coiiimissioiiers,  shall  hi:  deemed  and  taken  lo  he  standard  samples  ;  1  of  w  Imli  liiavFi 
sliali  he  loik'eil  with  llie  ^lli(l  coniniilli  <'S  respectively,  ami  I  other  w  illl  such  person  or  persun-- as  iIih 
said  comiiiissioiiers  shall  iliieil.  for  Ihe  purpose  of  ioiii|iarini'  1  herewith  dcuihlu  relined  sii',':ir,  or  siii'ar 
ei|ual  ill  i|.i:ilily  to  ilonhle  ri  lined  siiKar.  entered  for  exportation  f^r  the  lionnty  ;  and  fresh  sinhdaril 
samples  shall  he  a;:ain  furiil'heil  hy  sin  h  conimilli'cs.  whenever  it  may  he  deemed  expiiliem  liyihc 
coiiiiMi^sioners  :  provided  nhvays,  that  no  hi;if  of  su!.'ar  shall  he  deemed  to  he  11  proper  saniple  I  alnl 
don  hie  refined  siiiiar,  if  it  he  ol'>.'realer  wciiihl  iliMii  1  i  Ihs..  nor  unless  it  he  a  loaf  coin  ph  I  e  amlMlulp, 

nor  nnl"s.5  ihe  same  shall  h  ive  1 n  intole  hy  a  ili«lincl  second  process  of  retineim  nt  from  n  eianijiv 

of  pini'le  reli  ed  su)jar,  every  part  of  w  loch  had  llrsi  heen  perfectly  (larii.ed  and  duly  ii  In  cil.  aiij 
had  heen  made  into  loaves  or  lumps,  w  iiitli  were  of  a  uiiiforiii  w  hituliesb  tiiroiighout,  and  |i  iii  liccn. 
tllor(oii;lily  iliieil  in  lln-  stove, --J  7. 

.SuL'iirrrilrreil  iinl  f./mi/  In  Ihr  SI  iniUtril  fhallbr  fnrfiilrii.—\n  rase  any  RUPnr  which  shall  he  1 1  rcmllr, 
oriler  lo  ohtaiii  the  hoiinly  on  doiihle  reiineil  sii!;ar.  or  su;,'ar  ci|na1  in  r|nality  to  donhle  n  rii  <  <:  itip.!. 
shall,  (Ui  examination  hy  Ihe  pro|  er  olfn  rr,  he  found  lo  he  of  a  (piality  not  equal  to  such  sl.iiri  ii.lsmu. 
pie.  all  siiL'  ir  so  entered  shall  he  forfeited  .and  may  he  sei/.ed,— ^s. 

Uijiniiiir  in  W./»i/,- If  any  forllier  iroof.  in  aildili'ii  to  what  has  heen  slated  nhove.  were  ri'nuirH 
to  show  Ihai  III!.'  trade  of  n  linini;  in  Ihi,-^  country  has  liei  n  at  all  times  mainly  dependent  111  ili>  hDnnu, 
it  would  h"  found  in  the  circunislames  il  ,it  liave  occiiired  under  the  Lite  act  aiilhorisiii!!  tel  luii;  ui 
hond.  In  l""-",  !S->',l,  WW,  and  down  lo  .Inly,  lN;tl,  for.  ij,'n  supars  were  allowed  to  he  rcfedi  rn  iln 
same  lerms  as  Uritish  siiears— that  i^<.  they  paid  the  same  duly  and  were  entitled  to  tlic  s;i  eilraw- 
hack.  'I'lie  iiuaniily  of  foreign  siiij^tr  so  relined  amounted,  in  \KW,  lit  '.!,10.'i  tons,  and  in  ilie  1  i:,i  liali 
(d'  l>.'tl,  w  hen  the  iirivilcye  (  e.ised,  lo  alioiit  I..'^lill  loiiit.  The  renewal  ot"  this  system  was  slroiijij  .idv,. 
cated  in  1^:11  and  lK,i;  hut  it  was  ,-111  i'es,-fiilly  opposed  hy  the  West  India  nierchaiils,  w  lin  1  n  »|iliroi 
the  scheme  injurious  lo  their  iiileri  sts.  I.ist  year  (l^SHJ,  however,  the  reliiiers  li.n  iiiL'  pn  -!:nl  iipin 
parliaiiieiil  Ihe  expediency  of  allow ini;  them  to  refine  I'nreiL'ii  sUBiirii  in  bond,  w  liicli  e\i  liiileil.i.f  (luir.-j, 
Ihe  possihiiiiy  of  Ihe  revenue  lo^ini;  any  lliini.'  hy  the  cirawhack  exceedili("  the  duly,  tinir  ri  (|ii"«t  «r.s 
coiii|iliid  w  iih.  'Ihe  re>ull,  how  1  M'r.  has  shown  that  Ihe  trade  had  formerly  heen  mainly  :iriHinal, 
or  that  it  had  depended  principally  on  Ihe  draw  hack  beiiiL'ahove  the  duly.  "Out  u\'  (i.'!  hoii'se.-  iiiLnn- 
don,  I  onl>  have  availed  themselves  of  the  permission  lo  refine  in  hond  ;  and  of  these  4,  '„' iiic  ikw 
alioiil  lo  ;:ive  up  w'orkiii).' ;  and  Ihe  lotil  una  11  lily  that  has  huen  used  is  HlH  tons  Siain,  ll!|i|i>n.  Iluv'iii- 
iiiili,  and  170  Ions  l!ra/,il ;  in  all,  hiil  fhd  l.uis.  A  stalemeut  has.  ulso,  heen  rccenlly  put  fdrili.  wh.ih 
show  s  that,  not  w  i  I  list  audi  II L'  the  aid  of  a  hoiinly.  the  export  had  dei  lined  from  lil  I, (Mill  cw  I  111  Mmh 
:t)l.(Mill  in  I'-'i^;  and  allhoia'h  it  has  since  tluciuali'd  hetween  these  (itiiiiilities,  il  has  anioiiiiiirl  linnr:! 
the  liisl  :)  i|iKirters  of  the  present  year  (\>X\)  to  Ill,'>,'i71  cwt,  only,  apainst  .'fsO,!?!)  cwi.  in  liiosami' 
period  of  iMe  last  ye.ir,  and  l.'l'i.'^'^'i  cwt,  in  Ihe  previous  one,  not  wit  list  a  ml  iiip  there  has  hecii  abiin.i- 
iince  of  f.Mi'iLMi  snu'iir  to  he  had  it  low  prices,  and  that  all  the  powers  of  chenilial  science  havelitdi 
at  work  lo  improve  the  process  of  reliiiin;;,"  —  (CnnK'n  Vnmmirer,  nf  (Jrriit  IlriUxin  fur  \K\3  ) 

This  unfavriirahle  state  of  thii.L's  is  owinir,  no  iloiiht,  to  a  concurrence  of  causes  ;  hut  priiiniially, 
W(!  helie\  e.  to  the  pxai'ireraled  opliiioi  s  entertained  hy  mosi  foreien  nations  as  to  the  ijiipuri.'uiti'iil  i 
Ihe  siicar  retininu  hnsiness.  We  have  no  wish,  cerlainly,  to  undervalue  it  ;  hiii  every  iiii|irijii(lireil 
per.ion  niiisl  admil  that,  compared  w  ith  most  other  hiisi.iesses  carried  on  in  11  (treat  rdiiiiiry,  it  i<  if 
very  inferior  coiisideralion,  Instead,  however,  of  reirardlni;  il  in  this  point  of  view,  iiiii-l  I'lrcien 
governmenls  seem  to  look  upon  il  as  of  the  lil(.'liesl  value;  ;inil  have  endeavoured  to  extenil  ilic  liiisi- 
ness.  not  merely  by  excludiii(»  foreij/n  relined  Biicars  from  their  markets,  hiil  by  pranlinK  l.ie  nicisl 
lavish  honniies  on  the  exporlatlon  of  sutar  refined  nl  home.  In  France,  this  sorl  of  policy,  if  wciiiay 
BO  rail  it,  was  carried  so  fir.  that  out  of  n  (.-ross  revenue  of  ahoiit  '111,000,(100  francs  (L.'iTO.dim/.)  paid 
into  Ihe  treasury  on  nccounl  of  the  siifrar  duties  in  |N:i'i,  ahoul  1(1.0(10,000  (7f.O,OI)0/.)  were  n mnirrl  a! 
drawback  on  Ilie  export  of  refined  sufHr!  As  the  rreiich  cnvertinient  cmihl  iiol  allord  I"  luse  llie 
siicar  diilies,  which  would  vi-iy  speedily  have  been  swallowed  up  hy  the  drawback,  neci^^ily  liai 
compelled  them  to  modify  He  r  syslem,  by  makies;  Ihe  nlliiwance  to  the  exporter  more  nearly  riirros- 
pond  with  the  duly.  This  will,  no  doiiln,  diminish  Hie  exporlalion  of  relined  sugar  froin  France;  a  | 
chiiiiL'e  hy  which  it  la  reasomihle  lo  siippniie  our  refiners  will  in  some  dejrree  be  benefited. 

J'rnssia,  and  most  paitsof  (iermany,  li.*»vliicli  we  formerly  exported  large (|Uiintilies of  refuiril sugar, 
no  loii(!er  admit  II  except  at  a  liiyli  duly.     And  even  in  those  Coiitinental  markets  that  are  siill  cjien  j 
for  its  importaliou  iinihr  moderate  duties,  we  have  formidable  competitors  in  the  Uiilch  and  Uelgian 
refiners,  wliosi'  irnveriiineiits  conliiiiie  lo  allow  preiiy  high  honniies. 

f)ti  the  w  hole,  therefore,  we  are  afraid  Ihal  the  refiniiiff  business  in  this  country  is  in  a  rntherpre- 
rBfioiis  stale.  Improvemenls  in  Ihe  process  seem  lo  he  Hie  only  source  nf  relief  lo  which  tli  ■  ri'liiiii» 
need  look  with  much  liopeof  iidvanlage.  The  ideii  of  atleni|itiiig  to  bolster  up  Hie  busiocss  by  llieali 
ur  bouniics  is  nut  one  that  can  be  any  lunger  enlcriaineit. 


sue;  All. 


505 


ippct  of  whirh  any  hnnniv  !i 
I  (iiiiwiirilH.  rliiill.iil  till'  ii„,, 
II!  villlic  i)f  llin  III. nils.  VMti,  ; 
hltli  tliry  liro  ciiliTiil. ,,,  |,. 
iim,  iiiiil  kIiiiII  not  l>i'  rrlmi,.; 
Icrtil  I"  l»e  fXliiirlHil  llnttl/. 

irlntii'n  of  nny  ri'fiiiiil  mijif 
III  (llrl  mill  »ciitii,iiiiil  |i,;ik.i! 
■nut.—  }  -l- 

|iiiiiiidi:il,  rrnslicil.  or  lirdk.a 
i|iH  or  loHVPH  hlmll,  iiliiriliie 
mil  n|i|iri>vt'il  \>y  tin'  i.iiiiiiii<. 
'  (illiriTH  of  nisloiii-  ul;i|i.  ,), 
le  llirrc  pmiMilril,  irii>hii|, ,,, 
1  lli«  rxpiiiKC  iirHii:  ivpi'tiir; 
lor  sliiiiiiit'iil,  mill  111'  i^liijiiB-ii 
(I  cxporliiliiiii  tlicK'iir  iiiaj  bi- 
urtaiiieil  l>y  I'll'"'  of  "'i'  nm 

Is  of  piicti  fiiBiir  Bliiill  \<c  krfi 
vIsiiiiiH  of  Mil  li  wanliMiise  n) 
mill  if  any  sort  of  ciuli  hiihk 
iif  mitMr  111'  11  siirl  niinrinrin 
iiliiir  simll  I't  liriiMi;hl  in  smh 
ly  itiftriiir  lo  llic  soil  I'l'  sucit 

icrn  plinll  lie  jiroviili  il  liy  aiii 
III  ill  till!  expi'ii^f  III'  llw  n.ni. 
r,  pn'piif'l  I"  iiiiitiiii'r  liirrin- 
wliirli  liiaviB,  «  hill  ii|i|iniVHii 
■il  siiinpli'S  ;  I  "f  uliiiii  lii:n>i 
cm-li  piTsiiii  or  piTsoii--  :i9  iln- 
iliiiilili;  ri'linril  sii'.'ir.  m  siiiar 
ii:  liiMiiily  ;  mill  Iri'i-li  ^l;lllllatJ 
y  111'  ili'i'lucil  i'X|itilM'iit  by  lilt 
il  to  111'  II  propor  siiiiipli'  1 'afnl 
I  1m;  a  limfciiiiipliii'  :iikI  wIhiIp. 
(if  rplhiriiiinl  I'riiiii  a  MMantily 
Uirh'i'il  ami  iluly  trlii  i'<l.  ainl 
iifits  tliroiiglioiiti  anil  liidimn 

snsnr  wliicli  nlialt  br  1 1  •cri-il  in 
ipialily  to  ilmilili;  n  lii  r.:  fiiuar, 
mil  i:i|iial  to  iiui'li  eiairiaiusHiii- 

n  flatcil  nlinvc.  \v(  re  r-qnircl 

[lainly  ilrpcnili'iit  <  ii  Ih'  I'luiiiv, 

iatr  ai-l  milliorHiii!.'  HI  niii;  in 

n:  allowi'il  to  lie  rrli':i!l  irillie 

•••ri!  cnlilli'il  III  IliP  K^'   ■!'  ilraw- 

y,l(l.'i  loiir'.  anil  ill  till' litst  liiili 

tliissysjlrni  was  slrnii;'ly  nilvi'- 

iilia  ni'cirlianis,  wlio  rinisidin.l 

f  ri'lini-rs  liavini;  [in  -  :1  ip. 'i 

mill,  wliii'li  t'\i  Inili'il.i'l  I'liii''' 

ill);  lliL'  iliily,  llii.'ir  rri|ii"sl  wss 

[fcvnifrly  Ik'i'ii  mainly  arlHiiial, 

Uy.      "  Out  of  tl,'!  llliUSi'.-  Ill  l."ll- 

liiil  ;  anil  of  llii'-*!'  •'.  ■•'''it'  II' >^' 
1(10  tuns  Siain,  lIHiHiii-  lliiviiii- 
lii'iMi  rcri'iillv  pill  f'Tili.  v\luih 
ii'il  lVo'ii01l,(iO(li\\l.  Ill  MM" 
iiMlioti,  il  liasaiiiiiiiiiii'l  iliirii? 
aiiisl  Hv.'.nit  iwi.  Ill  liii'siiiiii' 

[taiiiliiip  llii'ri;  Ims  I n  "l"""!- 

Ill'  rlii-niual  siirmi'  have  liecii 
al  Itriliiinfur  \K\S  ) 
liU'H  of  causes  ;  Iml  iHincipnlly. 
iiationn  as  to  tlio  iiii|Miri:nuci'l 
liie  it  ;  Imt  every  iiii|irijiiilu-i'il 
on  in  II  (.'real  rnniilry.  n  i- /l 
|i:i  point  of  view,  niii-t  (•■n^m 
lliileavonreil  to  exteml  Hk'  Imsi- 
pts,  lint  bv  pranlinK  i."'  nuul 
0,  this  sort  of  poliiy.  if  "eiimy 
ono.ono  francs  (I.STU.m'H/.)  I'ai» 
loo  rf-O.Om)/.)  were  n mrni'il  a! 
It  conlil  not  allbnl  l"  l"*e  H'* 
ly  the  ilrawback.  iiecessily  Ml 
le  exporter  more  nearly  nirros- 
relineil  sugar  from  lraiii:e;a 
leijree  he  lienefileil. 
larae  (luantities  of  rflinnl  sugar, 
ntalinarkets  that  are  sill  ..|« 
ilors  in  Hie  VMcti  ami  lielgwn 

J  tills  country  Is  In  a  rnllierpre- 
leof  relief  towhirli  til"  rf'  'I 
Later  up  the  business  by  the  ai* 


Weiuhj"'"  the  act  3  &  'I  Will,  4.  c.  ni.,  lillowioK  siii;ar  tn  he  relineil  in  bonil. 
j^ctS&'I  Will.  4.  c.  61.,  kob  admittino  Hi  oar  to  nt;  hefined  for  ExroRTATiuN  without  Pay- 

MKNT  OK  DlITV. 

Ctmrnifshneri  nf  Cvtlomt  may  approve  Prtmi.iet  fur  Bonded  Svfar  tfoiiset. —Vpon  nppllratinn  to  the 
dimnilssionera  of  ciistomt  of  any  person  actually  carrying  on  the  hiisinesfi  nf  a  siignr  refiner  in  the 
nniK  of  London,  l.iver|iool,  llristol,  Hull,  (•reenock,  or  (ilasgow,  or  any  other  port  approved  hy  nny  3 
l.iiriU  nf  the  Treasury,  il  ahull  be  lawful  for  the  coniniissioners  of  cusIoiiih  to  approve  of  such  prenii- 
ieiis  bonded  sugar  houses  for  the  reliiiing  of  sugar  for  exportation  only,  on  It  hcing  made  upiiear  to 
ilie  satiMfaction  of  said  coniinisisioners  that  the  said  premises  are  tit  in  every  respect  for  receiving 
such  sugars,  and  wherein  the  same  may  be  safely  deposited. — i  I. 

Oficers  nf  Cu'tums  einpotoercd  to  deliver  Sugars  Vulij-free,  lo  bt  there  refined  for  F.iportiilion  only. — 
On  till!  approval  of  nny  premises  as  bonded  sugar  houses,  It  shall  be  lawful  for  the  othcers  of  the  ciis- 
mmsat  the  ports  where  such  premises  are  situated,  to  deliver,  without  payment  of  duty,  to  the  parly 
or  parlies  so  applyingas  aforesaid,  on  entry  with  the  proper  olficer  of  customs,  any  iiiiantily  of  foreign 
jugar,  or  of  sugar  the  produce  of  any  Uritish  posscssiun,  fur  the  purpose  of  being  mere  refined,  under 
the  locks  of  the  Crown,  for  exportation  only ;  and  all  sugars  so  delivered  shall  he  lodited  and  seciiretl 
In  !uch  premises,  under  such  conditions,  regulations,  and  restriclioBs  as  the  said  commissioners  shall 
from  lime  lo  time  direct :  provided,  thai  it  shall  be  lawful  fur  the  commissioners  to  revoke  or  alter  uny 
ctJerof  approval  of  any  such  premises. — }  8. 

fii^ntr  to  give  Bond  that  Sugar  received  be  refined  and  exported,  or  delivered  into  Bonded  fVarehoute. — 
I  |inn  tlic  entry  of  sugar  to  he  refined  in  any  premises  approved  of  under  the  authority  of  this  act,  the 
reliiicr  on  whose  premises  the  same  is  to  be  rehned  Hhall  give  bond,  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  nllicers 
or  the  customs,  In  the  penalty  of  double  the  amount  of  the  duty  payable  upon  a  like  quantity  of  sugar 
nf  the  British  plantations,  with  a  condition  that  the  whole  of  such  sugar  shall  be  actually  suhjeeted 
1  ID  the  process  of  refinement  upon  the  said  premises,  and  that  within  4  months  from  thn  date  of  such 

Mil  the  whole  of  the  refined  sugar  and  treacle  produced  by  such  process  shall  be  either  duly  exported 
I  fiiinilliesaid  premises,  or  delivered  into  an  approved  bonded  warehouse,  under  t lie  locks  of  the  crown, 

torllie  purpose  of  being  eventually  exported  lo  foreign  parts. — i  3. 


Certifitnttf  of  Growth  are  rrqiiirfd  tiffore  any  iii^ar  ran  be  enlernd 
as  tilt!  iinHliire  of  a  Rnlish  tKn,eii!iioii  in  Anirnci,  ,ir  of  the  Mauri* 
tiu!i ;  and  liefore  it  cin  lie  entered  aa  the  prmluce  iil  any  Hnt.fh  pot* 
session  wilhin  the  limits  nf  the  Kast  India  CoiiipaDy's  cliarler. — [itt 
the  claiuu  lu  tlie  >el  3ii4  Will.  4.  c  bi.  aulc,  p.  V. 


Rtotiattoiii  at  to  tmportatiim,  ^*c.  nf  .Siiifiir.— No  attou-ance  ii 
•^  W  nuile  for  daniaite  or  increase  uf  \vei|Etit  ly  water,  uu  sugar, 
iiihoul  ipeci*!  Iierniission. 
Tut  M  Rriliah  |iliiit»lioii  sil^ar  :— 
I  lakiScwI.  •  14  percent. 

g  —  and  under  12     •     1  cvvt.  each  cask. 
12         —         IS     •    I  cwl.  I  qr.  Ill  lbs.  eaeh  cuk. 
IS         -         n     -    1         2         0  - 

17  -  and  upwards     -13        0  — 

Btr.T  Root  Suo  An. — The  manufacture  of  sugar  from  beet  root  is  carried  on  to  a  very  con- 
I  Milerable  extent  in  several  parts  of  the  Continent,  particularly  in  France,  where  the  annual 
produce  of  the  sugar  from  this  source  may  at  present  he  estimated  at  about  8,001)  tons. 
This  branch  of  industry  began  during  the  e.xclusion  of  colonial  products  from  France  in  the 
reign  of  Napoleon.     It  received  a  severe  check  at  the  return  of  peace,  by  the  admission  of 
West  Inilia  sugars  at  a  reasonable  duty  :  and  would,  it  is  most  probable,  have  been  entirely 
(itiiiguishcd,  but  for  the  oppressive  additions  made  to  the  duties  on  colonial  sugars  in  1H30 
I  and  1822.     It  is  supposed  by  some,  that  at  no  distant  period  the  manufacture  of  sugar  from 
beet  root  will  bo  so  much  improved,  that  it  may  be  able  to  stand  a  competition  with  colonial 
ngar  at  the  same  duty  ;  but  we  have  no  idea  that  this  supposition  will  ever  be  realised.     It 
ii  of  importance,  however,  to  bear  in  mind,  that  were  the  culture  of  beet  root  sugar  to  be  ex- 
tensively carried  on  at  home,  it  would  be  quite  impossible  to  collect  a  duty  upon  it;  so  that  the 
1  lirge  amount  of  revenue  that  may  be  advantageously  derived  from  a  moderate  duty  on  imported 
I  iugtr,  would  be  almost  entirely  lost. — (For  an  account  of  the  beet  root  cultivation  in  France, 
I  Me  the  article  on  the  French  Commercial  Si/stem,  in  the  Edinhtirgh  Review,  No.  99.) 

We  understand  that  a  few  small  parcels  of  beet  root  sugar  have  recently  been  {iroduced  in 
I  this  country ;  and  with  the  present  enormous  duty  on  colonial  sugar,  we  arc  not  sure  that 
I  the  manufacture  may  not  succeed.  But,  as  the  preservation  of  the  revenue  from  sugar  is  of 
I  infinitely  more  importance  than  the  introduction  of  this  spurious  business,  the  foundations 
lof  which  must  entirely  rest  on  the  miserable  machinery  of  Custom-house  regulations,  sound 
I  policy  would  seem  to  dictate  that  the  precedent  established  in  the  case  of  tobacco  should  be 
I  followed  in  this  instance,  and  that  the  beet  root  sugar  manufacture  should  be  abolished.  In- 
lumuch,  too,  as  it  is  better  to  check  an  evil  at  the  outset,  than  to  grapple  with  it  afterwards, 
Iwe trust  that  no  time  may  be  lost  in  taking  vigorous  measures,  should  there  be  any  appear- 
|iiKCof  the  business  extending. 

MiPir.  SuoAM. — .\  species  of  maple  (Acer  saccharimim  Iiin.)  yields  a  considerable  quan- 
Itity  of  sugar.  It  grows  plentifully  in  the  United  States  and  in  Canada;  and  in  some  dis- 
|liict8  furnishes  the  inhabitants  with  most  of  the  sugar  they  make  use  of.  Though  inferior 
lin  grain  and  strength  to  that  which  is  produced  from  the  cane,  maple  sugar  granulates 
llietterthan  that  of  the  beet  root,  or  any  other  vegetable,  the  cane  excepted.  It  is  produced 
Ifiomthe  sap,  which  is  obtained  by  perforating  the  tree  in  the  spring,  to  the  depth  of  about 
I J  inches,  and  setting  a  vessel  for  its  reception.  The  quantity  afforded  varies  with  the  tree 
lud  the  season.  From  2  to  3  gallons  may  be  about  the  daily  average  yield  of  a  single  tree ; 
llutsome  trees  have  yielded  more  than  20  gallons  in  a  day,  and  others  not  more  than  a  pint. 
■The  process  of  boiling  the  juice  does  not  dilTer  materially  from  what  is  followed  with  the 
lone  juice  in  the  West  Indies.  It  is  necessary  that  it  should  be  boiled  as  aoon  after  it  is 
l^wn  from  the  tree  as  possible.  If  it  be  allowed  to  stand  above  24  hours,  it  is  apt  to  under- 
Ip  the  vinous  and  acetous  fermentation,  by  which  its  saccharine  quality  is  destroyed. — 
|(A)ucAe//e's  British  America,  vol.  i.  p.  371 ;  Timber  TVeea  and  Fruits.-  Library  of  En- 
\\B\mins  Knowkdee.) 
'  Voi.i!._3B 


666 


SUGAR. 


Prieet  of  Sugar.— The  fdllowing  itatement  of  the  prlcei  of  sugar  In  llie  London  market,  on  the  lert  I 
of  December,  1836,  li  taken  from  Prince'*  Price  Current  of  that  date  :—  "I 


Supr. 


Raw,  Duly  paid 

W.  I,,  Jamaln,  ipiod  aiHl  An« 
at.  Vinarnt,  tixid  bihI  uiid. 
SL  Kitit,  iiiKldliDg  • 
Delturan,  An« 
Trinida  I,  niiildtinf 
TutjaKOi  K»nil  browo 
8t.  Lucra,  brown    - 
Barbadoes,  fine 

middlinc 
Miuritlui,  bronrn   ■ 

ycWow  -  -  . 

fine 
Havannah,  white       *     band 

brown  aod  yellow 
Braiil,  while  ■ 

browo  and  yellow 
Eail  India. 
Bengal,  unod  and  fine  while 


Price  per  Cwt 


2  \i 

3  i 


d.  L. 
0  lo  3 
0  —  3 
0-3 
6  S 
«  -  2 
0-2 
0-2 
6-3 
6-3 
0  —  2 
0-3 
0-3 
0  —  2 
0  —  I 
0—  I 
0-  1 


d. 
S    0 


I  11    6—  I  14    0 


Duly 
per  Cwl. 


t.    d. 
4    0 


3    3    0 


1  14    0 


Sufar. 


Raw,  bond 

Em  India — continiud. 
Ilennal,  vol.  &  mid.  while 
Siani,  .vnKe 
Manilla 
Java 
Heflneit  linile,  large  lumpa  • 
iniallatlto 
iinKle  lo.-ivea 

KwdtT  diHo 
lent  double  loeves 
llanibro'  ditto     • 
Prunian  luinpa   •  • 

cruihfd  (on  brard) 
Dutch,  cruihed  • 
Baitardt,  erfrfn 
Molaaet,  Uritiib 

Patrnt 
B.  V.  Weal  Indict      ■ 


Price  per  Cwl. 


L.I.   d.      L.  I.   d. 


0  18 

1  8 
I  I 
I  1 
3  8 
3  10 
3  II 

3  II 

4  li 


I  14    0 
3   }  U 


0  In  I  10    0 

0  —  t  13    0 

0—1  60' 

0  —  I  13    0'  _         I 


0-000 
0  —  3  12    U 
0  —  3  Ij    0 
0  —  S  10    - 
0  —  40 
0  —  40 
0  —  I   IS 
0  -  I  M 
0  —  2  IS 
0  —  18 
0-19 


'16    0 


IiijM  „p.  I 
^'.  9  114 
ll.«iblt  ^ 
luierl,   it,    I 

*        «l)oul  i,"' 
CWL 

DUIT 

8k. 


err.  -• 

••■■■  -^ 

IT  2 


AccnuNTs  OF  Sales  of  Suoar. — Riihjoined  are  pro  formii  accoiints  of  snlei  of  sii|;ar  frniii  Janiain.! 
Brazil,  Bengal,  Mauritius,  &c.    Tliune  accounts  are  iiitervstinir,  itiaHiiiuch  as  they  lixliihii  ihu  vatiqui 
charges  aflfecting  this  necessary  article,  from  the  time  it  is  shipped  in  the  colonies  till  it  tlnds  {[^ ,,.,,[ 
into  the  hands  of  the  grocer :  and  our  readers  iiiuy  rely  on  their  authenticity.    It  will  be  ubnervt/ 
that  the  duties  are  very  much  greater  than  the  aumi  received  by  the  planters.  '' 


€7^ 


sni 


Pro  Forma  Salet  of  lOO  Hogaheadi  Jamaica  Sugar,  per  "  Jean,"  Captain  Yatei,  by  Order  and  for  Account  of  Thomason  k  Co. 


IBM. 
Feb.  19. 


ICO  hhdi.  (weighing  each  14  cwl, 
Cwt.  art.  ibt. 
1,400    0    0 
151    3    4  tare  awl  drift. 


Cu>t.  qri.  it*. 
Average  market  tare    I    2    0  each 
Draft  -002- 


1,248    0  24  nelt 


1121. 
«.    d. 


I6f. 


Chargtt, 
Warehoniin^  entry  ...  .  . 

Sea  iniurance,  valuing  at  201.  per  hhd.  60f.  per  crDt.  on  2,000t. 
Policy  &f.  pel  cent,,  51.    Conimiiaion  I -2  per  cent.,  101. 

Iniuraucefromfirc,3inoDths,  at  3i.  3d.  percent,  on  2,000(.  • 
Cufttonii  duty  on  1,250  cwt.  at  24t.  per  cwt.  and  entriea 
Freight  on  1,230  cwl.,  at  41.  lOa.  per  ton  or20  cwt.  -  ' 

Primage  at  6d  each,  2i.  lOr.    Pierage  at  4  l-2d.,  li.  17;.  6d,   • 

Comolidated  rale  on  1,250  cwt.  It  8d.  per  cwt*         .  .  .  .  . 

Laying  over  at  6d.  each       .....  ... 

Inteieil  on  freight,  23  dayi,  I5f.  Sd. ;  on  duly,  70  dayi,  I II.  lOt.  2d. ;  on  charge*,  70  daya, 

6a.  4d.    - 
Brokerage  I  2  per  cent       ........ 

Del  credere  I  per  cent.       ..•••.>• 
ComaiiHion  2 1*2  percent.  •  .  •  •  .  . 


60 
IS 

0 
0 

0 

0 

ini 

4 

6 

7 

6 

6 

per  cwt. 
/..    f.  d. 


65 

3 

1,503 


285  12 
41  13 
2  10 

12  12 
17  9 
34  19 

87    7 


U  I  t 


3,495  0  0 


Vmdon,  25<A  of  Ftbruary,  1834. 


Emn  excepted. 


Cuh,  3d  of  May 


2,033  I]  6 1 
1,441  6  ( I 


•  Thia  charge  Includet  12  weekt'  rent;  but  thould  the  importer  keep  the  tugar  on  hand  beyond  thit  |«riod, tie 
would  be  liable  to  rent  at  Ibe  rate  of  Sd.  per  Ion  per  week.  Tlie  buyer  alio  baa  the  tugar  del ivemi  to  liim  free  of 
eipenie. ^ 


Pro  Forma  Salet  of  100  Cbeali  Bahia  Sugar,  per  "  Mary,"  Captain  Smith,  by  Order  and  for  Account  of  William  Ilcory  k  Co. 


1834. 
Feb.  19. 


Average  weight  of  each  chetl  abbut  16  cwt.  irnit. 
Revenue  tam  13  per  cent.,  and  draft  2  Ibi.  per  cheit,  allowed  to  buyera. 

Ctol.  ori.  Ibt. 

23  chetti  white 628    0   0  croit. 

Cut.  art.  Ibe,  0    2    4  draft 

•    628    0   0  

0    2    4  S27    1  24 


do. 
do. 


yellow 
bruvfu 


lOOolMiti 


Cull.  art.  the, 

628    0    0 

0    2    4 


627 


627 
61 


I  34 

024 


I  34 

034 


61    0  24  tare. 


466 


468    I    OnsN 


466    1    Onett 


0  nett  at  11.71. 

•       at  II.  it. 

at  II.  It. 


Ditoaai>t21-3peroeBt 


Chart—. 
WirehoanBg  entry  .  . 

Sei  iniurance  on  1,7001.  at  SI.  7t.  6d.  per  cent. 
Falicy  St.  per  cent.,  41.  St,    CommimoB  14  per  cant,  81,  lOi. 

Inauranoe  from  fire  on  1,7001,  at  3t.  3d,  per  cent. 

Freight  on  1,400  cwt  I  ^r.  12  Ita.  at  3i.  lOt.  per  Ion  of  20  cwt 


L.    I.  d. 


Primage  6i.  per  cent 


.  I  qr.  12 
,  I2l.  Si. 


Pierage  at  3  f-2d,  per  Ion,  li.  0>.  Sd. 


40 

7 

6 

12  15 

0 

, 

. 

3*5 

0  II 

13 

6 

6 

Conaolidated  rale  on  l,400cwt.  1  qr.  12  Ibt.  it  7d.  per  cwt*  ■ 

Laying  over  at  6d.  each       *....... 

Inleretl  on  freight,  35  dayt,  I4>.  Id. ;  on  deck  cbargei,  35  dayt,  2>.  3d. 

Advertiting  and  ihowing  Iter  nla,  caUloguei,  UM  of  room,  receipt  (limpt,  ind  petty  eipentca 

Brokerage  I  per  cent         ........ 

Commiaion,  3  |.2  per  cent  ....... 


L. 

0 


S3    2   6 
2  15   6 


258  6  4 

40  16  10 
2  10  0 
0  16  4 
2  I  6 

16  15  i 

41  19  3 


L  i.i.\ 


629  Sl| 

659  10  0 
4S9  11  >  I 


\,mi  10  0 1 
41  19  1 1 


419  8  i j 
1,217  il\ 


Erron  excepted.  Ciah,  S3d  of  Much  L. 

London,  2tth  of  Atevory,  18S4. 

•  Thii  charge  includet  12  weeki'  rent ;  but  ahould  the  importer  keep  the  tugar  on  hand  beyond  thai  ptrio,!,  he  mull 
bs  liible  to  rent  at  the  rate  of  Sd.  per  ton  per  week.    The  buyer  ilto  hit  the  tugir  delivered  lo  him  free  of  eipeae. 


the  London  market,  on  the  ICtJ 


I  of  inles  of  sugar  from  JiiraiitJ 
much  as  they  uxhiltit  lliu  vatnuil 

II  the  cnloniea  till  it  tiiidit  ju  *iA 
itheiUlcity.  It  will  be  obsetndl 
lerir. 


ir  tod  tor  Account  of  Thain>»n  k  C& 


)t.  mi.  Iht. 

0    12    0  Mch 

.002    — 


at  U.  I6f.  per  ewt. 


L.    t.    d. 

'so  0  6 

16    0    0 


281    t    0 
4    7    6 


5ei,70da)i, 


/,.    t.  d. 

0    4    6 


85    0    0 

3    6    0 

1,503    0    0 


286  12  6 

41  13  4 

2  10  0 

12  12  2 

17    9  C 

34  19  0 

S7    7  6 


Lit 


3,496  01 


2,033  I]  6 
Cuh,  3d  of  May      •      L  |  1,441  6e 

the  sugar  on  hand  beyond  that  t>eriotl,  he 
alio  bu  the  lugar  delivered  to  tiiDi  tmo( 


id  for  Account  of  William  Henry  *  Co. 


4  to  buyera. 
Ciol.  qri.  Un. 
"28    0    0  troa. 
0    2    4  3nfl. 


627    1  24 
61    0  24  lar«. 


466  1  OnettatU.7i. 
.  at  II.  4i. 
.       at  IL  It. 


£.    >.  d. 

40    7    6 
12  16    0 


petty  eipenict  I 


• 

• 

L.    f. 
0  4 

d.' 
6 

63  2 

2  13 

8 
6 

268  6  4 

40  16  10 
2  ID  0 
0  16  4 
2  1  6 
16  13  6 

41  19  3 

ll" 

L. 

L.  I.  ll 


6»  It 

33910  0 

tK  II S I 

1,678  10  0  I 
41  19  1 

1,636  10  I 


419  8Sj 

1.217  2l| 


uh,  82d  of  March 

aunr  on  hand  beyond  that  peijod,  he^ouU  I 
e  mnar  delivered  lo  htm  free  of  eipewt- 


SUGAR. 


567 


Pro  fWma  Salw  of  SCO  Bag.  Benpl  Sugar,  [ler  '■  Pero,"  Captain  Hawk,  by  Order  and  for  Account  of  W.  S  Wirw.ck. 


Il-M. 
retk  19. 


Vxot.  art.  Ua, 

600  bap  (wrifhing  each  I    0    21) 
L'uK.  qrl.  lU, 
6U3    3    0 
31     I    0  tare  and  draft 


Revenue  tare  6  Iba.  etch. 
Draft  I  lb.  eacb. 


662    1    Onett 


at  11. 9«.  per  cwl. 


12 

6 


...     ..  Chargm 

Warahouaing  entry  .  .  .  .  .  , 

.Sea  inaurauce  on  8001.  at  21.  I6>.  per  cent.     .... 
Policy  6>.  |«r  cent.,  2t.    I'uniniiiiion  I  2  per  cent,  4L 

Inaurance  from  Are  on  8001,  at  St.  Sd.  per  cent. 
rreiglitonMiecwI.aqra.  24lbfcal4/.  pertonof20cwt       . 
ConKilidated  rale  on  6(i6  cwt.  3  qn,  24  Iba.  at  td.  Mr  cwt*    . 
tootling  at  Id.  per  cwt.  groia  .  . 

Broke'raliS*  "mI"  cMl"*  '"'  "'''  "'*'*'*"•*' ""'  °' """'  "«'l"  "«™P«.  »»<'  petty  eipenari 
Cuniojiuiuu  2 1.2  per  cent.  .  .  [  '  ' 


14 

2 


3    6 

9   a 


A. 

0 


28 
113 


16  12  6 

2    1  6 

4     1  7 

20    7  II 


816  12  6 


186    2  0 


i<mdon.26«*o/rciru.,y,  1834.'^'""  ""'"'*'•  CaJ.,  2«th  of  May       .       L.    _<a9_iaMB 

tJtJ^'a.^^^S^ll'tl^Z  "r",!.''"'  ";"' '  •""  ••'"11'''  Itf  r^'*"  ""T  ""'  '"It"  ""  •'•'"'  ''«)'""l  Ihat  period,  he  «„.,ld 
tie  llalile  to  rent  at  the  rate  of  id.  per  ton  per  week.    Tlw  buyer  alto  baa  the  lugar  delivered  to  him  free  of  eipenie. 


jVo  Fmm  Salee  of  2,000  Bagi  Mauritiut  Sugar,  per  »  Africa,"  Captain  Reynolds,  by  Order  and  for  Account  of  S.  R.  Waters. 


1)14. 
rtb.  19. 


Cwt.  qri,  lb. 
■00  bags,  (weighing  each  1     1    0) 


Cwt.  art.  lit. 
600  0  0 
107    0  16  tare  and  draft. 


Revenue  tare  6  Ibe.  eaclu 
Draft  1  lb.  each. 


L.    I.    d. 


2,382    3  12  nelt 

CAargef, 
Warehousing  entry  ...... 

Sea  insurance  nn  3,700f.  at  V.  per  cent.  .... 

Policy  6<.  percent,  9(.6i.  Coninisiion  1-2  per  cent,  18f.  lOsk 

Insurance  fmm  fire  on  3,700/.  at  3f.  3d.  per  cent 
Cuilnnis  duly  on  2,410  cwt.  2  qrs.  24  lbs.  at  It  4>.  per  cwt.  and  enlriea 
Freight  on  2,410  cwt  2  >|ri.  24  lbs.  at  4t  lOt,  per  ton  of  20  cwt. 
rrimage  5<.  per  cent  ...... 

Consolidated  rate  on  2,410  cwt.  2  qn,  24  Iba.  at  6d.  per  cwt* 
l»tling  at  Id.  per  cwt.  groas.  .  -  .  •  . 

Interest  on  duty,  70  days,  22f.  4>.  3d. ;  on  freight,  25  days,  if.  lOl.  6d. ;  on  ctiarget,  70 
daya,  I0>.  lOd.      ......... 

Advertising  and  ihowing  for  sale,  catalogues,  use  of  room,  receipt  stamps,  and  petty  expenses 
Brokerage  anil  guarantee  t  per  cent.  ...... 

Commission  2  1-2  per  cent.  ....... 


at  2f.  16*.  per  cwt 


III  0 
27  16 

0 
0 

642  8 
13  II 

4 
2 

60  6 
10  8 

4 

4 

L.    I.   d. 

0    4    6 


13!)  15 

6    0 

2,895  16 


666  19    6 


70  13    8 


24    5 

7    0 

66  16 

IM  10 


Imim,  nth  of  Fibruary,  1834. 


Enron  excepted. 


Cub,  3d  of  May 


U    I.    d. 


6,680    7  0 


3,929    0  10 


2,631    6  2 


•  This  charge  includes   12  weeks'  rent ;  but  should  the  importer  keep  the  sugar  on  hand  beyond  that  period,  he 
...ij  ...  ,..u,_  . .  ..  .1. ._  _•  .J  —  . .-     ij.|jj  buyer  also  has  the  sugar  delivered  to  bun  free  of 


would  be  liable  to  rent  at  the  rate  of  4d.  per  ton  per  week 
expense. 


Pn  Fmna  Salea  of  600  Cheats  Havannah  Sugar,  per  "  Forcia,"  Captain  Baker,  by  Order  and  for  Account  of  Wm.  Watklns. 


iim. 
rib  19. 


250  cbeala  while  (weighing  each  4  1-4  cwt) 

CuA.  art.  Iht. 
230   da    yellow         l,0»    2    0 

118    1    6tkd. 


Cwt.  art.  lit. 
1,062    2    0 
118    I    6  t  (kd. 


944    0  22  nett 


S44    0  22  nett 


Revenue  tare  52  lbs.  each. 
Draft  I  lb.  eaclu 

•       at  It  I4«, 

at  II.  6<. 

Discount  2  1-2  per  cent. 


Chargu.  L.    t.  d. 

Warehousing  entry  ........ 

Sea  insurance  on  2,8001.  at  21.  5>.  per  cent    .  .  .  ■ 

Policy  5i,  per  cent,  7t    Comniisiion  lOi,  per  cent,  14i. 

Iniurance  fmm  fire  on  2,8001.  at  3t.  3d.  per  cent 

Freight  on  1,892  cwt  3  ors.  12  lbs.  at  4t  lOi.  per  ton  of  20  cwt 

Primage  5i.  per  cent,  211.  In.  lOd.    Pierage  3  I -2d.  per  ton.  It  7>.  7d. 

CoDKilidated  rate  on  l,^D2cwt.  3qrs.  12  lbs.  at  6d.  per  cwt* 

Laying  over  at  6d.  each       ...... 

Interat  on  freirht,  25  days.  It  4>.  7d. ;  on  dock  charges,  25  days,  2s,  6d. 
Auction  duty  1-2  per  cent.    ...... 

Adverliiing  and  showing  for  sale,  cakilogues,  use  of  room,  receipt  stamps,  and  petty  expenses 
Brokerage  I  per  cent  ...... 

Conimiuion  2  1-2  per  cent 


63  0 

21  0 

0 
0 

423  18 
22  13 

6 

6 

t.     t.   d. 

0    4    6 


84    0    0 
4  11    0 


448  II  II 

47    6  6 

12  10  0 
I     7  1 

13  18  6 
3    1  6 

27  17  0 

69  12  6 


London,  26M  of  Ftliruary,  1834. 


Errors  excepted. 


Cash,  22d  of  March 


L.    I.  d. 

1,605    Z  0 
1,180    6  0 


2,785    7  0 
19  12  6 


2,716  14  6 


713    0  6 


2,(Xn  14  0 


*  This  charge  includes  12  weeks'  rent ;  but  should  the  importer  keep  the  sugar  on  hand  beyond  that  period,  he  would 
lie  liable  to  rent  at  the  rate  of  4d.  per  ton  per  week.    The  buyer  also  baa  the  sugar  delivered  to  him  free  of  expense. 


}f.  B.— The  freight  is  charged  on  the  weight,  exclusive  of  the  tare,  but  inclusive  of  the  draft. 


568 


SUGAR. 


r  1 

«••     'J 


::  :;  a. » 


(Slate  of  the  Sugar  TVarfe.— The  sugar  trade  ig  at  this  moment  in  a  very  singular  anj 
perplexing  state.  In  consequence  of  the  eflbrU  made  by  the  abolitionists  in  this  couturv. 
the  apprenticeship  system,  which  was  to  have  continued  till  1840,  ceased  in  August  iut 
(1838) ;  and  the  blacks  in  the  different  sugar  islands  belonging  to  Great  Britain  are  now  u 
free,  and  as  much  entitled  to  the  free  disposal  of  their  labour,  as  the  workmen  in  England, 
It  would  be  premature  to  speculate  as  to  the  ultimate  influence  of  this  great  change.  Evpti 
u  respects  the  present  state  of  the  islands,  the  accounts  are  contradictory,  and  little  to  he  re- 
lied  on.  Certainly,  however,  we  have  little  doubt,  whatever  may  be  the  result  in  the  lonu 
run,  that  in  the  first  instance  the  emancipation  of  the  blacks  will  be  productive  of  a  great  di^ 
cline  in  the  growth  and  exportation  of  sugar.  It  would,  indeed,  be  extraordinary  were  ii 
otherwise.  Labour  in  sugar  plantations  has  hitherto  been  associated  in  the  minds  of  the  lilackj 
with  nil  that  is  most  revolting  to  the  feelings  ;  and  it  is  not  rational  to  suppose,  now  that 
they  are  free,  that  they  should  apply  themselves  to  what  has  Iwen  the  badge  and  test  of  i\m, 
degradation,  with  the  energy  that  the  lash  usi-d  formerly  to  innpire.  It  should  furllitr  he 
recollected,  that  the  wants  of  the  blacks  are  comparatively  few,  and  that  they  may  lie  par. 
tially  or  fully  met  by  labouring  on  grounds  where  sugar  is  not  raised,  and  where  the  workij 
much  lighter.  The  circumstances  now  stated  may  not,  indeed,  have  the  influence  that  one 
should  naturally  expect ;  and  they  may  be  partially  countervailed  by  others.  Dut  iiliir 
every  abatement,  our  conviction  is,  that  a  very  great  falling-olf  may  be  anticipated.  It  will 
be  seen  from  the  subjoined  account,  that  the  export  of  sugar  from  Jamaica  has  declined  frnm 
1,256,991  cwt.  in  1833,  to  903,933  cwt.  in  1837  !  And  taking  the  entire  produce  of  the 
West  Indian  colonies,  and  of  the  Mauritius,  in  1838,  at  180,000  tons,  Mr.  Codk  estiinaiM 
the  probable  deficiency  in  the  supply  of  the  current  year  at  no  less  than  30,000  tons, 

The  equalisation  of  the  duties  on  East  and  West  India  sugars  judiciously  eflt'cted  iiy  the 

act  6  &  7  Will.  4.  cap.  26.,  has,  by  occasioning  a  considerably  increased  exportation  ot  East 

India  sugar,  contributed  in  so  far  to  counteract  the  influence  of  the  decreasing  ini|iorts  from 

the  West  Indies.     But  it  is  doubtful  whether  this  resource  will  be  suflicient  under  the  new 

state  of  things,  and  whether  it  will  not  be  necessary  to  open  our  ports  to  the  importation  uf 

foreign  sugars,  under  such  regulations  as  may  appear  to  be  necessary  to  secure  the  rights 

and  interests  of  all  parties.     We  believe  that  such  a  measure  would  be  of  signal  importance, 

and  that  it  would  not  merely  contribute  to  reduce  the  cost  of  one  of  the  princijjal  necessaries 

of  life,  but  would  greatly  extend  our  trade  with  Brazil,  and  other  countries  rapidly  rising  in 

commercial  importance,  sugar  being  the  principal  article  they  have  to  offer  in  exchange  for  | 

foreign  products. 

An  Account  of  tlie  Sugars  imported  into  the  United  Kingdom  frnm  the  Colonies  and  Settlements  in  i 
the  West  Indies  and.  the  Mauritius  during  tlie  Four  Years  ending  with  1837  :  distinguishing  eacli 
Year,  and  each  Colony  or  Settlement. 


Colonla  and  Mtlanmlf. 

Planlktion  Sugar  imported  ioto  the  United  Kingdom.                      | 

1833. 

ie34. 

1835.    . 

1636. 

1837. 

evjt. 

eat. 

cwt. 

eiH. 

tiet. 

Antigua  .... 

139.519 

257,178 

174,818 

135,482 

62,170 

Rarbadoes           ... 

384,971 

394,527 

344,689 

373,429 

445,713   , 

Dominica            .           .           - 

47,372 

54,876 

25,014 

35,213 

33,724 

Grenada              ... 

204,074 

194,542 

170,280 

156,310 

ini.922  1 

Jamaica  .... 

1,256,991 

1,256,253 

1,148,760 

1,054,042 

!K13,!a?   ' 

Montserrat          ... 

15,507 

26,630 

16,262 

12,152 

5,6!I3    i 

Nevis      .... 

42,297 

59,748 

39,637 

23,028 

24,260   I 

St.  Christopher  ... 

80,390 

105,355 

86,754 

61,418 

73.270  , 

St.  Lucia            ... 

46,548 

63,306 

54,732 

38,085 

51,430   1 

St.  Vincent        ... 

194,889 

31.3,016 

195,057 

186,482 

20I,||J1 

Tobago    .... 

86,627 

79,018 

77,260 

117,643 

90,Nf2   i 

Torto  a    - 

14,969 

21,926 

13,821 

13,510 

13,534 

Trinidad              ... 

286,301 

339,615 

289,392 

312,141 

295,367 

Denmrara           .           .           - 

752,474 

6H6,566 

7B0,.376 

864,134 

792,>!52 

Berbice    -           .           k           . 

101,7.'i6 

90,699 

126,485 

21.3,714 

150,536   ; 

Mauritius            ... 
Total 

516,077 

553,890 

558,237 

497,302 

537,455   ; 

4,168,573 

4,397,145 

4,081,575 

4,097,084 

3,843,863  j 

The  Imports  of  East  India  Sugar  increased  from  374,306  cwt.  in  1837,  to  609,979  cwt.  in  183d. 
Account  of  Sugar  entered  for  Home  Consumption  in  the  Year  ending  the  5th  of  January,  1840;  with  I 
the  Amount  of  Duty  received  thereon.  


Sugar  of  llie  Britiili  FoncNioni  in  America 
Mauritiui 

British  FtMcaiona  in  the  Eait  Indiea 
of  alt  oUier  Sorti 

Total      . 

Deduct  paftnenti  out  of  (he  rrtm  receipt  on  account  of  bounty  paid  on  the  ezporta- ' 
-alio,  pa         ■    -      •  ■       ■  •  ■ 


tiA.  ^  refined  lugar,- 
nigar,  be. 


,  paymenli  for  damaged,  and  overcharged  duty  oo  ! 


Quantities  entered  for 
Home  Consumption. 


Gross  Amount  of 
Duty  received. 


Cwl.  2,790,294 

.',69,356 

478,(W2 

60 


8,857,702 


L.  3,W7,2S6 

6;3,6SI 
ICO 


4,6JS,353 


4I,44S 


Gross  Receipt  on  Sugar 
Nett  Receipt  on   do.  ■ 


L.  4,628.3M 

4,5t%,9IO 


SUGAR. 


600 


cnt  in  a  very  »ingular  and 
)olitioni8t8  in  this  cuuntry. 
)40,  ceased  in  August  \u\ 
)  Great  Britain  arc  now  at 
the  workmen  in  England. 
■  this  great  change.    Even 
idictory,  and  little  to  be  re- 
y  be  the  result  in  the  Ions 
he  productive  of  a  great  de. 
J,  he  extraordinary  were  it 
>d  in  the  minds  of  the  lilacka 
lional  to  suppose,  mm  that 
the  badge  and  t»'»l  of  then 
spire.     It  should  fnrtlicr  be 
and  that  they  may  lie  \m- 
isod,  and  where  the  work  is 
have  the  influence  that  one 
iilud  by  others.     But  aft(r 
nay  be  anticipated.    It  will 
I  Jamaica  has  declined  frntn 
ig  the  entire  produce  of  the 
)0  tons,  Mr.  Codk  estimates 
BM  than  30,000  Uiiis. 
g  judiciously  eirccted  liy  the 
ncreased  exportalioiiof  East 
the  decreasing  iniiiorls  i'roni 
be  sufficient  under  the  new 
r  porta  to  the  importation  uf 
cessary  to  secure  the  rights 
ould  be  of  signal  importance, . 
le  of  the  principal  necessaries 
er  countries  rapidly  rising  in 
tiave  to  ofTer  in  exchange  for 

the  Colnnies  and  Settlements  in  1 
with  11^37  :  diitinguishiiig  vacli  { 


nio  the  United  Kingdom. 

5. 

1836. 

1837.     1 

1 

etdt. 

eiet.      1 

818            135,482 

62,170   i 

089 

373,428 

445,713  : 

014 

35,213 

33,724 

280 

156,310 

m.m  1 

760 

1,054,042 

903,933 

262 

12,152 

iM 

637 

23,028 

24,» 

754 

61,418 

73,270   ' 

732 

38,085 

51,430   i 

057 

186,482 

40I,1U1 

260 

117,643 

90,l!(i'2 

621 

13,510 

13,.«4 

392 

312,141 

2iJ5,367 

376 

804,134 

792,'!52 

485 

213,714 

\i0.a  ; 

237 

497,302 

537,455   , 

575     1    4,097,084 

1    3,843,6M  j 

837,  to  609,979  cw 

t.  in  1S38. 

the  Sth  of  Janua 

ry,  1840 ;  with 

tin  entered  for  i       G 

roM  Aomnnl  of 

ConiUDiplion.    I         1 

)uty  rfccivej. 

L.  3,347,2%       i 
707  ,M 
673,6S1 
160 

2,790,294 

S89.358 

478,002 

60 

8,837,702 

4,628,355 

- 

4l,44i 

.  /,.  4,»28.3r,5 

4,586,910 

The  consumption  of  sugar  is  rnpiilly  increasing  on  the  continent  and  in  America.  Dut 
the  increase  in  the  former  is  to  a  great  extent  met  by  the  culture  of  boet-root  sugar.  'I'ho 
rntire  consumption  nf  sugar  in  France  is  estimated  to  amount  at  present  to  120,000  tons; 
but  of  this  amotnit  no  fewer  than  H0,000  tons  are  said  to  have  been  supplird  in  1H:)S  by  the 
beet-root  plantations.  In  183^,  bcct-root  sugar  did  not  exceed  10,000  or  1*2,000  ton.-f ;  and 
its  astonishing  increase  in  the  interval  has  been  owing  to  the  circumstance  of  colonial  sugar 
having  been  loaded  in  Franco  with  a  duty  of  about  iS.v.  a  cwt. ;  whereas,  till  last  year,  l>cet- 
root  sugar  was  exempted  from  all  duty.  It  now,  however,  pays  a  duty  of  9s.  a  cwt. ;  and  it 
remains  to  be  seen  whether  it  will  continue  to  advance  under  this  duly,  which  still  leaves  it 
in  a  very  advantageous  situation  as  compared  with  colonial  sugar ;  if  it  do,  the  manufacture 
may  be  looked  upon  as  firmly  established,  and  able  to  maintain  its  ground  against  the  com- 
petition of  the  French  colonists.* 

Bui  the  production  of  beet-root  sugar  is  not  confined  to  Franco.  On  the  contrary,  it  is 
npidly  extending  in  Belgium,  Germany,  Prussia,  and  even  Russia.  Nor  is  this  to  Ih-  won- 
dered at,  as  it  everywhere  enjoys  an  exemption  from  duly ;  and  comes  into  competition  with 
I  foreign  article  loaded  with  a  heavy  duty.  But  were  the  sugars  of  Cuba,  Ura/il,  and  Java 
allowed  to  come  into  the  continental  markets  on  the  same  terms  as  beet-root  sugar,  wo  arc 
inclined  to  think  that  we  should  not  hear  much  more  of  the  progress  of  the  latter. 

The  consumption  of  sugar  in  America,  Australia,  and,  indcciJ,  in  all  civilised  countries, 
ind  in  all  countries  emerging  from  barbarism,  is  augmenting  every  day.  But,  independent 
even  of  the  novel  and  important  resource  of  beet-root  sugar,  the  production  of  the  article  is 
eitending  so  very  rapidly  in  Brazil,  Cuba,  Java,  the  Philippines,  &c.,  that  there  is  no  reason 
to  fear  any  great  increase  of  price,  even  though  the  worst  anticipations  should  be  realised  as 
10  its  production  in  the  British  West  Indies.j- — Hup.) 

[What  follows  is  extracted  from  a  memorial  of  the  Legislature  of  Louisiana  to  Congress, 
in  1840.  It  will  be  found  to  contain  an  interesting  account  of  the  condition  of  the  sugar- 
growing  interest  of  the  United  States. 

That  from  1816  to  1828  the  anniinl  prodtictton  increased  from  15,000  hhds.  of  1,000  to  45,000  lihds. 
That  in  1828,  the  capital  invested  and  the  power  used,  in  this  branch  of  Industry,  was  estimated  as 
follows; 

309e8talc8,        -  .  -  ^34,000,000     I    Animal  power,  about  -    13,000  horses  nnd  oxen. 

Minnal  power,  about  -  -  21,0(10  Imnda.  |    Mechiinicnl,  alioiit        •     1,640  horse  power. 

Thnt  from  1828  to  1830,  383  new  estates  were  undertaken,  wliich  required  a  further  outlay  of  about 
|llt,00(l,U(l() :  milking  n  Intnl  outlay  for  691  estates  of  about  $50,000,000. 

That  under  the  tiiritTof  1816,  Louisiana  was  already  supplying  one  half  of  the  sugars  rcr,iiired  for 
(he  consumption  of  the  United  t^tates,  and  was  bidding  fair  soou  to  meet  the  entire  consumption. 

That  before  these  383  estates  could  be  brought  into  full  operation,  the  tariff  of  18.34  was  adopted; 
lliat  156  estates  have  olready  been  compelled  to  abandon  their  sugar  works,  under  the  effect  of  this 
Id;  that  its  further  action  cannot  fail  to  annihilate  this  Important  branch  of  national  industry. 

That  the  sugar  estates  yet  in  operation,  number  525. 

That  the  power  used  thereupon  is  estimated  as  follows  : 

Manual,  about    -  -  40,000  hands.    |    Mechanical    -  -  .  10,000  horses. 

That  the  annual  expenses  of  a  well-regulated  plantation  are  computed  nt  $50  per  hand. 

That  these  estates,  with  their  increased  machinery,  have  required,  ut  a  low  valuation,  a  cash  invest- 
ment of  at  least  *52,000,000. 

That  the  annual  average  crops  do  not  exceed  70,000  hhda.  or  70  millions  of  pounds  of  sugar,  and 
330,000  gallons  of  molasses. 

That  the  product  of  such  a  crop,  nt  6  cents  for  sugar  and  20  cents  for  molasses,  would  be  94,900,000. 

That  deducting  expenses  therefrom,  si. y  $50  per  hand,  82,000,000. 

There  would  remain  nett,  $2,900,000  ;  ;'  ."^  57-ioO  per  cent,  on  the  capital  invested. 

That  the  nett  product  of  the  same  ci      ,  v.i  !Ji  cents,  nnd  18,  would  be  #2,480,000,  or  4  76-100  percent. 

That  the  nett  product,  at  5  and  17,  wui.ii;  t>e  #2,096,000,  or  4  per  cent. 

That  the  nett  product,  at  4  and  16,  wou..  be  #1,460,000,  or  about  2  80-100  per  cent. 

From  which  it  is  evident  that  Louisiana,  with  its  uncertain  climate  nnd  expensive  operations,  cannot 
produce  sugar  under  5^  cents  ;  while  in  the  West  India  Islands,  with  their  genial  climate  and  cheap 
operations,  niuscavadoes  can  be  produced,  so  as  to  yield  a  fair  remuneration,  at  2t  a  3  cents. 

That  under  these  circumstances  the  enormous  investments  of  capital  in  the  cultivation  of  sugar 
lince  1816,  would  not  have  taken  place,  had  not  a  continuation  of  the  revenue  tax,  then  laid  upon 
foreign  sugar,  been  implicitly  relied  upon.  .  .  . 

That  during  the  last  10  years,  prices  in  Havanna,  for  muscovadoes,  have  ruled  as  follows : 
April,    1830     ...-.6a8   reals   per  arroba,   3  a  4        cents. 

—  1831     -.-..5a6-     —     -—         2ia3  — 

—  1832 6i  a  7i   -     —     -     —         2}  a  3  — 

—  1833 4f  a  6     -     —     -     —         2  37-7   a   3 

—  1834 5J  a  7i  -     —     -     —         2   87-7    a    3* 

—  1835 8a9i-     —     -—         4a4  62-7 

—  1836 12i  a  14   -     —     -     —         6J  a  7  — 

—  1837 5a8-     —     -—         2ia4  — 

—  1838 7    a  8i   -     —     -     —         3i  a  4^         — 

—  1839 6Ja8-     —     -—         2Ja4  — 

That  owing  to  an  early  winter,  the  crop  of  Louisiana  for  1635-6  was  reduced  to  25,000  bhds.,  and 

prices  advanced  to  11  cents. 
That  the  crops  of  the  West  India  Islands  and  Cuba  had  been  at  that  period  as  large  as  usual ;  that  yet 
muscovadoes  advanced  in  Havanna  to  6i  a  7  cents,  or  nearly  cent,  per  cent.    That  the  Louisiana  crop 
for  1836  and  '37  was  an  average  one,  and  prices  receded  in  Havanna  to  2}  a  4  cents,  and  in  New  Or- 
leans to  5^  a  6  cents.— .4m.  Ed.] 

*  The  French  government  recently  published  a  very  complete  and  usef\il  work  on  the  coloniei 
of  France,  entitled  JVotices  Slatistiqtiea  siir  let  Colonies  hVanfaiscs.    2  tomes,  8vo.    Paris,  1837. 

t  Fur  further  particulars  respecting  the  sugar  trade,  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  able  statement 
lecentiy  issued  by  Mr.  Cook,  of  Mincing  Lane. 

3  b2  72 


570 


•IT-      <, 


SULPHUR,   SWEDEN. 


For  the  export!  of  lugar  from  Uie  port  of  Now  Orleani,  Me  article  Nrw  Orlka^^^ 
Am.  lid.] 

SdLPHlIR,  OR  BRIMSTONE  (Fr.  Smfre,  Get.  Sehwefel ;  H.  Z,>lfo,  So/f, ,  s,,, 
Aznfrt ;  Aral).  Kibreet),  a  rryitallised,  hard,  brittle  NubMtance,  ronimonly  of  a  Bri'riiinli  v,,|. 
low  colour,  without  any  atncll,  and  of  n  wcuk  though  perceptible  taHtn ;  ItM  i)|HTific  i^mvitT 
ia  from  1-0  to  8' 1.  It  buma  with  a  pain  blue  flame,  and  eniita  a  great  quiintity  nf  punKriii 
•utTorating  vapoura.     In  some  parta  of  Italy  and  Hicily  it  ia  dug  up  in  u  Htate  of  cuni)mrau\e 

furity.  That  which  ia  manufucturod  in  this  country  ia  obtained  by  the  roasting  of  pyruo,, 
t  in  denominated  rottgh  or  rvll  sulphur,  from  ita  being  caat  in  cylindrical  mould*,  and  (g,,^ 
taina  7  per  cent,  of  orpimcnt.  The  Italian  roll  aulphur  doea  not  contain  more  thnn  ;)  at, 
cent,  of  a  simple  earth ;  and  is,  therefore,  in  higher  estimation  than  the  liiiglish.  W'hrn  roll 
sulphur  is  purified,  it  receives  the  name  of  sublimed  sulphur,  and  ia  in  the  form  of  a  hright 
yellow  powder. — (T/wmson'H  Chemistry,  ^c.) 

Hiilptiiir  It  of  grent  Importance  In  ihe  arts.  It  Is  iiRnd  exlenilvt^ly  In  the  maniirnctiirn  nrgiinpnw,!,,, 
and  In  the  fnrmntion  of  Hiilpliurlc  add,  or  oil  nf  vlirlol.  It  li  aliii  lined  exteniivcly  In  niHdi(?iiii\aij 
for  otiinr  piirpnieii.  Thu  i-ntrloi  for  linino  ronaiimpllnii  In  |H3I  mid  IH35  amoiiiilvd,  ut  nii  avcrai'p,  |„ 
930.I(IH  cwt.  a  year.  The  duty  on  refined  or  roll  lirliiiHtoiio  viirlen  from  Ox.  to  Ux.  tU.  ti  cwt.,  whern, 
on  roiiKli  it  In  only  Ad.;  lotlmt  the  imports  conilm  nlmoit  wholly  of  the  latter.  Of  3l)7,HOHcwi  liii|HjriP.i 
In  IN.*)  t,  4N3,7M  cwt.  cnine  from  Italy  or  rnlhnr  HIr.lly.  The  price  of  rough  brimstone  In  bunil  m  i||l 
London  market,  In  November,  1830,  varied  from  11.  to  7/.  i(l«.  a  ton. 

(SWEDEN. 
Duties  In  Sweden  on  some  of  the  principal  Articles  nf  Import,  according  to  Ihe  Tariff  iiiued  3i)ih 

June,  1H33. 


Articlat, 


Sunr;— 
MiitroTidn,  brown  and  yeltow        ...... 

Crulted  lump  uul  tlavinttUi  while  .  •  .  .  . 

ColTni  ......... 

Tohacco  leftf  ........ 

SfKiTi  ........ 

Cui,  Karduier,  looM  or  pukail       ...... 

Kiiaster  ........ 

Hpun  or  Negrohnd  ....... 

Sleiui       ......... 

Tm 

Wine  in  caik  ...  .  .  •  .  . 

botlla  ........ 

BolIlM  U>  lu^  arcording  lo  tha  kind  of  glaaa. 
Spirila,  llollauJi,  brandy,  run,  arrack,  and  not  axcaedlng  12*  itrenglh  • 

over  U"     —         . 
l>orcelain  imilallon,  white,  jellow,  nol  painted,  plalca  ordiibet 

other  piecea 
Real,  while,  or  one  coloured  ...... 

Uilt  or  coloured,  or  painted  with  flowen  and  liurae 
Cotton  !  .  .  .  . 

Cotton  (tiodi ; 
Calico  and  like  fabrin  prohibited    ...... 

Cambric  ami  like,  above  76  Ihreadi  per  inch,  fine,  and  from  6  to  9qn,  wide 
(Swedish  quarter!)  ....... 

dirduroir  and  cordetl,  not  ciceedinf  4  quarter*  wide 

Uauie,  lawn,  mualin  —  9       —  .  .  •  . 

Jean  ..—((—.... 

Cotton  velvet  ■  —  4       —  •  .  .  . 

Shawli  of  dyed  yarn  or  printed  under  7  qra.  aquare,  eicluaive  of  fringe 
Fancy,  atmve  7  qn,  h juare,  eicluaive  of  fringe      .... 

Woollen  ^oodi;—  g 

Woollen  cloth  prohibited  ....... 

Friar,  frjud,  dufTel,  and  Kalmuk    ...... 

Caaaimere.  not  eicreding  6  quarlen  wide. 
While,  black,  yellow,  or  red       ■  .  ■  •  • 

Other  coloura     ........ 

Blaoketa  ■••...... 

FhnncI    -  not  exceeding  6  1.2  qra.  wide 

Komliaaelle  and  bombwin  —  6  —    .  •  • 

Camlet     >  .  .      —         6—    . 

Merinoa    .  -      —         9  _    .  .  . 

Woollen  with  a  mixture  of  cotton  or  lUx  : 
Bombaain  luatie,  not  exceeding  6  qra.  wide  ..... 

Flannel    ■.-...... 

Other  kinda,  not  exceeding  6  qn.  wide         ..... 

Shawlaumler  rixdol.  6'3ir.  ...... 

of  rixdol.6'32  end  upward!  value  (20  per  cent)  .  .  . 

Linen  gooda:— 
Sail  and  tent  doth ........ 

Duck     -  •  ....... 

Linen  of  dilftrent  qualitiea,  from  rixdol.  0-3  to  rixdol.  0-16 
Silkgooda:— 
Crape,  aay,  craped  cnpa     ...... 

Oauxe  or  plain  crape  ...... 

Velvet        ........ 

Tafela,  levanlin,  aatin,  kc.  • 
Other  kinda  of  ailk  gooda  (long  meaaure,  ell  gooda) 
Shaw  la  of  nuie  or  other  thin  ataff  • 
Roune  de  Sole   •  •  .  •  . 

Other  deacriptiona  ... 

Silk  with  *  mixture  of  ootton,  wool,  or  flu  ;— 
All  deecriptiona  of  loog-mauurv  gooda         .  .  .  ■ 

Shawla  of  leaa  value  tun  rixdoL  10  ■  .... 

more  —  10  (20  per  cent)      . 

Inm  gooda:— 
Fob  and  keltlea  of  I  14  Ineh  thick  and  under,  atona,  gnlet,  nila,  ke. 
Caatlnga  br  machinerr,  whole  or  in  piecea  .  . 

Not  apeeified     .  .  .  . 

Anohore  and  aoeher  etocka  •  ..... 

Kedge^  grapplaa,  holla,  bammen   ..... 

Baraod  hoop  iron  •  ■■•... 

Flatea  under  3.8thi  of  an  inch,  and  above  6  llipoiudi  each      . 


(Juantily  for 
Duly. 


Iikip. 


100  at. 
lakip. 


I  kana 


I  kinna 
lakip! 


I  ell 


1  aq.  ell 


lell 
I  ell 


i  akip. 
lell. 


lell 

lell 

too  rixd'la. 

lell 

lakip. 


lakip. 
lobrixdia. 

lakip. 


Import  Duty. 
Swed.  Money. 


Akid.  I.  rt. 


0  12 
0  32 
0  8 
0  2 
0    8 

0  24 

1  0 

032 
I  0 
0  2 
0  6 
0  8 
0  12 
0    0 


prohibited. 


0  6  0 

0  10  0 

0  6  0 

0  6  0 

0  8  0 
prohibited. 

0  8  0 


prohibited, 
10    0 


0  24  0 
prohibited, 

024  0 

0  10  0 

0    3  0 

0    4  0 

0    6  0 


0    4    0 

prohibited, 

0    8    0 

prohibited, 

20    0   0 

0    8    0 
0  12    0 


6  24  0 
6  16  0 
4    0    0 

prohibited. 
6    0    0 
8    0    0 
632    0 

prohibited. 


3  16 

0 

prohibited 

20    0 

0 

8    0 

0 

6    0 

0 

33  16 

0 

12  24 

0 

20    0 

0 

prohibited 

9    0 

0 

12  24 

0 

Enilliih  M0D17 

/..  >.    i. 

0   0    1I2( 

0   0    lui 

0  0   in 

0   0    2  I.J 

0   1    i 

0   0    5 

0    1     lU 

0    0    31.J 

0    U    OM 

0    0    313 

0    0  10 

0    1    8 

0    1    114 

0    1    « 

0    0    Oil 

0   0    21.1 

0    0    SI.] 

004 

0   0   0|.S 

0    0    l\.i 

0    0    4l.li 

0    0    2 

0   0   3  1.3 

0   0    3U     i 

0   0    313 

0    1    8 

0   0  10 

0  0  10 

0  0   41.3 

0  0    114 

0  0    I2J 

0  0  21.3 

0   0    124 

0   0   3M 

20  per  ctnl  >t. 

0   0    3lj 
0   0    5 


0  10  10 
0   8  10  20 
0   6   8 

0  10  0 
0  13  4 
0  II    113 


0  S  62.3 
20  per  cat.  IT 

1  13  4 

0  10  0 

2  15  6 

1  0  10 
0  13  4 

0  15  0 

1  0  10 


SWF.ETS,  SYDNEY. 


vri 


article  Nkw  Ohlia^.*.- 

rtl;    It.    Zlllfo,    S„lf„;   S|,, 

inimonly  "f  a  RrrcniHh  yr|. 
tft8to;  itM  H|MM'i»ic  ijraviu 
^reat  quiintily  of  [nyn^rn, 
|>  ill  a  Hlato  of  coniparative 
1  by  the  roaMini^  of  jiyriir*. 
rlinilrical  mouldi*,  niul  can- 
ot  contain  more  timii :)  p^, 
in  the  Ennlisli.  W lien  mil 
(I  ii  in  the  form  of  a  lirighi 

ifl  mnniifhclnrB  of  gnnpowdf, 
Bxirniiivi'ly  tii  nu'dii  iiii.,  j,,j 
5  amouiitt'il,  ut  nii  Bvcniic,  („ 
1  n».  to«».  «</.  n  cwl,,  whitii, 
liter.  Of5(l7,H08cwt  lrii|M,Mf,) 
lugli  brlniiione  in  lionil  m  Hk 


ding  to  tlie  Taritf  iisued  3Utli 


Import  Dul;. 
Swed.  Money. 


Aijtd.  I.  Ti. 
0    2    6 
0    6 

0  3 
0 

1  0 
0  12 
0  32 
0 

0  2 
0 

0  24 

1  0 


0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 


OS 
I  0 
0  2 
0  S 
0  8 
0  12 
0    0 


prohibllcd. 

0    6  0 

0  10  0 

0    S  0 

0    6  0 

0    8  0 
prohibilrd. 

0    8  0 

prohibited. 
10    0 


0  24  0 
nmhibited. 

084  0 

0  10  0 

0    3  0 

0    4  0 

0    6  0 


Eniiliih  Moar;.  > 


0  4  0 
nrnhibited. 

0  8  0 
prohibited. 

20    0    0 

0    8   0 
0  12    0 


6  24  0 
6  16  0 
4    0    0 

prohibited. 
6  0  0 
8  0  0 
632    0 

prohibited. 

3  16  0 
prohibited. 
20    0   0 

8  0  0 
6    0    0 

33  16  0 
12  24  0 
20  0  0 
prohibited. 

9  0  0 
12  24    0 


0      0 


d. 

Il2t 
lUl 
114 


0    0    5 
0    I     113 


0  0 

0  U 

0  0 

0  0  10 

0  I    8 


J  II 

313 


I  IM 

I  I 

0  os< 

0  21] 

0  91.] 

0  4 

0  Ol'S 


21-2 
4  1.11 
1 

2|.2 
31.3 


0   0    111 


0    I    8 

0   0  10 

0  0  10 

0  0   41.3 

0  0    I  U 

0  0    I2J 

0  0    21.2 

0   0    I'U 

0   0   31.] 

20  per  nut. » 

0   0   31^ 
0   0    S 


0  10  10 
0   8  10  20 
0   6    8 

0  10  0 
0  13  4 
Oil    113 


0   S   62.) 
20perceiit.it. 


1  13 

0  10 

2  IS 

1  0 
0  13 


0  15   0 

1  0  10 


S'firigalion  tA»  of  Sirnlin  ~\  new  nnvliatlnn  law  wim  pnnffil  fur  Hwnlcn  on  Ihr  Q^>h  of  OiKilifr, 
l>.1.V  I  h)*  folliiwltiji  I'XIriK'lH  froiii  im  Orilinain  r,  mniivil  mi  tin' 'J.'inl  >>r  Diri'iiihcr  ut  tlir  kiiiiii' yi'iir, 
(Dciul'l  hnnllHiiiInd  In  liy  nil  nicrihiinlii  iiml  Kliiii-iiwiii'rK  riiniiiii'il  in  ilir  triulc  «vlili  Hwriliii  : 

"TliK  Miantflri  of  fiirriKn  a*  witll  a»  Mwfilinii  vi-hiikIk,  m  Iio  Inki-  In  iriiiiila  ili'iiinfil  for  Kwfili-n  nl  a 
fiirllii  IxTl  where  a  Mweilliih  ciiiiitiil  in  Kl.iliinieil,  arc  rei|iiiri!il  liclnri'  llii'trili'imrliire  In  |ir<iiliii  r  In  iha 
g^nmil  'I  iliipllciile,  ilgncd  hy  llieiii,  nrilie  iniinilVrii  nl'  Ilir  r;iru>>,  alniifi  »  iili  llic  itikiiiiiI  lull"  nl'  lailinv. 
tfler  II"*  <^<>n"«l  hni  rnin|iareil  Die  hill  of  IiiiIiiik  with  the  niiinir<'i<l,  nml  I'miinl  llii'iii  |n  iicii'i',  nnil 
idlii'')  hli  ulteilnllon  therenf  In  Die  inaiiiri'itl,  Ihene  |iu|ii>rii,  nl'  wlin  h  llie  lillla  nf  IiiiIiiik  nrr  m  hiiva 
iiiring  >lrawn  lliroiigh  th«  wliolu,  unil  Ihu  cnntiil'*  ii-ul  ulMxvil  iherenn,  nru  lo  hv  rvluriieil  lu  tho 
ii|iiiiiii. 

''The  hill*  of  laHinf  for  rargnei  rninlnn  from  nn  riirntienn  pnri,  nnil  nni  iihl|i|>i'il  In  hulk,  niinil  ulatu 
IIK  Miiirk  nnii  niiiiilMir,  wllh  Ihe  (rniii  weliihl  anil  ilililr  innleiiti  nl  I'lrli  iiarkaiie,  armnlinu  In  Iha 
,,i||ilit  anil  nieaiure*  In  iiae  at  the  |inrt  of  Inading.  A  rii|ilain,  Hwi'ile  nr  rnri'lKiicr,  in  i  liariji-  nf  a 
liilen  vcoii'l  from  a  port  whore  n  Hwedlah  eonmil  li  Hlnllnni'd,  la  ri'i|itiri'il,  nn  kIvIiik  In  M  llie  i  iiHtnin- 
liciu*!'  a  ll't  of  hli  caritn.  in  deliver  at  Ihe  annie  lime  a  diipliiale  nl  hlii  inanirrHl,  alli-aled  ai  •luted  In 
(lie  Ural  paragrHph,  nr  niherwiiuj  he  will  he  iinlijet'led  to  n  line  nl'  nne  hiindrcd  ri%-dnllara. 

"A  riiplnin,  forelKii  nr  Hwudlnh,  deal  hied  loa  pnrt  In  Sncdi'ii  not  I'ninyliiK  Ihe  pnvili'Ke  nf  receiving 
Mtdii  ill  hnnd,  and  iiavliiK  nn  hoard  IiIh  veaael  unnila  fur  re-etpnrlutinn  iinl  adiiillled  fnr  I'niixiiiiiplloii 
litHwrden,  niiiil  ihow  proof  hy  paaxport,  rerlllh'ule,  nr  other  duly  anllienlltiili'd  dnriinn-iil  I'mni  the 
niriiir  Innding,  that  he  Intended  to  prnreed  with  iiirh  gnoiU  lo  a  fnrulKii  port  Ihuruin  apeclally  naincd, 
[.lolhcrwbe  inch  good*  will  he  lluhle  In  coiitlHcatinn." 

^  II.— The  pnrti  enjoying  the  privilege  of  rerelvhiK  gnodM  In  honil,  prnhlhlteil  nH  well  ai  pi^rinitled, 
uelliefnlluwing  :— rilockhnliii,  (iulhenherg,  CurlMhuveii,  l.undHi'roiiu,  und  Hnderknplii);. 


HiBtement  oftlio  Comnierco  and  Na\ 

Igatlon  r 

f  Swedt 

n  wllh  Kore 

gn  Couiilriui  1 

1   1K,1.1 

. 

1 

Commerce. 

NaviK.ilion. 

1 

Value  of  MrrchanliM  imported 

Value  (if  Mm  liuidiiB  eapurtad 

Tiiniia»e  of  Ihe  Shiin 

Tiiiinaau  nf  Ihe  ,s|ii[« 
tailed  [rum  Sweden. 

Countrlei. 

from  Foreign  Cnuntriai. 

from  .Sweden, 

arrived  al  Sh 

aJcn. 

1 

Sweilith 

Bjr 
Fnrrivn 

Total. 

Rt 

•SwtKliih 

Fiiri-nn 

Total. 

R<rei|. 
i>h 

Foreinn 
Ship!. 

Tom. 

ToUl. 

.Swnliih 
8liipa. 

rniil. 

Fn. 

Total. 

1 

.•ihii* 

!)hi|M. 

.Shipi. 

Slii|«. 

8bi|«. 

Sliipi 

riiTii. 

Rixtl'lta. 

Rml.tm.    Hird.  t>a. 

Iiml.  M. 

Itiid.  lit. 

AiX'l.  M. 

r,n... ' 

r,.iii. 

7'<iiii. 

smi     ■ 

718,7.i1 

I,I)31.1IH     l,7-.i).8ti9 

3,4,i76 

409.172 

7.6.1.417 

6,7'.|        17.805 

2.1.6.7 

10.'.".7 

7,'.»7 

24,174 

14,4X2 

1,364,182     1,368,624 

Wi,3()l 

879,643 

966,944 

934       22,84  •> 

23,,79 

i./n 

24,»II6 

26,113 

ipiO,liO 

W,078     1,062,228 

28»,27l 

6,4.10 

21U,680 

3,214            9<I4 

4,22'< 

4,041 

66U 

4.701 

^li«|« 
MKki'iil'uri! 

82,270 

2l),8C'3        109,073 

8>I^,IB7 

130,884 

71.6,7.1 

S.NI          1,296 

4.937 

4..138 

1,144 

6,4K2 

79.0SI 

6         79,0(17 

414,413 

42.8M 

457.309 

4,l:w         ■:u 

4.85H 

4,IW 

t,|.., 

4.-S5 

1,200,844 

213,709  J   1,444,653 

1,887,107 

ll>2,242 

2,049,349 

21,887         6,017 

2U,U04 

27,3  8 

I,43«i 

8,794 

Brniifii      • 

2,601,336 

27,671     2,628,906 

77,668 

33,220 

799,826 

'•'*',  {'2,686 

9,822 

3,74(1 
6,77(1 

|.76 

9,686 

2(1,326 

28,326 

101.603 

. 

101,603 

•49 

429 

220.8&3 

2.'i,en) 

24',473 

41,6,237 

330,927 

746.lt>4 

2,336        4,101 

6,437 

4A34 

4,808 

9,232 

B«!(iu)i>     ; 

66,907 

. 

66,907 

136,818 

136,818 

• 

4.451 

4,4 ->l 

490,243 

91<,90« 

1,396,149 

1,682.114 

2,479,269 

4,061,383 

4,490 

13,323 

17.813 

7,710 

18,187 

25,897 

398,a27 

866 

397,1^3 

l,250,2>0 

235,824 

1,486,074 

i>m 

3,U.18 

6,529 

15,S90 

9,063 

24,9:V5 

Suit 

I7S,SI9 

2,39M 

177,917 

84,529 

84.521) 

4,li-l7 

29  •. 

4,942 

9,458 

9.458 

lt«,64l 

102 

186,743 

32.3,191 

. 

323,193 

7,093 

216 

7,2U9 

10,346 

76 

10,422 

, 

. 

62,824 

. 

62,(.24 

)• 

ecti 

. 

606 

32,871 

. 

32,871 

42,860 

. 

42,669 

[  421 

421 

1.411 

. 

1,411 

T<oSicilie< 

6,&47 

• 

6,547 

• 

S-    ■ 

• 

895 

. 

896 

. 

. 

60,748 

. 

(50,746 

. 

647 

. 

047 

Eirpl       • 

.Biuil 

. 

. 

. 

83,876 

12,000 

96,876 

. 

. 

1,317 

169 

1,468 

. 

. 

. 

63,426 

63,426 

. 

> 

371    •       . 

371 

1,533,790 

I.O40 

I,534,RW 

229.618 

520 

230,138 

2,607 

2,607 

4,192   •       • 

4,192 

209,678 

15,236:      224.914 

4.676 

34,467 

39,132 

186 

186 

188    •        ■ 

307 

inbtt  Hicei 

619,131 

S27,'JI0;    1,146,441 

I,6e6,937 

1,684,96) 

3.351,900      1,245 

800 

2,045 

6,903     6,10c 

13,003 

Toals . 

9,660,728 

4,224,913  13,885,641 

10,l60,'-83     6,442,096    16,002,979    T2,638 

73.0.18 

146,271 

I36,.1»8  76,182     211..680| 

Altfi.) 

(SWEETS. — An  excise  duty  was  imposed  on  sweets — that  is,  on  homc-mnde  wines, 
jimJ,  or  mctheglin,  &c. — manufactured  for  sale,  so  early  as  1696.  In  1803  it  amounted  to 
Wj,  a  barrel;  the  produce  of  tho  duty  varying  from  that  year  to  1816  from  about  21,000/. 
to  about  33,000/.  a  year.  But  in  1816  it  fell  olF  to  little  more  than  half  its  previous  amount. 
This  sudden  decline  was  doubtless  occasioned  by  the  great  increase  in  the  consumption  of 
C«pe  wine,  consequent  to  tho  reduction  of  the  duty  on  it,  in  1814,  from  about  6,?.  to  about 
Sf.  Ill/,  a  gallon.  In  1817  it  was  attempted  to  revive  the  manufacture  of  home-made  wine, 
by  taking  a  third  from  the  duty  on  sweets ;  which  amounted,  after  the  reduction,  to  about 
i'.Oirf.  a  gallon ;  and  in  1826  it  was  further  reduced  to  6f/.  But  the  ease  with  which  the 
irticlemay  be  made  by  private  individuals,  and  the  decisive  check  given,  by  the  introiUiction 
of  Cape  and  other  foreign  wines,  to  the  use  of  home-made  substitutes,  prevented  these  reduc- 
tions from  having  any  material  influence ;  and  in  1832  the  duty  had  dwindled  to  3,721/. 
Under  these  circumstances,  the  Commissioners  of  E.xcise  Inquiry  wisely  recommended  the 
ibolilion  of  the  duty,  which  has  been  effected  by  the  act  4  &  5  Will.  4.  c.  77. — {Fifth  Re- 
jtirtbii  the  Commissioners  nf  Excise  Inquiry,  p.  18.,  &c.) — Sup.) 

SYDNEY,  the  capital  of  New  South  Wales,  and  of  the  British  settlements  in  New  Hol- 
lind,  or  Australia,  in  lat.  33°  65'  S.,  Ion.  150°  10'  E.  Population  (December,  1835)  about 
tO,000.  Sydney  is  situated  on  a  cove  on  the  south  side  of  Port  Jackson,  about  7  miles  from 
ill  mouth.  The  water  is  of  sulHcient  depth  to  allow  the  largest  ships  to  come  close  to  the 
Aore.  The  inlet  or  harbour,  denominated  Port  Jackson,  is  one  of  the  finest  natural  basins 
in  the  world.  It  stretches  about  15  miles  into  the  country,  and  has  numerous  creeks  and 
liiys ;  the  anchorage  is  every  where  excellent,  and  ships  are  protected  from  every  wind. 
The  entrance  to  this  noble  bay  is  between  2  gigantic  cliiTs  not  quite  2  miles  apart.  On  the 
most  southerly,  in  lat.  33"  51'  30"  S.,  Ion.  151°  16'  30"  E.,  there  is  a  light  house,  the  Ian- 
hem  of  which  is  elevated  67  feet  above  the  ground,  and  about  345  above  the  sea.    Owing 


lii 


an 


SYDNEY. 


IT  i 


•  .HI 

•■■■■■      -sj 

»   ■   3^  * 


to  a  wnnt  of  nttrntion  nt  flmt,  tho  itrrrta  of  Hydnry  were  Inkl  out  an<1  the  houwH  Innii 
•rciinliiii;  to  tlio  viowi  of  iiidividiiali),  without  atiy  lUcii  or  rrgular  |ilan.  Uul  latlirly  ({,|, 
dof<H<t  hiiH  Ix'cn  to  ■  ronxiilornhlc  d<>Krc«  rnincJicd  in  the  olil  NtrrntM ;  and  Ihn  nrw  diii'n  a,, 
•yNti'miiticiilly  Iniil  out.  'I'ho  town  cover*  a  griMit  pxtcnt  nf  Innd  ;  nhnoMt  ovcry  houMc  Ilivih; 
a  coriNidcruMo  |)ii<('o  of  ({round  nttachcil  to  it.  'I'lirrr  arc  dilh'rrnt  joint  Hlork  ImnkH  nt  Nt,|. 
Dry  ;  and  thcrv  in  hImo  ii  NuvinKH*  bunk.  NchooU  lor  thn  inNlruction  of  |Mior  childri'n  \u\, 
biTU  rHtitltliMhfd  ;  and  thi>ro  ari>,  hi-HidcH,  two  i-HlaliliKhnifntx  di^nilii'd  with  thf  |>oni|'<j||Hiii|, 
of  colii'K«'ii,  nuinrrouH  xi'ininaricH,  itoine  of  tlu>ni  iiaid  to  1»p  very  well  ronthictfd,  for  the  i,]^. 
catiuii  of  tho  niiddic  and  nppfr  claMicii.     'I'lu'ro  arc  Mcvrral  poriiHlical  puhlicationit. 

Piwnliilinn,  /{■/■.-  Thn  llrilluli  nplilcmrntN  In  New  Hmilh  WhIm  worn  nrliilrmlly  IntPiiileil  In  sirv,  „ 
piMiiil  t-iitiitillKliiiionlii,  to  wliii'h  riiiivli'lii  iiilglit  liii  lraiii>|H>rl)Ml,  .iiicl  riii|iliiyi>il  hi  piihlir  hihI  iiru^i, 
wiirka  i  mill  iirit  rUII  lueil  I'nr  Ihl*  piirpoiii'.  i'lin  llrat  vi-hhi'I  wiiIi  t-oiivlrla  nrrlvi-il  at  llntniiv  ||;ivi„ 
Jaiiiiiir)'.  I7NH  (  hut  II  hnvliiv  hi'i'ii  rniiiiil  to  lie  i|iill)'  iiiiaiilluhlo  na  n  »IU>  Tor  a  rnloiiy,  thn  i>aiiiMifi|ii,;,.,, 
Wiia  ri'iiiovi'il  til  i'nrl  .liirkann.  Th)^  priitfrvaa  of  llii-  coliuiy  hiia  hrfii  iiiiirh  nior<>  riiplil  than  iiiifi> 
tiiivu  hfi'ii  niillclpiiti'il,  I'liiialilurlnR  th«  rhnrarlvr  niiil  hiihlti  n(  lh«  roiivlrti  niiiiiinlly  Inmli'il  npun    , 

■hum,  thu  ilillU'iiltii>«  which  tin-  iirciil  iIIhUiki'  I'roiii  iOniilaiiil  liitHrpniii  In  Iho  wiiy  nl'  iiii urai   ' 

of  viiluiitury  artllira.iiiiil  tin!  Inri^rlorily  iil'thf  null,  tiwliig  lo  lh«  rlrriiiiiatniii'i!  of  ihit  Krviit  iiiiij.,rii, 
ofthit  i'oiivIcIh  iiiiJ  iilhvr  •■nilttraiila  Iii-Iiik  iiiiiIii,  n  Kri'ut  illapriipcirtlnii  haa  alwnyH  i-xlatnl  hiiwii,,  n,, 
■nxi-i  III  the  ciiliiiiy,  which  hua  iiial«rially  rutnrtloii  lla  pro|(rfaa,  niiil  Ixirii,  In  olhcr  rcipncia,  priiiliirn,, 
of  vorv  pttrnlcliiiia  rHaiiita.  (tovttriiniitnt,  howuvnr,  avuilliiK  Itaell'  of  thu  naalitancu  u(  hi'iicvoiini 
Inillvlihiiila  at  hoiiiK,  anil  In  thi!  nilnny,  hua  within  tlirao  fi!W  yvara  t'nili^nvniirril  to  leaacn  iln'  ili^p,,,. 
portion  rorcrriMl  to,  Ity  ai-nillnv  nut  cnimlik'rahlK  liunihcra  nl'yoiins  iiniiiarrltHl  IViiiaIra,  rrc'i>  i>l'i't|if.;{„ 
Aliirh,  It  was  ohvlouM,  nl' tliti  Inlliiencn  ol' ihli  ini'aaiire,  would  ili-pniul  on  Ihii  (llacrlinlnatuiii  mn, 
which  thr  IVinnIo  iMiilgranta  wrri!  ai'lt-ctoil  ;  ami  vnrioni  precniilliuiH  witr  taken  hy  tint  (iriiiiiii>ti||ii„ 
ol'  coinnilitfita,  and  ntherwlav,  to  uxrluilu  rnini  nnionK<t  thi-ni  all  whoae  charnclcr  wni  I'lmnil  in  U|g 
any  ditgrcR  anaplrlniia.  It  waa  not,  howi-v<>r,  to  lip  expected  that  tlicau  pri'caiitinna  ahnnlil  l>|.  n<iu. 
phttcly  aiicceaafnl ;  and  thit  moat  cmifllctinK  acroiniti  liavt-  hvcn  rnceivt-d  ai  lu  lht>  cniiiliirl  <ii'i|,|  | 
fvinaira  on  their  landin|i>  and  llin  inlliiencn  ol'  their  iniiiilRratliin  on  thri  ciilnny.  Thcri*  ".in  |i,>  i.^ 
qui'Htliin,  liiilei'd,  that  tlii!  latter  haa.  In  many  ceH|iecta,  fallen  alinrt  of  Ihii  aiilicipallnnH  nl' its  |rri. 
niolera  ;  and  that,  whether  from  want  of  due  rare  in  the  aelecliiin,  or  fniin  the  furce  of  <  irciiiniiiaiK,., 
many  of  the  einiirraniM  have  fallen  into  vIcioiih  roiirneH.  On  tho  whole,  however,  we  hive  iin ilmiii  I 
that  the  nieiiHiire  Iiiin  lieen  decldeilly  advatitageoui ;  and  that  It  will  tend  huth  to  ilicreuao  the  |iii|iu||. 
lion,  and  to  Improve  thu  timrala  of  the  colony. 


Arrnnliiiic  to  i  rcnmn  Inkrii  nit  fl.c  2t\  rf  SpplpnilfiT,  IN.'W,  tlir  po- 
piiUliMi)  of  'tie  ciilony.  rii'lut.vH  nr.itMiriiciitiii,  Mai  ai  folliiivi  :— 


Ttip  ininiirntinii  hitn  thf  culnnv  from  lh«  litr-f  Janiurv,  IMlti 
thf  ai.tddlfcTU.Iicr,  IH3>,  lulWrn,  '  ' 


FrM. 
Duh.l 

Main. 

Frniiln. 

l:l.4'-2 

«,li98 

Total. 

^1,514 
6(1,794 

22.79H 
11, MS 

44.644 

Ib.lM) 

(  Mph 

Free      i  W.'in™ 

(hiiilrro      • 

Tn'al  • 

IHM. 

819 
706 
481 
»,I>H7 
3^l 

1833. 

S38~ 
I,I4U 

701 
3,498 

638 

3')7 

J,:i'4 
4:i: 

«l 
M 
ITS 

Kf*     1    6.811 

4.7i'. 

■.,IH 

AI  the  aliovii  (Uir,  thu  iKiniiltlion  ol  Svilucy  aniouulcil  lu  16.232, 
anil  thai  uf  I'ariuulU  lu  2,637. 

I'lir  total  |Hi|iulatinn  nf  tho  colony,  on  Ihc  3lit  o(  IlccLiiibrr,  Itil  I 
wai  iitiiiiat«l  at  80,000.  ^  I 

Climnlf  —Thri  climate  of  aiich  part*  of  New  flouth  Wales  na  have  heen  explored  by  Ihc  Knulis^  ji 
pnrliciilarly  mild  and  aaliiliriniis.    The  hiiili  aiinimer  heal  indicated  hy  the  ihermoineler  linn  nut  iIk  | 
rela.\iti(!  and  enfeelilini!  elfect  tlial  a  Mimilar  high  temperalnre  lins  in  India  and  many  ntliprriinnitirf 
l''earles!i  of  damps,  and  nninnlealed  hy  nnxioiiH  lii8ertR,  the  traveller  may  throw  liiiiiaelf  iinilfr  thJ 
pliaile  nf  the  first  tree  thai  Invites  him,  and  sleep  in  safety.     On  the  other  hand,  however,  the  iliinalf 
lias  the  seriniis  defect  of  lieiii)!  too  dry.     It  seems  to  lie  suhject  to  the  perioillcal  rertirreiice  nf  nevn* 
droughts.     These  prevail  somi-tiines  for  2,3,  or  even  4  yi^ars  together.     Thu  last  "great  ilroiiilii" 
heean  in  18'2tl,  and  did  not  terinitiatR  till  IH2U.     'Very  little  rain  fell  during  the  whole  of  this  liiieiliinfil 
period,  and  for  more  than  I)  moiitlts  there  was  not  a  single  shower  !     In  rnnsei|iieiice,  the  wlmle  sur- 
face of  the  ground  was  so  parched  and  withered,  that  all  minor  vegetation  ceaned  ;  and  even  itillnaryl 
vegeluliles  weru  raised  with  much  difliciilly.     It  well  nigh  ruined  many  of  the  settlers;  niir  i«  the  | 
colony  as  yel  iiiiile  recovered  from  Us  effecls. — (Brrlon'g  F.ieiireions  in  M'fvt  South  ll'utef.  p.'HJd.; 
SlurVi  Southern  Australia,  vol.  i.  p.  2.)     There  was,  also,  a  pretty  severe  drought  in  iWi't.    This  ij,  in  i 
fart,  the  great  drawback  upon  thu  colony  ;  and  were  it  moTe  populous,  the  droughts  would  ex|Hi!eiiio| 
Btlll  more  serious  difficulties. 

fiiiit.  Products,  Sfc—IXie  fertility  nf  the  soil  In  most  parts  nf  New  Holland  that  have  been  ciplnrcd  I 
with  any  care  is  very  far,  indeed,  from  corresponding  with  the  glowing  descriptlnns  of  gnnii-  of  in 
casual  visitors,  whose  imaginations  seem  to  liave  been  da/.zled  by  the  magnilicence  nf  its  liotaiiiral  I 
prndtictinns,  and  the  clearness  and  beauty  of  the  climate.  The  truth  is,  that  the  had  land  sceiimto  I 
near  a  iniicli  greater  prnpnrtinn  to  the  good  in  New  Holland,  than  in  almost  any  otjier  cniinlry  niihl 
which  we  are  acquainted.  Uitferent  theories  have  tieen  framed  to  account  for  the  fuel;  but  of  I 
the  fact  itself  there  seems  no,  manner  of  doubt.  Of  course,  it  is  not  to  he  supposed  hut  that  Inal 
country  of  atich  vast  extent  there  must  he  some  fertile  districts  ;  hut  alnng  the  east  coast,  wiili  wliirhl 
we  are  best  acquainted,  these  seem  to  be  much  more  confined  than  might  have  been  vxpecti'il;  aiull 
the  little  experience  we  have  had  on  the  west  side,  at  Swan  River  and  other  places,  does  not  iiermto| 
lead  to  any  more  favourable  conclusions.  It  is  true  that  only  a  comparatively  small  part  of  ilio  inte- 
rior has  as  yet  been  explored  ;  and  it  is  not  improbable  that  in  the  hitherto  undiscovered  rcgionn  uf  I 
this  vast  continent,  land  suitable  for  tillage  may  be  found.  At  present,  however,  it  would  appearlhatl 
the  soil  and  climate,  not  of  New  South  Wales  only,  but  of  New  Holland  generally,  are  much  better  I 
fitted  for  pastoral  than  for  agricultural  pursuits.  The  colony  is  mainly  indebted  for  the  inlroilucliuiil 
of  the  sheep  farming  system  to  the  example  and  exertions  of  John  Macarthiir,  Esq.  Its  succens  lull 
exceeded  the  expectations  of  the  most  sanguine.  The  growth  and  exports  of  wool  have  liicri;aieill 
with  a  rapidity  hitherto  unexampled  in  the  history  of  Industry.  In  1632,  only  l.'i2,H^0lb8.  of  wool  werel 
exported  ;  in  1829,  the  exports  amounted  to  411,000  lbs.;  in  1830,  to  600,750  lbs.;  and  in  lb33,  to  nol 
fewer  than  3,273,353  lbs.;  being  an  increase  of  about  800  per  cent,  in  the  interval  between  ISSianill 
1635!  And  considering  the  attention  that  is  now  universally  paid  to  the  improvement  of  the  lireedof  I 
■beep,  the  efforts  made  by  the  colonists  to  increase  their  numbers,  and  the  all  but  boundless  puletilorl 
pasture  land  over  which  they  may  be  diffused,  it  is  impossible  to  conjecture  to  what  extent  lli>'  pio-i 
duction  of  wool  may  be  carried.  Under  tliese  circumstances,  wc  need  not  wonder  that  snitieorthel 
best  informed  individuals  belonging  to  the  colony  are  of  opinion  that  the  inbabitvMts  would  equally  I 


SYDNEY. 


S73 


out  tncl  the  hoMiM'H  liiiiii 
ir  |)lon.  But  Inlii'rly  i|,u 
tM ;  an<l  Iho  nrw  oiion  arr 
nImoMt  fvi-ry  liouw  Imvmj 
I  joint  Hlock  ImrikB  m  Syi|. 
lion  of  |M»or  oliildrrn  luvf 
it'ii'd  with  tl)t'|ioiii|'iiUHiii|( 
oil  rornluctrtl,  for  the  tin. 
lirnl  publicationn. 

)rl|llrmlly  Inlonileil  in  •'•tvi'u 
iplovnl  hi  plllilir  iiimI  |>tivj|, 
^liU  nrrlvfil  ut  llmativ  liny  « 
fur  II  ciildiiy,  III"  fulal'liiilniiHrt 
liiiirli  iiioro  riiplil  lliuii  in,|,i|. 
trirti  nniiimlly  Iniiili'il  npiin  lu 
<!  Ill  lliii  wiiy  of  III!  fiiiiufiit.nj 
iiiKlniici!  "f  lli«  uri'iit  iiinjiiiii) 
UK  iilwnyH  exlulfil  liiiwciii  n,, 
n,  III  Dlln'r  rcii|>««tii, iiriidtiniv, 
r  tlic  nanifliiiK'"  "f  ln'iicvolfiii 
li'iivniiffcl  to  li'ii«fn  Ihi'  disptn. 
irrlril  IViiinIP*.  fr<'<'  I'l'i'Spcnif 
11(1  nil  till)  (IlKcrliiiliinliiiii  Hiih 
ivcro  inki'ii  by  lli«  "ririiiiiiiiiij(,|| 
e  cliiirnrlcr  wii»  loiiiiil  in  u^ 
no  |iri'fnilll'>li»  nlmiilil  Iw  rm- 

>|VPll    Bl  to   UlC   I'ollilllc'l   III' II,, 

lilt!  cnlniiy.    Thcrp    ;\ii  W  no  ] 
of  III"  niilirl|intliiii»  of  iii  ito. 
■fiilii  lli«  fnri'K  of  <  Ircniiislniicn, 
le,  however,  we  Irivc  no  ilnijhi 
iiiU  bull)  10  iiicivttiic  llii'  pu|iu||. 

Iif  ciilnny  fmm  the  Ul  (if  Jinmry,  1S.U  a  | 
3t,  liailii-fii, 


1892. 

8IA 
108 
481 
Jil-KT 
Sel 

1833. 

sm" 

I,l4it 

101 
3,49H 

038 

1-31. 

fiTI 

3'n 

J,:('4 

4.i7 

Ml.  : 

bil 

M 

Ma 

n 

S,»74 

6,811 

y-it 

MiiiKll  *^*^  MCiirity  iind  Ihoir  prnAl,  wr ra  itiey 

,,IP(,  mill  roiiiiiirri'f.  iIi-|m'iiiIiii|  for  niiiiplli n  nf  in 

■txiic,  lliilln,  till!  I'lillippliiii  lalumlii,  Nun  llli'iiifii' 

/M|«'M  ood  bporti.— Tka  lra<l<  iM  KyilMr,  i"  IWIi  IM4,  •■■I 


r  lbs  colony,  on  the  3lit  of  UcccmlKr,  \a\ 

been  explored  by  Ihc  Enclis'li  ii 
ly  I  be  ihrriiioinclPr  Imi"  ml  ilie 
iiiliii  iinil  iiiaiiy  olbprrniinirios 
r  limy  Ihrow  biiii^vlf  iimlpr  \\\f 
tlii'r  iinnil,  liowevi'r,  Ibr  ilimaii'  I 
perioilintl  rtTiirrKiire  of  nevi  re  | 
r.    Th«  lost  "  preut  (Irimiilir' 
iig  tlie  whole  nf  llii«  IciiiilluMifii  | 
III  coimiMiiH'iire,  ibe  wlinlesiir. 
jlinn  ceiiHeil ;  mill  I'veii  iiiljnaty  I 
uiiy  of  Ibe  selllcru ;  iicir  i«  ilie 
,s  in  M'tin  Soiilh  ll'ules.  p.  »i 
ere  ilroiipbt  in  IH;iV    Tins  i<, in 
the  droughls  would  expnse  il  to 

rolland  that  hnve  been  eiplnrcd 
ing  doscriplboiB  nf  ((Hik!  of  in 
le  ninirnitiience  of  its  liotamnl  I 
1  is,  that  Ihe  bad  land  seems  to  I 
almost  any  oljier  country  with  I 

0  ncrouni  for  ihi-  fad;  'm  oil 

1  to  be  giippoBfld  but  thni  in  a  I 
ilooB  the  east  coast,  with  wliicli  I 
iniphl  have  been  enpectid  i  and  I 
kI  other  places,  does  not  semi  to  I 
araiively  snittll  pari  of  ilit  mic-l 
itherlo  undiscovered  regions  of  I 
[  however,  it  would  appear  that  I 
(and  generally,  are  niucli  better  I 
fly  Indebted  for  the  introduction  I 
^Bcartlmr,  Esq.    Its  succen  lias  1 

exports  of  wool  have  increasjill 
I'i  only  lR2,i«^0lb8.  of  woolwerel 
899,750  lbs.;  and  in  IWi.  In  nol 
the  interval  between  S«™| 
le  Improvement  of  the  lirecil of  1 
,  the  all  but  boundless  eiilentof  I 
ijecture  to  what  extent  till' pro- 
d  not  wonder  that  soine  of  tl^el 
the  inhabits  niB  would  eiiuaiiyi 


I»P""    I  KM 

I  III33 
Siporli  1  ,^ 


Oratl 
BrIUia. 


ituj 


494,m) 

W.MM 
400,718 


HriiHti  ITonitn 
Ciilic  Slilri  ■ml 
niM,       FutwrlM. 


•i,mi 

llM.tTO 
■1,314 
IJH,ill 
Unta  imounl  of  miporlt 
•i|jorU 


<ts,i«n 

191,141 
»1,»49 
M,(l»l 


I. 

iti.»n 
mi.ii-iu 

3IU,<illl 
^Ii7,lil0 

l,niiM4«a 
«^l^41l 


to  ilnvola  Ihi-lr  tinllre  ilttvniton  to  their  (Inrks,  flth> 
rii,  Ibnir,  A)'  ,  nil  thn  liiipori*  from  Allli'iiiii,  .Mlldu- 
■  liiiiil,  he 

III  ih«  *lM>r«  iimi  •)(  801, UMi,,  Uinf  ih«  Iniimrlt  r.>r  l«1|.  It  !■■ 
rliiilftl  til,,  fuiii  »l  l.^iA.Kk'U  ,  ih*  ,*hiv  i4  wh«l»  all<l  iilltrr  oil  Imm^M 
liilo  Ih*  r,il<.l>y  i  l>lil  Ihil  Itiiii  aIiikmI  wImiIIji  'ho  |  rfulu,  r>  nf  llir  ii|. 
iliwlrjr  III  IIm  c«>tiiunti,i,iiflil  rrrUtiily  in  li«  tirluilxl  fni'n  Oii*  ini. 
iHitU,  Ilia  r»»l  aiiiouiil  ul  vhrli,  m  IKI),  »i||,  r<>iiM'|Nriilly,  la 
I«5",»ft7l.  I  In  »«lii<'  ii(  tba  iiii|«iili  III  lut^  It  haiii  Mrrri  I'it  m  lh« 
Miiif*  wajr,  may  If*  talltn  4I  aIhiiiI  HUI.omr,  'I  Ih*  rlimtol  Ilia  im. 
iiriru  nirtr  ihti  •■|ii>rti  ii  •  rniiw)ii«-nrfl  1.I  thi"  ri|i«iit#  iiiniiml  tf 
lliia  rnitiilry  ou  srr.Miiil  ul  Itiv  <'<'iitiil  r«ial,tiiliii,riita.  In  |ilJ3-J4 
lliii  iiriii  Kniouulfltl,  ii't  New  South  WaUi  iiid  \*u  Uuniru'i  L>i»l, 
luri,UIIM. 


We  subjoin  •  return  oftho  qiiantliie*  of  the  principal  articlsi  Imported  Into  Hydney  from  the  lit  of 
Jtnuary  tu  Iht  Slit  of  Umnmlier,  1H34, 


tUinll'K 

•  pain 

IMII 

llantwart  • 

■  t.  nl. 

W,41l 

R'tm  • 

■pli. 

2^«,MJ 

Rnr  aii'l  •!■ 

■nth 
•Til.. 

UU,7-.« 

llilianaMpt 

>          ^, 

\t.Ul 

llr.ili.ly 

61, Ma 

H,«^  anl  rtoiir 

Sit.'iM 

lln,. 

.      IK 

I8^.^•i 

(.III     • 

.           ^ 

4U.7M 

1  mux  Kill  laMliC  >ilt. 

aii,oi8 

Il'iairry 

•  L.  .»!. 

14.841 

SiiK.r 

■  lilt. 

1,4o\7>i| 

1  t.htiiiil  tlavri 

•  tiini 

:l,  ivi 

Irnii  ai,.|  ilrel 

(MIS 

1,179 

IVa   ■ 

— 

T-(»,W4 

li  ilw  iii'l  cocua 

■  ttia. 

ii:!,!"* 

l.«.l 

•        11.1. 

IM.iKI 

T.ilnfm 

^ 

^I<«,i8« 

l„|.|I.T 

Ciirtliia 

.    .— 

1 18.178 

l.iitrn 

lb*. 

3KI,:IM 

Wheal 

•  tiiih. 

11168 

•   — 

••WH.iM 

Hill- 

4li7,bNO 

Wine 

■  Mil. 

W  1,1 711 

Oittuna 

:C 

l,447,lO» 

liali  iinivitloni 

•         — . 

3,147. 1'.9 

Wiiullau 

•  ydi. 

304,7!J» 

Ganpo«.l«r  • 
llilKi'luhfrir 

3Niai) 

,S..1I 

Inlia 

3.4>'0 

1..  »»i. 

4II,9IJ 

Silk 

.      yilfc 

3H,Mlli 

The  principal  article 

■  and  their  value 

exported  In  18.13,  l«34,  and  1835  were 

— 

Articltt. 

IMl. 

int. 

II34,* 

Quinlilitt. 

Valun. 

(juantilirt. 

Vatun. 

(('lanlMln. 

Vatiin. 

jlfnli       • 

1,134.203  Ibt. 

104,141 

2,246,933  Ibt. 

211,861 

3,213  353  tba. 

1. 
201626 

0,1,  Hi.!— 

tftrm    ■ 

107,443  (ill. 

I3«,8«4 

«»(l,lll(ltt. 

130.021 

143.2J8  (all. 

141.138 

blick    • 

l06,n'M    - 

1,!i1» 

itu.esi  - 

1.1.414 

312,204   - 

I9,3&1 

tiulfboo* 

»41  twit. 

2, '46 

I.IMJcwIt. 

6,liU 

,  Tmilrr,  *l».  1 

ewir     .           • 

l,(1M,43irr*l 

199  492  (Ml 

1     bliKfum 

147,110    - 

IS,ISS 

an,o«»  - 

7,941 

t      tmialll 

3:8,^2   - 

42,461  - 

rlu  (New  Z««l«lld) 

4,83tc»lk 

1,111 

1,9)i0cwlt. 

g,B69 

.fmni'i.— Id  I  (04, 24^  itiini,  nf  the  liurden  nf  &7,443  tnni,  fntrred 
Pfift  Jichwm :  of  IhoM  .'i"  ifniw,  Itn  nic  W.9(¥J,  wrre  fntin  (trral 
Bn'iii,  lliitii)^,  toniUKei3,7.K),  fniiii  HriUOicnlmur*,  an<nfSihipit 
iponut  ll,K9<>,  frnni  fnreiKn  lUtet.  la  1836  there  arrived  Il(i9ihip«t 
;rfttirt>iiritrnnr'  :l,2tt)  tmi. 

fythtni.-- 1  he  fisher>-  ii  uid  not  In  have  hern  proAtalile  for  tomfl 

tbc  ih.'lii  i)f  a  veiwel  at  SyJnry,  where  labour  it  (Vnr.atiit  ca|Mtal  may 
b«(>r'tiiilily  itivpsted  at  a  high  inleretl ;  and  partly  in  l?ie  incrraiiiiK 
torti'f  o(  lite  filth,  and  the  cuoKqueut  greater  difliculty  of  the  c^lch. 


We  are  unahle  In  decide  as  to  the  eiact  decree  of  weiuhl  that  should 
l>e  ^)\en  to  thi«  HUti-nirttt.  rr>>l>aMy  it  is  a  lillli-  tiaKKt-ritnl ; 
Ihoiuh.  on  the  whole,  we  are  inclined  tu  think  that  it  ttai  Mune  con* 
sideralilr  roundatiini  in  fact.— (Carrfiic/lacri  Uxntt  on  Emxgratimiy 
p.  i7.  Syiliiey  rdilinii.) 

The  tfaile  rarricd  on  brlwern  Now  Sonlh  Wales  and  New  ZciUnil 
i«  daily  l>rrr)iiiinK  of  more  ami  inorr  tni|>orl.incr,  Thf  tinix'ttsof 
11.11  fmm  Ihf  latter  into  ihia  roiinlry  are  now,  as  we  liave  already 
•eeni  of  couaiderahle  value  aad  iintMtrtaiice. 


Cohnial  Income. — We  subjoin  an  account  of  the  revenue  of  New  South  Wales  for  tlve 
7  years  ending  with  1835. 

Revenue  of  New  South  Wales,  from  the  Ist  of  January,  1839,  to  the  SUt  of  December,  1635. 


HeaJolRavaue. 

isas. 

18%. 

1831. 

1832. 

18.19.      I         1894.         I 

1835. 

L.      1. 

H. 

/-      ».     rf. 

/..       1. 

ri. 

/..       f. 

•1. 

;,.     1.   rf.      /..    «.   d. 

/..      1.     d. 

CmKiim 

19,136    8 

8 

81,018  16     1 

89,806    4 

1 

9«,2i>2    3 

4 

111,124  13    2  121,498  II    2 

143,342  13    4 

Duiv  im  l|iirllB  dia- 

lilirJ  ill  the  cnliiny  • 

2f«  IS 

0 

110    7    6 

1.136    0 

0 

1,0,41    0 

0 

l,?M)    6    0 

1,690    1    0 

1.261  10    0 

V^\^'&n  mllecliom 

1,324  19 

1 

1,153  14    UJ 

J,I63    0 

2 

2,414    3 

2 

2,968  to  It 

3,734    2    0         4,310  15     9\ 

Auction   iluly,    and 

licenca  lo  auclion- 

ttn- 

1,216    7 

■] 

1,463  18    SJ 

l,.309    7 

*i 

1,466  16 

10| 

1,696    2    8 

2,396    6  10 

9,219  16    2 

Lxrocei    lo     rcfait 

mill  iml  ipiriluout 

liqtj"n 

3,136    0 

0 

6,100    0    0 

6,650    0 

0 

7,786    0 

u 

9,124  10    0 

9,817  10    0 

10,023    0    0 

Uriictt  lo  tiawlim 

ini  pulleri  ■ 

. 

> 

• 

. 

44    0    0 

14    0    0 

frown  iaii'li  • 

9,309  10 

u 

1,985  19  ll| 

3,017  17 

6 

13,683    e 

1 

28,272    2    9 

43,482    3    9 

80,380    9    4 

Hftii  III  liilli,  ferriet. 

loJ    Durket    duet 

iiiil  invemiiieiit  pre* 

BlIM 

3,121  12 

9t 

4.138    0    7 

4,fVie  IB 

6 

9,ri87    8 

1 

3,211  12    8 

3,417  15    8 

4.131  13  to 

fmr.f  public  oBlcft 

6,426    9 

H 

6,461  19    4 

1,036  13 

<i 

4,698    9 

6 

6,089    9  It 

9,194    9    5 

1,400    6    3 

Fiiinlrvint  bycourta 

n(  juMirr     - 

186  12 

6 

768    8    1 

150  16 

H 

74  to 

6 

190    6    6 

eoo  0  7J 

1,462    7    4 

PitutJi  of  Ihe  aalaa 

of  ^veruaient  pro* 

|»ity 

2,231  U 

& 

601    fl    1) 

1,639  16 

"( 

3,166  16 

'I 

1,491    2    4 

816  13    0 

(31  17    9 

Collrctmn     by     Iha 

i|tol  of  Ihe  ctern 

uft  fclioot  eatatet    • 

• 

. 

• 

. 

• 

■ 

1,162  13    1 

4,112    1    4 

?ew  rtnrt     • 

• 

■ 

. 

. 

• 

• 

. 

333  11    9 

3S8  11    3 

Mitcellaneoua 
Tottli  . 

968  10 

3 

716  14    3} 
104,1/1'    4     ii 

2,173    2 

6 

186    9 

4i 

688  10    0 

816  19  11 

3,549  12    8 

I02,1M  16 

2 

121,165  14 

II    |t34,909  16 

J* 

164,063    6  to  20:>,435  10    2^   273,144  13  I0| 

Itlsiieen  from  this  statement  that  the  revenue  of  the  colony  is  rapidly  increasing;  and  were  it  not 
for  lite  lieavy  expenses  necessarily  incurred  on  account  of  the  conveyance  and  superintendence  of  con- 
Tict!,  it  would  be  more  than  adequate  to  meet  the  outgoinga. 

•The  returns  for  1833  have  not  been  derived  from  the  Custom  House,  and  may  not,  therefore,  bB 
quite  accurate  ;  but  the  error  must  be  iiiconeidcrablu. 


t 


I  I. 


674 


SYDNEY. 


wr 


■r" 


C(mmm;)(i'on  0/  Spiriti.—^e  ne«d  not  b«  turpriier),  considering  ]  nual  nupply  of  6  S-8th  (raUoni  to  each  iDdiTidual.    ft  hn  h»n  pn>. 
hnvv  the  [mputation  is  mate  np,  lliat  (tninkrniiRM  sluiuM  he  rather  '  i>osed  to  lessen  this  rtpnaumplifn  liy  increasing  the  cuslomi  <lutinon 

>,«.., i«„.  :..  K?...-  c-,...i.  ur^i^-  «,™,i  ti..  — , -.: r : _    1  imported  spirits,  and  pmhibiiiiig  diililUtioii  in  the  colony,    ilm  15, 

former  are  already  liigh;  and  it  is  all  but  certain  that  (heir  furlher 
increane.,  and  the  prohibition  of  home  distillation,  wouhl  Rive  die  to 
an  extensive  sniU);((linif  trade,  and  be  injurious  to  the  revenue  witb. 
out  iN-ing  in  other  respects  of  any  material  service. 


prevalent  in  New  South  Wales,  and  the  rorisumplion  of  spirits  pro* 
Imrtionally  f^re.it.  In  183.5  there  wore  enlerel  for  consuinptinn  in 
the  colony  ait  fullowi :  viz.,  rum  234,763  profif  f^allons,  brandy  30,433 
do.,  gin  16,267  do.,  other  foreiicn  and  iJritish  spirits  1,205  do.,  and 
spiriii  produced  in  the  colony,  8,450  do.,  maklnK  in  all  291,138  kiI* 
Ions ;  which,  taking  the  population  at  90,0iJ0,  gives  an  average  an* 

Moniea,  tVcig;htit  and  Afeontref.— Accounts  are  kept  in  sterling 
money  ;  but  SiMnish  dollars  are  most  abundant.  Thev  pass  current 
at  St.  each.  The  weights  and  measures  are  the  tame  aa'  those  of  t^ng* 
iaiiJ. 

Ratu  of  A^mcy^  Commission,  and  H'^eirthcfiue  Rent,  (U^reed  to  at 
a  Muting  of  the  A'tw  South  tVala  ChamUr  of  Commerctf  1828. 

Commistion. 

1.  On  all  sates  r.r  purchisen  of  shii)s  and  other  venels,  houses,  or 

lands,  where  no  advance  on  them  has  been  uiade,  2  1*2  per 

cent. 
On  all  other  sales,  purchanes,  or  shipments,  5  per  cent. 
On  goods  consigneii  and  afterwards  \\ithdnwn,  or  sent  to  public 

auction,  if  ao  advance  on  them  has  been  made^  2    1-4  per 

cent 

2.  On  giving  orders  for  the  provision  of  goods,  2  1-2  per  cent. 

3.  On  guaranteeing  sales,  bills,  bonds,  or  other  engagements,  2  1-2 

per  cent. 

4.  On  the  management  of  estates  for  others,  6  per  cent. 

6.  Ou  procuring  freight  or  charter,  and  on  freight  collectedi  5  per 
cent. 

6.  On  insurances  eflected,  1-2  percent. 

7.  On  SHitling  losses,  partial  or  general,  1  per  cent. 

8.  OneAecting  remittances,  or  purchasing,  selling,  or  negotiating 

bills  of  exchauge,  1  per  f-ent. 


9.  On  the  recovery  of  money,  2  1  2  per  cent.    If  by  law  or  arlitn. 
linn,  5  per  cent. 

10.  On  collecting  house  rent,  5  per  cent. 

1 1.  ()n  atteii'Iing  the  delivery  oi  contract  goods,  2  percent. 

12.  On  becoming  security  for  contracts,  6  per  cent, 

13.  On  ships'  disbursements,  5  per  cent, 

1-1.  Ou  obtaining  money  on  rr-9fH)U<leiitia,  2  per  cent. 

15.  On  tetters  of  credit  granted,  2  1-2  per  cent. 

16.  On  purcliauiiiic,  si^llln^,  receiving  from  any  of  the  public  offieo, 

lodginK  in  ditto,  delivering  up  or  exchanging  government  itarrr 
or  other  public  securities,  1-2  per  cent. 

17.  On  all  items  on  the  debit  or  credit  side  of  an  account,  on  ^vliicht 

commi^sion  of  5  per  cent,  has  not  been  previously  cliar^ej  m 
the  same  account,  including  government  paper,  1  |cr  cent. 

18.  On  entering  and  clearing  shij'S  at  the  Custom  houw,  each,  I 

guinea. 

19.  On  the  dishonour  of  foreign  bills,  exclusive  of  protest  and  other 

law  expenses,  a  re*exchange  of  25  per  cent. 

Warehoute  Rent. 
On  .'11  measurement  goodi,  ]$,  per  ton  of  40  cubic  feet,  per  wefk.      I 
On  lirjuids,  \a.  \d.  per  tun  nf  252  gallons  (old  measure)  per  week        < 
On  sugar,  rice,  salt,  and  similar  articles,  6d.  per  tun  per  u-rek. 
On  grain,  4(/.  per  bushel  'or  first  iuouth,  and  l-2d.  pf r  buskl  per 

month  afterwards. 
On  iron,  lead,  &c.,  4d.  per  ton  per  week. 


Duties  levied  at  Sydney  mider  Acts  of  Parliament. 


Articles  upon  which  levied. 

Present  Duties  levied. 

Articles  upon  which  levied. 

Present  Duties  levied. 

Spirits  made  or  distilled  from  grain  the 

|)roduceQf  the  colony    - 
Ditto  from  su<ar  and  mnlasses     • 
Spirits,  the  produce  and  manufacture  of 
the  IJ.  K,,  or  of  the  plant.-itions  in  the 
W.   Indies,  imported  diiect  from  the 

I  3a.  per  gallon. 
10«.  2  \-2d.  per  do. 

}  7'-  9/o''- 

Spirit?,  of  the  plantations  in  N.  America, 

ini[)orted  direct  from  the  U.  K. 
All  other  spiiiti    -          ■           .           . 
Tobacco  imported  uimiannfaclured 
Ditto  manufactured,  and  snulf     - 
Foreign  goods  imported   • 

|l0..2J^,d.perpl. 

IOj.  2l-4d,|ifrdo, 
li.  6rf.  pcrlb. 
2».  per  do. 
5  per  ceut.  ad  vol. 

Shipping  Charges  in  Port  Jackson j  ^e. 
Pilotage  Rates,  payable  to  licensed  pilots  on  ships  and  vessels  from  I  employed  in  the  coasting  trade  from  one  part  of  New  South  Wain 
and  to  a  distance  of  2  leagues  out  to  sea,  into  and  out  of  any  port  or     to  another,  and  steam  vessels,  while  so  employed,  excepted,  unleu 
harbour  in  New  South  Wales,  for  which  a  pilot  shall  be  appoint-  I  the  assistance  of  a  pilot  be  required  and  received, 
ed;  vessels  registered  in  Sydney,  not  exceeding  60  tons,  or  while  I 

For  every  vessel  drawing  L.  s.  d. 


7  feet  or  under 

-    4    0 

0 

w 

8    —  and  under  9  feet     • 

■    4    6 

0 

14 

9    —       —       10—      . 

-    4  10 

0 

15 

10    —       —       11  —      . 

-    6    0 

0 

16 

II    _       _       12-      . 

•    6  10 

ll 

17 

12    —       —       13  ~      ■ 

•    6    0 

0 

18 

for  every  vessel  drawing 
13  feet  and  under  14  feet 

—  16  — 

—  16  — 

—  17  — 

—  18  — 

—  19  — 


/..  1. 

rf. 

6  10 

0 

7    0 

0 

7  10 

0 

R    0 

0 

8  10 

0 

9    0 

0 

For  every  vessel  drawing  L  $.d. 

19  feet  and  under  20  feet   •       -    9  )0  0 

20  —        —         21   —    •       .  10  t  0 

21  —        —         22  —    .       -  II    0  0 

22  —        —         23  -    -       .  12  0  0 
And  so  on,  IL  for  every  additional  foot 


Harbour  Diu»  and  Charges,  payable  to  the  harbour  master  for 
repairing  on  board  and  appointing' the  place  of  anchorage  of  ships 
and  vessels  entering  any  port  or  harbtur  in  New  South  Wales ;  or 
for  the  removal  of  the  same  from  ouc  place  of  anchorage  or  mooring 
For  every  vessel  under  /«   ».  d. 

100  tons 0    5    0 

160    —    and  under  200  tons     •    0  10    0 


For  every  vessel  of 
200  tons  and  under  300  tons 
300    —  —     400  — 


Customs  Charget  payable  to  the  collector  or  otlier  officer  of  cus- 
toms, for  the  entry  inwards,  or  clearance  outwards,  of  ships  and  ves- 
sels at  any  port  or  harbour  of  New  South  Wales,  where  an  officer 
of  customs  is  stationed  ;  vessels  under  60  tons,  registered  in  Sydney, 
excepted  i  viz. 

Entry.     Clearance, 


For  every  steam  vessel  employed  in  the  coast- 
ing trade,  from  one  port  of  New  South 
Wales  to  another       -  -  .  . 

For  every  vessel  registered  in  Sydney,  and  so 
employed,  if  above  50  and  not  exceeding  100 
tons    -  .  .  -  . 

For  every  \*eB8el  so  employed,  if  above  100 
tons    .--.-. 

H'^r/ai'V /2rt/ei,  payable  to  the  collector  of 
custonis,  on  articles  lauded  at  the  King's 
Wharf,  Sydney  :— 


L.  t.  d*      L.  t.  d. 


0    13       0    13 


0    4    0       0    4    0 
0  10    0       0  10    0 


to  another,  not  being  for  the  purpose  of  leaving  the  port;  vesstli 
registered  in  Sydney,  under  50  Ions,  or  while  employed  in  the 
coasting  trade  from  one  port  of  New  South  Wales  to  another,  »• 
cepted. 

L.  i.  d.  \  For  every  vessel  of  L.  i.  d 

0  15    0        400  tuns  and  under  500  tons      -15  0 

1  0    0  I     GOO  —  and  upwards        -      •   1  10  0 

Entry.     Charana. 

L.  $.    rf.     L.  I.  rf. 

-    0  15    0      0  15  0 


For  every  other  ihip  or  vessel  - 

Lighthouse  Dues,  payable  to  the  collector  of  custonis,  Sydney,  on 
ships  and  veuels  above  60  tons,  arriving  at  Port  Jackson,  Irwarij 
the  maintenance  of  the  light*house  at  the  entrance  thertor;  viz. 

L.  J.  d. 


On  every  ship  or  vessel  above  ^  and  not  exceeding  100 
tons,  employed  in  the  coasting  trade  from  oue  port 
of  New  South  Wales  to  another        •  -  -    0 

On  every  steam  vessel,  the  Ion  register  measurement   -    0 
On  every  other  ship  or  vessel,  the  ton  register  measure- 
ment   •  •  -  •  -  .  -002 


0 
CM 


For  every 

Tun  or  butt 

ripe  or  puncheon 

Hogshead 

Barrel 

Ca9k  or  keg  of  smaller  size    • 

Crate,  cask,  or  case  of  hard- 
ware, earthenware,  or  iron- 
mongery 

Bale,  case,  or  box,  not  exceed- 
ing 1-2  Ion  measurement     • 

Ditto,  exceeding  1-2  ton 

Chest  of  tea       •         •         • 

1-2  chest  or  box  of  tea  • 

Bag  of  sucar 

Bag  of  coffee       .  -  . 

Package  nf  rice  - 

Basket  nf  tobacco 

Bag  of  hops 

Pocket  of  hojis    - 

Bushel  of  grain  • 

Dozen  of  oan 

100  deals  -  .  .  . 

ICO  sUvee 


X.  t.  d. 

0  2  0 

0  1  0 

0  0  9 

0  0  6 

0  0  3 


0    0    9 


0 

0 

6 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

3 

0 

n 

1  12 

0 

0 

i  1-2 

0 

0 

1  12 

0 

0 

1  1-2 

0 

u 

3 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

6 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

2 

0 

2 

6 

0 

1 

0 

Dozen  of  spades  and  shovels 

Ton  of  iron,  steel,  lead,  or  other 
metal,  including  shot 

Ton  of  salt     • 

Ton  of  flax  ... 

Ton  of  cordage 

Too  of  potatoes 

Bottle  of  paint,  oil,  or  turpentine  ■ 

Millstone        .... 

Four-wheeled  carriage 

Two-wheeled  carriage 

Small  package,  not  otherwise  enu- 
merated      .... 

Ton  of  heavy  goods,  not  otherwise 
enumerated 


L.  ».  d. 

0    I    0 


0 

2 

6 

0 

1 

6 

u 

1 

0 

0 

2 

6 

0 

1 

6 

0 

0 

2 

0 

2 

0 

0 

fi 

n 

0 

3 

0 

0    0    3 

0    2    6 


Postage  of  Single  Letters  from  Sydney. 

d. 

To  Paramatta 4 

Emu  Plains  (Penrith)         ■         -  -7 

Windsor  •  •  -  -  -7 

Liverpool         •  •  •  •  -6 

Campbell  Town       •         -         •         -7 
Newcnstle        -  -  -  -  -4 

Port  Macquarie         -  •  •  -4 

Hathunit 9 

And  at  corresponding  rates  from  other  places. 


Double  and  treble  letters  to  becha^g^J  pro- 
portionably  to  the  aforesaid  rales.  Let'erj 
the  weight  of  an  ounce  to  be  charged  4 
times  the  rate  of  postage  uf  a  sii;i;le  letter. 

Niwspaj)ers  printed  in  New  South  Wales  or 
Van  biemen^  I^nd,  Id.  each. 

litters  from  and  to  New  Stuth  iVaktand 
Fa7i  DiemenU  Land  to  pay  a  sea  postage 
of  3d.,  and  all  other  Ship  Ixttm  a  sea 
postage  of  4d.,  in  addition  (a  the  inlajid 
postage  payable  thereon. 

Parcels  of  Newspapers,  printed  Prica  Ctir- 
rent,  m  other  periodical  PuUicatiout,  ex- 
ported or  imported,  to  be  charj^ed  a  tea 
postage  at  the  rate  of  Id.  for  every  i 
ounces  of  their  weight. 

Atution  Duty. 
For  each  and  every  lOOL  arising  from  the 
sale  by  auction  of  any  estate,  goods,  or  ef* 
fecti  whatsoever,  \l.  lOi. 
Licmeen. 

Auctioneers,  annually  ■ 

lleer  and  spirits,  to  retail,  do.- 

Distilling,  do. 

Hawkers,  do.      • 

Carts        ...         - 


SYDNEY. 


fiT5 


to  euh  IndiTiduil.  II  has  betn  pn> 
f>n  by  increasing  IhecuMdmi  iliiliwor. 
ing  (liilillaliou  in  the  roloiiy.    Ilul  ibc 

It  ii  all  but  certain  that  ifiiir  furlhrr 
nf  hnine  diatillation,  would  give  riie  lo 
,  and  lie  injurioui  to  the  revenue  wilb' 
any  material  service. 

y,  8  I  2  per  cent.    If  by  lavr  or  aibitn. 

5  per  cent. 

•  of  coiilraci  goods,  2  per  cent. 

•  conlncis,  5  per  cent. 

6  per  cent. 

e5)H)u<lenli»,  Z  per  cent. 
cd,  2  1-2  per  cent. 

eceivilig  from  any  nf  the  publ ic  offito. 
rin<  up  or  eichanging  governmenl  pifn 
lies,  1-2  per  cent. 

or  creilit  side  of  an  account,  on  which  i 
;ent.  has  not  been  previously  cliaixnl  u 
iudiiiE  government  laper,  I  [crceLI. 
iig  shii'S  at  the  Custom  Iiouk,  »cIi,  1 

iCT  bills,  eiclusive  of  protest  and  othtt 
change  of  25  per  cent. 

arthvuu  Rent. 

It.  pfr  Ion  of  40  cubic  feel,  per  week. 
f  252  ipillons  (old  nieasurr)  per  '.veek 
ilar  arlicUs,  6<l.  per  tun  per  week. 
r  first  month,  and  l-2d.  per  busliel  per 

ion  per  week. 

!7lt. 


levied. 

Present  Uuliej  leued, 

N.  America, 
U.  K. 

.iclurcd 
ulf     - 

|l0..2/f,d.perpl. 

10».2l-4rf.  l.erJo. 
II.  6rf.  pcrlb. 
2s,  per  do. 
5  per  cent,  ad  eai. 

tie  from  one  part  of  New  Snnih  Wita 
:1s,  while  so  employed,  eicepied,  uniin 
required  and  received. 


every  vessel  drawing 
9  feet  and  under  20  feet 
a    —       —        21  — 
I     _        —         22  — 
i    _       —         23  - 


L  l.d. 

'  9  10  0 
'  10  1)  0 
'  II  0  0 
'  12   0  0 


1 10  on,  II.  (br  every  additional  foot. 

he  purpose  of  leaving  the  port ;  veneli 
sr  50  tons,  or  while  employed  in  the 
irt  of  New  South  Wales  to  another,  ei- 


every  vessel  of  L,  i.  it 

■"  tuns  and  under  500  Ions      -15  0 

and  upwards        •      •    1  10  0 


X) 


» 


lel  . 


Entry,  Chammt. 
L,:d.  L  I.  i. 
b  15    0      0  15  0 


le  to  the  collector  of  customs,  Sydney,  en 

tons,  arrivine  at  Fort  Jackson,  Icn ardi 

house  at  the  entrance  thereof;  viz. 


ht' 

•  e  .W  and  not  eiceeding  100 
^stiiig  trade  from  one  port 
nother 

on  register  measurement 
■  the  ton  register  measure- 


L.  1.  i. 


1  0 
0  OM 


0  0  2 


ble  and  treble  letlen  to  heclla^s^l  pro- 
irtionably  to  the  aforesaid  rales.  Ltl'tn 
e  weight  of  an  ounce  to  be  chareed  4 
iie«  the  rate  of  poslage  of  a  single  letter. 
;if»ip<r<  printed  in  New  Soulh  Wales  ot 
in  liiemen^  Ijind,  Id.  each. 
T»  from  and  to  AVw)  Suuth  U'alu  mi 
m  Diettwn's  Land  to  pay  a  !e,i  posUse 
3d.,  and  all  other  Shf  Utlm  a  «a 
^lage  of  4d.,  ill  addition  to  the  ililiml 
stage  payable  thereon, 
•ell  of  Ntwtpaptrs,  frinltd  Priftt  Cur- 
ri(,  or  otiier  fitriodual  P\iUuatwni,  n- 
rted  or  imporleil,  to  be  cliarifcd  i  Ma 
stage  at  the  rale  of  Id.  for  every  4 
Lces  of  their  weight. 

Aiutim  Duty. 
each  and  every  lOOt  arisinn  from  IM 
e  by  auction  of  any  estate,  goods,  or  «■ 
:t>  whatsoever,  11.  lOi. 


iictncet. 

ioneere,  annually  •         • 
and  spirits,  to  retail,  do,  • 
lling,  do.      • 
kers,  do.      ' 


II 


i.  I. 

2  0 
ii  0 
25  0 
20  0 

0  ( 


F.wiffration  to  M'ew  South  H'alen  linliU  nut  severnl  ailvnntafirg  to  lli«  hiilnnlrinii.i  niiiii.'r;iiil,  wliitli, 
however,  are  partinlly  nl  least,  if  llitty  he  not  wholly,  roiititcrviiili'il  hy  stiiiitry  (li.iiiilviiiiinncs.  'I'liore 
iiat  all  times  a  pretty  hrink  (iHinaiid  for  adilltioiml  labour  ;  whkks,  thniiKh  not  extrnvai'itiil,  are  high  ; 
piiiviainns,  except  in  years  of  drouKhl,  are  iiioderately  rlii'ap;  anil  ahove  all,  tiDM'liiiiiite  is  mild, 
bealtliy,  and  siillnhic  for  European  conRlitutlonH.  Tin'  treat  drawharks  are,— the  iininiMiM'  ilivtanru 
Itoin  Europe,  and  the  conseiiuent  coHtol'ihe  voyaRc  ;  the  (.'fiicral  inreriorily  and  lii<;h  |irice  of  the  land  ; 
the  freqtient  recurrence  of  droughts  ;  and  the  lartte  ainoiiiil  of  convict  pojiiilatiiin.— 'I'liu  crealcr  niilil- 
itess  and  salubrity  of  the  climate  appears  to  he  the  principal,  or  rather  perhaps  the  only  reconinienda- 
Iion,  i"  favour  of  ennigrating  to  .Australia  rmher  than  to  Canada  or  the  Unitcil  SialeM.  Whether, 
iKjwever,  this  be  a  siifHcient  counterpoise  to  the  peniliar  dlsadvantaves  altrnilini:  ii,  is  a  point  which 
«c  (l<>  not  presume  to  decide,  but  which  deserves  the  most  serious  coiisiileraiinn  rrnin  inlrndiiif;  enii- 
jraiits.  It  seems  to  be  the  unanimous  opinion  of  every  one  ac(|uainteil  with  lh<!  colony,  anil  entitled 
lobe  heard  upon  such  a  subject,  that,  "  incvtnjcaae,  eminrunts  of  every  sort  will  find  ilj'ur  their  inttreit 
Income  Hilt  married." — {Carmichael's  Tract,  Sydney  edit.  p.  57.) 

Eipense  of  the  foyage. — This,  of  course,  differs,  at  ditlVrent  periods  ;  hut,  speakin);  generally,  it  may 
be  estimated,  inclusive  of  provisions,  at  about  ID/,  for  adults,  and  b/.  for  children.  This  is  aliuut  three 
limes  the  cost  of  the  voyage  to  (Quebec ;  the  expense  of  conveying  an  adult  to  the  latter  not  generally 
exceeding  5/.,  and  children  in  proportion. 

Wages. — It  is  always  very  ditltcult  to  obtain  authentic  information  as  to  the  stale  of  wages  in  any 
touniry,  but  especially  in  a  colony.  The  owners  of  lands  in  the  colonies,  and  the  shipowners  engaged 
In  the  trade  with  them,  being  generally  interested  in  the  promotion  nf  emicration,  endeavour  to  set 
hi  advantages,  of  which  high  wages  are  probably  one  of  the  greatest,  in  the  most  striking  point  of 
ntw.  The  accounts  of  wages  furnished  by  such  persons  being  cnnseipiently  liable  to  suspicion,  we 
have  endeavoured,  when  we  had  occasion  to  allude  to  such  subjects,  to  supply  our  readers  with  state- 
ments derived  from  olhcial  or  other  sources  less  liable  to  be  biassed.  Even  these,  hnwever,  have  not 
always  proved  so  accurate  as  could  have  been  wished.  In  the  former  impressions  of  this  work  we 
Inserted  in  this  place  an  account  of  the  rales  nf  wages  at  Sydney  embodied  in  an  olluial  paper  issued 
fiom  the  Colonial  Ollice,  in  July,  InSI,  by  the  cninmissioners  for  facilitating  emigratinn.  liiit  we 
regret  to  say  that  the  apparently  well-founded  confidence  we  had  in  it  has  turned  out  to  bo  not  a  little 
misplaced.  The  Rev.  Henry  Carmichael,  one  of  the  Professors  in  the  Australian  (:(i|lif.e,  Sydney, 
has  shown  in  his  valuable  tract,  already  referred  to,  entitled  Hints  to  Kmigrunts  to  JViw  Soulli  Hales, 
that  the  commissioners  had  been  deceived  by  erroneous  information,  and  that  the  statenii'iits  they  put 
forth  were  "calculated  very  seriously  to  mislead,"  and  that,  in  point  of  fact,  they  did  mislead,  very 
many  individuals,  who,  on  arriving  at  iSydncy,  found  the  wages  far  below  what  they  hail  been  led  to 
expect. 
A  oimmittee,  consisting  of  the  most  intelligent  mechinics  at  Syd- 
oev.Jrew  up,  in  It^,  a  leiiort  on  the  eligibility  of  New  South 
\l^ilesas  a  place  of  resort  for  emigrant  nieclianics,  in  wtiich,  among 
tflier  mines,  they  declare  that  the  account  of  the  rate  of  wages  pub 
Isbed  t>y  lite  Emigration  Conimissiitiiers,  "  is  extravagant  and  ridi- 
tuloui'  *'  Common  labourers,"'  they  say.  "do  not  earn  more  than 
tl.  to  5l.  per  week,  wilh  rations  and  lodgings  ;  mechanics  out  of 
StJneydonot  average  more  than  15/.  tn2ii/.  (ler  aiiiiiiin,  wilh  ra- 
tioni,  Ac. ;  mechanics  of  the  highest  qualifications,  in  Sydney,  do  not 
iten^e  more  than  2/.  per  week  the  year  niund.  Agricultural  la- 
tMjnn,  capable  of  managing  a  farm'  in  the  capacity  of  bailit)',  not 
Dorethan  I3J.  to  20/.  per  annum,  with  rations,  and  hut  to  live  in ; 
ud  persons  of  hi^fher  grades  and  similar  occupations  cannot  get 
Doretlian  4W.  to  60).  per  annum  and  rations." 

In  corioboration  of  the  accuracy  nf  these  statements,  Mr.  Carmi- 
tiiel  fives  the  substance  of  a  letter  from  William  M-Flierson,  Ksq., 
ojlleclor  of  internal  revenue,  and  secretary  of  the  Emigrants'  Friend 
Sotielv,  dated  the  I8lh  of  June,  1833. 

"Good  mechanics," says  he,  "can  earn,  in  Sydney,  from  30l.  to 
tOf. per  week,  without  board  or  lodging?:  and  in  the  country  from 
101.  to  301.  |)er  annum,  with  house  and  rati  ^ns.* 

"Common  labourers  in  Sydney  obtain  about  Ms.  per  week,  with- 
out l»ard  or  lodging;  ami  in  the  country,  about  12/.  per  annum,  with 
teD«(or  rather  hut)  and  rations.* 
"\Va?es  given  to  farm  servants  vary  with  their  qualifications  ;  50/. 
to  60/.,  wilh  a  house  and  rations,  may  be  considered  the  highest 
run  given  lo  overseers  of  a  superior  description,  and  20/.  to  25/.  to 
IlKHe  of  humbler  pretensions. 

"Their  being  married  or  single  makes,  in  general,  no  difference  in 
the  tale  of  wages,  unless  where  the  females  are  expected  to  perform 
m  domestic  duties :  but  rations  are  usually  given  to  the  wife  and 
ciiiLiieii  of  a  married  overseer  as  well  as  lo  himself, 
"Good  ploughmen,  or  shepherds,  obtain  from  15/.  to  20/.  with  a 
buieaml  rations. 
"  Wages  of  domestic  servants  are— 
Ofaiingleman  -  -  -      from  £.  12  to  £.20 

of  a  single  woman      •  ■  •        —         8    •       15 

1)1  a  married  couple    -  •  -        —       20    •       30 

".V.  jB.— A  married  pair  of  emigrants  may  easily  find  a  small 
twue,  containing  2  apartments,  lo  accommodate  them  on  their  arri. 
til, at  a  weekly  rent  of  from  It,  to  lOi. ;  and  an  unmarried  man  may 
Weeand  lioard  for  lOj.fid.  per  week."— (CoimicAac/'i  rroci,  pp.  50, 
SI.  Sydney  ed.) 


Mr.  Carmichael  gives  in  the  2d  edition  of  his  trad,  published  at 
SnioeT,  in  January,  1836,  the  following  details  as  to  the  descriptions 
ofvroikmen  that  were  ttien  most  in  demand  in  the  colony  with  the 
•ijes  they  were  accustomed  to  earn  :  — 
Raltiiiilders,  6s.  to  8i.  per  day.— See  Shipwrights. 
firickniskers,  8i.  lo  lOt.  per  thousand  for  making.— Good  workmen 

will  always  find  employment. 
Mliyers,  6i,  to  7>.  per  day.— Ditto,  ditto. 
Blickimiths,  24f.  to  ilt,  per  week.— Good  workmen  in  demand. 
Bres'ers,  Maltslera,  3s.  lo  4f.  per  day.— Brewers  are  increasing.  Com* 

inon  labourers  employed. 

Cliairmakers,  25i.  to  30s.  per  week — Market  glutted  at  present. 
Cirpenlers,  5i.  6d.  to  7».  per  day.— Always  in  demand,  especially 

good  workmen. 

*  "The  rations  allowed  to  free  labourer!  may  be  rated  per  week 

iilolloivs,  viz. — 

Flour 

Beef  and  mutton 
Tea    )  , 
Supr  5  ' 

tThis  latter  (the  milk),  being  given  in  lieu  nf  tea  and  sugar.  So 
Ikit  Islnurers,  if  well-benaved  and  industrious,  are  sure  to  nisc 
tbutelves  above  the  station  which  they  occupy  >t  home." 


ZJ».or. 

I,ti.  m. 

■  10    0 

Tobacco    ■ 

•        .    0    2 

-  10    0 

Salt    ■        ■ 

■        -    0    2 

-    0    2 

Soap. 
Milkt       - 

■        ■    0    2 

.    I    0 

•    Tquarti 

Caulkers,  Rt.  to  9t.  per  day.— Work  tjsually  done  hy  shipwrights. 

Cwpera,  It.  lo  tf*.  per  Jay.— EniplDyniciit  uiiceitain.  Yel  t}ieultiii< 
tr.iJe  is  good,  and  coustquenily  uughl  to  pi->.iiiise  einployineiit  lor 
coopers. 

Coniposilon,  2'»i.  to  33j.  per  week.— A  few  s'eady  men  wanted  Xo 
supi  Liiil  ilruiikar)^ 

Cabinet  linkers  .iiid  I'phohtereri,  5j.  to  7i.  per  day.— Not  at  present 
ill  demand  except  as  carpenlert. 

Cooks,  5».  6d  to  IOj.  per  week,  and  rations.— Men  nsmlly  employed. 
Careful  servaDts  of  this  description,  of  sober  aud  steady  habits, 
warned. 

Coppersmi'hs  30*.  to  40j.  fwr  week.— Good  workmen  would  find 
employment. 

Dairy  Women,  10/.  to  151.  per  annum,  lodging  and  rations.— In  ex- 
treme demand. 

Enfinee rs,  24i.  to  42».  per  week,  and  rations.— The  cluss  of  men  here 
meant  are  properly  engir.e-men  aii<l  blicksmiths.  In  U.t  wat{es 
here  specified  no  allowance  is  ma  le  for  over  lime. 

Farriers.— No  regular  wages.    See  Macksmithi'. 

Fencers.  30j.  to  40.^.  per  week.— The  I.Tljnurers  lierc  meant  are  em- 
ployed in  mnkin?  poat-rail  fences,  which  are  usually  paid  by  piece- 
work, at  the  rate  of  from  2>.  lo  3j.  Grf.  p(  r  rod. 

Field  l^lxiurera,  3i.  per  day,  or  5*.  per  week,  and  rations.— All  kinds 
of  field  labounrs  in  demand. 

Gardeners,  1;')/  lo  40/.  per  annum,  and  rations.    See  vine-dressers. 

Glaziers,  5f.  6(£.  to  6f.  &'  per  day.— Ahliough  much  gl  ziiifE  ii  done 
in  the  colony,  the  division  of  lalKiur  is  not  eilousive  enough  to 
cucourage  atiy  gUxier  lo  en.igrate  as  a  separate  tradesman. 

Harness  makers,  ::i.  per  day.— rrincipaily  supplied  t^y  imjK}rla'iun. 
Yet  harness  making  may  be  expected  in  the  couise  of  time  to  b« 
strictly  coicnial,  aud  therefore  to  employ  maiiy  haiuls. 

Joiners,  6*.  6rf.  lo  6j.  6t/.  per  day.— Goo«i  workmen  in  demand. 

Iron-founderSf  24#.  (o  40».  per  week.— Good  worknicu  would  find 
employment. 

Locksmiths,  6«.  to  7».  per  day.— A  few  good  geneiul  workmen  would 
find  employment, 

Millwrigtits,  6i.  to  ^t.  per  day. — The  sort  of  hands  wanted  are  men 
who  have  t>cen  accustomed  lo  fit  up  wooden  gear. 

Milkmen,  10/.  to  15/.  per  annum,  aad  rations. — All  kinds  of  hus- 
bandry-men in  demand. 

Nailers,  40f.  per  week,  and  upwards.— Good  wr.ikmen  sure  to  find 
employment.    Nails  have  lieen  im[)orted  largely  of  late. 

Parchment  makers :  sheepskins  Id.  to  2d.  each.— In  the  course  of 
time,  parchment  is  likely  lo  be  manufactured  for  exportation.  At 
present,  there  is  at  least  one  parctiment  maker  in  f^ydney;  two 
could  not  support  theinselves  by  their  trade. 

Plasterers,  42*.  [ler  week — In  demand.    An  encellent  trade. 

Ploughmen)  10/.  to  12/.  per  annum,  lodging  and  rations.— All  agricul* 
tural  labourera,  ahephenls,  sheep-shearers,  kc.  may  be  so  rated. 

Plumbers,  6#.  to  7*.  per  day.— One  or  two  might  find  employment. 

Potters,  rated  as  labouring  men. — An  extensive  manufactory  of 
coarse  earthenware  is  just  eslahlished,  capable  of  supplying  the 
wants  of  the  colony.  One  or  two  good  hands  might  find  eutploy* 
ment. 

Printers  and  pressmen,  2')#.  to  30*.  per  week.— Sober  steady  mea 
nee<!ed  to  supplant  drunkards. 

Quarr>-meD,  4*.  lo  6».  per  day.— Always  find  employment. 

^ddlcrs,  4f.  to  5«.  per  day.— Chiefly  supplied  by  iinporlation.  See 
harness  maken. 

Sawyen,  6i.  to  It.  6d.  per  100  feet.— Good  workmen  in  great  re- 
ones*. 

Shipwrights,  It.  to  S#.  per  day.— Plenty  of  employment  for  good 
workmen. 

Shoemaken,  Si.  to  7<.  per  day.—Tn  considerable  demand.  A  good 
trade.    Most  work  on  their  own  hmd.    Some  earn  lOi.  per  day. 

Sailors,  60f .  lo  €0f.  per  month.— Always  in  demand. 

Smiths,  bt.  6d.  to  7f.  per  day.— Good  workmen  will  findcmplof 
ment. 


c:r 

d« 

,«w 

'»• 

:f- 

%W' 

"  91 

1 

.:3 

iC. 

.) 

•■« 

jf^ 

•■«• 

3 

,^ 

,*- 

•-5» 

C29 


576 


SYDNEY. 


T*ilnra,St.  InTi  per  d>jr.— In  demand.  Piece-work  onC'lhird  higher 

Iban  in  Enclaud. 
Tumera.— A  few  might  wnrk  profllabljr  on  their  own  accdunt. 
Vine  dreaaerif  tOI.  to  40/.  or  upwarda  per  annum,  according  to  qua- 

lificatinni.— Oanlenen  alvvayi  in  demand.    Ttie  vine  tie^ina  tn  tie 

eiteniivetjr  cultivated,  and  proper  and  ikilful  vine.dreaaen  are 

likely  lu  tind  encouragement. 


Wheelwrighia,  Sf.  lo  6».  per  day,  or  ISI.  lo  201,  per  annum,  uj 
rttioua.— Uencral  workmen  alwaya  find  empUiymeut. 

The  above  emhracea  all  thoac  departmenta  of  mechanical  and  com 
innn  labour  fur  which  there  it  at  prcteni  any  adequate  deni.iijd  iu  |i> 
colony. 


Prices. — A  knowledge  of  the  prices  of  the  principal  articles  of  subiistence  is  as  necessary  to  pnable 
any  one  to  form  a  correct  estiiiintc  of  the  ndvnnlages  likely  to  be  realised  hy  emigrating,  as  a  kiirm-. 
ledge  of  the  wages  of  labour.  I'rovisinns  at  8ydney  are,  generally  speaking,  cheap  except  in  8i;h.si)iii 
of  drought ;  but  as  these  are  unfortunately  of  freiiueul  recurrence,  (he  labourer  is  exposed  tn  cnngj. 
derable  vicissitudes.  We  give  below  an  account  of  the  average  prices  of  the  principal  ariiclo 
of  provision  at  Sydney  during  the  allernnto  months  of  1833.  It  must,  however,  be  reuieuiliurol  Hm 
that  was  a  season  of  rather  severe  drought,  which  has  a  powerful  influence  over  prices.  In  ordinary 
seasons,  butcher's  meat,  at  tiydney,  does  not  exceed  from  Id.  to  %i,  per  lb.,  and  bread  (loaf  of  4 
lbs.)  bd. 

The  prices  of  the  principal  articles  of  provision  in  the  market  of  Sydney,  in  January,  1833,  a  plentiful 
season,  were  as  follows  : — 


Article!. 


Beef,  per  tb.  per  quarter 

Do.  joint,  per  lb. 
Veal  do. 

Mutton,      do. 

Do.  carcaaa 
Pork,  joint  •  • 

Do.  carcass 
Couple  of  fowla 

Do.    of  ducks 
Turkey 


Prices. 


L.  I. 

0   0 


0    2 


li  to  0 

21  -  0  0 
5—00 

2i— 0  0 

li  —  0  0 

41  -0  0 
2|  -0 


—  0 
6—0 
0—0 


Articlea. 


Goose 

Freih  butter,  per  lb. 
S^lt        do.      do.    • 
Cheese        ... 
Wheat,  per  bushel  - 
Maiae  ... 

Birley  .  -  - 

Oats- 

Hay,  per  Ion,  from  English  seed 
1)0.        do.  colonial 


Iricii, 


n 


I.  d. 

4    0 


/,. 

to  u  6 
U  -  0 
8-0 
4-0 
4-0 
6-0 
9-0 
6-0 
0  -  8 


0    0- 


Rationa  fnr  Cotiutcd.— The  weekly  rations  of  the  convicts  are  12 
lbs.  of  wheal,  or  9  lbs.  of  flour,  or  3  I  2  lbs.  of  nmize  and  9  lbs.  of 
wheat,  or  7  lbs.  of  2d  Hour ;  ?  lbs.  of  beef  or  mutton,  or  4  1.2  Ibe.  of 
salt  pork ;  2  oz.  of  salt ;  2  oz.  of  soap, 

Ifiauranre.- Different  joint  stock  insurance  companies  have  been 
eatablished  at  Sydney,  for  the  insurance  rtf  shitn,  houst^,  and  lives. 
The  Australian  .Mirine  Insunnce  Company  divided  18  per  cent,  nett 
profit  for  (he  year  ending  31st  December,  1835.  The  customary  pre- 
mium on  vessels  engagetl  in  the  whale  Rshery,  is  from  8  to  10  guiueas 
for  12  inonlliA,  or  from  8  to  14  guiueas  for  the  voyage. 

Banking  would  seem  to  t>e  one  of  the  nmst  prnntable  modes  in 
which  capital  can  be  invested  in  New  South  Wales.  Four  joint  stock 
banking  coin|)ariies  were  carrying  on  business  at  Sydney  in  Decem- 
ber, 1833.  Uf  these,  the  bank  of  New  Soutli  Wales,  established  in 
1816,  is  the  molt  ancient.  All  of  them  i^nue  nolcs  payat>le  on  de- 
mand :  and  tlieir  profits  vary  from  15  to  22  per  cent,  on  the  paid  up 
capital.  They  allow  from  4  to  5  per  cent,  iiitt^resl  on  deposits.  Sub- 
joined is  a  slate  of  the  atTairs  of  the  Bank  of  New  South  Cvalea  on  the 
31st  December,  1835:— 

Average  Prices  of  the  undermentioned  Arti.:Ie8  of 


The  clothing  to  »vhich  they  are  entitled  consists  of  i  (rociii  ™ 
jackets  :  3  pair  of  shoes,  of  rtuut  and  durable  leather ;  3  shirts '  itJ, 
of  Irowsers ;  1  bat  or  cap.  '   ' 


Debtor. 


L.    I.  d. 

Capital  paid  up   (3,820    0  U 

Notisout        -    31,209    0  0 

l)e|»>sits          ■  122,008    2  2 

Frolit  ■           ■      8,360    0  6 

Unclaimed  (Tit.        214  12  6 


Total 


-  24.'),6ai  15    2 


Creditor. 


L.  I.  d. 

Coin  and  bullion  S3, 1 59  6  5 

Hills       ■  iw.ne  6  T 

Mortgagee         .   2,9<o(i  J  j 

Charges  .       3i.«  o  0 


Total 


2li,WI  n  2 


Dividend  10  1-2  per  cent,  for  the  half  year,  being  21  per  cent,  wr 
annum.  *  "^ 


Granting  of  Land  in  Australia. — We  have  previously  given  (vol.  i.  p.  437.)  a  copy  of 
the  terms  on  which  lands  are  now  granted  to  emigrants  to  New  South  Wales  and  Van  Die- 
men's  Land.  They  are  not  very  explicit.  All  land  is  to  be  sold  by  auction ;  the  minimum 
or  upset  price  is  to  be  5.5.  an  acre;  and  government  has  a  discretionary  power  of  fixing  a 
higher  minimum  price  on  superior  lots,  and  of  declining  to  sell  them  till  that  price  be  obtainetl. 
Even  were  there  nothing  to  object  to  the  principle  of  this  plan,  if  any  thing  so  very  vague 
deserve  that  name,  in  its  practical  operation  it  can  hardly  fail  to  generate  every  species  of 
abuse.  The  local  government,  having  the  power  of  limiting  the  quantity  of  land  to  be  put 
up  to  auction,  has  it  completely  in  its  power  to  fix  its  price;  for  it  may  either  increase  the 
quantity  of  land  so  that  it  shall  fetch  no  more  than  the  upset  price,  or  it  may  limit  it  so  that 
it  shall  fetch  any  greater  sum.  Such  auctions  must  in  reality  be  a  mere  farce ;  it  is  not 
possible  that  they  can  be  conducted  on  a  fair  principle.  The  price  must,  in  every  instance, 
really  depend  on  the  pleasure  of  the  sellers,  and  not  on  the  competition  of  the  buyers.  Sup- 
posing the  local  authorities  to  be  uniformly  actuated  by  the  sincerest  desire  to  deal  fairly  by 
every  one,  by  what  test  are  they  to  discover  the  probable  number  of  offerers  at  different 
periods,  the  amount  of  their  funds,  and  the  intensity  of  their  desire  to  purchase  1    And  yet, 


SYDNEY. 


577 


wr  d«T,  or  151.  In  MJ.  per  aBnun,  uj 
CB  Blway>  Ood  employ meul. 

low  departmenta  of  mechanical  and  cnm- 
ii  at  prttcDl  any  adequate  deiuaud  iu  Uk 

Slice  it  a«  necessary  to  onnble 
ed  l)y  eiiiigraling,  as  a  knnw. 
iking,  cheap  except  in  seiisom 

lalinurer  is  exposed  In  coiisi. 
ices  of  llie  principal  aniclci 
However,  be  reuieiiilitTi'd  ihai 
snce  over  prices.    In  ordinary 

per  lb.,  and  bread  (loaf  of  4 

ly,  in  January,  1833,  a  plentiful 


Irict'i. 


iieed 
I 


L.  I.  d.        L.  1.  i. 

0  4  0  to  u  e  0 
010-013 
0  0  8  —  0  1  0 

0  0  4  —  008 

0  3  4-040 

0  3  6-040 

0  2  9-030 

0  2  6-029 

6  0  0  —  800 

4  0  0  -  r,  0  0 


Ihey  are  entitled  consists  of  2  (tocIli  r, 
(iluut  and  durable  leather;  Dsliins;  2  piii 


Creditor.               i 

1.   d. 

0    0 
0    0 
2    2 
0    6 
12    6 

L.    ..i 
Coin  and  bullion  .53,159  6  5 
Hills        -              IS9,I46    6  7 
Mortgagea         •    2,9b«  2  i 
tliargea            •      Moo 

Total            2r,,i;oi  15  2 

15    2 

nl.  for  the  half  year,  being  21  per  ceol.  ptt 


t  SyiJney  during  the  Year  1835, 


ptember. 

November. 

DecemUr.   ! 

».  d. 

I.  d.      f.  <l. 

••  rf.       1.  il 

to  0    0 

8    0  to  0  0 

»    6  to  0  0 

9    ■  10    0 

7    4-73 

7    6.00 

9-56 

4    3-46 

4    0-46 

0   -14    0 

16    0  ■  20  0 

10  0  -ue 

)    -    2  10 

2   «  •  3  n 

2    6.00 

)    -    2    3 

1  10  ■    2  3 

1  10    .   ii 

i    -    0    0 

8    0-90 

0    8    -  Odl 

8-17 

Oil  -    0  0 

0  II     .00 

i    ■    0    0 

0    6  •    0  6i 

0   45  .  0  s 

J    ■    0    0 

0    6  -    0  61 

0    4|  •   0  5 

S    •    0    0 

0    8-00 

09.00 

]    ■    0    0 

0    8-00 

0    8-02 

J    -20    0 

13    0      14  0 

12    0    -16  0 

)    -25    0 

25    0  -  30  0    24    0    •  2«  0 

)    ■    6    0 

5    3-56      40-50 

)    .    2    3 

2    6-30     29-00 

i    .    1     9 

2    3-26     23-00 

J    -    7    0 

6    9-76 

6    0    •  631 

)    .    1    6 

16-20 

2    0-23 

3.00 

2    3-00 

20.00 

1-00 

2    0-00 

1  10    -   00 

1-00 

0    3-00 

0    3-00 

J    -    0    0 

0    9-00 

0    8-00 

)    .    1    0 

0    9  •    0  0  10    9    -00 

(vol.  i.  p.  437.)  a  copy  of 
South  Wales  ami  Van  Die- 
by  auction ;  the  minimum 
retionary  power  of  fixings 
m  till  that  price  be  obtained. 
,  if  any  thing  so  very  vague 
to  generate  every  species  of 
e  quantity  of  land  to  be  put 
ir  it  may  either  increase  the 
ice,  or  it  may  limit  it  so  that 
y  be  a  mere  farce ;  it  is  not 
•ice  must,  in  every  instanc*, 
petition  of  the  buyers.  Sup- 
erest  desire  to  deal  fairly  by 
imber  of  ofTerers  at  different 
lire  to  purchase  1    And  yet, 


uithout  knowing  all  these  things,  they  cannot  decide  upon  the  quantity  of  land  to  be  put 
L„  soas  to  have  any  thing  like  a  fdir  oale.     And  supposing  thcin  to  be  influenced  by  the 
wlialitics  and  weaknesses  incident  to  humanity,  how  easy,  when  they  wish  to  oblige,  will 
jibe  fot  them  to  increase  the  number  of  lots  put  up,  and  conversely  !    Even  when  the  regu- 
lations are  bond  fide  carried  into  etfect,  the  delay  that  compliance  with  them  necessarily  in- 
volves \i  found  to  be  exceedingly  injurious.     According  to  the  rule  originally  laid  down  by 
jovernment,  all  parcels  of  land  desired  to  be  put  up  to  sale  were  to  be  advertised  for  three 
months  previously  to  the  sale  taking  place.     The  period  for  advertising  has  now,  however, 
l^ii  reduced  to  one  month ;  but,  notwithstanding  this  judicious  abbreviation,  the  delays  that 
bave  still  to  be  undergone  before  completing  a  purchase  are  loudly  and  justly  complained  of. 
,\n  emigrant,  on  arriving  at  New  South  Wales,  has  to  fix  his  family  at  Sydney,  where  lodg- 
ings and  living  are  usually  very  high.     He  has  then  to  make  inquiries  as  to  the  best  placo 
foi°  fixing  himself;  and  having  at  length  succeeded  in  finding  a  location  which  he  thinks 
(uitable  to  his  views,  he  applies  to  have  it  put  up  to  auction.     But  here  he  has  most  likely 
to  encounter  new  diificulties.     Almost  all  the  land  in  the  vicinity  of  the  settled  districts  is 
either  occupied  on  payment  of  a  small  rent  to  government,  under  leases  which  determine  the 
nioment  it  is  purchased,  or  by  trespass,  that  is,  by  squatting,  or  forcible  possession.     Both 
classes  of  occupiers  are  in  general  very  unwilling  to  quit ;  so  that  the  chances  are,  that, 
nbcn  the  sale  comes  on,  the  emigrant,  unless  he  retire  a  great  distance  into  the  wilderness, 
ffill  have  powerful  competitors  to  contend  with,  and  may  not  be  able  to  conclude  a  purchase ; 
inJ  should  such  be  the  case,  he  has  nothing  for  it  but  to  begin  his  operations  anew !     On 
the  whole,  we  have  been  assured  by  undoubted  authority  that  about  five  months  may  be 
taken  as  a  fair  average  of  the  period  that  must  elapse  before  an  emigrant  arriving  in  New 
South  Wales  can  complete  the  purchase  of  a  parcel  of  land  from  government ;  and  as  he  has 
to  keep  his  family  all  the  while  at  Sydney,  his  means  are  either  greatly  narrowed  or  wholly 
eshausted;  so  that  it  not  unfrequently  happens  that  the  small  capitalist,  who  left  England 
in  the  expectation  of  becoming  a  proprietor  and  wool-grower  in  New  South  Wales,  finds 
tiimself,  about  a  year  after,  a  pauper  in  the  town  of  Sydney  !     Hence  it  is  that  the  existing  re- 
flations, the  high  price  demanded  for  land,  and  the  difiiculty  of  getting  a  location,  have  put 
u almost  total  stop  to  the  immigration  of  the  most  valuable  class  of  persons ;  that  is,  of  small 
lajiilalisls.    They  are  by  no  means  so  unfavourable  to  speculators,  and  persons  of  large  capi- 
ta!; and  the  former  and  paupers  now  constitute  the  principal  part  of  the  free  emigrants  to 
ihe  colony. 
To  obviate  the  chance  of  abuse,  and  ihe  practical  difficulties  now  stated,  the  better  way, 
Ii  it  appears  to  us,  would  be  to  get  a  large  tract  of  country  surveyed,  and  divided  into  lots, 
inJ  to  fix  prices  on  these  according  to  the  estimate  formed  of  their  various  advantages, 
assigning  them  in  absolute  property  to  the  first  applicant  ready  to  pay  down  the  price  and 
to  conform  to  the  regulations  as  to  occupancy,  &c.     To  prevent  persons  on  the  spot  mono- 
polising the  best  lands,  it  might  be  enacted  that  no  more  than  a  certain  number  of  acres 
ihoulii  be  assigned  to  one  individual,  and  that  under  the  condition  of  residence  or  occupancy. 
We  confess,  however,  that  we  entertain  serious  doubts  as  to  the  soundness  of  the  princi- 
ple involved  in  this  plan,  even  supposing  it  could  be  fairly  and  easily  carried  into  effect;  and 
these  iloubts  have  not  been  in  any  degree  lessened  by  the  extravagant  eulogies  lavished  upon 
it  It  would  seem,  indeed,  to  be  supposed  that  all  the  evils  incident  to  colonisation  have 
Rsulted  from  the  settlers  getting  land  on  too  easy  terms ;  and  that  all  that  was  required  for 
die  establishment  of  a  colony  on  the  best  possible  foundation,  was,  to  sell  its  land  at  a  high 
price;  in  other  words,  to  make  it  as  like  an  old  country  as  possible !     It  says  little  for  the 
public  discernment,  that  opinions  of  this  sort  should  have  obtained  any  currency.     We  con- 
ttile,  indeed,  that  nothing  can  be  more  injurious  to  a  colony  than  the  making  of  large  grants 
of  land  to  individuals  who  either  do  not  intend  to  settle  upon  them,  or  are  unable  to  clear 
ud  bring  any  considerable  portion  of  them  into  cultivation.     But  because  such  inconveni- 
tnceshave  resulted  from  the  injudicious  granting  of  land,  it  does  not,  therefore,  follow  that 
it  should  be  sold  at  a  high  price,  or  even  at  any  price  at  all.     In  making  grants  of  land,  re- 
pid  ought  to  be  always  had  to  the  means  and  the  intentions  of  the  grantee ;  that  is,  the  grant 
ihould  depend  partly  on  the  probable  amount  of  his  available  capital,  and  partly  on  the  pur- 
poses to  which  he  means  to  apply  it.     And  it  might  be  properly  enough  stipulated,  that  if, 
II  the  end  of  some  fixed  period,  certain  improvements  were  not  made,  buildings  erected,  <Scc., 
iishould  revert  to  the  Crown,     But  the  more  we  reflect  on  the  subject,  the  greater  are  our 
doubts  as  to  the  policy  of  exacting  any  price  for  land,  particularly  in  such  a  country  ns  New 
South  Wales.    Considering  the  very  inferior  quality  of  most  of  the  land  in  that  colony,  6s. 
in  acre  seenns  quite  extravagant  as  a  minimum  price;  and,  instead  of  being  made  the  lowest 
point  in  the  scale,  it  should  rather  have  been  made  the  highest     At  all  events,  if  an  upset 
price  of  5s.  an  acre  be  not  a  great  deal  above  the  mark  in  New  Holland,  it  must  be  a  great 
U  below  it  in  Upper  Canada.   It  would  not  really  be  more  absurd  to  set  about  establishing 
I  uniform  rate  by  which  to  regulate  the  sale  of  land  in  Essex  and  the  Hebrides,  than  it  is  to 
ipply  the  same  scale  to  all  our  colonial  possessions.     We  have  already  seen  that  an  erai- 
puit  may  be  conveyed  to  Quebec  for  5/.,  while  it  costs  16/.  to  convey  him  to  Sydney ;  and 
Vol.  II.— 3  C  73 


578 


SYRA. 


f 

If  1 

,»■.  •■* 


By  >.  .^ 


:ua(t!ar''i 
ii..ai!ti** 


% 


supposing  an  emigrnnt'a  family  to  consist,  servants  includeil,  of  seven  grown  up  persons,  hj 
would  save  77/.  on  the  mere  expenses  of  the  voyage  by  going  to  Canada  rather  than  to  ^^w 
South  Wales!  It  docs  appear  to  us  that  govtjrnincnt  should  pay  some  regard  to  ihiscir.  I 
cumstanco  in  fixing  the  price  of  land  in  Australia.  In  our  view  of  the  matter,  it  vvoulj  be 
both  just  and  expedient  to  allow  all  emigrants  to  Australia  who  made  purchaser  of  lani|,j  j 
deduction  from  its  price  equivalent  to  the  sum  which  the  passage  out  costs  them  over  and 
above  what  it  would  have  cost  them  to  go  to  America.  This  would  be  a  great  relief  to  small 
capitalists ;  and,  even  with  this  regulation,  the  balance  would  still  incline,  in  the  opinion  of 
most  persons,  very  much  in  favour  of  Canada. 

But,  however  modified,  the  principle  of  the  measure  is,  we  apprehend,  radically  bad.  If 
the  Americans  exacted  the  same  price  for  their  public  lands  that  we  do,  something  inirthi  [^ 
found  to  say  in  favour  of  extending  the  principle  to  Canada.  They,  however,  do  nothing  of  j 
the  sort;  but  sell  much  better  land  at  a  decidedly  lower  price.  Hence,  if  this  prcpostcrouj 
scheme  do  not  discourage  emigration,  it  will  assuredly  turn  the  tide  from  our  own  colonies 
to  the  United  States.  And  though  it  had  no  such  etfect,  it  would  still  be  highly  objection. 
able ;  inasmuch  as  it  cripples  the  resources  of  the  colonist  at  the  very  moment  when  they 
are  most  indispensable,  and  deprives  him  of  funds  which  he  would  have  laid  out  better  than 
it  is  easy  to  suppose,  they  can  be  laid  out  by  government.  The  mode  of  letting  hmd  bt 
tine,  that  is,  by  the  receipt  of  a  large  sum  of  money  on  the  tenant's  entry  to  a  farm,— the 
rent  during  the  currency  of  the  lease  being  proportionally  small, — has  been  severely  cen. 
sured  by  oil  the  best  agricultural  writers;  and  for  the  very  sufficient  reason,  that  it  deprives  I 
the  tenant,  on  entering  into  his  farm,  of  the  greater  part  of  his  capital,  and  disables  him  from 
undertaking  any  considerable  improvements  at  the  very  time  it  is  most  essential  he  should 
set  about  making  ihcm.  And  yet  we  are  loudly  called  upon  to  do  the  same  thing  by  the 
settlers  in  a  new  colony, — who,  for  the  most  part,  emigrate  only  because  they  have  little  ot 
no  capital, — that  is  so  justly  condemned  at  home.  This  precious  project  has  actually  been 
trumpeted  forth  as  a  signal  discovery  that  was  to  be  productive  of  the  very  greatest  utility; 
and  a  society  has  been  formed  to  promote  colonisation,  on  the  avowed  principle  of  renderin? 
it  much  more  difficult  than  it  has  ever  hitherto  been  for  a  colonist  in  the  lower  walks  of  life 
to  acquire  land  and  become  independent !  If  slaves  could  be  imported  into  a  colony  of  this 
sort,  there  might  be  some  chance  of  its  succeeding.  But  while  land  of  the  very  bent  (juulitu 
may  be  had  in  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  for  about  a  dollar  an  acre,  or  less,  we  think  bet- 
ter of  the  common  sense  of  our  countrymen,  than  to  suppose  that  any  one  able  to  carry  him- 
self across  the  Atlantic  will  resort  to  Australia  under  the  auspices  of  any  company  of  the  sort  | 
now  alluded  to. 

In  cnmpiling  this  nrticlo  we  liHve  made  use  of  the  Report  of  Mr.  Bigge  on  the  Jiffricultiire  and  Tndi 
of  JVew  South  IVales,  being  Pari.  Paper,  No.  136.  Sess.  1823  ;  Report  of  Commissioners  nf  Inquiry,  Pnl  I 
Paper,  No.  328.  Sesg.  1€31 ;  Papers  laid  before  the  Finance  Committee  ;  the  excellent  JVew  Suutk  Huliil 
Calendar  and  Directory  for  1836  ;  the  worlts  of  Messrs.  Sturt,  Breton,  and  others  ;  the  tract  of  Mr,  I 
Carinichael,  &c.;  hut  we  are  indebted  for  by  far  the  most  interesting  portion  of  uur  information  lii| 
exceedingly  valuable  private  communications  from  the  colony. 

SYRA,  the  ancient  Sycros,  one  of  the  islands  of  the  Greek  Archipelago,  in  the  group  I 
called  the  Northern  Cyclades.  It  is  from  7  to  8  miles  long,  and  4  broad.  Though  rugged,  I 
it  is  tolerably  well  cultivated,  and  produces  corn,  wine,  cotton,  olives,  figs,  &c.  The  popu- 
lation, in  1830,  is  set  down  by  Mr.  Urquhart  at  4,500 ;  but  we  have  been  assured  that  it  is,  I 
at  present,  little  if  at  all  short  of  7,000.  Pherycides,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  of  the  ancient  I 
Greek  philosophers,  the  disciple  of  Pittacus,  and  the  master  of  Pythagoras,  was  a  native  of  I 
this  island. 

The  port  is  on  the  east  side  of  the  island,  in  lat.  37"  26'  30"  N.,  Ion.  24°  55'  E.  It  affords  I 
excellent  anchorage  for  vessels  of  light  draught,  and  is  capable  of  accommodating  a  few  even] 
of  the  largest  ships.  In  consequence  partly  of  the  advantages  it  enjoys  through  the  pos-j 
session  of  its  port,  but  more  of  its  central  situation,  Syra  has  recently  biecome  a  considerable] 
commercial  entrepot ;  and  has  attracted  a  good  deal  of  the  carrying  trade  that  formerly  cen-f 
tered  at  Smyrna,  Constantinople,  &c. 

A  few  miles  to  the  east  of  Syra,  lies  Delns.  This  island,  regarded  in  antiquity  with  peculiar  vene-i 
ration,  from  its  being  the  birthplace  of  Apollo  and  Diana,  is  no  less  celebrated  in  the  commercial  ihanl 
in  the  religious  history  of  ancient  Greece.  Its  sacred  character,  by  insuring  its  immunity  frnm  tioslilei 
attacl<H,  and  its  central  situation,  made  it  a  favourite  mart  for  tlie  products  of  the  states  of  Greece,! 
Asia  Minor,  Plicenicia,  Egypt,  &c.  Religion,  pleasure,  and  trade  had  all  their  votaries  at  itsfeBtivals;! 
which  were  famous  throughout  the  ancient  world  for  the  splendour  of  the  rites  and  processions,  aniti 
the  magnitude  of  the  business  transacted.  It  were  too  much  to  expect  that  Syra  should  everattaini 
to  equal  importance,  even  as  an  entrepdt.  But  as  she  enjoys  most  of  those  advantages  of  position  thall 
contributed  to  render  Delos  one  of  the  principal  emporiums  of  antiquity,  it  may  be  hoped,  now  that! 
there  is  a  reasonable  prospect  of  good  order  and  freedom  being  again  established  in  Greece,  that  sliel 
may  also  acquire  some  comnierciul  celebrity.  It  may  be  worth  while  mentioning,  as  striliingly  evinc-l 
ing  the  mutability  of  human  affairs,  that,  at  present,  both  the  great  and  the  little  Dclos  are  uninlia-l 
biteU.  And  Tournefort  states,  that  the  inhabitants  of  Mycone  were,  in  the  early  part  of  last  centurf,! 
in  the  hnbitof  holding  the  greater  Delns  for  the  purposes  of  pasturage,  paying  to  the  Grand  Seignioral 
rent  of  20  crowns  a  year  for  that  famous  island  '.—{Tournefort,  Voyage  du  Levant,  4to  ed.  tonie  i.  pi).f 
990—325.  There  is  a  good  accountof  the  religious  rites  celebrated  at  Delos,  though  but  a  very  in(liffer-[ 
ent  one  of  its  commerce,  in  the  Travels  of  jinacharsis.) 


TACAMAIIAC,  TAGANROG. 


579 


seven  grown  up  persons,  hj 
Cunaila  rather  than  to  .\pw 
pay  some  regard  to  this  cir. 
of  the  matter,  it  woulJ  be 
)  made  purchascc  of  \m\,  a 
ige  out  costs  thcin  over  and 
luld  be  a  great  relief  to  small 
ill  incline,  in  the  opiiaon  of 

pprchend,  radically  bad.  if 
t  we  do,  something  misjhl  be 
hey,  however,  do  noliiing  of 

Hence,  if  this  prcposterom  I 
tide  from  our  own  colonies 
)uld  still  be  highly  objeciion. 
the  very  moment  when  ihcj 
uld  have  laid  out  better  than,  I 
'he  mode  of  letting  land  bj 
cnant's  entry  to  a  farm,— the  j 
all, — has  been  scvcroly  cen-  [ 
cient  reason,  that  it  deprive 
;apital,  and  disables  him  from 
t  is  most  essential  he  should 
I  to  do  the  same  thing  by  the 
ily  because  they  have  little  or 
ous  project  has  actually  been 
c  of  the  very  greatest  utility; 
avowed  principle  of  renderin» 
nist  in  the  lower  walks  of  I" 
imported  into  a  colony  of  this  I 

land  of  the  very  best  ipiuli!^ 
an  acre,  or  less,  wc  think  bet- 
hat  any  one  able  to  carry  him- 
CCS  of  any  company  of  the  sort  I 

■«  on  the  Agriculture  and  Tnii 
Covimissiovers  of  Inquiry,  Pari  [ 
,  the  excellent  JVeie  Smilli  H'dii  I 
in,  and  others ;  the  tract  of  Mr 
g  portion  of  our  infurination  in 

ik  Archipelago,  in  the  group 

id  4  broad.    Though  rugged,  | 

olives,  figs,  &c.    The  popu- 

have  been  assured  that  it  is,  I 

most  celebrated  of  the  ancient  I 

If  Pythagoras,  was  a  native  of  [ 

|N.,  Ion.  24°  55'  E.  It  affords  j 
of  accommodating  a  few  even! 
;a  it  enjoys  through  the  pos-j 
Recently  become  a  considerable! 
rying  trade  that  formerly  cen-j 

I  in  antiquity  with  peculiar  vene- 
iBlebratcd  in  the  commercial  than  I 
tsurlng  its  immunity  from  hnslilel 
Eroducts  of  the  states  of  Greece,! 
1  all  their  votaries  at  its  festivals; 
bf  the  rites  and  processions,  anil 
feet  that  Syra  should  ever  allainl 
Jlhose  advantages  of  position  ihatl 
luity,  it  may  be  hoped,  now  mall 
1>  established  in  Greece,  that  sliel 
mentioning,  as  striltinglyeyinc-F 
J  and  the  little  Dclos  are  uninha-l 
I  in  the  early  part  of  last  centurrJ 
\.  paying  to  the  Grand  Seignioral 
l/edu  Levant,  iioedAomlW-} 
^felos,  though  but  a  very  indiffer- 


T. 


TACAMAHAC,  a  resin  obtained  from  the  Fagara  octandra ,-  and  likewise,  it  is  sup- 
posed, from  the  Populun  halsamifera.  It  is  imported  from  America  in  large  oblong  masses 
wrapt  in  flag  leaves.  It  is  of  a  light  brown  colour,  very  brittle,  and  easily  melted  when  heated. 
When  pure,  it  has  an  aromatic  smell,  between  that  of  lavender  and  musk  ;  and  dissolves 
completi'ly  in  alcohol,  water  having  no  action  upon  it, — (T/iomson's  C/ieniistri/.) 

TAt'ANROG,  a  city  of  European  Russia,  on  the  north  coast  of  the  Sea  of  Azof,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Don,  lat.  47°  12'  40"  N.,  Ion.  38°  39'  E.  Population  from  7,000  to 
good.  It  has  a  naval  hospital,  a  lazaretto,  &c. ;  and  there  are  annual  fiiiis  in  May,  August, 
and  November.  Taganrog  is  a  place  of  considerable  commercial  importance.  It  owes 
this  distinction  to  its  situation,  which  makes  it  the  emporium  of  the  extensive  countries 
traversed  by  theUon  (the  ancient  Tanais),  one  of  the  principal  European  rivers;  and  which, 
there  is  reason  to  think,  will  at  no  very  distant  period  be  connected  with  the  Wolga,  and 
consequently  with  the  Caspian  Sea,  by  the  completion  of  the  canal  projected  by  Peter  the 
Great.  Civilisation  is  in  a  very  backward  state  in  these  regions ;  but  it  is  making  a  constant, 
thouRh  not  a  very  rapid  progress ;  and  as  it  proceeds,  Taganrog  will  necessarily  rise  in  im- 
portance. The  principal  exports  are  grain,  particularly  wheat,  of  which  large  quantities  are 
Boinelimes  shipped  ;  iron  and  hardware  from  Tula ;  with  cordage,  linen  and  sail-cloth,  cop- 
per, tallow,  leather,  furs,  wax,  ashes,  caviar,  isinglass,  &c.  The  imports  are  comparatively 
irillinif,  and  consist  principally  of  wine,  oil,  fruit,  drysalteries,  cotton  and  woollen  goods,  dye 
gtulfs,  tobacco,  sugar,  coffee,  &c.  By  far  the  largest  part  of  the  trade  is  carried  on  with 
Constantinople,  Smyrna,  and  other  Turkish  ports ;  but  a  good  deal  is  also  carried  on  with 
the  dillerent  Italian  ports.     We  subjoin  an 

Official  Account  of  the  principal  Articles  imported  into  and  exported  from  Taganrog,  in  1830  and  1832. 


Importt. 

Eiporli. 

Articles. 

1830. 

1832. 

Arlicln. 

1830. 

1S32. 

Corhi  eal 

•     poods 

- 

3 

Copper 
Coruage 

>     poods 

1,141 

3,913 

Ceffee  • 

— 

526 

7 

-. 

19,101 

123,245 

C'Ot'OD  goodi      • 

•  val.  rou. 

■ 

1,333 

Flax     • 

_ 

27 

Drv-salteriei     - 

— 

e6,tJ27 

Grain,  wheat     • 

•  chetws. 

437,566 

352,041 

Fiih    • 

— 

- 

1,197 

rye 

— 

. 

1,060 

Fruit    • 

•        — 

1,032,153 

oals 

._ 

6,730 

183 

lUaJ    - 

•     poodt 

322 

barley   - 

— 

1,592 

3,440 

LiKWood 

_ 

. 

4 

Hemp  • 

•     poods 

. 

8 

_ 

36,230 

33,820 

n  idej,  dressed   • 

— 

1,456 

819 

pncinui  itonet  • 

.  val.  rou. 

. 

900 

Iron 

— 

176,912 

5,613 

Sunr  * 

•     poods 

2,707 

6,993 

L«atlier,  drened 

•  val.  rou. 

132 

950 

_ 

22 

2.16 

undrened 

•      poods 

2,714 

9,512 

Wine  • 

•      hhds. 

> 

l3,t8S 

I.inseed 

■  CllL'tWB. 

4 

4,6«8 

Champagoe 

•    bottle* 

. 

1,187 

Oil,  liemp  and  linseed     • 

•     poods 

164 

437 

Potashes 

.. 

139 

135 

Tallow 

.. 

1,092 

6,166 

Tiniher,  deals,  ftc. 

•  val.  rou. 

90 

4'.;i 

.Sailcloth 

•     pieces 

l,MI 

2,626 

Raven-ducks     ■ 

— 

2,097 

2,0<.8 

Wax    - 

.     poods 

605 

2,290 

Total  estimated  value  of  imports  in  1830,  2,SS1,1S.S  roubles  ;  ditto  of  exports,  11,011,616  roubles  ;  so 
Ihattlie exports  exceed  the  imports  by  the  buiii  of  8,430,463  roubles. 

Arrivals  and  Departures  of  Ships  in  1830  and  1832. 


Arrived. 

1830. 

1S32. 

Sailed.                               1      1830. 

1832. 

From 
AmIriJ             .... 
I^iinlilinds   .... 
liilUii  Stales     .            ■            •            . 

Mil  I 

RiHsiwi  ports    .            -            -            • 
Turkey           .... 

Shipi. 
6 

1 

'  400 

Shifl. 
2 

19 

1 

1 

294 

To 
Austria              .... 
France               .... 
Greece              .... 
limian  Islands   .... 
Italian  Slates     .... 

Malta 

Russian  ports     .... 
Turkey             .... 

Total 

Shipi. 

2 
3 

6 
85 
S 

I 
307 

SMg,. 

21 
10 

6 
103 

6 

170 

324 

Total 

412 

318 

408 

The  Turkish  vessels  are  generally  of  but  small  burden. 

Moneys,  If'eighls,  and  Measures,  same  as  those  of  PETERaBURGH  ;  which  see. 

Sra  of  .^lof.—The  navigation  of  this  sen,  the  Pains  Mrrotis  of  antiquity,  is  impeded  by  numeroiia 
ihoals,  and  can  neither  li«  eiili-red  nor  safi  ly  navicated  by  vessels  drawing  more  than  11  or  12  feet 
water.  Us  cnatt-st  deptli  in  the  micldle  is  almut  7  fathoms  ;  but  it  shnals  gradually  to  the  sides,  and 
alTaEanrna  ihcre  Is  only  from  9  to  10  feet  water.  Its  depth  is,  however,  materially  BlTected  by  the 
direction  and  strength  nf  the  winds.  The  only  entrance  to  this  sea  is  by  the  Straits  of  Yenikale,  the 
Boiphiirus  Cimmeriiis  of  the  uncients,  a  iiarriiw  and  ditricult  (lassnge,  having  in  some  places  not  more 
ten  13  feet  water.  Owing  to  the  crent  riiiaiitity  of  fresh  water  poured  into  the  Sea  of  Azof,  and  its 
limited  niagniiiiite,  its  water  is  brackish  merely.  It  is  iinnaviirahle  from  November  to  April,  during 
llieereater  part  iif  which  time  it  ii!  generally  I'lnzen  over. — (JVurie's  Sailinff  Directions  for  the  JHediter- 
ranruii  and  Black  Seas;  Jinnuaire  ilu  Commerce  Maritime  for  1833,  p.  161.  iStc.)  We  ovilil  ourselves  of 
ihii opportunity  to  lay  before  our  readers  the  following  details  with  respect  to  the 


:;l' 


yiii^ 


iii 


^WtP."  *■■ 

If  1 


.■r..N,.|| 

■""■"J 

'"  :;,aa.ii 


580 


TAGANROG. 


Tmadb,  etc.  of  tub  Caspian  Rba. 
Quantity  and  Value  of  the  Articloi  imported  frnm  Fureign  Ports  into  the  Russian  Porti  of  the  Csi. 

plan,  in  1H3I. 


Arliclei. 

(juanlitin. 

Vtlua. 

Arlickt. 

(Quantities 

Vil,„. 

Rie* 

I'iih  and  aviir             •            ■            . 
Fniit    ..... 
Tobuco,    ipicn,    idJ     lundry    prod- 
linni             .... 
Mwlirinil  dru„i 

Hiwcollnn        .... 
Cnttnn  twist      .... 
lUwiilk            .             .             .             . 
Twislol  lilk     .... 

Poodi. 

13,245 

7,1H7 

8,903 

94 

RolibUt 
2tl.47-. 

6»,32J 

16,399 

ff.lSI 

iai,3f.H 

226,1X2 

1,471,710 

3,743 

Midder            .... 
Drysilteriei     .... 
IsitiKlau           .             .   ,         . 
(,'nlttni  rondl      .... 
Silk  (CHkll           .... 

\V(inllcii  pwdi,  ihani.,  nirdiei,  ftc. 
Fun    ..... 
Sundries           .... 

Tnlsl        • 

I'oodt. 
16,166 

4'J«Ali 

::<).7II 
9l(j,,«i 

7J,^- 

3,9l3.i^ 

Account  or  the  Quantity  and  Value  nf  thn  Articles  exported  Troin  Russian  Porta  on  the  Caspian,  lo 

Foreign  Porta  on  ditto,  in  IbSI. 


Articles. 

(^lantities. 

Value. 
Rmhltt. 

Aiticles. 

({uantitirs. 

V.I..,, 

Rnndies,  and  other  spirits 

VPdrr)S 

3,101 

21,7.17 

Hempen  and  flasen  goods 

4'' It'', 

Silt       .              .             . 

poDds 

45,400 

S'l.l'OO 

Cnttmi  Koods     .... 

T>-t<()2t; 

Su<nr  in  leaves  »nd  candied 

_ 

2,S47 

70,71  ) 

Silk  <o{)ds          .... 

3-,-'. 

'l'e.1       .... 

.^ 

300 

43,01 1 

WcKillcn 

"'  iii 

Spices,  fruii,  butter,  Sour,  aod 

Kit^Him  cloth    .            .             areheens 

11,374 

ii.'^l 

otiier  prnvisioi:a 

, 

•         . 

132,669 

Writing  pii  er  . 

l'".V'i 

l)ru?s  and  drysalteries  ■ 

• 

153,(j«l 

Tallow  candles                .              .      poods 

2,435 

ii"':o 

Cnpper 

ponds 

10,112 

ain,6'.o 

(ioM  and  silver  articles  • 

3l.'4l 

Iron     .... 

_ 

139,694 

a4»,«'2 

Hirdware          .... 

I2',3.9 

Other  metals      . 

4K.3!I0 

F.arthenware     .... 

y.lhi 

Taiined  Iralher  (voufis)  • 

skins 

69,703 

6C,70!) 

Trunks  and  ranteeoa 

Gtl.lill 

l.eather  tnanufaclured  goods 

4'','0j 

Lonkiiig  glasses 

>,M) 

Kjiw  tiides 

skins 

719 

4,140 

Wooden  ware  .... 

Colouring  materials 

. 

131,4:12 

Sundry  manuracturoi 

22.  h 

t  otton  twist 

poods 

150 

5,799 

Fuis     .              .             .             •             . 

«l.'il 

Riw  s  Ik 

— 

8a2 

125,694 

Sundries            .... 

l,TI>j 

Feattifn,  wax,  teeth,  isinglass,  Ac. 

. 

. 

12,121 

ToUl       . 

Linens .... 

■ 

23,233 

Vi\m 

Shipping. — ArrivaU  at,  and  Departures  from,  the  Russian  Ports  of  the  Caspian,  in  1831. 


Arrived. 

Departed. 

At  what  Port. 

Number 
or  Ships. 

Tonnage. 

From  what  Place. 

From  what  Port, 

Astrakhan 
Baku 

Asirakhan 
Baku       . 
Astrakhan 

Number 
of  Ships. 

Tonnage. 

To  whil  Pliet. 

Astrakhan 
naku 

AMrakhao 
Baku        . 
Astrakhan 

Total 

13 
22 
33 

93 
10 

4,192 

6,918 
1,440 

From  Russian  ports 

From  Fersiin  ports 
From  Maogishlak 

34 
34 
15 
93 

13 

1    9,130 

1    3,544 

1,756 

To  Huiiian  pom 

To  Persian  porii 
To  Mansijhlak 

173 

12,550 

Total 

191 

14,450 

JV.  JS.— Of  the  vessels  here  described,  only  1  Persian  arrived,  and  1  ditto  departed,  of  burilen  un. 
known. 

Map^nilude  of  the  Caspian  Sea.  Ports,  Sfc, — The  Caspian  Sea,  or  rather  lake  (the  Man 
Ht/rcanuin  of  the  ancients),  extends  lengthwise  from  N.  to  S.  aliout  740  miles,  varying  in 
breadth  from  112  to  275  miles.  In  some  parts,  particularly  on  the  southern  shores,  it  is  so 
very  deep  that  a  line  of  450  fathoms  will  not  reach  the  bottom  ;  whereas,  in  the  norlhern 
jiarts,  and  opposite  to  the  mouths  of  the  Wolga,  it  is  comparatively  shallow ;  and  owing  to 
the  frequent  occurrence  of  shoals,  it  is  not  safely  navig;ited  by  vessels  drawing  more  than  10 
or  12  feet  water.  Its  level  had  been  variously  estimated  by  Olivier  and  Lowitz,  at  from  64 
to  53  feet  below  that  of  the  Black  Sea ;  but  according  to  the  recent  observations  of  M.  Hum- 
boldt, the  difference  of  level  between  them  is  no  less  than  300  foet !  We  confess,  however, 
that  we  are  not  without  our  doubts  as  to  the  perfect  accuracy  of  this  statement ;  and  would 
not  have  been  inclined  to  attach  much  weight  to  it  had  it  proceeded  from  any  inferior  autho- 
rity. The  water  of  the  Caspian  is  not  salt,  but  brackish  merely  ;  it  has  no  tides,  but  gales 
of  wind  rai.se  a  very  heavy  sea.  It  is  extremely  prolific  of  fish  and  seals.  The  value  of  the 
sturgeon  caught  in  the  Russian  fisheries  amounts  to  a  very  large  sum.  (See  Stimirkox 
FisiiF.ur.)  They  proceed  in  shoals  up  the  rivers,  where  they  are  captured  without  the  loasl 
apparent  diminution  of  their  numbers.  The  salmon  is  remarkably  fine  ;  and  herrings  are  in 
such  abundance,  that,  after  a  storm,  the  shores  of  the  Persian  provinces  of  Ghilan  and  Md- 
zunderan  are  nearly  covered  with  them. —  {Kmnier's  Memoir  of  I  he  Persian  Empire,]).  6.; 
Memoir  on  the  Caspian  Sea,  in  Malle-Brun's  Geography  ,•  Huinboldl,  Fragmens  de  Geo- 
logic, <Vc.) 

Astrakhan  is  situated  on  an  island  of  the  Wolga,  more  than  50  miles  from  the  mouth  of 
that  river  ;  and  owing  to  the  extensive  command  of  internal  navigation  it  possesses,  it  is  a 
place  of  very  considerable  commercial  importance.  Baku,  acquired  by  the  Russians  in  ISO!, 
is,  however,  the  best  port  on  the  western  side  of  the  Caspian.  It  is  situated  on  the  southern 
shore  of  a  peninsula  that  projects  far  into  the  sea,  in  lat.  40°  22'  N.,  Ion.  51°  10'  E.  The 
harbour  is  spacious  and  convenient;  and  its  central  and  advanced  position  gives  it  sujierior 
advantages  as  a  trading  station.  Prodigious  quantities  of  nn[)htha  are  procured  in  the  vicinity 
of  Baku.  It  is  drawn  from  well.s,  some  of  which  yield  from  1,000  to  1,500  llis.  a  ihiy  Itis 
*«cd  as  a  substitute  for  lamp  oil ;  and  when  ignited  emits  a  clear  light,  with  much  fiiiuts 


TALC,  TALLOW. 


581 


he  Rusilan  PortB  of  the  Cu. 


il  a  (licaRrecablc  smell.     Large  quantities  aro  exported  in  skins  to  the  Persian  anil  Tartar 


on  the  south  and  cast  shores  of  tlie  sea. 


t)uinlilie9 

VjI,„. 

Poodt. 

H'UUit. 

• 

ie,t«6 

, 

^OJII 

■ 

9l6.,«i 

riliet,  fee. 

2:m 

. 

■1     •        • 

^.«l 

lal 


I  ^.'n.i.j)i 


Bsian  Ports  on  the  Caspian,  lo 


g  of  the  Caspian,  in  1R3I. 

Drparlnl. 


mber 

sriips. 

TonnajfP. 

34 
34 
15 
93 
13 

1    9,150 

3,544 

1,756 

191 

14,4-|0 

To  whit  Flice. 

To  Uussian  port! 

To  Persian  porti 
To  Man;lshlak 


1  ditto  departed,  of  burden  un- 

Sea,  or  rather  lake  (the  Man 
ahout  740  miles,  varying  in 
1  the  southern  shores,  it  is  so 
whereas,  in  the  northern 
vely  shallow  ;  and  owing  to 
rcssels  drawing  more  than  10 
vier  and  Lowitz,  at  from  64 
cent  observations  of  M.  Hum- 
feet  !     We  confess,  however, 
if  this  statement ;  and  would 
eded  from  any  inferior  aulho- 
ly  ;  it  has  no  tides,  but  gales 
and  seals.     The  value  of  the 
arge  sum.     (See  STriir.Kox 
re  captured  without  the  least 
lily  fine  ;  and  herrings  are  in 
rovinces  of  Ghilan  and  Ma- 
fthe  Persian  Empire,]i.6.; 
umboldt,  Fragmins  de  Geo- 

50  miles  from  the  mouth  of 
lavigation  it  possesses,  it  is  a 
ired  by  the  Russians  in  ISOl, 
It  is  situated  on  the  southern 
2'  N.,  Ion.  51°  10' E.  The 
•,ed  position  gives  it  superior 
ha  are  procure<l  in  the  vicinity 
[)()0  to  1,500  Ihs.  aday  It  is 
dear  light,  with  much  smoU 


anil 

port''  .  ,    , 

Vessels. — The  largest  class  of  vessels  by  which  the  (^aspian  Sea  is  navigated  are  called 

l,v  the  Russians  sckiti/f.s,  and  belong  wholly  to  Astrakhan  and  Baku  ;  their  burden  varies 
from  'M  to  ISO,  and,  in  some  instances,  200  tons.  They  are  not  built  on  any  scientific  prin- 
fiple.  and  are  constructed  of  the  worst  materials,  that  is,  of  the  timber  of  the  barks  th.\t  bring 
uraiii  down  the  Wolga  to  Astrakhan.  There  are  supposed  to  be,  in  all,  about  100  sail  of 
ll,fse  vessels.  There  is  a  second  class  of  vessels  employed  in  the  trade  of  the  Caspian,  called 
ritzchivei-  They  carry  from  70  to  140  tons,  and  sail  better  than  the  schuyts.  Their  nuni- 
IxT  is  estimated  nt  about  50.  Exclusive  of  the  above,  there  are  great  numbers  of  small  craft 
f^nloyed  in  the  coasting  trade,  in  the  rivers,  in  the  fisheries,  and  in  acting  as  lighters  to  the 
schuyts.  Steam  boats  have  been  introduced  upon  the  Wolga ;  and  one  has  been  launched 
on  the  Caspian  itself.  The  masters  and  crews  of  the  vessels  employed  on  this  sea  are,  for  the 
most  part,  as  ignorant  as  can  well  be  imagined.  They  are  generally  quite  incapable  of 
making  an  observation,  or  of  keeping  a  reckoning;  so  that  accidents  frequently  occur,  that 
might  be  avoided  by  the  most  ordinary  acquaintance  with  the  principles  of  navigation. — 
(These  statements  arc  made,  partly  upon  oliicial,  and  partly  upon  private  authority ;  the  lat- 
ter may,  however,  be  safely  relied  on.) 

The  trade  of  this  great  sea  is  entirely  in  the  hands  of  the  Russians ;  by  whom  it  is  carried 
on  from  the  ports  of  Astrakhan  and  Baku,  with  the  Persian  ports  of  Astrabad,  Balfroosh,  &c. 
on  the  south ;  and  with  the  Tartar  ports  of  Mangishlak,  Balkan,  «Scc.  on  the  east.  It  is  very 
insignificant,  compared  with  what  it  ought  to  be.  On  the  whole,  however,  a  gradual  im- 
provement is  taking  place ;  and  whatever  objections  may,  on  other  grounds,  be  made  to  the 
encroachments  of  Russia  in  this  quarter,  there  can  be  no  manner  of  doubt  that,  by  intro- 
duciiicr  comparative  security  and  good  order  into  the  countries  under  her  authority,  she  has 
materially  improved  their  condition,  and  accelerated  their  progress  to  a  more  advanced  state. 

Account  of  tlie  Value  of  the  Foreign  Trade  of  the  Port  of  Bnltii,  on  tlie  Caspian  6c.,  during  the  Eight 

Years  ending  with  1831. 


Articla. 

1824. 

I8'25. 

1826. 

1827. 

I62& 

1829. 
Rmbla 

1830. 

1831. 

/mjiorU. 

RmMa. 

Roubltl. 

Hmiilt). 

Koubla. 

Roubltl. 

/^.11<^^I. 

7!™Mm. 

Ris^  Mlk 

257,690 

448,057 

199,833 

9I9,0''6 

1,019,521 

776,742 

933,761 

77H,M8 

3t>,230 

10,970 

2. 860 

12,897 

118,5.58 

93.^20 

103,029 

48,397 

32,692 

26,80.-1 

1,390 

27,915 

139,8S5 

31,478 

8,735 

7,' 02 

j[f)0(ll       ■ 

651.677 

547,816 

531,613 

1,299,495 

I,7.'>4,b64 

908,673 

675,693 

,53li,S37 

Sit  lOTll 

34,6:12 

32.132 

36,100 

191,383 

148,346 

I23,'>!J0 

9i,3€9 

S'-.eOJ 

Sbaivli,  pnlles,  inJ  other  nooilcin  • 

2,736 

19,696 

7,6  ■'7 

11,218 

24,21.3 

42,313 

62,282 

7,210 

Drag',  tobacco,  fiih,  fruit,  irnl 

Toul  "liie  of  imporla 
Exporti. 

Siphlhi 
Sill     • 

go,&c. 
Rru. 

104,621 

75,061 

59,426 

297,760 

460,858 
3,66i,267 

208,052 

117,436 

24^963 

1,020,278 

1,160,837 

841,963 

2,755,754 

2,184  668 

2,000,315 

1,702,460 

600,740 

233,707 

111,899 

274,M0 

352,863 

4i7,2l2 

(no  partictilara.)       I 

125,580 

2,970 

970 

35,595 

47,520 

66,170 

6,r,fio 

3S,900 

Saffron-         •          •  . 

608,878 

270,960 

8,330 

298,670 

108,037 

81,3-9 

(uo  particuljrs.)      | 

Drap,  t"M  threaJ,  apices, 

writing 

'    pijjti,  fura,  &c. 

Tot 'lvalue  of  exporti 

Rou. 

88,078 
1,223,253 

138,690 

108,620 
229,739 

639,204 

276,320 

442,382 
1,047,173 

(no  particular!.)      1 

646,317 

1,248,289 

753,742 

386,527 

536,016    1 

TALC,  a  species  of  fossil  nearly  allied  to  mica.  It  is  soft,  smooth,  greasy  to  the  feel,  and 
mav  be  split  into  fine  plates  or  leaves,  which  are  flexible,  but  not  elastic.  It  has  a  greenish, 
nhitish^  or  silver-like  lustre.  The  leaves  are  transparent,  and  are  used  in  many  parts  of  In- 
dia and  China,  as  they  were  used  in  ancient  Rome — {Plin.  Hist.  Nat.  lib.  xxxvi.  c.  22.) — 
in  windows  instead  of  glass.  In  Bengal,  a  seer  of  talc  costs  about  2  rupees,  and  will  some- 
times yield  a  dozen  panes  12  inches  by  9,  or  10  by  10,  according  to  the  form  of  the  mass, 
transparent  enough  to  allow  ordinary  subjects  to  be  seen  at  20  or  30  yards'  distance.  It 
should  be  chosen  of  a  beautiful  pearl  colour ;  but  it  has,  in  general,  either  a  yellowish  or 
faint  blue  tinge.  Its  pure  translucent  flakes  are  frequently  used  by  the  Indians,  for  orna- 
menting the  baubles  employed  in  their  ceremonies.  Talc  is  employed  in  the  composition 
of  rouge  ves^etal.  The  Romans  prepared  with  it  a  beautiful  blue,  by  combining  it  with  the 
colouring  fluid  of  particular  kinds  of  testaceous  animals.  Talc  is  met  with  in  Aberdeen- 
sbire,  Perthshire,  and  BanfTshirc  in  Scotland ;  and  in  various  parts  of  the  Continent,  where 
rocks  of  serpentine  and  porphyry  occur.  The  talc  brought  from  the  Tyrolese  mountains  is 
called  in  commerce  Venetian  talc.  Several  varieties  are  found  in  India  and  Ceylon. — 
{Tliomsoii's  Chemistry;  Rces's  Cyclopsedia,-  MilburrCs  Orient.  Com.;  Ainslie's  Mat. 
Indica.) 

T.\LLOW  (Fr.  Suif;  Ger.  Talg  ,•  It.  Sevo,  Sego ;  Rus.  Sah,  topknoe ;  Sp.  Sebo), 
animal  fat  melted  and  separated  from  the  fibrous  matter  mixed  with  it.  Its  quality  depends 
partly  on  the  animal  from  which  it  has  been  prepared ;  but  more,  perhaps,  on  the  care  taken 
in  ita  purification.  It  is  firm,  brittle,  and  has  a  peculiar  heavy  odour.  When  pure,  it  is 
white,  tasteless,  and  nearly  insipid ;  but  the  tallow  of  commerce  has  usually  a  yellowish 
tinge;  and  is  divided,  according  to  the  degree  of  its  purity  and  consistence,  into  candle  and 
nap  tallow. 

Tallow  is  an  article  of  great  importance.  It  is  manufactured  into  candles  and  soap ;  and 
3c2 


682 


TALLOW. 


•■r 


ir   ■ 


♦5u      1-  * 


-mmr 


c 


;nir>l 


*:;,aa.i 


is  oxlen«ivrIy  used  in  the  drcRsini;;  of  leather,  and  in  various  processes  of  the  arts.     Bosirle, 
our  extensive  supplies  of  native  tallow,  we  annually  import  a  very  large  quantity,  priiui(ii,|| 
from  Russia.     The  exports  of  tallow  from  PclcrslmrBh  amount,  at  an  avorape,  to  liciwee„ 
3,500,000  and  4,000,000  poods,  of  which  the  largest  portion  by  far  is  brought  to  Eii.^|i,„j. 
the  remainder  being  exported  to  Prussia,  France,  the  Hanse  Towns,  Turki'y,  &c. 

We  borrow  from  the  work  of  Mr.  Uorrisow,  on  the  Commerce  of  Pctersburgh,  the  fo|. 
lowing  details  with  rcspoct  to  the  tallow  trade  of  that  city  : — 

Tallow  is  divided  into  dilVi-rent  Borts ;  nainnly,  white  and  yidlnw  ennrf/e  r«J/nw,  and  common  ini 
Hiheriiiii  »»op  taWiiii ;  hIiIioukIi  it  la  nllovved  liinl  tlio  suiik!  norl  often  ditlVrs  in  (iiialily. 

Tallow  is  liroiii,'lit  to  PelorBbiirgli  frmn  tliu  iiilcrior ;  and  tliH  ImjhI  snn|)  tallow  Iroin  Sihoria,  by  va,, 
0118  rivers,  to  the  lake  Ladoga  ;  and  llienci',  by  the  canal  of  KchltisaolhiirB,  to  the  Neva. 

An  ainbare,  or  warelioiise,  Is  appro|>rlated  to  the  reception  of  tallow,  wlii-re,  on  its  arrival,  ii  |, 
■elected  and  assorted  (.bracked).  The  casks  are  then  marked  with  three  circniar  iitanips,  wliiclisiai, 
the  <|iiality  of  the  tallow,  the  period  of  HclcclinR,  and  the  name  of  the  selector  (ftnirfccr). 

The  casks  In  which  white  tallow  Is  hronght  have  a  siiiunlar  appearance;  their  form  lii'iiiginiiirai 
and  their  diameter  at  one  end  about  i^  feet,  and  at  the  other  only  U  foot :  the  casks  of  yellow  laiiii^! 
are  of  the  common  shape.    There  are  al-so  others,  denominated  i  casks. 

To  cnli'iilate  the  tare,  the  tallow  is  removed  from  a  certain  number  of  casks,  which  arc  wci"||p^ 
and  an  average  tare  Is  thence  dednced  for  the  whole  lot.  A  cask  weighs  Hi,  U,  10,  or  1 1  per  cojii'  i,m 
the  average  Is  generally  abimt  10  per  cent,  of  the  entire  weight  of  tallow  and  cask. 

Yellow  candle  tallow,  when  good,  should  be  clean,  dry,  hard  when  broken,  and  of  a  titii;  y(>||„j, 
colour  throughout.  The  while  candle  tallow,  when  good,  is  white,  brittle,  hard,  dry,  ami  cleitn.  The 
liest  white  liillow  is  brouulit  from  Woronesrh.  As  for  soap  tallow,  the  more  greasy  and  yellow  ji  J 
the  better  the  quality.  That  from  Siberia  is  the  purest,  and  commonly  f.nchcs  a  higher  [irice  than  iiie 
other  sorts. 

Formerly  the  oil  and  tallow  warehouses  were  the  same  ;  and  this  occasioned  great  difflniiltjeg  in 
shipping,  because  all  vessels  or  lighters  taking  in  tallow  or  oil  were  obliged  to  haul  down  to  ihc  g,„ 
frare,  and  wail  in  rotation  for  their  cargoes.  The  conseiiuence  was,  that  when  much  biisinpsinvji 
doing,  a  vessel  was  often  detained  for  several  weeks  at  the  ainbare  before  she  could  get  ln-r  oiirtoiin 
board.  Now  the  tallow  and  oil  warehouses  are  separated,  and  every  article  1ms  its  own  place.  When 
a  shipment  of  tallow  is  made,  the  agent  is  furnished  by  the  selector  (brackcr)  with  a  sample  I'mnincli 
cask. 

Captains,  in  order  to  obtain  more  freight,  usually  load  some  casks  of  tallow  npon  deck ;  hut  ji  j, 
more  for  the  inter(!8t  of  the  owner  to  avoid  this  if  possible,  because  the  tallow  loses,  through  the  licai 
of  the  sun,  considerably  both  in  weiglit  and  quality. 

One  hundred  and  twenty  poods  of  tallow,  gross  weight,  make  a  Pctersburgh  last,  and  03  poods  an 
English  ton. 

Of  I,r7,908cwt.  of  tallow  imported  in  1829,  l,lfi»,180  came  from  Russia,  6,143  from  the  Uniiea  Staiei 
3,7<J9  from  Turkey,  l,a'J2  from  France,  and  l,02ti  from  Sweden. 

We  Bulijuin  an  official  account  of  the  export  of  tallow  from  Russia  in  1S33. 

exports  of  Tallow  from  Russia  in  1832. 


From 

PoihIi. 

Pelenburgh 

3,717,J26 

Hi*" 

55,01  a 

Archancel  - 

9S,990 

Udnu       ■ 

291,172 

Tieaamg  • 
lUnzivilofr 

5,l(i5 

12,500 

Aitrakhan  ■ 

47 

Sundry 

Toll! 

25,583 

4,205,919 

To 


.Svvclen 

Fniuia 

OetiiiLirk     • 

Elsintrur*    • 

H.inw  Town! 

Hollind 

Uml  Brilaia 

France 

Spain,  PorlUKal,  and  llaly 


Foods. 


11,801 

300,8,>2 

2,521 

11,779 

61.074 

4I,03S 

3,!)0a,5»7 

67,776 

3 


To 


Austria  - 

Turkey  ■ 
America  • 

Caipian  Sea 
Alia 

Geori^ia  • 

iiuudry  . 


Total 


Poodi 


4,205,911 


The  exports  of  tallow  from  Petersburgli,  in  1833,  amounted  to  above  4,100,000  poods  (see  on«,  p 
S92.),  being  the  largest  quantity  ever  shipped  in  1  year.  The  shipments  to  Great  liritaiii  weri:  ahoui 
3,600,000  poods.  Supposing  the  tallow  to  have  been  worth,  when  delivered  to  the  shipper,  35(.  a  ion, 
its  total  value  will  have  been  2,306,150M    This  statement  shows  the  great  importance  of  this  trade. 

The  price  of  tallow  fluctuated  very  much  during  the  war.  This  was  occasioned,  principally,  by  the 
obstacles  that  were  at  different  periods  thrown  in  the  way  of  supplies  from  Russia.  I'he  price  of 
tallow  is  also  affected  by  the  state  of  the  seasons.  Some  very  extensive  speculations  have  at  various 
periods  been  attempted  in  tallow  ;  but  seldom,  it  is  believed,  with  much  advantage  to  the  parties. 

Account  of  the  Price  of  Tallow  in  the  London  Market,  in  the  Month  of  January  each  Year,  from  1S13. 


Vean. 

Yellow  Soap. 

Petersburgh. 

Year». 

Yellow  Soap. 

Pelenburjli.       ! 

I.     d.        1. 

d. 

«.   rf.       1.    d. 

».    d.      1.   d. 

>.    d.      1.  d,     1 

1813 

88     0  eo    90 

0 

80    0  to    0    0 

1824 

31    0  to  32    0 

34  0  to  0  0    ; 

1814 

gg    0—  100 

0 

94    0  —  96    0 

1825 

None. 

37    0-   0  0 

1815 

89     0—      0 

0 

83    0  —    0    0 

1826 

35    0  -  33  3 

1816 

69     0  -      0 

0 

65    0  —    0    0 

IS27 

38    6  lo    0    0 

37    0-   0  0 

ISI7 

64     0—    64 

6 

52    0  -    0    0 

1828 

37    9-  38    0 

37   6  -  0  0 

1818 

77     0-78 

0 

74    0  —  75    0 

1829 

39    9—    0    0 

38   6-39  0      1 

1819 

78     0—      0 

0 

74    0  —    0    0 

1^130 

34    0  —    0    0 

35    3-   0  0      1 

1820 

55     0—    66 

0 

51    U  —  52    0 

ll'SI 

45    9—    0    0 

45   9  -  0  0 

1821 

51     6—     0 

0 

47    0  —    0    0 

1832 

46    0—    0    0 

1822 

44     0—      0 

0 

39    0  —    0    0 

1833 

47    6—    0    0 

r              { 

1823 

37     0—37 

6 

35    0  -    0    0 

Felereburgli.  Ac.  duty  (3>.  2tf.)paid,  cwt 
Delivery'  flrat  3  montha,  1834 
Free  on  board,  1833,  toa 
Soap,  cwL 

Odeau        .... 

Siberia       .... 

htenbuisli  OD  botrd,  ton     • 


Market  Letter  Conmillce. 


The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  prices  per  cwt.  of  foreign  and  British  tallow  in  the  London  mar. 
ket  on  the  24tb  of  March,  1634  :— 

I.  d.      $.  d. 

44    0  to  44    3 

43    6-43    9 

371.  I0/.-37I.  15». 

41  6-00 
0    0-00 

42  6  —    0   0 
371.  I0«.  —    0    0 


Town  tallow,  cwt  . 
Russian  candle 
Melted  stuff 
Rough  ditto 

Whitechapel  Market,  stone, 
St.  James's  ditto 
Average 


». 

d.     1.  d. 

1.  l 

4H 

0  to  0  0 

4;  0 

45 

6-0  0 

46  0 

31 

0-0  0 

31  t 

21 

0-0  0 

til  0 

2 

8-0   0 

0  0 

3 

8-0  0 

0  0 

2 

8-0  0 

9  i 

*  The  ships,  receire,  at  Elaineur,  orders  for  their  ultimate  destination,  and  most  of  them  are  for 
Great  Britain. 


TALLY  TRADE. 


583 


RSRCs  of  the  nrls.  Hi>si,|^, 
Urge  qimnlily,  priiiii|ii(|iy 
,  at  an  avcr«(;e,  to  ln'twcen 
far  is  brought  to  Rii',^hiiia, 
vns,  Tiirki-y,  Scv,- 
•ce  of  Pctursburgh,  the  fol. 

ijirf/e  tallotB,  and  commnn  anj 

rori  in  aiiiilily. 

I  tnlUiw  from  Siberia,  hy  vat,. 

iirB.lo  the  Nev'i. 

w,  wlicro,  on  its  arrival,  it  |, 

0  circular  manipg,  wliitli  sm, 
selector  i.briickrr). 

uice;  llieir  form  lii'ingtonirii, 
i)t :  the  casks  of  yellow  u\\„^ 

■  of  caskii,  wlilch  nre  wciijlifi) 
h!i  Hi,  y,  10,  or  11  perceiii.bul 
iw  and  cask. 

n  lirokcn,  and  of  a  tiiiB  yellow 
itlle,  hard,  dry,  and  clciin.  The 
ii  niore  greasy  and  yellnwiiis, 
'  f.nclic8  a  higher  price  tliaiitlie 

occaHioned  great  difficulties  In 
bliged  to  haul  down  to  the  an- 
,  that  when  much  iMisliicas  wji 
;fore  she  could  get  linr  ciirtrion 
article  has  its  own  place.  When 
rackcr)  with  a  sample  frnmeath 

1  of  tallow  upon  deck ;  hut  li  i, 
lie  tallow  loses,  through  tlie  kit 

!tersburgh  last,  and  63  pooili  an 

sla,  6,143  from  the  United  Staiei. 


in  1S32. 
2. 

To 

Poodi.    : 

AMslriJ 

lulkey 

AnieriCA 

CupiaD 

AfiA 

CteorRia 

Suudry 

Sea 

Totil 

13,703 

192,006 

7,7J) 

a 

4i 

23 
5,931 

4,205,919 

ove  4,100,000  poods  (see  anli,f. 
V>nts  to  Great  Kritain  wen;  ahoui 
[livered  to  the  shipper,  35(.  a  ton, 
great  importance  of  Ibis  trade. 
^ts  occasioned,  iirincipally.byllie 
lies  from  Russia.  The  price  ot 
live  speculations  have  at  various 
lich  advantage  to  the  parties. 

if  January  each  Year,  from  1S13 


htuw  Soip, 

\Z      «.   d. 

1  0  to  32    0 
1  None. 


Petenburgli. 


I  6  to  0 
19-38 
19-  0 
|o-    0 

-    0 

lo—  0 
h-  0 


«.  d.      I. 

34  0  lo  0 
37  0-  0 

35  0  —  35 
37  0-  0 
37  6-  0 
,18  6-39 
35  3-  0 
45  9-  0 


Iritish  tallow  in  the  London  mar- 
Market  utter  ConmitlA 


me. 


d.     I 

0  to  0 
6-0 
0-0 
0-0 
8-0 

e-0 

8-0 


I.  d. 

45  0 

46  0 
31  1 
21  0 

0  0 
0  0 
2  < 


Lion,  and  most  of  tbem  are  for 


T.MiTiY  TRADE,  the  name  given  to  a  system  of  dealino;  carried  on  in  London  mid  other 
lari?e  town*,  by  whieli  Kho(ii<ee|ier«  Curnish  eertitiii  artiilcs  on  cndit  lo  their  niHioimrs,  the 
latter  agreeing  to  pay  the  Htipuialcti  prieo  by  certain  weekly  or  monthly  iii(tlnlrneiit«. 

In  the  inctropoiis  there  are  about  (iO  or  711  lally-sho|m  of  note ;  and  tVoin  Mil)  lo  tiOO  on  a 
smaller  scale.  Tiicy  are  also  Hprcad  over  the  eoinitry  lo  a  consideriiMe  extent,  |iar(iciiliirly  in 
llip  manufacturing  diHtricts.  'I'he  ciiHtonierH  of  the  lally-fhops  nre  inonily  women  ;  coiiHJ.Ht- 
in?.  principally,  of  the  wives  of  JubourcrH,  mechnnies,  porters,  &r.,  servant  girls,  and  feiiiales 
of  loose  character.  Few  only  of  the  more  rcspeetalilc  classes  have  been  infutiinled  enough 
10  resort  to  them.  Drapery  goods,  wearing  apparel,  coals,  household  furniture,  Imnlwarc, 
(ic.  are  furnished;  and  even  funerals  are  pirformed  ;  but  few  or  no  articles  of  food,  e.xcejit 
lea,  arc  sold  upon  the  tally  plan. 

We  believe  that  this  is  the  very  worst  mode  in  which  credit  is  afforded.     The  facility 
which  it  gives  of  obtaining  an  article  when  wanted,  and  the  notion  so  apt  to  bo  eiilerlrtined 
that  the  weekly  or  monthly  inslalments  may  be  paid  without  dilRculty,  makes  those  who  re- 
fill to  the  tally-shops  overlook  the  exorbitant  price,  and  usual  bad  quality,  of  the  iii  tides  ihey 
obtain  from  them;  and  generate  habits  of  improvidence  that  seldom  fail  to  involve  the  par- 
lies in  irretrievable  ruin.     It  is  not  going  too  far  to  say  that  nine  tenths  of  the  articles  sujk 
plied  by  tally-shops  might  bo  dispensed  with.     As  already  observed,  women  arc  the  princi- 
pal customers ;  and  it  is  not  easy  to  exaggerate  the  mischief  that  has  been  entailed  on  the 
families  of  many  industrious  labourers  by  their  wives  having  got  entangled  with  tally-shops. 
Tliey  buy  goods  without  the  knowledge  of  their  husbands ;  and  these  are  not  unfre(|ucntly 
pawned,  and  the  proceeds  spent  in  gin.     So  destructive,  indeed,  is  the  operation  of  the  sys- 
tem, that  the  establishment  of  a  tally-shop  in  any  district  is  almost  certain  to  occa.^ion  an  in- 
crease in  the  paupers  belonging  to  it.     Even  the  unmarried  females  who  do  not  pay  are  de- 
moralised and  ruined  by  the  system ;  because,  if  a  woman  who  buys  three  gowns,  pays  for 
the  2  first,  and  runs  away  from  the  payment  of  the  last,  she  gains  nothing  in  point  nfi^avinf^, 
while  she  becomes  iiidiflerent  to  an  act  of  dishonesty.     As  tally  debts  can  only  be  colleeted 
whilst  a  supply  of  goods  is  kept  up,  as  soon  as  that  supply  is  stopped,  the  debtor  cither  flics 
to  another  district,  or  awaits  a  summons.    Where  the  wife  has  contracted  the  delit,  she  usu- 
allv  appears  before  the  commissioners,  who  in  general  order  the  debt  to  be  paid  by  weekly 
or  monthly  instalments.     But  it  often  occurs,  from  the  wife  not  being  able  to  keep  up  such 
payments,  that  execution  issues,  and  the  poor  husband  is  frequently  arrested  and  lodged  in 
prison  for  a  debt,  of  the  existence  of  which  he  was  entirely  ignorant.    In  this  way,  numbers 
of  the  working  classes  are  completely  ruined  ;  they  lose  their  employment,  and  themselves 
awl  families  are  reduced  to  beggary.     The  intelligent  keeper  of  Whitecross-street  prison 
(Mr.  Barrett)  states,  that  from  150  to  200  persons  are  annually  imprisoned  there  for  tally- 
shop  debts,  in  sums  from  10».  to  ^l.,  and  that  in  one  year  30  prisoners  were  at  the  suit  of 
one  tally-shop  alone !     Such  imprisonments,  however,  are  now  much  decreased,  in  conse- 
quence, as  is  believed,  of  the  Court  of  Requests  discouraging  the  tally  system,  by  ordering 
claims  ofihis  kind  to  be  paid  by  extremely  small  instalments,  and  these  at  rery  distant  in- 
tcr^als ;  and  also  in  consequence  of  no  composition  being  allowed  by  the  charities  for  the 
relief  of  poor  prisoners  with  reference  to  such  debts. 

It  is  estimated  that  in  London  alone  about  850,000/.,  or  nearly  1,000,000/.  sterling  is  an- 
nually returned  in  this  trade.  From  his  large  profits  (generally  from  25  to  40  per  cent.),  it 
is  obvious  that  in  a  few  transactions  the  tally-shop  keeper  becomes  independent  of  the  exist- 
ing debt ;  and  with  capital  and  good  management,  it  is  said  that  some  have  realised  con- 
iiilerable  sums  of  money  in  this  business. 

According  to  the  custom  of  the  trade,  Mondays,  Tuesdays,  Wednesdays,  and  Thursdays,  are 
the  days  set  apart  for  collecting  money  from  the  customers.  The  tally-man  sends  round  his 
collector  through  the  different  "  walks,"  and  the  amount  of  a  collection,  which  keeps  the 
collector  engaged  from  morning  till  night,  even  in  a  good  tally  concern,  seldom  exceeds  4/. 
a  day.  The  payments  are  invariably  made  in  shillings  and  sixpences — but  the  people  sel- 
dom or  never  pay  at  the  tally-shops ;  they  rarely  call  there  unless  something  else  is  wanted. 
The  tally-shop  keeper  trusts  one  party  on  the  recommendation  of  another ;  but  guarantees 
are  never  required — certainly  no  written  guarantees;  and  a  verbal  guarantee  is,  according 
to  Lord  Tentcrden's  act,  not  binding.  It  is  part  of  the  collector's  business,  besides  getting 
money,  to  beat  up  for  fresh  customers  in  his  walk. 

The  greater  number  of  the  small  tally  concerns  are  kept  by  Scotchmen ;  it  is  a  curious 
fact,  that  when  a  "  Tally-walk"  is  to  be  sold,  which  is  often  the  case,  a  Scotchman's  walk 
will  bring  15  per  cent,  more  than  an  Englishman's !  It  is  believed  to  contain  a  better  de- 
acription  of  customers. 

From  the  causes  above  mentioned,  assisted,  perhaps,  by  the  salutary  influence  of  Savings' 
Bulks,  this  obnoxious  trade  is  understood  to  be  rather  on  the  wane.  It  will  never,  however, 
be  completely  rooted  out,  except  by  adopting  the  plan  we  have  previously  suggested — (see 
CREniT,) — for  placing  all  small  debts  beyond  the  pale  of  the  law ;  and  the  fact,  that  the 
kloption  of  this  plan  would  have  so  beneficial  a  result,  is  an  additional  and  powerful  recom- 
mendation in  its  favour.    In  cases  where  failures  take  place,  the  creditors  of  a  tally  shop 


584 


TAMARINDS— TARE. 


I 

Cm...  •« 


f  •  ."1 

.uBdzarfl 


keeper  nrn  in  otencrol  trrriftrd  into  the  nrrrptance  of  a  nmnl!  composition.  The  vpn-  njjii, 
of  the  tully  I.eil«erii,  from  10  to  W  in  number,  rontnining  <lehtii  from  Tw.  to  B/.,  tloitc'd  o\,., 
the  pii«('8,  like  a  nmoll  pnttern  on  n  piece  of  printed  cotton,  and  apread  over  every  (hxtri,  t  j,, 
mid  round  I,ondon,  determines  the  credilom  to  aece|)t  of  any  olFer,  however  (minll,  raih,, 
than  encounter  the  coiUiclion  of  such  di!ire|)utnlilo  aHHclH.  In  an  alFnir  of  thii*  kind  nnrniv 
conchided,  where  the  buwineHH  was  under  tiie  numuctcMient  of  a  reRpcctui)ic  accountant  itni,,, 
city,  tiie  wlioie  dehts  due  to  the  concern.  Rood,  bad,  and  doubtful,  amounted  to  n,;(|,|/ 
wliile  the  number  of  del)torB  was  7,0()t)  I  giving  an  avcra«o  of  82».  KW.  each. 

N.  II. — 'I'liid  article  has  been  compiled  wholly  from  /irirate,  but  authrul'tc,  iiifunntitn,,, 

T,AMARIM)«  (tier.  Taniarlni/ni ,-  Vr.  Ttiiiiim'iis .■  It.  and  8|».  Tatiiarintto ,■  .\m: 
Uiitlilie,-  Ilintl.  Tinliri),  the  fruit  of  the  TumurinilHs  Indira,  a  tree  which  growK  m  i|,e 
East  and  West  Indies,  in  Arabia,  and  Kgypt.  In  the  Wei-t  Indies  the  pods  or  fruit,  l»\„, 
gathered  when  ripe,  and  freed  from  the  nhelly  fragments,  are  placed  in  layers  in  a  ra«k,  an.] 
boiling  wyrup  poured  over  them,  till  the  caHk  be  filled:  the  syrup  pervades  every  |inrl  (||jj||, 
down  to  the  bottom  ;  and  when  cool,  the  cask  is  headed  for  sale.  The  East  India  taiiinrinjj 
are  darker  coloured  and  drier,  and  are  said  to  be  preserved  without  sugar.  When  gooj, 
tamarindrf  arc  free  from  any  degree  of  mustiness ;  the  seeds  are  hard,  flat,  and  clean ;  ihe 
strings  touj?h  and  entire ;  and  a  clean  knife  thrust  into  them  does  not  receive  any  coaiint 
of  co|)per.  They  should  be  preserved  in  closely  covered  jars. — {Thumtoa'a  Disjtcitmtunr 
'i'he  duty  on  tamarinds  produced,  in  1838,  788/.  I2."f.  10//.  ' 

TAFiOCA,  a  species  of  starch  or  powder  prepared  from  the  roots  of  the  Jalmpha  mani. 
lint,  an  American  plant.  The  roots  are  peeled,  and  subjected  to  pressure  in  a  kind  of  jiaj 
made  of  rushes.  'I'he  juice  which  is  forced  out  is  a  deadly  poison,  and  is  employed  livihe 
Indians  to  poison  their  arrows ;  but  it  deposits  gradually  a  white  starch,  which,  \\  hen  pro. 
perly  washed,  is  innocent.  What  remains  in  the  bag  consists  chiefly  of  the  same  stardi, 
it  is  dried  in  smoke,  and  afterwards  passed  through  a  kind  of  sieve.  Of  this  substanrc  ilit 
cassava  bread  is  made. — (T/iomsoii's  Chemislry.) 

T All  {Vi.  Goiiilron  ,-  (Icr.Thecr,-  It.  Catrainc  ,-  Vo\.  Srnola  fiesta ;  Rus.  fvf »■„/, .S',,,,,/^ 
Mikiijd ;  Sw.  Tj;ira),  a  thick,  black,  unctuous  substance,  chiefly  obtained  ixom  the  piw, 
and  other  turpentine  trees,  by  burning  them  in  a  close  smothering  heat. 

The  tar  of  the  north  of  Europe  is  very  superior  to  that  of  the  United  Slates,  and  is  an 
article  of  great  commercial  importance.  The  process  fidlowed  in  making  it  has  hecn  J(. 
scribed  as  follows  by  Dr.  Clarke : — "  The  inlets  of  the  gulf  (Bothnia)  every  where  appcarpj 
of  the  grandest  character;  surrounded  by  noble  forests,  whose  tall  trees,  flourishing  luxuri- 
antly, covered  the  soil  quite  down  to  the  water's  edge.  From  the  most  southern  parts  df 
Wcslro-Bothnia,  to  the  northern  extremity  of  the  gulf,  the  inhabitants  are  occupied  in  tjie 
manufa<lure  of  tar ;  proofs  of  which  are  visible  in  the  whole  extent  of  the  coast.  The  pro. 
cess  by  which  the  tar  is  obtained  is  very  simple :  and  as  we  often  witnessed  it,  we  shall  now 
dcscrilie  it,  from  a  tar-work  we  lialted  to  inspect  upon  the  spot.  The  situation  most  favour- 
able to  the  process  is  in  a  forest  near  to  a  marsh  or  bog ;  because  the  roots  of  the  fir,  from 
which  tar  is  principally  extracted,  are  always  most  productive  in  such  places.  A  coniral 
cavity  is  then  made  in  the  ground  (generally  in  the  side  of  a  bank  or  sloping  hill) ;  and  the 
roots  of  the  fir,  together  with  logs  and  billets  of  the  same,  being  neatly  trussed  in  a  stack 
of  the  same  conical  shape,  are  let  into  this  cavity.  The  whole  is  then  covered  with  turf,  to 
prevent  the  volatile  parts  from  being  dissipated,  which,  by  means  of  a  heavy  wooden  mallet,  I 
and  a  wooden  stamper  worked  separately  by  two  men,  is  beaten  down  and  rendered  as  firm 
as  possible  above  the  wood.  'J'he  stack  of  billets  is  then  kindled,  and  a  slow  combustion  of 
the  fir  takes  place,  without  flame,  as  in  making  charcoal.  During  this  combustion  the  tar 
exudes ;  and  a  cast  iron  pan  being  at  the  bottom  of  the  funnel,  with  a  spout  which  projcctj 
through  the  side  of  the  bank,  barrels  are  placed  beneath  this  spout  to  collect  the  fluid  as  it 
comes  away.  As  fast  as  the  barrels  are  filled,  they  are  bunged,  and  ready  for  immediate  ex- 
portation. From  this  description  it  vAW  be  evident  that  the  mode  of  obtaining  tar  is  by  a 
kind  of  distillation  per  descensum  ,•  the  turpentine,  melted  by  fire,  mixing  with  the  sap  and 
juices  of  the  fir,  while  the  wood  itself,  becoming  charred,  is  converted  into  charcoal.  The 
most  curious  part  of  the  story  is,  that  this  simple  method  of  extracting  tar  is  precisely  that 
which  is  described  by  Theophrastus  and  Dioscorides ;  and  there  is  not  the  smallest  diiference 
between  a  tar-work  in  the  forests  of  Westro-Bothnia,  and  those  of  ancient  Greece.  The 
Greeks  made  stacks  of  pine;  and  having  covered  them  with  turf,  they  were  suflcrcd  to  bum 
in  the  same  smothered  manner ;  while  the  tar,  melting,  fell  to  the  bottom  of  the  stack,  and  | 
ran  out  by  a  small  channel  cut  for  the  purpose." 

Of  10,752  lasts  of  tar  imported  In  1831,7,779  were  bronglu  from  Russia,  1,086  from  Swcden.aiid  j 
1,343  from  the  United  States.     The  last  contains  12  barrels,  und  each  barrel  3U  galluns. 

Tar  produced  or  manufactured  in  Europe  is  not  to  be  imported  for  home  consumption,  except  in 
British  ships,  or  in  ships  of  the  country  of  which  it  is  the  produce,  or  from  which  it  is  imported, under 
penally  of  forfeiting  the  same,  and  lOOl.  by  the  master  of  the  ship.— (3  Sc  4  H'ilt.  4.  c.  54.) 

TARE,  an  abatement  or  deduction  made  from  the  weight  of  a  parcel  of  goods,  on  account 
of  the  weight  of  the  chest,  cask,  bag,  &c.  in  which  they  are  contained.    Tare  b  distin- 


TAHE,  TARIFF. 


SR6 


npoiiition.     Tho  very  nijl,, 
from  Tm.  to  6/.,  ilottfd  omt 
ipri'od  over  every  diMrirt  in 
iFer,  however  wimll,  rathe, 
niriiir  of  lliin  kiiul  rrcrrnly 
'Hiicrlalile  aeeouhlam  intii^ 
litful,  Qiiiounled  to  N,-,ou/,, 
is.  \0t/.  ench. 
ut  autlinitir,  hifuniKit!,,,,. 
id  S|).   Tumarituh);   .\rj| 
a  tree  which  growH  in  the 
lien  the  pods  or  fruit,  lioin,. 
iiccd  in  layers  in  a  tank,  ami 
p  pervades  every  part  (|uiip 
The  EoHt  India  trtiiintinjj 
ithout  sugar.     Wluii  guuj, 
re  hard,  Hat,  and  clean ;  ihe 
does  not  receive  any  coaling 
•(  Thuinnon'a  Disjicnmlurij.] 

root«  of  the  Jtitrophn  mani- 
to  prrsHurc  in  a  kind  uf  liag 
ison,  and  is  employnl  liy  the 
ito  starch,  which,  \»lipn  pro. 
IS  chiefly  of  the  saiiio  stunh. 
ievc.     t)f  this  substanrc  ihi 

hi  gentn ;  Rus.  T)e<r(il,  Siw,k 
iefly  obtained  from  liie  piiie, 
ing  heat. 

the  United  States,  and  is  an 
d  in  making  it  has  ln-rn  tit- 
lOthnia)  every  where  appeared 
!  tall  trees,  flourishing  luxuri- 
the  most  southern  parts  uf 
labitants  are  occupied  in  the 
xtcnt  of  the  coast.    Tiie  pro- 
en  witnessed  it,  we  shall  now 
,    The  situation  most  favour- 
use  the  roots  of  the  fir,  from 
ve  in  such  places.    A  conial 
ank  or  sloping  hill) ;  and  the 
'ing  neatly  trussed  in  a  stack 
;  is  then  covered  with  turf,  to  ] 
1113  of  a  heavy  wooden  mallet, 
in  down  and  rendered  as  firm 
ed,  and  a  slow  combustiunof 
ing  this  combuiition  the  tar 
,  with  a  spout  which  projects  j 
pout  to  collect  the  fluid  as  it 
,  and  ready  for  immediate  ex- 
mode  of  obtaining  tar  is  by  a  { 
fire,  mixing  with  the  sapanJ 
inverted  into  charcoal.    The  I 
xtracting  tar  is  precisely  that 
is  not  the  smallest  ditfercncc  I 
ose  of  ancient  Greece.   The  | 
rf,  they  were  suffered  to  bum  j 
the  bottom  of  the  stack,  anil  I 

InuBsia,  1,086  from  Sweden,  anil 
Ibarrel  3U  gallons, 
lor  home  conBumption,  except  in  ] 
I  from  wliich  it  ia  imporied,  under 
1(3  &.  4  mil.  4.  c.  54.) 

'  a  parcel  of  goods,  on  account 
contained.    Tare  is  distin- 


jtuithed  into  real  tare,  aittomart/  tare,  and  overaffe  tare.  Tho  firnt  U  tho  arlunl  weight  of 
the  package ;  tho  second,  its  Hup[K)Hcil  weight  acconling  to  the  prnctico  among  inerchants  ; 
,nd  the  third  is  the  medium  tare,  deduced  from  weighing  a  few  packageM,  and  (aking  it  ns 
ihe  atandard  for  the  whole.  In  Ain*terdam,  and  some  other  coinimrcial  cities,  tares  are 
gfncrally  fixed  by  custom  ;  hut  in  this  country,  the  prevailing  practice,  as  to  all  good  i  that 
(jn  he  unpacked  without  injury,  both  at  the  CuNtom-houso  nnd  among  merchants,  is  to  aseer- 
ijin  the  real  tare.  Hometimes,  however,  the  buyer  anil  seller  make  a  particular  agrei  inent 
about  it.  We  have,  for  the  most  part,  specifled  the  dillcrenl  tares  allowed  upon  particular 
f„nimi>ditics,  in  the  descriptions  given  of  them  in  this  work. —  (For  tlio  tares  at  Amsterdam, 
Ij.mleaiix,  Ac.,  see  these  articles;  see  also  .\i.uiwancks.) 

TAKE,  VETCH,  ou  FIT(JH,  a  plant  (  Vicid  sniii'ii,  Lin.)  that  has  been  cultivated  in 
this  coimtry  from  time  immemorial ;  principally  for  its  stem  and  leaves,  which  are  used  in 
llie  feeding  of  sheep,  horses,  and  cattle;  but  partly,  also,  for  its  Be<d.  Horses  thrive  lictter 
upon  Inres  than  upon  clover  and  rye  grass ;  anil  cows  that  are  fed  ujjon  them  give  must 
milk.  Tho  seed  is  principally  used  in  the  feeding  of  pigeons  and  other  poultry.  In  IS'i'J, 
»(■  imported  87,101  bushels  of  tares,  princi|)ally  from  Denmark  and  Prussia. 

TAKIFF,  a  Table,  al|)hubetically  arranged,  specifying  the  various  duties,  drawbacks, 
liountics,  &c,  charged  and  allowed  on  tho  importation  and  exportation  of  articles  uf  foreign 
and  domestic  produce. 

We  inlerded  at  one  lime  to  have  given  llie  inriffs  of  sniiie  of  tlic  principal  fDrciun  stnled.  and  Imil 
imnitot'  llii^'ii  trurislnted  I'or  that  pnrpnsv  ;  Imi,  as  llin  iIiiiIcm  and  remilallnns  in  lliein  lire  perpi  in  tlly 
cliaii|(ii'K.  ''""X  would  very  soon  hiive  Ipccihik;  otisciliae,  and  would  liavc  leiiili'd  more  to  iiii^lciut  lliaii 
m  iimlriK't.  The  clrculurs  insiied  liy  ToreiKii  licuises  usually  Kpi'cil'y  the  iliitleM  on  iiiipdrtiilioii  iiikI 
fjliiirl.ilMui-  "ut  the  reader  will  find  iiniler  the  nrtlcles  Dantzic,  IIavui:,  Nkw  York,  Tuikstk,  tc, 
pieny  lull  detail*  as  to  the  princlpul  I'orelKii  tunll'd.    Kuhjulned  is  the  Itriilsh  turifl'. 

TARIFF  (nuinsil).— Ist  of  January,  1834. 
Di'TiEs  OF  Customs  Inwahdh. 
PiimVs  fnirards.—The  first  column  of  the  followiiiK  Tuhle  contains  nn  account  of  Ihe  existing  duties 
psvabie  on  the  imporlallon  of  foreign  products  into  (Jreat  liritain  for  home  use,  as  tlie  Hiiiiie  wcri! 
fii'eil  1)}'  (he  act  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  ."^6.  The  next  column  exiiiliita  (he  duties  payiilile  on  the  suiiie  iirliiles 
in  Mil,  an  fixed  by  the  act  5U  Geo.  3.  c.  53.;  nnd  the  third  nml  Inst  column  exhibits  (he  diitles  an  lliny 
nere  fixed  in  1787,  by  Mr.  Pitt's  Consolidation  Act,  the  27  (Jeo.  3.  c.  13.  The  reader  has,  therefore, 
b«liire  lilni,  nnd  may  compare  together,  the  present  customs  duties  with  the  duties  as  they  stood  at 
the  end  "fthe  late  war,  nnd  at  its  commencement.  Nn  table  of  the  sort  is  to  be  met  with  in'iiiiy  other 
publication.  We  owe  it  to  the  kindness  of  Mr.  J.  D.  Hume,  of  the  Hoard  of  Trade,  under  whose  direc- 
tion it  has  been  prepared.    The  duties  are  rated  throughout  in  Imperial  weights  and  measures. 

ATableof  the  Duties  of  Customs  payable  nn  Goods,  Wares,  and  Merchandise  imported  into  the  United 

Kingdom  from  Foreign  I'arts. 

y^K—Cioods  on  which  duties  are  payable  by  measures  of  capacity,  are  rated  according  to  the  Impe- 
rial gallon  and  bushel. 


Articles. 


Duty, 
I  Jan.,  1931.1 


Duty,  iei9. 


I  AKiowKiii.    .*«ViBegir. 
'  itmy.   .teSfnl. 

Aptti,nrconieli>n«,  for  every  lOO;,  value        •  .  . 

itl.tnrcvtry  lOOi.  value    .  -  .  .  . 

1  ilkili,  nol  l«ing  barilla,  viz. 

toy  Aflicle  cnntnining  soda  or  mineral  alkati  \vhrreof  mineral 
j         aljta  i  isllie  mnal  valu.ible|>irt,  (such  alkali  nut  being  other* 
1        viiMiiarliculirly  charged  BiUuluty,)  viz. 

it  nut  containing  a  greater  proiiorliou  of  such  alk.iti  than 
\  20  per  cent.,  per  c«  I.  .... 

if  mntaitiing  more  than  20  prr  cent.,  anJ  not  exceeding 
I  25  per  cent,  of  such  alkali,  per  c«t.  ■ 

I  if  coniaininc  niore  Ihan  2:i  |)er  cent,  and  not  exceeding 

i  30  per  cent,  of  such  alkali,  per  cwt.  . 

I  it  containing  more  than  3t)  per  cent.,  and  nol  exceeding 

I  40  pei' cent,  of  such  alkali  per  cwt.    - 

'  if  co[ilaiiiing  mone  than  40  per  cent,  of  such  alkali  per 

j  cwt.  ...... 

Ditiiral  alkali,  imported  from  places  within  the  limits  of  tlie 
I'jut  India  Company's  clprter,  per  cwt.   - 
,  Alk^nei  root,  per  cwt.  ..... 

llijunil  pule,  for  every  1001.  of  the  value 
Aiiijondi,  viz. 

biiipr,  cwt.         ...... 

J.Tljn,  per  cwL  --.--. 

I     flfany  oilier  sort,  per  cwt.  .  .  ,  . 

AlotK.  perlb.  .  ■   . 

Ihe  produce  of,  and  imparted  from  any  Brilisli  possenion, 

per  lb. 

Alum,  per  cwt.  ...... 

Toch.  per  cwt.      ...  -  .  . 

Amhf  r,  rouj^h,  per  lb.  ..... 

uiiuuhcluresof  amber,  nol  otherwise  enumerated  or  described, 
1        prlt. 
AiTil*r^ris,  (>er  or.     . 

■  Awl  (ivies,  per  lb.      .  •  •  -  « 

'  Aii^'l'ia,  jwrcwl.      ...... 

AELfitiii,  per  cwt,      ...... 

[      roll,  per  cwt      ...... 


L.    >.   d. 


10    0  « 
20    0    0 


0  II  4 

C  13  0 

0  IS  4 

1  3  4 

1  10  0 

0    2  0 

0    2  0 

60    0  0 

0  4  0 

2  0  0 

1  0  0 
0    0  8 

0    0  2 

0  17  6 
0  118 

0    0  6 


0  12 
0  0 
0  0 
0  4 
0  I 
0    4 


L.   t.   i. 


20    0    0 
WOO 


0  114 

0  IS  0 

0  18  4 

1  3  4 

1  10  0 

As  above. 

4  la  4 

60    0  0 

1  It  8 

4  IS  0 

2  7  6 
0    2  6 

0    0  9 

0  17  6 
0  118 

0    I  8 

60    0  0  per  cent. 

0    6  0 

0    I  0 

4  13  4 

2    6  8 

6  12  0 


Duly,  I787.» 


L.   I.  d. 


27  to    0 


I    8  0 

I    8  0 

I    8  0 

I    8  0 

I    8  0 

28    5  0  per  cent. 

1  8  0 
27  10  0 

0  14  0 

2  6  3 

1  3  2 
0    I  3 

0    0  6 

0    7  2 

0    3  0 

0    1  3 

27  10  0  per  cent. 

0    2  0 

0    0  112 

0  18  8 

!       Free. 


•By  net  27  Gen.  3.  c.  13.,  and  28  Geo.  3.  c.  27. .certain  goods  were  allowed  to  be  Imported  from  France 
I  ind  Holland,  on  payment  of  duty,  until  the  10th  of  May,  180U,  although  prohibited  to  be  imported  from 
I  uher  countries. 

74 


cr 

M« 

••»■ 

^ 

rf 

m 
■at 

»s 

'» 

\? 

1 

JJ 

;c^ 

y 

TARIFF. 


ArIMM 


Aallinoaf,  «lt. 

oi#,  (Wr  ton         •  •  •  •  ■  • 

cruJo,  iMr  cwt,    •.•••> 
raRuliit,  |>tr  cwt  •••••■ 

ApplMt  (Mr  biHh«l      -••••• 
(lri«<l,  i'M  liuflhffl  ■>•••• 

Aqu*Iiirli«,  |wr  cwt.   •••••• 

ArKtil*  prr I'wr.  ....•• 

AriBtoliM'tiiii,  par  lb,    ..•••• 

Arq^ii-buMilB  wtitt.    Am  Splrtli. 

Arm^«  nN)t,  |»rr  lb,       ...,■• 
Ihe  iirnlijcj  of,  A  iiii|»rt«l  fmm  in;  Briilih  poMMiloD,  ft  cwl. 

Anriiic,  |icr  rwl.         ...... 

Awtcrbla.     Stt  lium. 

Atliff,  VII 

Ixtrl  ani  pol,  per  ewl,       .  .  .  .  - 

Inipnrfnt  r  on)  Aiijr  llriliiti  poMMtinn    •  ■  • 

in.ip,  »Rnl,  Ami  wihmI,  pnr  cwt.       •  .  .  • 

ti'ii  oihrrwiiu  rnuiiitMttil  ur  ilMcrilml,  for  tnry  lOUI.  nlut 

Aipluliiiiti,  pDr  cwl.  .«.•■* 

Amt*,  mcI)    •  •••••• 


I1»rnnf  nrr  f  wt,  >.•.•• 

H.iliiioM)ilF.iJ,    .SuBilum. 
UiU'ini,  vii. 

CiliAibi,  per  lb,     ■  •  •  •  - 

rspivi,  piT  cwt.  .■■■•• 
I'erii,  \'nr  lb,        •  .  ■  •  • 

Rig.i.  iH^r  lb,         ...... 

and  riirlhefi  u  forcl|ni  iplrili,  for  every  gKlloo  ■ 
Tolii,  prp  lb,        ...... 

balm  of  OileaJ.  »n<l  ftll  baliami  not  otherwite  enumer»ted  or 
(Incribptt,  piT  II).  .  .  .  .  , 

Rtndalrlno  twiit,  the  dozen  knoli,  each  knot  contilniaf  3i  yanli 
lUrilla,  {III  tuu  ...... 

Rirk,  viz, 

fur  Miinera'ordyera'uie,  pcrcwt.  .  .  • 

liiipnrt<*d  front  anv  nntiih  poaaeaaioii,  per  cwt.  • 
reruvi.in  and  I'lK-arilla,  perlb.     .  .  ■  . 

of  othrr  sort*,  mr  lb,         .  .  .  .  . 

exlrarl  of,  ur  of  other  reitetable  lubilaiictt  to  be  uwd  only  for 
tarinln<  Irniher,  per  cwt, ,  .  .  .  . 

iniiMirlRl  fruui  any  Uritiih  poiHwion,  per  cwt.  • 
Rtr  wnntl.  pt'r  ton         ...  .  .  . 

Iliakel  null,  the  bundle  (not  exceeding  3  feet  in  circumference  at 
the  binil)    ....... 

Ra^keti,  for  every  lOOf.  vitue  .  .  ,  .  . 

Il.iit  ropri,  tivitie%  .md  itraiidf,  per  cwt, 
nut  or  iiraw  hati  or  booneti.    .Sat  Hali. 

pUtlingt  or  other  ujanufacture  of  bait  or  itraw^  for  nuking 
ha'i  or  boDucta,    Su  Flalting. 
Beada,  viz, 

ambrr,  per  lb.      *  .  • 

arango,  for  every  lOOt.  value         .... 

coral,  per  lb.        .  .  .  .  . 

crytlal,  per  1,000 ...... 

Jet,  per  lb,  . 

not  iithrrwiie  enumerated  ordeacribed,  for  every  lOOL  value 
Beani,  kidney  or  French  beani,  per  buihel 
Beef,  tailed  (not  being  corned  beef  J,  per  rivt.    ■ 
Reef  wooil,  unmanufactured,  imported  from  New  South  Walea, 

per  tun   ' 
Beer,  viz. 

mum,  per  barrel,  containing  32  gallona 
tpruce,  oer  birrel,  contaiuicigaignlliina      . 
or  ale  of  ^11  other  aorta,  per  inriel,  containing  32  gallon! 
Beer  waa  iiibjucl  alio  to  tlie  following  dutin  of  ciciie,  until  8 
April,  IH2>,  viz.  ipruce  beer,  ale,  mum,  and  all  other  kinda  of 
beer,  per  barrel,  32  gallona  Imp.        .... 

Renjamm,  or  benzoin,  per  cwl,  .  .  .  . 

Berriea,  viz, 

bay,  juniper,  yillow,  and  any  other  lort  not  otherwli*  enume- 
raled,  per  cwt.  ...... 

Rirdf,  viz,  iin|(itig  birds,  per  dozen       .  .  .  . 

Ritumen  Judaicum,  per  cwt,    ..... 

Blacking,  per  cwt,      .         ,   . 

RIadden,  per  dozen    ...... 

Blubber,    See  Train  oil.  In  Oil, 

Bonea  nf  cattle  and  other  animalt,  and  of  flah,  eicept  whale  fine, 
whether  burnt  or  not,  or  aa  animal  charcoal,  for  every  1001, 
value  •  .  .  .  .  .  . 

Bonneti,    5ee  Hats. 
Books,  viz, 

being  of  editions  printed  prior  to  the  year  IMI,  bound  or  un- 
bound, |)er  cwt, ,  .  .  .  .  . 

being  of  editions  printed  in  or  since  the  year  1601,  bound  or 
unonund,  per  cwt.  ..... 

Note.— Far  the  deacription  of  books  prohibited  to  be  im- 
parted,  see  the  act  litr  the  rejjulation  of  the  cuitoms  (c, 
62.  s,  58 ),  and  acta  (or  securing  copyrights. 
Boots,  thoea.  and  calashes,  viz. 

women's  boots  and  calaahea,  per  dozen  pairs 

if  lined  or  trimmed  with  fur  or  other  trimming,  per  dozen 
pair  .  .  .  .  . 

women's  shoes,  with  cork  or  double  tales,  quilted  shaea  and 
cloEs,  |>er  dozen  pair      ..... 

if  trimmed  or  lined  with  fur  or  any  other  trimming,  per 
dozen  pair-  .  .  .  .  . 

women's  shoes  of  silk,  satin,  leans,  or  other  ttul&,  kid,  mo- 
rocco, or  other  le.it|ier,  per  dozen  pai,* 
if  trimmed  or  linal  with  fur  ur  any  other  trimming,  per 
dozen  pair  -  •  .      *      . 

children's  lioati,  shoes,  and  calaahea,  not  rxeeeding  7  inchet 

in  length,  to  lie  chanted  with  2  3>lt  of  the  above  dulia, 
ineirt  iHM  s,  ptr  doa.;o  p.iir  .... 

nien's  shoes,  per  dozen  pair  -  .  .  , 

children's  boots  and  shoea  not  exceeding  7  inches  in  length,  to 
he  charged  with  2  3Ja  of  the  above  dutiei, 
Boracic  acid,  per  cwt,  ...... 


Dulr. 
I  It:,  1*84. 


t.    >.  A 


0  I 
0    I 

0  18 
0    4 

0  7 
0  14 
0    0 


0  0  10 

0  0    1 

0  I    0 

0  8    0 


0    8    0 
rr«t. 

0     I     8 

20  0  0 
0  4  0 
0  10    0 


1    8    0 


1    0    0 


I    0    0 
S    0    0 


Dutr.  I8llk 


£.  (.   A 


0    0 
0    4 
0    1 

0  1 

1  10 

0  a 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

0    1    3 
II    4    0 
0    4    8 

0  1    0 

1  10    8 
0    4    8 

0    4 

0  8 

1  0 

8 
0 
0 

8    4    8 

0    8    0 
Aa  Alkali 

0    0 
0    0 
0    0 
0    0 

8 

1 
1 
1 

0    0    8 
0    0    8 
0    2    0 
0    3    0 

0    3 
0    0 
0    8 

0 

1 

0 

0    3    0 
0    3    0 
0  18    0 

0    1 
20    0 
0  10 

0 
0 
0 

0    3    2 
80    0    0 
0  10    0 

1  10 

0 

1  16 

0 

1    6 

0 

1    9 

0 

0  18 

0 

1    4 

0 

2  14 
1    4 

0 
0 

0    4    0 


to  0 
0  18 
8    0 

0  4 
0  7 
0  14 
0    4 


0  0  10 

0  0  t 

0  IH  ft 

0  14  a 


0  per  cenL 

0 

0 

0 

0 

8 

• 


0  II 
0  I 
0  I 
10  0 
4  13 
8    8 


(  18   0 


0  11    0 

0  12    0 

20    0    0 

31    S    0 

0  IS  10 

0  l.^  10 

1    8    6 

1    8    6 

0    3    2 

0    3    2 

30    0    0 

80    0    0 

0    0  10 

0    0  10 

0  12    0 

Piohibited 

0    8    0 

8  16    »( 

3    1     1 

1    1    2 

3    8    0 

1    6    0 

2  13    0 

0  13    0 

1  19    0 

0    4    0 

11    4    0 

Bay  on     1 

0    2    0 

18    6 

0    8    0 

0    8    0 

0    4    0 

4  13    4 

3  12    0 

3  12    0 

0    0    6 

0    0    6 

I    0    0 

6  10    0  bound. 
BOO  unbound. 


I..eather 

75    0    0  per  cent. 

Of  lilk  prohibited. 


SO    0    0  per  cent. 


B»lT,  ITT. 


L.  :  4. 

»7  10    Opercaai, 
0    4    N 
4 
4 

»  II 


0  » 
0  2 
0   « 

0    4 

Free. 
0   0    3 


27  10    0  per  «nt. 
0    4    8 


0  2  3 

frw, 

0  0  T 

17  10  0 

0  II  8 

27  10  0  per  ceiii, 

8  7  0 


0    0 
4    4 

0    1 
0    1 

0    1 

0    1 
0    1 
8    S 

0    0 

Iree 

0   0 
0   0 

27  10 
27  10 
87  10 

0  per  cent, 
0  per  ti-nl, 
Operceut. 

0    1 

27  10 
0    1 

8 

0 
10 

0   4   8 
31  13    4 

0    4   8 

0  13   3 

0    1    i 
27  10    0 

Kbiiir""^ 

33   0 

0  per  cm 

0    6 
0  11 
0    5 

8 
0 
B 

0  18 
116 

8 

0 

BayO    4 
0  11 
0   2 
0  18 
0  17 
0   0 

8 

0 
6 
B 
B 
'i 

27  10 

0  per  cent 

0  19 

3  bound. 

0    8  10  unbouml. 

Prohibited. 


27  10   0  percent. 


TARIFF. 


687 


Duly,  I1IT. 


Al«W» 


I  Jan.,  I>34. 


r  Mnl. 


L.   t.  4. 

87  10  0  Mr  till'. 

0    4  » 

0    8  4 

0    2  4 

0    3  0 

0    4  8 
rrM. 

0    0  3 


87   10     0  per  rfr.i 

0    4    8 


0    8    3 

ttm. 

0  0  7 
87  10    0 

0  III  8 
87  10   0  pir  ceil. 


oond. 
inbound. 


p  cent, 
hibital. 


8    7    0 


0    0 
4    4 

0    1 
0    1 

3 

0 

a 

0    1 

8 

0    1 
0    3 
5    5 

6 

:i 
0 

0   0 
free 

0  0 

0   0 

1 

. 

8 
2 

27  10 
27  10 
27  10 

0  per  f  e«l 
0  |ier  tint 
0  per  icul 

0    1 
87  10 
0    1 

6 

0 

10 

0   4   6 
81  13    4 

0    4    6 

0  13   3 

0    1    S 
27  10   0 
27  10   0  per  ml 
Prohibiled. 

33   0 

0  petcenl 

0    i 
0  II 
0   6 

8 
0 
8 

0I« 
2  16 

3 

0 

n>y0   4 
0  II 
0   2 
0  IB 
0  17 
0   0 

8 
0 
6 
8 
8 

37  10 

0  per  ceol 

0  19 

3  boiini). 

0   8  10  unbouiKl 

Frohlbitad. 


I      27  10  Opercfflt. 


Dor«i  rtr  tlnnl  pvrrwi.         •  ■  •  •  * 

rrlliwJ,  per  twl.  .••«.. 

ol  rtrth  nr  atoM,  emply,  p^r  ilntell 

aimI  furthur,  full  lit  «iii|>iy.  |i«r  rwt. 
-<(  Kim  C'i\«rflil  wiih  wit  hrr.  |>«r  «lnMn  f|uarlt  enotfil 

iiid  furlhffr,  iwr  ewl    ■  .  .  .  . 

,.(  g.^-ont  c*>ntnion  (Uh,  nnl  if  Int  rnntrni  than  I  pint,  and 

Di.i  rt^liic  phiaU. .  'ii[iljr,  pardnlen  <|uarU  rtinlant  • 

Bi.iiIm     '  f'l'"    Ml  |la«  wara,  by  >ol  41  Uao.  3.  r.  87., 

•ubjeri  ala'r  I    lb*  axciae  duly  of  He,  tJ.  par  call,  uulll 

4  April,  \U% 

.4  '  '  iiiiimn  abv.  ^.ll.  romnullnx  all  l>n*flea  nf  not 

(  I   Ihim  l-J  ptn(  aa  of  (hfl  riiiitrnt  ol  I  2  pinl, 

ai  !  I  «    f  frKilrrconlenl  lliaii  l-i  pint,  and   not  nf 

Sreatenniiteiit  '/an  I  pint,  nr  a  mpuie,]  p,ni,  u  nf  Iha  ron* 
int  of  I  fiiut  or  a  rapuif  '  |,>>il,  via. 
ini  ifirte<l  from  any  British  pr>««aaaioo,  per  doten  quarto 
eon'enl        ...  .  . 

hMjlptfTtrd  from  anv  fhraiiin  place,  via. 

ennlainiiif  wlna  nr  •pirili,  par  doaan  qiiarta  ennlani 
not  coiilAuiinf  wine  or  apirita,  par  doxca  quarta  coo- 
lent      ...... 

Eiciaa  doty  on  romtliofl  jflaaa  bottlea.  lae  aliove. 
ef  |l.iM,  not  niherwiaa  enumerafiil  or  laacribad,  tot  avary 
lOU/.  raliM        ...  .  . 

ami  liirihar,  per  f  wl.  ..... 

A'uf'.— (iailii  In  whirh  wlna  or  oil  la  Imported,  and 
gjaaa  tmltlra  nr  Haakt  in  which  tiiinrral  or  natural 
water  ia  iiii|inrle<l,  are  not  lubject  to  duty. 
'  ^iH  nf  ill  mrla,  for  every  lUO/.  value 
M  »(««l,  (per  Ion       • 

ihf  pruiliice  of,  and  imported  from,  any  llrltiab  poaaciaion,  par 
loll       ....... 

Sh  Not*  at  lh<  and  nf  Wood, 

Biw.  'i«- 

niinuricturea  of.  not  olherwiM  enumtralad  or  deacrlbed,  for 
errry  lOO/.  value  ..... 

powilrr  nf,  for  J.tpaQnlng,  per  lb.   > 
Bniil  wrmtl,  per  Ion  • 
Britillrt'o  wnoil,  |ier  ton         ....  < 

imiH^rtrtl  from  a  Rritlah  poaacaaion,  per  too  •  • 

DrKtinrriinkera,  par  1,000    .  .  •  .  . 

Hi  nuliilie,  per  cwl.    ...... 

nftn«l,orinrolla,p«rewr,  .  .  .  . 

inllniir,  parcwt.  •  ... 

Iniilfi,  III. 

piugb  and  in  the  tufti,  and  not  in  any  way  aorted,  per  lb, 
.     lo  my  way  aorted  or  arran^etl  in  coloura,  and  not  entirety 
I        iDuahand  in  the  liifia,  per  III.      .  .  .  . 

{  AW— If  any  part  of  the  briitlea  in  a  package  be  auch  aa 

to  be  autijert  In  the  hiithrr  duty,  the  whrdu  cnntenta  of 
the  iiackaae  ilull  be  aubject  to  the  higher  duly. 
Bmcaile  of  gnid  or  ailvi-r,  for  every  100/.  value  . 
B/i>uir,  all  worka  of  art  made  (if  bronie,  par  cwt. 

poiTiler,  for  every  lOOi.  value        ■  .  .  . 

BoflM,  via. 

ireit  bugle,  per  lb.  ....  . 

uwll  nr  leeil  biiKle,  per  lb. 
Billiiiii  ami  fiirrign  coin,  of  gold  or  ailver,  and  ore  of  gold  or  ailver, 
oriilwtiich  the  major  part  in  value  is  gold  or  aitver     • 
■ilnulin,  per  load  containing  63  buudlea 
Btjtifrpercwl.  ...... 

Eiiliou,  for  every  lOOL  value  .  ■  .  .  . 

C, 

Uilo.  ml  being  iron  cablca,  tarred  or  untarred,  per  cwt. 

aol  being  iron  cablea,  in  actual  uae  of  a  Rritlah  ihip,  and  be- 
in;  At  and  neceaaary  for  auch  ahip,  and  not  or  until  other- 
wiKitiipoaed  of  .  .  .  .  . 

if,  and  when  otherwiM  diapoaed  of,  for  every  1001.  value 
Cmbrin.    Hu  Linen. 
CimoDiilc  flnwert,  per  lb.      • 
Cuiphor,  per  cwt.      ...... 

reftnea,  per  cwt.  -..■•. 
Cinwood,  per  ton      -  .  •  • 

(jnllo,  viz. 

ipenTiaretl,perlb.  •  •  •  ■ 

uilow,  per  cwt.  ...... 

wii,  per  lb.         - 
Cudliiiiick,  per  cwt  -  -  .  .  . 

CiDclla  alba,  per  lb.  -  .  .  .  •  . 

CUiCi,  viz. 

tiimboo,  per  1,000  -  •  •  .  . 

ntlini,  not  ground,  per  1,000        .... 

mdciDca,  per  1,000        .  .  .  .  . 

wzliiiiig  canea  or  aticka,  mounted,  painted,  or  otherwiae  oma- 
meiied,  for  every  loot,  value      .  .  .  . 

KhmRFs,  Jumboo,  ground  rattana,  dragon'a  blood,  and  other 
willing  canea  or  aticka,  per  1,000  .  .  . 

Cistlundei,  per  lb.    .  .  .  .  • 

CiDuichour,  per  cwt. .  ^  .  .  .  . 

Ci[tn,  including  the  pickle,  per  lb.     ■  -  .  . 

Cifiicum.    ,S'ae  Pepper 
Cudamomi,  per  lb.    -  -  -  •  .  • 

tiitict  or  preparation  nf.    .%a  Eitract. 
Cardi,  liz.  playing  carda,  the  dozen  packa 
Cumina,  per  nz.         ...... 

Cintl*.  &<8uccinum. 

Ciini(t«,  of  all  aorta,  for  every  toot.  valiN 

Cllk^tmply,  for  every  lOOf.  value      .  .  .  . 

Caia,vii. 

buda  per  lb.        -  •  .  • 

fitlula,  per  lb.      ...... 

li(oea,perlb.      ••.... 
imported  from  uy  Britiih  poaaeiaioD,  per  lb.       • 
tailor,  per  lb. 


Cui  of  biuli,  itattwa,  or  (furee,  per  cwt 

CHediu.   id  Terra  J»po2ci7 

CxluPi  the  iroaa,  eootaiouic  18  doKD  kaoti 


0    4     0 
0  lU    0 

0    3    8 

0  ■»    0 

1  2    0 
4    U    0 

0    2    0 

0    1    0 

0    4    0 

0    2    0 

2}    0    0 
4    0    0 

20    0    0 

too 

1    0    0 

30    0    0 
0    2    6 
2    0    0 
0    4    6 

0  3    0 

1  2    6 
0    0    0 
0    6    0 
0    8    8 

0    0    2| 

0    0    3t 

30    0    0 
1    0    0 

2}    0    0 

0    2    0 
0    3    0 

Free. 

0  12    0 

1  0    0 
20    0    0 

0  10    9 

Free. 
20    0    0 

0    0    3 
0    1    0 
2    0    0 
0    6    0 

0    2    6 

3  3    4 
0    2    6 

4  8    8 

0    0    1 

0   S    0 
0    S    0 
0    S    0 

80    0    0 

0    6    0 
0    1    0 
0    1    0 
0    0    6 

0    1    0 

4    0   0 
0    0    6 

30    0    0 
60    0   0 

0    1    0 
0    0  10 
0    1    0 
0    0    6 
0    0   6 
0    8    6 

0   6    4 

Duly,  18181 


L.  a.  A 
3  l«  ■ 
8    8    1 


0    8    0 


0  8  0 
0  8  0 
0    8    0 


I  80   0   0  p«f  cent. 


SO    0    0 
7  18    6 


I  13    4 


M  0 
0    A 

20  0 
0  18 

0  16 

1  2 

0  19 

1  0 
I    3 


0 

Pmhibited. 

6 

0    2    1* 

0  per  cent. 

ft". 

8 

t'lrr 

H 

Km 

6 

0    7     2 

0 

) 

0 

(  «   «    8 

9 

i 

0    3    7  doieu  Iha. 
0  12    0  doten  lb*. 


Prohibited. 
M)    0    0  percent. 
60    0    0  per  cent. 


Frr*. 

0  12    0 

1  0    0 
Prohibiled. 


1    6 


0  IS 

0  2 

3  3 
0  2 

4  8 
0  0 


1  14  0 

I  0  0 

1  6  6 

SO  0  0 

4  0  0 

0  3  6 

0  0  S 

0  1  0 

0  8  0 


4 
0 

60 
60 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 


8    6 

0  10 

8  a 


0  <  « 


Duly,  IT8T 


U  I.  *. 

I  *  0 

t  12  0 

0  I  I 

0  12  0 

0  4  I 


0  4  6 

0  4  6 

0  4  6 

60  0  0  per  («nL 


27  10    0 
2  i:i    0 


i  13    0 


0    0 
0    0 


Prnhihitnl. 
27  10    0  per  cent. 
27  10    0  por  cent. 


0    I 
0    2 


Free. 

0    4    S 

0    2    6 

Prohibited. 


0    8    6 


0    8  6 

0  8  6 

87  10  0  per  cent. 

1  17  4 
3  14  8 

S3   0  0  per  cent. 

0  I  4 

1  12  S 

0  I  8 

1  12  8 

87  10  0  percent 

2  I  3 

0  19  3 
Oil  0 

1  IB  6  per  luOO. 

I  18  6 

0    I  0 

27  10  0  per  cent 

0    0  8 

0    0  9 

Prohibited. 

87  10  0  per  cent 

87  10  0  per  cent 

0    8  3  per  tun. 


87  10   0  per  cent 
0   8   6 


888 


TARIFF. 


■  ••■"■'J* 


"WW 


Arliclra. 

Duty, 
1  Jan.  1834. 

/..  ».  d~ 

Duty,  1819. 

Duty,  1787.          1 

1 

L.  1.  iL 

L.  :  d. 

Caviar,  per  cw(.        ••..,- 

0  12    0 

0  12    0 

0   4    5 

Cedar  wood,  per  Inn  • 

imported  from  any  Britiih  posseuion,  per  ton 

2  10    0 
0  10    0 

|20    0    0  per  cent 

31    0   0  per  cent. 

Cballi,  viz. 

prepared,  or  otherwise  manufactured,  and  not  otherwise  enu* 

nierated  or  dficrii«d,  for  every  100/.  value 

40    0    0 

40    0   0 

27  10    0 

unmanufactured,  and  not  otherwise  enumerated  or  described, 

for  every  lOOJ.  value     •             .             -             *             • 

20    0    0 

20   0   0 

27  10    0 

Cheese,  pt:r  rwt.        ...-•• 

0  116 

0  10    • 

0    1    6 

Cherries,  per  civt,      ..•-•■ 

0  18    8 

0  18    8 

0    4    6 

dried,  per  lb.        • 

0    0    8 

0    0    8 

0    4    5 

Chicory,  and  any  other  vegetable  matter  appli,:abie  to  the  uset  of 

chicory  or  coffee,  roasted  or  grouitd,  per  lb. 

0    0    6 

20   0   0  per  cent 

27  10   0  percent 

Chillies.    .S.;e  Pepper. 

China  root,  per  lb.      • 

0    0    3 

0    1    3 

0    0    5 

China,  or  porcelain  ware,  viz. 

plain,  f')r  every  1001.  value            .... 

15    0    0 

75    0   0 

|4T  10   0 

painted,  ^ill  or  ornamented,  for  every  100/.  value     - 

30    0    0 

75    0    0 

Chip,  manufactures  of,  to  nialte  hats  or  bouoeti.    See  Plat- 

tin|r. 
Chocolate.    Sec  Cocoa  paste. 
Cider,  per  tun 

21  10    0 

14    6    0    ~ 

7    7  10J 

Cider  and  perry,  by  act  27  Geo.  3.  c.  13.,  were  also  subject  to  an 
ezcise  duty  of  211.  7t.  9  l*2d.  per  tun,  which  was  altered  by 

43  Geo.  3.  c.  69.  to  21/.  8f.  4  '3-id.  per  tun,  and  so  coiitinued 

until  5  April,  1825,  when  the  same  was  added  to  the  luty  of 

customs. 

Cinders,  per  ton         •            ■            -            -            •            - 

2    0    0 

2    0    0 

27  10   0  per  cent. 

Cinnabarisiiativa,  perlb.        ..... 

0    0    1 

0    2    0 

0    1    0 

Cinnamon,  per  lb.       -             ■              -             - 

0    1    0 

0    3    6 

0    4    5 

imported  from  any  British  possession,  per  lb. 

0    0    6 

0    2    6 

0    4    5 

Citrate  of  lime,  per  lb.           •             ■            •            •            • 

0    0    2 

0    1    6 

27  10   0  percent.      i 

Citric  acid,  par  lb.      ...... 

0    0    6 

20    0    0  per  cent. 

27  10    0  percent. 

Citron  preserved  with  salt,  for  every  1001.  valus 

20    0    0 

20    0    0 

27  10    0 

preserved  with  8U!;ar.    See  Succades. 

Citron  water.    See  Spirits. 

Civet,  per  oz.             ...... 

0    4    9 

0   4    9 

0   2   0 

Clinkers.    See  Bricks. 

Clocks,  for  every  100/.  value  .            .            .            •            • 

25    0    0 

60    0    0 

27  10    0 

Cloves,  per  lb. 

0    3    0 

0    3    0 

0    2    8 

imported  from  any  British  possession  in  Asia,  Africa,  or  Ame- 

1 

rica,  per  lb.     • 

0    2    0 

0    2   0 

0    2    8 

Coals,  per  ton             •             •              ■             •             -             • 

2    0    0 

2    0    0 

0  16  10 

Cobalt,  per  cwt.         ...... 

0    1    0 

20   0    0  per  cent. 

27  10    0  percent. 

Cocculus  indicus.  per  lb.          ....             • 

0    2    6 

0   2   6 

0   0    5 

extract  or  preparation  of.    See  Extract, 

Cochineal,  per  lb.       - 

0    0    6 

0   2    6 

Free. 

the  pro  luce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  British  possession. 

per  lb. 

0    0    2 

0    0  10 

Tree. 

dust,  por  lb.         - 

0    0    2 

0    0    S 

Free. 

the  produce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  British  posses* 

sion,  per  lb.            -            -            -            .            • 

0    0    1 

0   0   2f 

Free, 

Cocoa,  per  lb. 

0    0    6 

Excise. 

0   0   6 

thepniduce  of,  and   imported  from  any  British  possession, 

per  lb.              ...... 

0    0    2 

Excise. 

0    0   6 

husks  and  shells,  per  lb.    • 

0    0    1 

Prohibited. 

Prohibited. 

pastt*  or  chocolate,  per  lb.              .... 

0    4    4 

) 

the  produce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  British  pones- 

>  Prohibited. 

Prohibited. 

sirin,  per  lb.            •            ■            ■            -            . 

0    0    4 

> 

Cocoa  and  cofTee  wero  also  subject  to  a  duty  of  excise,  viz. 

of  the  produce  of  any  British  possession,  per  lb. 

. 

0    1    0 

0    0   6) 

of  the  produce  of  any  other  place,  per  lb.   - 

. 

0    2    6 

0    1    3 

yote — The  above  excise  duties  wero  transferred  to  the 

customs  duties  in  I82S. 

Cocua  wood.    See  Ebony, 

Colilla.     .SwFlax. 

Excise. 

Coffee,  per  lb. 

0    1    3 

0   2    6 

0   0   4 

the  pmiluce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  British  possession,  in 

America,  |>er  lb.             •             .              ... 

0    0    6 

1  0    1    0 

0   0   4 

the  produce  of.  and  imported  from,  Sierra  Leone,  per  lb. 

0    0    9 

0   0   4 

imported  (rom  any  British  possession  within  the  limits  of  the 

East  Intlia  Company's  charier,  per  lb. 

0    0    8 

1  0    1    6 

0   0   4 

imported  from  any  other  place  within  Ihon  limits,  per  lb. 

0    1    0 

0   0   4 

Coffee  was  also  subject  to  a  duly  of  excise,  se«  Cocoa,  itipra. 

Coin,  viz.  copper.    See  Copper. 

foreign,  of  gold  or  sil  ver.    See  Bullion. 

Coir  rope,  twine,  and  strands,  per  cwt.              ... 

0    8    0 

1    1    6 

0   8   6 

olit,  and  fit  only  to  be  made  into  mats,  per  ton 

0    5    0 

60   0   0  per  cent. 

27  10   0  perccDl.     i 

Coloeynth,  per  lb.      - 

0    0    2 

0    1    8 

0    0    6 

Colun'ija  root,  per  lb.              ..... 

0    0    2 

0   2    0 

0   0   6 

Comfits,  per  lb.          •             -             ...             . 

0    1    0 

0   2    6 

0   0   6 

Copper,  viz. 

ore,  per  cwt.       ....             ,            . 

0  12    0 

1    1    0 

0   0   9 

the  produce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  British  possession 

in  America,  per  cwt. 

0    1    0 

110 

0    0   9                 1 

old,  fit  oidy  to  be  remanufactured,  per  cwt. 

0  15    0 

1    9   9 

27  10   0  per  cent.     ! 

in  plates  and  copper  coin,  per  cwt. 

1  10    0 

3    0   0 

0  16    0 

unwrou»ht,  viz.  in  bricks  or  pigs,  rose  copper,  and  all  cast '' 

copper,  per  cwt,            ..... 

1    7    0 

2  14    2 

0  10   6 

in  part  wrought,  viz.  bar»,  rods,  or  ingots,  hammered  or 

rai«ed,  per  cwt.             ..... 

1  15    0 

3  IS    • 

2    2   0 

manufactures  of  copper,  not  otherwise  enumerated  or  de- 

scribe 1,  and  copper  plates  cngraveil,  for  every  100/.  value, 
the  produce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  Biilish  possession 

30    0    0 

60  0   0 

Pivhibited. 

wiihio  the  limiu  of  the  East  India  Company's  charter, 

ore,  per  civt.              ..... 

0    1    0 

0    1    0 

28   6   0  per  cent. 

Old,  fit  only  to  be  remanufactured,  per  cwt. 

0    9    2 

0   9    2 

37  16   J  per  cent. 

in  pla'.ea  and  copper  coin,  per  cwt.        ... 

0  15    0 

0  15    0 

unwrought,  viz.  in  bricks  or  pigi,  rote  copper,  and  all 

cast  copper,  per  cwt.            .... 

0    9    2 

0  0   2 

37  18  3  per  cent 

in  part  wrought,  viz.  ban,  rods,  or  ingots,  hammered  or 

raised,  per  cwt,       ..... 

1  11    3 

i  11    3 

manufacturea  of  copper,  not  otherwise  enumerated  or 

described,  and  copper  plates  engraved,  for  every  100/. 

value         •            -            .            ... 

30    0    0 

60   0    0 

Frohibiled. 

Poppenu,  viz. 

blue,  jt^T  cwt.     ...... 

0    6    0 

0   6    0 

0   2  4 

jreen  pircwi.    ...... 

0    8    0 

0   6    0 

0    1    8 

white,  perewt,  ••.... 

Oil    0 

0  12    • 

0  4  1 

TARIFF. 


580 


Articles. 


31    0   0  per  cent. 


J7  10   0  per  cent. 


27  10  0  percent. 
27  10  0  prr  cent. 
27  10    0 


gg   6  0  per  ««'• 
37  16  3  P«  «»'• 


Conl,  vii. 

in  fragmente,  per  lb.         .  .  .  .  . 

whole,  poliihed,  per  lb.    • 
unpilifhed.  per  lt>.      • 
of  Britith  fishini;  or  taking,  per  lb.       - 
Cordage,  tarred  or  uolarred  (itandiog  or  running  rigging,  in  uie 
eicrpteil).  per  civt.  . 
in  actual  use  of  a  Britiib  ship,  and  being  fit  and  necesaary  for 
such  ship,  and  not  or  until  otherwise  disposed  of  • 
if  and  when  otherwise  dispoeed  of,  for  CTer;  lOOL  value 
Cordial  waten.    Su  Spirits. 
Cork,  per  cwt.    .      •     .       • 
Corks,  ready  made,  per  lb.     . 
Com.    Sa  vol.  i.  p.  499. 
Cotton,  viz. 

nianufacturei  of,  for  every  lOOt.  value 

articles  of  manufactures  of  cotton,  wholly  or  in  part  made  up, 

not  otherwise  charged  with  duty,  for  every  100/,  value 
manufactures  importM  fnim  places  within  the  limits  of  the 
East  India  Company's  charter,  viz. 
plain  white  calico  and  dimity,  for  every  1001.  value 
muslins  plain,  and  Nanquin  cloths,  for  every  1001.  value 
irticles  manufactured  of  cotton  wool,  not  otherwise  charged 
wilb  duty,  for  every  1001.  value .  .  •  . 

wool,  or  waste  of  cotton  wool.    Set  V7ool. 
I  CnalKtriea,  per  gallon  • 

Crayons,  lor  every  1001.  value  .... 

Cream  of  tartar,  per  cwt.        .  .  .  .  . 

Crrital,  viz. 

rough,  for  every  lOOL  value  .... 

cut,  or  in  any  way  manufachired,  except  beads,  for  every 
lOOf.  value      ...... 

Colxbs,  per  lb.  ...... 

Cucumbers,  viz. 

picklof.    See  Pickle*. 

preterveJ  in  salt  aad  water,  for  every  lOW.  value    • 
Cclni,  perton  ...... 

Currants,  per  cwt.      ...... 

D. 

Dimuk.    S«  Linen. 

Diles,  per  cwt.  ...... 

'•  Derelict.    Foreign  goods  derelict,  jrtsam,  flotsam,   lagan,  or 

<    wreck,  brought  or  coming  into  Great  Britain  or  Ireland,  are 

i    luliji^ci  to  the  same  duties,  and  entitled  to  the  same  drawbacks, 

1    i,i;oodioftlielikekind  regularly  impoited. 

I  Dii^rydiuni.    See  Scaoimouy. 

j  Diamonds     ....... 

I  Diaper.   See  Linen. 

j  Dice,  per  pair  ...... 

'  Donn,  per  lb.  ■  •  .  •  . 

I  Drawings.    .SeePrintf. 

Dnp,  not  particularly  charged,  per  cwU 


IUrtllenwar^  not  otherwise  enumerated  or  deKribed,  for  every 

10(1.  value 


j  Cbon;  of  all  sorts,  per  ton 

the  produce  of,  and  imported  from, 


any  British  poswasion,  per 
ion     .  . 

5ee  note  at  the  end  of  Wood. 
tip,  per  120 

Embroidery  and  needlework,  for  every  lOOI.  value         • 
Enaoiel,  per  lb.         ..... 

Euence,  viz. 

being  oil.    Stt  Essential  oil,  In  Oil. 
ofipruce,  for  every  1001.  value     ... 
not  otiierivise  enumerated  or  described,  per  lb, 
Euphnrtii-jm,  per  cwt.  .... 

Eitnct  or  preparation  of  cardamoms,  cocculut  Indicns,  grains, 
liL  Guinea  grains  of  Paradise,  liquorice,  nux  vomica,  forevery 
lOW.  value  ....•• 

opium,  pepper,  viz.  Guinea  pepper,  for  every  lOOI,  value 

Peruvian  or  Jesuits'  bark,  per  lb.  ■ 

quassia,  tor  every  lOOL  value        •  •  • 

radiz  rhataniae,  per  lb.     ■ 

vitriol,  for  every  1001.  value 

Eitnct  or  preparation  of  any  article  not  being  particularly  enn. 

Derated  or  deKribed,  nor  otherwise  charged  with  duty,  for 

(very  lOOt  value     ...... 

or,  and  in  lieu  of  any  of  the  above  duties,  at  the  option  of 
Ihs  importer,  per  lb. . 

r. 

Feathers,  viz. 

lor  lieds,  in  beds  or  not,  per  cwt.  .  •  • 

ostrich,  dressed,  per  lb.     .  .  •  • 

undreiied,  per  lb.      .  .  .  . 

I     not  otherwise  enumerated  or  described,  vil. 
dressed,  for  every  1001.  value  • 
undresMd,  for  every.  1001.  value  •  • 

filler  cwt.  .  ... 

Fiu,  VIZ. 
cell,  per  ship's  lading       .... 

lobsteis  ...... 

oyiiers,  per  bushel  .... 

stock  fish,  per  120 

iiurteoD,  per  keg,  not  containing  more  than  S  gallon! 

lurhots    ...... 

finh  fish,  of  British  taking,  and  imparted  in  British  ships  or 
vessels.  ...... 

cured  fish,  of  British  taking  and  curing,  and  imported  in 
British  vessels  •  .  .  .  . 

raisi  nets,  old.    Su  Rags. 

Flu,  and  low  or  cod  ilia  of  hemp  or  flax,  dressed,  per  cwt. 
undressed,  per  cwt  .... 

Fms.percwt.        ..... 

jDlsam.   Sss  Derelict. 

5ii»errm)ts.forevery  low.  value      • 

Flonrs,  artificial,  not  made  of  silk,  for  nery  1001.  nliw 

Vol  II.— 3  D 


Duty, 
I  Jan.  (834. 


Duty,  1819. 


L.:d. 

0    I  0 

0  12  0 

0    6  6 

0    0  6 

0  10    9 

Free. 
20    0    0 

0    8    0 
0    7    0 


10    0    0 
20    0    0 


10    0 
10    0 


20    0    0 


0  0 

40  0 

0  2 

SO  U 

30  0 

0  0 


20  0  0 
2  0  0 
2    4    4 


0  10    0 


Free. 


I    6    2 
0    I    3 


0  10    0 


0    3    0 


0 

30 

0 


0  10 
0  0 
T    2 


20  0  0 
0  4  6 
0    6    0 


20  0    0 
0  10    0 


2    4    0 
I  10    0 

0  10    0 

20    0    0 
10    0    0 

1  I    6 

13    I    3 

Fi«e. 
0    I    6 
0    6    0 
0    9    0 

Free. 

Free. 
Free. 


L.  i.d. 


0  I 
0  12 
0  6 
0    5 


I  6 

I  6  per  cwt 

I  6  per  cwt, 

8  0 

7  0 


60    0    0 
60    0    0 


67  10  0 

37  10  0 

67  10  0 

0    I  3 

40    0  0 

0  16  10 

20    0  0 

£0    0  0 

0    2  0 


20  0  0 
2  0  0 
2    4    4 


4  10    3 


Free. 


I    6   2 
0    I    3 


SO   0   0  per  cent 


7S   0    0 
«4  14    0 

0  i.«    0 

0    0  10 

Prohibited. 

0    7   2 


20  0  0 
0  4  6 
3  14    8 


7S 
76 

0 
76 

0 
75 


60   0   0 

Option  not  existing. 


4  8  8 
2  16  6 
I    0   0 

60    0   0 

20   0    0 

1    1    8 

13    I    3 

Free. 
0    I    6 
0    6    0 
0    9   0 
Free. 

Fne. 

I*!**. 


0    0 
0   0 
0  19 

1 
t 

0 

10  14    S 
0   0   5 
0I»   0 

90    0 
25    0 

0 
0 

10   0   0 
60    0   0 

Duty,  1787. 


L.  I.  d. 


0    0 
0    3 
0    1 
0    1 

3 
0 
6 
6 

0    8 

6 

0    8 
0    8 

6 
6 

0    3 
0    0 

8 

6  pergrosai 

44    0 

0 

44    0 

0 

0    6 
16  10 
18    0 

3  per  piece, 
0  per  cent 
0 

60    0 

0 

27  10 
27  10 
0   4 

0  per  cwt. 

0 

8 

27  10 

0  percent 

0    0 

2 

27  10 

0  12 

1  3 

0 

7 
4 

2    6    3 


Free. 

Prohibited. 
0    0    6 

27  10    0  per  cent 


41  16 
0  13 


0  13   3 

0    0    S 

Prohibited. 

0    3    4 


27  10    0 

27  10   0  per  cent 
0  18    8 


27  10  0 

27  10  0 

27  10  0  per  cent 

27  10  0 

27  10  0  per  cent 

27  10  0 


27  10    0 


I    6    0 

0    8  10 
0    4    6 

27  10    0 

27  10    0 

0  12  10 

4  IS  « 
Free. 
0  0  6 
0  2  1 
0  3  4 
Free 

rra*. 

riw. 

6   4   • 
rrat. 
0  8  10 


87  10  0  ptrceiL 
87  10  0  fittuL 


i 


r  1 


600 


TARIFF. 


Articlm. 


FoHili,  not  olherwiK  enumcralad  or  dncribed,  for  every  1001. 

TtlllU  ...... 

ipMimenfl  of.    Stt  Specimem. 
Frames  for  pictures,  nrinis,  or  dravrinp,  for  eirer;  100/  nlue 
FrankincenM.    Su  Olibanum. 

Fruil,  raw,  not  olherwiie  enumented,  for  erery  100/.  value 
Funic,  per  Inn  .  -  .  . 

imported  from  any  British  poMCttion,  per  ton 

O. 

Galli,  per  ctrt 
Gamboge,  per  cwt    - 
Oaroets,  per  lb.  . 

cut,  ptr  lb,  ..."  • 

Oauze  of  thread,  for  every  lOOf.  of  the  value     • 
Gentian,  per  cwt.       .  .  .  -  • 

Ginger,  per  cwt.        .  -  -  -  . 

preserved,  per  lb,  .... 

the  produce  of  and  imported  from  any  British  possenion,  per 
cwt.    ...... 

preserved,  per  lb.  |    < 
Ginseng,  per  cwt.       ..... 

Glau,  VIZ. 

crown  glass,  or  any  kind  of  window  glass,  (not  being  plate 

glau  nr  German  sheet  glass,)  per  cwt.      . 
German  sheet  glass,  per  cwL 
plate  glass,  superficial  measure,  viz. 

not  containing  more  than  9  square  feet,  per  square  foot 
containing  more  than  9  square  feel,  and  not  more  than  14 
square  feet,  per  squire  foot  .  .  .  . 

containing  more  ihan  14  square  feet,  and  not  mor«  than 

36  square  feet,  per  square  foot 

containing  more  than  36  square  feet,  per  square  foot 

glass  nianuracturea  not  otherwise  enumerated  or  described, 

and  old  broken  glasa  fit  only  to  be  remaoufactured,  for 

every  lOW.  value  .... 

and  further,  for  every  cwt.     ... 

Glass  imported  was  by  act  27  Geo.  3.  c.  13.  free  of  eicise  duty,  but 
by  the  following  acts  subject,  in  addition  In  the  customs  duly, 
to  an  eicise  duty  of  6<.  6f.  per  cwt.,  viz.  43  Geo.  3.  c.  69.,  Su. 
2>. ;  45  Geo.  3.  c.  30.,  If.  1>. ;  52  Geo.  3.  c.  94  ,  3J.  3>.    In  the 
year  1825,  the  above  excise  duties  were  added  to  the  customs 
duties. 
Gloves  (of  leather),  viz. 

habit  gloves,  per  dozen  pair 
men's  gloves,  per  dozen  pair         ... 
women's  gloves  or  mitts,  per  dozen  pair     . 
Glue  or  gelatine,  per  cwt.        .... 

clippings  or  waste  of  any  kind  fit  only  for  making  glue,  for 
every  lOOf.  value  .... 

Giaini,  viz. 

Guinea  grains,  per  lb.       • 

eitract  or  prenaration  of.    Set  Graiat,  in  Extract, 
of  Paradise,  per  lb.      .... 

eiliaci  or  preparalioa  at    Su  Onina,  in  Extract. 
Onnilla,  per  lb.  ..... 

Grapes,  for  every  lOOL  value   .... 

Grease,  per  cwt.         .  .  •  .  . 

Greaves,  for  dogs,  per  cwt      .... 

Guinea  wood,  per  ton .  .  .  • 

Gum,  viz. 

atorax,  per  ewL   ..... 

ammoniacum,  per  cwt     .... 

animi,  per  cwt    ..... 

Arabic,  per  cwt  .  .  .  .  . 

cashew,  per  cwt ..... 

copal,  per  cwt     ..... 

elemi,  per  cwt    ..... 

fiaiacum,  per  cwt  •  •  .  . 

ino,  per  cwt.      ..... 

cake  lac,  per  cwt  •  .  .  . 

lac  dye,  per  cwt  .  -  .  •  . 

lac  lake,  per  cwt  .... 

seed  lac,  per  cwt  ■  •  • 

shell  lac,  per  cwt.  .... 

stick  lac,  per  cwt  .... 

oppoponax,  per  cwt        .... 

•agapenum,  per  cwt         .... 

•andarach,  per  cwt  .... 

larcocolla,  per  cwt         .... 

Senegal,  pisr  cwt  ■  •  .  . 

Tacamahaca,  per  cwt.     .... 

tragacanth,  per  cwt         .... 

not  particularly  enumerated  or  described,  nor  otherwise 
charged,  per  cwt  .... 

Gunpowder,  per  cwt  •  -  .  . 

Gypsum,  per  ton       r  •  •  .  .  _ 

the  produce  of,  and  Impoited  rrom,  any  British  nmimlnn, 
per  ton  ...... 


Hair,  tIx. 

camels'  hair  or  wool,  per  lb.         • 

the  produce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  British 
sion 


cow,  ox,  bull,  or  elk  hair,  per  cwt 
-Tats' hair.    SeeWoot 


coats 
norst 


;i 


lorse  hair,  per  cwt 
human  hair,  per  lb.  .  . 

not  otherwise  enumerated  or  deacribed,  for  every  1001. 
value  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 

articles  manufadured  of  hair,  or  any  mixture  thereof, 

from  any  place  within  the  limits  of  the  East  India 

Company's  charter,  for  every  lOOf.  value 

manufactures  of  hair  or  goats'  wool,  or  of  hair  or  loa's' 

wool  and  any  other  material,  and  articles  of  such  nianu- 

raclure  wholly  or  in  part  made  op,  not  particularly  enu. 

nerated,  or  otlwrwiie  chaijed  with  duty,  fbr  every  lOOL 

nlue  .  .  •  .  .  .  . 

Hm^perewt        ...... 


Duly, 
1  Jan.  1834. 


L.  :  d. 

20    0    0 

20    0    0 

S  0  0 
0  4  6 
0    3    0 


0  i. 
0    4 

0  10 

1  10 
30    0 

0    4 

2  13 
0    1 

0  11 
0  0 
0    4 


0  0 

20  0 

0  I 

0  8 

0  S 


B    6    8 
10    0    0 


0    6    0 
0    8    0 


20    0    0 
4    0    0 


0  4  0 

0  5  0 

0  7  0 

0  12  0 

1  0  0 
0  S  0 
0  2  0 


0  6  0 
3    0  0 

1  II  8 

0    I  3 


0    0    I 


Free. 
0   0   6 


0    0    6 
0    1    0 


6    0    0 
0    0    0 


90   0    0 
t    S    0 


Duty,  1819. 


L.  t.  d. 

20    0  0 

SO    0  0 

20    0  0 

I    4  6 

1    4  6 


0  II 
9    6 

0  10 

1  10 
to    0 

2  16 
8  13 
0    3 


4  18    0 
4  18    0 


0    6    7 


80    0    0 


>  Prohibited. 

0  12  0 

0   4  9  per  cwt 

0    2  0 

0    8  0 

0    0  10 

60    0  0 

0    I  8 

0    8  0 

0  IS  0 


II  4 

0 

7  0 

0 

9  6 

8 

0  18 

0 

0  7 

6 

9  6 

8 

3  14 

8 

10  6 

4 

8  8 

0 

8  6 

8 

8  16 

0 

0  9 

4 

2  16 

0 

3  14 

8 

1  0 

0 

19  18 

0 

4  13 

4 

0  19 

0 

4  13 

4 

0  18 

0 

II  4 

0 

6  13 

0 

60  0 

0  per  cent 

3  0 

0 

1  11 

8 

0    1    3 


0    1    8 


0    I 
0  18 


20    0 
0    6 


0  percent 
0 


20    0    0 


6T  10    0 


60   0    0 
8  le    0 


Duly,  1787. 


L.  I.  d. 

27  10    0  per  cent. 

27  10    0  per  cent, 

27  10    0  per  ceil. 
I      Free. 


Free, 

a  16  0 

0    4  S 

0  13  3 

27  10  0 

0  9  4 

1  8 


27  10    0  per  cent. 

0  110 

«|0    0perc„, 


«   0  0  per  caii. 


Prohibited. 

0    4    S 

0    1    4ipercm. 

0   0   2 

W  10  0  percent. 

Free. 

27  10   0 

Free. 

0  0  II 

M   0   Operceol. 

8   8   0 

1  17   4 

1  8    0 

2  16   0 

27  10   OperceaL 

3  14    8 
I    3    4 

4  4    0 

27  10  0  per  cent, 

0   9  4 

27  10  0  pr r  crat 

27  10  0  per  cenL 

0  18  8 

0  18  8 
Free. 

7  9   4 

1  17    4 

0  7   0 

1  17    4 

27  10   0  per  ceil 

8  8   0 
1    8   0 

27  10   0  per  eat 
I  IS   3 

17  10  0  per  cent 


0  0   8 


0   0   8 
0   8   3 


4   4   0 
0   2   0 


87  10  0 
S7  16  3 


(7  10  0 
8   7   0 


TARIFF. 


691 


M9. 


Dutjr,  1187. 


i.  f.  d. 

n  10    0  per  cent. 

27  10    0  per  ceni, 

27  10    0  per  ceil, 
I      Free. 


Free. 

2  16  0 

0    4  5 

0  13  3 

27  10  0 

0  9  4 

1  « 


27  10  0  per  ceil. 

0  11  0 

27  10  0  per  cent. 

3  14  8 


60   0  0  per  cent. 


ed. 

Frohibited, 

0 

0    4    5 

0  per  cwt. 

0    1    4ipercm. 

0 

0   0   2 

0 

27  10  0  per  cnL 

10 

Free. 

0 

27  10   0 

g 

Free. 

0 

0   0  11 

0 

33   0   0  per  cent. 

0 

8   8   0 

0 

I  17   4 

g 

1    8   0 

0 

2  16   0 

6 

27  10   0  percent. 

g 

3  14    8 

g 

1    3    4 

4 

4    4    0 

0 

27  10  0  per  cent. 

g 

0   9   4 

0 

27  10   0  per  cent. 

4 

27  10   0  per  cat 

0 

0  18   8 

g 

0  18    8 

0 

Free. 

0 

7   9   4 

4 

1  17    4 

0 

0   7   0 

4 

1  17    4 

0 

27  10   0  per  cent. 

0 

8   8   0 

0 

1    8  0 

0  per  cent 
0 

27  10  0  per  cent. 
1  16   3 

8 

I  27  10   0  per  cent 

1 0  per  cest 
|0 


0  0  8 

0  0  8 

0  8  3 

*  *  ! 

0  i  0 

27  10  0 

37  16  S 


27  10  0 
(TO 


Artidee. 


II>rp  ilringior  lute  itrinKf,  lilvereil,  for  every  1001.  velue 
Uali  or  lioiiriett,  viz. 

bast,  ci)i|>,  c-ine,  or  hone  hair  hate  or  bonneti,  each  hat  or 
bonnet  not  eiceeding  22  inches  in  diameter,  per  dozen 
each  tut  or  bonnet  eiceeding  22  inches  in  diameter,  per 
dczen         ...... 

itraw  h  Its  or  bonneli,  each  hal  or  bonnet  not  eiceeding  22 

inches  in  diameter,  per  dozen      .  -  .  ■ 

each  hal  or  bonnet  exceiding  22  inches  in  diameter,  per 

dozen         ...... 

made  of,  or  mixed  with  fell,  hair,  wool,  or  beaver,  per  hat  • 
Hay*  itie  load  containing  36  trunes,  each  truss  being  66  lb. 
Heaih  fur  bru«liei,'percwt.     ..... 

Hclletore,  perlb.       - 

Hemp,  dressed,  per  cwf.  ..... 

rough  or  undressed,  or  any  other  vegetable  substance  of  the 
nature  and  quality  of  undressed  hemp,  and  applicable  to  the 
same  purposes,  per  cwt,  .... 

Hides,  viz. 

horse,  mare,  gelding,  buffalo,  bull,  cow,  or  ox  hides,  viz., 
not  tanned,  tawed,  curried,  or  in  any  way  dressed,  viz. 
dry,  per  cwt.      •  .  .  -  . 

wet,  per  cwt.      ..... 

the  produce  of,  and  imported  from,  the  west  coast  of 
Africa,  each  hide  not  eiceeding  14  lbs.  weight,  per 
cwt.       ...... 

the  produce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  British  posses. 
sion,  viz. 
dry,  jier  cwt.  .... 

wet,  per  owl.  .  -  -  -  - 

tanned  and  not  otherwise  dressed,  per  lb. 
the  produce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  British  posses. 

sion,  per  lb.  •  >  .  • 

cut  or  trimmed,  per  lb.  .  .  . 

the  produce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  British  posses* 

sion,  per  lb.  ■  .  •  . 

and  pieces  of  such  hides,  tawed,  curried,  or  Id  any  way 
dressed,  per  lb.        >  .  ... 

ttie  proiluce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  British  pos* 

sion,  per  lb.     * 
cut  or  trimmed,  per  lb.    • 
the  produce  of,  and  imported  from  any  British  poB> 
session,  per  lb.  ...  . 

JVofe.~Hide8,  raw  or  undressed  (except  horse 
hides),  imported  from  the  British  colonies 
in  America,  were  exempted  from  duty  in 
act  27  Geo.  3.  c.  13. 
tails.    .%eTail*. 
losh  hides,  per  lb. 

Muscovy  or  Russia  hides,  tanned,  coloured,  shaved,  or  other. 
wise  dressed,  per  hide    ..... 

pieces  tanned,  coloured,  shaved,  or  otherwise  dressed, 
|ierlt).        ...... 

bides  or  pieces  of  hides,  raw  or  undressed,  not  particularly 
enumerated  or  described,  nor  otherwise  charged  with  duty, 
imiwrted  from  any  British  possession  in  America,  for  every 
lOOf.  value        ...... 

bides  or  pieces  of  hides,  raw  or  undressed,  not  particularly 
enumerated  or  described,  nor  otherwise  charged  with  duty, 
for  every  too/,  value       .  .  .  .  - 

bides  or  pieces  of  hido,  tanned,  tawed,  curried,  or  in  any 
way  dressed,  not  particularly  enumerated  or  described,  nor 
otherwise  charged  with  duty,  for  every  100/.  value 
Hones,  per  ICO  ...... 

HoMMier  cwt.         ...... 

Ilie  produce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  British  possession,  per 
cwt.    -  •  ..... 

Hoofi  of  cattle,  for  every  lOOJ.  Tslue    .... 

Hoops,  viz. 

of  iron,  per  cwt  -  .  .  .  - 

of  wood,  viz. 

tot  eiceeding  6  feet  in  length,  per  1,000 
eiceeding  6  f^cet  and  not  exceeding  9  feel  in  length,  per 
1,000  ...... 

exceeding  9  feet  and  not  exceeding  12  feet  in  length,  per 
1,000  ...... 

exceeding  12  feet,  and  not  exceeding  13  feet  in  length, 

per  1 000    •  •  .  • 

eiceeding  13  feet  in  length,  per  1,000  . 
Hops,  per  cwt.  ...... 

Horni,  hnm,  and  pieces  of  horns,  not  otherwise  charged  with 

duty,  per  cwt. 
Horn  tips,  per  100     • 
Kono,  mares,  or  geldings,  each  .... 

Hungary  water.    Set  Spirits. 

I.  and  J. 

Jilip,  per  lb. . 

Jipanned  nr  lacquered  ware,  for  every  1001.  value 

Jr!,perlb.    ....... 

Jelatn.    .Sec  Derelict. 

Jivels,  emeralils,  rubies,  and  all  other  precious  stones  (except 
dianionds),  viz. 
let,  for  every  1001.  value   ... 
not  set,  fer  every  lOOf.  value  .  .  .  . 

India  rubliers.    .See  Caoutchouc. 

lodiiio,  per  It).  ...... 

the  produce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  British  possession, 
per  lb 
Ink  fur  printers,  per  cwt.         .  .  .  .  . 

Inllle,  unwrought,  per  lb.         • 

wrought,  per  ib.  .  .  ,  .  • 

lmii,v)z. 

in  bars,  or  unwrought,  per  ton       > 

tt.e  produce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  British  posses- 
sion, per  ton  .  .  .  •  . 
ilit  or  hanini*-red  into  rods,  and  iron  drawn  or  hammered  less 

Ih^n  3.4  of  an  inch  square,  per  cwt. 
can,  (or  every  tool,  value  .  .  ,  . 

luofs.   Sis  Hoops. 


Duty, 
1  Jan.,  IS34. 


L.    I.  d. 
20    0    0 


1  0  0 

2  0  0 

3  8  0 

6  16  0 

0  10  6 

1  4  0 
0  9  2 
0    0  I 

4  IS  0 

0    0  1 


0    4    8 
0    2    4 


0    2    4 


4* 


0    0    7 


6  17    6 


20    0    0 


Duty,  1819. 


^  t.  d, 

0  6  4  per  gross. 

1  0  0 

2  0  0 

3  8  0 

6  16  0 

0  10  6 

1  4  0 
0  9  2 
0    0  6 

4  16  0 


0    9    2 


I  0    0  10  per  hide. 


0    0    6  per  hide. 


I  0    0  10  per  hide. 


1    0 


0 
0 

0 

0  percent 

0  per  cent. 
0  per  cent 

75    0    0  per  cent 


0 

75 


75 

75 


0    1    8 

0    1    8 

0    6    0 

0    1    Sperlb 

0    2    6 

0    I    8  per  lb 

6  17    6 


20    0    0 


Duty,  1787. 


30    0 
1    3 
0  15 

0 
0 
0 

75    0    0 
1    3    0 
0  IS    0 

0  5 

1  0 

0 
0 

0  15    0 
20    0    0 

1    3 

9 

1    3    9 

0    5 

0 

0  IS    0 

0    7 

6 

0  15    0 

0  10 

0 

0  IS    0 

0  12 
0  15 
8  11 

6 
0 
0 

0  15    0 
0  15    0 
8  11    0 

0    2 

0  2 

1  0 

4 
4 
0 

0    5    0 
0    5    0 
6  13    0 

0    0 
20    0 
0    0 

6 
0 
2 

0    2    0 
62  10    0 
0    2    0 

20    0 
10    0 

0 
0 

50    0    0 
20    0    0 

0    0 

4 

0    0    5 

0    0    3 
0  10    0 
0    0  10 
0    6    2 

0  0    6 

1  1    0 
0    0  10 
0    6    2 

1  10 

0 

6  10    0 

0    2 

6 

1    2    2 

0    6 
10    0 

0 
0 

1    0    0 
20    0    0 

L.  I.  d. 
0  2   6  per  gross. 


0   3   6 


0   7    0 

0   2    9 

0  5  6 
Frohibited. 
Otto 
0  4  5 
0  0  II 
2    4    0* 


0   3    8 


0  0  9  per  bide. 

0  0  9  per  bide. 

0  0  9  per  hide. 

0  0  6 

0  0  5 

0  0  5 

0  0  6 

i. 77  0  0  per  cent. 


0   0  10 

0   0  0  per  lb. 

0   0   8 

Free, 

27  10   0  per  cent. 

77    0    0  per  cent 
0  11    0 

)   0    8  10  per  barrel, 
t  42  gallons. 

27  10   0  per  cent 

0  It    6 

0   6  It 

0    5  11 

0    6  tl 

0    5  11 
0    6  II 

6  18  10 

0    1  10  per  100. 
0    0   7 
2    4    0 


0  0  9 
49  10  0 
0    0    9 


Free. 
Free. 


Free. 


0    8  10 
0    0 
0    2 


H 
2  16    2 
Free. 

]  Prohibited. 


r  1 


•^i) 


592 


TARIFF. 


Artldo. 


Iron— «(mh*nitfil. 

old  broken,  iiid  old  cut  iron,  per  Ion 

ore,  per  Ion         ■  -  .  .  • 

pif  iron,  per  ton  • 

the  produce  of,  and  imported  from,  id/  Briliih  poeeei- 

•ion,  per  ton  .... 

chromite  of  Iron,  per  ton  • 

wrouKhl,  not  olhcrwiM  enumerated  or  deecribcd,  for  everjr 

loot,  value.      .  ■  .  .  - 

Iiinglaii,  per  cwt.      .  .  .  •  • 

the  produce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  Britiib  ponenion,  per 
cwr.    ■  .  .... 

Juice  of  lemoni  or  oranges,  per  gallon  • 

or  liinef,per  gallon  .  •  •  . 

Junk,  old.    Sa  Raigi,  old. 

K. 

Kelp.    SM  Alkali. 


L.ac,  viz.  itick  lac,  per  cwt.      .  .  -  > 

Ijice,  viz.  thread  lace,  for  every  100/.  value.      •  • 

Lacquered  ware.    Su  Japanned  ware. 
Lag.in.    Su  Derelict. 

Lamp  blackf  per  cwt.  .... 

l.apii  calaminaris,  per  cwt.      .... 
Lard,  per  cwt.  .  .  •  .  • 

Latlcn,  per  cwt.         ..... 

ihaven,  per  cwt.  .  •  •  •  . 

Lavender  Itowtin,  per  lb.        -  -  -  • 

Lead,  viz. 

blacif,  per  cwt.    ..... 

chromate  of  lead,  per  It).  • 

ore,  per  ton  ..... 

piK,  per  ton         •  ...  • 

red,  j)er  rwt.       ..... 

while,  per  cwt.   ..... 

Leather,  viz.  pieces  of  leather,  or  leather  cut  into  shapes,  or  any 

article  made  of  leather,  or  any  manufactuiv  whereof  leather 

is  the  moat  valuable  part,  not  otherwise  enumerated  or  de 

Kribed,  for  every  1001.  value  ... 
Leaveaofeold,  per  100  leaves  .... 
Leaves  of  maes,  per  lb.  ...  . 

Leeches,  for  every  100/.  value  •  •  .  • 

Lemons.    See  Oranges. 

peel  of,  per  lb.     •  -  .  .  • 

preserved  in  sugar.    See  Succades, 
Lentiles,  the  bushel    ..... 
Lignum,  viz. 

quassia.   Stt  Quassia. 

vitie,  per  ton        - 

the  produce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  British  posses 
sion,  per  Ion 

.S'«  Note  at  the  end  of  Wood. 
Linen,  or  linen  and  cotton,  viz. 

cambrics,  and  lawns,  commonly  called  French  lawns,  the 
piece  not  eiceediiig  8  yards  in  length,  and  .lot  exceeding 
7-Mlhs  of  a  yard  in  breadth,  and  so  in  proportion  for  any 
greater  or  leu  quantity 

Elain  •■-... 

ordered  handkerchiefs  .  .  .  . 

lawns  of  any  other  sort,  not  French,  viz. 

not  containing  more  than  60  threads  to  the  inch  of  warp, 

per  square  yard        -  .  .  .  . 

containing  more  than  60  threads  to  the  inch  of  warp,  per 

square  vard  .  .  .  .  . 

damasks  and  damask  diaper,  viz, 

until  6  Jan.  1834,  per  square  yard 
from  S  Jan.  1834,  per  square  yard 
drillings,  ticks,  and  twilled  linens,  viz. 
until  6  Jan.  Ih34,  per  square  yard 
from  5  Jan.  1834,  per  square  yard 
sail  cloth,  per  square  yard  •  .  .  .  . 

plain  linens,  and  diaper,  not  otherwise  enumerated  or  de- 
scrilied,  and  whether  chequered  or  striped,  with  dyed  yarn 
or  not,  viz. 
not  containing  more  than  20  threads  to  the  inch  of  warp, 
until  6  Jan.  1834,  per  square  yard 
from  5  Jan.  1 S34,  per  square  yard 
containing  more  than  '20  threads,  and  not  more  than  24 
tbreails  to  the  inch  of  warp, 
until  6  Jan.  1834,  per  square  yard 
from  S  Jan.  1834,  per  square  yard 
containing  more  than  24  threads,  and  not  containing  more 
than  30  lhn;ads  to  the  inch  of  warp, 
until  6  Jan.  1834,  per  square  yaitl 
from  S  Jan.  1^34,  per  square  yard 
conlainii.gniorethan30  threads,  and  not  containing  more 
than  40  threads  to  the  inch  of  warp, 
until  6  Jan.  1834,  per  square  yard 
from  5  Jan.  1^34,  per  square  yard 
containing  more  than  40  threads,  and  not  containing  more 
than  60  threads  to  the  inch  of  warp, 
until  6  Jan.  1834,  per  square  yard 
from  5  Jan.  1834,  per  squire  yard 
containing  more  tlian  60  threads,  and  not  containing  more 
than  SO  threads  In  the  inch  of  warp, 
until  6  Jan.  1.S34,  per  square  yard 
fmni  5  Jan.  1834,  per  square  yard 
containing  more  than  80  threails,  and  not  containing  more 
than  too  threads  to  the  inch  of  warp, 
until  6  Jan.  1834,  per  square  yard 
from  5  Jan.  1834.  her  square  yard 
containing  more  than  100  threads  to  the  inch  of  warp, 
un'il  6  J^n.  1^34,  per  square  yard 
from  5 -tan.  18)4.  per  square  yant 
A/e — The    duties    were    levied    on    the   goods 
above  mentinnol  hy  act  6  Gfo.  4.  c.  III.;  pre- 
viously to    which  ihry  were  chargrable   with 
duties  acconling  lo  their  IcngUi  and  bicadtb 


Duly, 
I  Jan.  1834. 


i.  ».  A. 


0  12 
0  5 
0  10 


0  15  10 

0  0  Of 
0   0   oj 


0    t    0 
30    0    0 


0  0 

1  0 
8  0 
4  0 
6  0 
0  10 


0  0 

3  0 

0  2 

0  0 

0    S 

0  10 


2    0    0 
0  10    0 


0  10* 
0  10 


Duly,  1(18, 


L.  t.  i. 
6 


0  17 

0  8 

0  IT 

0  8 

20  0 

SO  0 

2  7 


0  15  10 
0  I  6 
0    I    6 


I    0    0 
40    0    0 


3    6    6 

0    8    0 

0  8    0 

1  8    0 

2  10    0 
0    0  10 


0 

0  percent 


0  4 
20    0 

1  16 
20    0 

0    8 
0  10 


0 

0  per  cent 

0 

0  per  cent 

4 
4 


76  0    0 

0  3    0 

0  0  10 

20  0    0 

0    0    6 
0    0  10 

4  12    8 
0  II    8 


0  II    6 


Duty,  1787. 


L.  I.  d. 

0  13    9 
0    2    9 

27  10    0  per  cent. 

Free. 
27  10    0  per  cent. 

Prohibited. 

I  0    0    6^ 

0    0    4. 
0    0    3i 


Free. 

0  17    8perJo2.yj,. 

1  IS   3 
0   3    8 

Free.  t 

0  13    3 

1  2 
0    0 


0 

*  i 

0    6  8  ! 

27  10  0  per  cf  III. 

0  17  8 

27  10  0  per  cent. 

0    3  8  I 

0    4  S 


Prohibited. 

0    I    2 

0    0   3 
27  10    0 

27  10    0  per  cent, 

0    0    Oiperlb. 


2    S    0 


0   S   0 


TARIFF. 


593 


Free. 

27  10    0  per  ceol. 


Free. 

0  17    8  perJoz.yili.1 


27  10   0  per  rent. 
0    0    0^  per  lb. 


Article!. 

Duly, 
I  Jan.  1834. 

Duly,  1819. 

Duty,  1787. 

Ijpni-<orU<r>u<d. 

L.  1.  d. 

1,1.  d. 

L,l.d 

lMt»cli»ely,  which,  consequently,  do  not  ulinit 
of  Iwing  conipirect  Willi  (he  ibuve.     It  nuy, 

however,  be  observed,  that  not  a  sihkIc  entry 

has  been  made  under  this  scale,  since  182^ ;  and 

the  previous  duties  may  be  considered  e<|ually 

prohibitory. 

Or.  and  Instead  of  the  duties  herein.before  impoeed  upon 

lineni  accordiiiK  to  the  number  of  threads  in  the  warp,  at 

the  opiion  of  the  importer,  for  every  100/,  value  > 
A  few  linens  have  beeu  occasionally  entered  under  this 

40    0    0 

ad  valorem  duty. 

Nolt.—Ho  increased  rate  of  duly  to  b«  charged  on  any 
linen  or  lawns  for  any  additional  number  of  threads 

not  eiceedinK  two  threads  for  such  as  are  not  of  30 

threads  to  Ihe  inch,  nor  for  any  additional  number  of 

threads  not  ciceeding  5  threads  for  such  u  are  of  30 

threads  and  upwards  to  the  inch. 

saill*  for  every  1001.  value             .... 
in  actual  use  of  a  Dritiih  ship,  and  fit  and  necessary  for 

30    0    0 

104   9 

2 

45    0 

0 

such  ship,  and  not  otherwise  disposed  of 
if  and  when  otherwise  disposed  of,  for  every  lOW. 

Free. 

1                       value  ...... 

20    0    0 

104    9 

8 

45    0 

0 

1       manufictures  of  linen,  or  of  linen  mixed  with  cotton  or  with 

wool,  not  particularly  enumerated,  or  otherwise  charged 

wiih  duty,  for  every  1001.  value 

25   0    0 

00    0 

0 

44    0 

0 

articles  of  manufactures  of  linen,  or  of  linen  mixed  with  cot- 

Ion  or  wilh  wool,  wholly  or  in  p»rt  made  up,  not  other- 
wise charged  wilh  duty,  for  every  1001.  value. 

40    0    0 

60    0 

0 

44    0 

0 

Liiaeed  cakes,  prr  cwt.            ..... 

0    0    2 

0    0 

2 

27  10 

0  per  cent. 

Liquoricejuice,  orsuccuiliquontije,  percwt.  . 

3  IS    0 

3  16 

0 

1    8 

0 

powder,  per  cwt.              ..... 

6  10    0 

5  10 

0 

2  12 

mot,  percwt.      ...... 

3    3    4 

3    3 

4 

1    8 

0 

eitnct  or  preparation  of.    See  Extract. 

Lilhjrge  of  gold,  percwt.        ..... 

0    2    0 

0    2 

0 

0   0  10                       1 

of sdver,  percwt.             ..... 

0    2    0 

0    2 

0 

0    0 

8 

Lilt  creatures  illustrative  of  natural  history 

Free. 

20    0 

0  per  cent. 

27  10 

0  per  cwt. 

Liverwort.   .See  Lichen  Islandicus,  in  Moss.       g            | 

iMKood,  per  Ion       • 

0    4    6 

0    9 

2 

)       I. 

iiiiporled  from  any  British  possession 

0    3    0 

0    9 

2 

i               ^"'^ 

Lupines,  per  cwt.       • 

0    6    0 

0    5 

0 

^     0    2 

4 

Uiesirings.    See  Catlings. 

M. 
Micaroni,  per  lb.       ...... 

Mace,  per  lb.  -          • 

0    0    2 

0    0 

8 

0    0 

2 

0    4    6 

0    4 

6 

0    4 

0 

iniprled  from  any  British  possession  within  the  limits  of  the 

E.isl  India  Company's  charter,  per  lb.     . 
the  produce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  other  British  posses- 

0   3    6 

0    3 

6 

0    4 

0 

sion,  per  lb.      ...... 

0    3    6 

0    3 

6 

0    4 

0 

Middcr,  per  cwt.      ...... 

0    2    0 

0  15 

0 

1      Free 

root,  percwt.       ...... 

0    0    6 

0    6 

0 

Mipu  Graicia  ware,  for  every  lOOJ.  value 

5    0    0 

75    0 

0  per  cent 

27  10 

0 

JUhogany,  per  ton     •            -            - 

7  10    0 

11  17 

6 

■J 

imported  from  the  Bay  of  Honduras,  in  a  British  ship  cleared 
out  fmm  Ihe  port  of  Beliie,  per  Ion          - 

|24 

1  10    0 

3  16 

0 

0  per  cent. 

imported  from  any  British  (lossession,  per  toD 

4    0    0 

11  17 

6 

J 

Sa  Nole  at  Ihe  end  of  Wood. 

Minnnese  ore  per  ton            ■            •            .            •            • 
Minjoes.  See  Pickles. 

0  10    0 

20    0 

0  percent. 

27  10 

0  per  cent. 

Mtniu,  perlb.           ...... 

0    0    3 

0    1 

3 

0    0 

6 

MuiBcript),  VII. 

bouni,  per  cwt.  ...... 

0  18    8 

6  10 

0 

0  19 

3 

unbourd,  per  cwt.             ..... 

0  18    8 

6    0 

0 

0    8  10                       1 

Mips  or  Chans,  plain  or  coloured,  each  map  or  chart,  or  part 

iherfof      ....... 

0    0    6 

0    2 

0 

0    0 

6 

Virbie.    see  Stone. 

Mirbles  fur  children.    SeeToya. 

Minnslade,  per  lb.    . 

0    1    3 

0    I 

3 

0    0 

3 

Ibe  produce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  British  pa>senioD,  per 

lb. 

0    0    t 

0    1 

3 

0    0 

3 

Mutic,  per  cwt.        ...... 

0    6    0 

7    9 

4 

1    8 

0 

Mall,  vis. 

ofbsst,  perlOO    ...... 

1    3    9 

I    3 

9 

0  11 

0 

imported  from  any  Britiih  possession,  for  every  1001.  value  . 

5    0    0 

60    0 

0 

\  27  10 

0 

not  otherwise  enumerated  or  described,  for  every  1001.  value 

2U    0    0 

60    0 

0 

Shllim,  for  every  100/.  value  .            .            .            .            . 

20    0    0 

60    0 

0 

0    0 

2  per  yard. 

imporlcd  from  any  Brilish  possession,  for  every  100/.  value  . 

5    0    0 

60    0 

0 

27  10 

0 

Millrtsses,  fnr  every  1001.  value         .... 

20    0    0 

60    0 

0 

27  10 

0 

Meail  or  meltieglin,  per  gallon             .... 

0    6    7 

0    0 

7 

0    0 

2 

^o(e.-Mead  or  metheglin  was,  by  act  43  Geo.  3.  c.  69.,  sub- 

ject to  an  excise  duly  of  6i.  per  gallon  in  addition  to  the 

customs  duty,  which  continued  until  5  April,  1825,  when 

Ihe  s^iiie  was  added  to  the  customs  duty. 

Medahofgoldorsilver           ..... 

Free. 

Free. 

^Vl 

0 

of  any  other  sort,  for  every  lOOI.  value 

6    0    0 

20    0 

0 

Median,  per  bushel    ...... 

0    1    0 

0    6 

0 

0    2 

4 

Mtiasses.    See  Sugar. 

[  Mtllinspots  fnr  gold-mitha.    See  Pots. 

1  Mercury,  prepared,  for  ever- 100/.  value          ... 

30    0    0 

60    0 

0 

27  10 

0 

Metal,  viz. 

bell  mptal.  per  cwt.         .             .            .            .            - 

1    0    0 

1    0 

0 

1     II 

1 

leaf  metal  (except  leaf  gold),  the  packet  containing  250  leavei 

0    0    3 

0    0 

8 

0    0 

8 

Mrthe^lin.    .See  .Mead. 

Mill  taanis,  per  cwt.              ..... 

3    8    2 

3    8 

s 

0  10 

0 

Minmis  not  olherwise  enumerated  or  described,  for  every  100/. 

value         ..... 

20    0    0 

20    0 

0 

27  10 

0 

ipecimens  of.    See  Specimens. 

Models  of  cork  or  wood,  for  every  lOOI.  value  • 

6    0    0 

60    0 

0 

87  10 

0 

MnHtViz. 

lichen  Islandicus,  perlb.  -             .            •            .            . 

0    0    1 

0    0 

8 

27  10 

0  peroenL 

ruck,  for  dyers' use,  per  ton             .... 

0    6    0 

1  15 

0 

0    6 

0 

Ml  niherwi>e  chnrged,  for  every  lOW.  value 

6    0    0 

20    0 

0 

97  10 

0 

Moiher.of.pearl  shells,  for  every  100/.  value     . 

Mg|es,eac!i  ....... 

6    0    0 

20    0 

0 

0    0 

4  perlb. 

0  10    0 

6    0 

0 

97  10 

0  percent 

Mum.  .See  Beer. 

Huiical  inilruroents,  for  every  lOOt.  va'.ue. 

20    0    0 

60    0 

0 

27  10 

0 

Muik.  per  ox            .            .             -            -            -            . 

0    0    6 

0    5 

0 

0    8 

0 

Myrrh,  per  cwt        .                         .... 

0    6    0 

9    6 

8 

S  16 

0 

3d2 


75 


B04 


TARIFF. 


If  1 


ArtlelM. 


N. 
Nilmn.    Sa  Alkali. 
Needle  work.    Su  Embroidery. 
Nell,  vii.  old  Bihioi  neli,  fit  onljr  for  nuking  I»p«r  or  puteboinl. 

.SuRagt. 
Nicararua  wood,  per  Ion         - 
Nitre,  viz.  cubic  nitre,  per  cwt. 
NutniPKi,  per  lb.        • 

Ihe  produce  of,  and  Imported  from,  anjr  Brillih  poieeeiion,  per 

lb.       -  •  •  •  •  _  • 

imported  from  any  Brittih  po«seuinn  within  the  limita  of  the 
Eait  India  Company's  charter,  per  lb.     • 
Nuti,  vit. 

caihew  nuts  and  kernels,  per  cwt.  ■ 

castor  nu's  or  seeds,  per  cwt. 

coker  or  cocoa  nuts,  Ihe  produce  of  any  British  poeKnion,  per 

1,200  nuts         .... 
chesniits,  per  bushel 

pistachio  nuts,  per  cwt.    .  -  - 

smill  nuts,  per  bushel 
walnu's,  per  bushel  .  .  - 

not  oiherwise  enumerated  or  described,  for  every  100/.  value 
Nux  vomica,  per  lb,    -  .  •  -  • 

extract  or  preparation  of.    See  Extract. 

O. 
Oakum,  per  cwt.       .... 

Ochre,  per  cwt.         .... 

Oil,  viz. 

of  almonds,  per  lb. 
of  bays,  per  lb.    .  ■  ■ 

of  castor,  per  lb,  •  •  -  • 

imported  from  any  British  possesiion,  per  lb. 
the  produce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  British  poiM<' 
sion,  per  cwt. 
chemical,  essential,  or  perfumed,  vii. 
of  caraway,  per  lb.    ■ 
of  cloves,  per  lb.        • 
of Isvender,  per  lb.    • 
of  mint,  per  lb.  ... 

of  peppermint,  per  lb, 
of  spike,  per  lb. 
cassia,  ber^aniot,  lemon,  olto  of  rosea,  thyme,  and  of  all  other 

sorts,  per  lb.    • 
of  cocoa  nut,  per  cwt.       • 
fiih  oil.    .See  Train  oil,  in  Oil. 
of  hemp  seej,  per  tun       • 

imported  Irom  any  British  possession,  per  tun 
of  linseed,  per  tun 

imported  from  any  British  possession,  per  tun 
of  olives,  per  tun  .... 

imported  in  a  ship  belonging  to  any  of  Ihe  iubjecta  of  the 
King  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  per  tun     ■ 
of  palm,  per  cwt. 
of  paran,  per  tun 
of  rape  seed,  per  tnn 

imported  from  any  British  posaMaion,  per  ton 
of  cassia,  per  lb.  - 
of  berganiot,  per  lb. 
of  caj:iputa,  per  lb.  ... 

of  jessamine,  per  Ih.         .  - 

of  cinnamon,  per  lb.         ... 

of  aniseed,  p«r  lb.  .  .  • 

of  juniper,  per  lb.  .  •  . 

of  nutmegs,  per  lb.  .  .  ■ 

of  oeroli,'per  lb.  - 

of  pine,  per  lb.    • 

of  rosewood,  per  lb.  . 

of  rosemary,  [.-./  lb.  « 

of  sandal  wood,  per  lb.      .  - 

of  tLrpentine,  per  lb.       .  .  . 

of  amber,  per  lb.  ... 

of  sassafVas,  per  lb.  . 

of  thyme,  per  lb.  ... 

of  lemon,  per  lb.  • 

rock  oil,  per  lb.  > 

•ealoil.    Su  Train  oil,  in  Oil. 

seed  oil,  not  otherwise  enumerated  or  dtscrlbed,  per  luD 

ioiponed  from  any  British  pouenion,  per  tun  ■ 
teed  cakes,  per  cwt.  .... 

of  spermaceti.    5ee  Train  oil,  in  Oil, 

train  oil,  blubber,  spermaceti  oil,  and  head  matter,  viz. 

the  produce  of  fish  or  creatures  living  in  the  sea,  taken 
and  caught  bv  the  crews  of  British  ships,  and  imported 
direct  from  the  fishery,  or  from  any  British  posKssion 
in  a  British  ship,  per  tun     .  .  .  . 

the  produce  of  ftsh  or  creaturei  liying  in  the  sea,  of 

foreign  fishing,  per  tun  ... 

walnut  oil,  per  lb,  .  ... 

whale  oil.    Su  Train  oil,  in  Oil. 

ril  not  particularly  enumerated  or  deacribed,  nor  otherwise 
charged  with  duty,  for  every  lOOL  value 
Olibanum,  per  cwt.    ..... 

Olives,  per  gal  Ion       ..... 

Olive  wooil,  per  ton   - 

the  produce  of,  and  Importr^  ti'-.i,>.  ai.j  *)ritith  poMeaion,  per 
ton      •  ....  . 

Set  Note  at  the  end  ot  w  ..vJ. 
Onions,  per  bushel     ...... 

Opium,  per  lb.  -  .  -  •  •  . 

t'ltract  or  preparation  of.    Sec  Extract. 
Orange  flower  water,  per  gallon  .... 

Oranges  and  lemona,  vis. 

the  chest  or  box  not  exceed  ing  the  capacity  ofCOOO  cubic  Inchea 
Hie  cheat  or  box  exceeding  llie  capacity  of  5,000  cubic  inchei, 

and  not  exceeding  7,300  cubic  inchea 
Ihe  chest  or  box  exceeding  Ihe  capacity  T^MIO  tnibic  Inchea, 

and  not  exceeding  14,001}  cubic  inchea 
for  evenr  IjOOO  cubic  incbea  exceediag  the  above  ttte  of 
14,000  cuUclncbii      .  .  .  .  . 


Duty. 
I  Jan.  1834. 


L.  I.  d. 


0  S  0 

0  0  6 

0  3  6 

0  2  6 

0  2  6 

0  10  0 

0  0  6 


0  I 

0  2 

0  10 

0  Z 

0  2 

20  0 

0  2 


0  I 

1  0 

0  10 

0  3 

1  0 
0   3 


0    2    6 


0    4 

0  14 
0  4 
0  4 
0  4 
0    4 

0 
0 


2  6 

39  18  0 

I    0  0 

39  18  0 

I    0  0 

8    8  0 


10  10    0 

0    2    6 

8    8    0 

39  19    0 

0    0 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 


I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
1 
1 
I 
I 
I 
I 
0  10 


39  18  0 
I  0  0 
0    0    2 


0    1    0 


26  12    0 
0    0    6 


60    0  0 

0    6  0 

0    2  0 

0    9  6 

0  12  4 


Duty,  ISIS. 


i.   I,  <t 


0    6    2 

60    0    0  per  cent 
0    3    6 


0    2    6 

0    2    6 


II    4 

6  12 


20  0  0  per  cent 

0  4  0 

4  13  4 

0  4  0 

0  4  0 

20  0  0 

0  2  6 


4    9 
6    9 

0  10 

0  3 

1  3 
1    3 


7    0    0 


0  2 

1  12 
0  4 
0  4 
0  4 
0    4 


As  below. 

0    2  6 

39  18  0 

39  18  0 

39  18  0 

39  18  0 

18  15  7 


IS  15    7 

0    2    6 
60   0    0  per  cent 
39  IS    0 
39  18    0 

4    0 

0    4 

0  16 

0    4 

4    0 

0    4 

0  2 
2    0 

1  12 
0    0 

0 
4 
0 
0 
2 
2 
4 
4 


0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
8 
0 
0 
0 
B 
6 
6 
0 
0 
0  10 


39  IS  0 
39  18  0 
0    0    2 


0    9  11 


39  IS    0 
0    0    6 


60  0 

2  7 

0  3 

8  > 


0  12    4 


0    3 
0    9 


D    3    » 


1    6    0  per  1,000 
oranges,  and 
lemooi. 


Duty,  1787. 


L.  I.  d. 


Free. 
2    6    8 
0    2    0 

20    2    0 

0    2    0 


} 


27  10  0  per  cent. 

0  I  5 

1  8  0 
0  0  9 
0    0  9 

27  10  0 

0    0  U 


2    3 

2    0  per  buihtl. 


} 


0    0    3 

0   8   9  per  cwt. 

0   2   Sperpllon. 


As  below. 
27  10  0  percenL 


^  IS  16    9^ 
I  29   0    9^ 


{ 


8    8  10} 


0 

7 

0 

27  10 

0  percent. 

29 

0 

H 

0 
0 

0 
1 

2* 

0 

0 

7i 

0 

1 

6 

1 

4 

0 

0 

1 

6 

0 

0 

6 

0 

0 

7i 

0 

1 

6 

0 

0 

7i 

0 

5 

0 

0 

0 

9 

0 

0 

7* 

u 

0 

i* 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

3 

0 

1 

6 

0 

0 

3 

15  16 

9^ 

27  10 

0  percent. 

Freai 

21  Is   7 

27  10  0  per  cent 


27  10 
I  I 
0 

3 


0 

0 

0   8 

6   0 


0   I   1^ 


0   4  6  per  1,000 

onngesaad 


TARIFF. 


505 


Duly,  1797. 


L.  t.  d. 


Free. 
1    6   e 
0    2    C 

20    2    ( 

0    2    I 


V 


0 
I    - 

0  0 
0  0 
27  10 
0    0 


10    0  per  unl, 
I 


6 

0 
9 
9 
0 


} 


0  p«r  biubel, 

3 

9  percwl. 


0   2   Sperjalloo. 


0 

0 

?t 

0 

0 

0 

1 

9 

0 
0 

0 
0 

H 

0 

0 

\ 

Ai  below. 

27 

10 

0  percent. 

I   IS  16    91 

I  29    0   9} 

(    8    S  10} 

0    7   0 

27  10   0  percent 
i  29   0   Si 


0 
0 

0  ^ 

1  «* 

0 

0   7i 

0 

1    6 

1 

4    0 

0 

1    6 

0 

n  «, 

0 

0    7l 

0 

1  << 

0 

0  ii 

0 

6    0 

0 

0   9 

0 

0   7t 

0 

0    ll 

u 

0   6* 

0 

1    0 

0 

1    3 

0 

1    6 

0 

0   3 

:  15  16   9} 

27  10  0  per  ceel. 


Free. 

21  15  7 

27  10  0  per  ccot 

27  10  0 

I    1  0 

0   0  8 

1    3   6  0 


0   0 
0    I 


0    1    !^ 


0   4  8  per  1,000 

onntaiM 


lemaia. 


Art  Idee. 

Duly, 
1  Jan.,  IS34. 

Duty,  1819. 

Duty,  1787. 

L.    1.   d. 

L.   1.   d. 

L.   1.  d. 

. 

Iwne.  per  1,0'JO     ...... 

or,  >nil  >l  the  option  of  the  importer,  for  eterjr  1001,  nlua    • 

0  15    0 

1    6    0 

0    4    6 

75    0    0 

No  option. 
0    6    6 

No  option. 

peel  of,  per  lb.      • 

0    0    6 

27  10   0  percent 

Orthal,  orchrlii,  or  archelii,  per  cwt.  .... 

0    3    0 

0  16    8 

Free. 

Ore  not  pirtic ularly  cliinted,  for  every  lOOi.  «>Ius 

5    0    0 

20    0    0 

27  to    0 

ofniililoriilver.    ,S«e  Rullion. 

ipecimeoi  of    ^See  iipecinieul. 

Orpimeut,  per  cwl.     ...... 

1     8    6 

1    8    6 

0    8    9 

1  (Irni  or  irij  root,  per  cwt.       ..... 

0  10    6 

1    8    6 

27  to    0  per  cent. 

1  OrteJew,  per  lb.        - 

0    0    6 

0    1    3 

0    0    6 

j  uito  or  altar  or  oil  of  roMs.    Su  Oil. 

P. 

Plildr.    Su  Rice. 

Painter*!  colnun  not  parlicutarly  ch.trf[e<),  viz. 

unllianuractured,  for  every  lOOf.  value 

5    0    0 

60    0    0 

1  0    0    2  per  lb. 

maiiufacturvd.  for  every  10(11.  value 

10    0    0 

50    0    0 

Anting!  on  KlatB,  for  every  too/,  value 

5    0    0 

80    0    0 

27  10    0 

anil  funher,  for  every  cwl.  of  glau 
painting  on  glaas.     ElciM  iluly  on  elan,    .%(  Olan. 
Paper,  via- :— Brown  piper  made  of  old  rope  or  conla^e  only. 

4    0    0 

without  leparatiiig  or  eitractiiig  the  pitch  or  lar  therefnilii, 

and  without  any  mixture  of  01  her  nateriala  there  wiih.perlti. 

0    0    3 

0    0  10 

0    2  II  per  bundle. 

printed,  painted,  or  llained  paper,  or  paper  haiiginga,  or  flock 

paper,  per  square  yartt   ..... 

0    1    0 

0    1    7 

75    0    0  per  cent 

wane  pnptr,  or  pafxrr  of  any  other  iort,not  particularly  enunie* 

nied  or  described,  norot'herwise  charged  with  dut^,  per  lb. 

0    0    9 

0    1    7 

The  description  of  paper  and  duties  thereon,  in  net  27 

Geo.  3.  c  13.,  are  too  numerous  to  state;  particularly 

as  ttie  duties  were  prohibitory. 

Parchment,  per  dozen  sheets  ■            -            .            -            . 

0  10    0 

0  10    0 

0    4    9 

Piilebuarls,  per  cwt.               ..... 

3    8    2 

3    8    2 

0  10    0 

Ptarl  barley,  per  cwt.               ..... 

0  17    6 

0  17    6 

0    8  10 

l'tarl<,  for  every  lOOJ,  value    ..... 

5    0    0 

6    0    0 

Free. 

Prars,  pf'r  bunhel        ...... 

0    7    0 

0    7    6 

0    1    5 

diied.  per  bushel ...... 

0  10    0 

0  10    0 

0    0    9 

1  PeocilJ,  for  evrry  100/.  value   ..... 

30    0    0 

50    0    0 

' 

<       of  slate,  tor  every  lOOf.  value 

20    0    0 

60    0    0 

27  10    0 

1  Pens,  for  every  lOOf.  value      ..... 

30    0    0 

60    0    0 

. 

1  Pepper  of  all  sorts,  |)er  lb.       ..... 

0    1    6 

. 

0    0    3 

Ibe  nnirluce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  British  possession. 

per  lb. 

0    1    0 

. 

0    0    3 

import)  d  from  any  llritish  posscision  within  the  limits  of  the 
E.ist  India  Company's  charter,  per  lb.      . 

0    1    0 

. 

0    0    6V 

imported  from  any  other  place  within  those  limits,  per  lb.     - 
Ai'tr.  — l>ep(wr  of  all  sorts,  in  the  year  1819,  was  subject  to 

0    1    2 

. 

0    0    (ij, 

the  eicise  duty  of  2«.  6<f.  per  lb.,  but  transferred  to  the 

cuilonis  on  the  5th  of  April,  1825. 
Pertuniety  not  otherwise  charged,  for  every  100/.  value  . 

20    0    0 

50    0    0 

27  10    0 

Ptrrv.pertun             ...... 

Kiciie  duly  on  perry.    Set  Cider. 
Ftvrter,  nianufacturei  M  not  otherwise  enumerated  or  deacribed, 

22  13    8 

20    9   2 

10    1    7 

foreiery  lOOi.  value             ..... 

20    0    0 

60    0    0 

27  10    0 

Pickles  of  all  sorts,  not  otherwise  eaumented  or  described,  in- 

cluding ihe  vinegar,  per  gallon         .... 

0    1    6 

0    6    0 

0    0  10) 

Pictures,  each            ...... 

0    1    0 

As  below. 

) 

aud  further,  the  square  foot            ...            . 
being  200  square  feet  or  upwardi,  each 

0    1    0 

As  below. 

V  Aa  below. 

10    0    0 

As  below. 

'       .    » 

under  2  feet  square,  each  ..... 

As  above. 

3    8    0 

1    3  10 

of  2  to  4  feet  ^^quare,  each  ..... 

As  above. 

6  16    0 

2    7    8 

of  4  feet  square  and  upwards,  each 

As  above. 

10    4    0 

3  116 

Pimento,  iier  lb.          ...... 

0    1    3 

0    1    3 

0    0    6 

the  produce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  British  possession, 

;         per  lb. 

0    0    5 

0    0  10 

0    0    3 

1  Pink  njot,  per  lb.       . 

0    0    4 

0    0  10 

27  10    0  percent 

Pilch,  per  cwt.           ...... 

0    0  10 

0    0  10 

0  14  10}  per  last 
0  13    2l  per  last 

0    0    9 

0    0    9 

Burcundy  pitch,  per  cwt. ..... 

Jew\  pitch.  Su  Bitumen  Judaicum. 

0    8    0 

0  14    3 

0    6    4 

Flaota,  shrubs,  and  trees,  alive             .... 

Free. 

Free. 

Plailer  of  Paris,  per  cwt.        ..... 

0    1    0 

0    2    6 

0    1    H 

Plate,  viz. 

battered,  fit  only  to  be  remanufactured.    Su  Bullion. 

of  gold,  per  or.  Troy        ..... 

3  16    9 

3  16    9 

■) 

of  silver  gilt,  per  01.  Troy            .... 

0    6    4 

0    6    4 

>  Prohibited. 

part  gilt,  per  oi.  Troy            .... 

0    6    0 

0    6    0 

^^    &iUU|Ultw\J* 

nngill,  per  o«.  Troy  ..... 

0    4    6 

0    4    6 

3 

Plitina,  for  every  100/.  value                 .... 

1    0    0 

0    1    0  per  oz. 

27  10    0  per  cent 

oreofplilina,  for  every  100/.  value 

1    0    0 

6    0    0 

27  10    0 

Plaiting  or  other  manufacturea  to  be  used  in  or  proper  for  making 

hat!  or  bonnets,  viz. 

of  bast,  chip,  cane,  or  bone  hair,  per  lb.     - 

1    0    0 

0    6   0 

0    1  10 

of  straw,  per  lb.  - 

0  17    0 

0  17    0 

0    1  10 

Plums,  dried  or  preserved,  per  cwt.      .... 

1    7    6 

7    0    0 

1    8    0 

Pomatum,  for  every  100/.  value            .... 

30    0    0 

60    0   0 

27  10    0 

Pomeinnales,  per  1,000          ..... 

0  IS    0 

1  10    0 

0    6  10 

peels  of,  per  cwt.             ..... 

0    1    0 

0  15    0 

0    4    8 

I  Pork,  laliel  (not  hams  nor  bacon,  vrhich  tee,)  per  cwt    . 

0  12    0 

Prohibited. 

Prohibited. 

PoUloes,percwt.      .            .            . 

0    2    0 

0    2    0 

0    3    8 

Poll,  v.t. 

melting  pots  for  goldsmiths  per  cwt. 

0    3    2 

0    3    2 

0    0    7 

o(  ilone,  for  every  100/.  value        - 

30    0    0 

60    0    0 

27  10   0 

Powder,  via. 

bair  powder,  per  cwt.      ..... 

9  15    0 

9  16    0 

1  6    S    B 

perfumed,  per  cwt.    ..... 

powder,  notl  otherwise  enumerated  or  deacribed,  that  will 

13  13    0 

13  13    0 

^  serve  for  the  same  usea  u  ttarch,  per  cwt. 

9  10    0 

9  10    0 

17  10  0  percent 

Pmious  stones.    .See  Jewels. 

Piinti  and  drawings,  via. 

plain,  not  above  1  foot  sqoape        .... 

0    0    1 

0    1    0 

•) 

above  1  fbot  square,  each         .... 

0    0    1 

0    3    0 

S-0   0   8 

coloured,  not  above  1  foot  square   • 

COS 

0    S    0 

above  1  foot  square,  each        .... 

0    0    2 

0    4    0 

18    0                      ( 

Pranelloca,  per  cwt  .            . 

1    7    6 

7    0    0 

Pniae«,percwt       ...... 

I    7    6 

1    7    S 

OM    6 

Qu«»ia,perewt       ..'*.... 

8  17    6 

8  17    < 

mo  Operem 

uliacterpniiinUoaaC    SNExtiMt 

596 


TARIFF. 


*r> 


»»-i 


Artldti 


Quickiilvpr,  per  lb.    ■ 

Qulllt,  vii. 

(noir  qllillt,  p<r  1,000 
■w,in  qidllt,  iier  1,000 

aulncn.|<rrl,uaO       ■ 
uiniite,  lulpliate  of,  per  ox. 


Radii,  tIi. 

conir:iyervjB.  per  lb. 

eiMilfp  cint|iitric,  percwt. 

eriiiKu,  ))*'r  lb, 

ineciriiAiihc,  i>  r  lb. 

rhattiiia^,  ;)er  lb.  • 

rxtracr  nr  preparation  of.    ,Sm  Eitract 

ienek.T,  per  lb. 

•erpeiit.irie,  or  in  ike  root,  per  lb. 
Bap,  vrr. 

old  rin,  nil]  mpn  or  Junk,  or  old  flihinf  neti,  fit  odIjt  for 
ninkriix  I'aper  nr  p.iiteLKianl,  per  Inn 

woollen  ragi,  fit  only  for  manure,  per  ton 
Raiiins,  VIZ. 

of  the  min,  p'-r  cwt. 

of  ai.y  oilier  »ort,  per  cwl.  - 

of  all  Mirii.  ihe  proiluce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  Britith 
po'Seuinn.  fier  cwt. 

Sniyrn.i,  per  c»vl.  • 

Lnxin  anil  Fam,  per  cwt.  • 

Belviilere,  (ter  cwt.  • 

other  aorln,  per  cwt. 
Rape  cakei,  p^-r  cwt.    ■  - 

Rape  of  ifripe^,  per  tun 
Ratafii.    .S'tvShirdf. 
Red  wood  or  Uulnea  wood,  per  ton 
Rhalany  root.     ,Sre  Radii  rhatanlae. 
Rhubarb,  per  lb. 

iiiiitortel  rmm  any  place  within  the  limita  of  the  East  India 
Conipiiny'i  charter,  per  lb. 
Rice,  viz. 

not  lieinr  ron^h  and  in  the  hu*k,  per  cwt.   ■ 

rnu^!i.li!d  ill  the  hii^k,  nr  pa<lily,  per  bmhel 

tile  prudiirent,  .in  t  imported  from,  any  British  possession,  viz. 
nni  beiiiK  rou^h  and  in  the  hush,  [ler  cwt. 
rnii^h  and  in  the  husk,  or  paddy,  per  quarter 
Rocou.    .SVr  Aiiiioiin. 

Ropes,  new,  trr  CnrJage ;  old,  tee  Rags  j  Coir,  tei  Coir. 
Rosewood,  per  cwt.     .... 
Ruain,  or  c<)ln|.)iniiia,  per  cwt. 

the  pniduce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  British  possession, 
per  cwl.  ...... 

Rubies.    Sec  Jewels. 

a 

Saccharuin  Satiimi,  per  lb. 

Safflower,  per  cwt. 

Satfron.  pi-r  lb. 

SaEO,  percwl.  ■  • 

Sails.    Su  Linen. 

Sal,  viz, 

amnioniar,  per  cwt  ■ 

limoiiinii,  per  lb. 

prune' le,  per  cwt.  . 

Salep,  or  Salop,  per  cwt. 
Silt  .... 
Saltpetre,  per  cwt. 

imporied  rrnni  the  East  Indies,  per  cwt. 
Sanguis  draconit,  psr  cwt. 
Santa  Marie  woikI,  fnr  every  lOOl.  value 
Sapan  wo-ul,  per  ion   • 
Saraaparilla,  per  lb,    • 
Sasiafrai.  per  cwt.       -  ■ 

Saunders,  red,  per  ton  - 

while  nr  y.  How,  per  cwt  • 
Sausages  nr  puddiim,  |<er  lb,    ■ 
ScaleboardR,  prr  cwt.  • 
Scammoiiy,  (.erlb. 
Seed,  viz 

acorns,  per  bushel 

aninii  or  anmiine  seed,  per  lb. 

aniseed,  per  cwt. 

bumel  seed,  per  cwt 

canary  seed,  iier  cwt, 

caraway  seeif,  per  cwt. 

carmi  swd,  |wr  lb. 

carthanius  seeil.  [ler  lb. 

castor  wed     Sa  Nuls. 

cevalillaseed.    See  Sabadilla  iced. 

clover  seed,  per  cwt 

cole  seed,  per  quarter       • 

corianflersted,  per  cwt,    - 

cumiiiiii  fliet,  |ier  cwt.      ■ 

fennel  se,'d.  per  cwt. 

fenugreek  seed,  per  cwt  • 

fiaz  ffeeit,  |ier  quarter 

forest  seeil  per  lb. 

garden  Sied  not  particularly  enumerated  or  deacribed, nor 
olherwi>e  chareed  with  duty,  per  lb. 

pass  seel  of  all  sorts,  per  cwt. 

nsmp  seed,  per  quarter     • 

leek  seel,  |ier  lb.  - 

lettuce  seed,  (ler  quarter  - 

linseed,  per  quarter 

lucerne  seed,  per  cwt. 

maw  seed,  per  cwt. 

millet  sect  per  cwt 

mustard  seed,  per  bushel  - 

onion  seeil,  per  Ih. 

parsley  seed,  |ier  Pi. 

pinny  or  peony  seed,  per  lb. 

quince  seed,  per  lb. 


Duty, 
I  Jan.  1834. 


L.  I.  i. 
0    0    I 


0  a 

0  12 
0  I 
0    0 


0  0 
U  13 
0    0 


0    g 
0    1 


2  2  6 
I    0    0 

0  10  0 
As  aliove. 
As  above. 
As  above. 
As  above. 

0  0  2 
13    6    0 

0    6    0 

0    1    0 

0    I    0 

0  IS  0 
0    2    6 

0  I  0 
0    0    I 


0  10 
0    4 


0 
9 

0    3    2 


0  0  10 

0  1    0 

0  I    0 

0  I    0 


0    I  0 

0    4  9 

0    1  0 

0    I  0 

Free. 

0    0  6 

0  6 

4  0 

0  0 

1  n 
0 
2 
I 


I  10 
0  0 
0    0 


I  0 
0  I 
0  1) 
0  2 
0  2 
0  9 
0  I 
0    0 

0  0 

1  0 
0    I 


I    6 


0    I 

0  I 

1  0  0 
SCO 
0  116 

OHO 
0  I  6 
0  0  1 
0  0  6 
0   3    0 


Duty,  IRigi 


f.   if. 

I    8 


0  a  6 

0  12  0 

2    0  0 

50   0  0  per  cent 


0  I 
0  13 
0    0 


I    6    0 
0  IS    0 


2    2 
I    2 


I  2  0 
As  above. 
As  above. 
As  above. 
As  above. 

0  0  2 
13    6    0 

0  15    0 

0    4    0 

0    3    6 

0  15    0 

0  10    0  per  cwt 

0    5    0 

0  2    6  per  cwt. 

1  0    0 
0    4    9 

0    3    2 


0  0  10 
0  8  9 
0  7  6 
3  14    8 


2  16  0 

0    4  9 

2  16  0 

7    0  0 


0 

0 

0 

0 

9 

6 

20 

0 

20 

0 

0 

1 

0 

6 

0  15 

4  13 

0 

1 

3 

R 

0 

6 

20 

0 

0 

0 

3 

0 

60 

0 

3 

0 

1 

0 

0 

n 

0 

0 

0  15 


I 

4 

0 

0 

2S 


6 

6 

8 

0 

0  per  cent 

3 

4 

0 

4 

3 

2 

4 

0  per  cent 

6 

0 

0  per  cent 

0 

0 


0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
6 
4 
0  per  cent 


0    1  0 

60    0  0  per  cent 

0  17  6 

0    I  0 

0    I  0  per  lb. 

0    3  4 

0  12  6 

3    0  0 
0  116 

0   9  4  per  cwt 

0   0  Si. 

0    I  0* 

0   0  6 

0   3  0 


Duty,  1787. 


L.  I.  d. 

0    0  9 

0    0  6 

0    2  0 

0  18  4 

27  10  0  per  cent 


0  0  6 

0  6  4 

0  0  II 

0  I  8* 

27  10  0  per  cent. 

0  0  2 

0  0  9 


Free, 
n  10    0  psr  cent 

0  18    8 
As  below. 

As  below. 

0  II    5 

0    8   0 

0    8    3 

0    7    I 
27  10    opercca 


Free. 


1  e 

1  6 

7  4  per  cwt 

7  4  per  cwl. 


33    0   0  per  tern. 
0    2    3 


0    I    6 


0   0   3 
Free. 

0  2   6 

1  8   0 


Free. 

27  10  0  per  cent. 

0  18  8 

1  8  0 

0   2  3 

0    7  9 

3  14  8 

|33   0  Opercem. 

0    0  8 

0  2  4 
Free. 

1  b  0 
0   0  31 
0  II  0* 
0   2  6 

27  10  0  per  cent. 

0  0  2 

1  3  2 

27  ID  0  per  cent. 

0  16  6 

0   5  0 

0   0  U 

0   0  2' 


0   2  9 

0  13  8 

0   4  5 

0   7  4 

0  14  0 

0   3  4 

1 27  10  0  per  cent 

0   0   1} 
27  10  0  percent 
0   9   6} 
0   0 
0   0 
Free. 
0   2   9 

5 

6 

3  per  cwt 


0  percent 
li  pn  lb. 


0  15 
0  4 
0  2 
0  0 
0  0 
0  0 
0  0 


TARIFF. 


897 


1819. 

Duty,  1787. 

i.  f.  4 
0    0    B 

per  cent 

0    0   8 
0    2    0 
0  18    4 

27  10    0  pir  erat 

0    0   6 
0    8    4 
0    0    11 
0    18* 

27  10   0  per  ctol      ' 

0    0   2 
0   0    1 

» 
) 

FrM. 

27  10   Opsrcenl. 

1 
) 

0  18    8 
At  below. 

a 

a. 

e. 
e. 
e. 
2 
0 

Ai  Mow. 
0  11    6                      H 

0    8    0                  1   ■ 
0    8    3                  1    H 

0  7   1                H 

27  10    0  per  cent.         ^| 
6  10    8                     ■ 

0 

H 

0 

0  1  c            ;  1 

a 

0    I    S                  j   H 

0 

0  percwt. 

1  0    7    4percm.      \   H 

0 

(  0   7   4  percwt     i  | 

33   0   0  per  tent.      ' 
0    2   3  I 

0    16 


0    0   3 
Free. 

0  2   6 

1  8   0 


Free. 

27  10  0  per  cent. 

0  18  8 

1  8  0 

0   2  3 

0   7  9 

3  14  8 


0  per  cent 
1  6 
I  0 

0  per  cent. 

0 
8 


0 
0 

|o 

|0 

U 
14 

1 0  per  cent 

lo 

10  percent 

|6 
10 

lo  per  lb. 

I< 

|o 
le 

|4  per  cwt 


33   0  0  percent. 

'  0   0  8 

0  2  4 
Free. 

1  8  0 
0    0  31 

on  0* 

0   2  6 

27  10  0  per  cent. 

0  0  2 

1  3  2 

27  10  0  per  cent. 

0  16  6 

0    6  0 

0   0  U 

0   0  2* 


0   2  9 

0  13  8 

0   4  5 

0   7  4 

0  14  0 

0   3  4 

1 27  10  0  percent. 

0   0   li 
27  10  0  percent 
0   9  6} 

0   0   upetlb. 
Free. 
0   2   9 

S 

3  percwt 

li 


0  15 
0   4 

0  2 
0  0 
0  0 
0  0 
0   0 


Articla. 


rape  lee.l,  per  quarter      >  .  •  •  . 

■.itiaililla  or  cevAdilla  iee<1,  per  lb. 
atinib  or  tree  seed  not  otherwiie  aaumerateJ,  per  lb. 
Irrfnilaeed,  (Mrcwl.  .  .  .  .  . 

wonii  «cd,  per  cwt.         .  .  .  .  . 

til  leeilt  lint  pirlicuUrly  enumerated  or  ileicribed,  nor  other. 
wiae  charged  with  duly,  cimimonly  made  uae  of  fur  extract- 
itiK  oil  therefrom,  per  <)u.irler     .  .  -  . 

all  other  teed  not  p.irticuUrly  enumeraletl  or  described,  nor 
otlierwiw  charged  with  duly,  for  every  lUO/.  value. 
Sefari.    Stt  Tobacco,  nuDufactured. 
S^-nna,  per  lb.  •  •  •  •  • 

«h»«ii>S  '"'  »>»"•    •''«  rijiiiiK- 

Siijpi  to  1"  broken  up,  with  Iheir  tackle,  apparel,  and  fumllure 

'        (eicept  «ili)i  via. 

foreign  ihipiorveeieli,  for  every  lOOf.  value 
Bri'i^h  ahi|>t,or  veaaeliuntiiled  to  be  regiilered  as  such,  not 
havJDg  been  built  in  the  United  Kiugdom,  for  every  100/. 
value  -....• 

Shrub".    Stt  Planla. 
Shuinac,  per  ton         •  •  .  •  • 

knubi  or  huaka  of  lilk,  and  waste  silk,  per  cwt 
raw  lilk,  per  lb.  - 
thrown  silk,  not  dyed,  viz. 

singles,  per  lb.  .... 

tr.im,  per  lb.  ..... 

orsaiiaine  and  crape  silk,  per  lb.         .  • 

thrown  silk,  dyed,  via. 

singles  or  Irani,  per  lb.  .  .  .  . 

nrg<nzine,  or  cra[ie  silk,  per  lb, 
kmibi  or  husks  of  silk,  and  waste  or  floss  silk,  imported  from 
any  pbce  within  the  liniila  of  the  East  India  Company's 
charer,  per  cwt.  ..... 

raw  silk,  the  produce  of  any  British  territory  in  the  East  In- 
dies, per  lb.       - 
ttie  produce  of  any  other  part  of  the  East  Indies,  per  lb, 
insnufictures  of  silk,  or  of  silk  mixed  with  any  other  material, 
the  prodnre  of  Kurope,  viz. 
silk  or  sa'in,  tilain,  per  lb.       • 

or,  and  at  the  option  of  the  officers  of  the  customs, 
for  every  l(M)/,  value     .... 

lilk  or  satin,  fii^ured  or  brocaded,  per  lb. 

or,  and  at  the  option  of  the  officers  of  the  cuiloms, 
for  every  1001,  value    .... 

gauze,  plain,  per  lb,  .... 

or,  and  at  the  option  of  Ihe  oflicen  of  the  customs, 
for  every  lOOi.  value    .... 

gauze,  striped,  figured,  or  brocaded,  per  lb. 

or,  and  at  the  option  of  the  officera  of  the  customs, 
for  every  lOOf,  value    .... 

crape,  plain,  per  lb,  - 

or,  and  at  Ihe  option  of  Ihe  officers  of  the  customs, 
for  every  1001,  value     .... 

crape,  figured,  per  lb.  .... 

or,  and  at  the  option  of  the  officers  of  the  customs, 
for  every  100/,  value     .... 

velvet,  plain,  per  lb. 

or,  and  at  Ihe  option  of  Ihe  officer*  of  Uie  customs, 
for  every  100/.  value     .... 

velvet,  figured,  per  lb.  -  -  .  - 

or,  and  at  the  option  of  the  officers  of  the  customs, 

for  every  100/.  value     .... 

ribands,  embmseJ  or  fi'^ured  with  velvet  per  lb. 

or,  and  at  the  opti.in  of  the  officers  of  the  customs, 
for  every  100/.  value      .... 

and  further,  if  mixed  with  gold,  silver,  or  other 

metal,  in  addition  to  Ihe  al>ove  rates,  when  Ihe 

duty  is  not  charged  according  to  Ihe  value,  per  lb. 

fancy  silk,  net  or  tricot,  per  lb. 

plain  Bilk  lace  or  net,  called  tulle,  per  square  yard 

Dinufncturei  of  silk,  or  of  silk  mixed  with  any  other  material, 

the  produce  of,  and  iinporlPLl  frotn,  Britiih  possessions 

within  the  limits  of  the  East  India  Company's  charter,  for 

every  100/.  value  ..... 

millinery  of  silk,  or  of  which  Ihe  greater  part  of  Ihe  materials 
is  of  silk,  viz. 
turbans  or  caps,  each  .... 

hats  or  bonnets,  each  .... 

dresses,  each  ..... 

or,  and  al  the  option  of  the  officers  of  Ihe  custom), 
for  every  too/,  value     .  .  .  . 

manufactures  of  silk,  or  of  silk  and  any  other  material,  not 
particularly  enunieratetl,  or  otherwise  charged  with  duty, 
l,\r  every  100/.  value      ..... 

irticles  of  manufacture  of  silk,  or  of  silk  and  any  other  mate- 
ri-il,  wholly  or  in  part  made  up,  not  particularly  cnuine* 
nied,  or  otherwise  charged  with  duly,  for  every  100/.  value 
Silkwo-m  i;iit.  for  every  100/,  value 
SkiDi,  furs,  pelts,  and  tails,  viz. 

bif^er.  uiidreised,  perskin  .  .  .  . 

bear,  undressed,  per  ikin  •  .  .  .  . 

undr.ised,  imported  from  any  British  possession  in  Ame- 
rica, ler  skin  .  .  .  .  . 

beaver,  undressed,  per  skin  .... 

uudn-swl,  imported  from  any  British  possession  in  Ame- 
rica, per  skin  -  -  .  .  . 
Calabar,    Sie  Squirrel  skins, 
alfand  kip,  viz. 

in  Ihe  hair,  not  tanned,  tawed,  curried,  or  in  any  way 
dressed,  viz. 
dry.  per  cwt.       ..... 

wit,  [ter  cwt.      ..... 

Ih,!  pro<luce  of,  and  imported  from,  the  west  coast  of 
Africa,  each  skin  not  exceeding  7  lbs.  weight,  per 
cwt.    ...... 

the  produce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  Briliib  poa- 

sesiion,  viz. 
dry,  per  cwt       ..... 

wet,  percwt       •  .  .  .  . 


Duly, 
1  Jan.  III34. 


L.  I.  d. 


0    I    0 
30    0    0 


0    0    6 


50    0    0 


0    1    0 


0    0    I 
0    0    I 


Olio 


25    0 
0  15 


30    0 
0  17 


30    0 
I    7 


30    0 
0  16 


30    0 
0  18 


30    0 
I    2 


30    0 
1    7 


30    0 
0  17 


30    0    0 


0  10    0 

1  4    0 
0    I    4 


20    0    0 


0  IS  0 

1  5  0 

2  10  0 

40    0  0 


30    0    0 


30 
20 


0    0    4 


Duty,  1811. 


L.  I.  d. 

I    0    0 

0    I    0 

60    0    0  per  cent, 
50    0    0  percent 

8    8    0 


0    0    4} 
SO    0    0 
0    I    3 

60    0    0 
Free. 


22    R 
0    6 


0  14  8 

0  14  8 

0  14  8 

2    6  6 

8    6  6 


21    0    0 


0    4    0 
0    5    6 


■    Prohibiled. 


0 
0 

0    6 
4    6 

0 
0 

I 
4 

6 
6 

0 
0 

2    6 
0    8 

0 
0 

2 
0 

6 
8 

20    0    0 


0    0    4 


0    4 

0    2 

8 

4 

- 

0    2 

4 

calfskins, 
■    0    2    0 
per  doz. 

0    2 
0    1 

4 
2 

Duty,  1787. 


L.  I.  d. 

0  13  8 

27  10  0  per  cent, 

27  10  0  percent 

27  10  0  per  cent 

2  16  0 


27  10    0  per  cent 
27  10    0 
0   0    6 


6  10    0 


Free. 
Free. 


I  17 
0    3 


28   5    0  per  cent 

0    3   0 
0    3    0 


Prohibited. 


27  10  0 

0    0  7 

0    6  6 

0    0  8i 

0    0  1 


calf  skins, 
0   2    9 
per  doz. 


508 


TARIFF. 


I     f 


€» 


i»'-i 


Artldm. 


Skiiu— (im<(fi»Ml. 

kip,  in  Ilia  tailr,  not  Unniil,  ttwcd,  cunled,  or  in  ujr  wiy 

tlrcMftl  ..... 

Mir  anil  kip,  vil. 

Uuu*mI,  and  not  olhrrwjie  (lrr«ac<l,  ner  lb. 

Ibe  produce  of,  and  ini{K)rt«l  rroni,  toy  Briliih  poft. 

se«iiori,  par  lt>.  ... 

rul  or  (rtinriird,  per  Ih.    .  • 

(he  |.ro<lucp  of.  auil  ini()or(r<l  from,  any  Driliih  po«' 

Kaiion,  per  ItJ,  .... 

Uwi*,),  curriiKt,  ur  In  any  way  Jrcaied  (nnl  being  Unued 

hide*;,  ptr  lb.  •  .  •  *  ■ 

lite  pnidu.  e  nf.  -ind  imported  from,  any  Oriliih  poa* 

nrwion,  per  lb.  ... 

cut  or  trlnMned,  per  lb.    . 
the  prfxhice  of,  and  jnipurtrdfrom,  any  Dritiah 
teuton,  pet  lb.  . 

cat,  undrrurd,  per  tikin    .... 
ChincliilU,  uudresard,  |i«r  ikin 
coney,  un'Ireuetl,  per  100  ikina 
deer,  uitilre-itfd,  per  itkin  . 

uudrrut'tl,  tttfl  protluce  ofj  and  impnrltrd  rronii  any  Brl 

ti<h  |MitafHiii<iii  in  Auinti'a,  per  100  ikiua 
Indian,  halfdmanl,  per  ikin  ■ 
deer,  uudresaed  or  altaved,  per  ikin 
dor,  in  Ibe  b:iir,  not  tanned,  lawcd,or  in  any  waydreeaed,  per 

dozen  ikini       ..... 
dog  Hih,  un  Ireaard,  per  doien  ikini 

uiidrniel,  of  British  lakinit,  and  imported  direct  rrom 
Ni?wfoijii(lIand|  per  doKen  akina 
elk,  in  Ibe  hiir,  iiui  lauued,  tawed,  curried,  or  in  any  iray 

drrtied,  per  ikiu  .... 

ermine,  i  itilrewted,  per  akin 

dreitMnj,  per  akin       .... 
Saber,  utidriaseil,  |ier  akin 

uiitlrrueil,  iuiporled  (rom  any  Britiah  poaeMlon  In  Ame. 
ricA,  per  akin  >  . 

Iltch,  unilreMed,  pbr  dozen  akiui    ... 
(ui,  unitreHaed,  per  ikin    .... 

unilrciaed,  imported  from  any  E.'itiah  poawnion  in  Ame. 

rica,  peraktn  .... 

taila,  UTtdresaed,  for  every  I00^  (alua   • 
goat,  raw  or  undreaaed,  per  do/f  ri  i,kiiia 

tanne<l,  per  dozen  ikini  ... 

hare,  uniireMed,  per  100  akin', 
huaae,  uiidressefl,  |ier  akin  . 
kangaroo,  raw  and  undreated,  iirpurted  from  any  Britiah  poi' 

aeaaion,  for  every  100/.  value 
kid,  in  Ibe  bair,  undreaaed,  per  100  akini    * 
dreaaed,  per  lOOskiita 

dreMisI,  and  dyed  or  coloured,  per  100  akini     . 
kip.     .St-e  Calf  aktna. 

KolinHki,  unJre^aed,  per  akin         ... 
lainb,  undrmed,  in  the  wool,  per  100  akina 
tanned  or  lawed,  per  100  akina 
tanned  or  lawed,  and  dyeil  or  coloured,  per  100  ikina 
dreaaed  in  oil,  per  100  fkina    ■ 
leopard,  'jndresaed,  per  skin 
lion,  iifi1f«t->(*d,  per  skin  .... 
lyni,  u.'.ireaaed,  per  akin  • 
Darten,  it    ressed,  per  akin 

undiesaed,  imported  from  any  Britiah  poweiaion,  per 

akin  ..... 

taila,  undresaed,  per  100  taili  * 
mink,  undresaed,  per  akin  ... 

undressed,  imported  from  any  Britiah  poisesaion  in  Ame. 

rica,  per  akin         .... 
dressed,  per  akin       .... 
mole,  undrcMeil,  per  dozen  ikini    ... 
muaquaah,  undressed,  per  100  akina 
nutria,  undiYsaed,  per  100  akina     . 
otter,  undresaed,  per  skin  .... 

undressed,  ini(x>ried  from  any  Britiah  potaeaiion  In  Amc 
rica,  per  skin         .... 
ounce,  undressed,  per  skin 
panther,  undrea.e(i,  per  skin 
pella  of  go,ili,  undressed,  per  doienpellB     . 
dressed,  per  dozen  pelta 
of  all  nllter  aorta,  undresaed,  per  100  pelta 
racoon,  undreaaet),  per  skin 

undreneil,  imported  from  any  British  poaaession  in  Ame. 
rira,  ))er  skin         .... 
•able,  undressed,  per  akin  -  .  •  . 

taila  or  lipa  of  sable,  undressed,  per  piece 

•eal,  in  Ihe  hair,  not  tanned,  tawed,  or  in  any  way  dreaaed 

per  skin         -  .  .  .  . 

of  British  taking,  per  dozen  skini 

of  British  taking,  and  imported  from  Newfoundland,  per 

skin  .  .  .  .  . 

aheep,  undresaed,  in  the  won},  per  dozen  skins 

tanned  or  tawed,  per  IOC  skiua 

dressed  in  nil,  per  100  skins    - 

squirrel  or  Calabar,  undressed,  per  100  skins 

tawed,  per  too  skins  •  •  .  . 

tails,  undressed,  for  every  lOOf.  value   • 
swan,  unilre<aed,  per  skin 

tiger,  undreased,  per  akin  .... 
weasel,  undressed,  per  100  skins    ■ 

wolf,  undressed,  per  akin  •  .  .  .  . 

undressed,  imported  from  any  Britiah  poaaession  in  Ame. 

rica,  per  skin         . 
tawed,  per  skin  .... 

wolverines,  undressed,  per  skin      ... 

undressed,  imported  from  any  British  possession  in  Ame. 

rica,  per  skin  •  .  .  .  . 

akina  and  furs,  or  pieces  of  skins  and  furs,  raw  or  undreased,  not 

particularly  enumerated  or  described,  nor  otherwise  charged 

with  duly,  for  every  100/.  vtilite  -  .  .  . 

akina  and  fun,  or  pieces  of  skina  and  fura,  tanne.l,  tawed, 

curried,  or  in  any  way  dria«i:d,  not  p.irlicularly  enume- 


Duly, 
I  Jan.,  I'M 


L.    «.   d. 

Aa  abova. 

0    0    9 

0    0    4| 
0    1    li 

COT 

0    I    0 

oca 

0    I    6 

0  0  9 

0  0  I 

0  0  9 

0  I  0 

0  0  1 


0    0 


0  0  3 
0  2  0 
0    0    8 


6    0  0 

0    0  4 

0  10  0 

0  IS  0 


0  0 
0  0 
0  10 

0  la 

4    0 

0 

0 

0 

0 


0 
0 

0 
5 
0 

0 
2 
0 

I 
I 
I 

I 

7 
2 
3 
6 
0  17 
0    0 


0  0  I 

0  2  6 

0  0  3 

0  I  0 

0  0  1 


0    0  i 

0    I  0 

2    0  0 

4    0  0 

0  II  6 

0  17  6 

20    0  0 

0    I  0 

0    2  6 

0    4  9 

0    0  6 

0    0  3 

0  17  6 

0    I  0 

0    0  6 


20    0    0 


Duty,  1819^ 


L.  I.   d. 

0    6   0  p.  doi,  akina. 
0    I    0 


0    1    0 


75    0   0  par  cent. 


0  0  a 

8  0  u  per  cent. 

0  1  0 

0  0  4 

0  16  8 

0  0  8 

0  0  8 

0  0  10 

0  6  1 

0  6  2 

0  1  0 

0  0  8 

76  0  0  per  cent. 

0  1  0 


0 
0 
0 

0 
20 
0 
2 
0 
0 


6 
2 

8 

0  4 
0  0 
2  10 
0  0 
6  6 
0    6 


20  0  0 

0  1  7 

2  0  0 

2  0  0 


0  per  cent. 

0  par  cent 

0 

0 

0 

6 

0 

0  per  cent. 


0   0  3 

0  16  3 

0    0  4 

0    0  2 

0    2  0 

0    0  6 

0  12  6 

20    0  0  par  cent. 

0    I  6 


0  3 
0  a 
0  17 
0    0 

0  0 
0  8 
0    I 


0    0    3 
0    0    3 


0  17 
20    0 


0  1 
2  3 
0 
0 
1 


6 


0 
2  3 
9  6 
4  9 
2    0 


0    1  0 

0  17  6 

0    I  0 

0    0  6 


20    0    0 


Duty,  1787. 


L.  t,  d. 


«7  10   0  per  cant 

calf, 
0    0    4#  per  lb. 

kip, 
77    0    0  par  ceui. 


77    0   0  par  cent. 


0    0  It 

27  10  0  per  ctot. 

0    2  6 

0   0  »  per  ikio, 

0    0  Jtperi, 


0 
0 
77 


R 

I'' 

0  per  cent. 


0    I    4t 


0    0 
27  10 

0  6 

1  0 
0  0 
0    0 

27  10 
0  19 

1 


0  l*t  cent. 


4    9 


27  10 
0    2 


77 

77 

2  0 

0  6 

0  2 

27  10 

0  1 

0  0 

0  0 


0  13 
27  10 
0    1 


0  13 


0    4 
0   0 


0    0 
0   0 


n  per  cent. 

2* 

0  per  cent. 

0  pitr  cent. 
4 
II 
9 
0  per  cent. 

*k 

«i 

5 

\' 
9 

0  per  cenl. 
5 


Free. 

0  0  10 

1  0  10 
1  19  7 
0  4  7 
0  6    4^ 

27  10    0  Iter  cent. 

0  0  11 

0  2    9 

0  0    9i 

0  6   4 

0  6    4 

0  8   3 

0  3   6 


27  10   0 


i*   I 


ifitim> 


•kiM- 


ent. 


;«nt. 


cent. 


Duty,  17«T. 

~U  t.  d. 

IT  10   0  F<r  cent 

calf, 
0    0    4t  per  lb. 

77    0    l)  ii«r  ctiiL 


77    0    0  per  cent. 


0    0 

27  10 

0    2 

to  0 

00 
0    0 


\ 


It 

0  p«r  ctol, 
b 

V  per  iklu. 

4 1  per  lb. 
9 

6 

0 


0 
0 

77 


8 

0  per  cent. 


er  cent, 
er  cent 


Bf  cent. 


kr  cent. 


0    1    4t 


0    0 
27  10 

0  & 

1  0 
0  0 
0    0 

87  10 
0  19 

\     I    4 


0  ixr  cent. 

e 

0 

I' 

0 
3 


27  10 
0    2 

77    0 

77  0 
2  0 
0  6 
0    2 

27  10 


0    1 
0    0 


0    0 

0    0 
0 


n  per  cent. 

3* 

0  per  cent. 
0  per  ceol. 
4 
II 
9 
0  per  ccDt, 


0  13 

27  10 

0    I 


i 

V 


\ 


0  13 

0    4 
0    0 

0   0 
0   0 


0  per  ccDl. 
S 


S 

9 

U 
7 

6 
2 


Free. 

0  0  10 

1  0  10 
I  19  7 
0  4  7 
0    S    4t 

27  10   0  per  cent. 
0   0  11 
0   2    9 
0    0    9i 
0   6   4 

0  6  4 
0    8   3 

t    0   3   6 


27  10    0 


Si. 


Si.) 
I».J 


per  lb. 

MUM. 


ArticlM. 


rated  or  ilttKribad,  nor  othcrwiw  chmrned  with  duty,  for 
tvtry  lot/,  v.ilue  ..... 

■iticiM  Rilnuraciured  of  ijiini  or  furv,  for  ever^  lOOJ.  faliia    . 
N 4t-~'Thr  duty  on  foi,  o  ter,  tral,  woil,  Ittar,  c^t,  and 
bcafer  akiiii,  iniimeed  l>y  act  .ittUeo.  3.  c.  JSi  .  lu^iiaod. 
ed  till  ft  July,  lHi4,  bfliiif  iIm  product  oi  and  lui(K>rt«d 
Iron)  Newfoundland. 
Slile.    Stt  Stone. 
Srnalu,  |)«r  lb.  . 

Sauir,  per  lb.  ...... 

ol  any  country,  by  act  69  Geo,  3.  c.  5X 

annual  act      . 
fmni  the  Rait  Indiea,  per  lb. 
fmni  Hnli-h  plantatioua  In  America,  per  lb. 
from  any  other  nlace,  per  lb.  - 

T/iAt •—Houn wai,  by  act 27  Geo.  3.  c.  13, nbject only  to 
dutiei  orcuatoini,  and  by  the  69  Geo.  3.  c.  63.,  lutiject 
only  to  a  duty  of  eiciw,  which  wae,  on  Ibc  6lh  of 
April,  1823,  traniferrtd  to  the  cuslonia. 
Swp,  vlt. 

bard,  per  cwt     ...... 

lofi,  per  cwl.        ...... 

the  produce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  BrilUb  poeioaion  in 

the  Eaat  liidiee,  vii. 
bard,  per  cwt     ...... 

loft,  per  cwl.       ...... 

.Ma.    .Vu  Alkali. 

Spi  ware,  for  every  lOOi.  valua  .... 

Speciiiieiii  of  miiierala,  foailt,  or  orei,  not  particularly  enume* 

rated  or  deKribed,  nor  olherwiie  charged  with  duty,  each  ape* 

ciDien  lint  exceediDK  in  weiglit  14  Ibi. 

riceeding  in  weight  14  Ibi,  each,  for  every  100/.  value 

illuitntive  of  natural  biatory,  not  otberwiie  enumerated  or 

deacribed  ...... 

i'revioua  to  1823,  aukject  to  duty  according  to  their  ra- 
ai)eclive  denoniioation. 
Speckled  wood,  per  ton 

the  produce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  Briliah  poaeeiaion,  per 
Ion       -  -  .  .  .  .  . 

Stt  Note  at  the  end  of  Wood. 
Spelter,  in  caket,  per  cwl.       ... 

not  iocakea,  perewt.        .  .  .  .  . 

Spenniceli,  fine,  per  lb. - - • . . 


30    0    0 
76    0    0 


0    0    4 
0    6    0 


4  10    0 
3  113 


1    I    0 

1    3    J 

30    0    0 

Free. 
6    0    0 

Free. 

8  14    2 

0  16    3 

0  2  0 
0  10  0 
0    I    6 


76    8    0 
74    0   C 


0    0    91 
Aa  belnw. 

i   taciae. 
10    6    0 


4  10    0 
3  113 


I  60    0    0  per  cent. 
60    0    0 


0    0    2  per  lb. 
80    0    0 


8  14  8 

0  16  3 

60    0  0  per  cent. 

1  8  6 
0    I  6 


D  n   4 

(See  bflijw 
Custouia. 

) 

0 

n 

0 

3 

1 
2 

3 
6 
t 

9    4    0 
1  17    6 


37  16    3  per  cent 
37  10    0 


{27 


10    0 


4    8    4 


27  10    0  per  cent. 
0  13    9 
0    0    8 


Articlea, 


Spirili  or  ttroDg  waten  of  alt  aorta, 

br  every  gallon  of  auch  apirita  or 
atrong  waten  of  any  atrcnglh 
not  exceeding  the  alrength  of 
proof  by  Sykea'a  hydrometer, 
and  ao  in  proportion  for  any 
greater  alrength  than  the 
ilrrnglh  of  pitwf,  and  for  any 
greater  or  leal  qutatity  than  « 
gallon,  vii. 
Dot  being  apirita  or  atrong  waten, 
the  produce  of  any  Briliah  poa- 
leieinn  in  America,  or  anr  Rri- 
tiih  poMcaaion  within  the  limila 
of  the  Eaal  India  Conipiny'a 
charter,  and  not  being  aweet- 
ened  apirita,  or  apirita  miiad 
with  anv  article,  ao  that  the 
degree  or  alrength  thereof  can- 
not  be  eiactly  aacertained  by 
luch  hydrometer 
or  strong  walen,  the  produce  of 
any  Britlih  poaaetaion  in  Ame- 
rica, not  being  aweetened  api- 
{  ritigOrapiritaaomizeduafore' 
■aid  .... 
or  atroni  vratera,  the  produce  of 
any  Briliah  poaaeaaion  within 
the  limita  ol  the  Eaat  India 
Company'a  charter,  not  being 
aweetened  apirita,  or  apirita  ao 
mixed  u  aforeeaid 
cordiili,  or  atrong  waten  ropect- 
ively  (not  being  the  produce  of 
any  British  poaaeaaion  in  Ame* 
rica),  aweetened  or  mixed  with 
any  article,  ao  that  the  degree 
of  itreng'h  thereof  cannot  Iw 
eiaclly  aacertained  by  auch  hy- 
drometer 
eordiali,  or  atrong  walen  rcipnct- 
ivelT,  being  the  produce  olany 
Britlih  poaaeaaion  in  America, 
aweetened  or  mixed  with  any 
article,  an  that  the  degree  of 
itnngth  thereof  cannot  be  ex- 
actly aacertained  by  auch  hy- 
drometer 
nim  ihrub,  however  aweetened, 
the  produce  of,  and  imported 
from,  any  Briliah  poaaeiiion  in 
America,  per  gallon  • 


Duly, 
I  Jan.  1834. 


L.  I.  d. 


I    2    « 


0   9    0 


0  IS    0 


I  10    0 


I    0    0 
0    9   0 


Duly,  1819. 


I.  I.  d. 


0  a  n 

0  t  « 

0  9  6 

0  6  7t 

0  e  Ti 

0  e  7} 


Duly,  1787. 


L.  I.  d. 


0  0  10| 

0  0   6 

0  3    4} 

0  3   4} 

0  3    4} 

0  3    4} 


Spirila  were  also  aiit.jcct  to  the  fnl. 
lowing  duties  of  excise  at  the 
time  of  tlie  passing  of  the  under- 
mentioned acta,  viz. 


I  Geo.  3.  c.  2. 


L.  ,.  d. 
I    0    4| 


0  12    S 


0  18    6^ 


1  17    7J 


4   0 


I    4   0 


27  Geo.  3.  c.  13. 


L.  I.  d. 

0    6    1^ 


0    4    3^ 


0    4    3^ 


0    9    6^ 


0    8    0 


0    8   0 


■.*  i 


600 


TARIFF. 


r  1 

.-J 


ArtlclM. 


p«rlb. 


SpoHM,  pcrlb.  .... 

iTtt  prniuc«  of,  mul  importtil  from  any  Britinh 
ttquillif  ilri«l,  |>«r  cwt.  .  .  .  .  • 

iml  JriMi,  jtur  ewt.  •  •  •  •  • 

HIarch,  |)«r  cwi.  .  .  .  •  •  • 

MtiVMarr*.  |wr  cwt,    •  •  •  • 

HIerl,  unwnitiKht,  iimMrpd  In,  ii)<l  impnrtcil  from,  my  Rriliih 
|)o«M:Hion  in  A*ia,  Afrira,  nr  Atiienra,  prr  Kill 
or  any  inanufjcliimor  tlNl  not  otIielM  lie  rnumtraled  ur  da* 
•cribail,  tur  evffy  l(Xi.  valua       .  .  •  • 

Stibium.     S44  Anllmrtny. 
Hlicki,  via.  walkini  alicka.    Sit  Canea. 
Btoiia,  via. 

burn  for  mill  itnnra,  par  100         ■  •  •  * 

du<  aliifin,  not  aacrnlmi!  i  limt  In  dlamalar,  above  I  ami  uo- 

Jer  12  iiichM  III  ihlckiiaiai  |)«r  pair 
rmffry  ■tonn,  |>ar  Inn         ■  •  •  • 

Hllarinn  ilniiM,  for  avary  1001.  of  Ilia  talua  ■ 
flini  ilnrm,  lor  pollari      .  •  .  •  • 

a'onea,  nut  Mint,  for  pottan  •  ■  >  . 

feltpar,  for  pollen  .  •  •  •  • 

graveainim  of  marble,  via. 

poliitinl,  each  nol  cnntainttif  mora  than  9  feat  Miuare, 

per  rn4)l  Kiuari*,  luprrtlrial  ineature  • 
un^ioliiheil,  the  frnit  Miiiare ,  ■u|>erAcial  intaiura 
gnvesionea  not  of  marble,  |Kiliabed  ur  unpoliilied,  tha  ^t 
•qiiare,  lUperAcjal  ineaaure         .... 

Ilniftlone  •  ■  .  .  .  - 

marble,  rouKh,  blocki  or  alaba        .  •  >  • 

nurtilr  In  any  way  maiiufarture'l  (eicrpt  i^raitonea  and 

paving  itoura,  each  not  cnnlaining  ntore  Ihau  2  feet  atjuara), 

per  civl,  ..... 

marble  paving  slunet,  each  not  containing  more  Itun  2  feet 
Kpnre,  via. 
polithed,  the  foot  aquare,  auperflcial  meature     • 
roui(h,  per  fool  wpiare,  auperflciaj  iiieantire 
mill  atonea  above  i  feel  In  <liamelcr,  or  it  12  indiea  In  thick- 
Ileal  or  upwirda,  per  p.iir  •  •  •  _  • 

paviiiK  alonei,  not  of  marble,  per  100  feet  aquare,  luperllcial 
nu'laure  #..... 

pebble  ainnea        ....-• 

poliahing  Blonea,  for  every  lOOf.  value 

pumice  ainnea,  per  ton       .  .  .  .  > 

quern  ainnea,  viz.  under  3  feet  in  diameter,  and  not  eiceeding 

6  incliea  m  thickneaa,  per  pair     .  .  .  • 

3  feel  in  diameter,  and  uol  above  4  feet  in  diameterf  and 

not  eiceeding  6  incbea  in  thickneaa,  per  i>air  • 

rag  alonea,  for  every  lOOJ.  value      .  .  .  ■ 

•lalea  not  ollierwiae  enumerated  or  deicribed,  for  ever;  1001. 

value  ....... 

ilatea,  in  framea,  per  dozen  .  .  .  . 

alick  atonea,  per  100  .  •  .  •  - 

atone,  aculpiured,  or  mnealc  work,  per  cwt. 
Btnne  to  be  uaed  for  the  purpoae  of  lilhography 
whet  atonea,  per  100  >  •  .  - 

atoneii  not  inrlicularly  enumerated  or  deicribed,  nor  otherwiie 
charired  with  duty,  for  every  lUOf.  value  • 
^t/ff.— If  any  atatue,  group  of  figurca,  or  other  atone  or 
marble  ornament,  carved  out  of  the  a-tme  block,  ahall 
eiceed  1  ton  weiglil,  the  iluly  to  be  charged  thereon 
ahall  be  eitimated  at  the  rale  payable  for  1  tou  weight, 
and  no  more. 
Storai,  orSlyrji.    .•JeeOum. 
Straw  or  graaa  fur  platting,  per  cwt. 

Succadea,  per  lb.         •  •  -  .  .  • 

the  produce  of,  and  Imported  from,  any  Britiah  poiaea.  per  lb. 
Sugar,  VIZ. 

brown  or  muicovado  or  clayed,  not  being  refined,  until  6 
April,  1834,  per  cwt.      .  .  .  .  . 

the  Krowih,  produce,  or  manufacture  of  any  Rritiah  poa- 

aeasinn  within  the  limita  of  the  Eaat  India  Company*! 

charter,  and  imported  from  thence,  per  cwt.  - 

the  growth,  produce,  or  manufacture  of  any  Itriliih  poa- 

leision  in  America,  and  iinimrted  from  thence,  per  cwt. 

(Sugar  waa,  by  act  59  Geo,  3.  c.  Si.,  aubjecl  to  the 

fluctuation  of  3«.  per  cwt.  leu  than  the  above  du- 

tiea,  according  to  the  average  price  of  muaoovado 

augar,  until  the  paaiing  of  6  Geo.  4.  c.  9.) 

meluaei,  per  cwt.  ..... 

the  produce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  Brit,  poiaea.  per  cwt. 

refined,  per  cwt.  ■•.■■■ 

candy,  brown,  per  cwt  .... 

while,  per  cwt.  ■  .  .  •  • 

candy  imported  from  the  Eaat  Indiea,  viz. 

brown,  per  cwt.         ..... 

white,  j>er  cwt.  -  .  .  .  . 

Sulphur  impreaaiona,  for  every  IC02.  value 

vivum.    Su  Rrimatone. 
Sweepwaahen'  dirt,  containing  bullion.    Sa  Bullion. 
Sweet  wood,  per  ton    ■ 

the  produce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  Britiah  poai.  per  ton 
See  Note  at  the  ewTof  Wood. 

T. 

Taili,  viz. :— BulTalo,  bull,  cow,  or  01  taili,  per  100 

fox  tail«,  marten  taili,  aable  taili,  iquirrel,  or  Calabar  laila. 
SeeSkina.  >"i         . 

Talc,  per  lb. 
Tallow,  per  cwt,        ...... 

im|Hirted  from  any  Britiah  pnaeaion  in  Aaia,  Africa,  or  Ame- 
rica, per  cwt.  ...... 

Tamarinda,  per  lb.     * 

the  produce  of,  and  imported  froo,  any  Britiib  poea.  per  lb.  • 
Tapioca,  per  cwt.       .  .  ... 

Tar,  the  lait,  containing  12  barreli,  each  barrel  nol  eiceeding 
31  l'2galloni  ...... 

the  produce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  Britiah  poawnion,  the 

laat  containing  12  auchbarrela     ■  ■  .  • 

Barbadoea  tar,  per  cwt.     •  .  .  •  . 

Tine,  per  quarter      ...... 


Duty, 
I  Jan.,  I  KM 


«  10 
0    4 


0    I    0 

20    0    0 


0  10    0 


6    3    I 

0    I    I 

60    0    I 

Free. 

tree. 
I'rce. 


Oil 
0    0  10 

0    0    « 
Free. 
Free, 


0    3    0 


0    0  10 
0    0    8 

II    8    0 

0  12    0 

Free. 

6    0    0 

0    6    0 

0    8    9 


0  17 

20    0 

6«  10 
0    3 

0    8 
0    2    8 
Free. 
0    8    9 

20    0    0 


0  0 
0  I 
0    0 


3    3    0 


I  12 
I    4 


I    3 

0  9 
8  8 
6  12 
8    8 

6  12 
6  12 
6    0 


10  13 
0  18 


0    6    0 


0  IS    0 


0  12 
0   2 

0  10 


Duly,  mil 


L.  I. 

0  2 

0  2 

1  0 

0  » 
»  10 

1  8 


60    0  0  per  cent. 

60    0  0  per  cent. 

3  16  0 

8  16 

0  2  0 

60  0  0 

0  2  8  per  ton. 

88  10  0  per  cent. 

20  0  0  per  cent. 


0 
0 

0 
20 
0 


2    6 

0  10 

0    6 

0    0  per  rent. 
8    4  llM  aolid  ft. 


0    3  2thi(M>tiqr. 

0    0  10 

0    0  6 

II    S  0 

0  12  0 

0  13  6  per  ton. 
20    0  0 

1  IS  4 

0  IT  6 


0  17 

20    0 


16  10 

0    3 


6 
0 

0 

0 

0 

6 

0  per  cwt 

9 


Duty,  i'Tltt. 


66  10    0 


20   0  0  per  cent 

0    3  2 

0   3  2 

(  4    6  Belayed. 

I  3    S  0  not  clayed. 

2    0  0 

[    I  16  Delayed. 

I   1  10  0  not  clayed. 


I  3 
0  10 
8  8 
6  12 
8    8 

8  12 
6  12 
60   0 


10  13 

0  16 


0   6    0 


0  0 
0   3 

0  3 
0  0 
0  0 
2  16 


I    S    H 


1 
2 

M 


4 
8 

OptTMBL 


L.  ».  d. 
0  0  1 
0    0    8 

(  0    I    6 

8    16 

0  8* 

IT  10    0  per  cent, 
Prohibited, 

Olio 

2  IT    ^ 

1  18    8 
27  10    0 

y«  10    Opeicnt 


0   0   21 
001} 

0    0   0^ 
27  10    Oparceni. 
0    2    0  the  aolid  It. 


0    I  0  the  luol  K|r, 

0    0  2^ 

b    0  ij 

2    4  0 

0    4  2 

0    6  8  per  too. 

2T  10  0 

0    3  0 

0    3  3^ 

0    «  7i 

27  10  0 

0   0  6  each. 

0    0  11 

0   3  4 

27  10  Operrrnt. 

2T  10  0  per  cent, 

0    3  8 

27  10  0  per  cat. 


27  10  0  per  cm 

0    0  8 

0  0  8 

2    6  SclayM. 

1  T  2D0lcU;gil, 


1    9   Odiyed, 
0  12    4B0tcU;«l, 


0  II 
0  3 
4  18 
2  16 
4   2 

4  19 
7  8 
17  10 


6  10   0 

Oil 

0   0  2 
Free. 

0   0  2 
0  18   8 

0  14  10 

0  13  U 
0   8  4* 
27  10  Oiwcat, 


TARIFF. 


001 


P' 


1. 

thitj,  l''*! 

0  0  1 
0  0  « 

I  0  1  » 

»  »  »  • 

0  •  • 

ct&t. 

17  10  «  r«»  «»'• 
rtohi»>«»>>. 

«r  ton. 
icr  criit. 
itr  cia<- 


th«  tool  iqr. 


0 

SpcrtoD. 

0 

4 


6 

0 

0 
0 
0 

1  « 

0  p«i  cwt 
1    » 

I    0 


0    Op«TC«>t. 

S    1 

3  a 

3   0  not  <!l«y»*' 

0   0 

IK    OcUjrf-     . 

Jo  OnoicUyed. 


19  » 
llO   0 

S  0 
||2   0 

8   0 

ItZ    0 

111    0 
0   0 


I  13    0 
I  16   3 


0  u  a 
1 1«  • 

«7  >0    0 

n  10  0  fi  ««t. 


\\ 


0    0 
0    0 


n 


0    0    0| 
31  10    Opirctn'. 

0     10  lilt  Killll  II. 


0    I    0  the  (Ml  (qr, 


0   ik 
0    \\ 

S    4    0 


0    0 


0*1       , 
0    5   6  per  Ion. 

OT  10    0 

0    3    0 

0  3  al 


0  •  Ik 

n  10    0 

0  0  etMh. 

0    0  11 
0   3    4 

fl  10    Operttnt. 
27  10    0  p«  ccni. 
OSS 

J7  10   0  per  cmi. 


j7  10   0  per  cent 
0   0    8 
0    0   B 

2   5   ecUyrt. 
I    7   »MUhj«l. 


I'  s 

f  ou 


0  3 
4  IS 

0  cl>;e<l. 
4iiolcU!«l. 


Ar)l«lM. 


6    0 


0  8 
3  a 

3  1 
0  8 
0    8 

:i6  0 


6  10   0 


0   1* 


i 


ll    6   »t 


4 

8  , 


0  0  1 
Tim. 

0  0  a 
0  18  8 
014  10 

0  13  H 

0   9  4         , 

r  »  op«"* 


TlfTM.  P"  •>»••»•,.    .••••• 

r.Hirn"  •f  I'l.  P*r  '".  ' 

7„,  (,oni  U  April,  IKH,  will  U  lubjMl  to  lb*  (ollowinf  cuetome 

hih»».  |»r  III.      •  •  •  ■      .      ■      ,       ■ 

(ri>(»u,  twiiikiy,  hymn  ikiD,  oru(t  pfliM,  >nd  ciinpol,  p*r 

lb.       .  ■  •  •  •  •  • 

«iiich<mr,  rtnwflry  p»linr,  hytnn,  y«mn«  hr«rtn,  funpowiler, 


hrxin,  |u 
ril,  pfr  lb. 


(Toa  w»  (rn>  of  i-iia'imil  ilnlv  uiilil  t3  April,  l*.'M  ; 
but  111  III*  yrar  I7N7  wu  tunjrct  In  Ihp  eli'iMi  (tiity 
of  7i  10*.  per  riiil.  on  the  jnxe  prlcp  (  iinl  In  llie 
yMr  1919  Id  ihe  riillowiiin  eiclM  diillet,  vji.  ■nlil 
•I  or  uml'-r  3i.  per  lb.  WU.  pff  ctul.  {  wlJ  abuve 
U.  per  lb.,  low.  percent. 
TiMl«,r"'i'''*  ••••■■ 
Teiili.  1"*- 

IM  cdw,  eel  linne,  nr  ■««  mnree  leeth.  per  ewl. 
glii)lai)t>'  teelb,  linl  klinvn  it  lt)i,  wmkIiI  elch  Innthi  per  cwt. 
eiceetlini  111  Ibe.  weiithi  each  toulh,  per  cwl. 
TrIeKop",  (or  every  1001,  value  .... 

Trrr«,  >"  .    ^  . 

J«|i<iiiic«  nr  Mlechu,  per  cwt 
SifNiii.per  c*l.  ..... 

umlira,  per  cwt  ..... 

lerOr,  per  cwt    .  •  •  .  • 

Hriiiri  ihread,  per  dncen  Ibe.         •  • 

coiino  Ihreail.    .See  C'ntlnn  niannhetnrth 

lltitnil  ibread,  per  rioxeu  Ibe.  .  .  .  . 

lui  lilh"a.l,  lier  cwt  .  .  .  .  . 

iiiirra  Ibri-ail,  tier  lb.         •  •  ... 

wliili-'l  brnvvii  thread,  per  dnxen  Iba. 
nnl  oiherwlie  enunirrated  or  deKrIbed,  tor  avery  1001.  value 
Tilra,  fur  rvery  lOUt  value       ..... 

Dutcli  filea,  fur  every  100/.  value    .... 

i4vin(  Idee,  not  alKive  10  inchee  aqiiare,  per  1,000    • 

rirerdinv  10  Inchea  aquare,  per  1,000    • 
pin  tilea,  [ler  1,000  ..... 

Tin,  |i»r  cwt.  ...... 

nianiifaclurra  of,  not  oiherwlie  enumerated  or  deicrilied,  fur 
cvrry  lOOf.  value  ..... 

ore,  ftir  evrry  lOOt  value  ..... 

TmcjI.    St$  Boral. 

Tmlnil,  ("'every  1001.  valua  •  .  •  .  . 

Tjbicco,  vir. 

inimjiiufarlured.  per  lb.    - 
Ihr  pnnlui-e  of,  and  imported  from,  any  nrltish  potaeaaion 
ill  America,  per  lb.      • 
I       Dilnuracliire  I,  or  ae^ara,  per  lb.      • 

I         (M.inufaciured  in  the  ITniied  Kin^lom,  at  nr  within  2 
I  niiira  of  any  port  into  which  tobacco  may  bn  importeil, 

male  into  ilian,  roll,  or  carrot  tobacco, drawback  upon 
ri|iortaiinn,  per  lb.  ilr.  7  l-lld.) 
Tnbacfci  wai,  by  .icl  !i9  (leo.  3.  c.  63.,  an  annual  act  aubjcci 
to  Ilie  loilnwinK  excise  dutiea,  vif. 
uiiniAiiiifactured  of  Turkey,  and  Rritiah  posieaaiuna  in 
America,  ihe    territnriea    of  Ruaai.i,  and    any   place 
wiihin  the  limila  of  the  E.  I.  Co.°i  charter,  per  lb. 
of  Spain  nr  Portugal,  per  lb.    • 
icfaiB,  per  lb. 
Tubafto  iiipei,  for  every  lOOJ.  v^lue     .... 

Tniipira,  per  dozen     ...... 

Tnri.vil,nr  Turniole,  per  cwt  .  .  .  . 

Tiirtoinslii  II  nr  tiirileahpll,  unmanufactured,  per  lb. 

imported  from  any  Britiab  poeaeaaiou,  per  lb. 
Tin*.    ,S«riai. 
Ttfi,  for  every  1001.  valua      ..... 

Trm.    Sn  Planti. 

Tnilllei,  per  lb.  . 

TuTDierif ,  per  cwt     ...  ... 

imported  from  any  Britlah  poaaeaalon,  per  cwt 
Turorry,  out  olherwiae  enumerated  or  deacribed,  for  every  lOOf. 
viliie  .....  .  . 

Ttniiole.    .SnTomial. 
Turppniine,  vii. 

mil  brinj  nf  peater  value  than  12i.  Ihe  cw».  thereof,  per  cwt 
b<in|  of  greater  value  than  12*.  and  not  of  greater  value  than 
]Ht.  the  cwt,  thereot  per  cwt    -  >  .  . 

!»in<  ol  i;realer  value  than  IS*,  per  cwt  (hereof,  per  cwt 
of  Veoicr,  Scio,  or  Cyprua,  per  lb.  ... 

I  Twine,  per  cwt        ...... 


I  Vilonia,  per  cwt        .--... 
IVintllQca,  per  Ih.        ...... 

I  Virniih,  not  oiherwlie  enumerated  or  deicrlbed,  for  every  lOOI. 
I   nl««  .  .  . '  .  '         . 

I  Vun,  ancient,  not  of  atone  or  marble,  for  every  1001.  value 
litlium,  pcrakin        ..... 

■  Vifdi{rii,perlb.        ...... 

IVtrjuire,  pertun        -..'.,. 
IVimicelh.perlb.       ...... 

IVmnillioo,  perlb.      ...... 

IViiifcir,  nr  acetous  acid,  per  tun  - 

Vinemr,  nr  acetnua  acid,  by  act  M 
almlntheHutynfeiciaeof  I*.  2 


Geo.  3.  c.  65.,  waa  aubjeet 

,    -  I'lrf.peri^allon until  April 

i,  1625,  when  the  lame  waa  tranaferred  to  (he  cuatoma. 

W. 

E"'(n,perlb 

giiliiiUballa.perlb.  .  .  .  . 

wiithti  nf  |olJ,  iii,er,  or  other  metal,  for  every  lOOJ.  value      • 

Pll",  VII, 

arquriMiide,  ci(ro„,  cordial,  Hon?arv,  lavender.   Ste  Spirila. 

tolnme  wder,  Ihe  flaak  (30  of  auch  flaika  oonlaining  not 

morelhinl  rillon)        .  .  .  .  . 

tolci<ne  waier  wm  lubject  also  to  Ihe  excise  duly  of  B». 

I  Mi.  per  Italionliy  act  27  Gen.  3.  c.  13  ,  nnd  In  It  0*. 

I V       TT       ''"'''''■ ''"" ''°"  »'  P»"'n«  «'  &B  Geo.  3.  c.  (2, 


I  Jan.  Iku. 

u    I    S 
0    0    4 


0    I    6 

0    13 
0    3    0 


I 


0 


0  0 

0  0 

I     0  0 

30    0  0 

0    I  0 

0    4  0 

0    4  0 

0    I  0 

0  IS  0 


0  IS 
0  IS 
0    4 

n  18 

SS    0 
liO    0 

tn   n 

As  above. 
As  atuivr. 
As  alinve, 
8  10    0 

2fl    0    0 
20    0    0 

as  0  0 

0    3    0 


Duty,  llllk 


a  0 

9    0 


0    4    0 


ao  0  0 


0    1 
0  10 

0  a 


30    0    0 


0    4    4 


0    1    0 


76 


L.  I.  d. 
0  I  3 
M    0    0  per  cent 


Eiela*. 


0    I    8 


3  4 
I  0 

4  0 
to  0 

4  IS 
I  II 
0  12 
0  IS 


I  10    6 


1  10 
I  10 

0  I 

1  1« 

SO    0 

so   0 

M  0 
As  above. 
Aa  atKive. 
Aa  alMive. 
S    9    3 

SO    0    0 
SO    0    0 

SO    0    0 


I.  F.iciie 
1  Aa  below. 


Exclae. 
0  4 
0  6 
0  8 
60  0 
0  3 
0  10 
0  4 
0    4 


iO    0  0 

0    6  6 

3  14  8 

3  14  8 

50    0  0 


0    4    4 


0  6 

4 

0  4  4 

1  6 

a 

0  4  4 

0  0  to 

0  0  10 

1  11 

0 

1  II  0 

0  1 

0 

0  9  6 

0  5 

0 

0  16  8 

SO  0 

0 

60  0  0 

6  0 

0 

60  0  0 

0  T 

a 

0  7  2 

0  1 

0 

0  3  4 

73  la 

9 

73  la  9 

0  0 

2 

0  0  8 

0  0 

6 

0  a  0 

18  18 

0 

73  13  9 

Duty,  17*7, 


0    I    S 

0    I    8 
60    0    0 


0  6  T  porpUoo. 


/..  I.  A 
0  0  6 
17  10    0  POT  cnt 


CiCIK 


0  I  1 

8  14  8 

1  6  5 

I    6  S 

87  10  0  per  cent 

I  17  4 

97  10  0  per  cent 

0    4  6 

37  10  0  per  cent 

0    9  11 

0  17  8 

0  14  10 
0    3ft 

0  17  B 
27  10  0 

I  Aa  below, 

1  9  9 
3  6  3 
3  12  10 

9  13  0 

37  10  0 

37  10  0 

37  10  0 

0    3    6 

0    I  3 

0    3    8 


37 
0 
0 

10 

4 

0 
0 
3 

0 

1 

3 

33 

0 

0 

0 

a 

s 

0  18 

8 

87  10   0 


0  a  s 
0  a  s 

0    0    4 

oil  0 


Fr«e. 
0    8    3 


0  8 
37  10 
0  3 
0    0 


9  per  cwt 
0 

a 
s 

37  10  0  p«r  cent 

0   0  3 

0    0  7 

39  10  7 


0   0    6 

37  10    0  n«r  cent. 
87  10    0 


0   S   4}p«rpUoi> 


i 


* 


602 


TARIFF. 


Mmh-m 

lt«  :    '4* 

•Ki  .•■■;« 


««r:> 


"V^ 


Articln. 


Wiler— coiilintKd. 

minerel  or  nalural  water,  per  dozen  bottlea  or  naiki  (each 

buttle  or  flaik  nnt  eiceeuing  3  piolsj 
itrong  water.    iSee  Spirilt. 
Wax,  viz. 

bees'  wai,  viz. 

unbleai.'he(1,  per  cwt.  •  • 

in  any  ile^ree  bleached,  per  cwt.  •        ,     '-,  . 

iiiiponeil  from  any  Dritiih  poaiesaion  in  Alia,  Africa,  or 
America,  viz. 
unbleactieil,  per  cwt.         .  .  •  - 

in  any  decree  bleached,  per  cwt.    - 
myrtle  wax,  per  lb.  •  • 

•ealint  wai,  for  every  lOCI.  value 
Weill,  per  cwt.  ..-••• 

Whale  fins,  per  ton    •  -  "      ,  ,    : .  ,"  .   ; 

tikun  and  caught  by  the  crew  of  a  British  ship,  and  imported 
direct  from  the  lishery,  or  from  any  British  po««e»ion,  in  a 
British  ship,  per  ton      • 
Whipcord,  per  Iti,      -  •  •  ■  • 

Wine.  viz. 

Cape,  per  tun      • 

excise  ditto   ..-••• 
Madeira,  per  tun  ■ 

excise  ditto   -•--•- 
Rhenish,  Germany,  and  Hungary,  per  lun  • 

excise  ditio    ..-■•- 
French,  per  tun  • 

excise  ditto   -.•••• 

other  winei.  per  tun         -  -  -  •  - 

excise  ditto   .-.••■ 
(The  full  duties  on  wine  are  drawn  bick  upon  exportation.) 
lees,  subject  to  the  name  duty  as  wine,  but  do  drawback  ii  al- 
low-'! on  the  lees  of  wins  exported. 
Wire,  viz. 

brass  or  copper,  per  cwt.  .  .  .  .  • 

rilt  or  plated,  for  every  100(.  value 

iron,  per  cwt.       .--.-- 
lalien,  per  cwt.    --...- 
•ilver,  for  every  lOOI.  value  .  .  .  - 

steel,  per  lb.        •  •  •  - 

Woad,  per  cwt,  ...... 

Wood,  viz. 

anchor  stocks,  per  piece    .  .  .  .  - 

im|iorted  from  any  British  possession  in  America,  per 
piece  -  •  .  .  .  . 

Su  Note  at  the  end  of  Wood, 
balks,  vix. 

under  S  inches  square,  and  under  24  feet  in  length,  per 

120  •  ...  -  - 

under  S  inches  sqiure,  and  24  feet  In  length,  or  upwards, 

per  ItiO       • 
6  inches  square,  or  upwards,  are  subject  and  liable  to  the 
duties  piiyatile  on  nr  timber, 
balks  imported  from  any  British  possession  in  America,  viz. 
under  b  inches  square,  and  under  24  feet  in  length,  per  120 
under  6  inches  square,  and  24  feet  in  lengtli,  or  upwards, 
|ier  120       - 

5  inches  square,  or  upwards,  are  s'ibjecl  and  liable  to  the 
duties  liayable  on  nr  timber. 

See  Note  at  the  end  of  Wood, 
battens  imported  into  Great  Britain,  viz. 

6  feet  in  length  and  not  exceeding  16  feet  In  length,  not 
atmve  7  inches  in  width,  and  not  sdiove  2  3-4  inches  in 
thickness,  per  120    • 

exceeding  16  feet  in  length  and  not  exceeding  21  feet  in 
length,  not  above  7  inches  in  width,  and  not  exceeding 
2  3-4  inches  in  Ihirktiess,  per  120      • 

exceeding  21  feet  in  length  and  not  exceeding  45  feet  in 
length,  not  above  7  inches  in  width,  and  not  exceeding 

2  3'4  inches  in  thickness,  per  120       • 

exceeding  4S  feet  in  length,  or  above  2  3  4  inches  in 
thickness  (not  being  timber  8  inches  square),  per  load, 
containing  50  cubic  feet        .... 
and  furiher,  per  120         . 
battens  of  the  growth  and  produce  of  any  British  potsesainn 
in  America,  and  liuportetl  directly  from  thence  into  Great 
Britain,  viz. 
6  feet  in  length  and  not  exceeding  16  feel  in  length,  not 
above  7  inches  in  ividth,and  not  exceeding2  3  4  inches 
in  thickness,  per  120 
exceeding  16  feet  in  length,  and  not  exceeding  21  feet  in 
length,  and  not  above  7  inches  in  width,  and  not  ex- 
ceeding i  3.4  inches  in  thickness,  per  120 
exceeding  21  feet  in  lenj^th,  not  above  7  inches  in  width, 
or  if  exceeding  2  3-4  inches  in  thickness,  per  120 
Sa  Note  at  the  end  of  Wood, 
battens  imported  into  Ireland,  viz. 

8  feet  in  length  and  not  exceeding  12  feet  in  length,  not 

above  7  inches  in  widtli,and  not  exceeding  3  I  4  inches 

in  thickness,  per  120  -  •  >  • 

exceeding  12  feet  in  length  and  not  exceeding  14  feel  in 

length,  not  above  7  inches  in  width,  and  not  exceeding 

3  1-4  inches  in  thickness,  per  120 

exceeding  14  feet  in  length  and  not  exceeding  16  feel  in 

length,  not  above  7  inches  In  width,  and  not  exceeding 

3  I -4  inches  in  thickness,  per  120 
exceeding  It)  ffet  in  length  and  not  exceeding  18  feel  in 

length,  not  above  7  inches  in  width,  and  not  exceeding 

3  l"i  inclies  in  thickness,  (ler  120 
exceeding  18  feet  in  length  and  not  exceeding  20  feel  in 

length,  not  ab-  vo  7  inches  in  width,  and  not  exceeding 

3  1.4  inches  i*i  tliickness,  per  120      . 
exceeding  20  feel  in  length  and  not  exceeding  45  feel  in 

length,  and  not  above  7  inches  in  width,  and  not  ex 

ceeding3  I  4  inches  in  thickness,  per  120 
exceeding  45  feet  in  length,  or  above  3  1-4  inches  in 

thickness  (not  being  timber  8  inches  square),  per  lo«d, 

containing  6')  cubic  feet        .... 
*nd  further  per  120         •  .  • 


Duly, 
1  Jan-  1834. 

"T.  I.  d. 

0    4    0 


I  10    0 
3    0    0 


0  10 

1  0 
0    I 

30  0 
0  I 
95    0 


1    0 
0    1 


34  IS 

69    6 


69    6 
69    6 


2  10  0 

25  0  0 

I  0  0 

I  0  0 

25  0  0 

0  I  10 

0  I  0 


0    8    4 
0    0  10 


10  0    0 

11  10    0 
20    0    0 


2  10    0 
6    0    0 


1    0    0 


Duly,  1819. 


Duty,  1787. 


L.  I.  d. 

0    4    0 


3    6    6 
6    3    6 


2 
0 

17 

21 

62 

63 

79 

63 

79 

93  17 

51   13 

63    0 


S  14  0 

60    0  0 

5  18  9 

5    9  3 

60    0  0 

0     I  10 

0    6  6 

0    8    4 

0    0  10 


18    2    7 

18    2    7 

27    0    0 

20   0   0  per  cent 

3    5    0 

0  16   3 

4  17    6 

0  16    3 

to  II  6  8toZ&feet. 

21    3  0  above  20  feet. 

21    3  0  above  20  feet. 

21    3  0  above  20  feet 

0    8  4 


1    3 

0 

0   8  4 

2    0 

0 

0    8    4 

8    6 

3 

Iraland. 

9  14 

0 

Ireland. 

11    1 

8 

Ireland. 

12    9 

4 

Ireland. 

13  17 

2 

Ireland. 

34    6 

1 

Ireland, 

2  10 
«    0 

0 
0 

Iralaad. 

L.   I.  d. 


0    1  10 


, 

II 

7 

3 
1 

2 
ti 

4 

7 

ti 

2 

4 

0 

0 

4 

27  10 

0 

0 

0  10 

97  18 

0 

2  15 

0 

0 

0 

2 

23  10 

5 

14 

6 

7 

23  10 

5 

14 

5 

7 

43 

6 

5 

21 

H 

5 

35 

6 

7 

21 

8 

5 

23  10 

5 

14 

6 

7 

2  12 

3 

'roh 

ibiied 

2 

17 

» 

2 

13 

0 

»roh 

ibiiH. 

U 

0  10 

0    1    7J 
0   2  3 
Free. 


1  I    3 

2  13   0  per  l». 

Free. 

Free. 


1  6  6  8lo20M 

2  13  Oabon20fi£ 
2  13  OitnteUfM; 
2  13  Oal»vt20f«ij 

Free. 

Free, 
Free. 

Ireland. 
Irclud. 
Iitlaad. 
Ireland. 
Ireland. 
IreUnd, 
Irttiad. 


TARIFF. 


408 


Article!. 


113                1 

8    2    7 

!0   0   0  per  cent. 

2  13   Operia. 

Free. 

0  16   3 

Free. 

0  16    3 

10  11    eetoMfeet. 
21    3   O»l)o«»f<«'- 
|2i    3    0 »li«« *"  feet. 


1  6  eSloiOfid.! 

2  13  Oibo«M'*| 
1 

2  13  OitaeK!*! 

™.«„i  i       I  13  Oabo«MI«!.| 
21    S   OilwvelOfeet         *  "  I 


0    8   4 


Free. 


Titt. 


0   8   4 
0    8    4 

Free. 

IraUod. 

Ireland. 

Irelm*. 

Ireltiul' 

Irel»Bd. 

IreluA 

Irelind. 

Irelud- 

Jrelind. 

Ireluil. 

IraltiKl. 

IreUnl. 

Ireluil. 

Iitluil. 

Wooti -contiititrd. 

BaUfii  <  nds  imported  into  Great  Britain,  vir, 

uivler  b  (tt^l  in  len<tl),  iint  alnvc  7  ii.rhes  in  wlrllh,  and 

not  excet-itiiig  2  3-4  inches  in  thirkr.ess,  ptr  IJO 
under  b  feet  in  len<ll),  not  above  7  inches  In  width,  and 
exceeding  2  3-1  inctita  in  (hickni-sK,  per  12(1    ■ 
talten  cmli  of  the  prowlh  ami  produce  of  any  Uritish  pcirts- 
(>nii  ill  Aint-rica,  and  imporleJ  direclty  fruni  thence  into 
(Ireit  nril.iin,  viz. 
und>  r  fa  feet  in  length,  not  above  7  inches  In  wl<lth,  and 

lint  exceeding  2  3*4  inches  in  thicknew,  per  120 
under  t  feet  in  lengih.  not  almve  7  inches  lu  width,  and 
excft-iting  2  3  4  in  thickness,  per  I2U 
Sec  N<*te  at  the  end  of  Wood, 
batten  ends  Imported  into  Ireland,  viz. 

under  S  fret  in  length,  not  above  7  inches  in  width,  and 

n<il  cxceiding  3  14  inches  in  lliickntsji,  per  12' > 
under  8  fret  in  length,  if  exceeding  3  1-4  inches  In  thick- 
ness, per  120  -  -  >  •  . 
baMcns  :iiid  liaiten  ends,  of  all  sorts,  of  the  growth  and  produce 
of:)!!)'  Hrilish  possession  In  America^  and  imported  directly 
finni  (hence  into  Irelnrid,  per  120 
Itcch  I'l  ink,  2  inches  iu  thickness  or  upwards,  per  load,  con- 
talniiiK  it'  cubic  feet        ..... 
ot  all  soriH,  of  the  growth  and  produce  of  any  British 
posse-sion  In  America,  and  imported  directly  from 
thtnce,  per  120    • 
See  Note  at  the  end  of  Wood. 
beech  quarters,  viz. 

uinler '» Inches  square,  and  under  24  feet  in  length,  per  120 
b  iiiihes  e<piare,  »nd  under  H  inches  square,  or  if  24  feet 

in  Ifiigit)  or  upvvanlH.  per  li^O 
of  a  I  sorfs,  under  H  Inches  square,  of  the  erowlh  and  pro- 
duce of  any  British  possesaiun  in  America,  and  import- 
ed diredly  from  thence,  per  120       ... 
Ste  Note  at  the  end  of  Wood. 
boards  viz. 
beech  Itfards,  viz. 

un.lrr  2  inches  in  thickness,  and  ucaer  15  feet  in  length, 

piT  120        . 
UDiler  2  inches  in  Ihickuesst  and  if  15  feet  in  length  or 
Ufiwards,  per  120   ..... 
clipboards,  viz. 

not  exceeding  5  feet  3  inches  in  length,  and  under  8 

it  ches  square,  per  120  .... 

of  ihe  growth  and  produce  of  any  British  possession  Id 

America,  and  impurte  I  directly  from  thence,  per  120  • 

•Sa  Note  at  the  end  of  Wood. 

lion  boards  or  while  boards  for  shoemakers,  viz. 

uiidf  r  4  feet  In  length,  and  under  6  inches  In  thicknen, 

per  li'O       • 
4  feet  In  length,  or  6  in.  in  thickness,  or  upwards,  per  120 
oak  boards,  viz. 

uu'Ier  2  inches  in  thickness,  and  under  15  feet  in  length, 
jier  t -0       -  -  .  -  .  - 

under  2  inches  in  thickness,  and  if  15  feet  in  length,  or 
upwards,  per  120    ..... 
ouisi  le  »l-\t)s  or  paling  boards,  hewed  on  one  side,  not  exceed* 
in:;  7  fpet  in  length,  and  not  above  t  1-2  inch  in  thickness, 
per  120 
ou'Milt  >ltlm  or  rating  boards,  hewed  on  one  side,  exceedine 
'  feel  in  leiigin,  and  not  exceeding  12  feet  in  length,  and 
nr>i above  I  1-2  Inch  in  Ihicknesy,  uer  120 
ouliilp  slals  nr  paling  boards,  hewwl  on  one  side,  exceeding 
12  re?t  in  length,  or  exceeding  1  1*2  inch  in  thickness,  are 
fii)j  ect  and  liiible  to  (he  duties  payable  on  deals. 
oulsiJe  !dab«  or  paling  boards,  hewed   rn  one  side,  of  the 
grovvih  an  t  prrvluce  of  any  Briliali  possession  in  America, 
tthi  ini|ior(ed  directly  from  thence,  viz. 
not  eiceedin;;  7  IVet  in  length,  and  not  above  1  1*2  inch 
in  OnckiiCNS,  per  120  .... 

excte<littg  7  feel  in  length  and  not  exceeding  12  feet  in 
ltt!<iii.  aiul  no(  above  1  1-2  inch  in  thiikncs.«,  ptr  120* 
exceeding  12  feet  in  length,  or  exceeiling  1    1-2  inch  in 
tiiickiieiis,  are  subject  and  liable  to  the  duties  payable 
on  deals. 
Sfc  Note  at  the  end  of  Wood. 
pipeboirrlp,  viz. 

aUi\e5  fet'l  3  inches  in  length  and  not  exceeding  8  feet 

in  letii^th.  and  under  8  Inches  !;(|uare,  per  HO  • 
exceeding  8  feet  in  lenglli,  and  under  b  inches  square,  per 

liO  -       ^      - 

of  a!l  sM', exceeding  5  feet  3  inches  in  length, and  under 
S  itiche.1  square,  of  (he  growth  and  pn>dij(-e  of  any 
R  iii'h  poMcssiim  in  Anietica,  and  imported  directly 
frnm  ihetice.  per  120  -  -  •  • 

Sif  Note  al  the  end  of  Wood. 
wainscot  b(iard«,  viz. 

the  fxit,  containing  12  feet  In  length,  and  I  inch  In  thick 
new,  and  sn  in  proportion  fur  any  greater  or  lesser 
leiigih  nr  thickness  •  -  _  - 

b'-arcl)  of  atl  sot  tg,  not  oiherwjse  eniiinerateil  or  described,  of 
llifgrnrtth  and  prmluce  of  any  British  pnssfssion  in  Ame 
rica,  arid  inqinrled  diivctly  frnm  (hence,  per  120  • 
See  Note  at  the  end  of  Wood, 
brnv^prlts.     Stc  Masts, 
daS,  '0  be  iiet-it  in  mines,  viz. 

above  7  inches  in  width,  bein»  S  fret  in  length  and  not 
alovf  10  f^et  In  length,  and  not  exceeding  I  1-2  inch  in 
Ihit'kiiti's  per  i20    - 
lieali  imjioried  intoCireat  Britain,  viz. 

ab"ve7irrhes  in  wiiPh,  being  6  feet  in  length  and  not 
abnve  16  feel  In  length,  and  not  exceeding  3  1-4  inches 
in  iliitknesH,  per  120  •  •  -  - 

above  7  inrhet  in  width,  alwive  16  feel  in  length  and  not 
aI>ove  21  feel  in  tenalh,  and  not  escetdng  3  1  4  Inches 
in  ttiiiktiiss  per  120  -  .  .  . 

lbi've7iiirben  in  width,  almve21  feet  In  length  and  not 
altrtve  li  ferl  in  length,  and  not  above  3  1-4  inches  in 
thickueti,  per  li!0    • 


Duty. 
1  Jan.  1834. 


i.  #.   d. 


3    0    0 
6    0    0 


0    7 

6 

0    8    4 

0  IS 

0 

0    8    4 

4  14 

5 

Irelind. 

9    3 

' 

Ireland. 

0    8 

3 

Ireland. 

2    8 

9 

2    8    9 

0    8  4 

4  10  8 

12    3  6 

0  16  3 


4    9  6 

8  19  0 

6    2  0 

0  12  4 


6  16    6 
13  13    0 


18  1  0 

36  2  0 

2  0  0 

4  0  0 


0    6    0 
0  10    0 


9  3  0 

18  6  0 

0  19  6 

0  4  0 

0  8  4 

8  2  6 

19  0  0 
22  0  0 
44  0  0 


Duly,  1819. 


L.   I.  d. 


3  11    3  under  6  feel. 
7    6    0  under  8  (net. 


0    8  4 

4  10  8 

12    3  6 

0  16  3 


4    9  6 

8  19  0 

6    2  0 

0  12  4 


6  16    6 
13  13    0 


18    1  0 

36    2  0 

1  17  3 

3  14  6 


0    8    4 
0    8    4 


9    3  0 

18    6  0 

0  19  6 

0    5  6 

0    8  4 

8    2  6 

20  IS  8  8  to  20  feet. 

SO   9  2  above  20  feet. 

61    9  3 


Duly,  1767. 


J..  I.   d. 


0   8  10  under  8  TeeL 
0  17    8  under  S  feel. 


Frc«. 
Free. 

Ireland, 
Ireland. 

Ireland. 

0  13    3 

Fits. 

1  1    3 

2  13    0 

Free. 

1  6    6 

2  12    0 

I    0    0 
Free. 


I  19   8 
3  19   4 


2  12  10 
6    S    8 

0    6    0 

0  10    0 


Free. 
Free. 


1  10   0 
3    0    0 

Free. 

0    0    9 
Free. 

No  rale. 

At  below. 
Al  below 
Al  below. 


/:^ 


604 


TARIFF. 


'MKSI'WI* 

^. 

^iiiy 

'3n 

rut 

W 

•,aaj 

•r^-jf. 

ArliclM. 


Wood — eontimud^ 

deali,  above  7  inches  wide,  viz. 

8  feel  to  2fl  feet  long,  not  above  314  inclin  thick,  per  120 
8  feet  to  '20  feel  long,  above  3  1-4  inchet  thick,  per  120  - 
above  20  Teet  long,  not  almve  4  inches  thick,  per  120 
above  20  Teet  long,  above  4  inches  thick,  \ieT  120 
above  43  feet  in  length,  or  above  3  1-4  inches  in  thickness 
(not  being  timber  8  inches  square  or  upwards),  the  load, 
containing  fiO  cubic  feet        .  -  •  -, 

and  further,  per  120  • 

deals  of  the  growth  and  produce  of  any  British  possession  la 
America,  and  imported  directly  from  theuce  into  Great 
Britain,  viz. 
above  7  inches  in  width,  being  6  feel  in  length  and  not 
above  16  leet  in  length,  and  not  eiceeding  3  1-4  incites 
in  thickness,  per  12t)  •  •  ■  • 

above  7  inches  in  width,  above  16  feet  in  leneth  and  not 
above  21  feet  in  length,  and  not  exceeding  3  1*4  inches 
in  thickness,  per  120  •  •  ■  - 

above  7  inches  in  width,  being  6  feet  in  length  and  not 
above  21  feel  in  length,  and  exceeding  3  1-4  inches  in 
thickness,  per  120    • 
above  7  inches  in  w|{lth,  exceeding  21  feet  in  length,  and 

not  exceeding  4  inches  in  thickness,  per  120  • 
abdvu  7  inches  in  wiil'h,  exceeding  21  feet  in  length,  and 
exceeding  4  inches  in  thickness  (not  being  liiuber  8 
inches  square  or  upwards),  per  120  -  •  • 

Su  Note  at  the  end  of  Wood, 
deals  import-*d  into  Ireland,  viz. 

above  7  inches  in  widtli  and  not  exceeding  12  inches  in 

width,  and  not  exceeding  3  I'4  inches  in  thickness,  viz. 

8  feet  in  length  and  not  exceeding  12  feet  in  leiiglh, 

per  120  ..... 

exceeding  12  feet  in  length  and  not  exct  '-ding  14  feet 

in  length,  per  120  •  -  ■  - 

exceeding  14  feet  in  length  and  not  exceeding  16  feet 

in  leng'h,  per  120  . 

exceeding  16  feet  in  length  and  not  exceeding  18  feet 

in  length,  per  120  • 

exceeding  18  feet  in  length  and  not  exceeding  20  feet 
in  length,  per  120 
above  7  inches  in  width  and  not  exceeding  12  inches  in 
width,  and  exceeding  3  1-4  inches  in  thickness,  viz. 
8  feet  in  length  anu  not  exceeding  20  feet  in  length, 
per  120  ..... 

above  7  inches  in  width  and  not  exceeding  12  inches  in 
width,  and  not  exceetling  4  inches  in  thickness,  and 
exceeding  20  feet  in  length,  per  120  . 
above  7  inches  in  width  and  not  exceeding  12  inches  in 
width,  and  exceeding  4  inches  in  thickness,  and  exceed- 
ing 20  feet  in  length,  pir  -  120  ••  ■ 
deal  ends  imported  into  Great  Britain,  viz. 

above  7  inches  in  » idlh,  beiii^  under  6  feet  in  length, and 

not  exceeding  3  1-4  inches  in  thickness,  per  120 
above7  inches  in  width,  being  under  6  feet  in  length,and 
exceeding  3  1-4  inches  in  thickness,  per  120   - 
deal  ends  of  the  growth  and  produce  of  any  British  possession 
in  America,  and  imported  directly  from  thence  into  Great 
Britain,  viz. 
above  7  inches  in  width,  being  under  6  feet  in  length, 
and  not  exceeding  3  1  4  inches  in  thickness,  per  120    - 
above  7  inches  in  width,  being  under  6  feet  in  length, 
and  exceeding  3  1-4  inches  in  thickness,  per  120 
Srt  Note  at  the  end  of  Wood, 
deal  ends  iin|inrted  into  Ireland,  viz. 

above  7  inches  in  width  and  not  exceeding  12  inches  in 
width,  and  under  8  feet  in  length,  viz. 
not  exct-edingS  1*4  inches  in  thickness,  per  120 
exceeding  3  1-4  inches  iu  thickness,  per  120 
deals  and  deal  ends,  viz. 

of  all  sorts,  of  tile  growth  and  produce  of  any  British  pos* 
session  in  America,  and  imported  directly  from  thence 
into  Irelnnd,  per  120  •  -  .  - 

and  further,  on  all  deals  and  deal  ends,  imported  into 
Ireland,  of  the  aforesaid  lengths  and  thicknesses,  t.ut 
of  the  following  widths,  the  additional  duties  follow-, 
ing,  viz. 
if  exceeding  12  inches  in  width  and  not  exceeding  15 
inches  in  width,  25  per  cent.,  or  1-4  of  the  afore- 
siid  rates, 
if  exceeding  I.*)  inches  in  width  and  not  exceeding  18 
inches  in  width,  SO  per  cent.,  or  1-2  of  the  afore* 
said  rates, 
if  exceeding  18  inches  in  width  and  not  ezceeding2l 
inches  in  width,  76  per  cent.,  or  3-4  of  the  afore* 
said  rates. 
ifexceedingSI  inches  in  width,  100  per  cent.,  or  an 
additional  duty  of  equal  to  the  aforesaid  rktes,  re. 
spectively. 
firewood  not  fit  or  fimper  to  be  used  other  than  as  such,  viz. 
the  fathom,  6  feet  wide  and  6  feet  high  * 
imported  from  any  British  possession  in  America,  the 
fathom,  6  feet  wide  and  6  feet  high   . 
iVu  Note  at  the  end  of  Wood. 
fir  quarters,  viz. 

uuiler  S  inches  square  and  under  24  feet  in  length,  per 

120  .  •  -  -  .  . 

under  /i  inches  square  and  24  feet  in  length  or  upwards, 

per  120       - 
6  inches  square  or  upwards  nre  subject  and  liable  to  the 
duties  iiayable  on  lir  timber. 
fir  Ijuarters  of  the  growth  and  produce  of  any  British  posses* 
sioii  in  America,  and  im|iorted  directU'  from  thence,  vtz. 
under  5  iiiche,  square,  and  under  24  fejt  in  length,  per 
120  -  .  *  *  *  * 

unrtcr  ^  inches  square,  and  24  feet  in  length,  or  upwards, 
lirr  la)       *  .  -  .  *  ■ 

6  inches  square  or  upwards  are  subject  and  liable  to  the 
duties  payable  on  fir  iimljer. 
Sit  Note  at  llie  end  uf  Wuod. 


Duty, 
I  Jan.  1834. 


L.  «.  d. 


2  10    0 
6    0    0 


2    0  0 

2  10  0 

4    0  0 

6    0  0 

10    0  0 


12    9  6 

14  II  0 

16  12  6 

18  14  I 

20  IS  7 

41  U  3 

61    9  2 

100    6  I 

6    0  0 

12    0  0 

0  15  0 

1  10  0 


7    1    8 
13  14    8 


0    8    3 


Duly,  1819. 


0  19    0 
0    010 


18    2    7 
27    0    0 


3  S    0 

4  17    6 


L.  I.   d. 


100   6    Olhel2a 


0  8  4 

0  8  4 

0  8  4 

0  8  4 

0  8  4 


Ireland, 
Ireland. 
Ireland. 
Ireland. 
Ireland. 

Ireland- 
Ireland. 
Ireland. 

7    19  under  8  feet. 
13  14   9  under  8  feel. 

0  8  4 
0    8    4 


Ireland. 
Ireland. 


Ireland. 


Duly,  1787. 


0  19    0 
0    0  10 

18    2    7 

20    0    0  per  cent. 


0  16    3 
0  16    3 


L.  I.  d. 


2  13  0 

6  6  0 

S  19  0 

II  18  0 


No  nte. 


Free. 

Free. 

Free. 
Free 

Free. 


Ireland. 
Ireland. 
Ireland. 
Ireland. 
Ireland. 

Iteland, 

Ireland. 

Ireland. 

0  17    8  under  8  feel 
lis    4  under  8  feet. 

Free. 
Free. 


Ireland. 
Ireland. 


Ireland. 


0  3   8 
Free. 

1  I    3 

2  13  0  per  120. 


Free. 
Free. 


TARIFF. 


605 


Ihel20. 


Articlea. 


1. 

Ireland. 

d. 

Ireland. 

a. 

Ireland. 

li. 

Ireland. 

i. 

Ireland, 

gd. 

Ireland. 

Dd. 

Ireland. 

nd. 

Ireland. 

g  under  8  feet. 

0  n    8  under  9  feel 

9  under  8  (eet. 

I  IS    4  under  8  fee 

4 

Free. 

4 

Free. 

nd. 


Ireland. 
Ireland. 


Irtiluul. 


0 
|10 

I? 
0  per  cent. 


0  3   8 
Freo. 

1  1    3 

2  13   0  per  120. 


Free. 

Free. 


Wood— (wi/i'iiwrf, 

tir  Itniher.    Su  Timber. 
hitidipikea,  viz. 

uit'lei  7  fe-I  in  length,  per  120 
7  (eel  in  lenfclh  or  u|i\vai«t9,  per  120     • 
h3ii')!il>ik«'>  iDiporled  from  any  Hrititli  pouession  id  America, 

under  7  feet  in  length,  per  120 

7  feet  in  length  or  upwards,  per  120     • 

See  Note  at  the  end  of  Wood, 
knees  of  oik,  viz. 

umitT  r*  inches  square,  per  120 

a  inches  Bqu.\re  and  under  8  inches  square,  per  !20 

8  inches  square  or  upwards,  per  lua  i  contaiuin;  bO  cubic 
ft-el  -  •  -  •  -  • 

knees  of  oak  imported  from  any  British  possession  in  Ame- 
rica, viz. 
under  6  inches  sqnare,  per  120 
ft  inches  squire  and  under  8  inches  square,  per  120 
8  inches  square  or  upwards,  per  load  containing  £0  cubic 
feet  -  -  -  •  -  - 

Set  Note  at  the  end  of  Wood. 
Ulhwoni,  viz. 

iu  pifCPB  under  5  feet  in  length,  p""  fathom,  6  feet  wide 

an  16  feet  high        .  .  .  -  • 

in  pieces  5  feet  in  length  and  under  8  feet  in  length,  per 

fa'hnm,  6  feet  wide  and  6  feel  high   - 

8  feet  In  length  and  under  12  feet  iu  length,  per  fathom, 

6  feet  witle  and  6  feet  high   -  .  -  • 

12  Uvt  Inng  or  upwards,  per  fathom,  6  feet  wide  and  6 

ft^et  hiKh    ...... 

lathwoud  imported  from  any  British  possession  in  America, 

viz- 
in  pieces  under  5  feet  in  length,  per  fathom,  6  feet  wide 
and  6  ft-et  hi?h         ..... 

in  pieces  5  feet  in  length  or  upwards,  per  fathom,  6  feet 
wide  and  6  feet  high 
See  Note  at  the  end  of  Wood. 
niMts.  yards,  or  bowsprits  viz. 

6  inches  in  diameter  and  under  S  inches,  each 
8  inches  in  itianieter  and  under  12  inches,  each 
12  inches  in  diameter  or  upwards,  per  load  containing  50 
cubic  feet    ..... 

msit^  vards.  or  bowsprits,  imported  from  any  British 
lion  in  America,  viz, 
6  inches  in  diameter  and  under  8  Inches,  each    - 
8  inches  in  diameter  and  urider  12  inches,  each  • 
12  inches  in  diameter  or  upwards,  per  load  containing  50 
cubic  feet  -  .  -  - 

oak  pUiik,  viz. 

2  iu'hes  in  thickness  or  upwards,  per  load  containing  60 

cubic  feet   ..--.. 

oak  plank  of  the  growth  of  any  British  possession  in  America, 

and  imported  directly  from  thence,  viz. 

2  inches  in  Ibicknesa  or  upwards,  per  load  containing  60 

cubic  ffet  ...... 

See  Note  at  the  end  of  Wood. 
oak  tind'er.    See  Timber. 
oirs,  per  t20       • 

of  the  growth  of  any  British  possession  in  America,  and 
imp  irted  directly  from  (hence,  per  120  - 

.See  Note  at  the  end  of  Wood, 
ipui,  viz. 

i<-  'ler  22  feet  in  length,  and  under  4  inches  in  diameter, 

exclusive  of  the  bark,  per  120 
tJ  feet  in  leng  h  or  upwards,  and  under  4  inches  in  dia- 
meter, exclusive  of  the  bark,  per  120 
4  inches  in  diaineier  and  under  o  inches  in  diameter,  ex- 

elusive  of  the  t}ark,  per  120  - 
oi*  (he  growth  of  any  British  possession  in  America,  and 
impor'ed  directly  from  thence,  viz. 
under  22  feet  iii  length,  and  under  4  inches  In  diame- 
ter, exclusive  of  ihe  bark,  per  120 
22  feet  in  length  or  upwards,  and  under  4  inches  in 

di.imtter,  exclusive  of  Ihe  bark,  per  120  - 
4  inches  In  diameter  and  und^r  tj  Inches  in  diameter, 
exclusive  of  the  bark,  per  120    • 
Sft  Nole  at  the  end  of  Wood. 
ipokes  for  wheels,  viz. 

not  exceedini;  2  feet  in  length,  per  1.000 
exceeding  2  feet  in  length,  per  1,000    - 
of  all  sorts,  of  the  growth  of  any  British  possession  in 
America,  and  imported  directly'from  thence,  per  1,000 
.See  Note  at  the  end  of  Wood. 
itivps,  viz. 

not  exceeding  38  inches  in  length,  not  above  3  inches  in 
thickness,  aud  not  exceeding  7  inches  in  breadlh,  per 
120  .■  •  ... 

above  16  inches  in  length  and  not  excee<llng  50  inches  in 
leneth,  not  above  3  inches  in  thickness,  and  not  exceed- 
iuc  7  inches  in  hreid*h.  per  120 
above  50  Inches  in  length  and  not  eicetding 60  inches  in 
leneth.  notabove3  inches  in  ihtcknets,a()d  not  excetd* 
;  ing  7  inches  In  breadlh,  per  120 

1  above  60  inches  in  length  and  not  exceeiling  72  inches  in 

;  length,  not  ab  .'e3  inches  in  thickness,  and  not  exceed* 

ing  7  inches  in  breadth,  per  120 
above  72  inches  in  lengih.  not  above  3  inches  In  thick- 
1  ness,  and  not  exceeting  7  inches  in  breadlh,  per  120    • 

I  ibove  3  inches  in  thickness,  or  above  7  inches  in  breadlh, 

and  n'tt  exceedine  63  inches  in  h:nj[th,  Hhall  be  deemed 
clap  t)oa(ds,  and  be  charged  with  duty  accordingly, 
above  3  inches  in  thickness,  or  above  7  inches  in  breadth, 
and  exceeding  63  inches  in  Itngth.  shall  be  deemed 
pl|)e  tmards,  and  he  charged  wllh  duty  accordingly, 
itavciimiinrted  from  any  British  possession  in  America,  and 
imported  directly  from  thence,  viz. 
not  exceedini;  36  inches  in  length,  nnt  above  3t  inches  in 
thickueis,  and  not  exceeding  7  inches  m  breadth,  p«r 
120*  >  .  •  •  •  • 

3i2 


Duly, 
I  Jan. 1834. 

L.  I.   d. 


2    0    0 
4    0    0 


0    2    6 
0    6    0 

0  10    0 
4    0    0 

1  6    0 

0    2    0 
0  13    0 

0  5    0 

4    5  0 

6  16  0 

10    4  0 

13  12  0 

015    0 

1  6    0 

0  8    0 

1  2    0 

2  15    0 

0  I  6 
0    4    0 

0  10  0 
4    0    0 

0  IS    0 

14  19  3 
0  19    6 

2  8  0 
4  5  0 
9    0    0 

0    9    0 

0  16    0 

1  IS    0 

3  7  4 
6  14    8 

0  6    4 

1  3    0 

2  6    0 

3  0    0 

4  4  0 
4  16    0 


Duly,  1819. 


L.  I.  d. 


0  a  0 


2    7 
4  IS 


0    2 

0    4 


0  12 
4  17 


1  11    0 

0    8    4 
0    8    4 

0    5   6 

4  17  6 

7    6  0 

7    5  0 

7    6  0 

0    6    0 
0    6    0 

0  9    6 

1  6    2 

3    5    0 

0    3    2 

0  8    4 

1  10  6 
6  16    6 

0    8   4  per  120. 

14  19  3 
0  19    6 

2  16  3 
4  17    6 

10  II    6 

0  16  3 
0  16  3 
0  16    3 

3  7    4 

6  14    8 

0  6    4 

1  6    2 

2  9    2 

3  5    0 

4  IS  10 

6    8    6 


0    I    S 


Duty,  1787. 


L.  I.  d. 


0    6    8 
0  13    4 


Free. 
Free. 


0  3    4 

1  13    0 


0    9  II 


Free. 
Free. 


Free. 


0  13    3 

0  19  10 

0  19  10 

0  19  10 

Free. 

Free. 

0    1    11 
0    3    4 

0    6    8 


0    1    l| 
0    3    4 

0    6    8 


0  19  10 

frte. 

1  19    8 
Free. 

0   6   8 

0  II    0 

1  4    3 

Free. 
Free. 
Free. 

0  19  10 
0  19  10 

Free. 

0    4    0 

0    7    6 

0  10   0 

0  15   0 
0  17    6 


Tttt, 


N: 


P- 


606 


TARIFF. 


mt«.  fj 

■Ml    ;-"( 


ArticlM. 


Wood— con  ("itird. 
ilavn— cnntniue^f. 

above  36  inchM  in  length  and  not  «cefdtni5  50  inches  in 
Iniffll),  nnt  above  3  1-2  Indies  in  thickntsf,  an<l  nut  ez- 
cee.Iins?  inches  in  breaitth,  per  120-  ; 

ftbcive  50  inches  in  length  and  not  exceeJinj  60  inches  in 
leiiftth,  nut  above  3  12  inches  in  thickneu,  auJ  not 
exceeding?  inches  in  breadth,  per  UO  ;  ,- 

above  bO  inches  in  length  and  not  csceeding  72  inches  in 
length,  not  above  3  1-2  Inches  in  thicknew,  and  not  «• 
ceeilin?  7  inches  in  breadth,  per  120  •  -         .     • 

above  72  inches  in  length,  nnt  above  3  12  inches  in  thick- 
ness, and  not  exceeding  7  inches  in  breadth,  per  I2U   - 
See  Note  at  the  end  of  Wofid. 
not  exceeding  I  1-2  inches  in  thickness  shall  he  charged 
with  I  odpartofilieduty  herein  proposed  on  such  s'aves, 
above  3  I  i  inches  in  thickness,  or  al)ove  7  inches  in 
breadth,  and  not  exceeding  63  inches  in  length,  shall  l- 
deemed  clap  boards,  and  be  charged  with  duly  accord- 
above  3§  inches  in  thickness,  orabove?  Inches  in  breadth, 
and  exceeding  63  inches  in  length,  shall  Iw  deemed 
pipe  boards,  and  be  charged  with  duty  accordingly, 
teak  wo(v],  per  toad,  containing  60  cubic  feet 

JDiporled  from  any  British  possession  in  Africa,  per  load, 
containing  5i.)  cubic  feet        -  •  ■       ^    ,  • 

imported  from  any  Hntish  possession  within  the  limits 
nf  the  East  India  Company's  charter,  per  load,  contain- 
ing ;>0  cubic  feet      -  -  •  -  _  • 
imported  from  any  other  place  wiUiln  those  limits,  per 
load,  containing  50  cubic  feet 
timber,  viz. 

fir  limber,  8  inches  square  or  upward*,  per  load,  contain- 
ing  60  cubic  feet      •  •  •  • 

fir  timber  imported  from  any  British  possession  in  Ame- 
rica, 8  inches  K|uare  or  upwards,  per  load,  coutaining 
50  cubic  feet  .  .  .  •  - 

Sei  Note  at  the  end  of  Wood, 
oak  timber,  8  inches  square  or  upwards,  per  load,  con* 

taining  50cubic1cet 
oak  timber  of  the  growth  of  any  British  possession  in 
America,  and  imported  directly  from  thence,  8  inches 
square  or  upwards,  per  load,  containing  5U  cubic  feet  • 
■See  No'e  at  the  end  of  Wowl. 
timbfi  of  all  sorts,  not  particularly  enumerated  or  de- 
scribed, nor olherwise  charged  vviih  duty,  Itf  ine  H  inclies 
square  or  upwards,  per  load,  cnnlaining  50  cubic  feet  • 
timt)er  of  all  sorts,  not  particularly  enumerated  or  de- 
scritfed,  nor  otherwise  charged  with  duly,  being  of  the 
growth  of  any  Rriltah  possession  in  America,  and  im* 
ported  directly  from  thence,  being  H  inches  square  or 
upwards,  per  load,  cnntainiiiK  50  cubic  feet    • 
Set  Note  at  the  end  of  Wood, 
uien,  viz. 

under  6  inches  square,  and  under  24  feet  in  length,  the  120 
under  5  inches  square,  end  24  feet  in  length  or  upwards, 

per  120      • 
6  inches  sqjare  or  upwards  are  subject  and  liable  to  the 
duties  payable  on  fir  timber, 
uferi  imported  from  any  British  possession  in  America,  viz. 
under  5  inches  square,  and  under  24  feet  iu  length,  per 
120  -  -  •  •  -  • 

under  5  inches  square,  and  24  feet  iu  length  or  upwards, 

per  120       . 
6  inches  square  or  upwards  are  subject  and  liable  to  the 
duties  iKiyatile  on  fir  tim)>er. 
See  Note  at  the  end  of  Wood. 
wainscot  logs.  viz. 

8  inches  square  or  upwards,  per  load,  containing  60  cubic 

feet  .  •  -  •  •  * 

of  the  growth  of  any  British  possession  in  America,  and 

imported  directly  from  thence,  per  load,  containing  50 

cubic  feet   ...... 

unmanufactured,  of  the  growth  of  any  British  possession  in 
America,   not  particularly  enumerated  or  described,  nor 
otherwise  charged  with  duty,  for  every  100/.  value 
unmanufactur&l,  not  pnrticufarly  enumerated  or  described, 
and  on  which  the  dutiesduc  on  the  importation  are  payable 
according  to  the  value  thereof,  beinic  of  the  growth  of  the 
British  limits  within  the  province  of  Yucatan  in  the  Bay  of 
Honduras,  and  imported  directly  from  the  said  bay,  for 
every  100/.  of  the  value  .  .  .  . 

.See  Note  at  the  end  of  Wood, 
unmanufactured,  not  particularly  enumerated  or  described, 

nor  otherwise  chained  with  duly,  for  every  100/.  value 
Aote.— For  (he  conditions  under  which  any  sort  of  wood, 
plank,  or  timber  whatsoever,  wrought  orunwrought  (ex- 
ctpt  masts,  yards,  or  tmwsprits),  or  any  of  the  goods  called 
lumber  (ent'imerated  in  act  8  Geo.  1.  c.  12.),  may  be  im> 
uorl&I  directly  from  any  of  his  Majesty's  British  possessions 
in  America  free  from  all  customs  and  impositions,  see  8  Geo. 
I.  c.  12.,  26  Geo.  3.  c.  63.,  26  Geo.  3.  c  60.,  and  U  Geo. 
4.  c.  41. 
Wool,  viz. 

beaver  wool,  per  lb.         •  •  •  •  • 

cut  and  combed,  per  lb.  .  .  .  . 

coney  wool,  per  lb.  -  -  ■  • 

cotton  wool,  or  waste  of  cotton  wool,  per  cwt. 

the  produce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  Britiih  posieiBioD, 
per  cwt.         ..-..- 
goat  B  wool  or  hair,  per  lb.  -  • 

the  produce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  Britiib  poeseuion 
hares'  woo',  per  lb.  •  *  -  •  • 

lambs'  wool.    See  SheepV  wool, 
red  or  Vicunia  wool,  per  lb.  •  •  •  • 

ibeep  or  lamtM  wool,  viz. 

not  being  of  the  value  of  It.  the  lb.  thereof,  per  lb. 
being  of  the  value  of  If-  the  lb.  or  upwards,  per  lb. 
Ukfi  produce  o^  and  imported  from,  ao;  Bhtififa  powenlon 


Duly, 
1  Jan.  1834. 

L.  1.   d. 

0  4  0 

0  6  0 

0  8  0 

0  10  0 

1  10  0 

0  10  0 

0  0  1 

0  10  0 

8  16  0 

0  10  0 

2  15  0 

0  10  0 

t  8  0 

0  6  0 

18  a   7 

27  0  0 

3  6  0 

4  17  6 

2  IS  0 

0  12  0 

6  0  0 

Dutjr,  1819. 


5    0    0 
20    0    0 


0  I  7 

0  4  9 

0  0  2 

0  2  II 

0    0    4 

0    0    1 

Free. 

0   0    2 

0    0    6 

0    0    0^ 
0    0    1 

Fn*. 


L.  :  d. 

0    1    3 

0    2    6 

0    8    6 
0    2    6 


I  to  0 

1  10  0 

I  10  0 

1  10  0 

3    6  0 

0    2  6 

3  t  0 

0  6  6 

1  12  6 

0    2  6 

IB    2  7 

20    0  0  per  cent. 

0  16  3 

0  16  3 

4  S  6 
0  6  6 
6  16  9 

6  16  9 

20    0  0 


0  I  7 

0  4  9 

0  0  6 

0  9  7^ 

0  7  0 

0  0  6 

0  0  6, 

0  0  2i 

0  0  6 

0  0  6 

0  0  6 

0  0  I 


DulT.  1787. 


L.  I.    d. 

Tni. 

Free. 

Tne. 
Free. 


0    6    S 
0    6    8 

0    6    8 
0    6    8 

0    6    8 

Free. 
0    6    8 

Free. 

0  G    8 

Free, 

1  I    3 

2  13    0  per  120 

Free. 

Free. 

0    9  II 

Free. 
Free. 

Free. 
33    0    0 


Free, 
0  16   6 
0   0    It 
0   9   4 

Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
0   0   1 

Free. 

Tnt. 
Free, 
Free, 


)ul]r,  1819. 

Duty,  1787 

d. 

L.  1.  d. 

3 

Free. 

6 

Free. 

6 

Trtt. 

6 

Free. 

- 

$ 

0 

0    6    8 

0 

0    6    8 

0 

0    6    8 

0 

0    6    8 

0 

0    6    8 

6 

Fm. 

0  per  cent. 

3 
3 

6 
6 
9 

9 
0 


0    6    8 
Free. 

0  6    8 

Free. 

1  I    3 

2  13    0  per  120 

Free. 
Free. 

0    9  11 
Free, 

Free. 

Free. 
33    0    0 


Free, 
0  16   6 
0   0    1} 
0   9   4 

Free. 
Free. 
Free. 
0   0    1 

Free. 

Free. 
Free. 
tm. 


Woollens,  ?)z. 

flianufacturei  of  w/v^l  »»*  i   ■ 

"ah  coiion,  noT^ir"">,ter''''  "'"".  "'-T  »-„„|  „,i„d 
.r.icl«„f  „„!;"„Jlf,^'  ;^'h1",y  r        ^,^  ,„„,  Wb„d,  „„, 

wool  nuxel  with  „llo,    yl,L   '"' '"''"«  «™l»'  -vonl)  or  of 

ollii:rivi,e  clmrifed  w   l,  ,1,)      J  *^ '"  "'P"l  nw.li!  ,  ,    „  , 

Wreck.    Hu  Dereiicif        '"' ''"')''  '■"•  '"ry  iCO;.  vali,.  "'"'  ""' 

firn,  vii.  ^• 

olWe  y,irn,  per  civ(. 
caii;el  or  .noli,ir  y,rn,  per"lb 
raw  liiiHi  y,,r„,  ,,cr  cm 
woriled  jarn,  per  lb.      '    ' 


i  ItHie,  per  cwt  .  ^" 

:  Zebra  wood,  per  ton   . 

[  ■  •  . 

I 

Cavil,  wares,  and  tnerchin^ii^  i,  • 
njlriufaclured,  and  rmiS     '  '"""«  •H'ler  in  nart  n,  „i,  ., 
<»e  charged \v?,1/r,';rd"Z",'''^/''=""'^."nr"ff 

(W,,  wan-,,  and  n^rclmid  ."  non''"'''  ''"•  """  W/  vjrul'" 
mnuf.iciured.and  not  h,^.^  '  '  '"'"'«""l'erin  nan  or  i^),  n  " 
»i,e  charged   vi  h  dl,,"^'"'''''''^'''>  or<l„cnC  nnr^  °"-'' 

"1=  liko  gomli,  ,„e  pmZce  nr  m,"''"r""'  '"  "■''  ''"'^  •  on 


^.  ». 


15 


0    0 


0    0 


so   0  0 


'] 


''"'yi  1787. 
•t.   ».  d. 

Prohibited. 


'"    0    Operceul. 


0    8    8 

0    0    7 

Free. 

0    0  10 


*"    0    Opirceut, 


°    0  60    0   0 

"0  20    0    0 


27  10    0 
27  10    0 


»"-ES  OP  CUSTOMS   OUTWXHBS. 


A  Table  of  Duties  of  Cnetr.^ 


Kingdom  to  J 


CmIi,  niil  bcinir  -niall  cml.  «»—  .  . 

:  •«ii«'n?>Briti,hp4an  P?i   J  '»  "^  P'«e 
'     !"»Hrilisl..hip,^er?Jr'    .^■ 

,    ;">«"P  not  British,  per  Ion    . 
MillcMis,  culm,  and  cnd/.J..-.   .      " 
m  bei,„  a  British  po'^^a.^r^'z''"^  '"  "J-  P'«e 
inaBniishship,  perton 
11     ""sliip  not  British,  perton    .' 
Hire iliins  and  coney  skins  iier  im  t- 
te.*l  and  coney  vvoS^^'IJi^,"'"" 

I  Stepjndlamb  wool,  nercvv, 
I  «■»*!>,  n,orlling,,,'horfl2-;:„ 

I   teh.  crewels,  Mverlels  Si  f?    '  "■""'»!.  wool. 

pfaciure.  or  prelcndii'  "^"'''';?'.  or  other  ma. 

I  ™!li<up,soa,K,^   "'""'«'r''  •''«'% 

I  mW  >viih  combed  ^Zl^^C     'T"  <"•  Ws 

I I  ncardnij,  per  cwt.       .        "''°'  '"  for  combing 
l(«»l!,»arc,,  .ind  merchandi.»  nf '.i, 

J  l.«,or,n,„nfacture  onh^vluldV^V^'  P™" 
ll  l«"is subject  to  other  exr)art  ,|,  ,„  „  '^i«^''"m  (not 
1 1  iKOip'eJ  from  export  dui"  ,    f^^  """■  ''"licularly 

ll  Except  ll-efofbw tgart  cIL"''™''  "'"« 
1  i  Ijlta  jibI  coin.  ^  ariicles,  v/z. 

Km,  i;rjin,  meal,  malt    fln,,,.    i-      . 
I^J^rll^iej^^Jsc^^  bran,  grit,. 


Cotton  yarn  or  other  cotton  manufacture, 

J;s^;';?S.?i^'"='""">''"^ed. 

f;Sefu'.!ffibr,^r-";j.,or,pp„i„,„.„,. 
of  Ins  AI,,je,iy.,  treasurrL'^^.H  ]  ^™"'"''«ioners 

m'  afyT^r^r.^^',"""'''™"'-  ''"'°'''"  I 

,t;onKy."'"""'''"o  India  by  t 


United 


*.  d. 


y  'he  KasI  India 


I    0 


I  Sal,?''"''"^'' 

Gofu\  w^rM'me""."'  '"''  "'S''  candy 
of  Man  by'vi?,!e"  nri""1''«  -^'I'orteS  t^'  ,be  l,u 

,      powered  to  grant.       ''     ^  '  '"»'oms  may  be  em. 

lf'--e»;S:^;>o.M„gorimp,e. 

I  WmT'^'"-  ""«>"",   and   exported  direct 

'  *^--<l"n'rd'',i"„;„"'r:?  '"^  ""•™  -ixed,  or 


rtelnnotejceedine  10  inrh..  i„      .  . 

\,       '"'<  i  i'lclie.  wide,  pe57|wS*'     '°""'  "'!'''• 

1,000        .         "S  »y  5  inches  wide,  per 

,  .~i"u'i,',?htioi""'"''-''"'<'o" 

lUav,,.  Hint,  p^J^Sf"!""^,  per  100      . 
Iral.percwt. 
"»"■».  per  cwt. 

"111"  than  in  such  nll^J.  or*"^"*'  P*'  "*'•  • 
,1    timmoo  bottles,  per  cwt  *"•  P"  <"*'- 

JLI'-W  per  bushel"'**  ""'y-  "  Scotland  or" 

If^iLrs^^irair"-  \    ■     : 

1  fWrnrieof  oldTonlLP'P" J'"'"  than  brown 
I    -^  clas,,  v7^  "r?  ";"'*'««  only,  per  lb." 


''AND  Duties  op  E.tci8E. 


0    5  10 
0  10    0 


^P<:r~conlinued. 

per  cwt.    .  "^  or  second  claaj  paper   , 

Print!?^^^',!:^^:^''"^"^''""'-! 
So.^Prrb,B;";;^.,or..aii^7pT;yard 
I  „„.  .'Oft,  per  lb.'  ."'■ 

.   t'on,  per  gallon       .         ' '"  '"'""'  ™nsuinp. 
3,. JTrtno';?-'".''-"-:'-'re,;ndi„toE„g|.^d;  ' 
.^"rchr^ri'j.'' '!!'"•- --^P-P-tionoVo,  f„„ 
S.on^ebot.|e..n„,_„ceedin,2,„„,.mea;nre,p.;j 


i! 


3  4 

7  6 

0  3 

S  0 


0    3 


I    -fl 


608 


TARIFF. 


CusTOMii  AND  Excise  Drawdackb. 


Deer.  brcwB.1  hy  any  en'erffl  brewrr,  for  la'e  in  the 
L'niieil  Ki|i<(iimi,  and  ituly  pxpnrd-J  fiotn  .my  pirt 
of  Ihf  iiiiic  III  ri>reii(n  pirli,  a^  ineiih.iiiftiiV,  |  er 
(jitrrt-l  (if  3ti  gillnnn  lni|ierial  mcaMiru  •   ; 

i   Bricks,  nnf  rxctetliii?  10  inches  long,  3  inches  thick,   | 
an  I  't  inrlie^  wide,  per  \,(>0  i  .  .   { 

rxicrdinit  the  atirue  dimen^ifms,  ]ifr  I.(H)0         •   i 
liii')!iltn*i|  or  pnliahi'd  on  I  nr  more  lidt-s,  not  ej. 
pee.lttiff  10  in.  hwg  liy  .1  in.  wjiie,  p-r  1,000    • 
not  i-xcefdirii;  10  inches S()u.trt!,  per  lOO 
exn-ediiiji  10  iiirhes  stpiare,  per  100 
ObsH,  vt7.  Mint,  per  lb.      - 

broid,  per  rwt,  .... 

cnnvii,  per  i-ut,         .... 

pli'e  in  pl\lei  nr  shei'ts  of  tin»  le*^  size  lh»n  6 

in.  tiy  1  in,,  and  not  leu  than  l-H'h  unr  moru 

thm  V" ihH  (if  an  i.ich  in  thicknesi,  per  cwt.  • 

(ilhcr  than  in  such  platfS  or  shceU,  per  cwt. 

conmi'in  bmiles,  [wr  cwt. 

Ilnps.  per  lb,        .  •  • 

Taper,  lint  cIim,  viz.  all  paper  other  than  brown 

|)n|ier,  made  of  old  ropes  or  cordu(e  only,  per  lb.  • 

»ec(>nJ  cl,'i8^.  viz,  all  brtiwn  paper,  made  of  old 

riipes  an  I  cordage  only,  per  II). 
glaztti  paper,  niillbnanl,and  scaleboard,  per  cwt. 
pasteboard,  made  whtdly  uf  second  ctau  paper, 
per  cwt.      ..... 

nnde  wholly  or  in  part  of  paper  other  tlian 
the  seciitnl  class,  per  cwt. 
prin'ed,  painte  (,  or  stained,  per  yard     • 
Flute,  of  wrought  f^nU],  nunufictured  in  Great  Eri* 
tain,  and  which  sh.ill  or  ought  to  be  auaycd  aud 
niarke'l  in  fireit  Bri'ain,  viz. 
nude  since  the  Isl  Dec,  ITS-1,  per  oz.  • 
made  since  the  5lh  July,  1797,  per  oz.  ■ 
ni'de  sine- the  31st  August,  ISi5,  ptiroz. 
No  dravvhack  allowed  on  gold  watch  casei  of  any 
weight,  nir  shill  anydrawback  be  allowed oli 
any  ariicles  of  pold,  not  excee-.ling  the  weight 
of  i  ounces  ;  and  if  any  penon  shall  »'Xport  any 
Lii-iiiufacture  of  gold  not  duly  marked,  to  de- 
note tiie  standard  of  22  or  IS  carats  of  fine  ?<»ld 
in  everv  lb.  Troy,  he  shall  forftit  Ull.    Gold 
of  ihe(inenp8sof  t8car.ats  to  he  marked  with  a 
"cniwn  and  ilie  fi»uns  18."*— (3s  Gio.  3.  c. 
69.,  .ii  Geo.  3.  c.  is'i.,  and  I  (ko.  4.  c.  14.) 
of  wrouRhl  silver,  ni.anufaclured  in  Great  Br|. 
tain,  and  which  sh.ill  or  nui;ht  to  be  as&ayuj 
and  mirkel  in  Gre.ir  Britain,  viz. 
ma  le  since  the  Isl  Dec.  I7M.  per  oz. 
mad.'  since  Ihe  ."ilh  July,  1797,  per  rz. 
made  ^ince  the  lOlh  Oct.  ISOl,  peroz. 
made  since  tht- 3lsl  An?.,  1815,  peroz. 
No  drawback  allowed  on  silver  watch  cases.chains, 
necklaces,  beals,  lockets,  fi  i^ree  work,  shiit 
buckles    or  brooches,  alani|ied   medals,  and 
•pints  to  rhina,  atone,  or  earthenware  teapots, 
whatever  Ihe  weiifht ;  nor  on  lippine*,  swages, 
or  mounts,  not  wei^hin?  lOdwis.of  silver  each, 
■n  I  not  beiii!?  ne  ks  or  col'ara  for  castors,  or 
cruets,  or  gtassta,  appertaining  to  any  sorts  of 


L.  ».  d. 


0    5    0 


:i    5 

10 

U  10 

U 

0  12 

10 

I)    2 

f> 

0    4 

10 

0    0 

u 

1   10 

(1 

3  13 

« 

3    0 

0 

4   IN 

0 

0    7 

1) 

0    0 

2 

0    0 

3 

0    0 

li 

I   1 

0 

0  11 

0 

1     R 

n 

0    0 

2 

0    R 

0 

0  16 

n 

0  17 

0 

riate-'rorifiMue^ 

■  latids  or  frames  ;  wares  of  silver  not  weighing 

5  dwis.  of  silver  each  ;  but  this  exemption  not 

1o  include  necks,  tops,  and  rollars  (or  castors. 

cruets,  or  |[l;isses  appertaining  to  any  sort  of 

■"audit  or  finmes;  huilnns  to  be  nflised  to  or 

set  on  any  wearing  apparel,  sol  id  silver  l)Uiions 

and  itidil  sdver  sltnts,  not  ti.iving  a  l)evetl<-d 

piUe  so'dert'd  on  ;  wniu<;lil  Mas,  bltiik  se;ilA, 

boiilt:  tickets,  shoe  clasps,  patch  boxes,  salt 

■|ionns,  salt  ladles,  lea  RpiK)ii><,  tea  strainr  m, 

caldy  ladles,  burMfs,  and  piecis  to  garnish 

cabinets,  or  kiiite  tan's,  tea  cheats,  bridles, 

siinds,  or  frames  — (."i^  (ieo  3.  c.  185.) 

Hire —l'(H»n  ih(!  exportation  from  Ihe  L'liitcd  Kin^ 

dom  of  any  fireign  rice  or  paddy,  cltaned  Iheiem, 

and  which  have  paid  ilir  dniies  on  importation,  a 

dra\»  back  shall  heal 'owed  .^  paid  for  every  hundred 

wcii(hl  thereof,  etpial  inauiouni  to  the  duly  paid  on 

every  4  bu.  of  the  rotiijli  rice,  or  paddy,  Ironi  whitli 

the  same  aball  have  been  cltaned,  viz.  percwt. 

Silk  goftds  mnnuraclured  in  the  t'oitid  KingJom,  viz. 

fiirevery  pound  of  dtutis  or  ribands  of  silk.compo^cd 

of  silk  only,  and  being  of  ihe  value  of  I4i.  ai  least 

fur  eveiy  pnurid  of  slull's  or  ribands  of  silk  and 

cotton   mixed,  whereof   1-2  at  least  &liall  be 

silk,  and  beim;  of  the  value  of  4t,  frf.  at  least 

for  every  pound  of  suiltsor  ribands  of  silk  and 

worsted  mixed,  whereof  I  J  at  least  shall  be 

silk,  and  being  of  the  Vulue  of  2j,  -Id.  at  least 

Soap,  viz   h>rd,  perlb.      .  .  -  . 

soft,  per  lb.    ..... 

S!arch,  or  British  gum,  or  any  preparation  of  or  from 

starch,  per  lb.    - 
S'one  bottles,  not  exceeding  2  quarts  meas.,  per  cwt. 
bugar  (refined),  viz. 

bastard  sugar,  or  refined  It^af  supr  broken  in 
pieces,  or  being  ground  or  powdered  sugar,  or 
such  sugar  pounded,  crashed,  or  broken,  ex- 
ported in  a  flriiikh  ship,  per  cwt. 
exjinrted  in  a  ship  not  Briiish,  per  cwt. 
olher  refined  bu?ar  in  laif,  coniidcteand  whi.te,or 
lumps  duly  refined,  having  been  ptrfecily  cla- 
rified and  thoroughly  dried  in  tfie  slove,  aii<I 
being  of  a  unifoiiu  whiteness  thront;h(>ut ;  or 
such  sugar  pounded,  crashed, or  bn)ktn,  and 
sugar  candy,  exported  in  a  Brif.  ship,  per  c\\  t. 
ex  dried  in  a  ship  not  British,  per  cwt. 
double  refined  sugar,  and  8ut;ar  etpnl  in  <pi  liiy 
to  double  refined  nugar,  additional  bounty,  per 
cwt.  *  -  •  -  . 

Tobacco,  manufactured  in  the  United  Kingdom,  ni 
or  within  2  miles  of  any  [lort  into  winch  lotjacro 
may  be  imported,  made  into  shag,  roll,  cut,  or  cir- 
rot  tobacco,  per  lb.         - 
Wine,  Ihe  protiucc  of  the  Cape  of  Goml  Hope,  or  of 
the  terriiories  or  dependencies    thereof,  md  im- 
ported ilirect,  per  gallon 
French,  Portuguese,   Canary,   F.ival,  Madeira, 
Spanish,  and  other  wines  not  en'u  me  rated,  iier 
gallon         •  •  .  .  . 


/.,  I.  d 


0  10  0 


0  3  a 


0    1   2 


I  16  10 

1  15,0  I 


0   6  4 


0  2  :}: 


0  2  9  1 


0   5  S  i 


CoUNTERVAILINfl  DUTIES. 

Schedule  of  conntervailin?  duties  payable  on  the  importation  of  certain  articles,  the  erowih  nrrt  1 
duce,  or  mantifactnreof  Great  Hritain  and  Ireland  respectively;  and  of  the  drawbacks  allowpJim 
exportation  from  either  country  to  the  other.  The  following  duties  are  payable  on  Iri^hanirW 
brought  for  consumption  into  Great  Britain,  and  the  like  amount  is  drawn  hack  on  the  e.\|)nriaiionfif 
similar  British  articles  to  Ireland,  except  in  the  case  of  British  hops  sent  to  Ir«Iand.  on  which  no  draw 
back  IS  allowed.  '^uian-  i 


Bottles  of  stone,  not  exceeding  2  quvts  in  measure, 
or  the  mouth  or  n^ck  of  which  shall  not  exceoi 
in  diameter,  in  the  narrowest  part  of  lite  iniide,  3 
inches  ;  or  if  ma  le  for  blacking,  and  shall  not  ex- 
ceed 1  pint  ill  measure,  and  the  mouth  or  neck  of 
which  shall  not  tie  less  than  I  1-2  inch  in  diameter 
in  thenirrowest  partof  the  inside,  and  which  shall 
be  permanently  stamped  with  the  words  *♦  black- 
ing bittles."  [ler  cwt.  •  .  .  , 
Bricks,  not  exceed  n<  10  inches  long,3  inches  thick, 
and  5  inches  wide,  per  I.OiW 

exreedtng  Hi-  above  dimensions,  per  I.OCO 
smoothed  or  polished  on  1  or  more  sides,  not  ex- 
ceeling  lO  inches  long  by  5  inches  wide,  per 

not  exceedirig  to  inches  square,  per  100 
exceeding  10  inches  square,  per  100      - 

Hops,  per  lb.         - 

Fla'e,  of  wrought  gold,  per  oz.  Troy 


L.  i,  d. 


0 

5 

10 

0  10 

0 

0 

12  10 

0 

2 

5 

0 

4 

10 

0 

0 

2 

0  16 

0 

riale,  of  wmuijlit  lilver,  j)(r  oz.  Troy 
Soap,  viz.  hard  soap,  per  lb.  • 

soft,  per  lb.  • 
Spirits,  ni.nle  ami  extracted  in  Ireland,  and  ware- 
housed there  ivilhftut  j>aypient  of  (July,  and  im. 
ported  into  England,  for  evrry  100  tallnns  inipe. 
rial  measure,  of  spirits  of  the  streni;lh  of  prtrnf,  ,15 
denoteil  by  Sykes's  hyrlmmcter,  and  «i  in  pmpor- 
tinn  for  any  greater  or  less  decree  of  slrtn^lh.  or 
any  greater  or  less  quantity.— (6  Geo,  4.  c.  bO.  ii 
IVUl.  4.  c  49  )  -  . 

duty  paid  in  Ireland,  and  imported  into  England, 
per  gallon  •  -  -  .  . 

Starch,  or  British  gum,  or  any  preparation  of  or  from 
starch,  per  11'.    -  •  .  .  . 

All  other  articles,  the  growth,  produce,  or  ma- 
nufacture of  Great  Britain  or  Ireland,  to  pass 
from  either  couulry  to  the  other  » ii'out  duiy 


37  10  0 
0  4  2 


0  0  3} 


Remarks  on  Duties  Inwards.— The  Table  of  duties  inwards  previously  laid  before  the 
reader,  affords  copious  materials  for  reflection  and  comparison.     Excepting  a  verv  few  aril- 
cles,  such  as  silk,  linen-?,  gloves,  «Scc.,  tliat  were  prohibited,  the  highest  duties  in  1787  sel- 
dom exceeded  27/.  10s.  per  cent,  arf  m/bre;«.     In  the  interval  between  1787  and  1819  a  j 
good  many  changes  were  made  in  the  mode  of  assessing  the  duties;  several  of  those  thall 
were  charged  on  the  ad  valorem  principle  at  the  former  epoch,  being  changed  into  rated  I 
duties  at  the  latter.     The  extraordinary  rise  of  duties  in  the  interval  referred  to  is,  however,! 
the  moat  striking  circumstance.     'J'he  fact,  that  in  the  arithmetic  of  the  customs,  2  anil  8, [ 
instead  of  always  making  4,  sometimes  make  only  1,  was  then  totally  forgotten.    Durin?| 
the  war,  it  does  not  seem  to  have  once  occurred  to  any  of  our  finance  ministers,  that  every  I 
increase  of  price  necessarily  lessens  consumption;  and  that,  were  twice  the  quantity  of  a  j 


TARIFF. 


609 


/..  I.  i 


wirM  of  silver  nolwfi«tiin» 
acl]  i  but  lliii  eiemiilimi  nnl 
loll  anil  r"ll«r«  lor  c.-«tiir«, 
aiiiicrlaiiiMig  'o  "ly  >"!•'  "f 
•  tiuUoiis  I"  lie  iiMlxeil  to  or 
;,n|.,irel,«nliJ»ilV'-rliuilnrii 
ituili,  not  hniii*  »  lievoll.il 
;  ivnicnlil  K-aiJ,  lil.lMlUI-al>, 
oe  L-laM*  P»tch  l.i.»«,  salt 
■i,  lc»  nuiKiiiN  t'»  »lf»ini  i«, 
clilis,  »u.l  \»''<^"  '0  f"V,"'' 
IB  (.IMS,  lea  ili"l«,  lirjiilra, 

_(l>i  Uto  3.  c.  IM.) 
aiiori  from  lli«  Ij"1I«1  Km?- 
ce  or  paiUly,  cUai.eJ  llieieiii, 

ihp  (liUieJ  iin  ini|Kirlilinn,  a 
jivpd  fc  paid  f"f  ■!>'<"■>  huiulred 

inaii.nuiilli)lliei!ury|iaiiloii 
"h  nce,(ir  iMilily,  Irriii  whith 
rflicltanei,  VIZ.  pcrovl,  • 
J  in  Ihe  I'niliil  Kin?>l.'ni,  vil. 
I  Biinr  ribands  of  •ilkc'inipiwrd 
i|F  nf  ilie  value  of  H«.  ai  ii-ast 
f  .lulls  or  ribands  of  silk  and 
rthereiif  Xi  »i  li'ist  sliall  be 
if  ihr  value  of  4i.  M.  at  least 
f  jiuflsor  ribands  of  «i!k  and 

whereof  1  i  »'  least  shall  be 
jf  llie  vulue  of  2j.  4ii.  at  least 

,  or  any  preparation  of  or  from 

eding  2  quarts  mem.,  per  cwt. 

refined  loaf  supr  hrt^ken  in 
'  ground  or  i>owdered  supir,  or 
jnded,  crashed,  or  broken,  ex- 
ii«h  ship,  per  cwl.  • 
I  ship  not  Briiisli,  per  cwt.  . 
r  in  loaf,  coliilileteaiid  whi.le.or 
ined.  having  been  perreclly  da- 
■oiinlily  dried  in  the  stove,  and 
form  whileiiPss  (hroiuilioul ;  or 
undid,  crashed, or  hnikin,  and 
xported  in  a  llrii.  ship,  lier  c»t. 
a  ship  not  l(rili>.h,  ptrcwl.  - 
irar,  and  8u<ar  ciiml  iiiipi  lily 
led  sugar,  addilioual  bounty,  per 

red  in  the  United  Kingdom,  at 
of  any  port  into  which  tobacco 
made  into  shag,  roll,  cut,  or  cir- 

iV  the  Cape  of  Goml  Hope,  or  of 
di'pcndencio  thereof,  and  iin- 
gallon 

le-e,  CanarT,  F.iyal,  Madeira, 
ilher  wines  not  enunieralcd,  per 


0  10 
0  3 
0    1 


0  0 

0  0 

0  0 

0  0 

0  9 


4  0  I 
3  0  : 


I  16  10 
I  l}.0 


0  6  4  j 

i 

0  2  H 
0  2  9! 
0  5  6 


certain  prticltis,  the  growlli,  pro- 

iiid  of  tlie  itr.iwliac.ks  allmveil  iin 

ies  are  payable  on  Iri»li  arlitles 

Irawn  '.lack  on  the  exporlaiinnof  | 

int  tolrvland,  on  uhicli  no  draw- 


ver,  per  oi.  Troy 
per  lb.  -  ■  • 

xtracled  in  Ireland,  and  ware- 
nut  payment  of  duly,  and  iin. 
nd,  forevi-ry  100  gallons  iiiipe- 
irilsof  thestrenglhof  proi.f,  .as 
hydroi!icter,  and  so  in  proiwr- 
er  or  less  degree  of  slrtnglh,  or 
quantity.— (6  6'eo.  4.  c.  bO.  4 

and,  and  imporled  into  England, 

m,  or  any  preparation  of  or  from 

'S,  the  growth,  produce,  or  ma- 
ireat  Britain  or  Ireland,  to  lass 
luntry  to  the  other  wii'out  duiy 


I.  (t 

0  6 
0  li 
0  I  • 


10  0  I 
4  1 

I 

0  3! 


vards  previously  laid  before  the  I 
Excepting  a  very  few  arli-  f 
the  highest  duties  in  1787  sd- 
al  between  1787  ami  1819  al 

duties;  several  of  those  that  I 
poch,  being  changed  into  rated  I 

nterval  referred  to  is,  however,! 

metic  of  the  customs,  2  anil  2,  [ 
|hen  totally  forgotten.    DutinH 

r  finance  ministers,  that  every! 
were  twice  the  quantity  of  a  I 


commodity  made  use  of,  under  a  duty  of  Is,  or  5.V.  per  lb.,  cwt.  Ac,  that  would  be  made 
use  of  under  a  duty  of  "Zs,  or  10s.,  the  revenue  would  gain  nothing  by  the  increase,  while 
iho  comforts  of  the  coni^umers  would  bo  materially  lessened.  They  proceeded  on  a  more 
(;omi)cndiou8  plan  ;  and  concluded  that,  because  an  article  subjected  to  a  duty  yielded  a  cer- 
tain revenue,  it  would  yield  twice,  three,  or  four  times  an  much  were  the  duty  doubled,  tre- 
Med,  or  quadrupled  !  Consistently  with  this  principle,  if  we  may  so  term  it,  the  duties  on 
tea  were  raised  from  12 J  to  100  per  cent.;  those  on  sugar  from  12."!.  Ad.  to  liO.v.  a  cwt. ;  on 
pepper  from  3rf.  to  2,».  6(/.  per  lb.;  on  brandy  and  geneva  from  6s.  to  22,s.  6f/.  a  gallon  ;  on 
port  wine  from  37/.  16s.  to  1 14/.  13.y.  a  tun,  &c. ;  while  the  ad  valorem  duties  were  mostly 
all  either  doubled  or  trebled  !  Mr.  Vansittart  carried  this  system  to  an  extreme;  so  much 
so,  that  the  enormous  additions  made  during  his  administration  to  the  duties,  by  checking 
consumption,  or  diverting  it  into  illegitimate  channels,  or  both,  in  most  cases  added  nothing 
whatever  to  the  revenue,  and  frequently  even  occasioned  its  reduction  !  Since  182.5,  how- 
ever, a  very  great  improvement  has  been  made  in  the  system  of  duties.  Many  of  those  that 
were  most  oppressive  have  been  materially  reduced,  while  not  a  few  have  been  wholly  re- 
pealed; and  we  are  glad  to  have  to  add,  that  in  every  instance  in  which  oppressive  duties 
liave  licen  adequately  reduced,  a  greater  amount  of  revenue  hua  been  derived  from  the  lower 
rate  of  duty  than  from  the  higher. — (See  C\)ffkk,  M.^lt,  Seinns,  Wixk,  &c.)  The 
existing  tarilFis,  in  fact,  in  many  respects,  j)refi'rable  to  tha^  of  1787.  The  mo.st  objection- 
able of  the  present  duties  are  those  on  timber,  corn,  brandy,  geneva,  sugar,  tobacco,  cur- 
rants, and  a  few  others;  and  of  these,  ihe  first-mentioned  4  are  not  really  imposed  for  the 
sake  of  revenue,  but  to  bolster  up  peculiar  interests.  We  have  elsewhere  pointed  out  the 
practicid  operation  of  the  duties  in  question,  and  their  mischievous  influence  on  the  jjublic 
ijiterests.— (See  Timbkh,  Cohn  Laws  and  Cokn  Thade,  Biiandy,  &c.)  It  s  not  surely 
possilile  that  these  duties  can  be  allowed  to  continue  much  longer  on  their  present  footing. 
Experience  has  shown  that,  instead  of  increasing,  excessive  duties  powerfully  contribute  to 
diminish  revenue;  at  the  same  time  that  they  give  rise  to  a  vast  amount  of  smuggling  and 
demoralisation,  which  it  is  impossible  to  get  rid  of  otherwise  than  by  their  reduction.  It  is, 
besides,  the  bounden  duty  of  government  to  make  the  interests  of  the  few  submit  to  those 
of  the  many;  and  there  is  plainly  neither  sense  nor  justice  in  inflicting  an  injury  on  the 
public  by  imposing  duties,  not  for  the  sake  of  revenue — the  only  legitimate  purpose  for  which 
they  can  be  imposed — but  to  enable  a  limited  number  of  individuals  to  linger  on  in  disad- 
vantageous businesses.  The  change  from  a  bad  to  a  better  system  ought,  no  doubt,  to  be 
cautiously  and  gradually  brought  about.  But  the  longer  the  period  required  for  the  transi- 
tion, the  less  ought  to  be  the  delay  in  entering  upon  it. 

Drawbacks. — The  fewness  of  the  drawbacks  at  present,  compared  with  their  number  a 
few  years  ago,  is  a  consequence  of  the  extension  of  the  warehousing  and  bonding  system. 
When  goods  of  all  sorts  may  be  freely  imported  and  lodged  in  warehouses  without  paying 
any  duty,  the  necessity  of  granting  drawbacks  is  obviated  ;  and,  while  all  commercial  opera- 
lions  are  facilitated,  frauds  are  jjrevented. 

(Instead  of  the  customs  duties  on  the  undermentioned  articles,  imposed  by  the  act  3  &  4 
Will,  4.  c.  .56.,  given  in  the  first  column  of  the  foregoing  Table  entitled  Tahiff,  the  acts 
4&  5  Will.  4.  c.  89.,  5  &  6  Will.  4.  c.  32.,  6  &  7  Will.  4.  c.  60.,  and  1  &  2  Vict.  c.  113., 
&c.  have  substituted  the  following : — 


/,.  J. 

10     0 


Arlnjrni  or  Kyabucca  wood  ■  -        the  ton 

AHJn,  dried  .  .  -  -  the  bushel 

ipilti.  ran, forevrry  lOCI.  ofthe  v»lue 

1  imiolnchia  -  •  •  -the  lb. 

iihes,  pearl  and  pot,  imported  from  a  British  possession 

iiKiiniie  .  .  -  .     the  cwt. 

iipliiliiininr  Bitunieu  Judaicum      -  -       Ihe  ton 

Bnliofjlass  ....        tlie  lb. 

filitkivood  ....       the  Ion 

Bochintlie  foreign  living  languages,  bring  of  eilitinns 

frinieJ  in  or  since  the    year   1801,  bound    or  un- 

b«jnJ  •  •  -  -the  cwt. 

I  Boffla  of  earth  or  stone,  viz..  empty  -  the  dozen 

full 
1  Rjiwood    -  •  -  -  -the  ton 

I  Bnoa,  VI?.  all  works  of  art  ni,lde  of  bronze,  Ihe  cwt. 
oihrr  Qiaimfactures  of  bronze,  fur  every  lUOf.  of  the 
vilue     ....•- 
I  B«zle$      .  -  .  .  •       the  lb. 

I  CliHva  powder  or  starch,  the  produce  of  and  imimrtpd 
I    from  II V  British  possession  in  America       •     the  c»  t. 
Cwulisliili  ....        Ihe  lb. 

I  Wir  .  .  .  -the  ton 

I  Clu'li.  viz.,  prepared,  or  otherwise  manufactured,  the 
I   m:  nf  n'ue  .... 

I  Clallt.  uiiiiiiiiiif^cfurpd,  the  lOOr.  of  value 
I  Clwmes,  raw,  for  every  \Wl.  of  Ihe  value 
I  CliKory.  (ir  my  other  vegetable  miller  applicable  to  Ihe 
laci  of  chicory  or  collce— viz.,  raw  or  kiln-dried 

the  cwt, 
Roisled  or  ground  ...     the  cwt. 

|anlf;i,rille.|  Diilchcliiikcni  .  ■    Ihi;  1,000 

I  Cothiwil  iiul  Granilla,  from  the  6th  of  January,  IKIs) 
I  the  cwt.     0    10 

I  CoBw.  the  produce  of.  and  imported  from  Sierra  I^one, 
or»ny  linlish  Jiosse-sinn  within  the  limits  of  llie  Kast 
ladii  Ctimiduy'i  charter  -  -  the  pound    0    0    6 

ICimils  ....     the  cwt,     1     '.!    2 


2  10 

0  0 
Free. 

0  lU 

1  0 

30  0 

0  1 

0  1 

0  0 

0  10 

10  0 

5  0 

5  0 


1  0 

2  16 
0  10 


77 


nnigi,  not  particularly  enumerated  or  charged  with  duty 
in  this  or  any  other  act       -  •  •    per  cwt. 

Ebony,  ihe  produce  nf  or  imported  from,  any  foreign 
country  ....       the  ton 

Feaihers,  viz,,  ostrich,  undressed        •  -        the  lb. 

UiHo,  viz.,  paddy  biid  •  •  .the  lb. 

Figs  .....     the  cwt. 

Flo^ver  roots,  the  lOOf.  of  value 

Ginger,  preserved,  Ihe  prrxluce  of,  or  imported  from,  any 
foreign  country  -  -  •        thelj. 

Grapes,  for  every  100/.  of  Ihe  value    . 
Hals  or  bonnets,  viz,:— 

Cliip,  or  platting  of  chip  •  •        the  lb. 

Straw,  each  hat  or  bonnet  not  exceeding  24  inches  in 

diameter         ....  Ihe  dozen 

Hides,  viz.,  sea  cow,  elephant,  and  eland,  or  large  deer 

hi. ies,  the  produce  of  and  umiorled  from  the  British 

posscHsiiins,  viz.: — 

not  tanned,  tawed,  curried  or  in  any  way  dressed,  viz.— 

dry  •  -  -  -     the  cwt. 

wet  ....      (he  cwt. 

tawed,  and  not  otherwise  dressed  -        the  lb. 

cut  or  triiniiied  -        the  lb. 

such  hides,  and  pieces  of  such  hides,  tawed,  curried, 

or  ill  any  way  dressed  •  -        the  lb. 

cut  or  trimmed         •  •  •        the  lb. 

tloroR,  viz.:— 

tiiecus  of  horns  •  •  -       the  ton 

horn  and  horn  tip«         •  •  •       the  ton 

Iron,  viz : — 

bloom  iron        ....       the  ton 
Kingwood  •  -  •  -the  ton 

Laiicewood  limber  or  maats  -  -  -     the  load 

I.iiriiuni  vine  ....       the  ton 

Mahogany,  im})orted  from  any  foreign  country,  entered 
afier  the  6lh  of  July,  IWT  •  -        the  ton 

Maliog^ny,  the  pmdiice  of  and  imported  from  the  Itay  of 
Houdufai  or  the  Mu^iuilo  shore     .  ■       the  ton 


L.  I.  d. 

0    2    0 


0  10 
0  1 
0  1 
0  15 
5    0 


0    0    S 
5    0    0 


0    8    0 
3    8    0 


2  4 
1  2 
0  3 
0   4i 

0    7* 


0  IS 
2  0 
0  10 
0  10 


5    0    0 
1  10    0 


610 


TARIFF  (AUSTRIAN). 


«;^   rim 

'""»m 

"■•■•■  «)1 


Mapi  or  Chirta,  or  parti  themf,  vii.:— 

plain  ,  .  -  •  each 

colniireil  ....  earh 

MariiMliile,  (he  produce  of,  or  imported  from,  any  rorrjeti 

cnnntry  *  •  •  -the  lb, 

ftbia  and  mAt'inK,  fnr  «vrry  lOOf.  n(  Ihft  value 

iiiip'irlcil  frniii  a[iy  Bniiih  |)OMt;Hiuii,  Tor  every  100/. 
of  the  value  .... 

Mor[>hia  >nd  ill  »tlti  -  -  •        the  Ih. 

Nickt  1,  viz    arteiiitte  of  Nickel,  in  liinipior  potvdtr,  be* 

ill!;  iti  ni)  uiir(-(inril  Htat«,  (he  l<X>/.  uf  value 
NicltuI,  iiieial.ii;,  refiiiccl,  anil  oxide  of  nickel,  the  \00t.  of 

value        •  ..... 

Null,  viz.,  ciitor  nuts  or  seed  •  •       the  ton 

Nutnirs^.  viz  :  — 

wiiil  iniinic'(i  in  the  shell  ■  •        the  lb. 

I)il,  viz.  c.-ulor  ml  ...      tlie  cwt. 

0,|,  vi/.  animal  nil  ■  "  ■     the  cwt. 

coc  a  nut  oil     .  •  •  •     the  cwt. 

Olive  oil  •  •  •  -the  lun 

the  pniduce  of  or  imported  from  any  part  of  the 
doriiiiMoiis  of  llie  Kiii^  ui'  the  Two  Sicilica,  afit-r 
»Ut  of  AuKtiM,  Ib3-1  '        the  lun 

ini|inr'e  I  in  a  sliiii  lit-  ')n?tiiif  tf>  any  of  the  swhjt-cts 
of  the  King  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  after  3Ut  of  Au- 
gust, Ici3-l  •  •  •       the  tun 
(iWi,te,—Hee  art.  Olive  O.I  in  this  SuppUmeiit.) 

Olive  wood,  the  produce  of,  or  imported  from,  any  fnri-ifn 
country  ....       the  toil 

Opium         .....        the  Ih, 

Oi-ange  flower  water  •  •  'the  lb. 

F.ilm  Oil  ....     the  cwt. 

I'almetin  thUch,  the  produce  of  and  imported  from  the 

British  pipiseuioni  in  America        -  •     the  cwt. 

Pearl,  dried  ....  the  bushel 

Pean,  raw,  for  every  lOOi.  of  the  value 

Percussion  caps         ....    the  I.Oro 

Plin*aiiis,  dried,  the  produce  of  and  imported  from  (he 
Hrihsh  possessions  in  America,  fur  every  100/.  of  the 
value        ...... 

Plate,  old,  not  bettered  up,  having  been  in  private  use  of 

the  iiiiporler  white  resiJiii^abroad,  and  iulcndtd  for  hii 

privire  use  iu  this  kingdom,  viz.:— 

Silver  "  •  "  •       the  oz. 

Gold  ■  •  ■  •        the  oz. 

Plums,  commonly  called  French  plums  and  prunellos 

thf!  cwt. 
Prunes        .  .  .  •  -     the  cwt. 

Quinine,  lulphate  of  •  •  ■        the  oz. 

Raip,  viz.:  old  woollen  ra^  •  -  -the  ton 

Raibins  ....     the  cwl 

the  produce  of  and  imjwrted  from  any  Britinh  pos- 
lession  ....     the  cwt. 

Rice.  r»unh,  or  paddy,  the  produce  of  (he  west  coast  of 
Africa,  imported  from  a  liritisb  poiseuion  on  that  coast 

the  bushel 

Rice,  rough  in  the  husk,  imported  from  the  west  coast  of 

Africa     ....  the  fjuarier 

Rosewood  •  -  the  ton 


L.  f.  d. 


0    0     1 
0    0    2 


0    0 
20     0 


6    0 
0  16 


d    0    0 


20    0 
0     1 


0  I  0 

0  I  3 

0  2  6 

0  I  3 

4  4  0 


8     6    0 
10  10    0 


2   10 
0     I 


Seal  ikin4,of  British  taking,  imported  direct  from  the 
fishery  or  fnim  a  Britiiti  pukeiiioa,  the  doz.  skini 
Saedt.  viz.:— 

l'o[.()y  seed        .  .  •  (he  quarter 

Scb.i(filla  leedi  •  '  -the  cwt. 

Skins,  VIZ.:— 

(•(Mise  skins,  iindrwsed  -  .     the  skin 

Specklt^l    wofMt,  the  produce  of,  or  imported  from,  any 

the  Ion 


£.  ..* 

0    0     I 

0    I    0 
0    4    0 

0    0    s 

2  10   0 

0  0  8 

0  i  g 

0  0  ij 

0  0  3 


S    0    0 


0    7    6 


0    0 


0    0     I 
6    0    0 


trireiifti  country 
S|iici-n.  viz  : — 

Cliivti  ....        111,.  Ih, 

M.ice  ....        Ilie  tb. 

IVpper  ....        thtr  If), 

Fiiiiento  ....        the  lli. 

Spirits,  VIZ.,  liqiieim,  the  pi^uce  of  and  imitorted  fn  ni 
the  Uriti.)) ))  ssl■^ai(Hlsin  fUiit  i ica,  viz.:  — 

uol  lieiiiK  fif  erc.iter  stieiiKth  ttiaii  the  i*rt'nKlh  nf 

proof  l>y  Syket'B  hyilniiueter  •  the  cnjliin     0    9   q 

heitiK  of  Kre:tt<!rnlreii^th  *  >  the  {{ailon    0  13   0 

SpirilAor  stroliie  v\atur9,  viz.:-  , 

for  every  ((.I'lnii  of  mich  npirit^,  or  simn?  wa'en  nf 
any  slren<lli  not  fxretdtnie  tlie  stri-ii.!lti  of  proof  l,y 
Nvkesit  hyilioinelfr,  niid  f>o  in  prnfiorlioo  f.r  any 
Itreater  or  \tw  slri'tiKth  than  ihe  s  rrn.'lli  of  priMtf^ 
and  for  any  greater  or  lew  quantity  ttiau  a  ^alloD, 
viz.: — 
not  hein^  ipirit.  or  strong  \va*ers  the  produce  nf  any 
British  poHsfiiiirin  in  Anierici,  on  :iiiy  Iliitish  ynn. 
tct^ion  ^^  jihin  the  limits  of  the  Kast  India  Com. 
paiiy's  charier,  ami  not  being  avve<:tened  spiritu,  or 
spin's  mixed  with  any  .ir'icle,  so  that  thedeiiiee 
of  strt'nK'h  thereof  cannot  he  exactly  ascertained  by 
BiKh  hydrometer         •  •  ■  "12  5 

Spirl  lor  strong  waters,  the  produce  nf  .iny  Brlti-h 
piissewinii  iti  .^int-rica,  not  l)eing  sweetened  spirits, 
or  spirits  so  mixed  as  aforesaid  •  •        0    9  n 

Spirits,  or  strnntf  waten*.  the  produce  of  any  Ttriliih 
liosseMion  within  the  liniit^of  the  Kast  [ndia  C-  ni. 
panj's  charter,  not  lieintf  sweetened  spirits,  or  npi* 
rits 'O  inixe<l  as  af'resaid  •  •  •        0  13  0 

.Surcadt'8,  the  produce  of,  or  imported  from,  any  foreign 

country    •  •  *  ■  •        II  e  lit.    0   0  ( 

Stiptr,  the  prodtireof  British  India  ■     the  cwl,     I    4  g 

Sweet  wood,  the  produce  of, or  imported  fi^om,  any  fnietKn 

cnuntrv  ....       the  ton    2  10  0 

Tails,  viz.  bufialo,  bull,  i»nr,  or  ot  Uili         ■     Ihe  cm,    0   1)  j 
Te.i  .....        the  lb     0    2   I 

Teak  wood  .  •  •  -Ihe  loid    0  10  0 

Teak  wood,  imported  from  any  British  possewion  withm 
the  limits  of  the  East  India  Company's  charter 

the  load 
Teeth,  viz,  elephant,  lea-cow,  sea  horse,  or  sea-n  orse 
teeth        .....     the  cwt. 
Tin  .....     the  civl. 

Tin  ore      .  .  •  .  .     the  cwt. 

1  ulip  wood  ....       the  irn 

Verdigris    .....        the  lb. 
Water,  viz.,  mineral  water  •  •  *  the  gallon 

Wax,   viz ,  bees'   wax,  unbleached,  the  produce  of  ihe 
west  coast  of  Africa,  and  imported  from  thence   Ihe  cwt. 


0  0  I 

0  I  g 

0  l>  g 

0  ID 

3  0  e 

0  0  i 

0  0  I 

0  10  I 


Tariff,  (Austrian.) — Subjoined  is  the  tariff  of  the  import,  export,  and  transit  duties 
charged  io  the  Austrian  empire  on  some  of  the  most  important  articles  of  trade  and  con- 
sumption.    It  came  into  operation  on  the  27th  of  February,  1838. 

The  duties  imposed  by  this  tariff,  though,  in  some  instances,  considerably  lower  than  liio«  i 

formerly  charged,  are  still,  speaking  generally,  very  heavy.     The  duly  on  cotton  and  woollen 

goods,  for  example,  is  60  per  cent,  ad  valorem  ,•  while  that  on  coffee  is  38s.  the  English  enl, 

that  on  raw  sugar  for  consumption,  32s.  the  cwt.,  and  so  forth.     There  is,  in  fact,  a  singular 

contradiction  in  the  commercial  policy  of  Austria ;  in  some  respects  it  is  as  liberal  as  could 

be  wished  for,  while  in  others  it  is  selfish  and  illiberal  in  the  extreme.     In  all  that  rpspecU 

ports  and  shipping,  the  legislation  of  Austria  may  be  advantageously  contrasted  with  thato 

almost  any  other  nation.     All  arlii-Ies  are  freely  admitted  into  Trieste  and  Venice,  and  niaj  I 

be  consumed  in  them,  or  warehoused  and  re-exported  without  being  liable  to  any  duty,  tie  ( 

port  charges  being  at  the  same  time  very  reasonable.     But  the  moment  that  it  is  attcmp 

to  introduce  any  article  from  a  free  port  into  the  interior,  it  is  loaded  with  oppressive  duliei;  I 

and  subjected  to  vexatious  regulations.     These  have  been  imposed  in  the  view  of  proter ling  I 

and  encouraging  domestic  industry  ;  but  it  is,  perhaps,  unnece.ssary  to  say  that  their  ptrectiii| 

Austria,  as  in  all  other  countries,  has  been  precisely  the  reverse.     Instead  of  trusting  to  iheiil 

own  exertions,  and  bringing  the  inexhaustible  resources  of  science  and  ingenuity  to  iheifl 

aid,  the  native  producers,  deprived  of  the  stimulus  of  competition,  depend  for  success  on  ihtl 

cffi)rts  of  the  customs'  officers  to  exclude  foreign  products,  and  to  secure  them  a  nionopolf.f 

There  is,  consequently,  but  little  improvement.     Every  thing  has  about  it  an  air  of  languoti 

and  routine.     Most  part,  also,  of  the  foreign  products  to  be  met  with  in  the  interinr.  tiivej 

found  their  way  there  through  clandestine  channels.     The  mischievous  influence  of  suchil 

system  is,  indeed,  too  obvious  to  be  disputed  by  any  one  not  interested  in  its  support.   Tlifl 

recent  modifications  of  the  tariff,  and  the  commercial  treaty  negotiated  with  this  rouiiIrT,! 

may,  we  hope,  be  regarded  as  the  forerunners  of  still  greater  changes.     A  redurlinnof  llitl 

duty  on  most  foreign  articles  to  a  third  or  a  fourth  part  of  its  present  amount,  would  do  moni 

than  any  ihiiig  else  to  promote  the  industry  of  the  empire,  to  stimulate  coninicrcc,  and  lol 

increase  the  customs'  revenue.     Now  that  the  navigation  of  the  Danube  is  being  iipeneJ,i| 

reduction  of  this  sort  is  more  than  ever  necessary.     The  introduction  of  a  lastc  lor  liiepi*! 

ducliuns  of  foreigners  is  of  all  others  the  most  likely  means  by  which  the  lung  doraisill 


TARIFF  (AUSTRIAN). 


611 


5,s's!er:.r'^'o'" 


the  (iu»r<"    5 
Ihe  cwt.     0 


\    0 
4    0 


.     theiliin    0    0    i 
Lot,orla.port»l_'rom,^";l    2  10  0 

(hi-lh.  0  0  8 

.        (Iielh.  0  2  ( 

the  Ih.  0  0  « 

llie  II).  0  0  i 

n  Aii.<iic».vi2-         ,„„,ih  of 

■  r  .lieu«il.  Ihiii<l'«  •,'J;,';,Uc...    0   9  0 

,  h)  Jr.iiueler  _  ^^^  jjlli,„    o  13  0 

n  in  A.""/;.  1"U",';    ,„rt,»  lorn- 
he  liiml"  V' '•'' J:"„cd  .pirii.,  "r 


0   9 


0  15 


0  0  i 

1  4  0 


B  of,  or  imported  from,  ai  /   ^^  ^  ^^^ 

.  .  '.   1  ■.     *  •     ""  '^"■"■ 

Urilisli  In.lia  ,         ,„,  rniei^n 

luce  oC,or  imported  from,  _"• )  ^^^^  ^^^^    j  „  , 

.  ■•■.         .     the  c«l.    0   0  * 
ull,  cow,  or  01  ta.u         _       ,|,^  „,     q   !  i 

.      Ihe  lo.J    0  10  II 
East  India  Company  ^^^  ,^^j    „  j  , 

M\,  .eacow,  KahoiM,  or  "^iJ;^';,'™    „  ,  , 
.     the  cvvl.    0  li  0 
.     Ihe  rwl.    0  10 
Ihelcii    2   0  t 
Ihi'lli.    0   0  i 
.  the  |;all(m    0   0  1 
n\  waler  -         ,  ', ^    nmiluce  of  the 

muort,  export,  and  tran.it  iluties 

;s'iae.■a\.lylo^.er.hanta 
The  duty  on  cotton  ami  woollen 

.^  Ste  and  Venice,  and  may 
"atbXn?rbletoanydu.y,lhe 
»TheSentthatUisaUcn.g 
kU  loaded  with  oppressive  due^ 

oTsdence  and  ingenuity  tote 

aty  negotiated  With  t.^^^,.,t, 
ir/pS^o'nt:  would  doj 

oftheDanubeis^e  S  J  1 
.ntroductumo  ataste^  ^^^ 
,an8  by  which  tUt  loub 


energies,  and  immense  productive  rn[inritiefi  of  Hunpnry,  Transylvania,  and  the  other  casfern 
provinroK  of  the  empire,  may  be  Rlinnilated  and  (Icv«'l<)|)rd,  I'liliickiiy,  howi-vcr,  the  exist- 
ing duties  must  either  go  far,  l)y  exrhidiiic;  forei(?n  products,  wholly  to  prevent  the  furmation 
of  niih  a  taste  in  the  countries  referred  t ',  or  if  they  ^llould  lie  iinponed,  it  will  only  he  in 
limili'd  ((uaiititiefl,  and  through  the  agency  of  the  smuggler.  The  latter  derives  employment 
and  wealth  from  this  vicious  system  ;  and  were  it  intended  for  his  odvuninge,  it  might  he 
snld  to  he  well  contrived,  and  the  means  judiciously  adapted  to  bring  about  the  desired  end. 
Put  it  is  directly  opposed  to  invention  and  industry  ;  paralyses  the  manufactures  it  was 
inlciuleil  to  protect;  and  either  annihilates  all  commerce,  or  makes  it  redound  to  the  advan- 
lazc  only  of  those  who  trample  on  the  laws.  No  system  can  ho  more  corn[ilett'ty  iii  vnriiuice 
with  the  paternal  intentions  of  the  Austrian  govrnment;  and  its  downfall  may  be  expcelcj 
the  inoinr nt  they  become  fully  aware  of  its  real  nature  and  practical  influence. 

The  great  drawback  under  which  Austria  labours,  is  the  situation  of  by  far  the  larger 
portion  of  her  provinces  in  the  central  parts  of  Europe  :  and  separated  frnm  the  gnat  mar- 
kets for  their  p.vduce,  either  by  a  wide  tract  of  intervening  country,  or  by  high  mountain 
ridges,  Austria  is  naturally  an  agricultural  country  ;  and.  unless  compelled  by  circunistancea 
to  divert  a  portion  of  her  energies  to  manufactures,  will,  no  doubt,  continue  such  for  a 
lengthened  period  :  and  hence,  as  the  products  of  agricultural  industry  are  nt  once  heavy 
and  bulky  in  proportion  to  their  value,  the  advantage  of  opening  improved  channels  of 
communication  with  other  countries.     In  this  respect,  the  free  navigation  of  the  Danube 
is  of  much  importance,  though  more  stress  has  been  laid  upon  it  in  this  country  than  it 
probalily  deserves.     The  expense  of  carrying  corn  and  timber  from  Hungary  to  the  IJlnrk 
Sea,  ami  thence  to  the  ports  of  Western  Europe,  will,  we  ap[)rehei)d,  always  be  found  loo 
heavy  to  permit  of  England  or  France  ever  supplying  themselves,  at  least  to  any  consider- 
able extent,  with  the  corn,  flax,  or  timber  of  Hungary  or  Transylviinia.     The   cost  of 
conveying  produce  from  the  interior  of  the  continent  to  the  nearest  shipping  ports,  is  a 
most  important  element,  which  is  too  generally  lost  sight  of  in  this  country.     To  show  its 
influence,  we  may  mention  that,  on  the  28th  of  November,  1838,  wheat  sold  at  I.emberg, 
one  of  the  principal  markets  of  Galicia,  for  Ifw.  2(/.  a  quarter;  when  its  price  at  Danlzic, 
on  the  20th  of  the  same  month,  was  41*.  6rf. ;  the  difference,  amounting  to  2Gs.  Ad,  a  quar- 
ter, being  occasioned  by  the  difficulty  and  expense  of  conveying  corn  down  the  Vistubi,  I'roiii 
Lemberg  to  Dantzic.     We  may  remark,  by  the  way,  that  this  fact  sets  in  a  very  striking 
point  of  view  the  absurdity  of  the  statements  so  frequently  put  forth  in  our  newspapers, 
contrasting  prices  in  this  country  with  those  in  f(>reign  markets,  and  ascribing  their  excess 
in  England  wholly  to  the  influence  of  our  corn  laws. 

The  Austrian  government  and  people  have  long  been  alive  to  the  many  advantages  that 
would  result  from  opening  a  communication  between  Hungary  and  Fiume,  and  olher  ports 
on  the  Adriatic.  And  notwithstanding  the  obstacles  opposed  by  the  interposition  of  the 
Julian  Alps,  and  other  mountain  ridges,  an  excellent  road  has  been  carried  from  Carlstadt 
to  Fiume.  Still,  however,  the  expenses  of  the  carriage  of  bulky  products  are  too  great  to 
make  this  route  sufliciently  available ;  and  the  advantage  of  further  improving  and  cheap- 
ening the  communication  is  loo  obvious  to  need  being  pointed  out. 

Table  of  Import,  Export,  and  Transit  Duties  levied  in  the  Austrian  Empire  on  the  following  Articles, 
as  iiiodilted  by  tlie  late  Imperial  Ordinance  in  force  from  the  2Tth  of  February,  1838, 


Articlet. 

Duty  in  Austrian  Money  and  Rates. 

Duty  in  English  N^oiiey  and  Rales. 

Unit  of  cliarje. 

Import 
Uuly. 

Export 
Uuly. 

Tran- 
sit 
nuty. 

Unit  of  Charge. 

Import 
Duly. 

Export  Duty. 

Tran- 
sit 
Duly. 

fl.   ». 

fl     H. 

/I.  ». 

L.   >.  d. 

/,.    ..   d. 

Aran,  lire,  all  kiniis 

per  1  fl.  value 

U    12 

0    01-4 

0  12 

>d  valorem 

20    0    0 

0    0    Olio 

iO 

Bicfud  .111  kinds  of  bulchen' 

mcil,  fresh  • 

poa  centner 

0    60 

0     114 

0    2 

I23l-3lba. 

0     I     8 

0    0    O.'i-S 

01-5 

silM 

_ 

2    55 

0    614 

0    2 

0    4  11 

0    0    258 

045 

from  Hungary 

_ 

1    40 

0    014 

0    2 

^ 

0    2    8 

0    0    2i.8 

0  4.5 

B«r  in  ciski 

_ 

0    48 

0     1 

0    2 

^ 

0    0    82-5 

0    0    035 

045 

1      boliles.kati.  Repacked 

in  casks  or  hamper*  • 

^ 

5     0 

0    S 

0    2 

.. 

0  10    0 

0    0    2 

0  4-5 

nol  packed  ■ 

per  bottle 

0     6 

0    01-4 

0    2 

per  bollle. 

0    0    22  5 

0    0    01-10 

04  5 

Mil  ol  bell  meial,  or  oilier 

common  nieiali 

nelt  centner 

0  to 

.. 

_ 

123  1-3  lbs. 

0    0    4 

Books  with  nerniiision  of 
ceiiioMiip  • 

per  1  A.  value 

0    38 

0    01-4 

0    8 

>d  valorem 

60    0    0 

.  0    0    01-10 

32  5 

Bnti,  and  all  cnmposilioni 

of  brass  with  other 

IKin  precious  metals. 

nw  or  \a  blocks  and 

ban 

nelt  centner 

8    20 

0    61-4 

0    2 

123 1  3  Ibi. 

0  16    8 

0    0    258 

04-S 

in  plates,  rolled,  wire  • 

_ 

13    20 

0  I2l-t 

0    2 

.. 

1    6    4 

0    0    6 

04-5 

wrou«ht 

_ 

eo    0 

0  25 

0    8 

_ 

6    0    0 

0    0  10 

326 

Cinl(sacoal)       - 

gross  centner 

15     0 

0  25 

0    2 

^ 

1  10    0 

0    0  10 

04-6 

Coffeo     .           . 

nelt  centner 

21      0 

0  17  1-2 

0    6 

.. 

2    2    0 

0    0    7 

2 

Cofper,  raw,  rolled,  plates, 

blocks 

^ 

0    SO 

0  20 

0    2 

^ 

0    1    8 

0    1    0 

04-5 

wrought,  as  kettles,  boil- 

ers, 4c. 

^ 

10     0 

0  121-4 

0    S 

— - 

1    0    0 

0    0    5 

2 

wire  . 

^ 

15     0 

0  12  1-4 

0    6 

^ 

1  10    0 

0    0    5 

2 

Com,  wheal 

(ron  centner 

0    2212 

0     1 

0    2 

^ 

0    0    9 

0    0    026 

0  4-5 

barley  and  oata 

0    IS 

0    03-4 

0    2 

^ 

0    0    6 

0    0    038 

0  4-3 

Indian  corn     - 

^ 

0    IT 

0    03-4 

0    2 

^ 

0    0    6  46 

0    0    038 

044 

Bye  and  buckwheat    • 

— 

0    IS 

0    03-4 

0    8 

— 

0    0    62-S 

0    0    038 

612 


TARIFF  (RUSSIAN). 


TnT\fC.—ronlinutd. 


KB*---" 


MiMMnM 

If**" 


ArtielM. 

Duy  in  Austrian  Money 

and  Itales. 

Diitjr  Id  Eaflidi  Mony  ind  tutss. 

~~— 

Unit  of  charge. 

Import 
Duty. 

Eipnrt 
Duly. 

fl     k. 

Tran- 
sit 
Duly. 

Unit  of  Charge 

Import 

Duty. 

Eiport  Duty. 

Trsq. 

•il 
Duty. 

dT 

Jl.   k. 

fl.k. 

L.    1. 

d. 

/-    1.   d. 

Cotton     niinuracturn,     til 

kmilt 

\ytr  1  f1.  value 

0    36 

M  p.  cent. 

0  27 

ail  valorem 

60    0 

0 

0  0  01.10 

ni.j 

'Witt       . 

nelt  rentiter 

IJ      0 

()  6(1 

0  27 

I2J  13  lbs. 

1  to 

0 

0     1     8 

10 1.9 

Eirthmiwiirp,  cnmmon 

griisi  centner 

7     Jfl 

0    6  1-1 

0    5 

— 

0  H 

0 

0    0    2  41 

2     1 

FnrceUiii,  all  kiliJl 

jter  1  (1.  value 

0    36 

II    U  1  4 

0  27 

ad  valorem 

60    0 

0 

0    U    Olio 

104.3 

Fire  eiiiriii'H 

nctt  centnt- r 

10      0 

0  23 

0    i 

123  13  lbs. 

1    0 

0 

0    0  lu 

Fiili ;  ilockliih,  co<lliih,  her- 

1 

riiua,   &c.,    lalleil   or 

cured 

gross  centner 

2      0 

0    5 

0    6 

0    4 

0 

0    0    2 

Glan  1  flint  anil  crown  gla» 

_ 

6      0 

0  25 

0    2 

0  12 

0 

0    0  10 

04.) 

warr^  nriliniry 

— 

6    40 

0    4 

0    2 

0  13 

4 

0    0    135 

04.5  i 

cut,  all  kiiiili,  plain  For 

1 

Imikint  fIfVi 

^ 

20      0 

0    4 

0    2 

— 

2    0 

0 

0  0  13.5 

lofs ! 

ariiflnal  brilliaiitt 

^ 

3U      0 

0    4 

0    2 

— 

3    0 

0 

0    0    13-6 

'  01.3 , 

Hall,    beaver,    mlk.   winlp- 

1 

bone  ai.'l  oilier  hIiiII'i. 

I 

aUn,  straw  and  la.liej' 

1 

hats  and  bounflli 

each 

1      0 

0     1 

0  27 

each 

0    2 

0 

0    0    02.5 

104.3 

Indigo           -           •       _    • 

gross  centner 

7    30 

1  52  1-2 

0  27 

123  1-3  lbs. 

0  15 

0 

0    3    9 

1043 

InstruniPntf,     matli^niatiral, 

cliirurf[ical,ando|>tli-al 

per  1  n.  value 

0     6 

0    014 

0    2 

ad  valorem 

10    0 

0 

0    0    OLIO 

04.^ 

muiicat 

.- 

0    12 

U    0  1.4 

0    2 

*- 

20    0 

0 

0  0  0  1.10    oi.i 

Iron,  raw,  in  j>i?a    • 

nelt  centner 

'2    2t 

0  4.S 

0    2 

123  1.3  lbs. 

0    5 

715 

0    0    933       111., 

c;ut,  wari'H  of    • 

— 

5    24 

0    2  1-2 

0    2 

«- 

0  10 

9  35 

0    0     1 

045 

haiuniere  1,  in  bars,  rods 

— 

B      0 

0    2  12 

0    2 

— 

0  12 

0 

0    0    1 

04.5 ; 

ca^l  steid 

— 

3    30 

0    8J4 

0    2 

«* 

0    7 

0 

0    0    31.', 

11 4-3 

hiiiinifred  steel 

-. 

7     12 

0    3 

0     2 

— 

0  14 

4  4-') 

0    0    12  5 

1  04i  , 

•heel  iron 

gross  centner 

9    3« 

0    4 

0    2 



0  19 

225 

0    0     13.1 

1  O4-3 

tin        . 

— . 

lA    36 

0    6  1-2 

0    2 

— 

1   11 

22  5 

0    0    2  4-5 

1  04.^  1 

Bteel  and  iron  wir« 

nelt  centner 

12      0 

0    5 

0    2 

— 

I    4 

0 

0    0    2 

443 

inmiii()ii<ery,  asanrhors, 

Inninifrel   warpi,  nr^ 

1 

diiiary  ra^ps,  Ales,  kc. 

^ 

12     0 

0    5 

0    2 

«— 

1    4 

0 

0    0    2 

04-3 

locksiniilis*,     tinstniilis', 

and  s|iiirMiakera'  work, 

1 

also  carriiKe  springs 

an  1  hoops,  cninnion  • 

lockiniilhs'.   So.    work, 

li  e.  and  rtll    fine  [W- 

1 

litlieil  hardware 

per  1  A.  value 

0    38 

0    OM 

0  12 

ad  valorem 

60   0 

0 

0    0    OMO 

44.3 

fine    filM,  ni-edles,  gra- 

'^ 1 

vers'  lonU,  ftc. 

netl  lb. 

0    12 

0    0  1.4 

0  12 

nelt  Ih. 

0    0 

4 

0    0    01  10 

O4.5 , 

I,ead,  raw,  in  idncks  • 

nelt  centner 

6    IS 

0    2  34 

0    2 

123  l-Q  lbs. 

0  12 

725 

0    0    1  1. 10 

045  ' 

cast,  as  lialhand  shot   . 

— 

7    12 

0    3 

0    2 

_ 

0  14 

44.5 

0    0    II. 12 

04.3 

Leather,  i>x  and  cow  hides. 

taniii'il 

— . 

IS     0 

0  23 

0    6 

_ 

1  10 

0 

0    0  10 

] 

calves' -kins,  tanned  and 

flrcised 

.. 

35     0 

0  50 

0    5 

_ 

3  10 

0 

0    1    8 

2 

Linens   knit,   as  stockings 

i(lnves,  &c,    • 

nelt  lb. 

6     0 

0    0  1.2 

0  27 

nett  lb. 

0  12 

0 

0    0    01,1 

IO.H 

canilmc 

— 

6     0 

0    Ul-2 

0  27 

_ 

0  12 

0 

0    0    01-5     lOiS' 

ribands,  tapei,  galoont, 

*c.     ■ 

— 

2    30 

0    014 

0  27 

« 

0    6 

0 

0    0    OMO    1015 ' 

othei  fine  woven  lincni 

— 

3    M  12 

0    014 

0  27 

^ 

0    6 

8  15 

0    0    01:0    Kilt  1 

Oil,  olive 

gross  centner 

4      0 

0  10 

0    2 

123  1.3  lbs. 

0    8 

0 

0    0    4 

04-5, 

palm,  cocoa  nut,  lint,  or 

henip^eeil  oil 

^ 

2    30 

U    614 

0    2 

_ 

0    S 

0 

0    0    23-5 

04.5' 

fi-h  or  train  oil 

— 

0    18 

0    7  1-4 

0    2 

— 

0    0 

7  2-5 

0    0    3 

04.3  ' 

pilch  or  tar  oil  ■ 

— 

2      0 

0    S 

0    2 

.. 

0    4 

0 

0    0    2 

04  6  1 

turpentine 

— 

2      0 

0   s 

0    2 

^ 

0    4 

0 

0    0    2 

0«' 

Painters'  colours,  raw 

— 

0    Z'i 

0     :i 

0    2 

.. 

0    0 

10 

0    0    2 

04-3  i 

prejared 

— 

3    20 

0    0 

0    2 

— 

0    6 

8 

0    0    2 

nil 

Papers,    all    kinds,    e>repl 

worked  into  articles  of 

Ininry 

nett  centner 

3    20 

0    4 

0    2 

__ 

0    6 

8 

0    0    I3n 

44-5 

Pewter  and  tin  manuractures 

per  1  fl.  value 

P    36 

0    0  14 

0  12 

id  valorem 

60    0 

0 

0    0    1  110 

04.3 

Plate:  gold  and  silver 

1  gross  lb. 

0    24 

0    2 

0  12 

per  lb. 

0    0 

8 

0  0  oi-s 

043 

Playing  cards 

per  dozen  packs 

0    36 

• 

0    1 

per  doz.  packs 

0    1 

125 

free 

0231 

Salt  .... 

gross  centner 

prohibited 

free 

0    2 

123  13  lbs. 

prohibited 

fiee 

04.3  { 

Silk  ;  n-oven  silks  • 

netl  Ih. 

10 

0    112 

0  27 

nett  lb. 

{    0 

0 

0    0    035 

04.3' 

Spermaceti  and  wa« 

gross  lb. 

0    36 

0    0  3-4 

0  27 

gross  Ih. 

0    1 

12.5 

0    0    03-10 

04-5 

Spirits,  distilled,  in  casks    • 

gross  centner 

13    21 

0  16  3.4 

0  12 

123  13  lbs. 

1    6 

8  2-5 

0   0   635 

44.3! 

in  bottles 

— 

10     0 

0  12  1-2 

0  12 

_ 

1    0 

0 

0   0   5 

44-3 

Sugar,  refined,  all  kinds      • 

nett  centner 

18      0 

0    9 

. 

_ 

1  16 

0 

raw,  powdered  for  the  trade 

— 

IS     0 

0    9 

.     . 

_ 

1  10 

0 

raw,  for  the  use  of  refiiien 

others,  for  refineries  • 

— . 

7    30 

0    41-2 

. 

_ 

0  IS 

6 

Tobacco,  in  leaf 

— 

H     0 

0  20 

0    5 

^ 

1  10 

0 

0   0   8 

2 

manufactured    • 

-_ 

40     0 

0    6 

0    6 

^ 

4    0 

0 

0   0   2 

1 

Wine :   cape  wine,   French, 

Spanish,  and  German 

wines,  in  casks,  tic.  • 

gross  centner 

IS      0 

0    2 

0    2 

_ 

1  10 

0 

0    0   045 

04-5 

In  bottles 

per  bottle 

0    30 

0    0 

0    2 

per  bottle. 

0    1 

0 

. 

043 

Woods:  dyewoods,  in  blocks 

or  pieces 

nelt  centner 

0    12  12 

0    6 

0    2 

123  13  lbs. 

0    0 

6 

0   0   2 

Hi 

Woollen    nianutaclures,  all 

kinds 

per  1  fl.  Tslue 

0    36 

0    01-4 

027 

ad  valorem 

60    0 

0 

0    0   31-10 

I4.S, 

One  Vienna  pound  =  1-23&  lb.  avoirdupnia,  hence  the  centner  of  100  Vienna  pounds  =  123'5  or  1231 
lbs.  avoirdupois. 

The  Austrian  florin  of  the  standard  of  20  to  the  Cologne  mark,  is  almost  exactly  2  shillings  sterlinf. 

In  the  Lumbardo  Venetian  kingdom,  the  centner  of  lOU  kilogrammes  is  still  the  weight  used  in  levy- 
ing tile  duty,  the  difference  between  100  kllograiiimes  =  78'8  lbs.  of  Austria  being  allowed. 

Taiiiff  (Rdssia>). — By  comparing  the  following  important  document  with  the  late 
tariff,  it  will  be  seen  that  nearly  100  articles  that  were  formerly  prohibited  are  now  admittd 
under  p.iymcnt  of  duties;  and  that  the  duties  on  several  articles  that  were  formerly  admitted 
have  been  materially  reduced.  The  publication  of  this  tariff  is  evidence  that  sounder  and  j 
more  enlarged  opinions  on  commercial  affairs  have  made  their  way  into  the  cabinet  of  Peters- 
burg.   The  duties  on  many  imported  articles  are  still,  no  doubt,  quite  oppressive ;  but  it 


TARIFF  (RUSSIAN). 


013 


Id  Enfliih  Monty  tml  R»t««' 

Import        E'Port  """y' 
Duly. 


L.    f.  i. 

60    0  0 

I   10  0 

0  1^  0 
BO    0  0 

1  0    0 


0    4 

» 

0  Vl 

D 

0  13 

4 

a  0 

0 

i    0 

0 

0    3 

0 

0  IS 

0 

10  0 

0 

20    0 

0 

0    » 

715 

0  10 

g3-s 

0  M 

0 

0    7 

0 

0  14 

4  4-S 

0  19 

22  5 

1  11 

22  6 

1    4 

0 

/-   I.  d. 

n  0  Olio 

0     1  H 

0    0  2  41 

0  u  ni.io 

0    0  10 


0    0    13-5 
0    0    I3-& 


0    0    02.6 
0    3    9 


0    0 
0  12 

0  14 

1  10 
3  10 


0    fi    0 
0    6    8  15 
0    8    0 


0 

5    0 

0 

0    7  25 

0 

4    0 

0 

4    0 

0 

0  10 

0 

6    8 

0    0    OMO     44-i{ 

0  0  01  10  i  DM 
0  0  I  I  10  045 
0    0    I  l-li     04-3  j 

0    0  10         I  2      I 

0    18        '  ]      I 

0  0  015    101-5: 

0    0    01-5     104-5 1 

0    0    01.10    1045' 
0    0    OliO    IIH-5  1 


0    0    4 


I  12-5 

i    6  8  2-5 

I    0  0 

I  16  0 

I  10  0 

0  15  6 

1  10  0 
4    0  0 


1  10    0 
0    1    0 


0  0  I3K 
0  0  1  1-10 
0    0    01-5 

free 

free 
0    0    035 
0    0    03-10 
0    0    635 


0   0   8 
0    0   2 

0    0   045 

0   0   2 


0   0   01-10  I  14-S, 


)  Vienna  pounds  =  123-5  or  lai 

Lmniit  exactly  2  shillings  sterling.  1 
PgluritheVeigl.in.ed  in  levy-! 

kuatria  being  allowed. 

Lnt  document  with  the  ate 
r  prohibited  are  now  admitted  I 
bs  that  were  formerly  admitted 
1  is  evidence  that  sounder  and 
Wy  into  the  cabinet  of  PeterM 
pubt,  quite  oppressive ;  but  it  ] 


pay  111!  fairly  prcsnmrd  that  the  QdvnntiiRpg  rrstiltinR  from  tli(>  incn-nHrd  roinmrrrc  wliich 
the  prcspiit  iiicasiire  will  ctirtuinly  dccasioii,  will  most  likrly  Icail,  and  proliahly  ut  no  vory 
iji.stiiiit  period,  to  further  rtla.xations.  ISii  lOiiroppaii  cminiry  posscsHcH  half  tin-  rcsiiurcru, 
or  nuniiH  of  addinif  to  her  wealth  and  poimlation,  that  are  posscsKcd  liy  KushIu  ;  nnd  notliinj; 
,vill  do  half  80  much  to  excite  the  industry  of  the  peojilc,  and  to  make  tin  in  avail  ihcnisclvcn 
,,f  ilifi  vast  capacities  of  production  within  their  rcaili,  as  iho  ('.-(lalili.-^liincnt  of  a  lilicral 
i-niiimt'rcial  system.  Kussia  has  already  reaped  very  Rrcat  advanla^rs  from  her  foreign 
triiilc;  liut  they  are  trilling  compared  to  what  they  would  lie,  were  she  to  renounce  al! 
ntlciiipl-''  prematurely  to  holster  up  the  finer  descriptions  of  mnimfactureM,  and  to  allow  her 
industry  to  ho  employed  in  preference  in  the  numerous  department.s  in  which  she  is  either 
oqiwl  or  sujierior  to  others,  llavinir  by  far  the  larKest  share  of  the  foreign  trade  of  Russia, 
it  is  pretty  certain  that  the  new  tarilV  will  he  decidedly  more  advantai;eou»  to  us  than  to  any 
other  foreign  jiower.  The  Hussian  ijovernment  was,  no  <iuestion,  fully  aware  of  this,  and 
iho  concessions  are  on  that  account  the  more  creditable  to  it.  No  one  ncijuainted  with  the 
hi^ldry  of  this  country  during  the  last  half  dozen  years,  can  fail  to  know  that  a  party  anionRst 
us  have  exerted  thcuiselves  to  the  utmost  to  embroil  the  two  countries  ;  and  have  even  gone 
joliir,  ill  furtherance  of  their  object,  as  to  establish  journals  apparently  for  the  solo  purposi; 
of  aluisiiig  and  misrepresenting  the  government  and  peojde  of  Hussia.  Wo  are  not  going 
to  undertake  the  defence  of  that  power,  but  we  have  yet  to  learn  what  sho  has  done  to 
injure  us ;  and  her  conquests,  how  objectionable  soever  in  some  respects,  iiave,  in  most 
instances,  materially  promoted  the  interests  of  commerce  and  civilisation.  The  IJussian 
piverninent  has,  however,  acted  wisely  as  well  as  magnanimously  in  despising  the  abuse 
alluded  to.  Instead  of  being  enemies  or  estranged  from  each  other,  there  are  no  two  nafion« 
lioiwren  whom  so  intimate  a  friendship  ought  to  prevail  as  Russia  and  England.  They 
have  no  really  conflicting  interests  ;  she  cannot  injure  us,  nor  we  her.  The  products  of  thti 
one  country  are  admirably  suited  for  the  markets  of  the  other ;  and  a  farther  modification 
of  protecting  duties  in  Russia,  accompanied,  as  it  should  be,  by  the  adjustment  of  our  regu- 
lations as  to  corn  and  timber  on  sound  principles,  would  add  prodigiously  to  the  intercourse 
hctwren  the  two  countries,  and  establish  it  on  foundations  not  to  be  shaken. 

Tariff  of  tlie  Articles  of  ForelRn  Merclnndiso,  llie  liripnrtation  of  wliicli  is  pcrnilttod  into  Russia, 
iiihI  (if  various  Arliclcb  tlio  Duty  upon  wliicli  lius  been  reduced  or  modified. 

Intpcrt  DuUf. 


nils.  Ciis. 
per  lb.      0      5 


per  lb. 


per  lb. 


Detctipli'  n  of  fittrchandiM, 
Aoilifr,  in  liii»|«  or  Just 

nil'",  cut       ■         ■..'.,,* 

irijiiitir  oils  of  evpr\'  .lescnphon,  in  Imttles  cut  and 
wl,<heil,l!ill'"»ilvereil,  wilh  iiiel.illiccnvt'rsaiKl 
wpiitn,  anil  in  general  wilh  nnianieiils;  .•>lsc)  in 
Ullanol  cut,  bul  witli  innuldcJarnaiiieiili,  the 
nhnlelobeweiebHti'Ki-tber  - 
[MwcnliMi.-Tlie  oil  uf  biller  alniondi  ii  still 
proliiljileJ.) 
AlmraJvMle   .  .  •  • 

D;«"  husks       .  -  •  -  • 

Fwni!  ."._,".„»■ 

J-.reiol  cows' orihMp'i  millt 

I  Bickim  (incluJin?  the  bottle  or  other  ve«sel) 
Ponhoii  liooks,  bound 
t-nnof  various  animals  (iroiind) 
Braikf!  (artists',  nioiinled  in  aiiv  species  of  metal)  - 
I  Bad!  »orlttd  inio  purses,  &c.  (il  mounted,  tbey  are 
rrohibileil)  .... 

I  Clin  •  •  •  •  -  P"  hi"!  36 

Km,  in  bollles  -  •  •  -piTbiilile  0 

Cmm,  eve7  preparation  of  -  •  per  lb. 

CiaJl«(ol  spermaceti)  •  •      — 

Ch«d»leo(  every  description  -  •      — 

I  Cun  for  ramrs,  neeilles,  &c.,  lo!5ether  with  the 
tfliM,  cofTrets,  and  other  articles  for  ladies'  woik 
liliH  with  the  ciception  of  such  as  may  here- 
jlKrbc  especially  mentioned  -  •       — 

I  tortis,  cut  or  moulded  after  any  fashion  (with  the 
tirtptinn  of  such  as  may  hereafter  be  named  in 
Itiiliriiri       ..... 
[Oidfrrotion.— Corals,  both  natural  and  artificial, 
I  mnlrd  in  gold,  or  silver,  or  other  metals,  are  still 
I  rnliibiled.) 

I  toots,  for  atlisls,  with  the  wooden,  tin,  or  popi'ir 
I  vMht  boses  in  which  they  are  packed 
I  CcAon  Coorfi,  and  goods  half  cotton,  mixed  with 
jxmporflal,  vil.: — 
Wliiie  handkerchiefs  of  cambric,  &c. 
Slflckin!^  and  ni|;htcaps,  coloured 
Diltp,  eilibroiilered  •  •  - 

Cotton  i^oods,  dyed,  of  one  colour,  and  embroi- 
derwi  (those  excepted  which  may  be  men- 
tioned in  another  part  of  this  larilf) 
Handkerchiefs  of  the  same  description 
All  cniton  ^ds,  of  various  colours  anil  designs, 
wtielher  striped  or  woven,  made  up  and  em- 
bmiJered,  &c.  (except  those  specially  men* 
tioned  elsewhere)  ... 

Hindkerchiefs  of  a  similar  description 
I  [OtKrvfltioru.— I.  Nankins  and  all  sorts  of  cotton 
liai  half  cotton  goods,  woven  and  printixl,  whether 
|tn[4f4reQt,  non-transparent,  or  deml-transparent, 
Ititll  the  exception  of  those  hereinafter  named, 
Itnain  nroliibited.  2.  Turkish  goods,  up  to  this 
Itiarpronibitetl  or  not  named,  are  to  be  included  in 
ll!»liit  above  mentioned,  3.  As  doubts  often  aris« 
IsMher  white  cotton  goods,  when  checlted  or 
mtn^  or  otherwise  similarly  dcsigDed,  are  to  ba 

■  Vot.II.-3F 


0 

PO 

1/ 

0 

0 

30 

5 

0 

2 

M) 

n 

l») 

n 

0 

1 

SO 

3 

0 

I 

K) 

3« 

0 

0 

40 

1 

(1 

10 

0 

1 

0 

-         4      0 


Df^criptinn  of  ^fer€hnndife. 
Cfiniidered  as  non  tmmuiiciit,  or  ilenii-tnns|'arent, 
ami  *et'in?  the  (treat  ilihtrtrice  in  the  cuainm  house 
rliitics  ni)  tlifse  articlon.  it  is  nrdaineij,  thnt  in  the 
iiniiibtT  of  i^Dods  of  thiti  ilcscriphoii.  of  which  ths 
(hity  on  tht!  non  trannp.irt'iit  is  lixe'l  at  70  cnprcSf 
nnd  nn  the  trans)iar«nt  and  dtini-tnin^parent  nt  2 
rnuhles  20  copecs  per  Ih.,  Ihtise  slnll  tie  considered 
as  non-tran^parent  which,  in  the  poiind  weiulit, 
cont.iiri  less  than  9)  arcliirus  sfiiiare;  those,  on  the 
contrarV)  which  contain  more  than  9| ,  and  not  more 
that)  12^  nrchines  8<piare,  ^h^ll  pay  I  rouhle  40  co- 
pecs, instead  of  2  roubles  20  copecs,  in  silver  money, 
per  lb.  The  minister  ot  finance  is  furthermore 
authorised  to  make,  during  the  year  IS38,  such 
changes  as  may,  by  the  practice  of  the  interval,  ap- 
pear necessary  with  rei^ard  lo  the  contents  of  the 
weij^ht  of  the  above  mentioned  articles,  bygivin; 
the  tndinic  public  due  notice  of  his  detemiiUtinn. 
lie  shall,  besides,  send  to  the  cutitoin  houses,  and 
l^i  ve  them  the  necessary  instructions  upon  the  subject 
of  the  duties  to  be  levied  unon  those  50o<l8  which 
until  now  have  been  consiJereil  transparent,  even 
when  these  objects  cannot  be  assimilated  to  the  above 
rule. 

[It  is  self  evident  that  this  rule  does  not  extend 
to  the  cotton-  goods,  upon  which  a  duty  has  been 
impoaed  of  more  thin  70  copecs  per  lb.  on  the  one 
description,  and  of2  roubles  20  comcr  per  lb.  on  the 
other;  nor  upon  those  specifically  mentionfcl,  as 
tulles,  pettinels,  aivl  tare  of  Turkish  fabric,  admit- 
ted exctusivelv  into  the  ports  of  the  Black  Sea,  and 
the  Sea  of  Azof.] 
Chalk 

Cheese  .....  per  lb, 

Cork  .....       free. 

Cotton,  hempen,  and  other  wicks,  for  lamps  or 

candles  .....  per  lb. 

Coffee  and  pepper  mills  •  •  •  ■      — 

Dross  of  lead  or  scoria  •  -  .      — 

Dolls  of  every  description  •  •  ^         •      — 

Knamel — painting  upon  enamel,  except  images 
and  painted  table  ware,    which    rcniaiu    pro- 
hibited .....       free. 
Emery,  in  dust  •  •  -  •  per  lb. 
Earthenware,  white,  or  if  one  colour  without  gold 

orsilver  design  or  border  •  •  .      — 

Ditto,  with  gold  omilver  borders,  ornaments,  &c.        — 
Fruits-- apples  and  pears,  fresh,  per  barrel  of  2 

ankers  •  •  -  .      — 

Fish-hooks  and  bait,  and  (ishing-roda         •  .      — 

Flaxen  and  hempen  B;ood8  :  — 

I^ocket-handkerchitfs,  white,  with  or  without 
borders,  with  the  exception  of  those  specifi* 
cally  mentioned  ... 

White,  flaxen  or  hempen  cloth,  with  the 
exceptions  as  above;  also  white  flaxen  or 
hempen  cloth,  with  an  admixture  of 
cotton 


Import  Dutv. 
fills.  Cju, 


perberkov.  1 
4 


0    U 


4 

e 

10 

d 

0 

7* 

0 

W 

—      1  ea 


Ditto,  dyed,  printed,  flowered,  woven,  knit,  or 
embroidered        •  .  -  • 


per  lb. 


60 
0 


614 


TARIFF  (RUSSIAN). 


%n»j  urn 

r  1 


■■Ml— 


J. ■3  J 

.  ;aai 


•  per  pood 


per  lb.       1       0 


prr  lb.      0 

M 

-         0 

60 

—         2 

0 

-         2 

0 

per  hhJ.  .16 

0 

lutpofl  fluty. 
ririrrtfili^n  of  tfrrrSnildiM.  /(til.  (>». 

Hundkerchivff  ol  a  •miliar  ilrMri^iion  lu  IIm 

•Ih.vo  •  p«rlb.      »      0 

Tal'l»  loUiA.  fi.iiiklrit,  mi'l  loweltnf  tinrn  [  <liMo 
ivilll  411  mtllllllliira  nf  rntlnii,  wliltf,  ciitiiurtJt 
ftnwiTi'il,  woven,  .mil  riiiltriiilrrril  ■      —         2      0 

Storkiiiif  iikI  lilKh'r.i])*,   of  hriii|t«li  or  Hiltn 

tliri-Al.  mlhpr  iif  nil.  f>r  iif  many  ciilniiii      ■       —  10 

Diliii,  riiiliri'iilcrnl  •       ^  1     BO 

("/(iirrwKi.iii.— Kvfry  other  arlicln  of  lUien  or 
ll^iit|>en  niijiiirirtiir*!  |irintt'il,  witti  (hi*  rli'r|.tifiD  of 
ttiu  abovn  liielilioiie.l,  arit  11111  litlillll'ltcil.] 

(*.liliK.l    III  itllil  .—  10 

Oovnt,  of  rollon  or  drnii  cotton,  with  thread,  nt 

rt.i»  or  li'-init.  xvliite  or  cLmreil,  Wdvrii  or  hiiil    •      —         0    TO 
Umilir  <ion«,  eiiiliniitler^J         *  •  •      —         I      0 

(llovMol  |U<  or  ligiiiii,  \vhil>  orcoloureil  •      —         10 

DiMn,  .  iiiljiniilinr  I  •  •  •  .       —  I      HO 

liiiiii  of  »  hiif  iilk,  luK  lilki  or  a  uiitura  o(  illli, 

woviii  or  knit  •  •  •  .—  40 

Ditto,  l-olounil    .  .  •  •  .        —  ft       0 

llilto,  euiliroiiiwBl  •  •  ■  •      —         U      0 

(fMirnniiuii.— Chaninii  glovei  ar*  itill  probi- 

•"''■"'•I  .  .      . 

Oinn' r.  wholrnrnmnntl  •  •  "—00 

liuni  rlailir,  in  luinpiior  hlallrra  •  •       —  0     60 

O.iinelH,  la'iiial  .tll't  irlilK-ial        •  •  -       —  I     60 

{OI,riii>aiiuii.—Maiiuleil  KarMliart  itill  prohl- 

HM.)  _    .„ 

Uin;<e<liriail,  Ac.  •  •  •  •      —         0     60 

lloriui  ami  lontM  ....     each      IW       0 

llcrriiiiii  (iilieJ),  English  and  Scotch 

per  barrel  of  9  ll.i,      I     ao 

InJigo  •  •  •  •  •  per  11).      6      0 

Ink  irowler       •  •  ■  •  .—         10 

LnalliCK,  I  rrpareil  .kini  o(  Ihi-  elk  anil  tha  itog     •      —         3      0 

MefliH'h.iiiiii,  worked  and  liiouoti'd  *  .—         20 

Micariuii  iiid  viriiiicelli  ol  every  ilcicriiilion       •  per  poo<l  4 

Machines  corit.iiiiiii<  any  riienilc.il  inlUtiiniatde 
inatlcr,  in  caiea,  Ijoxun'willi  piinted  orn.iinelilBf 
or  hroMH,  Si.-,,  the  \vhoiy  weighed  tii)(ct|ier 

Marhteii  and  porjihyry,  wurkod,  without  hninae  or 
other  orinnieiiitt  ■  ■  •  .^10 

Mtskinl' I'wry  description  •  •  •       —         4      0 

Meijli— copper  iiiouMs  for  the  making  of  macaroni, 

Verniici'lh,  and  scent  hoTes  •  _■   per  p«oJ  U       0 

[ifbi  rmitioii.— .Moulds  lor  macaroni  and  vermi- 

CeMi,  .iirivlni;  with  and  linking  p.irl  of  the  .ippa. 

r.ilus  lor  lliu  luauulacture,  iiau  without   paying 

•Inly.) 

Muil.inl,  uronnd 

Ditto,  prep.tnd,  wpigliP'l  with  the  veisel 

Hateil  <oo.l.  (every  spetiei  oO 

riaythinjs  lor  ihihlreu  (every  species  of) 

Ferry    ..... 

Dilti,  III  holtle  ■  •  ■  . 

I'.cture  It.iiiiei  of  every  description,  with  the  pic- 
ture*, per  arcliinu,  .iiid  counting  the  fractions  a» 
«ffllire;irc)tiiies  ....  0 

IU/'i<riiii(iMii.  — Frames  without  the  pictures  are 

•till  pndiiLiti'd.l 

I'otaiots  imported  liy  sea  -  •  per  chetvert  0    60 

[r<titrtvifiu/i.— 'I'lie  importation  bj  land  ii  free 

of  duly.) 

faper  fd  every  description  which  is  not  specifically 
exempted  In  anoitier  part  of  the  tariff  •  per  lb.      0    40 

Tearl,  mother  of,  and  iiiiilalion  of  •  .      _-  I     60 

[If  mounii'd  in  gold,  silver,  ur  other  metal,  they 

remain  prohihited.) 

Piiiieoto,  Kni^li-ih  .  -  - 

I'epper.  Jamaica  .  .  - 

Ditto,  while,  black,  or  red,  ground  ■  •      — 

I'ens,  writing  ....   perl)). 

Hid  oi;  whip*,  simple  or  mounted  ■  ■      each 

Mites     •  -  •  •  ■  •   per  lb. 

Scent  hai^,  nf  silk  •  •        ^     •  •       — 

Scented  w-atiTS  of  every  description,  in  bottles  of 
rut  and  poliilied  crystal,  n  ilh  covers  and  stoppers 
ol  met  il,  and  with  ornimen'i  in  (^i-neral,  as  well 
as  in  iHitllci  not  (xdished,  hut  with  moulded  orna. 
nients,  the  whole  to t)6wei<lied  together  •      — 

Skins  of  the  American  marten  or  rats       ■  ■      — 

Ditto,  hi-ars         •  -  •  ■  •      — 

Ditio,  tisers,  panther*,  lions,  zebras,  and  leopards   •      — 

Ditto,  lyni         •  •  •  •  -      — 

Ditto,  ii'nisk  rat  •  -  •  •  .      -- 

bago,  Indian  •  *  •  •      — 

Silk  goods,  either  wholly  silk  or  miied  with 
cotton,  ftc.  not  transparent,  withccdoured  designs 
woven,  embroidered,  ciccpting  those  specially 
designated         •  ■  •  ■  .—         60 

Silk,  not  traiis|iarent,  interwoven  with  gold  or  sil- 
ver threads,  kc,  except  such  as  are  s|>ecially 
designa'efl        •  •  -  *  ■       —         8      0 

[To  this  .luty  are  assimilated  silk  gno'ls  of  Turk- 

oH  manuficlure,  Ihe  entrance  of  which  was  for 

merly  proliil)ite.i.] 

Hilk  handkerchiefs,  while  or  coloured,  not  transpa- 
rent, excepting  those  s|)ecilieally  named 

Ditto,  flowered  or  embroidered     - 

Ditto,  with  gold  or  silver  threads 

Ditto,  table  covers,  tc. 

Ditto,  nightcaps,  coloured  and  flowered    • 

Ditto,  ditto,  and  stockings,  embroidered     ■ 

Ditto,  carpets  .... 

[Kvcry  sort  of  silken  manufacture  not  included 

in  Ihe  above,  as  well  as  the  ribbons  of  orders  of 

nobility,  are  prohibited.] 

Ditto,  talc  .  .  .  •  - 

Tooth  picks  of  every  description 

Teeth  of  every  sort  of  fish 

Ditto  of  elephants  and  hippopolamua 

Ditto,  ditto,  in  lablettes 

Ditto,  ditto,  for  paintert  .  •  • 


ImfnrI  f)^, 
hii,.  I  ^ 
~        I   X 


■  per  buttle  0    40 


fiO 


3 

0 

0 

80 

2 

0 

2 

0 

0 

60 

0 

IS 

3 

0 

per  pood  2 


e 

0 

8 

0 

10 

0 

8 

0 

6 

0 

6 

0 

8 

0 

0 

60 

2 

10 

2 

0 

2 

0 

3 

0 

3 

0 

OtBniftion  nf  ^frrhnnttin, 
Wm  (rtw),  jrlltiw,  rthilr,  nr  mlf.nrril 
Ihitn  uMil  U)  u)>hi)lal«rrr»,  aiul  itut  UiJde  ■■•  of  In 

■rarntit  lrrf«  •  •  •  •       — 

WltiiH  irA'l  (Liiftith)  and  crtmnlli  •  •      — 

Wh«lrlHiiir  (fiutiM)        ■  •  •  •  ptf  lb, 

Diiii),  imrtllril  •  •  •  •      ~ 

iJirfo,  wiiilirti  -  •  •  .       — 

Whi)i«  rcii,irhiiicn*i)       >  •  •  •     tach 

VV4tvht^,  |)in«  ItUik,  coppar  or  plitad       •  «      ^ 

|iiM').  Kilt  ditto  •  •  •  •      *- 

Wtmllrri  (pn«U:  — 

tl()ili<i,  fitMinifr*,  Udin'fMh*,  Anpfry.  nU 
trruM.kc,  cf  U\nck,  lluc-lilack,  dark  x'**^"! 
H  hiti*,  lifflit  bins,  iic,  •  '   prr  lb,      \     ■■ 

Tablf  rovrri,  f|uiMii,  Ac.  •  *  *       ~~        3    'i, 

Carpi'li.  urf.it  and  fcinilt,  nf  woollen  Cihrio  or 
ni)it-(|  wtlh  linfi)  Ihrctid,  hruip  or  rotlnu, 
with  rrMij(fi  Mwed  •  ■  •       —         |     |, 

('lii'litaiid  woftlltn  Hxrkvu^rd  Inprrninf  rmldil      .        q   ^ 
[f'6«rrvnfii)/i  — Kvery    dri<'ri[>liiiu  of    iintiltd 
WfMilifiinr  hilf  wodili'il  KfWNii,  ^*illi   Ihn  firrptciH 
nf  lliMic  ■(■••ritirnllv  iMrntii>iii'<l,  rt-mniii  prrdiit'iit-d  | 
Wai  ta)<eriAitd  all  arliclct  o(  v>Ui\9  aud  colcurni 

Will        .  •  •  •  •  •       *        I     . 

Wadttinit  rn'ton  •  •  •  '      —        0  m 

\V.id.lioKi.lk  -27 

Walera,  lu  buiri  .  <  •  .      *        ^    ^ 

Thp  fnllowlnn  artlclw  ant  frwd  fmm  Ihp  addttlnml  rimnm.biw 
ditly  nf  Ml  |<er  rent.,  iinptwrd  in  coitlurniity  wilh  Ute  IkauiJ  ik. 
IpfinfN  veniLtr,  IW3I :—  " '« 

Cthiiniitnri  niid  rinnanmn  ftowcn;  cocoa  In  ItpAni ;  cittlrt  n- 
w:iy  Mt\h  ;  clnvft;  rubi'lm,  rfdi  of  ;  giiiKtr;  KiUnji,  tiu.in.j  u^, 
bloitdi,  tulitt,  Ace;  nirlala,  vii.  Irad,  liii,  and  quirkoiUrri  rLici' 
nutnit'Kii;  pfiiiicr  of  evny  diirri))linn,  wlM<lt*  or  urcufnt;  irjiK/ 
I'lli'hnii,  l#''iii(»n,  nnd  evrry  lort  of  In  of  inftTtor  ((iialjiji;  ,,„|ii, 

llriidii  (lie  aU)Vf,  Iho  sfrd*  of  lurniiiR.  rniii*,  at  wtlj  niiliin  i| 
olMKiiimitiEMinK,  wliidi  ar«  iml  »|.fcififally  iiiMitinni(]  in  ^huvf 
ami  »^hich  art;  known  only  l»y  thi-ir  l"c.il  naircii.  biad  )„  |,,j„,, 
ri^ev,  Ac,  will  111' frtfd  Iniui  »il  cii»luin-liiMihe  iltun  (.n  fiiK.rtv' ' 
fi)r  \  ptiiud  of  aix  ytATtf  cuinuitncitig  tioui  tbo  lkl  ol  JiLU't' 
1837.  ■ 

General  KxiUi, 

!.  Thf  prnvitioni  of  tliii  hrilT  will  bpRin  fo  ht  pm  in  fnrcf  fr-m 
thf  \*X  Jiunnry,  IKfl?,  and  in  tbr  nioi*  r'umlt  ruMnm  linuifi  i„ 
wliii'li  thry  ciUMiot  bcconimunicn'iNl  bv  Ihal  ( frin-I  Uicy  iih,ilt  ofiit 
into  oprr.itioii  fniii  tin-  day  on  u  hich  Oicv  itmll  b.ivi!  lt>fn  rrctitfti 

2.  All  iinporlpil  Rmtdi  that  .ire  vperifiH  in  thii  Urillitui  qi,* 
reinniii  l>i>ndttd  at  the  cnsttiii-hnuset,  and  u|>(in  which  Itif  tluly  ihi,^ 
not  have  bpt-n  paid  up  to  thu  afnrrnaid  In!  .faniiary,  IKJ7,nr  loil'^ 
day  npon  wbii'I)  thi«  laritf  sh-tll  havp  bf c n  rrccivtil  ai  itKne  ruWin  i 
tv'uw"*  at  which  it  may  arrive  Uttr  than  th.it  day,  ihall  enj.iv|,;  | 
'hfrfdiicttnn  nf  duty  henin  ineci*ii*d.  In  ihu  arnr  in-iittjcrilirrt 
sh.ill  hp  rnllectfd  only  iMie  half  the  ftiiililinnitl  tlutvif  lilwrcn' 
u|inii  tlKUC  H[iPciCT  (if  nirrchandi.u*  fmm  which  it  fiMheenlyitn.' 
vrms  provision  of  thii  tarill"  altnuethrr  rfniovtd.  With  rM[Tr'  \ 
thcHC  iipccit'ft  (if  ^oo-la,  liinited  in  (bt-irnninhrr,  ol  whirh  the  imiNri 
.itinn  WR.1  alreidy  permittrd,  a.id  nf  which,  frf'bi  iiccjIurcMi'fn 
ttniifl,  lh«duty  wrta  eitiier  allo<ellifr  rnnnvr.l  or  rcf i-nlly  rti'^lifH 
atirh  of  Ihnn  as  are  allowed  to  rrnviin  Uindt^d  to  the  lit  u\  hum 
next  ahall  pay  duty  under  Ihe  u\\  tariiK  (In  Ihtwithrr  hit.!,  jiitn 
(if  thfse  appciea  nf  rxxU  as  may  be  imported  nftcr  the  lutof  Janum 
shill  be  sulijcrt  tn  the  retulatiotis  of  this  larilL  In  the  niMuiin^f! 
however,  a  dincrelinn  is  \t'sted  in  Ihe  Mini'lrr  I'l  Kmanceto  iJn;ii 
even  thii  latter  upeeies  of  noods  under  the  fc^nner  rfKnl.itioin,  nfi-n 
it  shall  he  prnvid  Ih.Al  Ihrir  ^hipnM•nt  ttnik  plarr  prniiuily  lo;.'e 
lit  nf  Januiry,  or  in  i^ntirance  of  the  cban^'e  in  thetarjIT. 

,1.  The  almlitiiin  of  (he  addiiional  <Iuty  of  \2  prr  rrtii.  up^n  nrli- 
cular  species  nf  tea.  Congou,  for  ins'ancf,  snd  other  iiiftrnun;!  Li;,, 
will  cnnimence  from  the  aales  which  will  lake  pl-icc  in  tl>c  \ML>fi 
of  1S37-3"*,  coinprisin?  both  the  teas  rt'Ctully  imported  ai  h. 11  « 
what  rcniain  over  riiicethc  last  tilts. 

4.  The  a.Iilitinnil  duty  of  12^  per  cen».,  fmm  nliirh  (hpilflre.  j 
mentioned  articles  have  bet^n  freed,  will  not  be  IcvicJ  upon  nKf. 
cli.indisL'Sof  Ihe  same  description  hereafter  niniitted  to  iinporliiinB 
in  a  raw  state.    On  the  contrary,  until  a  ntw  d imposition  ihall  t»  i 
nude,  it  will  becollecfed  upon  all  the  other  nitrclianliiinconipniH  | 
in  the  present  tarift',  with  the  eiceplion,  howcvt-r,  nf  llH«cu«!om. 
houses  m  which  the  ccd lection  (d'thia  duty  haannt  'akeii  pUcritii:. 

6,  MerchandiMii,  Ihe  ini)»nrtation  of  which  is  perDiilled  Lv  ii^t 

rireient  tariir.  shall  l>e»dn>itted  upon  the  p.iyuient  nf  thp  djifn  j 
hose  custom-hnusm  at  which  articles  of  the  sitne  kind  have  Imhtrto 
paid  duly.  Merchandise  hereafter  admitltd  may  be  iniporltdthrouji: 
all  the  custom-houses  of  Ihe  first  rhsi, 

6.  The  operation  nf  this  taritT  is  confined  to  llinse  merchindiw 
of  which  the  duty  Is  levied  under  the  European  lariJf;  ami  iihohh 
Ihe  objects  of  (he  Asiatic  taritfnnly  to  lea  of  a  peculiir  descriplica, 
Ciuif^ou  and  othen  of  inferior  quality.  j 

7.  Merchandises,  the  importation  of  which  is  permiKH  to 'be  I 
Trans-Caucasian  Frovinces  Ly  the  Black  Sea  .it  a  lowfr  duty  ihii  j 
that  impowd  by  Ihe  preeent  tariff,  shall  pay  in  the  %\vS  prorlDcnL^t  j 
same  duty  as  before, 

8.  In  the  Trans-Caucasian  Provinces  every  species  nf  crtinn  nuo 
farture,  nnndnnsparent  and  half>tran9parent,»liall  rcnjaiuiubjKito  I 
the  same  dutv  as  heretofore.  I 

9.  'I'he  liflh  of  the  cmtoms*  duty  levied  al  Otlfssa,  fnr  Ihf  ^«'(iI  I 
of  that  town,  will  be  collected  confornnbly  lo  former  re«u'i'nr.t  I 
Rut  the  duly  of  nil  merchrndises  ps-tssinf^'into  the  inlerinr  of 'he  I 
empire  through  the  rustom-tiouses  about  Ule&sa,  sh.i'l  be  piidtnJtr  [ 
the  provisions  of  the  present  taritT,  beginning  from  tU  lit  of  Jui-  f 
ary.  IW7. 

10.  With  respect  to  merchandises,  the  importalinn  of  whit^.  I 
hitherto  prohibited,  is  henceforth  permitted,  and  which  >hall  be  I 
seized  as  contraband  after  the  publicition  of  the  present  tariff,  tf^  I 
shall  be  dealt  with  as  Konds  permitted,  but  fraudiitently  im(iorI(d.    I 

11.  It  is  left  to  Ibc  Minister  of  Finance  to  give  inslruclion.ritliul 
miy  be  deen)ed  proper,  to  the  cuatom-houics  respeiting  Ihe  dedw- 1 
linn  from  the  duly  onaccnuid  of  tare.  1 

12.  Anv  question  that  may  arise  upon  the  cnnslriiction  of  Im  j 
taritr  fhail  tie  referred  for  decision  to  the  Minister  of  Finance.        I 

The  origiual  is  »igned  by  the  fresideot  of  ihc  Council  of  tbeEa- 1 


m 


TARIFF  (AMERICAN). 


015 


•  |»f«rr*(inrfii«. 

f   „r  r.iliiurf'l  • 

I,  iiitl  llul  lii»l»  •••  <■'  '" 


Hill.  I  ^ 
-        I   It 

U 


[Hit  or  |il«f»*  • 

k,  lluc't<l«ck,<lirk||ittn, 


fi  lb, 
>     Mch 


I 

0  ', 

0  1, 

1  0 

0  u 

J  0 

10  t 


•  |irr  lb. 


,iiir>n,nf  wnollinfjliiit  "T 
I,  ihrtiul,  lifiP  I"  ciiimii, 

»»rk»uw.llnrrni"i(["u'inl 
y  .iM.tiiilu.il  lit  liriiilnl 
,..«»l.,  "iili  Ih"  rl(T|.ii'iii 
iliMiiiM,  rrn.«iiirr;'lnl;i"-'l  I 

ICIM  u(  » llll«  »"''  to''"""' 


I  I 

0  n 

1  I 

4    t 


H «« frt»<1  from  <h' «'l'lili'"i''l "'Mnm-l .» 
in|i.i«J  in  coiiliirniily  wiili  llie  I  kiwu  i,, 

mum  flowerii  fnena  in  lifJni ;  inirrf.  fin 
l„.|,.,  ri'<il»  "f  i  a'"*"  >  t»l-<ia^.  "»■'»  '1 ,  Im, 
riixli,  »i«-  l'-»'ii  >'"•  "'"'  H""''i<ilvi'ti  ii.iti, 
•  vriy  ilrirri|ilion,  win.!!-  nrnrcaiiJi  In.Ki 
ovrry  iiiti  "'  '<■'  "'  in'"'"''  M"''i')'i  "null. 
ho  >tfil»  iif  luriiii'n.  mill',  m  will  M.lmiu 
lili  »re  iml  'pfcitirjlly  niH.tioluil  in  th(Ui;(. 
1  only  l>y  ihi-if  l""l  >i«"'''"'  ""li  "  '«i'\\ 
i"|  Ininiiin  cil»l'iiii-lii>"»f  il'inMi  t>|«rM'., 
)Mn,  cuiiiuieiiciiij  tioui  llio  111  ol  Jmii 

aenerat  JhiJrt. 
cif  tlili  lirilT  will  l"Kln  '0  •"  P"' '"  '"ml-m 
17    mul  ill   111!"  "'""'  r-'lnnli'  ru*t(tin  linutM  •' 
■  C(ininiuliici'»l  bv  lh»t  |  i-no'l  tliry  itulltiw 
lie  ilay  on  » liich  rti'V  >liall  li.ne  lir'il  rtctiiM 
iKidi  Hint  nre  sptrillfil  in  Ihit  l»nll  ilitl  nv 
IS  custiuihou'ej,  iml  u|mn  wlm-li  llif  July  ikill 
uu  10  the  JforriaW  l»l  Janiiiiy,  IWT.cir  loit. 
lartll'  ih'ill  ll'"*^  •*  ''•'*'"  ""C*''^*'!  't  "'"*'  f*'"!! 
M3V  arrive  liter  than  ili.il  lUy,  ilcill  enj  ij  h : 
y  henin  Boecitii-il-    In  Ihe  >«iiif  imimtr ih.n 
ilv  ime  half  the  a'Mitional  ilulv  ■  (  lijwrtn'. 
if  niprrhiiiilite  '"""  "'"<■''  "  li"ti™ly>l" 
hii  tarilT  allnnellier  rtinnvi.l.    VViili  rniTO  ■• 
ll«.  liiiiiteil  in  llitiriiuinlitr,  ol  nliirli  iIk  iihi-n 
■rniilleil,  a.ul  of  ivhirli,  frf'Ui  |irc'ilurfii..iVn 
eillier  allonellier  Tenii.vf.l  or  rocnilly  m'.liW 
allowed  10  remain  Uimleil  to  llie  III  nl  Jiiiin 
iii.lrr  the  oil  tariir.    do  IhcMiihrr  lui.l.wu 
«Ih  as  may  te  iniporleJ  adiT  ihplilnlJmuin, 
resulalicms  of  this  larilU    In  thf  liiMU'.iiw, 
is  iijleil  in  llie  Miiii'ler  of  Finance  lo  iJiiiii 
I,  (,f  Kocls  umlor  the  tornier  re«iihlioiji,«!.t 
ii  ihcVr  shii'nii-iil  look  plare  i.r(nnuilylo;:i 
jiniraiice  of  Hie  cham;e  in  IhelarifT. 
ihe  aililiiional  duty  of  \i  \>tr  mil.  upon  nr!i. 
ninou,  for  instance,  and  other  iii(iTiur.;i  !ii:?i. 
n  the  sales  which  will  lake  iihce  in  tl»  «ibt 
in»  hoih  Ihe  leas  rectully  imiHiiled  ai  n.ll  u 
iiieihi'last  «>lti.  ,...,. 

duly  nf  \ii  per  ceni.,  from  nliich  llinlote 
,a»ebeen  f.eed,  will  no'  he  IcvicJ  "n  »«' 
!•  description  hereafter  a  linitie.l  in  iii,|mu;i™ 
Ihe  conlrarv,  until  a  new  .Ipposiiimi  ihillli  i 
ec'ed  uimnall  Ihe  other  miTcliaiilunciin-friiM  1 
wilh  the  eiceplion,  howcvrr,  of  II»mco-».|.  i 
colleclion  of  this  duly  has  not  laken  |ili«>l. 
Ihe  iniiwirlalion  of  whiih  is  |  .roiiiieJ   y  K 
l«adniiHed  upon  Ihepayuienl  ollllf 'l=lji:  . 
at  which  articles  of  Ihe  same  Kind  have luiiieili 
Use  hereafler  adlnitled  may  be  iniporleJ  Itroi;!: 
k  of  Ihe  first  class.  l   j      I 

of  this  tariff  is  confuml  to  those  meiclilnilM 
levied  under  the  European  tarilV;  ana  in«mii 
iaiic  tariffnnly  In  1e»  u(  a  peculiar  deicnHio., 

;hSr1iS:^•or^vhichi,pernlil.elV^^ 
Ylncel  by  the  Black  Sea  at  a  lower  il«l.  ik  i 
irwent  larilT,  .hall  [lay  in  Ihe  saiJ  prov.ncnIK  | 

lucasian  Provinces  every  species  of  crtlrai  ins 
te„ra,i"haU.|ra,isparent,sliall  remain .u4«. »  j 

Vcmtoms-  ituly  levie-l  al  Odessa,  for  11.-1*^  j 
le ?o?ecled  conformably  to    i""",™"'    ' 
Irncrch:.ndise5  pasiiiu!  into  the  Uileim  «l 
Imto  nhouse.  about  tHessa,  *»  '  t^. '   '"  ' 
1  pnsMnl  liriff,  besinning  from  the  IH  ol  "^^ 

llo  merchandises,  the  ii"l"";'"'?"  ,''' ."!K  i 
I  .  hVncelorlh  pemitle.1.  and  whicli  W  «l 
I  Lfler  the  publiJalion  of  Ihe  presenl  \>'flM 
I  .™,ds  nermitted,  but  fraudulently  mvorlri.  I 
te%'rTFiiia^ce,o«ivein,,ruc.,™,e.2»^ 
Ter  In  Ihe  cuBlom-houses  respeiling  IW  "»» I 
J,ha,"may°'a?"e  upon  the  eonjlriidionof Ilk 
y  or  decision  to  the  Mim.ler  of  J'-""*  j,l 
ted  by  the  ITniileul  ol  the  Couoal  ol  ll»«* 


[The  rMtW  will  find,  un.lrr  tho  ht'iicl  of  Nkw  Yobk,  tho  Inst  "  tarilT  act"  of  thn  T'niteJ 
WiiU'H,  lliiit  1)1'  Miirrli  ail,  is;r>,  ciiiiiiiKnily  rulli-d  "tint  fiim|troiiiiHc  act;"  tofft'tliiT  \viil»  u  cir- 
culiir  of  ll>»i  !^<'<Ti'tary  of  tint  Trt'iiHiiry,  luldri-ssiil  tn  oIlicfrM  uf  tlm  inmloiim.  'I'Iumi  will 
fiiul'lf  I'"".  Willi  llu)  uliridni'il  view  lu'fnri-  him  of  tho  tarilf  of  ilulicH,  provioim  In  tho  o|ifru- 
jjoii  of  thiit  ttit,  which  Ih  now  iircHoiilcd,  to  di-trriniiic  for  hiniiilf  tho  duty  on  ovi-ry  nrtiile, 
aiiiny  iK'riod  down  to  .Iniio  aoiii,  iHia.  'I'o  ahriilK"  tho  turilf  um  niiiih  iih  tho  o.litor  hiH 
•nuofilid  in  il')in«,  it  haH  hoon  nccoMHnry,  not  only  to  Konoralino  ihn  HtutcnK'niM  niiulo  oh 
iiiiuli  «H  po'otililo,  and  to  avoid  ro|iotitii>nH,  uidoxn  in  u  vory  fow  inxtanooH  whoro  they  were 
obnmisly  cxpodifiit,  hut  uImo  to  omit  ull  mention  uf  tho  articloM  whiih  can  iii'ir  Ni  f:(cly  im- 
|iiirtt'd,  fXco|itihK  whoro  their  insirlioii  wan  o.sKontial  for  undorwtandinj;  what  in  uctiially 
,ilati'd.  It  m«y  I'o  milled,  that  every  oiio,  doHiroim  of  having  a  diHlinct  ktniwlodno  of  tho 
/,/>/,);i/  of  tho  jirotectivo  niid  revenno  HymoiiiH  of  tho  I'nited  SStatos,  hIiu-o  tho  conchiKion  of 
till-  lai-t  war  wilh  (Jrcal  IJritain,  should  coiikuII  anioiiK  tho  pnliliHiutI  HtatulcH  ui  ConRrettH, 
tlu'  actx  of  tho  27th  of  April,  IHUI,  the  'Z'ii\  of  May,  l8--i'i.  and  tho  I9lh  of  Muv,  iH'-iS,  bc- 
.idfij  those  of  tho  Hlh  of  July,  1832,  and  of  March  2d,  1833,  already  referred  to. 

Anierictn  Tarlli', 


Arliclet. 


'  1  italc  uf  lt(Kl.     ,<i<t  Lull. 
jAlf.    Sieilleer. 

1  Anil  I'lrrmsive.  I.ilhlc  paint 

I  AtiiinKinial ihraihiiK,  iiiirine  nielal, 

I  irnck,  payi  Ihe iiiiie  duly  <•  apirils dUlilleil 

I    (rum  (rain,  accorJiog  to  iiroul. 


/Horn  •  ,.• 

ililMon.  cosmetic  ■,._,•,. 

Rimlooior  rattani,  manufaclund,  kali  M- 
ifplel  .  .  .  . 

Ili'lry  ".  "  ■  ' 

IUilnls«rasinritr«w      • 

<ri>Kl  or  osier .... 
Biiiledores,  ami  shultlecocka 
Bol),  aiiilier,  C"ni|io»ilion,  wai,  anil  omi- 

lumiljl,  ilruiig  or  oo!  ilrimg 
IWf       .  •  •  •  • 

[«r,  lie  II"!  porter,  !■  boltle* 

rnh'-rivise    .  ■  •  . 

Hithniiiiaie  "f  potiih 
IMrliamlpl'iiki  • 

Bone,  butlnii  or  iiinuhli     - 
liuiloni  Willi  ihanki 
BoilKtl-    ,S«llal«. 

wire  for,  cipior  other  articles,  cover- 

t,]  with  iilk,  collon,  flaien  or  yarn 

Ihread,  niinufaclunid  abroad 

Bmki,  I'laiik        .  .  .  . 

priiilel  previoiil  to  I77l,  and  alio  all 

U-iki  printed    wholly  in  olher  laii- 

l(ua«nlhan  English,  Lalin.  and  Onek 

LmnurO'cek,  primed  lubieijuciilly  hi 

I77S  iHillIld 
Ulin  or  fireek,  not  Imund 
ill  nlher,  bound  or  hilf  Ixiund  . 
in  »hif  Is  or  boardi 
(Music,  prinli,  and  en|nvinp  are 
free.) 
ll(irtlinrlioiili*el   .  •  .  . 

BraiJy,  III  «nJ  *'  pro"*  • 
5,1  do. 

4ih  do. 

5ih  do.     • 

itiove  ftlh     do.     ... 
Bmi,  ill  nianufaclurei  of,  not  otherwise 
•  1)60111*1,  except  ouly  what  is  old, and 
111  only  to  be  re-manufactured 
nJJIcry       .  .  .  . 

Prirks     .  .  .  •  . 

Briilln-  .  .  .  . 

Brcraiii,  hair  or  palm  leaf 

Willow        .  .  .  . 

Bniilifiofall  kinds 

Bu'lrr    .  .  -  -  . 

IJalinn',  of^olfl,  lilver,  or  precloiimlones  - 

of  iron,  iteel,  pewier,  brass,  and  tin     . 

mnuMs,        .  .  .  . 

.See  llu  Mother  of  Pesrl,  lilk,  &e. 


Cnh'nrf  iwi'M     -  .  .  . 

Ubici  and  conlape,  tarred 
do.       unlarred    . 

piu,  nr  Ihe  bark  of  a  tree 

Diinufactured  in  whole  or  iu  iiarl  of  irou 
dloMd.  .  .  .  . 

CiffllM.  spermaceti 

Iltlnvv  .  .  .  , 

W.1X  .  .  .  . 

ClIs.   .SreHill. 

Ci|in,  ivurlied  tor  ladies,  trimmed  or  un- 
liimnird  .  ■  .  . 

Cirt>'HMte  nf  sftla 
CiaIi,  nhnkaiid  vinting  . 

liliyinK        .  .  .  . 

Cirp'ianil  oarpetinf.     ,S«  Wool. 
Cirrines  and  parts  of  carriagea      - 

licrsfnr.       -  .  •  . 

iprinn  for,  imn  or  wood 
.      itepsfiir,       .  .  .  . 

Su  Furniture. 
ICwioeiitrtidi     .  .  •  . 


I'lllil 

lertniber 

M 

ISI.I. 

pr  cwt. 

DIM 

jir  el. 

n 

pr  lb. 

3 

pr  Ih. 

a 

prel. 

\i 

prct. 

21 

pr  cl. 

l/S 

|ir  ct. 

15 

prct. 

^^ 

prct. 

30 

prct. 

IS 

prib. 

2 

pr  «al. 

20 

pr  nal. 

Ii 

prct. 

i^t 

prct. 

25 

prct. 

15 

pfct. 

2j 

pr  lb. 

12 

prct. 

SO 

pr  vol. 

4 

pr  lb. 

15 

prIb. 

13 

prIb, 

30 

prIb. 

2U 

prpr. 

n.  1  f.o 

pripl. 

M 

pr  «»!. 

.67 

pr  gal. 

M 

pr  Kal. 

72 

pr  gal. 

8i 

prct. 

2\ 

|lTCt. 

30 

prct. 

15 

prIb. 

3 

prct. 

15 

pr  cU 

2'. 

pr  ct. 

2> 

pr  lb. 

5 

prct. 

I2i 

pr  cr. 

2i 

prct 

15 

liret 

30 

prih. 

4 

pr  II). 

5 

prIb. 

S 

prlb. 

3 

pr  cl. 

15 

prlb. 

8 

prlb. 

5 

prlb. 

6 

prct. 

23 

iir  cl. 

13 

prlb. 

15 

pr  pack         30 

pr  ct. 

SO 

pr  ct. 

35 

pr  cl. 

30 

prct 

30 

Articlet. 


Ciiihnifiti  (rf«t)  ituvvli  • 
(Uliiiii  ..... 
Oniir,  dry,  or  gniUiid  in  oil 
Chceie  ..... 
(  liiii.i  wiru  .... 
ChliirKle  of  lime  .... 
Cliocnlile  .  .  .  • 

CtimmalH  firpotuh 

('hnimmielert      .... 

Cii(:ini     .  •  .  .  . 

Ci(»cki     .  .  .  .  . 

CInihmr,  really  nudA,  not  iu  acIu.i1  um 

V.o.\\  »ii<l  ctiko       .... 

Colcnllipr,ilry      .... 

irrnuiKl  in  nil  •  .  . 

Coriiot,  horn,  itirlt,  and  Jvnry,        •  . 

iron,  lend,  C(»|>|tcr,  brut,  gilt,  or  pUted, 

and  wood  •  .  .  . 

Cnni|M>iition  rndi,  boltfl,  ipikn,  or  luili 

tits'*!,  iroiii  pr"  ter,  or  ileel 
ronfeclioiiAry,  preterved  Id  iiiir,tr  or  brtudy 
Copper  Ud(3,  iiaili,  rndi,  or  spikes 

botloiiii,  merely  cut  round  and  turned 

up  Kl  (he  edge 
brazien*,  not  exci-cding  in  weight  34  oz. 
per  sfjiiAre  fool 

(Old  i-npprr,  fit  only  to  be  rrminu- 

fictured«  is  Iree,  as  also  ibeathiug 

ri>ri)ii[M,  Ac.) 

all  nianufacturet  uf,  not  otberwiie  ipe. 

cilieil  .... 


Cnpne 

Cordia 


prlb. 


Cordials  pay  duly  as  iplrils  from  other  ma. 

lerial  than  grain,  according  to  the  proof. 
Corks      ..... 
Corrosive  subliniale  •  .  . 

Cosmetiti  •  .  -  . 

(.  ollon,  all  nunufAclures  of,  or  of  which  co|. 
Ion  ahxll  b(>  a  conipntient  part  (except  cot* 
toil  twist,  yirn,  anvl  (hread.) 

"  PruouletU  Ih "' *11  niinuf.icturea of 
cotton,  or  of  which  cotton  ttutl  be  a 
ccHDiHinenl  part,  not  dyed,  coloured, 
prinievi,  or  lUinrd,  no|  eireeillnj;  in 
value  thirty  cenlM  the  Bipiare  y^rd,  shal! 
be  valued  at  thirty  ctntt  per  square 
yard  ;  and  it  dy^^l,  coloured,  printed,  or 
at  linwl,  in  whole,  or  in  part,  not  excee't* 
ing  in  vaUiL*  thirty-fiv*  cent$  llie  Miuare 
yard,  shall  be  valued  it  thirty  fivt  ceiUi 
per  Miirare  yard  ;  and  on  nankeens  iiii- 
porte<l  direct  from  China,  twenty  jwr 
centum  ad  valorem, 

'All  unbleached    and  un- 

cidoured,  the  orifcinal  cost 

of  which  shall  be  less  than 

ft.c/j/c£/if«  per  pound, shall 

he   deemed   and  taken  to 

h.ive  cost  i'X/u  cettit  per 

ix)und,and  sliiill  be  charged 

.with  duty  .icconlinKly. 

'All  bleached  or  coloured, 

the  original  erst  of  which 

shall  he  less  than  ieveiity- 

five  ceiitx  \tGT  pound,  shall 

^  be  deemed  and  taken  to 

have  cost  fci)nt(y /ii'€  fenf* 

per  pound,  and  shtll  be 

charged  with  duly. iccord- 

jngly      • 

The  duly  on  cotton  twist,  yarn,  and 

1 1  read,  under  6(1  cents  per  lb.  is  15 

cents  per  lb.  and  under  75  cents  per 

Ih.  1^3*4  cents  per  lb.,  (with  Ihe 

deduction  of  lOO,  1-6,  &c.  of  the 

exce.sf,  if  any.) 

Cotton  bagging,  without  regard  to  the  weight 

or  wi'llh  of  Ihe  article  • 

carpels  and  carpeiiig 

coach  lace     .  .  -  . 

nankeens,  direct  from  China,  -  - 

nankeens  from  Kurope,  kc,  to  pay  ai 

luauuracturet  of  cottoo. 


Cotton  twist. 
Cotton  yarn. 
Cotton  thread, 


Cotton  twist, 
Cotton  yarn, 
CoUun  thread, 


I'nill  Derrmber      1 

31, 

sn 

pr  cl. 

15 

pr  ct 

16 

prlb. 

i 

prlb. 

S 

prct 

20 

prct 

IS 

pr  lb. 

4 

pr  ct 

121 

pr  ct. 

121 

pr  M 

r.2  5u     1 

pr  ct. 

23 

pr  ct. 

60 

pr  buih 

0 

prIh. 

1 

pr  lb. 

U 

pr  ct 

Ii 

prct. 

25 

pr  ct 

25 

prct. 

25 

prci. 

25 

prlb. 

4 

prct. 

IS 

prct. 

15 

prct 

25 

prcwt 

0,200      1 

prlb. 

18 

pr  ct. 

16 

prct 

15 

prct, 

23 

prct. 

U 

prct 

25 

pr  aq.  yd.        3| 

pr  cl.  26 

pr  ct.  36 

prct  20 


616 


TARIFF  (AMERICAN). 


ST:     -» 


'"•'••'■9 


.■IBISIBrM 


Article) 


Cotton— contirtued. 

raw  -  -  -  .  . 

ihawlt,  with  woollen  frioges,  pay  as 

cottons, 
spool  .  .  .  . 

stockinn       -  -  -  - 

aod  wiinted  or  combed  wool,  manufac- 
tures of,  (piftce  Roods) 
and  wool  cardttil,  Dianufacturei  of,  (piece 
goods)  -  .  .  . 

Crapes,  Canton    .  .  .  . 

Norwich 
Pown  of  all  kinds 
Uuck,  Holland,  Ravens,  Russia,  sail 

Earthenioare       .  -  -  • 

Kbony,  minufacturet  of,   • 
Kinetic  tartar       .  .  -  - 

Essences  used  ai  perfumes 

/*ar)«,  nf  all  descriptions    • 
f  eathen,  for  beds 

ornamental    .  -  >  > 

Feltti,  or  hat  bodies,  made  wholly  or  in  part 

of  wool,  each    -  •  -  • 

Fish,  drieil.  or.  dried  and  smoked,  foreign 

caught       .  .  .  . 

salmoit,  pickled, 

mackarid  do.  .  .  - 

all  other  pickled  fisli  • 
Fishiii<  nets,  dip  or  scoop 

other  thin  dip  or  scoop,  untarred 

Flax,  ni.tnufaclures  of,   (except  yarn  and 

cordage,  tarred   and   un'arred,  llck- 

lenburgs,    r>snaburgs,    and    burlaps, 

and  bleached  and  unbleached  linens) 

carprting       ... 

Floor<cloths,  stamped,  printed,  or  painted  - 

Flour,  wheat       .  .  .  - 

Flowers,  ariincial 

Furniture,  coich  and  harness,  common  tin- 
ned and  japanned    ... 
plated  brass  and  polished  steel 
oil  cloth         .  .  .  - 

wood,  (cabinet  wares) 
wood,  not  cabinet  ware* 
Furs,  drewed        .... 
hats  or  caps,  m»de  nf, 
mullit  and  tippets 

Gilt  loartt  .... 

Uin.    Sit  Spirits  made  from  grain. 
Glass,  apothecary's  v<aU  and  Imttles,  not  ex- 
cee  iiiig  the  capacity  of  ti  ounces,  each, 

exceeling  6  minces,  and  not  exceeding 
16ounct?s.  etch,       -  -  • 

beads  of  every  description 

black,  quickened 

biiiiles,  litack,  not  exceeding  1  quart    • 

b^ltie^  black,  exctteding  1  quart 

crystals  for  watches    • 

cut,  not  specified 

demijohns     .  .  .  . 

knobs,  wt:h  shanks  of  brass,  iron,  or 
steel  .... 

looking,  with  frames  of  paper,  or  wood 

do.    plates  silvered    - 

paper  .... 

perfumery,  and  fancy  vials,  and  bo'tles, 
UDi  exceeding  the  capacity  of  4  ounces, 
each  .... 

perfumery,  and  fancy  vials,  and  Iwttles, 
exi-ecding  the  capacity  of  4  ounces, 
and  not  exceeding  the  capacity  of  lo 
ounces,  each 

window,  not  above  R  Ijy  10  in. 
do.  not  above  ID  hy  12  • 
do.  above  10  by  12     • 

do.  ill  importt^d  in  plite'  wkhU  ^0  be 
chiriteJ  wiMi  the  highest  ntes  of 
duly  imposed  by  the  act  on  window 
glais. 

all  other  arliclea  of,  not  specified 

Glasses,  spy  .... 

Glaziers' diamonds 

Glue        ..... 
GolJ,  all  articles  composed  wholly  or  chief- 
ly of 

(G 'Id  in  bullion  or  coin,  gold  dust, 
epaulettes,  and  size,  are  free.) 
leaf-  .... 

GuD[)ow<ler         .... 

Hair  made  up  for  head  drcssei 

olhtT^vi*!!  manufactured 
Hams,  ml  o'her  bacon 
Hanitris,  (leather) 

.Sie  Furniture  and  coach  furniture. 
Hat  holies,  or  fdts,  made  wholly  or  m  part 

of  W(Kd         .  .  .  - 

lilt  enicn,  ma  le  of  oil  cUtlh 

HatK.  or  tiriiKieta,  of  my  material  except  silk 
silk  tiiti  or  bonneiB  for  women 
f'»r  men  .... 

straw,  woo!,  nnd  all  flats,  braids,  or 
phlls  for  hats  or  bonneta 

Hemp,  uumanufaciured     • 


Until  December 
31,  1I»33. 


prlb. 


prcf. 

25 

pr  CI. 

lU 

prcl. 

26 

pr  ct. 

SO 

pr  cf. 

10 

prc(. 

lU 

pr  ct. 

15 

pr  cl. 

16 

pr  ct 

20 

pr  ct. 

S2-> 

pr  ct. 

15 

pr  ct. 

15 

pr  ct. 

25 

pr  ct. 

15 

pr  cU 

2> 

18 

prqiiint.D 
pr  lilil. 

1  00 

2  00 

pr  libl. 

1  50 

pr  1.1)1. 

1  (K) 

prct. 

26 

prlb. 

5 

prcl. 

25 

pr  ct. 

25 

pr  «q.  yd. 

43 

pr  cwt. 

.50 

pr  ct. 

25 

prct. 

10 

pr  ct. 

30 

pr  sq.  yd. 

I2J 

pr  ct. 

30 

prct. 

2-. 

prct. 

in 

prct. 

30 

pr  ct. 

25 

prct. 


25 


pr  gross/}.  I  75 

pr  gross      3  75 
pr  ct.  IS 

Free, 
pr  gross  D.2  00 
pr  gross  2  50 
pr  ct.  12 ff 

(  pr  lb.    3  cents, 
<  and 

i  pr  ct.         30 
eich  25 


prct. 
pr  ct. 
prct. 
prlb. 


25 

20 
20 
15 


pr  gross  D.2  50 


pr  gross  3  25 

iOOfq.  ft.  3  00 

tOOfii).  ft.  3  CO 

100  sq.  ft.  4  UU 


pr  lb.     3  cents, 
and 


)  pr  ct. 

pr  ct. 
pr  ct. 
prlb. 

prct. 


pr  ct. 
prlb. 

prct. 
prct. 
prlb. 
prct 


20 
2-1 

5 

12^ 


15 

8 

2i 
15 
3 

30 


each  18 

pr  ct.  fiO 

pr  ct.  30 

prct.  2» 

pr  ct.  15 

pr  ct.  30 
pr  ton  D.  40 


Articlet. 


Hemp-— eonftnritrf. 

(Ka*.!  India  hemp  is  free.) 
mauufactures  of,  not  otherwise  specified 

hidigo    .  .  .  .  - 

Iron  adres  .... 

anv  i  In  and  anchors,  and  all  parts  thereof, 

manufaclurett  in  whole  or  in  part      - 
axei  ,  .  .  - 

hand  .... 

bars  or  bolts,  not  manufactured  in  whole 

or  in  part  by  rolling 
do.  do.  made  v%  holly  or  in  part  by  roll- 
ing .  .  .  . 

Piovide't,  That  all  iron  In  slain, 
bldomi.  orolher  fnrnis  leu  Itnislied  than 
iron  in  bars  or  tHills,  and  more  ndvnnce  I 
liiaii  pig  iron,  except  castings,  ^hall  t>e 
rated  an  inm  in  bars  or  bollr,  and  piy 
duty  acfonliimly. 
caldts  or  chaiiiii,  or  parts  thereof,  manu- 

facteieil  in  whole  or  in  part 
castnit'iit  rods 
chiaeis,  socket 
other 
coach  and  luirncs^  furniture,  common 

tiniitd  and  japanned 
d'>.  do.  <lo.  platut 

common  tinned  and  japanned  saddlery 
rut  ir.g  knives 
driwing  knives 
firearms,  all  other  than  muakels   and 

rifles 
hammers  and  sit-dges,  (blacksmiths*)    • 
Intrhels        .  .  .  - 

hoop  .  .  .  - 

jack  screws   .... 
mill  crank  and  mill  Irons,  of  wrought 

Iron  •  •  •  . 

mill  saws      -  .  -  . 

miisktiis        .... 
nail  or  spike  rods  or  nail  platet,  slit, 

nilteil,  or  haintucred 
nails,  cut  or  wrought  • 
old    ■ 

Nothinr   shall  be  deemed  old   iron 
ihat  has  not  been  in  actual  use,  and 
fit  only  lo  be  re^manufactured. 
pigs  ■ 

(dated  saddlery 

rail-road.    Su  Rail-road  iron. 
rifles  .... 

round,  or  brazier's  rod.  3-16  to  8*16  of 

an  inch  diameter  inclusive  - 
scale  beams   -  ■   - 

scrap  .  -  ,  . 

sciews,  called  wood  screwB     - 
scroll  .  -  -  . 

sheets  .... 

shovels  .  .  -  . 

shoveh  and  tongs  (fire  irons)    • 
sickcU  or  reaping  houks 
skewers         .... 
Bpidut 

Spikes  .  .  .  . 

square  wire,  used  for  the  mannftcture 

of  streichers  forurnbrc'las,  and  cut  in 

piece.i  not  exceeding  the  length  uiicd 

therefor      .  -  .  . 

squares  .... 

steelvanls      .  -  .  . 

tack-",  britls,  and  sprigs,  not  exceeding 

16  oz.  per  M  ■  -  . 

do.  do.  exct-ediiig  16  nz.  prr  M 
vessels  cast,  U'lt  otherwise  specified 
all  other  castings  of,  not  otherwise  spe- 
cified        .  .  .  . 
victs             .             .             -  . 
wa^on  boxes 

wire,  not  exceeding  No.  14 
do.      exceftdtni  No.  14 
do,      cap  or  bonnet,  covered  with  silk, 

cotton,  flaxMi  yarn  or  tbrtad 
do,     silvered  or  plated 
wood  screws 

weigtirig  26  lh».  or  upwards   • 
manufacturer  of,  not  castings,  norother- 

wi^e  specified 

All  piece>of  iron,  except  old,  nf  more 
than  six  inches  in  length,  to  be 
made  into  spikes  and  bolts,  shall  tje 
rated  as  bar,  bolt,  n»d,  or  bo-'p 
irfin.  as  tlie  casf  may  be,  and  pay 
duty  accordinxly. 

Round  iron,  fni  axirs  for  cars  on  rail 

n^.'Uy  and  locomoiivt*  eniinrs,  are 

not  entitled  to  ihe  beiitlii  nf  the  act 

of  14th  of  July,   IK)2.  in  rel.i'ion 

to  if  >n  fur  rail-ivads  or  inclined 

planex. 

Isinglass  .  -  .  . 

Ivory  fans  .  .  .  , 

flutes,  wholly  of,         • 

Jnpnuued  vrnra,  not  otherwise  specifled    • 
Jetlit'B.  Gnava  and  others  ■ 
Jewelry,  real       -  .  .  . 

gilt  or  plated 

Z^icc,  bt'd  -  -  -  - 

bubbinett      ■  •  •  - 


Until  necember 
31,  l^aJ. 


prct. 

pr  ct. 
prct. 

prlb. 
pr  ct. 
prlb. 


I.'i 

30 

2 

30 
3 


pr  cwt.         ( 
pr  ton  I).  30 


prlh. 

a 

pr  III. 

3 

pr  cl. 

30 

pr  ct. 

ii 

prct. 

10 

pr  ct. 

30 

pr  rt. 

10 

pr  ct. 

30 

prct. 

30 

prct. 

30 

pr  lb. 

pr  ct. 

SO 

pr  lb. 

3 

pr  ct. 

25 

prlb. 

4 

each 

/).  1  00 

pr  ilauJ  ZJ.  1  50 

prlb. 

3 

pr  lb. 

5 

pr  Ion  D.  12  50 

prcwt 

SO 

prcl. 

30 

each 

D.ISO 

prlb. 

3 

|.,-  ct. 

30 

|ir  Ion  D.  12  50 

pr  ct. 

30 

pr  lb. 

3 

pr  Ih. 

3 

pr  cl. 

30 

pr  ct. 

2i 

prcf. 

30 

prcl. 

30 

prct. 

30 

prlb. 

4 

pr  ct. 

12 

prct. 

30 

pr  cl. 

30 

prM 

prlb. 

pr  lb. 

1.' 

prlb. 

prct. 

30 

pr  lb. 

prlb. 

pr  lb. 

pr  !b. 

12 

pr  ct. 

|.rcl. 

30 

prcl. 

iS 

prcl. 


pr  cl.  15    I 

pr  cl.  2i 

prct.  13 


prcl. 
pr  cl. 
pr  cl. 
pr  it. 

prct. 
prct. 


2i 

a 


TARIFF  (AMERICAN). 


617 


I  free.) 
illiurwiw  ipecified 


III  a\l  p»r(»  Ihereof, 
hole  or  in  part     • 

mfaclured  in  whole 
'or  ia  part  by  roll- 
all  iron  in  tM", 
inlcMtiiiistieJ""" 
,111.1  niorf  aJvaiit*! 
|;t  MSlini!". »!'»"  ""' 
rs  orlxilw,  auJ  P'Y 

pirlJ  thereof,  ni»nu- 
tor  lu  part 


furniture,  common  | 
neJ 
I  jipanned  iiddlery 

r  than  muskeli  ami 
get,  (Waclnniilh«') 


iiill  irora,  of  wrought 


1.  or  nail  pUlei,  »lit, 

rt-red 

iglil  • 

he  deemed  old  iron 
hern  in  acluil  use,  and 
5  re-iuanufaciiiied. 


[aiUroad  iitin. 

:r'»  roil.  3-16  to  8-16  of 
iter  inclusive  - 


prlb. 
iir  ct. 
prlb. 

pr  cwt. 


90 


pr  ton  D.  30 


pr  ct.  10    f 

pr  cl.  30 

pr  ct.  10 

pr  ct.  30 

pr  ct.  30 

prct.  30 

prlb.  i'f 

pr  ct.  50 

pr  lb.  3 

pr  ct.  23 

pr  lb.  4 

Mch  D.  I  00 
prilauaz;.  I  60 

pr  lb.  3 

pr lb.  5 

pr  Ion  D.  12  M 


pr  cwt,         M 
pr  cl.  30 

each     £.2  50 


oodwrcwi 


I  (fire  irons)    - 
hooka 


M  for  the  manuficturc 
liruiMbrcnaa.awlcot  ni 
Teedini?  the  length  u»cJ 


sprina,  not  exceeding  | 

^  16  oz.  per  M 
fillierwise  specified 
Is  of,  not  otherwise  ape- 


linl^No.  M 

■No.  II 

Inel,  covered  wilh  iilk, 

■yarn  or  lhri;ad 

1  plated 

I  or  upwards   •  ■ 

luol  callings,  nor  other- 

Jon,  except  old,  of  more 
Iclics  ill  lenslti.  '"  J"= 
likes  and  tnill!,  shall  be 
Ir,  boll,  rod,  or  ho  p 
Icasf  may  be,  and  pay 
|n«ly.  _, 

Ir  axles  for  cars  on  ran 
Ticomoiivf  enjiii".  are 
In  I  he  bentlii  of  the  act 
liily,  IKi2,  in  relVKin 
Irail-roads  or  inclined 


prcU 


Iniherwiiespeci 
hers  - 


fied 


prct, 
|ir  cl. 
pr  cU 
pr  tl. 


Lace— con'tnwcd. 

coich  -  •  .  . 

collars  and  canee,  as  millinery 
cotton,  olber  titan  bed  or  coach 
goM  or  silver 

gowns  or  dresseS|  made  up      - 
pclcriiirs  as  millinery 
■b.i<lcs,  shawls,  and  veils,  of  cotton  or 
Ihreai,       -  -  .  . 

veils,  of  cotton  or  Ihrearl 
wonilcd,  other  than  coach 
hicii'iered  ware,  iron,  tin,  or  wood 
Ump  bla^k         -  .  .  . 

I.ird      •  • 

Leail,  acetate  of  " 
nitrate  of      • 

old  -  -  -  .  . 

prnciU,  black,  nf  all  kindi 
pig!t,  bars,  or  sheets    -  •  . 

pi|ies  .  .  -  ■ 

rcl,  or  while,  dry,  or  ground  in  oil     - 
scrap  -  -  -  . 

shot  -  .  ,  . 

lu^arof        .  .  .  . 

all,  "in  whatever  form  imported, 
not  desisneil  to  remain  for  ikse  in 
Ihe  sliipe  in  which  it  is  intm- 
duccd,  but  intended  to  be  mulled 
down"        -  -  ■ 

all  nlher  manufacltired  articles  of  h-ad, 
which  are  designed  for  actual  ust;,  in 
llie  shape  in    which  they  are    im- 
ported      -  -  .  . 
Leallicr  ■      ,      ■        ,    ■ 

all  itianufacturei  of,  not  otherwise  spe- 
cified        .  .  -  . 
Limp,  cM'tride  of 
Lines,  fi.hinu,  of  twine     . 
Liiieip,  allexcepl  the  fnllowini     - 
lifl  tiikiiK,  rheck&t  or  coloured 
black,  and  other  dyed  linen     - 
canvas,  sized  or  painted  on  one  side 
clipcks          -            .            .            - 
diiilt  for  oil  clollt,  carpeting,  or  door 

rluilisof  llax  or  hemp 
diipcr  web    -  -  -  . 

Dovlry's  coloured 

driltiiijs,  checked,  coloured,  or  striped 
liitaloes.  German  checks 
(liirli,  made  up  -  -  - 

Ihrcvl  -  .  .  . 

attJ  worsted,  manufactures  of  • 
Lint       .  -  -  -  . 

I  l.illnrse  .... 

Luciftr  matches  .... 
(The  boxet  pay  according  is  the  m,a. 
tcrial.) 


.ifatd?iiiy,  manufactures  of 

^l^n':^lics^^ 

Mirli;'.  ii:iniifactiired 

Mirnnliile 

Mvlinj,  flnnr,  Can'on 

Mill,  all  llnnr 

MtUl,  plale.1 

S<e  'he  different  melals,  noting  that 
all  iiiK'allic  btuU  are  tree. 

Millinery,  of  all  kinds 

M  losses 

Mollicr  cf    pearl     buttons,   wilh    melal 
shanks 
withnu!,  do.  do.  •  .• 

M™I  Is,  liul'on    • 
,  Mufinticacii 

'  Musical  iiititrumcnis,  brass  > 
I  c(>|'piT  •  •  ) 
[       snuIllKixes  • 

I       wo-hI  -  .  - 

I  Mtutard,  naur  of,  including  the  botllea 

I  Silmti  of  lead.   Sn  Lead. 

I  rVifJ     • 
;  Ocbrc,  dry  - 

rmiind  in  oil 
,i.t  ".tslor  ... 

fi..|i,  (if  forelsn   fishing,   (other  tlLiii 

ilicrniaccii) 
hciiitisccdand  linseed 
olive,  in  casks 
in  jars  or  boltlea 
ripe  seed 

iprrmaccli,  of  foreign  fishing, 
vi'ridl 
wliale,  or  other  fish  oil,  of  foreign  fish- 

ill?,  (except  spermaceti) 
esspiitisl    oils,   used   chiefly   as    per. 
fumes       .  -         '  - 

Oil  cinliis.  dcr'nminafetl  patent  floor  riolh 
of  ait  kinds,  other  than    pattut  llocr 
diih 
Omunenli,  for  he*il  di 


J'tirit  Uwkty  of  all  kinds 
l^l«r      .... 
EiTpi  II  e  fiillowinc  :— 
ffit'  iiid  ipiarto  |iosl  or  all  kinds 
fKii>ctp,  and  all  drawing,  and  writing 
rTin'iiur.  co|ipprpIa'e,  and  slaiiieis 
ilinih>nx,  hiiideih'  and  box-boanN,  and 
onipinEs  of  all  kinds,  liko  that  in 

3f2 


Until  December 

31. 

IS?3. 

prct. 

M 

pr  ct. 

25 

pr  ct. 

12, 
12 
25* 

pr  ct. 

pr  ct. 

prct. 

25 

prct. 

I2i 

pr  cl. 

I2i 

pr  ct. 

SO 

pr  ct. 

25 

pr  ct. 

13 

prlb. 

3 

prlb. 

& 

prct. 

I2i 

pr  lb. 

2 

pr  ct. 

2.5 

pr  11.. 

3 

prlb. 

6 

pr  lb. 

S 

pr  lb. 

2 

pr  111. 

4 

prlb. 

6 

prlb. 


prct, 
prct. 

prct. 
pr  ct. 
pr  lb. 
pr  ct. 
pr  ct. 
pr  ct. 
pr  ct. 
pr  ct. 

prct. 
|>r  ct. 
prct. 
prct. 
pr  ct. 
pr  ct. 
pr  ct. 
pr  ct. 
pr  ct. 
prih. 
prct. 


prct. 
pr  ct. 
prct, 
prct. 
pr  ct. 
jir  cl. 
pr  ct. 


pr  ct. 
pr  gal. 

pr  ct. 
pr  ct. 
pr  ct. 
pr  ct. 

per  ct. 
pr  ct, 
pr  ct. 
pr  ct 


pr  btish. 
pr  lb. 
fir  lb. 
pr  gal. 

pr  gal. 
pr  ?al. 
pr.al. 
pr  ct. 
pr  eal. 
pr  sal. 
pr  lb. 

prgal. 

prct. 
pr  tq.  yil. 

pr  «q.  yd. 
pr  cl. 

prct. 
prlb. 

prlb. 
prlb. 
pr  lb. 


15 
30 


30 


25 
25 
23 
23 

23 
25 
23 
25 
25 
50 
25 
50 
25 
5 
23 


30 
I2i 
30 
23 
S 
13 
23 


25 
5 

25 
13 

30 
2» 
15 


10 
I 

'i 

41) 

2^ 
20 
15 
2:i 
2'. 
3 


IS 

43 

\2k 
25 

25 
15 

20 
17 
10 


i'aper— (-oj.rijuii'i. 

which  blue  iiankeeni  are  generally 
)ni)iorteU    - 
boxis  ... 

Tarnsols,  of  whatever  materiali  made,  ami 

frames  or  sticks,  furf 
Farrluiieiit  .  -  - 

Fencils,  tilark  teai), 
I'epiier,  Cayenne, 
Ftrfuines 
Pewter,  all  manufictnres  nf,  not  otherwise 

iliecifu'tJ,  or  of  which  il  Is  a  conipouent 

nuilfcrial  ... 

Plann- fortes         ... 
Pickles  .... 
Plated   wares  nf  all  kiDds,  not  otherwiee 
enumeraleJ 
wire  ... 

Porcelain  ... 

Pork       .... 
Porter.    Su  Beer. 
Polalnes  -  .  .  . 

Precinm  stones,  of  all  hinds,  set  or  not  net, 

and  all  articles  coiuposed  wholly  or  chietly 

Prussim  blue 
Prussiale  of  potash 

Qitil!s^  prepared  or  manufactured  - 

C^uiuinu,  sulphate  of, 

liail-rrad  iron,  except  when  importpfl  hy 

any  **  slalu  or  iiicorp(trtte<!  company,"  to 

pay  duty  as  bar  or  bolt  iron,  of  similar 

m.inufac'ure, 

nr.idy  made  clolhing 

Red  U-Ail   .... 

oclire,  dry     ... 

(In.  Krouiid  in  oil 

Venetian,  dry 

do.  unnind  in  oil    - 
Rope,  ciar  or  ciiiar 

made  nf  tt.irk  nr  grass 

Rnse  woofi,  ulieti  sawed  into  plmkn  from  3 

to  4  inches  thick,  and  from  9  to  15  inches 

in  breadth  .... 

Rtitn.    Sec  spirits  frum  other  materials  than 

grain. 

Saddlct   .... 

S.iddlery,  common  tinned,  and  japanned,  of 

all  descriptions        .  .  - 

plalett  brass,  and  polished  steel,  of  all 

dcscriplioiis 

Sal  soda  .... 

Salt  per  t)ii*hel  of  561b.     . 

all  frifisil  uud  crude  niincral 
Salts  Epsom,       ... 
(ilatiber        ... 
Rochetle 
Saltpetre  refined 

Seating,  satin        ... 
straw,  or  patent  straw 
hair  •  ■  .  . 

Searars     -  .  ■  . 

-SHiiiw,  imtarred,  .  -  - 

Sheetiui^s.    Sve  Linen. 
Sheets,  willow      ... 
Shell  boxes  ... 

Shoes,  children's,  of  all  kinds, 

IcaibtT  ... 

n.inkt-en        ... 

No.  10,  and  unler,  children's, 

pninclle  stulF,  or  nankeen 

silk  -  .  .  . 

Sieves,  wire,         ... 

Silk,  all  manufaclurfs  of,  or  of  which  silk 

shall  be  the  cumponent  material  of 

chufvalttp.  coniiiis  fioui  this  side  the 

Cape  of  U()od  Hope,  (except  sewing 

silk) 

braid,  from  Kur-^pe,  fcc. 

buttnrts,  with  (lexible  shanks,  if  silk  be 

the  material  of  chief  value   • 
ca|8  ... 

cord 

curls  or  frizetts  a,s  milltnery    - 
dre-ises.  m.ide  up,  as  "millinery  of  all 

kiiitls'* 
hinilkerchiefs  from  Kurope,  &c, 
frnni  the  Kast  InJu's  • 
haislnr  nifii  ... 
ha's  or  caps  f  tr  women,  as  millinery 
lace,  from  F-umpe.&c. 
l:»\v 

sew  iiig  .  .  • 

stocks    ready  m.ide    • 
ito'kin^s        ... 
twist 

aixl  wooHeii  flannel  • 
and  worsieil  slia'\ls  • 
other  luannfacturcs  of 

In  an  jcU:»  cnn>]Mise<l  of  *'  silk,  and  two 
or  nnre  other  and  different  mate< 
rills,''  to  ex  nipt  Ihe  manufacture 
froni  liatnliiy  lo  duty,  "the  value 
of  the  silk  must  exceed  the  aggre< 
^.ite  value  of  'he  other  material^ 
in  the  muufactuK  or  ftrticle. 


pr  cl. 

60 

•       prlb. 

6 

-       pr  lb. 

1 

pr  lb. 

•* 

pr  lb. 

1 

.       pr  lb. 

u 

.       pr  Ik 

5 

-       pr  lb. 

6 

prlb. 
prct. 
pr  ct. 

prct. 
pr  ct. 
pr  ct. 
pr  lb. 
prct. 


prct. 
prct. 
pr  ct. 

prct. 
pr  ct. 
prct, 
prlb. 

pr  bush. 


prct. 
pr  ct. 
pr  ct, 

prct. 
prct. 


3 

15 
40 

2.5 
25 
25 
IS 
IS 


25 

ao 

IS 

25 
5 

20 
•i 

10 


IS 
15 


prct. 

prct, 

prct. 

prct. 
pr  ct 

prct, 
prlb. 
pr  lb. 
pr  ct. 
pr  lb. 
pr  ct. 
jir  ct. 
pr  ct. 


30 

10 

30 
15 
10 
IS 
4 
8 
IS 
3 
15 
50 
15 


pr  m'.    D.  2  50 
pr  lb.  5 


prct. 
pr  ct. 
pi  pair 
pr  pair 
pr  jiair 
pr  pair 
pr  pair 
pr  pair 
pr  ct. 


30 
15 
15 
23 

23 
IS 
25 
30 

25 


pr  ct. 
prct. 


Free 
pr  ct,  50 

pr  ct,  5 

pr  ct.  25 


pr  ct. 
pr  ct, 
pr  ct. 
pr  ct. 
|)r  ct. 
pr  ct. 
jir  ct, 
pr  ct. 
jir  ct. 
pr  ct. 
pr  ct. 
pr  sq.  yd. 
pr  ct. 
prct. 


25 
6 

10 

IS 

23 
5 

Hi 

40 

60 
6 

40 
16 
10 
10 


78 


618 


TARIFF  (AMERICAN). 


I. 


««' 

.'ja 

hh 

•t* 

t'S- 

"^ 

r 

1 

^ 

iV 

^ 

•»1 

.■••■« 

%«■ 

•MC 

'IKu  1,"* 

'^•l 

1 

rFT-t"^*' 


Articles. 


Silver,  all  articles  composed  wholly  or  chiefly 
of,  u  ro  quantity 
plated  ware,  uut  ipecified 
wire  .  .  .  . 

The  rollowinK  articles  nf  silver  are  free: 
HuUion,  coin,  ppaulelle^,    knives, 
silver  leaf,  nitrate  of  silver,  ami 
silver  I  talc. 
Silvereinr  plated  wire 
Skids,  fur,  dreued  .  .  - 

dressed  virith  alum 
Sialpji      .  •  .  .  • 

Snuir       .  ,  .  .  ■ 

Soaps      .  .  .  •  • 

fancy  or  pcrrnmed 
Sodi,  carl)on;)tu  of,  -  • 

Spanish  brown,  dry 

ground  in  oil  ... 

Spectacle,  liras^  copper,  or  gilt  mounted    • 
iron,  »!et:l,  or  pla'ed  do. 
horn,  or  tortoise  shell  Jo. 
silver  innunleci  -  • 

Spirits  from  i^rain, 

IhI  proof       .  -  .  - 

2iJ  proof        .  .  .  • 

3d  pronf  .... 
4fh  pro'if       -  .  .  • 

6tli  proof  .... 
atK)ve  5'h  proof 

from  other  materials  than  grain, 
Ixt  proof 

21  proof  .... 
31  proof  .... 
41h  proof       ■  .  .  . 

5ih  jiro'if  .... 
above  '»'h  proof  .  •  . 

An  .illow.inre  of  2  per  cpnt.  is  m^Ae 
for  leikage  on  liipiors  in  casks;  ;inil  hi 
liru  of  hrirakiise,  »  pt^r  cent,  is  .tlinwcJ 
on  all  liqu'fs  in  bottles,  (exce[)i  tii-rr, 
ah'  an  I  portcr.l  to  be  duijuctt d  Iroin  lln: 
invoicf, or  it  shall  be  lawful  tutoniiiute 
thtiduMMon  the  aciinl  ipian'iiy,  to  be 
aticertairied  by  (ale,  at  tbeopiinn  of  the 
inipnrler,  to  ba  inide  at  the  lime  of 
en^ry.—Uct  Id  March,  1799  ) 

Sleel         

cuKir.K  knivis,  polished  saddlery,  reap- 

iiiif  h'viks  scytbes,  ^rpjares  • 
wirt',  exceiding  No.  U  •  ■ 

Do    not  t  xc^edinfc  No.  14 
All  niaiiufActures  of,  not  oiherwi^p  spe- 
cified, or  of  which  steel  i:t  a  conipo* 
iient  iiia'eri.tl 
(pilts  and  needles  are  free.) 
Stoneware  .... 

Stoves,  earthenware 

iroti,  cast  .... 
Do.  sheet      •  .  •  . 

Sugar,  brown,      -  .  -  . 

Cindy  .  •  .  . 

cane,  syrup  of,  in  caski 
of  lead  .... 

loaf  .... 

lo  if,  in  a  pulverised,  liquid,  or  other  form 
lump  .... 

Do.  in  a  pulverised,  liquid,  or  otlier 
form  .... 

while  clayed 
Swans'lnwn,  real, 

vesting*,  if  wholly  of  wooi 
Syrup  of  >^U2ar  caur,  In  ca*ik4,  ai^d  all  syrup 
for  making  siigir,  pay  the  sam&duly  asihe 
sugar  would  pay 

Tallow  •  .  -  . 

Tapers,  w»x        .  -  •  . 

Tapts,  coKon  or  lineD, 
Tartar  emetic      .  -  •  - 

Tartaric  acid         .... 
Teas,  of  all  kinds,  imported  from  placesthis 
side  the  Cape  of  Gi^od  Hope,  in  vessels 
of  the  United  States,  nr|orfi^«  vessels, 
if  entitled  to  the  benefit  of  the  tOth  sec- 
tion of  the  act  of  14ih  July,  IW2 
of  all  kinds  Imported  from  other  |>lace^ 
and  in  ve<i?eU  notof  thelliiite<l  S'ates, 
eiocpt  surh  foreign  vessels  as  are  en- 
titled to  the  benefit  of  (he  l6th  section 
of  the  act  of  ihp  I4ih  July,  1832. 
Terra  >apauicade  sienna,  if  tlry     • 
Do         if  in  oil  - 
Tiles,  building,   .... 
paving  .... 

Time  pieces         .... 
Tin.  ail  manuf^cturet  of,  not  otherwise  spe* 
cified  -  .  -  .  - 

Tin«el  stuff  .... 

Tobacco,  manufactured,  other  than  muff,  or 
•tgars         .... 
unmanufactured,  or  in  leaf 
Tooth  l.nishet      .... 
powder  .... 

Tow  carpets  and  carpeting 
Twine,  untarred  .... 
Types  for  printing 

UmbrrVat,  of  whstever  materials  made 
frames,  or  slicks  for,  - 
square  wire,  ustd  for  the  manufacture 


UDlil  Deremlwr 

31, 

It!33. 

prct 

^'i 

jir  i(. 

2; 

prct. 

5 

prct. 

S 

pr  cf. 

^H 

pr  ct. 

30 

pr  i-r. 

2-. 

pr  lb. 

12 

pr  lb. 

4 

pr  Ct. 

13 

prct. 

13 

pr  lb. 

1 

pr  lb. 

H 

pr  ct. 

25 

pr  ct. 

2". 

[ir  ct. 

•iO 

prct. 

23 

pr  gaU 

57 

pr  B^l. 

60 

pr<»l. 

ftJ 

pr  eal. 

(J7 

pr  sal. 

73 

prgal. 

90 

l)rpil. 

63 

pr  <il. 

53 

pr  ftl 

67 

pr  sal. 

6.1 

pr  ual. 

72 

pr  gil. 

85 

pr  civt,  D.  1  50 

prct. 

30 

pr  lb. 

9 

pr  lb. 

6 

prct 

25 

prct. 

20 

pr  ct. 

20 

pr  lb. 

1 

prct. 

2^ 

pr  lb. 

2i 

pr  lb. 

12 

prib. 

2k 

prib. 

5 

pr  lb. 

12 

pr  lb. 

12 

prib. 

10 

prib. 

I.), 

pr  lb. 

^J 

prct. 

13 

prct. 

10 

prib. 

2i 

prib. 

\ 

pr  r;. 

23 

pr  ct. 

25 

prr-l. 

15 

pr  ct. 

15 

prib. 


10 


prib. 

10 

prih. 

1, 

prib. 

li 

prct. 

15 

prct. 

15 

prct. 

23 

prct. 

25 

prct. 

23 

pr  lb. 

10 

prct. 

13 

pr  ct. 

25 

pr  ct. 

15 

pr  ct. 

23 

prib. 

6 

prct. 

23 

prct. 

23 

pr  ct. 

25 

Articles. 


Uiubrellas—couh  nuerf. 

(it,  and  cut  It)  pieces  not  exceeding 
the  proper  length    • 
rtUiim  .  .  -  •  ' 

Velvets.    Sa  Cotton  and  silk. 
Vineiiar  *  •  *  '  ] 

Vitriol,  blue  or  Romui     • 

oil  of 
IVnfers  -  .  -  ■  • 

Wagon  boxes       .  .  .  - 

W.isb-lialls  .  .  .  . 

Watclu's,  nfall  kinds,  and  parts  of  watches 
Wei^IiN.  btjiss     .  .  .  . 

CIS'  iron        .  ,  .  - 

cast  iron,  small 

had  .  .  .  . 

Whalebone,  the  product  of  foreign  f.sliing  - 
Wheal    .  .  .  .  - 

flour  .  .  -  . 

Whips    .  .  .  -  . 

Whisky.    .Sf£  Spirits  from  grain 
Whi'elcaJ  .  .  -  . 

I'atis  .... 

Wbiting-  .  .  -  . 

Wines,  red  of  France,  in  casks,  until  the  3d 
March,  ISJ4 
at'lur  that  lime      • 
white,  of  Fiance,  iu  casks,  until  the  3d 
March,  18  U 
after  that  lime     - 
Frencb,  of  all  sorts,  in  bottles,  unlU  the 
3.1  March,  1W4       • 
afier  ihat  lime     - 
Sicily,  whciher    importefl    in    bottles, 
cues,  or  ca^ks,  in  addition  to  t lie  duty 
on  ilic  boitlfs,  when  Ihus  iniportcd, 
until  llie3<l  March,  Ib'M     • 
af;er  that  lime     ... 
M.ideira  and  hherry,  whether  imported 
in  bollli  s,  caaes,  or  casks,  in  addiiioa 
to  tlie  duty  on  the  hollies,  when  so 
imported,  until  the  3d  March,  lt34  • 
afler  that  tiine 
red  of  Spain  and  Austria,  xvhen  im- 
ported in  casks,  until  the  3d  March, 
li;34  .  .  .  . 

after  that  time     • 
all    other,   ol    Aus'ria,   of  Gerr-  ly, 
Spain,  and  ilie  Mttditcrranear^  i. 

iniporle<t  in  casks,  until  lhe3('  Mhk 
I8;i4 
alter  Ihat  lime     - 
of  alt  couniries,  those  specified   . ;; 
ed,    whether    imported     in    ou 
cases,  or  ca^ks,  in  addition  to  the  a 
on  the  bntlles,   wben  so  importei*, 
unlit  Ihe  3.1  March,  lb34      • 
after  lliat  lime     > 
Wood,  boards  or  planks    • 

all  niinufacluies  of,  not  otherwise  spe- 
cified .  .  .  . 
Wool,  unoianufactured,  miied  with  dirt  or 
other  material,  and  Ihus  reduced  in 
value  to  8  cents  per  pound,  or  under, 
theappraiwis  (inall  appraise  at  such 
price  as  in  tlieiropinion  il  would  have 
cost  hai  it  not  been  to  mixed,  and  a 
duly  thereon  shall  be  charged  in  con- 
formity with  such  appraisal. 
unnianutactured,  llie  value  ^^  hereof  at 
the  place  of  ex|>or(alion4hall  exceed 
eight  cents,  shall  p^ty.  besides  a  duty 
of  4  cents  per  pound 
ha ires            .             .             -  . 
biu'tinp",  woollen  or  worsted  • 
blaikets,    the  value  whereof,    at   the 
place  whence  exported,  shall  exceed 
75  cents,  each 
do.   the  value  whereof,  at    the  place 
whence  exported,  shall  not  exceed  75 
cents,  each 
bockiogs       -             -             .             . 
cariicts  and  carpeting,  (except  nnisiels, 
Wilton,  and  treble  ingrained  car|iet- 
ing,  which  sinll  be  ai  63  cents  the 
square  yard,  and  all  other  ioKraincd 
anil  Venetian  carpeting,  at  35  cents 
the  square  yard) 
cloth  conipo&t^d  entirely  of  combed  wool 
merino  cloth,  wotbted  and  cotton 
Hannels          .... 
gloves            .... 
hals  or  caps  of           •            -            - 
hosiery          .... 
mils              .... 
silk  and  canted  woo],  if  silk  is  the  ma- 
terial of  chief  value 
yarn,  woollen,  besides  a  specific  duly 

of  4  cents  per  pound 
do.  worsted     -  .  .  . 

worsted  and  cotton  cloths  subject  to  the 

cotton  duty. 
manufaclures  of  silk  and  worsted 
worvtfd  stuff  goods 

all  other  manufictnrrsof,  or  of  which 
wool  is  a  compoDent  part,  not  other- 
wise  specified 
Vellow  ochre,  dry, 

do.  ground  in  nil        • 


Until  December 
31,  Ie3J. 


pr  cl, 
prct. 

pr  gal. 
pr  lb. 
pr  lb. 
pr  ct. 
pr  lb. 
pr  ct. 
pr  ct, 
pr  ct. 
IT  lb. 
pr  ct. 
pr  ct. 
pr  c(. 
pr  bush. 
pr  cv\l, 
prct. 

prib. 
pr  lb. 
prib. 

pr  gal. 
pr  gal. 

prgal. 
pr  gal, 

pr  gal. 
pr  sal. 


pr  gil. 
pr  fill. 


Pi-g^l. 
prgal 


pr  gal. 
pr  gal. 


prgal. 

pr  g.il. 
pr  ct. 

prct. 


pr  ct,  40 

pr  sq.  yd.      16 
pr  ct.  25 


prct. 


pr  ct.  5    f 

pr  «q.  yd.      16 


prct. 
pr  ct. 
pr  ct. 
pr  sq,  yd, 
prct. 
prct. 
\>r  ct. 
prct. 

prct. 

prct. 
prct. 


prct. 
prcL 


prct. 
prib. 
pr  lb. 


Am,U] 


TARTAR— TEA. 


619 


a  not 

Ilk. 

pari! 


exceeJing 


Until  December 
31,  l^3i. 


uf  watches 


f  foreign  f'«li>"K  " 


m  grain 

I  casta,  until  the  3d 

,  caita,  until  the  3d 

in  bollle«,  until  the 

i.norled  in  bollics, 
liddiiionmilieduiy 
,hpn  Ihus  importtd, 
cU,  IS34  - 
y  whether  innportcd 
or  csskB,  in  addiuoii 
Ihe  bollies,  when  so 
lhe3d  March,  ItSl  -  | 

I  Austria,  when  ini- 
uutil  trie  3d  March, 


us'ria,   of  Gerr-  ny, 
Mislitcrraueap  i 

ks,  until  the 3<i  Mau 


prct, 
prcl. 

pr  gal. 
prib. 
pr  lb. 

pr  ct. 
pr  lb. 
prct. 
,.r  ct 
prct. 
1  r  II). 
pr  ct. 
jir  ct. 

pr  ct. 

pr  Lush. 

pr  cv\t. 

pr  ct. 

prlb. 
pr  lb. 
prlb. 

prgal. 
pr  gal. 

prgal. 
pr  gul. 

pr  gal. 
pr  sal. 


12 
23 


25 
1 

2i 
|-> 

m 
so 


pr  gil. 
pr  sal. 


pr  gjl. 
prgal 

pr  gal. 
pr  sal. 


10 
5 


30 
16 


50 
25 


ihose  specified 
iiiiporied    in   "" 
in  addition  to  the  u     • 
when  so  iniporla', 
.rch,  1634      - 
te     ■ 
Iks    • 
[of,  not  olherw  ise  spe. 

Ll,  mixed  wilh  dirt  or 
,  and  thus  re<luced  in 
I  per  pound,  or  under, 
[shall  appraise  at  such 
1- opinion  it  wouU  have 
Iheen  so  mixed,  and  a 
Im  be  charged  in  con- 
[ich  appraisal. 
Illie  value  whereof  at 
lportation<hall  exceed 
\\[  pay,  besides  a  duty 
Bund 

4  or  wonted  •  • 

■lue  whereof,  at  the 
liporteJ,  shall  exceed 

Jhereof,  at  the  place 
Id,  shall  not  exceed  75 

lingi  (excrpi  nmsicif, 
Ible  ingrained  carpel- 
ll  be  al  63  cents  the 
Id  all  other  ingtainfd 
Irpeling,  at  35  cents 

lirely  of  combed  wool 
Lted  and  cotton 


lol,  if  silk  is  the  ma- 

plu'  '.,    J  .' 

Indes  a  specific  duly 

Bund 

\  cloths  lubjrcl  to  the 

t  and  worsted 

lures  of,  or  of  which 
Tnenl  part,  not  olher- 


pr  gal. 
pr  g.il. 
pr  ct. 

prct. 


15 
7J 


30 
15 
25 


prct. 
pr  sq.  yd. 
pr  ct. 


40 
16 
25 


prct. 


prct. 

1    ' 

pr*i.yd. 

lb  ! 
1 

prct. 

25 

prct. 

prct. 
prsii.yJ. 

2i 
16 

pre 
prct. 

30 

pr  ct. 

prct. 

ii 

prcl. 

prct. 
prct. 


prct. 
prct. 

prct. 
prlb. 
pr  lb. 


50 
I 

^It 

Am.  U] 


TARTAR.    See  Aroal. 

T.'VTTA,  a  town  in  the  territory  of  Sinde,  situated  alxtut  60  miles  in  a  direct  line  from 
the  sea,  "t  a  short  distance  from  the  western  bank  of  the  river  Inilus,  in  lat.  24°  44'  N.,  Ion. 
68°  17' E.  Population  uncertain,  probably  about  10.000.  'i'lie  streets  are  narrow  and 
dirty;  hut  the  houses,  though  built  of  mud,  chupjicd  straw,  and  timber,  are  superinr  to  the 
low  huts  seen  in  the  adjoining  towns  and  villages. 

7Vii/e.— Being  situaled  a  liltle  uliove  llie  pnrt  \vlier«  the  Inrtiia  dlvlilos  into  itio  Iwri  prpnl  hrnnrhe.? 
bywhinli  its  waters  are  poured  into  the  Indinn  Oci.-iin,  it  iniiihl  be  H^ppnsed  that 'I'liiia  woiiM  he  a 
pl^ipe  of  great  trade.     But,  owing  to  tht;  nnwholpsoiiieneKs  of  lite  rliin;ili;,  the  hiirbnri^in  nf  iIim  irilies 

„i,  it^  blinks,  and  other  caiiaHs,  its  coinnicri^e  has  iieviT  corr«s|)i>ii(lHil  wilh  wliiil  nii'.'lit  Imvi;  li i  iiiJi- 

fjiiiilcd,  liiDkiisg  at  its  position  on  Iho  map.  It  had  prnbalily  atliiiiu'il  th«  iicme  <if  its  iirnsiicriiv  In  the 
l„!i;iiiiiiiigof  the  10th  century.  In  15^5,  tlie  I'(irltn;ni'Sii,  hy  wuj;,  as  tht-y  slated,  ofavcnjfiMt'  llir  trea- 
cli'ifV  of  the  king  of  Sinde,  inhumanly  miissacred  H.nOII  of  the  inh:tl)il.'inls,  luuj  hiiriieil  lln-  tnwn. — 
(t'li"'?"^"* '''*  Po^ttienis.,  tome  iv.  p.  183.)  It  is  prohahin  Itiat  Talla  nevfr  fully  recoviT'd  Irmii  this 
(Iroadl'til  blow  ;  but  Mr.  Hamilton  mentions,  that  in  Iho  ITtli  cenliiry  il  was  exlensivo  and  impiilons, 
■iiissi'ssing  niucli  commerce,  with  inaniifaclurcs  of  silk,  wool,  itnd  ciit.iniit  ware.     The  di'iayi'd  slate 

ill  which  we  now  find  it,  has  lieen  a  c<>ns«(|tii'nce  of  th«  missoveri Mit  and  rapacity  of  iis  present 

fillers,  the  Ameers  of  Sinde,  under  whose  sway  it  fell  more  thito  10  years  ago. 

Ill  I6:l.%  the  English  established  a  factory  al  Talla,  in  lh«  view  of  i'lcililatiiig  the  dispii=al  of  wool- 
|,.iis  and  other  goods  in  the  countries  traversed  hy  the  Indus  ;  and  the  btiildiiig  occupied  by  the  factory, 
llintii-'b  far  from  ini.gnilicent,  was  recently,  if  it  be  not  still,  thebitst,  not  in  Tatla  only,  but  in  the  whole 
coiiiilry  of  Sinde. 

The  chief  exports  are  rice,  sliawls  from  Cashmere,  opium  from  Malwali,  hiiles,  gliee,  cotton,  goata' 
nniil.  carpels,  drugs,  &c.  I'lilchock,  an  tirticle  largely  consumed  in  {Jliiiia,  is  n  peculiar  export  of  .Sinde. 
TiiB  iiti|iorts  comprise  a  variety  of  articles,  hut  the  <iuaiilities  are  triHiiig  ;  ihey  consist  |irtiirl|ially  of 
Sjiri'H.  ilye  sttills,  hardware,  tin,  iron,  J:c.,  broad  cloths,  English  cottons,  silks,  &c.  lint  al  pr  •>eiit  the 
(rule!  is  (inilo  inconsidi'rable  ;  and  no  one  could  believe  A  priori,  that  ihe  nuttiral  eniporinni  of  so  noble 
u  rivr  IIS  the  Indus,  traversing  many  rich  and  e.xtensive  countries,  would  cut  so  insigiiilicanl  a  tiguro 
il,  Ihe  trading  world. 

/i,/«.t.— lis  navigation  by  Alexander  the  Great  has  conferred  on  Ihe  Indus  a  classical  celebrity  not 
inlifi  itialcbed  by  any  other  river  of  the  East.  Its  magniiude,  loo,  Is  worthy  of  its  fame.  Ii  may  bo 
ni\iL'it''d  by  tlal-hottoiiied  lioats  as  far  as  Attock  ;  anil  its  tribulary  slreaoi,  the  Ilavee,  one  id' the 
I'liiijih  rivers,  is  navigable  as  far  as  Lahore  ;  both  daces  being  fully  l,Oim  mil.  s  from  the  sea.  llii- 
lirklly  ils  mouths  are  much  encumbered  by  sttrid  banks  j  anil,  owing  io  Ihe  vinlence  of  the  horv  or  tide, 
tlii'ir  navigation  is  attended  with  considerable  dillicully  and  danger.  This  is  no  doubt  ihe  reason  tliat 
at  present  the  navigation  through  the  delta  of  the  Indus  is  (luite  deserted  ■  all  the  prodiicis  brought 
itiiHii  the  river  destined  for  exportation  by  sea,  being  conveyed  from  Talta  over-land  to  C'lirai  bee,  a 
;ea-|iort  a  liltle  to  the  north  of  the  most  northerly  month  of  the  river,  aboirt  fiO  miles  in  a  direct  line 
friiiii  Talla.  Above  this  city  the  current  of  ihe  river  is  not  rapid.  Thn  boats  by  which  it  i«  navigated 
are  called  iloovdies,  seldom  exceeding  50  tons  burden  ;  and  drawin?,  when  laden,  about  4  feet  water. 
Tlipy  have  two  masts,  and,  with  a  good  wind,  make  their  way  ag..iiist  the  stream  at  the  rale  of  about 
Siiiilcs  an  hour.     They  are  a  sort  nf  floating  houses  ;  resRinbling  in  this  respect  the  Chinese  junks. 

'I'lii^re  would  .seem  to  be  no  river  in  the  world  where  steam  navigation  niiL'ht  be  applied  more  ailvan- 
laseiiitsly  tiian  the  Indus.  liut  until  the  country  near  its  emboiiclinre  fall  under  the  sway  of  some 
miiriM'itlightened  and  less  rapacious  rulers  than  those  by  whom  it  is  now  possessed,  I. llle  improve- 
nitiil  neiid,  we  are  afraid,  be  expected.  But  should  Sinde  be  conquered  by  some  livilised  people,  or 
fhiitilil  its  present  rulers  lettrn  to  respect  the  right  of  property,  and  to  encourage  indn-iry,  it  winild  not 
bcea«v  to  exairgeratn  the  importance  of  the  Indus  as  a  commercial  highway.  The  navigalile  rivers  of 
llisl'iii.jib  that  fall  into  it,  lay  open  a  vast  extent  of  rich  and  frtiilftil  country,  with  great  commercial 
roioiirces.  It  is  not,  indeed,  possible  to  estimate  the  extent  of  the  trade  that  would  be  carried  on  hy 
llie  channel  of  the  Indus,  did  security  and  good  order  prevail  on  its  banks;  and  there  is  reason  to  tiiiniic 
tliJUniiie  iirnsrress  is  making  towards  their  establishment. 
Tlicilelta  of  Ihe  Indus  has  little  in  common  with  the  delta  of  the  N'ile,  except  its  shape.  Not  a  fourth 
part  of  it  is  cultivated,  and  its  few  inhabitants  principally  lead  a  pastoral  life.  It  is  overgrown  with 
tiinarisks  and  other  wild  shrubs;  and,  though  intersected  by  the  numerous  motilhs  of  Ihe  river,  its 
S'irl'aci!  is  dry  and  arid,  and  it  is  in  a  great  degree  destiltiteof  fresh  water.  The  unfavourable  appear- 
ance nf  ibis  tract  of  country  does  not,  however,  generally  speaking,  depend  on  any  infertility  of  soil, 
bill  on  tile  neglect  of  cultivation  arising  out  of  the  oppression  under  which  the  people  live.  Mr.  Kiirnes 
(US, ihit  in  most  places  it  requires  little  or  no  labour  on  the  part  of  the  husbandman  to  prepare  the 
laiiil;  anil  Ihe  seed,  scattered  without  care  or  attention,  yields  a  plentiful  harvest.  Knt  where  pro- 
perly  is  insecure,  even  this  little  labour  is  not  expended.  (See  a  Meinnir  on  Ihe  Iiuln.i,  by  Lieut,  Biirncs, 
liillieail  vol.  of  the  Journal  of  the  London  Geographical  Society  ;  Hamilton's  Kast  India  Gazetteer,  atli- 
clei, /nrfus,  Talla,  /j;c.) 


'U>tx,  Wdekts,  ami  .UcaMirfj.— Accounts  are  kept 
cirivil.,"  aiiJ  pice;  12  pice  =   I  carival ;  50  carivals  = 
C;j'vr;ei  sre  current  in  Sinde,  48  cowries  =  I  pice 
Small IfiisAljr.-il  Mikius    =  I  nu'lee. 
6  llullees 
12  .Massis 
Cnw  ITiijWj.—  4  I'Ice 
16  Annas 
40  Seers 


n  rupees 
1  rupee. 


Mas^i. 
=  I  'lolah. 
=  1  Anna. 
=  I  Fiicca  seer. 

=  I  Maund,  or  74lbs.Soz.Tdwts, 
avoirdupois. 


Lous  Measure.^  I  Oarce     =  2  inches. 

It)  Garces   =  t  Oiiz ;    hut    I   ([uz   cloth  =   34 
inches  al  Tatta. 
Grain  Measure,- 4  Pntloes  —  I  Twier. 
4  'I'wiers  —   I  Cossr. 

CO  Cussaa    —   I  Carval  of  wheat ;  or  22  Purca 
niaiiiid-.,  or '21  Itoinhay  paraha. 
Diamonds  a.id  pear's  are  snhi  hy  huhbas  and  ruMces— H  hubbas  = 
1  ruttee,  about  2  grs.  'I'roy.— Miliunrj  Orient.  Commerce, 


TE.\  (in  one  dialect  of  Chin.  Cka.-  in  another  Te ;  Du.  Te,-  Fr.  The.-  It.  Te ,-  Rus. 
Tchai;  Hind.  Cha,-  Malay,  Teh),  the  leaves  of  the  tea  tree  or  shrub  (^Thea  virtdis  Lin.). 
I.  Descuiption  of  tiir  Tea  Plant. — Tk\.  Tuadk  of  China. 
n.  Rise  ami  Phooiiess  of  the  Bhitish  Tev  Thaiik. — Consu.mption  of  Tka. 

III.  E*8T  I.vniA  Co.mpant's  Monopolt. — Influence  of,  on  the  Price  of  Tea.— Con- 

BITIONS  UNDKH   which   IT   WAS  HELD. ABOLITION  OF. 

IV.  Duties  on  Tea. — Consumption  of,  on  tub   Continent  and  in  the  United 

States,  etc. 

I.  DEscniPTioN  of  tub  Tea  Plant. — Tea  Trade  of  China. 

Distriptinn  of  the  Plant. — Places  where  it  is  cultivated.— The  tea  plant  ordinarily  grows 
tolho  height  of  from  3  to  6  feet,  and  has  a  general  resemblance  to  the  myrtle,  as  the  latto' 


620 


TEA. 


!  • 


•It'.  .» 
*»       s« 

ir  1 

«■•■.,  "I 

-J 


^'  ;t     nj  'ij. 


is  seen  in  congenial  situations  in  the  southern  countries  of  Europe.  It  is  a  polyandrous 
plant,  of  the  natural  order,  Columniferx,  and  has  a  white  blossom,  with  yellow  style  and 
anthers,  not  unlike  those  of  a  small  dog-rose.  The  stem  is  bushy,  with  numerous  branchei; 
and  very  leafy.  Tiie  leaves  are  alternate,  on  short,  thick,  channelled  footstalks,  evergreen' 
of  a  longisli  elliptic  form,  with  a  blunt,  notched  point,  and  serrated  except  at  the  base.  These 
leaves  are  the  valuai)le  part  of  the  phint.  The  Camellias,  particularly  the  Camellia  Susan. 
qua,  of  the  same  naturul  family  as  the  tea  tree,  and  very  closely  resembling  it,  are  the  only 
plants  liable  to  be  confmiuled  with  it  by  a  careful  observer.  The  loaves  of  the  particular 
camellia  just  named  are,  indued,  often  used  in  sotne  parts  of  China,  as  a  substitute  for  those 
of  the  to. I  trei', 

Tlie  elfects  of  tea  on  the  human  frame  arc  those  of  a  very  mild  narcotic;  and,  like  those 
of  many  other  narcotics  taken  in  small  quantities, — even  of  opium  itself, — they  are  exhiia. 
rUinsT.  Tlio  green  varieties  of  the  plant  possess  this  quality  in  a  much  higher  degree  than 
the  bhii'k;  and  a  strung  infusion  of  the  former  will,  in  most  constitutions,  produce  consider, 
able  cxoitpiiuMit  and  wakeluliieas.  Of  all  narcotics,  however,  tea  is  the  least  pernicious;  if 
indeed,  it  be  si)  at  all  in  any  degree,  which  we  very  much  doubt.     . 

The  tea  shrub  may  be  described  as  a  very  hardy  evergreen,  growing  readily  in  the  open 
air,  from  the  equator  to  the  45th  degree  of  latitude.  For  the  last  GO  years,  it  has  been  reared 
in  this  country,  without  dilliculty,  in  greenhouses;  and  thriving  plants  of  it  are  to  be  seen 
in  the  (hardens  of  Java,  Singapore,  Malacca,  and  Penang;  all  within  G  degrees  of  the  equa- 
tor. The  climate  most  congenial  to  it,  however,  seems  to  be  that  between  the  25th  and  33d 
degrees  of  latitude,  judging  from  the  success  of  its  cultivation  in  China.  For  the  general 
purposes  of  commerce,  the  growth  of  good  tea  is  confined  to  China  ;  and  is  there  restricted 
to  5  provinces,  or  rather  parts  of  provinces,  viz.  Fokien  and  Canton,  but  more  particularly 
the  (irst.  for  black  tea ;  and  Kiang-nan,  Kiang-si,  and  Che-kiang,  but  chielly  the  first  of 
these,  fir  ifreen.  The  tea  districts  all  lie  between  the  latitudes  just  mentioned,  and  the  U.'nli 
and  l'^2il  degrees  of  East  Ion:;itude.  However,  almost  every  province  of  China  [iroduccj 
more  or  less  tea,  but  generally  of  an  inferior  quality,  and  for  local  consumption  only;  or 
when  of  a  superior  quality,  like  some  of  the  line  wines  of  France,  losing  its  flavour  when 
exported.  The  plant  is  also  extensively  cultivated  in  Japan,  Tonquln,  and  Cochin-china' 
and  in  some  of  the  mountainous  parts  of  Ava ;  the  people  of  which  country  use  it  largely  as 
a  kind  of  pickle  preserved  in  oil.' 

Bolanically  considered,  the  tea  tree  is  a  single  species ;  the  green  and  black,  with  ail  the 
diversities  of  each,  being  mere  varieties,  like  the  varieties  of  the  grape,  produced  by  dilference 
of  climate,  soil,  locality,  age  of  the  crop  when  taken,  and  modes  of  preparation  for  the  market 
Considered  as  an  object  of  agricultural  produce,  the  tea  plant  bears  a  close  resemblance  to 
the  vine.  In  the  husbandry  of  China,  it  may  be  said  to  take  the  same  place  which  the  vino 
occupies  in  the  south(!rn  countries  of  Europe.  Like  the  latter,  its  growth  is  chiefly  confined 
to  hilly  tracts,  not  suited  to  the  growth  of  corn.  The  soils  capable  of  producing  the  finest 
kinds  are  within  given  districts,  limited,  and  partial.  Skill  and  care,  both  in  husbandry  and 
preparation,  are  ciuite  as  necessary  to  the  production  of  good  tea,  as  to  that  of  good  wine. 

The  best  wine  is  produced  only  in  particular  latitudes,  as  is  the  best  tea;  although,  per- 
haps, the  latter  is  not  restricted  to  an  equal  tlegree.  Only  the  most  civilised  nations  ot  Eu- 
rope have  as  yet  succeeded  in  producing  good  wines ;  which  is  also  the  case  in  the  East 
with  tea;  for  the  agricultural  and  manufacturing  skill  and  industry  of  the  Chinese  arc  tiiere 
unquestionably  pre-eminent.  These  circumstances  deserve  to  be  attended  to,  in  estimating 
the  dilficultics  which  must  be  encountered  in  any  attempt  to  propagate  the  tea  plant  in  colo- 
nial or  other  j)ossessions.  These  difficulties  are  obviously  very  great ;  and,  perhaps,  ail  but 
insu|)erable.  Most  of  the  attempts  hitherto  made  to  raise  it  in  foreign  countries  were  not, 
indeed,  of  a  sort  from  which  much  was  to  be  expected.  Within  the  last  few  years,  iiow- 
ever,  considerable  efforts  have  been  made  by  the  Dutch  government  of  Java,  to  proiluce  tea 
on  the  hills  of  that  island;  and  having  the  assistance  of  Chinese  cultivators  from  Fekicn, 
who  form  a  considerable  part  of  the  emigrants  to  Java,  a  degree  of  success  has  altcndeJ 
them,  beyond  what  might  have  been  expected  in  so  warm  a  climate.  The  Brazilians  have 
made  similar  efforts ;  having  also,  with  the  assistance  of  Chinese  lal)ourers,  attempted  to  pro- 
pagate  the  tea  shrub  near  Rio  de  Janeiro;  and  a  small  quantity  of  tolerably  goad  tea  has 
been  produced.  But  owing  to  the  high  price  of  labour  in  America,  and  the  quantity  required 
in  tiie  cultivation  and  manipulation  of  tea,  there  is  no  probability,  even  were  the  soil  suitable 
to  the  plant,  that  its  culture  can  be  profitably  carried  on  in  that  country. 

It  might  (irobably  be  successfully  attempted  in  Hindostan,  where  labour  is  "omparalivcly 
cheap,  and  where  the  hilly  and  table  lands  bear  a  close  resemblance  to  those  of  the  teadij- 
tricts  of  ( "hina  ;  but  we  are  not  sanguine  in  our  expectations  as  to  the  result. 

impedes  (if  'Via. — Manner  in  which  thei/  are  manufactured. — The  black  teas  usually  ex- 
ported by  Europeans  from  Canton  arc  as  follows,  beginning  with  the  lowest  qualitirs:- 
Bohea,  Congou,  Souchong,  and  I'ekoe.     T^iC  <>;repn  teas  are  Twankay,  Hyson  skin,  youii?  i 
Hyson,  Hyson,  Imperial,  and  (Junpowder.     All  the  black  teas  exported  (with  the  exepjilion  j 
of  a  part  of  the  bohea,  grown  in  Woping,  a  district  of  Canton)  are  grown  in  Fokien-a 


TEA. 


621 


ope.  It  ia  a  polyandrous 
jom,  with  yellow  style  and 
with  numeroua  branches, 
celled  footstalks,  evergreen, 
1  except  at  the  base.  These 
ularly  the  Camellia  Sti.vm- 
resembling  it,  are  the  only 
'he  U^avcs  of  the  particular 
ina,  as  a  substitute  for  those 

lild  narcotic;  and,  like  tlmse 
um  itself,— they  are  exhila- 
a  much  higher  degree  than 
Ptitutions,  produce  consider- 
•a  is  the  least  pernicious;  if, 

growing  readily  in  the  open 
it  GO  years,  it  has  been  reared 
,g  plants  of  it  arc  to  be  seen 
within  6  degrees  of  the  equa- 
hat  between  the  25lh  and  33d 
,  in  China.     For  the  general 
;hina ;  and  is  there  restricted 
L^anton,  but  more  particularly 
liang,  but  chielly  the  iir4  of 
iasl  mcrilioncd.  and  the  ll.)th 
/province  of  China  produces 
•or  local  consumption  only;  or 
France,  losing  its  flavour  when 
,  Tonquin,  and  Cochin-china; 
'which  country  use  it  largely  as 

5  crecn  and  black,  with  all  the 
le  grape,  produced  by  dilVerence 
les  of  preparation  for  the  market 
,nt  bears  a  close  resemblance  to 
the  same  place  which  the  vino 
>r  its  growth  is  chielly  confined 
capable  of  producing  the  finest 
^nd  care,  both  in  husbandry  and 
tea,  as  to  that  of  good  wine. 
is  the  best  tea;  although, pet- 
le  most  civilised  nations  otEu- 
lich  is  also  the  case  in  the  East 
ulustry  of  the  Chinese  arc  there 
to  be  attended  to,  in  estimalinj 
propagate  the  tea  plant  in  coo. 
cry  great;  and,  perhaps,  all  but 
t  in  foreign  countries  were  not, 
ithin  the  last  few  years,  how. 
Knmcnt  of  Java,  to  produce  tt. 
hincsc  cultivators  from  Volvin, 
Leo  of  success  has  altenJeJ 
climate.     The  Braziliaus  h« 
ncse  labourers,  attempted  to  ijro- 
lantity  of  tolerably  good  lea  has 
erica,  and  the  quantity  reiimrcd 
S";ven  were  the  soil  suitable 

biretLris^omparotively 
iXncetothoseoilheteadis. 

IS  to  the  result. 
B,/ —The  Wac/c  teas  usuolly  ex- 

Uwith  the  lowest  qualities ;- 
7rwankay,  Hyson  Hk,u,yoj 
as  exported  (with  the  exel« 
Inton)  are  grown  mFokun 


hilly,  maritime,  populous,  and  industrious  province,  bordering  to  the  northeast  on  Canton. 
Owing  to  the  peculiar  nature  of  the  Chinese  laws  as  to  inheritance,  and  probably,  also,  in 
some  degree,  to  the  despotic  genius  of  the  government,  landed  properly  is  much  subdivided 
thiougiiout  the  empire;  so  that  tea  is  generally  grown  in  gardens  or  plantations  of  no  great 
extent.     The  plant  comes  to  maturity  and  yields  a  crop  in  from  2  to  3  years.     'I'lie  leaves 
are  picked  by  the  cultivator's  family,  and  immediately  conveyed  to  market ;  where  a  class 
of  persons,  who  make  it  their  particular  business,  purchase  and  collect  them  in  quantities, 
and  manufacture  them  in  part;  that  is,  expose  them  to  be  dried  under  a  shed.     A  second 
class  of  persons,  commonly  known  in  the  Canton  market  as  "  the  tea  merchants,"  repair  to 
the  districts  where  the  tea  is  produced,  and  purchase  it  in  its  half-prepared  state  fioin  the 
first  class,  and  complete  the  manufacture  by  garbling  the  dilferent  qualities;  in  which  opera- 
tion, women  and  children  are  chiefly  employed.     A  final  drying  is  then  given,  and  thu  tea 
packed  in  chests,  and  divided,  according  to  quality,  into  parcels  of  from  100  to  600  chests 
each.    These  parcels  are  stamped  with  the  name  of  the  district,  grower,  or  manufacturer, 
exactly  as  is  practised  with  the  wines  of  Bordeaux  and  Burgundy,  the  indigo  of  Bengal,  and 
many  other  commodities;  and,  from  this  circumstance,  get  the  name  of  chops,  the  ('hinese 
terra  for  a  seal  or  signet.     Some  of  the  leaf-buds  of  the  finest  black  tea  plants  are  p'ckeJ 
early  in  the  spring,  before  they  expand.     These  constitute  pekoe,  or  black  tea  of  the  highest 
quality;  sometimes  called  "white-blossom"  tea,  from  there  being  intermixed  with  it,  to 
give  it  a  higher  perfume,  a  few  blossoms  of  a  species  of  olive  (Oka  fragrans),  a  native 
of  China.     A  second  crop  is  taken  from  the  same  plants  in  the  beginning  of  May,  a  third 
about  the  middle  of  June,  and  a  fourth  in  August;  which  last,  consisting  of  large  and  old 
leaves,  is  of  very  inferior  flavour  and  value.   The  younger  the  leaf,  the  more  high  flavoured, 
and  consequently  the  more  valuable,  is  the  tea.     With  some  of  the  congous  and  souchongs 
are  occasionally  mixed  a  little  pekoe,  to  enhance  their  flavour ;  and  hence  the  distinction, 
among  the  fjondou  tea  dealers,  of  these  sorts  of  tea,  into  the  ordinary  kinds  and  those  of  a 
"Pekoe  flavour."     Bohea,  or  the  lowest  black  tea,  is  partly  composed  of  the  lower  grades; 
that  is,  of  the  fourth  crop  of  the  teas  of  Fokien,  left  unsold  in  the  market  of  (Canton  after  the 
season  of  exportation  has  passed ;  and  partly  of  the  teas  of  the  district  of  Woping  in  Can- 
ton.   The  green  teas  are  grown  and  selected  in  the  same  manner  as  the  black,  to  which  the 
description  now  given  more  particularly  refers ;  and  the  difl'crent  qualities  arise  from  the 
same  causes.     'J'he  gunpowder  here  stands  in  place  of  the  pekoe ;  being  composed  of  the 
unopened  buds  of  the  spring  crop.    Imperial  hyson,  and  young  hyson,  consist  of  the  second 
and  third  crops.     The  light  and  inferior  leaves,  separated  from  the  hyson  by  a  winnowing 
machine,  constitute  hyson  skin, — an  article  in  considerable  demand  amongst  the  Americans. 
The  process  of  drying  the  green  teas  differs  from  that  of  the  black  ;  the  first  being  dried  in 
iron  pots  or  vases  over  a  fire,  the  operator  continually  stirring  the  leaves  with  his  naked 
hand.    The  operation  is  one  of  considerable  nicety,  particularly  with  the  finer  teas;  and  is 
performed  by  persons  who  make  it  their  exclusive  business. 

Tea  Trade  in  China. — The  tea  merchants  commonly  receive  advances  from  the  Hong 
merchants  and  other  capitalists  of  Canton ;  but,  with  this  exception,  are  altogether  independ- 
ent of  them ;  nor  have  the  latter  any  exclusive  privilege  or  claim  of  pre-emption.  They 
are  very  numerous;  those  connected  with  the  green  tea  districts  alone  being  about  400  in 
number.  The  black  tea  merchants  are  less  numerous  but  more  wealthy.  The  greater  part 
of  the  tea  is  brought  to  Canton  by  land  carriage  or  inland  navigation,  but  chiefly  by  the 
first:  it  is  conveyed  by  porters;  the  roads  of  China,  in  the  southern  provinces,  not  generally 
admitting  of  wheel  carriages,  and  beasts  of  burden  being  very  rare.  A  small  quantity  of 
black  tea  is  brought  by  sea,  but  probably  smuggled ;  for  this  cheaper  mode  of  transportation 
is  discouraged  by  government,  which  it  deprives  of  the  transit  duties  levied  on  inland  car- 
riage. The  length  of  land  carriage  from  the  principal  districts  where  the  green  leas  are 
grown,  to  Canton,  is  probably  not  less  than  700  miles ;  nor  that  of  the  black  tea,  over  a 
more  mountainous  country,  less  than  200  miles.  The  tea  merchants  begin  to  arrive  in  Can- 
ton about  the  middle  of  October,  and  the  busy  season  continues  until  the  beginning  of  March ; 
being  briskest  in  November,  December,  and  January.  Tea,  for  the  most  part,  can  only  be 
bought  from  the  Ilong  or  licensed  merchants;  but  some  of  these,  the  least  prosperous  in 
their  circumstances,  are  supported  by  wealthy  outt<ide  merchants,  as  they  are  called  ;  and 
thus  the  trade  is  considerably  extended.  The  prices  in  the  Canton  market  vary  from  year 
to  year  with  the  crop,  the  stock  on  hand,  and  the  external  demand,  as  in  any  other  article, 
and  in  any  other  market.  After  the  season  is  over,  or  when  the  westerly  monsoon  sets  in, 
in  the  month  of  March,  and  impedes  the  regular  intercourse  of  foreigners  with  China,  there 
is  a  fall  in  the  price  of  t<  a,  not  only  arising  from  this  circumstance,  but  from  a  certain  de- 
preciation in  quality,  from  the  age  of  the  tea;  which,  like  most  other  vegetable  productions, 
is  injured  by  keeping,  particularly  in  a  hot  and  damp  climate. 

Foreign  Trade  in  Tea. — There  seems  to  be  little  mystery  in  the  selection  and  purchase 
of  teas;  f)r  the  business  is  both  safely  and  etlectively  accomplished,  not  only  by  the  super- 
cargoes of  die  American  ships,  but  frequently  by  the  masters;  and  it  is  ascertained  from  the 
lies  at  the  East  India  House,  that  there  is  no  diii'ercnce  between  the  qualities  of  the  teaa 


!  '\\ 


622 


TEA. 


1 


Ittk, 


■■.-■va 


purchased  by  the  cotnmandera  and  ofliceni  of  the  Company's  ships,  without  any  assistanre 
from  the  olHcera  of  the  factory,  and  those  purchased  for  the  Company  by  the  latter.  /^^ 
unusual  degree  of  good  faith,  indeed,  appears  to  be  observed,  on  the  part  of  the  Chinese 
merchants,  with  respect  to  this  commodity  ;  for  it  was  proved  before  the  select  committee  of 
the  House  of  Commons,  in  1830,  that  it  is  the  regular  practice  of  the  Hong  merclmntj  to 
receive  back,  and  return  good  tea  for,  any  chest  or  parcel  upon  which  any  fraud  may  have 
been  practised,  which  sometimes  happens  in  the  conveyance  of  the  teas  from  Canton  on 
board  ship.  Such  restitution  has  occasionally  been  made  even  at  the  distance  of  1  or  'j 
years.  'J'iie  Company  seem  to  enjoy  no  advantage  over  other  purchasers  in  the  Canton 
market,  except  that  which  the  largest  purchaser  has  in  every  marki  t,  viz.  a  selection  of  the 
teas,  on  the  payment  of  the  same  prices  as  others  ;  and  this  advantage  they  enjoy  only  qj 
respects  the  l)laek  teas ;  for  the  Americans  are  the  largest  purchasers  of  green  teas. 
We  subjoin  a  Table  for  calculating  the  cost  of  tea : — 

Compa>isoii  of  iho  Cost  of  Tea  per  Piciil  (133}  IIib.  Avoirdupois^,  with  tlie  Rate  per  Pouinl  anil  Ton  at 

0  (Jwt.  or  1,008  Pounds  per  Ton.  ' 


Vet  Ficul. 


Tiuli. 
20equAl 

21  - 

22  — 
123  — 
24  — 
2i  — 

26  — 

27  — 

23  — 

29  - 

30  - 

31  — 

32  — 

33  - 

34  - 
33  — 

36  — 

37  - 

38  — 

39  — 

40  — 


Exchange  4«.  per  l)ol. 


Per  Lb.    I     Per  Ton. 


d. 
10 

10  12 
II 

11  1.2 
12 

12  1.2 
13 

13  1-2 
14 

14  12 
15 

15  12 
16 

16  12 
17 

17  1-2 
18 

IS  12 
19 

19  12 
20 


L.    I. 

U  0 
44  2 
46    4 

48  6 
60    8 

62  10 
64  12 
56  14 
58  16 
60  18    0 

63  0    C 
6>    2 
67    4 
69    6 

71  8 
73  10 
75  12 
77  14 
79  16 
81  18 
84    0 


Excliange  49. 3't.  per  Dot.    Exch.  4«.  4d.  per  l)ol. 


Per  Lb. 


d. 
10  623 
11-158 
11-687 
12219 
12-730 
13-2S1 
13-812 
14344 
14-875 
15-403 
15-937 
16-469 
17-100 
17-331 
IS-062 
18-594 
19-12.3 
I(I6>6 
^0  1^7 
20-719 
21-230 


Per  Ton. 


L. 
44  12 


46  17  1  1-2 

49  I  9 

51  6  4  1-2 

63  II  0 

55  15  7  1-2 

58  0  3 

60  4  10  1-2 

62  9  6 

64  14  I  1-2 
66  18  9 

69  3  4  1-2 

71  8  0 

73  12  7  1-2 

73  17  3 

78  I  10  1.2 

80  6  6 

82  II  I  1.2 

84  13  9 

87  0  4  ■•2 

89  5  0 


Per  Lb.        Per  Ton. 


d. 
I0-S33 

11  373 
I>-9I6 

12  4'>8 
13000 
13-341 
14-083 
14-625 
15-166 
15-708 
16-230 
16-791 
17-333 
17  875 
18-416 
18-958 
19  500 
20-041 
20-.3KJ 
21-123 
21-666 


/,.  I. 

43  10 
47  15 
SO    I 

62  6 
54  12 
66  17 

69  3 
61     8 

63  14 
65  19 
6i    5 

70  10 
72  16 
75  1 
77  7 
79  12 
81  18 
84  3 
86 
88  14 
91     0 


9    0 


Exclunge  4r.  Sd  per  Do).  Exch.  4r.6.f 


Per  Lb. 


d. 
11-042 
II-.9* 
12-146 
12-698 
13-230 
13-802 
14-354 
14906 
15-458 
16010 
16-3ti2 
17-114 
17-668 
18-218 
18-770 
19-3:3 
I9-S73 
20  427 
2i)979 
21-331 
22-083 


Per  Ton. 


L.  $.  d. 

46  7  6 

48  13  10  1.2 

51  0  3 


53  6 
55  13 

67  19 
60  5 
62  12 
64  18 
67  4 
69  It 
71  17 
74  4 
76  10 
78  16 
81  3 
83    9 


7  1-2 
0 

4  1-2 
9 

I  12 
6 

10  1-2 
3 

7  1-2 
0 

4  12 
9 

I  12 
6  1-2 


83  15  10  1.2 

83  2  3 

90  9  7  1.2 

92  13  0 


perllci 


Per  Lb.  I  Per  Tnn. 


i-  I.  d. 

47  5  0 
4(1  12  3 
51  19  16 
M  6  9 
56  14  0 
6a  1  3 
61  9  6 
63  13  9 
66  3  0 
68  10  3 
70  17  6 
73  \  9 
7i  12  ) 
77  19  ;, 
m  6  6 
MU  9 
Si  1  0  I 
87  8  3 
■■S  15  6  I 
92  '2  9  I 
94  10  0  I 


d. 
Il-2i0 
ll'SI3 
12-373 
12-936 
13-300 
14-063 
14-623 
1.-188 
13-750 
16-313 
t6-S.75 
17-438 
18-000 
18-363 
19-125 
19-6^8 
2(l-2-30 
20-813 
21-373 
21-938 
22  600 


Thus,  at  4f.  3d,  per  dollar,  one  tael  per  picul  is  ei\\xid  to  l-2d,  per  pound. 


IfcigM. 

S'll.  Metu. 

might 

Boliea,  whole  chesta 

-  caltiea  138       . 

feel  8-858 

Hyson 

•    catties  48  to  30 

1-2  do.    • 

.    _ 

84 

.  —  6-416 

Ilysnn  skin    ■ 

—      48-50 

1.4  do.    • 

.    ^ 

46 

•  —  3  374 

Tw.iiikay,  long  cheats 

-        -      62  -  65 

CoDEOu  chesta     • 

■    — 

63  to  B4 

-  —  4  ORS 

Gunpowder  • 

.        _      fO  -  t4 

Souchour 

■    — 

60-  62 

.  —  4-023 

Iinperinl 

-        —      70-71 

Pekoe    ■ 

•    — 

49  -  SO 

•  -  4-333 

Young  Hyson 

•       -     70-72 

Usual  Nett  Weight  and  Measurement  of  a  Chest  of  different  Descriptions  of  Tea. 

.W..V(iu. 

•  feel  i 

•  ~  4l2i 

•  -  4«| 

•  -  4'IW 
-  -4-i'-l 
■  -  4-220 

II.  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  British  Tea  Trade. — Consumptiox  of  Tka. 

The  late  rise  and  present  magnitude  of  the  British  tea  trade  are  among  the  most  e.xtraorJi' 
nary  phenomena  in  the  history  of  commerce.  Tea  was  wholly  unknown  to  the  Greeks  ami 
Romans,  and  even  to  our  ancestors  previously  to  the  end  of  the  16th  or  the  beginning  of  the 
17th  century.  It  seems  to  have  been  originally  imported  in  small  quantities  by  the  Dutch;  but 
was  hardly  known  in  this  country  till  after  1650.  In  1660,  however,  it  begun  to  be  used 
in  coffee  houses ;  for,  in  an  act  passed  in  that  year,  a  duty  of  8d.  is  laid  on  every  gallon  of 
" coffee,  chocolate,  sherbet,  and  tea,"  m\Jo  and  sold.  But  it  is  abundantly  evident  that  it 
was  then  only  beginning  to  be  introduced.  The  following  entry  appears  in  the  Diary  of  | 
Mr.  Pepys,  secretary  to  the  Admiralty  : — "  September  25,  1661.  I  sent  for  a  cup  of  tea  (a 
China  drink),  of  which  I  had  never  drunk  before."  In  1664,  the  East  India  Company 
bought  2  lbs.  2  oz.  of  tea  as  a  present  for  his  Majesty.  In  1667,  they  issued  the  first  onlct 
to  import  tea,  directed  to  their  agent  at  Bantam,  to  the  effect  he  should  sf  home  100  lbs, 
of  the  best  tea  he  could  get ! — (See  the  references  in  Mllburn's  Orient,  <  vol.  ii.  p.  5:i0.; 
Macphersons  Hixt.  of  Com.  with  India,  pp.  130 — 132.)  Since  then,  .,  r  coiisuinpiion 
seems  to  have  gone  on  regularly  though  slowly  increasing.  In  1689,  instead  of  charging 
a  duty  on  the  decoction  made  from  the  leaves,  an  excise  duty  of  5s.  per  lb.  was  laid  on  ihe 
tea  itself.  The  importation  of  tea  from  1710  downwards  is  exhibited  in  the  following 
Tables. 

The  great  increase  that  took  place  in  the  consumption  of  duty  paid  tea  in  1784  and  nS5, 
over  its  consumption  in  the  preceding  years,  is  to  be  ascribed  to  the  reduction  that  was  then 
effected  in  the  duties.  In  the  nine  years  preceding  1780,  above  180,000,000  lbs.  of  lea 
were  exported  from  China  te  Europe,  in  ships  belonging  to  the  Continent,  and  abou! 
50,000,000  Ills,  in  ships  belonging  to  England.  But  from  the  best  information  attainable, 
it  appears  that  the  real  consumption  was  almost  exactly  the  reverse  of  the  quantities  im- 
ported ;  and  that,  while  the  consumption  of  the  British  dominions  amounted  to  above 
13,000,000  lbs.,  the  consumption  of  the  Continent  did  not  exceed  5,500,000  Ihs.  If  Ibis 
statement  be  nearly  correct,  it  follows  that  an  annual  supply  of  above  8,000,000  lbs.  nui 


TEA. 


623 


ips,  without  any  assistance 
ompany  by  the  latter.    An 
m  the  part  of  the  Chinese 
fore  the  select  committee  of 
of  the  Hong  mcrchunti  to 
which  any  fraud  may  have 
f  the  teas  from  Canton  on 
>n  at  the  distance  of  I  or  i 
■  purchasers  in  the  Canton 
larkit,  viz.  a  selection  of  the 
dvantage  they  enjoy  only  as 
lasers  of  green  teas. 

the  Hate  per  Pound  and  T(in,ai 


Lb.)      FerTon.        f  er  ld^i  i-er  Ton. 


i. 

•042 
•,9» 
I'HB 

!'69S 

1-250 

1-BOi 

1-354    I 

4-9(16 

5'458 

6010 

6-V,l 

7'IM 

7-668 

18-218 

18-770 

l9-3;3 

I9-S7'> 

20  427 

20979 

21-331 

22-083 


d. 


4H    7    8 
48  13  10  1-2 

61  0    3 
53    6 
85  13 
57  19 
60    5 

62  12 
64  18 
67  4 
69  II 
71  17 
74  4 
78  10 
78  18 

1     81     3 
M    9 


7  1-2 

0 

4  1-2 

9 

I  1-2 

6 

101-2 

3 

7  1-2 

0 

4  12 

9 

1  12 

6  1-2 


83  15  10  1-2 

89  2    3     ^ 

90  9    7  1-2 
92  15    0 


d. 

ll-i-.O 

11-'<I3 

12-37'. 

12-936 
13-300 
14-063 
14-62'. 

r,-i88 

lS-750 
16-313 

16-S75 

17-438 

18-000 

18-'i63 

19-124 

19-6>8 

•2ll-2-'.0 

;   20-813 

I   21-373 

:   21-938 

\  22  500 


/..  I.  i. 

47    5   0 

4i>  12   3 

51  19  16 

4    6  9| 

!i6  14    0 

51)    1    3 

bl    9  6 

ii3  15   9 

66   3  0 

cmo  3  ' 

70  17  6 

73    1  9 

7i  12   5 

77  19  li 

W   li  6 

nn  9 

i-i    1  0 

87   9  3 

>-9  15  6 

92   i  9 

94  10  0 


rent  Descriptions  of  Tea. 

iVvglil.  Snl.  .Villi. 

.    cilliM  48  to  30  •  f«l  I 

_      48  -  50  •  -  4l!i 

_     62  -  6>  •  -  4-S«l 

*.       _     80  -  84  •  -  4-IM 

.        _      70-74  •  -4*"l 

.       _     70  -  72  •  -  m 

._ CosscMPTiox  OF  Tea. 

le  are  among  the  most  extraordi- 
[Uy  unknown  to  the  Greeks  and 
Ithe  16th  or  the  beginning  of  the 
Vail  quantities  by  the  Dutch;  but 
0,  however,  it  begun  to  be  used 
)f  %d.  is  laid  on  every  gallon  of 
it  is  abundantly  evident  that  it 
entry  appears  in  the  Diary  of 
361      I  sent  for  a  nip  of  tea  (a 
.064,  the  East  India  Company 
1667   they  issued  the  first  order 
Ue  should  sf  '  home  lOOM 
Us  Orient.  (         vol.ii.p.5:!0,; 
Since  then,  ...>■  consumplion 
In  1689,  instead  of  charging 
tv  of  5s.  per  lb.  was  laid  on  the 
is  exhibited  in  the  following 

Ly  paid  tea  in  1784  and  1750, 
^  to  the  reduction  that  was  then 
t  above  180,000,000  IbB.  of  tea 
I  to  the  Continent,  and  ahou> 
the  best  information  attainable, 
le  reverse  of  the  quantities  mi- 
dominions  amounted  to  alio« 
I  exceed  5,500,000  lbs.  U  tl"' 
|,ly  of  above  8,000.000  lbs.  was 


clandestinely  imported.  It  was  well  known,  indeed,  that  smuggling  wns  rariicd  on  to  an 
enormous  extent;  and  after  every  other  means  of  eliecking  it  lind  lieeii  triid  to  no  purpose, 
Mr.  Pi't  proposed,  in  1784,  to  nduco  the  duties  from  119  to  12J  per  cent.  'I'his  measure 
was  signally  successful.  Smuggling  and  the  practice  of  adulteration  were  imiiielintely  put 
an  end  to,  and  the  legal  imports  of  tea  were  aliout  trebled.  In  1795,  however,  the  duty 
^as  raised  to  ^5  per  cent.;  and  after  successive  augmentations  in  1797,  1800,  and  1803, 
it  was  rained,  in  I'SOG,  to  96  per  cent,  nd  valorem,  at  which  it  continued  till  1819,  when  it 
was  raised  to  100  per  cent,  on  all  teas  that  brought  above  2s.  per  lb.  at  the  Company's  sales. 

I  A  Return  of  ttie  Qnniitilies  and  Prices  of  llie  suveral  Sorts  of  Ten  sold  by  iho  F.ust  India  Com. 
paiiy,  ill  eacli  Year  during  lliu  present  cliarlcr  (1st  of  May  lo  Ist  of  May). 


RollM. 

Congf 

It. 

C.-ii»{)oi. 

Soucliong. 

Pt'koe.              j 

Han. 

Average 

S>lo 
Trice  per 

AVPr-g.t 

Avi-ra^e 

AvrT:{ft 

Avenge 

Quanlil}-. 

Quantiiy. 

Priif  per 

(Ju.inlily. 

Pi 

-(.lie 
-,■  per 

Quai.tity. 

>a'e       ' 
Price  per 

Quantity. 

S.ile 
Pure  per 



r.>ui.(i. 

Pouri-i. 

IJ-t. 

P 

lut.d. 

Pi.iiiid. 
I.      rf. 

l.U 

Pound. 

Lit. 

1.    rf.     1 

I.li. 

».      rf. 

*. 

rf. 

I.I.!. 

).       rf. 

1S14-15 

3«7,onn 

8  10-20 

21, '283,549 

3    2  55 

1,0(12,000 

3 

4-67 

1,, 520,035 

3    7-51 

22,625  1  6  10-62 

llil.'i-lfi 

8:19.1  w 

2     1-57 

17,!iOS,827 

2  11-02 

823.507 

3 

4-94 

982,816 

3    6-55 

30,700    5    8-95 

1316-17    1          -TOl 

2    5-56 

14,895,6«1 

2  10  39 

925,550 

3 

1-73 

1,862,135 

3    047 

!)8,562 

4    253 

1 1S17-I8  , 1 ,      -,7.30! 

2    5-73 

I5,7;i6,003 

2  11  82 

866,30 1 

3 

3  12 

2,0I8,0.'-.8 

3     2-88 

76.302 

4    4-36 

lSlS-19 

1,.111,086  2    4-78 

18,441,(166 

2  11  22 

533,8-21 

3 

4-49 

1,18.3.051 

3     5-11 

69,760 

4    4-37 

l.sl't-'iO 

1,497,502|  1     9-25 

17.664,433 

2    7-94 

479.081 

3 

4-64 

l,lti8,605 

3     201 

27,80-2 

4    2-41 

IS21I-21 

•2.522,927:2    1-88 

15.9.19,7951 

2    7-31 

319,775 

3 

6-04 

1,285,196 

3     2-96 

13;i.!f.4  !  4     253 

1821-2-2 

3,583,486;  2     528 

17,'2 19,982! 

2    8-59 

121,293 

3 

7-00 

l,397,9.'»l 

3     1-25 

92,9.';7     3  10-69 

1S32-23 

1,87.3.881    2    5-43 

18.822,848 

2    7  82 

323,063 

3 

6-30 

l,.391,668 

2  10  (i2 

44,7.'i7  1  4     4-73 

1S23-2I 

I,b5,3,.39l|  2    4  92 

19,006,5941 

2    806 

242,562 

3 

6.36 

1,322,326 

2  11  82 

46.0(15  i  5     0-74 

1S21-2.1 

2,093,276'  2    459 

20,59M,9.')8 

2    790 

227,722 

3 

0-88 

473,476 

3     474 

86,051     4     3-26 

18'2.'i-2() 

2.713,011 

2    0-50 

21,0.34,635 

2    675 

207,971 

3 

1-77 

517,128; 

3     1  -28 

HH.O.-IS     4     0  84 

ls2f]-27 

2,588,124 

I    7  02 

20,472,625 

2    4-73 

166,701 

2 

9-04 

475.796 

3    2  17 

16.\815 

3    601 

1827-2S 

3.759,199 

1     7-44 

19,389,392 

2    3-95 

297,316 

2 

9  31 

448,  If).-) 

3     0-.53 

2>0,;i08 

3    061 

b25i-2il 

3,778,012 

1     6-65 

20,142,073 

2    3-88 

281.187 

2 

914 

601,739!  2  10  38 

i:(  1.281 

3    923 

1829-.'1U 

4,845,826 

1     6-3-2 

18,402,118 

2    3  26 

474,735 

2 

2-2  J 

298,819    3     3-60 

129,.'-.51 

3     9-23 

li-SO-Sl 

6,096,1,53 

1  1003 

17,857,208 

2     3-15 

431,4:)5 

2 

317 

277.067    3    0'7(! 

253,101 

3    992 

ISSl-.TO  fi,474,fi33 

1   10-65 

17,734.257 

2    2-77 

273,2h9 

2 

1-92 

417,799   2  1()(;8    515,7T5 

2  1023 

Twaiikay. 

Hyson 

^kin. 

You  1  If; 

llys 

>n. 

er.igc 
S.ile 

Ilyson. 

GuiipoM'der. 

Van. 

! 

Avenge 
S.-ile 

Avenge 
S\le 

A\ 

Average 

Sale 

Average 
Silc 

i  Qumlily. 

Price  per 

Quantiiy. 

Frict!  per 

Quantiiy. 

Pr 

ce  per 

Quantify. 

Pr  cp  per  j  Quantiiy. 

Price  per 
Pound. 

1 

IM. 

Pound. 

Pnutid. 

P 

ouilil. 

I.I.I. 

Pound.     1 

I.      d. 

/.li. 

,t.      d. 

Lit. 

I. 

d. 

.1.      rf. 

lis. 

>.      rf. 

1814-1,')  3.61(i,nb 

3     6-11 

795,907 

3     9.57 

. 

. 

1,008,948 

5    915 

9,189 

7    0-50 

1815-lfi  ,S,7S4,bt)H 

3     3-06 

708,280 

3     5-26 

. 

. 

1,0.59,225 

S     5-75 

1316-17  3,23i),2IO 

2  11-92 

554,270 

3     0-76 

. 

- 

882,820 

4  11-61 

15,125 

5    0-93 

1817-18  3.7t)3,123 

3    009 

451,904 

3     1  97 

. 

. 

992,439 

4  10  34 

1818-19  4,73(1,21)7 

2  11-87 

193,852 

3    2-78 

. 

.      . 

909,637 

4  11  83 

1810-20  4,288,315 

2  10-83 

161,919 

3    4-38 

. 

■      . 

700,312 

5    366 

1S20-21  4,900,764 

3    0.33 

343.995 

3    084 

. 

.      - 

782,482 

5    6  04 

1821-22  4,401,778 

3     1-48 

225,636 

3     1  -89 

- 

.      . 

1,044,2.56 

4    8-53 

1822-23  4,l6.'i,8!)6 

3    4-77 

205,658 

3    3-99 

1   -" 

-      - 

816,872 

4    3-24 

1823-24  3.91)7,206 

3    5-71 

259,209 

3    4-72 

.      . 

980,753 

4    3-23 

1824-25  3,754,120 

3    5-17 

.324,987 

3    3-29 

9,055 

4 

3-08 

985,51)6 

4    2-71 

1825-26  3,768,406 

3    4-88 

229,961 

3    4  57 

- 

.    . 

932,099 
801,724 

4    5.38 

!l82fi-27 '4,424,262 

3    1-91 

298,960 

3    2-26 

51,421 

4 

0-75 

4    8-72 

'1827-28  4,537,672 

2    704 

212,313 

2    7-19 

. 

■    . 

1,013,771 

4    5-58 

,lSa8-21l  4,101,8-15 

2    572 

213,993 

2    3-84 

. 

■    . 

1,014,923 

4     1-75 

C15 

6    6-51 

152'.t-r,0  3,8.')2,4 13 

2    4  04 

228,016 

2    4-60 

- 

•    . 

1,071,278 

4    1-40 

1830-31  4,560.562 

2    3-"2 

196,791 

2    6-39 

- 

.    . 

1,017.748 

'  4     1-56 

\  1331-32  4,463,352 

2    3-02 

169,909 

2    6-78 

1    1,065 

2 

6-87    1,2-23,758   3  1031 

1 

The  following  statements  show  the  progress  of  the  consumption  of  tea  in  this  country 
from  a  very  remote  epoch  down  to  the  present  time : — 

II.  Acconnt  of  tlic  Quantity  of  Tea  remaining  for  Home  Consumption  in  Great  Urifnin  from  1711  to 
1766,  ohtained  by  deducting  the  Quantity  exported  from  the  Quantity  sold  at  tlie  Company's  Sales. 


I.ln. 

I.I.!, 

I.I.!. 

I.hi. 

1711 

141,995 

1740 

1,302,549 

1765 

4,906.546 

1782 

4,166.854 

1715 

120,659 

1745 

2,209,183 

1770 

7.723.538 

1783 

3,087,616 

1720 

2.37,904 

1750 

2,114,922 

1775 

5,475,493 

1784 

8,608,173 

1725 

286,494 

17.55 

2,738,136 

1780 

5,.588,315 

1785 

13,165,715 

1730 
1735 

537,018 
1,380,199 

1760 

2,293,613 

1781 

3,578,499 

1786 

13,985,506 

A".  B.— We  have  extracted  this  account  from  th.it  given  from  the  Company's  records  in  Mlbxirn'B 
Oritnlal  Coniwerce  (vol.  ii.  p.  534.).  There  is  .in  nccnunt,  furnished  by  the  Excise,  of  the  quantities 
of  tea  retained  for  homo  consumption  from  1725  to  1832,  in  the  .^ppendiz  to  the  First  Report  of  the  Com- 
mi'sianersof  F.icise  fnquiry.  It  appenrs,  however,  to  involve  some  very  material  errors.  Thus,  it 
represents  the  consumption  from  1768  to  1772,  both  inclusive,  as  under  200,000  lbs.  a  year,  at  the  same 
lime  thai  it  makes  the  consumption,  in  the  immediatply  precedingnnd  subsequent  years,  above  4,000,000 
His.!  A  statement  of  this  sort  is  obviously  inaccurate ;  and  yet  it  is  not  accompanied  by  a  single 
remark  or  explanation  of  any  sort. 


624 


TEA. 


III.  Account  nfthRQiinntlty  of  Tea  retninrd  for  Ilnme  Cnnsumpllon  InOrcnt  Ilrltnln  frnm  1780tn  1033, 
and  of  lilt!  Umiiitily  tliul  |mul  Uiily  Tiir  IIoiiih  (;oii8iini|ilioii  In  Iruliuxl  I'ruiu  lTb9  to  lb37 ;  Hjiuciryinj 
the  NL'tt  I'ruiluce  (it°  tliu  Uiitlua  in  encii  Country,  anil  tliu  Uttte«  o(  Duly, 


% 


Urtat  nritain. 

IreUDd. 

Qinntllv 

chArKt.d 

with  duly 

fnr  Hoinn 

1 

Qiuntiliff 
rfliiiictl  for 

lloliltf  CoD' 

Net!  AinnunI  of 
Uuiy. 

Rain  of  Duly. 

Nelt  Amniinl  nf 
Duly.    (Hriliih 

Ralei  of  Duly. 

lUllipliOIU 

Cnnsnmjt- 
ticn. 

Luneitcy.) 

1 
1 

Lbs. 

/,.        s. 

d. 

I.bK. 

I..       S. 

d. 

mack  ; 

(ireen:    ] 

1789 

14,S.Tl,fiOI 

502,038  14 

5 

12M0s.  percent. 

1,970,89S 

.18,0.38  n 

3 

id.  pnr  lb. 

6(/.  pir  lb. 

17(10 

1 1,fi9;i,299 

547,230    4 

8 

— 

1,7.36,796 

.33,132  12 

2 

ditto 

ditto 

171)1 

15,09(1,810 

607,430    8 

4 

— 

1,994,787 

43,895  12 

4 

4^(/.perlb, 

Oil/,  peril). 

\!i)i 

15.822,015 

610,775    6 

0 

— 

1,H44,598 

35,110    0 

8 

dilto 

dilto 

1703 

15,214,9.'il 

009,816     5 

6 

— 

2,148,7.55 

39,274    « 

6 

ditto 

dillo 

1791 

Ki.On.'.Hi.) 

628,(W1     6 

5 

— 

2,041,290 

43,892     6 

2 

ditto 

dilto 

179J 

1H,:(9 1,232 

095, 108     5 

9 

20/.  per  cent. 

2,970,701 

61,093  10 

10 

ditto 

dillo 

1790 

18,009,992 

877,042  13 

0 

'At  or  above  2j." 
0<i.   per    lb.    30/. 

2,326,306 

48,633  14 

9 

ditto 

ditto 

1797 

16,308,041 

1,023  000    0 

1 

-  pfircent.                > 

UiKl(ir2.<.  fl(/.  per 

.lb.  20/.  per  ilitlo.. 

At  or  above  Va.' 

Orf.   per    lb.  35/. 

2,492,254 

00,817    6 

5 

ditto 

ditto 

1798 

19,560,934 

1,111,898    9 

1 

■<  perct.                    )■ 

Umlcr  2».  OJ.  per 

.lb.  20/.  per  ditto.. 

2,953,240 

103,016    6 

5 

ditto 

ditto 

1799 

19,906,510 

1,176,661    9 

9 

'At  or  above  2»." 
dd.    per    lb.  40/. 

2,873,717 

101,727  11 

0 

5S(/,perlb. 

7(/.  per  lb.    ; 

1. 

1800 

20,358,702 

1,152,202    0 

0 

J,  perct. 
Uiiiler  28.  M.  per 

2,926,166 

69,824  17 

7 

ditto 

rtitio       * 

„..     «                       '              1    ^ 

.lb.  20/.  per  ditto.. 

Jill  Sorts. •           'Z 
Sold  at  orl  Sold  iin- 

f  At  or  above  2«.") 
6,/.    per  lb.   60/. 

above   2s.'der  2s.  CJ.      i 

Cid.  per  lb. (per  lb. 

1801 

20,237,753 

1,287,808    2 

6 

■i  perct. 

3,409,801  135,852    3 

4 

35/.  perct.  20/. perct. 

Under  2.v.  fid.  per 

ad  val. 

ad  val. 

.lb.  20/.  per  ditto.. 

1802 

21,146,245 

1,450,252    7 

9 

'At  or  above  2s." 
(id.    per   lb.    95/. 

3,570,775  182,214  17 

7 

38/.  10s.— 

23/.  10s.-   : 

1803 

21,647,922 

1,757,257  18 

4 

■I  per  ct. 
Under  2s,  6(/.  per 
.lb.  65/.  pcrdilto.. 

3,239,937  172,355  15 

6 

ditto 

ditto          1 

i 

1801 

18,501,904 

2,348,004    4 

8 

— 

3,337,122  251,734    8 

9 

84/.  14s.— 

51/.  14s.-      ! 

'At  or  above  2f." 
firf.  perlh,9.U  2s, 

1 

1805 

21,025,380 

2,925,298  17 

9 

Od.  per  cent.         I 
Under  2s.  6rf,  per  " 
lb.  65/.  2s.  Od.  per 

(It) 

3,267,712  411,225    1 

4 

ditto 

ditto 

1800 

20,355,038 

3,093,428  13 

2 

On  all  teas  96/.' 
percent.        j" 

2,611,458  348,242    7 

2 

ditto 

71/.  lls.- 

1807 

19,239,312 

3,04.3,224  11 

3 

3,55.5,129 

476,919    4 

3 

ditto 

ditio       >; 

1808 

20,859,929 

3,370.610    0  101 

— 

3,706,771 

534,685     1 

7 

ditto 

»   ditto        g; 

1S09 

19,869,134 

3,130,616  14 

9 

~ 

3,391,663 

462,088  12 

3 

ditto 

ditto       1 

On  all  Tens '         >r' 

1810 

19,093,244 

3,912.430    1 

1 

— 

2,922,568 

435,307  10 

2 

93/,  per  cent,  ad  val.   z. 

1811 

20,702,809 

3,249,291    0 

9 

— 

3,517,384 

502,816  16  11 

ditto               ~ 

1812 

20,018,251 

3,258,793    2 

0 

— 

3,758,499  567,186  11 

6 

ditto               : 

1813 

20,443,226 

{  Cusloiiis'  records  1 
{         dejlmyeti.        1 

— 

2,352,294 

521,299  12 

3 

ditto               * 

1814 

19,224,154 

3,428,236    8 

4 

— 

.3,,S87,012 

529,818    7 

11 

96/.  per  cent,  ltd  valo- 

1815 

29,.')78,345 

3,526,590  18 

3 

— 

3,462,776 

531,500  15 

2 

rem,     and   bence-     ; 

1816 

20,246,144 

3,956,719    0 

5 

— 

2,990,580 

405,777  16 

3 

forth  the   same  as     ( 

1817 

20,822,936 

3,003,650  18 

7 

— 

3,141,0.35 

427,713    7 

3 

in  Great  Britain. 

1818 

22,660,177 

3,302,588  10 

1 

— 

3,569,431 

510,105    0 

6 

J 

("At  or  under  2s. ~) 

1819 

22,631,467 

3,256,433  12  10 

1  per  lb.  96/.  per  ct.  (  'o  ooo  400 
Above  2s.  per  lb.  f  -•''•'".4»« 
.100/.  per  ditto.     J 

433,371  11 

0 

1820 

22,452,050 

3,128,449  17 

0 

— 

3,1.50,344 

398,742    5 

4 

1821 

22,892,913 

3,275,642  17 

6 

— 

3,493,960 

162,819  16 

3 

1822 

23,911,8^4 

3,434,292  19  lOj 

— 

.3,816,966 

511,299    5 

2 

lf>23 

23,762.470 

3,407,983     1 

8 

—                  i3,.367,710|440,139    4 

11 

1821 

23,781,838 

3,420,205  11 

11 

—                   3,3S7,510;445,271  15 

11 

1825 

21,830,015   3,,527,944    4 

11 

—                   3,889,6.')8:503,074  13 

4 

1821! 

25,238,067    3,291,813  19 

5 

—                   3,807,785 

446,229    5 

1 

1827 

20,013,223  3,263,206  19 

3 

—                   3,887,955 

442,382  14  10 

'1828 

♦26,790,481   3,177,179    8 

0 

— 

•1829 

29,495,199  3,321,722    2 

6 



1830 

30,047.079  3,387,097  18 

9 

— 

1831] 

29,997,100  3,314,918  12 

9 

— 

1 

1832 

31,548,409  .3,509,834  13 

7 

— 

1833 1 

31,829,620  3,444,101  18 

1 

— 

1 
t 

>  Tliii  amount  includei  all  tea  iliippcd  lo  Ireland  for  conauinplion  in  Ibat  country  subiequenlly  to  the  pasiiug  of  tin:  act  9  Gto.  i  e  44. 


II)  indrcnttlrltnln  (Vnm  ITSOto  lejj 
•elund  I'rom  17b9  to  lb27j  Biiecil'viiuJ 
of  Duly.  * 


Ireland. 


Amount  of 
1.  (littUih 
arreyicy. ) 


Ratn  of  Duly. 


r..     a. 
0.38  n 

132  12 
295  12 
110    0 
974     9 
h92    6 
093  16 
033  14 

d. 
3 
2 
4 
H 
6 
2 

10 
U 

Black ! 
U.  pnr  lb. 

ditto 
lid.  \)nr\h. 

ditto 

ditto 

ditto 

ditto 

ditto 

Oreen:    ^ 
dd.  per  lb. 

ditto 
61(/.  peril). 

ditto 

ditto 

ditto 

ditto 

ditto 

817    6 

5 

ditto 

ditto 

016    6 

5 

ditto 

ditto 

727  11 

0 

SJJ.perlb. 

1- 

7i/.  per  lb.    ; 

824  17 

7 

ditto 

r '" 

ditto       * 

Ml  Sorts  r       l| 

852    3 

4 

Sold  at  or 
abiive    2.S. 
I'id.  per  lb. 
351.  ptrct. 
ad  val. 

Sold  un- 
der 9s.  C(/. 
per  Ih. 
20;.  per  ct. 

ud  val. 

214  17 

7 

3Sl.  10s.— 

23/.  10s.- 

355  15 

fi 

ditto 

ditto 

734    8 

9 

84/.  14s.- 

51/.  I4s.- 

225    1 

4 

ditto 

J 
ditto     ^    1 

j 

J42    7 

2 

ditto 

71/.  Ik- 

DIO    4 
(iS5     1 
388  12 

3 

i 

3 

ditto 
ditto 
ditto 

ditto       >' 

•   ditto       ^ 

ditto       jjl 

On  all  Tens'         M! 

307  10    2 
S16  16  11 
186  11    6 

93Z.  per  cent,  ad  val.   r, 
ditto               i 
ditto              :; 

299  12 

3 

ditto              " 

318    7 
500  15 
777  16 
713    7 
105    6 

11 
2 
3 
3 
6 

961.  per  cent,  ad  valo- 
rem,    and   lience-     : 
forth  the   Baine  as     1 
in  Great  Britain. 

J 

371  11 

C 

742    5    4 
819  16    3 
299    5    2 
139    4  M 
271  15  11 
1)74  13    4 
229    5     1 
382  14  10 

•       i 

TEA. 

I  ^)>f; i.i«.  Weigh,  otT^. |;|_^aniiary,  isa^.     "''•  ""a  tile  Vet, 


H-"''| '""  Vru,'"  "■h'si^j'z:' "" 


IS34 


r.iii. 
7,01)3,333 


on  per  cent. 


JoM  .ihovB 
"•  |1IT  I.l,. 

„     /.br 
_iMfl6,287 


I  Rate  of  nul.  „„ 
'    iho  Sale  price    ' 


I,    "^'"'1 


Nelt  Produce. . 


ilie 


-'.  y  """uiig  me  quantity  l.routrhf  f„        .      "^  '"•'  ">"/  w/ 

i,on,  and  to  realise  immense  proS  at  fh!     "''"'' '°  "•»'«'' i^rico  almvni, '  "'^'^ 

kvedeclitied  availing  IhcrnJJoJnf  t,  ■  ^''f''"^''  °f  the  publ  1  iT  "^.  "'»'"''«'  "leva- 
expected  from  the  ComnanT  „r  r  "'"  1^°^"  ?  I^ut  no  Huchfn  ?'  ''"^  '"'s'^'-  "o  doubt 
lions  exert  themselves  toTLui„,hr'"h"i^  ""^^  '^"^'y  "^nS  ^°^',^^""ec  could  be  ratioS 
fcund  that  those  who  are  protectc  Ifrn'^'':;!'  t'™"  ''"'•  ^'Sr  fh '  h  ''"'"''''^  ""'^  »««ocia^ 
monopoly  of  any  market  fnvSn  ""  ^^^  'competition  of  otLt  ^  ''T  '°  ^''"-  "'hI  it  is 
Tlic  ^as{  India';:o.:.Anrhav  doLT  ""  ^'^  ''  ^'^^Z^'r  '""  °'"-«^'^  " 
■hat  have  enjoyed  sueh  exclusive  Si  I.  '  ^""''^'''y'  «°  «  '''^^  cxTe  t  S„'°  '  'f  ■"^  '"^h  pitch. 
tmmldbu  them  of  hie  »Zo^  Vl,""'-    ®''"'  i'owcver  it  1  '       "?  '"°''  "titer  bodies 


lenlly  to  llie  passing  of  the  act  9  Geo.  4.  e  U. 


i.m,vi,.., — ^i  u,  uroois  01  this  <stnt^r,-.„.  I     -■■•I'^'-'i'-uii,  in  i\ew.Y,ifh    it      /        .    v  ^'  uai 
I   ThelegisIature%„deavo,^rSlfdZ\'''^"™«^«'^iti^'-ftht^7^^^^^ 
Ikirmonopoly,  by  cnactinj^ S.Sr  "^'''"'  P'^^o^s-  to  preven     h'  p       """''y'  P-  1031.) 
practical  impor'tance,  U  2y  fe    "m  T  "'/"  '^^  '^"'•'  «f  tea     a,  J"^  J'^Pany  from  abttsiig 
Frtant,  and  the  means  iTwhreh    LvT''  ""I"'"  ''"-^"y  '«  n"  tfco  S*^  "^  '°"g'''  of  any 
Jeduclion  was  made  from {hrSonnfrr'"  '^''■'^"''^^'-     I"  1745  LT  "V^"  "'"re  im- 
(18  Geo.  S.  c.  36.),  it  was  enacTed  "1  Lt '''"  ^"'''^«'  ""'''  ^y  as  a  u  roT''"!  "  'V  ^''^' 
UcoftholH^ne/itof  thisrecS^n  fh!'"""  '"  P''*'^^'"'  the  Ln  pan!  ffn.l '"-'^'^  y«»' 
pany  shall  not  always  be  sufficient  Jo  an"  '"  f'"  "''  ^''^  hnporteTb^thlT  '^T'"'"^  '^o 
ote^//t«;,„c.  oAa  /.  mX  coL  Z  r,;'''  '^""^"'"P^'on  there  7iSt?'^  '''''^ 
lessors,  to  import  into  Grent  nri^-  ,  '  ^^  'awfu  for  the  sii,!  r    ^        Mew/  ^^  Mg 

Uny  Part'of  EutpeTS  by  anotrr*^  ^?"''''^^  "^  *-  a?'  he^lKh^f  ''^"'^  ^"- 
Mast  India  Company  shall  af  I    !'      '''='"'"  of  the  same  sta  >X  '.  •   ''""''  "^cessary 

«n>pany  within  reasonable  limr.  buT?f1f  """'"'"'^  ''^^^  "-^^'rained  the  A.r.     , 
^ueil,  as  before,  to  sell  their  easaV  o  "'  ^''^^  «oon  forgotten  an<1h  *',T^"<Js  of  the 

Ka;bargh  and  Amsterdam  '  '"  '"°™°"«  ^'l-nce  as^com"pi  ,th  SSP""^  ''^^ 

The  same  well-founded  ionlonsv  « »,-  u  ,•  P"'^^s  »n 

^l'«'  any  price  which  shalf  uTon  t£     K  i^"'.'  '"''^^  Company  "  fo  nut  .,1  .^""'^  "  ^"^ 


G2G 


TEA. 


ir  1 

"J 

■Mr-       >^ 


O 
•n.^^ 


aa 


I' -'I 


to  keep  a  stock,  c(|unl  to  at  least  1  year's  conHumplion,  according;  to  tiic  salrs  of  the  ptp. 
ceding  year,  always  beforchuiul.  And  they  were  lumnd  to  lay  heforo  the  Lords  of  lh« Tnu. 
8ury,  copies  of  the  accounts  and  rstinuitcs  upon  wiiicli  their  orders  for  ini(M)rtatiun,  priuenfur 
pale,  and  <|uantilien  |)Ut  up  to  sale,  siiould  lie  grounded. 

The  ohject  of  these  conditions  is  olivious.  They  were  intended  to  secure  a  plentiful  sim. 
ply  of  tea  to  the  jiubii;;,  and  to  prevent  its  being  sold  at  iin  oppressive  increase  of  price.  (Ju, 
monopoly  and  low  prices  are  altogether  incompatible.  The  conditions  now  referred  to  were 
as  to  all  practical  purjioses  at  least,  quite  inoperative. 

1.  In  the  first  place,  the  Company  made  various  additions  to  the  prime  cost,  and  rnns^ 
cjuciitly  to  the  putting  up  price  of  their  tea,  which  they  ought  not  to  have  made,  but  wliith 
the  Lords  of  the  'I'reasury,  had  they  been  so  disposed,  could  hardly  disallow.  'I'hey  alwavs 
for  example,  charged  the  cost  of  the  factory  at  Canton  to  the  price  of  tea.  This  esialilish' 
inent  consisted  of  about  20  persons,  and  cost  at  an  average  about  100,000/.  n  year !  We  dj 
not  [iresume  to  say  that  it  was  altogether  useless.  Undoubtedly,  however,  it  might  li.m 
been  conducted  at  half  the  expense.  It  is  a  fact,  that  the  whole  American  business  at  (]m\. 
ton  has  been  transacted  by  thf  captains  of  the  Hhi|)s ;  and  every  one  knows  that  tlicy  li^v,. 
had  fewer  disturbances  with  tl  s  natives  than  the  English. 

2.  In  the  second  place,  it  w  s  <■  '..lolished  by  the  evidence  taken  before  the  select  commit. 
tec  of  18;)0,  that  the  Company  had  for  many  years  thrown  the  whole  losses  arisiii;' frun, 
their  outward  investment  ujion  tea,  by  estimating  the  value  of  the  lael,  or  Chinese  imiiievin 
which  the  accounts  are  kept,  at  the  price  which  it  cost  for  the  purpose  of  l)eing  vested  iu'^.j 
'J'his  was  a  complete  evasion  of  the  provisions  of  the  statute ;  but  it  was  one  which  it  was 
very  dillicult,  if  not  impossible  to  defeat. 

3.  In  the  third  place,  the  obligation  imposed  on  the  Company,  of  keeping  a  year's  supplv 
of  tea  in  their  warehouses,  contriliuted  both  to  raise  its  price,  and  deteriorate  its  qunliiv 
From  a  return  made  to  an  order  of  the  select  committee  of  the  House  of  Commons  in  isii 
(First  Jirj)iirt,  App.  p.  S3.),  it  appears  that  the  shortest  time  any  tea  sold  by  the  (."oni  lanv 
had  been  in  store  was  14  months;  and  that,  at  an  average,  all  the  teas  sold  durinijthf;) 
years  ending  with  1839  had  been  17  months  in  store.  But,  accouling  to  the  eviiieiu'cot 
the  most  respectable  American  witnesses,  the  black  and  coarser  kinds  of  tea  are  dcpreciaifj 
»it  least  .')  per  cent,  by  being  kept  a  twelvemonth,  and  are,  indeed,  hardly  saleable  after  thf 
arrival  of  fresh  teas  from  China.  Adding,  therefore,  warehouse  rent,  interest  of  cajiitai,  anJ 
insurance  for  17  months,  to  the  deterioration  in  point  of  quality,  we  may  estimate  ilic  loss 
to  the  pulilic,  by  this  well-meant  but  most  injudicious  interference  of  the  legislaiure,  at  15 
per  cent,  upon  the  price  of  all  the  teas  sold. 

4.  In  the  fourth  place,  it  is  obvious,  even  supposing  the  prime  cost  of  the  Compam'i 
teas  had  not  been  improperly  enhanced,  that  the  regulation  obliging  them  to  be  sold  at  jii 
advance  of  Id.  per  lb.  if  olfered,  on  the  putting-up  price,  could  not  be  otherwise  than  nua- 
tory,  ILid  the  trade  been  open,  private  merchants  would  have  undersold  each  other,  uiiiil 
the  price  of  tea,  like  that  of  sugar  or  coHee,  had  been  reduced  to  the  very  lowest  point  thai 
would  yield  the  sellers  the  customary  rate  of  profit.  But  the  Company  was  in  an  cntirelf 
dilTeieiit  situation.  Being  the  on/i/ .sellers,  Ihey  invanahly  tmders/uc/itd  the  market.  In. 
stead  of  bringing  forward  such  (juanlities  of  tea  as  might  have  occasioned  its  sale  at  a  small 
advance  upon  the  upset  price,  they  adjusted  the  supply  so  that  the  price  was  raised  to  a  much  i 
higher  elevation.  Now,  it  will  be  observed,  that  all  that  this  system  of  luanagenient  m 
into  the  Company's  coffers  consisted  of  extra  profit ,-  for  the  putting  up  price  enibraceJ 
every  item  that  could  fairly  enter  into  the  cost  of  the  tea,  including  both  inlcrtut  on  capital 
and  insurance,  and  including  also,  as  we  have  seen,  several  items  that  had  but  little  lo  Jo 
with  it.  To  show  the  extent  to  which  this  source  of  profit  was  cultivated,  we  may  ineniion, 
that  at  the  June  sale  in  1830,  the  company  put  up  congou  at  l.v.  8f/.  and  2*.  \d.\x\\\ 
the  lowest  sort,  or  that  put  up  at  l.s.  8(/.,  being  sold  partly  at  2«.  l^d.,  being  au  advance  of  I 
iwenty-lwu  and  a  half  per  cent.,  and  partly  at  2s.  5^/.,  being  an  advance  of  Foifrv-nv! 
per  cent.;  while  the  highest  sort,  or  that  put  up  at  2s.  \d.,  was  sold  partly  at  2v.  2(/,, kui'l 
an  advance  of  four  per  cent.,  and  partly  at  3.9.  Id,,  being  an  advance  of  no  less  than  skvisti- 
TWO  per  cent,  above  the  upset  price  ;  that  is,  above  a  price  calculated  to  yield  ordinarijTirA 
Jits.  Mr.  Mills,  an  intelligent  and  extensive  wholesale  tea  merchant,  in  a  paper  laid  befoie  I 
the  recent  committee  of  the  House  of  Lords  on  East  India  allairs,  showed,  that  the  advance  I 
on  the  teas  sold  at  the  Company's  June  sale  in  1830,  above  the  putting-up  price,  amounlejl 
to  122,177/.  18s.  Id. ;  and  as  there  are  4  such  sales  in  the  year,  the  total  advance  must  hatel 
been  about  500,000/.;  and  this  was  considerably  under  what  it  had  been  a  few  years  pre- f 
viously  !  I 

These  statements  show  generally  how  the  Company  defeated  the  provisions  of  ihcactoll 
1784,  and,  indeed,  turned  them  to  its  own  advantage.  But,  as  already  observed,  nothinjf 
else  could  be  expected.  It  is  nugatory  to  attempt  to  combine  monopoly  with  low  prices anJl 
good  qualities.  They  never  have  existed,  and  it  is  not  possible  they  ever  should  exist,  l*l 
gether.    Monopoly  is  the  parent  of  dearness  and  scarcity  ;  freedom,  of  cheapness  and  pleiily| 

Great,  however,  as  was  the  sacrifice  entailed  on  the  people  of  Britain  by  the  Company's moi 


H 


TEA. 


027 


nn  to  the  i<aW«  of  t'^c  P'e- 
eforc  the  Loriln  of  Iho  Tn  u- 
ira  for  imi^ortalion,  prim  for 

led  to  secure  a  i>li!nlifu\  Rup. 
.8»ive  iiuTtuse  of  price.  Uui 
idilions  now  referred  to  were, 

o  the  prime  cost,  and  consc 
not  to  hnve  made,  but  which 
irdly  disallow.  They  alwin^ 
..ricooftea.  Thi.  cM«M,sh. 
lit  100,000/.  ft  year!  V\odo 
(edly,  however,  it  mi^hl  Ihm: 
,U)  Ameriran  busino:i>i  nl  Cuu- 
ry  one  knows  that  tlicy  Iwvc 

aken  before  the  select  commit. 
'  i\io  whole  losses  arisiii;'  from 
(fUictael,  or  Chinese  ia.iii.>y  in 
■i  purpose  of  Iteing  veslod  uiIm, 
c ;  but  it  was  one  whicli  it  was 

,„nv,  of  keepint;  a  year's  supply 
vice  and  deteriorate  Us  (luiiliiy. 
he  House  of  Commons  in  ISJil 
ic  any  tea  sold  by  the  Con.panv 
.  all  the  teas  sold  durni!;llw;l 
5ut.accouhnglolhecyulHiccoi 
vrscr  kinds  of  tea  are  deprecialcj 
indeed,  hardly  saleable  after  l!ie 
,ou8e  rent,  interest  of  caiolalanJ 
ualily,  we  may  estimate  the  loss 
Lcrfetencc  of  the  legislature,  at  15 

Ihc  prime  cost  of  the  Company's 

ion  obliging  them  to  be  sold  at  an 

Inld  not  be  otherwise  than  ma- 

have  undersold  each  olhtr,  uiuil 

[cod  to  the  very  lowest  point  ihsl 

the  Company  was  in  an  cntwly 

Iv  understocked  the  market.   In- 

Vive  occasioned  its  sale  at  asrai 

hat  the  price  was  raised  to  amucli 

'  this  system  of  mauagemwit  put 

Ir  the  putting  up  price  cmbtacel 

Including  both  inim^t  on  capital  ] 

■ral  items  that  had  but  little  lo  ao 

was  cultivated,  we  may  mentm 

,ou  atls.8f/.and2s.  1<.1«1M 

'at  2s.  Hrf..  I'cmi;  »"  a'l^!"«'««' , 

being  an  advance  of  Foan-nvi 

\vas  sold  partly  at  2s.  2</.,l«? 

advance  of  no  less  than  sKvnTi. 

B  calculated  to  yield  w,//'i«|7/P 
k  merchant,  in  a  paper  laid  kfoie 

\  atVairs.  showed,  that  the  aavaiice 

,ve  the  putting-up  price.  ainounieJ 

'vcar,  the  total  advance  must  ha« 

hat  it  had  been  a  few  years  pre- 

Ifeated  the  provisions  of  the  act  ol 
I  But  as  already  observed,  noiH 

I.L  monopoly  with  low  priH 

Visible  they  ever  should    x    H 

freedom,  of  cheapness  and  pWJ 

ofBritainbytheCorapanyBmo«» 


poly,  it  i«  (louhtful  whether  it  yielded  any  consideraMe  amnnnt  of  revenue  to  the  Company. 
Kvcry  one,  indet'd,  nnist  1)0  halisl'ied,  on  gi>tier«l  tfrninids,  that  it  wn«  imposHJble  for  tlii"  (.'oin- 
jmiiy  to  iiiake  any  thing  hke  the  Haine  pr.illtM  liy  the  privili'ijcs  conceded  to  them,  that  would 
Imvo  been  made  by  private  individuals  enjoying  similiir  adv.intages.  ••  The  spirit  of  nionopo- 
listH,"  lo  liorrow  the  just  and  expresHivc  language  of  (Jihbon,  "  is  narrow,  lazy,  and  oppressive. 
Tlu'ir  work  is  more  costly  and  less  productive  than  that  of  imlependent  artists;  and  tlic  new 
iiii|)r()venienls  ho  eigerly  graspeil  by  the  competition  of  freedom,  ari'  adtniited  with  slow  and 
snilcti  reluctance,  in  those  pioud  corporations  above  the  fear  of  a  rivul,  and  tielow  the  con- 
fession of  an  error."  Wo  have  no  doubt  that  tho  directors  of  the  Kast  India  Company  wcro 
JisiKised  to  extend  its  commerce,  and  to  manage  it  according  lo  the  mnst  (i])proved  princi- 
jiles,  liut  they  were  wholly  without  the  means  of  giving  ellect  to  their  wishes.  They  had 
to  operate  through  servants;  and  is  it  to  be  imagined  that  tho  riiipliii/i\t  of  such  bodies  will 
(ver  dis|ilay  that  watchful  attention  to  their  interests,  oi  conduct  the  business  intrusted  In 
ttieir  care  with  tho  unsparing  economy  practised  by  private  merclianls  trading  o  i  their  own 
account,  sujicrintending  their  own  concerns,  and  responsible  in  their  own  private  fortunes  for 
fvcry  error  they  may  commit!  Tho  affairs  of  tho  Company,  notwithstanding  the  ellorto 
of  the  directors  to  introduce  activity  and  economy,  have  always  been  managed  according  ta 
a  system  of  routine.  Their  eajjtains  and  mercantile  agents  were,  we  doubt  not,  "all  honour- 
fllile  men;"  but  it  were  an  insult  to  common  sense  to  supjiose  that  they  may  be  compared 
for  ft  moment  with  individuals  trading  on  their  own  account,  in  the  great  requisites  of  zeal, 
conduct,  and  skill. 

Several  gentlemen  of  great  knowledge  and  experience,  who  have  carefully  inquired  into 
the  state  of  the  Company's  alFairs,  have  expressed  their  decided  conviction,  that  they  made 
iiolhing  by  the  tea  trade ! — the  increased  price  at  which  tl»ey  sold  the  article  not  being  nioro 
than  sullicient  to  balance  tho  immense  expenses  incident  to  the  monopoly  !  Perhaps  this 
statement  may  bo  somewhat  exaggerated,  though  we  incline  to  think  it  is  not  far  from  the 
P,i,rk. — (See  vol.  i.  p.  629.)  Taking,  however,  tho  accounts  laid  by  the  Company  bcforo 
the  late  committee  on  Indian  afTairs,  as  they  stand,  it  would  appear  that  the  profits  realised 
hythcm  during  the  3  years  ending  with  1827-28  amounted  to  2,,'542,.'i60/.,  being  at  the  rate 
of  847,.')33/.  a  year. — (Appen.  to  Secoud  Report  of  Si  led  Commi'lfee  of  1830,  p.  SSft.)  But 
we  have  already  seen  that  the  excess  of  price  received  by  the  Company  for  their  teas,  over 
the  price  of  similar  teas  sold  at  New  York  and  Hamburgh,  has  been  above  1,500,000/.  a 
vear;  so  that,  according  to  the  Company's  own  showing,  their  monopoly  occasioned  an 
ahmlute  loss  of  652,477/.  exclusive  of  its  mischievous  influence  in  lessening  the  consumption 
of  tea,  and  in  confining  our  trmie  with  China  to  less  than  a  third  of  what  it  will  probably 
amount  to  under  a  system  giving  free  scope  to  the  energies  of  individual  enterprise. 

The  renewal  of  a  monopoly  productive  of  such  results  was,  therefore,  wholly  out  of  the 
question.  There  was  hardly,  indeed,  in  1833,  an  individual  in  the  empire  out  of  the  pale  of 
the  Company  who  was  not  anxious  for  the  opening  of  the  trade  to  China;  and  the  act  3  & 
4  Will.  4.  c.  93, — (see  vol.  i.  p.  304.)  abolishing  the  Company's  monopoly,  and  making  it  law- 
ful for  all  individuals  to  import  tea,  was  passed  with  almost  no  opposition. 

IV.  Duties  on  Tea. — Cosscmi'Tion  of,  on  the  Continent  and  in  the  United 

States,  etc. 

Down  to  the  22(1  of  April,  1834,  the  duty  on  tea  was  an  ad  valorem  one,  being  96  per 
cent,  on  all  teas  sold  under  2,v.  a  pound,  and  100  per  cent,  on  all  that  were  sold  at  or  above 
Is.  Seeing  that  tea  may  now  be  considered  almost  as  a  necessary  of  life,  this  was,  certainly, 
ahio-h  duty  ;  though,  as  a  large  amount  of  revenue  must  be  raised,  we  do  not  know  that  it 
could  he  fairly  objected  to  on  that  ground.     But  under  the  monopoly  system,  the  duty  was, 
in  fact,  about  200  per  cent,  ad  valorem  .'     For,  the  price  of  the  tea  sold  by  the  Company 
being  forced  up  lo  nearly  double  what  it  would  have  been  had  the  trade  been  free,  it  followed, 
inasmuch  as  the  duly  varied  directly  as  the  price,  that  it  also  was  doubled  when  the  latter 
was  doubled.    The  price  of  Congou  at  Hamburgh,  for  example,  varies  from  Is.  2(/.  to  1*.  Ad. 
per  lb. ;  and  had  the  Company  supplied  our  markets  with  congou  at  the  same  rale,  it  would 
Imvc  cost  us,  duty  included,  from  2s.  2f/.  to  2s.  M.  per  lb.     But  instead  of  this,  the  congou 
sold  hy  the  Company  has  been,  at  an  average,  a  good  deal  above  2s.  per  lb. ;  and,  the  duly 
being  as  much,  it  has  invariably  cost  us  from  4s.  to  5y.  per  lb.    Hence,  though  the  duty  was 
only  100  per  cent,  on  the  Company's  price,  it  was  really  above  200  per  cent,  on  the  price 
of  tea  in  an  open  market !     The  mischief  of  the  monopoly  was  thus  aggravated  almost  be- 
yond endurance;  inasmuch  as  every  addition  made  by  it  to  the  cost  of  the  article,  made  an 
equal  addition  to  the  duly  on  it. 

But  this  system  is  now  happily  at  an  end.     The  ad  valorem  duties  ceased  on  the  22<1 
of  April,  1834 ;  and  all  tea  imported  in  the  United  Kingdom  for  home  consumption  is  now 
barged  with  a  customs  duty  as  follows : — 

Boliea     -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -    \s.M.  per  lb. 

Congou,  twankny,  hyson  skin,  nranf;e  pekoe,  and  campoi  -  .    'is.id.      — 

fioiictiong,  flowery  pekoe,  hyson,  young  hyson,  gunpowder,  imperial,  and 

other  teas  not  enumerated  -  -  -  -  -    3«.  OJ.     — 


628 


TKA. 


■tt'.  '^ 

IT  1 
CO 
•"   J 


••-»■■ 


'CD 


If  wo  rompnro  thrao  ilutipH  with  tho  prices  of  ton  at  New  York  onJ  Hamburgh,  thry  will 
ho  found  to  III'  oxci'cilinRly  heavy,  parliculurly  on  liohfu  nnil  conjjou.  It  in  pretty  certiiti, 
that,  at  no  diHliint  pcrioii,  liolieii  will  lie  moIiI,  I'Xilimive  of  tho  duty,  Ht  or  under  i.».  per.  Hi,*; 
and  HiipponiriB  thin  to  ho  tho  iuno,  the  jiresent  fixed  duty  will  be  eipiivulent  to  an  ml  nilnrnii 
duty  of  150  per  cent. !  Uut  to  inipoHC  Huch  a  duty  on  an  orti(;lo  lilteil  to  etiter  luri^ely  iut,, 
the  eiinMUinption  of  the  lower  eluHxes,  seeing  to  he  in  the  lust  deRreo  opprertnive  iind  iili-mrij. 
It  will  (?()  far  to  neutraline  the  henelirial  elleetj*  that  would  otherwise  result  from  the  iili„|j. 
tion  of  the  monopoly  ;  and  eannot  fiiil,  hy  eonrniinK  the  coiisumiition  of  the  nilielo  witjiin 
comparatively  narrow  liouiulx,  to  render  the  duty  le-is  produetive  than  it  would  he  were  it 
lower.  Nothinif  ran  he  more  injorious,  hoth  in  a  eoiiunercial  and  linuneial  point  of  view, 
than  tlio  iinpoMitio?!  of  opproHHivo  tlutieH  on  nrliehN,  the  eonsuinplion  of  whieh  would  iio 
materially  extended  hy  a  fall  of  |)rice ;  and  that  such  i:*  the  ease  with  holua  is  lieyond  nil 
question.  Tho  (Jon)pany,  hy  redueinj?  itn  prieo  from  alxiut  2\.  (if/,  to  l.v.  1().^(/.  jicr  n,. 
(whieh  was,  of  course,  aecompnnied  hy  a  eorres|ioU(hnn  reduction  of  duly),  inereiisnl  lii,. 
consumption  from  l,N7;},S8l  ll,s.  in  lH'ia-2:J,  to  (i,  17  l.s:tS  lbs.  in  lS;n-:W.  Here  we  Imv,.  ij,,. 
consumption  more  than  trebled  by  a  fall  of  about  Is.  ,](/.  per  lb.  .\nd  we  have  not  tin, 
slightest  doubt  that  a  further  fall  id'  l.v.  3(/.  would,  by  brim-in;^  tho  article  fairly  witliiii  ilui 
command  of  a  vastly  Rreatcr  number  of  eonsumeis,  extend  the  demand  for  it  iti  a  muih 
greater  dc^^ree.  Uut  it  iH  hardly  possible  that  such  a  reduction  should  taliu  phiec,  unless  lii/, 
bo  taken  from  tho  duty.  We  trust,  however,  that  this  may  be  done.  At  l.v,  per  lli,,  tlu> 
duty  woulil  undoubtedly  yield  more  than  it  will  evir  do  at  l.v,  (h/.  Wo  may  also  ailil  ili;it 
nolliinff  would  do  so  much  to  weaken  the  pernicious  habit  of  Kin-drinking,  as  a  fdl  in  ili,. 
price  of  tea,  colFee,  &c.  And  it  is  not  to  be  endured  that  the  price  of  such  <lesirab|c  iiriides 
should  be  raised  to  an  exorbitant  heijjht  by  duties,  that  would  bo  more  productive  of  revinuo 
were  they  etlectually  redueed. 

It  has  been  wholly  owing  to  their  exorbitant  |)riccs,  that  notwithstanding  tlie  RiiRlish  nn 
the  richest  people  in  the  world,  and  that  the  taste  for  tea  is  so  very  generally  diil'iHiil 
amongst  us,  wo  consume  very  little  of  tho  superior  (pialities !  Indeed,  some  of  the  liucst 
arc  not  to  be  met  with  in  our  markets;  and  while  about  a  dozen  kimls  of  tea  are  re>^ul;irly 
quoted  in  the  Hamburgh,  Amsterdam,  and  New  York  I'rico  Currents,  there  are  never  inure 
than  7,  and  sometimes  only  0,  species  to  be  met  with  here.  Imperial,  a  very  line  >;re('ii  uj 
regularly  imported  into  America,  and  all  parts  of  tho  Continent,  is  unknown  in  the  l')iiir|j,|| 
market.  Singlo,  onco  imported  hy  tho  Company,  has  disappeared  for  about  .'lO  years,  p,.. 
koc  and  gunpowder,  the  finest  qualities  of  black  and  green,  are  little  known  in  the  Ijiigjisji 
market;  and  have  been  only  imported  in  small  quantities  by  tho  ollkers  of  the  Comiiany'j 
ships. 

The  abolition  of  the  monopoly  will,  no  doubt,  introduce  a  greater  variety  of  teas ;  ami,  hy 
lowering  their  price,  will  materially  extend  the  demand  for  those  of  a  superior  quality.  The 
fixed  duty  on  tho  finer  teas  is,  when  compar  d  to  their  prices,  a  good  deal  less  than  tlwtlaid 
on  bohea  and  congou.  But  a  preference  of  this  sort  ought  not  to  exist,  or  to  exist  only  ja  1 
favour  of  the  coarser  teas,  or  of  those  consumed  by  tho  mass  of  the  people,  A  duty  even 
of  l.f.  on  bohca  would  bo  very  decidedly  higher  than  a  duty  of  '3s.  on  imperial  and  gun 
powder. 

We  subjoin  an  abstract  of  the  act  .3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  101.  regulating  the  tea  duties. 

Tea  importablf  into  the  U.  K.  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  S(e- — rrom  anil  af^or  the  22il  of  April 
1831,  it  sliall  he  lawful  to  import  any  ti.'a  into  tlie  United  Kingdom  Trom  the  Cupu  iiT  (icjuil  llnpu.aiiil 
from  places  eastwiird  nf  iliu  game  to  the  fStriiils  of  Magellan,  and  not  from  niiy  otlirr  pluie  — J  I. 

Tea.  importable  into  British  pof  sessions,  i^-c.— It  shall  lie  law  Till  tn  import  any  tea  into  any  iif  ihe  isliinilj 

of  Guernsey,  Jersey,  Alderney,  or  Hark,  or  into  llie  llritisti  possessions  of  Annirica,  fi the  Cape  of 

(Jood  Hiipe  and  places  eastward  of  tlic  same  to  the  Ktrails  of  Magellan,  or  from  the  L'niiod  Kiiisdoiii, 
and  not  from  any  utiier  place.— J  2. 

Duties.— Frinn  and  after  the  22d  of  April,  Ifi.lt,  the  duties  of  excise  payable  upon  tea  shall  cc^seaiid 
determine,  except  as  hereafter  provided,  and  in  lieu  nf  such  duties,  there  sliall  lie  paid  Iho  diiliesor 
customs  set  furth  in  the 'i'alile  tbllowinfr;  and  siicli  duties  sliall  ho  raised,  levied,  coljecki'd,  and  puiil 
unto  his  Majesty,  and  shall  he  appropriated  and  applied  in  like  manner  as  if  the  saim;  hail  been 
imposed  by  an  act  passed  in  the  present  session  of  parliument  for  granting  duties  of  cusldiiia;  viz, 


l^ible  of  Duties  on  Tea  in  IVarehouse,  or  imported  ialo  the  United  Kingdom  : 
L.    I.   d. 


Tea,  viz 

Rolie."!,  per  Ih.         •  -  .  .  0    16 

Coni;iiu.  |»  ankiy,  hyion  ikin,  orange  pekoe,  and 
caiiipoi,  |>er  lb.    •  •  >  .  '022 


Snilchonj,  (Ifiivcry  prknp,  hymn,  young  hywn,  jiin- 
pmv.lcr,  iiiiiicrial,  and  olhiirur^s  nol  enuiiieralei, 
jicr  lb.  ..... 


Li.i 


Irovided,  that  nothing  herein  contained  shall  alter  or  affect  the  duties  payable  upon  ten  sold  byihe 
East  India  Company  at  their  public  sales,  prior  to  the  said  22d  of  April,  \HU  :  provided  nisn,  that  tl,; 
allowance  commonly  calli'd  draft,  mado  by  the  coiionissioiusrs  of  excise  in  the  weig  liiig  of  tea,sliall 
be  inad(!  hy  tlie  commissioners  of  customs  under  the  authnrity  of  this  act.— J  .1. 

Jihatemrnt  fur  Sea  Damai/e  not  «H»;rcf/.— No  abatenieutOf  duty  shall  be  made  on  acrnuiit  nf  (iamate 
received  by  tea  during  the  voyage  ;  but  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  importer  to  separate  the  dainagcj 
parts,  ami  to  abandon  the  same  to  the  cnnmiissinners  of  the  eusKims  for  tlie  duty.— J  4. 

Mixed  Tea  liable  to  hishest  /;«'//.— If  different  sorts  of  tea  mi.xed  together  he  imported  inlliosame 
package,  the  whole  shall  he  liable  to  the  highest  rate  of  duty  to  which  any  of  such  sorts  would  be 

•The  price  nf  bohea  in  the  New  York  mnrket.  In  January,  1^34,  was  from  13  to  IH  cents  per  lb.  I 
that  IS,  about  T-2d.  Sliould  the  price  of  liohea  sink  to  this  level  in  Loudon,  the  duty  woald  be  nearly 
3U0  per  cent. on  Its  value:— (.See  j)us^) 


ti:a. 


020 


k  onJ  HomburRh,  they  will 
n^50U.  It  i-*  l'f«"y  •^"""'1. 
ly,  i\t  or  unJer  In.  piT.  Ih.* ; 
I'lliiivuli'iit  tt>  an  '"'  i'"A"-r»i 

0  liitwl  l»  *'•»''•'  '"f^i'ly  i'lH 
(trci!  o[>iiri'rt>*iv«  luul  hIisiu,!. 
rwisi!  roHuU  from  llu>  al^li. 
iiUpliiiii  i>l'  ll>i!  aiViflo  wiiliiii 
vf  than  it  woiilil  lie  WITH  it 
mill  linaiu-iul  point  of  vifw, 
mini-tion  of  wlii'-U  w"uM  !„• 
irto  willi  liolua  is  lu'Vniul  nil 

a.v.  (•)(/.  to  is.  Ut.V'-  l»'f  !!'■ 
•lion  of  lUity),  iiiiTi'iisfd  ili,. 

1  18;U-'W-  lltTH  wi'huvoilw 
•  111,     And  wo  Iwve  not  the 

ihJ  nrlii'lt'  fuirly  within  llu' 
iP  donmnil  for  it  in  n  murh 
1  (duiuKl  take  jtliicf,  w\\vm  (i,/, 
lu!  done.  At  Iv.  prr  11..,  ih,. 
()(/■  Wc  niiiy  also  add  ih;it 
|Tin-drinkinp;,  an  a  f.dl  ii\  llu- 
iirifcof  sut'li  dosirulili-  iiiticks 
bo  more  productive  of  revtuuc 

ilvvitliHtanding  the  V.\\^M\  m 
18  so  very  generally  dilVii^r.l 
1 !  Indeed,  «on)e  of  llif  liiiost 
,)/eii  kinds  of  ten  arc  ri';;uhtly 
Currents,  there  are  never  mote 
Imperial,  a  very  fme  t;rceu  Uj, 
•nt.  is  unknown  in  the  i;ir,'li,li 
ii-areil  for  about  f>0  years.  Pc 
lire  little  known  in  the  I'liglish 
Iho  otliccrs  of  the  Comiiany';; 

greater  variety  of  teas ;  ami,  by 
lose  of  a  superior  tpiality.  The 
,  a  good  deal  less  than  that  laid 
not  to  exi.st,  or  to  exist  only  in 
3  of  the  jieople.  A  duly  even 
ly  of  3s.  on  imperial  and  gun 

legulating  the  tea  duties. 
1-rrom  and  after  the  22il  nf  April 
ffroiii  till!  Cape  of  (inoil  Ilii|'f,auil 
liol  from  any  otlipr|il:uo -}l. 
liiiDrt  any  tea  into  any  ot  ilie  isliini!! 
lions  of  Ami^rica,  fioiii  tin;  Cupeof 
Van,  or  from  the  Uiiiieil  KingJoiii, 

R>  piivalile  upon  tea  sliall  fc;ise  and 
t  ilii-re  Bliall  lie  paiilllu!  iluHesol 
iVaiseil,  iBVieil,  ci.lU'cK'il,  and  p;iiil 
liimiinoras  if  Hie  aaim;  liail  been 
VaiiliiiB  iliilics  of  custimis ;  viz. 

the  United  Kingdom : 

Jinp,  tivmn,  ynung  hvjnn,  pin- 


Li.i 


.  0  M 

lies  pavitble  upon  ten  solil  by  the 
liril,  mi  :  providi'il  also,  tlwl  <h. 
Ififle  intlie  weiyiiiig  oftea.siiaU 

In  bc'imidc'on  aoi-nmit  nf  (lamn?e 
Importer  to  separate  llic  itaagcd 

Ih  for  the  duty.—}  't- 

I  o^Xr  bo  Imported  in  the  jam 

liich  any  of  sacli  sorts  woiiM  be 

I'^fVo^ils  to  W  c;-"!'  P" "':• 
loiuloii,  llic  duty  would  be  nearly 


tifl»»riit<ly  tlntilc  I  unit  If  9  or  mnrr  lorli  of  ten  not  pirfirilv  inlxc(l  lojrihcr  li-  iTin^rf''  in  1  nnrknire, 

,li,i  nM,i<:  uliiill  liH  fiirlnlfd,  niid  iimv  he  »cl/i(|,  » I  tor,  ni  uvirnl.  m.d  ilmit  ^vllli  In  tlif  nainit  niitii' 

n.T  »«  any  lnrlVitiirr'  Int'iirri'il  iimlir  nny  linv  ni  itinu  to  ilir  ru-i -  ,;.•,, 

InilwrliiliiiH  of  VV'ii  III  he  iiinlrr  llif  ('(i.>(ii)«.v.  Iruni  iinil  iilliT  tin.'  patmnu  "f  llil»  net  II  i-liall  hi-  lawful 
f,.rlliu  l.onU  ofilm  Tri'aHury,  liy  warrani  nniUr  llin  li  <i«lri  nf  It  i.r  inorn  of  Ho'ni,  to  orilir  ami  iliifit 
Hint  tlitt  InipiittMtnin  of  ten,  ami  tlio  iliilli'a  llnri'iin,  uliall  In'  iiinlir  ilii<  niaiiaviiiii'iii  of  tin-  loininm- 

miiiM'rn  of  I  iiMtoinH,  limlcail  of  iIid  f iiiIi>n|oim  r4  of  t'Xi  inc,  and  Ir ami  iiliir  ilio  llnif  h|ii'(  itlitl  In 

,,i,|i  unrranl,  llm  uninn  uliull  lie  Irai  MlVrri'il  arrorilin|il\  ;  |irovi(liil,  iliat  iiniil  tiio  iraii'lir  nf  kiiiIi 
1,1  iiiiilioni'iit.  iiml  of  thi>  niMloity  of  Ici  In  warolioiiio',  hIi'iiII  lie  fully  loaili-  nii.lrr  llii'  cliri'iiloli'  ol  tliii 
Inrdi  of  tlio  Tri'iKiiry,  any  net,  4.c.  dono  or  porforMoMi  liy,  to,  or  w  Itli  tlio  roinniirHioiorH  of  i\i  (m-,  i,r 
iii,  ir  cilliorrM,  uliall  liiivii  ttiu  uniiif  clfii  I  In  l.iw  an  if  It  had  licoii  don»  or  prrlnrihi'd  lij,  (c,  ,>r  wiili  tlni 
rniiiiiiiMiioni'r«  of  inctoinH,  or  lliolr  olliicru,  iiinlfr   tin'  antlioriiy  of  ilim   iiii)  Ion   notliinK   Inttin- 

i,,.r.  ri'i'ontaliit'd  uliall  allrr  or  iuIitI  any  law  of  omI^o  ri'laiinu  to  llri'iiii's  f.r  tlio  «al(i  ol  i or  to 

|irriiiil<  lor  Its  removal,  or  til  tin.'  Iiilornal  inanaurnn'iit  of  ira  liy  tlio  rxi  ice,  al'lir  lint  lioimrl  ilnlit'ii 
l,inc!  hi-eii  pild,  anil  after  It  Iuih  licuii  Uulivnrfd  out  of  iliu  cliurKO  uf  iliu  iilhci'rM  of  iliu  (.UMitiiini. 

ITtaiiiiriimayiliiiennlinutPermiliiforTranntlnllirr  (/(xirfji.— It  Kliall  lie  lawful  for  llu>  I.oriln  of  tini 
Tri'iinary,  liy  warrnnt  or  ordor  ninliT  tin,'  liatniM  of  U  or  morn  of  ilii'in,  to  illm  ontlniii'  Ilio  praitnu  of 
i.tnwit  iii'rinllM  for  tlio  nnnival  of  ica,  and  to  niako  ami  cHliildlNli  any  oiliir  riili'x,  rt'rnlaiioiii),  ami 
p.jtriilionH  III  lli'ii  of  Hili'li  priiillrc,  an  f  hall  uppciir  lotln'in  in'icsH.iry  lor  tlir  »crnrity  of  tin'  ri  viniio  j 
1,1.1  nil  nihn,  rrmilatiotm,  and  n-Nlrli  tlonx  ho  inatio  and  mlahliHlnd,  hliall  h.ivo  Iho  foui'  of  law,  un  fnlly 

J,  It  llii'y  wi-ru  fiiilioillnl  InlhUarl,  and  hIuiII  hti  oh,. ynl  himI  onion  od   in  lilio  ma r  an  any  riiloy, 

ri'i;idiitl"iii*.  4.C.  uru  or  tan  lui  ohryed  or  onforccil  iimlir  tho  proviHlo'"!  of  any  art  or  ai  Ik  of  |i,iilianioi  t 
t.liiliiultn  till!  iMislomn,  or  to  Iliu  cvclso  ;  and  copluii  of  mieli  ruleii,  rojjiilalion.^,  tc.  eliull  la;  laid  Infurtj 
fiarliiiMiPiit.— }  7. 

Ai.iKHiMK'NT  tiK  TiiK  Di'TiKs.— A  Hood  diul  of  il'.ireiilon  liai.  reriMitlv  lakrii  pl.'U'o  with  rt'Kpcrt  lo 
llii'iCilalii'H.  It  liaa  hcfn  roniiMidcil,  il  t  ii  will  Ik.  i  '.poiir  il,',  ioa»iHocH  tlicinfairlv  ;  ami  thai  ii  woiilil 
l„,  liitlrr  lo  eHlahllHli  a  iinl'iriii  ilnty  ol  -.^^i.  i  pon^.i  VV'i' .iinl"ri<tund,  lioWfV.r.'thal  lliu  uilialumn 
Iniwi  fdiincrly  cliarr'd  on  loan  tinporl  "I  liitoil,.-  (fpiii.'  .  lao'S,  win  .ol'mod  wjili  ron^tidiralilii 
li;riii'.'!< ;  and  wu  ilo  nm  ..i'  why  '  'ij  K.,:n'j  ;Miy  .fit  '>i!  i)"n  ■  i  oro.  Mot  wlmtcvir  ih  vh  o  iiia\  bf  lalli'ii 
,„„iM  lonhvlatil  fr.incU  upon  Ih,.  i.;/<ini',  or  In  f.id;..i.)  ihr  rolltction  of  I  ho  ilnlici',  vvo  pntcKl 
iicnini't  llu  bi'iiil!  altompii'd  hy  I'l  <-  iiialiK.'i^on  ,  f  tUo  ',i:lcs.  'I'lii!  ri-al  ohjoi  lion  to  tho  proMiil  xialii 
i^,  iiiit  that  thiMliilii's  ilillor  loo  mar  i,  hm  t  i.,t  \Uvv  /i.liir  too  littlf—  1.  ami'  dniy  on  holnii  \*  mm  li  ton 
l,i;li,  ;ot  I'linipari'd  Willi  that  on  tins  llooi-  .o^m,.  'I'l'..!  imt  limalloti  o'' ii,i  i  aiiov,  w  onll,  iniloi  d,  hu  ii 
lirnci'i'illiii!  tooirlarlnt'ly  o|i|ii>hi.(|  io  ,•  rv  I'nr  ,ai(i(''|.io  to  hf  iiiiori'l,  i).  Slionid  11.  howevfr.  hi'  foninl 
iii'c'i'ciiarv  to  make  any  r.lli'rall.ni  i|t  ilio  on,  •?(,  <u  i,  '  jnnt  of  Ih^  i!itloi''M  lu  lUo  way  of  I';,  ir  .kmihh- 
i„,.Ml,lli«  I'l'ller  way  would  ,oi::iallv  II.',  lo  adoi>  •on^M'i  ,it  Ih  ,  i.'ily  ..f  I,.',  d.,'  !i  ii  .mh  in  llii' siiii- 
iliiiitiiin  nf  I'onnou  for  holira.  ilin'  .o-.:  .on  'idi-.' ;,  'o  fr  hoIh  rni,  i.^'vi;  i'li'i  .■ ;  ami  ilit'H'.  iin.d.  orrniirst', 
,ir,(iinlly  ohvlato  llirin.  'IhiH  [.laii  U  ol.jo  m  ina'lo,  ?i"  (li-i'i.>  imni  ns  li'U' n  i;  I!,  •  Inly  on  liilu-a 
i.HiliiKli;  but  us  Wd  littve  only  ;o  -iiooiie  aemn^  (Jltli.~,:iiiii'«.  ii  im,  iifrhap.' ,  ii  H'.A  u  oiii!  um  could 
III  Mi:nli'. 

f'i,r(  rhitrnn  in  CIniii.  Vu  nxpri'«..i  d,  i':  .i  provi  iw*  'Di  clc.  W  e  v>  I.  i. ;  ),;t.^  fii  r  doiihl  ■  as  lo  iliu 
p..|iryi>f  tloM-hiiisf  in  tho  art  o[  'ni.'S  iiii' Cliliii'  !  •■.olf ,  v,  ihi.^  ri'.>i  .ilio- !  ti|.  imoHtliion  .it  piMiiliar 
,|iill",i  nil  till'  Hliips  and  nomif-  'ouati'd  III  llii!  ',•;  !;•,  i  i;  tin  iiiifiii  ft  o."  I'l'ifai  if'i;  tin  co';!  •?  r„o  cBia- 
tili-iinii'Ml  lo  he  ki'pi  np  at  t  anion.  Hoon  ativ  ■  lii.il  (.irnjirn  iij  wai)  nroiloif,  i..i  .i|i|,t  .i  iiniin  'I  .vim 
i<iiii'il,  li.viiii;  till!  duties  In  iinosition  at  '•..■i.  p-  r  .i  u  oi'tiViiia  (v  dniv  ,iad  'i  ■.  prrce'i;.  o  i  (I,  .  .al  n  of  (he 
liiilinrlH  mill  and  exports  from  Ci  inn.  'rii.'..i.-  woiJ  iitavy  vlna-iu, ;  imd  i  i  lii.-  .\ii',|.-'  i  i.i  ••.  riher 
firnit'Ti  ships  resorliiii?  to  Canton  am  iMt  l.hlo  ti  anv  chiimH  of  llie  cort.  llimr  i.ii|'oi>:'.hio  ill  llrillxli 
sliiis  woiilil  have  hueii  moiil  injir'.UH  II-  tli -.o,  '.  l.o  oide;  i.i  ■  •  iimil.  In  ioc  in  I'l. 10.11,10  or -,  loudly 
anil  jiifllyolijii'led  to,  was  very  propnly  w^tlidrn  wo.  An  •  irr.oue'ooiu  uass  iu:e  ln>i.'n  10;.  ih'.  hy  wliicli 
llii!iv\|i''"«<!  of  llie  fantmyislo  he  (k'fr'iyd,  i -hy ',,.fc  Hrillc;)  KOM-rnme.ii,  rind  ',  1>;  I'e  l.a>t  Inili.'i 
(■■iiii|iany  ;  so  that  Hrltl»ll  ships  will  iioi  (,(•  lii'.li!,.  m  any  chuivres.  e-  le  it  hihIi  an  nr''  imposeil  hy  lliu 
('lii!n.'Si;,  aiul  wliicli  full  011  all  fore'j^riers  ;ili!.r.— (J'  1.  an  ati.'Jiiiii  of  tnii-L  -Iniii,!  :,  joi;  v  il.  i.  p.  'iinS  ) 

Capncili/  of  China  to  furnhh  iiddit'uiP.hl  ^Utfplicn  of  Tin. — ii  has  bc'on  scmetiincs  con- 
Ifflili'il.  that  the  ten  trade  heins  th/.^wn  o;  er.  were  Ihf  i\iiU:-i  i-uvcri'i!!}  re'lneed,  the  iti- 
crcaied  demand  of  this  eountry  ecnid  im:  he  ^-itiij  iioil.  nvM.  ;h,u  t*ie  inliietion  of  the  duty 
wiHilil  not  really  henelit  the  Uritish  consumer,  lui',,  '!ie  i  hii  ese  gov— tini'it.  Onr  readers 
«ill  hrrdly  expect  that  we  should  enter  at  any  lenolh  intj  i!ie  nfu'a.ion  of  so  ahsunl  a  110- 
tiiin.  .\;  the  commcocement  of  Inst  century,  the  enUre  aniiit  il  'jorsrmpj'in  of  tea  in  thisj 
country,  the  Continent,  and  Ameriee.  liid  not  f  erintnly  amoui'.t.  t  •  ''itX^OOO  lbs. ;  whereas  tho 
fonsuinplion  of  Great  Uritnin,  the  (;.)iitiMent,  .iml  lii'led  Htatea  (iiiiounts  at  present  to  about 
50,(100,000  lbs. ;  and  yet  nvery  one  a('(|Uaiii(>  d  *vilh  the  history  of  the  trade  is  aware,  that 
though  the  consumption  has  ipciv'si  l  /,  t->in('.rv'l  fnl'L  the  prices  in  all  open  markets  have 
Won  regularly  declining,  anJ  evin  at  '.ht-  t'n;ii;'ai./'i  ."ulea  they  have  lately  been  a  good  deal 
Ifss  than  they  were  .50  or  60  yiurs  Kince.      'A'r  may,  therefore,  rest  quite  ca.sy  upon  thi.i 


piijiit.    The  production  .-'f 


"Xtinding  in  China;  and  the  vast  extent  of  that 


oni|iire,  its  capacities  for  rai'sinp;  unlimiled  quantities  of  tea,  and  the  extent  to  which  it  is 
lliire  used,  negative  **•(  idea  th;ii  any  coneeivahle  increase  ofthe  consumption  of  this  coun- 
try should  have  i  n^  ptroeptiMe  or  permanent  influence  on  its  co.ct  jiriee, 

lictail  'Jin!rr'<  in  Ten. — Uefailcrs  of  tea  arc  ()l)lit;;ed  to  take  out  a  lieencc,  which  costs  11,?. 
a  vfur.  ('I  18.j2,  their  numbers  were,  in  Enoland,  7(),7i:J,  in  Scotland  13,701,  in  Ireland 
;i  «7'),  making,  for  the  United  Kingdom,  a  grand  total  of  101,687  ! 

^nn.TnnATioN  of  Tka.— It  miplit  have  hern  fairly  enough  anticipated,  from  the  high  price  of,  and 
IliPliiali  ihilvoii,  tea,  mid  tlie  faeility  with  which  it  may  he  mixed  up  with  foreicn  liubstancrs,  that  it 
Wiiiilil  Milt  I'scajw  adiiltnr.itioii ;  and  the  rerorda  of  tlm  courts  of  justice  sliow  ttuit  such  is  the  case  ; 
'fvcriil  ileah'rs  having  heeii  lonvicled  of  this  periiicioiis  practice.  Tlieiidiiltoralion  is  usually  etTecteil 
eilliiTliy  the  intermixture  nf  sloe  or  nsli  leaves  with  t'resli  teas;  or  hy  mixing  the  latier  witli  tea  tliat 
his  hcen  already  used.  The  penalties  on  such  olfences  arc  slated  hejow  ;  hut  the  best,  or  rat!>"r  >« 
"I'ly,  peciirity  on  which  any  reliance  can  he  placed,  is  lo  he  foiiml  in  Hie  character  and  rer  ii't,i.«biii<y 
ff  llie  pnrlies  dealing  in  lea.  Kveii  were  he  liiHuenced  liy  nolhing  else,  it  would  he  extr  nic  '  'Uy  in 
«ny  person  carrying  on  an  exleiisive  liiisiness  to  engage  in  smli  dishnnest  practices:  .A.i  liti  eun 
hinlly  fail  of  lieinj;  detected ;  ami  the  ruin  of  his  business,  that  would  follow  such  e»  iins'ire,  '/oulil 
latuioru  than  balaiicc  whatever  gains  lie  could  hope  to  iiiuke  by  his  fraudulent  sclieniei.. 

3  li  a 


630 


TEA. 


■It'.  ^ 

•«fr  ^ 


era 

' 

-i-i 

"^  ' 

^3'' 

.  I 

a5 

1  '-. 

'■r.»Ni| 

-; 

|\-'| 

;:ij 

r**» 

cai  ' 

€S>  1 

V 

■jpwaw 

^■^■"••■M    ' 

f.:2!JJ 

J' 313 

w  .'.Sfij 

*!«"iji 

/    ' 


PmaXliu  on  AiluUaation.—\t  any  dealor  In  or  lellcr  of  leA  dye 
f>r  fabricate  any  stoe  nr  nttier  leaves  in  imitation  of  ti-a,  nr  mil  or  co* 
lonr  leaves  of  tea  «i'h  terra  Japonira  or  other  injfre.lienf,  nr  vt;iiil  or 
enijose  to  sale,  or  have  in  possession  the  same,  shill  fiTft-rt  for  eveiy 
[;ounrl  uf  such  ailulteiation,  10/.— (1 1  Gm,  '2.  c.  14.  s.  11.) 

KvtTy  person,  whether  a  dealer  in  or  seller  of  te.i,  or  not,  who 
shall  dye  or  fabricate  any  sloe  leaves,  liquorice  leaver,  or  the  leavi.8 
of  tea  that  have  heen  used,  or  the  leaves  of  the  ash,  cider,  or  other 
tree,  slniil],  or  plant,  in  imitation  of  tea,  or  who  shall  mix  or  colour 
inch  leaves  vv'ilh  terra  Japonica,  copperas,  sn<ir,  mf.tasses,  clay,  log. 
wootl,  or  other  in|;rcdient,  or  who  shall  sell,  or  expose  to  sale,  or 
h:ivc  in  custody,  any  such  .idtillerations  in  imitation  of  tea,  shall  for 
every  poun.l  forfeit,  on  conviction,  ly  the  oath  of  I  witness,  liefoie  I 
jus'ice, .")(. ;  nr,  on  nonpaynieiit,  I  e  fonimiMed  to  11, e  house  of  corrrc- 
lion,  fur  not  niore  III  in  12  nor  less  than  6  months.— (17  Ucu.  3.  c,  211. 
i.  I.) 

Any  person  having  in  posscasir.n  any  quantity  exceeding  6  ponnds 
of  sliii',  ash,  or  elder  leaves,  or  the  Iravei  (if  any  olli'-r  tree,  pl.uit.  or 
shruti,  ureen  or  manufactured,  and  shall  not  prove  to  the  satisfaction 
iii  the  justice  hearing  the  matter  that  the  same  were  gathered  wi:h 


nsenl  of  the  owner  of  the  trees,  ke.,  and  that  they  wer»  ;,. 
1  for  sftme  olh*  r  purpose  than  that  of  heinj  fabricated  into  imi. 


the  consent 

thered  f 

talioii  of  tea,  shall  forleit'.'i/.  for  every  pound  fit  his  possessiun'or 

on  nonpayment,  I.e  con, milted  to  prison.— Sect.  'J.  ' 

If  an  otficer  of  excise,  or  o'her  person,  make  oath  that  he  siupeftj 
herbs  dyed,  orotherwive  prepared  In  imitation  of  tea,  are  hi,|  ^f 
lodged  in  any  place,  a  justice  may  issue  a  warrant  for  seizing  tlie 
same  tjy  day  or  ni,jht,  (in  the  night,  in  presence  of  a  constat, le  )  („. 
gett,cr  with  all  wagons,  tutis,  and  pickages  in  which  they  niay  t,e 
contained;  the  herbs  may  be  direc'ed  to  he  bnrni,  and  the  wa^rn^ 
S:c.,  sold,  and,  after  deducting  expetisti,  the  prnceids  to  be  sliart,)' 
i-l  In  informer,  and  1-2  to  poor  of  the  pari!.h.  Obstiuctint^  iijrij 
seizure,  subjects  the  otiendcr  to  a  penalty  of  uOi,,  or  i.jl  less  than  6  or 
nK,re  tlian  12  mouths'  in,prisOTinieiit.— Sect.  3. 

Herbs  not  to  be  hiirn',  if  owner  tan  prove,  within  24  hotim,  t(,at 
Ihey  were  ga'herrd  wi  h  consent  of  proprii-lor  of  tiet.',  p'sni^,  ^JJ 
slit  iibs,  and  that  Ihey  were  not  intended  to  be  fabricated  in  iujitali',Q 
of  tea.— Sect.  4. 

l*'Tupier  of  prcmisfs  where  herbs  are  found,  liible  to  the  pemltjc) 
unless  be  can  prove  they  were  lod;;ed  withoiil  his  Cfii-Minl.— S^ct.  i' 


CviifsumpHoii  of  Tea  on  the  Continent  and  in  the  United  fylale.i, — Of  the  Contincninl 
BfatcH,  liussia  and  Holland  are  the  only  ones  in  wliich  the  consumiition  of  tea  is  comsiilcriUiIc. 
In  18;J2,  the  imports  of  tea  into  Russia  amounted  to  179,474  pnod.s,  or  6,401,004  liis.  'flie 
imports  consist  almost  entirely  of  hlack  tea.  The  consumiition  of  tea  in  Holland  amounts 
to  about  3,800,000  lbs.  n  year;  the  duty  on  which  varies  from  1  Jf/.  to  i^d.  per  lb.  The 
consumjition  of  France  is  not  supposed  to  exceed  230,000  lbs.  The  importations  into  llam- 
burgh  vary  between  1,500,000  and  2,000,000  lbs.,  the  greater  part  of  which  is  forwarded  to 
the  interior  of  Germany.  The  imports  into  Venice  and  Trieste  do  not  exceed  a  few  cwt. 
a  year. 

'I'hc  consumption  of  the  United  States  exceeds  8,000,000  lbs.  a  year.    Duties  on  tea  uwl 
to  form  one  of  the  largest  items  of  American  revenue,  having  in  some  years  prodiicei] 
650,000/.     Their  magnitude,  however,  was  justly  complained  of;  and  it  is  probably  owinn 
to  this  circumstance  that,  while  the  consumption  of  tea  was  for  several  years  pretty  station. 
ary  in  the  United  States,  that  of  coffee  increased  with  even  greater  rapidity  than  in  Englai d.— 
(See  vol.  i.  p.  379.)    The  secretary  of  the  treasury  of  the  United  States,  in  his  Report  for  1827, 
observed, — "  The  use  of  tea  has  become  so  general  throughout  the  United  States,  as  to  rank 
almost  as  a  necessary  of  life.    When  to  this  we  add  that  there  is  no  rival  production  at  home 
to  be  fostered  by  lessening  the  amount  of  its  importation,  the  duty  upon  it  may  safely  be  re- 
garded as  too  high.     Upon  some  of  the  varieties  of  the  article  it  considerably  exceeds  100 
per  cent.,  and  is  liclicved  to  be  generally  above  the  level  which  a  true  policy  points  out.   A 
moderate  reduction  of  the  duty  would  lead  to  an  increased  consumption  of  the  article,  to  an 
extent  tliat,  in  all  probability,  would,  in  the  end,  rather  benefit  than  injure  the  revenue.   Its 
tendency  would  be  to  enlarge  our  trade  and  exports  to  China ;  a  trade  of  progressive  value, 
as  our  cottons  and  other  articles  of  home  production  (asiile  from  specie)  are  more  andmor? 
entering  into  it.     It  would  cau.sc  more  of  the  trade  in  teas  to  centre  in  our  ports ;  tlic  pre- 
sent rate  of  duty  driving  our  tea  ships,  not  unfrequentiy,  to  seek  their  markets  in  Europe, 
not  in  the  form  of  re-exportation,  but  in  the  direct  voyage  from  China.     It  would  also  sent 
to  diminish  the  risk  of  the  United  States  losing  any  portion  of  a  trade  so  valuable,  through 
the  policy  and  regulations  of  other  nations."     These  judicious  suggestions  could  not  fail  to 
comma  .d  attention ;  and  the  flourishing  state  of  the  revenue  having  admitted  of  a  very  great 
reduction  of  duties,  those  on  tea  have  been  wholly  repealed.     As  was  to  be  expected,  ihc 
consumption  has  since  begun  rapidly  to  increase.     We  subjoin  an  account  of  the 

Quantity  and  Value  of  the  different  Sorts  of  Tea  imported  into  and  exported  from  tlio  United  i?laies 
during  the  Year  ended  30lh  of  September,  1832.— (Papers  laid  before  Congresn,  15lh  of  Febrtiarv, 
1833.) 


DilTerent  Sorts  of  Tea. 


Bohea      .... 
Souchong,  and  other  black 
Hyson  Bkin,and  othergr«ea 
Hyson,  and  young  hyson     • 
Imperial,  gunpowder,  and  gomee    • 

Total 
Value  of  teM  imported  and  eiported 


Imports. 


I.ti. 

637,341 
2,960,764 
1,345,600 
4,142,990 

819,982 


Export! 


Its. 

M,!.90 
521, SOI 

l,1,0M 
340,474 
310,593 


9,906,606 


1,279,462 


Ilollart. 
2,7S(i,3.=a 


DMm. 
702,014 


The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  wholesale  prices  of  tea  in  New  York  on  the  15th  of  Janiiarr, 
1834. 

Cnif».    BoH.  CIS. 
Imperial  -  -  -  -  65     (o    1      0  per  lb.       Hyson  skin 

Gunpowder       -  -  •  -  65    —    1      0    —  Souchong 

Hyson   ■  •  -  -  .  66    —    0    88    —  Bohea  .  -  . 

I'ouDg  byion      ■  ■  •  •  63    —    0    80    — 


Ceiifj,   micti. 

•  25     to    0   5(lp(r'!i 

•  25    -     0  40  ■ 
.13    _    0   IC  ■ 


(Tea  (TnADE  in). — We  are  truly  glad  to  have  to  state  that  the  results  of  the  first  (I 
years'  experience  of  the  free  trade  to  China  have  more  than  justified  the  anticipations  of  those  I 
who  expected  the  greatest  success  from  the  abolition  of  the  monopoly.  At  an  average  of  [ 
the  3  or  4  years  preceding  the  dissolution  of  the  Company's  charter,  their  average  onniiilj 
imports  of  tea  amounted  to  about  31,500,000  lbs.  a  year;  but  in  1833-34,  the  last  year  of  I 
the  charter,  the  imports  were  only  29,592,310  lbs.    The  year  1835,  the  first  year  of  lhefree| 


TEA. 


681 


win...  tc, »ia  that. (hey, r"«SV 

V.wvf'^"";  "X"„r  lea, are  hil  or 

B  "'aV  '.""frwuce"    a  co„«laUO  I.,. 

,,  ,ml  r,^7,"i"i„ml,and  the  wjitni,, 
"""■'='"'     ;  ihe    roce,d.  loli:!l,a>e.l, 


i,a,Jall^Si!;or.-l.»n,ao6™ 


'■"""7;;t   ,  '  r"'»r  n(  tiP.-.V,"""."' 

f,«iuii,i''i''i'='"""^''™''''";'i 


Continenhl 


nntUmoflcaisconsiJeraWe. 
ob,  or  6,401,001  U.^.  The 
of  oa  in  Holland  amov.Us 
"u,/.to4if/.pcrlb.     Ihe 

pjrt  of  which  U  forwarded  10 
"sle  do  not  exceed  a  few  cvvt, 

Duties  on  tea  mi 
vears  jiroduccJ 


?.  a  year. 

•inf  in  pome  _ 

i  of ;  and  it  IB  probably  owing 


r  several  years  pretty  staUoiv 
tcr  rapidity  than  m  EnBlarJ- 

fstat'^^.,inhl«R«P°'^f":^*^'^ 
i  the  United  Stale.,  as  to  rank 

i   no  rival  production  alwme 

^juty  upon  it  may  safely  be  r  • 

icTeitconsiderDblyexceedslO 

^h  a  true  policy  pomts  out    A 

onsumption  of  the  article,  to 

fS  than  injure  the  revenue.   lt= 

.a;  a  trade  of  progressive  value 

^-om  specie)  arc  more  and  more 
centre  in  our  ports;  tjcptc 
sel  their  markets  in  Europe, 
t        Phina     It  would  also  serve 
Tf  a  taJe  so  valuable,  through 
oussugge^'tions  could  not  fail  to 
I  av"n|  admitted  of  a  very  great 
Zwc^^  to  be  c.xpeded,l!ic 
,ioin  an  account  of  the 
■'  .„,!  from  llio  Vniled  Sl»w  ! 

rA:rJS-;,'iM.iofFe.«., 


trade,  presents  a  very  dilTerent  result;  the  imports  having  amounted  to  43,000,000  lbs.,  ex- 
ceeding by  above  10,000,000  lbs.,  or  30  per  cent.,  the  Company's  imports  when  largest ! 
Wc  subjoin 

An  Account  of  the  Quantities  of  Tea  impnrtcd  into  the  United  Kinirdom,  the  Qnantilies  ri'tained  for 
Cunsiiniptiin,  and  the  Nett  Revenue  derived  from  tlie  siwne,  in  lf<3t,  Ih35,  183(i,  l>;n,and  l?3f<. 


n  New  York  on 


the  15tU  of  Janui'J.  1 


.25    10  0  Mpn'i 
.25    -    S  1?- 


Yeara. 

Imports. 

Exporls. 

Relainrd  for  Consiiniiition. 

KeK  Revenue. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

Ib.^. 

£ 

I83t 

33,Ol,1,flfiO 

1,181.005 

34,0fi<J.fi51 

3,.58(l..Sfll 

IMUS 

4l,3fp0,5.'>0 

2,1. '.8,020 

30,571,004 

3,832. 127 

IMti 

4il,307,70l 

4,2()0,8fi3 

40.142,2,36 

4,117  l..53.i 

IS:i7 

30,973,'Jbl 

4,710,218 

30,025,806 

3,223,810 

1           1838 

39,887,441 

- 

32,300,412 

Ihe  mon°P°*y;,,„w  average  annul 
„y.«  charter  theuavera^.^^^^, 

Lr;B35!£liWoft.(. 


The  pxresa  of  the  quantity  retained  for  consumption  in  1836  was  occasioned  by  tlie  clmiiiie  in  the 
diilios  that  year,  which  made  it  necessary  to  enternll  the  heavy  stock  of  bohea  tlicn  in  bond,  in  order 
10  escape  lliodiityof  2s.  Id.  to  which  it  would  otherwise  have  become  liable. 

Knr  an  account  of  the  species  of  tea,  and  the  quantities  of  each  e.xported  from  Canton  to  Enplaiid 
ami  the  United  States,  during  the  year  ended  30tii  of  June,  1837,  see  art.  Canto.v,  vol.  i.  |).  HOO— 310. 

The  extension  of  the  trade  is  not,  however,  the  only  gratifying  circumstance  connected 
with  it.  Notwithstanding  the  great  additions  made  to  the  exports,  there  has  been  no  riso 
of  prices  at  Canton  worth  mentioning;  a  fact  which  sets  the  ability  of  China  to  furnish  ad- 
(lilioiial  supplies  in  the  most  striking  point  of  view.  The  quality,  too,  of  the  free  trade  teas 
is  saiil  by  some  to  be  superior,  and  is  admitted  by  all  to  be  at  least  ciiual,  to  that  of  the  Com- 
pany's teas.  Many  apprehensions  were  entertained  of  disturbances  taking  place  between  tho 
crews  of  tlic  private  ships  and  the  natives  that  might  interrupt  or  stop  the  trade  ;  but  nothing 
of  the  S'lrt  has  occurred.  Under  all  the  disadvantages  of  inexperience,  the  free  traders  have, 
with  tint  few  exceptions,  conducted  themselves  with  singular  tact  and  address;  and  the  cap- 
tiiiis  of  the  dilFercnt  ships  agree  in  anirming,  that  Canton  is  a  port  where  they  may  unload, 
load,  and  clear  out,  not  only  without  any  dilliculty,  but  with  as  much  facility  and  expedition 
as  at  either  liondon  or  Liverpool.  It  is  singular,  indeed,  how  completely  the  statements  put 
forth  by  the  Company's  advocates,  in  favour  of  the  monopoly,  have  been  disproved  :  in  fact, 
the  only  interru[>tion  of  any  kind  given  to  the  free  traders  was  occasioned  by  the  pretensions 
advanced  by  the  individual  sent  out  to  watch  over  their  interests ;  and,  however  painful  the 
way  in  which  that  interruption  was  terminated,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  event  was  a 
most  fortunate  one  for  the  success  of  this  great  experiment. 

The  opening  of  the  trade  has  beci,  quite  as  successful  as  respects  exports  as  imports.  The 
quantity  and  value  of  the  cottons  shipped  for  China  in  183R  very  much  exceed  the  quantity 
and  value  of  those  shipped  in  any  previous  year ;  and  though,  owing  to  the  revulsion  in  the 
American  trade,  they  fell  oil"  considerably  in  1837;  they  have  since  nearly  reachetl  their 
highest  level.  This,  indeed,  might  have  been  anticipated  ;  but  few  comparatively  anticipated 
what  has  turned  out  to  be  the  fact,  that  the  cotton  stuffs  have  met  with  a  quick  and  advan- 
tageous sale ;  and  that  all  descriptions  of  twist,  with  the  exception  of  som-j  of  the  higher 
numbers,  have,  also,  realised  good  prices  and  profits.  Indeed,  we  have  no  doubt,  as  well  for 
other  reasons  as  from  the  statements  of  gentlemen  of  great  experience  recently  arrived  from 
China,  that  the  trade  between  that  country  and  England  is  yet  only  in  its  infancy.  Nor  is 
il  possible  to  estimate  the  mighty  dimensions  to  which  it  may  attain,  should  our  cottons,  as 
there  seems  to  be  a  fair  prospect,  come  into  extensive  use  among  the  Chinese. 

Tea  (Duties  on). — We  mentioned  (p.  629.)  that  objections  had  been  made  to  the  duties 
imposed  on  tea  by  the  act  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  101.;  and  that  it  had  been  proposed  to  repeal 
them,  and  to  impose  in  their  stead  an  equal  duty  o*"  2s.  per  lb.  Had  tea  been  of  a  nearly 
|iinifornt  quality,  or  had  the  different  teas  been  of  nearly  the  same  value,  there  would  have 
ibecn  nothing  to  object  to  in  the  equalisation  of  the  duty ;  but,  so  far  from  this  being  the  case, 
imall  beer  does  not  differ  more  from  strong  than  some  sorts  of  tea  from  others;  and  while 
he  price  in  bond,  of  the  inferior  sorts,  in  most  markets,  does  not  exceed  lOrf.  or  Is.  per  lb,, 
lat  of  the  superior  sorts  is  as  high  as  45.  or  5s,  Under  these  circumstances,  it  is  not  easy 
lo  imagine  that  any  thing  can  apparently  be  more  oppressive  or  unjust  than  the  imposition 
f  the  same  rate  of  duty  on  all  sorts  of  tea.  But,  admitting  the  injustice,  it  was  contended 
lat  it  was  not  really  of  a  kind  that  could  be  obviated ;  that  it  was  impossible  to  discriminate 
tween  different  qualities  of  tea  ;  that,  by  imposing  different  rates  of  duty,  a  door  was  opened 
every  species  of  fraud;  and  that  teas  admitted  at  one  port  at  the  low  duty  of  Is.  Gd.  were 
|hargej,  at  another  with  the  higher  duties  of  2s.  2d,  and  3s.  per  lb.  We  believe  these  state- 
icnts  were  much  exaggerated ;  though  no  doubt  can  be  entertained  of  their  being  true 
a  certain  extent.  It  was  evident,  indeed  that  considerable  difficulties  would  have  to 
encountered  at  the  outset  of  a  new  system ;  but  it  is  probable  that  a  little  experience 
ould  have  done  much  to  obviate  them ;  and  it  is  believed  by  many  well-informed  persons, 
at  the  duties  charged  under  the  act  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  101.  might  have  been,  at  no  very 
itant  period,  assessed  with  considerable  fairness.  But  government,  influenced  partly  by 
[wish  to  get  rid  of  the  clamour  and  outcry  raised  by  the  importers  against  the  discriminating 
lies,  and  partly,  perhaps,  by  a  doubt  whether  they  could  ever  be  fairly  collected,  consented 


I 


632 


TEAK  WOOD. 


r  1 

-J 


*m.. 


•■* 


to  their  abolition ;  nnd,  to  accomplish  it,  introduced  and  canied  through  the  act  5  &  6  Will. 
4.  c.  32.  This  statute  enacted  that  from  the  1st  of  July,  1836,  a  duty  of  2s.  \d.  per  lb, 
should  be  charged  on  all  teas,  without  exception,  entered  for  homo  consumption  in  the  Lnitcd 
Kingdom. 

We  do  lint  deny  tliat  tlie  necessity  of  the  rnse— the  impossihilily  of  fairly  nssessing  (lisrririiinaiinj 
duties— ninyjiit^lify  a  measure  (if  this  snrl,  Imt  nolhing  short  of  lliiswill  afford  so  iimih  as  the  sliinimj 
of  iiii  exciisi'  for  it.  'I'ea  is  no  hinger,  in  lliis  country  at  least,  a  luxury,  but  a  necessary  of  lite;  nmi 
us  niiiiiy  as  7.000  (ICO  lbs.  of  lioliea  hiive  lieeii  consumed  in  a  sint'le  year.  Now,  if  we  take  tlie  price 
of  Itoliea  in  hotnl,  in  London,  at  l.«.  per  Ih.,  and  of  Hyson,  and  ollu'r  line  teas,  at  •!,?.,  the  existing  dmy 
will  he  e(iuivalenl  to  an  ad  ralnriin  l  ix  of  ahove  UOO  per  cent,  on  the  heverage  of  the  poor,  and  oriiiili. 
tniir(!  than  iU  per  cent,  on  that  of  the  ricli !  'I'his  is  u  crievous  anouialy;  and,  if  the  ditHculih's  iri 
the  w.iv  of  asscssint;  diticriuiin.-ilinL'  duties  could  have  been  obviated  by  the  ado|iti(jn  of  any  niciiiisai 
the  dispo.ial  of  L'oviirnuient,  it  is  dealieu  most  unjustly  uinl  oppres.sively  by  the  poor.  I'erliaps  it  wa, 
not  possilile  entirely  to  ol)viiite  llie  ililticulties  in  (piestion.  Hut  had  the  phiii  we  suBgcsted  (u«(f  ,, 
(ijy.)  been  arlopled  ;"  tliat  is,  had  a  iliily  of  Is.  I'rf.  (I.s-.  M.  would  have  been  still  bettor)  been  clinrgrd,,,! 
Congou  as  well  as  on  Itohea,  ami  the  duties  on  all  llie  other  descriptions  of  lea  been  allowed  to  siami 
as  ihev  were,  there  would  have  been  Imt  little  room  left  for  fraud  ;  tlie  revenue  would  have  lust  Imis 
or  noliiiii!;;  and  tlie  duty  would  liave  been  in  all  other  re.spects  intinitely  less  objeclionahle. 

n'liriliiiiifiiiy  ,/  'An.— Tlie  eoniniissioners  of  customs  have,  by  a  minute  d.nted  tlie  Ktth  of  ,Iii|v, 
I8;i»,  issiiuil  the  tollowiiiK  regulations  with  respect  to  the  warehousing  of  tea,  and  its  removal  fr,)',,, 
the  ori-iiial  port  of  iiuporiaiion  to  any  other  warehousing  port,  for  the  purpose  of  being  wareliouEt-d 
for  hiune  consinuplion  ; — 


6.  Tlml  MlP  nffioers  be  iiiithon«ed,  luntor  the  IStdi  «Dclinn  of  ihe  [),. 
giiiatinn  Art,  (o  draw  samples  ef  lea,  not  exceeding  ;1  ouures  ,f 
e.iclKk'scription  an  I  qualily.  iililess  iii  tier  sptritl  circmi.stv,',-^ 
such  s-aniples  to  t.e  disposed  ef  as  Uie  Hoard  may  see  tit  lodirr:' 
And  that  the  iiiercli.uits  iir  propriclrre  of  the  i^oods  he  aliownj  i^ 
t.ike  MiK  tike  qtiantily  as  caiiipjea  uui!er  tlieSlsl  section  uf  Ilic '(;,;. 
nera!  Wareliuusing  Act. 

7.  That  llie  removal  nf  teas  from  ttie  nriirinal  ports  of  impnrtn'iin  'o 
any  other  wareliousini  port  in  the  I'niied  Kinj^ilom,  Itir  the  i.ijr. 
pose  of  being  re  warehoused  fur  honie  coiisuin].lion,  do  tjkp  pii^j 
under  the  reifiihtions  and  conditions  specified  in  the  (i.ntnl 
Orders  of  llie  Uih  of  June,  1S3I,  and  ;id  of  Novemher,  18.2  ]„ 
regard  to  tlie  removal  of  articles  the  prodnoe  tif  the  F.is?  Inil.i^- 
and  that  tea  so  removed  he  allowed  to  be  deposited  in  iv.in;l 
houses  or  floors  which  uiay  hive  already  been  ?-i  proved  foroi't. 
goods. 

8.  Wtien  tea,  or  other  Kast  India  goods,  shall  be  impnrtp,!  ir.'i 
either  of  those  ports  for  tlie  Glasgow  market,  ai,d  transiiiri,ti 
into  craft  properly  secured,  for  removal  tolilasgow  in  char<ecf 
the  ofliiers  of  the  revenue,  under  such  regulations  for  'he  in- . 
rity  of  the  revenue  as  may  appear  necessary  in  such  rrip,  t)^. 
examination  of  the  gowls,  for  Ihe  purpose  of  ascerlainiiik'  i|e 
duty  thereon,  may  take  place  at  Glasgow  instead  of  tlie  iwrt.f 
iinporta'ion. 

In  all  other  cases,  roods  shall  be  exan'ine '  at  the  time  of  impn'*i. 
tion,  for  the  purpose  of  fixing  the  amount  I'f 'luty  to  which  (jjey  u,y 
lie  liable,  and  the  duty  so  ascertained  jinti  Le  assessed  en  i'a 
goods  at  whatever  future  period  tliey  miy  be  delivered  for  home  co-i' 
sumption. 

Toder  these  arraneenients,  there  w-ill  be  no  ob-ection  to  the  eor.i, 
being  removed  from  Ihe  original  port  of  importation  to  anv  nihrr 
warehousing  ports  in  the  t.'idfed  Km:;doni.  for  the  purpose  rt  I^fii . 
re-warehoused  for  home  consumption,  under  the  same  rezinii*  1 
aiid  restrictions  now*  applicable  to  the  removalof  articles  the  iiiovluce 
of  the  t^ast  Indies. 


1 .  That  Ihe  wareh  u  es  w  hich  may  be  approved  for  the  deposit  of  tea, 
be  exclusively  appioprialed  to  tlial  purpose. 

2,  'that  the  article  b-j  wei^bei  ind  ex  •mine  I  at  tlip  time  of  importa- 
tion, theoffheis  tihin:;  care  that  all  the  [>ackai;ea  imported  in  each 
vessel  te  "  kcrdied"  with  a  progressive  nenit.er,  with  the  initials 
nf  the  vessel  s  and  master's  names,  and  the  ffmss  landing  weitrht; 
and  that  the  duty  Le  charged  according  to  Itie  quanli'y  and  quality 
then  asceriiined. 

3.  'fhat  no  pickages  I*  allowed  to  be  divided  into  snialler  packages 
(ovrcpt  for  the  pi.r[  o  e  id'  s'ores),  nor  the  mi.vlng  of  let,  of  any 
sort  or  sorts  lie  iieiinilted  in  the  watehonstis,  either  for  home  coir 
eiiniption  or  expo-  tatioil. 

4,  'I'h  It  the  paekafi  s  le  sorted  and  arrans'cd  in  tl  e  warehouse  by  the 
nceupier,  according  tfi  tin  ir  re?|iee|ive  "  chops"  or  "  beds, '  so  as  to 
enatde  the  ojliccts  to  select  from  eaeti  the  n  ipiired  nnmber  (d  pick- 
ages  for  t'lrin?,  and  toasrerliiii  the  proper  tare  to  Ijc  allowed  on 
the  pa;kagi*s  in  each  "cliop"  or  '•  t  ed  ,"  and  tint  tiie  rule  to  be 
observed,  as  to  numlier  of  chests  to  be  Inrn'd  oot  in  each  '*  chop" 
or  **  bed,"  being  of  the  same  sl/e  and  descrijition  of  tea,  be  as  fol- 
lows, viz: — 

1  to     5—    .5  chests  of  'he  same  size  and 

descripiiuu  of  teoj    •  -      I  turned  out. 

6  to   40—  -10  -  •  .  -      3       ditto 

41  to    to—  SD-  -  .  .4  or  5   ditto 

81  to  120—12,1-  •  .  .5        ditto 

lai  to2ii0-2on-  ■  .  .6       ditto 

201  to  SCO— 300-  -  -  -      8        drtio 

301  to  SOil— 5i;0 .  .  -  -10       diilo 

501  lo  800-80.)  .  -  .  .12        ditto 

SOI  and  upw  irdj  -  .  -     16       ditto 

And  that,  in  addition  to  the  tare,  an  allow-,  e  for  draft  be  male  of 
1  lb,  upon  each  package  exceeding  23  lis.  gross,  to  be  deducted 
from  the  foot  of  Ihe  landing  account. 
6.  That  tea  ente-ed  for  exportation  be  previously  weighed,  and  any 
deficiency  of  the  lai.dm^  quantity  charged  with  duty,  unless  sucli 
tea  be  depi'sited  in  a  waieor.use  of  special  secuiity. 

Tlie  ports  of  London,  Liverpool,  Bristol,  Hull,  Newcastle,  Leith,  Glasgow,  Greenock, 
Port  Glasgow,  Dublin,  Belfast,  and  Cork,  have  been  declared  ports  into  which  tea  may  be 
imported  and  warehoused. — Hup.) 

[The  tea  iinj)orted  into  the  United  States,  during  the  year  ending  September  30tli,  183!), 
amounted  to  9,349,817  lbs.  valued  at  $2,428,419.    See  Impohts  and  Expouts. — Am. Ed.] 

TEAK  WOOD,  oil  INDIAN  OAK,  the  produce  of  the  Tectona  ^randis,  a  large  forest 
tree,  that  grows  in  dry  and  elevated  districts  in  the  south  of  India,  the  Burman  empire,  Pegu, 
Ava,  Siam,  Java,  &c.  Teak  timber  is  by  far  the  best  in  the  East ;  it  works  easily,  and, 
though  porous,  is  strong  and  durable  ;  it  is  easily  seasoned,  and  shrinks  very  little  ;  it  is  of 
an  oily  nature,  and,  therefore,  docs  not  injure  iron.  Mr.  Crawfurd  says,  that  in  comparing 
teak  and  oak  together,  the  useful  qualities  of  the  former  will  be  found  to  preponderate.  "It 
is  equally  stroiig,  and  somewhat  more  buoyant.  Its  durability  is  more  uniform  and  dociilrd; 
and  to  insure  that  durability,  it  demands  less  care  and  preparation  ;  for  it  may  Le  put  into 
use  almost  green  from  the  forest,  without  danger  of  dry  or  wet  rot.  It  is  fit  to  endure  all 
climates  ami  alternations  of  climate." — (See  Tredgold's  Principles  nf  Carpentry,  p.  206,; 
Cratvfurd's  Etift.  Arc/tip.,  vol.  i.  p.  451. ;  Kces's  Cyclopxdia,  ^-c.) 

The  teak  of  Malabar,  produced  on  the  high  table  land  of  the  south  of  India,  Is  deemed  the  best  of 
any.  It  is  the  closest  in  its  hhre,  and  contains  the  largest  quantity  of  oil,  being  at  once  the  lieavieEt 
anil  the  moat  durable.  This  species  of  teak  is  used  for  the  keel,  timbers,  anil  such  parts  of  a  sliipaj 
are  under  water  :  owing  to  its  great  weitilil,  il  is  less  suitable  for  the  upper  works,  anil  is  not  al  all  lit 
for  spars.  The  teak  of  .lava  ranks  iie.vt  to  that  of  Miilabar,  and  is  especially  suitable  for  |ilarkini!. 
The  Rangoon  or  liiirtiian  teak,  and  that  of  Hiiini,  is  not  so  close  ffraiiied  nr  durable  as  the  others.  It 
is,  howevi>r.  tlie  most  buoyant,  and  is,  therefore,  best  fitted  for  masts  and  spars.  Malabar  teak  is  es- 
tcnsively  usi-il  in  the  btiihlittg  yards  of  lioinbtiy.  Slii|is  built  wholly  of  it  are  almost  indeslriiclibleliy 
ordinary  wear  and  tear;  anil  instances  are  not  rare  of  iheir  havini:  lasted  from  HU  lo  100  years ;  they 
are  said  to  sail  iiidifr-ri'titly  ;  but  this  is  probahly  owing  as  much  to  some  defect  in  Iheir  cim.striictloii, 
as  to  the  weight  of  the  litiiiier.  <;iili:uita  ships  are  never  wholly  hiiill  (if  teak  ;  llie  timlii'rs  and  frame- 
work are  always  of  native  wood,  and  the  plaiking  and  deck  only  of  teak.  The  teak  of  Ihirnia,  licit; 
conveyed  Willi  comparativily  little  diriiciilly  to  the  ports  of  Kangoon  anti  Marltiltan,  is  the  clieape.'i 
and  most  abiiudanl  of  iiiiy.  It  is  largely  cvporieU  to  (Julculla  and  Madras.— (See  Ka.ngoo.n.)— iMiu'f 
tn/ormalion.) 


TEASEL— TIMBER. 


633 


,gh  the  act  5  &  6  Will. 

(\uty  of  2s.  W.  per  11). 

fisumplion  in  the  Lniied 

IV  nssessirg  discriminating 

■,,r(l8(>iimih!i8tl"'sjiiiilmv 

111  !i  iiHcessary  ot  lite ;  niul 

Now.it'wc  »'>''«''"=  P™« 

•IS   at -Is-,  the  «='"*""'''  ''"'y 
^Lreoflliep<ii>r,aii(l<illiill(; 

'■ami,  if  tl>e  ilitticulins  in 

;en<l<>lili"""^""i' ""'""*"' 
vine   .oor.    I'crliai.s  It  wiis 

nliili  we  S1I2KCSKM    (iinle    p. 

sti|Hinllor)bet'nrli;tr|!oil..ii 

'venue  would  h:ive  lost  lillle 
less  objeclioniilile- 
,,ne  dnted  Uie  1(>»>'  "f  •'."'>•. 
of  leii,  aixl  >'s  reiiinviil  trom 
[)uriKise  of  lieiiig  warulioustJ 

,n.ed  ,m.!ortliel2l'li'"ti""''tlken.. 
r  «  ;'l  Ica,  lint  "ctejlins  ■.!  («i.,r«  ,  I 
'       ..I...,  uKltr  Sinn  it  circiiii.Miiiics, 

Samples  uiiJer  iLeSlbt  seclionul  •.I.K,=. 

f,„,„  the  ofi5in»l  porls  "f  imrnrtv'mn  'o 

If  r  hcii.e  ct>ii5Uini-li"n,  'In  take  f\m 
"'^''  .  m,  81.1-cilii-d   in  11.C  H'-mA 

"'  r  for  rVnmvnl  l.i  OU'?""  i"  c^"?''' 
""  '  uLter"  ucti  rpmulitiom  (m  'lis  ifc- 

,     ..111,,  pvan  iiie  ■  "'  "i"  tin"  "'  '"^f"^' 
,i,i,,g,l,eanjouul    r   wy       ^^,^^^j  J^  ,,._ 

';;i„7t;;"-y^'>'''-"^'"''™''-- 

en..,th.reivitlHenoob.ecti™totl,c^.!, 


;  or 
el. 


■  ■     1  ,>,>rt  o(  imiiorialion  to  any  nllur 
™,luli,rli;rn,u...l.-rtl,e«i,,e,.:« 


K 


A  ipecies  of  timbRr  called  African  teak  is  pretty  largely  imported  into  England,  fronn  the  west  coast 
nf  Africa.  But,  in  point  of  fact,  it  is  not  tealc,  and  it  is  doatitulc  of  several  of  its  most  valuable  pro- 
perties.   It  is,  liowcver,  foi  some  purposes,  a  useful  species  of  timber. 

TEASEL,  oi-  FULLERS'  THISTLE  (Ger.  Weherdhtd,  Kratzdistel ,-  Fr.  Chardon 
fl  carder  ,•  It.  Cardo  da  cardare ;  Sp.  Cardeucha,  Cardo  peinadur).  This  plant,  which  is 
cultivatcil  in  the  north  and  west  of  England,  is  an  article  of  considerable  importance  to 
clothiers,  who  employ  the  crooked  awns  of  the  heads  for  raising  the  nap  on  woollen  cloths ; 
for  thii5  purpose  they  are  fixed  round  the  periphery  of  a  large  broad  wheel,  against  which 
the  cloth  is  held  while  the  machine  is  turned.  In  choosing  teasels,  the  preference  should 
1)0  given  to  those  with  the  largest  bur,  and  most  pointed,  which  are  generally  called  mule 
(fflSf/."'.  'I'hey  are  mc-.I^,*  used  in  preparing  and  dressing  stockings  and  coverlets ;  the 
smaller  kind,  commonl;  cc'led  the  fullers'  or  drapers',  and  sometimes  the  female  teasels,  are 
Uscd  in  the  preparation  of  Lie  finer  stuffs,  as  cloths,  rateens,  &c. 

THRE.\D  (Ger.  Zuicn,-  Du.  Garen ,-  Fr.  Fil ,•  It.  Rcfe,-  Sp.  IfHo,  Torzal ;  Rua. 
,Vi7/vO>  "  small  line  made  up  of  a  number  of  fibres  of  some  vegetable  or  animal  substance, 
such  as  flax,  cotton,  or  silk ;  whence  its  names  of  linen,  cotton,  or  silk,  thread. 

TILES  (Ger.  Dachziegel  ,■  Fr.  Tidies ;  It.  Tegole,  Embrici ,-  Sp.  Tejas ;  Rus. 
Ticherepiza),  a  sort  of  thin  bricks,  dried  in  kilns,  and  used  in  covering  and  paving  different 
kiniU  of  buildings.    The  best  brick  earth  only  should  be  made  into  tiles. — (See  Buicks  and 

TllES.) 

TIMBER  (Ger.  Batthoh,  Zimmer  ,•  Du.  Tlmmerhout ;  Fr.  liois  de  charpcnte,  Buls  d 
Wlr;  li.  Lfgname  du  fuhbricare  ,-  Sp.  Madera  de  conslruccion  ,•  lius.  S/roewoi  Gess  ; 
Pol.  Ceinbrowina),  the  term  used  to  express  every  large  tree  squared,  or  capable  of  being 
snuarct],  and  fit  for  being  employed  in  house  or  ship  building.  In  the  language  of  the  cua- 
loms,  when  a  tree  is  satvn  into  thin  pieces,  not  above  7  inches  broad,  it  is  called  batten  ; 
when  above  that  breadth,  such  thin  pieces  are  called  deal.  Wood  is  the  general  term,  com- 
prehending under  it  timber,  dye  woods,  fire  wood,  &c. 

Timber  is  generally  sold  by  the  load. 

The  following  are  the  contents  of  the  loads  of  different  species  of  timber,  hewn  and 

unhewn : — 

40  cubic  feet 
.^0 


^li^SllI^-^lleremoval  of  article,.,.  HO... 

,   Leitb,  Glasgow,  Greenorl!, 
ports  into  which  tea  moy  be 

nding  September  30th,  \m, 
rs  Asn  ExeouTS.— ^l»i.i>tf.l 
Wonaffrfl«c/i.s,alargcloresi 
ia  the  Burman  empire,  Pegi, 
he  East;  it  works  easily, and, 
I  shrinks  very  little  ;  it  is  of 
furd  says,  that  in  compatms 
bund  to  preponderate,    't 
more  uniform  and  drntW, 
for  it  may  be  put  into 
It  is  fit  to  entlure  all 
^ciplesnf  Carpentry,  ^.-M' 

a,  tVc.)  , 

is  deemed  the  hesiot 

ce  tlie  lifaviesl 

rts  of  a  sliipM 

rl\8,  nil ' 


IS 

ation 
vet  rot. 


th  of  India 

lof  oil,  being  al  on 


"-'^'"'"'.nikfl'il^d'unotaiallSi 


luit'd  or  '""''"'„.  ,.,i,;ir  lealt  is  ex- 
its and  spars.  M'V';  .Vriiciilileliy 
■  ofiturettltnnsliib^-i'-^       , 


_  tlietiuiliers 


and  frame- 


-  600  square  feet. 

-  400         — 

-  300         — 


load  of  i2J  inch  plank 

. 

-  240  square  feet 

3  inch  plank 

. 

-  200         — 

3J-  inch  plank 

. 

-  170         — 

4  inch  plank 

- 

-  150         - 

A  load  of  timber  unhewn  - 
squared  timber  - 

1  inch  plank 

liincb  P'''"!* 

2  inch  plank 

Ru<:sian  stand,  deals  12  feet  long,  1^  inch  thick,  11  inches  broad,  make  1  load  timber. 
Christiania  ditto      -11       —       l|        —  9  —  I         — 

Dram  ditto  .  10       —       ij        —  9  —  1         — 

Riga  logs    -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -1         — 

Price  of  Memel  Timber  per  Load,  in  the  Month  of  January  each  Year,  from  1813  to  1831. 


SB's 
531 
3 


Yean. 

Price  per 

I/nd. 

Years. 

Price  per 

Load. 

Vears. 

Price 

per  Load. 

L.  t.  d. 

i.  «.  d. 

L.  J.  A 

L.  t.  d. 

L.  J.   d. 

L.  ».  d. 

I<13 

to  10    0     to 

11    0    0 

1820 

6    0    0       to 

6    6    0 

1826 

5  10    0 

to        6  15    0 

10  10    0     — 

11    0    0 

1S2I 

5    10       — 

6    2    6 

1827 

4  15    0 

—        5    7    6 

1^15 

8   0    0     — 

6  13    0 

1822 

"00       — 

5    5    0 

1828 

4  15    0 

—        6    0    0 

1>I6 

6    0    0     — 

7    0    0 

l*.:i 

5  IS    0       — 

5  17    0 

]bi9 

6    0    0 

—        5  lU    0 

6   0   0     — 

6  to    0 

1824 

6  10    0       — 

6  12    6 

1830 

4  17    6 

—        6    2    6 

IMS 

6  10    0     — 

6  12    6 

1823 

S  13    0       — 

6    0    0 

1831 

4  15    0 

—        6    2    6 

1  1519 

6  15    0     - 

6  17    6 

The  following  were  the  prices  of  the  principal  species  of  timber  in  the  London  markets, 
I  March,  1834,  duty  paid. — (For  the  duties,  see  Tariff.) 


L.  s.  d.      L.  I. 


lliirtiia,  1"="'? 


some  del'-'i 


I  Ink,  African        •            -  -per  load  6  10  0  to  7  10 

I  (Hi  ilaul!,  European           •  •       —  8    0  0-100 

1               lluebcc  -            •  -       —  6    0  0  •    6  10 

lrit,Rifa,  ■           •            ■  .      -  6  10  0-    0    0 

1)111  zic  and  Mcmcl        •  •       —  6    7  6-00 

Noniavliallu  .  •  .  per  120  36    0  0-35    0 

I  Fiis  li'ie'jec  red     •            •  •  per  load  4    0  0-45 

'                   ytllinv              -  •        —  3  10  0  •    3  15 

New  Bruiisivick,  yellow  .      —  3    5  0-00 

red  -  -       —  3    7  6  •    3  12 

Minmichi  yellow       -  •      —  3    5  0-40 

ukbirch)          ■  •*     -  3    4  0  -    3  10 

lliiie        {■Americ.in  •      —  3    5  0-00 

IH          )          .            .             -       —  3  10  0  -    4    0 

IWMimtlo;),  Mfeel          •            -       each  3  15  0.    4    0 

IRkivohI              .             ■             .per  Inn  12    0  0-30    II 

|lliiU,()urliecrrd,  lOto  18  ilichei     •  per  lo.ad  6    0  0-    7    0 

Yeiliiw,  2d  inch,  and  upivarda       —  7    0  0-80 

R.ia              .              .              .       —  6  10  0  .     0     0 

N  rivav  JitH  Swedish              •       —  0    0  0-00 

iM.ll^iilziioak-            •            •      —  9    0  0-00 

Mmiel         -             •             -       —  16    0  0  -  19    0 

|ll«ili,<i=iI'«.H  feet  3  inches  liy  10     -  per  120  38    0  0-00 

Sl.'ckliolm        —        -             -       —  37    0  0  •  38    0 

Uoueiibiirfli,  12  feet  3  in.  by  9       ~  26    0  0  -  28    0 

I  litiiliaiiia,  1st  and  2d             -       —  32    0  0  ■    0    0 

Fmlerickihil             •             .       ~  29    0  0  •    0    0 

Ooeji,  Arclunsel      -            -      —  16    0  0  -  17    0 

Pderst)uri-h,  Daiitzic,  or  Memel,  per 

slaiidard  Imndreil  -            -            •  16    0  0  -  19    0    0 
U  » liile  wood,  from  2i.  to  31.  leii. 


L.  ».  d.      L. 

tlcalg,  Quebec  red  pines,  per  standard  hundred  12  0  Oto  16 

yellow     -  -  -       —      12  0  0 

wliite  spruce         -  -per  120  21  0  0 

Dantzic  deck        -  •    each    26  0  0  • 

Deal  ends,  &c.  generally  2  3ds  the  price  of 

deals. 
Spirs  -  -  •  ■       — 

Lalhwooil,  Memel,  &c.         •  per  fathom  8  10  0 


0 
16  10 
23  0 
30    0 


—        4 


British  America 
Staves,  per  l,2t'0  viz. 

Quebec  piite      -           -             •  -  95 

Hlid.  2-3d,  and  barrel  1-2  price  of  pipe. 

Vireinia  pipe    -            •            -  •  16 

HhJ.             -            -             -  -     B 

Parrel            •             •             •  -7 

Boston  pipe      -            -            -  -16 

Hhd.             -            .            •  .1 

Queliec  pipe,  of  1  1-2  inch           ■  •  46 

llhd.  and  barrel,  in  proportion. 

New  York  pipe,  in  bond             -  -15 

niid.             ■            •            •  -9 

Barrel            -             •             •  -7 

Daiitzic  crown  pipe       -            -  150 

Sleltiit  crown  pipe        •            •  160 

Hlids2-3ds,  barrel  1-2  price 

Lon;  headling,  l'3d,  short  headling,  1-4 
price 

Memel  crown  pipe     •            •  150    0 

Timber,  Kia;a,  per  load  of  50  cubic  feet  .5  10 

Memel,  &c.            •  4  17 


0    0 


0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
47  10 


0  ■  16 
0-  12 
0  -  10 
0  •  0 
0-    0 


80 


634 


TIMBER. 


*'  .3 


|>;'>.'>t<ll 


iinniittep,  that  such  rcdiirlinn  be  iimdn,  so  fur  as  tnav 
I!,  witliout  any  aiigiiieiilulion  on  tliu  duly  on  culouiai 


(During  the  session  of  1835  a  commitlee  of  the  House  of  Commons  was  appointed  to 
inquire  into  the  operation  of  the  cxistinof  ilutiea  on  timber.  Having  examined  several  wit- 
nosses,  the  committee  agreed  to  the  following  resolutions : — 

1.  Rennlnrd,  TImt  it  is  the  opinion  of  this  committee,  thiit  the  prepent  mode  of  tnkinir  tlie  diitipsnn 
denis  is  siis(:(!|)til)lH  of  iiiiprovtiiiient,  ami  that  tliiH  committee  wouhl  rcconimund  iliat  u  inode  |,^ 
adopted  which  sliall  approach  more  nearly  to  a  pnyiiicrit  accordinp  to  the  coiiiuiits  of  the  deala. 

2.  Hesdirel,  That  it  is  the  opinion  of  this  coinmiltt!i!,that  thu  difTi-rciice  of  duty  of  15.".,  now  iinpnscl 
by  law  npi>ii  iiinl)er  the  produce  of  Rnrope,  as  compared  with  timber  tlie  produce  of  our  Nurlli  Aim;, 
rican  Cdlonics,  is  too  great,  and  may  be  reduced. 

3.  ResolvcJ,  Tlint  it  is  the  opinion  of  this  committee,  tlint,  having  a  due  regard  to  the  interests  which 
have  been  created  in  the  British  North  American  colonies  by  the  system  liitherlo  pursued,  hikI  in  iii,. 
represe»latir>ns  of  the  shipping  interest,  a  reduction  of  the  protective  duty,  not  e-vceeding  ibs.  per  load 
api>ears  to  ihem  to  be  a  fair  arran(:enient 

4.  Required,  That  it  is  the  opinion  of  chis  comti 
be  consistent  with  the  interests  of  the  revenue,  vnmuui  uujr  uiikiik-iiiuiiijii  uu  mc  uuiy  "u  cuioujai 
timber. 

5.  Resolved,  That  it  is  the  opinion  of  this  committee,  tfiat,  In  any  alteration  made,  such  alteration 
should  not  atfect  the  shipments  made  in  the  year  IM30. 

0.  RcfDli-ed,  That  it  is  the  opinion  of  this  committee,  that  there  should  be  an  uniform  mode  of  takins 
the  duty  on  deals  throughout  the  United  Kingdom.  °  j 

The  adoption  of  these  resolutions  would  be  a  material  improvement.     Still,  however,  they  fan  f;,, 
short  of  what  the  public  exigencies  re(|uire.    An  ample  supply  of  the  best  and  cheapest  timlior  bBinit  \ 
if  not  absolutely  indispensable,  of  the  utmost  possihle  importance  to  a  manufacturing  nation,  pcissesshi 
of  a  large  mercaniile  and  warlike  navy,  it  sho\ild  be  about  the  very  last  article  on  whicli  duties  sIhmiij 
be  imposed.     Uut,  if  a  ta.Y  must,  on  the  principle  of  (juueunque  modo  rem,  be  laid  on  limber,  it  in  surely 
«-.necessary  to  say  thi'"  't  should  be  laid  equally  on  all  timber  imported ;  or  that,  if  a  distinelmn  h« 
riia''e,  it  ought  plainly       be  in  favour  of  the  best,  and  not  of  the  worst,  article.     Uut,  for  several  yparal 
pasl,  our  pidicy,  if  we  may  so  call  it,  has  been  exactly  the  reverse  of  this.     We  have  laid  bl^li  disrn.  | 
minaling  duties  on  the  superior  and  cheaper  timber  of  the  north  of  Europe,  to  force  the  hiipdriatioii 
of  a  dearer  and  comparatively  bad  article  fromour  North  American  possessions  !    KvensupiMisinsihe 
suggestion  of  the  committee  were  adopted,  there  would  siill  be  a  discriminating  duty  of  H11.4.  a°ln->j| 
charged  on  the  superior  timber  of  the  north  of  Europe  over  that  which  is  laid  on  inferior  timlier  froml 
North  America.     The  folly  of  thus  enhancing  the  cost,  and  deteriorating  the  quality,  of  so  iMiporiaiitl 
an  article  as  timber,  is  tlie  greater,  seeing  that  it  is  by  no  means  clear  that  our  North  American  my 
sessions  derive  any  real  advantage  '  un  the  timber  trade;  at  all  events,  it  is  certain  that  they  do  not! 
gain  by  it  more  than  a  very  small  pau  of  the  loss  it  entails  on  us ;  and  any  injury  that  inislii  be  dotigf 
them  by  the  eiiualisation  of  the  timber  duties,  would  be  more  than  made  up  by  the  repeal  of  ihcdisJ 
criminating  duties  lliat  are  at  present  cliarged  on  most  articles  of  foreign  produce  imported  into  \hd 
colonies;  duties  winch,  without  being  productive  of  revenue,  are  the  source  of  much  irritation  an| 
disgust. 

The  shipowners  would  sustain  tnore  injury  from  an  equalisation  of  the  timber  duties  than  anvoni 
else.  But  we  have  shown  (vol.  ii.  p.  639.)  that,  even  as  regards  them,  the  inconvenience  wnnlil  noi 
be  very  considerable.  Uut,  whatever  it  might  be,  it  would  be  fully  obviated  by  allowing  them  J 
bounty  of  30».  or  iOs.  on  the  conveyance  of  emigrants  to  Quebec ;  a  measure  of  the  policy  of  whica 
we  are  on  this,  as  well  as  on  otlier  grounds  fully  persuaded. — (See  Diet,  in  loc.  cit.) 

Statement  showing  the  Importation  and  Consumption  of  Timber  in  the  United  Kingdom,  for  the  FifJ 
teen  Years  ending  the  1st  of  February,  1839: 


Articlei. 

IMPORT,  Years  ending  1st  February. 

CONSUMPTION 

,  Years  em 

iug  IstFctruiry 

Average 

Average 

of  the  11 
rrs.  I8» 

1836. 

1837. 

1838. 

1839. 

of  the  1 1 
yrs.  1825 

1836. 

1837. 

1S33. 

1839. 

to  1835. 

to  1833. 

British  America; 

Pine,  cubic  feet 

4,541,091 

7,281,600 

6,284.800 

5,091,400 

6,527,147 

4,459,454 

6,300,000 

6,933.580 

5,240,000  5,807,30 

Quebec  Deals,  sl.mJini  - 

1,702 

3,225 

.3,367 

3.231 

3,306 

1,584 

3,374 

3.4tJ0 

1^,294        il! 

Oak,  cubic  feet  • 

187,343 

206,son 

203.8 

130, /80 

217,734 

178,136 

198,300 

243,400 

lei.oko    lan 

Ebn  and  Ash     i 

^'■"80  614 

117,000 

71,700 

61.4S0 

104,975 

- 

99,«00 

103,470 

76,4V0       S\3li 

Ash  °"'''" 

25,400 

I0,l')0 

20,960 

5,411 

69,728 

24,100 

13,900 

22.400        7 10 

Staves,  inille 

714 

333 

308 

196 

136 

769 

241 

309 

2iO          2 

92i, 

811 

80!) 

Pun.   679 

638 

9:6 

374          & 

Pine  Planks,  feet  of  2  in. 

2,744,'J6J 

6,442,000 

4,863,400 

5,962,300 

7,430,000 

2,611,661 

5,242,000 

6,460,400 

4,447,300  5.615.11 

Hardwood  (Birch),  cubic 

feet  • 

113,796 

296,000 

278,8(10 

272.400 

336,151 

220,734 

322,240 

322,lf0 

283,30(1 

M"! 

Lalhwool,  falboins 

1,134 

1,337 

1,063 

1,069 

2,199 

l,lsl 

1,230 

1,177 

1,004 

l,i 

Baltic  : 

Timber,    Dantzij;,    Me- 

met,   Riga,  &c.,  cubic 

feet  .             .    '         . 

6(lS,04i 

G73,nno 

25.'i,750 

296,730 

537,361 

676,818 

649,000 

40l,35Ci 

358.850 

3i«.l 

IJeals,  slan.lartt  - 

3,713 

4,664 

3,104 

4,366 

3,754 

3,672 

4,267 

4,398 

3,723 

3,( 

Wainscot  Ixi;s .            J 

ivhole   438 
half        69 

&i3 
12 

268 
8 

679 

2016 
471 

564 
49 

674 
46 

22K 
5 

638 
10 

1 

Deck  Planks,  pieces      ■ 

S,ll(j 

13,177 

15,728 

6,2C4 

7,437 

6,901 

13,216 

13,232 

9,347 

■ 

Staves,  pipe,  M. 

79 

6S 

W 

21 

73 

62 

47 

53 

40 

' 

L,alh»'uod,  fathoms. 

tifeet 
4  led 

636 

629 

747 

476 

807 

637 

fio 

CCS 

534 

i 

Mahogany,     Honduras, 

I  m    ■ 

1,171 

2.189 

4^851 

3,043 

3,000 

1,178 

1.943 

3,627 

2  962 

3 

J 

St.  D.itningo 

2,!>77 

4,1 -'1 

5,01,9 

7,008 

7,03. 

3,073 

3.931 

4,697 

7,318 

] 

Cutia       ■ 

742 

1,601 

3,678 

3.3S» 

883 

M3 

1,22 1 

2,978 

3,101 

: 

1 

Cedar,  Havana,  Ii»s 

Mfl 

1,015 

1,524 

2,21)3 

733 

935 

843 

1,031 

1,171 

2 

1 

Pencil,  cubic  feet  • 

4,3  IS 

25.011 

17,000 

12,S2;i 

13,212 

7,537 

18,144 

16,1110 

1(',120 

17 

1 

Pitcl.  Pine 

2i,::i3 

121,100 

51,900 

69,700 

4I,S7B 

23,K3n 

4I>,20.) 

l2s,fno 

43,i(XI 

■1^ 

1 

Alrica.i  Oik      • 

U7.-7S 

131,617 

67,600 

119,400 

S7,«32 

121,073 

I2%>00 

111. 1:00 

81,0,0 

IjJ 

1 

TIMBER  TRADE. 


635 


mons  was  appointed  to 
g  examined  several  wit- 

ode  of  takinp  Uie  rtutios  on 
.cDiiiiiieiid  mat  a  m»ilc  hi 
olilfUls  <'f  llie  iliiala. 
,f,liilVof  ir).«.,  ii"wi»ilin»i'il 
(iroiluco  of  <i>ir  NotUiAiui;- 

rcBanltollieintnrfistswliicli 
liiiiierlo  imrs'.u-il,  1111(1  tnUw 
",  not  oxceertim;  15s.  per  load, 

lion  be  i>ia«l<).  fo  fur  as  may 
ion  on  the  duty  oii  culouial 

■ration  made,  such  alteration 

be  an  unifotin  mode  of  taking 

Still,  however,  thi'y  fall  fur 
,-Bl  amlcheapesl  tinilier  being  I 
niifacturhig  nation,  posses,,:, 

•Irlicle  "II  wl>'«''  ''"'"'^  *'"'"''' 
.he  laid  on  timber,  it  is  surely 

;y.  or  that,  if  a  distinction  Iw 
ni-ticl,'      But'  f'"^  sfveral  yeara 
i,U     We  have  laid  hiuli  ilisiri- 1 
urope.to  force  the  tmporlalioul 

c  Stins  duty  of  SO.,-  a  o->dl 
1,  is  laid  on  inferl,ir  timber  fromi 
ina  the  quality,  of  so  iiiiliorlantl 
r  that  our  North  American  i„.s.l 
nts,  it  is  certain  that  they  .lonoJ 
,1  nnv  injury  that  niialit  be  ,loii9l 
Ide  upby  the  repeal  .,f  the  di  J 
?eian  produce  imported  lino  thJ 
[,e  source  of  much  irritation  anil 

nf  the  timber  duties  than  any  oni 
en.theinconven.oncewoudnoi 
nv  obviate'*  by  allowing  lUem  4 
"measure  of  the  policy  of  whiclj 

-Jict.  in  loc.  cit.) 

the  United  Kingdom,  for  llie  Fifl 
,1839: 

[stMPTlON/V^"  endi>.g  Isl  FArmry. 


Statement  showing  the  Stock  and  Prices  Current  of  Timber,  in  the  United  Kingdom,  for  the  last  Fif- 
teen Years,  ending  llie  1st  of  Tebniary,  lb39. 


1836. 


1837. 


1S33. 


1S19. 


f,SOO,000   6,933  JSOj  5,240,000  5,«nV0 


3,r>74 

19^,500 
99,«00 

«,ion 

241, 

63S 


3,460 
243,400 

l03,4-r 

13,900 
30<l 

9:b 


STOCK,  oil  llie  iBl  Ftbruary. 


5  242,0MI  6,460,400   4,447,300  5,61S, J 

»ia  '^^;-l  "-5^:  "^ 


649,000 
4,2n7 

6741 

4«! 

13,216 

47 

6  01 


40l,'.'>0 

4,5Pb 

22"; 

fjl 
13,2321 


35«.«30 

3,725 

539 

lO' 

9,3n' 

40 1 

1 

534i 


3,4 


Articles. 


Avt-race 
,11  the  (l 

l»  1S3J. 


Hrilifh  Aiiierici ;    j 

piiie,  cubic  ti'et     ■   2,059,091 

Quebec      Dulls, 

„la,j'laril 
I      0.ik,  cubic  feet 
I     Elm  anJ  Ash  \ 
■     fiUves,  liiille    • 


'  Pine  plnnka,  feet  of 

2  iiirlit's 
Hirdwooil  (Bircb), 
'    cujic  feet 
UiinvfMvl,  filhoins 

HiIIic  ; 
'Timliei'i     I'lnl'-'?, 
Mcinel,  Ilig.i,  Stc. 
'    cut'ic  feet 
Deals,  standard     . 

ffjiiiscot  Logs  5 
IVrliiilaiiks,  pieces 
yivM.  pij'e  M.  - 
uilnvtMxI,  fathoms, 

6  f.et 
j        4  feel 

jlihogaiiy,  llnodu- 
ra-*,  lo<5 
St.  DoUiiiign   . 
Cuba  • 
Colir,      Havana, 
Inars 
Pencil,  cubic  ft. 
Pilrh  I'ioe 
Afncaii  ( lak 


1. 94-1 1 
3.Hi 

1,2241 

IM44 

4I),20)1 

I2^!■ool 


3,627 
4,6971 
2,97»1 
1,0311 
16,100' 
12)',H10, 
111, too 


2562' 
7,91? 
3,101 
l,l7li 
10,020 
43,iM 
st,0iO 


714 

116,2'j3 

43,i,l9 

3,'J74 


1936. 


1S37. 


1833. 


1839. 


2,^6,780  2,178,000  2,029,400  2,749,00( 


473 


922,454 

61,891 

323 


291.364 

1,9S7 
330 

70 
2,814 

28 

132 


1,2S2 
14^,620 

9,wo 

23S 
70S 

2,463,000 

89,360 
271 


239,000 
2,02B 

7 

6,437 

24 

92 


469 
1,403 

206 

2-.t. 
12,H72 

18,SI8 
40,- • 


5i9 

1,3  w 

426 


I,2i0  2,207  3,02: 

106,000  7"l.'200l  1I0,;')U( 

29,!'0.l  14,H0O;  31,5,10 

6,000  4,300  2,t0i 

237  227  114 

614  979  890 

866,000  2,331,000  4,193,000 


46,2001 
137 


143,200 
832 

2181 

Kil 

7,93Ji 

4J 

171 


33,300      64,COO 
£22  376 


81,100 

1,473 

2J9 

4,8*0 
30 


l,7?2  l,?61 
l,747i  1,437 
I,I26|       1,379 


270  763'  l.SM 

9,500  10,400  12,:lC0 

81,200  6,300  ,1ll,-i00 

59.!-0l)l  13,S,0  71,200 


260,000 

I, ■.611 

1,772 

471 

5,14'i 

47 

238 


1,535 
1,403 

tU6 

332 
7,8-i0 
23,50, 
2l<,S00 


Trices  Current,  on  lit  February. 


Avcraee  of 

the  1 1  years 

1-23  to 

1,-3S. 


I83G. 


/,.  5.  d.  /..  «.  li. 

Vel.    1     73  4  Vel.    1     8 
HeJ    I   101-4  lied    1   113-4 


II    13 
0    2 


2 

61-2 


0     I     712 


6  1-4 

7  1-2 


0    0    2  34 


0    I     8  14 
4  18  II  14 


II  13 
0  2 
0  t 
0     I 

52  10 
17  10 


0    0    23-4 


0     141- 
6    6    0 


0  2 
13  16 

4  4 

1  10 
0  0 


I  1-2 
93-1 
8  1-4 
I 
4  1-2 


0  2 

16  3 

4  13 

2  0 

0  0 


4  1-2 
0 
0 
0 
0  14 


1837. 


;..  ».  cf. 

Vel.    I     8 


14     0  0 

0     2  U 

0    2  0 

47  10  0 

20    6  0 

0    0  SJ 

0     I  83 

7  IJ  0 


1838. 


1839. 


0    2  5, 

17  10  0 

6    0  0 
2 


41    16    4  12  lUO    0    0         180    0    U 


14     5    8I-.I     16    0     n 
8  U     2  1-2      9    0    0 


0  0  II  1-2 
0  1  91-4 
0     1     114 


0  I  0 
0  I  10 
0     1     11-4 


0  0  61-2  0  0    8 

0  4  113.1  0  3    6 

0  2  4|.i  0  2     11-2 

0  3  91-4  0  3  101-2 


0    0     4i 


19  10    0 
9  10    0 


0  0  10 

0  I     9 

0  0  10 

0  0    7 

0  3     6 

0  2     7j 

0  4     4.i 


/,.  .. 

Y,-.    1 
Kel    1 

11' 

/,.   J.   rf. 
Vel.    1     8 
lied    1   10^ 

11  10 
0    3 
0    2 
0     1 

43   n 

10  10 

0 
0 

-I 

0 

II   10    0 
0    3    3, 
0    2     7i 

0    2     4i 
S5    (1    0 
.0  10    0 

0    0 

2J 

0    0    2} 

0     1 
7    5 

3 
0 

0     1     7 

5    S    0 

0    2 
17    0 
6    3 
5 
0    0 
130    0 

7 
0 
0 
0 

■li 

0 

0  2  3; 

17    0    o" 
2    3    0 
2     0    0 
0    0    4 
147  10    0 

18  10 
9  13 

0 
0 

16   15    0 
8  13    0 

0    0 
0    1 
0    0 

5? 

si 

0    0    8J 
0     1     6i 
0    0  11 

0    0 

0    3 

0    2 

1     0    3 

51 
0* 

0    0    Ci 
0    4    6 

,     0    2     Si 
0    5    0 

I  Statement  of  the  Ciirfroes  of  Timber,  &c.,  imported  into  the  United  Kingdom  frnni  liiitish  America 
and  tlie  Baltic,  for  the  Eighteen  Years  ending  the  lt,t  of  February,  1839. 


British  America.              lialllc. 

ririCsh  America. 

lillliC. 

Vessel. 
3)7 

Tonn.ii;e.|  Vessels. 

Tonnage. 
18,121 

Vessels.   Tonnaee, 

Vessels. 

Tonnage. 

;            |S2> 

82,499 

77 

1^31 

321 

116,392 

66 

IH,I6G 

iy23 

313 

98,369 

122 

27,6-0 

1812 

252 

S3,501 

62 

l7,Pf6 

1                1S24 

31S 

9-,6-.-> 

172 

3,<,4')3 

1833 

331 

112.856 

(6 

'.'6.339 

!                1S25 

427 

I23.6'14 

182 

37.593 

1834 

247 

80,101 

61 

20,209 

1,<26 

3,'8 

89,363 

204 

41,366 

1836 

335 

)I7.»M 

91 

27,394 

1827 

328 

101,161 

114 

27,S20 

18,16 

420 

163,JM 

102 

29,515 

1                1828 

218 

71.081 

109 

2S4,'i7 

1837 

32S 

Ml.l'-I 

to 

is.cno 

!              1829 

281 

86,017 

166 

27,272 

1833 

273 

135,072 

(3 

19,000 

!              LSL'O 

266 

85, -171  1       93 

23,641 

1819 

302 

100,29-1  1       72 

23,116 

Ah;,.) 

TIMBER  TR.\DE.     Having,  in  scparat.i 

articles,  (lescribcil  ll 

lose  species  of  limlicr  most 

in  ili'inaiul  in  this  < 

;ouiiti 

y.  we  r 

nean  t 

0  confi 

le  ourselves  in  this  : 

irticle 

to  a  few  remarks  on 

[lie  policy  of  the  regulations  under  which  the  trade  in  timber  is  conducted. 

I,  Importance  of  a  cheap  Supply  of  Timber. — It  is  surely  unnecessary  to  enter  into  any 

Iknjlhened  statements  on  this  head.     If  there  be  one  article  more  than  another  with  which 

liis  of  primary  importance  that  a  great  commercial  nation  like  England  should  he  abun- 

lijnlly  supplied  on  the  lowest  possible  terms,  that  article  is  timber.     Owing  to  the  deficiency 

|i(  our  home  supplies,  most  of  the  timber,  with  the  exception  of  oak,  required  for  building 

ps  and  houses  ;  and  most  part,  also,  of  that  emjiloyed  in  the  construction  of  machinery  ; 

liiiiiiported  from  abroad.     Any  individual  acquainted  with  the  purposes  to  which  timber  is 

lipplied,  but  ignorant  of  our  peculiar  policy  with  respect  to  it,  would  never,  certainly,  imagine 

liilsuch  an  article  could  be  made  the  subject  of  oppressive  duties,  and  of  still  more  ojipres- 

live  preferences.     Timber  is  not  to  be  looked  at  in  the  same  light  as  most  other  coinmodi- 

It  is  against  all  principle  to  impose  duties  on  materials  intended  to  be  subsequently 

liaiuifactured  ;  but  timber  is  the  raw  material  of  the  most  important  of  all  manufactures. — 

lilt  of  the  instruments  of  production  !     Suppose  it  were  proposed  to  lay  a  hea"y  tax  on 

liips,  wagons,  looms,  or  workshops  when  completed,  would  not  such  a  monstrous  proposal 

lii  universally  scouted  1     And  yet  this  is  what  is  really  done.     'J'he  linished  articles  are 

Iw,  indeed,  directly  taxed ;  but  the  principal  material  of  which  they  are  made,  and  without 

■•liicli  tiioy  could  not  bo  constructed,  is  burdened  with  an  exorbitant  duty  !     To  dwell  on  the 

krJity  of  such  a  tax  would  be  worse  than  useless.    Of  all  things  essential  to  the  prosperity 

llaianufacturing  industry,  improved  and  cheap  machinery  is  the  most  indispensable.     Most 

liividuals  amongst  us  are  ready  enough  to  ridicule  the  contradictory  conduct  of  the  French 

Ipvomnicnt,  who,  at  the  very  moment  that  they  are  endeavouring  to  bolster  up  a  nianufac- 

iting  interest,  lay  enormous  duti  ?s  on  foreign  iron,  and  thus  double  or  treble  the  price  of 

Mieof  tiie  most  important  manufacturing  implements.     Timber  is,  however,  of  quite  aa 

kiich  importance  in  this  icspect  as  iron ,  and  our  conduct  in  burdening  it  with  exorbitant 


i     lii: 


636 


TIMBER  TRADE. 


kin  .'.I 

'::;J 


C9 


duties  partakes  as  largely  of  the  felo-de-se  character  as  that  of  our  neighbours »  Indccil,  as 
will  be  immediately  seen,  it  is  decidcJiy  less  tlcfensible.  Some  plausible,  though  iticonclu- 
sive,  reasonings  might  be  urged  in  defence  of  duties  on  iron  and  timber,  were  they  impospj 
for  the  sake  of  revenue :  but  even  this  poor  apology  for  financial  ignorance  and  raparjty 
cannot  be  set  up  in  defence  of  the  iron  duties  of  Franco  or  the  timber  duties  of  Em-land, 
The  former,  however,  are  the  least  objectionable  ;  they  were  imposed,  and  are  still  kept  up, 
to  encourage  the  production  of  iron  in  France:  whereas  the  duties  on  timber  in  Eiii^'luiiii 
have  been  imposed  for  the  sake,  principally,  of  promoting  the  lumber  trade  of  Canada,  and 
of  forcing  the  employment  of  a  few  thousand  additional  tons  of  shipping  !  We  do  not  sacri. 
fice  the  gonsc  for  the  sake  of  the  golden  eggs,  but  for  the  sake  of  the  oflal  she  has  j)icko(l  up. 

2.  Origin  and  Opcmtion  of  the  dincriintnating  Dtifi/  in  favour  of  American  Ti/nl/cr,^ 
The  practice  of  encouraging  the  importation  of  the  timber  of  Canada  and  our  other  [losses. 
sions  in  North  America,  in  preference  to  that  of  foreign  countries,  is  but  of  recent  growth,  ft 
took  its  rise  during  the  administration  of  Mr.  Vansittart,  and  bears  in  every  part  the  impnss 
of  his  favourite  policy.  The  events  that  took  place  in  1808  having  seriously  alFt'clod  our 
previous  relations  with  the  Baltic  powers,  a  deficiency  in  the  accustomed  supply  of  limlior 
began  to  be  api)rehended ;  and  the  ship  owners  and  Canada  merchants  naturally  ciioi^'h 
availed  themselves  of  this  circumstance,  to  excite  the  fears  of  the  ministry,  and  to  induce 
them  to  change  the  fair  and  liberal  system  on  which  the  trade  in  timber  had  been  conducted 
down  to  that  time,  by  granting  extraordinary  encouragement  to  its  importation  from  Canada, 
Even  as  a  temporary  expedient,  ai)plicablc  to  a  peculiar  emergency,  the  policy  of  giviniianv 
such  encouragement  is  extremely  doubtful.  Supposing  timber  not  to  have  been  any  ionjjcr 
obtainable  from  the  north  of  Europe,  its  price  would  have  risen,  and  it  would,  of  course,  have 
been  imported  from  Canada,  the  United  States,  or  wherever  it  could  be  had,  witliout  any 
interference  on  the  part  of  government.  But,  in  1809,  a  large  addition  was  made  tn  the 
duties  previously  charged  on  timber  from  the  north  of  Europe,  at  the  same  time  that  those 
previously  charged  on  timber  from  Canada  and  our  other  possessions  in  America  were 
almost  entirely  repealed;  and  in  the  very  next  year  (1810),  the  duties  thus  im[)osL'd  ni. 
Baltic  timber  were  doubled  !  Nor  did  the  increase  of  duties  on  such  timber  stop  even  here, 
In  181.3,  after  Napoleon's  disastrous  campaign  in  Russia,  and  when  the  free  navigation  of 
the  Baltic  had  been  restored,  25  per  cent,  were  added  to  the  duties  on  European  tiinlicr! 
The  increase  of  the  revenue  was  pleaded  as  a  jiretext  for  this  measure;  but  we  believe  it  was 
really  intended  to  augment  the  preference  in  favour  of  Canada  timber  ;  for  how  could  it  be 
supposed  that  an  increase  of  the  duties  on  an  article  imported  from  a  particular  quarter  of 
the  world,  that  was  already  taxed  up  to  the  very  highest  point,  could  add  any  thiiiir  consi- 
derable to  the  revenue,  when  a  convertible  article  might  be  imported  from  another  (juarter 
dutyfree]  The  various  duties  laid  on  European  timber  amounted,  when  consolidated  by 
the  act  .59  Geo.  3.  c.  53.,  to  3/.  5,9.  per  load. 

Admitting,  for  the  moment,  that  the  peculiar  and  unprecedented  aspect  of  things  in  1803 
and  1809  warranted  the  giving  of  some  preference  to  the  importation  of  timber  from  (Janad.i, 
such  preference  should  plainly  have  ceased  in  1813.  So  long  as  the  communicatinn  with 
the  bridge  is  interrupted,  we  may  be  forced  to  use  a  boat  to  cross  the  river ;  but  when  the 
communication  is  again  opened,  and  when  there  is  not  the  remotest  chance  of  its  future  in- 
terruption, it  would  be  a  singular  absurdity  to  refuse  to  resume  the  use  of  the  bridge,  and  to 
continue  the  costly  and  inconvenient  practice  of  being  ferried  over !  This,  however,  is 
exactly  what  we  have  done  in  the  case  of  the  Canada  trade.  Because  a  fortuitous  combina- 
tion of  circumstances  obliged  us,  upon  one  occasion,  to  import  inferior  timber  at  a  compara- 
tively high  price,  we  resolved  to  continue  the  practice  in  all  time  to  come !  The  history  of 
commerce  affords  no  parallel  display  of  gratuitous  folly. 

The  absurdity  of  this  conduct  will  appear  still  more  striking,  if  we  reflect  for  a  moment  on 
the  peculiar  situation  of  the  countries  in  the  north  of  Europe.  The  nations  round  the  Baltic 
have  made  little  progress  in  manufacturing  industry.  They  abound  in  valuable  raw  pro- 
ducts ;  but  they  are  wholly  destitute  of  the  liner  species  of  manufactured  commodities,  and 
of  colonies.  Nor  have  they  any  real  inducement  to  attempt  supplying  themselves  directly 
with  the  former,  or  to  establish  the  latter.  Their  iron  and  copper  mines,  their  vast  forests, 
and  their  immense  tracts  of  fertile  and  hitherto  unoccupied  land,  afford  far  more  ready  and 
advantageous  investments  for  their  deficient  capital,  than  could  be  found  in  manufarturesor 
foreign  trade.  Russia  and  Prussia  have,  indeed, been  tempted,  by  our  corn  and  tiinherlaws, 
to  exclude  some  species  of  manufactured  goods  ;  but  it  is  not  possible  that  they  should  suc- 
ceed in  materially  limiting  our  exports  to  them,  provided  we  do  not  second  their  cfl'orta  by 
refusing  to  admit  their  products. 

Of  all  the  countries  in  the  world,  there  is  obviously  none  which  has  so  many  facilities  for 
carrying  on  an  advantageous  trade  with  the  North  as  Great  Britain.  We  have  asurplusof 
all  those  products  of  which  Russia,  Prussia,  Sweden,  Denmark,  and  Norway  stand  most  in 
need ;  and,  on  the  other  hand,  they  have  a  surplus  of  many  of  those  of  which  we  are  com- 
paratively destitute.  The  immense  traffic  we  carry  on  with  the  Baltic  docs  not,  therefore, 
depend  in  any  considerable  degree  on  artificial  or  accidental  circumstances.    It  docs  not  rest 


TIMBER  TRADE. 


ear 


•ne'iRhbours!  IndecJ,  an 
lausible,  though  inconclu. 
timber,  were  they  imposrd 
ial  ignorance  and  rapacity 
timber  duties  of  Eiii;liiml, 
oaed,  and  are  still  kept  ii]i, 
ties  on  limber  in  Eiii^IiukI 
tnber  trade  of  Cansida,  ami 
dipping  !  We  do  not  sacri. 
the  oflal  she  has  piclwd  up. 
ur  of  American  Tinilicr.— 
inada  and  our  other  posses- 
,  is  hut  of  recent  growth.  It 
rs  in  every  part  the  imijus, 
aving  seriously  atrfclnd  out 
ccustomed  supply  of  timliot 
nerchants  naturally  cnou','!i 
iho  ministry,  and  to  induce 
1  timber  had  been  coiiduclctl 
ts  importation  from  Canada, 
ncy,  the  policy  of  giviiii,'  any 
not  to  have  been  any  loiter 
and  it  would,  of  course,  have 
t  could  be  had,  without  any 
ge  addition  was  made  to  the 
at  the  same  time  that  thnse 
)osscssions  in  America  wcto 
the  duties  thus  imposed  oi. 
m  such  timber  stop  evon  here. 
when  the  free  navigation  of 
duties  on  European  timber! 
icasure ;  but  we  boUeve  it  was 
;a  timber  ;  for  how  could  it  be 
I  from  a  particular  (juarter  of 
It,  could  add  any  thini;  consi- 
nported  from  another  iiuatter 
)unted,  when  consolidated  by 

mted  aspect  of  things  in  1S08 
ation  of  timber  from  (Canada, 
as  the  communication  with 
'ross  the  river ;  hut  when  the 
motest  chance  of  its  future  in- 
the  use  of  the  bridge,  and  to 
ed  over  !  This,  however,  is 
Because  a  fortuitous  combina- 
.  inferior  timber  at  a  compara- 
me  to  come !     The  history  of 

if  we  reflect  for  a  moment  on 
The  nations  round  the  Baltic 
abound  in  valuable  raw  pro- 
anufactured  commodities,  and 
supplying  themselves  directly 
ppcr  mines,  their  vast  forests, 
nd,  aflbrd  far  more  ready  and 
1  be  found  in  manufactures  or 
,  by  our  corn  and  timber  laws, 
'possible  that  they  should  sue- 
lo  not  second  their  cflorts  by 

Ihich  has  so  many  facilities  for 
Iritain.  We  have  a  surplus  of 
k,  and  Norway  stand  most  in 
If  those  of  which  we  are  com- 
Ihe  Baltic  docs  not,  therefore, 
Vcumstances.    It  docs  not  rest 


on  the  wretched  foundation  of  Custom-house  regulations  or  discriminating  duties,  but  on  the 
gratifualion  of  mutual  wonts  and  desires.  It  has  lieen  justly  remarked  by  the  MarcpiisGar- 
nier,  the  excellent  translator  of  the  "  Wealth  of  Nations,"  ilint  no  inconsiderable  portion  of 
the  increased  power  and  wealth  of  England  may  he  traced  to  the  growing  opulence  of  I'us- 
gja.  But  the  Kussian  empire  is  yet  only  in  the  infancy  of  civilisation  ;  she  nmst  continue 
for  a  very  long  period  to  advance  in  the  career  of  improvement,  and  it  will  be  our  own  fault 
if  WD  do  not  reap  still  greater  advantages  from  her  progress. 

Such  is  the  nature  of  that  connnerce  against  which  the  discriminating  duties  on  timber 
from  the  north  of  Euro{)e  aimed  a  severe  blow  !  In  1809,  when  this  system  began,  4i;!<,()00 
10113  of  British  shipping  entered  inwards  from  the  Baltic.  In  1814,  the  year  after  the  2,")  per 
cent,  of  additional  duty  had  been  imposed  on  Baltic  timber,  and  when  all  the  ports  of  that 
Mi\  were  open  to  our  ships,  only  242,000  tons  of  British  sliipi)ing  entered  inwards, — being 
liltic  more  than  the  half  of  what  it  amounted  to  when  the  system  began.  In  1 8 1 C,  the  British 
shipping  entered  inwards  from  the  Baltic  amounted  to  18!,0()0  tons.  It  was  materially  ang- 
mentod  in  I8l8  and  1819,  in  consequence  of  the  failure  of  the  crops  in  this  country  in  1817 
and  1818;  hut  even  in  1819  the  entries  inwards  were  .5.5,000  tons  under  what  they  had 
been  1 0  years  before  ! 

By  diminishing  our  imports  from  the  northern  nations,  the  high  discriminating  duty  on 
timber  necessarily  diminished  our  exports  to  them  in  the  same  proportion. 

The  following  extract  from  the  evidence  of  Mr.  Edward  I'atzcker,  a  merchant  of  Mcmel, 
given  before  the  committee  of  the  House  of  Commons  on  the  foreign  trade  of  the  country, 
in  1831,  shows  the  effect  that  the  increased  duties  on  timber  had  on  the  commerce  with 
Prussia : — 

"Has  tlierc  been  a  great  alteration  in  tlio  tiiiilier  trade  lictween  Mcmel  and  tliis  country  of  late 
vcarsV— "Since  the  war,  a  great  iilteration  j  luiforo  lliewarwe  used  to  have  950  lo  1,000  English 
sliips  in  1  year,  and  since  tlip  war  we  liavc  liad  from  200  to  300  only." 

'  "Wlioii  you  Ui\k  ofOOOships;,  do  you  mean  1)00  sliips  trading  between  Great  Britain  and  Menicit"— 
"Yps."' 
'■  l)i)  yon  mean  tliat  number  of  cargoes  were  loaded  in  llic  year  for  Knglandl"— "  Yes." 
"How  many  cargoes  were  loaded  for  Croat  Jtritaiii  during  tlie  last  year  (1.^20)  1"—"  About  270  or 
^SOcariroes;  there  have  not  been  morn." 

"To  what  cause  do  you  nltrilMile  tliat  diminution  in  tlie  trade  1"—"  Tn  the  hish  dniies  in  Knirlund : 
!ct  fiirimrly  llie  duties  were  only  I6s.  and  some  pence  ;  now  they  are  3/.  5i.  in  a  Brilisli,  and  3/"  Us.  in 
afiireit'ii  sliip-" 

"lias  tliat  diminished  trade  in  timber  produced  a  great  alteration  in  the  circumstances  of  the  people 
of  I'russlal"— "Yes  :  for  it  is  tlio  only  trade  wliicli  we  can  carry  on  ;  wheat  and  all  the  rest  of  our 
iiriioles  cannot  be  brought  here  ;  timber  is  Iho  only  one  that  can  be  brought,  and  the  trade  from  Poland 
ha?  vcrv  much  ceased  in  conseiinence  of  the  rliiMiiiished  di'mand  for  it;  the  people  cannot  sell  their 
piimis, and  we  cannot  take  such  (luantities  of  timber  as  we  used  to  do;  and,  therefore,  they  cannot 
lake  Eimlidli  goods  from  \is." 

'If  such  an  alteration  was  to  take  place  in  the  duties  on  timber  in  this  country,  as  to  give  Ihe  Prus- 
jians  a  larger  slinreof  the  trade  than  they  at  present  cnjov,  <loyciu  think  that  would  produce  increased 
i'ncndly  feelings  on  the  part  of  the  people  of  your  conntrylo  tlie  penprte  of  this  country  I"—"  It  would. 
Tlay  would  certainly  take  far  more  goods  from  hence,  as  tliey  could  pet  better  rid  of  them.  The  Poles, 
also,  would  lake  more  of  lUem."—(Heport,  Utii  of  Jlarch,  1821,  p.  107.) 

The  efTeet  that  the  increased  duties  had  on  the  trade  with  Norway  and  Sweden,  aggra- 
vated ah  they  in  some  degree  were  by  an  absurd  method  of  charging  the  duty  on  deals,  was 
still  more  striking  and  extraordinary.  These  countries  had  few  products,  except  timber  and 
iron,  to  exchange  for  our  commodities;  and  as  neither  of  these  could  be  advantageously  im- 
ported into  England  under  the  new  system,  the  trade  with  them  almost  entirely  ceased  ;  and 
they  were  reluctantly  compelled  to  resort  to  the  markets  of  France  and  Holland  for  the  arti- 
cles they  had  formerly  imported  from  us.  In  proof  of  this,  we  may  mention,  that  the  exports 
to  Sweden,  which  had  amounted  in  1814  to  .511,818/.,  declined  in  1819  to  46,656/. ;  and 
the  exports  to  Norway,  which  had  in  1815  amounted  to  199,902/.,  amounted  in  1819  to 
only  64,741/.* — (Lords'  Report  on  the  Foreign  Trade  of  the  Country,  3d  of  July,  1820, 
p.  34.) 

This  extraordinary  falling  off  in  so  very  important  a  branch  of  our  commerce  having  been 
established  beyond  all  question  by  the  evidence  taken  before  the  committees  now  referred  to, 
an  approach  to  a  better  system  was  made  in  1821,  when  the  duty  on  timber  from  the  north 
of  Europe  was  reduced  from  3/.  55.  to  2/.  1 .5s.  per  load,  at  the  same  time  that  a  duty  of  I  Os. 
per  load  was  laid  on  timber  from  British  America.  This,  however,  was  a  comparatively 
inefhcient  measure.  It  was  stated,  to  be  sure,  at  the  time,  that  the  2/.  S.v.  per  load  of  excesa 
of  duty  that  was  thus  continued  on  Baltic  timber  over  that  laid  on  timber  imported  from 
Canada,  was  not  more  than  enough  lo  lialance  the  higher  prime  cost,  the  greater  freight, 
and  other  charges  consequent  upon  the  importation  of  the  latter ;  and  that  it  would,  there- 

♦Even  at  present,  the  ofHcial  value  of  the  total  exports,  including  colonial  produce,  from  the  United 
Kiiigilfim  to  Sweden,  does  not  exceed  KJO.OOO/.  a  year.  Our  exports  of  all  sorts  in  Norway  amount  lo 
about  150,000/.  a  year,  while  our  imports  hardly  amount  lo  85,000/.  In  fact,  were  it  not  that  Norway 
linds  means  of  paying  us  by  drafts  on  Holland,  into  which  her  produce  is  admitted,  she  could  import 
ainion  nothing  from  England.  The  injury  tlone  to  our  commerce  witli  these  two  nations,  by  our  heavy 
discriniinating  duties  on  the  principal  equivalent  they  have  to  give  in  exchange  for  commodities 
brought  from  abroad,  was  placed  in  a  very  striking  point  of  view  by  Lord  Altliorp,  in  the  debate  on  tie 
limber  duties,  the  IStli  of  March,  1631. 

Vjt.  II.— 3  H 


638 


TIMBER  TRADE. 


ir  1 


d 

'*i^ 


foro,  bo  in  future  indifTcrcnt  to  a  merchant  whether  ho  imported  timl)pr  from  Memol  or  Mi. 
ramichi!  In  point  of  fact,  however,  the  iliscriminating  duty  continued  in  favour  of  Canada 
timber  has  been  far  too  hi^h  to  allow  of  this  rquuhdation  being  clVected.  8o  much  m  m  tlijs 
the  case,  thiit  there  havo  been  instances  ufuhips  loading  with  timber  in  the  north  of  lOuroiJc 
carryiiii;  that  timber  to  Canada,  and  then  bringing  it  to  England  as  Canada  tiiiilit^r;  the 
diircrence  of  duty  being  about  suHicient  to  indemnify  the  enormous  expense  of  tiiis  rounj. 
about  voyage  !  Wo  do  not  mean  to  say  that  this  has  been  a  common  practice  ;  but  vvlia) 
are  wc  to  tiiink  of  a  commercial  regulation  that  admits  of  such  an  adventure  bcini^  under- 
taken with  any  prospect  of  success  ?  Admitting,  however,  that  the  duty  hud  been  adjiistfd 
80  as  to  havo  had  the  antici|>atcd  cfl'ect,  could  any  thing  Ihi  more  preposterous  and  akun! 
tlian  to  impose  it  on  such  a  principle]  There  are  mines  of  coal  in  New  Holland;  but  win,) 
should  wo  think,  were  an  attempt  made  to  impose  such  duties  on  coals  from  AcwimsHo  „, 
should  render  it  indilFerent  to  a  London  merchant  whether  ho  imported  a  cargo  of  cdfil  fro,|j 
the  Tyne  or  Botany  Bay  !  Now,  the  case  of  the  timber  duties  is,  in  point  of  piiiicijdp,  pre. 
cisely  the  same.  Wc  may  obtain  timber  from  countries  so  near  at  hand  that  our  sliijis  uiav 
make  3,  4,  5,  and  even  G  voyages  a  year  to  them  ;*  and  we  refuse  to  admit  it  unless  joadid 
with  a  duty  that  raises  its  price  to  a  level  with  what  is  brought  from  the  other  side  of  the 
Atlantic — a  voyage  which  our  sliips  cannot,  at  most,  perform  above  twice  a  year ! 

The  following  oHicial  account  shows  the  extent  to  which  the  system  of  preference  has 
boca  carried  : — 

An  Account  of  llio  Uatea  of  Duty  piiyaMo  in  Great  Britain  on  tlie  Principal  Articles  of  Wood. 


Timber. 


Battens,  6,  an-l  not  exfreiiiii^  16  fret  long, 
aii'l  not  trxc.L-.iiii^  i  'S•^  iiicties  ttiick 

per  120 

16,  iiul  rtot  pxcfcftin^  21  feet  li>n)(,anJ 

nut  exreeJing  2  3-4  iiidifs  tliictf. 

per  1 20 

exrpp-lin?  21  fppt  long, or  if  exceedini? 

2  J-4  iiirlies  1t)iclc         •        per  1^0 

Deals  8,  =*n'l  rint  ntjnvtt  10  fret  long,  anJ 

liijt  excceling  1  1-2  incli  Ihii'k, 

per  120 
6,  .ind  nr-t  ihnve  16  fee'  lonp,  and  not 
uxcecJifit;  3  1-4  inches  ttiirk, 

per  120 

IC,  and    tint  excepilin?  21    fpet  loiiic, 

:u.  1  not  exceeding  3  1-4  incliea  Illicit, 

per  120 

21,  iind  not  above  45  feet  tonf(,  and 

not  t-xceediiii:  3  1-4  inches  (hick. 

|ie;  120 

excee-lin?  -15  ff.et  Inn^,  or  above  3  1-4 

inches  thick  (not  t»ein:(    timber  8 

inchfs  MpMre  or  iipwaitls)  the  load 

conlairiitit;  5!)  cubic  feet 

and  lurlhcr,  -  the  120 

JV.  fl.— Ttiere  is  no  clans  of  deals  bion^lit 

fiuni  the  colonies  of  the  auiie  dinicn- 

sinus  as  t' e  2  previous  claiises ;  but 

Ihe  preference  on  fhise  thai  do  come 

corrcspoii.'s  to  iis  antount  OQ  other 

ill  tides.— (bee  Tariff.) 

Deal  en  |9.  under  6  feet  long,  and  not  ex- 
cecJio<  3  14  inclips  thick.  per  )20 
and  ej^cee(^'n^  3  J-4  inches  thick, 
per  120 


Of 

Foreign 

Countries. 


/-.  J.  d. 

10  0  0 

11  10  0 
20  0  0 

8  2  6 

19  0  0 

22  0  0 

44  0  0 


2  10    0 
6    0    0 


6    0    0 

12    0    0 


Of  the 
llrili»h 
I'lanla- 
tions  in 
America, 


L.  I.  d. 


t    3    0 

2    U    0 


2    0    0 
2  10    0 


0  IS    0 

1  10    0 


Timber. 


Lathwood,  in  pieces  under  5  feet  lone, 

per  I'atiinin 
/5,  and  under  R  fret  lonjf, 
8.  aiiil  under  12  feet  Ion.;,         — 
12  IVet  long  and  npw.'ird-*,  — 

Masts,  6,  and  under  b  inches  ia  diameter, 
each 
8,  and  under  12  inches  in  diameter, 

eich 
12  inches  in  diameter  or  upwanis, 

p»T  load 
Oak  plank,  2  in.  thick  or  upwards,     — 
tipan,  uO'ler  i  inches  in  diamittr,  and  un- 
der 22  tVel  Iouk,  -  -    per  12U 
and  22  fei-t  long  or  upwards    — 
4,  and  under  ti  inches  in  diameter, 
per  120 
Staves,  not  exceeding  36  inches  long    — 
aliove  36,  and  not  exceeding  5U  inches 
long           •            -  -    per  120 
above  .00,  and  not  exceeding  60  inches 
long,          •            -            -    per  120 
above  6*^,  and  not  exceeding  72  inchei. 
long.          -            -  •    per  120 
alKive  72  inches          •             -  — 
N.   2;.— Slaves  of   llie  United    Slates  of 
America,  of  Kloridii,  of  the  Ionian  Is 
lan.ls,  or  of  tlie  .Hiili-h  cohniif:,  arid 
not  exceeding  I  1  2  itich  in  Ihicknew. 
are  chargeable  with  1.3d  pari  only  of 
the  above  r^les. 
Fir,  8  inclies  tquare  or  iipwardi,  per  load 
Oik              do.         -           .          — 
Unenumerated    do.  -            -           — 
Wainscot  logs,  8  inches  square  or  upwards, 
per  load 


Of 

Foreign 
Couutnes. 

1    llflln 

Ilri:i,h 

Iflllll. 

tir^llj  ill 

/^nirrici. 

L.  1. 

d. 

/..  I.  d. 

4    S 
6  16 

in  4 

13  12 

n 

0 
0 
0 

0  13    0 
|l   0  0 

0    8 

0 

0   1  6 

1    2 

0 

0  4  0 

2  1-. 
4    0 

0 
0 

0  10  0 
0  15  0 

2    8 
4    5 

0 
0 

0  9  0 
0  16  0 

0  0 

1  3 

0 
0 

1  I.-.  0 
0  2  0 

2    6 

0 

0  4  0 

3    0 

0 

0  6  0 

4    4 
4  16 

0 
0 

0   8  0 
0  10  0, 

2  IS  0  0  10  0 

2  15  (I  0  10  0 
18  0  0  5  0 

3  17  0  '  0  12  0 1 


So  long  as  the  foreigner  can  lay  his  finger  on  such  a  Table  as  this,  it  will  not  be  easy  to 
convince  him  that  our  commercial  system  has  lost  .so  much  of  its  exclusive  cliiiractor  as  it 
really  has  done  during  the  last  few  years.  Having  set  such  an  exafnple  to  the  Hussiiinsaiiil 
Prussians,  need  wc  wonder  at  their  having  attempted  to  shut  several  of  our  peculiar  produc- 
tions out  of  their  markets  1  Could  we  expect  that  they  were  to  follow  our  precepts  rather 
than  our  practice  T 

3.  Comparative  Quality  of  Baltic  and  Canada  Timber. — Had  the  timber  of  Canada 
been  decidedly  superior  to  that  of  the  north  of  Europe,  something  might  have  been  fouiiil 
to  say  in  favour  of  the  discriminating  duty  :  for  it  might  have  been  contended,  with  sorao 
show  of  reason,  that  it  was  of  the  utmost  consequence,  considering  the  application  of  tim- 
ber to  ship  and  house  building,  and  other  important  purposes,  to  prevent  the  importation  of 
an  inferior  species,  even  though  it  might  be  cheaper.  But  the  system  we  have  adopted  is  of 
a  totally  dilfcrent  character.  We  have  not  attempted  to  shut  out  an  article  wliidi,  though 
cheap,  is  inferior ;  but  have  committed  the  twofold  absurdity  of  shutting  out  one  that  is 
at  once  clieap  and  superior  ! 

The  committee  of  the  House  of  Lords  observe,  in  their  First  Report  on  the  Foreign 

*  According  to  the  eviilcnce  of  Mr.  J.  D.  Powles,  an  cxtenRive  ship  and  insurance  brnl<er,  ships  cm 
inal<e  nix  voyages  from  Norway,  3  or  4  from  Prussia,  and  2  from  Russia,  in  a  season.— (C(»/mi>«.< 
Report,  p.  S<J.) 


TIMBER  TRADE. 


639 


itnbor  from  Memel  or  Mi- 
nucJ  in  favour  of  Canada 
elcd.     80  much  so  is  this 
er  in  the  north  ot  liurDiK', 
iJ  aa  Cunnda  tiuilifr;  the 
us  expense  of  this  ruuntl- 
nunon  practice  ;  bm  what 
an  adventure  lieiiiR  uiulur- 
he  duty  had  been  niljiistnl 
e  preposterous  and  ulisun! 
in  New  Holland;  tml  what 
m  coals  from  NewiMstIn  as 
(ported  a  cargo  of  coal  from 
s,  in  point  of  piiiiciiilp,  lire 
at  hand  that  our  sliiiis  may 
so  to  admit  it  unUvs  loailui 
t  from  the  other  side  of  the 
)0ve  twice  a  year  ! 
e  system  of  prelcrcnce  has 


I'rincipal  Arlirlca  nf  \V 


rtOll. 


Jer  5  fi'f  I  '""«• 

[ler  tAtmm 

lon»,  — 

;1  lonif,         — 
w.-ircis,         — 
iiches  in  Jwnicler, 
each 

■t\es  in  diiniel'''". 

e.icu 
iler  or  upwards, 

\w.r  loati 

or  iiinvarila,     -— 

III  ilianitttr,  anil  un 

.    iitr  12U 

or  ujiwanl',    — 

ucliM  in  aiaiiie'er. 

10  incliel  I01115    — 
exceeJiii?  50  incliuj 

.    (ler  1^0 
excrcJingSOiiii-liei 

.    )jfr  120 
ciceeJing  Ti  inch" 

-    [iKr  )20 


le  United  Stales  of 
Ilia,  of  the  Ionian  l» 
lliili-h  coli'iiii',  ami 

i  ii.oli  in  iliicknes!!. 

Ill  |.3d  pari  only  of  | 

rupwarJi,  P"  load 

Unuare  or  upward'; 
^  per  load 


I  (II  11.4 

(If        1  Ilri;i,li 
Foreign  ]    riiiiiv 

Countries.!  tifiiiiiu  - 

I  Anifricx 

L.  «.  ci.  I  ;..  !.  d.  ■ 

on  0 


4    5  0 

6  16  0 

in    4  0     J>1    5   0 
13 


6  16    0     ) 
in    4   0    M 
13  U    0    ) 

0  8    0  ! 

1  2    0 

2  I'l    0 
4    0    0 

2    8    0 
4    5    0 

900 

1  3    0 

2  6   0{ 

3  0   0 

440 

4  16    0 


0    I   6. 

0  4  0 

0  10  0 
0  13  0' 

0  9  01 
0  16  Oj 

lis  0 
0  2  0 

0   4  0^ 

0   6  0 

0  8  0; 
;    D  10  0  , 


2  15  0 

2  13  0 
I    8  0 

3  13  0 


0  10  0 

0  10  0 

0  5  0 

0  12  C I 


as  this,  it  will  not  be  easy  to 

its  exclusive  character  as  it 

example  to  the  Russians  anil 

Iseveral  of  our  peculiar  produc- 

to  follow  our  precepts  rather 

I— Had  the  timber  of  Canada 

Ithing  might  have  been  found 

>c  been  contended,  with  sorao 

tdering  the  application  of  tim- 

ho  prevent  the  importation  0 

system  we  have  atloptet^  ISO 

It  out  an  article  wliicli,  tbough 

■  of  shutting  out  one  mat  u 

\irst  Report  on  the  Fordsn 
Ip  axiiUnsurancc  broker  ships  m! 


Trade  nffhe  Country,  that  the  "  North  American  timber  is  morodoft,  1cm  durable,  and  every 
jfHeription  of  it  more  liable,  though  in  dilVcrent  degrees,  to  the  dry  rot,  than  timber  of  tho 
north  of  Europe.  The  red  pine,  however,  which  bears  a  mnidl  proportion  to  the  other  do- 
gcriplions  of  timber,  and  the  greater  part  of  which,  thoiigli  imported  from  Canada,  h  f/ie 
prml'ct'  (if  Ihe.  United  Slutcn,  is  distinguished  from  the  white  pine  by  its  greater  durability. 
On  the  whole,  it  is  slated  by  oiu;  of  the  commissioners  of  his  Miijesty's  navy,  most  distin- 
piiislied  for  practical  knowledge,  experience,  and  skill,  that  the  timber  nf  Caiiaila,  both  oak 
jnd  fir,  (liien  not  poxsesn^for  the  ptirno.sc  of  uliip  litiililitii^,  vuire  limn  half  the  (hiraliilihf 
(if  ivixul  of  the  same  description,  tlir.  pruducr  of  l/ie  north  if  Etnope.  The  result  of  itii 
niipliealioii  to  other  purposes  of  building  is  dcscrdied  by  timlier  merchants  and  carpenters  to 
be  nearly  similar."— (p. -).) 

VVe  subjoin  the  following  extracts  from  the  evidence  of  Sir  Kobert  Seppings,  the  coinmis- 
siniitr  alluded  to  by  the  committee,  whoso  great  intelligence  and  experience  render  his 
opinion  of  the  highest  authority  : — 

"Can  ynii  nt.iln  to  ttie  cnnuiiitteo  llin  rpsiilt  nf  any  observatiniis  l!int  ynii  or  others  in  lila  Majnsty's 
lerviie  have  iiiaili!,  on  llie  iliiraltility  oriiiiilier.  llie  proiliiccdC'liH  North  American  colnnics,  or  lOnhcr 
liiipurled  friiiii  tiiu  iiortli  of  Utirnpe,  npiilied  in  Ihi.'  samn  piirpiitics  )"— "  Alionl  the  year  IT'.Mi,  there  were 
aciTialii  i\iinilit;r  of  frigates  linilt  of  tlii!  fir  of  iIk;  Baltic,  ami  tin'  arcruire  iliirahiWij  iras  iilmut  kkiiit 
„fnrc.  Ahimt  llie  year  IM'2,  there  were  a  coiisiilt'ralile  iiiiinlier  of  liiaates  liuill  also,  (if  fir  of  the  growth 
JlWnrth  Aiiierii'ii,  ami  their  anera^re  diinibilili/  wan  nnl  ham'  Ihat  lime." 

"Villi  liave  stateil  tliat  Caiiailu  liiiilier  is  peculiarly  subject  to  tliii  dry  rot,  and  the  dry  rot  is  known 
inliiive  jirevailuil  lately  to  a  U'real  dcL'ri'e  in  the  navy  ;  has  that  prevailed  principally  since  the  iiitro- 
diiolii'iiof  ("anada  liniher  lotlie  uses  of  the  navy  I"— "I  liclievo  Ilia  vary  has  suffered  rcnj  considerably 
frdiii  llie  inlrudiirtiiin  nf  Canada  (imftfr,  or  tiinher  of  the  prowth  of  iNorlli  America  ;  and  in  consiMinence, 
from  CNpcriciice,  wo  liavc  entirely  difcunltnucd  the  use  if  it,  except  for  duals  and  musts." — {[>■  50.) 

Mr.  Copland,  an  extensive  builder  and  timber  merchant,  being  asked  by  the  committee 
what  was  his  opinion  with  respect  to  the  comparative  qualities  of  American  and  Baltic  tim- 
ber, answered, — "  The  timber  of  the  Baltic  in  general,  speaking  of  Norway,  Russian,  Prus- 
sian, and  Swedish  timber,  is  of  very  superior  quality  to  that  imported  from  America;  the 
bulk  of  the  latter  in  very  inferior  in  f/iialili/,  much  softer  in  its  nature,  not  so  durable,  and 
terif  Uiihle  to  drij  rot ;  indeed,  it  is  not  allowed  by  any  professional  inan  under  government 
to  be  used,  nor  is  it  ever  used  in  the  best  buildings  in  London  ;  it  is  only  speculators  that 
are  induced  to  use  it,  from  the  price  of  it  being  much  lower  (in  consequence  of  its  exemp- 
tion from  duty)  than  the  Baltic  timber;  if  you  were  to  lay  two  planks  of  American  timber 
upon  each  other,  in  the  course  of  a  twelvemonth  they  would  have  the  dry  rot,  almost  invari- 
ably, to  a  certain  extent." — (p.  ."JG.)  And  many  passages  to  the  same  effect  might  be  pro- 
duced, from  the  evidence  of  persons  of  the  greatest  experience  in  building. 

Now,  we  would  beg  leave  to  ask  whether  any  thing  can  bo  more  absolutely  monstrous, 
than  to  force,  by  means  of  a  system  of  discriminating  duties,  a  large  proportion  of  the  public 
to  use  that  very  timber  in  the  ct)nslruction  of  their  ships  and  houses,  which  government  will 
not  use  for  either  of  these  purposes,  and  which  the  most  experienced  engineers  and  builders 
pronounce  to  be  utterly  unfit  for  them  !  This  is  not  to  impose  duties  on  a  fair  and  equal 
principle  for  the  sake  of  revenue,  but  for  the  sake  of  securing  a  preference  to  a  worthless 
article:  it  is  not  imposing  them  in  the  way  in  which  they  may  be  least,  but  in  that  in  which 
they  are  certain  to  be  most  injurious  to  those  who  have  to  pay  them. 

It  appears  from  the  official  account  subjoined  to  this  article,  that,  at  an  average  of  the  years 
1828  and  1829,  the  revenue  would  have  gained  considerably  inore  than  1,500,000/.  a  year, 
had  the  same  duty  been  laid  on  Canada  timber  that  is  laid  on  timber  from  the  north  of  Eu- 
rope; and  this,  therefore,  may  be  considered  as  the  amount  of  the  pecuniary  sacrifice  we 
consent  to  make,  in  order  that  our  ships  and  houses  may  be  inoculatetl  with  dry  rot ! 

4,  Apol'iries  for  the  discriminating  Duty. — If  any  thing  ought,  more  than  another,  to 
imke  legislators  pause  l)efore  enacting  a  restrictive  regulation,  it  is  the  difficulty  of  receding 
from  it.  After  it  has  been  enforced  for  a  while,  a  variety  of  interests  usually  grow  up  under 
ils protection,  which  may  l)e  materially  injured  by  its  repeal,  .^//.however, that  the  persons 
so  interested  can  justly  claim,  is,  that  sufficient  time,  and  every  possible  facility,  should  be 
aflbrded  them  to  prepare  for  a  change  of  system.  Because  the  interests  of  a  comparatively 
small  porlion  of  the  community  may  be  injuriously  afl'ected  by  the  abolition  of  a  regulation 
ascertained  to  be  in  the  last  degree  inimical  to  the  public,  is  it,  therefore,  to  be  contended  that 
we  ought,  at  all  hazards,  to  continue  to  enforce  the  regulation  we  have  so  unwisely  enacted  1 
To  maintain  the  affirmative,  would  lie  to  give  perpetuity  to  the  worst  errors  and  absurdities, 
and  would  be  an  effectual  bar  to  every  sort  of  improvement.  No  change,  even  from  a  bad 
to  a  fi;i)od  system,  ought  to  ho  rashly  set  about :  but  when  once  the  expediency  of  an  altera 
tion  has  been  clearly  established,  it  ought  to  be  resolutely  carried  into  effect. 

It  is  iilijecteil  to  the  abolition  of  the  discriminating  duties  on  timber,  that  it  would  be  inju- 
rious to  (Jaiiaila  and  the  8hi[)piiig  interest.  We  believe,  however,  that  the  injury  would  not 
Im  nearly  so  great  as  has  been  re[)resenled  ;  that  it  would,  in  fact,  be  quite  inconsiderable. 
So  far  from  the  lumber  trade — or  the  trade  of  felling  wood,  squaring  it,  and  floating  it  down 
the  rivers  to  the  shipping  ports — being  advantageous  to  a  colony,  it  is  distinctly  and  com- 


040 


TIMBER  TRADE. 


fliC'. 

JM 

II'' 

•If 

•1 

li" 

1 

«•»• 

v^ 

J 

c 

-> 

«•»' 

•1 

-n1 


pictcly  the  revewe.  The  hnWfs  which  it  BPncratcs  nrc  quite  suhverHivo  of  that  sober,  ntcady 
•pirit  of  industry,  no  CMontial  to  n  w-ttlcr  in  a  rudo  country  ;  to  Huch  u  dcj^rcc,  indeed,  is  thii 
the  ciiHe,  thnt  lumhererH  hnvo  been  dcHcribed  as  tlie  poMts  of  a  colony,  "  n)ade  and  \n'\)t  vjcioyj 
by  the  very  trade  liy  which  lliey  Hve." — Hut  alistrarting  ultoK''thcr  from  the  circuiiisianco,, 
now  alluded  to,  Mr.  Poulctt  'I'homson  whowed,  in  idx  ununswirulile  Hpeecli  on  the  tiiiili,;f 
question  (March  IN,  InOI),  tliut  the  alioiition  of  the  IuiiUkt  trade  would  niatcriully  Ijcnolit 
the  real  interests  of  the  colonics.  It  is  luilicrous,  indeed,  seeing  that  not  one  tree  in  a  lim,. 
dr»'d  is  fit  for  the  |)urpose>f  of  beinff  Hquiircd  for  tindier,  to  rtU))|iose  that  the  discontinunuce 
of  the  trade  could  lie  any  serious  loss.  Hut  the  fact  i->,  that  when  trees  are  cut  down  liy  lum. 
bcrcrs.  for  export  as  tindier,  instead  of  licint;  Inn  lit  down,  so  ureat  a  growth  of  lirnKhwouj 
takes  place,  that  it  actually  cokIh  more  to  clear  the  ground  wheio  th(!  lundiurers  have  hni, 
than  where  they  have  not  been.  Mr.  lliihanls,  who  was  sent  out  by  goveriMiiont  to  rcpuri 
on  th(!  influence  of  the  hnuber  trade,  represents  it  a^  most  unfavourable  ;  and  observes,  tjmi 
"  when  time  or  chaiu'c  shall  induce  or  compel  the  inliabitanls  to  di'sist  from  this  eiii|il(iy, 
rient,  agriculture  will  begin  to  raise  its  heail."  The  statements  of  Captain  Moorsom,  in  liii) 
Lettcru  fniiH  Niiva  Scofl/t,  arc  exactly  similar,  lie  considers  the  depression  of  llu!  liminf 
market,  although  a  severe  loss  to  many  individuals,  ;\  "  decided  gain  to  the  colony,"  froimlij 
check  it  has  given  to  the  "hunbcriug  mania." — (p.  .')3.) 

'J'he  slaleinents  that  have  been  made  as  to  the  amount  of  capital  expended  on  saw  mijl^ 
and  other  fixed  works  for  carrying  on  the  lumber  trade,  iiave  been  singularly  exagneratid, 
Mr.  Thomson,  who  had  the  bcnt  means  of  acipiiriiig  accurate  iuformaiion  on  this  |)oiiit,  mad,. 
the  following  statement  with  respect  to  it  in  his  speech  already  referred  to: — '•  Vtuin  tin; 
means  I  have  had  of  calculating  the  amount  of  cai'it.d  endiarked  in  these  saw  mills,  [  lul^.v^ 
it  is  al)out  300,000/. :  I  am  sure  that  I  may  say  tiiat  if  .'300, 000/.  were  taken  as  the  aiiioiinijt 
would  be  a  great  deal  above  rather  than  (uider  the  real  value;  but,  after  all,  this  descri|iiii)n 
of  f/roperly  is  not  to  be  sacrificed  by  the  arran^eiiicnts  proposed,  even  if  they  were  carrioj 
to  the  fullest  extent.  I  am  ready  at  oneo  to  admit,  that  tiio  con.se(]uence  of  the  projiosui 
alteration  may  be,  that  it  will  diminish  the  exjiorts  of  timber  from  Canada  to  Ennlainl,  anil 
aU'ect  the  productiveness  of  the  capital  vested  in  the  mills  to  which  I  have  referred ;  Imt  the 
committee  ought  not  to  lose  sight  of  the  fact,  that  tluuigh  in  this  one  branch  of  iiuliistry 
there  will  be  a  great  falling  olV,  yet  the  same  amount  of  labour  might  be  ap|)lied  to  imuh 
greater  advantage  on  land  in  the  colonies ;  and  the  mills,  which  will  be  rendered  useless  lor 
their  original  purjjoses,  may  be  converted  to  useful  auxiliaries  to  the  ngricultural  and  oilur 
pursuits  of  the  colonists;  so  that  the  enormous  Icjsses  that  have  been  placed  in  so  I'rightl'uU 
point  of  view,  will,  as  I  have  shown,  be  absolutely  next  to  nothing." 

•So  fir,  therefore,  as  the  interests  of  the  colonics  are  concerned,  it  is  plain  thry  would  not 
really  lose,  but  gain,  by  a  repeal  of  the  discriminating  duties  on  foreign  timber,  'i'liey  woulj 
still  continue  to  possess  a  respectable  share  of  the  trade  ;  for  their  timber,  thoiigli  unfit  for 
more  important  purposes,  is  well  suited,  by  its  softness  and  IVecdoni  from  knots,  for  tliolinish. 
ing  of  rooms  and  cabins,  the  manufacture  of  boxes,  &c, ;  and  in  the  mast  tr  ide,  it  is  lie. 
lieved,  that  they  would  be  able  to  maiiii.iin  a  successful  com[)etitii)n  with  Kii^a.  It  mi'-ht 
also  be  expedient  to  assist  in  turning  the  industry  of  the  colonies  into  the  profilalile  clianiicj 
of  agriculture,  by  giving  their  corn  and  flour  a  still  more  decided  preference  than  ihey  now 
enjoy  in  our  markets.  In  our  opinion,  it  would  be  good  policy  to  admit  them,  at  aH'tiiaos 
duty  free. 

The  siiip  owners  would  undoubtedly  have  more  cause  lo  complain  of  injury  fiom  the 
equalisation  of  the  duties;  but  even  as  respects  them,  it  would  not  be  nearly  so  great  as  k 
commonly  supposed.  The  statement  usually  put  forward  by  those  who  represent  theiiiiilior 
trade  to  North  America  as  of  vital  importance  to  the  shipping  interest,  is,  that  it  enii/lovs 
1,800  ships,  of  470,000  tons,  navigated  by  20,000  sailors.  But  Mr.  Poulctt  Thomson  slionod, 
in  his  previously  quoted  speech,  that  this  statement  is  utterly  erroneous.  The  onirics  in- 
wards of  British  ships  from  our  possessions  in  North  America  correspond  with  the  sums 
now  stated  ;  but,  at  an  average,  every  ship  employed  in  the  trade  makes  1 1  voya^'o  a  vonr; 
so  that,  in  point  of  fact,  only  1,028  ships,  of  270,000  tons  and  1 1 ,427  men,  arc  einplnyi'd  in 
the  trade.*  From  this  latter  number  must,  however,  be  struck  off  ships  employed  in  other 
branches  of  trade;  for  no  one  pretends  that  the  only  trade  we  carry  on  with  Urilisli  North 
America  is  the  importation  of  timber.  We  believe  that  the  number  to  be  so  struck  otTiiiiy 
be  safely  estimated  at  200  ships,  of  54,000  tons  and  2,200  men,  leaving  about  800  shi|is,of 
216,000  tons  and  9,200  men,  to  be  affected  by  the  change.  Inasmuch,  however,  as  alioula 
third  part  of  the  timber  now  brought  from  Canada  would  most  [)robably  continue  to  be 
brought  for  the  purposes  already  referred  to,  were  the  duties  e(iualised,  only  :u]l  ships,  of 
144,000  tons  and  6,i:i4  men,  would  be  forced  to  change  their  employments.  Now  oflhcso, 
a  half,  at  least,  would  be  immediately  employed  in  bringing  from  the  Baltic  the  same  quan- 
tity of  timber  that  is  brought  from  America  ;  and  as  the  price  of  timber  would  lie  miitcrialiy 

♦  It  is  singular  that  Mr.  Itmiclii'tto  sliniilil  linvo  fallen  into  the  common  but  palpable  error  on  tilis 
point. —  (rtee  the  Preface  to  liia  vuluablu  work  on  liriiisli  America.) 


TIMBER  TRADE. 


041 


owivo  of  that  sober,  ntcaily 
ch  a  ilrgrcts  indi-cil,  in  ihi< 
y,  "  nmilc  anil  Wt'iit  viciom 
cr  from  Uic  circunirttancos 
•ulilo  Hi)cccli  on  llip  tiiiilii'f 
!e  wmiUl  niali'riiilly  lii'iidli 
lliat  not  one  itvi'  in  ii  liiiii. 
)se  tliat  the  iliscontinuunce 

I  iroi's  arociit  ilown  liy  hiin. 
cat  n  Krowlh  of  liruHluviiiid 
0  the  hiiiihererH  have  lii>eii, 
lut  hy  Biiveriinioiit  to  rc|iurt 
ouraiili" ;  mill  ohnorveH,  that, 

ti)  (l.^Hisl  from  this  iniiiloy. 
(  of  ('uptuin  MoorsDin.inliU 
ihc  ilojiiTHrtion  of  llu!  tiliiliir 
^iiin  to  the  colony,"  froiiiilnj 

tiitul  pxppnili'il  on  saw  niill^, 
iH'cn  siiif^ularly  oxairi^cratii!. 
formation  on  ihis  iioini,  mailo 
Illy  ri'lVrrril  to  :— "  I'ltnii  il,o 
,1  in  tlii'sc.  saw  mills,  [  IhIilvo 
'.  wrvi'  tiken  "«  l'""  aiuor.iii.it 

but,  after  all,  this  iliscriiitioii 
soil,  even  if  tlu'y  were  cuniod 
iT)nse<nienee  of  the  iiroiioscJ 
Ironi  Canada  to  Eiinlaml,  ami 
ihii-h  I  have  referred  ;  liut  the 
n  this  one  branch  of  industry 
ir  might  be  ni)i>lieil  hi  imuli 
ch  will  be  rendered  usiicss  for 

to  the  ngrienltural  aiul  other 
;c  been  placed  in  so  frightful  a 

h>» 
nig. 

ned,  it  is  plain  they  would  not 

II  foreign  timber.  Tin  y  would 
their  timber,  though  milit  for 

cdom  from  knots,  for  the  finish- 
J  in  the  mast  Irnle,  it  is  hc- 

[petilion  with  Kiga.  It  ini'^ht 
lies  into  the  protilalde  (dianiiel 
(led  preference  tlum  they  now 
cy  to  admit  them,  at  all  times, 

rnmplain  of  injury  fiom  the 
lid  not  be  nearly  so  great  as  ij 
(those  who  represent  the  timber 
]ig  interest,  is,  that  it  emidoys 

Mr.  ronlelt  Thomsnn  showed, 
ly  erroneous.  The  cnlries  in- 
[ica  correspond  with  the  sums 
Irailc  makes  \^  voyiige  a  year; 
ll  1 1 .427  men,  arc  employed  in 
-•k  oir  ships  employ>'d  in  other 
|c  carry  on  with  Uritisli  North 

lumber  to  he  so  slnick  olThiiy 

-n,  leaving  about  800  shi|is,of 

(inasmuch,  however,  as  ahouta 

Imost  probably  continue  to  be 

equalised,  oidy.'i3t  ships,  of 

,•  cniplovments.    Now  ot  these, 

bom  the  Baltic  the  same  quan- 
of  timber  would  bo  materially 

(ommon  but  palpable  error  on  to 


Irtwerrd  by  the  reduction  of  the  duly,  tho  demand  for  it  would  no  doubt  materially  incrraw; 
so  that  it  is  abundantly  plain  that  very  f«'W,  if  any,  ships  would  be  thrown  out  of  employ  nieni 
|,v  the  abolition  of  tlu^  discriminating  dulies.  It  Ih  nntlerial,  too,  to  observe,  that  wbatcvvr 
(('.nipuruy  inconvenience  tin'  f  liijiping  interest  might  Kustain  from  the  change,  its  future  con- 
giMiueiices  would  be  Hingnlariy  advantageous  to  it.  The  high  prirc  of  limber  employed  in 
(lici  liiiilding  of  shipi*  is  at  prcscit  the  heavicHt  drawback  on  the  llrili>h  Nhip  owners  ;  Imt  thn 
O(iinilisation  of  the  duties  would  i  laterially  rcdm-o  tliJN  |irici> ;  and  we  have  the  aulhoiiiy  of 
ihc  best  practical  judges  for  atliiming,  that  were  the  duly  (as  it  ought  to  Ic)  entirely 
repealed,  ships  might  be  built  decidedly  cheafier  in  England  than  in  any  part  of  the  world. 

It  would  lie  desirable,  Im.vevir,  to  secure  the  interests  (»f  so  important  a  (Ills'*  iis  that  of 
ihc  shipowners  from  any  ''liance  even  of  temporary  loss  or  incoiiMiiience  from  an  ciiuidisa- 
lii.n  of  the  duties.  And  it  ia  foitunate  that  this  object  may  be  attairu'd,  not  only  wiilmut 
any  U»i*<  l'"^  *'^''''  certain  bene  (it  to  the  public.  The  expeilieney  of  eucourauing  emigration 
to  the  colonies,  as  a  means  of  relieving  parts  of  lOngland  and  In  land  from  that  mass  of  pau> 
prrs  by  which  they  are  burdened,  is  no  longer  (picNiioned  ;  and  we  incline  to  think  iha 
no  mure elVectual  means  of  promoting  emigration  couhl  be  devised,  than  the  giving  a  bounty 
10  the  owners  of  ships  landing  emigrants  in  ("ainida,  the  Citpo  of  Good  Hope,  or  New 
South  Wales.  We  have  already  seen  that  tho  number  of  emigrants  to  British  Norlli  Ame- 
rica, in  1832,  amounted  to  about  (i(i,()Ut)  {mile,  p.  274.)  ;  and  supposing  (bat  a  bounty  of 
lit)*',  or  '10.9.  a  head  were  in  i'uturc  to  be  paid  on  the  arrival  tif  emigrants  at  Quebec,  it 
would  more  than  indenmify  tho  ship  owners  for  any  inconvenience  resulting  from  a  new 
iirrangcinent  of  the  timber  duties  ;  at  the  same  time  that  (he  stimulus  it  would  give  to  enii- 
L'ratinn  would  be  of  the  utmost  importance'  to  (Jreat  Britain  and  to  the  colonies, 

5.  Mlcyitthin  propoKnl  in  llic  Tiinlnr  Dnlit.i  in  1831. — To  suppose  that  the  timber  trado 
tihoulil  he  allowed  to  continue  on  its  present  footing,  seems  to  be  (juite  (uit  of  the  (incsiion. 
We  have  alre.idy   seen   that    the  discriniinatiiig   duties   impose  a    pecuniary   saciilicc  of 
1  ."iOO.OOl)/.  a  year  on  the  Biilish  [lublie,  besides  forcing  the  use  of  a  comjiaratively  worthless 
article  where  none  but  the  very  best  ought  to  be  employed.     We  have  idso  seen  that  this 
Bacrillce  produces  no  real  benelit  to  the  colonies  ;  and  that  the  benelil  it  docs  produci'  to  the. 
shipowners  is  but  trilling,  and  maybe  more  than  made   up  to  them  without  lo>s  to  tho 
public.    The  existing  government  seems  to  have  been  early  satistied  of  the  projiriety  of  at- 
tempting to  introduce  a  less  objectiiinable  system  ;  and  on  the  IStli  of  March,  IHUI.Lord 
Althorp  moved  that  the  duties  on  Baltic  timber  should  be  reduced  (i*.  a  load  on  the  1st  of 
.Iniiuary,  1832;   O.v.  more  on   the   1st  of  .lanuary,  1833;  and  3,v.  on  the    1st  of  January, 
18;il;  making  llu;  total  reduction  I.'i.v.  a  load,  and  leaving  a  protection  in  favour  of  Ciinada 
timber  of  30s.  a  load.     The  only  real  objection   to  this  scheme  was,  that  it  did   not  uo  far 
enoii(;h  ;  that '"it  s-cotched   the  snake,  without  killing  it."     'J'liere  is  not  the  shadow  of  a 
crnund  on  which  tc)  jnstity  the  granting  of  a  bounty  (for  such   is  the  real  operation  of  tho 
diUv^  to  force  tho   u.se   of  an   inferior  and   more  costly  ariit'le  ;  and   even   if  a  reasonable 
bouiitv  could  be  justified,  one  of  30,v.  a  load  is  quite  excessive.     But  singular  as  it  may 
ffem.'this  proposal,  moderate  as  it  certainly  was,  encountered  a  very  keen  op|!osiiion.    Somo 
of  those  who  had  previou.sly  exprcss.scd  tlieir  concurrence  in  the  expediency  of  some  nica- 
eiirc  of  the  sort,  thought  proper  to  vote  against  it ;  and,  upon  a  division,  it  was  lost  by  a 
majority  of  46.     Lord  Althorp  seems  to  have  been  nun  li  discouraged  by  the  result  of  this 
motion;  for,  during  the  lengthened  jieriod  that  has  since  elapsed,  he  has  made  no  attempt 
to  died  any  modification  of  the  duties.     But  n.  iwiihsiaiuiing  these  unfavourable  appear- 
ances, we  do  not  believe  that  a  system  so  destrui  tive  of  the  public  interests  will  be  upheld 
much  longer.     It  were  much  to  be  wished  that  the  duties  could  be  wholly  dispensed  with. 
Timber  is  about  the  very  worst  subject  for  taxation  ;  but,  at  all  event.s,  an  end  must  be  put 
to  the  discriminating  duties.     It  is  not  to  be  endured,  that  so  essential  an  article — that  the 
prime  nccK.iiian/  of  munufacturing  iudxiftr}/ — should  be  loaded  with  exorbitant  duties, 
imposed,  not  for  the  sake  of  revenue,  but  for  the  sake  of  those  who  tither  reap  no  advan- 
tage fiom  them,  or  none  that  is  material. 

I.  Account  of  ttm  Amnnnt  of  Datips  paid  in  tlin  I'nited  Kinsdom  on  Tinilior  and  olticr  .Xrticli's  of 
Wimcl,  Imported  from  llie  Urilisti  I'roviii'  cs  of  Nortli  Aiiiciic  i,  in  I'acti  of  tlie  Years  endiiii!  llie  5tli 
ol'Jiiiniiry,  ti''>,  tlif  5lli  of  .laiinary,  Isi'J,  aed  llit'  ft\\\  of  jHiiiiary,  \K'A\  •,  and  of  tlie  Anioniit  of 
Duiii'S  wliicli  would  liave  liceii  p;ud  loi  sadi  Timber  and  olli«r  Ann  Ifs  of  Wood,  if  tliey  bad  bceo 
ttiarted  wilh  tlic  Rites  of  Uuty  payaldu  on  similar  Arliilos  iiiiportcil  from  tlie  liallic. 


Year  ending  5th  of  January,  1628 

—  lS'i9 

-  18J0 


Amnunt  or  Duty  pai't  in  the  tJriitt'd  Amniml  of  Duly  wliicli  woulfi  have 
iii<>li>iii  on  'riii'ilier,  lle:iU.  ami  ollipr  |  hecn  iiaid  upon  hucti  'linibf-r.  Dealt, 
iOictf,  nl"  Wo'i  I.  iinporte'l  Ironi  the  i^n  1  ulhtr  Ailiolca  ol'  Win, if,  if  ifiay  tii 
Irili^h  t'loviucis  III  .Niirlll  Aiiierici.  i.cfli  ini|  ortetl  fioiii  Ih.'  Ilal:ic. 


Amniiiil  of  Only  wliich  woulfi  have 
i.„ .:.i  >...^ I.  'M. ..,...*   nun], 

liad 


£  .f.  d. 

2i;i.:;i)  i'>  t 

22t.l(H  !'2  9 

23-J,7U'.)  17  0 


£ 

1,251.92'2 

1,'194,M)7 
l,5b0,795 


.«.  d. 

ID  4 

4  1 

9  4 


3u2 


81 


TIN. 


ir  1 


C3 


II.  Arnniint  of  Itm  Climntltlfn  of  thn  illffiTPnl  H|)«rli!it  of  Tlinhor  Inipnrtnd  InJo  the  ITnltoil  Kinffrlnrn  |„ 
In'Jl  I  «ii<ji'lf)lMK  tliu  t'liiiiitrluii  wliL-iicu  tlii'y  wiirv  liruiiulii,  uiid  lliii  UnuiitiilKii  brouglil  frnm  cin  || 


T'lnntriM  from 
Wllivll  iniiiorleJ. 


lltiKu  Kuli. 


NvviHien  • 

Niir»».>y 
llnniiiitli 

litTIIllny 

Tim  N .'herltiiJl 
(lthiir|pl.nrK<irii|Wl 
VV«.>.l.l  111  Aftlf* 
K,  I.  C't.**  'prrito- 

I  in  111  I  Cnyliiii  • 
M.iiir.iim 
Ni  w  H.  VV.il.-^  >n<l 

V  Dl'iiii  n'*  l'«-i<l 
N«^v  /(mI.iiiI   And 

Siiulti  St-a  I>l.kn<l4 
Drll.  Niirllu^rn  iiil. 
(Vol  luJ.w   • 
llivii     ■ 

I',  it.  (if  Amerlcx  • 
ln'u  (iiiiTiiitpy,  Jer- 

fV.  AMenii'y.aiiJ 

>Uii,  fui'  loud*    - 


(li.hh 

.108 
0 


i/i-f.V. 

1  i1 

2  /•> 
I  id 

1  t\ 

0    » 


I, OHO 


I  e 

1*8 
0    2 


i)ml  HiiJi. 


!,0C8 
u 


rt,.V... 

11  U 

I  li 

i  i:i 

II  1 1 
II  I 

K  N 

I  7 

3  JU 


3    II 
I    0 


Mia'a, 

YlriU, 


M»tt, 


liilh- 

MtrtjI. 


k  Mow-    k  Idiw. 


HUiUi  i 


,„„'l.rlJ     liirh,,  „';;•■, 

I    llllhrl    !illl)l.>lll.  '    „"    ,' 

h.  Il.«.  I,l«f  •ll.l  "l'»»'■■'•■ 

I  iiiflliir 


13    1    7 


0    0    4 


f'alh, 
» 

mi 

a.Vii 

1 


.Vii. 
i.'iiO 

';.s.w 

4,->ili 

tio 
i 


iijiw.ir 

731 
» 

2-i 

4il 


6,Kl!<l 


ToUlimpnrl   •    U.VM    0    3     Ai.OIA    0    7  '  11,373 


'riliihi.r. 
I'lr,  Ihik,  Ik 

UIII'lllllllH- 

rilf.l,  H 
iichea 

•iin.irii,  iir 
ujiKarda. 


tl^i  10 


333 


2 

1    o' 

U 

2  VI    h 
;),iiU3i 

M 

• 

6-> 

. 

la.lUH     4,703 


W,N, 
.,  .  I 

it.l,., 
"I'll. 

'"  "r 
»«iJ.. 

u,~j; 

l.M.i.i 


li  r. 


3|ij 


2,  .71  31' 


III.  Arciiiiiit  oftlifc  QiiiiMtltliiH  of 'riiiilior  mill  Hani  VVmiili)  liiiimrtuil,  lixportuil,  ami  riilaliiiMl  fur  llm,!,, 
*,'(iii!iiiiii;itiiMi,  witli  till)  Null  Kuvtiiiim  tliuruoii,  in  IbUl  itiiJ  li^i.~{l'upera  publuhed  by  Uuaril  at' 
Trade,  vol.  li.  p.  23,  and  p.  27.)  '' 


Tiiubtr, 

D,itteiii,in>l  UlliMl  eiuli    %xti\  lOO 
\1,\\  .111(1  .Icll  eiidl  -        — 

,\fi«ls  tJ  au(i  under  8  Inches  in  di.i* 
luc'er  •  -  N(i. 

N  itirhflfl  and  under  )2         — 
\Iau\  u(iivarda       •         loada 
Odkpianli       ■  -  — 

.St.uM  •  •  ureal  ICO 

Fr,  S  in.  iquare  and  upwarJa,  Ida. 
Il.iil,  (lillo        .  .  — 

I'l.ritlJIIKTatcd,  (Iifl(5      .  — 

Waiuacol  lot;*,  ditia    •  — 


Quantitie.  imported. 


l!-3!. 


Hard  (Coodf. 


nox  WTO  I 

Cel.ir 
.Mill  iKaiiy 
Hoitiwuou 


toua 


It.'.M 
SVJ13 

(1,(100 
4,418 

4,-;i'3 

2,ri2-i 
76,4  J' 

,'ii;,|(;fi 

23,'i«2 
211,163 


4SI 

l,OW 

11,411 

1,231 


11-3.'.      I 


II, IH 
Sl,^ti4 

6,7RI 

3,104 

6,M(i 

l,7H9 

63,'iJ8 

493.S50 

30,17d 

I1,4''3 

1,719 


327 

1,137 

l:,,l-61 

832 


(Jti  intilifB  eiporled. 

(iuanliiiDt  rfllalntd 
fur  Consnnipl.oo. 

IS3I. 

IU2. 

IS3I. 

1832. 

61 

61 

11,(117 

Il,7'2 

4b7 

1,003 

49,189 

63,134 

m 

683 

8,017 

6,776 

M 

9liO 

».9«0 

3,02-. 

20 

100 

4,12  > 

6,077 

> 

6 

2,JM) 

l,!<iO 

2,Dn7 

l,«31 

711,107 

61,l>-6 

403 

600 

497,0.i7 

603, -.Si 

4 

U 

22,1)73 

2!>,'i11 

8 

«l 

20,343 

32„'<29 

■         ■ 

3 

■ 

2,b70 

48 

22 

417 

398 

21 

1,017 

I,.t;2 

4f3 

791 

12,173 

I9,i't3 

67 

lt>3 

848 

838 

Nell  Hevmiue. 


I«3I. 

/,. 

KiB.'Sa 
6^0,011 


10,258 

8,170 

60,J;i.l 

4i)fi,'  OT 

aO  .Mi7 

6,3i6 


It32. 

1IH."J7 

iin,sj; 


II.ITI 

^.m\ 

4',l'37  I 

43l,Vli 

3-,Hii 

MM 

7,8J« 


f,.  l,212,MiO  !    l,lM,iJ6 


2,031  I  ijjj 

•  ,J2»  2,7,7 

4-,!)32  !  47.iJJ 

".■"■4  1  t(,3?i 


/..  5<),K74  ! 


so.rni 


TIN  (Ger.  Blech,  Weissblcch  ;  Fr.  Fcr  b/anc ;  It.  Latta,  lianda  stagnata  ,•  Sp.  Ihji  dc 
lata;  Rus.  liliicha,  Shest ,-  Arab.  licsas  ,•  Sans.  Trapii  and  Ranga),  a  metal  which  Ims  a 
fine  white  colour  like  silver  ;  and  when  fresli,  its  brilliancy  is  very  great.  It  has  a  slittlitly 
disagreeable  taste,  and  emits  a  peculiar  smell  when  rubbed.  Its  hardness  is  between  liiat  of 
gold  and  lead.  Its  specific  gravity  is  7'29.  It  is  very  malleable  ;  tin-foil,  or  tin  loaf,  U 
about  yJj^ft  part  of  an  inch  thick ;  and  it  might  be  beat  out  into  leaves  as  thin  again,  if  such 
were  required  for  the  purposes  of  art.  In  ductility  and  tenacity  it  is  very  inferior.  A  tin 
wire  0-078  inch  in  diameter  is  capable  of  supporting  a  weight  of  Sl-T  pounds  only  without 
breaking.  Tin  is  very  flexible,  and  produces  a  crackling  noise  when  bent.  It  may  be  readily 
alloyed  with  copper,  zinc,  &c.,  forming  very  valuable  compound.^. — {Thomson's  C/iemiilrij.j 

The  ores  of  tins  metal  arc  found  In  comparatively  few  places  ;  the  principal,  and  pcrhans  ilio  only 
lines  are  Cornwall,  Galicia,  Erzgehirpe  in  Saxony, 'Rohemia,  the  Malay  countries,  Cliiiin,  and  Banca 
ill  Asia.  They  are  peculiar  to  primliivo  rocks,  generally  in  granite,  cither  in  veins  or  beds,  and  are 
often  associated  with  copper  and  iron  pyrites. 

Tin  is  much  used  as  a  covering  to  several  other  metals  :  iron  is  tinned,  to  prevent  its  rnpiil  oxida- 
tion when  exposed  to  air  and  moisture ;  and  the  same  process  is  applied  to  copper,  to  avoid  the  inju- 
rious effects  to  which  those  wlio  are  in  the  haliit  of  employing  cooking  utensils  made  of  this  metal  are 
always  liable.  The  solutions  of  tin  in  the  nitric,  muriatic,  nitro-sulphuric,  and  tartaric  acids,  are 
much  used  in  dyeing,  as  giving  a  degree  of  permanency  and  brilliance  to  several  colours,  to  beoli- 
tnined  by  the  \i»e  of  no  other  mordants  with  which  we  are  at  present  acquainted :  tin  forms  the  basis 
of  pewter,  in  the  composition  of  which  it  is  alloyed  with  lead ;  when  rolled  into  thin  slieeis,  it  ij 
called  tin-foil,  and  is  applied,  with  the  addition  of  mercury,  to  cover  the  surface  of  glass,  thus  forming 
looking-glasses,  mirrors,  &c. ;  and  in  combination  with  sulphur,  it  constitutes  what  is  called  mosaic 
go\i\.— (Joyce's  Cliem.  Min.) 

Ti.s  Plates,  known  in  Scotland  by  the  name  of  while  iron,  are  applicable  to  a  great  variety  of  pur- 
poses, and  are  in  very  extensive  demand.  They  are  formed  of  thin  plates  of  iron  dipped  intoinollea 
till.  Tlie  tin  not  only  covers  the  surface  of  the  iron,  but  penetrates  it  completely,  and  gives  the  whole 
n  white  colour.  It  is  usual  to  add  about  1-lOth  of  copper  to  the  tin,  to  prevent  it  front  forming  too 
thick  a  coat  upon  the  iron.— (ir/t«m«on'«  Chemistry.) 


\  I 


TIN. 


013 


id  Into  Ihfl  lliilieil  Klinilcm  In 
luntllle*  brought  I'miii  •in  li 


TmH, 


Tlnihur, 
rir.llak,  * 

Ullfltlllltll' 

rilxl,  II 

liichn 

iiltLiri,  or 


,,.i..Vc.  Ui.     /(• 

t'ia\ 


iiii- 


w 

•11,1 
'•"«•, » 

■•I'lirl  I 
on,n.  ; 
"•nil. 


I  i»  I 

u    I 


il  it 

W,U17    U 

197  IH 

0  :• 


17  2n 

.«    3  17 

II   o'i\ 


Id!       /I.I/. 
U,4Ml  II   I 
A,  iu  II 
iKi,.i;i7  41 
^•;«  i 
w:*i  I 
4,11  li 
Uh7  J(. 

tail 


735  il) 


41ii,((7!)  31 
■V  ic 

e  I" 

2,07U  4a 


ijl,  (I 

I 
11  i^ 


341) 


0   3 

31     I  *1  1  .';l.»:l)  ns    V.2,ll)<    ►   2,  ,11  3,' 

ixpnrtuil,  untl  rotiiiiiud  I'nr  llniue 
~(Haper»  publUlieil  by  lizard  of 


iiii-i 

reliiiit  J 

Nell  lie 

ttiiue.        1 

oiiaii 

niptou. 
1832. 

IMI. 

Ib31. 

'~~ 

A. 

t.r 

17 

11,7'S 

|iiil,'9n 

lid,:;: 

119 

63,I5» 

&;jO,ij|i 

5n,wi 

17 

6,778 

1 

«0 

3,nJ> 

.     I0,2>3 

11,173 

ii 

6,077 

hll 

I.820 

l<,ro 

7,M6 

n7 

6:l.l>76 

so,J;« 

i',l-37 

,i7 

603,191 

4tifi,'  o: 

4,ll,V(i 

7;l 

^',>,'i'<l 

30^l>7 

3',H)i 

4S 

ii.ifii 

6,5JB 

MM 

17 

«,b70 
398 

" 

7,SJ« 

£.  I,2l2,'i60 

1    l,ll>3,iJ6 

2,f3l 

1         \H' 

17 

l,»sa 

\,iU 

2,:i: 

7^ 

19,l«3 

47,1)32 

\        47.ill 

48 

838 

C,^4 

;           fX'l 

/..  5'i,»74 

'        6l).Ml 

ianda  stagnata ,-  Sp.  llnji  dc 
Uunga),  a  metal  wliich  has  s 
I  very  great.  It  has  a  .Miulitly 
[Is  hardness  is  between  that  of 
pablc  ;  tin-foil,  or  tin  loaf,  is 
|to  leaves  as  thin  again,  if  such 

city  it  is  very  inferior.  A  tin 
1  of  3i'7  pounds  only  without 
[when  bent.    It  may  lie  readily 

Is. — ( Thomsons  Cltemlitnj.) 

•  principal,  anJ  pcrlmnsOionnly 
_iluy  countries,  Cliiiift,  and  Bawa 
loitlier  in  veins  or  beds,  and  are 

Inned,  to  prevent  its  rapid  oxida- 
Iliad  to  coppiT,  to  avoid  llie  inju- 
lie  utensils  made  of  this  iiifWl  ar« 
lulpliuric,  and  tartaric  acids,  are 
Ince  to  several  colours,  to  lie  oli- 
It  acquainted  :  tin  forms  tlic  basu 
then  rolled  into  thin  Blififis,  it  la 
Ithe  surface  of  glass,  thus  forming 
lonstituies  what  is  called  mosaii: 

Jplicable  to  a  great  variety  of  pur- 
Jnlatea  of  iron  dipped  into  mo  ten 
It  completely,  and  gives  the  wliole 
\  to  prevent  it  from  forming  too 


lUntorital  Nullef  of  Ihe  llrilish  Tin  Trndr. — Tiio  tin  milieu  of  Cornwall  have  bren 
worked  from  a  very  remote  era.  The  xoynijeH  nf  the  IMiniruiiiiiit  to  the  ('iim-idTidt  h,  or  tin 
mlandx,  iiru  mnntioncd  iiy  llerodottM  (lib.  iii.  e.  1 1,').),  DiniloriiH  >*i('iilu'*  (lib.  iv.  |i.  :t()l.  nd, 
IflOl),  and  Mtrabi)  ((Irog.  lib.  iii.).  Home  diir.r«'iifo  of  opiiiiDn  li^ii«,  indeed,  bren  enter- 
tai-ii'd  UK  to  the  paitii-ular  iMlaiKUto  whirl;  the  I'lueniciiiiH  ii|i|ilii>d  tlic  term  (^'ii>Nili'rii!eH;  but 
Uorliwe  (Account  of  Ihe  SciUi/  l.slund.i,  \<.  Ti.).  I.areher  (Urniilolp,  lome  iii.  p.  :)S  I,  ed.  iMO'i), 
Biiil  the  ableHt  critioH,  a^ree  that  they  are  the  Meilly  lHlun>lri,  and  tbe  wiHterii  e.Nliemiiy  uf 
(Joriiwuil.  Atlcr  the  deHtruetion  uf  (^'urthago,  the  DritiHh  tin  triii!(>,  which  wii-*  itlwnys 
r(>el(on<'<l  of  peeuliar  importonee,  viaa  earried  on  by  the  mereliiiiitx  of  .MiirHtiJlcH,  and  NubNc- 
queiilly  by  the  Itomans.  liexidex  ilrititiii,  Spain  furiiiHhed  tlu^  aneieniN  with  e<>n^<iiieriiblo 
quaiililie.4  of  tin.  We  have  no  very  preeine  iiitormation  am  to  the  jiurposi-H  t,i  wliiih  tliey 
aii|iiiod  thix  mel.il.  It  liaH  been  xiippoNed  that  the  l'h(i'iiioi:iiiH,  ho  I'liinniix  for  ilirir  purpio 
dyen,  were  ae.(|uainted  with  the  uhu  of  the  Holutioii  of  tin  in  nitro-iniirialie  ueid  in  lixim;  thiit 
colour.  The  lieat  of  the  ancient  inirrorH,  or  uprcnln,  were  aJMo  iniide  of  a  mixluie  of  eupper 
inil  tin;  and  tin  was  used  in  tho  coating  of  cop[ier  vexnels. — (  Wulnon'n  Chcmicul  Emuii/s, 
vol.  iv.) 

bi  modern  timeii,  tho  tin  mines  of  Cornwall  and  Devon  have  been  wrought  with  varioua 
(lo;jr('e-i  of  encri^y  and  succens.  Cjiieen  Klizubeth  brout{ht  over  siiiu!  CJeriiiiin  miners,  by 
whom  KDino  of  the  procesHes  were  improved.  iJurin^;  the  eivil  warn,  Ihe  iiiiinH  wire  imich 
ii(>l{K'('ted.  At  the  commencement  of  la^t  century,  however,  tin;  biiHineHH  (d'  niiniii<r  was 
carried  on  with  renewed  vigour;  and  from  iTM)  to  1710,  the  annual  proiiuee  was  uliout 
2,100  IHH.  The  produce  went  on  gradually  increaMin;;,  till  it  niiiounted,  in  the  10  ycar-j 
from  17'J0  to  1800,  to  ;i,'i')l  tons  a  year.  During  tho  next  1.5  yeiir.s,  the  produce  fell  oil"; 
uiiJ  for  tlie  5  years  ending  with  IHl.'j,  it  was  always  considerably  uiuler  U.OOO  tons  a  yiar. 
Uiit  ill  the  last-mentioned  year,  a  coiiHideruble  increase  took  place;  and  since  IHIO,  tlio 
iiroJuce  has  been,  with  the  exception  of  18'JO,  always  above  ;j,000  tons  u  year ;  and  in  \8'i7 
and  IH'JS,  it  was  very  near  .5,000  toiiH,  Tho  present  average  [iroduce  of  the  mines  may  bo 
estimated  at  4,500  tons  a  year.  VVo  subjoin  from  the  papers  puldibhed  by  tho  lioaril  of 
Trade  and  other  authorities,  an 

Account  of  (111)  fiiianlilles  of  llritlih  Tin  rnlned  and  exported,  arid  of  the  nvprnpe  Price  of  ilu'  sntni', 
in  earli  Year  from  IH20  to  W.fi,  both  iiii  lusive  ;  exliiblting,  also,  tliu  Imports  and  Exports  of  lurulgn 
Tin  during  tho  sama  I'uriod. 


nritiah  Tin. 

Forclfn 

■  In. 

Yan, 

Avrrjue 

Coined  in  Curiiwall. 

Coined  in  Devon. 

EnimrleJ. 

Fritu 

Imported. 

EllwIeJ. 

PrrCwI. 

fll"'»i. 

t''0(.   qrl.  lilt. 

Blixht. 

Cwt.  qrt,  lbs. 

Cwt.   nu,   tU. 

L.  1.  il. 

C'lt'l.  qrt,  itiS. 

Cwt.  7.  J.  //a. 

1820 

is.i-no 

60,639    i     IH 

. 

■ 

2A,i|->2     1     r. 

3     13    6 

I,3i'9    0     ft 

3,017     1    24 

IH21 

I8.l3i 

«4.S-,I     3      1 

. 

• 

2'l,2,!!|     1     15 

3    17    6 

1,106    0    2. 

6  1    3   23 

hi  J 

111.720 

66,67.4    3    13 

61 

2:11     2    20 

35,'-43    2      3 

4      H    0 

1,:'.36     i     14 

1,9  9    0      6 

i-n 

2. ',321 

67,102     1       0 

80 

2-,2    1      4 

2ti;lt>4     1     27 

6      6    6 

6,461     1     24 

!i,=,li2     1    21 

Mi 

i»,M 

«7,I2-)    12     15 

279 

Klij    2      3 

36,>'90    0     13 

4      2    6 

6,120     1     14 

4.709    2   20 

]fi't 

2->,0Sl 

77,1,19    2     14 

3.'-9 

l,IKI    0     14 

31,237     3     19 

4      9    6 

4,213    3    20 

4,7(9    3    11 

\M 

il,5.i.s 

7H,674     1       1 

400 

l,'2'0    2    iO 

43,«4>    0      0 

3    19    0 

3,394    2      8 

6,.^I7     1      3 

i!*n 

30  341 

9'>,8k2     1     11 

mi 

l,H  9    3      7 

4.1,474     0    21 

3     17    6 

2,.'17    2      4 

2,9 18    0   24 

2S"IU 

9i,3'7    3     19 

647 

l,:3n    3    23 

41,426    2     13 

3    13    0 

3.386    0     12 

3,2-.S    1    10 

1''^ 

2>,7(il 

Kl,4>^9    2    11 

613 

l,)'27     1     21 

33,21.-.    0       8 

3     14    6 

2,674    3    21 

2..^H0    2    21 

iM] 

21,308 

efl.!)73    3    26 

68) 

2.nui    0    21 

M,I2-.     1       8 

3     10    0 

15,539    2      5 

10,126    0     6 

1^31 

24,016 

79,971     1      9 

461 

1,6.1     0     li 

21,762    2      0 

. 

8,099    2      9 

12.225    3    10 

Iiii 

• 

31,837    2      3 

3    13    0 

29,203    1      8 

21.719    3    13 

Account  shnwine  the  Quantity  of  Uritiali  and  of  Foreign  (Itanca  and  Malay)  Tin  e.\portcd  to  ditrercnt 
Countries  in  1S33,  specifying  the  Uunntitics  shipped  for  each.— (Par/.  Paper,  No.  '233.  Sess.  Ib34.) 


CouDlriet  to  wliicli  eiportcd. 


'  Sirf  1(0 
,  .Norw.iy 
'  neiimiilc 

I  Of'anny 

Hollin.1 

Rjl^ium 

Frarre 
.  P.irluol, 

Spain  in'l 

f.ilnllir 

I'liy  . 

Mil'j 
j  Turitpy 
'  Mir«.  anil  Gr«ek  isUnls 


AtnTtf,  and  Madeira  • 
ibe  Canaries 


Dritiih  Tin. 


Cwt.   qrt.  til. 


3,753 
606 
18 
118 
332 
|i2 
687 
42 

8,9S6 
175 
9;t7 

!l,0S7 

180 

3,700 

20 


Forilg 

»  Tin. 
jrf,  Ifei. 

Cwt. 

5,014 

1 

16 

.Wl 

0 

23 

659 

'. 

25 

1,468 

3 

13 

4,2S5 

2 

10 

15,745 

2 

10 

1,554 

3 

17 

39 

3 

23 

20 

0 

2 

5,3!^8 

0 

24 

95 

3 

27 

1,498 

t 

10 

Countries  to  which  eiporteJ. 


AbIi     .  -  •  . 

Africa .  -  .  . 

Itritiflh  Nnrlh  Ainftrican  coloniei 
Uritish  West  Indies 
Knreiitn  West  Iiidirs 
Vm\ci\  State*  of  America 
Mt'iico 
Colnmbia 

nrizil  -  .  -  - 

Slates  uf  the  Rio  de  la  PUU 
Peru     .... 
Guernsey,  Jeney,  AUerney,  ind 
Mail  .  •  -  - 

ToUl       - 


Briliili  Tin. 

Cwt. 

jri.  lit. 

23 

3      0 

220 

1    26 

I4H 

3     0 

114 

2    14 

97 

0      0 

1,177 

0      0 

4 

0      0 

4 

0      0 

322 

0      0 

8 

0      0 

ti 

0      0 

14 

2    20 

24,999 

.    o| 

Foreign  Tin. 


Cwt.  nri.  U>. 
4    2     6 


3,569    2    17 


39,949   3    27 


Priets,  ij-c— The  prices  of  tin  and  tin  plates  in  the  London  market  in  March,  1834,  were  as  fol- 
lows :— 


Tin,  BriUih,  in  blocki 
ingole  • 
in  ban  - 
grain  bloclii 
bn.keu  • 
Foreign,  Hanca,  m  bond 
Sireiglili 


per  cwt. 


r,. 

9.  d. 

3 

15    6 

3 

16    0 

3 

17    6 

4 

13    0 

4 

IH    0 

3 

2    0 

3 

0    0 

Tin  plates,  per  box  of  225  slits. 
No.  I.  C.  13  3  4  by  10  inches 

I.  X. 

1.  XX.  181       - 

IXXX  - 
IXXXX  • 
No,  II.  C.  13  1-4  by  9  3-4  incba 


I. 

1. 

d. 

per  cwt 
112  lbs. 

1 

18 

0 

140 

2 

3 

0 

161 

2 

9 

0 

182 

2 

15 

0 

209 

3 

1 

0 

103 

1 

15 

0 

644 


TIN. 


0/mum 

1MB        J 

•"-Hi* 


■!.,■•  KJ| 

<53 


J  ".'3)1 


Tin  plulM,  ppr  bni  of  22.'i  «hts. 

No.  II.  X.  in  M  liy<l 3-4  inch™  ■ 
III.  ('  IJJ.4  liy  9  1-4  iiiChes  ■ 
III   X 


L.  t.  a. 


(Smiill 

Duulle 


(iil!^     (15  by  II 


SIIWX 

s;jx\xx 


1,13  lbs. 

2    1 

0 

93 

1  13 

0 

xm 

1   IR 

0 

167 

2  111 

0 

ISS 

3    •'. 

0 

209 

3  IS 

0 

2J0 

3  17 

0 

2jl 

4  a 

0 

98lbi. 
IJ6 


t.  I.  J, 


147 
l(>8 
lb9 


I  13 

1  l!l 

2  -, 
2  II 
2  17 


((^.     l6  3-4b7l2l-2inchM  . 
I  X.  100  ilieeli 

Double  •{  XV. 
|X\X. 
LXXXX. 
Tas:;i;rs,  14  l>v  10  inrhw.  21.  '-.t. 
14  1-2  l>y  10  I  2  iiidii.'s. 
Wnsirn  nf  .Nn.  I,  T..  Nn.  I.  .\..  nn.l  No.  XX.  .U  per  t.nx  |f„  ,(,, 
pe'firt  (ilr.fea;  .-ill  ntficr  sort^  (if  wistLTs  Uf.  I»er  Imix  lea.    |j„,y 
ari.l  sliijipiiig  cli.ir^es  tlrf.  pt- r  Imx. 

The  prici"  of  Uri  l.-h  tin,  at  nn  avi'rnfifN  froni  ISU  to  I.S15,  iiiclil.-fivn,  was  ahont  7?.  a  r.wt.  Its  h\\ 
friim  ISl.')  If)  H  (1,  .'lint  \H  rnin|nralivily  lew  piirp  aiiirn,  liavc  l)c(Mi  owing  lo  a  varii-ly  cf  causes  ;  panij, 
to  iiiipriivi  .'iiils  ill  lli(!  art  of  workii'if!  iIk;  mines,  parlly  to  llie  incrciiseil  supply  of  iiiplnl  (iliiajni.li 
from  lliiMii,  mill  parlly  anil  principally  to  the  ciiinpi.'titioii  of  tin'  tin  of  lianca  ami  of  llio  ftlalay  cnim. 
nips.  l'rcvi"ii>ly  lo  l.-ill.we  liail  in  .sonin  nii'asiirn  a  moiinpoly  of  ihr  inarlu't  of  the  world.  I!iii  sjn,.^ 
tl'i'ii  til"  liiMca  Miiiii's  li  iv(!  hi't'ii  wroiiiilit  with  nimsiial  spirit;  ami  tln'ir  proilurc  lias  lifvn  so  niiich 
iiiireasi;.!,  as  imi  only  fully  to  supply  tim  niarliiM  of  t'liina,  to  wliicli  wi;  fnriniMly  e.xporlcil  tVoiii  i;ij|)  i^, 
1,(100  Ions,  Iml  to  mc'l  ii.s  in  I'Vi'ry  ICiiropc  in  markot.  It  appears,  fnn.i  the  forcjtoiiiK  Tallies,  llim  M.i. 
lay  till  is  now  vrry  rxlmisivi  ly  inipnricil.  for  warcliousiiii:,  into  Kiifilaml,  at  tlie  same  tinie  lliii  |:ir^,^ 
(inaiililii'-;  ari!  r  iriirMl  diri'cl  to  Hull  mil  wlicro  llii'ri'  arc  rffiniii/J  liimsi'S.  Iltiiice,  iiotwittistaiiiliiiLr||||i 
fall  of  priio,  anil  the  inrrnascil  proiliici!  of  tin;  (Jornisli  mini's,  our  oxpmts  of  tin  have  rnnlliiniil  niiirlv 
Btalionary.oi  liavo  ratln-r  filli'ii  olV;  liivinu  ln'cii  li;ss  in  l^ltl  anil  \>,Vi,.  wlii'ti  llii'  prodiici!  of  lliu  inj||,.,j 
«'.\i(M'iIimI  1,(1  0  Ions  a  yivir.  than  in  18:0  anil  IS'JI,  whi'n  it  was  only  ahoiit  2,000  tons  a  yi'ar. 

Diilij  or  Hi-ili.<)i  7V»'— .\11  I  in  prodiiriMl  in  Corn  wall  has  hern  siihjert,  from  a  very  remoie  period,  i,, 
n  coin-iue  dniv  of  I/,  a  Ion,  pavaliU;  to  the  Diilui  of  (Cornwall :  the  tin  r.iiscil  in  Utivoiisliire  is  siilij«t 
to  a  f  imil  ir  duly  of  \l.  \:U.  hl.'w  ton.  'I'liis  duly  proiliir.es  from  Iti.OOO/.  to  20,000/.  a  y.  ar  ;  and  is  fijuo 
l)P  a  serious  LTievanee,  not  only  from  ils  amount,  Iml  from  the  ve.valioiis  reL'iilalioiis  iiiiiler  w  liicli  jim 
colle(  led.  'I'h.iiiL'li  the  orders  seni  the  minir  were  for  tin  of  a  peculiar  descriplion,  he  is  not  allnwiil 
to  smelt  il  at  once  into  the  reiiiiired  form,  Iml  is  ohliiied  to  cast  it,  in  tlie  first  iiislaiice,  inio  blnrkf, 
'J'liis  ri'iriilalimi  lieinu  complied  willi,  il  niiijlil  lie  e.\|i('cled  that  llie  tin  would  he  surveyed  hy  illlnrj 
nt  the  smillint'-house.  .-11111  llie  duly  charued  accordiiii'ly ;  hut  instead  of  this  tlie  miner  is  olilii;i(|  pj 
convey  it  !.oiiielimes  as  fir  as  8  or  10  miles,  to  one  of  llie  rnivnire  lowiin,  where  it  is  (and  where  imlv 
it  can  he)  coined  ;  that  is,  a  small  piece  is  struck  olf  one  of  llie  corneis,  and  tin;  hicick  is  iiiiprossiil 
witli  the  arms  of  the  iliiihy,  and  llie  duty  jiaid  This  useless  ceremony  lieiiifx  cone  lhroni;li,  ihi;  ijn 
his  fiiMi'ieiilly  lo  lie  carrieil  hack,  hefore  il  can  he  shipped,  to  (he  very  place  whence  il  was  iaki>ii  in 
ho  coined:  ,\iio!her  (irievance  is.  that  t!ie  coinage  is  only  performed  ipiarlerly  ;  so  that,  Inmi'viir 
pressin:.'  Ihe  demaiiil  fir  tin  may  li"  in  the  inlerini,  the  miner  cannot  supply  it.  There  are  also  i.-nrlaiii 
ie(!s  p.ayaiile  mi  llie  coin  ii;i',  paiiiinlaily  if  il  lake  place  diirim,'  the  (.'liristinas  ami  I.adyday  (piariir., ; 
so  that  if  «e  add  to  the  duty  of  1/.  a  ton,  lliose  char^'es.  and  make  a  reasonahle  allowance'f  r  tlie  i\! 
penso  rif  rani  lire,  ami  fir  the  irouhle  and  inconvenience  to  wliicli  the  miner  is  put,  the  whole  inaj  bii 
inoder.llely  esli  iialed  at  .0/.  a  ton. 

It  is  surely  hii'h  lime  that  this  tax,  and  the  preposterous  rcpnlatiniis  cnnnerted  with  it,  were  aim. 
lislied.  So  lonL'  as  we  enjoyed  a  sort  of  monopoly  of  the  tin  trade,  the  duchy  duty  was  compani- 
tively  lilile  iVIi  ;  hut  now  that  we  liave  to  sustain  (i  competition  lliat  has  already  sunk  the  price (il'tjn 
about  .^0  per  cenl,  and  llial  is  every  day  heconiiiij;  more  severe,  it  is  found  lo  he  ipiile  oppressive,  .\iiil 
it  is  not  lo  lie  endured  that  the  exisleiu'e  of  an  ancient  and  important  branch  of  imlii-ilry,  supposed  to 
tifford  eniidoymenl  for  about  20.000  persons,  should  ho  endaniiered,  that  the  thrown  may  gain  a  pallrv 
revenue  of  from  Ki.OOd/.  to  20,000/.  a  year.  This  is  a  siihject  wliicli  calls  loudly  for  the  .iiterfereiiceof 
the  legislaliiie  ;  and  should  aaotlier  edilion  of  this  work  be  called  for,  we  trust  we  shall  then  liaveto 
niiiioiince  the  aluliiioii  or  commulation  of  the  tin  duty. —  (Tor  further  parliculars.  see  an  evci'Htni 
liltio  trad  eiiiiilcd  the  '/'i;i  />iiVi>,<,  (ascribed  to  Sir  (Jliarles  I.emoiO  published  in  lb3a.  Tliere  is  a 
useful  and  iiisirin  livi'  piper  on  the  tin  trade  in  the  S/iccldlnr,  No.  217.) 

Tin,  Oiili'N  r\i.  (Malay,  'I'lmn  ;  iliiid.  Kalni ;  Siamese,  Dihiih;  Hiinnese, /w/c-7i7.;/h,  white  rnpppr\ 
in  commerc  i  il  laiiuiiaKc  usually  called  Itanca  tin.  It  is  found  in  several  provinces  ofCliiii.i  ;  hut  ili» 
most  extensive  and.  probably,  ricliest  tin  district  in  the  world,  exists  in  the  Malay  coiiniries.  Tliij 
comprehends  ihe  whole  of  tile  peninsula,  from  the  extreme  cape  to  t  le  latitude  of  IP  on  its  \vi!iilerii 
side,  and  lo  11'  on  ils  eastern,  and  comprehends  si'veral  of  the  small  islands  lying  in  the  roiile  licHvi'cn 
the  peiiinsnla  ind  Jiva,  as  far  as  the  laiitmle  of  S"  smith  ;  so  that  the  win.le  of  this  tin  district  has  an 
extreme  leni'i'i  of  neir  1,200  mil(!S.  Ily  far  Ihe  greater  iiiiinber  of  the  Mines  within  these  liniils  areas 
yet  iinwroiiglii  an.l  unexplored.  It  was  only  in  the  beginning  of  las'  century  that  llio  niincs  ofllinij, 
the  most  prudiictive  at  present  worked,  i.v,.  accidentally  disco- jred.  Tlie  whole  lin  of  the  Maliy 
countries  is  the  produce  of  alluvial  ores,  or  wh.n  !  --iiie/i,  ;.,  ,;nrnwall,  "Stream-work  ;"  and  I'nmi 
the  abundance  in  wliicli  the  mineral  has  been  f  mnd  by  the  mere  vvasliing  of  the  soil,  no  attempt  Ims 
llitlierto  been  mule  at  regular  mining,  or  obtaining  the  ore  from  its  rocky  inatiix.  Malay  tin,  ciiii.sl. 
qnenlly,  is  grain  lin,  or  Me  in  a  very  pure  state  ;  that  being  the  species  which  alluvial  me  iiiiiririiily 
produces.  The  mines,  or  rather  excavations,  an;  perpemliiiilar  pits  of  from  \f>  to  2.'i  feet  deep;  aa' 
when  the  soil  and  a  superstratum  of  .-ommon  clay  are  removed,  the  bed  containing  llie  ore,C(iiisislin!; 
of  f|uart/.  and  graniilic  gravel,  is  reached.  'I'liu  sand  and  gravel  are  separated  from  the  ore  by  passin; 
a  stream  of  water  through  the  whole  materials.  The  ore  so  oblained  is  preserved  in  heaps,  and  sincheil 
periodically  wiili  iharcoal  in  a  blast  fiirnace.  The  mine  or  pit  is  kept  clear  of  water  by  tin-  Chiiifsi! 
wheel.  No  calile  are  used  in  any  part  of  the  process  ;  liuinan  labour  being  had  recourse  lo  ihroii^li- 
onl  the  whole  of  its  staites.  The  mo>l  imperfect  part  of  the  process  is  the  smelling.  Tlie  ?iiv  umrei 
of  Cornwall,  which  arc  ;;"nerally  poor,  alford  from  (i.'j  to  75  per  cent,  of  grain  tin  j  whereas,  mvinflo 
tlie  imperfeciion  of  the  process,  from  those  of  Itanca  not  more  than  .'i.'i  or  tiO  are  usually  obtaiiieil,  Tlic 
diirerenie  in  Ihe  produce  siiL'L'ested.  a  few  years  ago,  tlie  practicability  of  sending  Ihe  ore  In  England 
for  the  purpose  of  being  smelted  ;  and  the  experiment  was  tried  ;  but  onr  i  usioms  regiilaiiniis  not 
allowing  tlie  produce  to  lie  biinded  and  re-exporled  wilhoiil  duty,  remlereil  the  scheme  aboitivi' 

With  very  iritliiig  excepiinns,  the  whole  lin  of  Ihe  .Malay  islands  is  mined  and  smelted  by  (  liiiii'se 
settlers  ;  and  luf  ire  their  skill  and  enlerprise  were  applied  to  its  produclion,  the  meial  seems  lo  have 
been  obtained  by  Ihe  inhabilanis  of  ilie  loiinlries  which  produce  it,  by  processes  harilly  iiiorc  skilful 
thai:  those  by  which  Ihe  precious  metals  were  procured  hy  the  native  iiiiiabiiiinfs  of  Aiiierica,  priirln 
Ihe  introilnciiou  of  Dnropean  skill  and  machinery.  The  following  cstimatu  lias  been  (,''*<-'»  of  l lie 
iiiinuul  produce  of  the  princiiial  states  ami  places  producing  tin  : — 

PilUll 


Ea»t  ci-it  of  tlie  Xtal.iy  pei.aisula— 
Junk  'Jtylou 
(^iietla 
Pi.r« 

8.tliiii.?nre-  • 

Malacca   . 

Tolal 


.  ricuu  17.000 


Wcsl  const  of  the  Mahiy  peninsula  acJ  isUnJs- 
Smi^nri  III  I  I'atatit 
-Priaeiiiu  .... 
I'ah.'ii  g     - 

Slii<hep    .  .  .  - 

llauca       .... 

Total 


.".mil. 

.  I'M 
.  7.110 
•  3,i)0 
.  5.IV0 
.35,0i0 

I'iculi  WW 


TOBACCO. 


045 


;  inchM 


lien. 


981bl. 
126 
147 

Ib9 


I:  I.  i. 

I  13  a 

I  19   0 

1  i    0 

•i  II  (I 

2  17    0 


,',;f\va5li:rj  to.  1'"  l"'"  '<■"•    ""'? 

.'as  ahniit  7^.  a  cwt.    Tts  full 
nuvari.-lyofcaii8.'s;i.iirily 

...I  miimlv  <if  iiii't'*'  I'liliiiiii'd 
,,iiu'.lc.l-il.uMal;.y.<.M„. 

rKct«fltuMV..il.t.     limsiMcc 

ir  Mpxlurp  lias  Ik-m  sii  iiimh 

■It  tlie  sainotiiiii-  Ui;\i  Itiri'i! 
'  lloiiciMi'itw'i''^''""'"'-""' 
Kifiin  have  ••"iiHiii"';!  "•■■I'W 
,liiMi  llic  proiUiriMit  Uimiiiuij 

',1  2,0011  K'lii*  I'  >''■"'•        .    ,  . 
■ronaverynM.mieprrmd.to 

iso.l  in  D.v..»sl..r.  is  s,,l,j,.,:t 

20,omt/.  a  y.ar ;  anil  IS  Idni) 
!,roL'nlalionsnnil.!r\vliirliilH 
,|escrip>'n>i,h.:  is  nol  al  „w,h1 
,|„-  tirsl  instam-o  11.11.  bhcU. 
'v.mM  hi'.  ^"rv..yr.l  I'V  ;  ic^» 
„ril.is  111'!  miiitir  IS  oWi'^Ml  10 

\v\ic-rc  it  is  (and  wlifreuiily 
;;«  •,,„1  Ui(!  blni-kis  iinptCi'Sdl 
:  V  iM.ini;  e"in'.  lliroiml'.  11"!  till 

,1  >(■,.  wlirncL-  il  was  Uik..|.  to 
im.ailerty;  so  thai.  ImumT 
,,      it.     TluM-.^  ar.' also  iMTUm 

ltmasaiull/.uly.laynian.r:; 

;  al.i.-allowaiufif.;rUie.v. 
miner  is  P"t,iliewliol«  ••>=')  1"! 

„  ,-onnrrteil  with  it,  were  alio. 

,1,0  J.ic.iiy  <iniy  w"*'  '■'""I"';'- 

h-i  already  sillily  tli«l"»^eol  111 

;   a      iuMiiite  oppressive.  Aiwl 

mil  of  in.lnstry.  suppose,  to 

.,       ei^rimnniayiiaM.aiialiiv 

as  ou.llvfortlio,ntfrler..iiceof 
'v'tn.stwosliallllienii;ivcto 

„rpariinilars.s..euiiex'M.Uum 

'^ .„  -o  ft'i/r-n"/.!/",  wliite  cnpper\ 

';^;;,^&o.-niinn;luiU,. 

in  llie  Malay  eonninis.    Tim 

':,  ;u\vin«iMtl.er.mt.;lo;nvoci, 

;/,,,«  within  llios.1  linul.|iri-M 

,Mrvlliatllieniiiiesolli;nii:a, 

/''Ti-'vl.uliMinof.lieM.ln 

.M    "Str.'ani-worU;"  ami  Irom 

1, ing  of  Itie  soil,  no  atteinpl  li;b 
'Svliiuin."-     ^'.>.v.n,.(0l,..■ 


Malay  tin,  const- 


i;::;iv  ;•  ;uin;iaioi,...iu^.u:iv 

lof  fromU.to2.-.feot  (Uep;ii;i' 
td  ,  ainiiil!  It.e  ore  ronsi.lin 
Haraliul  from  lilt!  ore  l.yinssir 
Imeservedinlieaps.aiHlsmolle 

t   elear  of  water  hy  H."    1""^ f 
*   let«l.ad  recourse  lolliroii^li- 

tl''''''"'^\',    'wl.eeas.ovvinsto 

l-xii^ai^i'srueirq... 
l:-:;;:;;^:es"s:iwre:^ 

csiunale  liaa  u'  <o  fa 


l.,y  peninsuU  irJ  isbiuti- 


..".tuli. 

.  yfi 

.  'M 

.  i0 
.  5A'0 
.  35,1X0 

.  ,.iculi  W.«'' 


This  can  be  considered  only  as  a  rouRli  estimate  ;  but  wc  believe  it  is  not  far  wide  of  the  truth.    At 
an  averaee  of  the  2  years,  lS"0-27  and  18'J7-2H  llie  exports  of  Sincapore  amounted  to  10,31-2  plciils,  or 
aliniit  U7I)  tons.     Tlie  most  consiilerahle  port  of  e.vporlatlon  is  Uatavia  ;  from  wliirli  there  is    ■■  ,1  an- 
nually, either  directly,  or  tliroiiali  orders  from  tlie  Dutch  poveriiiiieiit  or  tlie  authorities  at  Ha     !>, 2,000 
tons.     I'rom  Prince  of  Wales  Island  there  is  also  a  considerable  (iiiaiitlly  exported  ;  and  a  sin.  leronu 
direct  to  ('hina  in  junks,  from  several  of  the  native  ports  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the  Malay  peniiiBiila. 
The  iireat  marts  for  the  consumption  of  liii  are  ('liliia,  Hindostan,  and  the  coiilinenl  of  F.iirope.     TliJ 
qiialiiy  of  llieditr(!rent  descriptions  of  Malay  tin,  although  there  may  be  some  inconsideralile  ditr.'rence 
jnllie  iiiialily  of  the  original  ores,  seems  to  lie  derived  cliielly  from  the  greater  or  less  skill  with  which 
llie  process  of  smelting  is  comlncted  ;  and  this,  again,  necessarily  depends  upon  the  e.xieiil  (if  capital, 
;m.l  goodness  of  the  machinery  employed.     The  mining  operiitions  of  llanca  have  long  been  condiicleil 
u  lan  alariier  scale,  anil  with  more  skill,  than  in  any  other  of  the  Malay  countries  ;  aiid  conseiiuenlly, 
till'  iiieial  produced  in  this  island  is  superior  by  from  10  to  12  per  cent. :  in  the  market  of  Canton  it  is 
railed  "  old  tin,"  in  contradistinction  to  "  new  tin,"  the  produce  of  the  olber  Malay  coumries.     Next, 
ill  point  of  quhi'ty,  to  the  produce  of  IJanca,  are  those  of  'rringanii  and  Singkep,  whii  h  are  not  niori! 
than  .i  per  cent,  inferior  to  it.     The  tin  of  the  state  of  l'era,a  considerable  part  of  which  is  produced  hy 
tin;  natives  themselves,  without  Chinese  assistance,  is  the  worst,  and  usually  about  16  per  cent,  below 
lliat  k(  Biiiica.    The  native  tin  of  ('hiiia  is  10  per  cent,  inferior  to  that  of  liaiica,  and  is  probably  block 
till,  like  Ibe  greater  pari  of  that  of  Cornwall  j  anil,  like  it,  the  produce  of  regular  mining  operations, 
anil  not  alluvial.     The  produce  of  the  (;iiiMese  mines  is  said  of  late  years  to  have  greatly  decreased  ; 
iiroliably  owing  to  the  great  increase  which  has  receiilly  taken  place  in  the  proiliice  of  the  Malay  coun- 
lrii'3,  and  the  die  ipness  and  abundance  Willi  wliich  it  linils  its  way  to  China.     It  should  be  added,  that 
nf  late  years,  and  ('liiefly  owing  to  the  very  low  price  and  abundance  of  ficrman  spelter  (zinc)  in  the 
liiJiaii  "market,  thi-s  cnmmodily  has  occasionally  been  fraudulently  mixed  with  tin.     Tlie  CMiinese 
lirokers  of  (-'anton,  however,  are  siinicienlly  export  to  detect  tile  adulteration  ;  and  it  is  believed  that 
tliijilisiredilable  practice  has  lately  ceased. 

Till!  price  of  tin,  taking  the  market  of  Singapore  as  the  standard,  lias  I'lictuated  nf  late  years  from 
11 '.11  -('  .Spanish  dollars  per  piciil ;  eiiiial,  al  tin!  (!xcliaiige  of  U-.  per  ibdiar,  to  17.s',  and  ti7.<.  per  cwl.  At 
iioav.'rai-'e  of  Ibese  prices,  the  annual  value  of  the  whole  Malay  tin  will  be  about  210,000/.  per  annum. — 
(('ill'//'"''"'  ffift''!-!!  of  Ihe  fiiilian  ^Ircliiprldiro  ;  Dr.  Ilurfficld's  MS.  StatUtkal  Ficic  of  the  Idand  vf 
ISivifi  !  Siii!.'iipi)re  Clirtinii le  ;   Cnnton  Hfisistir,  ilj'C.) 

(VVe  lijve  gnrnt  satiist'.iction  in  iiciiij;  able  to  state  that  the  duties  on  tin  raised  in  Cornwall 
aiv.l  Devon,  and  all  regu'.alioiis  with  respect  to  the  coinage  of  the  same,  have  been  abolished 
liv  the  I  &  5J  Viet.  c.  120.  This  wise  and  benel'icial  measure  provides  that  compensation 
jh.ill  be  made  to  the  ducliy  of  Cornwall  for  the  loss  arising  from  this  aholiiion,  by  settling  on 
lis  iijssedsors  a  perpetual  atinuily  eijual  to  the  nett  average  amount  of  the  duties  during  tho 
10  years  ending  with  1837.  And  having  thus  secured  the  interests  of  the  miners  and  the 
Juke  of  Ciirnwall,  the  act  goes  on  to  secure  those  of  the  public,  hy  enacting  that  the  duties 
on  foreign  tin  and  tin  ore  shall  bo  reduced  to  1.5,?.  and  I0.'>\  a  cwt.  rospectividy.  The  total 
quantity  of  tin  produced  in  Devon  and  Cornwall,  in  18:17-38,  amounted  to  5.^30  tons,  of 
the  average  value  of  82/.,  making  its  total  value  420,66()/.--S»/).) 

TOBACCO  (Da.  Tubak  ,■  Du.  Tubuk ,-  Fr.  Tuuac ,-  Ccr.  Tahack ;  It.  Tabncco ,-  Pol. 
Tuhaka;  U\x^.  Tubak  ;  Sp.  Tabuai ,-  Arab,  llujjcrbhang  t  Hind.  Ttinibitku  ,-  Malay,  Tarn- 
kiicou),  the  dried  Icave.s  of  the  Nlcu'.luna  Titbiicuvi,  a  plant  indigenous  It  America,  but 
which  succeeds  very  well,  and  is  extensively  cultivated,  in  most  parts  of  the  Old  World. 
The  recent  leaves  possess  very  little  odour  or  taste  ;  but  when  dried,  their  odour  is  strong, 
narcotic,  and  somewhat  f(i?tid  ;  their  taste  bitter  and  extremely  acrid.  When  well  cured, 
ihey  are  of  a  yellowish  green  colour.  When  distilled,  they  yield  an  essential  oil,  on  which 
their  virtue  depends,  and  wdtich  is  said  to  be  a  virulent  poi.son.  The  leaves  arc  used  in 
various  ways ;  being  chewed,  smoked,  and  ground  and  manufactured  into  snulV.  It  is  in 
the  last  mentioned  form  that  tobacco  is  principally  used  in  Great  Uritain  ;  and,  though  tho 
contrary  has  been  often  asserted,  its  use  does  not  seem  to  have  been  productive  of  any  per- 
copl'iWc  bad  consequences. 

I.  Hisl'iricul  !^kelcfi  nf  Tobacco, — The  taste  for  tobacco,  though  apparently  administering 
only  to  a  frivolous  gratification,  has  given  birth  to  a  most  extensive  commerce,  and  been  a 
1  iworful  s|)ur  to  industry.     Being  a  native  of  the  New  World,  its  introduction  into  Europe 
liitesonly  from  the  early  part  of  the  UUh  century.     cSeeds  of  the  plant  were  sent,  in  1560, 
from  Portugal,  to  Catharine  do'  Medici,  by  Jean  Nicot,  the  French  ambassador  in  that  coun- 
try, from  whom  it  has  received  its  botanical  name.    The  notion,  at  one  time  so  general,  that 
the  sjicc'ific  appellation  tobacco  was  derived  from  its  having  been  im[)orted  from  Tobago,  is 
now  universally  admitted  to  be  without  foundation.   Humboldt  has  shown,  that  tobacco  was 
the  term  used  in  the  Haytian  language  to  designate  the  pipe,  or  ir..strument  made  use  of  by  the 
natives  in  sin  iking  the  herb  ;  and   tlie  term  having  been  transferred  by  the  Spaniards  from 
thn  pipe  to  the  herb   itself,  has  been  adopted  by  the  other  nations  of  the  ancient  world. — 
[llmd  Poliuj'.ic  siir  l<i  ^\'uurc!'e  K-p'iij;ne.,  vol.  iii.  p.  .'Jl).  2d  edit.)     Tobacco  is  believed  to 
haveb'cn  tirst  introduced   into  England  by  the   settlers  who  returned,  in  LOSO,  from  the 
olony  which  it  had  been  altem[)ted  to  found  in  Virginia,  u>i'!er  the  auspices  of  Sir  Walter 
i'.iloish.  ill  the  prci'ediiig  year.     Harriott,  who  accompanied  this  expedition,  gives,  in  his 
iloscrijition  of  Virginia,  an  account  of  the  tobacco  [ilant,  and  of  the  manner  in  which  it  was 
useJ  by  the  natives  ;  adding,  that  the  English,  during  the  time  they  were  in  ^'irginia,  and 
since  tiieir  letiirn  home,  were  accustomed  to  smoke  it  after  the  fashion  of  the  Indians,  "  and 
fonml  many  rare  and  wonderfi'.i  experiments  of  the  virtue  thereof." — {Hakliti/f,  vol.  i.  p.  7.5.) 
Raleigh,  and  other  young  men  of  fishion  having  adopted  the  practice  of  smoking,  it  spread 
ainon'.|.st  the  English;  as  it  had   previou.sly   spread  amongst   the  Sjianiards,  Portuguese, 
Freucli,  and  other  Continental  nations.     But  it  made  its  greatest  progress  in  this  country 


646 


TOBACCO. 


1  «  I 

CD 


after  the  foundntion  of  the  colony  at  James  Town  in  Virginia,  in  ]  G07.  The  soil  of  the 
colony  being  found  particularly  well  filled  for  the  culture  of  tobacco,  considerable  quaniiiics 
were  raised  and  sent  home  ;  and  the  numerous  individuals  interested  in  the  colony  contri. 
buted  to  introduce  that  taste  for  it  which  was  diffused  amongst  all  classes  with  astonishing 
rapidity. 

James  I.  attempted,  by  repeated  proclamations  and  publications,  some  of  them  coiiclirj 
in  very  strong  terms,  to  restrain  the  use  of  tobacco.  But  his  clVorts  had  very  little  ellW't; 
and  the  settlers  in  Virginia  continued  to  experience  a  more  rapidly  increasing  and  Leila 
demand  for  tobacco  than  for  any  other  product  of  the  colony. 

During  the  earlier  part  of  the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  the  trade  in  tobacco  was  mnnnpoli^pj 
by  the  Crown,  This  monopoly  was  not,  however,  of  long  continuance,  and  tuluily  cratcj 
at  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war. 

Tobacco  plants  had  been  early  introduced  into  England,  and  were  found  to  answer  re. 
markably  well,  'J'heir  cultivation  was,  indeed,  prohibited  by  James,  and  uftrrwiirds  l.y 
Charles,  but  ajjparently  without  effi'ct.  At  length,  however,  the  growing  coiisumpiinn  of 
tobacco  having  excited  the  attention  of  the  government  financiers,  it  was  seen  that,  by  ii;,. 
posing  a  duty  on  its  importation,  a  considerable  revenue  miuht  be  raised  ;  but  that,  were  it 
allowed  to  be  freely  cultivated  at  home,  it  would  be  very  diinrult  to  collect  a  duty  upon  it. 
In  1C43,  the  Lords  and  Commons  imjjosed  a  moderate  duty,  for  the  sake  of  revenue,  un 
plaiita'jon  tobacco;  but  instead  of  directly  prohibiting  the  use  of  native  tobacco,  they  liur- 
dened  it  with  such  a  duty  as,  it  was  supposed,  would  occasion  its  culture  to  be  iibaiulriniil. 
The  facility,  however,  with  which  the  duly  was  evaded,  soon  satisfied  tlic  republican  leadois 
that  more  vigorous  measures  were  required  to  stop  itscultivution,  and  coi)Kr<iuently  to  render 
its  importation  a  source  of  revenue.  Hence,  in  1052,  an  act  was  passeil,  prohibiting  the  gnnvth 
of  tobacco  in  England,  and  apjiointing  commissioners  to  see  its  provisions  carried  into  elTect, 
This  act  was  confirmed  at  the  Restoration,  by  the  act  Charles  2.  c.  3'!.,  which  ordered  thut 
all  tobacco  plantations  i^hould  be  destroyed.  These  measures  were  l>elieved,  at  the  time,  lo 
have  been  principally  brought  about  by  the  solicitations  of  the  planters;  but  their  real  inten- 
tion was  not  so  much  to  conciliate  or  benefit  the  latter,  as  to  facilitate  the  colleetion  of  a 
revenue  from  tobacco;  and,  considered  in  this  point  of  view,  their  policy  seems  quite  unex- 
ceptionable. 

This  act  did  not,  however,  extend  to  Ireland;  and,  of  late  years,  the  cultivation  of  tobacco 
made  considerable  progress  in  that  country.  Had  this  been  allowed  to  continue,  there  can 
be  no  question,  that  in  a  few  years  the  revenue  from  tobacco,  amounting  to  aboiA  3,000,OUO/, 
a  year,  would  have  been  materially  diminished ;  for  it  would  be  quite  visionary  to  suppose 
that  any  plan  could  have  been  devised  for  collecting  a  duty  even  of  100  per  cent,  ujwn 
tobacco — (see  y;oA/) — supposing  it  to  have  been  generally  cultivated  in  Ireland.  !No  one, 
therefore,  can  question  the  wisdom  of  the  late  act  prohibiting  its  growth  in  that  country, ani 
of  rigorously  enforcing  its  provisions.  Any  advantage  Ireland  might  have  gained  by  ii, 
cultivation,  would  have  been  but  a  poor  compensation  for  the  sacrifice  of  revenue  it  must 
have  occasioned. 

In  some  countries,  as  England,  tobacco  is  principally  used  in  the  form  of  snuff;  in  otiiovs 
it  is  principally  chewed  ;  but  in  one  form  or  other  it  is  everywhere  made  use  of.  !So  early 
as  1(J24,  Poj)e  Urban  Vlfl.  issued  a  bull,  excommunicating  those  who  smoked  in  eliurelus! 
The  practice  of  smoking  was  at  one  time  exceedingly  prevalent  in  this  country  ;  but  durinij 
the  reign  of  George  III.  it  was  well  nigh  superseded,  at  least  amongst  the  higher  and  middle 
classes,  by  the  practice  of  snuff  taking.  Latterly,  however,  smoking  has  been  in  some  inca- 
Bure  revived,  though  it  is  still  very  far  from  being  so  extensively  practised  as  formerly. 

We  ((uote  the  following  statement  as  to  the  universality  of  the  use  of  tobaeeo  from  a 
learned  and  able  paper  on  its  "Introduction  and  Use,"  in  llie  22d  volume  (p.  MS,)  of  the 
Asiatic  Journal : — "In  Spain,  France,  and  Germany,  in  Holland,  Sweden,  Uernnark,  aiiJ 
Russia,  the  practice  of  smoking  tobacco  prevails  amongst  the  rich  and  poor,  the  learned  and 
the  gay.  In  the  United  Stales  of  America,  smoking  is  often  carried  to  an  excess,  ll  is  not 
uncommon  for  boys  to  have  a  pipe  or  cigar  in  the  mouth  during  the  g.valest  part  of  the  day. 
The  death  of  a  child  is  not  unfreijuenlly  nx-onled  iti  American  newspapers,  with  the  follow- 
ing remark  subjoined  : — '  suppo.^^ed  to  be  occasioned  by  excessive  smoking.'  If  we  paw  to 
the  East,  we  shall  find  the  practice  almost  universal.  In  Turkey,  the  iiijie  is  per|)etnally  in 
the  mouth  ;  and  the  most  soleirin  conferences  are  generally  concluded  with  a  friendly  pipe, 
employed  like  the  calumcf  of  peace  amongst  the  Indians.  In  the  East  Indies,  not  merely 
all  classes,  but  both  sexes,  inhale  the  fragrant  sleam  ;  the  only  distiiiclion  nniong  them  eon- 
eisting  in  the  shape  of  the  instrument  employed,  and  the  species  of  the  herb  sniuked,  In 
China,  the  habit  equally  prevails;  and  a  modern  traveller  in  that  country  (ll.irrow)  stat(^•, 
that  every  (Jhinese  female,  fnnn  the  age  of  8  or  9  years,  wears,  as  an  a|)peiidage  In  her  dress, 
a  small  silken  juirse  or  pocket  to  hold  tobacco,  and  a  pipe,  with  the  n.-i  .d'  vvhkh  many  of 
them  are  not  uiiiiC(|ijainlL'd  at  this  tender  age.  'J'his  prevalence  of  the  practice,  at  an  early 
period,  amongst  the  ChincKc,  is  ap|)ealed  to  by  M.  Pallas  as  an  evidence  that  'in  .Asia,  and 
especially  in  (Jhina,  the  use  of  tobacco  for  smoking  is  more  ancient  than  the  discovery  of 


TOBACCO. 


647 


in  1G07.  The  soil  of  the 
ceo,  ci)nsi(leral)le  quanliiics 
•f  stcd  in  iho  colony  coiitri. 
all  classes  with  astonishing 

ins,  fionie  of  them  eoiiclioj 
'iVorts  had  very  little  ell'ift; 
pidly  incrcasini;  and  bcltir 

in  tobaceo  was  mnnopolisoil 
itinuance,  and  totally  ceascj 

nd  were  found  to  answer  ri>. 

.lames,  and   aflervviirds  l.y 

he  growing  eoiisumi'lion  of 

icrs,  it  was  seen  that,  tiy  in.. 

be  raised  ;  but  that,  wore  it 

lit  to  collect  a  duty  ujion  it, 

for  the  sake  of  ri'veuuc  uii 

of  native  tobacco,  they  imr- 

its  culture  to  be  aliaiuluiuil, 

itislied  the  republican  lt\i(lo;s 

n,  and  conse quently  to  render 

passed,  prohibiting  the  growth 

provisions  eariied  into  effect, 

2.  c.  y'l.,  which  onlcicd  thr.t 

were  believed,  at  the  time,  ;j 

planters;  but  their  real  inteu- 

.0  facilitate  the  collection  of  a 

heir  policy  seems  (juiti  uncx- 

cars,  the  cuUivation  of  tobacco 
allowed  to  continue,  there  can 
mounting  to  aboiA  3,000,0t)0/, 

be  quite  visionary  to  suppose 
even  of  100  per  cent,  iipoii 

iltivatcd  in  Ireland.  !\'o  one, 
ts  growth  in  that  couiitiy,  aii'i 

nd  might  have  gained  liy  iis 

e  sacrifice  of  revenue  it  must 

n  the  form  of  snuff;  in  others 
here  made  use  of.    !^o  early 
ose  who  srnoUed  in  churchts! 
t  in  this  country  ;  but  diirin:,' 
tnongst  the  higher  and  middle 
loking  has  been  in  some  nica- 
|y  practised  as  formerly, 
if  the  use  of  tobacco  from  a 
22d  volume  (p.  142.)  of  the 
Hand,  Sweden,  Denmark,  anJ 
lich  and  poor,  the  liarncd  and 
larricd  to  an  excess.    It  is  not 
ig  the  g.\atest  part  of  the  day, 
newspapers,  with  the  follow. 
|ive  smoking.'     If  we  [ia:-s  to 
xy,  the  pi(ie  is  pcrpctvially  in 
included  with  a  friendly  [lipt', 
1  the  East  Indies,  not  merely 
distinction  among  them  coii- 
Icies  of  the  herli  smoked.    In 
duit  country  (Barrow)  statd', 
las  an  apjieiidage  to  her  dress, 
,h  the  uti  of  vvhiih  many  of 
re  of  ihc  practice,  at  an  early 
I  evidence  that '  in  Af'ia,  anJ 
ncient  than  the  discovery  of 


the  New  World.'  He  adds — 'Amonn:  the  Chinese,  and  amongst  the  Mongol  tribes  who 
had  the  most  intercourse  with  them,  the  custom  of  smoking  is  so  general,  .so  freqvunt,  and 
has  become  so  indispensable  a  luxury  ;  the  tobacco  purse  allixed  to  their  belt  so  necessary 
an  nrticlo  of  dress;  the  form  of  the  pipes,  from  whitrh  the  Dutch  seem  to  have  taken  the 
mcJel  of  theirs,  so  original;  and,  lastly,  the  preparation  of  the  yellow  leaves,  which  are 
merely  rubbed  to  pieces  and  then  put  into  ihc  pipe,  so  peculiar ;  that  they  coul.l  not  possibly 
derive  all  this  from  America  by  way  of  Europe;  espe(aally  as  India,  where  the  [iractice  of 
smoking  is  not  so  gi-neral,  intervenes  between  Persia  and  China.'  " 

This,  however,  is  a  very  doubtfid  proposition.  It  seems  suHiciently  established  that  the 
tobacco  jiiant  was  lirst  brought  from  Urazil  to  India  about  the  year  1()17;  and  it  is  most 
probable  that  it  was  thence  carried  to  Siam,  (Jhina,  and  other  Eastern  countries.  'J'he 
names  given  to  it  in  all  the  languages  of  the  East,  are  obviously  of  European,  or  rather 
American,  origin;  a  fact  which  seems  completely  to  negative  the  idea  of  its  being  indige- 
nous to  the  East. 

Si}ura's  iif  Siipph/.  Trnpnrfufinn  into  Great  Britain. — Tobacco  is  now  very  extensively 
cultivated  in  France  and  other  European  countries,  in  the  Levant,  and  in  India ;  but  the 
tohacco  of  the  I'nited  States  is  still  very  generally  admitted  to  be  lecideclly  sn|)erior  to  most 
other-.  It  is  mu'li  higher  (lavoured  than  the  tobacco  of  Europe;  a  superiority  attributable 
in  some  degree,  perlijps,  to  a  dilFcrent  mode  of  treatment;  but  far  more,  it  is  believed,  to 
diirerences  of  soil  and  climate, 

i'reviously  to  the  American  war,  our  supplies  of  tobacco  were  almost  entirely  derived  from 
Virginia  and  Maryland  ;  and  they  are  still  principally  imported  from  these  slates  ;  so  much 
so,  that  of  33, 10?, 67 9  lbs,  of  unmanufactured  tobacco  imjrorted  in  Ls:51.  ;52,i  12,108  lbs 
came  from  the  United  Slates.  Mr.  .lelVerson,  in  his  Nates  on  Vir<r!nia,  has  given  a  ver 
untavourable  view  of  the  efl'ects  of  the  tobacco  culture.  It  was,  indeed,  well  kniwn  to  b-.'  \ 
frop  that  speedily  exhausted  all  but  the  very  best  lands;  and  in  addition  to  this,  Mr,  J  s.ys 
that ''it  is  a  culture  productive  of  infinite  wretchedness.  Those  employed  in  it  ar.>  ,  ii 
continued  stat<'  of  exertion,  beyond  the  growers  of  nature  to  support.  Little  fioii  of  an',  i-.ind 
is  raised  liy  them;  so  thiit  the  men  and  animals  on  these  farms  are  badly  fed,  and  the  earth 
is  rapidly  impoverished." — (English  ed.  p.  2i8.) 

Tobacco  is  extensively  cultivated  in  Mexico,  but  only  for  home  consumption.  It  might 
probably,  however,  were  il  not  for  the  resLrictions  under  which  it  is  i)laced.  form  a  consider- 
a'jle  article  of  cxiiort  from  that  eounii-y.  I'nder  the  Spanish  government,  tiie  tobe.co 
monopoly  was  one  of  the  jfrincipal  sources  of  revenue;  yielding  from  4,000,000  to  4.500,000 
dollars,  exclusive  of  the  expenses  of  administration,  amounting  to  about  S()0,000  dollars. 
Xo  tobacco  was  allowed  to  be  cultivated,  except  in  a  few  specilied  places,  ('omniissioners, 
or  i^uardiis  dc  tatjiiai,  were  appointed,  whose  duty  it  was  to  take  care  that  all  tol)iicco  plan- 
tali'Mis  without  the  [irivileged  districts  should  be  destroyed.  The  government  llxed  the  prico 
at\'hich  the  cultivators  of  tobacco  were  ol>liged  to  sell  it  to  its  agents.  J'lie  sale  of  the 
manifactured  tobacco  was  farmed  out;  and  cigars  vfcrv,  not  allowed  to  be  sold,  except  at  tho 
royal  cftancos.  JN'o  one  was  allowed  to  use  cigars  of  his  own  manufacture.  Tliis  most 
oppressive  monopoly  was  established  in  1704.  It  has  been  continued,  from  the  dilllculty  of 
supplying  the  revenue  which  it  produces,  by  the  present  government. — (Hninlju/dl,  Xuuvelle 
r.spa.^ne,  vol.  iii.  p.  49. ;  Poinsett'' s  Nulcs  on  Mtxico,  note  1 16.  Loud,  ed.) 

Cuba  is  celebrated  for  its  tobacco,  particularly  its  cigars.  These  consist  of  the  leaves, 
formed  into  small  rolls,  for  tho  purpose  of  smoRing.  Formerly  their  importation  into  tliis 
country  was  prohibited  ;  hut  they  may  now  be  imported  on  paying  the  exorbitant  duty  of 
%  per  lb.  Havannah  cigars  are  usually  reckoned  the  best.  Previously  to  1820,  the  culti- 
vation and  sale  of  tobacco  were  subjected  to  the  same  sort  of  monopoly  in  C\iba  as  in  Mexico; 
liut,  at  the  period  referred  to,  the  trade  was  thrown  open.  In  consequence  of  the  freedom 
thus  given  to  the  business,  the  production  and  exportation  of  tobacco  are  both  rapidly  in- 
creasing, though  hardly,  perhaps,  so  much  as  might  have  been  exjiectr  '  ;  the  culture  of 
sugar  and  colVce  being  ri  ckoned  more  profitable.  In  1828,  the  dcelai'ed  valiir  of  the  tobacco 
exported  from  Cuba  amounted  to  868,000  dollars;  but  there  is  good  reason  to  think  that  its 
real  value  considerably  exceeded  this  sum.  At  present,  the  total  real  value  of  the  exports 
of  tobacco  from  the  Havannah  and  other  ^lorts  is  probably  not  much  uiidc  2,000,000 
dollars.  The  tobacco  used  in  Cuba  by  the  lower  classes  is  chiclly  imported  from  the  United 
States. 

Consumption  of  Duty-paid  Tobacco  in  the  United  Kingdom, — It  appears  from  the  fol- 
lowing  ollicial  account,  that  the  consumjition  of  duty-paid  tobacco  in  Great  Dritain  has 
increased  from  about  8,000,000  lbs.  in  1789,  to  lG,2l'4,000  lbs.  in  1833;  the  duty  having 
lluctuated  during  the  same  period  from  l.s.  M.  to  U.  and  3.'.'.  per  lb.  There  are,  however, 
sufficient  grounds  for  thirdiing  tliat  the  consumption  would  have  been  at  least  one-fourth  part 
greater,  had  the  duty  been  less.  13ut,  whatever  dilVcreuce  of  oi)inion  may  exist  as  to  the 
inlluence  of  the  duty  in  Gieat  Britain,  there  can  he  none  as  to  its  influence  in  Ireland. 
The  subjoined  Table  shows  that  during  the  5  years  ending  with  1798,  when  the  duty 
wasSrf.  a  pound,  the  annual  average  consumption  of  duty-paid  tobacco  was  7,337,217  lbs. 


648 


TOBACCO. 


r  1 

Mf.  "J 


c 

:> 

"*•! 

1 

.tr^ 

K. 

^ 

«w 

r*;* 

'■c.^>«| 

r 

."1 

.J 

f- 

•  ua 

c;:! 

t.^ 


J '313 


Since  1798,  the  population  of  Ireland  has  been  more  than  doubled ;  and  yet,  during  the 
5  years  ending  with  1833,  when  the  duty  was' 3s.  per  11).,  the  annual  average  consuinption 
has  been  only  about  4,266,000  lbs. ;  which,  making  allowance  for  the  increase  of  population, 
shows  that  the  consumption  has  sunk  to  little  more  than  a  fourth  part  of  what  it  amounted 
to  at  the  former  period  !  Tliis  statement  warrants  the  conclusion,  that  were  the  duty  on 
tobacco  in  Ireland  reduced  to  Is.  per  lb.,  the  consumption  would  be  so  much  increased,  that 
the  revenue  would  gain,  and  not  lose,  by  the  reduction. 

Siinnrir/iiiir. — 'I'lie  price  of  tobacco  in  bond  varies  from  3d.  to  Gd.  per  lb. ;  so  that  tlio 
duty  of  3,v.  amounts  to  1,200  per  cent,  on  the  inferior,  and  to  600  per  cent,  on  the  sviperior 
(I'jidilies.     Now,  tl:  .ugh  the  use  of  tobacco  be  a  frivolous,  it  is,  at  the  same  time,  an  innn. 
cent  gratilication  ;  and  we  do  not  really  ice  any  reason  whatever  for  loading  it  will)  surh 
oppressiv  i  duties,  even  supposing  it  were  j)  ssilile  to  collect  them.     'I'he  more  the  wants  niiil 
desires  of  men  are  nmltiplied,  the  more  inventive  and  industrious  they  become ;  and  so  far 
from  jirevciiting  luxurious  indulgences,  a  wise  government  should  exert  itself  to  incrcaf- 
their  number,  and  to  diffuse  a  taste  ior  them  as  widely  as  possible.     But  supposing  it  to  If 
otherwise,  still  the  magnitude  of  the  tobacco  duty  is  altogether  indefensible:  it  is  neillu'rr,i|. 
culated  to  produce  thf  largest  amount  of  revenue,  nor  to  eradicate  the  taste  for  the  article, 
Its  exorbitancy  is  advantageous  to  th    .•  luggler,  and  to  him  only.     With  the  exception  of 
brandy  and  geneva,  tobacco  is  the  pr,  ..cipal  article  clandestinely  imported.     If,  as  one  nii"ht 
be  half  inclined  to  suspect,  the  duty  were  intended  to  give  life  and  activity  to  the  nerarious 
practices  of  the  illicit  traders,  it  has  completely  answered  its  object;  but  in  every  otlur  point 
of  view,  its  failure  has  been  signal  am'  complete.     "According,"  said  Mr.  Poulett  Thomson, 
in  his  admirable  speech  on  the  taxation  of  the  empire,  on  the  26th  of  March,  1830,  "accord- 
ing to  all  accounts  laid  before  the  house  on  this  subject,  smuggling  in  this  article  in  Enjland. 
Ireland,  and  Scotland,  is  carried  on  to  the  greatest  possible  extent.     I  have  heard  it  stated. 
and  I  have  the  fact  upon  the  best  authority,  that  numbers  of  vessels  are  constantly  leaving 
the  ports  of  Flushing,  (Jstend,  &c.,  carrying  contraband  tobacco  to  this  country.     It  is  a  fa.; 
which  was  established  in  evidence  before  a  committee  of  this  house,  that  seventi/  cargoes  of 
fobacco,  containing  3,614,000  lbs.,  were  smuggled  in  1  year,  on  the  coast  of  Ire'aiul,  from 
the  port  of  Waterl'ord  to  the  Giant's  Ca..seway  alone !    In  Scotland,  smuggling  in  this  article 
is  also  carried  on  to  a  great  extor  i.     There  is  no  doubt,"  added  the  Right  Honourable  gn- 
tleinan,  "  that  the  only  mode  of  meeting  this  system  of  smuggling  consists  in  fairly  rcdiicii'!; 
the  diilij  upon  tlie  article.     I  believe,  that  were  the  duty  upon  it  reduced  to  Is.  or  l*.  6rf 
per  lb.,  the  ))ublic  would  be  greatly  served,  and  smuggling  put  down." 

We  question,  indeed,  whether,  allowing  fur  the  clandestine  importation,  the  consumption 
be  relatively  less  at  this  moment,  in  Ireland,  than  at  any  former  period.  Under  the  present 
.•system,  government  collects  an  exorbitant  duty  upon  about  a  fourth  part  of  the  toliaccn 
consumed  in  Ireland,  the  other  t/ircc-fnirths  being  supf)lied  by  the  smuggler;  the  duty  hcinj 
at  once  an  incentive  to  his  energies,  and  a  premium  to  indemnity  him  for  his  risks !  Afuurth 
part  of  the  demand  of  Great  Britain  is,  probably,  supplied  in  the  same  way. 

Accniinl  of  llie  Nimiticr  of  Pounds'  WeicliI  of  Leaf  Tolincco,  niaiiufnrtured  Cipars.  and  Pniiff,  that 
|)iiiil  Duly  in  tilt'  I'liili'd  Kinp<loin,  for  llie  Year  undiug  tlio  5lli  of  January,  1810  ;  willi  tlie  Uaicsri 
Duty,  and  'I'otul  Anioiinl  of  liie  same. 


Year  rnled 
6lli  J.111.  Ih-lO. 

tiuantilifs  entered  fnr  Home  Cnnsiiniption  in  the 
I'rjitcd  KinsJcim. 

Gross  Amount  of  Duty  received  thereon. 

I.pnr 

ruLauco, 

.M..iiufactureti 

'Irilacco 

and  tiKJn. 

SnufT. 

ilv. 

273 

Total. 

Leaf 
Tobacco. 

Manufactured 

Tobacco 
and  Cigan 

Snuir. 

1 

Tohi.    : 

Lbi. 
22,971 -iOG 

Lbs. 
196,(H7 

Lbt.          j            /,. 
23,167,711     1      3,431,908 

L. 

68,176 

L. 

I.    I 

8,320,167    ! 

Prices  of  ToI)acco,  in  nond,  in  the  London  Marliet,  March,  1834. 

Kentuclcy  and  f'arolina,  pnr  lb.  - 
Viri-'inia,  ordinary 

part  liliuks  .  -  . 

niiddlini,' and  leafy 

fine  .  .  -  - 

Fine  Irislt  and  spinners    - 

niiilillin?  ... 

•iiie  Icuig  leafy    -  -  - 

nrdiii'iry  and  middling  - 
I.ux,  Of  siript  leaf 
(.'aryoea     -  -        100  lbs.    - 

Rates  of  Duty  charged  ik  the  Year  ended  the  5th  of  January,  1834. 

irnmnnufactured  tobatxo,  the  produce  of,  and  imported  from,  any  liritisli  possession  in 
AnHTica         ....-.-.--- 

tJiim.'iiinfaeturcd  tobacco,  nilierwise  imported         ------ 

Maiimactured  tobacco  .:. Ill  cif-'iirs      ..--.--- 
Rnufld ...--. 


s. 

(1. 

s. 

ll. 

0 

n 

to  0 

5.1 

Maryland  scrubs,  per  lb. 

0 

3 

—  0 

31 

brown  anil  leafy 

1) 

3.1 

—  0 

3} 

colotiry  and  yellow 

0 

41 

—  0 

4,'f 

fine  yellow 

0 

4.f 

—  0 

6,V 

('tttia,  in  rolls 

0 

r>k 

-  0 

7 

t'^ast  liiilia 

0 

■u 

—  0 

.") 

Ttiikey 

0 

4'; 

—  0 

5 

St.  DdUiingo 

0 

:i' 

—  () 

4i 

Aniersluot  or  German 

0 

3,\ 

—  0 

7 

Ilavniiiiali  and  Cumana 

u 

0 

-  0 

0 

Cigars    - 

s. 

ll 

s. 

..'. 

0 

0 

to 

0 

(1 

0 

35 

— 

0 

5 

0 

5.' 

— 

1 

0 

1 

2 

— 

1 

4 

0  11 

— 

1 

•; 

0 

0 

_ 

0 

d 

0 

fi 

— 

0 

8 

(1 

fi 

— 

0 

8 

(1 

41 

— 

0  10 

1 

8 

— 

3 

6 

5 

(j 

5. 

ll. 

13 

(1 

2 

llpcr 

!), 

3 

0 

— 

0 

0 

— 

6 

0 

— 

TOBACCO. 


649 


bled;  and  yet,  durint;;  the 
inual  average  consumption 
the  increase  of  population, 
(  pm-t  of  what  it  amounted 
ion,  that  were  the  duty  on 
be  so  much  increased,  that 

to  erf.  per  lb. ;  so  that  the 
0  per  cent,  on  the  superior 
at  the  same  time,  an  iiinn. 
■or  for  loading  it  with  such 
The  more  the  wants  ami 
as  they  become  ;  and  so  far 
nuld  exert  itself  to  incrcaM- 
lile.     But  supposuis  it  to  1  p 
idefensiblc :  it  is  neither  cA- 
■ate  the  taste  for  the  iirlii-lc, 
y.     With  the  exception  uf 
imported.     If,  ««  one  might 
and  activity  to  the  nel'rtrious 
;ct ;  but  in  every  other  point 
"  said  Mr.  Poulett  Thomson, 
;ih  of  March,  1830,  "accord- 
ug  in  this  article  in  Enghini], 
Ltent.     I  have  heard  it  stated, 
"essels  are  constantly  Iravini; 

0  to  this  country.  Itisafa.'t 
louse,  that  sevmti/  cargoes  of 
m  the  coast  of  Ire'and,  from 
land,  smuggling  in  this  article 

1  the  Right  Honnurabh;  gen- 
iig  consists  in  fairli/  raltichv: 
n  it  reduced  to  is.  or  Is.  6(/. 

down." 

importation,  the  consumption 
!r  period.  Under  the  present 
1  fourth  part  of  the  t(diace.> 
the  smuggler ;  the  duty  bcini!; 
ly  him  for  his  risks!  A  fourth 
fhe  same  way. 

Ifirtured  Cipars.  and  Pnnff,  tim 
anuury,  1810;  willi  tlie  Ualcsol 


\ccnnnt  of  the  Quantities  of  Tobacco  retnined  for  Home  Consumption,  ttio  Untcs  of  Dnty  tlmreon  ; 
and  llie  Total  Nett  I'ro  iuce  of  the  Duties,  in  (ireiit  Uritnin  iind  Ireland  j  from  17bi)  to  1M.3,  both 
inclusive.  — (Pur/.  Papers,  No.  310.  Sess.  18'2y,  No.  ~47.  Sess.  \hXi,  and  No.  -212.  Scss.  Ib31.) 


Amouul  of  Duly  receiveil  Uiereon. 

Mamifsctureil 

Tobacco 

ami  Cigs". 

Snuff.           Tolil. 

L. 

fi8,n6 

L.                 i. 

I,  March 

,  1834. 

s.  ,1.        s.  <! 

,  per  lb. 

- 

.  0  0  to  0  11 
-    0    3J  -   0  5 

y 
low 

- 

-  0  .Vi  -  1  « 
.     12-14 

-    0  11    -    1    - 

■ 

.    0    0    -    0    1 

~ 

-  n  fi  -  0  8 

~ 

-    0   (i   -  0  *■ 

luan 

- 

,  „  4'  -  0  10 
.  1  8"  -  3  e 
.    5    ti    -13  0 

Liniaua 

■ 

l./anuart/,  1834. 
litisli  possession  iu 


2  U  per  I!), 

3  0  - 
y  0  - 
0  0   - 


Great  Britain. 

Ireland, 

Total  Ratti  of  Duly  per  Lb     a 

unmanufactured  '1  obacco. 

1 

Qu^nlilics 
reliiiied  for 
Hume  Coii- 

Nett  Uevenue 
of  Cuslomi  and 

Qumlitica 
entered  for 
Home  ('on. 

Nett  Revenue 
of  Cus'niiiH  and 

Total  RalM  of  Duty 
per  I.I),  on  vininaiiufac- 

Of  the  Dor.  i- 

>* 

■umptioo. 

Kxcisa. 

American. 

nioiisof  Spam 
anil  I'ortu^al. 

buoiplion. 

Kxciae. 

turul  Tobacco. 

~ 

«... 

L.         1.  d. 

/.tj. 

L.        I.  d. 

,  I7S9 

8,132,181 

408,037    4     1 

Ii.  3d. 

3». 

2,705,441 

128,704    8    4 

Ij.  Iriih  currency. 

'  1-90 

8,960.224 

512,383    7     1 

• 

3j.  6d. 

2,60.1,437 

I3i,l93  18  10 

1T91 

9,340,87i 

685,9  6    9    1 

• 

- 

2,549,013 

117.420    0    2 

1752 

8,979,221 

682,096    7    7 

• 

- 

1,767,581 

80,693     4    6 

1793 

8,617,967 

647,217  14     4 

• 

- 

6,>68,!S57 

12>,844  17     1 

6d.        dilto. 

1791 

9,723,536 

600,262  12  10 

• 

• 

9,426,211 

193.158  10    7 

1755 

IO,972,3dS 

659,989    3     4 

7,874,409 

215,719    9    0 

8d.        ditto. 

1796 

10,047,8J3 

755,451   15     1 

'   l».  7d.  ' 

4l.  6,/.  " 

6,045,-90 

186,,  39  19    0 

1797 

9,822,139 

813,027   16     2 

li.  7d.  6-20lhs. 

4i.  6(<.  I3-20I1I9. 

8,445,65-, 

267,721   16    4 

1  179i 

10,286,741 

867,302  14     0 

It.  7d.  l2-20lhs. 

4».  7d.  4.201hs. 

4,894,121 

213,317  12    7 

li.        ditto. 

1799 

10,993,113 

799,369  14     2 

■ 

. 

5,876,172 

2S>',028    4    9 

Ij.  7-lOlhadillo. 

190O 

11,796,415 

987,110     8     8 

• 

6,737,273 

327,916     9    0 

ISOl 

10,614,998 

923,833    3    5 

l».  7d.  6-20ths. 

4i.  6d.  18-20111!. 

6,389,734 

2,-3,482     6    4 

''  1?02 

12,121,278 

928,678    9     1 

IJ.  7d.  33..50lhs. 

4v.  7d.  13-.-,0lhs. 

6,327,542 

309,738    9    2 

5  1,«.  7-10tb5perll). 
(  and  3s.  per  100  lbs. 

'  m 

12,589,570 

I,(K8,563  16     1 

II.  7  3  4d. 

4j.  8  1-4rf. 

6,278,511 

265,944    3    4 

ikn 

I2,2'i4,494 

1, 060,3  fl  18     0 

U.  8  l-2d. 

4,1.  10  l-2d. 

5,783.487 

314.007    3     8 

Ij.  5d.  Brit,  currency. 

1  1S03 

1 -2,616,471 

1,088.821     4     3 

U.  8<i.  l3.20thJ. 

4».  lOd.  19.20iln. 

4,15S,794 

3(j2,31Q    8     1 

'  1)06 

I2,43i,035 

1,185,830  14     1 

2i.  2d.  I3.20lbs. 

3s.  4d.  1 9-201  h>. 

6,1182,186 

359,8-j7     6    4 

.  1«7 

12,432.934 

1,336,342  17     9 

4,531,049 

313,417    4    3 

If.  5d.        ditto. 

ira9 

12,076,119 

1,448,296    3    7 

• 

6,847,416 

403,9-3     3    8 

1S09 

13,0i4,870 

1,325,154     5     7 

• 

4i.  Id.  13  20th8. 

6,497  ^62 

451.278  19  n 

l»10 

14,1  OS,  193 

1,. 599,376  18    9 

. 

■ 

6,221,616 

444,198     5    0 

liill 

14,92.3,243 
13,013,333 

1,701,848     8    2 

- 

. 

6,,;  5.1,024 

532,(J82     9    9 

2j.  2d.  l3.20lhB  ditto. 

I$I2 

1,679,912    2     2 

2i.  4d.  13-20th9. 

4».  6d.  18-20I11S. 

5,896,702 

697,897    9  11 

ilSlJ 

13,648,245 

C     Custom-*  re-     ) 

I  cords'Jestroyed.  \ 

1,581,684  12     9 

2s.  8<(.  3.16lh5. 

4j.  lid.  Il-I6lhs. 

5,914,817 

746,006    3    2 

2i.  Sd.  3-16tlln  ditto. 

ISU 

10,503,917 

. 

4,869,304 

653,708  12  11 

13.207,192 

l,76l,4»7     7  in 

3>.  2d. 

6j.  5|-2d'. 

4,748,203 

740,279  13     1 

3>.  2d.        ditto. 

i«,o      '2;8I3,S0S 

2,033,109    2     8 

- 

4,732,085 

7.0,510     7     6 

1  1*17 

,„ :,0^9 

2,158,500    3  II 

. 

. 

4,778,11:9 

757.316     8    3 

•  1818 

I3.6S«,437 

2,173,866  19    2 

. 

4,lM4,04t 

664,183     9     1 

1819 

14.91 1,21-, 

2,285,045     2  10 

is. 

Cj. 

3,4«6,8',2 

61.1,9-9     5    7 

4».               ditto. 

l''20 

,    13,016,'i62 

2,610,972     7     9 

• 

2,582,,t<J8 

616,416     2    6 

1821 

1    12,(18.1,198 

2,600,415     7     8 

• 

. 

2,ei4,i-51 

522,168     6    9 

1'22 

'    12,970,56P 

2,599,155  15     1 

• 

. 

3,309,072 

661 .1,^6     7    4 

■  182) 

13,4H,3r'>4 

2,693,009  13     0 

. 

. 

3.546.126 

730,307  12    8 

182-1 

13,083,091 

2.627,933  12     6 

• 

. 

3,749,732 

730,589    S    4 

■  ins 

i4,.';io,5-,-> 

2.530,617    6    3 

3j. 

5«. 

4,U0,049 

72X,2S8  13  11 

3i.               ditto. 

■  Hi6 

13,7S3,370 

2,077,875  14     7 

- 

3l. 

3,898,647 

580,,«93  U     0 

Ifi? 

14,704.655 

2,223,.140  18     4 

. 

4,041,172 

t03,0.37  18    9 

1818 

14,310,368 

2,198,142  IS     2 

4,013.915 

5;r,,6s3     4    3 

I'iS 

i    14,760,4f;8 

2,23G,3C(;     0     0 

4,125.297 

61.3.341     0    0 

i  1830 

15,170,719 

2,309,-287     0    0 

- 

4, 122,782 

61  1.978    0    0 

>  IS3I 

1    1S,3',1,0I8 

■2,33-.|l        0    0 

> 

4,18,3.S23 

b.'ii,48.5    0    0 

1  IKli 

'    15.892,792 

2,428,532    0    0 

> 

. 

4,342,676 

652,366    0    0 

'l« 

'    16.214,159 

- 

- 

4,556,1.48 

Be^uladons  as  to  Importation. — Tobacco  is  not  to  be  imported  in  a  vessel  of  less  than  120  tons  bur- 
den I  nor  iinloss  in  hogsheads,  casks,  cliests,  or  cases,  coiitaininc  at  least  100  Wa.  nett  weishi,  if  from 
the  East  Indies;  or  450  llis.  weiplit,  if  from  any  other  place;  or  100  lbs.  weight,  if  cii:;iis  ;  except 
{obacco  from  Turkey,  whii  li  may  be  packed  in  sepat,'\te  bags  or  packages,  provided  tlie  outward  pack- 
aoc  be  a  hogshead,  cask,  clipst,  or  case,  c  intainini;  450  lbs.  nett  at  least ;  and  e.xcept  Guatemala  and 
ci)loiiil)i;in  tobacco,  which  may  be  imported  in  packages  of  not  less  than  90  lbs.  Tobacco  is  not 
allowed  to  be  imported,  unless  into  the  following  ports;  viz  I  njuloo,  Liverpool,  Bristol,  Lancaster, 
(owes,  Falinouth,  Wliitehaven,  Uull,(ilasgo  v,  l-ort  Glasgow, (ircenock,  I, eith,  Newcastle,  I'lymoiiili, 
llellast,  Cork,  Drogheda,  Dublin,  Galway,  Limerick,  Londonderry,  Newry,  Sllgo,  Waterford,  and 
\Ve\l'orii.  A  rent  of /iKir  sliillings  is  charged  upon  every  hogshead,  c;isk,  chest,  or  case  of  toltacro, 
warehoused  in  every  warehouse  provided  by  the  Crown  :  'is.  being  paid  immediately  upon  depositinij 
Ihf  tobacco  in  the  warehouse,  and  2.s-.  niore  bi;fore  the  tobacco  is  taken  out  for  home  consumption,  or 
esporiaiion  :  it  may  remain  for^cc  years  in  the  warehouse  williout  any  additional  charge  for  rent. 
No  abatement  is  made  from  the  tobacco  duties  on  account  of  damage  ;  iitit  the  merchant  may,  if  ho 
choose,  abandon  ttie  tobacco,  which  is  In  ho  destroyed.  The  allowance  of  duty-free  tobacco  for  each 
railor  on  board  his  Majesty's  navy,  and  for  each  soldier  on  foreign  service,  is  fixed  at  2  lbs.  per  lunar 
mnnth.  Tobacco  that  has  been  exported,  cannot  lie  reiinported,  wilhoul  being  subject  to  the  same 
datyav  if  it  were  imported  for  the  firs'  time.  Tobacco  cannot  be  ent.^red  for  exportation  in  any  ves- 
seloi  :..'89  tlian  70  tons  harden. — (See  a  full  statement  of  the  regulations  in  Ellis's  British  Tariff  for 
iy:l-;fl)  When  tobacco  is  reshipped  for  exportation,  an  allowance  is  made  for  shrinkage,  from  the 
ieller  lo  the  buyer,  of  30  lbs.  per  hhd.  on  Virginia  and  Kentucky,  and  '."i  lbs,  per  hhd,  on  Maryland,  on 
ilie  laniting  wiMghts;  the  draft  of  the  former  8  lbs.  and  of  the  latter  4  lbs.,  with  a  tret  on  all  sorts  of  4 
lbs,  per  104  lbs. 

[Stocks  of  Maryland  and  Ohio  Tobacco. 


Stocks  Remaining 

Iq  thp  WarrhnuseB  in 

Unsold  in 

Eu-rope,  3lsl  Dec. 

Biltiniort 

It  1).  C. 

In  Holland 

Ill  Rrenien. 

Total. 

182;  hlvls.  7,370 

13.100 

4,700        . 

17,800 

\m    ■ 

14,001 

Il,7,i2 

.        2.100       • 

13,852 

1827      - 

9,760 

14,168 

-        5,500       . 

19,668 

i^M      • 

12,800 

6,871 

4,000       - 

10,871 

1829      ■ 

9,;wu 

8,454 

-        1,600       . 

10,054 

18J0      • 

11,700 

7,4i2 

.        2,100       - 

9,552 

1831      - 

11,«50 

8,579 

-       3,0^6       - 

11,665 

1832      . 

8.000 

8,680 

-        4,720       . 

13,400 

1M3      . 

10,200 

8,494 

•       6,540        . 

14,03  » 

1834      • 

B,l,-|() 

■        1,1,530 

-        6,64,5       . 

19,181 

isas    • 

9,110 

9,119 

•        8,6.50        - 

17,789 

1836      ■ 

12,00? 

9,200 

-        8,308        - 

17,508 

1837      . 

f>  81VJ 

7,259 

-       6,126       • 

12,3S5 

18.38      . 

!•'  ,129 

5,837 

.       2,5>7       - 

8,394 

1819      . 

io,o,«n 

5,421 

4,890       • 

10,314 

1840 

7,->05 

8,218 

.        1,061       . 

9,278 

Baltimore  Inspections. 


Impacted  in 


Maryland. 
1825         lilids.     I5,.'94        hhd 

Ohio. 

1826 

I8,08^i 

1827 

19,672 



1828 

16,478 

2,300 

1829 

14,984 

4,000 

1830 

IC,3;I3 

1,100 

1831 

2-2,050 

2,200 

1832 

24,174 

3,200 

1833 

2,3,115 

6.000 

1834 

?7,222 

8,000 

I83S 

34,11' 

9,000 

1836 

30,509 

6,400 

1837 

30,245 

«,380 

1838 

23,205 

1,639 

1839 

22,582 

4,096 

1840 

39,661 

8,43« 

Vol.  IL— 3  I 


82 


;l 


650 


TON,  TONNAGE. 


gilt,  S»| 


m 

'■K3mJ| 

«c.,.'«u| 

1<%  ' 


Tmpfwtcd  inla  Oennany  onrf  Hnllanil  in  1840. 

The  followiin  til»!e  f  xhibifs  the  nuniber  of  hoj^liea  >%  of  Tohicco 
and  Sttiiii,  receive  I  :»!  Ihe  principtl  Kuropein  iiMrke's,  /toiii  f/ie 
I7m'((rf  Stair),  dui-iiiff  tlip  year  151411  j  Ihe  numt.erw.l  I ;  aij-l  theniiiii- 
bcr  reniainini;  in  tiisi  lianJ^,  at  the  clum  of  the  year.  Maryland 
deooiuinatiuii  incluJcM  that  alio  of  ()}))». 
ImporUd  into 
Ilre.i  en. 
hh<l>.  14  570 


Maryland  and  f)hio 
Virf^iiiia 
Kentucky 
Slenii  • 

Total  hhdj.  -        25,227 

Dittpoitd  of, 
Maryland  and  Ohio  hhds.  lS,3fl9 
Vireinii  -  -  3,4iU 

Kentncky  •  •  3,«t3 

Sltnis   •  •  •  4,564 


Roltfrdara.  Amiterdam. 

-    I3,5'2    ■    IP,.'t32 

.      3,(i04     •       I, ''44 

175     .  105 

696    ■  306 


17,256         12,297 


2,t-58 
2S5 
676 


Total  hhd!.  •        30,034         ie,197 

Sltirks  rumainiuf^  on  hand,  DeceinU-r  31. 
Maryland  auJ  Oliio  hhJs.  1,061     .      iflih    ■ 

Mr:;',nii  •  •  «5    -         332    • 

Kentucky         •  •  283 

hlems  •  -  •  1,651     •         398    . 


8,711 

1,614 

HI 

326 

10,823 


Total 


hhda. 


3,282 


6,095 


Ttnporttd  into  Livtrpoch 


Slocki,  Dk,  ji 

2.2<n 
2,575 

338 

2,161 

153 


Virginia  leaf  hlidt.  3,739 

Sl.ina  ■  2,026 

Kentucky  liaf  •  811 

StciiJB  •  3,023 

Other  kind!  -  722 

Total    ....  hlkli.    7.,-24 

Do.  1839  •  ■  ■  •         7,2J8 

fmportid  ii  to  Lotidcn. 

Virginia  and  Kentucky,  chiefly  hhdj.   13,326 


Stockj,  Dec.  31. 

-     u,aa 


Stocki  remaining  111  furopr,  Dcumlxr  31. 
1840.      1839. 


I/indnn  •  -  hhdl.  12,663 

l.iviTp'iol        •  .  -  7.')24 

nristid,  Newcaitle,  and  Hull     ■  1,100 

Suitlai.d  -  •  -  1,150 

Irehind  .  •  -  1,200 

Niiilh  of  Knrope  •  -  200 

Hrenieri  and  Haml'Urj;  -  3,4(0 

yVniMiTdiiii,  RoiichIiim,  and  Aulwerp  U,020 
Spain,  Uibraltar,  and  Tortugal  •  l-OO 

France  -  •  •  200 


2,428 
7,2.18 
1.357 
1,210 
1,^00 
2(10 
S,K)n 
7.600 

l,2i:o 

200 


IMK. 

11,226 

.5,11.0 
1.7S0 

1,2-0 

2110 

3,.'V) 

S,f.O 

6*) 

2i0 


Total 


hhJj.     37,!;97    38,763   31,CM 


Shipments  of  Mnryliind  ami  Ohio  Tobacco, 

from  naltimore  and  the  District  of  Columbia, 

Year. 

Shipped  from. 

To  Amslerdam. 

To  notlerdam. 

To  Bremvu. 

To  H.imburg. 

To  Cowes.  Fnnce, 
and  CoatlwiRe. 

T.ljl. 

Slosshmdi, 

Ilogiliradt. 

l/utrt/iefids. 

//i*'i/.cnc/i. 

ILgshtadi, 

1835 

Paltiinorc    • 

2,20.5 

8,7.-6 

b,5r.4 

545 

934} 

3,4(15 

2(1,471 

<( 

l)i^trict  of  Columbia 

2,91)0 

'256 

i.r36 

. 

1826 

RTltiinore    • 

3.2S0 

6,437 

3,761 

207 

.'.67 
2,504 

20,329 

«. 

llintiictofColiimhia 

a,0d3 

'878 

629 

1S!7 

Miltiniore    • 

4,602 

6,907 

8.1.7 

"   EO3' 

l,3^7 
2,872 

33,771 

II 

Pi-trict  of  Columbia 

6,196 

1,527 

3,655 

• 

1828 

H.iltiniore    . 

2,371 

3,500 

7,m9 

1,936 

,3,106 

2S,036 

l)islrirt  of  Columbia 

fi.fill 

1,071 

2,921 

471 

!S29 

H.tlliiriore     - 

3.S95 

6,26  i 

7,138 

• 

1,5P4  { 
3,09(1  5 

24,943 

Oislnrt  of  Columbia 

3,960 

. 

. 

• 

lt-30 

Hallininre    - 

3,;i9't 

4,418 

11.296 

. 

773  ( 
1.133  ( 

2J,406 

4. 

District  of  Columbia 

6,797 

. 

691 

.. 

1831 

Ualliinnrr    - 

4,136 

4,420 

11,619 

610 

1.308  > 
2.246 

30,792 

** 

District  of  Columbia 

6,08» 

333 

9(6 

• 

1S32 

Miltiiiiore     ■ 

3,7  i3 

S,II6 

1.5,491 

314 

2,2-3 
3.978 

40,333 

(4 

DiitrictofCnlnnibia 

7.278 

1,544 

300 

2 -,8 

1W3 

H.illonore     - 

2,372 

5,191 

13,118 

44-' 

2,323 
2,045 

32,301 

« 

Distiict  of  Columbia 

5,5,38 

K61 

411 

• 

1834 

Ilaltilnore     • 

3,182 

7,4Si 

13,413 

696 

87.3 
1.613 

33,126 

(1 

Dis'rict  of  Columliia 

5,673 

271 

. 

1835 

P.'iltiiitoie    • 

2,3(>3 

9,656 

19,769 

203 

2,571 

Dis'i  id  of  Columbia 

6,971 

415 

• 

40,953 

1838 

Hallininre     - 

3,134 

7,150 

12,367 

. 

4,052 
210 

30,703 

t( 

Di.tricl  of  Columbia 

1.725 

1,322 

413 

. 

1837 

R.illiiiinre    - 

3,910 

7,2»7 

14,291 

60 

7,531 

38,644 

4t 

Dtnlrict  of  Columbia 

5,272 

2£0 

. 

. 

1838 

naltimore 

2.2;o 

8,198 

12,181 

rf 

4.053 
1,3S'( 

44 

Dis'rct  of  Columbia 

1,631 

■ 

. 

30,451 

1839 

llTlliin'ire     - 

6,133 

5,111 

10,237 

4.34'^ 

27,812       1 

44 

Dii'rict  of  Columbia 

1  607 

. 

356 

1810 

llalliiiiore    - 

7,.!T0 

12,098' 

16,2J9 

115 

8,270 

44 

District  of  Columbia 

3,266 

2,177 

49.635 

I.yford'j 

Price  Current. 

Annual  Average  E.xportations  of  American  Tobacco  for  Three  Years,  from  October  1, 1835,  to  Sep- 
tember .SO,  lS3tl. 


.ivcrajfe  first 
C').\t  in  Ihe  r. 
St,4lr8,  perlOO 

1 

Countries  In  which  the  tobacco 

Number  of 

Value. 

Duty  levied  in  each  countrv,  estimated  in  American  currencv 

was  exported. 

hogsheads. 

Itis. American 
currency. 

per  100  Ids.                                '  j 

1 

Dolh. 

n.  Cli. 

j 

BuMia 

181 

111,712 

4    S3 

Leaf  with  its  stems,  and  stems,  n.  10  66;  leaves  ivillioul 
stems,  n.  21  32. 

Sive.len  and  Norway 

1,761 

141,?)99 

6    72 

In  Norwav,  fl.  3  29. 

Dennnrk    ■ 

h3 

111.071 

9    64 

I.eaves  anil  stems.  42  1-2  cents. 

llolLuid      . 

19.815 

955,«35 

4    02 

Virttinia,  ^c,  12  1-2  cen's;  Maryland,  14  1  4  cents. 

flt-lf^iiiin     • 

2,457 

185,107 

6    24 

Viriiiii.1,  *c.,23  1-1  rents;  Marylaiii;,26  2.3. 

Great  Riitain 

2i>,773 

3,110,170 

9    00 

Leaves  and  stems,  D-  72  75. 

Gibrallar    - 

4,878 

379,6'0 

6    48 

Fi  te  port. 

Mala 

216 

15,'J33 

6     15 

F11  e  1  orl. 

S|»ain 

1,729 

IW.5I7 

9    19 

MoiKipiily  by  1:  e  re^ie,  e»cept  in  4  provinces. 

France 

10,826 

•)j6,556 

7    36 

Miin(i|Kily  tiy  Ih.-  reeic. 

Poriuija!     • 

77 

6.360 

6    88 

Miino|nlv  by  the  farm  ;  also  a  duly  of  A  8  3C. 

Italy 

769 

t6,021 

9    32 

Monoiiiil'v  ill  Sardinia,  Homau  States,  i'arnia,  Naples,  and 

.Sicily 

32 

2,2.33 

5    S2 

Mnni'polv  in  Naples. 

Trieste  (AuMria)     . 

295 

20,t97 

5    84 

Moncj.c'y  in  the  Austrian  domininns.  wi(h  the  exception  of 
llunL'aiy;  also  a  duty  m  Austria ul  D.ii  6b. 

Other  cnuiitrie.4  of  Germany 

25,753 

1,195,968 

3    55 

See  note  lelovv. 

All  'itlier  country's  • 

6,771 

480,078 

103,422 

7,748.772 

6    25 

A*t>ff.— Th'-  (!u*y  nn  importation  of  American  raw  tobicc^i  anil  Btem«.  is  in  rrmtia,  Bi(]en,  WnrteniburK,  Piviria,  IlesseCissel.  Hes*e' 
Darnisladt.  Nissan.  Saxnny,  Lii-chteriBtfin,  HnhenzoUeni,  IIf«e-lliinil'nriC.  Fr:irikfnrt,  Watdixk,  Sfliaun,bur?-IJ|ii.e,  I.ippe  DfMiioM,  in  Ihfl 
AnIiaM  'fiiktil'ini'.,  S,ixo-\\>iniar  Eiieinch,  Snip-Mi-inei;gen.Hj||l>iirjtliau'Ptt,  Saxr-AMeni'iirjt,  SHii-Col-urg  Goliin,  ;viiil  the  Rtisse  princi- 

fiali'ie-*,  v.  .1  2.1  1 1"  100  Us. ;  in  Il.inover  ani  Urunswick.  70  cei.ts  pei  10  i  11^3.  ;  in  Rrf-iiiPn,  3-4  per  cent. :  in  H,iiribijrg,  1  I-2  [ler  r'-ut.; 
n  l-Mt-^f ,  \i  per  ciut.  j  m  iMeckiei-burg  Stihwerio,  a.id  in  Meckienburj^-Strelitz  Ihe  duly  is  very  Irilling.— U  N.  Om\.  and  SUxU  Kti- 
Mm.  Ed.] 

TON,  nn  English  weight  containing  20  cwt. 

TONNAGE,  ill  commercial  iiavigation,  the  number  of  tons  burden  that  a  ship  will  carc'. 


TONNAGE. 


651 


aiocki,nn.3t 

a          9,739 

2.W 

2,(^6 

^i,'l^i 

811 

339 

3J)-'J 

2,161 

tii 

1">3 

. 

hhds.    7,.'i24 

'. 

7,ii8 

Sloclu,  Dec  31 

.ieflyhhdt.   13,M6 

-       12,«3 

f  1)1  Europe,  Deum 

^■r  31. 

IMO. 

1839.     \m. 

IiMj.  12.663 

U,428     M,2J6 

i.:m 

7,2.18      f.,lltO 

'"»  :     \^ 

1,:«7      1,7«) 

1,210     1,1-no 

1,200 

1,-00      l,2V) 

200 

2"0        2ifl 

8,410 

ft,>-Ofl     3,;V) 

and  Aiitnerp  Wy« 
nasal  .              ^00 

7.(ili0      .i,6-.0 

1,2(0        frV) 

200        2l0 

hliJJ.     S'.'-ST    »8,:53    31,CM 

e  District  of  rolumtim. 


To  CnWM.  Fr:\Iicc, 

'r,.:ni. 

5-        anil  CoaslwiM.-. 

H^gihwdi.             Wi;j)((a/Il.    1 

934? 

3,4iir.  5 

2(i,47l 

2,ria4  s 

20,329 

1,3^7  t 
2,872  S 

35,771 

'3,1CC5 

29,036 

}>^ 

1,7^5 

^■,551 

l:j-?l 

2,323  1 

l.ai3? 

2|JT  1           1       40,9a 

4."'|2                     30,703 

7,531 

38,644 

• 

4,0'i3 
l.3S'< 

30,451       { 

, 

4,34'i  1 

27,812       1 

3i(i  > 

'           1 

.        1            "t^'l 

49.655 
'j  Pria  Currmt. 

J.ijford 

3,  from  October  1, 1835,  to  Scp- 

1 
! 

-ountrv,  c!lim;<tc(i  in  American  cuntmy. 

jj'er  100  IM. 

lis,  and  stems,  D.  10  06;  leaves  iviiloui  | 

I9.  I 

■42  1-2  cents  ,  .  .       . 

licenu;  Manlaiid,  14  14ceuls. 
ll  rents;  MaryliuJ,2U  2-3. 
ID.  72  75. 


L^if,  eicepi  in  4  provinces. 

Iirni:  alsoaJu'vofn.f  30. 

linia,  Komiu  Stales,  1'ain.a,  Naples,  anJ 

Ptrian  .InmJni™'.  ■ni';li.tlie  eiccrtioo  cf 
I  duty  lU  Austria  ol  V.  u  oS. 


trl"iiring.-(;S.t»n..and«W.»{.- 


burden  that  a  ship  will  cam-. 


The  motlc  in  which  tho  tonnapie  of  British  ships  is  at  present,  anil  has  hitherto  been,  a.s- 
ccrtnined  is  specified  in  the  Resi.stry  act,  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  ."j.^.  §§  IG.  &  17.  (see  vol.  li.  p, 
390.).  Tills  mode  has,  however,  led  to  very  inaecurate  conclusions  ;  and  as  most  sliipping 
cliargcs  liepend  on  the  tonnage,  it  has  occasioned  the  liuildiiig  of  ships  of  nn  iiii|)ro|)er  form 
for  the  purpose  of  navigntion,  in  oitler  that,  liy  measurint;  less  ilinn  their  real  tiiirden,  they 
iiiiglit  evade  a  part  of  the  duties.  It,  therefore,  has  long  been  felt  to  be  desirable  that  some 
cliuiige  should  be  made  in  the  plan  of  mea.'^uring  shiiis.  but  the  ]>raclical  obstacles  in  the  way 
of  any  change  are  much  grenter  than  is  commonly  sujiposcd.  'J'he  accurate  e^^tilnatioll  of  iho 
tonnage  nf  a  ship  is  a  very  diincult  [iroblem  indeed;  and  it  is  indi.-ipen.salile  that  any  system 
to  be  adopted  in  practice  be  not  very  complex  ;  for  if  so,  it  will  cither  be  wholly  inapplica- 
ble, or  it  will  he  sure  to  be  incorrectly  applied.  At  best  therefore,  only  an  api)ro.\iiiiative 
measurement  can  be  obtained. 

(The  subjoined  statute,  5  vS:  0  Will.  4.  cap.  56.,  which  has  embodied  similar  clauses,  pre- 
scribes the  rules  according  to  which  the  tonnage  of  ships  has  been  ascertained  since  the  1st 
of  January,  1836.  These  rules  are  not  so  simple  or  easily  applied  as  those  that  were  pre- 
viously u.sed ;  hut  they  give  the  tonnage  of  all  ships,  however  liuilt,  with  tolerable  accuracy, 
ami,  consequently,  take  away  the  temptation,  that  till  then  existed,  to  build  ships  of  a  form 
unsuitable  for  the  purposes  of  navigation,  itt  order  that,  by  measuring  less  than  their  true 
burden,  the  duties  charged  according  to  the  tonnage  might  be  evaded. 

Hrpenl  of  Former  lieffululhiis.—Thn  rales  laid  (Inwn'iri  the  act  .1  cSc  4  Will.  4.  c.  55.  (see  vol.  ii.  p.  .S90.) 
rrlaliiisr  lo  ili«  ailiiieasiircinent  of  ships,  are  hereby  repealed,  so  far  as  relates  to  the  niurcliant  ships 
(oIk-  horeaftiT  registered.— i)  1. 

Hiilcliy  irliirh  Taininirc  of  Ki-v.-iffs  I.?  to  be  ascertnined. — From  and  nflor  the  cnmnienceiiient  of  this  act 
tiie  l(iniia(.'e  of  evtiry  slii|)  or  vi'ssil  shall,  previntis  to  her  liciiifi  rciiislered,  be  measured  and  ascer- 
miiit'il  while  her  hold  is  clear,  and  aecordiriy  to  the  fdlldwhiK  rule  ;  vl/..:  dividu  the  length  of  the  upper 
ilt'i'k  liotween  the  afterpait  of  the  s-lein  and  the  forepart  of  tho  sternpnst  into  G  equal  parts.  Depths  : 
al  the  foremost,  the  miiMIe,  and  the  aflernnist  of  those  points  of  division,  measure  in  fi'et  and  di:cimal 
larls  of  a  fnol  the  liopths  from  the  underside  of  lln^  upper  deck  to  the  ceilini!  at  the  limlier  slrake.  In 
(lie  case  of  a  break  in  the  upper  deck,  the  depths  are  to  lie  measured  from  a  line  streltlied  in  a  conli- 
iiiiiitinii  of  the  deck,  lircadlhs  :  divide  each  of  those  3  depths  into  5  c(nial  parts,  and  measure  the 
insiile  breadths  at  the  following  ptdnts  ;  viz.  at  l-5th  ami  at4-5ths  from  the  upper  deck  of  the  fureniost 
anil  al'iermnst  depths,  and  at  2-5tlis  and  4-5tbs  from  the  nppi^r  deck  of  tin;  midship  depth.  Length  :  at 
lialf  the  nililship  depth  measure  the  length  of  the  vessel  from  the  afterpart  of  the  stem  to  the  forepart 
of  llie  sternpost;  then  lo  twice  the  midship  depth  add  the  foremost  and  the  aflermost  depths 
frrtlie  Pion  of  the  depths  ;  add  logoiher  the  upper  and  lower  breadths  at  the  foremost  division,  3  times 
tlii> upper  breailth, and  the  lower  breidlli  at  the  midship  division,  and  ihe  upper  and  twice  the  lower 
lirciidlli  at  the  after  division,  for  the  sum  of  (he  breadths;  then  inulliply  the  sum  of  the  depths  by  tlm 
(iiininf  the  breadths,  and  this  product  by  the  length,  and  divide  Ihe  final  product  by  3,500,  which  w'ill 
five  the  number  of  tons  for  register.  If  the  vessel  liave  a  poop,  or  half  deck,  or  a  break  in  the  upper 
(leek,  inC'isnrc  the  inside  mean  length,  breadth,  and  height  of  such  part  thereof  as  maybe  included 
williiii  the  bulk-head^  multiply  these  3  measurements  together,  and,  dividing  Ihe  product  by  !)24,  llie 
qiinliciit  will  be  the  number  of  tons  lo  be  added  to  the  result  as  above  fnuiid.  In  order  to  ascertain  the 
toimaire  of  opi'ii  vessels,  the  depths  are  to  be  measured  fiom  the  upper  edge  of  the  upper  stiake. — }  2. 
Toniwirc  '»  !"'  entered  iin  Register. — The  lonnage  or  burden  of  every  ship  belonging  lo  the  II.  K.  ascer- 
tained in  the  manner  before  directed,  shiill,  in  n^spect  of  any  ship  registered  after  the  commencement 
ol' tills  act  (except  as  herein  e.\cepted),  be  inserted  in  the  cerlilicate  of  the  registry  thereof,  and  be 
laki'n  and  be  diMMiied  to  be  the  tonnage  or  burden  thereof  for  all  Ihe  purposes  of  the  said  act.  —  }  3. 

Toiniiii'e  »/  Stniin  Vessels. — In  each  of  the  rules  before  prescribed,  when  applied  to  ascertain  the  tnn- 
najeof  any  ship  or  vessel  propelled  by  steam,  Ihe  lonnage  due  to  the  cubical  contents  of  the  engine 
rnoni  shall  be  deducted  from  the  total  tonnage  of  the  vessel  as  determined  by  either  of  the  rules  afore- 
said,iiiiil  the  remainder  shall  be  deemed  the  true  register  lonnage  of  said  shipor  vessel.  The  tcmnage 
Sue  to  the  cubical  contents  of  the  engine  room  shall  be  delerniined  In  the  following  manner  ;  viz.: 
measure  the  inside  length  of  the  engine  room  in  feel  and  decimal  parts  of  a  fool  from  the  fureniost 
(d  llie  aftermost  hulk-head,  then  multiply  the  said  length  by  the  deplh  of  the  ship  or  vessel  at  the  mid- 
fliip division  as  aforesaid,  and  the  product  by  the  inside  breadth  at  the  same  division  at  2-5ths  of  the 
deplli  frnin  the  deck  taken  as  aforesaid,  and  diviire  the  last  product  by  '.t2'4,  and  the  quotient  shull  be 
deemed  the  tonnage  due  to  the  cubical  contents  of  the  engine  room.— Ci  4. 

I.riiirih  and  Conleiils  of  F.iiffitie  liooiii  la  be  set  forth  in  Defcriptinji  of  Steam  Vessel. — The  tonnage  due 
•n  llie  cubical  contents  of  the  engine  room,  and  also  the  length  of  the  engine  room,  shall  he  set  forth 
.11  tin;  cprlilicate  of  registry  as  part  of  the  description  of  the  ship  or  vessel ;  ami  any  alteration  otsucli 
lo!inii;e  due  to  the  cubical  contents  of  the  engine  room,  or  of  such  length  of  ilie  eiigine  room,  after 
teL'isirv,  slnli  lir:  deemed  to  lie  an  alteration  requiring  registry  dc  novo  within  the  meaniiig  of  the  said 
an  lot  llie  registering  of  ships  or  vessids. — J  5, 

Forasr-rlnininir  Tunviige  of  Veasels  when  laden.— T\u:  tonnnee  of  ell  ship.a,  whether  belonging  to  the 
! .  I\.  nf  otnerwise,  as  there  shall  be  occasion  lo  measure  while  their  cargoes  aio  on  board,  the  fiillow- 
liijriile  shall  be  observed;  viz.:  measure,  first,  the  length  on  the  upper  deck  between  the  alierpart  of 
llii'fleiii  and  the  forepart  of  the  sternpost;  secondly,  Ihe  insiiie  hreadllioti  Ihe  underside  of  the  upper 
ileik  at  llio  middle  point  of  Ihe  length;  and,  thirdly,  the  depth  frinii  the  underside  of  the  upper  deck 
(town  the  pinnpw'll  to  the  skin  ;  inulliply  these  ,S  dimensions  together,  and  divide  the  product  by  130, 
aiiiltlic  (iiiotient  w  II  be  the  amount  of  the  register  tonnage  of  such  ships.—}  (i. 

.Iiionmt  of  Resi-it'r  Tonnane  to  he  carred  on  Main  Beam. — The  true  amount  of  the  register  tonnage 
(if  every  ni'erchan'  ship  or  vessel  behuising  to  the  II.  K.,  ascertained  according  lo  the  rule  by  this  ac^ 
eslalilisbed  in  reaped  of  such  ships,  shall  be  deeply  carved  or  cut  In  lignres  of  at  least  3  inches  in  Icnglhi 
on  llie  main  beam  of  every  such  ship  or  vessel,  prior  to  her  being  reuislered.— J  7. 

Xiltn  alter  Toiinairc  of  'yef.'eh  alreiidij  re<;>stered.—'\M\\\u'i  herein  contained  shall  extend  to  alter 
tlie  present  nipasure\)f  tonnage  of  any  ship  or  vessel  which  registercMl  prior  to  the  ciimmeiici'inent  o!" 
tins  an,  unless  in  cases  where  the  owners  of  such  ships  shall  require  to  have  their  tonnage  established 
afcoriliiig  10  the  rule  before  provided,  or  unless  there  be  occasion  to  have  such  ship  admeasured 
ajain  on  inemint  of  any  alteration  made  in  the  form  or  burden  of  the  same,  in  which  cases  only  sucU 
flii|is  sliall  be  re-adnieiisured  according  to  the  said  rule,  and  their  tonnage  registered  accordingly. 
-{8. 

Commeneement  nf  J!ci.~T\m  act  shall  commence  and  take  cflect  upon  and  from  the  1st  day  of  Junu- 
irj,im,-i'J.)—Siip. 


I 


652 


TOOLS,  TOPAZ. 


ttbi-JM 


CI 


'"''HI 

t3 


..L', 


The  tonnage  of  gonds  and  store  It  taken  goniellmes  by  weight,  and  somelimcn  by  meagnrnmenl ; 
that  inpthod  being  allowed  to  the  vessel  whirh  yleUlH  tlie  most  Inniiiioi'.  In  tonnuRe  by  welifhl, 'io 
cwl,  uiiike  a  ton.  In  tnnnnKe  by  nieiisiirerin-iit,  10  cubic  I'eia  lire  ((luiil  to  a  ton.  All  carrJii|jcH,  or 
otiicr  stores  nieiinnred  by  tlie  lonnuge,  are  taken  lo  plei  es  iiiid  paekud  ho  as  to  occupy  tlie  least  rndiij 
Ordnance,  whether  brass  or  iron,  is  taken  in  tonnage  at  its  actnul  wulglit ;  as  are  musket  cartridges  in 
barrels  or  boxes,  ammunition  in  boxes,  &c. 

TOOLS  AND  MACHINES.  TJndor  this  designation  are  comprised  all  sorts  of  instru- 
mcnts  employed  to  assist  in  the  performniicc  of  any  tiiKlcrlakiiig,  from  tlie  rudest  and  siiiiplct 
to  the  most  improved  and  coiii])lcx.  But  we  only  nu'tition  them  here  for  the  purpose  ol' 
making  one  or  two  remarks  on  the  restrictioiis  lo  which  the  tnidc  in  iheni  is  Bulijected. 

Itii  portal  ion  and  Ewpor/ntion  of  Ttm/s  and  Machines. — Tool.s  and  machines  heinp;  in. 
struments  of  jiroduction,  it  is  obviously  of  the  utmost  im[)orlancc  that  they  should  lie  as 
nnich  improved  as  pos.sible,  and  hence  the  ex[icdiciicy  of  allmvinR  their  free  im|i()rlatin[). 
Their  exclusion,  or  the  exclusion  of  the  articles  of  which  I  hey  are  made,  wotiid  obviously 
lay  every  branch  of  industry  carried  on  in  a  natioti  less  advanced  ihiin  others  in  theinnanu. 
facture,  under  the  most  serious  disadvantages.  And  supponing  the  implements  it  ciiiploycil 
to  be  superior  to  those  of  other  countries  wiien  the  exclusion  took  |)lace,  the  absence  of 
foreign  competition,  and  of  the  etnuialion  which  it  inspires,  would  most  probably,  in  a  very 
short  time,  occasioti  the  loss  of  this  superiority.  The  injury  arising  from  the  prohibition 
o»"  i.tost  other  articles  is  comparatively  limited,  allccting  oidy  the  [iroducers  an<l  coiisuiiirrs 
of  those  that  are  prohibited.  Hut  a  proliibition  ol  machines  strikes  at  the  root  of  cwiv 
species  of  industry  :  it  is  not  injurious  to  one,  or  a  few  branches,  but  to  all. 

The  question,  whether  the  exportation  of  machinery  ought  to  be  free,  is  not  so  easy  nf 
solution.  It  is  the  duty  of  a  nation  to  avail  it.scif  of  evei-y  f.iir  means  for  its  own  u^rgran- 
dizcment;  and  sup()osing  the  machinery  belnnginj;  to  any  jmrticular  people  were  dccidiilly 
superior  to  that  em[doyed  by  their  neighbours,  and  that  they  hud  it  in  their  power  to  [irp- 
serve  this  advantage,  their  generosity  would  certainly  out-run  their  sense,  were  tiiey  to  cmr.. 
municate  their  improved  machinery  to  olhers.  We  do  not,  however,  believe  that  it  is  pt.?. 
siblc,  whatever  measures  may  be  adopted  in  that  view,  for  one  country  to  monopolise,  for 
any  considerable  period,  any  material  improvement  in  machinery  or  the  arts :  and  on  this 
ground  we  think  that  the  existing  restraints  on  the  exportation  of  machinery  had  better  i.c 
abolished.  Drawings  and  models  of  all  sorts  of  machines  used  in  Manchester,  Glascrow, 
and  Birmingham,  are  to  be  found  in  most  parts  of  the  Continent;  and  at  Rouen,  Paris. &c., 
numbers  of  the  best  English  workmen  are  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  prohiliiied 
machines.  Now,  it  does  certainly  appear  not  a  little  preposterous  to  prevent  the  exportation 
of  a  machine,  at  the  same  time  that  we  allow  (it  could  not,  indeed  be  prevented)  the  free 
egress  of  the  workmen  by  whom  it  is  made !  The  effect  of  this  absurd  policy  is,  not  to 
secure  a  monopoly  of  improved  machines  for  the  manufactures  of  England,  but  to  occasion 
the  emigration  of  English  artisans  to  the  Continent,  and  the  establishment  there  of  machine 
manufactories  under  their  superintendence.  The  prejudice  that  must  ari.se  from  this 
slate  of  things  to  the  interests  of  England,  is  too  obvious  to  reipiire  being  pointed  out.  It 
is  plain,  therefore,  that  the  exportation  of  all  sorts  of  machine-y,  on  payment  of  a  moderate 
duty,  ought  to  be  allowed.  A  policy  of  this  sort  would  afford  much  more  efllcieiit  jirotcc- 
tion  to  our  manufacturers  than  they  enjoy  at  present ;  at  the  same  time  that  it  would  tend 
to  keep  our  artisans  at  home,  and  make  England  the  grand  seat  of  the  tool  as  well  as  of  ihe 
cotton  manufacture. 

For  an  account  of  the  restrictions  on  the  exportation  of  machinery  from  Great  Britain, 
see  ante,  vol.  ii.  p.  16. 

Account  of  the  Value  of  the  Machinery  exported  from  Oreat  Britain,  daring  the  Six  Years  endin; 
with  lb29.— (Pari,  fapei;  No.  373.  Sess.  1830.) 


Yean. 

Steam  Engirt  8 

ami  Rirls  of 
Steam  Engiiica. 

Mill  Work  nf  all 

SoriB  allowed  by 

Law  lo  be 

exporled. 

Machinery  of  all 

other  Riiuls 

allowed  by  L-iW  to  be 

eji|«irted. 

Machinery  eximrled 

under  licence 

from  the  Treasury 

or  Friyy  ConnciK 

i 
Total, 

1S24 

IS27 
IS23 
IS29 

L. 

28.123 
7H.027 
I2KS26 
ltl,9:)U 
123  <1C9 
133,5-;3 

L. 

?2,998 

25,fi34 
25,724 
24, -38 
65,372 
47,543 

L. 

3,'),575 
104,203 
66.247 

60.507 
6H.II3 
fi2,019 

44,0,58 
4,472 
13,153 
17,154 
la,«l4 
21,104 

r.. 

12»,6« 
212.416 
2,1J,n5> 
214,129         1 
265,ja         i 
2:i(i,5,19        i 

TOPAZ  (Ger.  Topas ,-  Fr.  Topa.se .■  It.  Tnpazio.-  Sp.  Ti.pacio;  Rus.  Tnpas).  The 
name  Topaz  has  been  restricted  by  M.  Hai'iy  to  the  stones  called  by  mineralogists  Occidental 
/uby,  topaz,  and  sapphire;  which,  agreeing  in  th'ir  crystallisation  and  most  of  their  jiroper- 
ties,  were  arranged  tinder  one  species  by  M.  Rome  de  Lisle.  The  word  topaz,  derived  from 
an  island  in  the  Red  Sea,  where  the  ancients  used  to  find  topazes,  was  applied  by  them  to  a 
mineral  very  different  from  ours.  One  variety  of  our  topaz  they  denominated  Chrysolile. 
Colour,  wine  yellow.  From  pale  wine  yellow  it  pas.ses  into  yellowish  white,  grteiiisli  white, 
mountain  Rreeii,  sky  blue  :  from  deep  wine  yellow  into  flesh  red  and  crimson  red.  Spciilli: 
gravity  from  .3'4G4-  to  3'Gll. — (Thunisun's  Chcjuiitri/.) 


TORTOISESIIELL— TRAGACANTII. 


65» 


snmelimcs  by  meftgnremeni  j 
,.  Ill  tonnuge  by  weight,™ 
il'loii  ton.  All  CHrriiigc'H,  nr 
,  rtH  to  occupy  the  b'asl  room 
I ;  as  aro  iimnhct  ciirlridyts  in 

iinprisctl  all  sorts  of  instru- 
oin  the  nulcst  unJ  sitiiplct 
111  here  fur  the  purpose  ol 
.  in  them  is  suhjeirled. 
)ls  ami  miichines  beinR  in- 
ICC  that  they  should  lie  as 
■  inK  their  free  importation, 
arc  made,  \vo\il<l  obviouMy 
,1  iluin  others  in  their  iiiiiiiu- 
the  implements  it  employe.l 
took  place,  the  absoiici-  of 
midmost  probably,  in  a  very 
arising  from  the  prohiliition 
le  jiroducers  and  coiisuiiim 
strikes  at  the  root  of  cvi'iy 
s,  but  to  all. 

to  be  free,  is  not  so  easy  of 
•  means  for  its  own  ii.;graii- 
irular  people  were  dcciJully 
ad  it  in  their  power  to  pre 
heir  sense,  were  they  to  coin. 
,wevcr,  believe  that  it  is  jms- 
,e  country  to  monopolise,  for 
ery  or  the  arts :  and  on  tliis 
I  of  machinery  had  better  U 
iscd  in  Manchester,  Glasgow, 
uit;  and  at  Rouen,  Paris.  &c., 
16  manufacture  of  prohiliiled 
ous  to  prevent  the  exportation 
indeed  be  prevented)  the  free 
f  this  absurd  policy  is,  not  to 
s  of  England,  but  to  orcasioii 
establishment  there  of  inacliiiic 
that   must    arise   from  this 
ctpiire  being  pointed  out.    It 
■y,  on  payment  of  a  moderate 
much  more  etl'icient  iirotec- 
.  same  time  that  it  would  teml 
lat  of  the  tool  as  well  as  of  the 

lachinery  from  Great  Britain, 


^i,i.  (hiring  the  Six  Years  cnJin; 


Machinery  exiinrted 
uiiiler  Licence 
fmm  ihe  Trcjsuiy 
I    or  Privy  Cnuncil. 


Total. 


I. 

44,858 
4,472 
I3,|-,S 
17.l;-,l 
I9.KI4 
2  >,  104 


L. 
12«,652 
212,416 
233,"^ 
211.129 
26.i,MS 
2J6,539 


npacio;   RU8.   TOJHIS).  ^^i 

lied  by  mineralogists  Occidental 

lation  and  most  of  their  luopcr- 

T  The  word  topaz,  derived  trom 
Lzcs,  was  applied  by  them  toa  I 
I  they  denominated  Chrysolite, 

vellowish  white,  grtc.nslMvMf. 

^rcd  and  crimson  red.    Spe* 


"Telloie  Topaz.— \n  ^penkinsoftlic  topaz,  a  Rem  of  a  hpaiitiriil  yellow  colour  is  always  undnmlond: 
Ills  wine  yrilow  of  (lifriTiMil  (li'gri'iiM  of  iiileiisiiy  ;  iinil  lliu  I'lillur  utid  (lui.'por  lliu  tinge,  the  inoro  the 
,1011''  i!<  estef  iiieil.     In  hardiP'HH  it  }  li  Ids  to  the  H|iiii>'lle. 

"TUero  are  few  (tenia  iiicire  iinivcrs  il  fivdiirites  tliaii  the  yellow  to|ia/.,  when  porferl  :  the  rich 
rt'iiriii  loiii!  of  Its  colour,  till!  vivacity  of  iln  liintru  (which  it  retains  even  by  the  side  of  the  diiiinund), 
anil  itH  large  size,  coiii|iared  with  in  my  otinrs,  are  elnirai  ters  w  liich  deservedly  untille  it  to  ilisliiic- 
11,111 ;  It  hearn  accordingly  a  high  price  when  of  good  quality. 

"It  in  chiefly  eiiipbiyecl  for  iiecklaecH,  ear-drops,  hraceletM,  tcc.  In  suit.  No  little  ekill  and  taste  are 
rnpiired  in  cutting  and  duly  pro|ioriioniiig  this  gem;  the  talile  should  he  perfectly  syniinetrical,  aiul 
pit  loo  large,  the  hi'/.el  of  MUllicient  di'|iih,  and  the  collet  siile  should  be  lorini'd  in  ibliciti^  Hti'|>s.  It 
ivnrks  easily  on  the  mill,  and  tlie  l.ipidaries  are  in  general  itjlerably  well  acciuainicd  with  it  j  yet  it  la 
iiiii'iMiiiiion  to  meet  Willi  one  well  cut. 

••The  yelbiw  topaz  varies  in  price  arcnrding  to  itf)  beauty  and  perfection.  A  superlatively  fine 
Fliiiie,  pirfect  ill  colour  and  workiiiaindiiii,  suHiciently  large  for  an  armlet,  or  any  other  oriiaioent,  anil 
ivi'l'-'hiiig  nearly  HO  carats,  was  sidd  for  11)0/. 

'•■fopazes  have  become  more  coininon  since  our  intercourse  with  Ilrazil ;  conseiinently  they  ire  less 
inilcHiaiid,  and  lower  in  pri''e.  A  line  stone  of  tiO  carats  may  he  piircinised  at  from  'Jo/,  to  Ml.;  and 
siiiiiilcr,  calculated  fur  ring  stones,  at  from  '2t  to  5/.:  Iiiil  it  is  not  usual  to  sell  tiieiii  by  wi'iglit. 

"  I'tiilc  Toimi. — This  is  made  fioni  ihe  yellow,  which,  when  of  intense  colour,  is  put  into  the  bowl 
of  a  tobacco  pipe  or  small  criicilile,  covered  witli  ashes  or  sand  :  on  the  application  of  a  low  decree  of 
i,ii;il,  it  changes  its  colour  from  a  yell  iw  to  a  beautiful  pink.  This  is  performed  with  little  hazard; 
,11(1  if  Ihe  rolonr  produced  happens  to  be  line,  the  price  is  inucli  angioentid. 

"A«r/  Topaz. —  I'iiis  be.iutifiil  gem,  whic'li  very  seldom  occurs  iialuriilly.  is  of  a  fine  crimson  ci.:  "ir, 
linni'd  with  a  rich  brown  ;  it  is  e.xtri-mely  rare,  anil  gunc'rally  taken  to  Ik;  a  variety  of  ruby,  for  whicii 
I  hiivp  seen  it  offered  for  sale,  lis  price,  from  its  scan  ity,  is  iiiiite  capricious ;  it  has  an  exuiiisite 
pl'iisiiig  colour,  very  ditferent  from  Ibe  glare  of  the  artiliciai  pink  lop:iz. 

"Wku  7'«;»i:— is  also  a  lieaiilifiil  KiMiuofa  tine  cideslial  blue  colour.  It  has  occurred  of  consiilerabin 
niasiiituile;  the  finest  specimen  known,  I  lirought  in  the  rough  from  llrazil ;  when  cut  and  polislii'd,  it 
ni'ii:liiMl  about  U  oz.  •Smaller  specimens  are  not  uni'(nnmiin,  aiol,  ulien  liglit-coloiiriMl.  are  often 
liken  for  aiiua-niarinas,  from  which  they  may  always  he  distinguished  by  their  greater  weight  and 
liariluess,  &,c. 

•■;('(ii(«  '/'«pa:— is  familiarly  called  Minus  Knvu.  It  is  a  beautiful  pellucid  gem.  and  is  used  for  brace- 
|!>|j,  necklaces,  tc.  It  possesses  greater  bi  illiancy  tliail  crys-tal ;  and,  fniiii  its  hardness,  has  been 
Used  to  cover  paste,  tc,  and  to  form  doublets.— {.l/iKrc  nn  DUimomh-,  S;i:.  'it  ed.  p.  llK''— 1 12.) 

TORTOISESHKIJ,  {VuFmuIIc  <h  Tvrttte  ;  It.  Saii^liadt  Trntai-uira ,-  Ut'r.Sc/il/pad ; 
Malay,  Slsik  kuralniru),  the,  brown  ami  yellow  scales  of  the  Tc.s/udti  imhricala,  or  tortoise, 
a  native  of  the  tropical  seas.  It  is  extensively  used  in  the  manufacture  of  combs,  snull- 
boxes,  &c.,  and  in  inlaying  and  other  ornamental  work.  Tlio  best  tortoiseshell  is  that  of 
the  Indian  Archipelago ;  and  the  finest  of  this  quarter  is  obtained  on  the  shores  of  tlie  Spico 
Mamis  and  New  Guinea.  When  the  finest  West  Indian  tortoiseshcll  is  worth,  in  iho 
Lomlon  market,  ACik.,  the  finest  East  Indian  is  worth  G0<.  per  lb.  Under  the  latter  name, 
limvcver,  a  great  deal  of  inferior  shell  i.s  imported,  brought  from  various  parts  of  the  East 
Inilies.  The  goodness  of  tortoisrsholl  depends  mainly  on  the  thickness  and  si/.o  of  the 
iciKs,  and  in  a  smaller  degree  on  the  clearnes.s  and  brilliancy  of  tho  colours.  Before  the 
opening  of  the  British  intercourse  with  India,  the  greater  part  of  the  tortoiseshell  which 
ovenliially  found  its  way  to  Europe,  was  first  carried  to  Canton,  which  then  t'lrni.d  tho 
[irincipal  mart  for  the  commodity.  It  is  still  an  article  of  trade  from  that  city  ;  the  value  of 
tho  tortoiseshell  exported  by  British  ships,  in  1831  and  183'i,  having  amounted  to  l'J,01V 
ilnllars.  At  present,  however,  Singapore  is  the  chief  mart,  the  exports  from  ii  in  1831  ami 
\^'.V2  having  amounted  at  an  average  to  208  piciils.  The  price  at  8iiin;apore  varies  from 
".'0  and  900  to  from  1,000  to  1,000  dollars  per  picul,  according  to  quality. — {Cnnrfurd's 
Iniliun  Arc'iipchigo  ,-  Siiigapure  Chmnich  ,-   Canton  Rcij^htcr.) 

The  imports  of  tortoiseshell  into  Great  llritain  from  all  places  eastward  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
i"ioept  China,  were,  in  IKtO,  .t;>,I,s!1  lbs.;  in  IbDI,  W.(lli-2 ;  and  in  ISi-J,  :V},m\.—{rai-l.  Tapci;  No.  •12,i. 
Si>fs.  IStl)  The  duty,  whicli  is  2.^,  per  lb.  on  the  shells  imported  from  foreign  countries,  and  is.  per 
lb.  on  tliose  iinpiirled  i'rom  a  Uritisli  pot^scjssioii,  produced,  in  lt^S2,  ■iii-l.  Is.  Id.  iiett. 

TOYS  (Ger.  S/yirlzerig,  SppUnicfiim ,-  Du.  Spec/u;(ic(t ,-  Fr.  Juuets,  Iliinhehih ,-  If. 
TmsUdli ;  Sp.  Dijcs,  Jitirucfes  de  ninnns ,-  Rus.  Iirni,s/if{i),  include  every  trilling  article 
made  ex^iressly  for  the  amusement  of  children.  How  frivolous  soever  these  articles  may 
appear  in  [\\p.  estimation  of  .su|)erficial  observers,  tlieir  manufacture  eniidoys  hundreds  of 
hanils,  and  ntvcs  bread  to  many  families  in  TiOiuion,  Birmingham,  &,c.  The  greatness  of 
the  demand  for  them  may  be  inferred,  from  the  fact,  that  a  manufacturer  of  glass  heads,  and 
snides  of  that  description,  has  received  a  single  order  for  iiOO/.  worth  of  dolls'  eyes! — 
[b'lmri.h  Rcpnrf,  Arfifians  and  Machineri/.  p.  314.)  Consiilerabto  quantities  are  also  im- 
parled from  Holland ;  which  su[)plies  us  with  several  sorts  of  wooden  toys  on  more  reasona- 
ble terms  than  we  can  all'ord  to  produce  them.  But  of  late  years,  these  have  been  made  ia 
pcater  abundance  in  En;',land  than  formerly.  The  duty  on  toys,  which  ts  an  ud  vidnreni 
one  of  20  percent.,  produced,  in  183'i,  3, '160.'.  \s.  Id.,  showing  that  the  value  of  the  toys 
imported  for  home  use  amounted  to  17,345/. 

TR.\GAGANTH,  a  species  of  gum,  the  produce  of  the  Astragalus  Tragacanthn,  a 
thorny  shrub  growing  in  Persia,  Crete,  and  the  islands  of  the  Levant.  It  exudes  about  the 
end  ot  June  from  the  stem  and  larcrer  branches,  and  soon  dries  in  the  sun.  It  is  inodorous; 
impressing  a  very  slightly  bitter  tasle  as  it  softens  in  the  mouth.  It  has  a  whitish  colour;  ia 
scmitransparent ;  and  in  very  thin,  wrinkled,  vermiform  pieces;  it  is  brittle,  but  not  easily 
puheriscd,  except  in  frosty  weather,  or  in  a  warmed  mortar.  It  should  be  chosen  in  long 
twisted  pieces,  white,  very  dear,  and  free  from  all  other  colours;  the  brown,  and  particula. 
3i2 


654 


TREATIES  (COMMERCIAL). 


•li'.  -Ji 
^     J 


CI 

f.'i  j 


I.-; 


ly  the  lilnrk  pipcos,  kIiouIiI  ho  wlmlly  rrjcptpil. — (T/iotnxnn's  Chrmi'stri/  ;  Dr.  A.  T,  Tlwtn- 
fon\s  Di.sprn.safori/ ;   MHIiwh's  Orioif.  Cmn.) 

'riir  nilrii's  of  Iriiifiiciiiilli  fur  home  cotiKiiniiiliiiii  in  I'^.TI  nnil  IH.I?,  wore  nt  Ihp  rnio  of  IS.SSfi  ||i,  ^ 
yi'iir.  Ill  Miircli,  lb3l,  truij.'kcaiith  sold  li\  iliu  l.oniloii  iiiiirktt  ul  fitnii  \\l.  U'a.  to  M.  |it'r  cwt,  iimy 
(Cp*.)  IiicIu'IciI. 

TKKATIl'.S  ((:()MMr:i{OrAT,).  By  »  commprcial  treaty  in  meant  b  treaty  lietwppn 
two  itidoiM'iulciit  rmtioiiN,  for  facilitiiting,  uiul  riiOMt  cdiiiinoiily,  aim),  regulaliiitf,  llie  coininorce 
carrifil  on  lielwrt'ii  tlicin. 

(>ri<:;in,  Ohj  cl.s,  and  I'o/iri/  of  innr/rni  CiDiimirridl  Trrtilirn. —  Dnriiiu;  tin;  niitldic  n';,  ;, 
niul  (liiwn,  iiiilt'cd,  lo  a  ci)ni|i!iriili>('Iy  recent  iicriod,  loreii^iierH  resident  in  u  eoiintry,  wIkiIi,., 
for  Piinimerciul  or  otlur  puiiioses,  w«t(>,  for  ttie  most  [nirl,  pulijcrl  to  very  luii^li  trentinint. 
At  one  lime,  it  wan  uf.uul  in  En^^land  to  uiiilie  al.c  lis  lialile  for  llie  di  !>ts  and  ciiines  ol'  (mii 
oilier ;  and  the  praetice  formerly  so  eominon,  of  layiriR  heavier  diitie.ion  I'.ie  i;ood«  iin|)orl(i| 
and  e.\|)oitod  liy  uli'  iii<  than  hy  Drilirili  sulijcets,  is  not  even  yet,  we  i^iieve  to  s;iy,  altoi,'(tli,,f 
aliandoned.  In  l''ranee,  and  some  otiier  countries,  durint;  the  I  Ith  and  ITitli  eeiiiuriis,  ;i 
strnnner  was  inen[ialilc  of  beijueatliin^;  jirojierty  hy  will;  and  llin  whole  of  hi.s  ])er.-()nul  as 
well  us  real  usialc  fell,  at  his  death,  to  the  LiiiK  or  the  lord  of  the  liarony.  This  hurliiirnus 
law  was  known  liy  the  name  o\'  Druil  il' Aulidini,  •Mnl  was  not  (oin|iletely  aholisjied  Jn 
France  till  n  very  late  period, —  (Jialii  r/sii.i'n  I'licrlcs  )'.  vol.  i.  nol(  -!t.)  I'revii.nhjy  (,5 
last  century,  llie  laws  with  respect  to  shipwreck,  ihoujfh  intinitely  nuire  humane  than  ihoy 
had  heen  at  a  inoro  remote  period,  were  calculated  rather  to  promote  the  interests  of  il,,. 
poveri'jf^ii  of  the  country,  or  the  feudal  lords  on  whose  territorii  s  shipwrecked  vessels  ini;^^!,; 
he  thrown,  than  those  of  the  unfortunate  owners  or  sur\i'.ors. —  Sec  VViir.ei;.*)  The  mri.t 
serious  ohstacles  were  then,  also,  opposed,  liy  the  iirt\,deiit  insecurity,  and  the  arliitrarv 
nature  of  the  toils  which  the  lords  were  in  the  linlut  of  exucling,  to  the  transit  of  commodities 
through  the  territories  of  one  state  to  those  of  another. 

Under  such  circumstances,  it  hccame  of  much  importance  for  conirnercial  states  to  eiid'a- 
vour  to  ohtain,  liy  ineaim  of  treaties,  that  protection  and  security  for  the  jiersons  and  (.Toper. 
lies  of  their  suhjicta,  when  abroad,  against  unjust  treatment  and  vexatious  exactions,  which 
they  could  not  have  ohtained  from  the  laws  of  the  countries  in  which  they  iiii.;ht  happen  to 
reside.  'J'hus,  it  was  stii)ulated  hy  Edward  H.,  in  \'.VZ7-\.  that  the  merchants  and  mariiicrs 
of  A'enico  should  have  power  to  come  to  England  for  10  years,  with  liberty  to  sell  their 
merchandise  and  to  return  home  in  and'ty,  "  wit/iauf /Kiriiiu;  fil/ier  Ihcir  ptr.iimf!  or  iriioih 
sl('/i/)ti/  on  (icconiil  of  other  p'opU's  criitii.s  or  (hlifx." — {Atidcrxoti,  anno  KJ'J'i.)  'J'hi' 
commercial  treaties  negotiated  durinf^  the  IHth,  lOlh,  and  17lh  centuries,  are  full  of  similar 
conditions;  and  there  can  he  no  douht  that,  hy  iirovidnip;  fur  the  security  of  merchants  and 
seamen  when  ahroiid,  and  suspendintf,  with  respect  to  them,  the  harharous  laws  and  (iracticfs 
then  in  force,  they  contributed  materially  to  accelerate  the  progress  of  cuminerce  anJ 
civilisation. 

Commercial  treaties  were  'ilso  net^otiated  at  a  very  early  period  for  the  rej^iilation  of 
neutral  commerce  durin;;  war;  and  for  dcliniii'j;  the  articles  that  should  be  deemed  conlni- 
band,  or  which  it  should  not  be  lawful  for  neutral  shi[is  to  convey  or  carry  to  either  liejlijj. 
rent.     These  are  obviously  points  that  can  only  be  decided  by  express  stifiulatioiis.j- 

Instead,  however,  of  confining  commercial  treaties  to  their  legitimate  an<l  [iroper  purposes 
— the  security  of  merchants  and  navigators,  and  the  facility  of  commercial  transactions— 
ihey  very  soon  began  to  be  employed  as  engines  for  promoting  the  commerce  of  one  country 
at  the  expense  of  another.  For  more  than  ~  centuries,  those  engaged  in  framing  commer- 
cial treaties  have  principally  applied  themselves  to  secure,  either  hy  force  or  address,  some 
exclusive  advantage  in  favour  of  the  ships  and  products  of  their  particular  countries.  Hence 
these  compacts  are  full  of  regulations  as  to  the  duties  to  be  charged  on  certain  articles,  aiul 
the  privileges  to  be  enjoyed  by  certain  ships,  according  as  they  were  either  prddiiccd  by  or 
belonged  to  particular  countries.  It  was  in  the  adjustment  of  these  duties  and  regiilations 
that  the  skill  of  the  negotiator  was  chiefly  put  to  the  test.  It  was  expected  that  he  shoiilil 
be  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  state  of  every  branch  of  industry,  both  in  his  own  roiiiitry, 
and  in  the  country  with  which  he  was  negotiating;  and  he  was  to  endeavour  so  to  aiijiist 
the  tarifl'of  duties  that  those  branches  in  which  his  own  country  was  deficient  might  be 
benefited,  and  those  in  which  the  other  was  superior  might  be  depressed  !  The  idea  ol  con- 
ducting a  negotiation  of  this  sort  on  a  fair  principle  of  reciprocity  is  of  very  late  orijin; 
success  in  circumventing,  in  over-reaching,  or  in  extorting  from  fear  or  ignorance  some 
oppressive,  but  at  the  same  time  worthless  privilege,  was  long  esteemed  the  only  proof  of 
superior  talent  in  negotiacors. 

♦  Tho  practice  of  coiifiscalini!  sliipvvreckfiil  propnrly  continued  in  France  till  lfi81,  wlien  it  was 
almlislied  by  an  edict  of  I.ouis  XIV.  It  was  at  one  tiiiii!  coimiion  in  fJermany,  10  ase  the  words  ot 
M  HoiRJiaiid,  "  pour  les  pr.'dicateiirs  de  prier  Dieu  un  cliairc,  ipi'il  ae  faj^e  bien  da  iiaiifr(ii,'csfiirlaiTi 
r.ijtcs  .'"—(T/icorie  ties  Trailis  ilc  Commerce,  p.  1 18.)  And  the  fact  that  the  celebrated  jurist  Tlioinasiiu 
wriile  a  diH.scrtation  in  defence  of  such  prayers,  affords,  if  possible,  a  still  more  striking  proof  of  llie 
spirit  of  the  period. 

+  'riicre  is  a  good  collection  of  treaties  as  to  this  point,  in  the  Appendi.-:  to  the  excellent  work  01' 
Latnpreili,  VU  Commercio  de'  Pupoli  A'Vulraii.— (Bee  Contuaband,; 


TRIv\  riKS  (COMMKUCIAL). 


055 


nlnlnj  :  Dr.  A.  T.  Thnin- 

■p  nl  the  rninfif  IS.Mrt  Uw.  ti 
K.  Ku.  Ill  111'.  |i<-'f  '■«>•.  limy 

IH  iii(';uil  i«  trraty  lictwooii 
),  M'j;ulatiii«,»l>i'  foiniiit'rco 

Durini?  lli"  niiJiUo  nj^c'i, 

iiiliMilin  ufoiiritry.wluilur 

to  very  hiivhh  trcninicnt, 
e  lUhta  uiul  ciiim'H  of  cuch 
l„li,..»«.ntlu>i?'>oil«i'ni'"rti>il 
vvr  niiivo  lo  say,  altonHhcr 

Mill  iiiul  irnli  (Tiiturics, ;( 
t,  vvlioli-  i>t'  1''''  l"'f^i>'>i<l  a* 
ic  l)iir()iiy.  'riiis  liiirlwrniis 
oi  cDnii'lc'ti'ly  aliolislunl  m 
i.  noU'  *^y.)  rri^viiuhly  to 
ly  luorf  humami  lh;\ii  they 
roiiioti!    lllC    illtlTCHlH  of  tlin 

s  shiliwrciUrtl  vrsKi'ls  iiii-lii 
i^Si'O  WuKfU.*)  Thonin.-t 
insecurity,  ami  iho  arlntrary 

lo  llic  trniiHit  of  coinmoilitb 

,r  conimrrcial  Ptatos  to  cikIm- 
y  lor  lilt'  persons  and  lirnpcr. 
Ill  vfxatious  rxnctioiiK,  wliiih 
I  which  Ihry  mi -lit  happon  to 
the  inprchanta  aiiJ  mariners 
'ars,  with  lihcrty  to  sell  tliciv 
r  rillicr  thiir  pcrsmis  or  ^m(h 
\}i(lrrsiiti,  anno  WK'^)    Thu 
Ih  ct'iituri.  s,  aro  full  of  similr.r 
lui  security  of  ineroliaiits  ami 
ic  barharoup  hiws  ami  prnclircs 
,,    laogrcss  of  coiiimerce  anJ 

L  period  for  the  rej-jidrttion  of 
hat  should  he  dcemrJ  contni. 
[nvey  or  carry  to  either  hdiu:- 

exiircss  sli[iulalioiis,f 
legitimate  and  proper  purimsos 
of  commercial  transartions- 
thc  commerce  of  one  country 
engaged   in  framing  commcr- 
lilher  by  force  or  aiklress,  some 
ir  particular  countries.    Hence 
liarged  on  certain  artidos,  ami 
~v  were  cither  pn.dnccd  by  or 
these  duties  and  regulations 
was  expected  that  he  sli'i"!'! 
ustry.bothinliisowncoiiiitry, 
iwas  to  endeavour  so  to  adjust 
ountry  was  deficient  niislilbe 
depressed!     TheiJcaolron- 
procity  is  of  very  late  onjm; 
from' fear  or  ignorance  some 
esteemed  the  only  proof  ot 

Jin  France  till  1081,  when  it  was 
I    fJcrmany,  10  use  tlio  wnrisol 

It   hecclebrat.Mljuri.s^Tholna^ 
|a8tiUmoreBtrik.rgl)raolofllie 

kppendir- to  the  excellent  work  of 


In  an  nhlo  tract,  nCrilu, ted  to  Mr.  Eden,  nftervviir.U  Lord  .Auckland,  puhiiHhed  in  1737 
(Hf'sfcririil  (Did  I'olitii-al  Rnnarl.s  mi  l/ir  't'uriJJ'  of  lli,-  i',i„rli  'I'liuli/),  then'  is  the  lol- 
liiwini?  outline  of  the  iiualificatious  necesKarv  lo  the  ii("_i.>tiatnr  of  a  cuinniereinl  treaty  :— 
"  HesidcH  a  genrral  kiiowlech^e  of  the  trade  and  ri'ciiirocril  JntercHlM  oC  the  eonlnicting  iMitien, 
hi  ought  to  be  precisely  aci|uaiiiled  with  their  Mcveral  kinds  of  indu-lry  anil  si<ill  ;  to  disciiver 
their  wants,  to  calculate  their  reNotireeH.  and  to  weigh  wiili  nicely  llie  state  of  their  linauee«, 
and  llie  proportionate  interest  of  their  money  :  ruiy,  furtlu  r,  he  should  be  able  to  ascertain 
tlie  comparative  pojiulation  and  Mtren«tli  of  each  country,  togdher  will;  the  price  ;\nd  .piality 
both  of  (irst  materials,  and  also  of  the  labour  bestowed  upon  them:  for  this  jiurpose  ho 
should  inipiiro  into  the  opernlioiiH  of  every  class  of  merchaui-  and  inanufaclurers  concerned 
in  the  trade ;  should  consult  their  expectations  on  each  of  its  several  branches  ;  and  collect 
their  hopes  and  fears  on  the  ellect  of  such  conunercial  rivolution,  on  the  coM\peiitiou  of  rival 
nations.  A  good  treaty  of  conmierce,  independent  of  the  art  of  neijotiation,  i.s  pronounced, 
|,v  one  who  well  knew  the  extent  and  dillieully  of  the  subject,  to   hi)  w  luustvrniece  of 

thiir-iv- }o.) 

Had  Mr.  I'Men  concluded  by  stating,  that  no  indiviilual,  or  number  of  individuals,  ever 
liossessed,  or  ever  would  possess,  the  various  ((Malilieations  whi<'b  in  his  .  -limation  wero 
r,,]iiii-cd  in  negotiating  a  "  good  commercial  treaty,"  he  would  loiIy  have  ;iHiriiied  what  is 
most  cert  only  true.  We  lielieve,  however,  that  he  had  fonncil  a  tolally  falsi'  estinuite,  not 
iiiilv  of  the  ()ualiiicaliona  of  a  negotiator,  but  oi  the  objects  lie  oui,'ht  to  have  in  view.  It 
was  the  opinion  of  the  Abho  Mably — (Dniif  I'li/ilii/iir  dr  /' Httnipr,  tome  ii.  ]>.  .Otil.), — an 
ojiiiiion  in  which  we  are  disposed,  with  very  little  niodilication,  to  concur, — lliat  when  a  few 
general  rules  arc  agreed  upon  for  the  elfectual  security  of  trade  and  mivigation,  incl'iding 
the  importation  and  exportation  of  all  conitm)dities  not  prohibited  by  law  ;  the  s[ieedy 
ailjiihtinent  of  dis[iutes ;  the  regulations  of  pilotage,  harbour,  and  light-house  duties;  the 
protection  of  the  property  and  elli'ctH  of  niercbonts  in  the  event  of  a  rujituro,  A:e. ;  all  id 
done  that  ought  to  he  attempted  in  a  commercial  treaty.  It  may,  indeed,  be  pioperly  sti|iu. 
latL'il  tlmt  the  goods  of  the  contracting  ()owers  shall  be  ailmitled  into  each  other's  ports  on 
the  same  terms  as  "those  of  the  most  favoured  nations,  ' — that  is,  that  no  higher  iluties  shall 
lie  charged  upon  them  than  on  those  of  olbers.  Hut  hero  stipulations  ought  to  cease.  It  is 
an  aliuse  and  a  perversion  of  commercial  treaties,  to  make  them  instruments  for  regulating 
ikiliis  or  prescribing  Custom-house  regulations. 

We  admit,  indeed,  that  occasions  may  occur,  in  which  it  may  he  expedient  to  stipulate  for 
arfiUirlion  of  duties  or  an  abolition  of  prohibitions  on  the  one  side,  in  return  for  similar 
foncessiiiis  on  the  othiT.  Hut  all  arrangements  of  this  sort  ought  to  be  determiru'd  by  u 
roiiveiiliou  limited  to  that  particular  object;  and  a  fixed  and  not  very  distant  term  should  bo 
fpecifu'd.  when  the  obligation  in  the  convention  should  expire,  and  both  parties  be  at  liberty 
to  I'lmtinue  or  abandon  the  regulations  agreed  upon.  Generally  speaking,  all  treati(>s  which 
ili'tennine  what  the  duties  on  importation  or  exportation  shall  be,  or  which  stipulate  for  pre- 
fiTi'iices.  are  radically  objectionable.  Nations  ought  to  regulate  their  tariffs  in  whatever 
la.nii' they  judge  best  for  the  promotion  of  their  own  interests,  without  being  shackled  by 
[ii','a!;ciuents  with  others.*  If  foreign  powers  be  all  treated  alike,  none  of  them  has  just 
gruuiuls  of  complaint;  and  it  can  never  he  for  the  interest  of  any  |)eopl(;  to  show  pri^ferences 
tonne  over  another.  Those,  for  cxami)le,  by  whom  we  may  be  most  advantageously  sup- 
I'lieil  with  foreign  products,  rei|uirc  no  prefi-renccs ;  and  if  we  exclude  them,  or  give  a  pre- 
ference to  others,  we  inconlestal)ly  injure  ourselves  :  and  yet  19  out  of  20  of  the  regulations 
,15 to  iluliis  in  commercial  treaties  have  been  founded  on  this  preiiosterous  jjriuciple.  They 
have  been  employed  to  divert  trade  into  channels,  where  it  would  not  naturally  flow  ;  that 
it,  to  render  it  less  secure  and  less  profitable  than  it  would  otherv^'ise  have  been. 

A  great  deal  of  stress  has  usually  been  laid  upon  the  advantages  supjjosed  to  he  derived 
from  the  privileges  sometimes  coiieeih'd  in  commercial  treaties.  But  wc  believe  that  thoso 
who  iiniuiru  into  the  subject  will  find  that  such  concessions  have,  in  every  case,  been  not 
only  injurious  to  the  party  making  them,  hut  also  to  the  party  in  whoso  favour  they  have 
been  made.  The  famous  commercial  treaty  with  Portugal,  negotiated  by  Mr.  Methuen  in 
17UI!,  was  almost  universally  regarded,  for  a  very  long  period,  as  admirably  calculated  to 
[iromote  the  interests  of  this  country  ;  but  it  is  now  generally  admitted,  by  every  one  who 
has  reflected  upon  such  subjects,  that  few  transactions  have  taken  place  by  which  these 
interests  have  been  more  deeply  injured.  It  stipulated  for  the  free  admission  of  British 
woollens  into  Portugal,  from  which  they  happened,  at  the  time,  to  be  excluded  ;  but  in  return 
for  this  concession — a  concession  far  more  advantageous  to  the  Portuguese  than  to  us — we 
bound  ourselves  "  for  ever  hereafter"  to  admit  wines  of  growth  of  Portugal  into  Great  Britain 
at  jds  of  the  duty  payable  on  the  wines  of  France  !  Thus,  in  order  to  open  an  access  for 
our  woollens  to  the  limited  market  of  Portugal,  we  consented,  in  all  time  to  come,  to  drink 
inferior  wine,  bought  at  a  comparatively  high  price  I — (See  Wikh.)  This,  however,  was 
not  all :  by  excluding  one  of  the  principal  equivalents  the  Frencli  had  to  oiler  for  our  com- 

*  Tliis  i)rincl|)le  is  laiil  down  as  fiimlaniental  l)y  a  very  hi(;li  amliority,  Sir  Ilonry  Parnell,  in  hit 
tract  t«r  Us  jJvantages  i/es  liilutiuits  Vomincreiuki  cntrc  la  Franco  ct  I'Jliinlc.Urre. 


IMAGF  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Sciences 

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33  WIST  MAM  STMET 

WIBSTH,N.Y.  USIO 
(7l«)tn.4303 


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TREATIES  (COMMERCIAL). 


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tnodities,  wc  necessarily  lessened  their  ability  to  deal  with  us;  at  the  same  time  that  wc 
provoked  thcin  to  adopt  retaliatory  measures  ajjainst  our  trade.  It  is  owing  more  to  the 
8li|)ulatioii9  in  the  Methuen  treaty  than  to  any  tiling  else,  that  the  trade  between  Kiiglaiul 
and  Fraiire — a  trade  that  would  naturally  be  of  vast  extent  and  importanee — is  eondiierl 
within  the  narrowest  limits  ;  and  is  hardly,  inilocd,  of  as  much  consequence  as  the  trade  wiili 
Sweden  and  Norway. — (See  tin/c,  p.  fAi.) 

It  ifl  visionary  to  imagine  that  any  nutiim  will  ever  continue  to  grant  to  another  any 
exclusive  advantage  in  her  marki'ts,  unless  she  obtain  what  the  rcfkims  an  eciuiviijcnt 
advantiiiie  in  the  markets  of  the  oth<-r.  And  if  a  commercial  treaty  stipulating  for  an  exclu- 
eive  |irivilege  be  rciilly  and  loiiii  fide  observed  by  the  country  granting  the  jitivilcgc,  we 
may  be  sure  that  the  concessions  made  by  the  country  in  whose  fuvour  it  is  granted  aie  sulli- 
eient  fully  to  coutitervail  it.  Those  who  grasp  at  cxelnsive  privileges  in  matters  of  this  sort, 
or  who  atlem|)t  to  extort  valuable  concessions  from  the  weakness  or  ignorance  of  ti,t'it 
neighbours,  are  uniformly  defeated  in  their  object.  All  really  beneficial  conunercial  Iraiisac. 
lions  are  hottonied  on  a  fair  princi|'le  of  reciprocity;  and  that  nation  will  always  llourish 
most,  and  have  the  foundations  of  her  prosperity  best  secured,  who  is  a  universal  merchant, 
and  deals  vvitli  all  the  world  on  the  same  fair  and  liberal  principles. 

The  justnoMi  of  these  principles,  we  are  glad  to  oliserve,  is  now  heginning  to  be  very  griic. 

rally  admillcil.     iSlipulations  as  l^^  duties  and  ('u>tom-huuse   regulations  are  disapp( arini; 

from  commercial  tieaties ;  and  it  is  to  be  hoj)ed   that,  at  no  distant  period,  every  trace  ul' 

them  may  have  vanishi  d. 

A  (iiioil  work  on  tin-  priiiciplps,  style,  and  liisrnry  of  roniniercinj  Ircniips  is  a  (Ifsicicrntinn.  Tlic  hpft 
we  luivo  still  .'IK!  Mascoviiis  l)e  t'uiltrihus  Ciiiiiiiitrcinnivi,  llo  l.i'ipsic,  lT;t.'i.;  anil  II.  lulwinil,  'l'l,(,.m 
firs  'I'liiit's  tin  Criiiiiirrcr,  I'Jiiio.  I'aris,  1777.  liiil  llicsi!  are  |irlnri|iiilly  works  of  eriKlilli'ii,  ai;il  hiii; 
wrilli'ii  liet'.iri'  llii'  m>iiiiiI  iiriticliiles  of  toiiiliierrlal  poliry  had  hi  en  iiiilolilril.  'I'Uc.rr  is  no  pornl  i  ullfc- 
tioii  of  tiealics  in  llii'  l)in;l:sli  laii'.'iiai.'e  ;  Inn  Mr.  Ilirtslet's  work  is  valiialile,  as  coiilaiiiiiiL'  llir  ri  rcni 
trralits;  in  an  ani'^silile  form.  A  work  comaiiiiMf:  new  Ireaties  anil  slale  paperi.  is  aiiniialK  nm  imIuI 
ni  till*  l'ort.'i;j;ii  (Jllice  ;  it  u>,{n\  to  lie  illstribulcd  to  a  few  otiiciul  purijuiiages  only,  liiil  it  ih  now  i-oiil  lo 
tliu  pulilic. 

We  subjoin  copies  of  some  of  the  commercial  treaties  and  conventions  existing  at  this 
moment  between  Great  Britain  and  other  powers. 

Austria. 

Convention  of  Comi.icrce  and  JVariiratiov  bclircrn  His  Britanvic  Majesty  and  the  F.mperor  of  ^ustm, 

si^ined  at  London,  December  21,  lb29. 

Article  1.  From  llie  1st  day  of  February,  1830,  Austrian  vessels  entering  ordepartinp  from  tlie  ports 
of  the  Ifniled  Kincdoni  af  d'reat  liritain  and  Ireland,  and  lirilish  vessels  entering  or  departJiig  frmii 
llie  ports  of  his  laiperi.il  and  Iloyal  Apostolic  jVIajesly's  dominions,  shall  not  lie  sniijei  I  lo  any  mliir 
or  hiu'lier  dinies  or  chart'es  whatever  than  are  or  £liall  he  levied  on  national  vessels  entering  or  de- 
part int'  l>on\  Fiieli  ports  respectively. 

2.  All  arlirlc.s  of  tin:  growth,  produce,  or  niannfurliire  of  any  of  the  dominions  of  eillior  of  ilir  liiili 
contrailiit!;  parlies,  wliirli  are  or  shall  he  perinilled  to  he  imported  into  or  exported  from  II  e  pirlsof 
llin  Unileil  Kingdom  and  of  Austria,  respectively,  in  vessels  of  the  one  cimnlry,  shall,  in  like  manner, 
be  perniitteit  lo  lie  imported  into  and  exported  Iroin  those  ports  in  vessels  of  the  oilier. 

^.  \ll  arlirli'snot  of  ihe  growth,  prod  iiee,  or  manufacture  of  the  dominions  of  his  lirilaiinic  iMiiji'sly, 
whirh  can  h  g;illy  he  imported  from  the  I'liil'^d  Kingdom  of  Great  liritain  and  Trelainl  inio  ilii'  |ii>r'u 
of  Austria,  in  Hrilish  ships,  shall  he  sulijert  only  to  the  same  ilulics  as  are  payable  upon  Ihe  lifci; 
Drtii'ies  if  iiiiporled  in  Aii.-.trian  ships:  and  the  same  reeiprocily  shall  he  observed  in  Ihe  pons  uf  ite 
ITniled  Kingdom,  in  respert  to  all  articles  not  the  iirowtli.  produce,  or  iii.inufaitiire  of  Ihe  ili.iiiliiiiiii 
of  his  Imperial  and  Uoyal  Apostolic  Majesty,  which  can  legally  he  imported  into  the  porl.sofllie 
United  Kingdom  in  .Austrian  ships. 

4.  All  goods  wliich  can  legally  be  imporled  into  the  ports  of  either  country  shall  lie  admilliMl  nl  Ilir 
Bame  rale  of  diiiy.  whether  imported  in  vessels  of  the  oilier  coiinlry  or  in  national  ve^t^ils;  uiiil  all 
goods  which  lan  he  legally  exported  from  the  porls  of  either  rounlry  shall  be  entiihil  lo  llii- saiiie 
hoiinlics,  drawbacks,  and  allowances,  whether  exported  in  vessels  of  the  other  country  or  in  ii:illuii;:l 
Vessels. 

5.  No  priority  or  preference  shall  be  given,  directly  or  indlrcrlly,  by  the  government  of  eillirr  cniin- 
try,  or  by  any  coiiipaoy,  corporation,  or  agent,  acting  in  its  behalf,  or  under  its  aulhnrlly.  in  llie  pir- 
chase  of  any  arlirle  Ihe  growth,  proiliire,  or  maniifacliire  of  eilher  country,  imporled  into  the  olliti, 
on  account  of  or  in  reference  to  the  i^ational  character  of  the  vessel  in  which  such  article  inny  It  im- 
ported ;  it  heii  g  the  true  intent  and  meaning  of  tiic  high  contraclinij  Jiarlies,  that  nu  ilii-tiiii'lion  oi 
diU'erence  whan  ver  shall  be  made  in  tills  respect. 

I).  In  ie>ipert  to  the  cnmmerce  lo  he  carried  on  in  Austrian  vessels  with  the  British  d'Hniiiinnsiiuhe 
F.ast  Indies,  or  now  leJil  by  the  Kast  India  Company  in  virtue  of  their  charier,  his  Ilritannir  Miijoiy 
consents  to  t'r ml  the  same  facilities  and  privileges,  in  all  respects,  to  the  subjects  of  his  Iinpcrnil  anl 
Uoyal  .\poslolic  Majesty,  as  are  or  may  he  enjoyed  under  any  treaty  or  act  if  parliament  by  the  (»^- 
jects  or  cilizei  s  ot  the  moEt  favoured  nalion  ;  subject  lo  Ihe  laws  and  reenlations  wliich  ari'.or  iiiay 
he,  applicable  lo  the  ships  unit  subjects  of  any  other  foreign  country  enjoying  the  like  facilllies anil 
privileues  of  trading  Willi  Ihe  said  ilominions. 

7.  All  the  possessions  of  his  IJrilannic  .Majesty  in  Kiirope,  except  the  Hrilish  possessions  in  tin"  Me- 
diterranean Sea.  shall,  for  all  Ihe  purposes  t' this  cuiiventioii,  be  considered  as  foniiing  pait  eflU 
United  Kingil.'iu  of  fin  at  liritain  and  Ireland. 

P.  Thai  cltiiise  of  article  7.  of  the  convention  concluded  at  Paris  on  the  6lh  of  Nnvcmlior,  1815, 
between  the  lourts  of  (Jreat  liritain,  Austria,  I'russiu.  and  Russia,  which  relates  lo  llie  coiiiiitrre 
between  Ihe  dominions  of  his  Imperial  and  Hojal  Apostolic  Majesty  and  the  United  (ilules  of  llie 
Ionian  Ishiids.  is  hereby  coiirirmed. 

0.  The  present  cnuveiilion  shall  be  in  force  until  the  If'th  day  of  March,  IWi;  and  further.  lUitiU'i' 
end  of  twelve  inonlhs  after  eilher  of  the  high  contracting  parlies  shall  have  given  notice  t"  ll* 
other  of  its  inlenliou  to  lermln.ite  Ihe  same  ;  eich  of  Ihe  liiL'h  cnnlracting  parties  reseiving  to  lii^o' 
the  right  of  Giving  sue  h  notice  to  the  other,  on  or  at  any  time  after  the  said  Ibtli  day  of  M.irdi,  l."*l 
and  it  is  hi^reby  agreed  between  them,  that,  at  the  expiraliun  of  12  months  after  sucliiaiiicii cliaii 


TREATIES  (COMMERCIAL). 


657 


;  at  the  some  time  that  wc 
Ic.  It  is  owing  more  to  the 
ih'o  trade  between  EiiRlaiul 
Md  importance— is  eodlineil 
lonsequcnce  as  tlic  trade  with 

lue  to  jjrant  to  another  any 
t  bhe  rcc-liuns  an  o.iuivalpiit 
realy  stipulating  for  an  exdu- 
ry  grantini?  the  ptivilegc,  we 
>liiv(iur  it  is  granti'd  an-  sulli- 
ivilcgos  in  matters  of  this  sort, 
ikness  or  is;ii«)raiire  of  thwt 
beiiflii'ial  conuiii'rciitl  Iriiiisac- 
U  iiiilioii  will  always  llmirish 
\  who  is  a  uni\uisal  uiercliaiu, 

illw  licRinning  to  he  very  gcnp. 

.   regulations  are  ihsappi  arim- 

distant  pi;riod,  every  trace  ot 

ratiesii.a.).'*>i<l<'rntiim.  TI.H.1..I 
wU-  lT;tr..;amt  IMKliaiwl,  Hum 
,ilv\v.>rks..f»-r..<liliw..»i|.l«H.: 
„„V,1,1,.,I.  Tlu-r.'  IS  l.n  ^cm.l  n.|l..c. 
'vi.lual.lc,asronl.nmnt:ll.rmm 
,1  »ta\.'  paller^  i»  ui.miully  n.i,  pilul 
iVnug.:*  only,  l."i  "  is  now  .„id  to 

ind  conventions  existing  at  this 


mjeily  and  the  Kwperor  of  Jluitm, 
..ntorins  or.l«partin|!  from  tlie  potts 

r«liall  not  li.!  snl.je.ltoaiiydllui 
on  national  vessels  cnUTing  or  de- 

•,I..-don.iniorsnf<.ill.oronhpl,i!li 

li   locrexport.ai-ron.tl..  P'TI'-^! 
eoneconntry,8liall,mlike.nannct, 

vpFSt-lHoftln'  otlicr.  .    „  .    , 

Inn.inionson.iellrilannicMiiji'st, 

i  "in  una  Ir.'laiMl  .nto  il.;'  l«;m 
up;  as  ar.M'ayabl.M.|ion  tl.e  ii  e 
',  1  l,ecl.s.MV.'aintlnM'"'i'"'fll'= 
;  ,  r  n.anulaaure  of  ll.e  .Lmmam, 
yi,e  unpurted  into  llie  potls  of  the 

,.r  country  H».ain,«a.lMiitlo.l  at  tlie 

i.uvor  in  national  v.■^^•l^.;",' 
inlryfliall  b.- cnml.'a  loll"-   .l" 
Uol■  llic  oilier  country  on 111*1 

l,v  the  Rovcrnniont  of  ••iilK'f  f™'"- 
f;o    umleri.san.lion.y   tntet^ 

.VconnlrvMi.M-rlea  ";'""'• 
J.1  in  wliidiMUli  article  nii>  "■  I'n 
acting  V'mies,ll'=vt  no  .li.tiiicliono. 

.IswitlillioIUilisM'MninionsiinljJ 
.Hir  diarter,  liis  lUHanmr  Maji>i! 

'^ro^;ni.iect-;fi'i«|">j-;;:'::i 

,1V  or  act  .f  parlian>eiitli>  Hit  ."' 

-'--';;; 'Millie  i^^iinios'S 

ntry  enjuyiiii;  lli«  "i*'  '''"■" 


Pt 


It  tlie  Uritisti  rossei-BionB  1"  "'' ^'f; 
l,c"onBidereaaslonniiipi>ait"f'l'« 

.ris  nn  the  Mh  of  N^wcml-r^^^ ^^^^^^^ 

.,-S'^at;;^'ti.:^a'i^.-'-'« 

IrMarcli.lHXfijn-lf-;''''';^;;^";::'' 
Iriies  Pl.aW  have  «'V' ".';''  ;i,,,lf 
IntractinM'nrticH  resmi'l.  '       .,; 

L.rlhe.aiaibth.UyofM;^^'^,!,,;, 
1  of  12  months  after  sutu  nu'"^"^ 


havp  been  recelvea  by  cither  party  from  the  other,  this  convention,  and  all  the  provisions  thereof, 
i^hall  altoi;elher  cease  una  aeterniinc. 

111.  The  present  convention  sliall  be  ratided,  and  the  ratitlcationa  shall  be  exchanged  at  London, 
williiii  I  niontli  from  the  date  hereof,  or  Hooner  if  posslblu. 

In  \vitncs§  whereof  the  respective  plenipulenliaries  have  signed  the  same,  and  have  alRxed  thereto 
lliu  scjIh  of  tlieir  arms. 

Done  at  London,  the  2lRt  day  of  December,  AnF.iiDERN. 

in  the  year  of  our  Lord  IS29.  \V.  r.  Vksev  Fitzoerald. 

KliThllllAZV. 

Austrian  ships  may  Import  from  the  dominions  of  his  Majesty  the  F.mpcnir  of  Austria  into  any  of 
till'  llrili^li  possi.'S!ii(jns  abroad,  goods  tliu  produce  of  such  (lonijiiioiis,  and  export  goods  Ironi  such  llri- 
iKli  iiossessioiia  abroad,  to  bo  carried  to  any  foreign  country  whatever.— (Ori/cr  i/i  Council,  April  7, 

mi) 

Uknmahk. 
Convention  of  Commerce  between  Great  Britain  and  Denmark,  nigned  at  London,  the  Wh  of  J  tint,  1894, 
Artii  le  I.  From  and  after  the  1st  day  of  .Inly  next,  Danish  vessels  entering  or  departing  from  the 
|Mrls  of  the  United  Kingiloiii  of  Ureal  Hritain  and  Ireland,  and  Dritish  vessels  enteriiie  or  departing 
;ii>iii  tlie  pons  of  his  Danish  Alujesty'g  domlnioiis,  shall  not  be  snlijecl  to  nny  other  or  higher  dntiesfir 
rliarifi's  whatever,  than  arc  or  shall  be  levied  on  national  vessels  entering  or  departing  from  such  ports 
ri.'S|iC'Clively. 

2.  All  articles  of  the  growth,  produce,  or  manufacture  ofany  of  ihe  dominions  of  cither  of  the  high 
.ontractin?  parties,  which  are  or  shall  be  perinitted  to  be  imported  into  or  exported  friun  the  ports  of 
the  raited  KiiiKilom  anil  of  Denmark  respectively,  in  vessels  of  the  one  country,  shall,  in  like  inan- 
mr,  1)1'  iinporleil  into  and  exported  from  those  ports  in  vessels  of  the  other. 

3.  All  articles  not  of  the  growtli,  produce,  or  manufacture  of  the  dnniinions  of  his  llritannic  Ma- 
ji'Slv,  which  can  legally  be  imported  from  the  I'nitiil  Kingdom  of  (ireal  IJritain  and  Irrlind  into  the 
|iaris  anil  dominions  of  Him  King  of  DiMiiiiark,  in  llritisli  ships,  shall  ho  siih.iecl  only  to  the  samo 
,liiti.:s  as  ate  payable  upon  the  like  articli.'s  if  imported  in  D.iiiish  ships  ;  and  the  same  recl|iro(ily 
fhall  111'  oli-ierved  with  rcL'ard  to  Danish  vessels  In  the  ports  of  the  said  tlnited  Kiniiilom  of  (Jreat 
lliiliiii  anil  Irelana,  in  re.spect  to  all  articles  not  the  urowth,  produce,  or  inaniifaclure  of  the  domj. 
iiii.iij  nl*  his  Danish  Majesty,  which  can  legally  be  nnporled  into  the  ports  of  the  t'liited  Kingdom  in 
D.Hiisli  ships. 

I  All  u'ooils  which  can  lesally  he  imported  into  the  ports  of  either  country,  shall  he  admitted  al  the 
'iiiii.'  rale  of  duty,  whether  iniporled  in  vessels  of  the  oilier  country,  or  in  national  vessels  ;  and  all 
i>'iii.U  wliii'li  can  he  leeally  exported  from  Ihe  ports  of  either  coiiiitry,  shall  be  entitled  to  the  same 
Iiiiu.iiii's,ilr.iwl)ack8,  and  allowances,  whether  exported  in  vessels  of  the  other  country,  or  in  natiunal 
vcssi'Is. 

5.  No  priority  or  preference  shall  be  given,  directly  or  inilirectly,  by  the  government  of  either  coun- 
try, nr  liy  any  company,  corporation,  or  agent,  acting  on  its  behalf,  or  uiuler  its  authority,  in  the  piir- 
rliii.'i'nl' any  article  Ihe  growth,  produce,  or  manufacture  of  either  country  imported  into  the  other, 
»n  iircoiint  of  or  in  reference  to  Ihe  character  of  Ihe  vessel  in  which  such  article  was  imported:  it 
In  ihu  ilie  true  intent  and  meaning  of  the  high  contracting  parties,  tliut  no  distinction  or  ditferunce 
w!i.ili!ver  sliall  lie  maae  in  this  respect. 

li.  Tile  liii-'h  conlractine  parties  having  mutually  determined  not  to  incliide,  in  the  present  conven- 
li'iii,  their  respective  colonies,  in  whicli  are  comprehended,  on  the  part  of  Denmark,  Greenland,  Ice- 
liaiil,  and  the  islands  of  Kerroe  j  it  is  expressly  agreed  that  the  intercourse  which  may  at  present 
i' silly  he  carried  on  by  the  subjects  or  ships  of  either  of  the  said  higli  contracting  parlies  with  Ihe 
riilnnii^s  of  the  other,  shall  remain  upon  the  same  footing  as  if  this  convention  liaa  never  been  con- 
iliiiieil. 

7.  The  pi-esent  convention  shall  he  in  force  for  the  term  of  10  years  from  Ihe  date  hereof;  and  fur- 
tlinr,  iiiilil  Ihe  end  of  12  months  after  either  of  Ihe  high  contracting  parlies  shall  have  i^ivcn  notice  to 
III!' nlliiir  of  its  intention  to  terminate  the  same;  each  of  the  high  contracting  parties  reserving  to 
il.^i'ir  llic  right  of  giving  such  notice  to  the  other,  at  the  end  of  the  said  term  of  lU  years  ;  and  it  is 
licri'liy  aiireed  between  them,  that,  at  the  expiration  of  12  months  after  such  notice  shall  have  been 
reci-ivi'd  hy  cither  party  from  the  other,  this  convention,  and  all  the  provisions  thereof,  shall  alto^'cther 
lensi!  and  determine. 

b.  'file  pre^sent  convention  shall  be  ratified,  and  the  rutilications  shall  be  exchanged  at  London, 
Hiiliin  1  month  from  Ihe  date  hereof,  or  sooner  if  possible. 

Ill  witness  whereof,  the  respective  plenipotentiaries  have  signed  the  same,  and  have  aflixed  thereto 
tlio  seals  nf  their  arms. 

Done  at  London,  the  16th  of  June,  1824.  Gf:onni!  Cannino. 

W.    IIUSKI.SSON. 
C    E.    MOLTKK.  ' 

Separate  Article. 
The  lilch  contracting  parties  reserve  to  themselves  'o  enter  upon  additional  stipulations  for  Ihe  pur- 
jiiise  n(  fiiilitating  and  extending,  even  beyond  whut  is  comprehended  in  the  convention  of  this  date, 
lliecniiiiiH'rcial  regulations  of  their  respective  subjects  and  dominions,  upon  the  principles  either  of 
wlpniral  or  eiiuivalent  advantages,  as  the  case  may  be.  And  in  the  event  of  any  articles  or  article 
bpiiisciiacliiiled  between  the  said  high  contracting  parties,  for  giving  elfect  to  such  siipiilations,  it  is 
hrti  liy  iipreed,  that  the  article  nr  articles  which  may  liereatter  be  so  concluded  shall  be  considered  us 
tvtiiiing  part  of  the  aforesaid  convention. 

JltUlilional  Article. 

Thi-ir  llritannic  and  Danish  Majesties  mutually  ajrree,  that  no  higher  or  other  dnlies  shall  he  levied 
-ii'illiiir  nf  ilieir  dominions  (their  respective  colonies  being  excepted  from  the  convention  of  this 
'111  ),iipnii  any  personal  property  of  their  respective  subjects,  on  the  removal  of  same  from  the  domi- 
iii'ii'Siif  their  said  Majesties  reciprocally,  either  upon  the  inheritance  of  such  property,  or  otherwise, 
ili'iii  are  nr  sliall  be  payable  in  each  state,  upon  the  like  property,  when  removed  by  a  subject  of  such 
itate,  respectively. 

FB.iNCE. 
C«iiti»ii(i()ii  of  Commerce  hetwern  Hi.<  Britannic  Mnje.ity  and  the  Meat  Christian  ICinp,  together  with  ttco 
additional  Articles  thereunto  annered,  signed  at  London,  January  20,  1»2(). 

Afticle  1.  French  vessels  coining  from  or  departing  for  the  ports  of  France,  or,  if  in  ballast,  coming 
fminnr  ilepirting  for  any  place,  shall  not  be  subject,  in  the  ports  of  the  United  Kinedom,  either  on 
enicrlni!  into  or  departing  from  the  same,  to  any  higher  duties  of  tonnace,  harbour,  light-hunse,  pilot- 
»i!e,  qiinraiitiiie,  or  other  similar  or  corresponding  duties,  of  whatever  nature,  or  under  whatever 
I'ciinmination,  than  those  to  which  llritisli  vessels,  in  respect  of  the  same  voyages,  are  or  may  be 
''''i'l't,  nil  entering  Into  or  departing  from  such  ports;  anil,  reciprocally,  from  and  after  the  samo 
pcrjuil,  Uritish  vessels  coming  from  or  departing  for  the  ports  of  the  United  Kingdom,  or,  If  in  ballast, 

83 


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TREATIES  (COMMERCIAL). 


W*1  ■■■■■* 


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m.isiil 

•   I 

IffMlqJ 


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cominK  from  or  dppnrilns  for  any  place,  uliall  not  be  mibjeci,  in  the  ports  of  Frnnre,  either  In  enierlnj 
into  or  ili'parliiiL'  from  the  niiiiip,  to  ntiy  hijilier  dnlii's  of  tonimirr,  hnrhmir,  li^ht-liotiKe,  pijurii,;,. 
(|iinrnntiii<>,  or  ullifr  Hirniliir  or  ciirrespcuiiiiiii!  diilifB,  of  wliiileviT  niHiire,  or  Uiiili-r  wliiiti'vcr  den,,.' 
inliiatJKii.  tliiin  llinsi'  lo  which  I'rtiKli  vi'HsflK,  in  rfi<|itM:t  of  llif  siiiini  voyui.'c!',  are  or  n^iiy  he  siiLj,.,,) 
on  eiilrtiiiK  into  or  ili'piirlinK  from  such  purls;  whclhrr  »iiih  ihilips  are  collfcteil  fO'P'inilely,  nr  me 
consoliiliiii'il  ill  <iiii'  ami  lhn  nanic  dnly  ;— his  ,Moki  (  hrihlian  Mnjcsly  reserving  lo  hiiiKii'lf  In  rcpui.-n,, 
the  nmi'iinl  of  kihIi  duly  or  diilics  in  l-'raiice,  nirordiiiK  lo  the  rale  at  whicii  Uicy  .ire  or  miiy  l„.  ,,j|.,; 
hlishi.'d  ill  llie  Tiiiled  Uiiiiidom  :  at  the  siiiiK;  liiiii',  wilh  ii  v  irw  of  dimiiiishii.B  lln;  liiirdfiis  irii|i,,«|.,i 
upon  llii>  iiaviuali' n  of  ihe  two  rimnlrirH,  liifl  M.isl  (■||ri^lian  Mijii-ly  \\  ill  alwnyn  he  disim^,,,)  i,, 
reduce  llie  ani'iiiiil  of  the  said  ImrdeiiN  in  Irame,  in  |ir(i|Mirlion  to  any  rciluclion  which  may  hurtmitf 
be  liiaili'  of  lliose  now  li'Vied  in  lliu  porlii  of  ihe  liiiili  il  Kii>t!ilom. 

2  (.'oods  «  hicli  can  or  may  lie  legally  imporlcd  iiiio  llie  purls  of  the  I'nited  Kinpilotn,  fr.  in  the  |ir,ri« 
of  rraiici',  if  so  in.porird  in  I'rciich  vessels,  shall  he  suhjiil  In  no  hiuhrr  rinlii'S  llian  if  iii'piirii  ,1  ,|, 
Krilish  vessels;  and,  reci|irorally,  yoods  which  can  or  may  lie  le);;illy  imparled  into  the  imiisir 
France,  from  Hie  pons  of  Ihe  I'niled  Kinuilom.  if  so  iniporled  in  Mrilish  vessels,  shall  be  siilijid  i,,  ,„ 
lii(.'lier  (liilies  ihan  if  iniporled  in  I'reiich  vessels.  'I'lie  prcidiice  of  Asia,  Afiica,  and  Aimrli  u,  ,„,( 
lieinjf  alldwed  lolie  inipiirted  from  Ihe  said  countries,  nor  from  any  other,  in  French  vessels,  m  r  Irim 

France  in  French.  Ilrilish,  or  any  oilier  vessels,  iiilo  the  ports  of  the  Fnili-d  Kiiiiidum,  for  I »;  i,,,,. 

funiptioii,  bill  only  fur  w  arehoiisiiiK  and  re-exporlaliin,  his  Most  Chrislian  Majesty  resi  rves  in  m,,,. 
self  lo  direcl  (hnl,  in  like  manner,  Ihi-  produce  of  Asia,  Africa,  and  America,  shall  not  be  iniporleil  in  ,„ 
the  said  cminlries,  nor  from  any  other,  in  Ilrilish  vessels,  nor  from  Ihe  I'niled  Kiiit'ibnn  in  Driiisli 
French,  or  any  olher  vessels,  inio  the  purls  of  France,  for  tlie  cuiisuin|ilioii  of  that  kiiiKduni,  but  ui,)y 
for  warelioiisini;  and  re-exporialion. 

Willi  reijnrd  lo  llic  prodiiclions  of  Ihe  countries  of  Kiirnpe,  it  is  nnderstonci  between  the  liii;h  con. 
traclinii,'  parlies,  that  such  prodiiclions  shall  not  be  iniporled,  in  llritish  ships,  inlo  France,  fur  IIiimiih! 
Kliniption  of  that  kiniidoiii,  unless  such  ships  shall  liave  been  laden  Iherewiih  in  some  pert  nf  u,,. 
Ilniled  Kincdnm;  and  Ihal  his  liritannic  .Majesty  may  adopt,  if  he  shall  Ihiiik  lit,  some  corres|iii|„||,|,i 
resfriclive  measure,  Willi  recard  In  the  prodiiclions  of  Hie  coiinlries  of  Fiirope  iniporled  intn  iIh'  |i(,r|j 
of  the  Uniled  Kin^'doin  in  French  vessels:  the  liiiih  conlraclini,'  parlies  reservinji,  however,  to  h,,.,,,. 
selves  Ihe  powtT  of  inakin);,  by  iiiitliial  consent,  such  relaxations  in  the  strict  exei  iilioii  of  Hie  jirestnt 
article,  as  lliey  may  Hiiiik  iisefnl  to  Hie  respective  iiileresls  of  the  2  couiiliies.  upon  the  prii,i.l|ili;  |,f 
liintiial  concessions,  allordins  each  to  Ihe  oilier  reciprocal  or  ei|iiivalent  advanlaiies. 

3.  All  pooils  which  tan  or  may  be  leKuHy  exporleii  from  the  ports  of  either  of  the  2  countries,  sli;i|| 
on  their  export,  pay  the  same  duties  of  exportation,  whellicr  the  exporlalion  of  such  t'oods  I  e  iirailiMn 
Ilrilish  or  in  French  vessels,  provided  the  said  vessels  proceed,  respeclively,  direct  from  the  pcrij  nf 
the  one  connlry  lo  those  of  Ihe  other.  Ar.d  all  the  said  poods  so  exported  in  Urilish  or  French  vi'ssils 
bIiuII  be  reciprocally  entitled  te  Ihe  same  homilies,  drawli'icks,  and  other  allowances  of  Hie  $,iuie 
nature,  whicli  are  granted  by  Ihe  rcL'iilalions  of  each  country,  respectively. 

4.  It  is  iniiiiially  apreeil  between  the  liiKli  contracling  parties,  Hial  in  the  intercourse  of  navi^'aii.in 
between  their  2  coiinlries.  Hie  vesH.^ls  of  any  third  power  shall,  in  no  case,  obtain  more  I'avdiiralile 
conditions  than  Hiosc  stipulated,  in  the  present  convenlioii,  in  favour  of  Ilrilish  and  French  vi'!^.<i:|!i. 

5.  The  lisliiii(!-lioats  of  either  of  the  2  coiinlries,  whicli  may  be  forced  by  stress  of  weallnr  lo  srp|( 
shelter  in  the  ports,  or  on  the  coast  of  the  other  country,  shall  not  be  subject  to  any  (liiiiis  ur  loit 
charues  of  any  description  whatsoever;  provided  the  said  boats,  when  so  driven  in  by  sires.s  of 
weaiher,  shall  not  discharge  or  receive  on  hoard  any  cargo,  or  porliuii  of  cargo,  in  the  ports, or  unilic 
parts  of  the  coast  where  they  shall  have  sought  shelter. 

fi.  It  is  agreed  that  the  provisions  of  the  present  convention  between  the  high  contracting  parliis 
fihall  be  reciprocally  extended  and  in  force,  in  all  the  possessions  subject  to  ttieir  respective  dunnniuij.^ 
ill  Enrope. 

7.  The  present  convention  shall  be  in  force  for  the  term  of  10  years,  from  Ihe  5th  of  April  of  ilie 
present  year;  and  fnrlher,  until  the  end  of  12  months  after  either  of  the  high  conlracliiig  parlleiisli;ili 
iiave  given  notice  to  the  other  of  its  intention  to  terminate  its  operation;  each  of  the  liiiili  con. 
trading  parties  reserving  to  itself  the  right  of  giving  such  notice  to  the  other,  at  the  end  of  the  sniil 
term  of  10  years  :  and  it  is  agreed  between  lliein,  that,  at  the  end  of  the  12  months'  exlenj-imi  agwi] 
to  on  both  bides,  this  convention,  and  all  the  stipulations  thereof,  shall  ultojjether  cease  und  dc- 
terinine. 

8.  The  present  convention  shall  he  ratified,  and  the  ratifications  shall  he  exchanged  in  Loiiilnn, 
within  the  space  of  1  month,  or  sooner  if  possible. 

In  witness  w  hereof  the  respective  plenipotentiariee  have  signed  the  same,  and  have  aifixcu  thereto 
tlie  seals  of  their  arms. 

Done  at  London,  the  26ih  day  of  January,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1S20. 

(iiMMioK  Can.m.no.  Le  Prince  de  Polionac. 

VVll,l.iA.M   llrsKISSOK. 

Mditional  Articles. 

Article  1.  French  vessels  shall  be  allowed  lo  sail  from  any  port  whatever  of  the  countries  iindertlie 
dominion  of  his  Most  Christian  Majesty,  to  all  the  colonies  of  the  liniled  Kingilom  (except  tlinse  f»i. 
sessed  by  Ihe  Fast  India  Company),  and  to  import  into  the  said  colonies  all  kinds  of  incrrliiiiiilbe 
(being  prodiiclions  the  growth  or  inaniil'actiire  of  France,  or  of  any  country  iiniler  the  itniiiiiiiiiii 
of  France),  with  the  exception  of  such  as  are  prohibited  to  be  imponed  inlo  the  said  colonics,  nr  are 
periiiittt'd  to  he  iiiiported  only  from  coiinlries  under  the  Ilrilish  dominion;  and  the  siiid  I'li'iiili 
vessels,  as  well  us  the  merchandise  imported  in  the  same,  shall  not  be  subjecl,  in  Hii'  ciiImiIi's  of  tlie 
United  Kingdom,  lo  other  or  higher  diiiies  than  those  to  which  Ilrilish  vessels  may  lie  Miljeri,  nn 
importing  the  same  merchandise  from  any  foreign  country,  or  which  are  imposed  upon  the  nicriliaii- 
dise  iisi  If. 

The  same  ficllilies  shall  be  granted,  reciprocally,  in  Ihe  colonies  of  France  with  repnrd  in  ilie  im- 
portalioii,  in  Uritish  vessels,  of  all  kinils  of  merchandise,  (being  prodiiclions  the  growlli  ami  iiiaiin- 
fnctnre  of  the  Inlti'd  Kingdom,  or  any  connlry  under  the  Ilrilish  doniliiion.)  with  the  c.\ci|itiiiii  el' 
fiscli  as  are  prohibited  to  bi'  imported  into  the  said  colonies,  or  are  permitteil  to  be  iiiiportc'il  unlylroNi 
countries  miller  the  dominion  of  France.  And  whereas  all  goods,  the  pri  diice  of  any  l<irci|.'iiciiiiiilry, 
may  now  be  imp  .rird  into  the  colonies  of  Ihe  United  Kingdom,  in  the  ships  of  tliat  country,  ivllli  the 
exception  of  a  liiniled  list  of  spi'cilied  arlicles,  which  can  only  be  imporliMl  inlo  the  saiil  i  nliuiMs  m 
Uritish  ships,  his  .M.ijesly  the  King  of  Ho'  I'nited  Kingdiin  reserves  lo  himself  the  power  of  aildingto 
the  said  list  of  exci'pieil  articles  any  oHiit.  the  produce  of  the  French  dominions,  the  ailililloii  wlcrivf 
may  appeur  to  his  Miijiisty  to  be  necessary  for  placing  the  cominerce  mid  navigation  lo  lii;  iMTiiiilldl 
to  I  hi;  siibjeiis  of  each  of  the  high  contracting  parties  with  the  colonies  of  Ihe  other,  iipnn  a  fuoiii,|; 
of  fair  reciprocity, 

2.  French  ve-sels  shall  be  allowed  to  export  from  all  the  colonies  of  the  Fnited  Kiiigilnai  (i>xcepl 
thope  poss(■^sl'd  by  the  Fast  India  Company),  all  kinds  of  merchandise  which  are  not  prnliibilicl  I"ie 
exported  from  mhIi  colonies  in  vessels  other  than  those  ol  tJreal  llrilain  ;  and  Hit  -aid  vessils.iiswiH 
Itii  the  meiciiuiidise  expurluU  in  the  vame,  bliall  not  be  BUbject  tu  ulhur  or  higher  duties  than  lliusv  to 


IL). 

nrts  of  Frnnce,  oillicr  in  enterini; 
i,  ImrlMiiir,  li(.'tit-limii.p,  pildiiiK,., 

IIHllirK,  or    UlilIlT  WllUll'VtT  lloiKi. 

,.  voyaKC!',  are  nr  iriiy  li«  siil.jiTt, 
,  ore  1  iillfclfd  si'l'iifiilely,  "r  lire 
f  tv>vr\\i\K  U)  Imiici'll'  Ui  rc(!iilm,; 
It  whiili  llH'y  ''I"  '"■  '"">'  '»•  ''slu- 
diiiiiiiis^tiii'S '1'*'  ln>r<l''i>'<  iiii|"iMi| 
,i,.^ty  uill  iilwnyrt  l)n  ilisipiiMd  ii, 
ny  rc(lu<:lioii  wliicU  iiiuy  litriiiil'itr 

10  Viiitcil  Kiiipilt'iti,  (r  iiillip  pcirii. 
hiirlicr  (liilii's  (liim  il'  iii'imrtKl  m 
ri;;illy  iiiipi'ricil  inln  Uii'  pmla  1 1' 
lliali  vpi'sili',  Hlmll  l)e  siiliiiii  in  no 
of  Asia,  Afiifii.  I'll''  Aimrici,  ii(,t 
(itlipr,  in  Kn-nili  vessels,  inr  fn  m 
H!  I'liili'd  Kiiiliiliini,  I'lir  licine  un,. 
liriHlian  M.ij" "'>'  f'"'  "''"  "'  ^•'""■ 
Vnifricii,i>liiill  iKil  l>e  inipiirliMl  in  m 
III)  llie  I'hilfd  Kiiiiidnin  In  Unucli, 
uinplion  of  tliul  kinijdoiii,  but  ui,ly 

indiirctnod  helween  llie  lii!;ti  con. 
tish  sliips,  iidii  Kninr e,  Inr  ilic  cdn. 
den  lliercwiili  in  toniepift  I'f  H,,; 
lilmll  lliiiik  til,  sdiut  riirris|Hii„liii;' 
g  of  Kiiriipi"  iiiipiirliMl  inm  Ihe  imrtj 
rlicB  rt'scrvin)!,  Imwi-'Vcr,  to  iIhiii- 
n  llie  slriit  oxi'i  iiH""  <il'lli»;  presint 
(•  2  I'ouiitiifH.  iip""  *'"•■  pri"i'i|ile  (if 
'iilcnt  advuntH|.M:!<. 
a  (if  eillier  I'f  tin'  2  cmintrit's,  sliiill, 
xpcirluliiin  ofsucli  t'Dinls  I  v.  ii.ailiin 
speilively,  direct  fmin  llw  pciria  nf 
xporled  in  llritis^li  or  Krcmli  vi->silj, 
uiiil  oilier  allowances  of  llie  same 
peclively. 

liat  in  lilt:  intcrcniirpe  of  naviiaunn 
in  no  case,  olituin  more  lavduialilc 
our  of  llritish  and  !■  reiicli  vismIs. 
Inrced  by  stress  of  wcatbi'r  lo  si'ck 
I  nol  iie  subject  to  any  diiliis  (ir  jort 
is,  when  so  driven  in  by  stress  of 
rliun  of  cargo,  in  llie  ports.or  oiiilic 

'tween  tlio  hlph  contracting  parlies 
subject  lo  their  respective  doiuinioiis 

[)  years,  from  the  5th  of  April  of  tlie 
of  the  hiiJii  coiitraciiii);  piiriicssliiill 
operation;  each  of  tlie  liiiihioii- 
■  to  the  other,  at  the  end  of  tbe  saij 
,  of  the  12  months'  fxlunj-ioii  aarerd 
eof,  shall  ultogelher  cease  and  de- 
ions  shall  be  exchanged  in  Loiiilnn, 
d  the  same,  and  have  atfixcu  thereto 
ord  1620. 

LE   I'niNCE   DE  roLlCNAC. 


wliatever  of  the  countries  under  the 

United  Kincdoni  (except  lliosepcs- 

cidonies  all  kinds  of  nierdiiimlbe 

„  any  country  under  tlie  ddiiiiiiiini 

iporied  into  the  said  colonies,  or  arc 

sh  dominion;    and  the  sunl  1  iciidi 

Hit  be  subject,  in  the  cnlcnier'  ol  the 

Kritish  vessels  may  be  sniijed,  (in 

lich  are  imposed  upon  the  nic.rdiaii- 

es  of  France  with  rcjiarrt  tn  the  Im- 
'  nrodiici ions  the  growl li  luid  inami; 
h  dominion,)  with  Ibe  exccpli.ir.  d 

■  permit  led  lo  be  iiiipcrted  enlv  Irom 

/ihepr.dnceofanyl'ireicncDiii.lry, 
the  ships  of  that  conniry,  w  H"  me 
iinpi.rled  into  the  siiid  cdlenns  j" 

,.s  to  himself  Ihe  power  ol  addiiigl 
Mich  doniiiiions,  the  addin.inworn 
erco  and  naviiiution  to  W.  perm 

lilonies  of  the  olher,  upun  a  li'OliiiS 

lies  of  the  rnited  Kincdo."  (""fj 
,,,lJHe  which  are  ((otpr.di.btct 
llritain;  and  the -aid  vessels.asvui 
ilherorhiKlierd.licstbanlteia 


TREATIES  (COMMERCIAL). 


059 


which  nritish  vesBels  may  be  snbjert,  on  expnrtlnK  the  said  merchandise,  or  which  nre  impn^ert  upnn 
llie  iiieirliiindise  itself;  and  they  sliiill  be  eii'illed  lo  Hie  same  biiiiiiti"K,  dr:i«  backs,  add  i.iber  allow- 
ances df  llie  same  naliire,  in  which  llriiish  vessels  wmild  Im'  cnuiled,  on  sik  h  exihrliiiKHi. 

Tlie  s-inie  facilities  ami  privileges  shall  be  granted,  reripmcallv.  in  nil  tbe  e.ilnines  I'f  h'riiice,  fur 
llieex|i(inali"n,in  llriiish  vessels,  of  all  I  indn  of  men  hiimlise,  wbiiliare  not  pri.hibited  to  be  i  xporled 
ffoMi  such  colonies  in  vessels  other  than  those  of  KraiK-e. 

These  "i  additional  articles  sliill  have  ilie  same  force  and  validity  as  if  iliey  were  inserted,  word 
f,ir  word,  in  the  convention  signed  this  day.  They  shall  be  ralilied,  and  th.!  raiilii  alions  .-.hall  be  ex- 
(liiMiii'd  at  the  same  lime. 

In  vviiiiess  whereof  the  respective  pIcnipoteiitlHries  have  signed  the  sniiie,  and  have  allixed  thereto 
llie  deals  of  their  arms. 

Done  at  London,  .Ian.  20,  1620. 

fiKoiuiK  Oannino.  Le  I'liiNn;  ni:  I'oi.ionac. 

William  IIuskisson. 

A  Treasury  letter,  dated  -Stli  of  March,  18?fl,  directs  that  French  vessels,  and  their  cirpoes  lecally 
iiiipnrted  orj'xporjedjin  board  lliesanie,  accordiin;  to  llie  terms  of  llie  ci.nvei.liioi    in   lie   iireiedlng 


pane 


s,  are.  from  the  "Ih  of  April,  18-Jil,  to  be  eharL-ed  willi  sncli  and  the  like  dii 


lies  Mi.ly,  i,r  wbniever 


kind  tliev  may  be,  thil  are  charged  on  llriiish  vessels,  and  siinilar  ciri;.  es  bulen  on  henrd  iherenf; 
and  in  like  manner  till!  same  boiinlies,  ilrawbarks,  iiml  allowances  aie  In  lie  piid  mi  :iiiiil  !.  expnrlej 
„i  j'rench  vessels,  that  nre  paid,  (jranted,  or  allnwi'd  on  similar  arlides  exporied  in  l!rili-li  vi'fsels. 
Aiidihe  necessary  inhlrnrtions  are  lo  be  transinillcMl  1(1  Ihe  oilicers  in  the  colniues  for  i  itis  jni;  iiilo 
cifiMlthe  slipnlalions  contained  in  the  2  aiblilional  arlides  of  Hie  said  convenlioii,  tesiieLliiig  Irciicli 
vcsselii  and  their  cargoes,  from  the  1st  of  October,  Is2i>. 

IIanhi:  Towns. 

Convention  of  Commerce  bclwren  IHa  Hritnnnir.  Miij'\-i„  aint  Ihe  Free  Unvsealic  Uepublira  of  f.uheck,  Bre- 
men, mid  Jliiiiihiinsli,  .siiTued  al  l.inidvii,  Nipl,  iil,  l>'2j. 

Article  1.  From  and  after  the  dale  hereof,  Itriiish  vessels  enlerinj,'  or  dep.irlins  from  tbe  inrts  of  the 
free  llaiiseatie.  republics  of  I.iilieck,  Hrenien,  or  llimliMrL'li  ;  and  I.uhei  k,  ISremen,  ,,r  llainhnruh  ves- 
sels enleritiB  or  depnriins  from  the  ports  of  ih»!  rniled  Kiiitidom  of  (ireat  Drilain  and  liel  nd  ;  shall 
mil  he  siiltject  to  any  other  or  liiL'ber  ship  diities  or  charges  than  are  orshall  be  le\ied  on  national  vea- 
fidsenlering  or  ditparling  from  such  ports  respectively. 

1  All  Boods,  whether  the  production  of  the  lerriiories  of  the  free  Ilansenlic  republics  of  I.iiberk, 
Ilrenieii.  or  II.Tmbiir«h,or  of  any  other  country,  which  may  be  leiially  impcirted  trom  any  of  the  ports 
ef  the  said  republics  into  the  I'nited  Kinadom  of  (Jreal  llriie.in  and  Ireland  in  lirili>li  ve-sels,  sliill,  in 
like  niiinner,  be  permitted  to  he  imported  in  I.iibeck,  liremen,  or  llambur!;h  vessels;  ami  all  j/oods, 
wliether  the  production  of  any  of  the  dominions  of  bis  Urilannic  Majesty,  or  of  any  other  Kiiinlrv, 
ivhirliniay  be  leeally  exported  from  the  ports  of  the  Ijiiited  Kiiiiidoin  in  ltrili>li  vessels,  >biill  in  lilie 
miiner,  he  permitted  to  be  exported  from  llie  said  ports,  in  I, nbeck,  liremen.  or  llainbiiri,'li  vessels. 
\iidall  Kooiis,  which  iiny  be  legally  imported  inlii  or  exported  from  the  ports  of  l.nliec  k,  lireineii,  or 
Ihniliiiriih,  in  national  vessels,  shall,  in  like  manner,  be  perinilled  lo  hi;  imported  into  or  cAportcd 
friinithe  purls  of  I.ulxu'k,  BriMiien,  or  llambiirgli,  in  llriiish  vessels. 

3.  All  cnods  which  can  he  legally  imported  into  the  ports  of  tin-  United  Kingibim  directly  from  the 
pntlsnf  l.iilieck,  liremen,  or  Hamburgh,  or  eiilier  of  them,  h  ha  11  be  admltied  at  tbe  s;iiiie  r  ale  of  duly, 
fflielher  imported  in  Urilish  vessels,  or  in  vessels  beloniring  to  either  of  the  said  ri'|iiiblics  ;  and  all 
ponds  which  can  be  legally  exported  from  the  United  Kingdom,  shall  be  enlillcd  lo  ilie  sami^  lioiiniies, 
drawharks.  and  allowances,  whether  exported  in  Hrili.-b  or  Ilaiisealic  vessels.  And  tbe  like  reeipro- 
ciiy  shall  he  observed,  in  the  ports  of  the  said  republics,  in  respect  to  all  goods  which  can  he  bL'ally 
inimried  into  or  exported  from  any  or  either  of  the  said  ports  in  vessels  belonging  to  the  United 
Kmi'dam. 

4.  No  priority  or  preference  shall  be  given,  directly  or  indirectly,  by  any  or  either  of  tlie  contracting 
prlii's,  nor  by  any  company,  cor|iorntioii,  or  agent,  acting  on  their  behalf  or  iiinl"r  llieir  aiilbority,  in 
Ihe  purchase  (if  any  article,  the  growth,  pr(idiic(\  or  manufacture  of  their  stales  respectively,  imp(irte(i 
inliillie  other,  on  account  of  or  in  refen^nce  to  the  character  of  the  vessel  in  w  liicli  sik  h  article  was 
irnnnrled;  il  biMiig  the  true  intent  and  meaning  of  the  liicli  contracting  parties  tlial  no  ili-linclion  or 
(iilfcrence  whatever  shall  bo  niadi  in  this  respect. 

5.  In  consideration  of  the  liiiiiled  exlenl  of  the  territories  belonging  to  the  repnblirs  of  I.nlieck,  llro- 
men.  and  ManibiirL'li,  and  the  iniimale  connection  of  trade  and  navigation  siilxisiing  beiween  these 
r?p(ih'iica,  it  is  hereby  stipulated  and  agreed,  that  any  vessel  which  shall  have  been  built  in  any  or 
eitlierof  the  ports  of  the  said  republics,  and  which  sliall  be  owned  exclusively  by  a  ( ili/en  or  cili/.eng 
ff  any  nr  eitlierof  I  hem,  and  of  which  Ihe  master  shall  also  be  a  citizen  of  either  of  Ho  in,  and  pro- 
vidcd';i4lhs  of  ihe  crew  shall  be  siibji'cts  or  citizens  of  any  or  either  of  tbe  said  republics,  or  of  any 
oreilher  of  the  states  comprised  in  the  (•ermanie  (Jonf.ileiation,  such  vessel,  so  I  iiili.  owi  ed,  anil 
iiivijaled,  shall,  for  all  the  purposes  of  this  convenlion,  be  taken  to  be  and  he  considered  as  a  vessel 
beloniiing  to  l.ubeck,  Hrenien,  or  Flainbiirgh. 

6  Any  vessel,  together  with  her  cargo,  belonging  lo  either  of  tlie  three  free  Haiiseatic  rej  iiblics  of 
Liibeck,  Dreinen,  or  llainbiirgh,  and  coming  from  either  of  the  said  ports  to  Hie  United  Kingdom, 
siiall,  for  all  the  purposes  of  this  convention,  he  deemed  lo  come  from  the  coiiniry  to  which  such 
vpsspI  belongs;  and  any  British  vessel  and  her  cargo  trading  lo  the  ports  of  l.ubeck,  Itreinen,  or 
llaiiibiirsh,  ilirecily  or  in  succession,  shall,  for  the  like  purposes,  be  un  the  fooling  of  a  llunsculic 
Vessel  and  her  cargo  making  the  same  voyage. 

7.  !i  is  further  imiliially  agreed,  that  no  higher  or  other  duties  shall  be  levied,  in  any  or  either  of 
I'le slates  of  the  high  contracting  parties,  upon  any  personal  properly  of  the  subjects  and  citizens  of 
farh  respectively,  on  Ihe  removal  of  the  same  from  the  dominions  or  territory  of  such  states,  (either 
ii;H)n  inlii:rilaiic(!  of  such  properly,  or  otherwise),  than  are  or  shall  be  payable,  in  each  slate,  upon 
llie  like  property  when  removed  by  a  subject  nr  citizen  of  such  state  r(?spe(  lively. 

(■.  The  high  ronlraetiiig  parties  reserve  lo  themselves  lo  enter  upon  nddilional  stipulations  for  Iho 
piirpese  of  ficilitatingand  extending,  even  beyond  what  is  comprehended  in  th(^  convenlion  of  this 
dale,  the  coniinercial  relations  of  their  respective  subjects  and  dominions,  i  iiizens  and  territories, 
upnn  the  principle  either  of  reciprocal  or  piiuivalent  advantages,  as  the  case  may  he  ;  and,  in  the 
rveiitnf  any  article  or  articles  being  concluded  between  the  said  high  contractiiig  parties,  fir  giving 
(Ifect  111  siuii  stipulations,  it  is  hereby  agreed  that  the  article  or  articles  which  may  hereafter  be  so 
concluded  shall  be  considi^red  as  forming  part  of  the  present  convention. 

9  Tlie  present  convenlion  shall  he  in  f.>rce  for  the  term  of  "10  years  from  the  dale  hereof;  and 
fiall'.er,  until  the  end  of  12  months  nlli^r  the  King  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  fireat  llritain  .and  Ire- 
land, nn  the  one  part,  or  the  governnieiils  of  the  free  Uanseatic  republics  of  l.ubeck,  Ureinen.  or  Hain- 
burjih,  nr  either  of  them,  on  the  other  part,  shall  have  given  notice  of  their  intention  to  lerminatc  the 
lame;  each  of  the  said  high  contracting  parties  reserving  to  itself  the  right  of  giving  fiich  notice  to 
llienlher  at  the  end  of  the  said  term  of  10  years  :  and  it  is  hereby  agreed  helween  Un  in,  that,  at  tho 
eipiiatiun  of  12  months  after  such  notice  shall  have  been  received  by  either  of  tlie  parties  from  the 


600 


TREATIES  (COMMERCIAL). 


^M.   m 

■»' 

'* 

ML: 

~m 

M- 

« 

iM 

•tf 

t» 

r 

1 

:i 

c- 

? 

••1 

•1 

MX 

,a 

5 


nthiT.  tills  cnnvi'iilinn,  niid  till  IIk-  prnvUinnq  tlnTi-of,  sliall  alhit'dlier  rcnsn  nnd  ili'l(irmlm>,  n<i  fiira? 
ri"j:ir<lH  till!  Htiitcs  iiivirii;  iiikI  ri'ri'ivini!  •iiii'li  iiDiicr;  It  lii^iiiK  .ilwayH  iiiiiliirHlniiil  niiil  "(■'rrcij,  i||;,|,  ^ 
mil' iir  iiinrii  III  till!  Ilaiixi'aiic  rt'imlilii'H  aliiri'Haiil  Nliall,  at  the  rxplratioii  nl'  III  yuarH  Irniii  the  c|,'i|,> 
hiMiMl',  nlvf!  or  rri'i!ivi!  iiiilli:i!  of  tin;  |irii|i  isnl  leriiiiiialinii  nf  IIiIh  ciiiiVL-iiliiin,  hiicIi  coiivt'iiiiini  s\\n\\ 
licvrrtlirli'iiii,  ri.'iiiaiii  in  full  lorn:  and  ii|ii'ralli>n  an  I'ar  hh  rcL'tirds  till!  rciiiaiiiinK  lluiiiieutic  rojiublits 
or  ri'pnlilic  vviilrli  limy  iint  liavo  Hivrn  or  ri'ri'ivrd  hiii'Ii  iiolicf. 

10  'I'lii-  pri'Hfiit  roiivi'iitliiii  8liall  In'  ratilii'il,  and  llii;  rutilicutlnn  nliall  bo  exchanged  at  I.uikIi,,; 
within  I  niiinth  iVinn  lln;  ilatr  hrn^nf,  iir  Hiiiini'r  il°  piiHitllile. 

In  w  itin'K4  whrriMir  ihu  rt:ap»ctive  plcnipuluntiuricii  huve  Higiiud  the  aaiiio,  and  haveall'ixoil  tliorni, 
tilt!  st'alH  III' ihi-lr  arriiH.  (iKiiiiiiK  C'anmmj, 

Uuiiu  ut  Luiidiiii,  tii'pt.  31),  1833.  W.  IIiiNKlxsoN. 

JaMGH   C'ULUIIIUI'N. 

Mkxico, 

Treaty  of  j^itiily,  Comnitrrc,  and  .VavigaHon,  hclireen  Great  Britain  and  Mexico,  signed  at  /.iiii(l„n 

llecxmberiVi,  iN'iO. 

,\rtirln  1.  Tlmri?  shall  ho  pi'rpetitnl  aniily  helwern  tlit'  doniininns  itnd  siihjncts  nf  his  Maji  Kiy  tl,, 
KIni!  of  tho  I'nllcd  Kini;iloiii  uT  (>rval  Dritaiii  and  Ireland,  and  the  IJnltud  rSiatus  of  Alvxico,  ainriiiiii 
cili/.i'n.o. 

•i.  'riii-ro  shall  he,  hotwnnn  all  the  torritories  of  l-.is  llritannic  Majrsly  in  Europe  and  the  turrilorjiy 
of  Mexico,  a  roriprnr:il  fi'i!i'doin  of  roiiiiiirrr)'.  Tin;  inliahilaiils  of  the  two  coiintrl(!s,  reHiuitiv.  l,, 
shall  havi'  lihiTty  freiMy  and  si-cnrtly  to  ronii'.  with  thnir  ships  and  rarjjoes,  to  all  phui^s  ami  ri\i  j. 
ill  till'  tirrritoriiis  aforesaid,  savliiv  only  sili'li  parllriilar  ports  to  wliirli  other  I'oreiiiin.'rs  sliall  ihji  i<. 
pniiiiiti'd  to  eoiiie,  to  entirr  into  tin;  saiiie,  and  to  ruiiiain  anil  reside  in  any  part  of  the  said  iirriiun. , 
ri'spi;rliv('ly  ;  also  to  hire  and  oei'iipy  liousrs  and  warilidiises  for  the  piirposi'S  of  their  ciiniiniii,; 
iiiiil,  t'l'iirrally,  the  merchants  and  traders  of  each  nation,  respectively,  shall  enjoy  the  imiMt  ciiii!|,|.iv 
pnilection  and  seciirily  'or  tin'ir  coninierce. 

In  like  manner,  the  respective  ships  of  war,  and  pnst-ollice  packets  of  the  2  counlrii's,  shiiU  liavi. 
lilierty  freely  and  senirely  to  come  to  all  harlioiirs,  rivers,  and  places,  saving  only  such  |i:irilciil:u 
ports  lif  any)  to  which  other  foreJL'ii  ships  of  war  uiiil  packets  shall  not  he  permitted  to  ciuiie,  in  eniir 
into  the  same,  to  anchor,  and  to  remain  there  and  relit;  siihject  always  lu  the  laws  and  atulutciii 
the  two  coiiulries  respectively. 

Hy  the  ri'.'hl  of  eiilerini;  the  places,  ports,  nnd  rivers,  menlinned  in  this  article,  the  privileL-e  nfcir- 
ryiiiu  on  llie  coastini!  trade  is  not  iinilerslooil,  in  which  national  vessels  only  are  permilieil  n,  i  hlmsp 
'  3.  Ills  Majesty  the  Klni!  of  the  United  Kiiif:diini  of  (ireal  Krilain  and  Ireland  ciiKages  riulln  ri^liui 
the  inlialiilants  of  .Mexico  shall  have  the  like  hlierly  of  coninierce  and  navigation  stipiilaled  for  iiii!i, 
pr  cediim  article,  in  all  his  dominions  situated  nut  of  F.urope,  to  the  full  e.vtenl  in  which  the  same  l^ 
liermitleil  at  present,  or  shall  he  permitted  hereafter,  to  any  other  nation. 

4.  iNo  higher  or  olln^r  diili.'S  shall  he  iiii|iiised  on  the  importalion  into  the  dominions  of  his  llritnimn 
Maji'sly.  of  any  article  of  the  (;r(iwih,  produce,  or  niaiiiifacture  of  Mexico,  and  no  hiylnr  nr  mli.r 
(Inties  shall  he  impnsi'd  on  the  importation  into  the  territories  of  Mexico,  of  any  arllrlis  of  ilu 
pr^iwlh,  proilm*!,  or  manufacture  of  his  llritannic  Majesty's  (lomiiiioiis,  than  are  or  shall  In;  pm. 
aide  on  Hie  like  articles,  lieiiiK  the  {.'rowlli,  produce,  or  nianilfacture  of  any  other  forulL'ii  ciMiiiirt 
n.ir  shall  any  other  or  hlj/her  duties  or  chartjes  he  imposed  in  the  territories  or  duniinions  of  liijnr'H 
till-  contraciini!  parties,  on  the  expiirtalion  of  any  articles  to  the  territories  of  Hie  other,  llnii  siirlia. 
are  or  in.iy  he  payahle  on  the  exporlation  of  the  like  articles  to  any  other  foreiijii  country  ;  nur  shil; 
liny  prohiiiiiion  he  imposed  upon  the  expurlation  of  any  articles  the  prowlli,  produce,  ur  iiiai,ufalim 
of  his  llrilaniiic  Majesty's  dominions,  or  of  the  sJiid  territories  of  Mexico,  to  or  from  ihe  salil  {|,i. 
millions  of  his  llriiannic  Majesty,  or  to  or  from  the  said  territories  of  Mexico,  which  sliall  iiuti;iiu,illf 
extend  to  all  other  nations. 

5.  No  higher  or  other  tU;lies  or  characs  on  nccmint  of  tonnajje,  liiilit  or  hnrhour  due.s,  pilnlajjo,  sni.  I 
vace  in  case  of  daniat'e  or  shipwreck,  or  any  ndier  local  charfies,  shall  he   iniposeil,  in  aiiynf'il.i 
ports  of  Mexico,  on  British  vessels,  than  those  payalile  in  the  same  ports  liy  Mexican  vess  l-»;  im 
in  the  ports  of  his  llritannic  .Majesty's  territories,  on  iMexicuii  vessels,  than  shall  he  p.iyalile,  in  iin.. 
same  pons,  on  Itrilish  vessels. 

fi.  The  siiiie  duties  shall  he  paid  on  the  importation  into  Hie  territories  of  Mexico,  of  any  article  tin 
prowtli,  produce,  or  manufacture  of  liis  Uritaiinic  Majesty's  dominions,  wlielher  such  inqiurt.iii.  r; 
shall  lie  in  .Mexican'^  or  in  llritish  vessels  ;  and  the  same  duties  shall  lie  piild  on  the  im)iiirial:eii  im 
the  dominions  of  his  llritannic  Majesty,  of  any  article  the  (irowHi,  produce,  or  inaniifai  tare  nt'. Movie, 
whether  such  importation  shall  he  in  Hritish  or  in  Mexican  vessels.    The  same  duties  shall  In-  [laid, 
nnd  Hie  same  hounlies  and  drawhacks  allowed,  on  the  exporlation  to  Mexico  of  any  arlii  Ics  nfllji  I 
(.'rowHi,  produce,  or  manufacture  of  his  llriiannic  .Majesty's  doiniiiiona,  whether  such  i\|]()rlalii.ii  I 
shall  he  in  .Mexican  or  in  llritish  vessels;  and  the  same  diiliis  shall  he  paid,  and  the  sini'  iMiiintlri  I 
and  drawh.icks  allowed,  on  the  exporlation  of  any  articles  the  growth,  produce,  or  niaiiiil'uctiire  of  I 
Mexico,  to  Ills  Uritaiinic  Majesty's  dominions,  whether  such  u.xpurtutioii  shall  be  in  ilriliiili  oriiij 
Mexican  vessels. 

7.  In  order  'o  avoid  any  niisunderstandina  with  respect  to  the  regulations  which  may  rcspenively  j 
constilule  a   Hrilish  or  .Mexican  *  vessel,  it  is  hereby  agreed  that  all  vessels  built  in  Hie  iloniinions 
of  Ills  llritannic  Majesty,  or  vessels  which  shall  have  been  captured  from  un  enemy  by  Ills  liriiiiiiiiir  | 
Majesty's  ships  of  war,  or  by  subjects  of  his  said   Majesty  furnished  with  letters  of  iiiiinpii'  hy  !!:>' 
J.ords  ('iimmissioners  of  the  .\ilmiralty,  and  regularly  conileniiied  in  one  of  his  said  Miijc^ly's  |iii.' 
courts  as  a  lawful  prize,  or  which  shall  have  been  condemned  in  any  competent  court  fur  llif  liri-ailil 
of  the  laws  made  for  the  prevenlion  of  the  sl.ive  trade,  and  owned,  navigated,  and  re:;isteri'il  urnnll 
lag  to  the  laws  of  (ireat  llritaiii,  shall  be  considered  as  Itritisli  vessels ;  and  that  all  vessels  biiili  ii 
tlie  territories  of  Mexico,  or  captured  from  the  enemy  liy  the  ships  of  Mexico,  and  coiKhiiiiidl  unit') 
Kimilar  circumstances,  and  which  shall  be  owned  by  any  cilizen  or  citizens  tliereof,  anil  whorciiflli'j 
mister  and  ;i-  llhs  of  the  mariners  are  citizens  of  Mexico,  excejitiiig  where  the  laws  proviilu  fur  any 
extreme  cases,  shall  be  considered  as  Mexican  vessels. 

And  it  is  further  agreed,  that  every  vessel,  (|iialilied  to  trade  as  above  described,  under  Ilic  prnvi| 
sioiis  of  H'is  treaty,  shall  he  fiiriiislied  willi  a  register,  passport,  or  sea  letter,  under  the  sipiialuri''!' 
the  proper  person  aiiHiorised  to  grant  the  same,  according  to  the  laws  of  the  respective  ciuiiililesill.'! 
form  of  which  shall  be  communicated),  certifying  the  iiaiiie,  occupation,  and  residence  nf  ttn'  oHmrl 
or  owners,  in  the  doiuiiiions  of  his  Hrilaniiic  Majesty,  or  in  the  territories  of  Mexico,  as  ilie  lasi;  inayl 
be;  and  that  he,  or  they,  is,  or  are,  the  sole  owner  or  owners,  in  Hie  proporlion  to  be  spcciiiiil;  li-F 
(fether  with  the  name,  liurd''ii,  and  description  of  the  vessel  as  to  built  and  iiieasureiiiinl,  and  llie| 
several  |iarticiilars  constiliiting  the  national  charactiir  of  the  vessid,  as  the  case  may  lie. 

H,   .\ll   nierchants,  commanders  of  ships,  and  olhers,  the  subjects  of  his   llritannic  Majesty, shall 
linve  full  liberty,  in  all  the  territories  of  Mexico,  to  manage  their  own  aflairs  iheinKelvcs,  nrlocniiiniitl 


♦  .See  adUilioiml  articles  at  the  end  of  this  treaty. 


lL). 

(-r  mil!"'  nnrt  dctflrinine,  n»  farai 
I  uiiiliirHloiiil  mill  ii).'ri'iMl,ili;ii,  it 
iralioii  of  III  yt'iir"  '"""  'I"'  'I'''' 
mvfiUiiiii,  mull  toiiveiiiuni  ■.liull, 
11!  reiiiiiiiii'iB  HiiiiBL'UlIc  ri'imblu, 

1  ihall  bo  excliuiigcil  at  I.uikIdh, 

he  Biimo,  ni"l  ''"ve  ntHxcd  tlicrtio 

(JKtIIKIK   t;A.\MNU. 
W.  Ul'MKISSON. 

Jambh  t'omtiiuuN. 


in  and  Meiico,  signed  at  l.nnd^r.. 

m  and  sulijocts  of  liin  Maj.  sly  [\\f 
IJiiilud  rtwius  "f  Mexico,  mill  ilair 

jcsly  ill  Europe  nnd  tlio  tfrriliiri'* 
if  llie  iwi)  eoiiiitrif!',  rcni.iiliv.  I;. 
id  r.irMofs.  '"  ""  i'l'i^i'*  »i"'  fi^'  '• 
hirli  oilier  foreiiziiers  sliall  not  i,. 
li  ill  iiiiy  pari  of  ilie  "aid  u  rrimri'  - 

f  llie   piirpiisrfl  of  tlieir  ( iminr; 

vely,  sliall  enjoy  lliu  nmsl  iimi|ili  if 

ckeU  of  the  2  coiiiilrii'S,  sliall  liavn 
places,  saviiij!  "uly  "'K 'i  liirliiuliii 
II  nol  lie  permilted  to  iimir.  \„  i  niit 
always  lollie  laws  and  sUiUiKsii 

i  in  tills  nrlifle,  tlie  privili!:i-  nfnr- 
esscis  only  are  pfrniitieil  i,. .  iiwn,. 
ill  and  Ireland  eii({aK'K  InnliT.uiai 
and  iiavigalioii  stipnlati'd  l.ir  luih. 
the  full  extern  in  wliifh  llie  r-aim.'  i» 

r  nation.  .    .  ,, .    „ 

n  into  the  dominions  of  Ills  llrilaiitii. 

of  Mexico,  and  no  liiulicr  nr  mlir 

i  of  Mexico,  of  any  arlichs  iif  tin 

minions,  than  are  or  shall  lie  pay. 

dure  of  any  other  foruiuii  cuunirj ; 

i  territories  or  dcuninioiis  of  liiliirm 

tiTritories  of  llie  other,  lliui  sucIli- 

liny  other  foreiijn  couinry;  mir  sii:in 

itlie  growth,  produce,  ir  iiiaMil'iilim 

of  Mexico,  to  or   from  Uie  said  d.i- 

s  of  Mexico,  which  shall  nutenually 

lisiht  or  liarhour  dues,  pilolagc?M- 
s"  shall  be  imposed,  in  any  el'iln 
le  ports  hy  Mexican  vess.  l-»;  m. 

dsuls,  than  shall  be  pay  aide,  m  ite 

rrilories  of  Mexico,  of  any  artii  le  tli. 
ominioiis,  whether  smh  iiiii.nrliur  i; 
Hhall  be  paid  on  the  imiiorlaueii  ml 
1,  produce,  or  nianufaetnri.  ef  Mo\u;... 
sels  The  same  duties  shall  lie  Fid. 
liou  to  Mexico  of  any  arlides  idllii 
oiiiinions,  whether  such  cxpiiruiUa  | 
shall  he  paid,  and  the  s  iine  liniuiliH 
erowth,  produce,  or  inannlai'lurcfl 
xporlalioii  shall  he  in  llritisli  or  iii  | 

>  recnlations  which  may  rcsperiively  j 
■It  all  vessels  built  in  the  diimminn* 
ured  fromunenemy  bylusl!riiaiimc| 
lishedwitU  letters  of  inaripieliy  I  !■ 
i.,l  in  one  of  his  said  Maje.  y  s  ptir'l 
11  anvronipptent  court  Inrllie  l.nml 
icd,iiavi!ialed,andrtv:!istereda.Tor,- 

^•e.ssels  ;  and  that  all  vessel.,  budl , 
ips  of  Mexico,  and  condeiniifd  und;. 
,  or  cili/.ens  thereof,  and  ivlioriMd  I' 
pling  where  the  laws  provide  luram| 

as  above  described,  under  llio  P'"^";, 
,  or  sea  letter,  under  the  sipnauiro  1 

laws  of  the  respective  ^o"''""-*  "1 
rupalion,  and  residence  o   111.;  1    II 
territories  of  Mexico,  as  the  a.   1.    I 
in  the  pr.M'orliontobespecilad, 
itobuill  and  meaBUreineiit,  .ind  iwi 
;sel,aslliecase  maybe.  I 

iects  of  his  llrilaiinic  Majesty. 5^1 
'  own  atlHirs  t luMUselvos^m^^ 

'  this  treaty. 


TREATIES  (COMMERCIAL). 


flOl 


ihftn  to  the  innnaBoment  of  whnininnver  they  plpuse,  ai  broker,  faftor,  affent,  or  intorpreter  •  nor 
.lull  they  liB  nlillRiul  to  employ  any  other  pemon  for  thnie  piirpoHes  iluui  those  employed  by  Mexicans 
niir  111  pity  lliem  any  other  salary  or  reiiuineralloii  than  such  as  is  piiiil,  in  like  cases,  by  Slexican  ciii- 
lenn ;  and  absolute  freedom  shall  be  allowed,  In  all  cases,  to  the  buyer  nnd  seller,  lo  bargain  nnil  fis 
ilie  price  of  any  (jootis,  imported  into  or  exported  from  Mexico,  ns  they  shall  see  Rootl,  idiservlns  the 
luvs  and  established  cusloins  of  the  country.  The  same  privileges  shall  be  enjoyed  In'the  dumiiiiuiia 
il'bis  llritnnnlu  Majesty,  by  the  citi/.eiis  of  Mexico,  under  the  same  conditioiiH. 

The  cili/.ens  and  subjects  of  the  contractinK  parlies,  in  the  lerritorieH  of  each  other,  shall  receive  nnd 
,nj,iy  full  and  perfect  protection  for  their  persons  and  property,  nnd  shall  linve  free  and  open  access  to 
the  courts  of  justice  in  the  said  roiinirics,  respectively,  for  the  prosecution  and  defence  of  their  jiisl 
rulits;  nnd  they  shall  be  at  liberty  to  employ,  in  all  causes,  the  advocates,  attorneys,  or  nKeiila  of 
nhalcver  description,  whom  they  may  think  proper  ;  und  they  shall  enjoy,  in  this  respect,  the  snniu 
Rights  and  privileges  therein  as  native  citi/ens. 

0  111  whatever  relates  to  the  succession  lo  personal  estates,  hy  will  or  otherwise,  nnd  the  disposal 
,,f  personal  property  of  every  son  and  denoininalion,  by  sale,  donation,  exihaiiffe,  or  teHtament,  nr  in 
my  other  inaiiner  whatsoever,  as  also  the  administration  of  justice,  the  subjects  and  riliy.eiiN  of  the 
i»'iic"ntractiiiB  parties  shall  enjoy,  in  their  respective  dominions  and  territories,  the  same  privilegesi 
'iherlies,  and  riehls,  as  native  subjects  ;  and  shall  not  be  charKed,  in  any  of  these  respects,  Willi  any 
(iiiilicr  imposts  or  duties  than  those  which  are  paid,  or  may  be  paid,  by  the  native  subjects  or  cili/.enu 
ui'llie  power  in  whose  doiiilnions  or  territories  they  may  be  resident. 

10.  In  all  that  relates  to  the  police  of  the  ports,  the  lailimj  and  uiiladinR  of  ships,  the  safety  of  nicr- 
tliamlise.  (foods,  and  elfects,  the  subjects  of  his  llritnnnic  Majesty,  and  thecitizensof  Mexico,  respect- 
ively, shall  bo  subject  lo  the  local  laws  and  reKulntions  of  the  dominions  and  territories  in  which  they 
jijv  reside.  They  shall  be  exempted  from  all  compulsory  military  service,  whether  by  sea  or  land. 
Vo'fiirced  loans  shall  be  levied  upon  them  ;  nor  shall  their  property  be  subject  to  any  oilier  iharKes, 
itipiisiiions,  or  taxes,  than  such  ns  are  paid  by  llie  native  subjects  or  citizens  of  the  contructini;  pur- 
;ifs  in  their  respective  dominions. 

11.  It  shall  be  free  for  each  of  the  two  contractinf;  parties  to  appoint  consuls  for  the  protection  of 
irailei  to  reside  in  the  dominions  and  territories  of  the  other  party  ;  but,  before  any  consul  shall  act  as 
,iich,  he  shall,  in  the  usual  form,  he  npproved  nnd  admitted  by  the  (tovernnient  to  which  he  is  sent  j 
md  either  of  the  contractinK  parties  may  except  from  the  residence  of  consuls  such  particular  places 
ijcilhtr  of  them  may  judee  til  to  be  excepted.  The  Mexican  diplomatic  agents  nnd  consuls  shall 
injoy.  in  the  dominions  of  his  llritannic  Majisty,  whatever  privileges,  exceptions,  ami  immunities  arc 
nrslinll  be  pranted  to  agents  of  the  same  rank  belonRing  to  the  most  favoured  natinn  ;  und,  in  like 
miiiner,  the  diplomatic  agents  and  consuls  of  his  llritannic  Majesty  in  the  Mexican  territories  sliall 
mjoy,  according  to  the  strictest  reciprocity,  whatever  privileges,  exceptions,  nnd  immunities  are  nr 
may  be  granted  to  the  Mexican  diplomatic  agents  and  consuls  in  the  dominions  of  his  llritannic 
Mijesly. 

12.  Kiir  the  better  security  of  commerce  between  the  subjects  of  his  llritannic  Majesty  nnd  the  citi- 
Hnsnf  the  Mexican  States,  it  is  agreed  that  if.  at  any  time,  any  interruption  of  friendly  intercourse, 
ni any  rupture,  should  unfortunately  take  place  between  the  two  contracting  parties,  the  merchants 
ir'idins  upon  the  coast  shall  be  allowed  six  months,  and  those  of  Ihe  interior  a  whole  year,  to  wind 
gpllieir  accounts,  and  dispose  of  their  property  ;  nnd  a  snfe-conduct  shall  be  given  them  to  embark  at 
ibeport  which  they  shall  themselves  select.  All  those  who  are  established  in  tlie  respective  dominions 
md  territories  of  the  two  contracting  parties,  in  the  exercise  of  any  trade  or  special  employment,  shall 
kjvelhe  privilege  of  remaining  and  continuing  such  trade  and  cmployiiicnt  therein,  without  any  man- 
gtrof  interruption,  in  full  enjoyment  of  their  liberty  and  property,  ns  long  as  they  behave  peaceably, 
indconiniit  no  olfence  against  the  laws;  and  their  goods  and  effects,  of  whatever  d'^scription  they 
Diy  be,  shall  not  be  liable  to  seizure  or  sei|iiestration,  or  to  any  other  charges  or  demands  than  those 
ihich  may  be  made  upon  the  like  elfects  or  property  belonging  to  the  native  subjects  or  citi/ens  of  the 
I'ipective  dominions  or  territories  in  which  such  subjects  or  citizens  may  reside.  In  the  same  case. 
Mis,  between  individuals,  public  funds,  and  the  shares  of  companies,  shall  never  be  confiscated,  se- 
qiitsiered,  or  detained. 

13  The  subjects  of  his  Britannic  Majesty,  residing  in  the  Mexican  territories,  shall  enjoy,  in  their 
taes,  persons,  and  properties,  the  protection  of  the  government ;  and,  continuing  in  possession  of 
that  they  now  enjoy,  they  shall  not  be  disturbed,  midested,  or  annoyed,  in  any  manner,  on  account 
sfilieir  religion,  provided  they  respect  that  of  the  nation  in  which  they  reside,  ns  well  ns  the  consti- 
lalion,  laws,  ami  customs  of  the  country.  They  shall  continue  to  enjoy,  to  the  full,  the  privilege 
ilready  granted  to  them  of  burying,  in  the  places  already  assigned  for  that  purpose,  such  subjects  of 
hi!  Britannic  Majesty  as  may  die  within  the  Mexican  territories ;  nor  shall  the  funerals  and  sepulchres 
oflhedead  be  disturbed  in  any  way  or  upon  any  account.  The  citizens  of  Mexico  shall  enjoy,  in  all 
Uedntninions  of  his  Britannic  Majesty,  the  same  protection,  and  shall  be  allowed  the  free  exercise  of 
ibeir  religion,  in  public  or  private,  eitlier  within  their  own  houses,  or  in  the  chapels  and  places  of 
tonhip  set  apart  for  that  purpose. 

U  The  subjects  of  his  llritannic  Majesty  shall,  on  no  account  or  pretext  whatsoever,  be  disturbed 
Mtmolested  in  the  peaceable  possession  nnd  exercise  of  whatever  rights,  privileges,  nnd  immunities 
I  toy  have  at  any  time  enjoyed  within  the  limits  described  nnd  laid  down  in  a  convention  signed  be- 
I  Ween  his  said  Majesty  nnd  the  King  of  Spain,  on  the  Uth  of  July,  1780;  whether  such  rights,  privi- 
llijes.and  immunities  shall  be  derived  from  the  stipulations  of  the  said  convention,  or  from  any  other 
Itoncension  which  may,  at  anytime,  have  been  made  by  the  King  of  Spain,  or  his  predecessors,  to 
I  Briiish  subjects  and  settlers  residing  and  following  their  lawful  occupations  within  the  limits  aforc- 
Inid:  the  two  contracting  parties  reserving,  however,  for  some  more  fitting  opportunity,  the  further 
liiranirements  on  this  article. 

I  15.  The  government  of  Mexico  engages  to  co-operate  with  his  Britannic  Majesty  for  the  total  aboli- 
I'Mofthc  slave  trade,  and  to  prohibit  all  persons  inhabiting  within  the  territories  of  Mexico,  in  the 
liostetfectual  manner,  from  taking  any  share  in  such  trade. 

I  16.  The  two  contracting  parties  reserve  to  themselves  the  right  of  treating  nnd  agreeing  hereafter, 
pmtimeto  time,  upon  such  other  articles  as  may  appear  to  them  to  contribute  still  further  to  the 
I  improvement  of  their  mutual  intercourse,  and  the  advancement  of  Ihe  general  interests  of  their  re- 
liixctlve  subjects  and  citizens ;  and  such  articles  as  may  be  so  agreed  upon,  shall,  when  duly  ratified, 
lit  regarded  as  forming  a  part  of  the  present  treaty,  and  shall  have  the  same  force  as  those  now  con- 
luinedinit. 

n.  The  present  treaty  shall  be  ratified,  and  the  ratifications  shall  be  exchanged  at  London,  within 
|lliei|>ace  of  six  months,  or  sooner  if  possible. 

In  witness  whereof  the  respective  Plenipotentiaries  have  signed  the  same,  and  have  aflixed  thereto 
I  Heir  respective  seals. 


'  J 


Done  at  London,  the  26th  day  of  December,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1826. 


Vol.  U.— 3  K 


WlM.IAM   Hl'SKISSON, 

James  J.  Morier. 


Sebastian  Camacho. 


689 


TREATIES  (COMMERCIAL). 


r  1 


Additional  ArtidtM. 

I.  Whereaa  in  the  prcient  itate  ofMpxtran  ihippinK.  it  wniild  not  Im>  pnnilbtR  Tor  Mexico  to  rRceltn 
the  full  a(lvniilaK«  of  the  reclprnclly  pginliljiihed  by  the  nrticlf*  S,  n,  7,  iif  thi!  Irenly  signed  Ihia  dny, 
If  Ihiit  piirt  ornie  7lh  arliclH  which  itipnlatcit  ilinl,  in  ordrr  l<i  l>i'  I'oiixiclerud  aa  a  Mexicnn  ■lii|),  h  Hhip 
•hall  ncnially  have  been  built  in  Mvxicn,  ilionid  be  Hirirtly  nnd  llterully  (ibir-rved,  and  ininii'dinii'ly 
hrouRlit  into  operation  ;  it  in  agreed  that,  for  the  npnrc  of  ton  year*,  to  be  reckoned  front  the  dut)-  of 
the  L-xi'hanKe  of  the  ralitlcalions  of  lliiH  treaty,  any  iihipii  whemotvtr  buill,  beiiiR  buntljide  tliu  prupcriy 
of  and  wlinlly  owned  by  one  or  more  citixenii  of  Slexico,  and  whereof  Ibii  Minuter  and  3-4thH  ol'  t||« 
marinerH,  at  leiiHl,  are  alno  natural  born  cilizeni  of  Mexico,  or  perinna  domiciliated  in  Mexico,  by  act 
Of  the  fcovcrnment,  as  lawful  aiibjerlfi  of  Mexico,  to  be  cerlified  according  to  the  lawi  of  that  country, 
■hall  be  considered  ai  Mexicnn  ihipa  ;  hiit  Mnjenly  the  Kin|(  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  (ireat  llrilain 
and  Ireland  renerving  to  himself  the  right,  at  the  end  of  the  Haid  term  of  ten  yean,  to  claiiti  the  princi. 
pie  of  reciprocal  n-iriclion  stipulated  for  in  the  article  7,  above  referred  to,  if  the  inli'resis  of  llrm,!, 
navigation  shall  bu  found  to  bo  prejudiced  by  the  present  exception  to  that  reciprocity,  in  favour  uf 
Mexican  shipping. 

3.  It  is  further  agreed  that,  for  the  like  term  of  ten  yen  rn,  the  stipulations  contained  in  articles  S  nnd  6 
of  the  present  treaty  shall  be  stispended  ;  and  in  lieit  thereof,  it  is  hereby  agreed  that,  until  the  expire! 
lion  of  the  said  term  of  ten  years,  liritish  ships  entering  itilo  the  ports  of  Mexico,  from  tlie  (nurd 
Kingdom  of  (ireat  llritain  nnd  Ireland,  or  any  other  of  his  Uritannic  Majesty's  dotiiiniotis,  ami  an 
articles  the  growth,  produce,  or  maiiilfacturc  of  the  United  Kitigdntn,  i\x  of  any  of  the  said  dciiiiiuj(u,i, 
imported  In  such  sliips,  shall  pay  no  other  or  higher  duties  than  are  or  may  hereafter  be  payali|i>,  m' 
the  said  ports,  by  the  ships,  and  the  like  goods,  the  growth,  produce,  or  nianitfacture  of  tlie  iiiom 
favoured  nation  :  and,  reciprocally,  it  is  agreed,  that  Mexican  ships  entering  itito  the  ports  n(  the 
United  Kingdom  of  (ireat  liritain  and  Ireland,  or  any  other  of  his  Uritannic  Majesty's  doniinlona.friHu 
any  port  of  the  States  of  Mexico,  and  all  articles  the  growth,  produce,  or  manufacture  of  the  luid 
Hlates,  imported  in  such  ships,  shall  pay  no  other  or  higher  ilulies  than  are  or  tnny  hercafler  Iw  pay. 
able,  in  the  said  ports,  by  the  ships,  and  the  like  gooils,  the  growth,  produce,  or  mnnufacttirv  of  iln; 
most  favoured  nation  ;  and  that  no  higher  duties  shall  be  paid,  or  bounties  or  drawbacks  aliuwiMl.oii 
the  exportation  of  any  article  the  growth,  produce,  or  tnaniifacture  of  the  dominions  of  uither  cnuiitty, 
In  the  ships  of  the  other,  than  upon  the  exportation  uf  the  like  articles  in  the  ships  uf  any  uthur  fdrcj^n 
country 

It  being  understood  that,  at  the  end  of  the  said  term  often  years,  the  stipulations  of  the  said  itiuiij 
f>tli  articles  shall,  from  thenceforward,  be  in  full  force  between  the  two  countries. 

The  present  additional  articles  shall  have  the  same  force  and  validity  as  if  they  were  inserted,  wnni 
for  word,  in  the  treaty  signed  this  day.  They  shall  be  ratitled,  and  the  ratilicatioiis  shall  be  excliangeii 
at  the  satne  time. 

In  witness  whereof,  the  respective  plenipotentiaries  have  signed  the  same,  and  have  affixed  thereto 
their  respective  seals. 


Done  at  London,  the  26th  day  of  December,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1S26. 


Wll.LIA.M  IfuSKISSON. 

James  J.  Murieii. 


Sebastian  Camaciio 


An  order  in  council,  dated  September  3,  1827,  orders,  that  vessels  of  the  United  States  of  Mfsim. 
entering  the  ports  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  (ireat  Britain  and  Ireland  in  ballast,  or  laden  dircri  I'mir, 
any  of  the  ports  of  Mexico,  or  departing  frotn  the  ports  of  the  said  United  Kingdom,  together  wiiliilir 
cargoes  on  board  the  same,  such  cargoes  consisting  of  articles  which  may  be  legally  inipnrii.'ilnrri- 
ported,  sliull  not  be  subject  to  any  other  or  higher  duties  or  charges  whatever  than  are  or  shall  i« 
levied  on  Itritish  vessels  entering  or  departing  from  such  ports,  or  on  similar  articles  whcir  jinpnriFil 
into, or  exported  from,  such  ports  in  Urilish  vessels:  and  also  such  articles,  when  exported  frdiiiili! 
said  ports  in  vessels  of  the  United  States  of  Mexico  respectively,  eh;ill  be  entitled  to  the  same  li'iMinUn, 
drawbacks,  and  allowances  that  are  granted  on  similar  articles  tvhen  exported  in  Drilish  vessels. 

JV.  £.— Treaties  similar  to  the  above  have  been  negotiated  with  (Julombia,  Uucnog  Ayres,  &c. 

NETHEnLANOS, 

Treaty  beticeen  //is  Britannic  Mnjealii  nnd  the  King  of  the  Jfetherlnndu,  re>per.ting  Territoriet  aid 
Commerce  tn  the  East  Indies,  signed  at  London,  March  17,  lb'24. 

Article  1.  The  high  contracting  parties  engage  to  admit  the  subjects  of  each  other  to  trndeulliiilipif  I 
respective  possessions  in  the  Eastern  Archipelago,  and  on  the  continent  of  India,  and  in  Cvylnu,  ii<ki| 
the  footing  of  the  most  favoured  nation ;  their  respective  subjects  conforming  themselves  tu  the  luol  I 
regulations  of  each  settlement.  | 

2.  The  subjects  and  vessels  of  one  nation  shall  not  pay,  upon  importation  or  exportation,  at  the  porn  I 
nf  the  other  in  the  Eastern  seas,  any  duly  at  a  rate  beyond  the  double  of  that  at  which  the  subjuul 
and  vessels  of  the  nation  to  which  the  port  belongs,  are  charged.  I 

The  duties  paid  on  exports  or  imports  at  a  British  port,  on  the  continent  of  India,  or  in  Oylnn.'il 
Dutch  bottoms,  shall  be  arranged  so  as,  in  no  case,  to  be  charged  at  more  than  double  the  aiuuunlof| 
the  duties  paid  by  British  subjects,  nnd  on  British  bottoms. 

In  regard  to  any  article  upon  which  no  duty  is  imposed,  when  imported  or  exported  by  the  guhjiwl 
or  on  the  vessels,  of  the  nation  to  which  the  port  belongs,  the  duty  charged  upon  the  subjects  or  vesitlil 
of  the  other  shall,  in  no  case,  exceed  6  per  cent.  I 

3.  The  high  contracting  parties  engage,  that  no  treaty  hereafter  made  by  either,  with  atiy  nalinl 
power  in  the  Eastern  seas,  shall  contain  any  article  tending,  either  expressly,  or  by  the  iiiipn9iilnn(''l 
unequal  duties,  to  exclude  the  trade  nf  the  other  party  from  the  ports  of  such  native  power;  aniHwl 
if,  in  any  treaty  now  existing  on  either  part,  any  article  to  that  etl'ect  has  been  admitted,  such  aii:^| 
shall  be  abrogated  upon  the  conclusion  of  the  present  treaty.  I 

It  is  understood  that,  before  the  conclusion  of  the  present  treaty,  communication  has  been  madtHl 
each  of  the  contracting  parties  to  the  other,  of  all  treaties  or  engagements  subsisting  between  earhal 
them,  respectively,  and  any  native  powers  in  the  Eastern  seas ;  and  that  the  like  cominunicalionfl)>l| 
be  made  of  all  such  treaties  concluded  by  them,  respectively,  hereafter.  f 

4.  Their  Britannic  and  Netherland  Majesties  engage  to  give  strict  orders,  as  well  to  their  civil  isU 
military  authorities,  as  to  their  ships  of  war,  to  respect  the  freedom  of  trade,  established  by  ariirlNij 
2,  and  3.;  and,  in  no  case,  to  impede  a  free  communication  of  the  natives  in  the  Eastern  Archipel'^f^ 
with  the  ports  of  the  two  governments,  respectively,  or  of  the  subjects  of  the  two  government  »fl 
the  ports  belonging  to  native  powers. 

9.  Their  Britannic  and  Netherland  Majesties,  in  like  manner,  engage  to  concur  eflectually  Inn 
pressing  piracy  in  those  seas ;  they  will  not  grant  either  asylum  or  protection  to  vessels  engaHj 
pirac;'  and  they  will,  in  no  case,  permit  the  ships  or  merchandise  captured  by  such  vessels,  tobtr 
troduced,  u<:pogited,  or  sold,  in  any  of  their  possesBions. 


TREATIES  (COMMERCIAL). 


063 


„,,„  for  Meilco  lo  TPCeWn 
f,  of  lt>«  '"li/.icivn  •Ui|>.  »  •>"? 

lo  lt«  ""     t  -A  «il«  the  liriMHTly 

'«  '''"'"  .i.«lawi  of  11""  ^''^''^y- 
United  Kln««l<>'^^,'i„„.,,„„ci. 

'  'r'VV'.U.BTj^'H  dominion-,  «.Hl  all 

,re  oi  may  ''"","'„„„  of  iUb  u.o.i 
''I"*  ""'f  M:fle»ty*B  ,»on.ii>>»n«.fr«m 

,,theBt.pumUon.oflhesaia5>ha„d 

,„  two  ="""';;;;*„  ^cro  inBRn>:';.«'.td 

:;it.c'.aU.WaSB.UaUbeex.h.u8e. 
,ed  the  same,  and  haveamxcdthere. 


ur 


Lord  1926 


SEBASTIAN   CAMACIIO 


au- 


,g  wliicli  may  he  'ej"  *     a',c  or  *.li;i"i't 

,g,or  on  »"V'l"'i,.n  exported  frnm 111' 
o'g..ch  a'^"=L«^:,ed  to  the  same  h»"nii". 
L,,h.>l\  be  •="';. PrtiiBrUiBh  vessels. 

brSS^"-eUestot«.U.> 

Lreafter  ma^e  by  «i^'{^\rt?-3 

I,  hn«  been  mi"''''! 

I ireaty,  commttnication  h^f    f     ^^^  j 

Ufteedom  "f  "f:^',he  Ea"'""  *'   1^ 
fcrbrearorr.wogovernn.e..* 

■""^^  effectually  1"' 


Ueauojei."" ^^^ 

nner,  engage  l°.„'^"i'o"v'et8eU  enRifJ*' 
indise  capiurea  ujr 


Jnanne 

I  aayl«— 
Itiandise 


«.  It  ii  aitreed  «h«l  ordern  xhnll  he  »|ven  hy  ih*  two  eovernnienu,  in  ilielr  nfflceri  and  asentR  In 
Fii«l,  nni  to  fcirin  :iny  new  nellleinent  on  any  of  the  Uliinda  in  the  Kiialeni  aeai,  without  prcvioui 
thorny  from  their  rennerlive  covernineiitM  In  I'lirope. 

7  The  Moliirrn  IhIiiikIh,  iiikI  eHpeiiullv  Anihoynii.  Handa.  Ternale,  and  Iheir  Imiiiedinln  deiicnd- 
enries.  nre  e\re|ii.d  from  the  operation  of  the  M,  'M,  Sd,  and  lih  iirtirlen,  until  the  Netherlimd  govern- 
menl  Khiill  Ihiiik  fil  to  nhnndon  the  monopoly  of  »pirei( ;  hut  if  ihe  Haid  government  Khali  lit  any  tinia 
pri'vioiiit  tomirli  ah'indonmeiit  of  the  riioiiopoly,  allow  the  HiilijiTia  of  any  power,  other  than  an  Aniatic 
nnlive  power,  to  carry  on  any  roiiiinerri.il  interroiiriie  with  the  Haid  isluiidii,  Ihe  nu'lcttB  of  his  Uri- 
laiinir  M;i|e«ty  Khali  he  iidniilled  lo  Hurli  inlerroiime,  upon  a  footing  preiinely  Hiinllar 

H  Hill  Nelherland  Maji  my  <  edes  to  hix  Hrltannir  Majesty  all  hiH  eHialillHhmeni  on  the  continent  of 
Inilin ;  and  renounc«»  all  privilege*  and  «xeinplion»  enjoyed  or  claimed  la  virtue  of  iIioku  eatahliih- 
uicntK. 

<}.  The  rielory  of  Fort  Mnrlhoroueh,  and  all  the  Fnglinh  po«iieiiilonii  on  the  inland  of  Sumatra  ara 
hereliy  ceded  to  his  Nelherland  Majeniv  ;  and  hlx  llritnnnic  Majesty  further  engages  that  no  Mr'itl«h 
ipltlemeni  shall  lie  formed  on  Hint  island,  nor  any  treaty  concluded  by  Uriliili  authority,  with  any 
native  prince,  chief,  or  sliile  therein.  ' 

in  The  town  and  Fort  of  Malacca,  and  ila  dependencies,  are  herehy  ceded  to  his  Ilrilannic  Majesty  ; 
and  his  Netherlaml  Majesty  engiiires,  for  himself  and  lili  siilijetls,  never  lo  form  any  esialilislimenl 
on  any  pari  of  the  peninsula  of  Malacca,  or  to  conclude  any  ireaty  with  any  native  prince,  chief,  or 
ilBle  therein. 

13.  All  Ihe  colonies,  possessions,  and  estahllshinenU  which  are  ceded  by  the  preceding  articles,  shall 
Redelivered  up  lo  the  olHiers  of  the  respective  sovereigns  on  the  1st  of  March,  IH'tt.  The  fortlfica- 
linns  shall  remain  in  Ihe  state  in  which  they  shall  he  at  Ihe  period  of  Ihe  nntilication  of  this  treaty  in 
India;  hut  no  claim  shall  ho  made,  on  either  side,  for  ordnance,  or  stores  of  any  description,  either 
left  or  removed  hy  the  ceding  |iowcr,  nor  for  any  arrears  of  revenue,  or  any  charge  ofadininiitratioB 
whatever. 

Ifi.  It  is  agreed  that  all  arroiinls  and  reclamations,  arising  out  of  Ihe  restorntinn  of  Java,  and  other 
pos«e»si"ns,  to  the  officers  of  his  Nelherland  Majesty  in  the  East  Indies,— as  well  those  which  were 
thesuliject  of  a  convention  made  at  Java  on  the  'ilth  of  June,  1817,  between  the  comniisslnners  of  the 
lw»  nations,  as  all  others,— shall  he  linnlly  and  completely  closed  and  satisfied,  on  the  payment  of  the 
iiiMi  of  lOO.onot.,  sterling  money,  to  he  made  in  London  on  the  part  of  the  Netherlands,  before  the  ei- 
piratinn  of  the  year  IH25. 

I*.  The  present  treaty  shall  be  rntilled,  and  the  ratiUcations  exchanged  at  London,  within  3  months 
from  the  dale  hereof,  or  sooner  if  poasihle. 

In  wltneas  wtterenf  the  respective  I'lenipotentiariei  have  signed  the  same,  and  affixed  thereunto 
tbeieal  of  their  arms. 

Done  at  London,  Ihe  I7lh  day  of  March,  In  the  year  of  our  Lord  1834. 

tiEUIQB  CANMINO.      CilABLES  WaTKINH  WILLIAMS  WVNH.      II.  FAOEL.      A.  R.  FaLCK. 

Portugal. 

Trtaty  of  Commtrce  between  Oreat  Britain  and  Portugal,  tinned  at  Lisbon,  December  27,  1703. 
Article  I.  Ills  Hacred  Royal  Majesty  nf  Portugal  promises,  both  in  his  own  name  and  that  of  hie 
tucteisors,  lo  admit,  forever  hereafter,  into  Portugal,  the  woollen  cloths,  and  the  rest  of  the  woollen 
miinufiictures  nf  the  Hritons,  as  was  accustomed  till  they  were  prohibited  by  the  laws  ;  nevertheless, 
upon  this  condition: 

1  That  is  lo  say,  that  her  Sacred  Royal  Majesty  of  flreat  Dritain  shall,  in  her  own  name  and  that 
ofher  successors,  be  obliged  forever  hereafter  to  admit  the  wines  of  the  growth  of  Portugal  into 
Britain ;  so  that  at  no  time,  whether  there  sh:dl  be  peace  or  war  between  the  kingdoms  of  Dritain  and 
France,  anything  more  shall  be  demanded  for  these  wines,  by  the  name  of  custom  or  duty,  or  hy 
wliiilsnever  other  title,  directly  or  indirectly,  whether  they  shall  be  imported  into  Oreat  liritain  in 
pipes  or  hogsheads,  or  other  casks,  than  what  shall  be  demanded  from  the  like  quantity  or  measure  of 
French  wine,  deducting  or  abating  a  third  part  nf  the  custom  or  duty  :  but  if  at  any  lime  this  deduction 
I  or  abatement  of  customs,  which  is  to  be  made  as  aforesaid,  shall  in  any  manner  be  attempted  and 
prpjiiiliced,  it  shall  be  just  and  lawful  for  his  Hacrcd  Royal  Majesty  of  Portugal  again  to  prohibit  the 
I  woollen  cloths,  and  the  rest  of  the  British  woollen  manufactures. 

3  The  most  excellent  lords  the  Plenipotentiaries  promise,  and  take  upon  themselves,  that  their 
above  nrnied  inasters  shall  ratify  this  treaty,  and  t'i  nt  within  the  space  of  two  months  the  ratifications 
I  iball  be  exchanged. 

Given  at  Lisbon,  the  37th  of  December,  1703 

John  Methuen.  Marchis  Aleoretensis. 

TrMtj  of  Commeru  and  J^avigation  between  Great  hritain  and  Portugal,  signed  at  Riodt  Janeiro,  tke 

mh  of  February,  1810. 
I.  Peace  established. 

i.  There  shall  he  reciprocal  liberty  of  commerce  and  navigation  between  the  re^spective  subjects  of 

llhelwo  hlghcnntnicline  parties,  in  all  the  territories  and  dominions  of  either.  They  may  trade,  travel, 

Itnjourn,  or  estahlish  themselves,  in  all  the  ports,  cities,  towns,  countries,  provinces,  or  places  what- 

■inever,  belonging  lo  each  of  the  two  highcontracting  parties, except  in  those  from  which  all  foreigners 

Ijliaunever  arc  generally  and  positively  excluded,  the  names  of  which  places  may  be  hereafter  speci- 

Hr.i  In  a  separate  article  of  this  treaty.    Provided,  however,  that  it  be  tlioroughly  understood  that  any 

klace  Mnnging  to  either  of  the  two  high  contracting  parties,  which  may  hereafter  he  opened  to  the 

pnininerce  of  the  subjects  of  any  other  country,  shall  thereby  be  considered  as  equally  opened,  and 

■pon  correspondent  terms,  to  the  subjects  of  the  other  high  contracting  parly,  in  the  same  manner  as 

If  It  had  been  expresnly  stipulated  by  the  present  treaty.    And  his  Britannic  Majesty,  and  his  Royal 

TlijhneBs  Ihe  Prince  Regent  of  Portugal,  do  hereby  bind  themselves  not  to  grant  any  favour,  privilege, 

ktininiiinily  in  matters  of  commerce  and  navigation,  to  the  subjects  of  any  other  state,  which  shall 

lol  be  also  at  tjie  same  time  respectively  extended  to  the  subjects  of  the  high  contracting  parlies, 

Iratiiitously,  if  the  concession  in  favour  of  that  other  state  should  have  been  gratuitous,  and  on 

livinf,  fuaiR  proximi,  the  same  compensation  or  equivalent,  in  case  the  concession  sitould  have  been 

Vnitjiional, 

1 3.  The  subjects  of  the  two  sovereigns  respectively  shall  not  pay,  in  the  ports,  harbours,  roads,  cities, 
jwn!,  or  places  whatsoever,  belonging  to  either  of  them,  any  greater  duties,  taxes,  or  impost  (under 
llialfoever  names  they  may  be  designated  or  included),  than  those  that  are  paid  by  the  subjects  of 
lemosi  favoured  nation  ;  and  the  subjects  of  each  of  the  high  contracting  parties  shall  enjoy,  within 
p  dominions  of  the  other,  the  same  rights,  privileges,  or  exemptions,  in  matters  of  commerce  and 
fvifHiinn,  that  are  granted,  or  may  hereafter  be  granted,  to  the  subjects  of  the  most  favoured  nation. 
I<  His  Britannic  Mijesty  and  his  Royal  Highness  the  Prince  Regent  of  Portugal  do  agree,  that  there 
111!  be  a  perfect  reciprocity  on  the  subject  of  the  duties  and  imposts  to  be  paid  by  the  vessels  of  the 
Bh  contracting  parties,  within  the  several  ports  and  anchoring  places  belonging  to  each  of  them  ;  to 
I'll  tbat  the  vessels  or  the  subjects  uf  his  Britannic  Majesty  shall  not  pay  any  higher  duties  or  imposts 


.<, 


664 


TREATIES  (COMMERCIAL). 


•If 


r  I 


^\1 


'•fMll 

i-i 

|b-i'«ai 


p 


f^ 


(iiniler  whntsoever  nmne  they  Im  deilfnRled  or  Implleil.)  wllliln  the  dnmlnlnn*  of  hli  Roynl  ninhni'iii 
lliR  I'rinci-  lti!f«-nt  nf  l'ortii||iil,  llinn  the!  vcimlii  liiloiiirlnii  l»  Hip  •iiIiJimIr  iif  hi*  Itciynl  lliuliiii  xn  |),i, 
l'rliir«  HvRiMil  of  I'nrliisnl  uliiill  lie  IkimihI  lo  piiy  wilhiii  Ihi'  iliiiiilnloiiM  of  liiit  llrlliiniiir  MiijckIv,  i,nil 
DIM  vert'i.  And  lliin  a||rceiiiBiit  ihiill  |inrllriiliirly  titlcnil  lo  lln>  |inyiiii-iil  of  Hit)  iliill««  knciwii  iiy  i|,« 
naiiiH  of  Port  Chargef,  '/'inna^r.nnil  Anrharai/t  Dnhm,  wliUli  nhnll  nut.  In  niiy  r.iiii',  or  niiilcr  niiy  ^„f. 
l«x\,  he  Krtnlir  for  Hrlllih  vcmteln  within  llio  ilomlnlon*  of  I'ortilgitl.  thiin  for  I'ortiiKiieai!  VimeU 
Within  the  ihiniinlonM  of  IiIh  llritiinnic  Miiji'iily,  nnd  wr  rerx^. 

6.  The  two  hiKh  tontrncliiiK  imrtli'M  do  ul«o  ugree,  thut  llm  inino  rnl«»  of  hoiinlloii  nnd  drnwlm,!,, 
•hull  III'  eHlnlillHhnd  in  tlieir  reii|ii'rtlvn  iiortH  iijion  the  mporliitioii  of  kooiIh,  ulii'thcr  IIiohii  \nn,i\,  |„, 
exported  In  llritinh  or  l>ortiiKiii'iie  ve«iiciii  i  thiit  In,  timl  llrilmh  vemeln  hIiiiII  enjoy  the  innie  fiivi.iir  in 
thia  renjiect,  tvllhin  the  doinlnioni  of  I'ortiiKiil,  Hint  niny  he  hIiowii  to  I'ortiiitiieiie  vemielH  wiihin  ihe 
tlonilnioiiK  of  Ilia  llrltiinnlc  Mnji-Mty,  and  rice  rfvfi.  '\'\\v  two  lilyli  <  onlrnilinK  purlieu  do  iiho  iiKr,.,, 
that  KoiidH  roiiiliiff  respectively  from  ;he  porta  of  either  of  llieni,  ahull  piiy  llie  annie  diillcN,  \vli..|||,., 
imported  in  llrlllah  or  I'orlugiieae  veaaela  ;  or  otherwiie,  Ihiit  nn  inrreiiiie  nf  diillea  riiiiy  he  imi(i<hi.,| 
upon  goiida  comiiiK  into  the  porlH  ofthu  doniliilona  of  I'orliiyiil  from  tlioKe  of  hia  llritiiiiiin  Miijoiy  j,, 
llritlKh  »lii|ia,  ei|uivnlent,  mid  In  exni-t  proportion,  to  iiiiy  im  reaaii  of  cliiliea  thai  nmy  liiTeiiliir  b,.  ni,. 
loaed  upon  gooda  romliiK  Into  the  porta  of  hIa  liritnnnlr  MiiJ>'aly  from  Hiohi'  of  hia  Koynl  IIiuIimimiii  iji,. 
.'rliici' llegei.l  of  I'ortilgnl,  Imported  In  I'ortugneae  ahipa.  And  In  order  Hint  this  mailer  iimv  he 
settled  tvlHi  due  cxiiitneHa,  nnd  that  nolhlnii  iniiy  he  left  iiiidelermiiii'd  I'oiM'eriiiiiu  it,  It  la  iiKried.iliat 
Tuhlea  ahiill  he  drnwn  up  hy  cnih  goveriiiiiunt,  reapectively,  apeiil'yiiig  Hie  ilillVreme  of  diilli  m,,  |„, 
pnid  on  K'xxt*  ""  Imported;  nnd  Hie 'I'nhlea  (which  ahiill  he  ninde  iipplicnhle  to  nil  the  porlnMiilitn 
the  rcapei:llve  doininiona  of  cucli  of  the  conlrucHiig  pnrtiea)  ahull  he  Hiljiidged  to  form  pan  nf  iiiu 
presviit  treaty. 

In  order  to  avoid  nny  dllferencea  or  mlannderBlnndlnga  wlHi  reapert  to  ihe  regnlntioiia  which  may 
rcapertively  conatlttilo  n  lirillah  or  I'ortngiieae  veiiel,  the  high  ronlriicliiig  parliea  nirree  in  di'rlnriii;, 
that  ull  veaaela  built  in  the  dominiong  of  hia  llritniinit'  Miijcaty,  nnd  owiieil,  mivli;nled,  and  rPL'iyii'riMl 
according  to  Hie  luwa  of  (ireut  llritain,  ali.ill  he  conaidered  aa  liritiah  veMNcIa  ;  and  tliiil  all  vc^^i'M 
liiilll  in  the  countriea  helonging  to  Porlngal,  or  ahipa  taken  hy  nny  of  the  vi'anela  of  war  lii'liiiii!iiii;  lo 
the  I'orlugiieae  governm<-nl,  or  nny  of  the  inhnliitanta  of  Ihe  domiiiinna  of  I'orliitiiil,  havinit  cini. 
Iiilaalong  or  loltera  of  iiiur>)no  nnd  reprlani  from  the  government  of  I'ortiigal,  and  coiidemiii'il  an  hinl'nl 

rvViK  ill  any  conn  of  adnilrally  of  the  I'ortiigueae  goveriinient,  and  owned  hy  Ihu  Huhjeita  of  lii»  jtnjai 
lighiieaalhc  Prince  Keg>-nt  of'^l'ortiigal,  ami  whereof  the  inaHterand  S-IHiaofihe  ninriners,  al  leaji.iire 
■iihjei-laof  Ilia  Itoynl  lliiihiicaatho  I'rlnce  Regent  of  Port  iigal,  ahall  he  conaidered  aa  I'orlii|!iie«p  vcmi'Ii 

6.  The  mutual  coiiiinerce  and  navigation  of  the  guhjecta  of  (iruat  llritain  nnd  I'ortiigal.  rfspiMiivily, 
in  the  porta  and  aeag  of  Aaia,  are  expreaaly  permitted,  lo  the  aame  degree  aa  Ihey  havi'  hiTctuf.  a' 
been  allowed  by  the  two  Crowna  :  and  the  coniMierco  and  iinvignlion  Hiiih  perinltled,  aliail  lie  iilarcij 
on  the  fooling  of  the  commerce  and  navigation  of  the  moat  favoured  nation  irnding  in  Hie  pnris  aini 
aeag  of  Aai.i ;  that  ig,  that  neither  of  the  high  contracting  parlieg  ghall  grant  any  favour  or  privileiie 
in  multera  of  commerce  and  navigation  to  the  guhjecta  of  nny  other  atate  trading  within  tlir  purls  ainI 
■eag  ol^  Aain,  which  ghall  not  he  alao  grnnleil,  qv.am  jimiimf,  on  the  aamc  terma,  to  Ihe  aiilip'ctji  nfiiip 
other  contracting  party.  Ilia  liritunnic  Majegiy  engages  nut  lo  make  any  regulation  whiili  uiay  he 
irejudiciul  or  inconvenient  10  the  commerce  and  navigation  of  the  gulijecta  of  hia  Itoyai  lli|.'liiii'<iH  the 
'rince  Uegent  of  Portugal  within  the  porta  and  aeua  of  Aain,  to  the  extent  which  la  or  may  lii'ri'ifii.r 
be  perniilled  to  the  niosl  favoured  nation.  And  hig  Uoyal  llighneaathe  Prince  llegentof  I'iirliiL'al  dniM 
Digo  engage  not  to  make  any  regnlntlong  which  nmy  I'e  prejudicial  or  inconvenient  lo  the  runiiiierri' 
and  navigation  of  the  auhjecta  of  hia  Untaniiic  Muj'.'t)  within  Ihe  porta,  aeua,  and  doiiiiiiloii!i  opeiieij 
to  them  hv  virtue  of  the  present  treaty. 

13.  Packets  almll  he  esialdiahed  for  the  purpnaiMif  furthering  the  public  gervice  nf  Ihe  inn  cniirl^ 
and  facilitating  the  commercial  intercourae  of  their  reapeclive  guhjecta.  A  convention  nliall  hi'  cmi- 
cliided  forthwith  on  the  baaia  of  thai  which  was  gigned  at  Kin  de  Janeiro,  nn  the  I4lh  day  of  ."^i^iiiein- 
ber,  ltJ08,  in  order  to  settle  the  terma  upon  which  Ihe  Packets  are  tu  be  egtabliahcd,  whicli  convciiiiiin 
■hall  be  ratified  at  the  same  time  with  the  present  trenty. 

13.  All  goodg  and  articles  whatsoever  of  the  prn.jice,  ninnufacture,  industry,  (r  invenlinn  nflhe 
dominions  and  sulijects  of  his  Itritannic  Majesty,  shall  be  admitted  into  all  the  porta  and  doiiiinKini 
of  his  Royal  llighneas  the  Prince  Repent  of  Portugal,  as  well  In  Europe  as  In  America,  Africa,  and 
Asia,  whether  consigned  to  llrilish  or  Portuguese  suhji'ds,  on  paying,  generally  nnd  aolcly,  iliiiii'Mn 
the  amount  of  15  per  cent,  according  to  the  value  which  shall  be  set  upon  them  by  a  tnrilf  or  tahle  uf 
valuations,  called  In  the  Portuguese  language  paufa,  the  principal  basis  of  wliich  ahall  lie  ilic  Mworu 
Invoice  coat  of  the  aforesaid  goods,  inerchaiidiaes,  and  articles,  taking  also  into  consiilirnlion  tas  fir 
as  may  be  just  or  practicable)  the  current  prices  thereof  in  the  country  into  which  they  are  liiipnrteii. 
This  taritl'or  valuation  shall  be  determined  and  settled  by  an  equal  number  fifliritiah  ami  I'nriiiuiiese 
merchants  of  known  integrity  and  lionour,  with  the  agsistance,  on  the  part  of  the  lirilifli  iiuirchaiil^, 
of  his  Britannic  Majesty's  consul  general,  or  consul ;  and  on  the  part  of  the  Porliigiirae  iiieriliaiii.<. 
with  the  assiatniice  of*^  the  superintendant,  or  administrator  general  of  the  cusloiiia,  or  ofihi'ii 
respective  deputies.  And  the  aforesaid  larifT  shall  be  made  and  promulgated  in  each  of  iliu  pnrts  he- 
longing  to  his  Royal  llighneas  the  Prince  Regent  of  Portugal,  in  whicli  there  are  or  may  lie  iiisiidni. 
houses.    And  it  shall  be  revised  and  altered  if  necessary,  from  time  to  time,  either  in  the  whnli',  oriii 

fart,  whenever  the  subjects  of  his  Britannic  Majesty,  resident  within  the  dominioiia  of  his  Rnyal 
lighnegs  the  Prince  Regent  of  Portugal,  shall  make  a  requisition  to  that  elfect  throiigh  the  ineiliiiiii 
of  hia  Britannic  Majesty's  consul  general,  or  consul,  or  whenever  the  trading  and  cuimiiercial  buhjecls 
of  Portugal  shall  niuke  the  time  requisition  on  their  own  part. 

If  any  British  goods  should  hereafter  arrive  in  the  ports  of  the  Portuguese  dniiilninna.  wilhoiit 
having  been  speciBcally  valued  and  rated  in  the  new  taritf  or  pauta,  they  ajiall  he  ndinilled  nn  payin; 
the  same  duties  of  IS  per  cent,  ad  valorem,  according  to  the  invoices  of  the  goods,  whli  ii  shall  lie  dnly 
presented  and  sworn  to  by  the  partieg  importing  the  game.  And  in  case  that  any  siiapii  inn  nf  frauil, 
or  unfair  practices,  should  arise,  the  invoices  ahall  be  examined,  and  the  real  value  of  Hie  gonds  asier- 
tained  by  a  reference  to  an  equal  number  of  British  and  Portuguese  merchants  nf  known  liiieLTity 
and  honour  ;  and  in  case  of  a  ditfercnce  of  opinion  amnngHt  them,  followed  by  an  eqiialiiy  of  \i)\n 
upon  the  subject,  they  shall  then  nominate  another  merchant,  likewise  of  known  iiiiRiiriiy  anil  liiiiiunr, 

to  whom  the  matter  shall  be  ultimately  referred,  and  whose  decision  tliereon  ahall  \w  tini'l  and  will 1 

appeal.  And  in  case  the  invoice  should  appear  to  have  been  fair  and  correct,  the  goods  spenlied  in  11 
shall  be  admitted,  on  paying  the  duties  above  mentioned  of  15  per  cent.;  and  the  e.\pi^ii.<ics,  if  any,  of 
the  examination  of  the  invoice,  shall  be  defrayed  by  the  party  who  called  its  fairnea.s  and  corri'cfness 
into  question.  But  if  the  invoice  should  be  found  to  be  fraudulent  and  unfair,  then  Hie  imndsaiul 
merchandises  shall  be  bought  up  by  the  oflicers  of  the  cuatomg  nn  Hie  account  of  ilie  rortiiLMiose 
government,  according  to  the  value  sprcified  in  the  invoice,  with  an  addilion  of  10  per  ci'iil  loilu  .<ui" 
BO  paid  for  them  by  the  orticers  of  the  iiistomg,  the  Portuguese  government  eiigaping  for  Hie  pnynieiil 
of  Ihe  goods  so  valued  and  piirchaseil  hy  the  olficers  of  the  customs  within  the  space  of  l.'idayM;  ami 
the  expenses,  if  any,  of  the  exuminatiou  of  the  fraudulent  invoice  sliall  be  paid  by  thu  puny  nk' 
presenttia  it  asjust  and  fuir. 


L). 


TREATIES  (COMMERCIAL). 


005 


imlnloni  of  hit  Rovnl  Ill»l.n..«i 
,.,tii  <if  111"  Wiiyn'  ni«l"'>"«ih«» 
.  of  111"  Hrlmniiic  Miil<'«iy,  iiml 
rnl  of  lli«  <l»ll"*  hiw.wii  \,y  the 
I  In  niiy  r^im-.  »r  >""''''  ""V  I""- 
ill,  ihiiii  for  I'ormuiie"!  Vfi«cli 

nieii  iif  lioiinttt'K  nml  ihnwlmc  ki 

HOOllH,  xvlH'lli.T   IlioHr    B(hm1,  |„. 

I  *»lmU.M.joytli<' »'"'"•  f»V""'" 
til  I'.iMuutu'i'n  VHUM'IH  wilinn  ih.- 
.„„lrii.linmmrli«i<<lo»l»""«r'', 
III  i.riv  till'  HI""'  <I>H''"'  ""'III'' 
r^HHn'uf  .lull.-*  limy  I'.-  iniP"»'il 
i,,„„.  „(■  iiiH  lltuiiiii.i.  M  .|.;»iy  Ml 

,luii.'>i  llii.l  limy  li.'r'';'!"'  !»•  ""■ 
„lti..H.M.fliUI<.>yiiMla'lii..'i.!.ln.' 

II  nrilfr  lliul  till"  imH"''  """V  h« 
,.,|,..iu'.'ri.liil<lt.  "'■'»H"''''»l'''l 
villi:  111.-  ililV.rrii.-.'  ..f  iliilir,i.i  h.. 

,;,M.li>-i'l'l<'  »"  »"  ""'  l"""«i'l"" 
lii  ii.lJii.lK.'il  10  form  j.iirl  i.t  Una 

nrrt  to  the  TPlIulntionn  wtiirti  n.ny 
rnctiiiK  piirlii'*  ncri'.-  In  ili'ihiriiis, 
I  owiif.l,  imvliiiilfil.  uii.l  rciiiMi'Mil 
iwli  v.'SHi'lH  ;  anil  llii.l  "H  vifsfls 
•if  ill.'  v.'^Hi'U  iifwiir  l.fli.imihsto 
iiinlnns  of  I'orloKi'l.  li"*""!  <""'■ 
I'lirliiaiil.  »""'  f"n<l«'i'>i"'''  ""  '•'«'"' 
nwiiftl  I'V  •'>«  ""''J'''*""'  '""  ""i!>l 
3  llticiflli.'  iiinriii.Ti'.ml.'iii'l.iiti' 
„".  c.mi<l<l.^r.Ml  a»  l'..rlii.^ii.'»f  vci.»el3 
Htiliiiiiiiii'l  l'..rliit!iil.r.i.p.!ctiv.'ly, 
me  (IfUrt-e  an  lli.'y  li^'vc  lnTi'lufre 
tloii  lliiH  piTioltli'.l,  Himll  111-  phrnl 
iircrt  iintion  trailing  in  Hi-'  P'tis  ami 
glnll  grant  any  fiiv.mr  ..r  iinvlltiie 
r  mat.!  tra.ling  wiiliin  llw  \««UMi 
eHanictfitniB.  totli.!  (.ul.j.'.lii  "I  llif 
iialte  any  re«iilnti..n  whif  li  'iiiiy  le 
P8Uhj.'H»ofliiHU..yalHi|!lim'8sihe 
iip  eMPKl  wliii'li  is  or  nmy  liiToiificr 
IS  t'lie  rrince  UcKonl  of  l-nrniL-iil  .loos 
lal  or  inconvenient  to  it"'  r"".Mi.rc.' 
le  iiorm,  iviii,  uiiil  aoiiiiiiions  opeiiiJ 

khe  public  .ervice  of  the  tw|>  cnurtJ, 
il.lucts.  A  ronvenlinn  sliull  li.'  cmi- 
Juneiro,  on  the  Mill  .lay  ..f  S.M.leii.- 
10  be  eslabliHlicI,  wbitli  onveiilii.ii 

Icture.  industry .  .r  invention  ofihe 

'"l  in  o  all  tbe  ports  «n.l  .l;Miiihi,.i,i 

Europe  as  in  Amer.ni.  Afnc;.  .....1 

lyiig,  generally  nn.1  s..lHy, .  »  i;"; 

et  11  «<>«itl>ei"''y  a  «'"''! ''^ •''''''■''' 
a  liaslBofwbich  shall  be  the  a«.u« 
aknRalsoinloconai.l.ralion.iisf.r 
kuntry  into  which  they  are  nn|.orle.L 
7n  iinbert.f  British  an.  I'..rl>.«m,e 
on  heparloftllellrlH^bn..^r.■la„b, 
7  part  of  the  I'orlUK.i.'se  mer.hr.m 
eneral  of  the  custom*.,  or  «'f  Hi'" 
Droinulgatecl  in  each  ..f  Hie  pnrtsbt- 
fw  "ch  there  are  or  amy  l.e  n..t(,m- 
me  to  lime,  either  in  the  wlml.-,  on 

w  thin  II"    <l"iii'"'""«  "'  '""  ";'>'' 

irt .   bat  effect  lhr..H|!h  the  n.o.hnm 

the  trading  and  co.imicrcial  sul.jecl. 

I  the  Portuguese  ilomininns,  ttillioui 
La  they  shall  be  adn.itle.1  on  paying 
fce"\.ltLR.»HU.whi.;i.bal  ..« 
I  in  case  that  any  suspi.  ion  of  fr.iu., 
land  the  real  value  ..f  Ih.'  P-ods  asie  • 
Igene  merchants  of  kn.iwn  n.tesrt 
In  f.dlowed  by  an  e.|ualily  <;f  v..l« 
twiseorknow..intecriiya.i.bo,,,,iir, 

|.m1here..n  shall  he  tin:.!  "'-"l »' 
fum!  correct,  the  go,.d.s|.e.M..ui 

fc;:,ii^^u^n;r:nd^c.;:r:  (lie. 

lj::;j;;;'anduna.ir,tben.lie.^;;^J,^; 
lis  on  the  acciiunt  of  the  i  """■"; 
l:,^Ldi.i..n..flOperc......o" 

loveriiuu-nl  en!.asniK  f''/'  \  .  '^^  '    j 
Imis  within  the  spa.  e  ...  '15- 
Tuice  shall  be  paid  by  the  p.iriy«" 


17  Arilrlei  of  military  an.l  nnvnl  ilnrrii  brought  Into  the  pnrls  of  his  Itoyal  IliglinrKs  the  Trinr* 
Ilori'iit  of  I'ortugal,  wlil.h  lln-  ri.rliigiie^e  K..v.'rnmi'nt  may  he  il.-air.iiia  of  taking  fir  M<<  oivn  iino, 
.hull  Im  aid  fi.f  wlih.iiit  il.^lay  at  the  prLes  npp.iiiitud  by  the  proprivl.ira,  who  iliall  nut  bu  com|iell«d 
lo  m'll  ...iCh  nrlii'l.'ii  .in  any  nlh.'r  t.'riiM 

ll'lhe  I'lirtiigiieKi'  a.ivernment  shall  lake  Into  Its  own  rare  nn.l  riist.i.ly  any  r  irgn.  .ir  pari  .if  larargn, 

w  lb  n  view  tn  pur.'liaMf,  nr  .itlierwise,  the   I'urliigii.He  g.ivernni.'iit  hIiiiII  lie   r.'H|iiin»ilil.'  fur  iiny 

il.iii.iee  or  Injury  that  the  same  may  receive  while  in  the  care  and  ciiainily  of  the  ..llhers  .if  Ih.t  I'.ir- 

miiiiex'  g.iveriiment. 

ps.  Ills  lloyal  llighnpis  the  I'rincn  Regent  of  I'nrliigal  is  pleased  to  grant  to  the  snbjrris  of  (irent 

llrilain  the  privil..g<!  .if  li.^liig  nnmsnanlrt  for  the  .liilleH  to  lie  pnlil  in  the  I'iihIoiii-Ik «  nf  \\\*  K.iyal 

||iiiIiiii'i.h'h  iIiiimIiiI.iiis,  on  the  same  terms,  and  on  giving  the  same  sccunly,  a.4  are  re. pure. I  fr.iin  tbu 
tiiliji'i  I"  of  I'.Mlugal. 

Iiii  ilii!  other  ban. I,  the  siibjerls  of  llin  Crown  of  Portugal  shall  receive,  as  fur  as  It  may  be  liint  or 
|,"jai,  the  same  fiivour  in  llio  lustoin-boiises  of  (irual  lirituin  as  Is  shown  to  the  natural  h.iIiJ...  is.if  Ins 
llMliiniiic  MaJeMy. 

Ill  Mis  llritannic  Majesty  docs  promise  an.l  engag.',  that  all  goods  and  articles  whatsoever,  of  thn 
proilii.'i',  iiianiil'acltir.',  liiiliiHirv,  or  Invention  of  llu'  duminii.iH  nr  Niilii..i'ls  of  lb.'  I'rinr..  |(i.gi..|ii  of 
Pdriuuai,  shall  be  a.lmitted  into  the  purls  an.l  ilnminlons  of  his  lirllannlc  Majesty,  on  paying  gi'ii.'rally 
iiu.l  .'Illy  tbe  same  dulius  that  are  paid  upon  siniilur  artl.les  by  the  sulijccts'of  the  m.ist  favoured 
nnli'in. 

If  any  rcdiicllon  of  .liitles  shoiil.l  take  placn  n.xrliislvely  in  favour  of  llritlsh  goods  imported  into  the 
iloiiiiiiiiinK  of  I'.irtugal,  an  e.|iiivab>iit  r.'.l.iilion  shall  lake  place  .in  Porliiguese  g.mds  an.l  iiienlian- 
iliKi'i*  iniporleil  iiit.i  bis  llrilaniiit'  Majesty's  .lnmlni.ins,  an.l  rue  ver.in ;  thi!  arllcles  npon  wliiili  Hii.h 
i'(]iiivnlent  reduction  is  to  take  place  being  svttle.l  by  previous  concert  an.l  agreement  between  the  ii 
Inclitonlracling  parlies. 

It  Is  iiiiilerstiiod,  I  bat  any  such  reduction  so  granted  by  either  party  to  the  other,  shall  not  be  granle.l 
an.'rvvar.lH  (except  iip.in  lb.'  saioi'  t.'riiis  an.l  fur  \\\v  saiii.'  ciiiii|ii'iiNatliiii)  in  fav.oir  of  any  otln-r  Htalo 
or  nritiiin  wbalsoever.  An.l  this  declarali.iu  is  to  bo  .I'lisid.'red  as  reciprocal  .in  the  part  of  the  3 
hii'lif.iiilriicting  parlies. 

00.  lint  as  there  are  s.iin.i  articles  of  Iho  growth  an.l  production  of  llra/.H,  which  are  ex.liiili'il  from 
till'  iiiark.Ms  and  li.iiiie  c.iiii.uiii|iliiiii  of  the  llritiyh  ibiminiuns,  siiih  as  siiiriir,  cotl'e.',  anil  ulli.'r  artlcleH 
liinihir  to  the  pro.liice  of  tli.:  Ilriti.«li  culonii's  ;  bis  llrilaiiiin'  M  iji'sly.  willing  to  favour  ami  pr.il.i't  (as 
much  as  poHsililel  th.!  c.imiiii'rce  of  the  siiIiJitIs  .if  bis  Idiyal  lliiilin..ss  the  I'tincc  ll.'g.'iit  "f  I'.iriugal, 
I'ons.'iil"  and  p.'riiiits  thai  the  sal.l  articl.'S,  as  w.'ll  as  all  oili.'rs  th.;  growth  and  pr.i.l.i.e.if  llra/.il,an.l 
all  tilh.'r  parts  .if  th.!  r.irlugn.-su  domini.ins,  ma;' b.!  riM-eiviil  and  war.'hoiise.l  in  all  ilii!  purls  of  his 
doiiiiiiioiiH.  which  shall  be  by  law  appoinled  to  be  wiireboiisiiig  ports  for  lli.ise  arli.l.'s,  fur  Ibe  purpose 
oire-.'xporlation.  un.l.'r  dm'  r.'giilition,  cxeiiiiil.'il  from  the  greal.^r  duli.'s  with  wlii.li  Ih.'y  woul.l  be 
chiire.'il  were  tli.'y  d.'slin.'.l  for  coiisuiiipllon  williin  the  llritish  dominions,  and  liable  only  to  the  re- 
durt'd  duties  and  exjM'nses  on  wan-bousing  and  re-exporlation. 

21.  In  like  mann.-r,  n.ilwilbsl.io.ling  the  g.-niiral  privileg.;  of  admission  thus  prnnled  in  the  1.1th 
artii'l.'  "f  ibe  present  treaty  by  the  Prince  Itegent  of  Portugal,  In  fav.iur  of  all  goo.ls  lb.-  pro.liice  and 
iiiiiiiiifictiire  of  th.!  Ilrilish  dominions,  his  Itoyal  lliiihness  reserves  t.>  biins.-lf  the  right  "f  iniposing 
hoavy,  and  even  prohibit. iry  diitios  on  all  arlicles  known  by  the  name  of  Wrifi.s/i  h'.tt-i  linlimi  Uoadu 
unil  III.''  Indian  Vroduet,  such  as  sugar  an.l  coH'.'e,  which  cannot  be  u<lmilli!d  for  c.insiiin|ilii>n  in  th.i 
I'lirliii.'ii.'i'e  d.imini.ins,  by  reason  of  th.!  same  principle  of  colonial  policy  which  prevents  the  free  ad- 
niiii.ii.iii  into  the  llritish  dominions  of  corresponding  arlicles  of  Ilra/.ilian  produce. 

Iliit  bis  Koyal  llighness  the  Prince  Itegent  of  I'ortiigal  consents  that  all  the  ports  of  his  dominions, 
wiicre  there  are  or  may  be  ('ustom-houses,  shall  be  free  porls  for  the  rec.-pti.in  and  a.lniission  of  all 
arllcl.'!)  whatsoever,  the  produce  and  manufacture  of  the  llritish  ibuninions,  not  iles'ined  for  tin-  con- 
BiiiMiiliiin  of  the  place  at  which  they  may  be  received  or  adniitl.!d,  but  for  rc-cxp.iitalion,  eiibi-r  for 
ollifir  ports  of  the  dominions  of  Portugal,  or  for  those  of  .ilh.ir  slates.  And  the  arlicles  thus  r.-ceiv.-d 
ami  adinilteil  (snbj.!ct  lo  due  ri!gulatioiis)  shall  lit!  exempt.-. I  from  the  duties  with  which  they  woul.l  bn 
chiitei'il,  if  d.!slined  for  the  c.iiisiiniption  of  the  pla.e  at  which  they  may  be  landed  .ir  war.'lious.'d,  and 
liable  only  In  the  same  expenses  that  may  be  paid  by  arlicles  of  Kra/lliau  produce  received  and  warc- 
hoiisi-d  fir  re-.!Xporlatioii  in  the  ports  ..f  bis  llritannic  Majesty's  dominions. 

2'3.  Ills  lloyal  llighin-ss  lite  Prince  Itegent  of  Portimal  is  pleas.!il  lo  declare  the  port  of  SI.  Catherine 
to  be  a  Frrt  Purl,  according  to  the  terms  menticmeil  in  the  preceding  article  of  the  present  Ireniy. 

'il  His  lloyal  lliubiiess  the  I'rince  Itegent  of  Portugal  is  pleased  to  render  (ioa  a  h'ree.  I'url,  and  to 
permit  the  free  l.ilerati.in  of  all  religious  sects  whatever  in  that  city  and  its  dependencies. 

•il.  All  trade  with  the  Portuguese  possessions  siliialed  upon  the  eastern  coast  of  the  continent  of 
Africa  (in  articles  not  included  in  the  exclusive  contracts  possesseil  by  the  <;rown  of  Portugal)  which 
may  have  been  formerly  allowed  to  the  subjects  of  Ureal  Britain,  is  confirmed  and  seciire.l  to  them 
miw,  and  fur  ever,  in  the  same  manner  as  the  tra.le  which  has  hitherto  been  permitted  to  I'ortiigucee 
mibji'cta  in  the  ports  and  seas  of  Asia  is  contlrnied  and  secured  to  tlicm  by  virtue  of  the  (Hh  article  of 
the  present  treaty.  ,  ,     .,        , 

25.  Mis  llritannic  Majesty  consents  to  waive  the  right  of  creating  factories  or  incorporated  boiliesoi 
British  merchants,  within  the  dominions  of  P.irtiigal:  provi.led,  however,  that  this  shall  nut  .leprive 
Ibenuhjecls  of  his  llritannic  Majesty,  residing  within  the  dominions  of  Porlugal,  of  the  full  eiijuy- 
nenl,  as  individuals  engaged  in  commerce,  of  any  of  ihos.'  rights  and  privileg.-s  which  tln-y  .lid  or 
mi|!ht  piissess  as  members  of  incorporated  commercial  bodies  ;  and  also  that  Ibe  commerce  an.l  trade 
carri.'d  on  by  Urilish  subjects  shall  n.)t  be  restri.te.l,  .ir  olhi!rwisi!  nllVcted,  by  any  c..iiiiiierci;il  com- 
pany whatever,  possessing  exclusive  privileces  an.l  favours  within  the  .lominions  of  Portugal.  And 
Ills  itoyal  Highu.!ss  lb.!  Prince  It.'L'enl  .if  P.irtiigal  does  also  engnL'e,  that  he  will  not  permit  that  any 
oilier  nation  or  state  sh.ill  possess  factories  or  iii.orporateil  bodies  of  inercliunts  within  his  .lominions, 
Ml  long  as  llritish  Cictorics  shall  not  be  established  Iherein. 

2ti.  The  two  high  contracting  parties  agr.!.',  that  til. -y  will  forthwith  proceed  to  the  revision  of  all 
oilier  former  treaties  subsisting  b.-tween  Ibe  "i  Crowns,  f.ir  th.!  purpose  of  ascertaining  what  stipu- 
lations c.inlaine.l  in  them  are.  In  the  present  stale  of  affairs,  pr.iperto  be  c.iminueil  or  renew.-. 1. 

It  is  agreed  that  th.!  stipiilali.ins  contained  in  f.irmer  treaties  concerning  the  admission  of  the  wines 
of  Portugal  on  tlie  one  hand,  an.l  the  w.i.illen  cbiths  of  (ireal  llritain  on  the  other,  shall  at  present  re- 
main Miialtered.  In  the  same  manner  it  is  agn-cd,  that  the  privileges  and  immunities  granted  by  either 
fonlracting  parly  to  the  suhjecls  of  the  oth.ir,  wlielher  by  treaty,  .leeree,  .ir  alrnni,  shall  r.:main  un- 
altered, except  tbe  power  granle.l  by  f.iriii.!r  treaties,  of  carrying  in  the  ships  of  either  country  go.ids 
ofany  dtiscription  whatever,  the  properly  of  the  enemies  of  the  other  country,  wiiicli  power  is  now 
miiliiiilly  and  publicly  renounced  ami  abrogated. 

2T.  The  reciprocal  liberty  of  commerce  and  navigation,  declared  by  the  present  ticaty,  shall  he  con- 
si'lercd  to  extend  to  all  go.ids  whatsoever,  except  those  articles  the  properly  of  the  enemies  of  eillio; 
power,  or  cnntrahand  of  war. 

'i8.  Under  the  name  of  ontraband  or  prohibited  articles  shall  be  comprehended  not  only  arms,  can- 
non, Brqiichiisses,  luurtars,  petards,  bombs,  grenades,   saucisses,  carcasses,  carriages  fur  cannon, 
3k2  84 


000 


TREATIES  (COMMERCIAL). 


'9 


*v1 


€3 


muikrl-rnilii,  bnnilnlirri,  KUnpnwitAr,  matrh,  ■nitpi'trff,  hall,  plkei,  fwnrili,  hitMit-pli>rci,  h«lm«ia 
riiirimiici),  li.ilhi'riH,  Jiivrliim,  ImUti-ri,  hi-lla,  linraen,  unit  llicir  liRrnrmt,  liiil  utMieriilly  nil  nllirr  arlirlnj 
Ihnt  iiciy  liiivi-  hfiMi  ii|ii-ri(l)>il  iiH  riiiilriilinnil  In  nny  ri>riiii'r  trcnlli'ii  ruruliiili'il  liy  (Ircat  llriiuiii  ur  hy 


:iy  lliivi-  hriMI   Kill..... , , .,„■    ■ •,   /   fir  n 

I'lirtiifiil  Willi  otiivr  |i<iw<-ri<  Hut  gixnU  wliiili  Imvi-  nut  lo-rn  liriiiiKliI  liil<iilii>  luriii  of  wnriikt'  iii>iri|. 
niriitil^or  whirli  raiiniil  lii'riinip  iiirli,  •linll  not  Iip  rp|»itri|  rniitriiliniiil.  riiiicli  li>a«  •iitli  nii  liuvi.  i,,.,.,, 
Blrpiiily  \vriiii||lit  ninl  iiiililo  up  lor  iitlinr  purpnaci,  ull  wlilrh  ahull  lin  ili'fiiii'il  not  riiiilrirtianil,  nii,|  ,„„y 
be  frrcly  nirrli>il  liy'lii>  HiilijtTIa  iif  liiilli  aiivrrt'imia,  i^vrn  In  pliirra  lii-ldiigliiK  tii  uii  eiii.'iiiy,  )!>cnptii,| 
tilily  audi  plnrca  iia  iiri-  licalrgnl,  liliiikiiiti'il,  i>r  liivrali-il  liy  aia  nr  liiiiil 

SU.  In  cHKi'  liny  vrHnpla  nf  wnr,  or  iiirn  Imntim-n,  ahoiilil  lin  wri'i'kcil  nn  III)'  rnnala  of  fllhcr  nf  Hk 
tllgll  rontriirllnii  piirllra,  ull  audi  pnrta  ol'llif  vcaai'la,  or  of  ilii>  l'iirnlluri>  nr  iippurlt-iiitiiri'a  ilirriMii',  i„ 
•Uiiiif  ifdoiU  iia  aliiill  III'  a;ivr<l,  or  llii'  proiliii'i'  IIiiti'mI',  aliiill  hi'  lullhriilly  ri'ntorril  upon  IIii'miiiiii^  lii<in, 
rliiliiiril  by  Ull'  proprli'lora  or  tliilr  riirlora  iliily  iiiiiliMri>r<l,  pinitiK  only  Itii-  rtpciiaca  iiiciirrcil  inn,,. 
|ir<<ai'rv:illon  tlii'ri'Kr,  nrronlinv  to  llii'  riilif  oT  aiilviit;!'  hi-iiIiiI  on  hotli  aiili'H  (viiviiik  iit  tlii'  aiiineiin,,, 
lliR  rliilita  mill  nialonia  ori'urli  iiiiilon,  lin'  nlioliinmor  nioiliilriiiion  ol' wliirli  aliiill,  however,  hi' iri'at,.,| 
upon  III  Mil!  rnsi-H  whcro  tiny  ilmil  hu  n'litrury  to  tin'  HliiMiliiiiona  ontn'  |in"«'iil  ;irlirliM  ;  .iml  ihi'  Ihui, 
roiilriirlliiK  pnrtlra  will  iiintiiiilly  liilf rpoai-  their  iiiitlinrily.  Hint  ludi  ol  their  iiilijuda  u«  aliiil)  taiie 
ailvanlaiie  iifiiiiy  audi  niixrorMinr  iiiity  he  aeverelv  piinii-iii'il. 

:ill.  It  Ih  I'lirllier  iigreeil,  \\\'\\  liotli  hU  llrltiinnir  Miijiaiy  nml  hia  Itoynl  MiuMneaa  the  I'rinre  V^fir^x 
of  I'orlnifiil  ahull  not  onlv  rcrimi'  lo  rerelve  nny  piralea  or  aeii-rovera  whaiaoevir  Inln  iiiiy  of  iij|.|, 
hiivena,  porta,  rilli'i,  or  towiia,  or  prrniit  nny  iii'lheir  aiilijeita,  rill/.eiia,  or  inliuliliiinia,  mi  eilln  r  pm 
lo  rerelve  or  proteit  tlieiii  In  llieir  porta,  to  liarhoiir  llieiii  In  their  Iioiihi'H,  or  toaaaist  tliiim  m  n„y' 
limnner  t\  halaoever ;  but  further,  that  they  alinll  raiine  nil  aiirh  piralea  ami  xea-rovera,  niiil  all  ju./. 
■nna  who  aliall  receive,  roineal,  or  aaalal  lliein,  to  he  liroiiKlit  to  roniliitii  piliilahiiient  lor  a  lermr  iii,i| 
I'Xainpli,'  to  otiiera.  Anil  ail  Ihelr  aliipa,  with  the  (fooija  or  nieri'tianillaeN  taken  hy  thein,  ninl  lirmiKiit 
into  the  porta  lielon(.'ltitf  to  <  ither  of  the  hli|li  contradina  parliea,  ahall  lie  Hei/.eil,  na  far  na  they  cin  |„. 
(Ilarovrreil,  ami  ahnll  he  real'ireil  to  the  ownera,  or  the  fartora  iliily  nulhorlaeil  or  ilepiiieil  hy  Hiem  ,„ 
wrItlnK.  proper  evhleiieu  beiiiff  lirat  Riven  to  prove  the  property,  even  in  laau  anrh  ellerta  aluMilil  huve 
pURseil  liitii  other  lianilH  by  aale,  if  it  be  uacurtalneil  that  the  biiyera  knew  or  niiKlit  have  known  thai 

llkattr    li'iil    liiiii*!    tiiriitii-'illii    liiLiin 


they  hail  been  plrntlially  taken. 
.11.  If  at  any  lime  there  ahoiihl  nr 


,i,  ,.ny  liiiiu  there  ahoiihl  nrifc  nny  illancreenient,  hreni'h  nffrlenilabip,  nr  rnptnri)  bi'lwn^n  the 
Crowna  of  the  high  riiiiirnriiii|{  parliea,  wliiili  (Joil  I'orlinl  ( whieh  rnpliiru  ahnll  not  he  ileciiiril  i,i  (.y^^^ 
liiitil  the  retailing  or  aeiiiliiiK  lioine  of  Iheir  reHpedlve  niiibaasailora  anil  iiiiiilHtera),  the  i^iihjeiiH  i,f 
each  nf  till!  'I  parliea  reaiiling  in  tlie  iloiniiiioiiN  nf  the  other,  aliall  have  the  privileue  of  reiimininii  aiiij 
cnntlniilnK  their  Irnile  therein,  wilhniil  nny  manner  nfinterruptinn,  an  hmi;  na  they  liehnve  peartalily 
anil  rniniiiit  nn  oirenre  nealiist  the  lawa  ami  onlinancea  ;  unil  in  caae  Iheir  conilnrt  ahoiihl  remjer  iheiii 
DUHpectt'd,  anil  the  re.'^periive  Kovernnieiila  hIioiiIiI  be  ohll);eil  to  oriler  llieni  to  remove.  Hie  tiriii  of  VI 
liionllia  aliall  be  alloweil  llieiii  fivr  tli.'it  piirpoae,  in  oriler  that  tliey  might  retire  with  thi^ir  I'tPui  in  ami 
properly,  whether  inlrusleil  to  Imliviilnnla  or  lo  the  alate. 

At  the  aaiiie  time  it  la  to  he  iimlerHiooil  that  tliia  favour  is  not  to  be  extended  to  tho8o  who  shall  act 
in  nny  niaiiner  contrary  to  tlie  ealabliahed  lawa. 

.'12.  The  present  treaty  aliall  li!,'  unliinileil  in  point  of  iliirnlinn,  tlint  the  ohligntinna  and  comlilinin 
pvpreaaed  or  implied  in  it  nhall  he  perpetual  nml  Inimiilnble  ;  nnd  they  ahall  not  he  rhaiifieil  or  iitri-cti'ij 
in  any  manner  in  caae  IiIn  Uoyal  lll^hneaa  the  I'riiice  Kegent  of  i'urtiignl  ahoiihl  again  eatahhsli  ila: 
seal  of  ilie  I'orlUifiieae  monarchy  within  the  lOiiropean  dnniiniona  of  that  Crown. 

.13.   Dim  the  2  high  ronlracliiig  parties  do  reaerve  to  thiingelvea  the  right  nf  Jointly  eianiinlni>  nml 
rpviaing  Hie  several  articles  of  this  treaty  at  the  end  of  15  years,  counted  in  the  lirat  iiinlaiicc  I'r"- 
tlie  dnie  of  the  e.vchange  of  the  ratilicaliona  tlierciif  *,  and  of  then  propoHing,  diNrns^ill>.^  ami  ni.ik 
audi  amunilmeiils  or  ailditiona,  na  the  real  interest  of  their  reapeclivu  Hiihji'cis  may  aeeiii  in  r 


;iii< 


.  .,  ..  'iiiiri' 

It  being  underi'tood  that  any  slipiilalion  which  at  the  period  nf  reviamn  of  tlie  treaty  ahall  lie  iiliji>i'ii>i| 
In  by  either  of  the  high  contracting  parliea,  ahall  be  ciinsidered  aa  aiiapended  in  its  operaiimi  until  t|j(. 
fliaciisalnn  concerning  that  stipulation  slinll  he  terminaled,  due  notice  being  previously  given  In  ilie 
other  cnntructing  party  of  the  intended  suspension  of  such  stipulation,  fur  the  purpose  ufavoldlni 
miitiial  inconvenience.  " 

.Tl.  'i'lie  aeverni  stipiilntions  and  conditions  nf  the  present  treaty  ahnll  begin  to  hnvc  clfrct  fiimi  Ihr 
date  of  hia  llritnnnic  Majesty's  ratilicatioii  thereof;  nnd  the  muliial  e.xcliaiige  of  ralil'n  allnn.i  shall 
take  place  in  the  city  of  London,  within  the  apace  of  '1  munths,  or  sooner  if  posiiihle,  to  hu  coiii|iuti'd 
from  the  day  of  the  signntiltc  of  the  present  treaty. 

Done  in  the  city  of  Uio  de  .lanciro,  on  the  19lh  day  of  February,  in  tlio  year  of  nnr  Lord  1810. 


SmANOFOBD. 


CONDE   DE    I.I.N IIAREH. 


Jlgreeinent  beticeen  the  Britisli  and  Portuguese  Commiasionerit,  on  Fuur  PuinU  connerlcd  tcith  tht 
Eiecution  of  the  'Vrealij  of  1810.      Signed  at  London,  IHth  of  Vecember,  l.'il'i. 

1.  The  official  certificate  of  registry,  signed  by  the  proper  officer  of  the  British  rustoma,  sliall  be 
deemed  sutlicient  to  identify  a  Ilrilisli  built  ship  ;  and  on  the  production  of  such  certificate  she  sliill 
be  adinilted  as  such  in  any  of  the  ports  within  the  dominions  of  Portugal. 

'i.  Upon  the  importntinn  of  any  goods  from  the  Uniled  Kingdom,  into  nny  of  the  ports  in  iheilnmi- 
nions  of  Portugal,  ull  such  goods  shall  he  nccompanicd  by  the  original  cockets,  aigned  anil  sciilcil  liv 
the  proper  officers  of  the  British  customs  at  the  port  of  shipping,  and  the  cockets  beloiii;lii;;  lo  eacii 
ship  ahall  be  numbered  progressively,  the  total  number  stated  nn  the  first  and  last  cockei,  hy  the  |irn- 
per  nthcers  of  customs,  ut  the  final  clenrance  of  each  vessel  at  the  Dritish  port :  and  it  la  furllii'raj;rei'il, 
that  prior  to  the  final  clearance  by  the  searchers  at  the  shipping  port,  the  cockets  for  each  ahip  rmiKt 
be  collected  and  fnstened  together,  to  which  shall  be  annexed  n  paper,  with  the  nnniherof  the  rufkeu, 
sealed  with  the  othcial  seal,  and  signed  hy  the  searchers  ;  the  cockets,  so  collected,  shall  lie  prmliireil, 
together  with  the  manifest  sworn  to  hy  the  captain,  to  the  I'orlugucsc  consul,  who  shall  ccrlil'y  llie 
same  on  the  iiinnifest;  the  cockets,  thus  secured  together,  and  the  manifest,  so  nuthcnticuteil,  lobe 
returned  to  the  searcher,  in  order  to  the  final  clearance  of  the  ship. 

3.  It  is  agreed  to  place  the  Portuguese  merchant  on  the  same  footing  with  the  Itritiali,  hnih  willi 
regard  to  the  duties  of  scavage  and  package  payable  to  the  corporation  of  London,  and  ihediitien  pay- 
able on  shipping  to  the  corporation  of  the  Trinity  House  in  London.  To  effect  this,  anil  at  the  same 
time  to  preserve  the  chartered  rights  of  the  corporation  of  London,  and  of  the  Trinity  House,  it  nil! 
be  necessary  that  tlinse  duties  should,  in  the  first  instance,  be  paid  as  at  present ;  and  in  all  case^ 
where  it  shull  appear  that  the  Portuguese  merchants  shall  have  paid  more  than  be  llrilish,  the  dill'or- 
ence  to  be  returned  without  expense,  in  such  manner  ns  the  British  government  shall  direct. 

4.  The  importer  shall,  on  making  the  entry  at  the  Portuguese  Custnm-hoiisc,  sign  a  declaration  of 
the  value  of  his  gnods,  to  such  amount  as  he  shall  deem  proper;  and  in  case  the  I'ortugiiese  examin- 
ing officers  should  be  of  opinion  that  such  valuation  is  insufficient,  they  shall  be  at  liburiy  to  take 

*Thea?  ratiftcations  were  exchanged  in  London,  on  the  19ih  of  June,  1610. 


L). 


TUKATIES  (COMMKUCUL). 


007 


■wnril*.  hoKdplcfei.  hnlmria, 
I  liiit  aitiirriilly  all  ollirr  iirticlit 
('.lu  liiilirt  I'V  'if'"*  '>'""""  "f  h> 

I  mtiillii'  fotiii  i"f  wn'liki-  iiKirii. 
ml.  iiitii'li  \**»  ■»<'!>  ■>■  l")^''  l'<'«n 
Icfiin'cl  iiiil  riinlritlmiiil,  nml  mny 
ii-loiiginn  l<>  »■>  eoviK)'  HX'^ilii.i 

•il  on  111!"  rnniit*  <>f  fllliiT  of  ih,. 
iiri-  nr  iipiiurlKumK''"  llirri'ui.  n, 
iilly  ri'»liiK'<t  "I"'"  "'''•""»'  •"■ii'K 
Illy  llif  r»|ii'Mm'i<  liniirtcil  III  III. 

Ill  Hidi'H  ("iiviMK  lit  III''  ••nil''  I 

fwliUli  »liiill,lii'WfVer,lHMt.;iir,l 
llii>  iirr-'iil  iirli'  I'M  i  '""I  H"'  ImcIi 

II  111  llu'lf  inlijL'i  m  u«  itliiill  lulte 

loynl  IliKlii"'""  ••«'•  I'ri"'"''  Ki'Sm 
urn  \vliii'»"<'Vir  liiln  iiiiy  "I  llnii 
.im,  or  liilialiiluiilH,  i>ii  I'ltln  r  |i:iii, 
ir  li'ciiiin'^,  IT  III  »*»M  llii:iii  111  nny 
iriilfB  mill  wfii-riivrrs,  iiml  nil  |iit. 
iiillKii  imiiiBliinniil  l"«ir  ii  I'Tmr  iind 
iiliiti'H  iiikrii  liy  llifiii,  mill  lituiuiii 
ill  III'  Hcl/.i'il,  li«  l':»r  nK  llicy  iiiii  In; 
niilliiirl!*)''!  iir  iIc|>iiI<mI  liy  iIilmiuii 
'II  ill  I  :iMU  mirli  fll'i'its  bIihiiIiI  Imvi: 
H  kiifW  or  iiiIkIX  Iiuvv  kiinwiiilui 

friciKlHtilp,  or  nipl'if  l>i'iwp.nllie 

iiiuire  Hliiill  mil  l""  'I''!'' '  inoxini 

ore  mill  iiiiiilKtfrs).  tin'  f  iilijeilii  nf 
iivH  tlic  privlli'iip  of  rciimiiiiiiit  nnd 
,  Hii  IkiiR  as  tli'-'V  lit'linvi-  pi'iireiibly, 
ii>  lli'^ir  roniliirt  hIuxiIiI  rcmliT  lliem 
icr  llii'iii  lo  rciiii'VL',  llic  liriii  of  I'i 
liilglit  retire  wllli  tlvtiir  eiruiia  anil 

be  extended  to  those  who  ilmll  act 

thnt  thn  ohliRnlionii  iiml  oonillliniii 
hey  BhHll  not  he  chmii.'i'il  <ir  allVcliil 
urIoKiil  hIiouUI  ntiuiii  esluliliiili  (hi: 
ofllmt  frown. 
n  the  riplit  of  jointly  exiiniining  nnd 

counted  In  tin!  Ilr»l  iiisliiiiie  I'mm 
Il  iiropoHini!,  (U«c^lti^ill|.',  "inl  iiMikiin 
(tive  siilijecis  may  Heeiii  in  rciiiiir'' 
rision  of  the  treaty  cluill  lip  ciliji'di'd 
Hnspuniled  in  its  operall.m  iiiilil  llh: 
iticu  hein«  previously  (jiveii  M  llii. 

Illation,  for  the  purpose  of  avoiding 

Blinll  liRRin  to  have  cllVrt  fioni  llie 
iial  e.xchaiiue  nf  ratilii  atinn»  sliall 
■  sooner  if  possihle,  to  be  coinimltd 

jT,  in  the  year  of  nnr  l-ord  Hin. 

CONDE   BE    LlNHABES 

yn  Fi>ur  PuinU  connrr.tcd  Kith  the 
\Stli  of  Vetember,  1M2. 

BT  of  the  British  rnstonis,  shall  be 
iliiction  of  such  cerlllicale  she  shall 
'ortiigal.  -Ill 

into  nny  of  the  ports  in  the  domi- 
Binal  cockets,  siRned  and  seiilcil  liv 
and  the  cockets  hcloiiuiiij  lo  cacli 
ihe  lirst  and  last  cockel,  hy  Hid  |itn- 
Iritish  port :  and  it  is  fiitlh.'rasreoJ, 

port,  the  cockets  for  eaili  ship  ""i" 
ner,  with  the  nnnihernf  the  tnrkcis 
els,  BO  collected,  shall  lie  proiliireil, 
iBiiese  consnl,  who  shall  ccrlily  Uie 
he  inanifeBt,  so  authenticated,  to  be 

1' footing  with  the  Hritish,  Imlh  wilti 
tion  of  London,  and  the  duliea  pay- 
on  To  effect  this,  and  at  the  i-nnn; 
n    and  of  the  Trinity  |l!'"«';, '':, 

I  as  at  present ;  and  m  all  ca  ei 

Idinorctlmn   he  Hritish,  the  dillot- 

h  coverninent  shall  direct. 

|,,s?o,n-ho..se,  sicn  a  declara  ion  of 

Vnd  in  case  the  I'ortuKiiese  examin- 

renltheyshallheatUhortylotake 


Luiiduii,  Ibib  of  Uecuiiibvr,  l>iVi. 


It.  FHr.win. 
Wm.  UlNN. 


T  Hm   Pavo. 

I.  I)*  t'oSTA. 


Pmmsu, 

Cintinlian  nf  Ctmmtrri  httitt»n  tfii  BrilaitHir  Mui 


[the  19lU  of  June,  WO. 


nnir  Mnjoty  and  tht  K\ng  of  Pruiiia,  BwnrJ  at  Londan, 
Jl/irtl  II,  IvJi, 

Article  I.  Kromand  anerthn  Im  day  of  May  next,  I'riiKBJan  vemelii  entering  nr  dei.irlinu  from  tint 
p,iTl<  nf  the  Tiilled  Kingdom  of  fJreai  llritiiin  and  IreUml,  and  llrltlBh  vr««..|«  rnierini'  or  rli'imrilnir 
Iriiiii  the  port*  of  his  l'riiB«lan  MiiJeBly'H  doriiinionB.  >hnll  not  he  xiihjeci  lo  any  oiher  or  IiiuIht  ilnticii 
..rcliarg.'s  whatever,  than  are  or  hIihII  hu  leviid  on  nalloiial  vcBseU  enterlnK  or  di'imrlinK  Iroin  mn  li 
jHirti  re«pecllvely.  »       ■•■ 

•1  All  arIM  le«  nf  the  growth,  produce,  nr  inannl'iicliire  of  nny  of  the  doniliilnnH  of  either  nf  tlii>  high 
mnlracllng  partlea,  which  are  or  nhall  he  periiiilted  In  he  iiiiporiid  into  nr  e«pnrli'il  from  the  ports  of 
llic  liiited  Kingdom  nnd  of  I'mnsla,  reBpccllvi'ly,  in  vesNels  of  ilic  nne  coiinlry,  aliall.  In  like  nianncr 
|„.  pcriiiitli'd  111  lie  liii|iiirled  into  and  enporleil  fnnn  llinsn  piirN  in  ves«eU  of  Itie  nlliiT.  ' 

i   All  articles  not  of  the  growth,  produce,  or  niiiinifacliire  of  the  d IiiIoiih  of  lint  llriiannic  MaJeBty 

nhiih  can  legally  he  imported  from  the  I'nileil  Kingdom  nf  (Jreiit  llrital.i  and  Iri'land,  into  tin'  pnrH 
nf  I'riUNJa,  In  llrili»h  HhipB,  Hliall  he  Hiihjeci  only  lo  the  sami'  ilntieN  aH  are  payiihle  upon  llii' (ike 
!irilile«  If  Imported  in  I'masinn  «lilps  j  iind  the  siiine  reciprocity  kIiiiII  he  oliserved  in  the  poriM  nf  Hid 
liiiit'il  Kingdom,  In  respect  lo  all  arln  le.4  not  Iho  growth,  produce,  or  nianiifaciiire  cif  ilie  dnniinions 
i.lhi*  1'ruaslun  Majisly,  which  can  legally  he  inipnrted  into  the  pnrtiioflhc  I'nited  Kingdom  in  I'rus- 
(im  iilil|H. 

I  All  U'Hids,  which  can  legally  he  Imported  Into  the  ports  of  either  cniintry,  shall  he  adiiiilted  nt  llio 
iam«  rale  of  duly,  whi'llier  iinpnrted  In  vesHels  nf  the  other  tountry,  or  In   nalional  vessels;  and  all 

t.mila  which  ciin   lie  leuMlly  evpnrled  from  the  ports  of  either  cmintrv,  shall  I Hilled  to  the  hiiiiii! 

I..iiinlie»,  dr. ivv hacks,  and  allowances,  whether  exported  in  vessels  of  tiio  other  cniinlry,  or  in  iiutmnal 
Ti'iiiels. 

5.  No  priority  or  preference  shall  he  given,  directly  or  indirectly,  liy  the  government  nf  either 
fiMinlry,nr  liy  any  cmnpmiy,  corpnriiilon,  nr  agent,  acting  nn  its  helialf,  or  under  lis  aullmritv.  In  llin 
|iiiriha»e  of  any  article,  the  growth,  produce,  nr  iiiamil'iiciiire  of  ellher  country,  impnrlt^d  into  ihe 
i.lhiT,  DM  account  of,  or  in  rt^lerencn  to,  ihu  character  of  the  vessel  in  which  sinh  iirtlile  was  Ini- 
IMrledi  it  being  the  true  Intent  and  meaning  of  the  hi(;li  conlrucliiig  parties,  that  no  disunclioii  or 
ililTiTcnrfl  whatever  shall  he  ninde  in  this  respect. 

(i.  The  present  convention  shall  he  in  force  I'nr  the  term  of  10  years  from  the  date  hereof;  and  fur- 
ther, until  the  end  of  Vi  monlhs  after  either  of  Ihe  high  contracting  parlies  shall  have  given  notice  to 
i:iv  iilhcr  of  its  iiili-iition  to  leriniiiate  the  same;  each  of  the  hliili  contriiclinii  parlies  reserving  Id 
iiii'lf  the  right  of  giving  such  notice  to  the  other,  nt  the  end  of  Uk'  said  term  of  lit  yars;  and  it  is 
hereby  agri^ed  hetween  them,  that,  at  the  expiralion  of  I'J  monlhs  niter  siii  h  notice  sli.ill  have  Inteii 
refeived  by  either  party  from  Hie  other,  this  cunvuntiun,  and  all  the  provlsi"n»  thereof,  shall  i-llngciiiur 
ceaae  and  d>'terinine. 

:.  The  present  convention  shall  ho  rntilled,  and  the  ralificatlons  shall  be  exchanged  nl  London, 
wllhln  I  month  from  the  date  herenf,  nr  snniier  if  pnssihle. 

In  wiiin'>8  whereof  the  respective  plenipotuiitiarlus  have  signed  the  same,  and  have  alllxcd  thereto 
llie  iealsiof  their  arms. 

Done  at  London,  the  second  day  of  April,  in  the  year  nf  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
iwenly-four.  (itoncit;  (;.\nni;«ii.    W.  lliisKis><nN.     Wkhtiikii. 

An  order  in  council,  dated  Moy  25,  1K2I,  directs  that  from  May  I,  IWl,  Prussian  vessels  entering  or 
dcnarliri','  from  Ihe  ports  of  Ihe  i'nited  Kingdom  of  (irent  llritnin  mid  Ireland,  shall  not  he  siilijeci  to 
aiiv  other  or  higher  duties  nr  chargi^s  whatever  than  are  or  shall  be  levlifd  on  llrilish  vessels  entering 
ordejiatliiig  from  such  ports  ;  that  all  articles  of  the  growth,  produce,  or  man iifacm re  of  any  of  the  do. 
iiiiiiioiis  of  his  I'riissimi  Majesty,  which  are  or  shall  he  permitted  to  he  inipnrted  into  or  exported  frniii 
llie  ports  nt  the  United  Kingdom  nf  Ureiii  llritain  and  Ireland  in  Hritish  vessels,  shall,  in  like  manner, 
b'' permitted  to  hu  imported  into  and  exporled  from  the  said  ports  in  Prussian  vessels  ;  that  all  articles 
ij.jl  of  the  growth,  produce,  or  manufacture  of  the  <loniinions  of  his  Prussian  Majesty,  which  can 
K-ally  be  imported  from  Prussia  into  the  ports  of  the  United  Kingdom  in  Prussian  vessels,  siiall  hn 
iuliji'ct  only  to  the  game  duties  as  are  payable  upon  lln  Ike  articles  if  imported  in  Hritish  ships  ;  that 
all  ^'ond9  which  can  legally  ho  imported  into  the  ports  of  llie  United  Klngdoni,  shall  be  admitted  at  tlio 
I'ltiie  rule  of  duty,  when  importeil  In  Prussian  vessels,  ''.at  is  charged  on  similar  articles  iiii|inrted  in 
Riitiiih  vessels ;  and  that  all  goods  which  can  be  legally  exported  fmni  the  ports  of  the  Tiiited  Klng- 
il.Mn,  Hhall  be  entitled  to  the  same  hoiinties,  drawbacks,  and  allowances,  wiieii  exported  in  Prussian 
vessels,  that  are  granted,  paid,  or  allowed  on  similar  articli:s  when  exported  in  Itrltisli  vessels. 

A  Treasury  letter,  dated  October  13,  lSi4,  directs,  that  with  respect  to  pilotage  and  all  other  duties 
tharced  nn  vessels  belonging  to  Prussia,  Sweden,  and  Norway,  Deninark,  Hanover,  and  ILiinburgh, 
nhlrh  have  entered,  or  winch  may  enter,  the  ports  of  the  I'liited  Kingdom,  either  from  stress  of  weatluT 
01 1'roui  any  other  causes,  it  was  the  intention  of  the  Lords  of  the  Committee  of  Privy  (.'ouiicil  for 
Tiads  that  such  dues  should  not  be  higher  than  are  charged  upon  Hritish  vessels,  and  that  it  is  only 
In  the  case  nf  gitnds  imported  into  this  kingdom,  and  not  brought  direct  from  the  country  to  which  the 
vessel  helongs,  that  the  ei|uality  of  duty  does  not  apply. 

An  order  in  council,  dated  May  3,  Ivjs,  stales,  that  his  Majesty  Is  pleased  to  declare,  that  the  ships 
of  and  belonging  to  the  dominions  of  his  Majesty  the  King  of  Prussia  are  entitled  to  the  privileges 
fianted  by  the  law  of  navigation,  and  may  import  from  the  doiniiiiniis  of  his  Majesty  the  King  of 
Prussia,  into  any  of  the  Hritish  possessions  abroad,  goods  the  proiluce  of  such  doiiiinioiw,  and  may 
eiporl  gouds  from  such  British  possessions  abroad,  to  he  curried  tu  any  foreign  country  whatever. 

Russia. 

Convention  between  Ills  Britannic  Miijcsti/  and  :le  Emperor  of  Russia,  signed  at  Petersburg,  in 

February,  lb25. 

Article  1.  It  is  agreed  that  the  respective  subjects  of  the  high  contracting  parties  shall  not  he  troubled 
or  molested,  in  any  partof  the  ocean  comninnly  called  the  Pacilic  Ocean,  cither  in  navigating  Ihe  same, 
miishing  therein,  or  in  landing  at  such  parts  of  the  coasts  as  shall  not  have  been  already  occupied,  in 
order  to  trade  with  the  natives,  under  the  restrictions  and  conditions  specihed  in  the  following  articles 

2  In  order  to  prevent  the  right  of  navigating  and  lishing,  exercised  upon  the  ocean  by  the  sulijects 
of  llie  bigli  contracting  parties,  from  becouiiii);  the  pretext  fur  au  illicit  cuinniercc,  it  is  agreed  that  the 


668 


TREATIES  (COMMERCIAL). 


I*     m 

r  ■ 


.'Si 


'•■•".n 


anbjecis  of  his  Britannic  Mnjegiy  ahall  not  land  at  any  place  where  there  may  be  a  Ruisian  ettabjish 
ineiit,  wilhoiit  the  periiiissinn  of'^lhe  governor  or  commandant ,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  that  Rusalan 
subjcctn  shall  not  land,  without  permission,  at  any  British  establishment  on  tiie  north-west  const. 

3.  Tlic  line  of  denmrration  between  the  possessions  of  the  high  contracting  parties,  upon  tlie  const 
of  the  continent,  and  the  islands  of  America  to  the  north-west,  shall  be  drawn  in  the  manner  ful. 
lowing:— 

Comnicncinj;  from  the  southernmost  point  of  the  Island  called  Prince  of  Wales  Island,  which  point 
lies  in  tlie  parallel  of  51  detrrees  40  minutes  north  latitude,  and  between  the  13Ut  and  133(1  degree  of 
west  longitude  (meridian  of  (irecnwich)  the  said  line  shall  ascend  to  the  north  along  the  channel,  as 
far  as  the  point  of  the  continent  where  it  strikes  the  56th  degree  of  north  latitude;  from  this  last  men. 
tion'Jil  point,  the  line  of  demarcation  shall  follow  the  summit  of  the  mountains  situated  parallel  to  the 
coast,  as  far  as  the  point  of  intersection  of  the  14l8t  degree  of  west  longitude  (of  the  name  meridian); 
and,  (iiiully,  from  the  said  point  of  intersection,  tlie  said  meridian  line  of  the  141st  depree,  in  its  pro-' 
longatiiin  as  fur  as  the  Kro^vn  Ocean,  shull  form  the  limit  between  the  Russian  and  liritish  possessions 
on  the  continent  of  America  to  the  nortliwest. 

4.  With  rctVrcnce  to  the  line  of  demnri-ation  laid  down  in  the  preceding  article,  it  is  understood; 
lat.  That  the  island  called  Prince  of  Wales  Island  shall  belong  wholly  to  Russia. 

^d.  That  ivherevi-r  tlie  summit  of  the  mountains  which  extend  in  a  direction  parallel  to  the  coast 
from  the  5(illi  ilepn-e  of  north  latitude  to  the  point  of  intersection  of  the  14 1st  degree  of  west  longitude' 
Fhall  prove  to  lie  at  the  distance  of  more  than  10  marine  leagues  from  the  ocean,  the  limit  lietween  ihi' 
liritish  piissc.ssloiis  and  the  line  of  coast  which  is  to  beloMg  to  Russia,  as  above  mentioned,  Eliail  ie 
formed  liy  a  line  parallel  to  the  windings  uf  the  coast,  and  wliich  shall  never  exceed  the  distance  of  19 
marine  leagues  therefrom. 

5.  It  is  pKireovcr  agreed,  that  no  establishment  shall  be  formed  by  either  of  the  2  parties,  within  the 
limits  assigned  by  the  preceding  2  articles  to  the  possessions  of  the  other  :  consequently,  Hritish  sub- 
jects  shall  not  form  any  establishment  cither  upon  the  coast,  or  upon  the  border  of  the  continent  com- 
prised vvilhin  the  limits  of  the  Russian  possessions,  as  designated  in  the  two  preceding  articles;  and 
in  lil<e  manner,  no  establishment  shall  be  formed  i)y  Russian  subjects  beyond  tiie  said  limits. 

0.  It  is  understood,  that  the  julijecis  of  his  liritannic  Majesty,  from  whatever  quarter  they  miy 
arrive,  wiiethcr  from  the  ocean,  or  from  the  interior  of  the  continent,  shall  for  ever  enjoy  the  right  oi' 
navigating  freely,  and  without  any  hindrance  whatever,  all  the  rivers  and  streams  which,  in  their 
course  towards  the  Pacific  Ocean,  may  cross  the  line  of  demarcation  upon  the  line  of  coast  describuj 
in  article  S,  of  the  present  convention. 

7.  It  is  also  understood  that,  for  the  space  of  10  years  from  the  signature  of  the  present  cnnvenllon, 
the  vessels  of  the  2  powers,  or  those  belonging  to  their  respective  subjects,  shall  mutually  he  at  liherly 
to  frequent,  wilhout  any  hindrance  whatever,  all  the  inland  seas,  the  gulf^,  havens,  and  creeks,  on 
the  coast  mentioned  in  article  3,  for  the  purposes  of  fishing  and  trading  with  the  natives. 

8.  The  port  of  Sitka,  or  Novo  Archangelsk,  shall  be  open  to  the  commerce  and  vessels  of  British 
subjects  for  the  space  of  10  years  from  the  date  of  the  exchange  of  the  ratifications  of  the  present  con- 
vention. In  the  event  of  an  extension  of  this  term  of  10  years  being  granted  to  any  other  power,  thn 
like  extension  shall  be  granted  also  to  Great  Ilritain. 

9.  The  above-mentioned  liberty  of  commerce  shall  not  apply  to  the  trade  in  spirituous  liquors,  in 
fire-arms  or  other  arms,  gunpowder,  or  other  warlike  stores ;  the  high  contracting  parties  reci|irac:illy 
engaging  not  to  permit  the  above-mentioned  articles  to  be  sold  or  delivered,  in  any  manner  whatever, 
to  the  natives  of  the  country. 

10.  Every  Uritish  or  Russian  vessel  navigating  the  Pacific  Ocean,  which  may  he  compelled,  by  storms 
or  by  accident,  to  take  shelter  in  the  ports  of  the  parlies,  shall  be  at  liberty  to  refit  therein,  to  provide 
itself  with  all  necessary  stores,  and  to  put  to  sea  again,  without  paying  any  other  than  port  and  light- 
house dues,  which  shall  be  the  same  as  those  paid  by  national  vessels.  In  case,  however,  the  master 
of  such  vessel  should  be  under  the  necessity  of  disposing  of  a  part  of  his  mercliandise  in  order  lo 
defray  his  expenses,  he  shall  conform  himself  to  the  regulations  and  tariffs  of  the  place  whe.e  he  may 
have  landed. 

11.  In  case  of  complaint  of  an  infraction  of  the  articles  of  the  present  convention,  the  civil  and 
military  authorities  uf  the  high  contracting  parties,  without  previously  acting  or  taking  any  t'drclble 
measure,  shall  make  an  exact  and  circumstantial  report  of  the  matter  to  their  respective  cnuns,  who 
engage  to  settle  the  same,  in  a  friendly  manner,  and  according  to  the  principles  of  justice. 

12.  The  present  convention  shall  be  ratified,  and  the  ratifications  shall  be  exchanged  at  Londoji, 
within  the  space  of  6  weeks,  or  sooner  if  possible. 

In  witness  whereof  the  respective  Plenipotentiaries  have  signed  the  same,  and  have  affixed  thereto 
the  seals  of  their  arms. 


Done  at  St.  Fetersburgb,  the  2Sth  [16th]  of  February,  1825. 


The  Two  Sicilies. 


Stratford  Canning. 
Thk  Count  de  Nesselrode. 
Pierre  de  Poletica. 


Treaty  of  Commerce  and  JVavigation  between  His  Britannic  Majesty  and  the  King  of  the  Two  Sicitiii, 

signed  at  London,  September  20,  1816. 

Article  1.  His  Rritannic  Majesty  consents,  that  all  the  privileges  and  exemptions  which  his  subjects, 
their  commerce  and  shipping,  have  enjoyed,  and  do  enjoy,  in  the  dominions,  ports,  and  domains  ofhis 
Sicilian  M.ijesty,  in  virtue  of  the  treaty  of  peace  and  commerce  concluded  at  Madrid  on  the  10th of 
May,  (iSd  of  May),  I6e7,  between  Oreat  Britain  and  Spain  ;  of  the  treaties  of  comitu-rce  between  the 
eame  powers,  signed  at  Utrecht,  ihe  9th  of  December,  1713,  and  at  Madrid,  the  13th  of  December,  171.1; 
and  of  the  convention  concluded  at  Utrecht,  the  8th  of  March,  1712-1713,  between  tJreat  lirllalnaml 
the  kingilom  of  .Sicily,  shall  be  atn/ii/ieef,'  and  it  is  agreed  upon  in  consequence,  hot  ween  their  said 
Britannic  and  Sicilian  Majesties,  their  heirs  and  successors,  that  the  said  privileges  andexeiniitions, 
whether  of  persons,  or  of  flags  and  shipping,  are  and  shall  continue  for  ever  abolished. 

2.  His  Sicilian  Majesty  engages  not  to  continue,  nor  hereafter  to  grant,  to  the  subjects  of  anyothci 
power  whatever,  the  privileges  and  exemptions  abolifihed  by  the  present  convention. 

3.  His  Sicilian  Majesty  promises  that  Ihe  subjects  ofhis  Rritannic  Majesty  shall  not  he  subjected, 
within  his  dominions,  to  a  more  rigorous  system  of  examination  and  search  by  the  olliccrs  of  customs, 
than  that  to  whicli  the  subjects  of  liis  said  Sicilian  Miijesty  are  liable. 

4.  His  Majesty  the  King  of  the  Two  Sicilies  promises  that  Uritish  commerce  in  general,  and  the 
British  sulijeits  who  carry  it  on,  shall  be  treated  throughout  his  dominions  upon  the  same  Innilnf  ai 
the  most  favoured  nations,  not  only  with  respect  to  the  persons  and  property  of  the  said  llriiish  sub- 
jects, but  also  with  regard  to  every  species  of  article  in  wliich  they  may  trattic,  and  the  laxe-sorulher 
cha'ges  payable  on  the  said  articles,  or  on  the  shipping  in  which  the  importation  shall  be  niade. 

5  With  respect  to  the  personal  privileges  to  be  enjoyed  by  the  subjects  of  his  Hrilaniiic  Miijt^lyi" 
the  kingdom  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  his  Sicilian  Majesty  promises  that  they  shall  have  a  free  snit 


L). 


TREATIES  (COMMERCIAL). 


669 


ire  may  be  a  RusBlan  e«tabli«h 
in  the  oUier  hand,  thnt  Huaslan 
nt  on  tiie  norUi-wtst  const, 
ilractlng  parties,  upon  the  coMt 
ill  be  drawn  In  the  manner  fol- 

.»  of  Wales  Island,  which  poim 
etn  the  13l8t  and  133(1  degree  of 

I  the  north  along  the  channel,  ai 
,rih  latitude;  from  this  hist  men- 
lountnins  situated  paralldio ttie 
neitude  (of  the  same  iiipridian); 
c  of  the  Hist  degree,  in  ila  prn. 
3  Russian  and  British  posBessionn 

■ding  article.  It  is  understood; 

illy  to  Uussia.    .,,.., 
a  direction  parallel  to   he  coast, 
1,P  Ulsl  degree  of  west  Inngitudr, 
"the  ocean,  the  limit  l)('tWL.eiuhe 
sia   as  above  mentioned,  sliall  U 

II  never  exceed  the  dislaiite  ol  10 

■  either  of  the  2  parties,  within  tlie 
other :  consenuBnlly,  ""I'sli  sut'- 
n  the  border  of  the  continent  com- 

the  two  preceding  articles ;  anJ, 

s  beyond  the  said  limits 
from  whatever  quarter  thpy  rany 
t  shall  for  ever  enjoy  the  tiglu.. I 
iwers  and  streams  whicli,  in  llie.r 
on  upon  the  line  of  coast  dcscnbtJ 

ignature  of  the  present  convention, 
uliiccls,  shall  mutually  be  at  1  berly 
the  gulfs,  havens,  and  creeks,  on 
linir  with  the  natives, 
^com^nerce  and  vessels  of  liriti.l. 
the  ratifications  of  the  present  con- 
ing granted  to  any  other  power,  tha 

I  the  trade  in  spirituous  liquors,  in 
high  contracting  parties  reciprocally 
delivered,  in  any  manner  wliatcver, 

,  which  may  be  compelled,  by  storms 
at  liberty  to  refit  thereir,  to  provide 
ay  ng  any  other  than  port  and  light, 
■/els  In  case,  however,  the  niasler 
Wrt  of  his  merchandise  in  order  to 
nd  tariffs  ofthe  place  whe.e  lie  may 

L  nresent  convention,  the  civil  and 
'"iously  acting  or  taking  any  orcbe 

'alter  to  their  respective  courts,  who 

to  the  principles  of  jiisuce 
lions  shall  be  exchanged  at  London, 

d  the  same,  and  have  affixed  thereto 


Stbatfobd  Canning. 
The  Count  de  Nesselrode. 

riERRG  DE  POLETICA. 

.Uj  and  the  King  of  the  Two  SicilUi, 

fsis.  ,.,  , 

la  and  exemptions  which  his  subjecls, 
J  ;„i,,n»  norts  and  diiinainsofhu 
.Sun^'tMadhdoiUlielOlhof 
;,e  treaties  of  commerce  between  I 
tMad  d.  the  13lh  of  December,  1. 
fiTl^  17  3  between  lirrat  Hriluinan, 
'Vn  consequence,  between  their  said 
;;:esa"id  privileges  and  exemption. 

bnray"?ram^o  aiVrti^eVaxesorot^er 


undoubted  right  to  travel,  and  to  reside  in  the  territories  and  dominions  of  his  said  Majesty,  subject 
to  the  Biiine  prec-aiitinns  of  police  which  are  practised  towards  the  moat  favoured  nations.  They  shall 
be  entitled  to  occupy  dwellings  and  warehouses,  and  to  dispose  of  their  personal  property  of  every 
Kind  and  description,  by  sale,  gift,  exchange,  or  will,  and  in  any  other  way  whatever,  without  the 
Siiialleat  loss  or  hindrance  being  given  them  on  that  head.  They  shall  not  he  obliged  to  pay,  under  any 
pretence  whatever,  other  taxes  or  rates  than  those  which  are  paid,  or  that  hereafter  may  be  paid,  by 
the  most  favoured  nations  in  the  dominions  of  his  said  Sicilian  Majesty.  They  shall  be  exempt  from 
all  military  service,  whether  by  land  or  sea  ;  their  dwellings,  warehouses,  and  every  thing  belonging 
or  appertaining  thereto  for  objects  of  commerce  or  residence,  shall  be  respected.  They  shall  not  be 
siihjected  to  any  vexatious  search  or  visits.  No  arbitrary  examination  or  innpeclion  of  their  books, 
papers,  or  accounts,  shall  be  made  under  the  pretence  ofthe  supreme  authority  ofthe  slate,  but  these 
shall  alone  be  executed  by  the  legal  sentence  of  the  cumpetent  tribunals.  His  Sicilian  Majesty  engages 
on  all  these  occasions  to  guarantee  to  the  subjects  of  his  Britannic  Majesty  who  sliall  reside  in  liia 
slates  and  dominions,  the  preservation  of  their  property  and  personal  security,  in  the  same  manner  us 
ilio^e  are  guaranteed  to  his  subjects,  and  to  all  foreigners  belonging  to  the' most  favoured  and  most 
highly  privileged  nations. 

t).  According  to  the  tenor  ofthe  articles  1.  and  2.  of  this  treaty,  his  Sicilian  Majesty  engages  not  to 
declare  null  and  void  the  privileges  and  exemptions  which  actually  exist  in  favour  of  Britisli  commerce 
within  his  dominions,  till  the  same  day,  and  except  by  the  same  act,  by  which  the  privileges  and  ex- 
emniinns.  whatsoever  they  are,  of  all  other  nations,  shall  be  declared  null  and  void  within  the  same. 

7.  His  Sicilian  Majesty  promiaes,  from  the  date  when  the  general  abolition  ofthe  privileges  accord- 
ins  to  the  articles  I,  2.  and  6.  shall  lake  place,  to  make  a  reduction  of  10  per  cent,  upon  the  amount  of 
ihe  duties  payable  according  to  the  tariff  in  force  the  1st  of  January,  1810,  upon  the  total  of  the  nii-r- 
chandise  or  production  ofthe  United  Kingdom  of  fJreat  Britain  and  Ireland,  her  colonies,  possessions, 
and  dependencies,  imported  into  the  slates  of  his  said  Sicilian  Majesty,  according  to  the  tenor  of 
article  4,  ofthe  present  convention  ;  it  being  understood  that  nothing  in  this  article  shall  be  construed 
to  prevent  the  King  of  the  Two  Sicilies  from  granting,  if  he  shall  think  proper,  the  same  reduction  of 
jiity  to  other  foreign  nations  . 

!*."  The  subjects  of  the  Ionian  Islands  shall,  in  consequence  of  their  being  actually  under  the  imme- 
diate proteelion  of  his  Britannic  Majesty,  enjoy  all  the  advantages  which  are  granted  to  tlie  commerce 
and  to  the  subjects  of  Great  Britain  b>  the  present  treaty  ;  it  being  well  understood  that,  to  prevent 
all  abuses,  anil  to  prove  its  identity,  every  Ionian  vessel  shall  be  furnished  with  a  patent,  signed  by 
the  Lord  High  Commissioner  or  his  representative. 

9,  The  present  convention  shall  be  ratified,  and  the  ratifications  thereof  exchanged  in  London,  within 
Ihe  space  of  6  months,  or  sooner  if  possible. 

In  witness  whereof,  the  respective  Plenipotentiaries  have  signed  it,  and  have  thereunto  affixed  tlie 
seal  of  their  arms. 

Done  at  London,  the  26th  of  September,  1816. 

Castlereaoh.  Castelcicala, 

Separate  and  Mditional  Article. 

In  order  to  avoid  nil  doubt  respecting  the  reduction  upon  the  duties  in  favour  of  British  commerce, 
which  his  Sicilian  Majesty  has  promised  in  the  7th  article  of  the  convention  signed  this  day  between 
his  Britannic  Majesty  and  his  Sicilian  Majesty,  it  is  declared,  by  this  present  separate  and  additional 
article,  that  by  the  concession  of  10  per  cent,  of  diminution,  it  is  understood  that  in  case  the  amount 
of  the  duty  should  be  20  per  cent,  upon  the  value  of  the  merchandise,  the  eftect  of  the  reduction  of  10 
percent,  is  to  reduce  the  duty  from  20  to  18;  and  so  for  other  cases  in  proportion.  And  tliat  for  the 
articles  which  are  not  taxed  ad  valorem  in  the  tariff,  the  reduction  of  the  duty  shall  be  proportionate  ; 
that  is  to  say,  a  deduction  of  a  tenth  part  upon  the  amount  ofthe  sum  payable  shall  be  granted. 

The  present  sep'irate  and  additional  article  shall  have  the  same  force  and  validity  as  if  it  had  been 
inserted  word  for  word  in  the  convention  of  this  day  —it  shall  be  ratified,  and  the  ratification  thereof 
shall  be  exchanged  at  the  same  time. 

In  witness  whereof  the  respective  Plenipotentiaries  have  signed  it,  and  have  thereunto  affixed  the 
seal  ;if  their  arms. 

Done  at  London,  the  26th  of  September,  1816. 

Castlereaoh.  Castelcicala. 

Turkey. 

dpitulalions  and  Articles  of  Peace  between  Oreat  Britain  and  the  Ottoman  Empire,  as  agreed  upon, 
augmented,  and  altered,  at  different  Periods,  and,  finally,  confirmed  by  the  Ih-eaty  of  Peace  concluded 
at  the  Vardanellea,  in  1809. 

SULTAN    MEHEMED, 

MAY  HE  LIVE  FOR  EVER. 

"I.tl  every  thing  be  observed  in  conformity  to  these  capitulations,  and  contrary  thereto  let  nothing  be 
done" 

1.  The  English  nation  and  merchants,  and  all  other  merchants  sailing  under  the  English  flag,  with 
ilieir  vessels  and  merchandise  of  all  descriptions,  may  pass  safely  by  sea,  and  go  and  come  into  our 
dominions,  williout  any  the  least  prejudice  or  molestation  being  given  to  their  persons,  property,  or 
elfects,  by  any  person  whatsoever,  but  they  shall  be  left  in  the  undisturbed  enjoyment  of  their  privi- 
leges, and  be  at  liberty  to  attend  to  their  ail'airs. 

1.  If  any  of  the  English  coming  into  our  dominions  by  land  be  molested  or  detained,  such  persons 
Eball  he  instantly  released,  without  any  further  obstruction  being  given  to  them. 

3.  English  vessels  entering  the  ports  and  liarbours  of  our  dominions  shall  and  may  at  all  times  safely 
and  securely  abide  and  remain  therein,  and  at  their  free  will  and  pleasure  depart  therefrom,  without 
any  opposition  or  hindrance  from  any  one. 

4.  If  it  shall  happen  that  any  of  their  ships  suffer  by  stress  of  weather,  and  not  be  provided  with 
necessary  stores  and  requisites,  they  shall  be  assisted  by  ail  who  happen  to  be  present,  whether  the 
cren's  ofour  Imperial  ships,  or  others,  both  by  sea  and  land. 

5.  Being  cniiie  into  the  ports  and  harbours  of  our  dominions,  they  shall  and  may  be  at  liberty  to  pur- 
chase at  their  pleasure,  with  their  own  money,  provisions  and  all  other  necessary  articles,  and  to  pro- 
vide themselves  with  water,  without  interruption  or  hindrance  from  any  one. 

6.  If  any  of  their  ships  be  wrecked  upon  any  ofthe  coasts  of  otir  dominions,  all  beys,  cadis,  govern- 
ors, commandants,  and  others  our  servants,  who  may  he  near  or  present,  shall  give  them  all  help,  pro- 
lection,  and  assistance,  and  restore  to  them  whatsoever  goods  and  effects  may  be  driven  ashore  ;  and 
in  the  evcni  of  any  plunder  being  committed,  they  shall  make  diligent  search  and  inquiry  to  find  out 
the  property,  which,  when  recovered,  shall  he  wholly  restored  by  them. 


670 


TREATIES  (COMMERCIAL). 


»»■    ■ 
•tfT  " 

MU  -LI 

CI 


CD 


■I 


7.  The  merchanig,  interpreter!,  bankeri,  and  ntheri,  of  the  aaid  nation,  shall  and  may,  both  by  gei 
and  land,  cnnii!  into  niir  dnminioni),  and  thpre  trade  with  the  most  perfect  security;  and  in  coiiiin» 
and  doing,  ni'il tier  tliey  nor  their  attendants  sliall  receive  any  the  least  olistrnclion,  inolestatlon,  or 
injury,  either  in  their  persons  or  property,  from  the  beys,  cadis,  sea  captains,  soldiers,  and  others  our 
slaves. 

17.  Our  ships  and  ealleys,  and  all  other  vessels,  which  may  full  In  with  any  English  ships  in  theseaa 
of  our  dnniinions,  shall  not  give  them  any  molestation,  nor  detain  them  by  demanding  any  thing,  liui 
shall  show  good  and  inutnal  friendship  the  one  to  the  other,  without  occacioning  them  any  prejudice 

10.  If  the  corsairs  or  galliots  of  the  I.evnnt  be  found  to  have  taken  any  K.nglish  vessels,  or  riihhednr 
plundered  them  of  their  goods  and  elfects,  also  if  any  one  shall  have  forcibly  taken  any  thing  froiniiw 
Knglish.  all  possible  diligence  and  exertion  shall  be  used  and  employed  for  the  discovery  of  iho  pm. 
perty,  and  indicting  condign  punishment  on  those  who  may  have  committed  such  depredations;  and 
their  ships,  goods,  and  elfects,  shall  be  restored  to  them  without  delay  or  intrigue. 

21.  Duties  shall  not  be  demanded  or  taken  of  the  English,  or  the  merchants  sailing  under  Iho  flnvof 
that  nation,  on  any  piastres  and  sequins  they  may  import  into  our  sacred  dominions,  or  on  those  iljev 
may  transport  to  any  other  place.  ' 

36.  English  merchants,  and  all  others  sailing  under  their  flag,  may,  freely  and  unrcstricledly,  trade 
and  purchase  alt  sorts  of  merchandise  (prohibited  commodities  alone  excepted),  and  convey  them 
eiiher  by  land  or  sea,  or  by  way  of  the  river  Tanais,  to  the  countries  of  Muscovy  or  Russia,  and  briiij 
buck  thence  other  merchandise  into  our  sacred  dominions,  for  the  purposes  of  tralhc,  and  also  trans. 
port  others  to  Persia  and  other  conquered  countries. 

38.  Should  the  ships  bound  for  Constantinople  be  forced  by  contrary  winds  to  put  into  Cafla,  or  any 
other  place  of  those  parts,  and  not  be  disposed  to  buy  or  sell  any  thing,  no  one  sliall  presume  fnrciliiv 
to  take  out  or  seize  any  part  of  their  merchandise,  or  give  tQ  the  ships  or  crews  any  molestation  or 
obstruct  the  vessels  that  are  bound  to  those  ports.  ' 

40.  On  their  ships  arriving  at  any  port,  and  landing  their  goods,  they  may,  after  having  paid  their 
duties,  safely  and  securely  depart,  without  experiencing  any  molestation. 

41.  English  ships  bound  to  Constantiimple,  Alexandria,  Tripoli  of  Syria,  Scanderoon,  or  other  port* 
of  our  sacred  dominions,  shall  in  future  be  bound  to  pay  duties,  according  to  custom,  on  siicli  gnndj 
oidy  as  they  shall,  of  their  own  free  will,  land  with  a  view  to  sale  ;  and  for  such  merchandise  as  thcv 
shall  not  discharge,  no  duty  shall  be  demanded,  neither  shall  the  least  molestation  or  hindrance  be 
given  to  them. 

44.  English  and  other  merchants  navigating  under  their  flag,  who  trade  to  Aleppo,  shall  pay  sucli 
duties  on  the  silks,  brought  and  laden  by  them  on  board  their  ships,  as  are  paid  by  the  French  aiiil 
Venetians,  and  not  one  asper  more. 

55.  The  Imperial  fleet,  galleys,  and  other  vessels,  departing  from  our  sacred  dominions,  and  fallin; 
in  with  English  ships  at  sea,  shall  in  no  wise  molest  or  detain  them,  nor  take  from  them  any  ihiri» 
whatsoever.  English  ships  shall  no  longer  be  liable  to  any  further  search,  or  exaction  at  sea  under 
colour  of  search  or  examination. 

70.  English  ships  coming  to  the  porta  of  Constantinople,  Alexandria,  Smyrna,  Cyprus,  and  other 
ports  of  our  sacred  dominions,  shall  pay  300  aspers  for  anchorage  duly,  without  an  asper  more  bein? 
demanded  of  them. 

7*2.  No  molestation  shall  be  given  to  any  of  the  aforesaid  nation  buying  camlets,  mohairs,  or  grogram 
yarn,  at  Angora,  and  Bcghbazar,  and  desirous  of  exporting  the  same  from  thence,  ofler  having  paid 
the  duty  of  3  per  cent.,  by  any  demand  of  customs  for  the  exportation  thereof,  neither  shall  one  asper 
more  be  demanded  of  them. 

75.  That  it  being  represented  to  us  that  English  merchants  have  been  accustomed  hitherto  to  pay  no 
custom  or  scale  duty,  either  on  the  silks  bought  by  them  at  Brussa  and  Constantinople,  or  on  those 
which  come  from  Persia  and  Georgia,  and  are  purchased  by  them  at  Smyrna  from  the  Armenians  j  if 
such  custom  or  usage  really  exists,  and  the  same  be  not  prejudicial  to  the  empire,  such  duty  shall  not 
be  paid  in  future. 

(JV.  B.— These  capitulations  may  be  found  entire  in  HertsUt'a  Treaties ;  and  in  Chitty's  Commenid 
iatc,  vol.  ii.  pp.  290— 311.  Appen.) 

Treaty  helioeen  Great  Britain  and  the  Sublime  Porte,  concluded  at  the  Dardanelles,  the  5th  of  January,  ISO!) 

1.  From  the  moment  of  signing  the  present  treaty,  every  act  of  hostility  between  England  and 
Turkey  shall  cease. 

5.  In  return  for  the  indulgence  and  good  treatment  aflbrded  by  the  Sublime  Porte  to  Enelish  mer- 
chants, with  respect  to  their  goods  and  property,  as  well  as  in  all  matters  tending  to  facilitate  tlieii 
commerce,  England  shall  reciprocally  extend  every  indulgence  and  friendly  treatment  to  the  Hapg, 
subjects,  and  merchants  of  the  Sublime  Porte,  which  may  hereafter  frequent  the  dominions  of  his 
Britannic  Majesty  for  the  purposes  of  commerce. 

6.  The  last  Custom-house  tarilf  established  at  Constantinople,  at  the  ancient  rate  of  3  per  rent., and 
particularly  the  article  relating  to  the  interior  commerce,  shall  continue  to  be  observed,  as  llieyarcai 
present  regulated,  and  to  which  England  promises  to  conform. 

10.  English  patents  of  protection  shall  not  be  granted  to  dependants,  or  merchants  who  are  siilijecls 
of  the  Sublime  Porte,  nor  shall  any  passport  be  delivered  to  such  persons,  on  the  part  of  anibassadorj 
or  consuls,  without  permission  previously  obtained  from  the  Sublime  Porte. 

Done  near  the  Castles  of  the  Dardanelles,  the  5th  of  January,  1809,  which  corresponds  withllie 
year  of  the  Ilegira  1223,  the  lUlh  day  of  the  Moon  Zilkaude. 

Revo  Mehemmed  Emin  Vahid  Effendi. 
Robert  Adair. 

United  States. 

Convention  of  Commerce  betteeen  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  of  .America,  signed  at  Lonio'ti, 

the  3d  of  July,  1815. 

Article  1.  There  shall  be  between  all  the  territories  of  his  Britannic  Majesty  in  Europe,  and  the  I 
territories  of  the  United  Stdtes,  a  reciprocal  liberty  of  commerce.  The  inhabitants  nf  the  2coiinlries 
respectively,  shall  have  liberty  freely  and  securely  to  come  with  their  ships  and  cargoes  to  all  cudi  I 
places,  ports,  and  rivers  in  the  territories  aforesaid,  to  which  other  foreigners  are  permitted  to  come,  { 
to  enter  into  the  same,  and  to  remain  and  reside  in  any  part  of  the  said  territories  respectively;  and  I 
also  to  hire  and  occupy  houses  and  warehouses  for  the  purpose  of  their  commerce;  and  gfni'rallylliel 
merchants  and  traders  of  each  nation  respectively  shall  enjoy  the  most  complete  prutectinn  and se- 1 
curity  for  their  commerce  ;  hut  subject  always  to  the  laws  and  statutes  of  the  Scnuntrifs  respectlveli  | 

2.  No  higher  or  other  duties  shall  be  imposed  on  the  imporintion  into  the  territories  of  his  Urilannicl 
Majesty  in  Europe,  of  any  articles,  the  growth,  produce,  or  manufacture  of  the  United  States,  and  no 
higher  or  other  duties  shall  be  imposed  on  the  importation  into  the  United  States,  of  any  atticli's,  ilie_ 
growth,  produce,  or  manufacture  of  bis  Britannic  Majesty's  territories  in  Europe,  tlian  are  orsballUl 


L). 

tion,  »h«U  »nd  may.  both  by  set 
Prfect  security  ;  «"'  «"'  fomin? 
least  obstruclion,  inolcMatioii,  or 
captains,  soldiers,  and  otliers  our 

vith  any  Enclifh  "''"P*  '"••'e'ea* 
hein  by  dcnmndiog  ttoy  <'""B.  ta 

occasioning  tli«i"  nny  pr..judicc 
;  any  F.nplisli  vessels,  or  rnl.l.e,ln, 

forcibly  taken  Bnytl.u.K  from  ihe 
,ed  for  ti.e  discovery  ot  ll.e  pro. 
-..mnitted  such  depredations ;  ana 

[KamstTling  under  .1,0  flngof 
"acred  dominions,  or  on  those  tk, 

»v,  freely  and  unrestrictedly  trade 
one  excepted),  and  convey  them, 
rofMuscovyorKusBio,a«.lbr,„s 
purposes  of  trattic,  and  also  trans- 

■nrv  winds  to  put  into  Caffa  nr  any 
hi.K  one  shall  pres..n,e  orcMv 
ships  or  crews  any  molestation,  or 

s,  they  may,  after  having  paidthtit 

Df  Svihi,  Scandernon,  or  otlier  port. 
according  to  ciistotii,  on  such  good, 
. *  an.u'>r  «"cl>  merchandise  as  they 
/least  molestation  or  hindrance  be 

who  trade  to  Aleppo,  shall  pay  such 
ships,  as  are  paid  by  the  Hunch  and 

„  n„r  sacred  dominions,  and  fallin? 
ahem,  nor  take  from  them  any  thin« 
er  search,  or  exaction  at  sea  under 

pxandria,  Smyrna,  Cyprus,  and  other 
Se  duty,  without  an  asper  more  beinj 

1  buying  camlets,  mohairs,  or  gtogram 

same  from  thence,  after  Having  paid 

lati^  thereof,  neither  shall  one  aspet 

«e  been  accustomed  hitherto  to  pay  no 
Kssa  and  Constantinople,  or  on  those 
m  at  Smyrna  from  the  Armenians;  it 
"iaUoUie  empire,  such  duty  shall  not 

TreatUs ;  and  in  Chithfs  Commmkl 

ie  DardaitelUs,  the  5(ft  of  January,  1S09 

,ct  of  hostility  between  England  and 

!,„  fhP  Sublime  Porte  to  Enelish  mer- 

aflmatfers  tending  to  facilitate.  e,r 

ond  friendly  treatment  to  the  Hap, 

eafief  frequent  the  dominions  of  his 

nt  the  ancient  rate  of  3  per  cent.,  and 
lontlnue  to  be  observed,  as  they  are  a. 

^«nf«  or  merchants  who  are  siihjeols 

iblime  Porte. 

lary,  1809,  which  corresponds  withine 

luHFMMED  EM.N    VAH.D  EFFENDI. 
T   ADAIB. 

States  of  JImtrica,  Signed  at  London, 

ilh  their  ships  ""'l^itedtocome, 

Ither  foreigners  »'«/"'  "ijvelv i  m^ 
I  the  said  terri.ori.  s  res  ecAve,^^! 

I  of  their  commerc.     ;"  ;'^^;  „  ,„d,e.| 

Iv  the  most  complete  I"  ""''    .-md,  I 
P.lt«tesc>fthe^counrie    r    P«.i^.I 

bori:sK^---'-"1 


TREATIES  (COMMERCIAL). 


671 


payable  on  the  like  articles,  being  the  growth,  produce,  or  manufacture  of  any  other  foreign  country  ; 
nor  shall  any  higher  or  other  duties  or  charces  lie  inipoHed  in  either  of  the  two  coiiniries  on  the 
exportation  of  any  articles  lo  his  llrilannic  Majesty's  territories  in  Europe,  or  to  llie  United  States, 
respectively,  than  such  as  are  payable  on  the  exportation  of  the  like  arlieli-H  lo  any  other  foreif-n 
roiiii.ry  ;  nor  shall  any  prohibition  be  imposed  upon  the  exportalion  or  iinportation  of  a'nv  articles,  the 
crowtli,  proiUice,  or  nianufacturc  of  the  United  States,  or  of  his  llritaiiiiir  Majesty's  "territories  in 
Eiiro|PC,  to  or  from  the  said  territories  of  his  Britannic  Majesty  in  Europe,  or  to  or  from  the  said  United 
!<tati's,  which  shall  not  ei|ually  extend  to  all  other  nations. 

\o  hiijlier  or  other  duties  or  charges  shall  be  imposed  in  any  of  the  ports  of  the  llniled  Slates  on 
Urilish  vessel;),  than  those  payable  in  the  same  porls  by  vessels  of  llie  United  Stales;  nor  in  llie  ports 
of  any  ofhis  llritannic  Majesty's  territories  in  Europe  on  the  vessels  of  the  United  states,  than  shall 
lie  payable  in  the  same  ports  on  llritlsli  vessels. 

Tlic  same  duties  shall  be  paid  on  the  importation  into  the  United  Slates  of  any  articles,  the  growth, 
proiince,  or  inaniifacliire  of  1)1.4  liritannic  Maje.sty's  territories  in  Europe,  whether  sui  h  importation 
thai!  lie  in  the  vessels  of  the  United  States,  or  in  liritish  vessels  ;  and  the  same  dulies  sli.ill  be  paid 
on  .lie  iiuporliilion  into  the  ports  of  any  of  his  llritannic  Majesty's  territories  in  Europe,  of  any 
ariiclcs,  the  growth,  produce,  or  nianufactiire  of  the  United  Slul'es,  whether  such  inipuriation  shall  be 
in  liritish  vessels,  or  in  vessels  of  the  United  Slates. 

The  same  duties  shall  be  paid,  and  Ihe  same  bounties  allowed,  on  the  exportation  of  any  articles, 
the  growth,  produce,  or  nianiifacliire  of  his  llritannic  Majesty's  territories  in  Europe,  to  the  United 
(il.iles,  whether  such  exportation  shall  bo  in  vessels  of  the  United  States,  or  in  llritlsli  vessels  ;  and 
llie  same  duties  shall  he  paid,  and  the  same  bounties  allowed,  on  the  exportation  of  any  arlirles,  the 
irowtli,  produce,  or  mnnufacliirc  of  the  United  States,  lo  his  llritannic  Majesty's  lerrilorius  in  Europe, 
ivlietlier  such  exportation  shall  be  in  liritish  vessels,  or  in  vessels  of  the  liniied  Stales. 

II  is  further  agreed,  that  in  all  cases  where  drawbacks  are  or  may  be  allowed  upon  the  rc-exporta- 
lionofaiiy  goods,  the  growth,  produce,  or  iiianiifaciure  of  cither  coiinlry  respectively,  the  anioiiiit  of 
tlie  said  drawbacks  shall  be  the  same,  whether  the  s.iid  goods  shall  have  been  originally  imported  in  a 
llri.isli  or  American  vessel  ;  hut  when  such  re-exportation  shall  lake  place  from  the  Uiiiled  States  in 
altri.isti  vessel,  or  from  the  territories  of  his  llritunnic  Majesty  in  Europe  in  an  Americ.in  vessel,  lo 
any  other  foreign  nation,  the  3  contracting  parlies  reserve  to  themselves,  respectively,  the  right  of 
regulating  or  diminishing,  in  such  case,  the  auioiinl  of  the  said  drawback. 

tlie  intercourse  between  the  Uniicd  Slates  and  his  llritannic  Majesty's  possessions  in  Ihe  West 
Indies,  and  on  the  continent  of  N<irlh  America,  shall  not  be  alfecled  by  aiiy  of  the  provisions  of  this 
article,  but  each  party  shall  remain  in  the  complete  possession  of  its  rights,  witli  respect  lo  such  an 
intercourse. 

3.  Ills  llrilannic  Majesty  agrees  that  the  vessels  of  the  Unilei'  Slates  of  America  shall  be  admitted 
ami  linspllably  received  at  the  principal  setllenienis  of  the  liritish  dominions  in  the  East  Indies,  viz. 
Calcutta,  Madras,  Bumbaij,  and  Prince  uf  IValcs'  Island,  and  that  llie  cili/ens  of  Ihe  saiil  United  Slates 
may  freely  carry  on  trade  between  the  said  principal  settlements  and  the  said  United  .siates,  in  all 
articles  of  which  the  importation  and  exportation  respectively,  to  and  from  the  said  territories,  shall 
not  be  entirely  prohibited  ;  provided  only,  that  it  shall  not  be  lawful  for  them,  in  any  tline  of  war 
bciween  the  liritish  government  and  any  slate  or  power  whatever,  lo  export  from  the  said  territories, 
Hiihuut  the  special  permission  of  the  llritlsli  government,  any  military  stores,  or  naval  stores,  or  rice. 
Tlie  citizens  of  the  United  Slates  shall  pay  for  their  vessels,  when  admitted,  no  higher  or  other  duty 
or  charge  than  sliall  be  payable  on  the  vessels  of  the  most  favoured  European  nations,  and  they  shall 
pav  no  higher  or  other  ilullcs  or  charges  on  tlie  iiiiportalion  or  exportation  of  the  cargoes  of  the  said 
vessels,  than  shall  be  payable  on  llie  same  articles  when  imported  or  exported  in  tlie  vessels  of  the 
most  favoured  European  nations. 

But  it  is  expressly  agreed,  thai  the  vessels  of  the  United  States  shall  not  carry  any  articles  from  the 
laiil  principal  settlements  to  any  port  or  place,  except  to  some  port  or  place  in  the  United  Stales  of 
\inerlca,  where  the  same  shall  be  unladen. 

It  is  also  understood,  that  the  permission  granted  by  this  article  is  not  to  extend  lo  allow  the  vessels 
of.ireUni.ed  Stales  to  carry  on  any  part  of  the  coasting  trade  of  the  said  Uritisli  terrilories  ;  but  the 
vessels  of  the  United  Stales  having,  in  the  first  instance,  proceeded  to  one  of  the  said  principal 
selllenicnt3  of  the  liritish  dominions  in  the  East  Indies,  and  then  going  with  their  original  cargoes,  or 
anv  part  thereof,  from  one  of  the  said  principal  settlements  to  another,  sliall  not  be  considered  ua 
curving  on  the  coasting  trade.  The  vessels  of  the  United  Slates  may  also  touch  for  refreshments, 
but  nut  for  commerce,  in  the  course  of  their  voyage  lo  or  from  the  liritish  territories  in  India,  or  to  or 
from  the  dominions  of  the  Emperor  of  China,  at  Ihe  (,'ape  of  Good  Hope,  the  island  of  St.  Helena,  or 
such  other  places  as  maybe  in  the  possession  of  ti  real  lirltain,  in  the  African  or  Indian  seas;  it 
being  well  understood,  that,  in  all  that  regards  this  article,  the  clli/ens  of  the  United  States  shall 
he  suliject  in  all  respects  to  the  laws  and  regulations  of  the  liritish  government  from  time  to  time 

established.  .        „  .... 

4.  It  shall  be  free  for  each  of  the  2  contracting  parlies  respectively  to  appoint  consuls,  for  the  pro- 
tection of  trade,  to  reside  in  the  dominions  and  territories  of  the  <itlier  parly  ;  but  before  any  consul 
shall  act  as  such,  he  shall  in  the  usual  form  be  approved  and  ndmilled  by  the  government  to  which  he 
IS  sent;  and  it  is  hereby  declared,  that  in  case  of  illegal  and  imprnper  conduct  towards  the  laws  or 
(overninent  ofihe  country  to  which  he  is  sent,  such  consul  may  eiilior  be  punished  according  to  law, 
ifthelaws  will  reach  the  case,  or  be  sent  back,  the  offended  government  assigning  to  the  other  the 
reasons  for  the  same.  ..  . ,  ^  ■ 

II  is  hereby  declared,  that  either  of  the  contracting  parlies  may  except  from  the  residence  of  consuls 
such  particular  places  as  such  party  shall  judge  lit  lo  be  so  excepted. 

5,  This  convention,  when  the  same  shall  have  been  duly  ratified  by  his  Britannic  Majesty  and  by 
Ihe  Presiilent  of  the  United  States,  by  and  with  Ihe  advice  and  consent  of  their  Senate,  and  the 
respeClve  ratifications  mutually  exchanged,  shall  be  binding  and  obligatory  on  his  Majesty  and  on 
ibe  said  United  Slates  for  4  years  from  the  date  uf  its  signature;  and  the  ratifications  shall  bo 
exchanged  in  6  months  from  this  time,  or  sooner  if  possible. 

Doiie  at  London,  the  3d  of  July,  1815. 

Krkd.  J.  Robinson.  John  Q.  Adams. 

IIenrv  Ooulburn.  11.  Clay. 

William  Adams.  Albeht  GALLAriN 

this  convention  was  subsequently  prolonged  by  conventions  for  that  purpose  in  I8I8  and  1827. 

(Wc  have  great  pleasure  in  laying  the  following  treaty  before  our  readers  Tt  is  founded, 
as  all  such  treaties  should  be,  on  the  fairest  principles  of  reciprocity,  and  will,  no  doubt,  be 
proiluctive  of  much  advantage  to-  both  parties.  It  evinces,  taken  in  connection  with  ttie 
reduction  of  the  duties  in  the  tariff  {see  post),  the  growing  influence  of  enlic;htened  views 
u  to  the  sound  jprinciples  of  commercial  policy  in  the  Austrian  cabinet;  an  influence  that 


672 


TREATIES  (COMMERCIAL). 


WkviM 

r  I 


J 


must  necessarily,  in  the  end,  be  productive  of  measures  that  will  do  more  than  any  thine 
else  to  develop  the  hitherto  almost  latent,  but  vast  resources  of  the  Austrian  empire.  The 
clause  as  to  the  navigation  of  the  Danube  may  have  important  political  consequences,  should 
Kussia  attempt  to  throw  any  obstacles  in  its  way ;  though  we  are  not  certainly  of  the  number 
of  those  who  think  that  this  is  a  matter  of  sulficient  importance  to  British  interests  for  us  to 
involve  ourselves  in  any  very  serious  responsibilities  with  respect  to  it.  Subjoined  is  a  cony 
of  the  tioaty. 

"In  the  name  of&c.  His  Majesty  the  Empernr  of  Auatria,  Kingrf  ITiineary  and  Bohemia,  nnd  Hp, 
Majesty  the  Cineen  of  the  U.  K.  of  fJreiil  liritain  and  Ireland,  animated  with  a  desire  to  dcviMori 
e.vtiMiil,  and  slrentllhen  llie  commercial  relations  hetwecn  their  dominions  and  possessions,  and  tliiTel'j 
to  afford  to  their  anhjects  who  take  a  part  in  those  commercial  relations  every  facility  and  enroiirnee. 
inent  possible  ;  and  convinced  that  nothing  could  more  conduce  to  the  accomplishment  of  this  desire 
than  to  continue  the  suppression  of  all  inequalities  in  the  tariff  of  duties  which,  previous  to  tlie  inn. 
iludiiui  of  the  convention  signed  in  London  on  the  21st  of  Decemher,  182U,  were  levied  in  the  hnrlmur^ 
of  one  state  on  the  vessels  of  the  other,  have  ai)pointed  plenipotentiaries  to  conclude  a  treaty  to  Him 
effect— namely:  &c. — 
"  Who,  aflc'r  the  exchanpe  of  their  full  powers,  agreed  to,  and  signed,  the  following  articles  ;— 
"  Art.  1.  From  the  date  of  the  ratification  of  the  present  treaty,  the  vessels  of  the  two  Powits,  on 
enterinu  and  (inittinj!  the  respective  harhoursof  the  two  contractins  Powers,  shall  pay  no  nilierihi'ijcj 
than  those!  to  which  are  subjected  or  may  hereafter  be  subjected  the  national  vessels  of  eacli  uf  ilie 
two  Powers. 

"2.  All  the  productions  of  the  dominions  of  His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  inplndini  ilmse 
exported  to  the  north  by  tlie  river  Klbc,  and  to  the  east  by  the  Danube,  and  which  may  he  iriipnrioij 
into'thi!  harbours  of  Her  Majesty  the  (Jueen  of  the  United  Kingdom,  as  also  all  the  prodnclions  of  the 
soil  and  manufactures  of  tlie  kingdom  of  (irrat  Itrituin,  which  may  be  imported  into  the  barl)oiir§of 
His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  shall  enjoy  the  same  privileges  and  immunities,  and  rirr  rem. 
"  3.  All  the  articles  which  are  not  the  produce  of  the  soil  and  manufactures  of  the  dominions  oi'ihe 
two  contracting  Powers,  but  shall  he  imported  in  a  regular  manner  from  the  harbours  of  Austria  inia 
those  of  the  United  Kingiloin  of  Creat  Uritaiii,  Ireland,  Malta,  Gibraltar,  and  other  possessions  nf  llct 
Uritannin  Majesty,  shall  be  hidd  to  pay  no  other  duties  than  those  they  would  have  to  discliaree  if  ihcv 
were  imported  in  English  vessels.  Her  liritannic  Majesty  grants  by  the  present  treaty  to  ilie  iraile 
and  navigation  of  Austria  the  advantages  secured  by  the  two  acts  of  Parliament  of  the  2Athof.\iigu9i 
1.S33,  to  the  vessels  and  productions  of  the  United  Kingdom  and  of  its  possessions,  and  those  enjoyed 
by  the  most  favoured  nations. 

"1.  All  Austrian  vessels  proceeding  from  the  harbours  of  the  Danube,  as  far  as  Galacz,  inclusive 
as  well  as  their  cargoes,  may  sail  direct  for  tlic  ports  of  Great  Uritain,  and  of  all  other  the  possRssions 
of  Her  Kritannic  Majesty,  as  if  they  came  direct  from  the  harbours  of  Austria  ;  and,  reciprocally,  all 
English  vessels,  as  well  as  their  ciirgoes,  shall  he  admitted  into  the  Austrian  harbours,  and  depart 
therefrom,  with  the  same  immunities  as  Austrian  vessels. 

"5.  Whereas  English  vessels  coming  direct  from  other  countries  may  enter  Austrian  harbnurs 
agreeably  to  the  tenour  of  the  present  treaty,  without  paying  any  other  duties  than  those  to  whirll 
Austrian  vessels  are  liable,  the  productions  of  the  soil  and  industry  of  those  parts  of  Asia  and  Afriii 
which  are  within  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar,  and  which,  after  being  carried  in  a  right  line  into  the  puns 
of  Austria,  are  thence  sent  in  Austrian  vessels  to  the  ports  of  Great  Britain,  shall  enjoy  the  same 
advantages  as  if  they  had  been  imported  by  English  vessels  into  Austrian  ports. 

"0.  Allarticles  of  commerce  imported  or  exported  intoorfrom  the  portsof  the  contracting  cniuilrii's, 

under  the  tiagsof  either,  whether  in  British  or  Austrian  bottoms,  are  to  be  subjected  to  tiie  same  duties 

and  premiums. 

"7.  All  goods  in  bond  from  either  country  are  to  be  subjected  to  the  same  duties  on  re-p.xportalinn. 

"8.  The  Governments  of  the  two  states  undertake  not  to  inquire  into  the  origin  of  the  prodiicis 

introduced  into  the  ports  of  either. 

"9.  With  regard  to  trade  with  the  East  Indies  in  Austrian  bottoms,  the  same  privileges  are  BraiiioJ 
by  England  to  Austria  as  to  the  moat  favoured  nations,  but  under  the  same  conditions  and  le:al 
prescriptions. 

"  10.  The  treaty  does  not  apply  to  coasting  navigation  and  trade  between  the  ports  of  tlie  same 
state  in  vessels  belonging  to  the  otiier  of  the  two  contracting  states,  as  far  as  regards  the  tinnspun 
of  passengers  and  goods,  because  this  navigation  and  trade  are  reserved  to  natives  of  each  cuuiiliy 
respectively. 

"11.  The  vessels  and  subjects  of  the  contracting  Powers,  in  their  trade  and  navigation,  arc  lo  enjoy 
reciprocally  all  the  rights  and  privileges  of  the  most  favoured  nations  in  the  ports  of  either— that  Is  lo 
say,  Austria  is  to  have  in  the  United  Kingdom  and  all  British  possessions  the  full  advaniaseof  the 
Navigation  Act  passed  28ih  of  April,  1833,  and  of  another  act  of  the  same  date  for  regulating  llie  trade 
of  the  foreign  possessions  of  England,  or  of  any  future  acts  or  Orders  in  Council  to  the  sanio  eli'cti; 
and  England  is  to  have  in  Austrian  ports  all  advantages  insured  by  treaties  to  other  Powers.  Tli; 
two  Powers  also  bind  themselves  not  to  grant  any  favours  and  privileges  of  trade  and  navluaiionio  , 
the  subjects  of  other  Powers  which  shall  not  be  at  the  same  time  granted  to  Austrian  and  UriiL<li 
subjects  reciprocally,  either  gratuitously  or  upon  equivalent  compensation,  according  to  the  iialure  | 
of  the  privileges  so  granted  to  other  Powers. 

"12.  The  stipulations  contained  in  the  7th  article  of  the  treaty  concluded  at  Paris  on  tlieSthnf 
November,  1S15,  between  the  Courts  of  Austria,  Great  Britain,  Prussia,  and  Russia,  for  llie  iraJe  | 
between  the  Austrian  states  and  the  Ionian  Islands,  continue  in  force. 

'•13.  The  present  treaty,  which  replaces  that  of  the  21st  of  December,  1820,  between  the  Aiistrlu 
and  liritish  Governiiienls,  is  to  remain  in  force  until  the  31st  of  December,  1818,  and  after  that  tiiiiel'ir 
twelve  months  from  the  ilate  when  one  of  the  contracting  Powers  shall  signify  to  the  other  itsiiiieii- 1 
lion  of  limiting  the  duration  of  the  treaty.    At  thce.vpirationuf  such  twelve  months  after  the  rece|ilii>g  j 
of  such  notice,  the  treaty  is  to  cease  to  be  of  effect. 
"  14.  Done  at  Vienna,  July  3,  1838.  "Metternich. 

"I'"UEDEBicK  James  Lamb." 

Wo  have  prcat  pleasure  in  directing  the  attention  of  our  readers  to  the  folIowiriGr  troalv.l 
They  are  aware,  as  we  have  elsewhere  shown  (art.  Constantixople),  that  iiothinjj 
can  be  more  liberal  than  the  policy  of  the  Turkish  government,  as  to  importation.  Butlkfl 
freedom  of  exportation  is  quite  as  necessary  to  the  successful  prosecution  of  commerMail 
that  of  importation.  A  country  prohibited  from  selling,  that  is,  from  exporting,  cannot,  hoi  j 
much  soever  it  tnay  be  disposed,  import,  or  buy ;  and  hitherto  this  has  been  in  a  great  ilc;r(«| 


)• 

11  do  more  thtm  any  thini? 
the  Austrian  empire.  The 
)litica\  consequences,  should 
not  certainiy  of  the  number 
to  British  interests  for  us  to 
t  to  it.     Subjoined  is  a  copy 

lunenry  and  Bohemia,  nnrt  Hat 

r^,    with  a  desire  in  dcvHop, 

'nsand^"soBBio„s«n.ltl..:r,.l,y 

^.      »^  irh  nrevious  to  Hi.!  cnn- 
'StoconcU.de  a  treaty  to  thai 

powers.  Hhall  pay  no/Uher,lm..., 
enaUunal  vessels  01  each  o.lhn. 

P*""'  L  which  may  t.e  iinporl..,! 
""/Alsoant^eproduclionsW.he 
'  "*  "  Lrtpli  into  the  liarboiirs  of 
'''"V?.C.unite«?andr.rr,.rra.i. 
8  ""''"""Hf  the  dominions  of  the 
"f'rnm  1  eharbours  of  Austria  .m„ 
'  ^,'  ^^A  niher  possessions  of  IIci 
'''^''''.nU  have  to  discharee  if  ihey 
'^^'ThPnresenttrentvtothetnule 

^^'i■v,ltamen^of  the  tolh  of  .\«?u«t 
^UpossessU,ns.a..dll.oseen3.>yd 

w„  ns  far  as  Galacz,  inclusive, 
Danube,  as  'ar  .  possessions 

■'^'"V'^Attria     anS   '«^M'r™-'lly.»l' 
\he  A^str\Tn'harl,ours,  and  depart 

•       ™,v  pnter  Austrian  Uarlimirs, 
tries  may  eniej  a  ^^^  ^^.,^^^,,1 

^"^^^Mho  Tarts  of"Asiaa,,dXfrKa 
"y  ,riP  1  n  a  ripht  line  into  the  P"r.s 
[o^rBJilain,  «>'''»  «"i''y''''^^^'"' 
A'"^"'?"rthe'contractinBcounlrip^ 
\!:,VrUes«Sectedlothesan.ed,U>« 

--^nr^tJ^JJofO^;= 

&VveK=^ttf-"f-^''^"^^^^^^^ 

I  A^  nnrt  navigation,  arc  to  enjoy 

Ijeir  trade  »""  "^,  'of  eitlier-tlialism 

(ations  in  the  P^JY,"/ ^  ;,.„..e  of  ita 
Ipossessims  the  full  a^^^^___^  ^^^^  ^  ^,^ 

[the  same  '»^,»«  '''\j  j,"^  ll,e  same  elVect; 
1  orders  "1  Council  to       ^^^^^^    ^^^ 

In  force.  between  tlie  .\«s"»« 

Tuecemher,  182j^.  ^ej.,,-,^  tmutimel^t 

I  "'''^^'"„;^si^nify  t"  tUe  other  its  um- 
rsucliJwclvemo'nthsafiertliercce,*n| 

L,.  readers  to  tltcfoUowin.2 

^°:rrtoCp^^tior  Bou. 


TREATIES  (COMMERCIAL). 


673 


the  case  with  Turkey.  The  government  has  been  in  the  habit  of  monopolising  the  trade  in 
lilk  and  opium ;  and  the  exportation  of  a  great  many  important  articles,  as  corn,  copper, 
hemp,  and  flax,  &c.,  has  either  been  wholly  prohibited,  or  sold  or  jobbed,  by  the  divan  or 
the  pacha  of  the  province  to  the  highest  bidder,  or  some  favoured  minion.  The  subjoined 
treaty  expressly  stipulates  for  the  suppression  of  this  wretched  system.  "The  SubUme 
Porte"  formally  engaging  "  to  abolish  all  monopolies  of  agricultural  produce,  or  of  any 
other  articles  whatsoever,  as  well  as  all  permits  from  the  local  governors,  either  for  the  pur- 
chase of  any  article  or  for  its  removal  from  one  place  to  another  when  purchased  ;"  and  all 
viziers,  or  other  officers,  who  may  act  contrary  to  such  stipulations  are  to  be  punished.  If 
this  condition  be  6onay!(ie  enforced,  it  will  effect  one  of  the  most  salutary  reforms  that  it 
was  possible  to  introduce.  We  confess,  indeed,  that  we  have  little,  or  rather  no  hope,  in  the 
regeneration  or  real  improvement  of  Turkey,  and  should  be  glad  to  see  her  territories  oc- 
cupied by  any  European  power.  But  still  the  liberty  freely  to  export  will  do  something  for 
ibc  inhabitants ;  and,  by  opening  new  markets  for  their  products,  will  in  so  far  stimulate 
their  industry,  and  promote  civilisation.  The  benefits  that  may  grow  out  of  this  treaty  to 
Great  Britain  and  other  commercial  nations  are  but  trifling  compared  to  those  that  will 
probably  result  from  it  to  Turkey  herself:  and  it  is  on  this  account,  mdeed,  that  it  is  espe- 
cially deserving  of  eulogy.    The  treaty  takes  effect  from  the  Ist  of  March,  1839. 

Convtntion  of  Commerce  and  Navigation  betioeen  Her  Majesty  and  the  Sultan  of  the  Ottoman  Empire,  with 
two  additional  articles  thereunto  annexed. 

Art.  1.— All  rights,  privileges,  and  immunities  which  have  been  conferred  on  the  subjects  or  ships  of 
Great  Britain  by  the  existing  capitulations  and  treaties  are  confirmed  now  and  for  ever,  except  in  as 
faraatliey  may  be  specifically  altered  by  the  present  convention  :  and  it  is,  moreover,  expressly  sti- 
pulated ttiat  all  rights,  privileges,  or  immunities  wliich  the  Sublime  Porte  now  grants,  or  may  here- 
after grant,  to  the  ships  and  subjects  of  any  other  foreign  power,  or  which  it  may  sulier  the  ships  and 
jubjects  of  any  other  foreign  power  to  enjoy,  shall  be  equally  granted  to,  and  exercised  and  enjoyed 
bv.the  subjects  and  ships  of  Great  Britain. 

'Art.  2.— The  suhjecls  of  her  Britannic  Majesty,  or  their  agents,  shall  be  permitted  to  purchase  at  all 
places  in  the  Ottoman  dominions  (whether  for  the  purposes  of  internal  trade  or  exportation)  all  arti- 
cles, without  any  exception  whatsoever,  the  produce,  growth,  or  manufacture  of  the  said  dominions ; 
and  the  Sublime  Porte  formally  engages  to  abolish  all  monopolies  of  agricultural  produce,  or  of  any 
ether  articles  whatsoever,  as  well  as  all  permits  from  the  local  governors,  either  for  the  purchase  of 
any  article  or  for  its  removal  from  one  place  to  another  when  purchased  ;  and  any  attempt  to  compel 
the  subjects  of  Her  Britannic  Majesty  to  receive  such  permits  from  the  local  governors  shall  be  consi- 
dered as  an  infraction  of  treaties,  and  the  Sublime  Porte  shall  immediately  punish  with  severity  any 
vizirs  and  other  officers  who  shall  have  been  guilty  of  such  misconduct,  and  render  full  justice  to  Bri- 
tish subjects  for  all  injuries  or  losses  which  they  may  duly  prove  themselves  to  have  suffered. 

Art.  3.— If  any  article  of  Turkish  produce,  growth,  or  manufacture  be  purchased  by  the  British  iner- 
tl'.antor  his  agent,  for  the  purpose  of  selling  the  same  for  internal  consumption  in  Turkey,  the  British 
merrliant  or  his  agent  shall  pay,  at  the  purchase  and  sale  of  such  articles,  and  in  any  manner  of  trade 
ibereiu,  the  same  duties  that  are  paid,  in  similar  circumstances,  by  the  most  favoured  class  of  Turkish 
subjects  engaged  in  the  internal  trade  of  Turkey,  whether  Mussulmans  or  Rayahs. 
.\rt.  4.— If  any  article  of  Turkish  produce,  growth,  or  manufacture  be  purchased  for  exportation,  the 
I  same  shall  be  conveyed  by  the  British  merchant  or  his  agent,  free  of  any  kind  of  charge  or  duty  what- 
soever, to  a  convenient  place  of  shipment,  on  its  entry  into  which  it  shall  be  liable  to  one  fixed  duty 
of  9  per  cent,  ad  valorem,  in  lieu  of  all  other  interior  duties. 
Bubseqiiently,  on  exportation,  the  duty  of  3  per  cent.,  as  established  and  existing  at  present,  shall 
lepaid.    But  all  articles  bought  in  the  shipping  ports  for  exportation,  and  which  have  already  paid 
I  ilie  interior  duty  at  entering  into  the  same,  will  only  pay  the  3  per  cent,  export  duty. 
Art.  5.— The  regulations  under  which  firmans  are  issued  to  British  merchant  vessels  for  passing  the 
Dardanelles  and  the  Bosphorus,  shall  be  so  framed  as  to  occasion  to  such  vessels  tlie  least  possible 
delay. 

I  Art.  6.— It  is  agreed  by  the  Turkish  government  that  the  regulations  established  in  the  present  con- 
vention shall  be  general  throughout  the  Turkish  empire,  whether  in  Turkey  in  Europe,  in  Turkey  in 
km.  in  Egypt,  or  other  African  possessions  belonging  to  the  Sublime  Porte,  and  shall  be  applicable  to 
lall tbe  subjects,  whatever  their  description,  of  the  Ottoman  dominions ;  and  the  Turkish  government 
■  also  agrees  not  to  object  to  other  foreign  powers  settling  their  trade  upon  the  basis  of  this  present 
Itonveiition. 

I  Art.  7.— It  having  been  the  custom  of  Great  Britain  and  the  Sublime  Porte,  with  a  view  to  prevent 
III! difficulties  and  delay  in  estimating  the  value  of  articles  imported  into  the  Turkish  dominions,  or 
itiported  therefrom,  by  British  subjects,  to  appoint,  at  intervals  of  fourteen  years,  a  commission  of 
Inenwell  acquainted  with  the  traffic  of  both  countries,  who  have  fixed  by  a  tariff  the  sum  of  money 
In  the  coin  of  the  Grand  Signior  which  should  be  paid  as  duty  on  each  article  ;  and  the  term  of  four- 
lien  years,  during  which  the  last  adjustment  of  the  said  tariff  was  to  remain  in  force,  having  e.vpired, 
Ilbe  high  contracting  parties  have  agreed  to  name  conjointly  fresh  commissioners  to  fix  and  determine 
nhe  amount  in  money  which  is  to  be  paid  by  British  subjects,  as  the  duty  of  3  ""^r  cent,  upon  the  value 
Kf  all  commodities  imported  and  exported  by  them ;  and  the  said  commissicers  shall  establish  an 
kquitable  arrangement  for  estimating  the  interior  duties  which,  by  the  present  treaty,  are  established 
pnTuritish  goods  to  be  exported,  and  shall  also  determine  on  tbe  places  of  shipment  where  it  may  be 
Mt  convenient  that  such  duties  should  be  levied. 

The  new  tariff  thus  established  to  be  in  force  for  seven  years  after  it  has  been  fixed,  at  the  end  of 
Kbichtime  it  shall  be  in  the  power  of  either  of  the  parties  to  demand  a  revision  of  that  tariff;  but  if 
ho  such  demand  be  made  on  either  side  within  the  six  months  after  the  end  of  the  first  seven  years, 
Vnthe  tariff  shall  remain  in  force  for  seven  years  more,  reckoned  from  the  end  of  tbe  preceding 
leven  years;  and  so  it  shall  be  at  the  end  of  each  successive  period  of  seven  years. 
Art.  S.— The  present  convention  shall  be  ratified,  and  the  ratifications  shall  be  exchanged  at  Con- 
luminople  within  the  space  of  four  months. 

I  In  witness  whereof,  the  respective  plenipotentiaries  have  signed  the  same,  and  have  affixed  their 
bis  thereunto. 
Done  at  Balta-Liman,  near  Constantinople,  the  16th  day  of  August,  1838. 

FONBONBY. 

(Signed  in  the  Turkish  Original) 

MUSTAPHA  ReSCUID,  ItC. 

Vol.  II.-3  L  8S 


'.'    :  \ 


674 


TREATIES  (COMMERCIAL). 


ir  1 

-  j 


■■'  •  "il 

€3 


ADDITIONAL   ARTICLIS. 

Certnin  difflfulties  hsvinR  arisen  between  the  amtinBuadnr  of  Her  Dritannic  Majesty  and  the  plem. 

fpoteiillnries  of  the  Hublime  I'oric,  in  fixinR  the  new  conditions  wliich  should  reguInU;  llie  commerce 
n  British  goods  imported  into  the  Turkish  dominions,  or  passinK  Ihroiiiih  the  same  In  transit,  u  j, 
BRfeed  between  his  Excellency  the  nritish  UMihnssndor  and  the  plenipotentiaries  of  the  Sublime  I'nrie, 
that  the  present  convention  should  receive  their  siBnatnres,  without  the  articles  which  have  reference 
10  the  above-mentioned  subjects  foriiiinK  part  of  the  body  of  the  said  convention. 

Hut  at  the  same  time  it  is  also  aprced— the  following  articles  hnvinff  been  consented  to  by  the 
Turkish  government— that  they  sliall  be  snbniitled  to  the  approbation  of  Her  Majesty's  Rovernincnt, 
and,  should  they  be  approved  and  accepted  by  Her  Majoity's  government,  they  vhull  then  form  an 
integral  part  of  the  treaty  now  concluded. 

The  articles  in  question  are  the  following:—  ,   ,     „  ,        .,,      , 

Art.  1.— All  articles  being  the  growth,  produce,  or  manufacture  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Crpm 
Britain  and  Ireland  and  its  dependencies,  and  all  merchandise,  of  whatsoever  description,  einlmrlied 
Jn  British  vessels,  and  being  the  properly  of  Dritish  subjects,  or  being  brought  overland,  or  hy  nea, 
from  other  countries  by  the  same,  shall  be  admitted,  as  heretofore,  into  all  ports  of  the  Oitnniaii 
dominions,  without  exception,  on  the  payment  of  3  per  cent,  duty,  calculated  upon  the  value  of  suth 
&  ft  if*  if*R 

And  in  lieu  of  all  other  and  interior  duties,  wliether  levied  on  the  purchaser  or  seller,  to  which 
these  articles  are  at  present  subject,  it  is  agreed  that  the  importer,  after  ri^ceiving  his  goods,  shall  pny, 
if  he  sells  them  at  the  place  of  reception,  or  if  he  send  them  thence  to  be  sold  elsewhere  in  ilie  iiitcruir 
of  the  Turkish  empire,  one  fixed  duty  of  2  per  cent,  j  after  which  such  goods  may  be  sold  and  rcsdlj 
in  the  interior,  or  exported  without  any  furllier  duty  whatsoever  being  levied  or  demanded  on  thini. 

But  all  goods  that  have  paid  the  3  per  cent,  import  duty  at  one  port  shall  be  sent  to  another  free  of 
any  further  duty,  and  it  is  only  when  sold  there,  or  transmitted  thence  into  the  interior,  that  ttie 
■ecoiid  duty  shall  be  paid. 

It  in  always  understood  that  Her  Majesty's  government  do  not  pretend,  either  by  this  arliolii  or  any 
other  in  the  present  treaty,  to  stipulate  for  more  than  the  plain  and  fair  construction  of  the  terms 
employed  ;  nor  to  preclude  in  any  manner  the  Ottoman  government  from  the  exercise  of  its  rights  of 
Internal  administration,  where  the  exercise  of  those  rights  does  not  evidently  infringe  upon  llie  |iijvi. 
leges  accorded  by  ancient  treaties,  or  the  present  treaty,  to  British  merchandise  or  British  sulijects. 

Art.  2.— All  foreign  goods  brought  into  Turkey  from  other  countries  shall  be  freely  purchased  and 
traded  in,  in  any  manner,  by  the  subjects  of  Her  Britannic  Majesty,  or  the  agents  of  the  siiinti,  ntnny 
place  in  the  Ottoman  dominions;  and  if  such  foreign  goods  have  paid  no  other  duty  than  \\w.  duly 
paid  on  im|jortation,  tlien  the  British  subject  or  his  agent  shall  be  able  to  purchase  such  forelt'ii  gnoilj 
on  paying  the  extra  duty  of  2  per  cent ,  which  he  will  have  to  pay  on  the  sale  of  hia  own  inipur'td 
goods,  or  on  their  transmission  for  sale  into  the  interior;  and  after  that  such  foreign  goods  ehall  be 
resold  in  the  interior,  or  exported,  without  further  duty ;  or,  should  such  foreign  goods  have  already 
paid  the  amount  of  tlie  two  duties  (>.  e.  tlie  import  duty  and  the  one  fixed  interior  duty),  then  tlicy 
shall  be  purchased  by  the  British  subject  or  his  agent,  and  afterwards  resold  or  exported,  without 
being  ever  siibiniited  to  any  further  duty. 

Art.  3.— No  charge  whatsoever  shall  be  made  upon  British  goods  (such  being  the  growth,  prndiicp, 
or  inuiiiifacture  of  the  United  Kingdom  or  its  dependencies,  or  the  growth,  produce,  or  iiianuruDttire 
of  any  foreign  country,  and  cliarued  in  British  vessels,  and  belonging  to  British  siibjecis)  passing 
through  the  straits  of  the  Dardanelles,  of  the  Bosphorus,  and  of  the  Black  Sea,  whether  siirh  comlj 
shall  pass  through  those  straits  in  tlie  ships  that  brought  them,  or  are  transshipped  in  lluise  straits, 
or,  destined  to  he  sold  elsewhere,  are  landed  with  a  view  to  their  being  transferred  to  other  vesseU 
(and  thus  to  proceed  on  their  voyage)  within  a  reasonable  time. 

All  uierchandiHe  imported  into  Tii»key  for  the  purpose  of  being  transmitted  to  other  countriPii,  or 
which,  remaining  in  the  hands  of  the  importer,  shall  be  transmitted  by  him  for  sale  to  other  countries, 
shall  only  pay  the  duty  of  3  per  cent,  paid  on  importation,  and  no  other  duty  whatsoever. 

Uone  at  Balta-Liinan,  near  Constantinople,  the  16th  day  of  August,  1838. 

PONSONnT. 

(Signed  in  the  Turkish  original) 

MUSTAPIIA    RESCtUD,  4c. 

Official  Note  delivered  to  Lord  Ponsonby  by  his  Excellency  Nouree  Eflendi,  on  the  27ih  of  August, 
1838,  relative  to  the  2d  Article  of  the  preceding  Convention. 

(TVoniJafion.) 

It  is  stipulated  by  the  2d  article  of  the  Treaty  of  Commerce  concluded  between  the  Sublime  Pnrte 
and  the  British  government  on  the  25th  Djt'iiiaziulevel,  1254  (August  lA,  1838),  that  English  iiiercliants 
are  at  liberty  to  purchase  all  kinds  of  merchandise  in  the  Ottoman  empire. 

But  in  order  that  the  right  of  English  merchants  to  sell  within  the  Ottoman  empire,  or  to  export,  tlm 
merchandise  which  they  may  purchase,  may  not  be  liable  to  misconception,  the  embassy  of  Her  Bri- 
tannic Miijesiy  has  desired  that  an  explanation  should  be  given  on  this  point,  either  in  the  treaty  itself, 
or  in  a  special  note.  ~ 

The  meaning  of  the  passage  of  which  an  elucidation  is  requested  is  clear,  from  the  relation  which 
the  subsequent  points  in  the  2d  article  bear  to  each  other.  But  we  nevertheless  repeat,  that  Enelish 
merchants  may,  in  virtue  of  the  treaty,  purchase  within  the  Ottoman  empire  all  kinds  of  merchandise; 
may,  if  they  think  proper,  send  the  same  abroad  after  having  paid  the  duty  thereon  stipiiliited  by  the 
treaty,  or  may,  if  they  think  fit,  resell  the  same  within  the  Ottoman  empire  on  conforming  tn  the 
arraogemciils  established  by  the  said  treaty  with  reference  to  internal  commerce. 

Such  are  the  arrangements  of  the  treaty  ;  and  we  give  this  explanation  to  the  ambassador,  rerewing 
to  his  Excellency  the  assurances  of  our  sincere  and  perfect  friendship. 

The  7th  Djemaziul-ukir,  1254  (August  27,  18.')8). 

[For  the  commercial  treaties  between  the  United  States  and  other  nalion.s,  the  reader  is 
referred  to  Gordon's  Digest  of  the  Lmvs  of  the  United  Stales.  In  all  the.se  treaties  the 
government  of  the  Union  has  acted  on  the  most  liberal  principles,  ft  has  aimed  to  place 
its  commerce  with  other  countries,  on  the  basis  of  an  entire  reciprocity,  asking  from  others 
such  privileges  only  as  it  was  willing  in  its  turn  to  grant  to  them;  and  it  has  uniformly 
endeavoured  to  observe  as  strict  an  impartiality,  in  reference  to  them,  as  was  consistent  with 
a  proper  regard  for  its  own  dignity. — Atn.  Ed.] 

TREBISOND,  anciently  Trapezus,  from  its  resemblance  to  a  trapezium,  a  town  of  Asia 
Minor,  on  the  south-east  coast  of  the  Black  Sea,  lat.  40°  1'  N.,  Ion.  39°  44'  5)2"  E. 
Population  variously  estimated  at  from  15,000  to  30,000.    The  town  is  built  on  the  declivity  j 
of  a  bill  rising  gently  from  the  sea.     It  is  a  place  of  great  antiquity  ;  and,  from  the  year 


L). 

Iritnnnic  Msjcsly  «nd  the  pletii. 
h  Hlimitd  riigiilnle  llie  comnitirce 
flrniiKli  tlie  game  In  Iransii,  ii  i» 
ntentiBrifsof  the  Sublime  I'orte, 
ihe  articles  which  have  reference 
convention.  ....     ^ 

liWiiiB  hcen  consentPil  to  liy  the 
n  of  Her  Mnjpsty's  Bdvcriiciicnt, 
rnnicnt,  Uiey  Bhall  ihcn  form  an 


TREBISOND. 


675 


of  the  United  Kinednni  of  Orpoi 
hatsoever  (lescripiion,  emlmrkcd 
^Ing  brought  overliiml,  or  by  nea, 
■c  into  all  ports  of  the  Oliimian 
calculated  upon  ihu  value  of  suth 

the  piirchnier  or  seller,  to  winch 
fter  receiving  hiii  goods,  shall  pny, 
10  be  sold  elsewhere  in  llie  iiilcrinr 
uch  goods  may  be  sold  and  lemU 

■  ing  levied  or  deinnnded  on  ihi-in. 
rt  shall  be  sent  to  another  free  of 
thence  into  tlie  interior,  llial  the 

retcnd,  either  by  this  arlirle  or  any 
and  fair  construction  of  tin;  tcriiis 
It  from  the  exercise  of  its  rights  of 
t  evidently  infringe  upon  the  inivi- 
merchandise  or  Itrilisli  suhjecls. 
tries  shall  be  freely  purchased  and 
or  the  agents  of  the  same,  nl  any 
'paid  no  other  duty  Ihan  the  duly 
able  to  purchase  such  foreign  graxU 
y  on  the  sale  of  his  own  iInp(]r'^d 

■  r  that  such  foreign  goods  shall  be 
lid  such  foreign  goods  have  already 
one  fixed  interior  duty),  then  llicy 
Twards  resold  or  exported,  without 

Is  (such  being  the  growth,  iiroducp, 
le  growth,  produce,  or  inanulai^iure 
longing  to  Itritish  subjects)  passing 
the  Black  Sea,  whether  such  conds 
r  are  transshipped  in  those  straits, 
r  being  transferred  to  other  vesseU 

transmitted  to  other  countrips,  or 
id  by  him  for  sale  to  other  countries, 
other  duly  whatsoever. 
;u8t,  1838. 

PONSONIIY. 

original) 
,  MUSTAPIIA  RFsciiin,  &c. 

Iree  Effendi,  on  the  27lh  of  August, 


Lcluded  between  the  Sulilime  Porte 
bst  U>,  1838),  thai  English  merdiaiils 
E  empire.  _  ..  _ 

Ihe  Ottoman  empire,  or  to  exnTt.thn 
lonception,  the  embassy  of  Her  Bri- 
1  this  point,  either  in  the  treaty  ilsell, 

ied  is  clear,  from  the  relation  whifh 
fe  nevertheless  repeat,  that  tnslish 
Ian  empire  all  kinds  of  merchandise  j 
Tl  the  duty  thereon  stipulated  by  t  le 
fcman  empire  on  conforming  m  the 

Irnal  commerce. 

^nation  to  the  ambassador,  rerening 

|>hip. 

1  and  other  nations,  the  reader  is 
States.  In.all  these  treati<'s  the 
nciples.  It  has  aimed  to  place 
IB  reciprocity,  asking  from  others 
[to  them;  and  it  has  unitornily 
I  to  them,  as  was  consistent  witli 

,  to  a  trapezium,  a  town  of  Asia  j 

Fhe  town  is  built  on  the  dechvity 
anUquity;  and,  from  the  year ! 


1203  to  the  final  subversion  of  the  Eastern  empire  by  Mohammed  II.,  in  the  1.5th  century, 
was  the  scat  of  a  dukedom,  or,  as  it  was  sometimes  called,  an  empire,  comprisinK  the  coun- 
try between  the  Pha.sis  and  the  Hulys.  Its  fortifications  are  still  of  considerable  strength,  at 
least  for  a  Turkish  city.  The  space  included  within  tho  walls  is  of  great  extent;  but  it  ia 
principally  filled  with  gardens  and  proves.  The  houses  are  mean  in  their  outward  appear- 
ance, and  comfortless  within.— (Tourne/jr^,  Voyage  du  Levant,  tome  ii.  pp.  231— 239.; 
Kinncir''a  Journey  throuf^h  Asia  Minor,  Jrc.  p.  338.) 

//ar&rtur. —Trebisond  has  two  ports,  one  on  the  W.  and  one  on  tire  E.  side  of  a  small  peninsula,  or 
point  of  land,  projecting  a  short  way  info  the  sea.  That  on  the  east  is  the  best  shcllercil,  and  is  the 
place  of  anchorage  fur  the  largest  ships.  It  i.s,  however,  exposed  to  all  liul  the  southerly  gales  ;  but  It 
does  not  apiie.-ir,  that,  with  ordinary  precaution,  any  danger  need  be  apprehended.  The  ground,  from 
J  to  J  a  mile  h.  from  tho  point,  is  clean,  and  holds  extremely  well.  Ships  moor  with  open  hawse  to 
the  N.,  and  a  good  hawser  and  stream  anchor  on  shore,  as  a  stern-fast.  At  night,  the  wind  always 
cnmes  off  the  land.  Captain  Middleton  says  that  the  only  bad  weather  is  from  the  N.  W.  j  but  tliat, 
lhnii?b  the  swell  be  considerable,  it  does  not  cause  any  heavy  strain  upon  tho  cables.— (JVu«(ic«J  Afa- 
fa'.vit,  vol.  ii.  p.  LSI.)— At  I'latana,  near  Trehisond,  and  quite  as  exposed,  Turkish  vessels  have  from 
lime  immemorial  rode  in  saf.'ty  the  whole  winter  ;  a  satisfLjtory  proof  that  the  dangers  supposed  to 
be  incident  to  the  roads  along  the  coast  are  wholly  visionary.— (/Aid.  p.  244.) 

Jfiivigaiionnf  the  Black  Sea— We  are  happy  to  have  this  opportunity  to  state  that  Captain  Middleton, 
who  has  been  repeatedly  In  tllR  Black  Sea,  agrees  entirely  with  Tournefort— (see  ant(,  p.  251.)— as  to 
the  groundlessness  of  the  notions  that  have  got  abroad  of  its  navigation  being  peculiarly  dangerous. 
He  shows  that  the  "thick  weather,"  supposed  to  prevail  In  this  sea.  Is  "uuite  imaginary."— "There 
are  fogs  in  it  occasionally,  but  these  never  last  tong :  and,  like  fogs  every  where  else,  arc  unaccom- 
panied by  much  wind.  (Jales  sometimes  occur,  but  they  rarely  amount  to  storms,  and  their  duration 
is  short.  Except  on  its  northern  coast,  it  has  deep  water  all  over.  It  may,  in  fact,  be  considered  a  sea 
iihnost  without  a  hidden  danger."  The  only  difficulty  attaching  to  its  navigation  consists,  as  formerly 
observed  (ami,  p.  251.),  in  making  the  Busphorus.  Uu;  this,  also,  has  been  much  exaggerated  ;  and 
ships  able  to  keep  out  to  sea,  and  properly  navigated,  quit  it  without  encountering  any  considerable 
risk.— (For  further  particulars  as  to  this  interesting  subject,  the  reader  is  referred  to  Captain  Middle- 
ton's  paper  In  Ihe  2d  volume  of  the  JVouticaZ  .;»iuAra:»7ie,— a  useful  and  excellent  publication,  well  en- 
titled to  the  public  patronngc.) 

7V(irfe.— In  antiquity,  and  in  more  modern  times,  previously  to  the  conquest  of  Constantinople  by 
the  Turks,  and  the  exclusion  of  all  foreign  vessels  from  the  Black  Sea,  Trehisond  was  the  seat  of  an 
etiensive  trade.  Any  one,  indeed,  who  casts  his  eye  over  the  map  of  Asia,  must  be  satisfied  that  this 
city  is  the  natural  emporium  of  all  the  countries  to  the  S.  E.  of  the  DIack  Sea,  from  Kars  on  the  oast, 
round  hy  Diarbeker  to  Amasia,  on  the  west.  Erxeroum,  the  principal  city  of  Armenia,  is  only  about 
135  miles  S.  E.  from  Trehisond.  Its  merchants  are  distinguished  hy  their  superior  attainments,  and 
by  their  enterprise  and  activity.  For  a  lengthened  period,  they  have  derived  most  part  of  their  sup- 
plies of  European  commodities  hy  way  of  Smyrna  or  Constantinople ;  nothing,  however,  but  the  im- 
possibility of  obtaining  them  at  so  convenient  a  port  as  Trehisond,  could  have  made  them  resort  to 
such  distant  markets  as  those  now  mentioned  ;  and  it  may  well  excite  surprise,  considering  the  period 
during  which  the  Black  Sea  has  been  open,  that  efforts  were  not  sooner  made  to  establish  an  inter- 
course with  Armenia,  Georgia,  and  the  north-western  parts  of  Persia,  through  this  channel.  We  are 
glad,  however,  to  have  to  stale,  that  within  these  few  years  this  has  been  done ;  and  notwithstanding 
the  difficulties  that  necessarily  attach  to  every  attempt  to  open  new  channels  of  cominerce  with  semi- 
civilized  nations,  the  experiment  has  proved  more  than  ordinarily  successful. 

Tlic  policy  of  Russia  hag  recently,  also,  given  to  TrebisoiMl  an  importanceitdidnot  formerly  possess. 
Previously  to  1831,  foreign  commodities  were  admitted  at  the  low  duty  of  5  per  cent,  into  the  Russian 
port  of  Redoutkale,  and  others  on  the  coast  of  Mingrelia,  whence  they  were  distributed  over  Georgia, 
and  as  far  as  I'ersia.  But  a  ukase,  issued  at  tlie  epoch  referred  to,  put  an  end  to  all  the  immunities 
nith  respect  to  duties  enjoyed  by  the  Russian  provinces  to  the  south  of  Mount  Caucasus,  and  extended 
to  them  the  same  customs'  regulations  that  obtain  in  the  other  parts  of  the  empire.  Considerable  de- 
ductions are,  it  is  true,  made  from  the  duties  charged  on  certain  articles  imported  into  these  provinces, 
provided  they  be  carried  in  the  first  instance  to  Odessa,  and  there  reshipped  for  Mingrelia;  but  those 
tint  go  direct  to  the  latter  are  subject  to  the  same  duties  and  conditions  as  If  they  went  to  Petersburg 
or  Riga.    Printed  cottons,  and  some  other  important  articles,  are  in  all  cases  prohibited. 

The  opening  of  a  port  on  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  the  Black  Sea,  to  which  goods  might  be  sent  direct 
from  Europe,  and  be  thence  conveyed  to  Armenia,  Persia,  &c.,  has,  under  these  circumstances,  become 
inohjec*  of  a  good  deal  of  interest  to  the  commercial  world.  There  can  be  no  doubt,  indeed,  did  any 
thing  like  order  or  regular  government  prevail  in  the  Turkish  provinces  of  Asia  Minor,  Armenia,  &c., 
that  Trehisond  would  speedily  become  a  considerable  emporium.  At  present,  however,  and  for  a  long 
lime  hack,  these  beautiful  provinces.  In  common  with  most  other  parts  of  the  Turkish  empire,  have 
been  in  a  stale  of  extreme  disorder ;  and,  owing  to  the  imbecility  and  ignorance  of  the  government, 
tliPte  seems  but  little  prospect  of  improvement  so  long  as  it  is  suffered  to  exist. 

Tlie  priocijial  articles  of  import  are  manufactured  cottons,  mostly  from  Great  Britain,  sugar,  coffee, 
rum, salt,  tin,  wine,  &c.  Cottons  are  sold  at  long  credits  ;  sugar,  coffee,  &c.  are  sold  at  shorter  credits, 
and  are  more  regularly  paid.  The  exports  consist  of  silk,  sheep's  wool,  tobacco,  shawls,  and  carpets, 
falls,  and  drugs  of  various  sorts,  box  wogd,  nuts.  Ice.  There  are  very  rich  copper  mines  in  the  moun- 
tains to  the  south  of  Trehisond  ;  but  they  are  but  little  wrought ;  and  the  Turks  are  so  blind  to  their 
own  interests,  as  to  prohibit  the  exportation  of  copper,  as  well  as  of  corn,  and  wax.  It  is  ditncult, 
therefore,  to  obtain  return  cargoes.  More  than  half  the  articles  imported,  are  destined  for  Persia.  In 
183-2,  no  fewer  than  il,l8iJ  packnees  passed  through  Trehisond  for  Tabreez;  and  it  is  believed,  that  of 
these,  fully  S,00fl  consisted  of  British  manufactures. 
Money,  H'eiehts,  and  Measures,  same  as  at  Constantinople  ;  which  see. 

Arritals—ln  1832,  there  arrived  at  Trehisond,  ti  ships  under  the  British  flag,  of  the  burden  of  718 
tons.— (PaW.  Paper,  No.  75t).  Sess.  1833.)— During  the  same  year,  there  arrived  19  foreign  vessels,  of 
the  burden  of  4,438  tons  ;  of  these,  10  were  Austrian  ;  5  Sardinian  ;  and  4  Russian.  The  total  imports 
may,  perhaps,  be  valued  at  about  300,0001.    The  exports  are  comparatively  trifling. 

[Transit  Trade  with  Persia. — We  noticed,  under  the  article  Trkhisond,  in  the  Dlc- 
tionary,  the  importance  that  the  trade  with  this  place  was  likely  to  attain  from  its  becoming 
a  channel  through  which  to  carry  on  trade  with  Persia.  Previously  to  the  1st  of  Jatiuary, 
1832,  the  trade  between  Europe  and  Persia,  by  way  of  the  Black  Sea,  principally  centered 
in  the  Russian  port  of  Redout  Kale,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Phasis.  This  was  a  consequence 
of  the  exemption  granted  in  1822  to  the  Russian  provinces  to  the  south  of  the  Caucasus 
from  the  duties  charged  in  the  other  parts  of  the  empire.    But  the  exemption  having  ceased 


876 


TREBISOND. 


r  1 

tm,  r% 


C9 


at  the  period  referred  to,  and  the  Trans-Caucasian  provincca  having  been  subjected  to  tha 
same  duties  as  the  other  provinces,  the  transit  trade  to  I'ersia  by  way  of  Kudout  Kalu,  Teflis, 
and  the  Caspian  Sea,  has  almost  entirely  ceased,  and  it  is  now  carried  on  through  TrebiRond, 
Erzeroum,  and  Tabreez.  In  consequence,  the  increase  of  trade  at  Trebisond  has  been  very 
remarkable.  In  1 830,  about  5,000  packages,  valued  at  250,000/.,  were  imported  and  for- 
warded fur  Persia;  in  1834  about  12,000  packages,  valued  at  600,000/.,  were  so  received 
and  forwarded;  and  in  1835  the  number  of  packages  had  increased  to  10,327,  valued 
at  066,350/. !     Wo  subjoin  a 

Statement  of  the  Number  and  Tonnage  of  Vcsiels,  with  the  Value  of  tlirir  CarRoes,  and  dlntlnuulih- 
Ing  the  Countries  to  which  the  game  belonged,  which  entered  and  cleared  at  the  I'ort  of  Trcbistond 
in  the  Year  Xi'ii.)— (Consular  Return.) 


Countriei. 


Briliih 

Turkiih 

Ruuian 

Austrian 

Greek 

Sardinian 

Saniian 


Total 


Entered. 


Veeiela. 


IS 
113 
16 
II 
« 

I 


no 


Tonnafe. 


I,ni5 

16,644 

2,631 

3,329 

912 

881 

III 


26,444 


Value  of 
C'ar<oea. 


L. 

ifi.aw) 

610,336 
157.439 
64,612 
3,MI 
4,l»l 
l«,5t« 


1,020,532 


Cleared. 


17 
102 
14 
II 
6 
6 
I 


Tonnage. 


1,851 
15,212 

2,276 

3,329 

912 

881 

Hi 


24,572 


Value  of 
CarioM. 


690,920 


Most  of  the  vessels  from  Constantinople  had  on  board  British  prodnce;  and  it  is  believed  that  from 
7-10th8  to  Q-lOths  of  the  goods  imported  to  be  forwarded  to  Persia  are  of  Dritish  orii^in,  rDtigJstliiii 
principally  of  cotton  goods,  woollen,  hardware,  tin,  siiear,  &c.  Previously  to  IH3I  no  lirillsh  Iron  liad 
ever  been  seen  at  Trebisond;  but  it  was  then  introduced,  and  Is  now  imported,  to  the  excjiiainn  of 
all  other  sorts.  M.  de  Ilagemeister  admits  that  It  has  entirely  superseded  the  iron  of  Hutmla  in  thij 
and  otiier  markets  on  the  southern  side  of  the  Black  Set^.— (Report  on  the  Commerce  of  the  Black  Sa 
p.  207.)* 

In  Persia,  as  in  almost  nil  Eastern  countries,  foreign  product!*  are  admitted,  on  paying  a  low  duty 
Latterly,  however,  the  schah  has  evinced  a  disposition  to  restrict  the  importation  of  BiigllHh  gonda,  at 
to  load  them  with  heavier  duties.  This  conduct,  so  unusual  in  an  Eastern  prince,  may,  it  is  proliable 
have  been  suggested  by  the  foreign  agents  at  his  court.  ' 

Direct  Trade  with  Trebisond. — The  transit  trode  of  Trebisond  is  by  far  the  most  important ;  biit.ai 
the  goods  destined  for  Persia  by  this  channel  are  cleared  out  for  Turkey,  they  appear  in  tlie  llgt'nf 
exports  to  it,  and,  consequently,  make  our  trade  with  Turkey  appear  much  greater  than  it  .-eally 
amounts  to. 

The  trade  with  Trebisond  itself  is,  however,  far  from  inconsiderable,  and  might  be  inilefinilely 
extended.  The  iron  of  Great  Britain  is  now,  as  stated  above,  imported  to  the  exclusion  of  that  of 
Russia,  which  was  formerly  the  only  sort  made  use  of.  Considerable  quantities  of  cotton  yarn  are 
also  supplied  through  Trebisond  to  the  looms  in  the  eastern  part  of  Asia  Minor  that  used  to  he  wlinlly 
supplied  witli  native  yarn,  and  a  taste  for  British  cottons  is  beginning  to  spread  among  tiie  popu- 
lation. 

We  carry  away  from  Trebisond  Persian  silk,  wool,  tobacco,  wax,  opium,  boxwood,  nuts,  &c.  But, 
owing  to  the  restrictions  on  exportation,  the  trade  has  hitherto  laboured  under  many  dilficiiltlcs;  and' 
numbers  of  ships  have  sailed  in  ballast  for  Odessa,  Galacz,  and  other  ports  where  they  load. 

A  Statement  of  the  Number  and  Tonnage  of  British  Vessels,  with  the  Nature  and  Value  of  their  Car- 
goes, which  entered  and  cleared  at  the  Port  of  Trebisond,  distinguishing  the  Ports  to  and  from  wlilch 
the  same  sailed  in  the  Year  1835. 


Forth 

Entered. 

Cleared. 

Val.  of  Cargoes. 

Nature  of  Cargoes. 

Val.  of  Cargoes. 

Nature  nf  Cargoes. 

1 

Ton- 
nage. 

For 
Entry 
at  Tre- 
bisond. 

In 
Transit 

to 
Feraia. 

For  Entry  at 
Trebisond. 

Transit 

to 
Persia. 

> 

Ton- 
n.-iKe. 

In 

direct 
Trade. 

In 

Trai.si' 

lo  Ehg. 

laud. 

In  di  reel  Trade. 

In  Traniil 
tu  Koglauil. 

London     - 

Comtantino- 
ple. 

S 

12» 

430 
1,173 

L. 
6,238 

15,326 

L. 
36,880 

67,991 

Colonial    prod., 
iron,  cottoDi, 
woollens. 

Iron,  lu^r,  hen- 
na, bwr,  colo* 
nial  prod.,Bri- 
tisb  manufac- 
lurea. 

Cottons 

and 

Woollens. 

British 

do. 

a* 

1,173 

L. 

26,187 

L. 

Boiwnod,  nuts, 
linseed,  i^Us, 
tobacco,  wai, 
silk,    cnppiT, 
beans,    wool, 
*c.  1  in  ba|. 
last 

Galls,      yellow 
berries,    lilk, 
carpets. 

London  and 
Conitan- 
tinople. 

1 

112 

7,363 

3,167 

Colonial   prod., 
British  manu- 
factures. 

Do. 

1 

112 

1,202 

2,478 

Boawnod, 
nufvvwl, 
satllower, 
•ilk,  pill 

Liferpool  fc 
Conitan- 
linople. 
Batoum     - 
Sanuoun    - 
Tafanrog  - 

1 
■' 
1 

100 
100 

3,106 
200 

16,000 

Inn,  sugar,  spi- 
rits,    British 
manufactures. 

Boxwood 

Do. 

1 
1 

2 

too 

164 
312 

'  300 

• 

In  ballasb 

Ditto. 

1  in  ballast,  part 
of     Imported 
cargo,  taltgand 
oil. 

ToUIa  ■ 

18  1  1,916 

32,232 

123,028 

17 

1,851 

27,689 

2,478 

•  Nott  —In  tliese  numbera  arc  included  8  entries  and  7  clearances  of  one  vessel  of  64  tons  burden. 


*  We  have  elsewhere  referred  (art.  Odessa)  to  this  valuable  pnhlication.  Though  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Russia,  the  author  has  not  scrupled  to  point  out  errors  in  her  policy  :  and  has  justly  censured 
the  eiiension  of  the  tariff  to  the  Trans-Caucasian  provinces  in  1U33.— Su;).) 


TRIESTE. 


677 


iving  b«en  nibjected  to  lh« 
r  wiiy  of  Redout  Kal«,  Tefli», 
;arried  on  through  Trebinond, 
)  at  Trebisond  has  been  »cry 
00/.,  were  imported  and  for- 
at  600,000/.,  were  bo  received 
increased  to  19,327,  valued 

r  tliclr  Cargoes,  and  dlstlnguiBh- 
ileared  al  the  I'ort  of  Treblaond 


Clc*r«l. 

It. 

ToamtP- 

V.luol 
Carfoet, 

l,BM 

3,329 
912 
881 

L. 
30,187 

M.OM 

2,m 

I.7M 
19,177 

B 

1H,872 

690,920 

dure;  and  it  is  believed  that  from 
I  are  of  Urili»h  orii,'in,  consislini! 
■vioHsly  to  1H31  no  Hrilisli  iron  had 
iiow  imported,  to  the  excliisimi  (.i 
•rseded  tlie  iron  of  Kiissia  in  tins 
on  the  Commerce  of  the  Black  Hea, 

•e  admitted,  on  paying  n  Inw  duty, 
le  importation  of  EngllBh  goods,  or 
Eastern  prince,  may,  it  is  probable, 

by  far  the  most  important ;  bin,  ai 
Turkey,  they  appenr  in  llie  list  nf 
jpear  much  greater  llian  it  .-eally 

derable,  and  miRht  be  inilefinllely 
iported  to  the  exclusion  of  that  nf 
able  quantities  of  cotton  yarn  are 
•  Asia  Minor  that  used  to  be  wholly 
linning  to  spread  among  the  popu- 

:,  opium,  boxwood,  nuts,  &c.  But, 
I'ured  under  many  ditbciillieB;  and 
ler  ports  where  they  load. 

Ihe  Nature  and  Value  of  lliclr  Car- 
tishing  the  I'orls  to  and  from  which 


Cleared, 


fal.  of  Cargoes. 


Nature  of  Cargoei. 


In 

direct 
rrade. 


,     '»     , 

Traini' 

10  tuf\ 

land. 


In  direct  Trade. 


In  Traniil 
tu  EDglaui 


6,187 


1 1,202 


300 


2,478 


Boiwnod,  nuta, 
linseed,  pIli, 
tobacco,  wai, 
ailk,  cnppir, 
beans,  wool, 
Ac.  I  in  Ul. 

Galls,     yellow  JBoiwnod, 
berries,    silk, 
car(jeti. 


,689    2,478 


In  ballast 

Ditto. 

I  in  ballast,  part 

of     inu'orte*! 

cargo,  talt,and 

oil. 


nuts,ww)l, 
ssHlower, 
silkiSalli. 


I  veaael  of  64  tons  burden, 

iDHblication.    Though  in  the  ser- 
I?  policy -.and  has  justly  censtited 

l-Sup.) 


TRIESTE,  a  large  city  and  sea-port  of  the  Austrian  dominions,  the  cnpifnl  of  a  district 
of  Illyria,  nituatod  near  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  the  (iulf  of  Vciiii-e,  lat.  1.5°  1)8'  37"  N., 
Ion.  13°  46'  27"  E.  Population  48,000.  It  is  divided  into  the  old  and  new  towns.  The 
former  is  built  upon  elevated  ground;  the  latter,  which  is  lower  down,  is  laid  out  with 
greater  regularity,  and  is  partly  intersected  by  a  canal,  into  which  vessels  nut  drawing  moro 
tlian  9  or  10  feet  water  enter  to  loud  and  unload. 

lfitrboiir—T\\p  barlioiir  of  Trieste,  though  rather  limited  in  size,  is  essy  of  nereis  nnd  cnnvcnient. 
It  is  protected  from  «oulherly  gales  by  the  j/u/u  '/Vrf^tdnn,  so  culled  from  the  K.mprena  Maria  Theresa,  ut 
llincxtremity  of  whirl!  the  new  light-house,  mentioned  below,  has  been  r.oiistriictecl.  The  porl,  with  the 
innle,  forms  n  crescent  li  mile  in  length,  being  a  continued  <|uay,  fared  with  hewn  hIoiics,  with  stairs 
,in(l  Ji!ll'e8  for  the  ronvenicnrc  of  embarkation.  On  the  nortli  side  of  the  port  is  a  dork  or  harbour,  np- 
{ir<iprlated  cxrlusivcly  for  vcsHels  performing  quarantine.    It  Is  walled  round  ;  and  Is  furiiislit'd  with 
bdtcis,  warehoiiHcs,  and  every  sort  of  accommodation  required  for  the  use  of  passengers  and  goods, 
fillips  under  200  tons  burden  lie  close  to  the  quays  ;  those  of  greater  size  mooring  a  little  further  out. 
The  principal  defects  of  the  port  are,  its  limited  size, and  its  being  exposed  to  the  N.  \V.  wIihIh,  wMrh 
fometimes  blow  with  murh  violence,  and  {brow  In  a  heavy  sea.  The  gales,  however,  are  Kuldoin  of  lung 
nintiniiance  ;  and  the  holding  ground  being  good,  when  Ihe  anchors  are  backed  and  proper  itreraiilloiiH 
taken,  no  Occidents  occur.     The  tide  at  Trieste  is  scarcely  perceptible  ;  but  the  depth  of  water  in  Influ- 
enced by  the  wind,  being  increased  by  a  long  continued  sirocco  or  H.  E.  wind,  and  diminished  by  the 
prevnicnreof  the  I^.  N.  G.  wind,  known  by  the  name  of  Boro.    The  access  to  the  porl  is  not  olistriirted 
liy  any  bar  or  shallow  ;  and  there  is  good  anchorage  in  tlie  roads,  in  frnni  6  to  8  and  10  faibimis  water. 
A  good  sailing  vessel  may  beat  in  by  night  or  by  day,  except  it  blow  hard  from  the  N.  Iv  or  !•;.  N.  E., 
iviieii  she  had  better  anchor  in  the  Hay  of  Koses,  or  I'irano,  where  she  will  riile  in  peifcct  sal',  ly, 

PiVdM.— Ships  bound  for  Trieste  are  under  no  obligation  to  take  pilots;  but  those  eiileriiig  the  port 
fir  the  first  lime  would  do  well  to  take  one  on  making  the  coast  of  Islria.     Hoals  are  always  hovering 
(jffRovignn;  they  are  not  nmiiniid  by  regular  pilots,  but  by  tishernien,  who,  though  unlit  to  be  iriisteil 
wllh  the  management  of  the  ship,  know  the  bearings  of  the  places  and  the  depth  of  waiter.    The  fen 
iiiually  p.iid  them  for  pilotage  is  SO  dollars;  in  addition  to  which,  they  are  supported  at  the  ship's 
expense  during  the  performance  of  quarantine. 

ii4r/i(-AoM«f4'.— The  light-house  at  the  extremity  of  the  Thercsian  mole  is  106  feet  (F,np.)  high.    The 
liirhl  is  intermittent ;  nnd  may  he  seen,  suiiposiiig  the  eye  of  the  observer  to  be  elevated  I'i  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sen,  about  12  nautical  miles,  or  from  I'irnim  on  the  side  of  Islria,  and  the  shuals  of 
Crado  on  the  halian  coast.     A  light-htuise  has  also  been  erected  on  the  point  of  Salvore,  hearing  from 
Trieste  \V.  by  S.,  distant  about  18  miles.    The  lantern  is  elevated  about  101)  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sen.    From  this  point  Pirano  Hay  opens,  where  vessels  may  anchor  in  safety  in  all  sorts  of  weather. 

V'riii/f:.— Trieste  has  no  command  of  internal  navigation  ;  but  being  the  most  convenient,  or  rather 
the  only  sen-port,  not  merely  of  Ihe  Illyrian  provinces,  but  of  the  diirhy  of  Austria,  and  the  greater 
ti,nrt  of  Hungary,  she  possesses  an  extensive  commerce.    This  hos  been  increased  by  the  facilities 
afforded  to  all  sorts  of  mercnntile  transactions  by  the  privilege  of  porta  franco  conferred  on  the  town, 
anil  a  considerable  extent  of  contiguous  country.    Under  this  franchise,  all  goods,  with  but  very  few 
exceptions,  may  be  imporled  into  and  exported  from  the  city  free  of  all  duties  whatever.    Foreign 
iToducts,  when  taken  for  consumption  into  the  interior,  are  subject  to  the  duties  mentioned  under  the 
head  Tariff,  in  a  subsequent  part  of  this  article. 

Kriior/s.— These  are  very  various,  consisting  partly  of  ihe  raw,  and  partly  of  Ihe  manufactured 
products  of  Austria  Proper,  Illyria,  Dalumtia,  Hungary,  and  Italy  ;  with  foreign  articles  impoiied  and 
warehoused.    Among  tlie  principal  articles  of  raw  produce  may  be  specified,  corn,  chiefly  wheat  and 
maize,  with  rice,  wine,  oil,  shumac,  tobacco,  wax,  &c.;  silk,  silk  rags  and  waste,  hemp,  wool,  flax, 
linen  rugs,  hides,  furs,  skins,  &c. ;  the  produce  of  the  mines  ninkcs  an  important  item,  consisling  of 
(inicksilver,  cinnabar,  iron,  lead,  copper,  brass,  litharge,  alum,  vitriol,  &c. ;  the  forests  of  t>rniola 
furnish  limber,  for  ship  building  and  other  purposes,  of  excellent  quality  and  in  great  abiindanre,  willi 
staves,  cork  wood,  box,  hoops,  &c. ;  marble  also  ranks  under  this  head.    Uf  mnniifactured  articles, 
ilic  nio'st  important  are,  thrown  silk,  silk  stufl's,  printed  cottons  from  Austria  and  Switzerland,  coarse 
and  line  linens,  and  all  sorts  of  leather;  under  this  head  are  also  ranked  soap,  Venetian  treacle, 
limieiirs.  Sec,  with  jewellery,  tools  ami  utensils  of  all  sorts,  glass  ware  and  mirrors,  Venetian  beads, 
refined  sugar,  and  a  host  of  other  articles.    Of  foreign  articles  imporled  and  reshipped,  the  most 
Important  are  sugar,  cotfee,  and  dye  sliifTs.    Trieste  is  also  a  considerable  depot  for  all  sorts  of  pro- 
duce from  the  Hinck  Sea,  Turkey,  and  Egypt. 

It  is  not  possible  to  obtain  any  accurate  account  of  the  quantity  and  value  of  the  exports  ;  but  Mr. 

Money,  the  British  consul,  who  has  carefully  inquired  into  the  subject,  supposes  that  they  may 

.iiiiount  in  all,  exclusive  of  those  shipped  for  Venice,  Fiume,  and  other  Austrian  ports,  to  about 

i  8I10,000(.  a  year,  which  he  divides  as  follows  :— 

Haic  Produce,  via.— Grain,  rice,  oil,  honey,  wax,  shumac,  tobacco,  &.c.      .  -  - 

Silk,  hemp,  wool,  rags,  hides  and  skins     ------- 

Metals,  mineral  and  other  products;  as,  quicksilver,  iron,  lead,  copper,  brass,  zinc, 

lilbarge,  argol,  antimony,  arsenic,  alum,  vitriol,  potash,  turpentine,  marbles,  &c.  - 

Timber,  plank,  hoards,  &c.  ...-.-.- 

.Vanii/acturcsof  silk,  cotton,  wool,  linen,  leather,  &c.  .  -  .  .  . 

Soap,  candles,  Venetian  treacle,  and  medicines  ------ 

Tools,  machinery,  arms,  &c.         -....--- 

Ilniisehold  furniture,  musical  instruments,  glass  and  glass  wares,  porcelain,  &c. 
Fiiwffti  Jlrticles  reshipped  for  exportation,  exclusive  of  those  for  Lombardy  and  the 
Papal  Slates  -...---.-- 

Total        -  .  -  £l,bOO,000 

Mr.  Money  further  supposes  that  these  articles  are  distributed  amongst  the  countries  trading  with 
Trieste,  as  follows:—  ^ 

To  Turkey  and  the  Levant 

Egypt      -  -  -  -  - 

Greece,  the  Ionian  Islands,  and  Malta 

the  Kingdom  of  the  Two  Sicilies 

Ports  in  France,  Sardinia,  and  Tuscany 

Spain,  Portugal,  and  Barbary 

Great  ISrItain      -  -  -  - 

Ports  in  the  North  of  Germany 

the  United  Slates  of  America 

South  Auierica  and  the  West  Indies    • 


350,000 
SbO.bOO 

2,')0,000 

It-II.OOO 

235,000 

80,000 

25,000 

20,000 

300,000 


£ 

380,000 
300,000 
l.'!0,(100 
350,000 
1(10,000 
120,000 
220,000 
150,000 
30.000 
20,001) 


31.2 


Total  exports 


£1,800,000 


ii 


678 


TRIESTE. 


TZ 

»>     n 

«     - 

■n 

ir  1 

u»''iur 

o 

::  J 


^■4 ' 


Perhaps  them  pitlmalei  Are  a  little  helnw  the  mark.  Wo  have  been  aiiiired  by  high  mnrciintlie 
authority,  that  the  entire  value  of  the  ciports  from  Trieite  to  foreign  countrle*  li  not  under  3,0(K),(Nj(ir 
a  year. 

Import  I. —There  \»  a  great  difli'rence  between  the  Import!  Into  and  the  eiportR  fVom  Trle«te  ;  iii« 
value  of  the  former  hrluR  certainly  not  leaa  than  4,(HI0,000<.  iterling.  The  exrcm  of  Importa  In  i-xpliiliici| 
partly  by  the  fact  that  large  quniitltlei  of  foreign  aooda  imported  Into  Trlctte  are  RUhBc(|ii(>ntly  tmn. 
ililppi-d  by  coiiHtlnv  veHavU  lo  Venice,  I'lunie,  and  other  porta,  partly  by  the  realdence  of  Kniillfih  iiiiil 
other  foreignera  lit  VIennn,  and  partly  by  there  being  an  exceaa  of  exporta  aa  compared  with  iin|iorii, 
from  other  paria  of  the  emiilre.  The  greot  article*  of  Import  are  auear,  cotton  goodH  and  raw  coiinn, 
oil,  cofTue,  wheat,  ailka,  liiiligo  and  other  dye  atutTa,  valonia,  &,c.  The  following  Table  containg  all 
the  information  that  can  bu  dealicd  aa  to  the  import  trade  of  Trieste  In  \HVJ,  IHIIU,  and  1H31  :— 

Statement  of  the  Unanlily  and  Value,  In  DrltiHh  Money,  Weights,  and  Menaures,  of  the  princl|iai  Ar- 
liclea  imported  inio  TrIcHle  during  each  of  the  Three  Years  ending  with  1031,  specifying  the  ttuati- 
tity  and  Value  of  those  furnlahed  by  each  Country. 

'  '''  'I 


Ib30. 

1630. 

I«J1. 

rnunlriet  from 
whidi  impurlej. 

Artklea. 

Et'KtiBh 
WiJKhl  or 
Mrasure. 

cwt. 

Quaotity. 

Value 
Sierling. 

Kngliih 
Weight  or 
Meaiurr. 

Quin- 

tity. 

Value 
Sterling. 

Kngli.h 
Wnghlnr 
M.aiure. 

Quan- 
tity. 

12,990 

Valu. 
Sterling 

~~L~ 

25,4-0 

Onal  Drilaio  • 

Cnffoa 

20.360 

3M,900 

cwt. 

36,290 

L. 

51,442 

cwl. 

Nuit»r 

— 

72,7t»8 

I09,BM3 

— 

9^,9  2 

129.640 

— 

7ti,.5(i4 

96,X71 

Rum  - 

lalluna 

39,8410 

4,310 

plIoDS 

31,266 

3,3X0 

galloni 

4I,2U0 

6,1(10 

Spiers 

. 

i6,aoo 

. 

• 

17,4V) 

- 

• 

xm 

lllJijIO 

lU. 

66,000 

24,170 

Itw. 

70,000 

2),900 

Ihi. 

62,300 

l.1.V)0 

Urugi 

. 

16,120 

• 

16.461 

. 

17,816 

Iran    • 

cwt. 

12,000 

6.000 

cwt. 

28.000 

I3,OCO 

cwl. 

19,000 

9.W0 

Tin    • 

_ 

4,000 

22,H77 

^ 

7,500 

33,000 

.- 

3,uoa 

!   15,700 

Cotton  (foodn  . 

• 

* 

346,000 

• 

- 

461.000 

• 

,  3I0,1TO 

Woollen  Kooda 

• 

. 

8,100 

. 

• 

13,500 

• 

II.SM 

lUrilwaref 

package! 

120 

6,000 

package! 

I.V, 

7,750 

packagea 

no 

6,500 

Eariheuware  - 

_ 

300 

3.000 

350 

3.900 

— 

190 

2.160 

America,  U,  S. 

CoOm 

cwl. 

39,72t 

72,600 

cwt. 

61,697 

92,885 

cwl. 

25,080 

I  S»,9iO 

Smar- 

— 

143,576 

219,(166 

• 

186,024 

260,^80 

.- 

153,008 

193,7-6 

Cotton 

— 

26,860 

1)0,300 

^-, 

32,750 

90,800 

..- 

33,400 

lOO.iog 

Kum  • 

calloni 

40,000 

4,400 

nllon! 

rt>i. 

48,860 

6,0H0 

!?i!°" 

42,180 

6,320 

Tea    • 

Ftii. 

11,000 

1,400 

700 

86 

3,000 

1     m 

Brazil 

»i      : 

cwt. 

I49,8>0 

225,412 

twt. 

I89,')00 

261,260 

cwt 

161,220 

2(10,liO 

» 

46,860 

80,510 

78,290 

\43,Ui 

_ 

36,290 

S2,JC0 

Hidee 

■ 

• 

73.100 

> 

- 

66.120 

- 

• 

76,il0 

Dyring  woodi  • 

cwt. 

62,972 

26,900 

cwt. 

36,0=4 

14,770 

cwt 

46,842 

18,700 

DrUlO 

. 

• 

48.0(10 

. 

61,000 

• 

• 

21.(00 

WeetlDdlea     ■ 

Suf»r. 

cwt. 

71,123 

I3',,000 

cwt. 

81,600 

175,6(10 

cwt 

66,20i 

90,M0 

Cotfeo 

_ 

19,2(10 

39,9IW 

21,300 

44,260 

— . 

10,^00 

24,3"0 

Pimento 

— 

1,742 

6,770 

cwt. 

1,579 

4,110 

^ 

1,650 

i,m 

Rum  • 

gAllnni 

6,960 

950 

n»on! 

4,000 

700 

galloDi 

8,100 

I.IOO 

Levant 

Cotton 

cwt. 

S2,7B0 

90,8011 

cwt. 

36,8311 

106.950 

cwt 

64,310 

I50,M 

Curranti 

— 

EI5,6(iO 

61,350 

^ 

161, 50u 

125,400 

— 

90,i«0 

R',*!) 

Ouma 

— 

7,464 

33,720 

— 

6,918 

39.UI2 

— 

6,448 

2«.(» 

Fun  • 

skim 

80,000 

9,000 

!kin! 

76,000 

7,0CO 

ikinf 

108,000 

IO,,V« 

Oalli  • 

cwt 

6,4H0 

14.000 

cwt. 

7,712 

20,4^0 

cwt. 

7,638 

1  »..'*) 

V.ilonia 

~. 

90,000 

40,000 

-. 

100,(110 

44,000 

-* 

130,000 

(J0,((») 

Wai  • 

— 

6,100 

35,000 

_ 

6,000 

39,000 

-. 

6,500 

Sl.IKO 

RIack  Sea 

Wheat 

quarters 

6t,0lS 

94,3M 

quarter! 

103,178 

167,190 

qiiartera 

113,100 

IOS,900 

^gyv^ 

Cotton 

cwt. 

16,386 

44,350 

cwt. 

17,910 

63,400 

cwt 

26,2.50 

69,12) 

Grain 

quarter! 

60,000 

70,400 

quarter* 

65,000 

78,' 00 

quarter! 

49,000 

f<^,m 

PulM- 

^ 

70,000 

80,000 

— . 

46,000 

60,000 

— 

30.(X)0 

36.040 

Se«l  - 

— 

60,000 

85,000 

^ 

16.000 

23,000 

— 

12,000 

2l,0Ci0 

Madder 

cwt. 

1,163 

1,794 

cwt 

6,088 

12,  UO 

cwt. 

3,900 

i.m' 

Sicily 
Nipfea 

Fruito 

• 

. 

I0,noo 

> 

. 

12,000 

Xm 

Oil     - 

tuni 

6,700 

207,000 

tuni 

9,900 

306.000 

tiins 

6,700 

234,000 

Malta 

Cotton 
Fniiti 

cwL 

KO 

2,800 
1,000 

cwl. 

950 

2,SiiO 
1,600 

cwt 

600 

2,M 

Italy  ■ 

Hemp 

cwt. 

'so.eoo 

36,000 

cwt 

■ii,m 

42,000 

cwt. 

30,000 

x,,m 

Rice  - 

— 

46,000 

38,000 

_ 

61,000 

41,000 

^ 

54,000  1 

Uin 

Silk,  raw 

_ 

4,000 

IS.OOO 

_^ 

8,000 

35,000 

— 

9,000 

40,0lO 

Sweden 

Codfish 

— 

47,000 

24,000 

_ 

60,000 

40,000 

— 

20,000 

12,000  , 

France 

Winea 

- 

uncertain 

2.000 

. 

. 

3,000 

. 

• 

2.0KI' 

Silki  • 

. 

... 

100,000 

. 

. 

120,000 

> 

. 

vtm. 

Spain 

Lead  ■ 

cwt. 

IS,000 

10,000 

cwt 

I4,OCO 

8,200 

cwt 

7,0CO 

4,100  1 

Fruiti 

. 

. 

6,000 

• 

. 

6,000 

> 

. 

4,000  1 

Portugal 

Surar- 
Coflee 

cwt. 

25,000 

37,000 

cwt 

75,000 

110,000 

cwt 

60,000 

9!,000l 

— 

15,000 

29,000 

— 

18,«)0 

35,000 

— 

12,000 

23,4W 

Cocoa 

— 

2,600 

2,100 

_ 

6,200 

4,600 

^ 

6,000 

5.600 

Sunutra 

^F^      : 

-. 

6,000 

9,500 

. 

. 

_ 

10,800 

I6.C« 

Greece 

tUD! 

1,600 

60,000 

tun! 

2,600 

76,000 

tuns 

1,100 

35,000, 

Wai  . 

cwt. 

2,,'iflO 

17,600 

cwt. 

3,000 

19,000 

cwt 

2,600 

16,0(0  1 

Fipi    - 

. 

. 

3,000 

. 

. 

3,500 

• 

3,01): 

Cnrranti 

cwt. 

42,300 

29,110 

cwt. 

18,600 

12,000 

cwt 

37,000 

24,0(»j 

Money. — Mercantile  accounts  are  usually  kept  at  Trieste  in  what  is  commonly  called  conninim 
money,  from  an  agreement  entered  into  with  respect  to  it  by  some  of  the  German  princes,  in  rti3. 
The  current  coins  that  are  legal  tender  are  dollars,  I  dollars  or  florins,  and  zwanzigers,  or  pieces  of 
SO  kreutzers.  Ten  dollars  are  coined  out  of  the  Cologne  marc  (3,608  gr.  Eng.)  of  pure  silver,  so  liiji 
the  value  of  the  dollar  is  4j.  3d.  sterling. 

The  florin,  or  i  dollar  =  2s.  \\d.  sterling;  zwanzigers,  or  pieces  of  20  kreutzers  (60  to  the  marc), 
r=  i\d.  sterling.  Hence  it  follows  that  Is.  sterling  =  ^\  kreutzers  (60  to  a  florin) ;  and  the  po>jnd 
sterling  =  9  fl.  24f  kr.,  or,  as  it  is  commonly  taken,  9  fl.  25  kr.  All  contracts  are  either  e.xpres^lv 
declared,  or  are  understood,  to  be  in  silver  money ;  gold  coins,  not  being  legal  tender,  pass  only  3) 
merchandise. 

fVeighta  and  Measures. —Those  chiefly  in  use  at  Trieste  are  those  of  Vienna  and  Venice.  Tlie  com- 
mercial pound  contains  4  quarters,  16  ounces,  or  32  loths  :  it  is  =  6,639  English  grains.  Thus,  100 llii. 
at  Trieste  =  1236  lbs.  avoirdupois  ;  or  90^  lbs.  of  Trieste  =  112  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

The  principal  dry  measure  is  the  stajo  or  staro  =  2-34  Winch,  bushels.  The  Vienna  metzen,  wbicli 
is  sometimes  used,  =  1-723  Winch,  bushel.    The  polonick  =  0.861  Winch,  bushel. 

The  principal  liquid  measure  is  the  orna  or  eimer  =  40  boccali  =  15  wine  or  ISHmperial  galloni 
very  nearly.    The  barile  =  173t  English  wine  gallons. 

The  orna  of  oil  contains  5}  caiflsi,  and  weighs  about  107  commercial  pounds.  It  is = 17  wine  or  UK 
Imperial  gallons. 

Tfae  ell  woollen  measure  =  S6'6  Engliab  inches.    The  ell  for  silk  =  252  English  inches. 


TRIESTE. 


079 


n  BMured  by  h'8''  nn^'umil" 
,unu'e"l.n»lunaei».0(H),m)<i| 

the  expo'"  ^o*"  T'"'*'V"""', 

Vrie.le  «re  ."hie')'"""  >  i'"". 

Zul»  comparea  wUh  lmi,«.l., 
,  cotton  g-«i(l«  ivml  raw  <mio,, 

ulfolVowlnBTal.lH,^""!"'"'''" 
lMonMire».ofthnprlnfiimUr- 


„  ,       I    Knjluh       Quin- 
V»liie      WtiKlUn'  I     t,ty. 


78,.S(i4 


nlloDt 

Vbi. 

cwl> 


6^,300 

10,000 

3,U00 


no 
i«o 

liifiOi 
33,400 
42,l«0 
I  3,00^ 
161, £20 
36,280  I 

'i&,m  ' 

66,2U 

lO.SOO  ' 
I,6i0  I 
6,100 

64,310 

80,1«0 
6,448 

108,000 
7,638 

130,000 
5,500 

113,100 
26,250 
49,000 
30,000 
12,000 
3,900 


Loco 

l5,Oo6 
|9,»)0 
15,400 


L. 

25,«-n 

96,tT)  , 

6,ira  i 

U.IOQ  I 
I3,«0  I 

n,8i6 

9,W  1 
IMOO  i 
310.000  I 
I  U,»»| 
»,M0 
2,IW 
5!l,9i0  1 
I93,7'(i 
ICO.ICO  ' 
I  6,320  . 
I  JW 
,  200,110  . 
I  82,400 
I    16,il0 

'  18,700 ; 

21.(00  < 

90,500! 

24;!!0' 
3,800  < 
1,100  i 

150,3f01 

e.i^ ' 

2M20 
10.500 

i8,no  I 
60,(00 : 

I   39,0(0 
1  IW.MO 
',    69.124 
I   (!-,000 
36,000 
21,000 
6,100  1 
9,0(0 
234.0(« 
1,K0 
2.W) 
15,0(10 
42.1M  1 
40.0(0 
IS,Oi-0  I 
2.0(0 

100,0(0; 

4,100  I 
4,000  i 
92,000  I 
2S,100 
6,600 
16.000 
3.i,00i!  . 

le.o'o  1 

lOfO' 
21.*^  1 


kvhat  18  commonly  called  conr«n.i.n 
r     „<•  ihP  Oerman  princes,  in  loi; 

I  ^f  on  kreutzers  (60  to  the  matcl, 
r  °  ,fin  to  a  florin) ;  a"<l  »»«  P°"f 
r'fn^lntracw  are  either  expressW 
lotUnrC' tender,  pas,  only. 

le  ofVienna  and  Venice    The^* 
V  8,639  English  grains,    i  nus,  i(^ 
i%her'Thfviennan.etzen,w» 

|u=T5'winfofmin.peri»U*' 

Lalpound..   lti9=nwineorllli 

Ilk  =  25-2  Engltah  inches. 


In* 

ini. 

ha 


r-irtf  — Trieite  being  a  free  port,  goodii  destined  Tor  Itn  rnnsiimptlnn,  and  that  of  the  adlolnl 
tfrrilory,  pay  no  iliiliei  whiHevor,  and  arc  exporlpd  and  Imporliil  withiml  noinr  hy  ihi^  iiiiitiiii 
OiMiili  liroiiKlit  from  the  Itilerldr  for  Kxitort  nl  Triititc,  iirci  liiirKnl  im  export  duly  i.ii  piKsiiig  »„„ 
CiiKloni-house  line,    (iomls  linporled  ul  Tileste,  to  h«  convuycd  tliroiiKli  1Mb   AiiKtrmn  (loiiiiiuiiiiii  m 
thoHi'  of  any  other  power,  are  charged  n  iinnll  traiiHlt  duly.     'I'lii-  prim  Ipiil  forcjun  gnodi  taken  for 
coiiituiiiptlon  In  the  Interior  of  the  empire,  pay  the  duties  specltied  In  (lie  luhjoiiied  'I'ulile. 

giBtcmentof  the  Custom*'  Duties  on  the  principal  Articles  Imported  from  Trieste  Into  the  Interior  of 

the  Austrian  Empire. 


AhiclM. 

Duty  in 
turrtocjr. 

Amniinl  in 
SterliDf. 

ArtJcl*. 

Duty  In 
Currency. 

Amount  in 

-Sterling. 

1 

.       . 

Fl.  »r. 

/..  ».  d. 

FL   kr. 

/.-  «.  d. 

'<  A'monili,  fur  e.erjr  100  Ibi.  weiijht  nf 

(lata,  for  (very  100  Iba.  nl.  of  Viraaa  • 

0  II 

0    0    4'4 

1      V.nilia  (Kiual  to  lO 

l-t  ItM.  avoir. 

Oil,  olive,  do. 

4    0 

U    g    (1 

dulM)ii)      . 

. 

6    0 

0  li    0 

Pepper  and  pimento,  dn. 
lUliioa  and  currauta,  do. 

iO    0 

2    0    0 

'  Ail'I'or.  J**.  * 

■ 

1  l> 

0    2    6 

4    0 

0     6    0 

Rlrlt..,  Ho.    -,     , 

•            * 

0  IS 

0    0    6 

Rice,  do 

OM 

n     1     96 

Br*ni,  French,  do.    • 

.            . 

0  13  1-2 

0    0    6-4 

Rum,  do.      .... 

13  21 

1     6    H'4 

B.jl>l>imli  for  tnrr  lb. 

vrslght  of  Vi 

Rye,  do.       .... 

0  16 

0    0    64 

eiina 

• 

10    0 

1     0    0 

Htiumac,  do,               ... 

0    9 

0    0    3U 

r,Mii,  Jo.    • 

. 

0  13 

0    0    A2 

Silk,  raw,  do. 

0  39 

0     1     36 

1  fiimininn,  do. 

1  30 

0    3    0 

.Soda,  do.      .... 

0  II 

0    0    4ll 

tliuM,  do.    • 

■ 

1    3 

0    2    l'2 

Spirili,  do.  .... 

S    0 

0  10    0 

lud  ind  herrini(t,  for  svery  100  Ibt. 

Suftar,  refined,  cniihed,  and  raw,  for 

,     »ci|lit  of  Vnuu*  • 

2    0 

0    4    0 

every  100  Iba.  welihl  of  Vienna 
Suicar,  raw,  while,  for  Dm  use  uf  the 

11    0 

2    2    0 

C  cm,  d".    • 

21    0 

2    2    0 

1  (ofte,  do.    • 

21    0 

2    2    0 

reflnera  in  the  interior,  do.  . 

14    0 

1    8    0 

1  fnli™  wool,  do. 

230 

0    6    0 

Suxar,   other  qualitita  fur  lamc  uae, 

i  tip.  do.       • 

1  \i 

0    2    4'8 

do.            .... 

7    0 

0  14    0 

1  f  rjiillinceoM,  do.      • 

7  30 

0  16    0 

Sulphur,  do.              ... 

2  34 

0    4    9-6 

1  MM,  Jo.     •.     ,    ,   • 

0  4S 

0     1    6 

Te.i,  do,      • 

0  M 

0    1    lie 

1  Guiio.  nieJi<^"i*'t  do. 

630 

0  13    0 

Tin,  do.        .... 

4  3(J 

0    9    0 

1           (illien,  do. 

0  48 

0     1     7-2 

Twut,  mule.  In  No.  SO.  incluiive,  do. 

dl    0 

8    2    0 

1  Hjreiiiiiu,do, 

1  17 

0    2    6.g 

water,  to  No.  12.  do.     ■ 

60    0 

8    0    0 

llejup.  da.    •             • 

0  12 

0    0    48 

mule  and   water,   alinve    Ihow 

Hi  li-s  ("'  '>'"y  ""'« 

0    6  1-2 

0    0    2'2 

numltera  rfspeclively,  do. 
Valonia,  for  every    load    of   110    Iba. 

20    0 

2    0    0 

hi.ll«ci,  for  every  100  llM.  wcij^ht  of 

:     Vieiill*      " 

730 

0  15    0 

weifcht  of  Virnni    • 

0    3  1-2 

0    0    |.4 

!  Ijracf  J,  do.  • 

0  IH 

0    0    72 

Wan,  yellow,  for  every  ICO  Iba.  weight 
of  Vienna  .... 

l,.iiu'iiiet:,  do. 

4    0 

0    B    0 

6    0 

0  10    0 

'  Mi.ldtr  root,  do. 

020 

0    0    8 

VVai,  white,  do.        . 

12    0 

1     4    0 

M.IIW,  do,    . 

0  17 

0    0    68 

Wheat,  Jo.  .... 

0  2212 

0    0    9 

.Mnluir,  do.  • 

1  12 

0    2    4-8 

Wood.,  dyeing,  do.   • 

0  12 

0    0    48 

.Naukeciw,  do. 

' 

0  40 

0     1     4 

VVool.rto.     .            .             .             . 

030 

0     1     0 

JV.  B.—\t  is  ohservahle,  that  In  Austria  almost  all  article*  (except  such  as  are  rated  ad  valorem)  are 
charged  by  weight,  Including  even  grain,  and  lliiuids,  wine,  oil,  spirits,  &c. 

Tariff  of  ilie  Custoiua  Duties  on  the  principal  Articles  hrought  from  the  Interior  of  the  Austrian 

Empire  to  Trieste  for  Shipment. 


Article!. 

Uuty  in 
Currency. 

Amount  iu 
Sterling. 

L.  1.  d. 

Art  idea. 

Duty  in    j   Ammint  in 
Currency.  1    Sterling. 

Fl.  kr. 

Fl.  kr. 

L    1.  d. 

ilum,  for  100  Iba.  weight  of  Viennt    - 

0    412 

0 

u 

1-8 

Musicil  iuatruments,  for  every  florin 

1  ADlimony,  do. 

U    2  1-2 

0 

0 

1 

v.ilue        .... 

0    0  14 

0    0    01 

Ariol,  Jo.    •              -           _  •  . 

0  22  1  2 

0 

0 

9 

Oats,  for  100  Iba.  weight  of  Vienna      . 

0    0  1.2 

0    0    0-2 

j  Aran  of  Jll  mrta,  for  everr  florin  value 
Anenic,  for  100  Iba.  weight  of  Vieuua 

0    0  1-4 

0 

0 

01 

Oil,  (Jive,  do.            •            •            . 

0  10 

0    0    4 

0    6  1-4 

0 

0 

2-3 

I'llch  and  tar,  d(?.       . 

0    4  1-2 

0    0    1-9 

Birley,  do.  . 

0    0  1-2 

0 

0 

0-2 

rolash,  do.    .... 

0  18 

0  0  7.2 

1  Bi»is,ilo-     .... 

0  19 

0 

0 

7-6 

i|uicksilver,  do.        .            .            - 

0  37  1-2 

0     1     3 

Cinnabar,  Jo. 

0  43  3-4 

0 

1 

6  1-2 

Rags,  linen,  do.          • 

1    0 

0    2    0 

Clocki.  walchea,  (kc.  for  every  florin 

Hire,  do.       . 

0    2  1-4 

0    0    0-9 

vrlue        .... 

0    014 

0 

0 

O'l 

Rye,  do 

0    0  3-4 

0    0    0-3 

Copper,  for  100  Ibi.  weight  of  Vienna . 

030 

0 

1 

0 

.Shunuac,  do,               ... 

0    1  12 

0    0    0-6 

t'orkwwl,  do.            . 

0    4  14 

0 

0 

17 

Silk,  raw,  do. 

45    0 

4  10    0 

C.iiion   uiniiuficlures,   for  every  lb. 

thrown,  do.     . 

22  30 

2    5    0 

weight  nf  Vienna  . 

0    0  14 

0 

0 

0.| 

slufls,  Ac  ,  for  every  lb.  weight 

Cutlery,  fur  every  florin  value 

Flai,  (or  100  Iba.  weight  of  Vienna     . 

0    014 

0 

0 

0-1 

of  Vienna     • 

0    1  1-2 

0    0    0  3.8 

0    6 

0 

0 

2-4 

Skins,  lamb  and  kid,  for  100  lbs.  weight 

Fruil),  dried,  Jo.       ... 

0    1  12 

0 

0 

06 

of  Vienna  .... 

3  37  1-2 

0    7    3 

(llaH  wares,  Jo.        • 

0    4 

0 

0 

16 

St,ivea,  pipe,  Sc,  for  every  florin  value 
Sugar,  retiued,  for  100  lbs.  weight  of 

0    0  1-4 

0    0    01 

Do.  cryiul  and  mirtora,  for  every  florin 

value       .            .            .            • 

0    0  1-4 

0 

0 

01 

Vienna      .... 

0  1834 

1    0    7  1.2 

Himp,  for  lOO  lbs.  weight  of  Vienna  ■ 

0    5 

0 

0 

2 

Timber,  ship,  for  every  florin  value     - 

0    3 

0    0    1-2 

Iron,  uuwrought,  do. 

0    134 

0 

0 

0-7 

other  sorts    • 

0    0  1-4 

0    0    0-2 

tools,  &c,  do. 

0    .'> 

0 

0 

2 

Vitriol,  for  every  lOO  Iba.  weight  of  Vi. 

Lod,do.     .... 

0    2  3-4 

0 

0 

II 

enna         .... 

0    7 

0    0    2-8 

Lintn  manufactures,  table  linen,  kc, 

Wax,  do.     .... 

030 

0    1    0 

for  every  lb.  Vienna 
Liiharje,  for  100  Iba.  weight  of  Vienna 

0    0  1-8 

0 

0 

0-05 

v^■heat,  do.  . 

0    1 

0    0    0-4 

0    6  12 

0 

0 

2-6 

Wine,  common^  do. 

0    2 

0    0    0-8 

I/>cks,  Jo.    • 

025 

0 

0 

10 

Woods,  rose,  olive,  do. 

0    6  14 

0    0    2  1-2 

MiiM,do.   .... 

0    03-4 

0 

0 

0-3 

box,  do.        . 

0    33-4      0    0    11-2 

.Marble,  do  - 

0    0  1.4 

0 

0 

01 

Wool,  do.     .... 

10           0    2    0 

X.  £.— Trieste  being  without  the  line  of  customs,  these  duties  on  exportation  are  payable  on  goods 
eniering  the  territory  or  liberties  of  the  port,  whether  for  consumption  or  for  exportation  by  sea.  The 
duiieson  raw  and  thrown  silk  are  tantamount  to  a  prohibition. 
Gunpowder,  salt,  and  tobacco,  being  articles  monopolised  by  government,  are  not  allowed  to  be  im- 
poiliid  into  Trieste  except  for  sale  to  the  government  or  its  contractors.  Vessels  arriving  with  gun- 
poA'iler  on  board,  deliver  it  at  the  arseniil,  and  on  their  clearing  out  it  is  returned  to  them  free  of 
eipense.    The  utmost  vigilance  is  exerted  to  prevent  the  introduction  of  tobacco;  but  with  very  little 

I  cITect.  The  only  articles,  the  exportation  of  which  front  the  Austrian  dominions  is  at  present  pru- 
hibjtcil,are  gold  and  silver  in  bars,  and  silk  cncoons. 

Smujrgling.—\n  consequence  of  the  prohibition  of  tobacco,  and  of  the  high  duties  imposed  on  refined 
sugar,  cnlTi.'e,  kc,  these  articles  are  very  extensively  smuggled  into  the  Austrian  dominions.    Most 

I  pan,  ton,  of  the  cotton  goods  sent  from  this  country  to  Trieste  and  Venice,  are  sold  to  smugglerb,  by 

I  whom  ihcy  are  introduced  into  the  interior  with  very  little  dilficulty.  It  would  be  absurd,  indeed,  to 
suppose,  seeing  the  extent  to  which  smuggling  is  practised  in  England  and  France — (seeoiif^,  p.  516.), 
-tliai  it  should  not  be  in  a  flourishing  condition  in  Austria,  whose  frontier  is  so  much  more  dilficult  to 

Ijiiard.   It  is,  in  fact,  carried  on  to  a  very  great  extent  i  prohibited  and  overtaxed  goods  being  intro 
duceil  with  (he  greatest  regularity,  either  by  defeating  the  vigilance  of  the  oflicers,  or,  which  is  said  to 
be  the  mure  common  caae,  by  making  them  parties  to,  and  gainers  by,  the  fraud.     The  transit  of 


680 


TRIESTE. 


CI 
-^1 


C3 


T'^'^r. 


fnralitn  fnnil*  thrnnsh  (hit  AiKtrlnn  iitnti>i  irlvRi  cnnnlilprnlilr  rnrilltlri  tn  thfl  imiiirirlnr.  Tint,  lni1on<<ni]. 
«nlly  iiniil*.  tlirlr  iiilrniliinloii  Im  mi  very  Pimy  (hut  nolliInK  I'nl  I'm  rcpfiil  orHic  rxluilng  priililliltKini' 
■  ml  \\w  rU'ri  iiiril  mliii'liiiii  ornii-  iIiiiii'h,  tail  rIvo  iiiiy  ciiimlcli'riilili-  i  liri  k  ti>  •niiiKiiliiiK.  ' 

Wf  wniilil  fiiiii  li(i|iit  llmt  III)-  AiiNlrliiii  guvcriitni'iit  li  linciuiiliiii  ivniillilu  of  tliln  Iriilh.  Ita  cum- 
merrlnl  (>iil(cv  l«,  In  iimny  ropcrlfi,  fiir  from  llhhcriil  ;  nnil  ihi-  nllfriitlotm  r<Ti>nllv  niiiilc  In  Ihn  mrlir 
liiivf  riiiiirilMil«<il  III  riiriliinid  Inipiirtnllon.  'I'litt  uliidili'it  rclti'illnn  iiiiiiit,  Inili^iif,  mtllnry  i>vi'ry  nnr 
tliiil  III  Hill  li  II  rniiiiiry.  ri'mrliihiiiit  on  iiiipiirliilinn  ciiii  hii  iif  iiii  roul  uilvunlaiio  (<>  tliu  lioiiio  prndiiiiira' 
anil  Unit  tlidr  only  cll'iTt  U  tn  itivrrl  Iriiilu  Into  llliniliinatiM'liiiliiii'lii,  (n  ilrpilvr  llip  piililli:  iriMimir)  „r 
tlin  riiviiniiH  It  iiiluht  ilf  riva  froin  iiinilcriitu  iliitli.'ii,  unit  to  iiiirlch  tliuiiu  who  dunpliu  uiiil  tmniplu  on  ilig 
Ibw   tit  tli«>  oxpiMiHO  of  Ihn  •oliiT  niiil  jiiiliiiitiioiiK  clll/.i'ii 

(.'on<|i|i'rliiR  till-  vniit  vnrli-ly  or  valiiiihln  iiiiil  il<>iilralil<>  prniliicti  riirnlNlinil  liy  l.onilinrily,  llinii:iirv 
Ailntrli  propiT,  mill  llio  oIIiit  AilHlrlitii  HiiiIi'n,  It  In  iinl  i>:ii<y  to  i>i)lliii:i!i>  tliu  cxliilil  to  wliiili  tliiir 
roiiiiiii'm*  imiilil  lii>  ciirrli-J,  iiihIit  n  rmi  ayHliMii  tliiit  mIioiiIiI  iliivi-lopii  all  III*!  rr^ioiiri-fa  of  llm  rmihiry 
At  pri'otMit,  liiiwi'ViT,  tlirrr  In,  III  Aimlrla  anil  iiioitt  oilirr  p:irtH  iif  llii!  t'ontiticnt,  il  HlroiiR  ill-'piiHiiiiin 
to  lii'lii>vi>  iliat  our  ri'i'iiiiiini'iiilalliina  of  a  fri'rr  Hyi-li'iii  of  ('oinnii'ri'ial  poliry  ari' iliilaiiiil  Niilijy  |,y 
H.'lllali,  intrrrnlril  iiioiivvM.  'I'lii'y  nuliirnlly  allaili  iiii'ali>r  wclulil  to  iiiir  prarliiii  llwiii  to  our  prnf,., 
RiiiiiH.  Ho  Imiir,  Inilfeil,  an  niir  prMaiiiit  corn  lawn  ami  tinilirr  iliitii'i  are  itiillVrcil  to  polliiii!  mir  •liiiuii) 
liook,  DO  loiiK  hIiiiII  \vi!  iiiaku  hut  few  practical  coiivi-rlH  to  our  iloctrliii'M.  Hiich  n  iiioillllcaiinii  of  n,, 
foriiH'r  an  woiilil  riMiiliir  our  port*  alwayn  iipi-ii  to  Ihu  Importatioii  of  corn  uiii|i-r  rfanoiiuliln  iluiira 
roriiliiiiiMl  Willi  llii.'  •■i|ii:ili/aiion  of  Ihu  liinlii'r  iliitirH,  anil  llii!  ri'iliirlioii  of  thiM-xorhilunt  ilmic.,  „,i 
•ilivi!  oil  ;inil  I'lici'm',  wniilil  hIkiw  that  wu  ari!  (linpoHiMl  to  praclisi)  Ihonn  lilirral  iloclrim  h  wi!  mi  friifly 

rfcii ml  to  otlirra:  ami  woiilil  i|u  more  lo  vxluiid  uur  trade  with  Ituly  unU  Auntria  than  aiiy 

liii'nHiiru  It  In  in  our  powur  tn  nilopl. 

Shipptiijr  -  Hiiicp  tin-  loai  of  I'Matiilnra,  Ihu  mrrr.nntlle  navy  of  Aualrln  hna  beon  cnnllnnil  wholly  t^ 
till!  p  iria  on  tin-  Ailrialic.  Iliil  II  in,  notwlllintamliiift,  vi-ry  conniili'rnhli! ;  ami  fiiirroHni'M  nt  ihia  nm. 
iiiRiil  a  very  liriji!  Hh  ire  of  thi!  Iruilr  of  llu!  Mmlilcrranean  ami  lllack  Hini.  Tlit!  oak  tiiiihcr  nf  (  arnii.la 
ami  tlin  Oaliiiatiiin  contt  la  rnckoni'il  ahoul  Iho  very  henl  in  tho  worlil  j  ao  that  Ihn  Auniriaii  Hliihi 
hi'iiiK  hiiilt  of  it,  art!  very  alroiiK,  at  Ihn  anmu  tiiiH!  that  they  are  parliciilnrly  haiiilnonii!.  Tlioy  arii 
al.Ho  wi'll  iiiaiiiii'il  ami  proviili'il.  Tliu  ai-anirn  aru  uxpcrl,  tnin|U!rati!,  ami  orilorly  ;  anO  Mr.  Mout'y 
days,  that  tin-  lawn  for  lilt!  rriJiilatloii  of  Iho  iiifrchant  acrvicn  nru  uxculloiit. 

hy  far  Ihi-  (jrealrr  iiiiiiihur  of  vrnni'ln  of  larui-  hiiriluii  helonif  tn  Tricaln.  Thn  rent  hclonR  In  Vnnlri> 
FliiniP,  KajSiina,  ami  thu  llorcliu  ill  Cattaro.  On  the  othor  hami,  thi*  anialli-r  vcnai'ln  (!niployi'il  In  ilif! 
r.oinliim  Ir.iil",  H  hiili  in  vi'ry  coiisiili>ral)lt!,  are  more  equally  illvlilcil ;  Venice  haviiiK,  prohubly,  as 
many  as  Trli'ile,  wliili!  a  Kood  nuiiiber  helonii  in  llie  jiorlH  of  Inlria,  lliiiiftary,  ami  Italinntiii. 

The  foriiv'M  iraile  of  thin  port  compriiiea  all  vnyuguH  beyoiiil  the  lliiiita  uf  thu  Adriatic  ;  and  innybu 
diviili'd  iiH  follows  :  — 

1.  The  Levant  trade,  incliidini;  the  Ionian  InlaniN,  Oreern,  Cnnitniitinnpic,  Smyrna,  Odessa,  Ac 
the  poriM  In  Syria,  Cypriin,  Canilia,  and  Kitypt,  iiinre  cnpeciully  Alexandria. 

2.  The  poiv  lite  or  Meililerrnnean  trade,  In  the  wef>t,  cnnipriaing  the  coaat  of  Uarbary,  Spain,  Prance 
and  Italy  ;  heiiii.'  principally  carried  on  with  Marneilleg,  Genoa,  and  Leghorn.  ' 

3.  The  commerce  on  the  ocean,  which  the  Aiinlrian  merchanlH  have  attempted  with  ronsidcrible 
siicci'Sii.     (Several  ahlpa  aall  for  Ilra7.il,  the  llniled  Statea,  Kngland,  Ilambiireh,  &c. 

The  nniiilier  of  Aunirlan  vessels  at  present  employed  In  foreign  trade  Is  believed  to  lie  alioiit  7)>0,  of 
the  burden  of  ahoul  133,1100  tons,  manned  by  about  15.000  men  and  boyg.  In  the  coasting  trade  about 
200  vestiels  arc  emplnyed,  averafiiiig  10  tons  each.     The  nshing  trade  is  inconsiderable. 

There  has  been  no  sensible  increase  or  diiiiinutinn  in  the  lonnape  for  the  last  Ave  years ;  but  there  h 
every  probabilily  of  a  gradual  Inrreane  in  future,  proportioned  to  the  nnticlpnied  Improveinenl  of  trade 
in  the  Medili!rranean,  which  hag  of  late  years  been  interrnpled  and  depressed  by  political  events. 

The  followiiie  Table  shows  Ihe  number  of  ships,  and  their  tonnage,  arriving  ul,  ami  sailing  rrniii 
Trieste  diirini;  each  of  the  three  years  ending  with  1831,  specifying  the  number  and  tonnage  uf  iliuse 
under  each  flag. 


Movement  of  Shipp 

ng  nt  Trieste, 

durln 

g  each  0 

r  the  Three  Years  ending  with  1831. 

Flagv 

1829. 

1830. 

1831. 

Arrived. 

SiileJ. 

Arrived. 

Sailed. 

A 

rived. 

SaiieJ.         1 

Shivl. 

ri'ii'iarc. 
16,873 

.VAipf. 

Tmiiiaef. 
I8,U2 

SMpt. 

Toimate. 
II, W9 

Shifi 

Tonnaft. 

Sttilil. 
3,1 

Tvunafe. 

""i-:- 

Tim'tafr. 

American 

it 

69 

47 

48 

12,108 

9,5-7 

S,M5    ' 

Auitrun  • 

Hi 

67,854 

373 

74,163 

334 

72,764 

341 

69,320 

436 

86,132 

4>U 

9o,2IO   i 

llrtnicn   • 

. 

. 

. 

1 

IbO 

1 

Ilnoah     - 

129 

23,776 

129 

22,775 

ICO 

28,743 

160 

21,743 

129 

22.337 

120 

22,337 

Ilani<ll     •       • 

14 

2,105 

14 

2,3'JO 

18 

3,374 

14 

2,143 

13 

2,160 

11 

.3,073   - 

Dulch       . 

2 

4<l 

2 

491 

7 

1,129 

3 

613 

6 

1,69< 

11) 

2,223 

Frrnch    •       - 

8 

1,283 

8 

l,3Sil 

II 

1.432 

7 

832 

7 

9ol 

8 

eso 

(iri-tk      •       • 

41 

3,.ie8 

41 

3,122 

51 

3,766 

49 

3,376 

63 

7,0:6 

57 

6,9,iO 

ll;inuveriaa     ■ 

H 

1,370 

5 

V90 

4 

674 

4 

626 

4 

470 

3 

7:0 

Ionian     - 

33 

3,25j 

35 

3,782 

18 

l,72j 

19 

1,998 

22 

2,063 

23 

],m 

HorfuRUtlo 

. 

. 

. 

2 

415 

2 

415 

2 

141 

2 

Ml 

Rtinian 

m 

77i 

6 

37B 

21 

1,801 

-■■o 

678 

39 

3,2,17 

11 

1.1=9 

Itu^iian    * 

lU 

1,371 

10 

l,3Uli 

16 

3,032 

11 

l,8..3 

14 

2,975 

16 

3,31; 

Sirdiiiun 

28 

4,014 

!4 

3,(i.iS 

28 

3,769 

31 

4,418 

23 

4,134 

I'l 

2,9i; 

Sicili.iri    • 

67 

il,98i 

71 

13,015 

IU8 

17,019 

108 

17,083 

70 

10,452 

69 

10,l«   t 

SpaiHBh    • 

6 

411 

7 

640 

11 

K53 

10 

813 

12 

668 

12 

664   1 

Swediih  • 

26 

4,333 

28 

6,936 

26 

8,0.9 

24 

5,2!i9 

II 

1,983 

20 

3,510 

•riirki!.h  ■      - 

40 

1 

40 

4 

f9 

3 

61 

3 

66 

3 

6« 

Tuscan    • 

Tolal    . 

3 

791 

617 
143,012 

3 

423 

6 

613 

137,818 

5 

787 

6 

CIS 

8 
932 

166.139  ! 

826 

Iv1,440 

890 

849 

132,4S7 

901 

139.148 

Cnstomn'  Recriilalinn.i.—ThP.  custom-house  at  Trieste  hag  nothing  whatever  to  do  with  Ihe  entry, 
rcporlinir,  &.c.  of  vessels.  When  a  ship  arrives,  she  is  reported  to  the  HeullhOHice  ;  wliicli  puWisliii 
a  list  of  arrivals  and  deparlures,  with  a  statement  of  their  cargoes,  as  liny  appear  in  Ihe  miinifciils 
Ships  are  cleared  by  the  same  office  ;  the  masters  being  nsgisted  by  the  consuls  of  the  cniiiilry  tnwbicli 
they  bilon!.'.  As  soon  as  a  vessel  has  performed  iiiiaraiiline,  she  loads  or  unloads  wilbom  any  intir- 
ference  or  inspection  by  the  customs'  oHicers,  or  by  any  one  else.  Goods  ungusceptible  of  contagion 
may  be  landed  during  qiiaranline. 

Heine  a  free  port,  the  bonding  and  warehousing  system  is,  of  course,  unknown  at  Triesle. 

Port  C/idru-cy.— These  are  paid  at  the  office  of  the  harbour  master  on  clearins;  out.    Thoyarettn 
same,  whatever  may  be  the  ship's  stay;  and  are,  perhaps,  the  most  moderate  of  any  in  Europe. 
Port  Charges  paid  by  Austrian  and  Foreign  Ships. 


iiutrian,  and  f'lrei^n  pnoiltfed  ihipi : 
Anchnnifr,  per  ton  admeasureiiieut 
I.inhl-liousp  - 

iiugn  duly  per  ton  weight  of  f(nodl 
2V.  Jl.-lf  giaia,  per  20  itajt. 


Fi.  kr. 

-    0  4 

•    0  3 

■    0  3 


Fvieiifn  thipt  nul  pricilefied .  f-  *'• 

Ancl)nra<r,  li^ht-hnuM;.  and  ranjft  as  above,  per  ton  ad. 

nira^iiri-niriil.  .-ind  ()rr  Ion  weislit  nf  gi»oJ«    •  •    0  tP 

New  tonn.^lte  duly,  per  ton  adnieahurentcnt       «  •   0  IC 

AtbDr.i^sin,  payil'le  ty  sbips  departing  io  ballatt,  or 

wiUi  leu  ihau  liiir  a  ar|a  •  ■  ■  ■  "  '' 


TRIESTE. 


081 


,iheimuMl«r.  B.it,lnrtfp-nd. 
Blofth«  I'xUtlninirDliilmic.in, 
,k  i«miiiiKUl>"K'  ..      ,. 

,...,.. iv  tl.c  p.il.li.',  .r..UH,ir)  .If 
vlu.ae<|>l««  "'"""""'''""""'" 

,"'  ,1,0  .•xl""i'"^r"»'"""" 

•„„iii..-nt,.»»i";>'Kfi7»"";'' 

.V'priuli'"  Ui'V'  «"  '""•  IV"f - 
..  .iirtVriMl  l"  \w\\\m  "iir  uliiim.! 
./  "iicli  ai.'..>l«ll'i.ii"»"fil.. 
'  rorii  »"'<"'  ''•"•"'" ''''"  ''"'"■'. 
;.iioi.  of  tlini-X"''"<'"'"'"";'«';» 

iiii  uuiy  u">'»  Au'if"  """'  ""y 

,..  ami  .-nlirnHHOH  nl  Itim  mo- 

,":'•"  «'""  ""'   '^'"""mm  ''"'"• 
r„i.  a.ul  orilcfly  i  .i<id  Mr.  M.uay 

L'i'i'i""Thor«Htl.clonRtnVoniro, 
.'n.,.n<-rv.'H».l»<'"'Pl"y|Mlmih.. 
,,".  V..i.ko  liavinn  |.r..l.ul.ly,:,* 
Ilii.«i>ry.n""l  l»:'t.»'a""  . 

imuicflhuAJ'^'"'"""''""!'''" 

,.tn.Ulnoi.le,9my""'.0'l"»».ic, 
*"coaiiofn»rbary.  Spain,  France, 
l.avf  aucmpte'l  wHU  considerable 

'boys     ill  the' "»''ti-'l!  "''•'«■""»" 

'^    ..iVr.-Bseil  by  Ui.liliial  evrnls. 
7,'i:e'S«u..a  tonnage  of  ll.o.e 

:  Years  ending  witlilMl___ 


IMl. 


Arrivnl, 


Innni;' 
12,106 
19,320 


Sallnl. 

Shiti-  Tunmei] 

i: 

*y:i  . 

4«3 

9b,210  i 

121 

21,331 

IS 

3,M3  ; 

III 

2,223  i 

6 

M  I 

57 

6,9W 

6 

7-0 

21 

1,981 

2 

141 

II 

1.1=9 

16 

3,31; 

It 

2,9li 

69 

10,H7 

12 

666 

20 

3,510 

3 

66 

8 

S59 

<)32  i    166.139 


rn^'nnlls'ofX    ninU;.owlmh 
lig'n  SAips.  rH'. 

It  ■.«".•"  ton  weitlil  "(  8"^'  .   0  l£ 

lu  iiiif  »  cwio  • 


rnmparatlvttntKtAin«nl  nfilie  rnririiarfai  paid  Rt  Trlvtto,  rpiDPrtlTKly,  by  •  Niitivs  nnd  prlvlle|fj 
Foriilgn  Mill)),  and  a  Formiii  Mlii|)  nut  tirivllugad,  imch  iil':i(N)  Tunii  liurdun,  with  nilieil  Carioei. 


Ani'hortK"  >imI  liiht,  ai  abova,  SCO  Inns  >1  1  krautavn 

Mr  lod  atlih,'i»ur«li)Mnl  •  -  3A 

Carfu  July,  300  Uiiia,  al  3  kraulian    •  -  It 


TiHal 


or  tboul  41.  III.  •tarliiif . 


AtirlMtracr,  li|lil  «n,l  rarr>  '<<•>,  aa  alN>v« 
luuufa  July,  3UU  iiina,  al  Itl  kriuiMra 


Tolkl 


fl.  %»\ 

M  0 

M  0 

l»  0 


or  attnitt  111.  lOt.  attfrlint. 
ir  llin  ihip  cl«|,.irt  in  Ullail  „r  wuh  Ina  Mian  \'l  a  camn,  Ihan  la 
•  riicllivr  rliaria  ul  *  ktaulun  iwr  lug,  ur  4.)  Hiirliai ;  uukinl  in  all, 
n»  (li.rina. 

fmpi>niition$  and  Irrirul  0/  INS.I.—The  fnllnwlnir  italoMipnl  In  Inlcrralliii!,  nn  It  nxlilliitu  the  principal 
uriii'lt's  I  'iportvd  Into  Tni-'  le  from  ArnRrlrii,  tin-  VVcHt  Indlvi.  iind  Wi'Hlfrn  Kiiropn.  in  l-:i:i,  Kiwcil'yliiK 
ilii*  i|imnlin'^'<  fi>rniRlu:d  liy  (>Mi'fr  ■'■xintry,  mill  lliii  HlilpH  liy  which  llin  muni' wim  Iniporluil.  It  vliuwii 
■)iat  \iiitriatt  lltlM*  *"  pretty  exlMnnlvi'ly  eiiiptoyud  In  the  Trunaatluiitlc  tradu. 

Principal  Impnrtatlnni  and  Arrlv.iln  diirlnR  IH33. 

,N(.  /iiitniiifii.  — In  I  Hnliih  •raol  1  cnlTra,  IMlont)  ooltoD,4llitlw| 
Inf  wimnI,  J  liiiia. 

Suiiiatia.^ln  t  Ainrrican  vrawli :  |'r(i],fr,  Vo  tona. 

MurttiUtt — In  I  Firncli.  'it  Aiialriaii,  4  NHf.olit.iii.  7  Roman,  aoj 
4  narlllilan  vrMrli  1  cnir«ii,  Bl  totii  St.  J«ll<>,  iil  l'>fia  Hio,  4  lona 
J.iiuaici,  til  I'llia  Fiirlo  Riro,  9*1  lima  SI.  Iliiiiiif,2n  jii,l  S  Uina  Tr). 
ajcu ;  tui(.ir,  2,2IN  r««ki  rrllnr,!,  100  catra  whllr  R.itlM  ,  uttiiit,  9 
tout;  |H-p|>flr,  113  tiini;  iHiiii-nlii,  34  lona;  clove*,  26i  picknir**  > 
riiiiiainnn,  1  Ion  ;  ciuia  liKiMa,  I  Ion  (  coftiiiical,  21  irmiin  ;  rottot., 
270  hilca;  1o(w,nmI,  7lt)  lona;  NicarAfiia  woimI,  Wi  Ion*  (  rum,  56 
iiiirirliniiii }  ii.kiikuciia,  4,000  iiiacva :  lead,  6,1  tH  HiKola;  llidva, 
6,107. 

£,n-i/rfi((X.  — In  4  Frrnrll  and  1  SwihIIiIi  vnarl  :  r«ir,-r,  31  tona  Ha- 
vaiiiiah;  2!6  toua  fSI.  Ja)(o ;  lugar,  OO  Uilea  wliili)  Havanuah  | 
|iflp|if  r,  8  tun*. 

ffi/iiaJfar  aorf  AAUM,— In  (JHritiih,  0  Aiialrtan,an«l  1  Roman  vnaal : 
ri>lii-»,  4  lona  ILtvaiiiiali,  3  lorin  I'orto  Hiro  ;  nUK^ir,  2')  i-aM-i  whila 
Haliia,  16c.iit'i  niu«ci,vaiIo  llrixil ;  roroa,  HI  looi ;  |>P|>|>«>r,  211  lona] 

fiino^nlo,  ft  Idiift  I  riiiii,4  puuctiroiil;  Io^wimhI,  41  lona  ;  collon,  I2l 
ulea;  hi  In,  l,«Ka, 
.<!|>aiii.— in  9  spaniih,  I  Anitrian,  and  1  Ruulin  vnaci :  cuR'er,  lit 

••■MB  Porin  Hico  1  Irail,  S,7fll  infola  ;  lii.ka,  5li0 
Airdifdi.— In  2  Hriliah,  7  Auilnaii,  I  Haiiiih,  nml  3  Sar.liniai,  vm- 

arii  ;  colTef,  91  lona  Rio ;  lunar,  187  ciira  llaliia,  163  ra»<-*  IVr- 

liamlitiro,  121  raiM  Hin,  an<l  201  l>.irrcU  wtitti\  1^0  caai*!  i,..rfu- 

vnilo  Hra7.iI;  cocoa,  220  tona;  cotton,  3,.303  bjlea;  caaaia  Iicdh, 

1  Inn;  liiilri,  1:I.3!I7. 
//ain/'tirfr/i.  — In  3  Austrian,  an>l  3  nrrtnrn  vnat- 1,    siiir.^rj  '2  caak^ 

retiiir,l;  Dili  nil,  1,744  liarrela;  caUakliia,  £11  balaa;  line,  M,4I)2 

liara;  lierrinK^,  ^1  barrela. 
//>i//arid.— In  2  Auilrian.  an>l  I  Daniah  vcaael :  auftar,  1 13  caaka  re* 

lined,  176  cask*  cruilieil ;  tolMicco,  l.^>4  balea;  clieeat;,   117  pack* 

a^ea  ;  aandal  h'iki<I,  3,127  piecea^  tin,  M)  incola. 
AVtuiou  — In  1  nriliih,  4  llaitoveri.in,  I  Daniah,  ami  1  Dutch  veiaol : 

itoclin>h,  1.3(13  lon<. 
Swtdtn— la  i  bwediali  veueli :  tar,  2,314  bairela. 

Statement  uf  Lanf,  Friilaiid  ^  L'n. 

Quaranfine  Is  itrlctly  enforced  at  Trieste,  and  the  establishments  for  fucililatliiK  ils  pcrfnrinancu 
jrecoinpiete  and  elflclent.  The  Board  nf  Ilealth  at  this  port  is  the  central  or  priiicipnl  onn  for  Iho 
Aiiatrian  States :  and  maintains  an  active  correspondence  with  all  the  principal  ports,  both  in  tlio 
MHdilerrnnean  and  elsewhwre.  There  are  9  lazarettos,— that  called  8t.  Teresa,  or  Lazaretto  JVi/ooo, 
ij  appropriatiui  to  vessels  from  the  Levant  and  Rjiypt,  which  are,  for  the  most  part,  siilijia-ted  to  the 
Inn;  or  full  i|iiarantine  of  40  dayn.  It  is  spacious,  and  properly  Kiinrded  ;  hnving  a  suflicient  niinilier 
of  mililary  and  medical  officers  and  assistants  ;  with  extensive  tpiays  and  magazines  for  hoiisinit  and 
airing  Koods,  dwelling  housesand  apartments  for  resident  officers  and  piissengcrs,  &.c.  It  is,  in  fact, 
oiieoftlic  most  perfect  establishinents  of  the  kind  in  existence.  The  otiirr.or  old  (Teechiu)  lazaretto, 
cnnligiioiis  to  the  great  mole,  is  appropriated  to  ships  and  passengers  performing  a  i|uarantine  of  not 
more  ihnn  %)  days  ;  and,  though  inferior  to  the  former,  is  sufficiently  capacious  and  convenient.  The 
sanitary  offices,  including  tliat  of  harbour  master,  are  near  the  centre  of  the  port ;  where  also  are 
monred  vessels  under  observation  for  a  term  not  exceeding  S  days.  Here  also  are  flicllities  for  com- 
municaliiig  ripA  voce  with  persons  under  quarantine  ;  and  spacious  warehouses,  with  adequate  guards 
and  olher  officers.  But,  notwithstanding  these  conveniences,  if  a  vessel  arrive  having  an  infectious 
malady  nn  board,  she  is  not  allowed  to  enter  cither  lazaretto  at  Trieste,  hut  is  sent  to  an  island  near 
Venice,  fitted  out  for  the  purpose,  where  assistance  maybe  atl'urded  with  less  risk  of  propagating 
infrclion. 

The  ordinary  Board  of  Ilealth  consists  of  a  president ;  two  assistants,  one  of  whom  is  a  doctor  of 
medicine ;  and  three  provisors,  two  of  whom  are  merchants. 


(Wit  *""»'''  "'"  *'  nriliah,  I  Sardinian,  11  Au>lrian  vriarl  ; 
colt,*.  2  Ion*  Jamaica,  102  tona  Havanoati,  *S  tt'fn  ^'  J»i<o,  I6S 
Irw  Rio,  7  tona  •iofoain,  ft  lona  .Morlia.  7  tona  Clieittttin.  ^ol  II 
t'liii  rriac*;  a^iRat.  14'*  caaka  rrlined,  2,.'&tt  caaka  cruahe  ,  lUO 
boiaa  whiia  Hav^uual*.  IMlcaAca  Hahia.  2i4'l  caaea  rernmibiini,  1 16 
tirrfM  whilR,  an'l  65  ctaea  mii^rovijo  braail ;  cocoa,  1.^  tona  ;  caa 
ii>  li<nf«,  1^^  tona ;  cinnamon,  3  torn  i  iiepper,  2^10  lona  pimento, 
M  Ion*  (  Rinirer,  A9  tona  ;  ciichini^al,  4  leno,*  j  ruin,  62"  p,ii«-lieoi)>, ; 
lii'lino,  ^ti't  fln^it*  *nil  H  •anina ;  Iokw<k>I,  ^i  I'llia,  Nictr:(itua 
,>nkl,  21  lonaj  tin,  3,789  injota,  423  larnla  lata,  l.',ll  bimn 
nUIra;  iron,  377  tona;  lead,  l»l  inffota;  cotton,  719  bal^a  Anieri* 
ciD ;  naiikeena,  21,900  pircn  |  in.iiiuricturea,  6.S42  parkaiea  ;  her- 
null,  1,1129  liarreli;  lillchar,la.  I.imil  larreli ;  hidia,  4I,7HI. 
r',ii(fd'.SM/rf  — In  21  Ainerictn  and  6  Aiiitrian  veaaela  ;  rortee,  203 
(1,1)1  Miviiinah,  III  lona  SI.  Jaro,  fW) t«nt  Kio,  II  loiia  llerloce,  70 
tona  M'lclia,  I"?  lona  I'orto  Rico,  3iv'»  tona  SI.  Domingo,  and  till 
tent  Tria.-e  ;  aiic^r,  47  caaka  criiihi>d,30(i  lenea  yellow  llavannah, 
■11,1  497  bif(»  .Manilla  ;  ciH'oa,  2  toi,a  ;  prlilier,  3ti0  lona  ;  pimento, 
iOliiiia;  i'a»aia  li<n<'a,  27  tona  ;  indigo,  13  i  clieila  ;  ruin,  2bl  |iiin- 
rlifona;  IojvvchhI.  Il%i  lona;  Nicin<iM  woimI,  |.17  tona;  fualir,  90 
I..111;  nai  ki'i'na.  4,  UM  plecea  ;  colion,  3.91 1  balei ;  hidei,  29,b'i(<. 
Rrritill.— In  42  Hritiah,  4  American.  1  Hamliorch,  3  llaniih,  I 
freiich,  I  .Neipolitan,  3  Sardini.aii,  3  Siianiali,  I  Swn,liat,,  and  II 
Amlnan  veMCia— (2'<  veaaeli  front  Rio,  29  lUhia,  10  I'lirnamliiicn, 
1  I'tn.  Jn'l  2  from  Hanlf«) ;  cotl'ee.  3,704  lona  Rio,  124  tona  lUliia; 
lunr,  i,i  '3  ciaei,  267  barrela,  l,!^l  t  Imio  while,  and  602  r.tu-a  nnia. 
ciivvin  Hill ;  7, 191  caaea,  1 1^  liarrela  while,  and  i,ilH7  oaei  munco 
tiJoHlhia;  2,340  caaea,  l,H06  li.irrela, 'i4  bao  while,  and  127  ciaea 
fliiiicov.vlo  1'ern.imbuco  ;  and  9,061  l>.in  S.inlos  ;  cnciu,  1 16  tona 
I'lra;  rum,  13S  mmrheona;  cotton, 362  balDanahi.i, 00 balea  I'm; 
(uilic,  45  lona  i  Itidea,  39,4H.3. 
(■ulia.-lii  H  llrili'li,  *  American.  I  lUf  ian,  and  2  Spaniah  veaaela— 
i9vraieU  from  SI.  Ja^o,  and  i  flnin  M.it.inua) :  cidl'ee.  1,192  lona 
St.  Ja«n,  231  tona  MaUnui ;  au»r,  172  b<ilea  white,  1,621  l,o«ea 
irllow  Malaiitaa,  liiS  iMixea  while,  819  boiei  yellow  St.  Jago: 
|J|wood,  \i  lona;  fuilic,  NT  lona. 


Quarantine  Charges  pa 

yable  at  the  Port  of  Trieste,  by  all  Ships. 

Currtncy. 

sterling. 

Currency. 

Slerlinf. 

jfrriDOj. 

FLkr. 

1.    d. 

Dtparturt. 

Fl.  Ar. 

>.    d. 

Inpialiqiiei 
Enlrj  with  or  without  cargo,   thipi 
ICO  lont  and  upwanla 

In  pratique: 
fiillorhealUi,ihipi  100  tona  and  upwarda 

0    45 

1    6 

1    30 

3    0 

SO  to  99    ■ 

0    30 

1    0 

Mlo99  .... 

1      0 

2    0 

15-49    . 

0     9 

0    3'6 

15  -  49  • 

0    17 

0    6-8 

Ccnifi(»tB  ofgooda  ihipped  in  pntiqua 

0    17 

0    6'8 

Id  qurantine : 

In  quarantine : 

For  the  inlerroplory  of  mulsr 

1    30 

3    0 

IVitent            .... 

1      8 

3    3-2 

For  do.  of  guardian  OD  adniiaaion  to  pr*. 

Pay  of  the  gu^rdinn  on  board  during  the 

1       tlllM            - 

0    34 

1  la 

I«rforniaiice  of  quarantine,  iwr  diem 

1      8 

2    3-2 

1 

Ilia  proviaiona  do. 

0    20 

0    8 

Qvarastine  Dues  payable  on  Oooitt. — Non-susceptible  goods  pay  ad  valorem  at  the  rate  of  6  kreutzera 
per  100  florins  or  1  mille.  Susceptible  goods  pay  an  extra  charge,  according  to  tariff*,  or  to  circum- 
itancea.  Besides  the  above  arf  valorem  duty,  goods  not  susceptible  pay  4  kreutzera  (lid.)  per  every 
1,000  lbs.  weight  of  Vienna.    Grain  is  subject  to  an  extra  charge  of  about  i  per  cent. 

Brokers,  Commission  Merchants,  Brokerage,  S^c. — There  are  a  few  exceptions  to  the  freedom  gene- 
rally enjoyed  of  settling  and  exercising  any  trade  at  Trieste.  Brokers,  for  example,  are  limited  in 
number,  a'nd  appointed  by  the  Chamber  of  Commerce.  They  are  obliged  to  give  security,  are  under 
various  regulations,  and  may  not  themselves  trade  as  principals.  They  are  of  3  classes  :  1st,  brokersi 
for  the  sale  and  purchase  of  merchandise,  who  are  again  subdivided  into  particular  classes,  according 
10  tlie  articles  they  are  conversant  with,  as  grain,  oil,  cotton,  drugs,  hides  and  leather,  colonial  pro- 

86 


,ii»; 


682 


TRIESTE. 


IK       <• 

r  I 

-J 


J  "315 


duce,  maniifactnrAi,  &e. ;  Sd,  bill  brokers,  nr  exchange  agents  ;  and,  3i1,  ship  and  inRurnnce  brokpra. 
Huch  authnri8<!il  lirnkers  are  alone  allowed  tn  extend  contrnclfi,  certiticHteg,  surveys,  or  other 
documents;  and  they  are  considered  as  public  functionaries,  wliose  depositions  are  received  as  legal 
evidence. 

Any  one  may  he  a  commission  merchant  or  factor,  but  he  may  not  Issue  printed  circulnrs  or  lists  of 
prices;  nor  will  his  books,  however  regularly  kept,  be  considered  as  evidence  in  a  court  of  justice, 
unless  he  is  matriculaled ,  for  which  the  possession  of  a  certain  amount  of  capital  is  required.  Thjsl 
however,  is  little  more  than  mere  form,  and  a  great  deal  of  business  is  done  by  persons  acting  botliaj 
merchants  and  brokers,  without  being  duly  authorised. 

The  usual  rate  of  a  merchant's  or  factor's  commission  on  the  purchase  of  goods  is  3  per  cent.  On 
s..  .'8,  i  per  cent.  ;  del  credere  is  sometimes  added. 

A  merchant's  couiinission  for  collecting  freights,  and  doing  other  shipping  business,  is  2  per  cent,  on 
the  inward  cars-'o;  and  hy  custom  of  the  place,  the  house  to  which  a  sliip  IsconsiRned  or  rc^coniiiicnded 
by  the  charterers,  is  entitled  to  a  commission  of  2  per  cent,  on  the  outward  cargo,  whether  it  ha.s  or 
.  has  not  been  insirurnentnl  in  procuring  the  goods  that  are  laden  outwards. 

A  broker's  coinniiHsion  for  freighting  a  ship,  or  procuring  a  charter,  is  2  per  cent.  This  does  not 
include  the  charge  for  writing  charter,  or  for  any  other  services  performed  in  the  clearance.  In  rase 
of  general  cargoes,  when  the  broker  has  to  collect  goods  from  different  merchants,  he  charges  .t  per 
cent,  commission.  A  bill  broker's  commission  (courtage)  is  sometimes  1  per  miile,  more  coinninnlyj 
per  mille.  Brokerage  for  the  sale  or  purchase  of  merchandise  varies  from  i  per  cent,  to  1  per  cent.' 
according  to  circumstances,  and  the  nature  of  the  article. 

Insurance.— TVie  insurance  of  ships  is  carried  on  to  a  considerable  extent  at  Trieste.  The  security 
is  unexceptionable,  tlie  terms  more  moderate  than  in  England,  and  losses  are  said  to  be  niljiistcd 
promptly  and  liberally.  The  oppressive  duties  on  policies  of  insurance  in  England  have  been  the  cause 
that  most  Insurances  on  ships  for  the  Adriatic,  that  were  formerly  effected  in  London,  Liverpool,  &c., 
are  now  effected  at  Trieste.  The  insurance  of  houses  is  universal;  and  that  of  lives  is  also,  of  late 
years,  practised  to  a  considerable  extent.  House  inscrance  is  carried  on  by  joint  stuck  companies,  of 
limited  responsibility. 

Bankruptcy  is  not  of  very  frequent  occurrence  at  Trieste.  The  laws  with  respect  to  it  do  not  diffir 
much  from  those  in  force  in  most  other  countries.  Frai-.dsare  punishable  by  imprisonment ;  but  here, 
as  elsewhere,  they  are  very  dilhcult  to  detect.  Ilunest  bankrupts  are  discharged,  on  making  a  conipicte' 
disclosure  of  their  affairs,  and  a  surrender  of  their  assets.  Property  settled  on  a  wife  is  not  alfecud 
by  the  debts  of  the  husband  ;  a  regulation  which,  it  is  evident,  must  lead  to  fraud. 

Communications  by  Land.— Tha  intercourse  between  Trieste  and  Austria,  Hungary,  &c.  is  neces. 
sarily  all  carried  on  by  land.  The  roads  leading  to  Vienna,  and  to  the  Hungarian  towns,  particularly 
the  first,  are  kept  in  good  repair,  and  the  tolls  are  moderate  ;  but  owing  to  the  rugged  nature  of  the 
country,  the  ascent  is  in  some  places  very  considerable.  The  diligence  from  Trieste  to  Vienna.  3i0 
English  miles,  performs  the  journey  in  72  hours.  The  draught  horses  employed  on  the  roads  are 
excellent ;  but,  in  some  of  the  mountainous  districts,  bullocks  are  used. 

Repeated  surveys  have  been  made  of  the  country  between  Vienna  and  Trieste,  in  the  view  of  form- 
ing a  canal.  Hut  the  difficulties  in  the  way  of  such  a  project  seem  to  be  all  but  insuperahle.  Tlie 
ground  is  not  only  rugged,  but  the  subsoil  of  the  country  stretching  northwards  to  a  considerable 
distance  from  Trieste  is  so  very  porous,  that,  unless  precautions  were  taken  to  obviate  it,  the  water 
in  the  canal  would  speedily  escape.  A  rail-road  has  been  proposed,  and  it  might,  no  doubt  be  accom- 
plished. But  the  expense  would  be  so  very  great,  that  it  is  extremely  problematical  wiiether  it  would 
ever  yield  any  thing  like  a  return.    We  subjoin  a  statement  of  the 

Rates  of  Land  Carriage  from  Trieste  to  various  Places. 


From  Trieile  lo 

Currency 
Florins. 

Amount 
in  Sterling. 

From  Trieste  to 

Currency 
Florins. 

1 

Amount   ; 

in  Slerliog. ' 

Ft.  kr. 

L.:d. 

Ft.    hr. 

L.i.   d. 

Lubian,  per  100  Ibi.  weight  VieDDa 

Augsburg,  Off  100  lbs.  weight 
(=  123  1  2  lbs.  avoird.)     ■ 

Vicuna 

■ 

(=1  123  1-2  lbs.  avoinl.)     ■ 

0    45 

0    1    6 

*      30 

0   9  0    i 

Gratz,  do.    . 

1     45 

0    3    6 

Nuremberg,  do. 

5      30 

0  II    0    1 

Vienna,  do.              ... 

2    49 

0    S    6 

Munich,  do. 

4      30 

0   9  0    1 

Prague,  do.               ... 

4      0 

0    8    0 

Innspruck,  do. 

3       0 

0   6  0 

l^ipsic,  do.               ... 

6    45 

0  13    6 

I.indau,  do. 

4      43 

0   9  6 

Drcstden,  do. 

6    15 

0  12    6 

Zurich,  do. 

5        0 

0  10  0    1 

Berlin,  do.  - 

9    IS 

0  18    6 

Milan,  per  100  kilogs. 

franca 

lOi     0 

0   8  S    1 

Breslaw,  do. 

6    45 

0  II    6 

Careening;  Stores,  ^-c. — Timber  at  Trieste  is  e.Tcellent,  workmen  good,  and  their  wages  ninderaie; 
BO  that  it  is  a  very  favourable  place  for  careening  and  repairing.  Water  is  very  good,  but  railitr 
scarce  ;  so  that,  if  a  large  supply  be  required,  due  notice  must  be  given.  Ships  are  served  in  rcsnlir 
rotation.  Beef  is  very  good,  but  rather  high  priced.  Butter  and  clieese  are  dear;  and  fuel  lse.vie<- 
sively  so.  On  the  whole,  therefore,  Trieste  cannot  be  considered  as  a  favourable  place  for  tlie  ptovi. 
Bioningof  a  siiip.    Subjoined  is  an  account  of  the 

Average  Prices  of  the  principal  Articles  of  Provisions  at  Trieste  in  1831. 


Articles. 

Prices  in 
Currency. 

Prices  in 

Sterling. 

Arti'les. 

Prices  ic 
Currency. 

Fl.    kr. 

FricM  Ifl 
Sterl.oj, 

L  «.  d. 

Beef,  fresh,  per  lb.  weight  of  Vienna 

Fl.  kr. 

L.  1.    d. 

Coffee,   per  100  lbs.   weight  Vienna 
(=  123  1  2  lbs.  avoirdupois) 

(=  1*235  lb.  avoirdupois)  - 

0    at 

0    U    3-4 

33      0 

3  i  0 

Do.  sailed,  per  barrel,  of  about  200  Ibi. 

Flour,  wheat,  do.     . 

7     0 

OU  i 

avoinlupois 

30      0 

3    0    0 

Do.  maize,  do.         • 

4     0 

0   8  0 

Pork,  sailed,  do. 

33      0 

3  10    0 

Oil,  per  orna,  equal  to  14-16  gis.  Iiu. 
Rice,  per  lUO  lbs.  weight  of  Vienna    - 

21      0 

2  -2  0 

Biscuit,  per  100  livres  Venetian  weight 

11    30 

1    3  0 

(=  101  1  2  lbs.  avoirtlu|iois) 

S      0 

0  10    0 

Potatoes,  do. 

1    30 

0  3  0 

Bread,  per  lb.  weight  of  Vienna 

0     3^ 

0    0    f4 

Vegetables  (assorted),  do. 

5     0 

0  10  0 

Butter,  do.                ... 

0    17 

0    0    6-8 

Sugar,  refined,  do.    - 

23     0 

2  6  9 

Cheese,  do. 

0    2S 

0    0  10 

Tea,  per  lb.  weight  of  Vienna 

3     0 

0  6  0  ; 

Average  Prices  of  Wheat,  and  other  sorts  of  Grain,  at  Trieste,  during  each  of  the  Ten  Years  endii!  | 
with  1831,  per  Imperial  Quarter,  and  in  Sterling  Money. 


Grain. 

lau. 

1823. 

/."d.~ 
27  10 

19  6 

20  II 
17    3 
13  10 

1824. 

t.    d. 
23    2 
17    2 
16  II 
II    6 
9  to 

1825. 

1826. 

1827. 

1828. 

1829. 

1.    d. 
34    4 
29    r 
28     1 
21     t 
15    3 

1830. 

15JI. 

Wheal 
Maize 
Rye 
Barley 

Oats 

1.    d. 
31    6 
19  ,4 
22  "4 
18    2 
17    5 

».  d. 
21  2 
IS  6 
IS  1 
10    2 

9    7 

f.    d. 
25    5 
16    0 
16    7 
14    1 
10    0 

f.    It 
31    7 
18    9 
21  11 
14  11 
13    2 

1.    d. 
38    g 
89    6 
2S    3 
20     1 
16    2 

t.    d 
32    0 
26    9 
24    2 
13    3 
15    2 

1.  4 
31  C 
U  5 
SH  «  . 
17  i 
15  1 

TRINITY  HOUSE. 


683 


3fl  Bhlp  and  InsurnTice  brokm. 
ccrlYctcs,  BurveyH.  or  ..tl.er 
epo9itioi.8  are  received  as  legal 

IsBiie  nrintcd  circulars  or  lists  of 
s  evidence  in  a  co.irl  of  jusuce, 
.?nt  of  capital  is  reqn.red  h.s, 
U  done  by  persons  acting  boil,  a, 

chase  of  goods  is  2  per  cent.    On 

linpine  business,  is  2  per  cent,  on 
«  (in  is  consisnud  or  r.-cnn.ini'niled 

;ier''is2percent.  This  docs  not 
formed  in  tlie  clearance.  In  case 
•Vent  merchants,  ho  tharfios  3  per 
mes  1  per  mille,  more  commonly ; 
Hel  from  i  per  cent,  to  1  percent., 

0  extent  at  Trieste.  The  secutiiy 
nd  m1s.'S  are  said  to  be  a.ijustcj 
nee  in  England  have  been  the  can,e 
efrec"ed  in  London,  Liverpool  &c, 
f .  and  that  of  lives  is  also,  of  lale 
led  on  by  joint  stock  companies,  of 

laws  with  respect  to  it  do  not  diffrr 

shablo  by  imprisonment ;  but  hero, 

re  discharged,  on  making  a  complete 

l?ty  settled  on  a  wife  is  not  alfecud 

^ai  lead  to  frand. 
,d  AMStria,  Hungary,  &c.  IS  noc«.. 

0  the  Hungirian  towns,  particu  ai  y 
owing  to  the  rugged  nature  of  the 
See  from  Trieste  to  VuMina.  3.0 
'Iforses  employed  on  the  roads  are 

"  "**-'ll^  Tripste.in  the  view  of  form- 
nna  an^JXb.t  insuperable.  Tlie 
,eem  to  be  »"  ^".'  "„  a  considerable 
te"rl  ?nken  to  olv^ate  it,  the  wa,« 

1  were  ta""" , Vj  „  ,ioubl  be  acconi- 
f;?,ti;proStlcrUvliether  it  would 

he 


rarious  Viae 

es. 

Curr 

tncy 

Amount 

1  Trieste  to 

Florins. 

in  Slerlioj. 

Fl. 

kr. 

L.  1.  I 

00  lbs.  weight 

Vienna 

^ 

30 

0   9  0 

n.  »voird.)     - 

30 

on  0 

" 

4 

30 

0   9  0 

3 

0 

0   6  0 

4 

4S 

0   9  6 

5 

0 

0  10  0 

kilop. 

frJBM 

lOi 

0 

0    8  i 

1 

„^  nnrt  their  wages  moderate; 
nng.    y^"^lf,i' g  are  sorvHl  in  reril»t 


islotis  at  Trieste  in  1831. 


Articles. 

00  lbs.  weight  Vienna 
lbs.  avoirdupois) 
do.    • 

■fqual'toUiegli.  I"i. 
lbs.  weight  of  Vienuii 

ssorted),  do. 

l,do.    - 

veijlit  of  Vjenpa 


Prices 

in 

Currency. 

n 

ir. 

»;i 

0 

1 

U 

4 

0 

21 

U 

30 

1 

30 

l> 

0 

23 

0 

3 

0 

Pricfs  in 
Slcrlii!. 

3  6  0 
OU  0 

0  9  0 
2  i  0 

1  3  0 
0  3  0 
0  10  0 

12  6  0 
0  6  0 


6  during  each  of  the  Ten  Years 
Sterling  Money.  


eniiii!  I 


182B. 


1829. 


(i. 

t.    d. 

3S 

9 

34    4 

24 

6 

29    r 

21 

3 

29    1 

70 

1 

21     1 

1« 

2 

15    3 

1830. 

TT 

32  0 
26  9 
ai  2 

18  3 
15    2 


-. — 

31  0 
24  S 

Sli  1 

\ijj. 

Banking— Thp.re  ore  no  public  banks  at  Trieste.  The  Bank  of  Vienna  has  nn  office  here,  but  l(  ii 
merely  for  the  exchange  of  its  notesforcash.or,  more  frequently,  oflnrge  notes  fir  sm;ill  ones.  These 
notes,  buinp  giiiiriinteert  by  government,  are  legal  tender,  and  in  general  circulitinn,  but  no  other 
company  is  allowed  to  issue  notes  to  be  tised  as  a  circulating  medium.  There  is  not,  however,  any 
deficiency  of  currency.  Hanking  business  is  transacted  by  private  companies,  or  by  individuals,  who 
are  subject  to  certain  regulations,  and  are  obliged  to  lay  before  competent  authority  nn  attested  state- 
ment nt  ihe  capital  einb^irked  in  their  concerns.  Their  business  principally  consist.^  in  procuring  bills 
of  exchange  from  other  places  for  the  use  of  the  merchants  of  Trieste,  or  in  discounting,  (in  which 
latter  opi-ralion  they  have  many  private  competitors),  at  the  rale  of  from  4  to  ti  per  cent,  per  annum, 
according  to  the  nature  of  the  paper  offered,  and  in  proportion  to  the  scarcity  or  abundance  of  cash. 

The  principal  bankers  of  Trieste  are  of  undoutited  solidity,  and  do  not  indulge  in  dangerous  specu- 
lations ;  and  notwithstanding  the  apparent  want  of  great  banking  establishments,  the  business  of 
buying  and  selling,  and  of  making  payments  and  remittances,  whether  in  bills  or  sperin,  is  transacted 
at  this  port  with  great  facility;  and  there  seldom  arises  any  distress,  pressure,  or  stagnation,  froiii 
want  of  money  or  credit. 

It  is  not  usual  for  respectable  bankers  to  give  interest  on  deposits.  The  partners  in  joint  stock 
companies,  banks,  &c.  are,  in  general,  responsible  only  to  the  extent  of  their  declared  capital;  and 
the  individuals  composing  them  are  only  liable  each  to  the  extent  of  their  share.  The  same  individual 
is  frequently  a  general  merchant,  a  partner  in  a  banking  house,  and  a  member  of  an  insurance  com- 
pany.   All  these  businesses  may  at  present  be  said  to  be  prosperous. 

Cre''ii.— I'oods  imported  into  Trieste  are  sometimes  sold  for  ready  money,  a  discount  being  usually 
understood,  and  allowed  in  such  case,  of  2  or  2i  per  cent.  Hut  they  are  commonly  s(dd  at  3  months, 
creilit,  that  is,  by  bills  of  that  date;  occasionally,  but  rarely,  they  are  sold  at  finionihs. 

Bills  thus  obtained,  though  offering  no  other  guarantee  than  the  signatureof  the  drawer  or  acceptor, 
may  be  discounted  or  insured  at  a  moderate  rate  by  companies  who  dedicate  themselves  to  this  branch 
ofbusiness.  and  who,  from  their  extensive  dealings,  are  good  judges  of  the  risk.  This  practice  has  become 
almost  universal ;  ami  it  not  only  facilitates  sales,  but  has  a  tendency  to  prevent  bankrn|)tcie3,  as  it  is 
difficult  for  a  house  long  to  conceal  its  insolvency;  and  Its  credit  is,  by  lliis  mode  of  trial,  soon  ascertained. 

7'arts.— Real  tare  is  allowed  on  most  articles  of  export;  and  on  all  articles  of  import,  except  cotton 
and  sugar.  The  tare  on  Brazil  sugar  in  chests  depends  on  their  length  and  size,  hut  in  general  it 
amounts  to  from  1.5  to  18  per  cent. ;  on  Brazil  sugar  in  bags  the  tare  is  3  percent.;  on  llavannnh  sugar 
a  tare  is  allowed  of  6i  lbs.  English  per  box,  being  from  13  to  14  pur  cent. ;  on  Jamaica  sugar  the  tare 
18 14  per  cent.     Tare  on  American  cotton,  4  per  cent. 

The  answers  to  the  Circular  Queries  by  Mr.  Taylor  Money,  consul  general  at  Milan,  are  amojigst 
the  most  valuable  that  have  been  received,  and  reflect  the  greatest  credit  on  his  industry  and  talent 
for  observation.    Wu  have  been  largely  indebted  to  them. 

TRINITY  HOUSE.  This  society  was  incorporated  by  Henry  VIII.,  in  1515,  for  the 
promotion  of  commerce  and  navigation,  by  licensing  and  regulating  pilots,  and  ordering  and 
erecting  beacons,  light-houses,  buoys,  «Stc.  A  similar  society,  for  the  like  purposes,  was 
afterwards  established  at  Hull ;  and  also  another  at  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  in  l.'j^?  ;  which 
three  establishments,  says  Hakluyt,  were  in  imitation  of  that  founded  by  the  Emperor 
Charles  V.  at  Seville  in  Spain ;  who,  observing  the  numerous  shipwrecks  in  the  voyages 
to  and  from  the  West  Indies,  occasioned  by  the  ignorance  of  seamen,  established,  at  the 
Casa  de  Contratacion,  lectures  on  navigation,  and  a  pilot-major  for  thu  examination  of 
other  pilots  and  mariners ;  having  also  directed  books  to  be  published  on  that  subject  for 
the  use  of  navigators. 

Henry  VIII.,  by  his  charter,  confirmed  to  the  Dcptford  Trinity  House  Society  all  the 
ancient  rights,  privileges,  &c.  of  the  shipmen  and  mariners  of  England,  and  their  several 
possessions  at  Deptford,  from  which  it  is  plain  that  the  society  had  c;risted  long  previously. 
The  corporation  was  confirmed,  in  1C85,  in  the  enjoyment  of  its  priviioge.s  and  possessions, 
by  letters  patent  of  the  1st  of  James  II.  by  the  name  of  the  Master,  Wardens,  and  As- 
sistants of  the  Guild  or  Fraternity  of  the  most  glorious  and  undivided  Trinity,  and  of  St. 
Clement's,  in  the  Parish  of  Deptford  Strond,  in  the  county  of  Kent.  At  first,  the  corpora- 
tion appears  to  have  consisted  of  seamen  only  ;  but  many  gentlemen,  and  some  noblemen, 
are  now  amongst  its  members,  or  elder  brethren.  It  is  governed  by  a  master,  4  wardens,  8 
assistants,  and  31  elder  brothers:  but  the  inferior  members  of  the  fraternity,  named  younger 
brethren,  are  of  an  unlimited  number;  for  every  master  or  mate,  expert  in  navigation,  may 
be  admitted  as  such.  Besides  the  power  of  erecting  light-houses,  and  other  sea-marks,  on 
the  several  coasts  of  the  kingdom,  for  the  security  of  navigation — (see  LiniiT-iiousEs), — 
the  master,  wardens,  assistants,  and  elder  brethren  are  invested  by  charter  with  the  following 
powers ;  viz.  the  examination  of  the  mathematical  scholars  of  Christ's  Hospital,  and  of  the 
masters  of  his  Majesty's  ships;  the  appointment  of  pilots  to  conduct  ships  into  and  out  of  the 
Thames;  the  amercement  of  such  unlicensed  persons  as  presume  to  act  as  masters  of  ships 
of  war,  or  pilots,  in  a  pecuniary  fine ;  settling  the  several  rates  of  pilotage ;  granting  licenses 
to  poor  seamen,  not  free  of  the  city,  or  past  going  to  sea,  to  row  on  the  river  Thames  for  their 
support ;  preventing  aliens  from  serving  on  board  English  ships  without  licence ;  hearing 
and  determining  the  complaints  of  officers  and  seamen  of  British  ships,  subject  to  an  appeal 
to  the  Lords  of  the  Admiralty,  &c.  To  this  company  belongs  the  tlallast  Ofl'ice,  for  clear- 
ing and  deepening  the  Thames,  by  taking  up  a  sufficient  quantity  of  ballast  for  the  supply 
of  all  ships  that  sail  out  of  the  river,  for  which  they  pay  certain  rates. — (See  Ballast.) 
The  corporation  is  authorised  to  receive  voluntary  subscriptions,  benefactions,  &c, ;  and  to 
purchase,  in  mortmain,  lands,  tenements,  &c.  to  the  amount  of  500/.  per  annum.  The 
ancient  Hall  of  the  Trinity  House  at  Deptford,  where  the  meetings  of  ihe  brethren  were 
formerly  held,  was  pulled  down  in  1787,  and  an  elegant  building  erected  for  the  purpose  in 
London,  near  the  Tower. 


f   !■ 


f 


684 


TRIPANG— TRUCK  SYSTEM. 


r  1 


J 


I.  * 

*?  -a. 


TVinity  ^oum  Aevenu«»,  ^c— The  groBi  revenue  under  the  management  of  the  Trinity'  Houie 
amount*  to  about  135,000/.  a  year ;  but  the  nett  revenue  is  rather  under  k  that  sum.  It  arises  from  the 
dues  payable  to  the  corporation  on  account  of  light-houses,  buoyage  and  beaconage,  and  ballaetage; 
and  from  the  interest  of  money  in  the  funds,  and  tlie  rent  of  freeliold  property.  In  1831,  the  receipts 
were  aa  under: — 


XtfAf-AotUfjr— Total  sums  recei  ved  on  account  of  light'houKfl 
Deduct  coniniiuinn  on  coltection         .  .  . 

Chiirfs  mi  account  of  maintenance,  &c.* 

Nett  I  inlil  liouse  revenue  •  .  -  . 

Atovnrr  aiifi /jt'acounj^e-gmsi  amount  of 
Deduct  comniibiioii  on  collection 
Chirftea       ..,,.- 
Nett  buoyage,  lieacnnage,  and  rerenue 
BallaUafie—%rnis  amount  of       • 

Uetluct  rhargcs  .  ,  .  -  - 

Nett  ball.ist.-ige  revenue  -  .  -  - 

Rtnt  of  Land  anil  liciusei,  dividend!  on  account  of  funded 
pro|ierty,  &c.,  all  chargei  deducted 


Total  nett  revenue 


L.     I.    d. 

6,174    6    9  1-4 
41,148  19    7  1-2 


786    6  0  1-2 

7,496  18  10  1-2 

30.239  17  9 

23,741  IS  II 


L.     t.  d. 

79,349  II  II  1-4 

6    4  34 


I   47,3M 


12,084  16  II  1-2 
8,283    4  II 


L.     t.  d. 


31,926    6    6  M 


3,081  12    0  12 


6,498 
10,003 


1  10 

2  3 


5M29     I     7  3.4t 


l(y  far  the  greater  portion  of  this  large  sum  ia  laid  out  on  pensions  to  poor  disabled  seamen,  and  nn 
the  inainteiiaiice  of  their  widows,  orphans,  &c.  We  have  seen  the  number  of  persons  bo  relieved 
stated  at  3,000;  and  we  believe  that  the  fund  is  botli  judiciously  and  economically  administered, 
f  till,  however,  as  we  have  retnarlied  inanother  article— (vol.  i.,  p.  141.) — it  does  appear  to  us,  cotisjder- 
ing  the  vast  importance  to  a  maritime  nation  like  this  of  keeping  the  cliarges  on  shipping  as  low  ,-ia 
possil)le,  tliat  it  would  be  good  policy  to  provide  otlierwise  for  the  poor  persons  now  dependent  on  tin. 
Trinity  House,  and  to  reduce  the  charges  on  account  of  lights,  &c.  to  the  lowest  sum  that  would 
suffice  to  maintain  the  estublinhiiient  in  a  proper  state  of  efflciency.  No  one,  certainly,  would  wish 
to  see  tiie  poor  seamen  deprived  of  any  part  of  the  pittance  they  now  receive ;  but  a  larger  amount 
might  be  given  them  from  other  sources,  and  he,  at  the  same  time,  less  felt  by  the  public.  Every  one 
knows  that  nothing  contributes  so  much  to  facilitate  a  commercial  intercourse  by  land  as  good  rnnds 
and  low  tolls;  and  good  lights,  buoys,  beacons,  &c.,  and  light  charges,  have  precisely  the  same  inilu. 
ence  at  sea. 

TRIPANG,  OR  SEA  SLUG  (Biche  de  JWer),  a  species  of  fish  of  the  genus  Hohdhwia, 
found  chiefly  on  coral  reefs  in  the  Eastern  seas,  and  highly  esteemed  in  China,  into  which  it 
is  imported  in  large  quantities.  It  is  an  unseemly  looking  substance,  of  a  dirty  brown 
colour,  hard,  rigid,  scarcely  possessing  any  power  of  locomotion,  or  appearance  of  animation. 
Sometimes  the  slug  is  as  much  as  2  feet  in  length,  and  from  7  to  8  inches  in  circumference. 
A  span  in  length,  and  2  or  3  inches  in  girth,  is,  however,  the  ordinary  size.  The  qualify  and 
value  of  the  fish,  however,  do  not  by  any  means  depend  upon  its  size,  but  upon  properties 
in  it  neither  obvious  to,  nor  discernible  by,  those  who  have  not  been  long  and  extensively 
engaged  in  the  trade.  In  shallow  water  the  animal  is  taken  out  by  the  hand,  but  in  deeper 
water  it  is  sometimes  speared.  When  taken  it  is  gutted,  dried  in  the  sun,  and  smoked  over 
a  wood  fire;  this  being  the  only  preparation  it  receives.  The  fishery  is  carried  on  f;ora  the 
western  shores  of  New  Guinea,  antl  the  southern  shores  of  Australia,  to  Ceylon  inclusive. 
Indeed,  within  the  last  few  years  it  has  been  successfully  prosecuted  on  the  shores  of  the 
Mauritius.  The  whole  produce  goes  to  China.  In  the  market  of  Macassar,  the  great  staple 
of  this  fishery,  not  less  than  thirty  varieties  are  distinguished,  varying  in  price  from  a 
Spanish  dollars  apicul  (133j  lbs.)  to  14  limes  that  price,  each  variety  being  distinguished 
by  well  known  names!  The  quantity  of  tripang  sent  annually  to  China  from  Macassar  is 
about  7,000  piculs,  or  8,333  cwt.;  the  price  usually  varying  from  8  dollars  to  a  picul  to  110 
and  1 15,  according  to  quality. — {Crawfurd's  Indian  Archipelago,  vol.  iii.  p.  441.)  There 
is  also  a  considerable  export  of  tripang  from  Manilla  to  Canton. 

Besides  tripang,  fish-maws  and  sharks^  Jins  are  exported  to  China  from  every  maritime 
country  of  India. 

TROY  WEIGHT,  one  of  the  most  ancient  of  the  different  kinds  used  in  Britain.  The 
pound  English  Troy  contains  12  ounces,  or  5,760  grains.  It  is  used  in  the  weighing  of 
gold,  silver,  and  jewels;  the  compounding  of  medicines;  in  experiments  in  natural  philoso- 
phy; in  comparing  different  weights  with  each  other;  and  is  now  (by  5  Geo.  4.  c,  74.)  made 
the  standard  of  weight. 

Troy  Weight,  Scotch,  was  estalilisbed  by  .Tames  VI.  in  the  year  1618,  who  enacted  that  only  one 
weight  should  be  used  in  Scotland,  viz.  the  French  Troy  stone  of  10  pounds,  and  Ifi  ntiiires  to  tjio 
imiiiid.  The  pound  contains  7,(JI)'J  grains,  and  is  eiiual  to  17  oz.  6  dr.  avoirdupois.  The  cwt.,or  ll'2 
Ihs.  avoirdupois,  contains  only  103  lbs.  2;  07..  of  tliis  weight,  thougli  generally  reckoncil  ci|iial  to  liit 
lbs.  This  weight  is  very  nearly  identical  with  that  formerly  used  at  Paris  and  Amslenlain ;  andis 
generally  known  by  the  name  of  Dutch  weight.  Though  prohibited  by  the  articles  of  lininn.  It  Ins 
been  used  in  most  parts  of  (Scotland  in  weigliing  iron,  hemp,  flax,  and  other  Dutch  and  Uultic  goods, 
meal,  butcher's  meat,  lead,  &c. — (Hee  Weights  and  Measures.) 

TRUCK  SYSTEM,  a  name  given  to  a  practice  that  has  prevailed,  particularly  in  the 
mining  and  manufacturing  districts,  of  paying  the  wages  of  workmen  in  goods  instead  of 
money.  The  plan  has  been,  for  the  masters  to  establish  warehouses  or  shops ;  and  llie 
workmen  in  their  employment  have  either  got  their  wages  accounted  for  to  them  by  supplies 
of  goods  from  such  depots,  without  receiving  any  money;  or  they  have  got  the  money, wiih 
a  tacit  or  express  understanding  that  they  were  to  resort  to  the  warehouses  or  shops  of  llieir 
masters  for  such  articles  as  they  were  furnished  with. 

♦  This  includes  a  sum  of  10,174;.  laid  out  on  ncto  light-houses,  and  1,01.1/.  of  incidental  chareos. 
t  See  Pari.  Paper,  No.  88.  Bess.  1833.     Vox  an  account  of  the  light-house  revenue,  see  this  work, 
vol.  1.,  p.  141.,  for  buoyage  and  beaconage,  sec  vol.  i.  p.  'iSO. ;  and  fur  ballaetage,  see  vol.  i.  p.  65, 


VI. 

A  heaconage.  and  ballaslage  ; 


TRUCK  SYSTEM. 


685 


,o  DOor  disabled  eeamen.  and  on 
nmnber  of  persons  so  relieved 
'and  economically  administered, 
^_ii  does  appear  to  us,  consider- 
hi  c barges  on  shipping  as  low  aa 
he  '^"'"*"„n„  dependent  on  l  ic 
"'tS'tTe "owett  sum  that  would 
'no  one!  certainly,  would  wish 
■„«  rece  ve  ;  but  a  larger  amount 
'°.  Ml  bv  tlie  public.    Every  one 
t'tercourUbylandasg 
;es,  have  precisely  the  same  mflu- 

fish  of  the  genus  Holuthuria, 
rtcemed  in  China,  into  which  u 

'   Bubstance,  of  a  duty  brown 
on,  or  appearance  of  ammation, 
7  to  8  inches  in  circumference 
:  ordinary  size.  The  quaUty  and 
on  its  size,  but  upon  propen.cs 
e  not  been  long  and  extensively 
1  out  by  the  hand,  but  m  deeper 
ried  in  the  sun,  and  smoked  over 
rhe  fishery  is  earned  on  f;om  the 
f  Australia,  to  Ceylon  inclusive. 
'J  prosecuted  on  the  shores  0  the 
[rket  of  Macassar,  the  great  staple 
\ished,  varying  in  price  from  a 
ich  variety  being  distinguishcl 
iuallv  to  China  from  Macassar  is 
frmnSdollarstoapicul.oUO 

PLffo.vol.iii.p.4*l-)     more 

'"to"china  from  every  marilimc 

Lent  kinds  used  in  Britain.    The 
It  is  used  in  thevveigliingof 
,  experiments  in  natural  philoso- 
;nowCby5Geo.4.c.74.)n,ade 

L      iRifi  who  enacted  that  only  one 

t,';,^pTrs  and  Amsterdu.n  ;  andis 
V.  \  uv  the  articles  of  tinion.iih^s 
Knd  other  Uutch  and  BMtic  goods, 

las  prevailed,  particularly  in  the 
Kworkmcn  in  goods  instea.l 
ih  warehouses  or  shops;  and    c 
Kuntedfortothcmbysupp 
tr  they  have  got  the  morieyj^^ 
I  the  warehouses  or  shops  of  to 

lliubl-house  revcnui,,  »t<; 
iforbalUBiage,8eevol.i.pW' 


Advantages  and  Disadvantages  of  the  Truck  System, — A  great  deal  of  contradictory 
evidence  has  been  given,  and  very  opposite  opinions  liave  been  held,  as  to  the  practical  ope- 
ration and  real  effect  of  this  system  on  the  workmen.     Nor  is  this  to  be  wondered  at,  seeing 
that  every  thing  depends  on  the  mode  in  which  it  is  administered,  and  that  it  may  be  either 
highly  advantageous  or  highly  injurious  to  the  labourer.     If  a  manufacturer  of  character 
establish  a  shop  supplied  with  the  principal  articles  required  for  the  use  of  the  workmen  in 
his  employment,  and  give  them  free  liberty  to  resort  to  it  or  not  as  they  please,  it  can,  at  all 
events,  do  them  no  harm,  and  will,  most  likely,  render  them  material  service.    The  manu- 
tkturcr,  having  the  command  of  capital,  may,  in  general,  lay  in  his  goods  to  greater  advan- 
tage than  they  can  be  laid  in  by  the  greater  number  of  retail  tradesmen  in  moderate-sized 
towns;  and  not  being  dependent  on  the  profits  of  his  shop  for  support,  he  is,  even  though 
he  had  no  advantage  in  their  purchase,  able  to  sell  his  goods  at  a  cheaper  rate  than  they  can 
be  allbrded  by  the  majority  of  shopkeepers.     Sometimes,  also,  a  factory  is  established  in  o 
ilislrict  where  shops  either  do  not  exist  at  all,  or  are  very  deficient ;  and  in  such  cases  the 
master  consults  the  interest  and  convenience  of  those  dependent  on  him  when  he  provides  a 
supply  of  the  principal  articles  required  for  their  subsistence.     It  is  easy,  therefore,  to  see, 
that  the  keeping  of  shops  by  masters  for  the  use  of  their  workmen  may  be  very  beneficial  to 
the  latter.     But  to  insure  its  being  so,  it  is  indispensable  that  the  masters  should  be  above 
taking  an  advantage  when  it  is  within  their  reach,  and  that  their  conduct  towards  the  work- 
men should  not  be  in  any  degree  influenced  by  the  circumstance  of  the  latter  dealing  or  not 
dealing  with  their  shops. 

Such  disinterestedness  is,  however,  a  great  deal  more  than  could  be  rationally  expected 
from  the  generality  of  men  ;  and  hence,  though  many  instances  may  be  specified  in  which 
the  truck  system  was  advantageous  to  the  workmen,  those  of  a  contrary  description  were, 
unfortunately,  far  more  numerous.  It  is  obvious,  indeed,  that  a  practice  of  this  sort  alTords 
very  great  facilities  for  fraudulent  dealings.  Under  the  old  law,  a  manufacturer  who  had  a 
shop,  had  means,  supposing  he  were  inclined  to  use  them,  not  possessed  by  any  ordinary 
shopkeeper  as  re.spects  his  customers,  for  forcing  upon  his  workmen  inferior  goods  at  an 
cxorliitant  price.  They  are  at  first  supplied  on  liberal  terms,  and  are  readily  accommodated 
filh  goods  in  anticipation  of  wages,  till  they  get  considerably  into  debt.  The  pernicious 
influence  of  this  deceitful  system  then  begins  fully  to  disclose  itself.  The  workmen  cease  to 
be  free  agents;  they  are  compelled  to  take  such  goods  and  at  such  prices  as  the  master 
pleases;  for,  were  they  to  attempt  to  emancipate  themselves  from  this  state  of  thraldom  by 
leaving  their  employment,  they  would  be  exposed  to  the  risk  of  prosecution  and  imprison- 
ment for  the  debts  they  had  incurred.  It  is  not  easy  to  imagine  the  extent  to  which  these 
facilities  for  defrauding  the  labouring  class  were  taken  advantage  of  in  various  districts  of  the 
country.  In  many  instances,  indeed,  the  profits  made  by  the  shops  exceeded  those  made  by 
the  business  to  which  they  were  contingent ;  and  thousands  of  workmen,  whose  wages  were 
nominally  30s.  a  week,  did  not  really  receive,  owing  to  the  bad  quality  and  high  price  of  the 
"oods  supplied  to  them,  more  than  20s.,  and  often  not  so  much. 

Abolilion  of  the  Truck  System. — A  system  of  dealing  with  the  labouring  classes,  so  very 
susceptible  of  abuse,  and  which,  in  point  of  fact,  was  very  extensively  abused,  was  loudly 
and  justly  complained  of.  A  bill  was  in  consequence  introduced  for  its  suppression  by  Mr. 
Littleton,  which,  after  a  great  deal  of  opposition  and  discussion,  was  passed  into  a  law — 1 
&  2  Will.  4.  c.  32. — (See  abstract  subjoined.) 

Those  who  opposed  this  act  did  so  on  two  grounds ; — 1st,  that  it  was  improper  to  inter- 
fere at  all  in  a  matter  of  this  sort ;  and,  2d,  that  the  interference  would  not  be  effective. 
The  first  of  these  objections  does  not  appear  entitled  to  any  weight.     In  suppressing  the 
truck  system,  the  legislature  did  nothing  that  could  in  anywise  regulate  or  fetter  the  fair 
employment  of  capital :  it  interfered  merely  to  put  down  abuse  ;  to  carry,  in  fact,  the  contract 
of  wages  into  full  effect,  by  preventing  the  workman  from  being  defrauded  of  a  portion  of 
the  wages  he  had  stipulated  for.     The  presumption  no  doubt  is,  in  questions  between  work- 
men and  their  employers,  that  government  had  better  abstain  from  all  interference,  and  leave 
iltothe  parlies  to  acljust  their  disputes  on  the  principle  of  mutual  interest  and  compromised 
advantage.    Still,  however,  this  is  merely  a  presumption ;  and  must  not  be  viewed  as  an 
j  absolute  rule.    Instances  have  repeatedly  occurred,  where  the  interference  of  tho  legislature, 
to  prevent  or  suppress  abuse,  on  occasions  of  the  sort  now  alluded  to,  has  been  imperiously 
required,  and  been  highly  advantageous.     Those  who  claim  its  interposition  are,  indeed, 
bound  to  show  clearly  that  it  is  called  for  to  obviate  some  gross  abuse,  or  that  it  will  materi- 
ally redound  to  the  public  advantage ;  and  this,  we  think,  was  done  in  the  completcst  man- 
jner,  by  the  opponents  of  the  truck  system.     Regard  for  the  interests  of  the  more  respectable 
[part  of  the  masters,  as  well  as  for  those  of  the  workmen,  required  its  abolition  ;  for,  while  it 
jcontinued,  those  who  despised  taking  an  advantage  of  their  dependents  were  less  favourably 
Isiluatcd  than  those  who  did.     It  is  ludicrous,  therefore,  in  a  case  of  this  sort,  to  set  up  a 
jcuckoo  cry  about  the  "  freedom  of  industry."     The  good  incident  to  the  truck  system  was  in 
Ipractice  found  to  be  vastly  overbalanced  by  the  abuses  that  grew  out  of  it ;  and  as  theso 
Vol.  II.-3  M 


I 


680 


TRUCK  SYSTEM. 


■ft'.  ^ 
»»       • 

I*-    " 

r  1 


CI 


■r.»-iij 
■"-'■'« 

C3 


;  '3)? 

*  ■    s 


could  not,  under  the  existing  law  of  debtor  and  creditor,  be  separately  destroyed,  the  legisla* 
ture  did  right  in  attennpting  to  suppress  it  altogether. 

It  was  suid,  indeed,  that  this  would  be  found  to  be  impracticable;  that  the  manufacturers 
would  enter  underhand  into  partnerships  with  the  keepers  of  shops,  and  that  the  system 
would  really  be  continued,  in  another  and,  perhaps,  more  objectionable  form.  This  antici- 
pation has,  we  believe,  been  in  some  degree  realised  ;  but  the  system  has  notwithstanding 
been  in  many  places  abandoned,  and  is  nowhere  practised  to  any  thing  like  the  extent  to 
which  it  was  carried  previously  to  the  passing  of  Mr.  Littleton's  act.  It  will  not,  however 
be  completely  rooted  out,  till  all  small  debts,  however  they  originate,  be  put  beyond  the  pale 
of  the  law.  We  have  already  vindicated  the  expediency  of  this  measure  on  other  grounds— 
(see  CnKDiT)  ;  and  the  influence  it  would  have  in  ctfectually  destroying  whatever  ia  most 
pernicious  in  the  truck  system,  is  a  weighty  additional  recommendation  in  its  favour.  Were 
all  right  of  action  upon  debts  for  less  than  50/.  or  100/.  taken  away,  no  master  would  think 
of  acquiring  a  control  over  the  free  agency  of  his  workmen,  by  getting  them  in  debt  to  him; 
and  no  workman  would,  under  such  circumstances,  submit  to  be  directed  in  his  choice  of 
shops  or  goods.  The  case  of  the  Scotch  colliers  affords  a  curious  illustration  of  what  is  now 
stated.  Down  to  1775,  these  persons  were  really  adticripti  glebx,  or  prtedial  slaves;  that 
is,  they  and  their  descendants  were  bound  to  perpetual  service  at  the  works  to  which  they 
belonged. — a  right  to  their  labour  being  acquired  by  any  new  proprietor  to  whon)  the  works 
were  sold  !  The  15  Geo.  3,  c.  28.  was  passed  for  the  emancipation  of  the  colliers  from  this 
state  of  bondage.  It,  however,  failed  of  practically  accomplishing  its  object;  for  the  masters 
speedily  contrived,  by  making  them  advances  in  anticipation  of  their  wages,  to  retain  them 
as  completely  as  ever  under  their  control!  To  obviate  this  abuse,  the  39  Goo.  3.  c.  56. 
was  passed  ;  which  most  properly  took  from  the  masters  all  title  to  pursue  the  colliers  for  loans 
unless  advanced  for  the  support  t)f  the  collier  and  his  family  during  sickness.  This  act  had 
the  desired  eflTect ;  and  the  colliers  have  since  l>een  as  free  as  any  other  class  of  labourers.-. 
(See  my  edition  of  the  Wealth  of  Nafions,  vol.  ii.  p.  186.)  In  fact,  were  small  debts  put 
beyond  the  pale  of  the  law,  it  would  not  be  necessary  to  interfere  directly  with  the  truck 
system  ;  for  it  would  not  then  be  possible  to  pervert  it  to  any  very  injurious  purpose. 

The  following  are  the  principal  clauses  in  the  act  1  &  2  Will.  4,  c.  37.,  entitled,  *' An  Act 
to  prohibit  the  Payment,  in  certain  Trades,  of  Wages  in  Goods,  or  otherwise  than  in  the 
Current  coin  of  the  Realm  :" — 


1.  In  all  cnntraeta  hereafter  tn  be  made  for  (he  hiring  of  any  arti- 
ficer in  any  of  tie  trades  herein-after  tnunieralfd.  or  for  the  perform* 
iince  by  any  artifi  er  of  any  lalmur  in  any  nf  (he  said  trades,  the 
wa<ea  nf  such  artificer  shall  be  made  payible  oidy  in  the  current 
coiTi  ol  fhi»  realm,  and  not  otherwise ;  any  contract  to  the  contrary 
being  iilecal,  null,  and  void. 

2.  If  such  cnntnct  roiitiiu  any  s1i|n]1alion9  as  to  the  manner  in 
winch  the  i^agesshiH  beexpenoecj,  it  is  void. 

3.  Waees  nust  be  |>aid  to  the  norkniau  in  coin  only.  Payment 
Id  goo  Is  i'lcs:al  and  void. 

4.  Artificers  may  recover  wa^es,  if  not  paid  in  the  current  coin. 

5.  In  an  action  brought  for  wa.^ei,  no  set  nl!'  shall  be  allowed  for 
goods  supplied  by  the  employer,  or  by  any  shop  in  which  he  is  late- 
rested. 

6.  No  employer  shall  have  any  action  or  suit  in  equity  against  hh 
Artificer,  for  ^oo<ls  supplied  lo  hiiu  nn  account  of  wages,  or  supplied 
by  any  shop  in  «  hich  he  has  an  interest. 

7.  if  'he  artificer,  or  his  wife  or  children  become  chargeable  to 
the  parisii,  the  overseers  may  recover  any  wages  earned  wilhiu  the 
3  preceding  months,  and  no)  paid  in  ca^h. 

&  Nothing  in  this  act  is  to  invalidate  the  payment  of  wages  in 
bank  notes  or  drafts  on  any  bankers  within  15  uiilea,  if  artificer  con- 
cents. 

9.  Any  employer  of  any  artificer  in  any  of  the  trades  herpin-after 
enumerated,  who  shall,  by  bimiielf.  or  by  the  agency  of  any  other  ! 
person,  difcc'ly  or  indirectly  en'er  into  any  contract,  or  niake  any  i 
|>ayment  hereby  dechred  illeeal,  shall  for  the  first  offence  forfeit  a  j 
•um  not  picee*JiiJg  10/.  nor  less  than  5/,,  and   for  the  second  offence  j 
ikny  aunt  not  exceeding  20/ ,  nor  less  than  10/.,  and  fnraihird  offence  ' 
he  shall  l)e  euilty  (if  a  mi>denieanour,  and  be  punished  by  fine  I'niy 
at  the  disrrctiou  of  the  court,  so  that  the  fines  shall  not  in  any  case 
exceed  100/. 

10  OftVnces  shall  be  inquired  of  airl  fines  recovered  before  2  jus- 
tices, and  ihe  amount  of  tfie  fines  shall  be  in  the  discretion  of  such 
justices,  or  incases  nf  misdemeanour,  of  Ihe  court  beforeuhirh  the 
ofl'-nce  may  be  tried  ;  and  in  rase  of  a  second  olTence,  it  shall  be  suf 
ficicnt  evitlence  of  Ihe  previous  conviction,  if  a  certificate.  sigiH  by 
the^§i1irer  having  the  cusiOily  of  Ihe  reco'd,  he  prtxluce*!,  stating  in 
a  compendious  form  the  genera!  nature  of  the  oHcnce.  Rut  a  second 
or  third  offence  shall  only  be  jiunished  as  a  first  or  second  offence,  if 
committed  wi  hin  Ifl  days  after  the  prior  conviction  j  and  a  fourth 
or  any  sul>sequent  offence  shall  be  punished  as  a  third  otfence.  Rut 
no  second  or  third  offence  shall  l>e  prosecuted  af'ermorc  than  2  years 
from  the  cnnimisiion  of  the  next  preceding  offence. 

II.  Ju'tices  n-ay  conipel  the  attendance  of  witnesses,  on  Ihe  re* 
que  I  of  the  parties.  Penalty  for  non-attendance  without  excuse, 
And  after  proof  ot  due  Fe^vice  of  sunimonF  at  the  usual  place  of  abo<le 
for  such  persons,  2j  hnurs  at  the  least  before  the  time  app"inted  for 
appeataiice,  a  commitment  to  some  (irison  within  the  jurisdiciion  of 
the  iu  tice",  wi'hnut  bailor  inainpriz  ,  for  rtot  exceeding  14  days,  or 
until  such  person  shall  submit  to  he  examined. 

Sections  frnn   12.  to  18.  inclusive,  rejula'e  proceeHines. 

19.  Act  oi.Iy  to  ai'ply  to  the  following  tmiles  :— Making,  cas'ine, 
converting,  o*"  marinf  irlurtng  of  iron  or  s'eel,  or  any  parts,  branrbes, 
or  pmcevies  ttirnof ;  working  any  mines  of  coal,  ironstone,  lime- 
stone, salt  TfKk;  or  working  or  getfing  stone,  slate,  or  clay;  or 
makini;  or  preparing  salt,  bricks,  tiles,  or  ()uarrii8  ;  or  making  or 
tnanufacturinf  any  km  Is  of  nails,  chains,  rivets,  anvi's,  Ac,  keys, 
ftc,  or  any  o'hera  tclfs  or  hardwares  made  nf  iron  or  steel,  fU'  of 
Iron  and  steel  co'idiined.  or  nf  any  niated  ariirlesof  cu'lery,  or  of  any 
(ocNlt  or  vrtret  made  of  braU|  tioi  leadf  pewteri  or  other  metals  or  u{ 


any  japanned  goods  or  wares  whatsoever ;  or  makinr,  npinnir.r 
throwing,  doiibling,  v^inding,  weaving,  couibinr,  kiiiiiiiig.blcacluii/ 
dyeing,  printing,  or  otherwise  preparing  any  kinds  nf  wixilien 
worsted,  yarn, stuff,  kersey,  linen,  fuslian,clnth,  serge,  cotrnti,leali,tr' 
fur,  hemp,  flax,  mohair,  or  silk  manufaciures  whatsoever,  or  itiv 
manufactures  whatsoever  n>ade  of  Ihe  said  last  mentioned  inateniii 
whether  the  same  be  or  be  not  mixed  one  with  another ;  or  n\iku]t 
or  oiherw  ise  preparing,  ornamenting,  or  fmishiug,  any  ^lass,  porce- 
lain, china,  or  earthenware  whatsoever,  or  any  parts,  biaitchtj,  or 
processes  theref>f,  or  any  materials  used  in  anyiif  such  last  meniinnej 
irailesi  or  makine  or  pre^ring  of  bone,  thread,  silk  or  cotton  lue 
or  cf  lace  made  of  any  mixed  naterials.  .  ' 

20.  Not  to  extend  lo  any  donie:>tic  servant,  or  servant  in  hiu- 
bandry. 

2t.  No  one  engaged  in  any  of  the  trades  or  occupations  enutneraltti 
or  his  father,  son,  or  brother,  shall  act  as  a  justice.  ' 

22.  County  magistrate*  to  act  incases  where  those  of  town!  are 
disqujiifted  as  above. 

23.  Not  to  prevent  any  employer  from  supplying  or  contraclinj  h 
supply  to  any  artificer  any  medicine  or  meilical  altemlanre,  or  an? 
fuel,  or  anv  materials,  tools,  or  implements  to  be  by  such  ariiikerfnv- 
ployed  in  his  trade  or  occupatirn,  if  such  ariilicers  be  Pinplojed  m 
mining,  or  any  hay,  corn,  or  other  provender  lo  be  cnnsumeil  by  m 
Imrse  orolher  beast  of  burden  employed  by  any  such  ariijicerin  \.\ 
trade  and  occupation  ;  nor  front  demising  to  any  artificer  empirye^ 
in  any  of  (he  tnides  or  occupations  enumerated  Hie  h  bole  ur  an 
part  of  any  tenement  at  any  rent ;  nor  from  supplying  nr  contranmi 
to  supply  lo  any  such  artificer  any  victuals  dressed  or  prepared  under 
the  rtwf  of  any  surh  employer,  and  there  consunied  by  >ucli  ariifirer; 
nor  from  making  or  contracting  to  make  any  deduclinn  frnm  iht 
wages  of  any  artificer  for  any  such  rent,  or  medicine,  or  uieJiaU:- 
tendance,  or  fuel,  materials,  tools,  implements,  hay,  corn  or  prt^verJer, 
or  such  viciuals,  or  lor  any  moni-y  advanced  lo  s'ucli  aiiiiicer  fnrjtr 
surh  i)uri>ose  ;  liut  such  deduction  shall  not  exceed  ihe  true  valueol 
such  fuel,  materials,  tools,  implements,  hay,cnri),  and  prnvfniler.iw) 
shall  not  be  in  any  case  made  from  the  wages  of  such  anlficcrunlaj 
the  af^reement  for  such  deduction  shall  be  iu  writing  and  signed  br 
sui'h  artificer. 

24.  Not  to  prevent  any  such  employer  from  advancing  to  any  Hcb 
arlifirerany  money  to  be  by  him  conirihuttd  lo  any  friemJIvwccf 
or  bank  for  Bavings,  or  f  -r  his  relief  in  aicVness,  nr'for  the  e'duca'ioo 
of  any  child  of  such  artificer,  nor  from  detlurt  iieor  cnntnclin;  to 
deduct  any  mom-y  fnuii  the  wages  of  surh  artificers,  for  tliceJuca- 
lion  of  any  such  child,  piofided  the  agre<  mcnl  for  such  dcduclioe 
shall  be  in  writing  and  signed  by  such  artificer. 

2).  Workmen,  labourers,  and  other  perwuis  in  ary  minnerftipirH 
in  any  eiDptfiymcnt  or  operation  in  or  about  tleseieral  iraileiJDj 
ncciiiiatiniis  aforesaid,  shall  be  deemed  "artificers,'"  and  ;i!I  iDis'ffs, 
badilfs,  foremen,  managers,  clerks  and  other  persons  engared  in 'he 
hiring,  emptoyiiient,  or  superintendence  of  the  lat^iir  of  any  mb 
artificers  shi^ll  lie  deemed  to  !«  "employers;"' and  any  ntoneynr 
o'lier  thimr  ha  I  or  contracted  to  be  paid,  nr  (jiven  as  a  r*  niunrn  im 
for  any  l.ibour  done  or  to  be  done,  whether  within  a  certain  tinifct 
to  a  certain  anionnt,  or  for  a  time  rr  an  anmunt  uncertain,  shill  bi 
deemed  to  lie  the  "wages''  of  such  laliour;  and  any  aurefment, 
understanding,  device,  contrivance  collusion,  or  arraiiKenient  wlal-  : 
soever  on  the  subject  of  wages,  whether  written  or  oral,  wliethfrJi-  I 
rect  or  indirect,  to  which  the  employer  and  artificer  are  iisrtin,c< 
area<sentinc  or  hv  tvhirh  they  aie  nnilually  bnund  fneachnllier.iir 
whereby  either  of  them  shall  have  ende.»voured  to  impose  ujoblip 
tioa  on  tbc  otber  of  tbcm.  aJbail  t^e  deemnt  a  "  coutract." 


TRUFFLES,  TUNIS. 


687 


parately  dcBtroyed,  the  legisla- 

Icable ;  that  the  manufacturers 
if  shops,  and  that  the  system 
jectionable  form.  This  antici- 
he  system  has  notwithstamling 
to  any  thing  like  the  extent  to 
on's  net.  It  will  not,  however, 
iginale,  be  put  beyond  the  pale 
lis  measure  on  other  grounds— 
Uy  destroying  whatever  ia  most 
mendation  in  its  favour.  Were 
■n  away,  no  master  would  think 
by  getting  them  in  debt  to  him ; 

to  be  directed  in  his  choice  of 
rious  illustration  of  what  is  now 
i  glebsB,  or  prtedial  slaves ;  that 
vice  at  the  works  to  whiih  lliey 
w  proprietor  to  whom  the  works 
cipation  of  the  colliers  from  this 
ishing  its  object ;  for  the  masters 
n  of  their  wages,  to  retain  them 
his  abuse,  the  39  Geo.  3.  c.  56. 
ille  to  pursue  the  colliers  for  loans, 
y  during  sickness.     This  act  had 
as  any  other  class  of  labourers,- 
,)   In  fact,  were  small  debts  put 
interfere  directly  with  the  truck 
ly  very  injurious  purpose. 

Will.  4-  c.  37., entitled,  "An Act 
Goods,  or  otherwise  than  in  the 

fA,  or  xfxra  whMtoever;  or  makinc,  ipim'm, 
ns,  » indium,  »veivi..)5,  con.binf,  knill,i,s  bl.achm(, 
,7,r  olherwiw  prei.»ni,|!  any  ki.„l.  of  «-,x,  le,, 
jiT  kersev  linen,  ruslian.clolli,  ante  collnii,  lealKr, 
niohjir,  or  silk  nwnufaclurw  nloUor.er,  or  mj 
„ij„cver  nude  of  the  miJ  last  inenlro..i-(l  miltrul^ 
e  be  or  be  not  miieJ  one  with  annlher  j  or  niik:i)| 
Mlrililt.  onianienliNg,  or  filiislmi?.  any  .lay,  porct- 
rlheiiware  whatsoever,  or  any  pari,,  b,aiickv  m 
or  aiiv  iiiaieriils  used  in  any  of  wch  last  ii.raliraej 
ie  or  preiarins  of  lione,  thread,  silk  or  collon  Let, 
lot  any  niiieJ  n.aterials. 
ilend  to  any  domestic  servant,  or  servant  m  hiu- 

Mied  in  any  of  the  trades  or  occuiationsenummW, 

[or  brother,  shall  act  as  a  jmtice. 

LVuiralet  to  act  in  cases  where  those  of  loivni  m 

vpni'  any  employer  from  supplyinj  or  conlraclin?  lo 

Ititicer  any  medicine  or  nieilical  altci«lanrp,or  mj 

Irials  tools,  or  implements  lo  be  by  Micli  an  nicer  fm- 

\door  occunati.n,  if  such  anihcersbc  fin|,  weJm 

tav  corn,  or  other  nrosender  to  be  coiisuniri  liy  hi 

last' of  bunlen  employed  by  any  such  aiMicer  in  U 

ilion  ;  nor  from  demising  lo  any  arl.ficfr  emimrf 

r4je»  or  occoiialinns  enmneraled  llie  « Imlc  ci  Ji.; 

mcnt  at  any  rent  i  nor  from  supflymB  nr  conltic^i,! 

I  such  artificer  any  victuals  dre«cdor  preparfd  ondn 

uriicmldover.and  iherecoiisutned  l.yMicb  at.ilictr; 

U  or  contracting  to  make  any  deduclion  f™  Ih. 

Ilificer  for  any  sutti  rent,  or  medicine,  or  meJicili,. 

'  materials, t(>ol8,  implements, liay,cornorpn.v-rAr, 

rrior  any  nioriVy  advanced  lo  sue li  ailifKer  (nMi.T 

ml  such  d"edoction  shall  iiol  exceed  ihe  Irut  vjluf  o^ 

Ills  tools,  implemenis,  hay,  corn,  and  prmv  ni.er,ii«l 

Iny  case  made  from  Ihe  «  ages  of  such  ariificer  «nl« 

Vrsuch  deduction  shall  be  m  writing  and  .used  ki 

JvrnI  any  such  employer  from  advanciin  to  any  nth 
li'v  to  lie  liv  him  conlribul.d  to  any  Irieiidly  socel, 
I  J,  or  f -r  his  relii'f  in  sickness,  or  for  the  eJuciw 
Incii  artificer,  nor  from  de,luc' nl  or  c™'™'™  • 
tv  from  "le  "'"S"  "'  ""•'  arlificers,  f"r J litfJ-a 
rchild.  provided  the  agre.  n.enl  for  such  JcducW 
Inir  and  signed  by  such  arliliccr. 
Ilabourers,  and  other  persons  in  anyminnerfnoiH 
lent  or  operation  in  or  aUiul  H  e  snersl  lraJ«  .^ 
V,aid.  shall  be  deemed  "artificers,'  and:ill  n™  J, 
[  l^nnaiers,  clerks,  and  other  persons  enpeed  W* 
Inert.or  snperinieiidence  of  ll.e  lal^ur  of  any  s.-^ 
le  d;emea  to  l«"  employer. ;''  and  any  m«\< 
lor  contracted  to  be  paid,  or  li.ven  ai.  r.nmi.m« 
lone  or  to  be  done,  whether  within  a  "''»"  .'^;' 
|„nl  orfora  timecr  an  amount  uncertain,  ih.lllt 

Ihe  '"wanes"  "f  •'"h  '"'«'"'>  »'"'  ""'"TS 
levice  contrivance  collusion,  or  arraiiKui  n  »  * 
lb  eel  of  waies,  whether  written  or  oral,  »l.<  h"'; 
r  i  wh^ch  ihTemployerand  artificer  areiisna^ 
I  bv  w  Inch  hey  a  e  ,  intually  b"ii.id  I"  "ch  ""'  '^ 
lof  1  ii  shall  haveendeavoureil  to  ™,»».«.otl<. 
Ir  ol  Ibcm.  »«>»ll  be  dmmed  a  "  couuwl. 


TRUFFLES,  a  sort  of  vegetable  production,  like  a  mushroom,  formed  under  ground.  A 
few  have  been  found  in  Northamptonshire;  they  are  pretty  abundant  in  Italy,  the  south  of 
France,  and  several  other  countries.  They  are  reckoned  a  great  Jelicacy.  The  pates  au 
truffis  d'Aiigouleme  arc  highly  esteemed,  and  are  sent  as  presents  to  very  distant  places. — 
(Kees's  Cyclopasdia.) 

TUNIS,  the  capital  of  the  regency  of  the  same  name,  on  t\o  northern  coast  of  Africa,  the 
Golflta  fort  being  in  lat.  36°  48'  30"  N„  Ion.  10°  25'  45"  E.  The  bay  of  Tunis  is  some- 
what in  the  form  of  a  horseshoe.  Its  western  extremity.  Cape  Carthage,  is  situaird  about  4 
miles  N.E.  from  the  Goletta;  and  its  eastern  extremity,  Cape  Zafran,  bears  from  Cape  Car- 
thage E.  by  8.,  distant  about  13  miles.  The  bay  is  about  16  miles  deep,  and  has  good 
anchorage  all  over,  in  from  10  to  4  fathom.')  water.  It  is  exposed  to  the  N.  and  N.E.  gales ; 
but  they  seldom  occasion  any  damage.  Tunis  lies  on  the  west  side  of  the  bay,  being  sepa- 
rated from  it  by  a  large  lagoon,  having,  where  deeitest,  about  7  feet  water.  The  port  is  at 
the  Goletta,  or  channel,  passing  through  the  narrow  belt  of  land  separating  the  lagoon  from 
(he  sea  ;  the  entrance  to  it  is  by  a  canal,  in  which  there  is  at  all  times  15  feet  water ;  and 
ships  may  use  it  on  paying  a  fee  of  3  dollars  a  day.  It  is  not,  however,  much  resorted  to ; 
all  vessels  of  considerable  burden  loading  and  unloading  from  their  moorings  in  the  bay,  by 
means  of  lighters.  The  population  of  Tunis  has  been  variously  estimated ;  and  may  pro- 
balily  amount  to  100,000,  being  the  most  populous  of  any  African  city  after  Cairo.  The 
streets  are  narrow,  unpaved,  and  filthy.  The  buildings,  though  of  stone,  are  mean  and  poor ; 
and  the  inhabitants  present  the  picture  of  poverty  and  oppression.  There  is  a  fort  at  the 
Goletta,  of  considerable  strength. 

Tni'/e— Notwithstanding  llie  various  drawbacks  arising  out  of  the  nature  of  the  government,  and 
the  igiinrnnce  and  prejudices  of  Ihe  people,  commerce  and  industry  iire  in  a  iiinre  advanced  slate  in 
Tunis,  than  in  any  oilier  part  of  Northern  Africa,  Egypt  excepted.  Though  siihjecl  lo  droughts,  the 
climate  is,  on  ihe  whole,  excellent.  The  soil  still  preserves  that  exuberant  fertility  for  whicli  it  waa 
famous  in  antiquity. 

Non  quicquid  Libycis  terit 

Fervens  area  niessibua. — (Sence.  in  Thyest.) 

It  seldom  receives  any  other  manure  than  that  of  sometimes  burning  the  weeds  and  stubble;  and 
yet,  in  despite  of  its  slovenly  culture,  the  crops  are  luxuriant;  and  there  is  generally  a  considerable 
excess  of  wheat  and  barley  for  exportation.  Corn  is  principally  shipped  at  Biserta,  about  50  miles  W. 
of  Tunis.  Olive  oil  is  one  of  Ihe  principal  articles  of  export.  It  is  of  various  qualities;  some  good, 
and  some  very  indifferent,  tjusa  is  said  to  be  the  best  place  for  its  shipment.  Snap  of  an  excellent 
quality  is  largely  manufactured  in  the  regency.  It  may  be  had  either  soft  or  in  wedges.  The  soft  in 
made  of  barilla  and  pure  oil,  and  is  much  esteemed.  The  hard  snap  is  made  from  the  lees  of  oil,  and 
Is  reckoned  very  strong.  The  principal  soap-works  are  at  Susa.  Little,  however,  is  prepared  on  a 
speculative  anticipation  of  a  demand  for  exportation  ;  but  any  quantity  may  be  had  by  contracting  for 
il  a  few  months  before  the  period  when  it  is  wanted.  A  sort  of  woollen  scull-caps  are  largely  ex- 
ported. They  are  in  e.Ttensive  demand  all  over  the  Levant,  and  are  nowhere  made  in  such  perfection 
as  here.  Ivory  and  gold  dust,  hides,  wax,  morocco  leather,  sponge,  barilla,  coral,  dates,  ostrich  feathern, 
&c.  are  among  the  articles  of  export. 

■The  imports  from  Europe  consist  of  woollens,  coarse  German  and  Irish  linens,  cotton  stuffs,  hard- 
ware, sugar,  colTee,  spices,  tin  plates,  lead,  alum,  dye  stuffs,  wine,  silk,  Spanish  wool,  &c.  There  ia 
very  liltle  direct  trade  between  Tunis  and  England  ;  but  a  good  deal  is  indirectly  carried  on,  through 
the  intervention  of  .Malta  and  Gibraltar.  Marseilles  has  probably  the  largest  shar''  -"f  the  trade  with 
thereeency.  In  1830,  there  entered  jhe  different  ports  of  Tunis  194  ships,  of  the  L  ;n  of  20,747  tons, 
ciclnslve  of  those  engaged  in  (he  trade  with  the  other  African  states  and  Turkey. 

Exclusive  of  the  trade  by  sea,  a  considerable  trade  is  carried  on  between  Tunis  and  the  interior  of 
Africa,  by  means  of  caravans.  These  import  slaves,  gold  dust,  ivory,  feathers,  drugs,  &c.  Tliey  carry 
back  cotton  stiiirs,  linens,  hardware,  spices,  cochineal,  &c. 

Naval  and  military  stores  imported  into  Tunis  pay  no  duty.  Other  articles  pay  a  duty  o(3  per  cent. 
td  valorem  on  a  rated  tariff.  Obstructions  arising  out  of  monopolies,  &c.  are  occasionally  thrown  in 
the  Wiiy  of  exportation  ;  and  in  general  it  is  necessiiry,  before  proceeding  to  ship,  to  obtain  a  tiskery, 
cr  licence  to  that  effect  from  the  bey.  That,  however,  may  be,  for  the  most  part,  procured  without 
miicb  difficulty. 


ifoncy.— Accounts  ftre  kept  in  piastres  of  16  carobas  or  52  aspers. 
The  piastre  is  woilh  about  li.  \d.  sterlini;.  The  as[}er  is  an  imai^i- 
niry  money.  The  value  of  foreign  coins  depends  ou  the  state  of  the 
tichange. 

Wn|W/.— Cold,  silver,  and  pearls  are  wcii^e:!  by  the  ounce  of  8 
melicals;  16  of  these  ounces  make  the  Tunis  pound  -=  7,773  5  En?. 
fn.  The  princi[)ll  commercial  weight  is  the  cantnro,  containiiii; 
IIXIIIk.,  or  rolloh,  being  equivalent  to  11105  lbs.  avoird.,  or  5036 

kiior. 

.Iffli»ur«.— The  principal  corn  mcasiire  is  Ihe  caf  •,  divirled  into 
16  wliilias  {  and  the  whiba  into  12  salus.  One  caliz  ^  14  1-2  Impe- 
rial bushels. 

The  wine  measrire  is  the  millerolle  of  Maneilles  ^  14  1  Imp.  gal- 


lons, or  64-33  litres.  II  is  divided  into  6  1-2  milres.  The  principal 
oil  measure  is  the  metal  or  meltar=  6'125  wine  gallons,  or  I9',19 
litres;  but  it  is  of  ditferent  dimensions  indifferent  parts  of  the  coun- 
try ;  and  is  larger  at  Su.«a,  whejice  must  of  the  oil  is  exported,  than  at 
Tunis. 

The  pic,  or  principal  lon^  measure,  is  of  3  sorts ;  vir..  the  pic  wool- 
len me.isure  —  26'5  Rug.  inches;  Ihe  pic  silk  measure  —  '24-9  do. ; 
and  llie  pic  linen  measures  18  6 do. 

For  furtlier  particulars,  see  that  chapter  of  Shaw's  Travtli  in  Bar- 
Mry,  fyc.  (one  of  the  most  learned  and  excellent  works  of  the  kind  iii 
the  English  lan!Eun(c),  that  treats  of  Ihe  kingdom  of  Tunis;  .Wac- 
^U's  Account  of  Tunity  passim  ;  Jackscit^a  Commera  of  tht  Medt- 
t€ria}ieau,  pp.  55—96. }  KtUy'i  CamList^  4*c. 


Ruixs  OF  Carthaoe. — The  famous  city  of  Carthage,  one  of  the  greatest  emporiums  of 
the  ancient  world,  long  the  mistress  of  the  sea,  and  the  most  formidable  enemy  of  Rome,  was 
situated  near  the  cape  which  still  bears  her  name,  about  10  miles  N.E.  from  Tunis.  Such, 
however,  have  been  the  alterations  on  the  coast,  that  the  port  of  the  city,  within  whose  ample 
expanse  whole  navies  used  to  ride,  is  now  wholly  filled  up ;  antiquaries  differ  as  to  its  situa- 
tion ;  and  the  sea  has  in  some  places  receded  from  2  to  3  miles  from  the  ruins  of  the  build- 
ings hy  which  it  was  formerly  skirted.  The  common  sewers  are  still  in  a  very  perfect  state, 
as  are  several  cisterns,  public  reservoirs,  and  other  remains  of  that  sort,  with  the  fragment  of 
a  noble  aqueduct  that  supplied  the  city  with  water.  But  besides  these,  and  a  very  few 
Punic  inscriptions  that  have  been  dug  up,  there  ia  nothing  left  to  attest  the  ancient  grandeur 


S     r:| 


Tl, 


688 


TURBITH—TURPENTINE. 


M     m 

CI 


IT--     , 


•■•■•  i' 


and  magnificence  of  the  city,  or  to  identify  it  with  the  illustrious  people  by  whom  it  was 
founded  and  occupied  till  its  destruction  by  Scipio  Nasica.  There  are  no  temples,  no 
triumphal  arches,  no  granite  columns  or  obelisks  covered  with  Phrenician  characters,  and  no 
ancient  entablatures.  These  have  all  fallen  a  sacrifice  to  hostile  attacks,  or  to  the  destroying 
hand  of  time. 

Nunc  passim,  vix  reliqnias,  vix  nomina  servans, 
Obruitur,  prupriis  nun  a^noscunda  minis. 

Such  mutilated  fragments  of  buildings  as  still  remain,  are  evidently  the  work  of  a  latrr 
age ;  of  those  who  occupied  the  city  between  the  perii)d  when  a  colony  was  sent  to  it  by 
Augustus,  and  its  final  subversion  by  the  Saracens  in  the  7th  century. 

TURBITH,  on  TURPE'I'H,  the  cortical  part  of  the  root  of  a  species  of  Convolvulus, 
brought  from  different  parts  of  the  East  Indies.  It  is  a  longish  root,  about  the  thickness  of 
the  finger,  resinous,  heavy,  of  a  brownish  hue  without  and  wliilish  within.  It  is  imported 
cloven  in  the  middle,  lengthwise,  and  the  heart  or  woody  matter  taken  out.  The  best  is 
ponderous,  not  wrinkled,  easy  to  break,  and  discovers  to  the  eye  a  large  quantity  of  resinous 
matter.  At  first  it  makes  an  im|)ressiou  of  sweetness  nn  the  taste;  but,  when  chevvrd  tor 
some  time,  betrays  a  nauseous  acrimony.  It  is  used  in  medicine,  but  only  to  a  small  extent,— 
(Lewis's  Mat.  Med.) 

TirnniTii  (Minkhal),  the  name  given  by  chemists  to  the  subsulphate  of  mercury. 

TUHBOT  (Pkuro)ircff.i  maxi/iius),  a  well  known  and  highly  esteemed  s[)ecies  of  fish, 
Very  considerable  quantities  of  turbot  arc  now  taken  on  various  parts  of  our  coasts,  from  the 
Orkneys  to  the  Land's  End,  yet  a  preference  is  given  in  the  London  markets  to  those  cauglu 
by  the  Dutch.  The  latter  are  said  to  have  sometimes  drawn  as  much  as  80,000/.  in  a  single 
year,  for  turbots  sold  in  London. 

Fresh  turbots,  however  taken,  or  in  whatever  ship  imported,  may  be  imported  free  of  duty.-. 
(See  FfSH.) 

TURMERIC,  the  root  of  the  Curcuma  longa.  It  is  externally  greyish,  and  internally  of 
a  deep  lively  yellow  or  saffron  colour ;  very  hard ;  and  not  unhke,  either  in  figure  or  size, 
to  ginger.  That  should  be  preferred,  which  is  large,  new,  resinous,  difficult  to  break,  ami 
heavy.  It  is  imported  from  Bengal,  Java,  China,  &c.;  but  some  of  a  superior  quality  is 
said  to  have  been  brought  from  Tobago.  Small  quantities  of  it  have  also  been  grown  in 
England.  It  has  a  somewhat  aromatic,  and  not  very  agreeable  smell ;  and  a  bitterish,  sli;;htlv 
acrid,  and  rather  warm  taste.  It  used  to  be  in  considerable  estimation  as  a  medicine ;  Imtiii 
Europe  it  is  now  used  only  as  a  dye.  It  yields  a  beautiful  bright  yellow  colour ;  which,  how- 
ever, is  extremely  fugitive,  and  no  means  have  hitherto  been  discovered  of  fixing  it.  It  is 
sometimes  employed  to  heighten  the  yellows  made  with  weld,  and  to  give  an  orange  tint  to 
scarlet;  but  the  shade  imparted  by  the  turmeric  soon  disappears.  The  Indians  use  it  lo 
colour  and  season  their  food. — (Lewis's  Mat.  Med. ,-  Bancroft  on  Colours,  vol.  i.  p.  270.) 

Tlie  imports  of  turmeric  from  all  places  eastward  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  were,  in  1830,  l.Slir.TCl 
lbs. ;  in  1831,  1,2(»,028  lbs.  ;  and  in  1832,  1,004,045  llis. 

Its  price  in  bond  in  the  I.ondon  market,  in  March,  1834,  was— Bengal,  per  cwt.,  15s.  to  16*. ;  ,I,iv,i, 
24s.  to  25s. ;  China,  25s.  to  26s, 

The  duty  on  turmeric  is  2s.  id.  per  cwt.  on  that  bronuht  from  a  Itritish  possession,  and  10,«.  per  cm. 
on  that  from  a  foreign  country.  The  only  elTect  of  this  injurious  distinction  is  to  force  the  use  of  an 
inferior  article. 

TURPENTINE  (Ger.  Turpentin;  Fr.  Terebenthine ;  It.  Trementina ,-  Rus.  Sfa'piJur: 
Pol.  Terpentyna).  There  are  several  species  of  turpentine,  but  all  of  them  possess  the  same 
general  and  chemical  properties. 

1.  Common  Turpentine,  is  &  res\no\ia  juice  which  exudes  from  the  Scotch  fir  orwilj 
pine  (Pinus  syhestris).  The  trees  which  are  most  exposed  to  the  sun,  and  have  the  thickest 
barks,  yield  it  in  the  greatest  abundance.  They  begin  to  produce  it  when  about  10  ye.irs 
old.  The  bark  of  the  tree  is  wounded,  and  the  turpentine  flows  out  in  drops,  which  fall  into 
a  hole,  or  sort  of  cup,  previously  dug  at  the  foot  of  the  tree,  holding  about  1^  pint.  It  is 
purified  by  being  exposed  to  liquefy  in  the  sun's  rays,  in  barrels  perforated  in  the  bottom, 
through  which  it  filters.  In  the  United  States,  the  collection  of  turpentine  is  confidcil  chicllv 
to  negroes,  each  of  whom  has  the  charge  of  from  3,000  to  4,000  trees.  The  process  lasts  ail 
the  year,  aiihough  the  incisions  are  not  made  in  the  trees  till  the  middle  of  March,  and  tlie 
flow  of  the  turpentine  generally  ceases  about  the  erid  of  October.  The  boxes  are  cniplicil  i 
or  6  times  during  the  year ;  aia  .  is  estimated  that  <,50  boxes  will  produce  a  barrel  weighing 
320 lbs.  Turpentine  has  a  ci'-dL;,  s  imewhat  fragrant  odour,  and  a  bitter  disagreeable tasie; 
its  consistence  is  greater  than  tnat  of  honey  ;  its  colour  dirty  yellow;  and  it  is  more  o\ri\vx 
than  the  other  sorts.     We  import  it  almost  entirely  from  the  United  States. 

S.  Venice  Turpentine,  is  the  produce  (j^  the  larch  (Pinus  Lnrix).  It  is  obtaineil  by 
boring  a  hole  into  the  heart  of  the  tree  about  2  feet  from  the  ground,  and  fitting  into  it  i 
small  tube  through  which  the  turpentine  flows  into  vessels  prei)ared  for  its  reception.  It  is 
purified  by  straining  through  cloths,  or  hair  sieves.  It  is  more  fluid,  having  the  consi.stence 
of  new  honey,  a  yellowish  colour,  and  is  less  unpleasant  to  the  smell  and  tastp,  thsn  the 
common  turpentine.    Genuine  Venetian  turpentine  is  principally  obtained  from  the  foroslji 


E. 

rious  people  by  whom  it  was 

There  are  no  temples,  no 

Phffiiiician  characters,  awl  no 

leattock8,ortotheae8lroyMig 

irvans, 

■eevUlently  theworkofalator 
en  a  colony  was  sent  to  it  by 

century.  , 

of  a  species  of  Convolvulm, 
ah  root,  about  the  thickness  of 
vhilish  within.  It  i«  '7"f^ 
latter  taken  out.  The  be.t  is 
eve  a  large  quantity  of  resinous 
,c  taste;  but,  when  chevvnl  tot 
i„e,butonlytoasinallextont.- 

e  subsulphale  of  mercury. 
hicWy  esteemed  species  ot  lish. 
,ou8  parts  of  our  coasts,  iromlhn 
.London  markets  to  those  call., t 
„  as  much  as  80,000/.  ma  single 

],  may  be  imported  free  of  duty- 

ternally  greyish,  and  internally  of 
,  unlike,  either  in  figure  or  size 
resinous,  dinicult  to  break  an,! 
but  some  of  a  superior  quality  is 
,s  of  it  have  also  been  Rrovvn  in 
able  smell;  and  a  bitterish,  slishtly 
e  estimation  as  a  medicine;  tmtm 
bricht  yellow  colour;  which, how 
bcn"discovered  of  fixing  it.  U  is 
;eld,  and  to  give  an  orange  tint  to 

sappears.     The  Indians  use  it  ,o 
croft  on  Colours,  vol.  i.  p.  270.) 
of  Good  Hope  were,  in  1830, 1,6«"01 

-Bengal,  per  cwt.,  15s.  to  16.. ;  Java, 

n  Rritiah  possession,  ami  10.--.  P'!rc«i. 
Ss™.i^lionistoforcetl.«us"ofa„ 

.  It  Trementina;  Rus.  Sklpiilur; 
'',e,  but  all  of  them  possess  the  same 

Icudes  from  the  Scotch  fir  or  wilJ 
fsed  to  the  sun,  and  have  the   nee 

'produce  it  when  about!)  . 
fc  flows  out  in  drops,  which  all    t 

Itree  holding  about  ^  pint.  lti» 
I  barrel  perforated  in  the  boUoni, 
til  of  tur'pentine  is  confided  c;e; 

■  4,000  trees.  The  process  Ub  J 
ti  I  the  middle  of  March,  a.ul  1. 
Ocober.  The  boxes  are  cmHo 
P  will  produce  a  barrel  we,,  u. 
Ilour  and  a  bitter  disagreeable  U»u, 
t 'yellow;  and  it  is  more  opF 

fe^S'and  fitting  into  ,u 

flsprei;.red  for  its  reception. 
L  ore  lluid,  having  the  con.^a 

It  to  the  smell  and  taste,  llu.n  th 
tilcipally  obtained  from  the  lor.t. 


TURPENTINE  OIL— TYRE. 


689 


ol  Baye,  in  Provence ;  but  much  of  that  to  bo  found  in  the  shops  comes  from  America,  and 
is,  perhaps,  obtained  from  a  different  species  of  fir. 

3.  Canadian  liuham,  or  Turpentine,  is  obtained  from  incisions  in  the  bark  of  the  Pinua 
Balsamea,  a  native  of  the  coldest  regions  of  North  America.  It  is  imported  in  casks,  each 
containing  about  I  cwt.  It  has  a  strong,  not  disagreeable  odour,  and  a  bitterish  taste ;  is 
transparent,  whitish,  and  has  the  consistence  of  copaiva  balsam. — (Sre  IJ.*i,s\m.) 

4.  Cfiian  or  Ci/prus  Turp(ntine,  is  obtained  from  the  Ptntacia  Tcrebinfhu.i,  a  native  of 
the  north  of  Africa  and  the  south  of  Europe,  and  cultivated  in  (.Jbios  and  Cyprus.  It  flows 
out  of  incisions  made  in  the  bark  of  the  tree  in  the  month  of  July ;  and  is  subsequently 
strained  and  purified.  It  has  a  fragrant  odour,  a  mo<leratcly  warm  taste,  devoid  of  acrimony 
or  bitterness,  and  a  white  or  very  pale  yellow  colour;  it  is  about  as  consistent  as  thick  honey, 
is  clear,  transparent,  and  tenacious.  From  its  comparative  high  price,  Chian  turpentine  is 
fcldom  procured  genuine,  being  for  the  most  part  adulterated  either  with  Venetian  or  com- 
mon turpentine.  The  different  species  of  turpentine  may  be  dissolved  in  rectified  spirit,  or 
pure  alcohol ;  and,  by  distillation,  they  all  give  similar  oils,  which  from  their  being  distilled 
(anil  not  from  any  resemblance  to  alcohol,  or  spirit.s  properly  so  called),  arc  vulgarly  termed 
spirits  of  turpentine.  If  the  distillation  be  performed  with  water,  the  produce  is  an  essential 
oil,  the  common  spirit  of  turpentine;  and  if  the  distillation  be  carried  on  in  a  retort,  without 
water,  the  product  is  more  volatile  and  pungent, — a  concentrated  oil,  as  it  were, — and  is 
called  the  ethereal  spirit  of  turpentine.  The  residuum  that  is  left,  in  both  cases,  is  a  brownish 
resinous  mass,  brittle,  capable  of  being  melted,  highly  inflammablo,  insoluble  in  water,  but 
niising  freely  with  oils:  it  is  the  common  ro.-in  of  commerce. — {Lib.  nf  Entert.  Knowledge, 
Vti^dable  Substances  ,•  Thomson's  Dispensatory.) 

TliP  entries  of  turpentine  for  liomn  consumption  in  18.11  anil  IS32  amounted,  nt  an  averaee,  to 
322,230  cwt.  a  y«ar.  It  is  almost  entirely  imported  from  tin;  United  Stat<?s  ;  so  mucli  so,  lliat  of  317,8y5 
cwl.  imported  in  1831,  317,0U5  were  supplied  by  tlu-in :  llie  residue  came  from  Franco. 

TURPENTINE,  OIL  OF  (Ger.  Tcrpeutinol,-  Fr.  Eau  deraze,  Huile  de  tercbenfhine.- 
\l  Acqua  di  rasa;  Sp.  yt'^Knrm.'!),  the  essential  oil  drawn  from  turjientine  by  distillation. 
There  are  two  sorts  of  this  oil :  the  best,  red  ;  and  the  second,  white.  It  is  very  ex- 
tensively used  by  house  painters,  and  in  the  manuf^icturc  of  varnish,  &c.  The  distillers 
have  bt'cn  charged  with  using  it  in  the  preparation  of  gin.  Oil  of  turpentine  is  very  often 
adulterated. 

TURQUOISE  (Ger.  Tilrkiss;  Fr,  Turquoise,-  It.  Turchina,-  Sp.  Turquesa),  a  prccioua 
stone  in  considerable  estimation.  Its  colour,  which  is  its  principal  recommendation,  is  a 
beautiful  celestial  blue,  which  migrates  into  pale  blue,  and  is  sometimes  iingcd  with  green. 
Specific  gravity,  3'127.  It  is  destitute  of  lustre,  opaque,  and  does  not  admit  of  a  very  high 
polish.  It  is  much  worn  in  necklaces,  and  in  every  part  of  ornamental  jewellery,  from  the 
size  of  a  pin's  head  to  that  of  an  almond  :  it  contrasts  beautifully  with  brilliants,  or  j)earls, 
$ct  in  fine  gold,  and  appears  to  most  advantage  when  cut  spheroidal. — (Mawe  on  Diamonds, 
2Jed.  p.  129.) 

Rc;il  liirqnoiscs  are  exclngivoly  fiirnislied  by  Persia.  The  mines  vvlienre  they  are  obtained  are 
fitu.ildd  near  Nishapore.  They  are  the  properly  of  the  Crown,  and  are  farmed  In  ilio  highest  bidder. 
Tlipy  tiring  a  rcnl  of  Iroin  2,000i.  to  2,70Ui.  a  year. — (Fraser's  Travels  on  the  Shores  of  the  Cii.-<piaii,  pp. 
313-317.) 

TUTEN.\G,  the  name  given  in  commercial  language  to  the  zinc  or  spelter  of  China. — 
(SceZixc.)  This  commodity  used  to  be  smuggled  from  China  (the  exportation  of  un- 
wrought  metals  from  that  empire  being  prohibited)  to  Hindostan,  the  Malay  Archipelago, 
and  neighbouring  countries,  to  the  amount,  it  is  supposed,  of  about  50,000  cwt.  a  year.  In 
1820,  the  British  free  traders  introduced  German  spelter  for  the  first  time  into  the  Indian 
market.  In  1826,  the  iinpo-tation  of  tutenag  from  China  into  Calcutta  ceased;  and  it  has 
now  been  totally  superseded  throughout  India  by  spelter.  Of  this  latter  commodity  there 
were  exported  from  Great  Britain  to  all  places  eastward  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Ho|ie,  except 
China,  at  an  average  of  the  3  years  ending  with  1832,  49,946  cwt.  a  year,  besides  the  quan- 
tities furnished  by  Hamburgh,  Rotterdam,  Antwerp,  and  other  continental  ports. 

TYRE,  the  princi{)al  ci:y  of  Phajiiicia,  and  the  most  celebrated  emporium  of  the  ancient 
world.  This  fuinous  city  was  situated  on  the  S.  E.  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  where  the 
inconsiderable  town  of  T.sour  now  stands,  in  lat.  33°  17'  N.,  Ion.  3.5°  14'  35"  E.  Tho 
trade  that  is  at  present  cariied  on  at  Tsour  is  too  trifling  to  deserve  notice;  but  as  this  work 
is  intended  to  give  some  account,  however  imperfect,  of  the  revolutions  in  the  channels  of 
commercial  enterprise,  we  may,  jwrhaps,  be  excused  for  submitting  a  few  statements  with 
respect  to  the  commerce  carried  on  by  so  renowned  a  people  as  the  Tyrians. 

Tyre  was  founded  by  a  colony  from  Sidon,  the  mo.st  ancient  of  the  Phoenician  cities. 
I  The  dale  of  this  event  is  not  certainly  known,  but  Larcher  supposes  it  to  have  been  1,690 
years  liefore  the  Christian  era. — {Clironoligie  d' Hi^rodole.  c?k\).  ii.  p.  131.)  It  is  singular, 
that  while  Homer  mentions  Sidon,  he  takes  no  notice  of  Tyre,  whose  glory  speedily  eclipsed 
that  of  the  mother  city ;  but  this  is  no  conclusive  proof  that  the  latter  was  not  then  a  con- 
Uideralilc  emporium.  The  prophets  Isaiah,  .lercmiah,  and  Ezekiel,  who  flourished  from  700 
to  GOO  years  before  Christ,  represent  Tyre  as  a  city  of  unrivalled  wealth,  whose  "  merchants 
3  H  2  87 


f> 


000 


TYRE. 


M    m 

MB'<M 

-  j 


*l1 


f.-i 


cd 


were  princes,  and  her  traffickers  the  honourable  of  the  earth."  Oria:inally,  the  city  was  built 
on  the  main  land:  but  having  been  besieged  for  a  lengthened  period  by  the  Uabyinnia,, 
monarch  Nebuchadnezzar,  the  inhabitants  conveyed  ihemsclves  and  their  goods  to  an  islanj 
at  a  little  distance,  where  a  new  city  was  founded,  which  enjoyed  an  increased  degree  of 
celebrity  and  commercial  prosperity.  The  old  city  was,  on  that  account,  entitled  Pulirtyrc 
and  the  other  simply  Tyre.  The  new  city  c  utinued  to  flourish,  extending  its  colonics  ami 
its  comtiierce  on  all  sides,  till  it  was  attacked  by  Alexander  the  Great.  The  resistance  rnai'-. 
by  the  Tyriuns  to  that  conqueror  showed  that  they  had  not  been  enervated  by  luxury,  and 
that  their  martial  virtues  were  nowise  inferior  to  their  commercial  skill  ond  enterprise.  Tlio 
overthrow  of  the  Persian  empire  was  effected  with  less  dilliculty  than  the  capture  uf  thji 
single  city.  The  victor  had  not  niagnaniiiiity  to  treat  the  vanciuit^bed  as  tlieir  heroic  conduct 
deserved.  In  despite,  however,  of  the  cruelties  iiiHicted  on  the  city,  she  ro«e  again  to  con. 
siderable  eminence.  But  the  foundation  of  Alexandria,  by  diverting  the  connntrcc  ihut  lmd 
formerly  centered  at  Tyre  into  a  new  channel,  gave  her  an  irreparable  blow;  and  she 
gradually  declined  till,  consistently  with  the  denunciation  of  the  j)rc)phef,  her  palaces  have 
been  levelled  with  the  dust,  and  she  has  become  "  a  place  for  the  spreading  of  nets  in  the 
midst  of  the  sea." 

Commerce,  Cvloiiiefi,  <Sfc.  of  Ti/rc, — Phccnicia  was  one  of  the  smallest  countries  of  an. 
tii]uity.  It  occupied  that  part  of  the  Syrian  coast  which  stretches  frotn  Aradus  (the  modern 
Kouad)  on  the  north,  to  a  little  below  'J'yre  on  the  south,  a  distance  of  about  .50  Icngurs, 
Its  breadth  was  much  less  considerable,  being  for  the  most  part  bounded  by  Mount  Libanus 
to  the  east,  and  Mount  Carniel  on  the  south.  The  surface  of  this  narrow  tract  was  general. 
ly  rugged  and  mountainous ;  and  the  soil  in  the  valleys,  though  moderately  fertile,  did  not 
aflbrd  suiFicient  supplies  of  food  to  feed  the  population.  Libanus  and  its  dependent  ridiTjs 
were,  however,  covered  with  timber  suitable  for  ship  building;  and  besides  Tyre  and  fSidon 
Pha-nicia  possessed  the  ports  of  Tripoli,  Hyblos,  Berytus,  &c.  In  this  situation,  occujivina 
a  country  tmable  to  supply  them  with  siiflicient  quantities  of  corn,  hemmed  in  by  nioini^ 
tains,  and  by  powerful  and  warlike  neighbours,  on  the  one  hand,  and  having,  on  the  oi'ier 
the  wide  expanse  of  the  Mediterranean,  studded  with  islands,  and  surrounded  by  fertile 
countries,  to  invite  the  enterprise  of  her  citizens,  they  were  naturally  led  to  engage  in  mari- 
time and  commercial  adventures  ;  and  became  the  boldest  and  most  experienced  mariners, 
and  the  greatest  discoverers,  of  ancient  times. 

From  the  remotest  antiquity,  a  considerable  trade  seems  to  have  been  carried  on  betwewi 
the  Eastern  and  Western  worlds.     The  spices,  drugs,  precious  stones,  and  other  valuable 
products  of  Arabia  and  India,  have  always  been  highly  esteemed  in  Europe,  and  have     | 
exchanged  for  the  gold  and  silver,  the  tin,  wines,  «&c.  of  the  latter.     At  the  first  dawn  of 
authentic  history,  we  find  Phoenicia  the  prineijjal  centre  of  this  commerce.     Her  inhalitanls 
are  designated  in  the  early  sacred  writings  by  the  name  of  Canaanites, — a  term  which,  in 
the  language  of  the  East,  means  merchants.     The  products  of  Arabia,  India,  Persia,  &c, 
were  originally  conveyed  to  her  by  companies  of  travelling  merchants,  or  caravans;  which 
seem  to  have  been  constituted  in  the  same  way,  and  to  have  performed  exactly  the  same 
part  in  the  commerce  of  the  East,  in  the  days  of  Jacob,  that  they  do  at  present. — [Ccn, 
xxxvii.  2.5.  &c.)     At  a  later  period,  however,  in  the  reigns  of  David  and  Solomon,  the 
PhoRnicians,  having  formed  an  alliance  with  the  Hebrews,  acquired  the  ports  of  Elaih  and 
Eziongeber,  at  the  north-east  extremity  of  the  Red  Sea.     Here  they  fitted  out  fleets,  which 
traded  with  the  ports  on  that  sea,  and  probably  with   those  of  Southern  Arabia,  the  we^t 
coast  of  India,  and  Ethiopia.     The  ships  are  said  to  have  visited  Ophir ;  and  a  great  deal 
of  erudition  has  been  expended  in  attempting  to  determine  the  exact  situation  of  that 
emporium  or  country.     We  agree,  however,  with  Heeren,  in  thinking  that  it  was  not  the 
name   of  any  particular  place;  but  that  it  was  a  sort  of  general  designation  given  to  the 
coasts  of  Arabia,  India,  and  Africa,  bordering  on  the  Indian  Ocean ;  somewhat  in  the  same 
loose  way  as  we  now  use  the  terms  East  and  West  Indies. — (See  the  chapter  on  the  jYwn. 
gallon  and  Commerce  of  the  Phoenicians,  in  the  translation  of  Heeren's  work.) 

The  distance  of  the  Red  Sea  from  Tyre  being  very  considerable,  the  conveyance  of  goods 
from  the  one  to  the  other  by  land  must  have  been  tedious  and  expensive.  To  lessen  this 
ifjconvenience,  the  Tyrians,  shortly  after  they  got  possession  of  Elath  and  Eziongeber, 
seized  upon  Rhinoculura,  the  port  in  the  Mediterranean  nearest  to  the  Rod  Sra.  The  pro- 
ducts of  Arabia,  India,  &c.,  being  carried  thither  by  the  most  compendious  route,  were  then  j 
put  on  board  ships,  and  conveyed  by  a  brief  and  easy  voyage  to  Tyre.  If  we  except  the 
transit  by  Egypt,  this  was  the  shortest  and  most  direct,  and  for  that  reason,  no  doubt,  the 
cheapest,  channel  by  which  the  commerce  between  Southern  Asia  and  Europe  could  then 
be  conducted.  But  it  is  not  believed  that  the  Phoenicians  posses.sed  any  permanent  footing 
on  the  Red  Sea  after  the  death  of  Solomon.  The  want  of  it  does  not,  however,  seem  to 
have  sensibly  aflbcted  their  trade ;  and  Tyre  continued,  till  the  foundation  of  Alexandria, 
to  be  the  grand  emporium  for  Eastern  products,  with  which  it  was  abundantly  supiijied  by 
(aravans  from  Arabia,  the  bottom  of  the  Persian  Gulf,  and  from  Babylon,  by  way  of 
Palmyra. 


TYRE. 


601 


OriBinally,  the  city  was  W.lt 
1  period  by  the  Bat.yloman 

nntl  Ihe'f  8"°'^"  ^"  °"  "'''"'' 
,yed  an  increased  dogrce  ot 

It  account,  entitU-d  Palutyrc, 
bU,  extending  its  colonics  ami 
Great.     Tlu>  resistance  ma.' , 
,een  enervated  by  luxury,  ami 
cial  skill  and  enterrnse.l  he 
.uUv  tlian  the  cai'turc  ot  ihn 
misbed  as  their  heroic  co.ulucl 
he  city,  she  rose  uiiaui  ton,,,. 
v.,.rtiii^  the  commerce  llial  IwJ 
n   irrq.avable  blow;   and  .l,c 
the  i.roi.het,  her  jmlaces  have 
jr  tlic  spreading  of  nets  in  the 

flhc  smallest  countries  of  a,i. 
ches  from  Aradus  (the  mcHlcru 
a  distance  of  about  .50  Ciguns. 
art  bounded  by  Mount  Libanus 
,f  this  narrow  tract  was  gonml- 
Ih  moderately  fertie,d,d  not 
,anU8  and  its  dependent  n.  1^.. 
; .  and  besides  Tyre  and  Sidon, 
^n      In  this  situation,  occupyini; 
of  corn,  hemmed  in  by  moui,- 
.  hand  and  having,  on  the  oimr, 
andfand  surrounded  by  fertile 
naturally  led  to  engage  m  man. 
and  most  experienced  mariners, 

,  to  have  been  carried  on  between 

ious  stones,  and  other  vaUiaWe 
esteemed  in  Europe    ^"d  have 
ho  latter.     At  the  lirst  dawn  of 
'his  commerce.     Her  inhaM.ants 
ofCanaanites,--aterm«h.ch.n 
ucts  of  Arabia,  India,  Persia,  &C. 
",  merchants, or  caravans;  wlueh 
have  performed  exactly  the  same 
that  they  do  at  present.-((-(«. 
•     o  of  David  and  Solomon,  the 
TjeXc  ports  of  Eladi  and 
Sc  they  fitted  out  deet.,. Inch 
,e  of  Southern  Arabia,  the  ^ve^ 
evisitedOphir;andagveat    ea 

^ine  the  exact  situation  of  that 
n  thinking  that  it  was  not  te 

'f  general  designation  given  to  th 

n  Ocean;  somewhat  m  the  .ame 

LrSee  the  chapter  on  the  Mn- 

lion  of  Heeren's  work.) 
Serable,  the  conveyance  of  go  c!, 

*  a,  d  expensive.  To  lessen  h,. 
.si  o  Elath  and  E/ionKeber, 
;rresttotheKedHra.  'Ihe  F^ 
rtompendious  route, Nverethon 

»  »n  Tvre.  If  we  except  the 
S  for  that  reason,  no  douM,e 
■^rn  Asia  and  Europe  could  thou 
^^;SsXl\ny  permanent  0.,,. 
,f  it  does  not,  however  seen  to 
m  the  foundation  of  Alexa,... a, 

E  it  was  abundantly  siu-l'lu-J  ^ 
and  from  Babylon,  by  >^ay  ot 


The  commerce  of  the  PhaMiiciana  with  llio  eounlries  Imrch-ring  on  the  Mediterranean 
was  still  more  extensive  inid  valiiiibU'.  At  iiii  curly  |ii'rii>.l,  they  estiiblishrd  setlleinriilH  in 
CJypnis  and  Rhodes.  The  former  wi\s  ii  very  viilinibic  ai'iniisitiDii,  frdin  its  pnixiiniiy.  the 
miinlH-r  of  its  ports,  its  fertility,  and  the  variety  of  its  vriviMulile  iiii.l  mineral  proilurtions. 
H;iMn!?  passed  successively  into  (Jreeee,  Italy,  and  Siirdiiiia,  they  proceeded  to  e\|iioif  the 
southern  shores  of  France  and  Wpaiii,  and  the  nortliern  short's  of  Afrieu.  They  al'ierwiirds 
ndveiitured  upon  the  .\tlantic;  and  were  the  first  people  whose  llaij  was  displayed  beyond 
the  pillars  of  Hercules.* 

Of  the  colonies  of  Tyro,  Gades,  now  Cadiz,  was  one  of  the  most  ancient  and  important. 
It  is  supposed  by  M.  do  St.  Uroix  to  have  originally  been  distinguished  by  the  name  of 
Tartessus  or  Tarshish,  mentioned  in  the  sacreil  writintjs. — (l)i^  riilat  et  (In  Sm-t  den 
Aitclcinif.i  Cohmics,  p.  14.)  Heeren,  on  the  other  hand,  contends,  as  in  the  case  of  Ophir, 
that  by  Tarshish  is  to  be  understood  the  whole  southern  part  of  Spain,  which  was  early  oc- 
cupied and  settled  by  PhnMiician  colonists. —  (Sec  also  Hud,  Coin/iitTcc  lies  Anciens,  cap.  8.) 
At  I'll  events,  however,  it  is  certain  that  Cadiz  early  became  the  centre  of  a  commerce  that 
extended  all  along  the  coasts  of  Euroiie  as  far  as  Britain,  and  perhaps  the  Baltic.  'J'hero 
can  lie  no  doubt  that  by  the  Cassileriiles,  or  Tin  Islands,  visited  by  the  Pluenicians,  is  to  bo 
understood  the  Scilly  Islands  and  Cornwall. — (SeeTix.)  The  navigation  of  the  Plneni- 
fiaiis,  probably,  also,  extended  a  considerable  way  along  the  western  coast  of  Africa;  of  this, 
however,  no  details  have  reached  us. 

Uut,  of  all  the  colonies  founded  by  Tyre,  Carthage  has  been  by  far  the  most  celebrated. 
It  was  at  first  only  a  simple  factory  ;  but  was  materially  increased  by  the  arrival  of  a  large 
body  of  colonists,  forced  by  dissensions  at  home  to  leave  their  native  land,  about  883  years 
liefore  Christ. — {Sf.  Croix,  p.  20.^  Imbued  with  the  enterprising  mercantile  spirit  of  their 
ancestors,  the  Carthaginians  rose  in  no  very  long  period  to  the  highest  eminence  as  a  naval 
and  cominercial  state.  The  settlements  founded  by  the  Phijenicians  in  Africa,  Spain,  tSicily, 
&c.  gradually  fell  into  their  hands ;  and  after  the  destruction  of  Tyre  by  Alexander,  Carthago 
engrossed  a  large  share  of  the  commerce  of  which  it  had  previously  been  the  centre.  The 
subsequent  history  of  Carthage,  and  the  misfortunes  by  which  she  was  bverwhelmcd,  are 
well  known.  We  shall  only,  therefore,  observe,  that  commerce,  instead  of  being,  as  some 
shallow  theorists  have  imagined,  the  cause  oC,  her  decline,  was  the  real  source  of  her  power 
and  greatness ;  the  means  by  which  she  was  enabled  to  wage  a  lengthened,  doubtful,  and 
desperate  contest  with  Rome  herself  for  the  empire  of  the  world. 

The  commerce  and  navigation  of  Tyre  probably  attained  their  maximum  from  050  to  .550 
years  before  Christ.  At  that  period  the  Tyrians  were  the  factors  and  merchants  of  tho 
civilised  world ;  and  they  enjoyed  an  undisputed  pre-eminence  in  maritime  affairs.  Tho 
prophet  Ezekiel  (chap,  xxvii.)  has  described  in  magnificent  terms  the  glory  of  Tyre;  and 
has  enumerated  several  of  the  most  valuable  productions  found  in  her  markets,  and  tho 
countries  whence  they  were  brought.  The  fir  trees  of  Senir  (Hermon),  the  cedars  of 
Lebanon,  the  oaks  of  Bashan  (the  country  to  the  cast  of  Galilee),  the  ivory  of  the  Indies, 
the  fine  linen  of  Egypt,  and  the  purple  and  hyacinth  of  the  isles  of  Elishah  (Peloponnesus), 
are  specified  among  the  articles  used  for  her  ships.  The  inhabitants  of  Sidon,  Arvad 
(Aradus),  Gebel  (Byblos),  served  her  as  mariners  and  carpenters.  Gold,  silver,  lead,  tin, 
iron,  and  vessels  of  brass ;  slavqp,  horses,  mules,  sheep,  and  goats ;  pearls,  precious  stones, 
and  coral ;  wheat,  balm,  honey,  oil,  spices,  and  gums ;  wine,  wool,  and  silk ;  are  mentioned 
as  being  brought  into  the  port  of  Tyre  by  sea,  or  to  its  markets  by  land,  from  Syria,  Arabia, 
Damascus,  Greece,  Tarshish,  and  other  places,  the  exact  site  of  which  it  is  dillicult  to  de- 
lerininc.-j- 

Such,  according  to  the  inspired  writer,  was  Tyre,  the  "  Queen  of  the  waters,"  before  sho 
was  besieged  by  Nebuchadnezzar.  But,  as  has  been  already  remarked,  the  result  of  that 
siege  did  not  affect  her  trade,  which  was  as  successfully  and  advantageously  carried  on  from 
ihe  new  city  as  from  the  old.  Inasmuch,  however,  as  Carthage  soon  after  began  to  rival 
her  as  a  maritime  and  mercantile  state,  this  may,  perhaps,  be  considered  as  the  era  of  her 
greatest  celebrity. 

It  would  not  be  easy  to  over-rate  the  beneficial  influence  of  that  extensive  commerce  from 
which  the  Phoenicians  derived  such  immense  wealth.  It  inspired  the  people  with  whom 
tlicv  traded  with  new  wants  and  desires,  at  the  same  time  that  it  gave  them  the  means  of 
gratifying  them.  It  every  where  gave  fresh  life  to  industry,  and  a  new  and  powerful  stimu- 
lus to  invention.  The  rude  uncivilised  inhabitants  of  Greece,  Spain,  and  Northern  Africa 
acquired  some  knowledge  of  the  arts  and  sciences  practised  by  the  PhcEiiicians;  and  the 
advantages  of  which  they  were  found  to  be  productive  secured  their  gradual  though  slow 
advancement. 
Nor  were  the  Phoenicians  celebrated  only  for  their  wealth,  and  the  extent  of  their  coni- 

♦  MoiiR  Calpe  and  Mons  Abyla,  the  Gibraltar  and  Ceuta  of  modern  times. 

tTliere  is,  in  Dr.  Vincent's  Commerce  and  JViwijxativn  of  the  .Indents  in  the  Indian  Ocean  (vol.  ii.  pp 
62l-(')3'2),  an  elaborate  and  (like  the  other  parts  of  that  work)  prolix  roinnientary  on  this  cliapter  of 
E/.eliiel,  in  which  most  of  tho  names  of  the  things  and  places  mentioned  are  satisfactorily  uxplaiued.— 
(.See  also  Heeren  on  the  rhanicians,  cap.  iv.) 


'    il 


602 


TYRE. 


«5."* 

t3 


merce  and  nnvipintion.  Their  famn,  and  their  ripfht  to  ho  dossed  nmonc;«t  fhono  who  havn 
confcrrrd  tlio  grcntciit  lirnrfilH  nii  niiinkind,  rent  on  a  Rtill  more  uniisHniliililo  fDundation. 
Antiquity  ix  unniiimouR  in  oRrriliinrr  to  thcni  the  invention  and  prarlice  of  all  thooo  artJi, 
sciences,  nnd  conlrivnnces  that  furilitatc  the  prosecution  of  coniincrcinl  underlnkinf^H.  They 
are  held  to  he  the  inventora  of  nrithmotic,  weifihts  anil  measures,  of  money,  of  the  art  of 
keeping  accounts,  and,  in  short,  of  every  thinK  that  i)clong«  to  the  l)UHine<is  of  a  countinj. 
house.  They  were,  also,  famous  for  the  invention  of  ship  huililin;;  and  navigation ;  for  thn 
discovery  of  glass — (see  Glass);  for  their  manufactures  of  lino  linen  and  tapestry;  for  their 
skill  in  architecture,  and  in  the  art  of  working  metals  and  ivory  ;  and  still  more  for  the  in. 
coniparahle  8|)len(hiur  and  hcauty  of  their  purple  dye. — (See  the  learned  and  invalimMe 
work  of  the  President  do  Goguct,  Sur  L'Oriiilnr  (Irs  I,iiix,  tVc  Kng.  trans,  vol.  i.  p.  2!)(;.^ 
and  vol,  ii,  pp.  O.'j — 100. ;  see  also  the  chapter  of  Hecrcn  on  the  Manufactures  and  Land 
Commerce  (if  (lie.  I'/i(rnic!an.i.) 

But  the  invention  and  dissetnination  of  these  highly  useful  arts  form  hut  a  part  of  what 
the  people  of  IJuropo  owe  to  the  Pluenicians.  It  is  not  possihlo  to  say  in  what  degree  the 
religion  of  the  (Jrceks  was  horrowed  from  theirs;  hut  that  it  was  to  a  pretty  large  oxtrnt 
seems  aliundanlly  cert.iin.  Hercules,  un<lcr  the  name  of  Mclcarthus,  was  thn  tutelar  dtiiy 
of  'J'yre;  and  his  expeditions  along  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean,  and  to  the  straits  rnn. 
necting  it  with  the  ocean,  seem  to  he  merely  a  poetical  representation  of  the  progress  of  thp 
PhcEnician  navigators,  who  introduced  arts  and  civillHation,  and  cstahlished  the  wor.ihip  of 
Hercules,  wherever  they  went.  The  temple  erected  in  honour  of  the  god  at  Gadcs  was  Iodj; 
regarded  with  peculiar  veneration. 

The  (irceks  were,  however,  indehted  to  the  Phcrnicians,  not  merely  for  the  rudiments  nf 
civilisation,  liul  for  the  great  instrument  of  its  future  progress — the  gift  of  letters!  No  furt 
in  ancient  history  is  better  established  than  that  a  knowledge  of  alphal)etic  writing  was  first 
carried  to  (Sreece  by  Phffinician  adventurers:  and  it  may  be  safely  artirmcd,  that  this  wn 
the  greatest  boon  any  peojile  ever  re   Mved  at  the  hands  of  another. 

Before  quilting  this  subject,  we  may  briefly  advert  to  the  statement  of  Herodotus  with 
rcs[iect  to  tlie  cir^umtiavigation  of  .''ifrica  by  Phoenician  sailors.  The  venerable  father  of 
history  mentions,  that  a  fleet  fitted  out  by  Nccho  king  of  Egy|)t,  but  manned  and  com- 
manded by  PbcDiiicians,  took  its  departure  from  a  port  on  the  Red  Sea,  at  an  epoch  which  k 
believed  to  corresjiond  with  the  year  604  before  the  Christian  era,  and  that  keeping  always 
to  the  right,  they  doubled  the  southern  promontory  of  Africa ;  and  returned,  after  a  voyage 
of  3  years,  to  Egypt,  by  the  Pillars  of  Hercules. — (Hernd.  lib.  iv.  §  42.)  Heroilotus  further 
mentions,  that  they  related  that,  in  sailing  round  Africa,  they  had  the  sun  on  their  right 
hand,  or  to  the  north, — a  circumstance  which  he  frankly  acknowledges  seemed  incredilije  to 
him,  but  which,  as  every  one  is  now  aware,  must  have  hccii  the  case  if  the  voyage  was 
actually  perf()rmeii. 

Many  learned  aa-j  able  writers,  and  particularly  Gosselin  (Recherches  sitr  la  (7 ('orrrnphie 
Systematiijue  ct  Positive  des  Anelens,  tome  i.  pp.  204 — 217.),  have  treated  this  account  a^ 
fabulous.  But  the  objections  of  Gosselin  have  been  successfully  answered  in  an  claiiorate 
note  by  Larcher  {Herodntc,  tome  iii.  pp.  4.')8 — 464.  ed.  1802.;  and  Major  Rennellhas 
suflicienily  demonstrated  the  practicability  of  the  voyage  {Geography  nf  Herodotus,  p.  dHt 
&c.).  Without  entering  upon  this  discussion,  we  may  observe,  that  not  one  of  those  who 
question  the  authenticity  of  the  account  given  by  Herodotus,  presume  to  doubt  that  thn 
Phoenicians  braved  the  boisterous  seas  on  the  coasts  of  Spain,  Gaul,  and  Britain;  and  that 
they  had,  partially  at  least,  explored  the  Indian  Ocean.  But  the  ships  and  seamen  that 
did  this  much,  might,  undoubtedly,  under  favourable  circumstances,  double  the  ('ape  of 
Good  Hope.  The  relation  of  Herodotus  has,  besides,  such  an  appearance  of  good  faith: 
and  the  circumstance  which  he  doubts,  of  the  navigators  having  the  sun  on  the  righl, 
afTords  so  strong  a  confirmation  of  its  truth  ;  that  there  really  seems  no  reasonable  ground 
for  doubting  that  the  Phoenicians  preceded,  by  2,000  years,  Vasco  do  Gama  in  his  perilow 
enterprise. 

Present  State  of  Si/ria. — The  principal  modern  ports  on  the  coast  of  Syria  are  .Mexan- 
dretta,  Latakia,  Tripoli,  Bey  rout,  Seyde,  and  Acre.  The  commerce  which  they  carry  oiiii 
but  inconsiderable.  This,  however,  is  not  owing  to  the  badness  of  the  ports,  the  unsuitaWe- 
ness  of  the  country,  or  to  any  natural  cause,  but  wholly  to  long  continued  oppression  an,l 
misgovernment.  There  is  a  passage  in  the  dedication  to  Sandys'  Travels,  that  describes  the 
modern  state  of  Syria,  .\sia  Minor,  Egypt,  &c.  with  a  force  and  eloquence  which  it  is  not 
very  likelv  will  soon  be  surpassed  ; — 

"Tiiose  countries,  once  so  glorious  and  famous  for  their  happy  estate,  arc  now,  throujli 
vice  and  ingratitude,  become  the  most  deplored  spectacles  of  extreme  misery;  the  wilJ 
beasts  of  marikinde  having  broken  in  upon  them  and  rooted  out  all  civilitie,  and  thcpridcot 
a  Sterne  and  barbarous  tyrant  possessing  the  thrones  of  ancient  and  just  dominion.  Who, 
«yming  onely  at  the  height  of  greatncsse  and  sensualitie,  hath  in  tract  of  time  reduceil  s) 
great  and  goodly  a  part  of  the  world,  to  that  lamentable  distresse  and  servitude  under  whifh 
(to  the  astonishment  of  the  understanding  beholders)  it  now  faints  and  groneth.    Those 


VALONIA      ALP  vRAISO. 


dOd 


,oro  un,«Hnili.>.lo  foun.l«lion. 
A  praruce  of  all  those  art., 
,ncr<Mnl  un.krtak.nKH.  Ihov 
rrs.  of  money,  of  the  art  ot 
the  l-iiHinr^H  of  a  counlmq- 
ainR  ami  navigation;  for  th« 
cUncn  ami  tapestry ;forlhcu 
,V  .  ami  still  more  for  the  .,,. 
/iho  lcorne.1  and  invalua  . 
cVr.Kn,r.traus.vol...l..2% 
.ho  Manufactures  and  Land 

,1  arts  form  hut  a  pnrt  of  whit 
iMo  to  say  in  what  degron  tho 
t  was  to  a  pretty  large  ox  n,l 

lcarthu8,was  the  tutelar  .i.iiy 
,,ranean.  an.l  to  the  stnuU  rnn. 
,entation  of  the  progress  of  the 
,nd  estahlishe.l  the  worship  ot 
urofthcgodatGadcswaslong 

.otmerelyforthermy.mrntsof 
,,_the  gift  of  letter.!  No. 
,c  of  alphahetic  writing  was  first 
:i,c  safely  artirmod.thatllm was 

rs;;[;ment  of  Herodotus  with 

lors      The  vcncrahle  father  of 

o    Egypt,  hut  manned  aiul  com. 

he  Red  Sea,  at  an  epoch  which. 

ian  era,  and  that  keeping  always 
Ja;  and  returned,  atter  a  voyage 
hJiv.^'12.)  Herodotus  further 
Ly  had  the  sun  on  their  n?t 
Lknowledges  seemed  mcrchW.  to 

Seen  the  case  if  the  voyage  v^■as 

,n  (Recherches  mr  In  avo;rrnphit 

n  V  have  treated  this  account  i 

i-Vs'siilly  answered  in  an  .■lahorate 

1H02  •    and  Maior  Uennellhis 

Lain  «a">' ""'I  «"?'"■'  ""^ 
''nut  the  ships  and  seauien  ih. 
,ru:s;ances,Lubletho^ag, 

,uch  an  appearance  of  gooj  ta 
,rs  having  the  «=un  on  the  ngM. 
really  seems  no  reasonable  srounJ 

;X  Vasco  dc  Gama  in  his  pcnloa. 

ion  the  coast  of  Syria  are  Aton. 

commerce  wlVich  they  carry^^^^^^^^ 
ladness  of  the  ports,  the  un.mtaM 

to  Ion-  continued  oppression  ^ 
force  and  eloquence  which  It  IS  n  I 

Vlr  happy  estate,  arj,now>:fS 

^'ri:;nrr^-- 


rich  lands  at  this  present  remain  wmIp  ui;     ov^r^rciwiii 
beiistH,  of  theeves  and  murderers  ;  largo  lei    torien  dixpeoi 
cities  Minile  deHolate;  sumptuous  liuil(hiii;ii  >m'i  'me  ruiiieH  ;  i;    nouN  lU^nii 
or  [irostiluted  to  im[)ietie  ;  true  religion  discniiiitciiuncctl  and  nj^jircnarii 
Uiiisht'd  ;  no  light  of  learning  piTinitted,  nor  vertue  cherished  ;  viiilenoe 
oviT  all.  and  leaving  no  securitie  save  to  an  alijei  I  mind  and  unlookl  oi 
'I'hose  who  compare  this  lieautiful  passage;  with  the  uuthentie  Htai. 

incoiiipiiralily  the  best  of  the  miulern  travellers  who  have  visited  the  couirtfie*  referred  to 

will  find  thai  it  is  as  accurate  as  it  ia  eloquent. 


ith  busheg,  receptacles  of  \  A 
I  .ir  thinly  JMlitthiled;  Koodijr 
«»«hi*r  suhv  •<•«!, 
lubilitie  .A- 
.  rapine  il^  ,Mug 
)vertie." 

TltM    of  Vo,,,,i'y— . 


U.  V. 

VAI.ONIA,  a  species  of  acorn,  forming  a  very  considerable  article  of  export  from  the 

Morca  and  the  Levant.     'I'lie  more  substance  there  is  in  the  husk,  or  cup  of  the  acorn,  the 

liitlcr.     It  is  of  a  bright  drab  colour,  which  it  preserves  so  long  as  it  is  kept  dry :  any 

iliini|iiM'ss  injures  it ;  as  it  then  turns  black,  and  loses  both  its  strength   ami  value.     It   is 

liriiicipiliy  used  by  tanners,  and  is  always  in  demand.     Though  a  very  bulky  article,  it   is 

iiiiil'iniily  bought  and  sold  by  weight.     \  ship  can  only  take  a  small  proportion  of  her 

nii-trriMJ  tonnage  of  valonia,  so  that  its  freight  per  ton  is  always  high.     The  price  iu  the 

Loiidiin  market,  in  March,  18iH,  varied  from  \'Zl.  to  I. "5/.  ycr  ton. 

llH'  inlrics  of  viilnnia  for  iKiriii!  cniiHiimptldii  in  l><:!l  niiil  H;t2  aiTiouiiInd,  nt  an  avernee,  to  l-lfi.Slfi 
fin.  II  M'iir.  (»(■  13 1,3(17  twt.  (ilvulDiiia,  iininirli'il  in  1H3I,  ll)2,'2ar)  were  lir(iii(.'lit  from  'I'nrlicy  anil  Con- 
liiicriliil  t.'r.'ec',  excliisiVH  ofllie  Mi)riMi ;  lT,liir)  cwt.  imisilval  HiMoml  lianil,  IVdhi  Itnlyaiid  tli«  llaliiin 
i<l:iiiils;  7,Mil  cwt.  from  the  Ionian  lalunds ;  3,1  l(i  from  the  Morou  and  tlio  CJreBk  iHlanUa;  and  3,B0U 
c»l.  rrdiii  till.'  I'liiliiipinuH. 

VALPARAISO,  the  principal  sea-port  of  Chili,  in  lat.  33"  1'  48"  S.,  long.  71°  31'  8"  W. 

Population  uncertain,  perhaps  6,000  or  7,000.     The  water  in  the  hay  is  deep,  and  it  aflbrds 

a  secure  anchorage,  except  during  northerly  gales,  to  the  violence  of  which  it  is  exposed  ;  but 

as  the  liiiliiing  ground  is  good,  and  the  pull  of  the  anchor  against  a  steep  hill,  accidents  seldom 

occur  til  ships  properly  found  in  anchors  and  cables.     There  is  no  mole  or  jetty  ;   but  tlio 

water  close  to  the  shore  is  so  dee|),  that  it  is  customary  for  the  smaller  cla.ss  of  vessels  to  carry 

out  an  anchor  to  the  northward,  and  to  moor  the  ship  with  the  stern  ashore  by  another  cable 

niiule  fast  to  the  shore.     Large  f^hips  lie  a  little  further  otr,  and  load  and  unload  by  means  of 

li:,'hters.    The  best  shelter  is  in  that  part  called  the  Fisherman's  Bay,  lyi'ig  between  the 

caslle  and  fort  St.  Antonio,  where,  close  to  a  clear  shingle  beach,  there  is  9  fathoms  water. 

Ill  the  very  worst  weather,  a  landing  may  be  ellected  in  this  part  of  the  bay. — (Sec  Mierx's 

Travels  in  Chill  and  La  Plata,  vol.  i.  p.  4 10.,  where  there  is  a  plan  of  Valparaiso.)     The 

liarhours  of  Valdivia  and  Concepcion  are  much  superior  to  that  of  Valparaiso ;  the  former 

biiiiL,',  indeed,  not  only  the  best  in  Chili,  but  second  to  few  in  any  part  of  the  world.     But 

Valparaisi),  being  near  tlie  capital,  Santiago,  and  being  the  central  dvpot  for  the  resources 

of  the  province,  is  most  frequented.     The  town  is  inconveniently  situated,  at  the  extremity 

of  amuuntainous  ridge;  most  of  the  hou.ses  being  built  either  upon  its  acclivity  or  in  its 

breaches.   Large  iiuantities  of  corn  and  other  articles  of  provision  are  shipped  here  for  Callao 

and  Panama,  but  principally  for  the  former.     Exclusive  of  wheat,  the  principal  articles  of 

export  are  tallow  and  hides,  copper,  the  precious  metals,  indigo,  wool,  sarsaparilla,  &c.    It 

appears  from  the  account  laid  before  the  reader  in  another  article — (see  vol.  ii.  p.  345.), — that 

■  the  iiroJucc  of  the  gold  mines  of  Chili,  had  materially  increased  during  the  20  years  ending 

with  1829,  as  compared  with  the  previous  20  years.     At  present,  the  average  produce  of 

lioth  the  gold  and  silver  mines  may,  we  believe,  be  taken  at  about  175,000/.  a  year.    There 

isaKreat  want  of  capital  in  the  country  ;  and  the  anarchy  and  insecurity  that  have  prevailed 

I  since  the  cominencement  of  the  revolutionary  war  have  been  very  unfavourable  to  all  sorts 

I  of  iiulustry.     There  can,  however,  be  no  doubt  that  Chili  has  already  gained  considerably, 

1  ami  that  she  will  every  day  gain  more,  by  her  emancipation  from  the  yoke  of  Old  Spain. 

[Tiie  trade  we  carry  on  with  this  distant  country  already  amounts  to  above  1,000,000/.  a 

lyear;  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  it  will  become  far  more  extensive.     In   1831,  the  de- 

jclareil  or  real  value  of  the  exports  of  British  produce  and  manufactures  from  this  country  to 

|Cliili  amounted  to  651,017/.;  of  this  sum,  the  exjiorts  of  cotton  goods  amounted  to  about 

0,000/.,  those  of  woollens  to  158,000/.,  linen  to  19,000/.  &c.     Chili  also  imports  spices, 

Itoa,  wine,  sugar,  coffee,  tobacco,  «Scc.     A  small  part,  however,  of  the  imports  are  re-exported 

Ifor  Peru, 

A  country  with  a  scanty  population,  which  imports  so  extensively,  cannot  be  in  tho 

ivretched  condition  that  Mr.  Miers  and  other  disappointed  travellers  would  have  us  believe. 

The  candour  and  good  sense  of  M.  de  la  Pcrouse  arc  above  all  question ;  and  every  one 

l^iio  compares  his  remarks  on  the  condition  of  Chili  with  what  has  now  been  stated,  must 

lee  that  its  commerce,  at  least,  has  gained  prodigiously  by  the  revolution. 


H 


604 


VAN  DIEMEN'S  LAND. 


M    m 

r  1 

O 


"Tho  infliirnrc  of  Iho  (government  \n  in  connlant  opponitinn  to  thnt  of  thfl  climatr.  Tho 
•yatpin  of  |/ri>liiliilioii  exioU  at  ('liili  in  its  rulle«l  extent.  ThiH  kingdom,  of  wliicli  thr  fim. 
durtionii  would,  if  increusid  to  their  maximum,  Hupply  ail  Europe ;  whose  wool  w.iuli.l  bo 
■uflicient  for  the  mnnufurturcH  of  France  and  KtiKJund  ;  anil  wIioho  hnrdii,  converted  iiiiniiqlt 
providiona,  would  produce  a  vunt  revenue  ; — thin  kingdom,  olan!  liaH  no  commerce.  Fmif 
or  five  small  veHscIn  hring,  every  year,  from  Limn,  tobacco,  HURar,  otid  nornc  articjen  of  1]^. 
ropean  manufacture,  which  the  miHerahie  inhuhituntH  can  olitain  only  ti'  xecond  or  thii'l  tiutif!, 
after  they  have  lieen  churued  with  heavy  cuHtonm  duties  at  (Jadiz,  at  liima,  and  lastly,  it 
their  arrival  in  (!hili;  in  exclianRo  they  jjive  their  tallow,  hided,  nomo  deoN,  and  their  wlirm, 
which,  however,  iH  at  no  low  a  price,  that  the  cultivator  has  no  inducement  to  extend  In, 
tilliigp,  ThuH  (Jhili,  with  all  its  grild,  and  articles  of  exchange,  can  scarcely  procure  >xii^ar«, 
tobacco,  hIuAh,  linens,  cambrics,  nn<l  hardware,  necessary  to  the  ordinary  wants  ul  I  y,"— 
(Perouni'M  Vin/a^e,  vol.  i.  p.  BO.  Eng.  ed.) 

InHteud,  however,  of  4  or  5  small  ships  from  Tiima,  in  1831,  43  British  shipt,  ( jrrjrin:; 
8,281  tons,  entered  Valparaiso  otdy,  bcNides  several  at  the  other  ports !  All  sorts  of  Eurn|ji>iiD 
goods  are  carried  direct  to  C/liili,  and  arc  admitted  at  reasonable  duties.  The  advnntai;^* 
resulting  from  this  extensive  intercourKO  wilh  foreigners,  and  from  the  settlement  of  Etiulisli 
adventurers  in  tho  country,  have  been  already  immense,  and  will  every  day  become  niir^ 
visible.  It  was  impossible,  considering  the  ignorance  of  the  mass  of  the  peo|ile,  that  the  n|i| 
system  of  tyranny  and  superstition  could  bo  pulled  to  pieces  without  si  good  deal  of  violtnri! 
and  mischief;  but  the  foundations  of  a  better  order  of  tilings  have  been  laid  ;  nor  can  there  | 
bo  a  doubt  that  Chili  is  destined  to  become  an  opulent  and  a  flourishing  country. 

Monie»,  H'lightA,  and  Mraturti  of  Cliili  are  tlie  snmn  as  tliono  of  Spain  :  for  whic'<  neo  Cadiz.  Th! 
qiiiiitui  of  4  arrolinx,  or  100  Ihg.,  1=  lOI'tl  llt.i.  nvolriliipolg.  Tin;  funnfia,  nr  prini't|ia'  corn  iiii'ioiip' 
cnntains  3,430  I'^riiillHli  ciihic  inrlii-H,  and  is  lIuTpfnrR  :=  t'SU9  Wlnpli,  linahelH.  IliMice  2  funugai  =  i 
Wiiicli.  quarter  very  nearly.     Tliu  vara,  iir  measure  of  length,  =  33'3H4  Eng.  Inches. 

VAN  DIEMEN'S  LAND,  a  large  island  belonging  to  Great  Britain,  forming  part  of 
Australia,  lying  between  -11°  20'  and  43°  30'  S.  lat.,  and  144°  40'  and  148°  20'  W.jon?. 
It  is  supposed  to  contain  about  1>'>,000,000  acres. 

This  land  was  discovered  by  tho  Uutch  navigator  Tasman,  in  1642,  and  was  named  in 
honour  of  Anthony  Van  Diemcn,  at  that  time  governor-general  of  the  Dutch  posse.ssions  in 
the  East  Indies.  Previously  to  I7<J8,  it  was  supposed  to  form  part  of  New  Holland,  hut  it 
was  then  ascertained  to  bo  an  island.  It  was  taken  possession  of  by  the  British  in  ItJOJ; 
and  in  1804,  Hobart  Town,  tho  capital,  was  founded. 

Thcs\irface  is  generally  hilly  and  mountainous;  but,  though  none  of  the  land  be  of  ilit 
first  quality,  there  are  several  moderately  fertile  plains,  and  a  good  deal  of  the  hilly  groiimi 
is  susceptible  of  being  cultivated.  On  the  whole,  however,  it  is  not  supposed  that  morcihan 
about  a  third  part  of  the  entire  surface  of  the  island  can  be  considered  arable ;  but  about  a  ihi;J 
more  may  bo  advantageously  used  as  sheep  pasture.  As  compared  with  New  Holland,  it  ii  \ 
well  watered.  The  climate,  though  very  variable,  is,  generally  speaking,  good,  and  suii,i)>l{  i 
for  European  constitutions;  and  it  is  not  exposed  to  the  tremendous  droughts  that  ocrnsioi 
00  much  mischief  in  New  South  Wales.  Wheat  is  raised  in  considerable  quantities.  Woci,  | 
however,  is  at  present  the  staple  produce  of  the  colony. 

Van  Diemen's  Land,  like  New  South  Wales,  was  originally  intended  to  serve  as  a  penal  I 
colony,  and  convicts  are  still  sent  to  it ;  latterly,  however,  it  has  received  a  very  cnnsidfrab'f 
number  of  free  settlers.     In  1830,  the  total  population  of  the  island,  exclusive  of  aboriuinf.', 
amounted  to  23,169,  of  whom  about  10,000  were  convicts.  The  disparity  between  thesms  | 
is  not  quite  so  great  here  as  in  New  South  Wales. 

The  prosperity  of  the  colony  was  formerly  a  good  deal  retarded  by  the  enormities  com- 
mitted by  a  banditti  of  runaway  convicts,  known  by  the  nome  of  bush-rangers;  and  morfl 
recently  by  the  hostilities  of  the  natives.     Vigorous  measures  have,  however,  been  adopKjj 
for  the  suppression  of  such  outrages,  by  confining  the  natives  within  a  limited  di.strict;  and  it  j 
is  to  be  hoped  that  they  may  be  eilectual. 

Plobart  Town  is  situated  in  the  southern  part  of  the  island,  on  the  west  side  of  the  tivnl 
Derwent,  near  its  junction  with  Storm  Bay,  in  lat.  42°  .54'  S.,  Ion.  147°  28'  E.  Thewaicriil 
deep,  and  the  anchorage  good.  A  jetty  has  been  constructed,  accessible  to  the  largest  ship! 
The  situation  appears  to  have  been  very  well  chosen  ;  and  the  town  has  been  judicioo:lr| 
laid  out.  In  December,  1832,  the  district  of  Hobart  Town  contained  10,101  itihabilanKl 
of  which  werc,//ee,  males  3,850,  females  2,776  ;  convicts,  males  2,699,  females  776.  Tiifl 
population  of  the  town  itself,  at  the  epoch  referred  to,  was  about  9,600.  The  houses 3nl 
supposed  to  be  worth,  at  an  average,  50/.  a  year.  There  are  several  printing  establishmeriiil 
in  the  town,  and  no  fewer  than  9  or  10  newspapers,  some  of  them  very  well  conduciril 
There  is  also  a  Book  Society,  a  Mechanics'  Institute,  and  several  respectable  schoulj  arJI 
academies.  The  Van  Diemen's  Land  Banking  Company,  the  Derwent  Bank,  ami  theCWl 
merciai  Bank,  have  each  otiices  in  Hobart  Town.     They  are  joint-stock  companies. 

Launceslon,  the  second  town  in  the  island,  is  situated  in  the  northern  part,  at  the  Ml 
of  the  navigable  river  Tamar,  which  fulls  into  Port  Dairy  mple.    Its  population  may  anitfl 


n  to  lh..t  of  thfl  climfttf.  The 
,iH  WiuRaom.  of  wh..-l.  .»....., . 
luronr;  whose  wool  wo.U.l  l«, 
«hoHO  horan.  convrrKMl  ...to,nlt 
.lan!  huH  no  com.n.Tce.  >oi,r 
uRar,  «n.J  m.inc  «rtir  .■«  of  Im,. 
ltti„only..»'«'.-ondor  h.MlWI, 

d„H,«ome.WaU.anJtluMr^.nt, 
H  no  indiK.'mcnt  U.  ^M.-nd  Im 
ngo,  can  Hcnrcely  procure  -,.Ra„, 
,  Ihe  ordinary  wanU  ol  1   -,  - 

1831   43  nrilifh  Bh^*-,  (..rryin? 

,thcri'.ort.'.  AlUorlHofEuro,.,., 

ionll  lo  duticH.     The  .dv«ni.,.. 

dfromthcBcttlcn,ontofl,n«l„h 

a„d  will  every  ''-y  »'«'-."7,,";; 
,cma«softhcpco,.le  ih'UtlcoM 

C8  without  a  good  doal  of  v,o  ™« 
,BS  have  been  laid  ;  nor  can  time 
1  a  flourishing  country. 

=  333H*  K"B-  '"'^'"=''' 

to  Great  Britain,  forming  part  of 

sman,  in  1642.  and  waB  named  in 
general  of  the  Dutch  possessions  in 
ffrpartofNewHolUn.jt., 
scsaiou  of  by  the  British  in  1803, 

though  none  of  the  laml  he  of  th. 
.nd  a  good  deal  of  the  hilly  gro>d 
er,  it  is  not  supposed  that  more  tha 

econsiJered arable;  butaboutalhirl 

Torpared  with  New  Holland,..! 

•neSlyBpeaking.  good,  and  su.lAe 

Uemendous  droughts  that  oc«.n 

.d  in  considerable  quantities.  Wod,  | 

Lnally  intended  to  serve  as  a  penj  I 
rh  has  received  a  very  ron«>dera!.e 
L    he  island,  exclusive  nfabor.>;ir^;. 
U.  The  disparity  between  the  sew 

leal  retarded  by  the  enormities  «• 
fe  name  of  bush-rangers;  and  mr. 
fasSres  have,  however,  been  ado,  e 
L7ve8withinalimiteddi.strict;a.J:. 

;<.i«nd   on  the  west  side  of  the  liw 

Lcted   accessible  to  the  UrgcstsH 

I  3  the  town  has  been  jud.ciouJ! 
I  ana  ine  lowi       ,j.  ,,>,   i„i,abitam| 
■Town  contained  10,10 1  im.         i 
|.  J         i„<j  9  fi<iq  femiies  7(t).    '"I 
|c<s.maes  f-JJ;''  ^''\i,e  housesaiJ 

Lnv  the  Derwent  Bank,  and  the  Lo^l 

tev'are  joint-stock  companies.        l 
fed  in  the  northern  part,  al  the  «1| 

llimple.    Us  population  may  an>o'^ 


VAN  DIEMKN'S  LAND. 


605 


10  nbout  5,000.     It  has  n  considnralilo  trade  willj  Sydney  and  Iloborl  Town,  and  recently 
it  hull  lieguii  to  trade  direct  to  KukIhimI. 

'I'rdtle  of  V'm/i  hirmnix  l.iuid.  —  linfwrln. — Malt  ll()iiorH,  rum,  brandy,  and  wine,  form 
the  principal  puit  of  tliu  iinporla  into  the  colony.  Next  to  ihoin  aro  piece  gouiU,  hanlware, 
tea,  sugar,  &.c. 


Account  oflha  Ivfpnrti  froiu  tlio  IJii 

Itcil  KinRilnm  to  Vnn  1)1 

nmen'i  Land  (lurini  each  of  the  FIvo  Veari 

dikIiii 

(  with  IH3 
I'JT 

1. 

ArlklM. 

im. 

im. 

ino. 

ItSI, 

Irii.li  iiii'l  Irith  pmliim  an  1  nil  ufielum, 

tkeltrid  imlur. 

Ap|t«r>'l.  ■'ntif,  aivl  lulirnl.ihaiy  * 

i. 

m.oiH 

83,1  M 

H«74 

■KM* 

UOIR 

Hnr  aiBl  Hi" 

•                         • 

i,«». 

b.ino 

6,0 10 

LiVi 

■2M0 

Cil.mfl  »nl  "fli'il.lBry  >»ire» 

* 

MU 

urn 

3M 

1,1  >8 

mi 

1      Cnlimi  iiMnuUe'UTfB 

•                         ■ 

11,11)7 

11, Ml 

4.nM 

l<,3«) 

I9IIIH 

Olii.  iiil  i-jfllinwiirii      ■ 

• 

a,,')\ 

t.,i«» 

■JMt 

4,K7i 

A.O.I 

Inin,  itrtl.  niKl  hiril«vAr«l              *               • 

•                         • 

»,7I7 

VliUt 

7,37H 

lO.HIIU 

l«,OII 

|<\liir  and  mlJIery 

• 

LB-i") 

3.  2> 

LlltM 

3,VI} 

8,li80 

I.iitffiii    .             -              .             .              • 

• 

i.m't 

11  -.IH 

1,^111 

3,1  .« 

3,310 

ShMii     .             .              .             .              . 

3.11) 

a,;rK) 

nil* 

1113 

M 

ilillli      .              •              .             .              . 

• 

mo 

l,'Oi 

l,(r,« 

2.2m 

S.2III 

Itii<|iinil  rindlM 

• 

3,070 

HIU 

!i\t 

hWI 

W» 

ftUliniirry            .               .              ,               • 

3,0,7 

3,IHi 

l,7ro 

l,'i-:l 

8,f.l7 

WooNfli  |(i>"il«     .              •              .              • 

• 

aril 

rt.Mil 

4.Jlt 

7,1)18 

K.378 

Alloilnrirlicl* 

Tolil  ■ 
tm'tn  »»l  oinnlil  produce. 

A. 

Quaiilidrt. 

16,I3J 

100,7-1 1 

»,Ui 

IMiU 

17,184 

S>,WI 

91,130 

1 10,444 

>hcr|.     .              .               .              .               - 

•  miiiilter 

300 

mn 

. 

115 

8|,iriii,  brandy    .             .            .             . 

prool  nail. 

l'i,'fll 

3.'i;«i 

1.VS 

1,778 

8,873 

inini            .... 

•    — 

3.>»7 

-l.WO 

4,231 

1,7  iH 

l,b79 

.   — 

79,I7H 

77,l3i 

31,141 

8(1,204 

e>i,UKI 

ndha  Biiliih  North  Amtriein  nlonia  • 

•    •^ 

7,>i6i 

Tra      • 

Ibt. 

3.44U 

3.I1MI 

ma 

8.018 

8,r36 

Wirift  .               .               ■               •               . 

•    ralltma 

M.'tti 

30.4'i8 

in.iim 

1«,"M 

is.im 

KidiiKivo  nf  tho  InipnrlR  rrom  the  innthcr  cniiniry,  V.m  Dipiiien's  I.niid  liiipnrts  niiRnr  frnm  the 
MaiiriiiiiH.  Willi!  mill  rriilt  rrniii  llio  C'upi',  Icii  rroin  Cliiiiii  or  Siiii>ii;iiir(>,  plvci*  iiixiilit  t'rniii  Inillii,  tnhncco 
frdiii  Uracil,  unil  hcef,  liaciin,  i'l)i'i>8i>,  ImrHi'H,  \,e,  rriuii  N<!\v  Simtli  VViili',i.  AiiorilitiK  in  llii;  HtiUtMiipnt 
mllip  |)ii|)Hr8  piilillxhitil  liy  Uik  liniiril  of  Triiti!  (vi)l.  I.  p.  'i.'il.),  tlio  li>tul  viiliit-  i>l'  tliu  iiiipnrln  In  1S:I0, 
was  !U.'i,'.t'.i^/.  i  iif  which,  i53,4Tt^<.  was  giipplleil  by  (ircut  UrItulii,  U:i,'2JW.  hy  lirillah  piitiiiu88li)nB,  and 
l>,5(ilW.  Iiy  lori'imi  slulei. 

Kz/wr/n.— Wool  ruriiis  liy  fur  the  principal  nrllilc  of  ojipnrt,  iinil  nrxt  to  it  in  whciil,  principally  Hent 
to.Syiliii'y,  wliali!  oil,  wliululmno,  liiiibLT,  iDiiiioHa  hark,  livir  stuck,  piiiatni.'H,  Scr.  Tliu  iiicruuae  in  the 
eiports  of  wool  la  i|uitu  extraordinary.     It  is  almost  wholly  broiiRht  to  Knglund. 

Account,  of  the  Imports  uf  Wool  rrnm  Van  Dicmcn'a  Land  into  tho  llnitud  Kingdom  from  1S27  to  18,13, 

hnth  inclnaivu. 


Yean. 


18i7 
1829 


I.bt. 


iet,o7.> 

68<,S46 


Yran. 


IS29 
14)0 


Lb«. 

<l2i,320 
B9:i,979 


Yran. 


18.11 
llUi 


Lbi. 


l,3Sfl,8n3 

(til,l3l 


Ynn. 

'"i»a3~ 


I.bi. 

l,M7,20l» 


In  IWl,  the  importB  of  whale  oil  from  Van  Uioincn's  Land  amounted  to  848  tuns  ;  and  diirlni?  the 
tme  year,  3'.),2t)l  cwt.  of  bark  were  importcil.  The  total  real  value  of  the  articles  exported  in  1830 
was  emiiiiatcd  at  I70,0UU/.,  distributed  as  follows  : — 


Arlicln. 

Amount 

Articlei. 

Amount. 

/,. 

L. 

Wool 

48,uoa 

MiJea 

600 

Wbat     ..... 

40,(00 

Si-.ll  ikina              .... 

400 

Oil           .              • 

17,003 

Ojinssiiiii  and  kangaroo  ditto 

Alinio^a  bark          .... 

400 

WMIeboM           .... 

6,000 

2,000 

Flour       ..... 

3,000 

'rin.ber     ..... 

1,000 

1  Lireitock              .... 

6,000 

Uiieuuinerated  goods 

41,600 

Polal'wa    ..... 
J  Barley  atvl  oats     .... 

4,500 
600 

Total             .           /.. 

170,000 

Coins,  Weii^hfs,  and  Measures,  same  as  in  England.  Tho  Spanish  dollar  circulates  at 
4j.  id. 

Shipping,  <^c. — In  1830,  there  belonged  to  the  island  2G  vessels,  of  the  aggregate  burden 
of  2,15 1  Ions. 

Jlrmatsat  Hobart  Town  in  1832.— There  arrived  diirinn  the  year,  51  ships,  of  tho  burden  of  18,214 
Inns;  93  brigs,  of  4,201  tons  ;  and  2<)  ochooners,  of  1,948  tons  ;  inaklni,;  in  all,  lU'i  vessels,  of  the  burden 
nf2l,303tnn9.  Of  lliese,  were  from  Eiialanil  41,  New  Sonlh  VValca  35,  Inilln  anil  China  3,  8wan  River 
3,  New  Zealand  6,  fishery  2,  Mauritius  S,  Laiinceston  10,  and  Uesulation  Island  1. 

Revenue,  <^c. — The  customs  duties  collected  in  the  colony  amount  to  about  .'50,000/.  a  year, 
and  the  whole  ordinary  revenue  is  about  70,000/. ;  to  which  has  to  be  added,  the  revenue 
derived  from  the  sale  of  land,  and  other  sources.  Government  contributes  about  120,000/.  a 
year  in  aid  of  the  colonial  revenue,  to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  convict  establishments,  &c. 

For  the  regulations  as  to  the  granting  of  land  in  Van  Diemen's  Land,  &c.,  see  Syunkt. 

Immigrants.— 0(  these  there  arrived  at  Van  Diemen's  Land,  during  1832,  nnen  026,  women  769, 
children  41G  j  in  all,  2,131. 


*  The  imports  of  wool  from  New  South  Wales  In  1833,  were  1,96<J,608  lbs. ;  making  the  total  importa 
from  Auatralia  in  tbat  year,  3,516,669  lbs. 


■£ 
(■l| 


M 


696 


VAN  DIEMEN'S  LAND. 


Prices  of  Provisions  at  Hobart  Town,  December,  1832. 


r  1 


i 


CI 


I'M 

r'JJ 


rf. 

s. 

A. 

9  10 

0 

,0 

5J- 

0 

6 

H   - 

0 

9 

8   - 

0 

9 

0  - 

10 

0 

0  - 

14 

0 

0 

8 

The  average  prices  during  the  year  1832  were— 

Siill.fed  beef,  per  lb.     • 

Ai'illoii,  do.       .  •  •  .  . 

i'ork,  do.  -  -  -  -  . 

Ve.-il.do.  ..... 

Hay,  from  41.  lo  91.  9>.  per  Ion. 


d. 

8  to 

9  - 


i.d. 
0  II 
0    71 
0    9 
0  10 


Bepf,  per  lb.  ...  0 

Mlilliili,  dii.  .  •  -  0 

Veal,  do.     ...  -  •  0 

Pork,  do.    .            •  .  -  •  0 

Goose         .             -  .  •  •  9 

Turkey       -              •  -  •  •  12 
Ilre.i'l,  the  iitnrtern  loaf 

Hy  coinpariiig  lliese  prices  with  those  of  Sydney  (.anti,'p.  57ft),  the  greater  chenpnessof  the  prinripal 
neti'KS'iiiea  of  life  at  tlie  latter  is  nhvioiis  ;  liiiiise  rent  is  also  higher  at  Iloliart  Town.  Hut  it  wtiiiiil 
uppcar  that  wat'^s  are  rather  hiulier  in  "'-n  Uienien's  Land  than  in  New  eSonth  Wales.  .>rnnk(.'nijtss 
is  till'  ureat  vice  of  the  free,  as  well  as  o.  me  convict  population  ;  and  it  is  this,  and  not  the  faciliiy  uf 
uctiiiiriiii!  land,  that  renders  it  so  difficult  to  procure  good  servants  in  Australia.  LieutiMiant  lln'tcin 
savs,  that  the  free  women  sent  to  the  colony  hy  government  have  proved  no  great  acquisition,  c.xceut 
liy"  increasing  the  population  ;  hut  we  hardly  think  that  this  can  he  the  case. 

'  Enron raircmenl  to  KmiiTUH'^-.— (ioveninient  has  recently  come  to  a  resolution  to  advance,  hy  wnv 
of  loan,  a  siiin  not  exceeding  2(1/.  each,  to  a  given  niiiiiher  of  young  and  married  agricultural  hiliuiircr, 
iiiteiiiling  to  emigrate  to  Australia  with  their  wives  and  families.  The  following  are  the  condiiioiji  as 
to  this  ailvance  : — 

t'l'iidtKuii  xinikr  loliich  (I'Vcrnment  will  make  attvanca  to  i 
Euimmnts  to  Sctn  Si,uth  IVtiltl  ami  Tdil  /liVj/ien't  tAinii — No 
advAiire  will  be  iiaile  exci'pl  to  young  and  imrrird  a«;ricullural 
labourers,  who  intend  taking  their  wives  and  families  with  them  ; 
and  .1  strict  imiuiry  will  be  instituted  into  their  character  and  habits 
of  industry,  bclore'tbe  assistance  they  srilicil  will  be  granted  tutbein,  : 

.No  1  finidy  will  be  allowed  an  advance  exceeding  ^0/  j  and  it  [ 
will  be  useless  therefore  for  parties,  who  may  not  possess  the  reiniiii-  j 
der  ol  '111  sum  rei|uisile  for  defraying  the  expense  of  their  passage,  lo 


apply  for  tssistance. 
kvery  pc 


rsnn  desirous  of  receiving  the  proposed  advance  must  fill 


spatch  to  the  governor,  containing  the  name  and  descriptiiui  of  the 
p:irty  on  whose  account  the  money  is  lo  be  paid,  and  encloaniiiaprfi. 
niissory  note,  winch  he  will  be  re'iiuired  to  sign  in  acknowled^uient 
of  his  debt ;— which  note  must  be  witnessed  by  the  cnptaiti  aivrcliief 
male  of  the  vessel.  But  arrangements  will  be  made,  by  whidi  lU 
payment  of  this  order  will  not  take  place  in  the  colony,  until  tlwcan. 
tain  shall  have  protluced  the  pirties,  on  whose  account  it  is  to  be 
made,  before  the  ollicer  appointed  for  that  purport  j  anil  tlicv  sha  I 
h.ive  entered  into  a  fresh  (dili^ation  for  the  re[>aymeiit  of  the  ^itvanca 
made  lo  them  For  it  is  the  intention  of  his  M.ajesty's  goveriiiiient 
cannot  be  too  clearly  under^t'Kid  by  all  persons  who  may  accent 


up,  and  scud  bick  to  the  ''nder  Secretary  of  stale  fir  the  Colonial      this  loan,  that  repayment  of  thedelit  (insuch  propnrlitins,aiiiiai,i,ti, 
Deparlmeid,  the  Return  herein  annexed.   (Copies  of  this  Return  m.ay  ;   intervals,  as  may  not  be  unsuitable  lo  the  circumstances  of  each  enii" 

'■'     '■ • — '■ 1  1..1-...  \     ir     grant)  shall  be  strictly  enforced,  by  means  of  the  ample  powers  wliich 

the  laws  of  the  colony  render  available  for  that  purpose. 

Government  agents  for  emii^ratiou  have  been  appninte  I  at  Liver- 
pool,  Bristol,  Dublin,  Cork,  Limerick,  Belfast,  and  Greenock;  wtio 
have  been  instructed  to  alio nl  gratuitous  infornialion  to  all  iiersonj 
applying  to  thein,  .as  to  the  best  means  of  carrying  their  sclieines  of 
emiirralion  into  ellcct.  I'arlies,  therefore,  who  may  re-i.le  in  ibe 
neighbourhood  of  these  agents,  are  leqtiested  In  apply  to  ttteni  "i-htr 
personally  (or  if  by  letter,  post  paid)  for  infornialion  on  this  suliieci. 


Le  iia  I  from  any  of  the  agjiUs  lor  emigration  mentioned  below.)  If 
the  inlormalion' contained  in  this  Relnrn,  and  llie  answers  to  the  in- 
i|uiries  which  may  be  addressed  to  the  parties  who  certify  the  cor- 
rectness of  the  return,  shall  be  considered  satisfactory,  the  applicant 
will  receive  notice  to  thai  ellecl.  He  may  then  proceed  to  nuke  his 
aitreeiiient  with  the  owners  or  masters  of  ships  proceeiling  to  New 
Soulh  W.des  or  Van  Uienien's  land  ;  and  as  soon  as  anv  ship  owner 
or  m  ister  shall  nntily  (in  a  form  » liich  will  be  provided  for  that  pur- 
pose) that  the  emigrant  has  taken  the  oilier  necessary  steps  for  en- 
gaging hi*  passage,  an  order  will  be  granted  lor  the  payment,  in  the 
colony,  of  ^O;.  to  the  agent  or  master  of  ilie  vessel  in  w  liich  this  emi- 
graiitinay  arrive.  'J'lie  emigrant  will  of  course  nc  able  lo  obtain  a 
correspoilding  deduction  from  the  amouul  lo  be  paid  by  himself  in 
t..is  country. 

The  order  for  payment  will  be  intrusted  to  the  master  of  the  vessel 
in  which  11k  emigrant  is  to  proceed,  and  will  consist  of  a  sealed  de- 


All  apjillcations  for  the  assistance  of  government  mu^l  t,e  inilei'v 
teller  only,  addressed  lo  R.  W.  Hay,  Esq.,  Cniler  Secretary  of  Stite 
l.ondon  ;  and  should  the  number  of  at'plicaiions  be  grcitef  t|,i"i,  the 
funds  at  llieir  disposal  will  enable  them  to  comply  with,  iTiririivof 
dale  will  form  Ihcruleof  selection  among  applications  in  Hhiclitiicrfi 
shall  appear  no  other  ground  of  distinction. 
Downing  Street,  6th  April,  1824. 


Custom-house  Reoulations,  Rated  of  Pilotage,  Hardour  Dues,  etc 

CuUom-hottsc  Rc§tdaUm}it 
(Hours  for  public  business  from  10  to  3  daily,  excepting  on  Saturday, 


from  lU  to  12.) 


/,.  s. 

■  t  10 

■  3    0 

-  I     I 

-  0  10 

-  0    7 


Entry  of  a  British  vessel,  not  colonial,  with  merchandise 
Entry  of  any  foreign  vessel 

Ferniission  to  trade  .  ,  .  - 

Dues  on  each  bond  .  .  .  - 

Dues  on  [lort  clearance  and  fee      • 

'I'liinsporls  are  free  from  port  charges. 

Cy/o»iftl  rciir/j.— Entry,  and  clearance  lo  theoutports       -0    4    0 

Fee  on  dilto  -  -  -  -  -  -  0    2    U 

Entry  and  clearance  to  the  fishery  or  to  the  out  settlement  0  10    0 
Fee  on  ditto  -  -  -  •  •  -020 

C'earanceof  an  open  boat  -  •  •  -0    1 

Annual  licence  for  a  boat  -  •  •  -02 

Dtttiis.—On  branily,  per  gallon     •  •  •  -  0  10 

On  Hollands  or  geneva,  per  gallon  -  -  -0  10 

On  rum,  per  gallon,  the  produce  of  the  West  Indian  colo- 
nies •  -  -  -  •  .-07 
On  British  gin,  per  gallon           -            -  -  -  0    7 

On  tobacco,  per  lb.         -  -  -  -  -  0    I 

The  duty  on  all  spirits,  either  British  or  foreign,  1"  increased  in 
proportion  to  strength,  if  over  proof,  according  to  Sykes'a  liydru- 
meter. 

On  all  merchantlise  of  foreign  proffuce  or  manufacture,  an  ad  va- 
lorem duty  of  5  per  cent,  on  importation,  agreeably  lo  the  act  of 
4  Geo.  1   c.  96.,  wit,'i  the  exception  of  wine,  which  is  subjected  to  a 
duly  of  Pi  per  cent.    Goods  of  British  manufacture  are  not  subjected 
to  .anv  duty. 

L.  ».  d. 

WAar/iiw.— On  landing  each  cask,  bale,  or  package  -009 

(>n  lanjiiig  iron,  per  ton  -  -  -  -0    9    0 

On  landing  salt,  per  ton  -  -  ■  -0    3    0 

On  landing  limber,  per  1,009  feet  -  -  -0    2    0 

On  shiptiing  each  cask,  bale,  or  package  •  -0    0    3 

On  8lii|i|iing  iron,per  ton  •  -  -  -0    3    0 

On  shipiiing  salt,  jier  ton  -  -  -  -0    10 

Colonial  pmduce,  when  landed  or  shippetl,  is  not  subjected  to  any 
charge,  except  for  a  sutlerance. 


/,. 
•  0 
.  0 
.  0 

-  2 

-  0 


/'cc.v.— A  sulTerance  to  land  orship  goods    - 
A  warrant  tti  remove  goods  from  under  bond 
On  landing  each  cask  or  pack  aire  of  spirits  or  wine 

On  the  reicislry  of  vessels  not  exceeding  40  Ions  - 

On  tlie  rcfristrv  of  vessels  above  40  tons,  per  ton  - 

To  the  chief  clerk,  on  the  retfistiy  of  vessels  -  -0  10 

On  in  Itirsing  change  of  master        -  -  -  -0  10 

niivfAnmc  lient  and  Char^u — A  government  order  publisheii 
the  7tli  of  February,  lf2(),  hxi  s  the  following  rents  on  siurits  and 
tobacco.  In  the  king's  bonde\l  stores,  vi7.— 

Ist.  All  spirituous  liquors,  Is.  3d.  per  tun  of  2^2  sallons,  for  every 
week,  or  any  period  less  than  a  week,  during  which  the  same  shall 
lie  deposited. 

2diy.  Tobacco,  6rf.  per  ton  for  every  week,  or  any  period  leu  than 
week,  during  which  the  unie  shall  be  depoaited. 


3<ily.  The  amount  of  all  such  warehouse  rent,  in  respect  nf  aiir 
cask  or  package  required  to  be  delivered,  must  be  paid  befure  Ih'e 
same  can  be  so  delivered. 

4thly.  No  allowance  whatsoever  will  at  anv  time  be  ni.iJe,  in 
respect  of,  nor  will  the  government  be  answerable  for,  any  loss'  u 
fire,  leakage,  robbery,  or  casualty  of  any  kind. 

f/ouerjimoit  Order,  2SIA  of  February,  IC29.— Representations 
having  been  made  to  the  lieutenant  governor,  of  the  iiicnineiiience 
and  delay  attending  the  slowing  and  unstowing  of  goods  in  the  If.niltd 
warehouses,  a  gang  of  men  has  been  ajiiininted  to  be  enipluyed  unjer 
the  storekeepei-  for  this  purpose  exclusively,  and  the  fulluwiii^  scale 
of  chirges  will  be  required  to  be  paid  :— 

For  .S'pirid.— Fer  pi|ie,  3.4  pipe,  or  puncheon,  each,  slmving  M, 
unstowing  jr.  6rf. 

l*er  1-2  pipe,  ho^he.ad,  or  barrel,  stowing  6d.,  unslowin?2f. 

Fer  case  containing  3  or  more  dozen  bottles,  stowing  3i/,,  uuglon-. 
ing  id. 

Fer  case  containing  a  less  quantity  than  3  dozen,  stowing  2d.,  ud- 
slosving  3d, 

Far  Toljacco.— In  large  serons,  each,  stowing  6d.,  unstowing  9jf. 

In  cases,  each,  stowing  3d,,  unstowing  4d. 

In  kegs,  each,  stowing  2d.,  unstowing  3d. 

In  baskets,  rolls,  or  small  serons,  stowing  Id.,  unstowing  Id. 

In  consequence  of  this  arrangement,  it  is  to  be  umlerstooil  that  do 
labouren  are  to  be  admitted  into,  or  employed  at,  the  bonded  ware- 
house, except  the  storekeeper's  gang. 

Goods  intended  to  be  warehoused  under  bond  must  be  lanJeJ  be- 
fore 12  o'clock. 

Hours  of  attendance  at  the  Custom  house  quav.  fmni  S  n'cinck  till 
4  from  the  Ist  of  September  to  the  3fltli  of  April,  and  fruni  9  nil  4 
from  the  Ist  of  M.ay  till  the  31st  of  Aufust. 

The  aptminted  days  for  opening  the  bonding  warehouse  forlhe 
delivery  of  gnoils,  are,  Mondays  and  Thursdays  in  every  iveek,  at  I 
o'clock,  on  which  days  the  duties  must  be  pai-l  prior  to  lio'clticlt. 
Tobacco  is  issued  on'tlie  same  days,  from  10  to  12  o'clock. 

Ralet  of  Pilol'ise  at  the  Derwtnl. 

Draught  of  water. 


10  feet  and  under 

11  ditto  - 

12  ditto  • 

13  ditto  ■ 

14  dilto  - 
ir.  dilto  . 

16  dilto  - 

17  dilto  - 

15  ditto  . 

19  dilto  - 

20  ditto  - 


/-. 

-  3 

-  3 

-  3 

-  3 

-  4 

■  4 

■  6 

-  7 
8  13 

to  14 
13    3 


Into. 
J.   d. 

0  II  1.4 
3  4  1-2 
8    3 

15  6  3.4 
ft  3  3-4 
19  II  14 
17    0 

1  4  12 
0  3-4 
« 
3 


Oul. 
I..  I.  d. 
2    7   45-3 

2  9   31-1 

2  13    I  II 

9  IS   9  1-i 

2  6   4 

3  17    81-2 

4  110 
r>  9  II 

6  14    :  12 

5  C  10 
10  4   9 


M  Part  nalrymple. 
Proceeding  above  Whirlpool  Reach. 
/..  J. 
7  feet  and  under       -  •  .    2    o 

Above  7  feel,  per  foot  -  -06 

If  the  pilot  does  not  board  the  vesel  outside  the  middle  grouiid  il 


Remaintn? 

Iieloiv  Whirl- 

|«Hil  Reach. 

i-  I-  <L 

I  10   4 

0   4   4 


VANILLA— VENEZUELA. 


m 


r,  1832. 

ring  the  year  1832  «ere- 


d. 

8  to 

9  - 


).d. 
0  11 
0    1\ 
0    9 
0  10 


per  ton. 

TpatcrclicapnesBoflheprincipril 
r  al  IIoDart  Town.  B<'t  .  would 
vw  mouth  Wales.     .*riink«iui(;s3 

n  Attstraliii.  Lieut.'Tiai.l  llrotnn 
oved  no  great  aciuisilion,  except 

'a  ^rcsoivition  to  advance  t.y  w.y 
nfl  married  agricnltnral  \■^hmm■r., 
he  following  are  tlie  condition,  as 

i.„i„»  ihe  mnie  and  drtcriiilnm  of  (he 
,r,  contain.nB  the  nan  „„cV,s„,8 ,  pr"- 

1"'  "' nr  m,u  rod  10  \,%n>«  ackiinwled-n.ent 
l,e  ,v,ll  be  -^f  R™  '^j  ,»  „,e  ciplain  i.vl  chief 
""'f  "'"  ^nmVnUwill  be  m:..lc,l)y  »liid,  il,e 
""^^,;oi  S"  bee  in  .he  colony,  unl>l  .l«ap. 
'  "'    .l,n  n,r  ieion  whose  nccounl  il  n  1,.  te 

ment  ot  'If  ?f J"^'       oircunisl.inie.  of  e.ull  enji- 

"  '."•  r'l'lm  -r  ck  na  M  an'.l  Greenock  ;  wto 
",'V"»'I,'  irauiloui  ioforioalion  I.,  all  ptnoni 
;,1  to  aftoni  gralu  ous  ",        ,    ,,  scI.miih  of 

f  •  '^r„ '.  ire  "5  Sed  to  apply  to  Ih™,  -i^hrr 
he^e  a?enl»,  are  leq  ■  .  (         ,  „„  „„  ,|,i,  s«1m«I. 

f'^'lf^'a^ii  ...  e.  ?sovl:rnn,ent  nu,„  l,e  naleky 
f'T."  o  w  I  av  Esq.,  I'nder  SccriUry  of  Stole, 
iP,l  10  R.  W.  ''"i' '^,,'J,^„ions  be  KrcaliT  itaii  the 
Id  ""=.V,""'''n,^  lu^     o  con.piv  will;,  prinrityof 

SVol"eS™/an'o;«"n'''""°'-'' "'-''"-" 
her  xround  of  distinction. 
;t,  61h  April,  IS"-*. 

•  HAnnouu  Dues,  etc. 

''  .  „f  oil  .nch  warehouse  rent,  in  rP>r'c!  of  any 
llivered.  .„    ,      ,  ,■„„„  |;e  nmle,  in 

TZ  "-n'  b^  -T'""'  '"'  ""  '"  " 

e  to  llic  1"!"'/"'  ',,1°  o" -ns'of  goods  in  ihe  hii  Irf 
"^ '  r "  'Ir^sVeen  ap  o  n  e5  to  be  enipl-yeJ  m,4er 
;?  ;i!i"',mrpo.e  e»cl'?si|vely,  and  the  follow,,,^  sc^e 

IfS^S  oV  mra-eu  a.,  .'towi,,,  3.i.,  „„...w. 
,i„g ales, quantity  than  3 do»en, slowing  if, .«■ 

,„  l,r?e  «ron,,  each,  stowinj  6d.,  uns.owi.g  U. 
,?owiS?3d.,  unslowmHd. 

„,  or  small  'er""'- »'°"  "J  „  be  ","1"""'"''  ""'  » 
e"!i;ri.r^^orr'e„':p\oH  at,  the  bonded  «. 

t"S'w^!^l»2under  tend  nmst  be  lanJeJ  I.- 

'"^"-•^"-S^nn-^riv^r^f- 

are,  Mondays  and  \ f "7'>  ,'"  ,„r   „  l-o'cluck. 
naU>ofPiloUigtOLtthtmwmt 

Intn. 

of  waler. 


Jit  Port  DalrympU.  ,,^l„vv  Whirl- 

Ing  above  Wliitlpool  Reach.  ,«1  Reach. 

•^''i    '0V4 

^'h^LrdtU.v««i;ut.Vth!  — 8-^- 


Ihe  Hnd'  «•  Oeont*  Town,  or  the  weattier  not  pennitling  hii  ([olng 
•tii  le.  if  he  be  not  ready  to  show  the  channel  bv  keeping  hia  boat 
nttitffair  way  until  the  ship  can  be  boarded,  he  shall  forfeit  t-2  the 


For  every  number  of  inches  below  6,  no  charge  it  to  be  made }  for 
1-2  a  foot  and  upwards,  1  fool  is  to  be  charf^ed. 

Colonial  vessels  are  eiempted  f  nim  the  payment  of  pilotage,  unleaa 
the  master  shall  make  ihe  signal  for  a  pilot  and  accept  his  service. 

I/arbour  Duet  at  the  Deneejit. 

For  mooring  and  unmooring  a  vessel  within  the  harbour, 
per  register  Ion         -  .  -  -  • 

For  each  removal  of  the  ship  within  the  harbour,  per  re> 
giiterlon     ■  •  •  •  -  -001 

Colonial  vessels  under  60  tons  per  register,  to  be  eiempted  from 


L.  t.d. 
0    0    I 


the  payment  of  the  foregoing  dues,  unlets  the  tervices  of  Ihe  harbour 
master  be  specifically  required. 

Jit  Putt  Valrymple,  Lid 

For  each  removal  of  a  ship  or  vessnl  from  anchorage  or 
nioorings,  to  other  anchorage  or  moorings,  uniler  200 
tons  •  ■  .  .  .  •       0  15    0 

200  tons  and  under  300         ■  .  .  -10    0 

300  tons  and  undrr  4IH)  .  .  .  .110    0 

400  Inns  and  under  500  -  ■  .  .200 

600  tons  and  upwards  *  .  .  .2100 

Each  vessel  entering  the  harbour  will  be  charged  with  2  removes. 
Vessels  belonging  to  the  port  are  not  to  pav  harbour  dues. 
No  ve^els  lobe  deemed  colonial  that  are  not  registered  in  Van 
Diemen's  Land. 


These  details  have  been  principally  derived  from  .4n  .Account  of  Van  Dieinen's  Land,  published  at 
llobart  Town  in  1833;  and  partly  from  Lient.  Breton's  book,  and  different  Parliamentary  Papers. 

[Population. — Including  military,  the  total  population  of  Van  Diemen's  Lantl  amounted, 
in  December,  1838,  to  45,846,  of  whom  18,133  were  convicts.  The  males  are  to  the  fe- 
males in  the  proportion  of  about  3^  to  1,  and  the  free  to  the  convict  population  nearly  as 
27j  to  18.  The  total  estimated  value  of  the  articles  of  colonial  produce  exported  from 
the  colony  in  1838  was  581,475/.;  the  value  of  the  imports  during  the  same  year  being 
702,956/. 

Statement  of  the  Value  of  the  different  Articles  exported  from  Van  Diemen's  Land  in  1835. 


Articles. 


Wool  ■ 
Wheat 
Oil  ■ 
Whalebone 
Flour  - 
Live  stock 


Amount. 


L. 

142,921 

40,-69 

54,160 

10,698 

5,096 

7,:83 


Articles. 


Potatoes  .... 

Hides,  seal  skins,  opossum  and  kangaroo  skins 
Dark    ..... 
Unennmerated  goods     -  .  . 

Total 


L. 

2,761 
3,243 
11,8«2 
41,388 


320,676 


The  progress  of  the  colony  during  the  last  few  years  has  been  singularly  rapid,  particularly  in  the 
breeding  of  sheep,  its  staple  branch  of  industry.  In  1828,  for  example,  the  stock  of  sheep  amounted  to 
i53t)98  head,  whereas  in  1838  it  had  increased  to  1,214,485  head  !  The  export  of  wool  has  increased  in 
alike  proportion,  having  advanced  from  99,415  lbs.  in  1820,  to  993.979  lbs.  in  1830,  and  to  2,609,520  lbs. 
in  1S38 !  The  revenue  of  the  colony  was  52,483?.  in  1827,  and  138,59U.  in  1838.  In  the  latter  year  there 
belonged  to  the  colony  101  vessels,  of  the  aggregate  burden  of  8,382  tons. — Sifp.) 

VANILLA,  the  fruit  of  the  Epidendrum  Vanilla,  a  species  of  vine  extensively  culti- 
valeil  in  Mexico.  It  has  a  trailing  stem,  not  unlike  the  common  ivy,  but  not  so  woody, 
which  attaches  itself  to  any  tree  that  grows  near  it.  The  Indians  propagate  it  by  planting 
cuttings  at  the  foot  of  trees  selected  for  that  purpose.  It  rises  to  the  height  of  18  or  20  feet ; 
the  flowers  are  of  a  greenish  yellow  colour,  mixed  with  white ;  the  fruit  is  about  8  or  10 
inches  long,  of  a  yellow  colour  when  gathered,  but  dark  brown  or  black  when  imported 
into  Europe;  it  is  wrinkled  on  the  outside,  and  full  of  a  vast  number  of  seeds  like  grains  of 
sanil,  having,  when  properly  prepared,  a  peculiar  and  delicious  fragrance.  It  is  principally 
used  for  mixing  with  and  perfuming  chocolate,  and  is,  on  that  account,  largely  imported  into 
Spain ;  but  as  chocolate,  owing  to  oppressive  duties,  is  little  used  in  England,  vanilla  is  not 
much  known  in  this  country. 

Vanilla  is  principally  gathered  in  the  intendancy  of  Vera  Cruz,  in  Mexico,  at  Misantla, 
Colipa,  Vacuatla,  and  other  places.  It  is  collected  by  the  Indians,  who  sell  it  to  the  whites 
(gf»/e  (/erazora),  who  prepare  it- for  the  market.  They  spread  it  to  dry  in  sun  for  some 
hours,  then  wrap  it  in  woollen  cloths  to  sweat.  Like  pepper,  it  changes  its  colour  in  this 
operation — becoming  almost  black.  It  is  finally  dried  by  exposing  it  to  the  sun  for  a  day. 
There  are  four  varieties  of  vanilla,  all  differing  in  price  and  excellence ;  viz.  the  vanilla  Jina, 
the  zacate,  the  rezacate,  and  the  vasura.  The  best  comes  from  the  forests  surrounding  the 
village  of  Zentila,  in  the  intendancy  of  Oaxaca.  According  to  Humboldt,  the  mean  export- 
ation of  vanilla  from  Vera  Cruz  may  amount  to  from  900  to  1,000  millares,  worth  at  Vera 
Cruz  from  30,000  to  40,000  dollars. — Vanilla  is  also  imported  from  Brazil,  but  it  is  very 
1  inferior.  The  finest  Mexican  vanilla  is  extremely  high  priced.  All  sorts  are  subjected  in 
this  country  to  a  duty  of  5s.  per  lb. — (See  Humboldt,  Nouvelle  Espagne,  2d  edit,  tome  iii. 
I  pp.  37.  46.;  Poinsett's  Notes  on  Mexico,  p.  194.  &c.) 

VELLUM,  a  species  of  fine  parchment. — (See  Parchment.) 

(VENEZUELA. — An  account  of  the  trade  of  La  Guayra,  the  principal  port  of  this  re- 
I  public,  in  1829,  1830,  and  1831,  is  given  under  the  article  La  Guatra.  The  fol- 
lowing details  with  respect  to  the  foreign  trade  of  the  republic  in  1833-34,  are  taken  from 
the  official  statements  contained  in  the  Report  of  the  Secretario  de  Hacienda,  published  at 
Caraccas  in  1835. 

Eioortj.-Account  of  the  auantities  and  Values  of  the  principal  Articles  exported  by  Sea  from 

Venezuela  in  1833-34. 


Articles, 


iCoffts 
Cuao 
Indigo 


Quantity. 


/.to. 
11,602,634 
6,384,916 
421,602 


Value. 


Dotlari. 

1,293,655 
706,248 
604,818 


Aiticlei. 


Dye.wcoda 

Tobacco,   hidea,  baize,  and 
all  other  articlea  ■ 

Total 


Quantity. 


Lht. 
17,666,853 


Value. 


Dollari. 
72,926 

816,837 

3,394,483      i 


Vol.  II.— 3  N 


88 


698 


VENICE. 


r  1 


Imports.— T>»rini(  the  same  year  the  total  value  of  the  imports  waa  3,206,411  dollars;  or  these  tl 
value  of  the  cotinn  goods  was  1,063,527  dollars  ;  linens,  C15,270  dollars  i  woollens,  76,437  dollars;  sii 
96,912  dollars;  flour,  140,770  dollars  ;  pork,  123,477  dollars,  &c. 

Statement  of  the  Import  and  Export  Trade  of  Venezuela  in  1833-34,  exhibiting  the  Amount  of  tl 

Trade  with  each  Country. 


CountrJM. 

Imports  and  Exports. 

Duties 

on  Imports  and  Exports. 

Imports. 

Eiports. 

Totals, 

Imports. 

Exports, 

Total,. 

Dollari. 

Dollan. 

DoUari, 

nollars. 

Dollan. 

Dollar,. 

Great  Brilaiu 

897,74i-76 

620,542'08 

1,418.284  84 

23M,(iS2-35 

26,579-16 

2l>',26l-5l 

UiiileJ  Slates 

783.061 '33 

1,115,490-38 

1,898,551-71 

272,708  38 

33,622  25 

306,330-Gl 

France    .... 

61,06nil 

20i,7S0-21 

267,719-12 

25,732-88 

5,757-49 

•'«l,4SKI-3; 

Germany 

32e,9Ti  38 

384,527-26 

711,499-62 

103,246-98 

10,338-60 

113,5rV5S 

Sriain       .             ,             ,             - 

82,3M-UI 

205,750-60 

288,149-67 

12,550  » 1 

9,774-36 

22,12  V 17 

New  Grenada 

12190 

19,764-33 

18,886-23 

46-87 

197-49 

2-143$ 

Xnlland  .              ■              .              ■ 

90/i97-29 

155,459-46 

248,05€-75 

27,51055 

3,861-71 

3l,o72-4i 

Denmark 

980,1111-15 

740,205  33 

1,720,306-48 

269,895-90 

25,778-38 

295,ti74-.i!, 

Mexico    .             .             .             • 

5,030 

5,030 

Sardinia  .... 

. 

28,658-19 

2»,658-19 

• 

965  83 

96;-!:3 

Hayti       .... 

■ 

1,018-90 

1,018-90 

- 

2  92 

Hi 

Various  .... 

68,4I0'30 

18,316-87 

86,73297 

19,I63'.'>» 

821-63 

19,925-22 

3,296,41131 

3.394.4S34! 

6,690,894-72 

969,538-31 

117,699-82 

l,l»7,23Slj" 

The  trade  under  the  head  of  Denmark  is  entirely  carried  on  with  the  island  of  St-  Thomas. 

The  total  imports  and  exports  from  La  Guayra  in  1833-34  were  3, -II, 190  dollars,  being  more  thai 
half  the  trade  of  the  repiihllc.  The  imports  and  exports  from  Puerto  Cabello  during  the  same  yea 
were  1,445,721  dollars  ;  the  rest  were  from  Maracaylm,  Guiana,  Sec.  The  countries  to  which  the  shin 
ping  frei|uenting  the  ports  of  the  republic  belonged,  is  not  specified ;  but,  in  all,  tliere  cleared  qui  2|; 
foreign  ships  of  the  burden  of  22,532  tons-— Su;).) 

VENICE,  a  famous  city  of  Austrian  Italy,  formerly  the  capital  of  the  republic  of  thai 
name,  situated  on  a  cluster  of  small  islands  towards  the  northern  extremity  of  the  Adriaiif 
in  lat.  45°  25'  53"  N.,  Ion.  12°  20'  31"  E.  Population  about  100,000.  The  commerce 
of  Venice,  once  the  most  extensive  of  any  European  city,  is  now  comparatively  trifling;  anj 
the  population  is  gradually  diminishing  both  in  numbers,  and  wealth.  Her  imports  consist 
of  wheat,  and  other  sorts  of  grain,  from  the  adjoining  provinces  of  Lombardy  and  ihe  Black 
Sea  ;  olive  oil,  principally  from  the  L.nian  Islands  ;  cotton  stuffs  and  hardware  from  England; 
sugar,  coffee,  and  other  colonial  products  from  England,  the  United  States,  Brazil,  &c.;  dried 
fish,  dye  stuffs,  &c.  The  exports  principally  consist  of  grain,  raw  and  wrought  silk,  paper, 
woollen  manufactures,  fruits,  cheese,  &c.,  the  products  of  the  adjoining  provinces  of  Italy 
and  of  her  own  indust.'y  ;  but  her  manufactures,  so  famous  in  the  middle  ages,  are  now  much 
decayed. 

Port.— The  islands  on  which  Venice  is  hiiilt  lie  within  a  line  of  long,  low,  narrow  islands,  runnini 
N.  and  S.,  and  enclosing  what  is  termed  tiie  lagoon,  or  shallows,  that  surround  the  city,  and  separai! 
it  from  the  main  land.    The  principal  entrance  from  the  sea  to  the  lagoon  is  at  Malamocco,  ahoiitii 
league  S.  from  the  city ;  but  there  are  otiier,  though  less  fretjue.ited,  entrances,  both  to  the  S.  amlilie  I 
N.  of  this  one.    There  is  a  bar  outside  Malamocco,  on  which  there  fire  not  more  than  lu  fiot  ,it|iir,|| 
water  at  spring  tides;  but  there  is  a  channel  between  the  western  point  of  the  liar  and  tlio  vitiate  if 
San  Pielro,  which  has  16  feet  w.itor  at  springs,  and  14  at  ncapw.     Merchant  vessels  usually  immroif 
the  ducal  palace  ;  but  sometimes  they  come  into  the  grand  canal  which  intersects  the  citv,  unil  some- 
limes  they  moor  in  the  wider  channel  of  the  Giudt-cca.     Vessels  coming  from  the  south  for  ihc  hm 
purt  make  Pirano  or  Rovigno  on  the  coast  of  Istria,  where  they  take  on  board  pilots,  who  carry  ilien 
to  tile  bar  opposite  to  Malamocco.     lint  the  employment  of  Islrian  pilots  is  i|uite  optional  with  Hi? 
masti'r,  and  is  not,  as  is  sometimes  represented,  a  compulsory  regulation.     Wlien  one  istakeii,  il: 
usual  fee  from  Pirano  or  Rovigno  to  the  bar  is  20  Austrian  dolitir.s,  or  about  4/.    On  arrivlnsatiii* 
bar,  ships  are  conducted  across  it  and  into  port  by  pilots,  whose  duty  it  is  to  meet  them  outside, nroi 
the  bar,  and  of  whose  services  they  must  avail  themselves.— ^(For  the  charges  on  account  of  |)ilolat*. 
see  post.) 

JlAinc;/.— Formerly  there  were  various  methods  of  accounting  here  ;  but  now  accounts  are  Itcpl.aj 
at  Genoa,  in  lire  Italiane,  divided  into  centesimi,  or  lOftth  parts.  Tlie  lira  is  supposed  to  he  of  ite 
same  wei-iht,  fineness,  and,  conseqiienlly,  value  as  the  franc.  But  the  coins  acluatli/in  circiilnlin. 
denominated  liro,  are  respectively  equalin  sterling  value  to  about  5d.  and  4i(/.  The  latter  arc  coiott 
by  the  Austrian  governtnent. 

H'eiislitsand  JUeasure.i. — The  commercial  weigliis  are  here,  as  at  Genoa,  of  two  sorts  ;  tlie  jiesmoiii 
and  the  pcsogrosso.    The  French  kilogramme,  called  the  libbra  Italiana,  is  also  sometimes  iiilMdiKti 


100  lbs.  peso  groBso  ^  105-186  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

—  127-830  lbs.  Troy. 

—  47t)98  kilogrammes. 

—  98  4S5  lbs.  of  Hamburgh. 

—  Il6'5f)0  lbs.  of  Amsterdam. 


100  lbs-  peso  sottile  =  60428  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

—  80-728  lbs.  Troy. 

—  .30123  kilogrammes. 

—  62-|9()l|ps.  ofllamhiirrt. 

—  60-986  lbs.  of  Aiiisteriiaii 


The  moggio,  or  measure  forcorn,  is  divided  into  4  staje,  16qnarte,or  61  quarturoli.  Thesiaja=Srl 
Winch,  bushels.  I 

Tlie  measure  for  wine,  anfora  =  4  bigonzi,  or  8  ma8telli,or  48  sechii,  or  192  bnzze,  or768quartuml 
It  contains  137  English  wine  gallons.  I 

The  botta  ^  5  bigonzi.  Oil  is  sold  by  weight  or  measure.  The  botta  contains  2  inigliaje,  orMmJil 
of  25  lbs.  peso  grosBO.    The  miro  =  4028  English  wine  gallons.  I 

The  braccio,  or  long  measure,  for  woollens  =  2U'(i  English  inches;  the  braccio  for  silks  =  21-911111 
The  foot  of  Venice  =  1368  English  incUea.—(\JVelkenbrecher,  and  Dr.  Kellij.) 

Historical  Notice. — Venice  was  the  earliest,  and  for  a  lengthened  period  the  most  c»| 
siderabic,  commercial  city  of  modern  Europe.  Her  origin  dates  from  the  invasion  of  iiilf| 
by  Attila  in  452.  A  number  of  the  inhabitants  of  Aquileia,  and  the  neighbouring  tcrrilm-i 
flying  from  the  ravages  of  the  barbarians,  found  a  pure  but  secure  asylum  in  the  ciusteriil 
amall  islands  opposite  to  the  mouth  of  the  Brenta,  near  the  head  of  the  Adriatic  Guiti  ' 


VENICE. 


699 


xhlbiting  the  Amount  of  the 


-34,  e 


ImpntU-      1 I 1 ■ 


noUari. 

ii7W-88 

103,2.|6-98 

,2,550U 

46-87 

269,8!)3-90 


26,''19-16 
33M2  25 

10,338150 

9714-36 

'l9r49 

3,86\-11 

23,n»-38 

9te83 
292 


Mian. 
26'>,MI'51    , 
306,330'M  \ 
31,490-31    \ 
113,5-.'iM 
2J,'lJrn   ' 

244  36 
31,372'2ti 
295,674'^ 

96i-!3 

2-32 

19,92V22 


:T;r,,-riT;^99-M_U^!:E«3J 


19,l63-59_ 

.      1  nf  St  Thomas. 

ith  the  .8»n"rtot,  being  ,„„,,  „„„ 

J^:^:^»-de.eaouua 

.,„!  nf  the  republic  of  tl\at 
the  capital  ot  tn«     v       ^ 
northern  exlre-j^y  o^^^^  ^^^^^^^^^ 
"•fnow   omVV^ivelytn(Ung;™a 

''  '*' ,  a^  h  Her  imports  cnn*i« 
^''"'^'"'SLombardy  and  Ihe  Black 
'""'TlndhSwarefromEngW; 

"  '^"t'^'  1 1  Sutes.  Brazil,  &c. ;  dr  cd 
•  ^^^"^"11  and  v^tought  silk,  paver, 
'S'T'tni  provinces  of  Italy. 
i:IirtlteSeies,arenow.u. 

1  in«r  narrow  islands,  niwiin! 

,ne  of  long,  '"W,  ",  ,,     jiiy,  anil  separate 
owB,  that  surround  the  c^y-,^^„_  ^,,„,„, 

to  ihe  >"S°""  *  pf  10  h  t..  the  S.andlhe 
there  »re  not  mo'c  _^^  ^  ^^^^^  ^j„^^^„ 
«t?'"  f;"'!.hVnt  vessels  usually  moor«ff 
aiw.    !^'e""  '•'."  .Iria  the  citv,  ami  s™e- 

a,!'al  which  .ne^ecu  tl,^^^^^^  ^^^^  ^„^ 

ssela  coming ,""'",  ';,ots,  who  carry  llien 
they  take  o'',i\'fi'  '.!;;.!  .'...tional  with  ll,. 
of  1st  nan  l".h»t»  'V-.,en  one  is  taken,  i!fi 
„ry  regulation.    V*^^   (^„  „„ivi.isatil« 
",  dollars,  "'.al  "U   *^  outsido.nto, 

'l!tF»'crrge'ron  account  of  p. >o,.,, 

nt;nghere;hutnowacco«,^-a: 
, mts.    The  lira  IS  s»Pl  ^^    ^^  ^. 

"^  '«•    ''"V'/  md  li^    The  latter  arc  coi.e* 
o  about  5(i.  and  is"- 

„   nf  two  sorts;  tlic  I>«OS0l!U 

peso  sottile  —        .^g  „,^  Tr.iy. 

—  6>Z-19eU>s-ofllamii««^ 

-  60-986  11.8.  of  Ams'"^» 

|l6q«arle,or61<lua 


Hue. 


tiaroli.  The  staja 


=ir' 


o,  48  sechii, 


orl9aho-/.ze 


or  I 


69  quarwia 


Tlie  botia  contains  i  m  b 


for  Bilks ='''^^ 


fcrinches-,th«braccio 

'r  andI>r.Ke»!/-1  ■  „,1  the  most  c»| 

ifor  a  lengthened  per  0^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

\rigindate.ron.^ej^^^,-„,gtcrrttoa^ 
Aqu.le.a,andlhenc^  l„,je,| 


this  eituation  they  were  forced  to  cultivate  commerce  and  its  subsidiary  arts,  as  the  only 
means  by  which  they  could  maintain  themselves.     At  a  very  early  period  they  bcRan  to  trade 
with  Constantinople  and  the  Levant ;  and  notwithstanding  the  competition  of  the  Genoese 
pnd  Pisans,  they  continued  to  cnptross  the  principal  trade  in  Eastern  products,  till  the  dis- 
covery of  a  route  to  India  by  the  Capo  of  Good  Hope  turned  this  traflic  into  a  totally  new 
channel.     The  crusades  contributed  to  increase  the  wealth,  and  to  extend  the  commerce  and 
the  possessions  of  Venice.     Towards  the  middle  of  the  l.'ith  century,  when  the  Turkish 
sultan,  Mahomet  II.,  entered  Constantinople  sword  in  hand,  and  placed  himself  on  the 
throne  of  Constantino  and  Justinian,  the  power  of  the  Venetians  had  attained  its  maximum. 
At  that  period,  besides  several  extensive,  populous,  and  well  cultivated  provinces  in  Lombardy, 
the  republic  was  mistress  of  Crete  and  Cyprus,  of  the  greater  part  of  the  Morea,  ami  most 
of  the  isles  in  the  Egean  Sea.     She  had  secured  a  chain  of  forts  and  factories  that  extended 
along  the  coasts  of  Greece  from  the  Morea  to  Dalmatia ;  while  she  monopolised  almost  the 
whole  foreign  trade  of  Egyjit.     The  preservation  of  this  monopoly,  of  the  absolute  dominion 
she  had  early  usurped  over  the  Adriatic,  and  of  the  dependence  of  her  colonies  and  distant 
establishments,  were  amongst  the  principal  objects  of  the  Venetian  government ;  and  the 
measures  it  adopted  in  that  view  were  at  once  skilfully  devised,  and  prosecuted  with  inflexi- 
ble constancy.     With  the  single  exception  of  Rome,  Venice,  in  the  1.5th  century,  was  by 
far  the  richest  and  most  magnificent  of  European  cities;  and  her  singular  situation  in  the 
miilst  of  the  sea,  on  which  she  seems  to  float,  contributed  to  impress  those  who  visited  her 
with  still  higher  notions  of  her  wealth  and  grandeur.     Sannazarius  is  not  the  only  one  who 
has  preferred  Venice  to  the  ancient  capital  of  the  world ;  but  none  have  so  beautifully  ex- 
pressed their  preference. 

Vidcrat  Adriacis  Venetam  Neptunus  in  undis, 

Stare  urbem,  et  toto  ponere  jura  mari. 
Nunc  mihi  Tarpeias  quantumvis,  Jupiter,  arces 

Objice,  et  ilia  tua  mcenia  Martis,  ait: 
Si  Tiberim  pelago  pncfers,  urbem  aspics  utraniquc, 

Illam  homines  dicas,  hanc  posuisse  Deos. 

Though  justly  regarded  as  one  of  the  principal  bulwarks  of  Christendom  against  the 
Turks,  Venice  had  to  contend,  in  the  early  part  of  the  I6th  century,  against  a  combination 
of  the  European  powers.  The  famous  league  of  Cambray,  of  which  Pope  Julius  II.  was 
the  real  author,  was  formed  for  the  avowed  purpose  of  effecting  the  entire  subjugation  of  the 
Venetians,  and  the  partition  of  their  territories.  The  emperor  and  the  kings  of  France  and 
Spain  joined  this  powerful  confederacy.  But,  owing  less  to  the  valour  of  the  Venetians, 
than  to  dissensions  amongst  their  enemies,  the  league  was  speedily  dissolved  without  ma- 
terially weakening  the  power  of  the  republic.  From  that  period  the  policy  of  Venice  was 
comparatively  pacific  and  cautious.  But  notwithstanding  her  efTorts  to  keep  on  good  terms 
with  the  Turks,  the  latter  invaded  Cyprus  in  1.570  ;  and  conquered  it  after  a  gallant  resist- 
ance, continued  for  1 1  years.  The  Venetians  had  the  principal  share  in  the  decisive  victory 
ga;  (1  over  the  Turks  at  Lepanto  in  1571  :  but  owing  to  the  discordant  views  of  the  con- 
federates, it  was  not  properly  followed  up,  and  could  not  prevent  the  fall  of  Cyprus. 

The  war  with  the  Turks  in  Candia  commenced  in  1645,  and  continued  till  1670.  The 
Venetians  exerted  all  their  energies  in  defence  of  this  valuable  island ;  and  its  acquisition 
cost  the  Turks  above  200,000  men.  The  loss  of  Candia,  and  the  rapid  decline  of  the  com- 
merce of  the  republic,  now  almost  wholly  turned  into  other  channels,  reduced  Venice,  at  the 
close  of  the  17th  century,  to  a  state  of  great  exhaustion.  She  may  be  said,  indeed,  to  have 
owed  the  last  100  years  of  her  existence  more  to  the  forbearance  and  jealousies  of  others 
than  to  any  strength  of  her  own.  Nothing,  however,  could  avert  that  fate  she  had  seen 
overwhelm  so  many  once  powerful  states.  In  1797,  the  "maiden  city"  submitted  to  the 
yoke  of  the  conqueror:  and  the  last  surviving  witness  of  antiquity — the  link  that  united  the 
ancient  to  the  modern  world — stripped  of  independence,  of  commerce,  and  of  wealth,  is 
now  slowly  sinking  into  the  waves  whence  she  arose. 

The  foundation  of  Venice  is  desi-rihpil  by  fJibbon,  c.  35. ;  and  in  his  60th  chnpter  he  has  eloquently 
iepitled  her  prosperity  in  the  year  1200.  Mr.  liailani,  in  his  work  on  tlic  Middle  Agts  (vol.  i.  pp.  470 
[■-48".),  has  given  a  brief  account  of  the  changes  of  the  Venetian  government.  Her  history  occupies 
considerable  space  in  tile  voluminous  work  of  M.  Sismondi  on  the  Italian  Hepublics ;  but  his  dotaiU 
stolier  trade  and  commercial  policy  are  singularly  meagre  and  uninteresting.  All  previous  histories 
fVenice  have,  however,  been  thrown  into  the  shade  by  the  admirable  work  of  M.  Darn  (7/i.s-fui;-c  rfe 
ilUpnbli(jue  de  *'^nise,  2d  ed.  8  vols.  8vo.  Paris,  1821.)  Having  had  access  to  genuine  sources  of.. 
infnrNmtjnn,  inaccessible  to  all  his  predecessors,  M.  Uaru's  work  is  as  superior  to  theirs  in  accuracy, 
ii  it  is  in  most  other  qualities  required  in  a  history. 

Trade,  Navigation,  and  Manufactures  of  the  Venetians  in  the  \Wi  Century. — The 
enelian  ships  of  the  largest  class  were  denominated  galeasses,  and  were  fitted  up  for  tho 
loubie  purpose  of  war  and  commerce.  Some  of  them  carried  50  pieces  of  cannon,  and 
ews  of  600  men.  These  vessels  were  sometimes,  also,  called  argosers  or  argosies.  They 
lad early  an  intercourse  with  England;  and  argosies  used  to  be  common  in  our  ports.  In 
1325,  Edward  II.  entered  into  a  commercial  treaty  with  Venice,  in  which  full  liberty  is  given 


700 


VENICE. 


to 


:i 


•^1 


CHS 


to  them,  for  10  years,  to  sell  their  merchandise  in  England,  and  to  return  home  in  safety, 
without  being  made  answerable,  as  was  Ihu  practice  in  those  days,  for  the  crimes  or  debts  of 
other  strangers. — (Anderson's  Chrmi.  Deduction,  Anno  1325.)  Sir  William  Monson 
mentions,  that  the  last  argoaie  that  sailed  from  Venice  for  England  was  lost,  with  a  rich 
cargo  and  many  passengers,  on  the  coast  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  in  1 587. 

In  the  oeginning  of  the  15th  century,  the  annual  value  of  the  goods  exported  from  Venice 
by  sea,  exclusive  of  those  exported  to  the  states  adjoining  her  provinces  in  Lombardy,  wag 
estimated,  by  contemporary  writers,  at  10,000,000  ducats;  the  profits  of  the  out  and  homg 
voyage,  including  freight,  being  estimated  at  4,000,000  ducats.  At  the  period  in  question 
the  Venetian  shipping  consisted  of  3,000  vessels  of  from  100  to  200  tons  burden,  carrying 
17,000  sailors;  300  ships  with  8,000  sailors;  and  45  galleys  of  various  size,  kept  afloat  by 
the  rei)ul)lic  for  the  protection  of  her  trade,  &c.,  having  11.000  men  on  board.  In  the  dock- 
yard, 16,000  labourers  were  usually  employed.*  The  trade  to  Syria  and  Egypt  seems  to 
have  been  conducted  principally  by  ready  money  ;  for  500,000»<lucat3  are  said  to  have  been 
annually  exported  to  these  countries;  100,000  were  sent  to  England. — (£>«)«,  tome  ii.  n 
189.  &c.)  The  vessels  of  Venice  visited  every  port  of  the  Mediterranean,  and  every  coast 
of  Europe;  and  her  maritime  commerce  was,  probably,  not  much  inferior  to  that  of  ail  the 
rest  of  Christendom.  So  late  as  1518,  5  Venetian  galeasses  arrived  at  Antwerp,  laden  with 
spices,  drugs,  silks,  &c.  for  the  fair  at  that  city. 

The  Venetians  did  not,  however,  confine  themselves  to  the  supply  of  Europe  with  the 
commodities  of  the  East,  and  to  the  extension  and  improvement  of  navigation.  They  at. 
tempted  new  arts,  and  prosecuted  them  with  vigour  and  success,  at  a  period  when  they  were 
entirely  unknown  in  other  European  countries.  The  glass  manufacture  of  Venice  was  the 
first,  and  for  a  long  time  the  most  celebrated,  of  any  in  Europe;  and  her  manufactures  of 
silk,  cloth  of  gold,  leather,  refined  sugar,  &c.  were  deservedly  esteemed.  The  jealousy  of 
the  government,  and  their  intolerance  of  any  thing  like  free  discussion,  was  unfavourable  to 
the  production  of  great  literary  works.  Every  scholar  is,  however,  aware  of  the  fame  which 
Venice  early  acquired  by  the  perfection  to  which  she  carried  the  art  of  printing.  The  classics 
that  issued  from  the  Aldine  presses  are  still  universally  and  justly  admired  for  their  beauty 
and  correctness.  The  Bank  of  Venice  was  established  in  the  12th  century.  It  continupil 
throughout  a  bank  of  deposit  merely,  and  was  skilfully  conducted. 

But  the  policy  of  government,  though  favourable  to  the  introduction  and  establishment 
of  manufactures,  was  fatal  to  their  progressive  advancement.     The  importation  of  forel!;ii 
manufactured  commodities  into  the  territories  of  the  republic  for  domestic  consumption  was 
forbidden  under  the  severest  penalties.     The  processes  to  be  followed  in  the  manufacture  of 
most  articles  were  regulated  by  law, — "  Des  I'annee  1172,  un  tribunal  avoit  ete  cree pour  la 
police  des  arts  et  metiers,  la  qualile  et  la  quantite  des  matieres  furent  soigneu.seiiteiit  dekr- 
minees." — (Daru,  tome  iii.  p.  153.)     Having,  in  this  way,  little  to  fear  from  foreign  com. 
petition,  and  being  tied  down  to  a  system  of  routine,  there  was  nothing  left  to  stimulate 
invention  and  discovery;  and  during  the  last  century  the  manufactures  of  Venice  were 
chiefly  remarkable  as  evincing  the  extraordinary  perfection  to  which  they  had  early  arrived 
and  the  absence  of  all  recent  improvements.     An  unexceptionable  judge,  M.  Dcrthollet 
employed  by  the  French  government  to  report  on  the  state  of  the  arts  of  Venice,  observed 
"  Que  I'industrie  des  Venitiens,  comme  celle  des  Chinois,  avoit  cl^precoce,  mats  vloitreslce 
stationnaire." — {Daru,  tome  iii.  p.  161.) 

M.  Daru  has  given  the  following  extract  from  an  article  in  the  statutes  of  the  State  Inqui- 
sition, which  strikingly  displays  the  real  character  of  the  Venetian  government,  and  Ihoir 
jealousy  of  foreigners : — "  If  any  workman  or  artisan  carry  his  art  to  a  foreign  country,  to 
the  prejudice  of  the  republic,  he  shall  be  ordered  to  return;  if  he  do  not  obey,  his  nearest 
relations  shall  be  imprisoned,  that  his  regard  for  them  may  induce  him  to  come  back.  If  he 
return,  the  past  shall  be  forgiven,  and  employment  shall  be  provided  for  him  at  Venice.  If 
in  despite  of  the  imprisonment  of  his  relations,  he  persevere  in  his  absence,  an  emissaru 
shall  be  employed  to  despatch  him  ,•  and  after  his  death  his  relations  shall  be  set  at  liberty '" 
—(Tom.  iii.  p.  150.) 

The  IQtIi  book  of  M.  Daru's  history  contains  a  comprehensive  and  well-difrested  account  of  the 
commerce,  muniifnctures,  and  navigation  of  Venice.  But  it  was  not  possible,  in  a  woric  on  the  general 
history  of  the  republic,  to  enter  so  fully  into  the  details  ns  to  these  sulijects  ns  their  impdrtance  would 
have  justified.  The  Utoria  Civile  e  Politica  del  Commercio  de'  Feneziani,  di  Carlo  Anionin  Marin,  ini 
vols.  8vo.,  published  at  Venice  at  different  periods,  from  171)8  to  1808,  is  unworthy  of  tlie  llile.  It  con- 
tains, indeed,  a  itroat  many  curious  statements  ;  but  it  is  exceedingly  prolix ;  and  vvliile  die  innst  un- 
important  aYid  trivial  subjects  are  frequently  discussed  at  extreme  length,  many  of  great  interest  are 
either  entirely  omitted,  or  are  treated  in  a  very  brief  and  unsatisfactory  manner.  The  cnniniercisi 
history  of  Venice  remains  to  he  written  ;  and  were  it  executed  by  a  person  of  competent  aliaiiuMenis, 
it  would  he  a  must  valuable  acquisition. 

Present  Trade  of  Venice. — From  the  period  when  Venice  came  into  the  possession  of  Austria,  down 
to  1830,  it  seems  to  have  been  the  policy  of  the  government  to  encourage  Trieste  in  prefi-renreto 
Venice  ;  and  the  circumstance  of  tlie  former  being  a  free  port,  gave  her  a  very  decided  advaiitajje  over 


♦  This  is  the  statement  of  the  native  authorities ;  but  tliere  can  be  no  doubt  that  it  is  much  exagje- 
rated;— 1,600  would  be  a  more  reasonable  number. 


VENICE. 


701 


jd  to  return  home  m  safety. 
avB,  for  the  crimes  or  debts  of 
J25")  Sir  "William  Monson 
Sngiand  was  lost,  with  a  rich 
t,  in  1587. 

tie  goods  exported  from  Venice 
n  provinces  in  Lombardy,  was 
le  profits  of  the  out  and  home 
i  At  the  period  in  question, 
0  to  200  tons  burden,  carrying 
s  of  various  size,  kept  afloat  by 
(0  men  on  board.  In  the  dock- 
to  Syria  and  Egypt  seems  to 
lOO^lucats  are  said  to  have  been 

0  England.— (!>«'•".  to™  "•  h 
'  Mediterranean,  and  every  coast 
t  much  inferior  to  that  of  all  the 
8  arrived  at  Antwerp,  laden  with 

)  the  supply  of  Europe  wth  the 
ement  of  navigation.     1  hey  at- 
•cess  at  a  period  when  they  were 
5  manufacture  of  Venice  was  the 
lurope;  and  her  manufactures  of 
■dly  esteemed.     The  jealousy  of 
e  discussion,  was  unfavourable  to 
lowever,  aware  of  the  f\ime  which 
i  the  art  of  printing.    The  classics 
d  iustly  admired  for  their  beauty 
,  the  12th  century.    It  continued 

"e  introduction  and  establishment 

lent     The  importation  of  foreign 

blic'for  domestic  consumption  wis 

be  followed  in  the  manufacture  of 

un  tribunal  avoit  etecreepoiirk 

[tieresfurent  soi^nemement  deter- 

V  little  to  fear  from  foreign  com- 

ere  was  nothing  left  to  stimulate 

the  manufactures  of  Venice  were 

1  to  which  they  had  early  arrived, 
ixccptioiiable  judge,  M.  Derthoilet, 

e  of  the  arts  of  Venice,  observed, 
(,  avuit  ill  precoce,  mais  iio'd  mik 

le  in  the  statutes  of  the  State  Inqui- 
le  Venetian  government,  and  their 
[rv  his  art  to  a  foreign  country,  lo 
|rn  •  if  he  do  not  obey,  his  nearest 
Iv  induce  him  to  come  back.  If  he 
V  provided  for  him  at  Venice.  If, 
Uere  in  his  absence,  an  e»nssari/ 
is  relations  shall  be  set  at  liberty! 

Live  and  well-dipeste<»  acco.inl  of  the 
1  ,Tol  nosHible,  in  a  work  on  the  genera 
Ise  8Ul>iectB  as  their  importance  woiild 
lenei^ani.di  Carlo  Antonio  Marm.in^ 
1 1808  siinworlhy  of  tli.!  title.  It  con- 
I.  fnal'v  prolix ;  and  while  the  inostun- 
I  1  .'Lin.  ii.anv  of  great  interest  are 
teSryra"ner.'Thecotn.nerc,al 

|by  a  person  of  c.npetenl  attam.uems, 
.  into  the  possession  of  Austria,  (lo« 

in  be  no  doubl  that  it  is  much  exags" 


itie  latter.  Latterly,  however,  a  more  equitable  policy  has  prevailed.  In  1830,  Venice  was  made  a 
free  port;  and  has  since  fully  participated  in  every  privil<-|;(!  conferred  on  Trieste.  Hut,  nniwith- 
siiindins  this  circurnHtance,  the  latter  still  ctintiinies  to  prcservi-  the  ascendancy  ;  and  the  revival  of 
iriide  that  has  taken  jdace  at  Venice  has  not  heen  so  great  as  might  have  heen  anticipated,  i'he  truth 
I,,  that  except  in  so  f^aras  she  is  the  enlrepM  of  the  adjoining  provinces  of  I.onihardy,  Venice  has  no 
(onsiderahle  natural  advantage  as  a  trading  city  ;  and  her  extraordinary  prosperity  during  the  middle 
aires  is  more  to  be  ascribed  to  the  comparative  security  enjoyed  by  the  inlial)itants,  and  to  their  suc- 
r,,39  HI  engrossing  the  principal  share  of  tlin  commerce  of  the  Levant,  than  to  any  other  circunistance. 
Still,  however,  the  trade  is  far  from  inconsiderable.  Hut,  unfortunately,  there  are  no  means  by  which 
10  ascertain  its  precise  amount.  'I'hn  stntements  subjoined  are  to  be  regarde(l  merely  as  rough 
approximations;  they  have,  however,  been  obtained  from  the  best  sources,  and  come  as  near  the 
murk  as  it  is  perhaps  possible  to  attain.  Ily  far  the  largest  part  of  the  exports  from  Venice  are  made 
lliroimh  Trieste  by  coasting  vessels,  that  are  every  day  passing  between  the  two  cities.  The  smug- 
tllnp  of  prohibited  and  overtaxed  articles  into  Austrian  Lombardy  is  also  practised  to  a  great  e.Ment. 
It  is  helievod  that  fully  S-.lds  of  the  cofTeu  made  use  of  in  Lombardy  is  clandestinely  introduceil ;  and 
cii<;ar,  Hritish  cottons,  and  hardware,  with  a  variety  of  other  articles,  are  supplied  through  illegitimate 
(liannela.  The  facilities  for  smuggling,  owing  to  the  nature  of  the  frontier,  and  the  ease  wiih  which 
tlieollicors  are  corrupted,  are  such,  tliat  the  articles  passing  through  the  haiuls  of  the  fair  trader 
affords  no  test  of  the  real  extent  of  the  business  done.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  Austrian  government 
will  take  an  eidightened  view  of  this  important  matter.  It  cannot  but  be  anxious  for  the  suppression 
of  smuggling ;  and  it  may  be  assured  that  this  is  not  practicable  otherwise  than  by  a  reriuctiiui  of  the 
duties.  The  regulations  as  to  the  payment  of  the  duties  on  goods  destined  for  the  interior,  the  clear- 
ing of  ships,  &c.,  are  the  same  at  Venice  as  Trieste ;  which  see. 


SAippin^.— There  belonged  in  Venice  in  1832— 


Vcueli. 

No. 

104 

107 

Tonoage, 

Men. 

In  foreign  tride  .             ..... 

coasting  do.    •             "            -                         •            . 

2l,R4t 

8,ao3 

I,t14 
64« 

211      1                       30,049 

1,760 

Fishing  boats  are  not  of  a  size  to  be  rated  as  vessels  of  tonnage  ;  but  Mr.  Money  thinks  that  not  less 
than  16,000  of  the  population  subsist  by  tishing  near  the  port  and  over  the  laguon.  The  tonnage  of 
Venice  has  not  recently  been  either  on  the  increase  or  the  decline.  Its  incnnsiderublu  amount,  com- 
pared with  what  it  once  was,  is  a  striking  proof  of  the  decline  of  this  famous  emporium. 

jlrrivals  of  Ships  in  the  Port  of  Venice  during  the  Years  1829,  1830,  and  1831. 


1623. 

1830. 

1831.                      j 

Under  what  Flag. 

Nnniber 
of  Vessels. 

Tonnage. 

Number 
of  Veast'Is. 

Tonnage. 

Nnmter 
of  Vessels. 

Tonnage. 

ID 

IJ37 

26 

3,.520 

25 

3,093 

Hanoverian     .             .              -             - 

1 

108 

2 

320 

1 

fO 

Auslriao         .             -              -             - 

103 

23,273 

157 

29,404 

170 

36,829 

1 

99 

4 

369 

1 

S7 

I 

313 

5 

1,009 

2 

453 

Svvediih         ,             •             -             • 

5 

978 

8 

1,049 

7 

1,125 

. 

. 

3 

367 

3 

440 

I  Nwpolitan     .             •             -             - 
1  hpal             ...             - 

45 
1 

12,565 
62 

30 

5 

7,630 
409 

28 
5 

6,609 
659 

2 

396 

5 

625 

3 

4S8 

Greek             .... 

4 

122 

4 

320 

7 

434 

• 

- 

1 

51 

1  Runiin           .... 

. 

- 

4 

615 

2 

461           , 

i  Tutliiili          .... 

• 

• 

• 

- 

A  Steam-packet  has  been  established  between  Venice  and  Trieste ;  but  it  is  of  indifferent  construc- 
tion, and  has  not  succeeded  so  well  aa  might  have  been  expected. 

Shipping  Charges  in  the  Port  of  Venice  on  Ships  of  different  Nations  of  the  Burden  of  300  Tons. 


DescripUon  of  Charge. 


Pilotage. 

!  From  Ihe  bar  to  the  place  of  finally  mooring  • 
lOulotliieportof  deiajture  .  .  .  .  . 

Tonnage  Duly. 
0™Auilrianlivre(8ii.  alerling)  perlon        .  .  .  - 

(Orisiuall;  levied  on  all  shipi  not  Austrian.) 

Clearing  Charget. 
II  toi  port  out  of  the  Gulf  of  Venice  (but  if  to  a  port  in  the  Gulf,  li. 
3 1.4d.  less  in  all  casts)     .-••■■ 

Quamnd'ne  CItarees. 
II  ptriorming  7  daya,  being  the  usual  lime  for  vessels  from  EngUna     • 

Total  of  onlinary  charges  .  .  -  -  • 

IliBloiijquarantine,  all  ships  pay  extra      .  •  •  - 

i  If  Jeparting  in  ballast,  or  with  test  than  1  2  a  cargo,  all  ships  not  Au«- 

Iriin.or  nol  under  treaty  to  be  charged  as  such,  pay  eitra  tonnags 

I    lay,  45  cents  (about  3  I  2d.  sterling)  per  ton,  being,  on  a  300  ton 

I   ihip     ....-••• 


If  Austrian,  or  of  a 

Nation  having  a  Treaty 

of  Reciprocity  Willi 

Austria. 


If  of  a  Nation  not 

having  a  Trea'y  of 

Reciprocity  with 

Austria. 


.^tfitrtari 
Livres. 
61    57 
61    57 


Free, 


2    30 


39    27 


L.  I.    d. 


0  1-2 
0  1-2 


0    I    612 


I    6    2 


164 
25 


Total  of  eitrcmecharga 


Free. 


190    45 


5    9 
0  17 


9  1-2 
2 


Aialrian 
Livrts. 
61     67 
61     57 


300      0 


16    78 


63    38 


493 

25 


L.  I. 


d. 
0  12 
0  1.2 


0  112  1-4 


1  15    7 


6    6  11  1-2 


135      0 


653    94 


16    8  101.4 

0  17    2 


4  10    0 


21  16    0  1-4 


3ii2 


702 


VENICE. 


MMM 

M    m 

ir  1 

••1  .^ 
-J 


O 


Impobts.— A  Statement  of  the  Quantity  and  Value  in  British  Sterling  Money,  Wplghts,  &c.  of  the 
different  Articles  furnished  by  each  of  the  subjoined  Places,  and  iniported  into  Venice,  during  the 
Years  1629.  1830,  and  1831. 


Flkcn. 


Eoglaod 


Ionian  Talinds 
Norw.iy 

FraDce  (Marseilles) 

PortugAl  (Lisbon)    - 

Amer.  (Bahia&Rio) 
Aleiandria  - 


Articles. 


A ncona 

Na^iJes 
Sicily 
Fuglia 

Odessa 

Trieiita 


roflTcn  . 
Cotloti  wool    • 
l)ve  woniU 
Fi'ah,   herrings, 

pilchards 
Indigo  • 
Iron      • 
Manuf.  cotton  • 
Sugar   - 
'I'iiint^d  plates  • 
Olive  oil 
Filch  and  tar   • 
Stffckfish 
Cofl'ee  • 
CinDamon 
Pe[>per 
CoIlVe  • 
Sugar   • 
Do.       - 
Colfee  • 
Cotton  wool    • 
Linieed,  &c,    • 
Indian  corn 
Do.       - 
Linseed 
Olive  oil 
Wheat 
Coiree  • 
Cotton  wool    . 
Grain,  wheat  • 

maize 

linseed,  &c.  • 
Indigo  • 
Iron 
Manufact.  silk  • 

wool 

cotton 
Stock  lish 
Sugar  • 


I8i9. 


Engliih 
Weight  or  I 
Measure, 


Quan- 
tity. 


value 


quarters 
tens 


9,500 


4,219 
6,322 
2,151 


10,000 


2,109 


Value  in 

Sterling, 


/» 


13,684 


1830. 


English 
Wright  or 
Measure, 


121,202 

4.200 
35,733 


(  barrels 

lbs. 
tons 
sup.  value 
I       toiii 
value 
Ions 

tons 
cwt. 


1,500 


7,500 
65,489 


quarters 


tons 

quarters 

cwt, 

quarters 


lbs. 

tons 

sup.  value 


Quan* 
tiiy. 


183L 


Vilii«  in     ^•nK''»h 


3S'. 
380 

11,200 
3,W7 
I8,4U0 

713 

6,si4 

173 


I.. 

751 
I.IUi 

13,131 
j      B.MJI 

I      2,776 

I  fiO.OOO 
I  17,403 
I  1,1(10 
I  207,683 

I 

2,607 
l,7»i 


930 
1,110 
10,635 
65 
1,010 
4  600 
4,988 
20,370 


2,762 

8,7S;J 

2 1, ('88 

10.256 

10,9S» 

960 

1,113 
21,700 

1,824 


lan> 


63 

1,831 


l,RI3 
1,404 

12,ll<8 
107 
3.CI0 
8,300 
3,741 

15,277 


79,«41 

9,313 

41,010 

30,663 

12,800 

6.^2 

6,960 

7,170 

9,120 

80,000 

23,000 

90,000 

b38 

46,272 


vnlue 
baneli 

lln. 
tniifl 
lup.  vnlue 
Inns 
value 
loot 

torn 
cwl. 
Iba. 
cwl. 


quarlen 


torn 

quarters 

cwl. 

quartan 


Ibi. 

va'-ie 

•up.  vaue 


Quan- 
Illy. 


611 

612 

2,787 
6,r,62 
7,600 

1,20.9 

6,928 

172 

286 

3,I0U 

196 

1,120 

11,960 

3-1,164 

66 

1,240 

6,968 
9,W9 
3,390 
2,961 
6,813 
3l,&s6 

10,228 
2,064 
1,603 

14,600 


433 
2,102 


Value  ill 
Slerliiig. 


l,.52lj 
M  I 

3,736  I 
16,6^6  1 

l,2li  I 

8,13.5  : 
''0,(00  I 

238,1,80 


2.i>3  i 
.Mv  i 
IDS  I 
2il3  j 
2,184 
15,117  I 
43,218 
127 
3,699 

5,Ma 

6,820 
70,5« 
11976 
63,981 

17,900 
1,348 

3,078 

4,219 
100 
73,000 
18,000  I 
80,0(0 

6,506  I 
33,181  I 


Exports. — An  approximate  Statement  of  the  Quantities  and  Value  in  British  Weights,  Money,  &c,, 
of  the  principal  Articles  exported  from  the  Venetian  Provinces,  during  the  Years  182y,  \m 
and  1831. 


Article!. 

1829. 

I  MO. 

1 

1B3I. 

English 
Weight. 

Quantity. 

Value 
Pounds 
Sterling. 

English 
Weight. 

Quantity. 

Value 

Pounds 

Sterling. 

English 
Weight. 

Quantity. 

Value 

I'ouni)! 

1   Sierlmj. 

nook!  . 

value 

. 

7,272 

value 

. 

3,667 

value 

, 

A332   i 

Brick  and  atnne  ■ 

cwt. 

10,442 

678 

cwt. 

87,763 

4,862 

cwt. 

135,418 

',5('2 

Callle  (for  Venice) 

value 

• 

10,632 

value 

- 

7,142 

value 

11,482 

Cream  of  tartar  - 

cwt. 

676 

1,706 

cwt. 

91 

278 

cwt. 

4 

l« 

ColloD  maiiufacturea 

— 

135 

6,059 

— 

176 

6,581 

— 

477 

17,769  ' 

Grain ;  wlieat    • 

— . 

126,3.54 

68,482 

~- 

65,088 

25,434 

~~ 

62,414 

^^M  1 

maize    - 

— 

14.297 

6,455 

— 

36,210 

16,31P 

— 

33,697 

1.5.  I3S 

rice 

— 

33,158 

30,695 

— 

24,661 

22,6,S1 

— 

25,274 

23,339  i 

■eeds 

-« 

327 

392 

« 

386 

429 

~~ 

361 

402  1 

Hemp,  nw 

^ 

797 

1,106 

_ 

706 

1,104 

— 

1,K59 

2,676  1 

ropei,  &c. 

— 

2,626 

4,860 

— 

412 

769 

— 

2.58 

476  1 

clolh,  kc. 

— 

636 

4,933 

» 

1,713 

16,860 

— 

2,090 

19,327  ! 

Iron  bars  and  plates 

■  — 

1,839 

1,863 

— . 

2,960 

2,827 

— 

1,947 

1,979  1 

beaten  (steel) 

— 

904 

2,007 

_ 

1,246 

2,861 

^ 

1,113 

3,031   ' 

manufacture. 

— 

1,526 

3,898 

-^ 

2,179 

6,177 

— 

203 

390  1 

Oil  of  low  quality 

-» 

301 

2,797 

^ 

79 

696 

-.- 

87 

799 

Silk,  raw 

— 

122 

8,062 

_ 

123 

8,417 

.— . 

231 

14,991 

•ewing 

^ 

947 

91,085 

— 

940 

85,462 

— 

404 

4(1,067 

■pun 

— 

283 

20,987 

.. 

131 

9,78.i 

*— 

314 

25,0-8  , 

manufactures 

. 

. 

■ 

.. 

41 

6,828 

— 

90 

15,017  ! 

Salted  fish 

cwl. 

7,436 

6,306 

_ 

1,312 

998 

_ 

2,171 

1,604 

Timber,  ftc. 

value 

- 

46,233 

value 

. 

11,432 

value 

9,129 

War,  manufactured 

cwt. 

966 

7,761 

cwl. 

190 

1,443 

Woollen,  manufactured  • 

— 

1,521 

64,663 

— 

763 

22,999 

cwt. 

1,004 

29,799 

Venice  treacle  - 

— 

121 

1,812 

— 

37 

6S6 

Faper  • 

— 

19,251 

71,146 

— 

24,688 

90,626 

cwt. 

21,9.60 

8I,2<'2  ' 

Banking  Establishments.— The  old  bank  of  Venice  was  founded  so  far  back  as  V  /I,  being  the  mosi 
ancient  establishment  of  the  kind  in  Europe.  It  was  a  bank  of  deposit ;  and  such  was  the  estlmalion 
in  which  it  was  held,  that  its  paper  continued  to  bear  an  agio  as  compared  with  coin  down  to  179?, 
when  the  bank  fell  with  the  government  by  which  it  had  been  guaranteed.  At  present  there  ate  no 
corporate  banking  establishments  in  the  city ;  and  no  bank  notes  are  in  circulation.  There  are,  how- 
ever, several  private  banking  houses,  which  buy,  sell,  and  discount  bills;  and  make  advances  on  land 
and  other  securities.  They  are  undiir  no  legal  regulations  of  any  sort,  except  formally  declaring  llie 
amount  of  their  capital  to  the  authorities  when  they  commence  business.  The  legal  and  usual  raie  of  j 
interest  and  discount  is  6  per  cent.  It  is  not  the  practice  to  allow  interest  on  deposits.  Bills  on  Lon- 
don are  usually  drawn  at  3  months,  und  on  Trieste  at  1  month. 

Brokers,  Commission,  ^e. — The  number  of  brokers  is  limited,  and  they  are  licensed  by  governmenl; 
but  the  business  of  commission  merchant  and  factor  is  open  to  every  one.  Before,  however,  com- 
mencing any  trade  or  profession  at  Venice,  a  petition  must  be  presented  for  leave  to  the  anthorilies: 
but  this  is  more  a  matter  of  form  than  any  thing  else  ;  its  prayer  being  rarely,  if  ever,  refused. 

The  usual  rate  of  commission  and  factorage  on  the  purchase  or  sale  of' colonial  produce  is  !!p(i| 

*  With  the  above  exceptions,  Trieste  may  be  laid  to  have  wholly  supplied  Venice  in  the  yeur  M 


VERA  CRUZ. 


703 


:5£ar«a,fciS;'- 


cent.,  and  on  manufactured  goods  3  per  cent.,  Inclusive  of  broker's  commission,  1  por  cent.  A  ship 
brolier's  cominlssinn  on  the  freight  of  a  whole  rnrco  is  2  per  ot'tit.,  iiml  on  n  (.'I'neral  carifi)  I  per  (('iit. 
By  the  cuHloni  of  the  place,  merchants  clmrije  'i  per  cenl.  mi  ilir  iiiwiiril,  tiiiil  2  per  cent,  im  Wxa  oiil- 
waril,  rrei|:lit  of  ull  ships  consiKned  tu  them  ;  and  this,  tli<Mi|!li  iliey  liiul  i|(ii<e  no  iiinre  than  reci'nitncnd 
tliu  master  to  a  brol<er!  A  bill  l>roker's  commission  is  i  per  milli',  Mcriliants  und  bunkers  iliarue  ii 
conunission  on  internal  hills  of  i  per  cent.,  and  on  foreiaii  do.  of  I  per  cent. 

Insurances  are  ellected  by  companies  und  individuuls.  The  government  charges  no  duty  on  tho 
policies. 

Cuminunieatiortf  teith  Lombardy  are  effected  by  (lal-hottomcd  vessels,  which,  passing  Ihrongli  tho 
Ingoiin,  enter  the  canals  and  rivers,  and  make  their  Way  llironiih  most  part  of  the  country  watered  by 
tliB  Pound  its  tributaries.  The  freiglil.of  goods  from  Milan  to  Venice,  distant  about  17(1  miles,  is  abdut 
If.  per  ton.  The  principal  products  they  bring  down  are  groin,  silk,  hemp,  and  tla.\,  cheese,  rliiiliatb, 
ic.  The  country  to  the  northof  Venice  affords  large  quantities  of  deals,  which  are  shipped  for  Malta, 
»^icily,  and  tho  Levant. 

Hiiaraiiline  is  enforced  here  the  same  as  at  Trieste.  .Ships  coining  from  without  the  Htraits  of 
Ojliraltar,  provided  there  be  no  infectious  disease  on  board,  are  admitted  to  pratique  on  piTrnrmiiig  a 
slinrt  i|uaritntine  of  7  days  in  a  part  of  the  lagoon,  about  a  mile  from  the  city.  Long  i|uarunline  is 
|ierfi>rmed  a  little  farther  off.  The  li'ciretto,  and  estahlishments  for  passengers,  fee.  perrDriiiins:  ipia- 
riinline,  are  among  tho  best  in  Europe  8hips  liaving  foul  bills,  or  coming  from  suspicious  places,  are 
sent  thillier  from  Trieste. — (For  the  i|uaraiitine  charges,  see  anii.) 

Provisions,  IShips'  Stores,  i^c. — These  articles  may  all  be  had  at  Venice  of  excellent  quality,  but  not 
cheap,  with,  perhaps,  tho  exception  of  bread.     Water  is  conveyed  to  the  city  by  lighters,  and  is,  con- 
8e(|ucntly,  pretty  dear  ;  fuel  is  very  scarce,  and  very  high  priced.     We  subjoin  an  account  of  the 
Average  Prices  in  'Sterling  Money,  per  Imperial  Quarter,  of  the  several  Sorts  of  Grain  ai  Venice  for 

the  Ten  Years  ending  with  1831, 


188     1      w;=;;;:i_: 

i — ' ^     -11/1  being  the  moil 

|7d  BO  fat  back  «\^';^i,Te  esiiniaii» 
If  deposit;  andBUcn  w  ^^i,,; 

\  as  compared  with  coin  ^^^^^  „, 
li  Buaranieed.  .^'■.P'  There  are,  Iw"; 
Ttes  are  in «»' <:»'''"°^  advances  onto* 
louni  bi"«  •'  ''IrformaUy  <l"  clarins  < ' 
T  any  sort,  e«!P\S  and  ««?'  'Vl 
LrSBt?nVe1ositB.    BiUsoulo.. 


Han. 

WhMl. 

Maize. 

Oils. 

Rye. 

Yea™. 

Wheat. 

Maize. 

n.ii«. 

Rye. 

L.  I.  d. 

/..   1.  d. 

L.   ».  rf. 

L.  1.  d. 

L.  1.  rf. 

/,.  1.   d. 

L.  I.  d. 

/..   1.  d. 

]m 

1    8    8 

1     0    2 

0  14    4 

1     1    0 

1827 

1  19  10 

1    2    0 

0  14    9 

1     3  11 

|v2J 

1    6    3 

1    0    8 

0  13    4 

1    0    4 

1828 

1  19    3 

1  14    1 

0  17    6 

1     5    3 

.    itia4 

1     2  10 

0  17  10 

0  117 

0  17    7 

1829 

1  19    S 

1    7    3 

0  1/     1 

1     8  10 

i    ws 

1     0    S 

0  16    9 

Olio 

0  14  10 

1830 

1   13    0 

1  10    6 

0  16    0 

1     6    5 

;      1826 

1     7    3 

0  15    9 

0    9    9 

0  17    6 

1831 

1   17    4 

1    6  10 

0  16    4 

1   12    4 

Tarei.-On  ^ooHs  Icavinit  the  free  port  of  Venice  for  the  interior 
of  the  Amtrlan  slates,  the  Custom. hoube  allows  no  tares ;  hut  cases, 
cuks,  anil  other  cnveriiij^s  ^o  ioto  ttie  bcale  with  their  contents.  an<l 
Iheduty  is  levied  on  the  irnsa  weight.  Wine,  spirits,  &c.  consuiiieil 
ill  Ihiicity,  tein;;  liable  to  an  excise  duly  to  cover  the  municipal  ex- 
pfiises,  have  an  allowance,  if  in  imn.lmund  casks,  of  18  per  cent. 
Dfl  the  weight :  and  if  not  in  irnn-twunil  cask^  of  12  per  cent.  The 
tires  allowed  between  merchants  are  as  follow  : — 


Cotton  wool,  Pernambuco  and  Bahia  • 
East  India,  kc,     • 


2  per  cent. 
4     — 


Suf^r,  Rrazil  ... 

jani.iica,  niuscovailo 
Bourl;on,  brown  and  yellow,  and  East  India  of  all 
colours  .... 

refined,  crushed 
Brimstone  •  •  •  ■  . 

Italian  hemp  .... 

Madder  loot  .... 

Hungary  potash       .... 

On  other  articles,  real  tares  are  usually  taken. 


15  to  18  per  cent. 
.   14     — 


These  details  with  respect  to  the  present  trade  of  Venice  have  been  mostly  derived  from  the  well- 
digesled  and  very  valuable  answers  returned  by  the  consul-general,  Mr.  Money,  to  the  Circular 
Queries. 

VERA  CRUZ,  the  principal  sea-port  on  the  western  coast  of  Mexico;  lat.  19°  11'  52" 

N.,  long,  96°  8'  45"  W.    Population  (supposed)  1 6,000.   Opposite  the  town,  at  the  distance 

of  about  400  fathoms,  is  a  small  island,  on  which  is  built  the  strong  castle  of  St.  Juan  d'UUoa, 

which  commands  the  town.     The  harbour  lies  between  the  town  and  the  castle,  and  is  ex- 

«edingly  insecure ;  the  anchorage  being  so  very  bad,  that  no  vessel  is  considered  safe  unless 

made  fast  to  rings  fixed  for  the  purpose  in  the  castle  wall :  nor  is  this  always  a  suflicient 

protection  from  the  fury  of  the  northerly  winds  {los  nortes),  which  sometimes  blow  with 

!'emenJi)us  violence.     Humboldt  mentions,  in  proof  of  what  is  now  stated,  that  a  ship  of  the 

line,  moored  by  9  cables  to  the  castle,  tore,  during  a  tempest,  the  brass  rings  from  the  wall, 

ami  was  dashed  to  pieces  on  the  opposite  shore. — {Nouvelle  Espagne,  ed.  2de,  tome  iv.  p. 

59.)    Its  extreme  unhealthiness  is,  however,  a  more  serious  drawback  upon  Vera  Cruz,  than 

the  badness  of  its  port.     It  is  said  to  be  the  original  seat  of  the  yellow  fever.     The  city  is 

well  built,  and  the  streets  clean ;  but  it  is  surrounded  by  sand  hills  and  ponds  of  stagnant 

water,  which,  within  the  tropics,  are  quite  enough  to  generate  disease.  The  inhabitants,  and 

those  accustomed  to  the  climate,  are  not  subject  to  this  formidable  disorder ;  but  all  strangers, 

even  those  from  Havannah  and  the  West  India  islands,  are  liable  to  the  infection.     No 

precautions  can  prevent  its  attack  ;  and  many  have  died  at  Xalapa,  on  the  road  to  Mexico, 

who  merely  passed  through  this  pestilential  spot.     During  the  period  that  the  foreign  trade 

of  Mexico  was  carried  on  exclusively  by  the  Jlota,  which  sailed  periodically  from  Cadiz,  Vera 

i  Cruz  was  celebrated  for  its  fair,  held  at  the  arrival  of  the  ships.     It  was  then  crowded  with 

dealers  from  Mexico,  and  most  parts  of  Spanish  America ;  but  the  abolition  of  the  system  of 

I  regular  fleets  in  1 778  proved  fatal  to  this  fair,  as  well  as  to  the  still  more  celebrated  fair  of 

1  Portobello. 

A  light-house  has  been  erected  on  the  N.W.  angle  of  the  castle  of  St.  Juan.     The  light, 
which  is  a  revolving  one  of  great  power  and  brilliancy,  is  elevated  79  feet  above  the  level 
I  of  the  sea. 

The  distance  in  a  direct  line  from  Mexico  to  Vera  Cruz  is  about  70  leagues ;  but  by  the 
Iroaditis  about  93.  Mexico  being  situated  on  &  plateau  elevated  about  8,000  feet  above  the 
jlevel  of  the  sea,  and  the  country  being  in  many  places  very  rugged,  the  road  originally  was 
jso  bad  as  to  be  hardly  practicable,  even  for  mules.  During  the  last  30  years,  immense  sumfl 
e  been  laid  out  on  its  improvement ;  and  a  considerable  part  of  it  has  been  completed  in 
Ithc  best,  and,  indeed,  most  splendid  manner;  but  in  many  places  it  is  still  rough  and 
lunfinished,  and  does  not  admit  of  carriages  being  used.    M.  Humboldt  seems  to  think,  that 


704 


VERA  CRUZ. 


t*     m 

PI 

B 


CI 


|t|)| 
C3 


were  this  road  completeil,  wheat  and  flour  brought  from  the  (able  land  of  Mexico  might  bo 
shipped  at  V'era  Cruj!,  niid  sold  in  the  West  Indies  cheaper  than  the  wheat  and  flour  of  the 
I'liited  Slates,     liut  we  agree  with  Mr,  Poinsett  in  regarding  any  such  expectation  as  quite 
chimerical.     Though  the  advantage  on  the  side  of  Mexico  in  ies|)ect  of  superior  fertility  of 
soil  and  ciicapncss  of  labour  were  decidedly  greater  than  it  really  is,  it  would  not  balance  the 
enormous  e.\|)cnse  of  300  miles  of  land  carriage  upon  such  bulky  and  heavy  articles,  inoro 
cspt'cialiy  as  the  wagons  would,  in  most  cases,  have  to  return  em|)ty.     It  is  plain,  however 
that  tli(!  advantage  of  gelling  llio  produce  of  the  mines,  and  the  peculiar  productions  of  tho 
country,  as  cochineal,  indigo,  sugar,  vanilla,  tobacco,  &c.,  conveyed  with  com|)arative  facility 
to  market,  and  of  receiving  back  Eurojiean  goods  at  a  proportionally  less  expense,  will  more 
than  iiiiliMniiiiy  all  the  oallny  that  may  be  reijuired  to  perfect  the  road,  and  will  be  of  the  very 
greatest  iinpoilance  to  the  republic;  but  it  is  quite  out  of  the  (juestion  to  imagine  thai  A'era 
Cruz  is  ever  destined  to  become  a  rival  of  New  Orleans  in  tho  exportation  of  corn  atul  (lour. 
For  a  considerable  period  after  the  town  of  Vera  Cruz  had  thrown  oil"  the  (Spanish  yoki-, 
the  castle  of  St.  .luan  d'I'lloa  continued  in  possession  of  the  Spaniards.    During  this  interval, 
the  commcice  of  Vera  Cruz  was  almost  entirely  transferred  to  the  port  of  Alvarodo,  [^ 
leagues  to  the  south-east.     Alvarado  is  built  upon  tho  left  bank  of  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
'J'he  bar  at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  about  li  mile  below  the  town,  renders  it  inaecessii)!e  for 
vessels  drawing  above  10  or  12  feet  water.     Large  ships  are  obliged  to  anchor  in  the  roads 
where  they  are  exposed  to  all  the  violence  of  the  north  winds,  loading  and  unloading  hy 
means  of  lighters.     Alvarado  is  supposed,  but  probably  without  much  foundation,  to  be  a 
little  healthier  than  Vera  Cruz.     The  trade  has  now  mostly  reverted  to  its  old  channel. 

But  within  these  few  years,  Tampico  has  risen  to  considerable  importance  as  a  cnni- 
mercial  sen-port.  It  is  situated  about  60  leagues  N.N. W.  of  Vera  Cruz,  in  lat.  22°  15'  ;iO"i\., 
Ion.  97°  R'2'  \\'.,  being  about  104  leagues  from  Mexico.  Hitherto  it  is  said  to  have  hcen 
free  from  fever.  'J'he  .shifting  of  the  bar  at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  and  the  shallowness  of 
the  water  on  it,  which  is  sometimes  under  8,  and  rarely  above  15  feet,  are  serious  obstacles 
to  the  growth  of  the  port.  Vessels  coming  in  sight  are  boarded  by  pilots,  who  conduct  them, 
provided  they  do  not  draw  too  much  water,  over  the  bar.  Those  that  cannot  enter  the  port 
load  and  uidoad  by  means  of  lighters;  mooring  so  that  they  may  get  readily  to  sea  in  the 
event  of  a  gale  coming  on  from  the  north. 

Exports  and  Imports, — The  precious  metals  have  always  formed  the  principal  article  of 
exports  from  Mexico.  During  the  10  years  ending  with  1801,  the  average  annual  produce 
of  the  Mexican  mines  amounted,  according  to  M.  Humboldt,  to  23,000,000  dollars — (Nnuvelle 
Espagtie,  tome  iv,  p.  137.)  ;  and  in  1805,  the  produce  was  27,165,888  dollars. — (Id,  tome 
iv.  p.  83.)  But  during  the  revolutionary  war,  the  old  Spanish  capitalists,  to  whom  most  of 
the  mines  belonged,  being  proscribed,  emigrated  with  all  the  property  they  could  scrape 
together:  and  this  withdrawal  of  capital  from  the  mines,  added  to  the  injury  several  of  them 
sustained  by  the  destruction  of  their  works  during  the  contest,  the  interruption  of  ail  rcgulat 
pursuits  which  it  occasioned,  and  the  insecurity  and  anarchy  that  afterwards  prevailed,  caused 
an  extraordinary  falling  oflf  in  the  produce  of  the  mines.  Within  these  few  years,  however, 
a  considerable  improvement  has  taken  place.  The  efforts,  and  the  lavish  expenditure,  of  a 
few  of  the  companies  formed  in  this  country  for  working  the  mines,  have  been  so  far  suc- 
cessful, that  some  of  them  have  been  got  again  into  good  order,  and  that  a  large  increase  of 
produce  may  be  fairly  anticipated,  provided  they  are  permitted  to  prosecute  their  operations 
without  molestation.  But,  as  we  have  elsewhere  stated  (see  ante,  p.  190.),  some  of  the 
parties  who  sold  or  leased  the  mines,  began  to  put  forward  claims  never  heard  of  before,  the 
moment  they  perceived  that  there  was  a  reasonable  prospect  of  the  companies  succeeding; 
and  in  some  instances  they  have  not  scrupled  to  enforce  their  claims  by  violence !  It  istoLe 
hoped  that  the  Mexican  government  will  exert  itself  to  repress  these  outrages.  If  it  have 
power  to  put  down,  and  yet  wink  at  or  tolerate  such  disgraceful  proceedings,  it  will  make 
itself  responsible  for  the  consequences  ;  and  will  merit  chastisement  as  well  as  contempt. 

The  total  quantity  of  gold  and  silver  coined  in  the  different  Mexican  mints  during  the  4  years  endini; 
with  1829,  -.vas— 

In  1826         -  8,608,278  dollars.         I         In  1828        -         9,082.905  dollars. 

1827         -         10,619,217      —  |  1829        -        11,787,133      — 

(Pari.  Paper,  No.  338.  .Scss.  1833.) 

Besides  the  precious  metals,  cochineal,  sugar,  flour,  indigo,  provisions,  leather,  sarsnparilia, 
vanilla,  jalap,  soap,  logwood,  and  pimento,  are  the  principal  articles  exported  from  Vera  Cruz. 

The  imports  cotisist  principally  of  linen,  cotton,  woollen,  and  silk  goods,  paper,  brandy, 
cacao,  quicksilver,  iron,  steel,  wine,  wax,  &c. 

Accordine  to  the  statomcnt  puttlislied  hy  the  Mexican  government,  the  value  of  the  imports  and 
exports  at  Vera  Cruz  and  Alvarado,  in  1824,  was  as  follows  :— 

Dollars, 
Imports  from  other  Mexican  ports        .......      2H4,087 

from  American  ports  .......    4,300,569 

from  European  and  other  foreign  ports        .....    7,437,375 


Total 


12,OS2,030 


VERA.  CRUZ. 


706 


eland  of  Mexico  -night  1,0 

,  the  w»»cnl  «"^^  """'  °'  ^^^ 
,V  such  expectation  n«  quuc 

;i«,itvvouUlnotbnanccthe 
Ikv  and  heavy  artie  es,  moro 

eiruliar  productions  of   he 
Jed  with  comparative  ac.lity 
illy  Ics^expeuBe.w.U  more 
cad,  and  will  l-eo   the  v..y 
ucstion  to  iu.agn.c  that  Ur;i 
'exportation  of  corn  and  Hour, 
thrown  olV  the  Spanish  yoko 
aniard..   Durinfi  tl.isinl..rva 
to  the  port  of  Alvarado,  Vi 
„k  of  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
"wn,  renders  it  inacces.il.lc  for 
obliged  to  anchor  m  the  roas, 
da,  loading  and  unloading  l.y 
„u    much  founjlation,  to  be  a 
reverted  to  its  old  channd. 

ve  15  feet,  arc  Berious  obstacles 
led  hv  pilots,  who  conduct  them, 
Those  that  cannot  enter  the  port 
>y  may  get  readily  to  sea  lu  the 

s  formed  the  principal  article  of 

80 1,  the  average  annual  produce 

toM,OOO.OOOdollars-(Amue//e 

L  27165,888  dollars.- (W.  tome 

Lh'capitali«'«'*»^*'°"ir''°^ 
It    he  property  they  could  scrape 
Uled  to  the  injury  severa  of  them 
W  the  interruption  of  alregula 
that  afterwards  prevailed  caused 
Vithin  these  few  years  howem, 
lidthe  lavish  expenditure,  of  a 
Cnines.  have  been  solar  sue 

Irder  and  that  a  large  increase  ol 
ted  lo  prosecute  their  operal.ons 

/       „;,y<:  n  190.\  some  °-  ^^^ 
'SmTnev'erhU  of  before,  the 

■t  of  the  companies  succeeding; 
■rclaimsbyviolence!    It.toe 

,rc88  these  outrages.    If   I  ha  e 
Ceful  proceedings,  It  will  make 

semi  as  well  as  contempt. 

^ican  mints  during  the  t  years  endmg 

9  ^82.905  dollara. 

,,  and  silk  goods,  paper,  brandy, 
Lent,  ttievaUic  of  the  imports  and 

Dnllars. 

2H4,0S7 

.    4,3fi0.56S 

.    7,437,3*5 


Export!  for  other  Mexican  portf 
for  American  pnrt§ 
fur  Europvao  and  other  porti 


Total 


-  203,043 

-  3,0'22,H8 

-  I,4fi8,093 

-  4,6i«,557 


Total 


.  12,0'32,030 


This  account  ia  exclusive  of  the  importb  by  government  on  account  of  the  loan  negotiated 
in  London. 

According  to  Humboldt,  the  imports  at  Vera  Cruz,  before  the  revolutionary  struggles, 
mii^ht  be  estimated,  at  an  average,  at  about  15,000,000  dollars,  and  the  exports  at  about 
2S.OOO,000  ditto. 

It  must,  however,  be  observed  that  this  statement  refers  only  to  the  reghjercd  articles,  or 
to  those  that  paid  the  duties  on  importation  and  exportation.  But  exclusive  of  these,  the 
value  of  the  articles  clandestinely  imported  by  the  ports  on  the  Gulf,  previously  to  the  revo- 
lution, was  estimated  at  4,500,000  dollars  a  year ;  and  8,500,000  dollars  were  supposed  to  be 
annually  smuggled  out  of  the  country  in  plate  and  bars,  and  ingots  of  gold  and  silver.  A 
regular  contraband  trade  used  to  be  carried  on  between  Vera  Cruz  and  Jamaica :  and  not- 
withstanding all  ilie  efforts  of  government  for  their  exclusion,  and  the  excessive  severity  of 
i(j  laws  against  smuggling,  the  shops  of  Mexico  were  always  pretty  well  supplied  with  the 
products  of  England  and  Germany. — {Humboldt,  Nouvelle  Espugne,  tome  iv.  p.  125. ; 
Poinsett's  Notes  on  Mexico,  p.  133.) 

M.  Humboldt  states,  that  the  total  population  of  Mexico,  exclusive  of  Guatemala,  may  bo 
estimated  at  about  7,000,000.  Of  this  number  about  ^  are  Indians,  the  rest  being  Europeans, 
or  descendants  of  Europeans,  and  mixed  races.  But  notwithstanding  this  large  amount  of 
population,  the  trade  we  carry  on  with  Mexico  is  very  inferior  to  that  which  we  carry  on 
witii  Brazil.  The  following  is  an  account  of  the  real  or  declared  value  of  all  sorts  of  British 
produce  and  manufactures  exported  to  the  States  of  Central  and  Southern  America  in  1831 : — 

£  £ 

Mexico      -  .  .  .    728,858  States  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata         -    33n,870 

Guatemala  ...         nil.  Chili  ....    651,017 

Odlombia  -  .  .    218.250  Teru  ....    409,003 

Brazil         -  -  .  .1,238,371 

The  imports  of  British  goods  at  second  hand  into  Mexico  and  Colombia,  from  Jamaica,  and 
the  other  West  India  islands,  are  no  longer  of  any  considerable  importance ;  but  considerable 
quantities  are  imported  from  New  Orleans. 

Mexico  being,  with  the  exception  of  the  United  States,  the  richest  and  most  populous  of 
all  the  American  countries,  the  smallness  of  its  trade  with  England  may  justly  excite  sur- 
prise. It  originates  principally,  we  believe,  in  the  want  of  good  ports  and  large  cities  on  the 
coast,  and  the  distance  and  difficulty  of  the  roads  from  Vera  Cruz  and  other  ports  to  the 
healthy  and  elevated  part  of  the  country.  'J^hese  circumstances,  coupled  with  the  obstacles 
which  the  restrictive  policy  of  the  Spaniards  threw  in  the  way  of  the  importation  of  foreign 
products,  led  to  the  establishment  of  manufactures  in  the  interior.  Previously  to  the  com- 
mencement of  the  revolutionary  struggles,  some  of  these  manufactures  were  in  a  very  advanced 
state;  and  v?ere  sufficient  to  supply  the  population  with  most  of  the  clothes  and  other  articles 
required  for  their  consumption.  They  have  since  declined  considerably  ;  but  as  it  is  pretty 
certain  that  the  wealth  of  the  inhabitants  has  declined  still  more,  this  circumstance  has  had 
little  elTect  in  increasing  importation. 

Rmenues.—The  revenues  of  Mexico  have  been,  during  the  years  (ended  30th  of  January), 

18^6  .  13,715,801  dollars.  1830  -  14,493,189  dollars. 

1827  .  13,289,682      —  1831  -  18,922,299      — 

1828  -  10,494,299      —  1832  .  16,413,060      — 

1829  .  12,232,385      — 

Of  thn!<e  gnms,  about  i  have  been  produced  by  the  customs  duties.  The  latter  amounted,  in  1833, 
ln8,802,<)2n  ilnllars.  Uuring  the  same  year,  the  duties  on  imported  cottons  were  1,150,000  dulliirs,  aixl 
llirai>oii  tlie  exportation  of  the  precious  metals  309,472  dollars.  The  total  receipts  of  the  Custom-housu 
of  Vera  Cruz,  in  1832,  were  2,962,299  dollars,  and  those  of  Tampico  1,428,992  dollars. 

Port  CAar^es.— Foreign  ships  pay  in  the  port  of  Vera  Cruz —  Doti.  reah. 

Tonnage  duty,  &c.  (per  ton)    -  -  -  -  -  .21 

Pilotage  on  entering     .  -  -  -  -  -  .15       4 

—      on  leaving       -  -  -  -  -  -  .19       0 

A  5tti  part,  or  20  per  cent.,  is  deducted  from  the  duties  on  all  commodities  brought  from  a  foroign 
piirt  in  Mexican  ships.    Tlie  Mexican  Congress  is,  at  this  moment,  engaged  in  discussions  respecting 
a  modification  of  the  tariff. 
Mmits,  WeighiK,  and  Measures,  same  as  in  Spain ;  for  which,  see  Cadiz. 

Duties,  if r.  at  Vera  Cr«2.— The  Mexican  government  issued,  on  the  16lh  of  November,  1827,  a  new 
larilf,  to  which  the  following  regulations  were  prefixed  : — 

Regulations  as  to  the  Mexican  Tariff. 
Vessels  of  all  nations  in  amity  with  the  United  States  of  Mexico  will  be  admitted  to  entry  at  the 
privileiicd  ports  of  tlie  republic,  upon  payment  of  the  duties,  and  subject  to  the  regulations  to  be 
obspfved  at  tlie  maritime  Custom-house,  according  to  this  tariff. 

The  anchorage  duty  is  abolished,  and  all  vessels  arriving  from  foreign  ports  are  to  pay  2  dol  1  real 
I  pettontuiuiage  duty. 
Foreign  vessels  will  not  he  allowed  to  trade  coastwise  with  the  ports  of  the  republic. 
All  vessels  putting  into  any  of  the  ports  of  this  republic,  by  stress  of  weather  or  for  refitment,  will 

89 


I  .St* 


^1: 


700 


VERDIGRIS. 


CI 


2^ 


if""*" 

?"3'J 

Ul 

w  <  3)j 

^T"U 

■  ■>L. 

be  allowed  iIia  rcqiiisite  time  to  complete  their  repnlri  or  provisioni,  and  will  only  hitve  to  pay  lucji 
cliarKca  as  nrc  niHlmnary. 

All  VKHHelH  (III  tliclr  arrival  are  tn  prent^nt  their  ninnireslg  liy  triplicate,  upeciryirig  the  marki  and 
nuiiit)or8  oriliv  piiritagi'H,  willi  the  parliciilarB  nl'ihiMr  rcHpectivu  (oiitentH. 

Tilt!  diitii-H  will  bt*  luvierl  (in  nil  S'ludn  aii-iinliiiK  tn  liiuir  Hpei'lllcalioii  in  the  inanireHt,  wlinllier  t|ii<y 
nre  Iniidi'il  or  not  ;  nnd  any  iirticle  dial  i<hall  Iih  found  not  Npecllli.'d  in  tlic  iiiuiiir».'Ht,  or  any  Hllermni, 
In  the  i|uaiillty  or  ((iiailty,  will  Hiihjitct  micli  kooiIh  to  Holziire. 

The  wrl«lilH  and  iiii'n»iircH  di'slKiialcd  In  the  larltr  are  llioje  used  in  Mexico;  and  any  arlicio  ex. 
ruiMlinK  IIk' inaxltiiuni  aiinexi'd  to  llio  Haiiie  Hhall,  lor  every  J  oT  tiui  h  e.vccHK  in  nieamiruiiivnt,  pny  i 
incroaHO  ol'lliu  ilnly  atlixed  to  tliu  naiil  article.  ' 

All  arlii'liiH  not  Npcrilied  or  eniliiiernted  in  tlie  tariU'Mhall  pay  a  duty  of  40  per  rent,  on  the  valiintlmi 
that  may  he  lixcil  on  the  aainc  at  llie  port  of  (;nlry  ;  and  for  every  hiicIi  valiialioii,  :\  lirolicrH  Klmii  i,,, 
appoinleil,  I  of  whom  in  to  bu  cliuHen  by  the  importer,  and  the  oilier  3  on  the  part  of  tint  l'ii!<tii|j|i 
lioime. 

The  arrrin,  and  all  other  duller  lately  payable  in  this  republic  under  varioui  dununilnatioiis  (excci>i. 
inc  the  Siute  duly),  are  alHdlslK'il. 

The  iiiiporler  »liall  be  liable  for  tlie  whole  nmniint  of  the  diitleg  ;  S  of  which  Ih  to  be  prild  within  (O 
days  from  the  day  the  gnodn  arc  landrd.  and  the  other  i  within  (1(1  days  alter  llie  explraiion  i>r' ihv 
latter  perioil.  No  article  will  he  allowed  to  be  taken  ont  of  the  (^iistom-hoiiae  iinlil  tlie  iIiiiii.'f>  n\yM 
have  been  paid,  ur  security  (;iveii  lor  tlie  due  payment  of  the  same,  to  the  satLifuction  of  ihe  priinJr 
authorities.  ' 

All  articles  imported  prior  to  this  law  taking  elTect  nre  liable  to  the  inlernational  duties  as  Imfore 

After  the  diilieg  have  been  once  puid,  nodediirtioii  or  allowance  whatever  can  be  made  on  tli^  ,1^,',]. 
exceptinK  in  cases  wliere  an  error  may  have  ocmrred.  ' 

No  article  will  be  allowed  to  be  re-exp<irted  without  previous  payment  of  the  import  diilios. 

All  Konds  that  may  arrive  damafied  shall  be  examined  in  presence  of  the  proper  uuthorilies,  anil  an 
allowance  maile  accordin|{  to  the  daiiia|;e  such  Koods  shall  have  sustained. 

All  goods  arriviiift  direct  from  the  place  of  their  growth  or  manufacture,  In  vessels  under  the  Mexican 
flag,  are  to  pay  l-3tli  less  duty  than  in  foreign  vessels. 

TliG  taritl'may  be  altered  at  any  time,  whenever  the  Congress  shall  deem  it  expedient  so  to  ilo;  |,ii[ 
no  alteration  which  may  bo  prejudicial  to  commerce  in  general  hIiuII  bo  put- in  force  until  (i  ino'nthi 
after  such  alteration  shall  have  been  decided  upon. 

The  basis  contained  in  the  preceding  articles  are  not  intended  to  interfere  with  any  separate  trealv 
of  commerce  which  has  or  may  bo  entered  into  by  this  nation. 

These  regulations  are  tu  be  put  in  force  within  60  days  from  the  date  hereof. 


Articles  admitted  into  Mexico  Dutyfree. 


Quickiilvcr 

Cirts  upon  fnreicn  cnnstruction. 
Woodf  n  franii's  inr  house*. 
FriDleii  t)ooks,'niaps,  and  muiic. 


riiilnsophical,  inallieDiatical,  and  oplical  in* 

•IruiiiKiita. 
Shk'iorallioiU. 


iDilrumenli  for  agricullure,  minn,  Jnj  iril. 

firers. 
Carding  wire, 
rianti  and  leeds. 


Articles  prohibited  to  be  imported  into  Mexico. 

Tallow,  Vermicelli 

.Soap,  hard  or  sott.  Cotton  thread,  under  No.  20, 

K.p»iilt'ii,  itolil  and  lilver  lace,  gallooni,&c.       Stone  ware. 

Tapes  of  cotton. 

Sli.iwti  ot  silk  or  cotton. 

Iledi,  brdilinK,  and  bed  linen,  made  up,  of 

every  kind  and  deKnption. 
Copper,  ill  sheet!  or  plga. 
Lead,  in  sheet,  pigs,  ur  shot. 

niscuit. 

Flour  and  wheat. 


Trunks  and  norlmanteaus. 

Woollen  cloths,  coarse  and  orilinarr. 

Parchment. 

Weiring  apparel  of  every  description, 

Commot)  salt. 

Hats,  common,  stulT,  and  Iciilier. 

Tobacco,  in  leaf  or  nianufactured. 


If.  JJ.— Gold  and  silver  ore,  or  in  ingots  or  dust,  are  prohibiltl 
under  penalty  of  seizure. 


Aniseeds,  cummins,  and  caraways. 

Rum  and  inolas«es. 

Sunr,  raw  or  retined, 

Conee  and  chocolate. 

Rice, 

Leather, 

Roots  and  slices. 

S.iddlery  of  every  description. 

Salted  and  dried  meats  of  all  kinds. 

Unl, 

Wax,  wrought. 

Export  Ihtlks.^KW  articles,  the  growth  ant)  produce  of  this  re- 
public,  are  frre  of  duty  on  eiimrtation,  exceptini;  itold  in  cjin,  or 
wrought,  which  pays  2  per  cent,  ad  wilortm ;  silver  in  coin,  or 
wrought,  which  pays  3  1.2  per  cent,  ad  vaionnu 

JVolir.es  to  Masters  of  Vessels  and  Passengers  proceeding  to  any  Mexican  Port. 

Notice  is  hereby  given  to  nil  masters  of  vessels  proceding  from  London  to  any  port  or  ports  nfihe 
United  Stales  of  Mexico,  that  the  passengers  they  take  out  should  be  provided  with  pas^pnrls,  siiincii 
hy  his  Excellency  the  minister  of  tlie  republic,  otherwise  the  vessels  will  be  liable  to  il>>ii'i.t|iin  nn 
their  arrival  at  those  ports,  and  the  passengers  on  board  unprovided  witli  such  passpnrts  will  not  lie 
permitted  to  land  in  the  ports  of  Mexico.     No  pleu  for  the  want  of  tliem  will  be  admiiieil. 

Masters  of  vessels  proceeding  to  and  from  those  States  ore  required  to  have  on  hoard  all  neressary 
papers  and  vouchers,  which,  according  to  the  orders  conveyed  through  his  Kxcellenry  the  Mcxjtau 
minister  plenipotentiary  at  tlie  court  of  his  Britannic  Majesty,  to  this  consulate,  ought  in  rnnsj$tor, 
besides  the  regular  ship's  papers,  all  the  invoices  of  shippers,  with  the  corresponding  hills  of  ladins;. 
Merchandise  found  on  board,  which  should  not  appear  inserted  in  the  invoices  certified  liy  the  idiisiil, 
or  that  otlierwise  is  falsely  described,  cither  hi  quality  or  quantity,  shall  be  considered  aiid  dealt  wiili 
as  contraband. 

A  bill  of  health,  certified  by  the  consul,  will  also  be  required  from  vessels  on  arrival,  by  the  authori- 
ties at  the  Mexican  ports. 

The  above  regulations  are  to  be  in  force  from  the  date  of  this  notice,  Nov.  28.  1830. 

Notice  is  hereby  given,  that  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  of  Mexico  decreed,  the  l2ihof  Octnlur 
ot  the  last  year,  that  the  Mexican  envoys  and  consular  agents  must  henceforward  charge  for  each 
passport  to  Mexico  2  dollars,  and  for  each  certification  and  signature  i  dollars. 

20,  Austin-friara,  9th  of  Jan.  1831,  The  Vice-Consul,  J.  Scheidnaoel 

VERDIGRIS  (Gcr.  Griinspan ;  Fr.   Vcrt-de-gris,   Verdcl ;  It.    Vcrderonie ,-  Sp,  Cur- 
rleniUo,  Verdtte,   Verdc-frris ,•  Rus.  Jar),  a  kind  of  rust  of  cojiper,  of  a  lii-autiiul  bluish! 
green  colour,  formed  from  the  corrosion  of  copper  by  fermented  vegetables.     Its  specilic 
gravity  is  1-78.    Itn  taste  is  disat^reeably  metallic  ;  and,  like  ail  the  compounds  into  which  I 
copper  enters,  it  is  poisonous.    It  was  known  to  the  ancients,  and  various  wu^i.sof  preparinn 
it  are  described  by  Pliny.     It  is   very  extensively  used  by  painters,  and  in  dyeing!  it  is  I 
also  used  to  some  extent  in  medicine.    The  best  verdigris  is  made  at  Montpeliicr ;  the  wincsj 
of  Languedoc  being  particularly  well  suited  for  corroding  copper,  and  fiinning  this  sub- 1 
stance.    It  is  generally  exported  in  cakes  of  about  2,'j  lbs,  weight  each.     It  is  also  manufaf- 
lured  in  this  country,  by  means  of  the  refuse  of  cider,  &c. ;  the  high  duty  of  3«.  per  lb,  un| 


VERJUICE— USANCE. 


707 


and  w\n  only  h«ve  to  pay  .«ch 

:;;;era.x^ol'uny»ue,.,,:, 

.  ■    Mnviin-  anil  nny  nrlicUi  ex- 
\,';\f;»rin'n"..B,>,.MUcnt.„ayl. 

,„,  various  aenon.inaUoi.a(«xcci)i. 
,     I  1,1,  in  to  l»'  pal'l  williln'.'O 

iViu"e,'lnveB8cl8  under  thD  Mexican 
:•  nvnpdient  so  to  ilo  ;  lull 

r;t"pui"'fo- ''•-'•' «-'''''^ 

,0  interfere  with  any  separate  uealy 
e  date  hereof. 

'•'ifTiH.t"'"""' ""  •«•■""">"•• '°'""^"''  ""• 

'      ficers. 
CarJing  wif''. 
IMinti  and  Kni*- 

0  Mexico. 

l^:Su.«ad,undcrNo.20. 
I  Common  •»»•        „      ,  ,    ,h„. 

!^'lSc^:rrekr'ofirac,.ea. 

.ndiv«o,.,or-.n-.»g"l.orJu.,a,.prok»l 
Dt  leiiure. 

Ai„a  to  any  Jl/eiicon  Port. 
Uirrg  to  any  ports  nf  Ik 

Lorn  l'""''"".',"  ,'^'  .'^i  rpassimrt.,  sisno.l 
luld  be  prov..le.l  ^^V^    J  .,,,,,.  ,„  „„ 

br!.^u'S   J^ee,.ncy  ..Me.. 

fron.  vessels  on  arrival,  by  the  amhon. 
i.  notice.  Nov.  28   1830. 

b^Si-cX:l;ald^;ir««.re.> 

nniure  4  dollars. 

'"'i^;  Vice-consul.  .T.  Sche.dn.oeu 

\Yerdct;  It.  vc7^-';;i;,5\S^i 

'    by  painterB,  and  "' .^>"2«incs 

^ing  copper,  and     «  _^^^,^„fl 

,8.  weight  each.         »^  ,^  „j 

;c.  -,  the  high  duty  ot  -s.  F        1 


(he  fort'iRn  iirlicio  givinu;  iho  liomc  protlucors  a  protty  romplot<>  monopoly  of  iho  market. 
The  gooilni'B.'i  of  vcrdiKris  is  judgrd  of  from  llic  (IcritncxH  iiiid  brii^htiicsx  of  ita  colour, 
iti4  dryncs!*,  and  its  forming,  wIumi  rubbed  on  tbu  hand  with  n  littlo  vviiter  or  Hulivu,  smooth 
iiasle,  friH-froin  grillini'MH. — ('I'/ioiii.iiin's  Chnnislrii ;  Ure.i'a  ('i/c/opwdia.) 

VEIMl'ICK  ((ter. /l^Tftt/;  Fr.  Verjitu;  U.  Ai^rcnto ;  Wp.  ylijwr),  n  kind  of  hursh,  auslcro 
vinegar,  made  of  the  pxi)ress»;d  juice  of  the  wild  nppip,  or  crab.  Tlio  French  give  thin  name 
to  unripe  grn|)fa,  and  to  the  sour  iicjuor  obtained  from  liiem. 

VIOHMU'KM'I  ((>er.  Xitddn  ;  Uu.  Miflnirpfii,  I'roppen  ,■  Fr.  Vermin  Hi ,-  It.  Venni- 
relli,  Tiit^liiiliiii  /  H|).  Alt  Iritis),  a  species  of  wheaten  piistu  formed  into  long,  Hiender,  iiolluw 
tulit's,  or  threads,  used  aniouKst  us  in  soups,  l)rotbs,  &,c. 

Verniicrlli  is  the  same  substance  as  macciironi ;  the  only  dilTorence  between  Ibeni  being 
that  the  latter  is  made  into  larger  tubes.    Uoth  of  them  are  prepared  in  the  greate.st  perfection 
in  Naples,  where  they  form  the  favourite  dish  of  all  classes,  and  the  princi|)al  food  of  the 
bulk  of  the  po|)ulution.    The  flour  of  the  hard  wheat  {^rano  t/iiro)  imported  fioin  the  Ulack 
jSoa  is  the  best  suited  for  the  maiuifacturo  of  niaecaroni.     being  mixed  with  water,  it  is 
kiUMuled  by  means  of  heavy  wooden  blocks  wrought  by  levers,  till   it  actpiires  a  sullicient 
degree  of  tenacity  ;  it  is  then  forced,  by  simple  pressure,  through  a  number  of  holes,  so  con- 
trived tiiat  it  is  formed  into  hollow  cylinders.     The  name  given  to  the  tulies  depends   on 
their  diameter ;  those  of  the  largest  size  being  maccaroni,  the  next  to  them  vermicelli,  and 
the  smallest  fedclini.     At  tJonoa,  and  some  otlier  places,  the  paste  is  coloured  by  an  admix- 
ture of  snllron  ;  but  at  Na|)Ies,  where  its  preparation  is  best  understood,  nothing  is  used  except 
flour  and  water ;  the*bcst  being  made  of  the  Hour  of  hard  wheat,  and  the  inferior  sorts  of  the 
flour  of  soft  wheat.  '  When  properly  prepared  and  boiled  to  a  nicety.  Neapolitan  maccaroni 
assumes  a  greenish  tinge.     It  is  then  taken  out  of  the  caldron,  drained  of  the  water,  and 
being  saturated  with  concentrated  meat  gravy,  and  sprinkled  with  finely  grated  cheese, 
it  forms  a  dish  of  which  all  classes  from  the  prince  to  the  beggar  arc  passionately  fond.     But 
the  maccaroni  used  by  the  poor  is  merely  boiled  in  plain  water,  and  ia  rarely  eaten  with  any 
coniliment  whatever.   The  maccaroni  usually  served  up  in  England,  is  said,  by  those  familiar 
with  that  of  Naples,  to  bo  a  positive  disgrace  to  the  name  it  bears.    When  properly  prepared, 
maccaroni  is  nutritious  and  easy  of  digestion.   The  lazzaroni  pique  themselves  on  the  dexterity 
with  which  they  swallow  long  strings  of  maccaroni  and  vermicelli  without  breaking  them  ! 
(We  have  derived  these  details  from  an  excellent  article  on  maccaroni  in  the  I'cniii/  Maga- 
zine fortho  lOtli  of  August,  1833.) 
VERMrLIilON.     SeeCiNNAHAK. 

VINIXJAli  (Ger.  Essig  ,■  Du.  Azyn  ;  Fr.  Vinaigrc ,-  It.  Acefo  ,■  Sp.  and  Port.  Vlnagre  ,- 
Fius.  Ulizus;  Lat.  Aceluin). — (See  Acin  (Acetic),  for  a  description  of  vir;egar.)  A  duty 
being  imposed  on  vinegar  of  2d,  the  gallon,  its  manufacture  is  placed  under  the  control 
nf  the  excise.  A  licence,  costing  5/.,  and  renewable  annually,  has  to  bo  taken  out  by  every 
maker  of  vinegar,  or  acetous  acid. 

All  places  for  manufacturing  or  keeping  vinegar  must  be  entered,  under  a  penally  of  50/.  No  vinegar 
liiaktr  is  to  receive  any  vinesar.or  acetous  acid,  or  aujjiir  \VBsli,or  any  iireparatioii  (nr  vini'gur,  witli- 
(1111  Bivins  I'i  hours'  notice  to  the  excise,  under  peiiatly  of  lOO;.  Any  person  sendiiiK  out  iir  leieiving 
vinopiir  shall,  unless  the  duty  on  it  be  paid,  and  il  be  accompanied  by  a  pcriuit,  fnrtVit  2(10/.  All  vinegar 
makers  are  lo  make  entries  ut  llie  next  I'^xeise-otKceof  the  quantity  made  within  each  niontli.and  are 
Imuidtn  clear  olV  the  duties  within  a  month  of  such  entry,  on  pain  of  double  duties.— (See  58  Geo.  3, 
c  65., and  Burn's  Justice  ufthe  Peace,  Marriott's  cd.) 

Account  of  the  Quantity  of  Vinegar,  charged  with  Duty  in  th»  United  Kingdom,  in  each  Year  from 
1820,  witii  the  Nett  Revenue  accruing  thereon. 


Vean. 

Ciallons. 

Nelt  Revenue. 

Years. 

Galloiii. 

Nett  Revenue. 

Years. 

Uallous. 

Nell  Revenue. 

nalXoiM, 

L. 

OnUiini. 

L. 

L. 

1830 

2,497,468 

40,586 

IMj 

2,3I0,!<I2 

4.'-.,->l8 

1830 

2,i;97,404 

17,862 

ll<2l 

2,7*4,004 

43,Sfl2 

1826 

3.028,891 

25,1.16 

1831 

2,i,'>9,li58 

19.319 

1822 

2,604,ta9 

45  63S 

1S27 

2,9b7,S64 

24,746 

1S32 

2,911,75', 

22,988 

ISM 

2.406.i63 

47,124 

1828 

2,692,^67 

24,47,1 

1833 

2,8t0,(i01 

mi 

2,360,426 

46,341 

1829 

2,558,798 

22,->41 

lis 


Hate  of  duty  previously  to  1826,  4d.  per  gallon  ;  since  then,  2rf.  The  manufacture  is  almost  wholly 
coniined  lo  England;  the  quantity  produced  in  Scotland  and  Ireland  not  amounting  to  100,000  gallons. 

VITRIOL.    See  Coppehas. 

VITRIOL,  OIL  OF.     See  Acin  (Sulphctiic). 

ULTRAMARINE  (Ger.  Vltramarin ;  Fr.  Bleu  d'outremer ,-  It.  Oltramarinn ,-  Sp. 
Utramar;  Rus.  Vltra-marin),  a  very  fine  blue  powder  made  from  the  blue  parts  of  lapis 
hzuli.  It  has  the  valuable  property  of  neither  fading,  nor  becoming  tarnished,  on  exposure 
lothe  air,  or  a  moderate  heat;  and  on  this  account  is  highly  prized  by  painters.  Owing 
toils  great  price,  it  is  very  apt  to  be  adulterated.  It  was  introduced  about  the  end  of  the 
fifteenth  century. 

IIS.\NCE,  a  period  of  one,  two,  or  three  months,  or  of  so  many  days,  after  the  date  of  a 
billof  exchange,  according  to  the  custom  of  different  places,  before  the  bill  becomes  due. 
Double  or  treble  usance,  is  double  or  treble  the  usual  time ;  and  ^  usance  is  h  the  time. 
When  a  month  is  divided,  the  ^  usance,  notwithstanding  the  differences  in  the  lengths  of 


m 


708 


USURY— WAREHOUSING  SYSTEM. 


the  monthM,  in  uniformly  1ft  ilayn.     lUanccM  ore  calculated  rxcluiivrly  of  thn  date  of  tlio  liiJI. 
Uill«  (if  itxchatiKt^  drawn  at  imanre  are  allowed  tho  uHUal  day*  of  Rrace,  and  on  tho  luiit  uf 
the  :i  day<t  iho  liill  *hould  bo  prciicntcd  for  |iaymcnt. — (tJce  Eiciianoe.) 
UMUHY.     Wco  Imtkheht  and  AjuNtrntii. 


W. 


w    ■ 

n 

ri 


O 


m  '  ml 


W  AT-NUTH,  the  fruit  of  tho  Jiiu;lunx,  or  walnut-tree,  of  which  there  arc  ievcral  variriJcH. 
Tho  wnliuit  id  a  hirffo,  hundnoino  tret-,  with  Htroiiff  M|ireadins[  liranchen.  Tho  fruit  iH  a  (iroiiy 
lnrp;(',  Huiooth,  ovato  nut.contiiining  an  oily  kernel,  divided  into  four  lobc«.  The  nut  Imi 
\m'»  always  hold  in  IukIi  cHlimalion  ;  it  wa*  called  hy  Iho  Homans  Jovls  frlnnx,  the  acorn  or 
nuiHt  of  .love,  and  honco  tho  name  of  tho  tree.  The  walnut  tree  m  indigenous  to  I'erHJa  w\A 
the  countries  bordering  on  the  (Caspian  Hea.  It  has  long  been  introduced  into  (treat  Hiitiiiii; 
but  the  fruit  seldom  ripens  in  tho  more  northerly  parts  of  tho  island.  Previously  to  the  very 
general  introduction  of  mahogany,  tho  wood  of  iho  walnut  tree  was  extensively  used  ainonffnt 
us  in  making  of  furniture ;  anil  it  continues  to  bo  largely  employed  for  that  purpose  in  mnny 
jinrt."  of  the  (>'ontinent.  It  is  much  used  by  turners;  and  is  superior  to  every  other  sort  of 
wood  for  the  mounting  of  guns;  a  circumstance  which  caused  great  devastation  among  our 
walnut  plantations  during  tho  latter  years  of  the  war.  (treat  numbers  of  walnut  trees  nrc 
annually  consumed  in  the  Haute  Vienne  and  other  departments  of  Franco,  in  the  miuinfuc. 
ture  of  iho  wooden  shoes  or  clogs  used  by  the  peasantry.  Tho  nuta  are  cither  gathered  whfii 
ripe,  being  served  up  as  desserts  without  any  preparation;  or  they  are  plucked  green,  nnj 
pickled. —  {I'uiret,  Hinturie  I'hilusophiqtif.  des  Planten,  tome  vii.  p.  213.;  Heeii's  Cydu- 
pwdia,  iVc.) 

Account  of  Walnuts  Inipnricd,  expnrtf-il,  nnd  rotnlned  for  Home  r«n,  during  1831  and  IS-li,  with  the 

Null  Duty  thereon,  and  the  Rate  uf  Duty. 


\ttn. 

Imporli. 

Etporla. 

Rutiineil  for  lloins 
Vm. 

Dutjr. 

Rile  at  Duly. 

1831 
18.38 

83,578 
10,013 

Ihiih. 
lliO 
931 

81,317 
l.'),8a'J 

r. 

9,4.'i8 
1,518 

Prr  /;uM. 
in. 

WANGHEES,  sometimes  called  Japan  Canks,  a  species  of  cane  imported  from  China. 
They  should  be  chosen  pliable,  tough,  round,  and  taper ;  tho  knots  at  regular  dintimcr.s  from 
each  other ;  and  the  heavier  the  better.  Such  as  are  dark-coloured,  badly  glazed,  and  li^hl, 
should  bo  rejected. — (Millburn'fi  Orient.  Com.) 

WAREHOUSING  SYSTEM.  By  this  system  is  meant  the  provisions  made  for 
lodging  imported  articles  in  public  warehouses,  at  a  reasonable  rent,  without  payment  of  the 
duties  on  importation  till  they  be  withdrawn  for  home  consumption.  If  re-exported,  no  duty 
is  ever  paid. 

1.  Expediency  and  Origin  of  the  WureJiousing  St/stem. — It  is  laid  down  by  Dr.  Smith, 
in  one  of  his  justly  celebrated  maxims  on  tho  subject  of  taxation,  that  "  Every  tiix  ou?ht  to 
be  levied  at  the  time  and  in  the  manner  that  is  most  likely  to  be  convenient  for  the  contributor 
to  pay  it." — (  Wealth  of  Nations,  vol.  iii.  p.  368.)  No  one  can  doubt  the  soundness  of  thi 
maxim ;  and  yet  it  was  very  strangely  neglected,  down  to  180.3,  in  the  manngcmcnt  of  the 
customs.  Previously  to  this  period,  tho  duties  on  most  goods  imported  had  either  to  be  paid 
at  the  moment  of  their  importation,  or  a  hand,  with  sullicient  security  for  their  future  pay- 
ment, had  to  be  given  to  the  revenue  officers.  The  hardship  and  inconvenience  of  such  a 
system  is  obvious.  It  was  often  very  diflicult  to  find  sureties ;  and  the  merchant,  in  order 
to  raise  funds  to  pay  the  duties,  was  frequently  reduced  to  the  ruinous  necessity  of  sellin? 
his  goods  immediately  on  their  arrival,  when,  perhaps,  the  market  was  already  glutted, 
Neither  was  this  the  only  inconvenience  that  grew  out  of  this  system  ;  for  the  duties  havinj 
to  be  paid  all  at  once,  and  not  by  degrees  as  the  goods  were  sold  for  consumption,  their  price 
was  raised  by  the  amount  of  the  profit  on  the  capital  advanced  in  payment  of  the  duties; 
competition,  too,  was  diminished  in  consequence  of  the  greater  command  of  funds  required 
to  carry  on  trade  under  such  disadvantages ;  and  a  few  rich  individuals  were  enabled  ta 
monopolise  the  importation  of  those  commodities  on  which  heavy  duties  were  payable.  The 
system  had,  besides,  an  obvious  tendency  to  discourage  the  carrying  trade.  It  prevented 
this  country  from  becoming  an  entrepot  for  foreign  products,  by  hindering  the  importation 
of  such  as  were  not  immediately  wanted  for  home  consumption;  and  thus  tended  to  lessen 
the  resort  of  foreigners  to  our  markets,  inasmuch  as  it  rendered  it  difficult,  or  rather  impos- 
sible, for  them  to  complete  an  assorted  cargo.  And  in  addition  to  all  these  circumstances, 
the  difficulty  of  granting  a  really  equivalent  drawback  to  tho  exporters  of  such  commodities 
as  had  paid  duty,  oiwned  a  door  for  the  commission  of  every  species  of  fraud. 

But  these  disadvantages  and  drawbacks,  obvious  as  they  may  now  appear,  did  not  attract  | 
the  public  attention  til'  %  comparatively  late  period.     Sir  Robert  Walpolc  seems  to  have  been 


WAREIIOUSINC.  SYSTEM. 


700 


TEM. 

yBraco.andonlhola.lol 


ah 


N0».) 


,ich  there  arc  sevmlvarietioH. 
JnhnM     The  fruit  m  «  proliy 

St  oiuS  into  Great  Mntam; 
InJ.    Frevion.ly  to  tlK.  wry 

ta- extensively  u««'>»"">"«^» 
jrpa  for  that  purpose  in  .nuny 

Zerior  to  every  other  «o,t  »t 
d  great  devantation  a.non«  our 
^J  '',..„  ,.f  walnut  tri'fs 
it  nv 

'"'""'  ""cither Rttthere.1  when 


a  numbera  of  walnut 


es  arc 


of  France,  in  the  mxmhr- 
her  Rtttheri'il  whfn 
iluckeil  Rroen,  nnJ 

)mevii.  p-  "' 


ho  nuts  are  ( 
ortheyarojl^_^^^^^.^^^^,^^ 


V.e.  during  1831  and  163».  with  Ik 
Uuiy- 


nes  of  cane  imported  from  China, 

tumJSon.    If  re-exported,  no  duty 

l„._Itislaid  down  by  T)r.  Smith 
••        iVint  "  Every  ttix  ouqht  to 
;;rconv:ientfor^hccontnJ,jr 
e  can  doubt  the  soundness  of  t> 
IsSs.in  the  management  of  th 
.ISporled  had  either  to  be  paid 
Tent  security  for  their  future  pay. 
hTo  and  inconvenience  of  such  a 
eiL    and  the  merchant,  moracr 
Tie  ruinous  necessity  ot  selN 
the  market  was  already  RuUcd. 
^hiflr8tem;forthcdut.o.hav'n? 

reater  command  of  funds  rciiuuiu 
'S^  individuals  were  _^.aW^ 


Ih  heavy  duties  were  payable 
the  carrying  trade 


The 
It  prevented 


one  nf  the  flrot  who  hsd  a  rlear  perception  of  their  injurious  infliienre ;  and  it  wait  the  prin- 
fipil  object  of  the  famous  Exei.sr  SrhemF,  propo*eil  by  him  in  \T-i^,  to  oliliRo  the  iinportcra 
of  tobacco  and  wine  to  (lepimil  them  in  public  warehouHPN ;  relieving  them,  howi'ver,  from 
the  m'cesNity  of  puyiuR  the  dutiea  chargeable  on  them  till  they  were  withdrawn  for  horn* 
fon»umption. 

No  doubt  can  now  remain  in  the  mind  of  any  one,  thot  the  adoption  of  this  scheme  would 

have  been  of  the  greatest  advantage  to  the  commerce  and  industry  of  the  coutilry.     Hut  so 

■Hiwrrful  was  the  delusion  generated  in  the  public  mind  with  res|iect  to  it,  thtit  its  proposal 

well  iiiKh  caused  a  rebellion.     Most  of  the  merchants  of  the  day  had  availed  themselves  of 

the  facilities  which  the  exiNting  system  atVorded  of  defrauding  the  revenue* ;  and  they  doxte> 

rouily  endeavoured  to  thwart  the  success  of  a  scheme  which  would  have  given  a  Marions  check 

to  iuch  prncticcs,  by  making  the  public  Iwlieve  that  it  would  be  fatal  to  the  conitnerciut  prom 

perity  of  the  country.     The  etTorts  of  the  merchants  were  powerfully  seconded  l)y  thu  spirit 

of  party,  which  then  ran  very  high.    The  political  opponents  nf  the  ministry,  anniouH  for  an 

opportunity  to  prejudice  them  in  the  public  estimation,  contended  that  the  scheme  wat4  only 

the  first  step  towards  the  introduction  of  such  a  universal  system  of  excise  aa  would  inevitably 

prove  alike  subversive  of  tho  comfort  and  lilierty  of  the  people.     In  consequence  of  thcM 

artful  misrepresentations,  the  most  violent  clamours  were  everywhere  excited  against  the 

scheme.    On  one  occasion  Hir  Robert  Woipole  narrowly  C8ca[)ed  falling  a  sacrifice  to  tho 

ungovernable  fury  of  the  mob,  which  beset  all  the  avenues  to  the  House  of  Commons ;  ami, 

after  many  violent  and  lengthencil  debates,  the  scheme  was  ultimately  abandoned. 

The  disadvantagea  of  the  old  plan,  and  tho  benefits  to  be  derived  from  tho  establishment 
of  a  voluntary  warehousing  system,  were  most  ably  pointed  out  by  Dean  Tucker,  in  his 
"Eioay  on  the  Comparative  Advantages  and  Disadvantages  of  Great  Britain  and  France 
with  respect  to  Trade,"  published  in  1750.  But  so  powerful  was  tho  impression  made  by 
the  violent  opposition  to  Sir  Robert  Walpolc's  scheme,  and  such  is  tho  furco  of  prejudice, 
that  it  was  not  till  1803  that  this  obvious  and  signal  improvement — the  greatest,  perhaps, 
ihat  has  been  made  in  our  commercial  und  financial  system — could  be  safely  adopted. 

2.  Refrulationa  as  to  Warehousing. — The  statute  of  43  Geo.  3.  c.  132.  laid  the  foundation 
of  this  system ;  but  it  was  much  improved  and  extendeil  by  subsequent  statutes,  the  regula- 
tiona  of  which  have  been  embodied  in  tho  act  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  57.,  which  took  circct  on 
ibc  Ut  of  September,  1833. 

This  act  empowers  the  commissioners  of  the  customs,  under  the  authority  and  direction 
of  the  Lords  of  the  Treasury,  to  nominate  the  ports  at  which  goods  may  bo  warehoused 
nithout  payment  of  duty,  and  the  warehouses  in  which  particular  descriptions  of  goods  may 
b«  deposited.  It  also  fixes  the  time  during  which  goods  are  allowed  to  remain  in  the  wartv 
house;  and  prescribes  the  regulations  as  to  their  removal  from  port  to  port,  their  sale  and 
stowage  in  tho  warehouse,  the  remission  of  the  duties  in  case  of  loss  by  accident,  the  allow- 
ances for  waste,  &c.  But  as  this  statute  is  of  much  importance,  wo  subjoin  a  full  abstract 
ofiu 

ABSTRACT  OF  THE  ACT  3  &  4  WiLL.  4.  C.  57.  FOR  THE  WAnEHOt'aiNO  OF  OOODS. 

Comt.irnceincnt  of  Art. — Act  to  commence  tlie  Ist  day  of  September,  1633,  except  where  any  other 
cnmroenccment  Is  pnrtlrulnrly  directed.—}  I. 

Tnunry  to  appoint  varthousing  Ports.— \x  shall  be  lawful  for  the  cnmmisaioners  of  the  trcnsiiry  to 
amintthe  ports  in  the  U.  K.  which  shall  be  warehousing  ports  for  the  piirpnies  of  this  act;  and  it 
ihall  be  lawful  for  the  commisaioners  of  cumonin,  ouhject  to  the  directions  of  the  commissioners  of  the 
iMiury,  tn  appoint  in  what  warehouses  or  places  of^  special  security,  or  of  ordinary  socnrhy,  na  this 
(uemay  require,  in  such  ports,  and  In  what  different  parts  or  divisions  of  such  warehouses  or  places, 
indinwhat  manner  any  goods,  and  what  sorts  of  goods,  may  he  warehoused  and  secured  without 
psvmenlof  any  duty  upon  the  tirsl  entry  thereof,  or  for  exportation  only,  in  cases  wherein  the  same 
maybe  |irnhibiled  to  be  imported  for  home  use  ;  and  also  to  direct  in  wliat  cases  (if  any)  security  by 
bond  ihall  be  required  in  respect  of  nnv  warehouse  so  appointed  by  them.—}?. 

HareAome  o  '  spteial  Security  by  Appointment.— Whenever  any  warehouse  shall  have  been  approved 
I  kv  the  said  coiiiniisBloners,  as  lieing  a  wiirchouse  of  special  security,  it  shall  be  stated  in  their  order 
ofappolntment  that  it  is  appointed  ns  a  warehouse  of  special  security  :  [irovided,  that  all  warehouses 
(onnected  with  wharfs  for  the  landing  of  the  goods  to  be  lodged  therein,  and  enclosed  together  with 
liiichwharfs  within  walls,  such  aa  arc  or  shall  be  required  by  any  act  for  the  constructing  of  such 
liarehouies  and  wharfs,  and  being  appointed  to  he  legal  quays,  shall,  without  any  order  of  the  com- 
1  nlsilnners  of  the  customs,  he  warehouses  fur  the  purposes  of  this  act,  for  all  goods  landed  at  such 
1  vharfi  or  quays  at  any  port  appointed  by  the  commissioners  of  the  treasury  to  be  a  warehousing  port, 
I  ind  all  such  warehouses  shall  be  warehouses  of  special  security.—}  3. 

1  Bnds  ginen  previous  to  Act  to  continve  in  force.— AW  appointments  of  warehouses  made  under  the 
lintliority  ofany  other  act  in  force  at  the  conunencement  of  this  act  shall  continue  in  force  as  if  the 
luaie  had  been  made  under  the  authority  of  this  act,  and  all  bonds  given  in  respect  to  any  goods  ware- 
llioused  under  any  act  in  force  at  the  commencement  of  this  act  shall  continue  in  force  fur  the  purposes 
loftWaact.— }  4. 

I  CommisHoner.9  to  provide  IVarehouses  for  Tobacco. —The  commissioners  of  customs  shall,  out  of  the 
Inonies  arising  from  the  duties  of  customs,  provide  from  time  to  time  warehouses  for  the  warehousing 
liftnbacco  at  the  ports  into  which  tobacco  may  be  legally  imported  :  provided,  that  for  every  hogshead, 
Itot.orcaseof  tobacco  so  warehoused  the  importer  or  proprietor  thereof  shall  pay,  for  warehouse 
Item,  lUch  sum  or  sums,  not  exceeding  any  sum  payable  under  any  act  in  force  at  the  commencement 
lof  tills  act,  and  at  such  periods  and  in  such  manner  ns  the  commissioners  of  the  treasury  shall  direct ; 
linil  all  such  sums  shall  be  paiil  and  appropriated  ns  duties  of  customs —}  5. 

I  fortir  to  revoke  or  alter  an  Appointment.— It  shall  be  lawful  for  the  commissioners  nf  the  treasury  by 
lUielr  warrant,  and  fur  the  cumuiisiiioners  of  the  customs  by  their  order,  to  revoke  any  former  wairaut 
Vol.  II.-3  O 


I: 


710 


WAREHOUSING  SYSTEM. 


M       M 

r  1 

im-.ait 


€1 


r. 


or  any  former  order,  or  to  make  any  alteration  in  or  addition  to  any  former  warrant  or  any  font 
order  made  hy  tlieiii  respectively.— }  6. 

Publieationnf  Appointment  in  Oazelte. — Every  order  made  by  the  commissioneri  of  customs  In  respi 
of  warehniisHS  of  special  security,  as  well  those  of  original  appointment  as  those  of  revocation,  alu 
atlon,  or  nddllion,  shall  be  published  in  the  London  Gazette,  for  those  appointed  in  Great  Britain,  a 
in  the  Uublin  Gazette  for  those  appointed  in  Ireland.—}?. 

Wareliouat-keeper  may  give  general  Bond. — Before  any  goods  be  entered  to  be  warehoused  In  a 
warehouse  in  respect  of  which  security  hy  bond  is  required,  the  proprietor  or  occupier  of  such  war 
house,  If  he  be  willing,  shall  give  general  security  by  bond,  with  2  sufficient  sureties,  for  the  payme 
of  the  full  duties  of  Importation  on  all  such  goods  as  shall  at  any  time  be  warehoused  therein,  or  ( 
the  due  exportation  thereof;  and  if  such  proprietor  or  occupier  be  not  willing  to  give  such  genei 
security,  the  different  importers  of  the  separate  quantities  of  goods  shall,  upon  each  importation,  i^ii 
■uch  security  in  respect  of  the  particular  goods  imported  by  them  respectively,  before  such  goodii 
entered  to  he  warehoused. — J  8. 

Sale  of  Onoda  in  IVarehouae  by  Proprietor  to  be  valid.— \(  any  goods  lodged  in  any  warehouse  be  t| 
property  of  its  occupier,  and  be  bonA  fide  sold  by  him,  and  upon  such  sale  there  shall  have  been 
written  agreement,  signed  by  the  parties,  or  a  written  contract  of  sale  made,  executed,  and  deliveri 
by  a  broker  or  other  person  legally  authorised  on  behalf  of  the  parties  respectively,  and  the  aninunio 
the  price  stipulated  in  the  said  agreement  or  contract  shall  have  been  actually  paid  or  secured  to  b 
paid  hy  the  purchaser,  every  such  sale  shall  be  valid,  although  such  goods  shall  remain  In  such  ware 
house ;  provided  a  transfer  of  such  goods,  according  to  such  sale,  shall  have  been  entered  in  a  bnni 
to  bu  kept  for  that  purpose  by  the  officer  of  the  customs  having  the  charge  of  such  warehouse,  who! 
hereby  required  to  keep  such  book,  and  to  enter  such  transfers,  with  the  dates  thereof,  upon  appljci 
tion  of  the  owners  of  the  goods,  and  to  produce  such  book  upon  demand  made. — }  9. 

Stowage  in  tyarehouse  to  afford  easy  Jiceeas. — All  goods  warehoused  shall  be  stowed  in  such  mannti 
as  that  easy  access  may  be  had  to  every  package  and  parcel  of  the  same  ;  and  if  the  occupier  stiai 
omit  so  to  stow  the  same,  he  shall  for  every  such  omission  forfeit  the  sum  of  il. ;  and  if  any  gondsbi 
taken  out  of  the  warehouse  without  due  entry  of  the  same  with  the  proper  officers  of  the  customs,  i|m 
occupier  of  the  warehouse  shall  be  liable  to  the  payment  of  thcduties  due  thereon. — 1)  10. 

Goods  fraudulently  concealed  or  removed,  forfeited,  ^c. — If  any  goods  warehoused  be  fraudiilenllj 
concealed  in  or  removed  from  the  warehouse,  the  same  shall  be  forfeited  ;  and  if  any  importer  nr  pro. 
prietor  of  any  goods  warehoused,  or  any  person  in  his  employ,  shall  by  any  contrivance  fraudiilenllr 
open  the  warehouse  or  gain  access  to  the  goods,  except  in  the  presence  of  the  proper  officer  aclinrin 
the  execution  of  his  duty,  such  importer  or  proprietor  shall  forfeit  and  pay  for  every  such  offence  ihe 
■umof.M)0/.— }  11. 

Examination  on  entry  and  landing. — Within  I  month  after  any  tobacco  shall  have  been  warehoused, 
and  up<in  the  entry  and  landing  of  any  goods  to  be  warehoused,  the  proper  officer  of  the  cus'nnis  shall 
take  n  particular  account  of  the  same,  and  shall  mark  the  contents  on  each  package,  and  shall  mart 
the  word  "  prohibited"  on  such  packages  as  contain  goods  prohihiled  tobe  imported  for  home  use;  and 
all  goods  shall  be  warehoused  and  kept  in  the  packages  in  which  they  have  been  imported,  and  no  j 
alteration  shall  be  made  in  the  packages  or  the  packing  of  any  goods  in  the  warehouse,  except  inilic 
cases  herein  provided. — }  12. 

Ooiids  to  be  carried  to  fVarehouae  under  authority  of  Officers  of  Customs. — AH  goods  entered  to  ., 
wareh<iu8ed,  or  to  be  re-warehoused,  shall  be  carried  to  the  warehouse  under  the  care  or  wjilithe 
authority  or  permission  of  the  proper  officerof  customs,  and  in  such  manner,  and  by  such  persons,  and 
by  such  roads  or  ways,  and  within  such  spaces  of  time,  as  the  said  officer  shall  authorise,  perniii, 
direct ;  and  all  such  goods  not  so  carried  shall  be  forfeited. — i  13. 

Oonds  to  be  cleared  in  3  Years,  and  Ship's  Stores,  in  1  Year. — All  goods  which  have  been  warehoused 
shall  be  duly  cleared,  either  for  exportation  or  for  home  use ,  within  3  years,  and  all  surplus  stores  of 
ships  within  I  year  from  the  day  of  the  first  entry  thereof  (unless  further  time  be  given  hy  theconi. 
mis.siiiners  of  the  treasury);  and  if  any  such  goods  be  not  so  cleared,  it  shall  be  lawful  fur  the  com. 
niissinners  of  customs  to  cause  them  to  be  sold,  and  the  produce  shall  be  applied  to  tlic  paynieiiiof 
warehouse  rent  and  other  charges,  and  the  overplus,  if  any,  paid  to  the  proprietor;  and  siichgoodi, 
when  sold,  shall  be  held  subject  to  all  the  conditions  to  which  they  were  subject  previous  tosiichujp, 
except  that  a  further  time  of  3  months  from  the  date  of  the  sale  shall  be  allowed  to  thu  purchaser ilit 
clearing  such  goods  from  the  warehouse  ;  and  if  the  goods  so  sold  shall  not  be  duly  cle.ircd  iviihig 
such  3  nionlhs,  the  same  shall  be  forfeited :  provided,  that  if  the  goods  so  to  be  disposed  of  shall  tiare 
been  imported  by  the  East  India  Company,  or  be  of  the  description  called  "piece  goods,"  iiiipoiiej 
from  pl.'tces  within  the  limits  of  their  charter  into  the  port  of  London,  the  same  shall,  nt  the  requisj. 
tion  of  the  commissioners  of  customs,  be  duly  exposed  to  sale  hy  the  said  company  at  thcli'  iie.xteuiii 
ing  sale,  and  shall  be  scdd  for  the  highest  price  then  publicly  offered  for  them. — i  14. 

fn  case  uf  .Occident,  Duly  to  be  remitted. — If  any  goods  entered  to  be  warehoused,  or  entered  to  In 
delivered  from  the  warehouse,  he  lost  or  destroyed  by  any  unavoidable  accident,  either  on  shipboard 
or  ill  the  landing  or  sliipping  of  the  same,  or  in  the  receiving  into  or  delivering  from  the  warehouie, 
the  coiiiiiiissionera  of  customs  shall  remit  or  return  the  duties  payable  or  paid  on  the  goods  soiusl or 
destroyed. — )  1.'). 

Entry  for  Exportation  or  Home  Use. — No  goods  which  have  been  warehoused  shall  he  talien  oi 
delivered  from  the  warehouse  except  upon  due  entry,  and  under  care  of  the  proper  officers  foreiimi. 
atioi),  or  upiiii  due  entry  and  payment  of  the  full  duties  payable  thereon  for  home  use;  except gond 
delivered  into  the  charge  of  the  searchers  to  be  shipped  as  stores,  and  which  shall  undinaybeK 
shipped  without  entry  or  payment  of  any  duty  for  any  ship  of  the  burden  of  TO  tuns  at  least,  Imiii 
upon  a  voyage  to  foreign  parts,  the  prohalile  duration  of  which  out  and  home  will  not  he  lessllian 
days  :  provided  that  such  stores  shall  be  duly  borne  upon  the  ship's  victualling  hill,  and  shall  Ijesliii 
ped  in  such  quantities  and  subject  to  such  directions  and  regulations  as  the  commissioners  ut'cusloi 
shall  direct  and  appoint.—}  16. 

Rum  fir  Stores  and  surplus  Stores  may  be  shipped  mil  hout  Entry. — Any  mm  of  the  British  plantalioti 
may  be  delivered  into  the  charge  of  the  searcher,  to  be  shipped  as  stores  for  any  ship  withnutenlrui 
payment  of  any  dutv,  and  any  surplus  stores  of  any  ship  maybe  delivered  into  the  ch.irgi' nfih 
searcher,  to  be  reshfpped  as  stores  for  the  same  ship,  or  for  the  same  master  in  another  ship,  wIiIm 
entry  or  payment  of  duty,  such  rum  and  such  surplus  stores  being  duly  borne  upon  the  vlciualllii 
bills  of  such  ships  respectively  ;  and  if  the  ship  for  the  future  use  of  which  any  surplus  store:!  hm 
been  warehoused  shall  have  been  broken  up  or  sold,  such  stores  may  be  so  delivered  fur  the  usenfai 
other  ship  belonging  to  the  same  owners, or  may  be  entered  for  paymentof  duly,  and  delivered  fjiil 
private  use  of  such  owners,  or  any  of  them,  or  of  the  master  or  purser  of  such  ship.— J  17. 

Duties  to  be  paid  on  original  Quantities,  except  in  certain  Cases. — Upon  the  entry  of  any  gomls  lo 
cleared  from  the  warehouse,  if  the  same  be  for  home  use,  the  person  entering  such  goods  innaritsliil 
deliver  a  hill  of  the  entry,  and  duplicates  thereof,  in  like  manner  as  is  directed  in  the  c.ise  iireo»' 
cntereil  to  he  landed,  as  fir  as  the  same  is  applicable,  and  at  the  same  lime  shall  pay  down  mil 
proper  officer  of  the  ciislciins  Ihe  full  duties  of  customs  payable  thereon,  and  not  hi'lngle^s  in  anion 
khan  according  to  the  account  of  the  quantity  first  taken  of  the  respective  packages  ur  parcels  of" 


rEM. 

o  any  former  warrant  or  any  former 

le  commissioner*  of  customs  In  respect 
fntSas  those  of  revocation  allet. 
thwe  appointed  in  Great  Bnta.n.  m 

be  entered  to  be  warehoused  In  any 
.  proprietor  or  occupier  of  such  wa,e. 
h  2  sufficient  sureties,  for  the  paymeni 
nv  tin"  be  warehoused  therein,  or  fof 
r  le  not  willing  to  g  ve  such  generji 
mds  shall,  upon  each  Importation  gi,, 
Zm  respectively,  before  such  goods  be 

eoods  lodged  In  any  warehouse  be  iht  , 
wn  such  sale  there  shall  hav«  been , 
^of  sale  made,  executed,  and  delivetei 
narlies  respectively,  and  the  an.ounut 
?ebeln  actually  paid  or  secured  to  b. 
luch  goods  shall  remain  In  such  war.. 
ale  shall  have  been  entered  in  a  „„k 
L  he  cliarge  of  such  warehouse,  wo,, 
fg  with  the  dates  thereof,  upon  applies. 

r.i"rstaTbe«owed  In  such  mann.r  ] 

nf  ?he  same  ;  and  if  the  occupier  shall 

If"  t  the  sum  of  5J. ;  and  if  any  gondsb, 

th  the  proper  officers  of  the  custom,,  ih, 

•rn'l^'S'od'rwrhrse-d^'efraudiilenJ 
be  forfeited  ;  and  if  any  .mpnrter  or  pro. 

V  slia  I  by  any  contrivance  fraudii.eml, 
e'^oresence  of  the  proper  officer  aclingin 
'rfeU  and  pay  for  every  such  otTenceilie  | 

,nv  tobacco  shall  have  been  warehoused  . 
ed  the  proper  officer  of  the  cus'onjs« 
•ntemsoneach  package,  and  shall  mar 
Sled  to  be  imported  for  home  use ;  and 
whrh  they  have  been  imported,  and  jo 
^y  goods  in  the  warehouse,  except  m  ihe 

r,  ofCustoms.-M  goods  entered  to  bt 
P  warehouse  under  the  care  orwithtbe 
in  sSch  manner,  and  by  micl,  person,  a.J 
Ihe  said  officer  shall  authorise,  permit,  oi 

-K\\  goods  which  have  been  warehwj 
NV^thin  3  years,  and  all  surplus  s  oresofl 
'rnnless  further  time  be  given  by  lliecniii.l 
so  dcarcd  it  shall  be  lawful  for  thecoJ 
oduce  shall  be  applied  to  the  payment .( 

V  naUl  to  the  proprietor;  and  sochgoorfi, 
I' they  were  subject  previous  tosuch.aie, 
[sale  sha^l  be  allowed  to  th.  purchaser  «l 

ena"  .  ^  ^e  dn  y  cleared  wiihiil 
f  the  Sds  s "to"bfi  disposal  of  shall  harel 
Lcrii.t"on  called  "piece  goods,"  mipnti.ll 
tf  1  oidon  the  same  shall,  nl  the  reqnisiJ 
%  by  the  "'^W  company  at  tl.ei.-  i.exteMJ 
Je'^'^Tcfhe'rreUUd.o,  entered  to  be 

bis  payableorpai^'on  the  goods  so  lost  ol 

[        K»»n  warehoused  shall  be  taken  oti 

ter  care  of  the  pr^^P"  offi^rs  for  o^fJ 

%e  thereon  for  home  use;  except H 

i,al>le  tnere  1  I  ,^^^^  mayliei^ 

r  as  stores,  ■'"'' ^"'^^  ,„_^  a,  least, iKiml 
fg'uUtions  as  "he  co^missiot.ers  of  cus..« 

bass-Si 

lores  uinv  be  so  delivered  for  tbe  <"^"   J 
iKor  tiaymentof  duty  and.  eiveredfo-.b| 

Ir  or  nurser  of  such  ship—*  >'■  ,, 

Inhle  thereon,  and  not  Deiiig  "^,=,'  ,    <  J 
•  the  respective  packages  or  parcel,  of  m 


WAREHOUSING  SYSTEM. 


711 


lOPds  In  iuch  entry  at  the  examination  thereof  at  the  time  of  the  first  entry  and  landing  of  the  same, 
without  any  abatement  <m  account  of  any  deficiency,  except  as  by  this  act  is  otherwise  provided  {  and 
iftheentry  be  for  exportation  or  for  removal  to  any  other  warehouse,  and  any  of  the  imclsages  or 
parcels  of  the  goods  be  deficient  of  Iheir  respective  quantities,  according  to  the  account  first  taken,  a 
like  entry  inwards  shall  also  be  passed  in  respect  of  the  quantities  so  deficient,  and  the  full  dutiei 
ihall  be  paid  on  the  amount  thereof  before  such  packages  or  parcels  of  cooda  shall  be  delivered  or 
taken  for  exsmrtation  or  removal,  except  as  by  this  act  is  otherwise  provided;  and  if  any  goods  so 
deficient  in  quantity  shall  be  such  as  are  charged  to  pay  duly  according  to  the  value  thereof,  such 
value  shall  be  estimated  at  the  price  for  which  the  like  sorts  of  goods  of  the  best  quality  have  been 
last  or  late^ly  sold,  either  at  any  sate  of  the  East  India  Company,  or  in  any  other  manner,  as  the  case 
may  be.—}  lo.^ 

Duties  on  Toiaeca,  Sugar,  and  Spirits  to  be  char/red  on  Quantities  delivered,  except  in  certain  Cases.— 
The  duties  payable  upon  tobacco,  suirar,  and  spirits  respectively,  when  taken  out  of  warehouse  for 
home  use,  shall  be  charged  upon  the  qmiitities  ascertained  by  the  weight,  measure,  or  strencth  of  the 
tame  actually  delivered  ;  except  that  if  the  sugar  shall  not  be  in  a  warehouse  of  special  security,  no 
jrealer  abatement  on  account  of  deficiency  of  the  quantity  first  ascertained  as  aforesaid  shall  be  made 
(ban  sbali  be  atter  the  rate  of  3  per  cent,  of  such  quantity  for  the  first  3  months,  and  I  per  cent,  for 
fvery  subsequent  month  during  which  such  sugar  shall  have  been  warehoused  ;  and  except,  that  if 
the  spirits  (being  any  other  spirits  tl.an  rum  of  the  British  plantations)  shall  not  be  in  a  warehouse  of 
ipecial  security,  no  greater  abatement  on  account  of  deficienci  of  the  quantity  or  strength  first  ascer- 
tained as  aforesaid  shall  be  made  than  shall  be  after  the  several  rates  of  allowances  following;  viz. 
foretery  lOOpHons,  tiydi^omtier  pmof;  vii. 

For  iny  lime  iioteiceeiliiig  6  months    - 

furatiy  liuie  eitceeJiug  6  moulhi  aud  not  exceeding  12 
Diooths 


For  in;  lime  exceeding  11  monlbi  and  not  exoeeding  18 


1  gallon 

2  gallon! 

3  galloni 


For  every  100  gallons,  hydrometer  proof;  vii. 
For  any  lime  eiceeding  \6  moolhi  and  not  exceeding  2 
years     ....... 

For  any  lime  exceeding  2  yean .... 


4  gallon* 
6  gallon 


Provided  that  no  abatement  shall  be  made  in  respect  of  any  deficiency  in  quantity  of  any  spirit* 
occasioned  either  by  leakage  or  accident,  and  not  by  natural  evaporation,  in  whatever  warehouse  the 
lanie  may  be,  except  as  by  this  act  is  otherwise  specialty  provided.—}  19. 

[inforler  may  enter  Goods  for  Home  Use,  S(e.,  although  not  actually  icarehoustd.—\f  after  any  goods 
have  been  duly  entered  and  landed  to  be  warehoused,  and  before  the  same  have  been  deposited  in  the 
warehouse,  the  importer  shall  further  enter  the  same  or  any  part  thereof  for  home  use  or  for  export- 
ation as  from  the  warehouse,  the  goods  so  entered  shall  be  considered  as  virtually  and  constructively 
warehoused,  although  not  actually  deposited  in  the  warehouse,  and  may  be  delivered  and  taken  for 
homo  use  or  for  exportation,  as  the  case  may  be.—}  20. 

Ooods  may  be  removed  to  other  Ports  to  be  rewarehoused. — Any  goods  which  have  been  warehoused 
It  tome  port  in  the  U.  K.  may  be  removed  by  sea  or  inland  carriage  to  any  other  port  in  the  same,  in 
which  the  like  gooua  .<iay  be  warehoused  upon  importation,  to  be  rewarehoused  at  such  other  port, 
and  again  as  often  as  may  be  required  to  any  other  such  port,  to  be  there  rewarehoused,  subject  to  the 
regulations  hereinafter  mentioned ;  viz.  19  hours  notice  in  writing  of  the  intention  to  remove  such 
goods  shall  be  given  to  the  warehouse  officer,  specifying  the  particular  goods  intended  to  be  removed, 
indthe  marks,  numbers,  and  descriptions  of  the  packages  in  which  the  same  are  contained,  in  what 
■hip  imported,  when  and  by  whom  entered  inwards  to  be  warehoused,  and,  if  subsequently  reware- 
housed, when  and  by  whom  rewarehoused,  and  to  what  port  the  same  are  to  be  removed;  and  there- 
upon the  warehouse  officer  shall  take  a  particular  account  of  such  goods,  and  shall  mark  the  contents 
on  every  package  in  preparation  for  the  delivering  of  the  same  for  the  purposes  of  such  removal,  and 
previous  to  the  delivery  thereof  may  cause  the  proper  seals  of  office  to  be  affixed  thereto  ;  provided 
that  tobacco,  the  produce  of  the  British  possessions  in  America  or  of  the  United  States  of  America,  and 
porchased  for  the  use  of  his  Majesty's  navy,  may  be  removed  by  the  purser  of  any  ship  of  war  In 
actual  service  to  the  ports  of  Rochester,  Portsmouth,  or  Plymouth,  to  be  there  rewarehoused,  in  nam* 
of  such  purser,  in  a  warehouse  approved  for  that  purpose  by  the  commissioners  of  customs.— }  21. 

Entry  of  Ooods  for  Removal.— Bet'ote  such  goods  be  delivered  tO  be  removed,  due  entry  of  the  same 
ihall  be  made,  and  a  proper  bill  of  such  entry,  with  duplicates  thereof,  be  deiiverea  to  iiie  cri'lGCiur  ZT 
comptroller,  containing  the  before-mentioned  particulars,  and  an  exact  account  of  the  quantities  of  the 
different  sorts  of  goods;  and  such  bill  of  entry,  signed  by  the  collector  and  comptroller,  shall  be  the 
warrant  for  the  removal  of  such  goods ;  and  an  account  of  the  same,  containing  all  such  particulars, 
ihall  be  transmitted  by  the  officers  of  the  port  of  removal  to  the  officers  of  the  port  of  destination  ;  and 
upon  the  arrival  of  such  goods  at  the  port  of  destination  due  entry  of  the  same  to  be  rewarehoused 
shall  ill  like  manner  be  made  with  the  collector  and  comptroller  at  such  port,  containing  all  the  parti- 
culars and  accounts  before  mentioned,  together  with  the  name  of  the  port  from  which  such  goods  have 
been  removed,  and  tliedescriplionandsituationof  the  warehouse  in  which  they  are  to  be  warehoused; 
indthe  bill  of  such  entry,  signed  by  such  collector  and  comptroller,  shall  be  the  warrant  to  the  landing 
officer  and  the  warehouse  officer  to  admit  such  goods  to  be  there  rewarehoused.  under  such  examina- 
tion as  is  made  of  the  like  goods  when  first  warehoused  upon  importation  from  parts  beyond  the  seas ; 
ind  the  particulars  to  be  contained  in  such  notice  and  in  such  entries  shall  be  written  and  arranged  in 
lUch  form  and  manner  as  the  collector  and  comptroller  shall  require  ;  and  the  officers  at  the  port  of 
irrival  shall  transmit  to  the  officers  at  the  port  of  removal  an  account  of  the  goods  so  arrived,  accord- 
in;  as  they  shall  upon  examination  prove  to  be,  and  the  warehouse  officers  at  the  port  of  removal  shall 
notify  such  arrival  in  their  books.—}  22. 

Be»(l  to  rewarekouse,  which  ntay  be  given  at  either  Port.— The  persons  removing  such  goods  shall  at  the 
lime  of  entering  the  same  give  bond,  with  I  sufficient  surety,  for  the  due  arrival  and  rewarehousing 
I  ofiuch  goods  within  a  reasonable  time,  (with  reference  to  the  distance  between  the  respective  ports. 
In  be  fixed  by  the  commissioners  of  customs),  which  bond  may  be  taken  by  the  collector  and  comp- 
j  liuller  either  of  the  port  of  removal  or  of  the  port  of  destination,  as  shall  best  suit  the  residence  or 
convenience  of  the  persons  interested  in  the  removal  of  such  goods  ;  and  if  such  bond  be  given  at  the 
port  of  destination,  a  certificate  thereof,  under  the  hands  of  the  collector  and  comptroller  of  such  port 
Ehill,  at  the  lime  of  entering  tlie  goods,  be  produced  to  the  collector  or  comptroller  of  the  port  of 
removal.—}  23. 

Bond  how  to  be  disekarged.-Sach  bond  shall  not  be  discharged  unless  such  goods  shall  have  been 
July  rewarehoused  at  the  port  of  destination  within  the  time  allowed  for  such  removal,  or  shall  have 
been  ntherwise  accounted  for  to  tlie  satisfaction  of  the  said  commissioners,  nor  until  the  ffll  duties 
due  upon  any  deficiency  of  such  goods  shall  have  been  paid,  nor  until  fresh  security  have  been  given 
in  respect  of  such  goods  as  herein-after  provided,  unless  such  goods  shall  be  lodged  in  some  warehouse 
In  respect  of  which  general  security  has  been  given  by  the  proprietor  or  occupier,  or  in  some  warehouse 
In  respect  of  which  no  security  is  required.— }  24. 

Goods  rewarehoused  held  on  Terms  of  the  first  IVarehousing.—Such  goods  when  so  rewarehoused 
may  be  entered  and  shipped  for  exportation,  or  entered  and  delivered  for  home  use,  as  the  like  goods 
may  be  when  first  warehoused  upon  importation,  and  the  time  when  such  goods  shall  be  allowed  to 
remain  rewarehoused  at  such  port  shall  be  reckoned  from  the  day  when  the  same  were  first  enterea 
to  he  warehoused.— i  35. 


I    -! 


■« 


712 


WAREHOUSING  SYSTEM. 


»x    m 

tat',.'s] 


'".Mil 


On  Arrival,  afur  Forma  of  retearehouting,  Pariiti  may  enttr  to  export,  ^«.— If  apon  the  arrival  ofiQcb 
goods  at  the  port  of  destination  the  parties  shall  be  desirous  forthwith  to  export  the  same,  or  to  pay 
doty  thereon  for  home  use,  without  lodging  the  same  in  the  warehouse  for  which  they  havo  been 
entered  and  examined  to  be  rewarehoused,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  officers  of  the  customs  at  such 
port,  after  all  the  formalities  of  entering  and  examining  such  goods  for  rewarehouslng  have  been  duly 
performed  (except  the  actual  labour  of  carrying  and  lodging  the  same  in  the  warehouse),  to  consider 
the  same  as  virtually  or  constructively  rewarehoused,  and  to  permit  them  to  be  entered  and  shipped 
for  exportation,  or  to  be  entered  and  delivered  for  home  use,  upon  paynientof  the  duties  due  thereon; 
and  the  account  taken  for  the  rewareliousing  of  such  goods  may  serve  as  the  account  for  delivering 
the  same  as  if  from  the  warehouse,  either  for  shipment  or  for  payment  of  duties,  as  the  case  may  be; 
and  all  goods  so  exported,  or  for  which  tiie  duties  have  been  so  paid,  shall  be  deemed  to  have  been 
duly  cleared  from  the  warehouse. — }  26.  . 

Removal  in  the  same  Port.— Any  goods  which  have  been  warehoused  in  some  warehouse  in  the  port 
of  London  may,  with  the  permission  of  the  commissioners  of  customs  first  obtained,  be  removed  to  any 
other  warehouse  in  the  said  port  in  which  the  like  goods  may  be  warehoused  ;  and  any  goods  which 
have  been  warehoused  in  any  other  port,  may  with  the  permission  of  the  collHCtor  and  comptroller  of 
such  port  first  obtained,  be  removed  to  any  other  warehouse  in  the  same  port  in  which  like  goods  may 
be  warehoused,  under  such  regulations  as  the  commissioners  of  customs  shall  direct.—}  27. 

Goods  and  Parties  subject  to  original  Conditions.— \\\  goods  which  shall  have  been  removed  from  one 
warehouse  to  another,  whether  in  the  same  or  in  a  (litfereiit  port,  and  ail  proprietors  of  sucli  goods, 
shall  be  subject  to  all  the  conditions  to  which  they  would  h^ive  been  subject  had  such  goods  remained 
in  the  warehouse  where  they  were  originally  warehoused.—}  28. 

Ooods  sold,  neie  Owner  may  eive  Bond.— If  any  goods  have  been  warehoused  in  respect  of  which 
general  security  by  bond  shall  not  have  been  given  by  the  proprietor  or  occupier,  and  particular 
security,  as  in  such  case  is  required,  shall  have  been  given  by  the  importer  of  such  goods,  and  the 
goods  shall  have  been  sold  or  disposed  of,  so  that  the  original  bonder  shall  be  no  longer  interested  in 
or  have  controul  over  such  goods,  it  shall  be  lawful  to  admit  fresh  security  to  be  given  by  the  bond  of 
the  new  proprietor  of  such  goods,  or  persons  havinic,'  the  controul  over  the  same,  with  his  sufficient 
surety,  and  to  cancel  the  bond  given  by  the  original  bonder,  or  to  exonerate  him  and  bis  surety  to  the 
extent  of  tlie  fresh  security  so  given.—}  29. 

Bond  of  Remover  to  be  in  force  nntil  Bond  be  piren  by  new  Oicner.—u  the  person  removing  any 
goods  from  1  port  to  another,  and  who  shall  have  given  Imnd  in  respect  of  such  removal  and  reware. 
housing,  shall  continue  to  be  interested  in  such  goods  after  the  same  have  been  duly  rewarehoused, 
and  such  goods  shall  have  been  so  rewarehoused  in  some  warehouse,  in  respect  of  which  security  is 
required,  und  the  proprietor  or  occupier  of  the  same  shall  not  have  given  general  security,  the  bond 
in  respect  of  such  removal  and  rewarehouslng  shall  be  conditioned  and  continue  in  fnrc«,  for  the 
rewarehouslng  of  such  goods,  until  fresh  bond  be  given  by  some  new  proprietor  or  other  person,  in 
manner  herein-before  provided.—}  30. 

To  sort,  separate,  and  repack  in  some  or  equal  Packages. — It  shall  be  lawful  in  the  warehouse  to  sort, 
separate,  pack,  and  repack  any  goods,  and  to  make  such  lawful  alterations  therein,  or  arranfienivnts 
thereof,  as  may  bo  necessary  either  for  the  preservation  of  such  goods,  or  in  order  to  the  sale,  ship. 
ment,' or  legal  disposal  of  the  same;  provided  that  such  goods  be  repacked  in  the  same  packages  in 
which  the  same  goods,  or  some  part  of  the  whole  quantity  of  the  same  parcel  of  goods,  were  imported, 
or  in  packages  of  entire  quantity  equal  thereto,  or  in  such  other  packages  as  tl'  comniissioiiersof 
customs  shall  permit  (not  being  less  in  any  case,  if  the  goods  be  to  be  exported  or  to '  t  .  *  loved  to  another 
warehouse,  than  may  be  required  by  law  for  the  importation  of  such  goods) ;  -u  I  ■;  ;-i  the  ware- 
house to  draw  off  any  wine,  or  any  rum  of  the  British  plantations  into  reputed  qi  nr  reputed 
pint  bottles,  for  the  purpose  only  of  being  exported  from  the  warehouse;  and  al  :  .u  tfanysiich 
rum  into  casks  containing  not  less  than  30  gallons  each,  for  the  purpose  only  of  .  i  tposedofaa 
■tores  for  ships ;  and  also  to  draw  off  any  other  spirits  into  reputed  quart  bottles,  uiider  such  regula- 
tions as  the  commissioners  of  customs  shall  from  time  to  time  direct,  for  the  purpose  only  of  being 
exported  from  the  warehouse ;  asi!  s!so  to  draw  off  and  mix  with  any  wine  any  brandy  secured  in  the 
■ame  warehouse,  not  exceeding  the  proportion  of  10  gallons  of  brandy  to  100  gallons  of  wine  j  and  also 
to  fill  up  any  casks  of  wine  or  spirits  from  any  other  casks  of  the  same,  respectively  secured  in  tiie 
aame  warehouse  ;  and  also  in  any  warehouse  of  special  security  to  rack  off  any  wine  from  the  lees, 
and  to  mix  any  wines  of  the  same  sort,  erasing  from  the  casks  all  import  brands;  and  also  to  take 
■uch  moderate  samples  of  goods  as  may  be  allowed  by  the  commissioners  of  customs,  without  entry 
Itnd  without  payment  of  duty,  except  as  the  same  may  eventually  become  payable,  on  a  deliclency  of 
the  original  quantity.—}  31. 

JVo  Alteration  in  Ooods  or  Package  but  according  as  the  Commissioners  direct.— Tin  alteration  snail  he 
made  in  any  goods  or  packages,  nor  shall  any  wine,  rum,  brandy,  or  spirits  be  bottled,  drawn  off, 
mixed,  or  filled  up,  nor  shall  any  samples  be  taken  except  after  such  notices  given  by  the  respective 
importers  or  proprietors,  and  at  such  times  and  in  such  manner,  and  under  such  regulations  and 
restrictions,  as  the  commissioners  of  customs  shall  require  and  direct.—}  32. 

Repacking  in  proper  Paetage*.— Whereas  it  may  happen,  that  alter  the  repacking  into  proper  pack- 
ages of  any  parcel  of  goods  which  have  been  unpacked  and  separated  or  drawn  off  from  the  original 
package  in  any  of  cases  herein-before  provided  for,  there  may  remain  some  surplus  quantities  of  the 
respective  parcels  of  such  goods,  which  may  not  be  suHicient  to  make  or  hll  up  any  1  of  such  proper 
packages,  or  it  may  happen  that  some  part  of  such  goods,  when  separated  from  other  parts,  may  be 
■uch  refuse,  or  in  so  damaged  a  state  as  to  be  worthless,  or  that  the  total  quantity  of  such  parcel  of 
goods  may  be  reduced  by  the  separation  of  dirt  or  sediment,  or  by  the  dispersion  of  dust  or  otherwise: 
and  whereas  the  duties  payable  on  such  goods  may  have  been  levied  at  a  rate  having  regard  to  a  just 
allowance  for  the  state  in  which  such  goods  are  imported,  and  it  is  not  proper  that  any  iiiamifacturlii; 
process  should  be  performed  in  such  warehouse  to  the  detriment  of  the  revenue ;  it  is  therefore 
enacted,  that  after  such  goods  have  been  repacked  in  proper  packages,  the  commissioners  nf  custom!, 
akthe  request  of  the  importer  or  proprietor  of  such  goods,  may  permit  any  of  such  refuse,  damaged,  or 
■urpliis  goods  not  contained  in  any  of  such  packages,  to  be  destroyed;  and  if  thegyods  be  such  as  may 
be  delivered  for  home  use,  the  duties  shall  be  immediately  paid  upon  any  part  of  such  suriilus  as  may 
remain,  and  the  same  shall  be  delivered  for  home  use  accordincly  ;  and  if  they  be  such  as  may  not  be 
■0  delivered,  such  surplus  as  may  so  remain  shall  be  disposed  of  for  the  purpose  of  exportation  in  such 
manner  as  the  commissioners  shall  direct;  and  thereupon  the  quantity  contained  in  each  nfsuch 
packages  shall  he  ascertained  and  marked  upon  the  same,  and  the  deficiency  shall  be  ascertained  by  a 
r.omparison  of  the  total  quantity  in  such  packages  with  the  total  quantity  first  warehouscil,  andtbe 
,'ro|iortion  which  such  deficiency  may  bear  to  the  quantity  in  each  package  shall  also  be  marked  on 
the  same,  and  added  to  such  quantity,  and  the  total  shall  be  deemed  to  be  the  imported  conlenlsof 
■uch  package,  and  be  held  subject  to  the  full  duties  of  importation,  except  as  otherwise  prnvided  by 
this  act :  provided  that  It  shall  be  lawful  for  the  commissioners  of  customs  to  accept  the  nbandonmeni, 
for  the  duties,  of  any  quantity  of  tobacco,  coffee,  pepper,  cocoa,  lees  of  wine,  and  also  of  any  whole 
packages  of  other  goods,  and  to  cause  or  permit  the  same  to  be  destroyed,  and  to  deduct  such  quanliiy 
of  tobacco  or  coffee,  or  pepper,  or  cocoa,  or  the  contents  of  such  whole  packages,  from  the  total  qiiiuully 
«f  the  laiue  importatiou,  in  computing  the  amount  of  the  deficiency  of  such  total  quantity.—}  33. 


M. 

*-  _lf  npon  the  arrival  of  roth 
h  to  export  the  .ame.  or  to  pay 
house  foVwhich  they  have  been 

nfficprs  of  the  custonw  at  such 
;,  rewarehousing  have  been  duly 
e  in  the  warehouse),  to  consider 

them  to  be  entered  and  shi|.pe,l 

vmenl  of  the  duties  due  tijereon ; 
Lrve  BB  the  account  for  del.verlnB 
„..t  of  iluties,  as  the  case  may  be; 
»W.BhaU  be  deemed  to  have  been 

led  in  some  warehouse  in  the  port 
g  first  obtained,  he  removed  to  any 
rurehoused  ;  and  any  goods  which 
of  the  collector  and  comptro  ler  of 
game  port  in  which  irte  goods  may 
stoins  shall  direct.-}  27. 
Bhall  have  been  removed  from  one 
and  all  proprietors  of  sudi  goods 
.rBUbjecl  had  such  goods  reiudined 

n  warehoused  in  respect  of  which 
?ririor  or  occupier,  and  piirlicu  ar 
JL  importer  of  such  goods,  and  the 
Jp,  ghall  be  no  longer  interested  in 
f«ecur" ty  to  be  given  by  the  bond  of 
1  over  the  same,  with  his  siimciem 
exonerate  him  and  his  surely  to  the 

„_,r  -If  the  person  removing  any 
espect  of  such  removal  and  reware- 
fame  have  been  duly  rewarehoustd, 
Xe,  i»  respect  of  which  aecuriy  is 
'ave  given  general  security,  llie  bond 
oned  and  continue  in  force,  for  the 
ne  new  proprietor  or  other  person,  in 

I  he  lawful  in  the  warehouse  to  sort, 

alterations  therein,  or  arrangeiiMts 

,  iood8,or  in  order  to  the  sale,  ship. 

be  repacked  in  the  same  packages  in 

same  parcel  of  goods,  were  imported 

ei  packages  as  t)-.     comniissioners  of 

,e  exported  or  to-..  .     loved  to  another 

f  such  goods) :  H.  (       ..ntlieware. 

i'ntoreVedq.      '        ^    .^Jfn"^ 

ehouse;andal_.         .'«  j;,,',7„'7, 

Durpose  only  of  .    i  .puseaoias 

uted  quart  bottles,  ui.Uer  such  regula. 

'"direct, for  the  purpose  only  o   being 

fh  any  wine  any  brandy  secured  in  the 

randy  to  100  gallons  of  wme  ;  and  also 

' .  hP   same,  respectively  secured  in  Ine 

ivVmik  off  any  wine  from  the  lees, 

bVu  import  brands;  and  a  so  to  take 

Lissioners  of  customs,  without  entry 

try  become  payable,  on  a  dehciency  ot 

L  i„«.,.  direet  — No  alteration  snail  be 
by  or  sp'rits  be  bottled,  drawn  off, 
Tsuch  notices  given  by  the  respective 
Iiner,  and  under  such  regulaUons  and 

lafte"ihe^'epacking  into  proper  pack. 
ISaraied  or  drawn  off  from  the  origina^ 
rremain  some  surplus  auanlitiesofll 
Itn  make  or  till  "P  any  1  of  such  proper 
VseparatJd  frotn  other  parts,  may  e 
fct  the  total  quantity  of  such  parce  of 
Ibv  the  dispersion  of  dust  or  otherwise : 
levied  at  a  rate  having  regard  to  a  j  . 
Vt  is  not  proper  that  any  •"»»»" 
Kment  of  the  revenue;  ll  is  thereiote 
KesVthe  commissioners  of  custom! 

InennU  any  of  such  refuse,  damaged  o 
iperniii  any  ^^   ^^^^  ^j  „ijy 

t»rh  oackige  shall  also  be  marked  n 
pncy  of  such  total  quaniuy .-«  33.       i 


WAREHOUSING  SYSTEM. 


713 


Xo  Foreign  Ctuks,  ^e.  to  be  vied  for  repacking. —^a  foreign  casks,  bottles,  corks,  packages,  or  mate- 
lials  whatever,  except  any  in  which  some  goods  shall  have  been  imported  and  warehoused,  shall  be 
used  in  the  repacking  of  any  goods  in  the  warehouse,  unless  the  full  duties  have  been  first  paid 
thereon.- ?  34. 

Silks,  Lincnt,  ife.  to  be  delivered  out  of  Warehouee,  to  be  cleaned.— It  shall  he  lawful  for  the  conimli- 
lioners  of  the  customs  to  permit  any  stuffs  or  fabrics  of  silk,  linen,  cotton,  or  wool,  or  of  any  inixtura 
ufthcm  with  any  other  material,  to  be  taken  out  of  warehouse  to  be  cleaned,  refreshed,  dyed,  stained, 
or  calendered,  or  to  be  bleached  or  printed,  without  payment  of  duly  of  customs,  under  security,  never- 
theless, by  bond  to  their  satisfaction,  that  such  goods  shall  be  returned  to  the  warehouse  within  the 
time  that  they  shall  appoint;  and  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  said  commissioners,  in  like  manner  and 
under  like  security,  to  permit  any  rice,  the  produce  of  places  within  the  limits  of  the  Eust  India  Com- 
pany's Charter,  to  be  delivered  out  of  warehouse  to  be  cleaned,  making  such  allowance  for  waste  aa 
to  the  said  commissioners  shall  appear  to  be  reasonable.— $  35. 

Copper  Ore  may  be  taken  out  of  IVarehouse  to  be  smelted.— \t  shall  be  lawful  for  the  importer  or  pro- 
prietor of  any  copper  ore  warehoused  to  give  notice,  to  the  proper  ofliccrs  of  his  intention  to  lake  such 
ore  out  of  warehouse  to  be  smelted,  staling  in  such  notice  the  quantity  of  copper  computed  to  be  con- 
tained in  such  ore,  and  delivering  to  such  officers  sufficient  samples  or  specimens  for  ascertaining  by 
proper  assays,  at  the  expense  of  the  proprietor,  such  quantity  of  copper,  and  giving  sufficient  security 
by  bond  for  returning  such  quantity  of  copper  into  the  warehouse  ;  and  if  such  officers  shall  be  satisfied 
of  the  fuirnesN  of  the  samples  or  specimens  of  such  ore.and  of  the  assays  made  of  the  same,  and  of  the 
security  given,  they  shall  deliver  such  ore  for  the  purpose  of  being  smeiied  :  provided  that  if  any  copper 
ore  intended  to  be  so  smelted  shall  be  imported  into  any  port  whero  such  ore  or  where  copper  cannot 
be  warehoused,  the  same  may  be  entered  as  being  to  be  warehoused  o  t  the  port  at  which  the  copper  af^er 
smelting  is  to  be  warehoused,  and  such  ore  shall  thereupon  be  taken  account  of  and  delivered  for  the 
purposes  afiresaid.  in  like  manner  as  if  the  same  had  been  warehoused:  provided  also,  that  all  copper 
so  produced  by  smelting  shall  be  deemed  to  be  copper  imported,  and  shall  be  warehoused  as  such.— ^  36. 
Goods  in  bulk  delivered.— "No  parcels  of  goods  so  warehoused  which  were  imported  in  bulk  shall  be 
delivered,  except  in  the  whole  quantity  of  each  parcel,  or  in  a  quantity  not  less  than  1  ton  weight, 
unless  by  special  leave  of  the  proper  officers.—}  37. 

Packages  to  be  marked  before  delivery. — No  goods  so  warehoused  shall  be  delivered,  unless  the  same 
or  the  packages  coniaining  the  same  shall  have  been  marked  in  such  distinguishing  manner  as  the 
coininissioiiers  of  customs  shall  from  time  to  time  direct.— $38. 

Oecrtase  and  Increase  may  be  allowed,  under  Regulations  of  the  Treasury.— It  shall  be  lawful  for  the 
commissioners  of  the  treasury  to  make  regulations  for  ascertaining  the  amount  of  the  decrease  or  in- 
crease of  Ihe  quantity  of  any  particular  sorts  of  goods,  and  to  direct  in  what  proportion  any  abatement 
of  duty  payable  under  this  act  for  deficiencies  shall,  upon  the  exportation  of  any  such  goods,  be  made 
on  account  of  such  decrease:  provided, that  if  such  goods  be  lodged  in  warehouses  of  special  security, 
no  duly  shall  be  charged  forany  amount  whatever  if  deficiency  of  any  of  such  goods  on  the  exportation 
thereof,  except  in  cases  where  suspicions  shall  arise  that  part  of  such  goods  has  been  clandestinely 
conveyed  away,  nor  shall  any  such  goods  (unless  they  be  wine  or  spirits)  be  measured,  counted, 
weighed,  or  gauged  for  exportation,  except  in  such  cases  of  suspicion. — }  39. 

AHouianr.es  for  Waste  of  Wine,  Spirits,  i^c.  in  Warehouses  not  of  special  Security  .—For  any  wine, 
spirits,  coffee,  cocoa  nuts,  or  pepper  lodged  in  warehouses  not  of  special  security,  the  following  allow- 
ances for  natural  waste,  in  proportion  to  the  time  during  which  such  goods  have  remained  in  ware- 
house, shall  be  made  upon  the  exporiaiiun  thereof;  viz. 

Spirits,  upon  every  100  galloni  hydrometer  proof ;  viz. 
For  any  time  exceeding  12  moDilu,  lod  ocil  exceeding  18 

mouttit  •  .  *  .  .3  galloM 

For  any  time  exceeding  18  montbt,  and  not  exceeding  2 

-  4^11001 
.  6  gallon 
and  to  in 


years 
Fnr  any  time  exceeding  2  yean    - 
CoSee,  cocoa  nuts,  pepper,  for  every  100  Ibi., 

proportion  for  any  leu  quantity 


Zlbt. 


Wine,  upon  every  caik ;  viz. 

Forany  time  not  exceeding  I  year           .           .  .  I  gallon 

Tor  any  time  exceeding  I  year,  and  not  exceeding  2  yeara  2  gallons 

For  any  time  exceeding  2  years    -           •           .  .3  gallons 
Spiriti,  ii;«in  every  100  gallons  hydromcl'.ir  proof;  tiii. 

For  any  time  not  exceeding  6  months      ■           ■  .1  gallon 

For  any  time  exceeding  6  moulbs,  and  not  exceeding  12 

Boulhi  .          •           •           •           •           .  -2  gallons 

-)40. 

Kmbnzlement  and  Wast'  by  Officers  to  be  made  good  to  Proprietor. — In  case  any  embezzlement,  waste, 
ipoil,nr  destruction,  shall  be  made  of  any  goods  or  merchandise  warehoused  in  warehouses  under 
Iheaulhnrity  of  this  act,  through  any  wilful  misconduct  of  any  officer  of  customs  or  excise,  such  officer 
shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  shall  U|)on  conviction  suffer  such  punishment  as  maybe 
inflicted  by  law  in  cases  of  misdemeanor  ;  and  if  such  officer  shall  be  so  prosecuted  to  conviction  by 
the  importer,  consignee,  or  proprietor  of  the  goods  or  merchandise  so  embezzled,  wasted,  spoiled,  or 
destroyed,  no  duty  of  customs  or  excise  shall  be  payable  for  such  goods  or  merchandise  so  embezzled, 
fcc,  and  no  forfeiture  or  seizure  shall  take  place  of  any  goods  and  merchandise  so  warehoused  in  re- 
spect of  any  deficiency  caused  by  such  embezzlement,  waste,  spoil,  or  destruction,  and  the  damage 
occasioned  by  such  embezzlement,  &c.  of  such  goods  or  merchandise  shall  be  repaid  and  made  good 
to  such  importer,  consignee,  or  proprietor  by  the  commissioners  of  customs  or  excise,  under  such 
orders  as  shall  be  given  hy  the  commissioners  of  the  treasury,  or  any  3  of  them.— }  41. 

On  Entry  outwards  Bond  for  due  shipping  and  landing  shall  be  given. — Upon  the  entry  outwards  of 
any  goods  to  be  exported  from  the  warehouse  to  parts  beyond  the  seas,  and  before  cncket  be  granted, 
the  person  in  whose  name  the  same  be  entered  shall  give  security  by  bond  in  double  the  value  of  such 
goods,  with  1  sufficient  surety,  that  such  goods  shall  be  duly  shipped  and  exported,  and  shall  be 
•"nied  at  the  place  for  which  they  be  entered  outwards,  or  otherwise  accounted  for  to  the  satisfaction 
of  the  cnminissioners  of  customs.— }  42. 

Bond  for  Beef  and  Pork  exported  from  jroreAowse.— Upon  the  entry  outwards  of  any  salted  beef  or 
salted  pork  to  be  exported  from  the  warehouse  to  parts  beyond  seas,'and  before  cocket  be  granted,  the 
person  in  whose  name  Ihe  same  be  entered  shall  give  security  by  bond  in  treble  the  value  of  the  goods, 
with  2  sufficient  sureties,  of  whom  the  master  of  the  exporting  ship  shall  be  1,  that  such  beef  or  pork 
shall  be  duly  shipped  and  exported,  and  that  no  part  thereof  shall  be  consumed  on  board  such  ship, 
and  that  the  same  shall  be  hiiided  at  the  place  for  which  it  be  entered  outwards  ;  and  that  a  certificate 
:of  such  landing  shall  be  produceil  within  a  reasonable  time,  according  to  the  voyage,  to  be  fixed  by 
the  coin;nis8ioneri>  of  customs,  and  mentioned  in  the  bond,  such  certificate  to  be  signed  by  the  officers 
ofthn  customs  or  other  British  officer,  if  the  goods  be  l.inded  at  a  place  in  the  British  dominions,  oi  by 
the  British  consul,  if  the  goods  be  landed  at  a  place  not  in  the  British  dominions,  or  such  goods  shall 
be  otherwise  accounted  for  to  the  satisfaction  of  said  commissioners  ;  and  such  master  shall  make  and 
sign  a  declaration  that  such  beef  or  pork  is  to  be  laden  on  board  such  ship  as  merchandise,  to  be  car- 
ried to  and  landed  at  parts  beyond  the  seas,  anil  not  as  stores  for  the  said  ship;  and  if  such  ship  shall 
not  have  on  board  at  the  time  of  clearance  outwards  a  reusonible  supply  or  stock  of  beef  or  pork,  ac- 
cording to  the  intended  voyage,  borne  upon  the  victualling  bill,  the  master  of  such  ship  shall  forfeit 
lbs  sum  of  lOOJ.— }  43. 

fiMtric(i(iii»  as  to  the  hie  ofMan.—Jlo  goods  slmll  be  exported  from  tte  warehouse  to  the  Isle  of  Man, 
eueptsuch  goods  as  may  be  imported  into  the  said  island  with  licence  of  the  commigjiunets  of  cui- 
lomt,  and  in  virtue  of  any  such  licence  firgt  obtained.—}  44. 
J  0  2  90 


714 


WAREHOUSING  SYSTEM. 


%mrm 
t*    m 

r  1 


C5 


Ooodf  mnaMj  from  Ware\o\ue  under  Cart  of  Cuitomn'  Offieen. — All  goodi  taken  from  the  warn. 
houie  for  removal  or  for  exportation  shall  be  removed  or  carried  to  be  shipped  under  the  care  or  wltb 
the  authority  or  permission  of  the  proper  officer  of  customs,  and  in  such  manner,  and  by  such  persona 
and  within  such  spaces  of  time,  and  by  such  roails  or  ways,  as  he  shall  authorise  or  direct;  and  all 
■uch  goods  not  so  removed  or  carried  shall  be  forfeited.— $45. 

Ships  to  be  not  lets  than  70  TVns  for  exporting  uarehouted  Ooodt. — It  shall  not  be  lawful  for  any 
person  to  export  any  goods  so  warehoused,  nor  to  enter  for  exportation  to  parts  beyond  the  seas  any 
goods  BO  warehoused,  in  any  ship  not  of  the  burden  of  70  tons  or  upwards.— }  30. 

Ooods  landed  in  Ducki  liable  to  Claims  for  Freight  as  before  landing. — All  goods  or  merchandise  which 
ahall  be  Ian(:ed  in  docks,  and  lod;;ed  in  the  custody  of  their  proprietors,  under  thisact,  not  being  good) 
seized  as  forfeited,  shall  be  subject  or  liable  to  the  same  claim  for  freight  in  favour  of  the  master  and 
owner  or  owners  of  the  respective  ships  or  vessels,  or  of  any  other  person  or  persons  interested  in  the 
fVeight  of  the  same,  as  they  were  suliject  and  liable  to  before  landing;  and  the  directors  and  prnpri(, 
tors  of  such  docks  are  empowered  and  required,  upon  due  notice  in  that  behalf  given  to  them,  to  de- 
tain and  keep  such  goods  and  merchandise,  not  being  seized  as  forfeited,  in  the  warehouses  bclnnginr 
to  the  said  docks,  until  the  reapective  freights  to  which  the  same  are  8ul)ject  and  liiiltle  he  duly  paid 
together  with  the  rates  and  charges  to  which  the  same  shall  have  been  subject  and  liable,  or  until  a 
deposit  be  made  by  the  owners  or  consignees  of  such  goods  or  merchandise,  equal  in  amount  tnthe 
demands  made  by  the  master,  owner  or  owners  of  the  ships  or  vessels,  or  other  persons,  on  account  of 
freight ;  which  deposit  the  directors  or  proprietors  of  such  docks,  or  their  agents,  are  directed  to  re- 
neive  and  hold  in  trust,  until  the  claim  or  detnand  for  freight  upon  such  goods  shall  be  satisfied  ;  upon 
proof  of  which,  and  demand  made  by  the  persons,  their  executors,  &c.  by  whom  the  said  deposit  hai 
been  made,  and  the  rates  and  charges  due  upon  the  said  goods  being  paid,  the  deposit  shall  be  returned 
to  them  by  the  said  directors  or  proprietors. — i  47. 

Quantities  of  the  Principal  Articles  of  Foreign  Merchandise  remaining  In  Warehouse  under  the  I.ocki 
of  the  Crown,  in  the  Ports  of  London,  Liverpool,  Bristol,  and  Hull,  on  or  about  the  5th  of  January 
18.TO  and  \S33.— (Papers  published  by  Board  of  Trade,  vol.  ii.  p.  66.)  " 


Articla. 

January,  1832, 

January,  1833. 

Articlea. 

January,  1832. 
41,695 

January,  leji 

Alkanetroot   ■ 

Iba. 

183,606 

683,905 

Raisina 

-  packagei 

35,228 

Aniutlo 

•          — 

336,173 

23>,328 

Rhubarb 

16,149 

I7,5S3 

Aslin 

cwt. 

14,005 

12,892 

cbesl^ 

669 

4M 

c»ki 

l,60S 

135 

Rice- 

cwt. 

42,967 

43,907 

Barilla 

cwt. 

147,820 

33,568 

baxi 

12,255 

I4,'i80 

Borax 

lb.. 

12,788 

27,776 

Sago- 

cwt. 

20,696 

18,400 

cheala 

186 

14 

chettt 

2,326 

l,S>9 

Briilln 

lb«. 

89,3  it 

452,025 

Saltpelrs 

cwt 

3S,82t 

6I<,8<5 

caiki 

426 

248 

Sartaparilla   • 

Ibt. 

91,337 

123,791 

Canialignea  ■ 

Un. 

82,234 

352,942 

bundlet 

519 

74« 

.""T. 

2,327 

1,611 

Sliellac 

1  wt. 

1,036 

2,101 

biidi      ■ 

2S,08S 

1,154 

clinti 

311 

244 

packagea 

1,258 

2,511 

Shumac 

cwt 

7,033 

11,138 

Camphor 

.          iL. 

12,297 

12,113 

•^ 

S,I22 

4,877 

ctaeitt 

1,147 

890 

Silk,  raw       ■ 

Iba. 

2,067,194 

2,095,530 

Ctnnamoa 

Ibv 

886,099 

404,654 

thrown  - 

^ 

755,788 

t!9;57i 

Clora 

.          .. 

775,9W 

820,849 

Smallt 

-            — 

194,172 

294,092 

Cochioeal       ■ 

_ 

323,261 

Spiritt,  brandy 

•      gallont 

612,420 

723,697 

•en>Di,fec. 

77 

136 

puncheona 

772 

),I49 

Co«na 

caika 

3,603 

1,168 

hhdi. 

2,283 

8,964 

bap 

13,485 

.'<Vi 

geneva- 

•      gallont 

13,035 

27  5)0 

Ibt. 

454,187 

401,527 

caiki 

92 

99 

Cofb* 

•     liercea 

17,097 

17,440 

caiei 

35 

178 

larreli 

1,195 

1,683 

nun     • 

puncheona 

68,932 

31,967 

baga 

77,789 

132,429 

hhdt. 

10,623 

8,281 

Ulea 

13,207 

2,969 

gallont 

l,365,IHt 

694,618 

Ibe. 

4,692,008 

6,087,989 

Steel 

cwt. 

11.438 

9,952 

Curranta 

cwt. 

57,673 

37,632 

hhifi! 

1,528 

SIS 

caroteeb  and  bula 

630 

2,604 

Sugar 

66,642 

55,269 

Figi    . 

cwt 

5,634 

2,148 

tiercel 

4,436 

3,018  ■ 

druma 

84,463 

77,586 

barrelt 

2,060 

l,«88 

peckagea 

6,030 

'^'i2i 

bagt 

136,2ra 

93,933 

Foitie 

torn 

6,591 

899 

cheaU 

10,373 

7,521 

Galla . 

cwt 

'805 

917 

boxet 

15,600 

42,226 

baga 

1,676 

1,112 

cwt 

281,513 

263,703 

Ginger 

cwt 

2,391 

808 

Tallow 

-           ^ 

38,261 

6IJ75 

eaakaand  baci 

4,516 

289 

caaka 

12,363 

6^ 

Hemp 

127,660 

32,479 

Tea,  black     - 

Ibt. 

42,256,432 

42,067.145 

bundle! 

1,857 

33< 

green     - 

-           ^ 

11,264,682 

1I,279,IKI 

Hides 

•       ewt. 

26,418 

11,440 

Tin  - 

cwt. 

3,800 

2,197 

number 

28.401 

23,881 

catki 

40 

4223 

India  rubber  • 

Ibt. 

129,683 

158,321 

Tobacco 

cwt 

146,344 

959,176 

Indigo  • 

644,235 

214,822 

bhda. 

8,780 

7612 

ehette 

36,834 

29,670 

packagea 

270 

23 

Iron  bar 

Ion 

5,974 

6401 

Turpentine    - 

cwt. 

41,062 

42,263 

ban 

26,790 

13,411 

3,060 

3,571 

cwt. 

1,635 

Turmeric 

cwt 

6,124 

8,466 

Laedy* 

■be. 

545.368 

637,738 

bagi 

11,477 

10,844 

cheata 

7,830 

6,813 

Valonia 

cwt 

17,607 

9,430 

Lead 

cwt 

6,336 

5,084 

Wine,  Cape  • 

galloDB 

488,011 

222,Sil6 

Logwood 

tun 

6,591 

7,524 

eisr 

412 

393 

Mace 

Ibe. 

77,795 

2,761 

1,436 

S88 

Madder 

cwt 

9,018 

28,938 

French 

•     gallona 

140,681 

352,569 

eaaka 

247 

177 

bbdt. 

636 

859 

root!     ■ 

ewl. 

2,528 

6,081 

caaet 

1,493 

1,430 

cuka 

24 

2t0 

Madeira 

•     gallona 

395,548 

361,594 

Molaaee 

cwt 

24,644 

7,672 

fir 

300 

354 

caaka 

1,634 

1,708 

316 

44] 

Nicangiuwood 

tooa 

866 

'602 

Port     - 

•     galloni 

2,246,904 

1,576,837 

Nutmegs 

Iba. 

274,486 

229,546 

ffi 

925 

499 

Oil,  catlor 

•          ^ 

118,177 

65,710 

1,438 

1,099 

package! 

3.488 

22S 

Rheniib 

-     galloni 

48,529 

47,037 

olive 

tuna 

9,860 

1,132 

catki 

169 

43 

caaka 

895 

172 

Spaniah 

•      galiona 

2,596,214 

2,241,538 

palm 

cwt 

3,241 

2,286 

butt! 

795 

1,133 

caaka 

963 

1,211 

bhdi. 

2,239 

3,293 

Opium 

-      cbata 

81 

unrated 

•     gillona 

172,559 

13.',»78 

Ibt. 

10,674 

20,817 

te 

243 

m 

Pepper 

254,479 

478,750 

533 

307 

bui 

60,429 

73,951 

Wool,  cotton  • 

balea 

10,081 

8,123 

Piece  goodi  of  India,  etlicoea,  piMcal 

699,590 

489,009 

cwt 

»  '*'P 

102.110 

ailkt          - 

133,685 

181,738 

abeep'k 

Ibi. 

8,078,248 

211,174 

nankeent  — 

1,219,240 

846,083 

bap 

2,!iOS 

iS' 

FimeMo 

eaakaand  but 

21,561 

18,174 

Zinc 

cwt 

87,163 

92,^ 

ISi. 

640,736 

483,220 

platet 

3,698 

3,803 

Qnickailrer     • 

•              — 

107,535 

24,189 

caaka 

18 

25 

Raiaini 

cwt. 

16,204 

34,291 

:m. 

I  (oodi  taken  from  the  warn- 

•hipped  under  the  care  or  wUh 

,1,  manner,  and  by  auch  person, 

hall  authorUe  or  direct ;  and  all 

,  _U  ahall  not  be  lawful  for  any 
'on  to  parts  beyond  the  aeaa  any 

'^AHioodfor  merchandise  which 
,,,inderthi«acl  nmbemMood. 
ieht  in  favour  of  the  master  and 

"and  the  direclora  and  proprU 
-hat  behalf  Kiven  to  them,  lode- 
i»Il  In  the  warehouses  bclongins 
subiec  and  liable  be  duly  paid. 
been  subject  a..d  liable,  or  untl. 
chandise,  equal  in  amount  to  ih; 
iV  or  other  persons,  on  accouncof 
«  their  agents,  are  directed  to  re- 
uch  goods*  shall  be  salislied  ;  upon 
fcc  by  whom  the  said  deposit  ha. 
paid,  the  deposit  shall  be  returned 

ne  In  Warehouse  under  the  Lockj 
n,  on  or  about  the  5th  of  January, 


WAREHOUSING  SYSTEM. 


716 


I.BUJry,  IKa.  Ijtnmry,  len 


.     galloni 

nunctaeoiu 

'      hM«. 

pllnni 

cuki 

cue* 

vnncbcou 

'      hhdt. 


41,695 
16,149 
6C9 
42,967 
lil,25» 
80,696 
2,326 
»,f>2l 
9I,S3T 
619 
1,056 
Sit 
7,083 
8,122 
2,067,194 
755,788 

IM,'''* 
612,420 
772 
2,2«1 
13,035 
92 
35 
68,932 
10,625 
1,365,1»1 
11.456 
1,528 
66,642 
4,436 
2,069 
138,272 
10,373 
16.600 
291,513 
38,261 
12,565 
42,256,432 
11,264.692 
3,800 
40 
146,}44 
8,780 
270 
41,061 
a,060 
6,124 
11,477 
17,607 
488,011 
412 
1,436 
(40,681 
536 
1,493 
395,'i48 
300 
316 
2,246,904 

1,438 

48,529 

169 

2,596,214 

795 

2,259 

172,659 

243 

553 

10,061 

54,708 

2,078,248 

2,r*6 

S7,163 

3,698 

18 


3S1,5<9 


WarehouBing  Porta,  «Vc. — Certain  ports  only  are  warehousing  ports ;  nor  may  all  sort* 
of  goods  be  warehoused  in  every  warehousing  port.  We  subjoin  a  list  of  the  warehousing 
ports  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  a  specification  of  the  goods  that  may  be  warehoused 
in  each,  classed  in  tables. 


Anmilel— Ooodi  in  Table  C. 

I>nul>pl'— All  good!  eieepl  tobacco,  Caat  India  goodi,  and  goodi  in 

Table  F,  other  than  lugar. 
Biderord-Gnoda  ia  Table  A,  wine  and  apirita  in  Table  B,  and  {ooda 

la  Table  C. 
Itoiton— Wine  »nd  apirita  in  Table  R. 
Bridgewater^  Wine  and  apirita  in  Table  B,  and  wood  and  tar  in  Table 

C,  rudi,  and  tallow, 
Bridport— Ruii>,  brandr^  wine,  hemp,  iron  in  ban,  timber,  barilla, 

alum,  tallow,  aiihef,  liulea  and  ikina,  autar,  currants,  aod  other  fruit. 
Bristol— East  Inilia  goodi,  and  goods  in  Tables  A,  B,  C,  U,  E  and  F. 
Chepstow— Timber,  duls,  hemp,  linseed,  staves,  tallow,  and  tar. 
Cbeaier— Rum  in  TaMe  A,  and  wine  and  spirits  in  Table  B. 
Chichester— Wood,  pitch,  tar,  and  iron  in  Table  C,  and  wool  in 

Tible  E. 
Colcheater— Rum  in  Table  A,  and  wine  and  spirits  in  Table  B.  . 
Cow(»— Goods  in  Table  A,  B,  and  D ;  and  limber  and  deala  in  Table 

Dutm^ulh— Goods  in  Table  A,  B,  C,  and  D  (except  tobacco.) 
fy,„r—Gooit  in  Table  B  (eicept  tobacco),  and  timber  and  wood  in 

Table  C. 
Eieter— All  goods  eicept  tobacco,  Eaat  India  goods,  and  goods  enu- 

meraled  in  Table  F,  other  than  sugar. 
r»lmoulh— Goodi  in  T:\ble  A,  B,  C,  and  D. 
Gimices'er— Spirits  in  Table  A,  wine  and  spirits  in  Table  B,  tallow 

in  Table  C,  an<l  barilla  in  Table  E  ;  sugar  not  East  India,  and  all 

other  gon^ts  not  E^st  India  produce,  and  not  in  Table  F. 
fifvle,  nrar  Hull— All  articles,  except  tobacco  and  snuff. 
Grimsby,  ditto— Goods  in  Tables  A,  R,  C,  0,  and  E  (except  tobacco). 
Hull— Kut  India  i^oads.  and  goods  in  Tables  A,  B,  C,  O,  aod  E. 
Imwich— Wine  and  spirits  in  Tables  A  and  B,  and  l^rilla. 
I  incuter-G  n<ls  in  Tables  A,  B.  C,  and  B 
Liverpool— Eut  India  goods,  and  goods  in  Table*  A,  B,  C,  D,  E, 

I/)ndon— East  India  goods,  and  goods  in  Tables  A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  and  F. 

Lynn-Rum  in  Table  A,  wine  and  spirits  in  Table  B,  and  timber  and 
wood  in  Table  C. 

Mildon-Wood  goods. 

Millbid-Goods  in  Tables  C  and  D. 

Newcastle-Goods  in  Tablea  A,  B,  C,  D,  and  E. 

Meobaven- Rum  in  Table  A,  wine  and  spirits  in  Table  B,  ind  tim- 
ber and  wood  in  Table  C. 

Plymouth— Goods  in  Tables  A,  B,  C,  D,  and  E. 

pil-C^oods  in  Tables  A,  B,  C,  D,  and  E  (except  tobacco). 

Fortsniouth-Onods  in  Tablea  A,  B,  C,  and  E  (eicept  tobacco),  and 
liides  in  Table  D. 

Kncheslrr-Rum  in  Table  A,  wine  and  apirita  in  Table  B,and  limber 
ind  wno'l  goods  in  Table  C. 

Kye-Wine  in  Table  R,  wood  in  Table  C,  and  clover  seed  in  Table  E. 

Shorebini— Wine  and  apirita  in  Table  B,  and  goods  in  Table  C. 

Southampton— Spirite  in  Table  A,  wine  and  spirits  in  Table  R,  goods 
in  Tabin  C,  D,  and  E,  and  Eaat  India  gooda  removed  for  exporta- 
tion to  Guernsey  and  Jersey. 

Stockton-  Hum  in  Table  A,  wine  and  spirits  in  Table  R,  limber  and 
pnili  in  Talile  C,  clover  seed  aod  green  fruit  iu  Table  E,  polaahea, 
lunr,  coffee,  hides,  *c.  _  _  _ 

SunderUnd -Goods  in  Tablea  A,  B,  C,  D,  and  E  (except  tobacco). 

Swansea- Cionils  in  Table  C. 

Wnmouih-Ruin  in  Table  A,  wine  and  spirits  in  Table  B,  wood  in 
Table  C,  almonds  of  all  sorts,  barilla,  clover  seed,  currants,  figi, 
oil  n(  olives,  salad  oil,  prunea,  raiaina  or  all  sorts,  and  liquorice  juice 
in  Table  E.        _    .     „      ,„ 
WhitbT— Goods  in  Tables  C  and  D. 
Whilthaven-Goods  in  Tablea  A,  B,  C,  and  E. 

Wiibech-Wood  goods.  „..,_. 

Tarmoulh-Rum  in  Table  A,  wine  and  spinta  in  Table  B,  hemp  and 
iron  in  Table  C,  and  goods  in  Table  E. 
Scotland. 

Aberdeen-East  India  and  all  other  goods. 

Birren-sloness-TimbCT  and  wood  in  Table  C. 

Dimtries-Wine  in  Table  B. 

Dundee- Wine  and  spiriu  in  Tables  A  and  B ;  iron,  pitch,  tar,  timber, 

and  wood,  in  Table  C. 
Glii|»iw-Esst  Inlia  goods,  and  goods  in  Tablea  A,  B,  C,  D,  and  E. 
Gnnfemouth— Fust;,',  hemp,  iron,  logwood,  mahogany,  pitch,  roain, 

lUKi,  tar,  t.illow,  tow,  turpentine,  timber,  and  wood,  in  Table  C, 

and  flax  in  Table  E.  . 

Gmnock-F-ast  India  goods,  aud  goods  in  Tables  A,  B,  C,  D,  and  E. 
Uiiii-East  India  goods,  and  goods  in  Table*  A,  B,  C,  D,  and  E. 
Mmlme-Wine,  spirits,  and  sugar ;  and  goods  in  Tables  C  and  D ; 

aibes,  butter,  cheese,  coffee,  feaittMn,  huna,  hide*,  bonejr,  spruce 

betr.  ueds,  vinegar,  and  yam. 
FoitGlaigow-Eut  India  gooda, and  goods  in  Tables  A,  B,  C,  and  E. 

htland. 

Dublin) East  India  and  all  other  goods,  including  sugar  in  Table 
MaitV  F,  and  excepting  the  other  airticlea  enumerated  in  that 
Cork  )    Table. 

Olenine-AII  good*,  eicept  Eaat  India  good*  aod  tobaccs. 
Drocheda      -) 
Dundalk 
GalwiT         I 

Linrnck      I  All  goods  (except  Eaat  India  goods,  and  the  articles 
Londonderry  |    enumeiatedinTableF,withtlwezceptionofsugar). 
Newrj 
Slid 

Walerford     . 

Weiford-Wine,  sngar,  hemp,  iron,  tallow,  foreign  spirit*,  and  vine- 
pi,  coffee,  cocoa,  rice,  pepper,  gingr ,  and  pimento. 


TUi*  J. 


Sugar 


AnnaHoormcoa  CocotiBuli 
Caida  btula       Coffee 
Kgt  being  the  produce  of,  nor  imported  from,  any  place  within  the 
limit*  o(  the  Eut  India  Compu;'*  charier. 


Angustura  bark    Indigo  Pimento 

Cotton  wool         Alahogany  Rum 

Ginger  Molasses  Wine 

Imported  from  the  West  Indies. 
Cocoa  nuta  Indign  Fimento 

Coffee  Mahogany  Rum 

Cotton  wool        Molasses  iiugar 

Ginger 
The  growth  and  produce  of,  and  imported  direct  from,  any  of  the 
territories  or  dominions  of  the  crown  of  Portugal. 
TaUt  B. 

Brandy  Rice  Tobacco 

Geneva,  &  other  Shrub  Wine 

spirits 
Not  being  the  produce  of,  nor  imported  from,  any  place  wiihin  the 
limits  of  the  Eaat  India  Comiiany*s  chanter  (siiii  its  and  wine  ex- 
cepted), or  not  being  imported  from  the  West  Indie*. 
Cocoa  nuta  Indigo  Pimento 

Coffee  Mahogany  Rum 

Cotton  wool         Molasses  Sugar 

Ginger 
Being  the  growth  or  produce  of,  and  imported  direct  from,  any  of  the 
territories  or  dominions  of  the  crown  of  Portugal. 

Spirits  and  wine 
Being  the  produce  of  any  place  within  the  limitaof  the  East  India 
Company^  charier,  and  imported  otherwise  than  by  the  said  Com- 
pany. 

TaUtC. 

Brimstone  Kelp  Staves 

Cork  Linseed  Tallow 

Hemp,  undressed         Mahoganv  I'^ir 

Iron,  in  bare  or  slit.  Marble  blocks  Timber 

or  hammered   into  Oil  of  turpentine  Tow 

rods,  and  iron  drawn  Pitch  Turpentine 

or    hammered    less  Rapesced  Wood 

than  3-4  of  an  inch  Hosin  Zaffreorcobalt 

squarv. 
Not  being  Ihe  produce  of,  nor  imported  fromwithin  the  limits  of,  the 
Eaat  India  Company's  charter,  nor  imported  from  the  West  Indies. 

TabUD. 

Hide*  Blubber    of    British    dmsed  or  shaved,  and 

Oilof  British  fishing       fishing  skins  and  furs  of  all 

Oil  of  apermaceti,  or  Whale  nns  of  British    sorts,      not      tanned, 
head  matter  fiihing  lawed,  or  in  any  way 

Train    oil,    and    all  Indiandeerskin*,half   dressed 

other  fish  oil 
Not  being  Ihe  produce  of,  nor  imported  from  within  the  limits  of,  the 
Eaat  India  Company**  charter,  and  not  being  imported  from  the 
West  Indie*. 

TaUe  £. 
Hams 

Harp-string* 
Hone* 
Jalap 

Jesuits'  bark 
Jet 

India  rubber 
Indigo 
Isinglass 
Juice  of  lemona 
Limes  and  orangea 
Juniper  berriea 
Lamp-blac. 


Alkerme* 

Almond* 

Anchovie* 

Angustura  bark 

Aniseed 

Annatio  or  rocou 

Arrowroot 

Ashe* 

Balsam  of  all  aof  t* 

Barilla 

Bead*  of  amber  and 

of  coral 
Beea'was 


Black 
beer 
Briitle*,  undretsed 
Buck  wheat 
Canlharide* 
Carpeta,  Turkey 
Cassia  fistula 
Catling*     or     lute- 
string* 
Cheese 
Chip  hat* 
Citrate  of  lime 
Citron    in   nit  and 

water 
Clover  aeed 
Cochineal  and  cochi- 
neal dual 
Cocoa  nula 
Cofibe 
Copal 

Cotton  wool  and  col- 
ton  yarn 
Currant* 
ElephanU'  teeth 
Essence  of  Rergamot 

and  of  lemon 
Essence    of   British 
America    spruce, 
imported       from 
thence 
Euphorbium 
Feather*  for  bed* 
Fig* 
flax 

German  uusage* 
Ginger 
Ginseng 
Granilla 
Gum  Arabic 
Guaiacum  and  Senegal 


Oil  of  turpentine  and 

walnut 
Oils,  chemical  and  per- 

fumett ,  not  otherw  ite 

enumerated 
Opium 
Orange   flower  water 

ointment 
Ottar  of  rosea 
Pearl  barley 
Pictures 

Pigs*  chops  and  face* 
Pimento 


Danlxic    Plain  linen  (except    Pitch,  Burgundy 


sail  cloth) 
Linaeed  cake* 
Liquorice  powder 
Maccarooi 
Madder,  ground 
Mahogany 
Manna 
Mercury 
Moluir  yam 
Molasses 
Oil  of  almonds 

amber 

aniaeed 

bay       • 

cajeputa 

carraway 


taalor 

cinnamon 

cloves 

jessamine 

juniper 

lavender 

linseed 

mace 

marjoram 

nutmeg* 

olives 

orange* 

palm 

pine 

rock 

roeemary     and 

rosewood 
salad 
sanafra* 
apike 
thynia 


Flatting  of  alraw    or 

chip 
Pots,  melting 
Prunes 
Quicksilver 
Radix  serpcntaria 
Rags 

Raisins  of  all  sorts 
Rape  cakea 
Rhinehurat 
Rhubarb 
Rum 

Saccharttm  satum 
Saffron 

Sal  ammoniacu* 
gem 
limonum,  or  aceto* 

sella 
prunella 
succini 
Saphora 
Sarsaparilla 
Senna 
Silk,  raw,  thrown,  or 

waste 
Smalla 
Straw  hata 
Succus  liquoritia 
Sugar 
Tapioca 
Tar,Barbadot* 
Tomsal 
Toys 
Verdigris 
Verm.celU 
Vermillion 

Vanelloes,  and  all  other 
goods  unmanufac- 
tured 


rri 


Not  being  the  produce  of,  nor  imported  from  within,  the  Eaat  India 
Company'*  charter,  and  not  being  imported  from  the  We*t  Indiae 


::i 


716 


WATCHES. 


u    n 

•»■■.* 

ITI 

-J 


o 


m  <  3ij 


Agiln,    rough  aiul 

poliihnl 
Almond  pute 

AlOM 

Ambn  liquida 

Ambcrgrii 

DalMint  nf  all  mrti 

Beadiar>ll  kintt 

Peer       Bjiijiinia 

BniilM 

Buflnnfill  kind! 

Cambric 

Cimiilkir      C*dJIu 

I'tntliaritn 

CarJtnionia 

Cinli  Carmine 

Cavia  buili,  ligaea, 
fit!  nil 

Catlnr 

Chint  w^n  and  por- 
celain 

Cryilals  Cider 

Ciunantnn,  imported 
undi'r  licence 

Citron  water 

Civet 

Clove*,  imported  un- 
der licence 

Clocki       Cochineal 


7\uur. 

Cneenlin  Indicua 

C'diiqiiinlida 

Coluinba  mot 

Coral  of  all  norti 

Cnrki,  ready  Ditda 

Cullle  ihella 

Dice 

Kiu  de  Cologne 

Gnaniel 

Esiencri  of  all  lorls 

F.l'rarlinrall  lorti 

Fralheri,  ostrich  and    Musical  boiea 
olhera,  not  other-    Musk  Myrrh 

»i<e   enumeiatol,    Nulniep,    imported 
drcuei]  or  iindreued    by  licence 

Fl'»vcn,  artificial        Nna  vomica 

Garneti  Opium         Ormolu 


biea,  anil  all  other 
pr<-ciou«  tlonea, 
eicept  diamonds 

Tnkle,  wrouKlit 

Lice  of  all  kindi 

I^apii  lazuli 

Mice,  imftorted  by 
liceitce 

Manna        Mercury 

Me'hPKlin 

Mnreti 


Guixe.  ofall  kinds 
Ginger,  presi^rvrd 
Obssorall  kind! 
Grains  of    i'araliae 

and  of  Guinea 
Gum  n)inponax 
Hair,  human 
powder 
Hats  and  bonnets  of 

all  sorts 
Jal.tp  Jet 

Jt!w<:ls,  emeralds,  ru- 


Oitarofi 
I'aper  Pearls 

Perry  Piclurea 

Plate  Plalina 

Platting  of  all  sorts 
Fowler    of    bronze 

and  brass 
Powder,  not  other- 
wise enumerated, 
which  will  serve 
lor  the  same  use 
as  starch 


QuicksilTtr 

Radii    ipacacnanha 

and  rhatanin 
Resina  jalaps 
Rhubarb         SafTron 
Sallimouumaudsuc- 

cini 
Scammnny 
Silk,  raw  and  organ- 

zined 


Snuff  Soap 

Spikenard       Starch 
Stnncs,  bemar 
Storai  of  all  kinds 
Succades  Sugar 

Threads  of  all  kind 
Tobacco 
Torloiseshell 
Treacle  of  Venice 
Truffles        Turbitb 


VanelloM 
Vellum 
Verdigris 
Vinegar 

Watches  of  all  sorts 
Watch  glasses 
Waters,  mineral  and 
strong,  of  all  sorts 
Wires 
Yam,  mohair 


And  also  all  goods  and  mrrrhandise  of  every  description,  which,  an, 
der  tho  provisions  of  the  wareliniising  act,  may  be  importei  for 
the  purpose  of  ri|>ortalion  only;  all  which  goods  may  be  deposlicd 
only  in  warehouses  enclosed  by  and  surrounded  with  walls,  nr  is 
other  warehouses,  or  in  places  of  s|)ecial  security,  especially  to  Im 
approved  by  the  commissioners  of  the  treasury. 

WarthouM  Rent. 

Rates  for  warehouse  rent  on  goods  deposited  In  the  king's  win. 
houses  in  the  several  outports,  viz.— 

On  large  cases  and  vats  containing  toys  or  other  merchandise  sal 
packages  of  wine  and  other  liquids,  per  week,  6d.  eacli.  ' 

Packages  of  bag^a^e.  small  {MCka^'cs  of  presents ;  viz.  botes  ksffL 
jar*,  ftc,  per  wei'k,2<f.  each.  All  other  packages  not  befo'te  js! 
scrilwd  {except  tobacco),  per  week,  id.  each. 

For  every  hogshead  of  lobaccodrposited  in  the  king's  warchnuieat 
f.ondon,  2^. ;  and  for  every  hogshead  taken  nut  of  the  same,  2t.  For 
every  hothead  of  tobacco  warehoused  in  Ihe  king's  warehonse'ittls 
out)>nrls,  I  l-M,  per  week.~(rr«uur«  tiir'cr^,  Nov.  27,  1824  itIi 
.March  19,  1830.)  '   "" 


(The  act  4  &  5  Will.  4.  c.  89.  §  20.  has  the  following  proviso : — 

The  cnninii88ioner8  of  ciistnins  shnll  remit  or  return  the  duties  pnytible  or  pnid,  on  the  whole  nr  any 
portion  of  wine,  apirits,  or  other  fluid,  which  shall  be  lost  by  any  unavoidable  accident  in  the  ware- 
house  ill  which  it  was  deposited  according  to  the  provisions  in  the  act  3  &,  4  Will.  4.  c.  57.,  or  any  other 
act  to  be  paasud  fur  the  warehoiisinx  of  goods  ;  and  the  duties  upon  the  following  arlicles,  depositedin 
warehouses  i>f  sper.iiU  security,  viz.  wine,  currants,  raisins,  tigs,  hams,  cheese,  and  mahogany,  wlien 
taken  out  iif  w.'ireliniise  for  home  use,  shall  be  charged  upon  the  quantities  netually  delivered. 

Lnss  by  Fire  in  iVarehoures.— The  5  &  6  Will.  4.  c.  06.  enacts,  that  the  clause  in  the  general  w.ire. 
housing  act.  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  56.}  41.  (onti\  vol.  ii.  p.713.),  providing  for  the  indemnification  ofihetner. 
chants  for  datiiage  orcasionRd  to  merchandise  in  warehouses  by  embezzlement,  waste,  or  spnil  or 
by  the  wilful  iiii.'-conduct  of  the  ofHcers,  shall  not  extend,  or  be  taken  to  e.xtend,  to  any  damage  or  I'osi 
occasioned  by  fire. — }  4. — Sup.) 

WATCHES  (Ger.  U/iren,  Tatchentthren ;  Fr.  Montres ,-  It.  Orluoli  da  tasca,  o  dn 
saceoecia  ,•  Sp.  Rdojes  de  faltriqucra  ,•  Rus.  Karmanniie  tschasU),  portable  machines,  gene- 
rally of  a  small  size  and  round  flat  shape,  that  measure  and  indicate  the  successive  portions 
of  time ;  having,  for  the  most  part,  their  motions  regulated  by  a  spiral  spring.  When  con- 
structed on  the  most  approved  principles,  and  executed  in  the  best  manner,  a  watch  is  not 
only  an  exceedingly  useful,  but  a  most  admirable  piece  of  mechanism.  It  has  exercised  the 
genius  and  invention  of  the  most  skilful  mechanics,  as  well  as  some  of  the  ablest  mathema- 
ticians, for  nearly  3  centuries.  And,  considering  the  smallness  of  its  size,  its  capacity  of 
being  carried  about  uninjured  in  every  variety  of  position,  the  number  and  complexity  of  jtj 
movements,  and  the  extraordinary  accuracy  with  which  it  represents  the  successive  portions 
of  time  as  determined  by  the  rotation  of  the  earth  on  its  axis,  we  need  not  wonder  at  Dr. 
Paley  having  referred  to  it  as  a  striking  specimen  of  human  ingenuity. 

Spring  watches  are  constructed  nearly  on  the  same  principle  as  pendulum  clocks.  In- 
stead of  the  pendulum  in  the  latter,  a  spring  is  used  in  the  former,  the  iaochronism  of  the 
vibrations  of  which  corrects  the  unequal  motions  of  the  balance. 

Historical  JiTotice. — The  invention  of  spring  watches  dates  from  about  the  middle  of  the  16ih  century, 
and  has  been  warmly  contested  for  Huygens  and  Ilooke.  The  English  writers  generally  incline  In 
(kvour  of  the  latter.  Dr.  Button  says — (Mathematical  Dictionary,  art.  IVateh),  that  the  words  "Rob. 
Ilooke  invenit,  1658,"  were  inscribed  on  the  dial  plate  of  a  watch  presented  to  Cliarles  M.  in  1675. 
But  Montucia  atlirms  (Ifistoire  des  Malhimr'iques,  tnm.  ii.  p.  513.  ed.  1800),  that  Huygens  made  thii 
"belle  dicourerte"  in  16.')6,  and  presented  a  sniing  watch  to  the  States  of  Holland  in  1657.  Comparing 
these  statements,  it  certainly  appears  that  ti.<,  claim  of  Huygens  to  the  priority  of  the  discovery  is  ibe 
better  establisheil  of  tho  two.  We  do  not,  however,  believe  that  either  nf  those  distinguished  persona 
owed,  in  this  respect,  any  thing  to  the  other.  The  probability  seems  to  be,  that  the  linppy  idea  of  em- 
ploying a  spring  to  regulate  the  motion  of  watches  occurred  to  them  both  nearly  at  the  same  time. 

Improvement  of  IValehes. — Owing  to  the  facility  with  which  the  longitude  may  be  determined  by  the 
aid  of  accurately  going  watches,  it  is  of  great  importance  to  have  them  made  as  perfect  as  pnssible. 
In  this  view  liberal  premiums  have  been  given  to  the  makers  of  the  best  marine  »  'rhes,  or  chrono- 
meters, by  the  governments  of  England,  France,  Spain,  Sec.  In  the  reign  of  Quec  me,  parliament 
offered  a  reward  iif 'iO.OOIM.  to  any  one  who  should  make  a  watch,  or  other  in  cnt,  capable  of 

determining  the  longitude  at  sea,  within  certain  limits.  This  magnificent  preniiiur  .is  awardeil.lo 
1764,  to  the  celebrated  John  Hirrison,  for  a  marine  watch,  which,  being  tried  in  a  myage  tn  Barba- 
does,  determined  iu  longitude  with  even  more  than  the  required  accuracy.  Other  premiums,  thotinh 
of  inferior  amount,  were  subsequently  given  to  Messrst  Mudge,  Arnold,  Earnshaw,  tic.  .Since  1623, 
2  prizes,  one  of  300f.  and  one  of  '2001.,  have  been  annually  given  to  tha  makers  of  the  2  chronnineleii 
adjudged  to  he  the  best,  after  having  been  submitted  to  a  twelvemonth's  trial  at  Ihe  Royal  Olmervaiory 
at  Greenwich.  And  to  such  perfection  has  the  manufacture  attained,  that  some  of  the  chronumeleri 
employed  by  navigators,  though  carried  into  the  most  opposite  climates,  have  not  varied  to  the  extent 
of  2  seconds  in  their  mean  rate  of  going  throughout  the  year. 

tVatch  Miiniifucture. — The  watch-making  business  is  carried  on  to  a  great  extent  in  London;  llm 
artists  of  which  have  attained  to  an  unrivalled  degree  of  excellence  in  this  department.  There  are 
about  14,000  gold  and  85,000  silver  watches  annually  assayed  at  Goldsmith's  Hall,  Lundan— {Jacob n 
the  Precious  Metals,  vol.  ii.  p.  41.1.)— the  aggregate  value  of  which  is,  probably,  not  miich  under 
000,000{.  Thi!  manufacture  is  also  carried  on  to  a  considerable  extent  at  Liverpool,  Coventry,  Edin- 
burgh, Sec.  Watch  movements  used  to  be  extensively  manufactured  at  Prescot  in  Lancashire;  bul 
latterly,  we  believe,  the  manufacturers  have  been  withdrawing  to  Liverpool. 

On  the  CoDtiiient,  watches  are  principally  manufactured  at  Paris,  Geneva,  and  in  Neufcbitel. 


WATER. 


717 


■uff  *>»P^ 

plktmrd       SlMCB 
itonw,  bem*' . 
Itoriii  or  all  kind* 
luccadM  Sff" 

rhfcaili  of  all  kiwi 
Fobacco 
r(irliii«««n«l' 
Treirle  of  Venicj 


VaMltM 

Vellum 

Verdiirit 

Vloeiar 

WalchM  of  all  wrta 

Watch  |laM« 

VValen,  miDenl  anil 
•troni,  of  all  wrti 

Wlret 

Yam,  mohaii 


mfrchandlieof  «»«Ty  cle«np  ion,  which,  uo- 
,nh"  warehouiing  act,  may  1«  '";l'°""i  '"' 
.mil  ouly  ;  all  wliich  noiH^i  may  be  d.|x>.ii«l 
li„«.l  hv  and  •unoumlnl  with  w»ll«.  or  i> 
rm  r^c«*of "V'lal  neurit,,  -pecially  to  U 
nniwioner.otthelrea.ury. 

tVafchouu  RmU 
,  rent  on  good,  depoiited  In  the  kin|'i  wir» 
™;.C.'.iii;i7  toy.  or  other  merchandi...  «1 

■e  .ma  VckU"  "'  P™*""  1  "»•  ^,'.?'  "T- 
;  M   each.    All  other  p«ka«e.  not  Letoio  d.- 

if  ono"ac"n"l'eixi.it^''inlhe  kin,'.  warthnuM  ,1 

e«en^  h-n^heid  taken  out  of  h.  .nine,  i,.   For 

bacro  >vat5hn,i«d  in  the  ko^>  wareho™.lll. 

r  week.-(rreoiurv  Ur'fw,  Nov.  27,  IW4,  and 

roviso: — 

nvable  or  pnW,  on  the  whole  or  My 
unnvotiliil'le  nccidflnt  In  Ihe  ware- 
Bcl  3  &  4  Will.  4.  c.  57.,  or  any  other 
in  the  following  articles,  depositedin 
ams,  cheese,  and  mahogany,  when 
uantiliei  aeUMlly  delivertd. 
,at  the  clause  in  the  general  w.ire. 
I!  for  Ihe  indemnihcation  of  the  mer. 
IV  einhc/.zlement,  waste,  or  spoil  ni 
ien  to  e.xtend,to  any  damage  orlosi 

Ires  •  It.  Orluoli  da  tasca,  o  da 
tschasii),  portable  machines,  gene- 
,d  indicate  the  successive  portions 
d  by  a  spiral  spring.     When  con- 
1  the  best  manner,  a  watch  is  not 
mechanism.     It  has  exercised  the 
■H  as  some  of  the  ablest  malhema- 
lallness  of  its  size,  iU  capacity  of 
the  number  and  complexity  of  its 
t  represents  the  successive  portions 
8  axis,  we  need  not  wonder  at  Dr, 
Ian  ingenuity.  ,    ,       , 

Principle  as  pendulum  clocks.  In- 
the  former,  the  iaochronism  of  the 
ilance. 

m  about  the  middle  of  the  16th  century, 

ie  English  writers  generally  incine  in 

or«    irafc/ll.  that  th«  worils  "Rob. 

iv'i^ich  i.re?entid  to  Charles  11.  in  1675. 

13   ed   1800),  that  Huygens  made  ihi. 

siatei  of  Holland  In  1657.    Comparing 

g  lo  the  priority  of  the  discovery  is  tk 

t  either  of  those  disting.iished  person. 

eeins  to  be,  that  the  happy  idea  of  em- 

the"n  both  nearly  at  the  same  tune 

^e  longitude  may  be  determined  by  the 

fcave  them  made  as  perfect  as  possible. 

Ke  best  marine  w  'rhes,  or  chrono- 

'  '  .„ii,«  makers  of  the  2  chronometen 
.'"  '  „.h",Triaf  at  the  Royal  Observatory 

L  «n  to  a  ereat  extent  in  London ;  tin 

,e  extent  »» '••^"P^'',^'' whire;  b«l 
ictiired  at  Prescol  In  Lancasiiiie, 

KK'Getva.  and  in  NeufcWul. 


gome  of  the  French  and  SwUi  watches  are  excellent ;  but,  generally  speaking,  they  are  slight,  and 
Inferior  to  those  made  In  London.  Paris  and  Ceneva  watches  are  largely  exported  to  foreign  coun- 
tries  i  and  are  every  where  in  high  estimation,  particularly  among  the  Indies. 

Watches  Impressed  with  any  mark  or  stamp,  appearing  to  be  or  to  represent  any  legal  lirltish  assay 
mark  or  stamp,  or  pur|M)rtiiig  by  any  mark  or  appnaraiice  to  be  of  the  iiiaiiiificlure  of  the  United  King- 
dnin,  or  not  having  the  name  and  place  of  abode  of  some  foreign  makt^r  abroad  visible  on  the  frame 
and  also  on  the  face,  or  not  being  in  a  complete  state,  with  all  the  parts  properly  fixed  in  Ihe  case,  may 
not  be  imported  into  the  United  Kingdom,  even  for  the  purpose  of  being  warehoused.— (3  II  4  H'lll,  4. 
c,  62.  i  58.    See  anti,  p.  10. 

Hatchra  in  C'Aina.— Pretty  considerable  numbers  of  European  watches  are  Imported  into  China ;  and 
we  anticipate,  now  that  Ihe  monopoly  is  put  down,  a  large  Increase  of  the  trade.  It  may  be  worth 
iiipntioiiing,  that  those  among  the  Chinese,  as  well  as  among  some  other  Eastern  nations,  who  can 
atfiird  it,  11  nifornily  wear  traie/tes  in  pain  I  This  sort  of  extravagance  Is  not,  however,  confined  to 
wHlclii-8,  but  extends  to  a  variety  of  other  articles.  Hliawls,  for  example,  are  invariably  worn  in  India 
III  pairs  of  exactly  the  same  pattern  t  and  It  la  hardly  possible,  Indeed,  lo  find  a  native  dealer  who  will 
tell  a  single  shawl. 

in  I8il2,  there  were  exported  frotn  Great  Britain  18,678  watches  of  British  manufacture  ;  of  these, 
i:i,:ni  were  silver,  4,187  metal,  433  gold,  671  being  without  cases.  The  duty  on  foreign  watches  and 
clocks  is  an  ad  valorem  one  of  23  per  cent.,  and  no  account  is  kept  of  the  niinihers  of  each  imported.  In 
|x3'i,  their  airgregate  value  amounted  to  23,3,12<.:  the  total  value  of  the  foreign  clocks  and  watches 
expiirted  during  the  same  year  being  l,05U.—lPatl.  Paper,  No.  490.  Sess.  1833.) 

WATER.  It  may  bo  thought  unnecessary,  perhaps,  to  say  any  thing  in  a  work  of  this 
sort  with  respect  to  a  fluid  so  well  known  and  so  abundant.  But,  besides  being  an  indis- 
pfiisaliie  nece.ssary  of  life,  water  is,  in  most  large  cities,  an  impurlant  eomvicrcial  article. 
It  is  in  tlif  '  tor  point  of  view,  principally,  that  we  mean  to  consider  it. — Inasmuch,  how- 
ever, as  tl,  .lode  of  supplying  diircrent  places  with  water,  and  its  price,  necessarily  vary  in 
every  possible  way,  we  shall  limit  our  remarks  on  these  suhjerts  to  the  metropolis  only.  The 
fovv  remarks  we  intend  to  olfer  of  a  general  nature  will  apply  inditl'ercntly  to  any  populous 
place,  the  supply  of  which  with  water  occasions  a  considerable  expense. 

1,  Qwa/iri/o/ 'f'arer.— Dr.  Ure  has  made  the  following  statements  with  respect  to  the  quality  of 
water:—"  VVater,"  says  he,  "is  a  very  transparent  fluid,  possesning  a  moderate  degree  of  activity 
nilli  regard  to  organised  substances,  which  renders  it  friendly  to  animal  and  vegetable  life,  for  botli 
wiiicb  it  is,  Indeed,  indispensably  necessary.  Hence  it  acts  hut  slightly  on  the  organs  of  sense,  and  is 
therefore  said  to  have  neither  taste  nor  smell.  It  appears  to  possess  considerable  elasticity,  and  yields 
in  a  perceptible  degree  to  the  pressure  of  air  in  the  condensing  miicliine. 

"  Native  water  is  seldom,  if  ever,  found  perfectly  pure.    The  waters  that  flow  within  or  upon  the 
tiirfuce  of  the  earth  contain  various  earthy,  saline,  metallic,  vegetable,  or  animal  particles,  according 
In  Ihe  substances  over  or  through  which  they  pass.   Knin  and  snow  waters  are  much  purer  than  these, 
aithniijih  they  also  contain  whatever  floats  in  the  air,  or  has  been  exhaled  along  with  the  watery 
v.ipiiurs. 
"The  purity  of  water  may  be  known  by  the  following  marks  or  properties  of  pure  water  : — 
"  I.  Pure  water  is  lighter  than  water  that  is  not  pure. 
"2.  Pure  water  is  more  fluid  than  water  that  is  not  pure. 
"3.  It  has  no  colour,  smell,  or  taste. 

•'4.  It  wets  more  easily  than  the  waters  containing  metallic  and  earthy  salts,  called  hard  waters, 
and  feels  softer  when  touched. 
"5.  ISoap,  or  ii  solution  of  soap  in  alcohol,  mixes  easily  and  perfectly  with  it. 
"6.  It  is  not  rendered  turbid  by  adding  to  it  a  solution  of  gold  in  aqua  regia ;  or  a  solution  of  silver, 
or  of  lead,  or  of  mercury,  in  nitric  acid  ;  or  a  solution  of  acetate  of  lead  in  water. 

"Water  was,  till  modern  times,  considered  as  an  elementary  or  simple  substance;  but  it  is  now 
asreriained  to  be  a  compound  of  oxygen  and  hydrogen." 

2,  Supply  of  Water. — London  was  very  ill  supplied  with  water  previously  to  the  early 
part  of  the  17th  century,  when  the  New  River  water  was  introduced  into  the  city.  This 
exceedingly  useful  work  was  planned  and  carried  into  effect  by  the  famous  Sir  Hugh  Mid- 
dleton,  who  expended  his  whole  fortune  on  the  project ;  having,  like  many  other  public  bene- 
factors, entailed  poverty  on  himself  and  his  posterity  by  embarking  in  an  undertaking  pro- 
ductive of  vast  wealth  to  others,  and  of  great  public  utility.  The  New  River  has  its  princi- 
pal source  near  Chadwell,  between  Hertford  and  Ware,  about  20  miles  from  London ;  but 
the  artificial  channel  in  which  the  water  is  conveyed  is  about  forty  miles  in  length.  Sir 
Hugh  Middleton  encountered  innumerable  difficulties  during  the  progress  of  the  undertaking, 
which  it  is  probable  would  have  been  abandoned,  at  least  for  a  time,  but  for  the  aid  afforded 
by  James  I.  The  New  River  Company  was  incorporated  in  lfil9,  6  years  after  the  water 
had  lieen  brought  to  the  reservoir  at  Islington.  The  undertaking  yielded  very  little  profit 
for  a  considerable  number  of  years ;  but  it  has  since  become  extremely  profitable  ;  so  much 
BO,  that  an  original  500/.  share  has  been  sold  for  13,000/. ! 

The  Chelsea  Water- Works  Company  was  formed  in  1723,  and  (with  the  aid  of  3  smaller 
companies,  none  of  which  are  now  in  existence)  it,  and  the  New  River,  supplied  all  that 
part  of  the  metropolis  north  of  the  Thames  with  water,  down  to  the  year  1810.  In  that 
year,  however,  3  new  companies,  the  East  London,  West  Middlesex,  and  Grand  Junction, 
were  established,  under  the  authority  of  different  acts  of  parliament.  At  this  moment  tho 
metroplis  is  supplied  with  water  by  the  following  companies : — 


New  River, 
Chelsea, 
East  London, 
West  Middlesex, 


Grand  .lunction, 

Lambeth, 

Vauxhall,  or  South  London,  and 

Southwark  Water  Works. 


The  following  sUtemenU  with  respect  to  these  companies  are  taken  from  Mr.  Wade's  valu 
able  treatise  on  the  police  of  the  metropolis.   The  Report  of  the  commissioners  appointed  by 
government  in  1827,  to  inquire  into  the  state  of  the  supply  of  water  in  the  metropolis,  is  the 
principal  authority  on  which  they  are  founded. 


718 


WATER. 


J 


o 


"  7%«  AVio  Aieer  Company  |[et  thfilr  lupply  from  the  iprlnf  at  Chadwell,  between  Hertford  and 
Wnre,  It  cnmeR  In  an  open  channel,  of  about  40  miles  In  lennth,  tn  reservoirs  at  Clerkenwell.  Ther« 
are  3  reservoirs,  havinn  between  them  a  surrace  of  about  9  acres,  and  an  average  depth  of  10  fKct, 
These  reservoirs  nre  84i  feet  above  low  water  mark  In  Ihe  Thamus ;  and,  by  nit'iins  ofsleam  enidncg 
and  a  stniid-iiipe,  an  additional  height  of  tio  feet  can  be  given  to  the  water,  so  that  all  the  mains  he- 
liinKlng  to  this  Company  are  kept  full  by  a  considerable  pressure  of  water.  The  liiiilicst  service  given 
by  the  New  Klver  Is  the  cistern  on  the  top  of  <;ovent  (Surden  Theatre.  The  aqueduct  by  which  ihe 
Wilier  is  brought  has  only  a  fill  of  'i  Inches  per  mile ;  thus  it  wastes,  by  evaporation,  during  the  drought 
of  summer,  and  is  impeded  by  frost  In  the  wiiilcr.  At  these  times  the  Company  pump  an  addiliongii 
supply  from  the  Thames,  at  Broken  Wharf,  between  Blackfriars  and  Houthwark  Bridges.  Tn  thi,, 
however,  they  seldom  have  recourse;  and  their  engine,  erected  since  the  works  at  London  Brideo 
were  broken  down,  has  worked  only  176  hours  in  the  year.  The  New  River  Company  supply  66,mi 
houses  with  water,  at  an  annual  average  of  about  1,100  hogsheads  each,  or,  in  all,  about  75,000,0ou 
hog!*bends  annually. 

"  The  Kaiii  Luniinn  IVattr  iVorks  are  situated  at  Old  Ford,  on  the  river  Lea,  about  3  miles  from  the 
Tliames,  and  a  little  below  the  point  to  which  the  Ode  flows  up  the  Lea.  By  the  act  of  pnrllanieni 
this  tJoMipany  must  lake  Its  water  when  the  tide  runs  up  and  tbe  mills  below  have  ceased  wnrkine' 
The  water  Is  pumped  Into  reservoirs  and  allowed  to  settle  ;  and  a  supply  of  6,000,000  gnllons  is  dallv 
dislriluiled  to  about  48,000  houses.  This  Company  supply  no  water  at  a  greater  elevation  tlinn  si) 
feet,  nnd  Ihe  usual  height  at  which  the  delivery  Is  made  to  the  tenants  is  G  feet  above  the  pavemcni ' 
they  have  !200  miles  of  iron  pipes,  which,  in  some  places,  cost  them  7  guineas  a  yard.  This  iiiul  ihe 
New  Kiver  are  the  only  companies  which  do  not  draw  their  supply  of  water  entirely  from  the  Timiiics 

"  The  H'cil  Middlesex  derive  their  supply  of  water  from  the  Thames,  at  the  upper  end  of  Ilauinirr- 
smith,  about  Oi  miles  above  London  Bridge,  and  where  the  bed  of  the  Thames  is  gravel.  The  wakTii 
forced  by  engines  to  a  reservoir  at  Kensinginn,  309  feet  long,  123  wide,  and  30  deep,  paved  and  ||[,e,| 
with  bricks,  and  elevated  about  130  feet  above  low  water  In  the  Thames.  They  have  another  respr- 
voir  on  Little  Primrose  Hill,  about  70  feet  higher,  and  containing  68,000  hogsheads  of  water,  uiulcrthe 
pressure  of  wl  ich  the  drains  are  kept  charged.  In  case  of  fires.  They  serve  about  15,000  teiianla,  ami 
the  average  daily  supply  is  about  3,350,000  gallons. 

"  Tht  Chelsea  Water  Works  derive  their  supply  from  the  Thames,  about  J-  of  a  mile  east  of  Chelsea 
Ilospiti:! :  and  they  have  3  reservoirs— one  in  the  Green  Park  and  another  in  Hyde  Park— the  fnrnier 
having  an  elevation  of  44  feet,  and  Ihe  latter  of  70.  These  reservoirs,  till  within  these  few  months 
had  never  been  cleaned,  nor  had  there  been  any  preparation  made  for  that  purpose  in  their  coiistriir. 
tion.  About  \  of  the  water  served  out  by  this  Company  is  allowed  to  settle  in  these  reservoirs,  ind 
the  reniaining  |  are  sent  directly  from  tlie  Thames,  Latterly,  the  Company  have  been  makine  pre. 
paratiitns  for  filtering  the  water;  and  also  for  allowing  it  to  settle  in  reservoirs,  at  Chelsea,  bofcire  it 
is  delivered  into  ihe  mains.  The  Chelsea  Company  serve  about  12,400  houses,  and  the  average  daily 
supply  is  1,760,000  gallons. 

"  The  Orand  Junrtion  Company  derive  the  whole  of  their  supply  from  the  Thames,  immediately 
adjoining  Chelsea  Hospital ;  thence  it  Is  pumped,  without  any  filtration  or  settling.  Into  3  reservdlrs 
at  Paddington.  These  reservoirs  are  about  71,  66,  and  92  feet  above  high  water  mark  in  the  Thames ' 
their  united  contents  are  19,355,840  gallons  ;  and  by  means  of  a  stand-pipe,  the  water  is  forced  to  the 
height  of  147  feet,  or  about  61  feet  above  the  average  height  In  the  reservoir.  The  number  of  houses 
supplied  by  the  Grand  Junction  Company  is  7,700,  and  tbe  average  daily  supply  is  about  3,600,000 
gallons. 

"  The  Lambeth  Company  take  their  supply  from  the  Thames,  between  Westminster  and  Waterloo 
Bridges.  It  is  drawn  from  the  bed  of  the  river  by  a  suction  pipe,  and  delivered  to  the  tenants  without 
being  allowed  to  subside  ;  there  being  only  a  cislern  of  400  barrels  at  the  works,  as  a  temporary  sup. 
ply,  until  the  engines  can  be  started.  The  greatest  height  to  which  the  Company  force  water  is  about 
40' feet ;  the  number  of  bouses  that  they  supply  is  10,000,  and  the  average  service  is  1,344,000  gallunt 
dally. 

"  The  South  London,  or  Fauzhall  Company,  take  their  supply  fl-om  the  river  Thames  by  a  tunnel, 
which  is  laid  6  feet  below  low  water  mark,  and  as  far  into  the  river  as  the  third  arch  of  Vau.thall 
Bridge.  At  that  particular  place,  the  bed  of  the  Thames  is  described  as  being  always  clean,  and  with- 
out any  of  those  depositions  of  mud  and  more  offensive  substances  that  are  found  in  many  other  placrs. 
Besides  the  greater  purity  of  the  bed  of  the  Thames  here  than  where  any  other  Company  on  the  soutli 
side  take  their  supply,  the  Company  allow  the  water  to  settle  in  reservoirs.  The  Vauxhall  Company 
supply  about  10,000  houses  with  about  1.000,000  gallons  of  water  daily. 

"  The  Southtrark  H'ater  Works  (the  property  of  an  individual)  are  supplied  from  the  middle  of  the 
Thames,  below  Southwark  and  London  Bridges  ;  and  the  water  thus  taken  is  sent  out  to  the  tenaiii.i 
without  standing  to  settle,  or  any  filtration  further  than  it  receives  from  paiising  through  wire 
grates  and  small  holes  in  metallic  plates.  The  number  of  houses  supplied  by  these  works  is  about 
7,000,  iind  the  average  dally  supply  about  720,000  gallons." 

The  results  may  be  collected  into  a  Table,  as  follows : — 


ConiJnniM. 

Serticct, 

Averafe  per  Day, 
GallODi, 

Gallon!  Annually. 

Avirate  per 
House,  Galloiii. 

1.  New  River 

2.  Eut  London 

3.  Weil  MidJIeiez     ■ 

4.  Chrlsea      .... 
6.  Gnnd  Junction 

6.  |j«nili«ih    .... 

7.  Si'Uih  I/>ndoa 

8.  Soulhwark  ■            .             •            . 

To««I 

67,000 
4!,0^0 
l,i,0()0 
12,400 

7,700 
16,000 
10,000 

7,000 

13,000,000 
6,000,000 
2,230,000 
1,760,000 
2,800,000 
1,244,000 
1,00n,000 
720,000 

4,056.000,000 
1,872,000,000 
702,000,000 
649,120,000 
873,600,(00 
StiC,  128,000 
312,000.000 
224,S40,OCO 

143 

150 
142 

3(3 
77 

too 

102 

183,100 

28,774,000 

8,977,358,000 

157 

Average  per  house  north  ot  the  river 
Average  per  houu  loulli  of  the  river 


196  nllont. 
93  ditto. 


It  would  appear  from  this  Table,  as  if  the  supply  of  water  were  either  excessive  on  the  MIddlesej 
side  of  the  river,  or  very  deficient  on  the  Surrey  side.  But  this  discrepancy  is  more  apparent  than 
real.  The  inhabitants  in  tbe  northern  district  are,  speaking  generally,  decidedly  richer  than  those  in 
the  southern  district;  they  have,  particularly  in  the  west  end  of  the  town,  larger  families,  and  a  much 
greater  number  of  horses.  There  is  also  a  much  larger  expenditure  of  water  upon  the  roads  in  Mid- 
dlesex than  in  Surrey.  Still,  however,  we  believe  that  there  is  a  more  liberal  supply  in  the  former 
than  in  the  latter. 

Monopoly  of  the  Water  Companies.— T\\e  sanction  of  parliament  was  given  to  the  3  new  companies 
funned  in  1810,  not  so  much  in  the  view  of  increasing  the  actual  supply  of  water,  as  of  ch('ckiiig  mo- 
nopoly, and  reducing  the  rates  by  their  competition.  But  these  expectations  have  not  been  re-alized. 
nor  a  while,  indeed,  tbe  competition  of  tbe  several  companies  wag  exceedingly  injurious  to  tbeir  in- 


WATER. 


710 


ndwell,  between  llerlford  and 
lervoirs  at  Cletkenwell.  There 
mid  nil  average  deplh  of  10  fiiet. 
and,  by  iihhiib  of  steam  englncj 

water,  »n  that  all  the  mains  be- 
ater. The  hliihcHt  service  ulven 
re     The  aqueduct  by  wliicb  ihe 

evaporation,  during  the  drniighl 
he  Company  pump  an  addilumal 
id  Soulhwark  Bridgie.  To  ihi,, 
ice  the  works  at  London  Briileo 
^w  Blver  Company  supply  «6,(iliO 
i  each,  or,  in  all,  abouns.OOCOOU 

•Iver  Lea,  about  3  miles  from  the 
>  Lea.  By  the  act  of  parliamBni, 
(Ills  below  have  ceased  workinii, 
ipply  of  6,000,000  gallons  is  daily 
r  at  a  ([reater  elevation  tlinn  ,S0 
nts  is  0  feet  above  the  paveniciii ; 
7  guineas  a  yard.  This  and  the 
if  water  entirely  from  the  Tli.imes, 
les,  at  the  upper  end  of  Uaiiinier- 
e  Thames  is  gravel.  The  waitrij 
de,  and  20  deep,  paved  and  lined 
lames.    They  have  another  rem- 

000  hogsheads  of  water,  under  the 
ey  serve  about  15,000  teiinnis,  and 

about  }  of  a  mile  east  of  Chelsea 
inother  in  Hyde  Park-the  former 
roirs,  till  within  these  few  inonilu, 
for  thai  purpose  in  their  conslriir- 

to  settle  in  these  reservoirs,  vA 
Company  have  been  inakini!  pre- 
in  reservoirs,  at  Chelsea,  before  it 
1,400  houses,  and  the  average  daily 

ily  from  the  Thames,  immediately 
iration  or  settling,  into  3  reservoitu 
re  high  water  mark  in  the  1  haincs ; 
and-pi|ie,  the  water  is  forced  to  ilio 

1  reservoir.  The  number  of  hniiseg 
age  dally  stipply  's  about  2,800,000 

etween  Westminster  and  Waterino 
ind  delivered  to  the  tenants  without 
i  at  the  works,  as  a  temporary  sup. 
;h  the  Company  force  water  is  about 
average  service  is  1,244,000  galluna 

jm  the  river  Thames  by  a  tunnel. 
river  as  the  third  arch  of  Vau.?hall 
Bd  as  being  always  clean,  and  with- 
that  are  found  in  many  other  places. 
ire  any  other  Company  on  the  south 
Bservoirs.    The  Vauxhall  Company 

ire  supplied  from  the  middle  of  the 
iua  taken  is  sent  out  to  the  tenants 
ceives  from  passing  through  wire 
supplied  by  these  works  is  about 


Gallons  Annually. 


4,056,000,000 
1,872,000,000 
702,000,000 
649,120,000 
873,600,(00 
3S«,I2C,000 
312,000.000 
I24,540,0C0 

~e,977.3S8.000 


Avtraie  per 
House,  Galloni.  { 


143 
ISO 
142 

at  3 

77 

too 

102 


157 


Il96  nllnna. 
1  S3  ditto. 

le  either  excessive  on  the  Middlesex 
1  discrepancy  is  more  apparent  than 
Irally,  decidedly  richer  than  those  in 
le  town,  larger  families,  and  a  imich 
Ire  of  water  upon  the  roads  m  Mid- 
i  more  liberal  supply  in  the  former 

Iwas  given  to  the  3  new  companies 
liipply  of  water,  as  of  ch^kniR  nio- 
Vpectations  have  not  been  re«  >J.  d. 
kg  exceedingly  injurious  to  theit  in- 


terests, and  occasioned  the  total  destruction  of  some  of  the  inferior  ones  :  but  no  sooner  had  this  hap- 
pened, than  the  others  discovered  tlmt  their  IntereHis  were  In  reality  the  siime,  nnd  that  the  true  way 
to  promote  them  was  to  concert  invasiireH  togi'ther.  In  furllnriuice  of  thin  (ilijeel.  the  i  companies  for 
the  supply  of  that  part  of  the  metropolis  north  of  the  rivi'r  proceeded  to  divide  tlie  town  into  as  many 
districts,  binding  themselvi-s,  under  heavy  penalties,  not.  to  encroach  on  each  ulher'»  ttlalea  :  and  having 
In  this  way  gonu  far  to  secure  themsflves  neainst  any  new  compelllors,  thvir  next  niensiire  was  tn 
add  yive  onii  (icenr.v  per  cent,  to  the  rates  esinhliitliKd  in  It^lO;  and  these  have,  in  Hcveral  iUHtancus, 
been  Hllll  fiirthi'r  aiigmentud!  The  benetils  that  were  expected  to  result  from  tliuir  multiplication 
have,  therefore,  proved  quite  iniaiiinary  ;  and  though  the  supply  of  water  has  been  increased,  it  is 
neither  so  cheap  nor  so  go(nl  as  it  might  have  been  under  a  dlireront  ivsleio. 

The  following  statement  of  Ihe  rates  and  proflls  of  the  5  principal  Water  Comp.-\iiies  in  1H20  and 
1827,  Is  extracted  from  tlie  Ueport  of  the  Select  Committee  of  the  House  of  Cummuns  on  the  supply  of 
water  In  la28:— 


Comparative  Returns  of  1820  with  1827. 

Av.  r.tte 

Grnu  Annual 

Grnu 

Yean. 

Houin. 

per  llouie. 

Income. 

I.    1.  a. 

Eipendilure. 
L.       1.  d. 

Nett  Front. 

Reniarka. 

L.       I.  d. 

t. 

Weit  MidilleMi. 

1820 

10,3  iO 

47 

24,252    6  10 
37,000    0    0 

Grand  1 

R,l«0    0    0 

15,252    6  10 

1827 

U,3U0 

61 

13,'OU    0    0 

24,000    0    0 

IllClidU. 

IS2() 

7,180 

67 

20.15.1  II    7 

8.916    6    S 
10,674    8    4 
tea. 

11,237    5    7 

1827 

7,8U9 

61 

U.-Oi    6    0 

14,027  16    8 

Che 

1820 

8,631 

3» 

IS.l'iO    7  II 

12,255  II     0 

2,894  16  11 

, 

i«n 

12,409 

30 

18,689  16    1 

12,632    2    9 

6,067  13    4 

East  London. 

1829 

32,071 

22 

.      35,358  14    9              16,336    1    0 
4i,442  19    S              14,050    6    3 
New  liver. 

19,022  13    9 

ThCT«  >ai  aim  a  nnn-prnnanenl 

1827 

42,0IX> 

2t 

31,392  13    2 

eaffiidi'ure  in  1827,  amounting 

10  23,2171.  I8<  3d. 

1820 

62,082 

ZS 

67,275    2    4              48,109  19    4 
93,657  IS  10              59,204  13    3 

South   />ndon. 
4,708    3    4 

8,293    2    7                7,991  13    7 
Lam  leth. 

19,166    4    0 

1827 

66,600 

2S 

36,463    2    7 

1820 

6,200 

18 

,                                 . 

IncoDipIet*. 

1827 

10,000 

16 

301    9   0 

1820 

11,487 

16 

9,335    0    U       1         8,552    0    0 

783    0    0 

III27 

15,987 

16 

12,370    0    0       1         9,500    0    0 
Southivark. 

2,870    0    0 

1920 
1827 

'6,900 

: 

:       :    1     :       : 

'. 

j  Belurni  Incomplete. 

Total  North  of  the  Thames. 

Vean. 

Housn.                    Grou  Annual  Income. 

Grou  Ei|>i:iiditure. 

L.       1.  d. 

94,617  16    4 
109,161  10    7 

Neil  Profit 

1 

1820 
1827 

110.314 
143,318 

L.        1.  d. 
162,190    3    5 
221,392  16    4 

/-.        «.  d. 

67,572     7     1 
lll,U3l     5    9 

Total  Southof  the  Thames.— lleturns  not  complete. 

The  truth  is,  as  we  endeavoured  to  show  in  the  article  Companiks,  that  certain  restrictions  ought. 
In  almost  nil  cases,  to  be  imposed  on  companies  for  the  supply  of  water  to  a  large  city.  Tliese  are  not 
undertakings  that  can  be  safely  trusted  to  Ihe  free  principles  that  may  genernlly  lie  relied  upon.  If 
there  be  only  one  set  of  springs  adjacent  to  a  town,  or  if  there  be  certain  springs)  more  conveniently 
siiuated  for  supplying  it  with  water  than  any  other,  a  company  acquiring  a  right  to  such  springs,  and 
incorporated  for  the  purpose  of  conveying  the  water  to  town,  would  thereby  gain  an  excluMce  advnn- 
tttgi;  nnd  if  no  limits  were  set  to  itia  dividends,  its  partners  might  make  an  eiinriiioiis  prolit  at  the 
expense  of  the  public,  and  without  its  being  possible  materially  to  reduce  them  by  means  of  coinpeti- 
tjiin.  Wliat  has  happened  in  the  case  of  the  New  Rivor  Company  sufficiently  evinces  the  truth  of 
what  has  now  been  staled.  Had  its  dividends  been  limited  to  any  thing  like  a  reasi>nalile  profit,  the 
water  that  is  at  present  supplied  by  its  means  might  have  been  furnished  for  a  small  p.irt  of  what  it 
actually  costs.  Ilut  in  cases  uf  this  sort,  priority  of  occupation,  even  without  any  oilier  peculiar 
ailvanlage,  goes  far  to  exclude  all  regular  and  wholesome  competition.  A  company  Unit  has  got  pipes 
I'liii  down  ill  the  streets  may,  if  threatened  by  the  competition  of  another  company,  lower  its  rates  so 
as  tn  make  the  tatter  withdraw  from  the  field  ;  and  as  soon  as  this  is  done,  it  may  revert  to  its  old,  or 
even  to  higher  charges.  It  is  not,  in  fact,  possible,  in  cumbrous  concerns  of  this  sort,  to  have  any 
thini  like  conipetilion,  in  the  ordinary  sense  of  the  term  ;  and  experience  shows  that  whenever  it  is 
atieinpied,  it  only  continues  for  a  limited  period,  and  is  sure  to  he  in  the  end  efTectiinlly  suppressed. 
We  are,  therefore,  clearly  of  opinion,  that  no  company  ought  ever  to  b;;  formed  f'lr  the  conveyance  of 
water  into  a  large  city,  without  a  maximum  being  set  both  to  the  rates  and  the  dividends  ;  giving  the 
company  an  option,  in  the  event  of  the  maximum  rate  yielding  more  than  the  maximiiiii  dividend, 
either  to  reduce  tlie  rate,  or  to  apply  the  surplus  to  the  purchase  of  the  company's  stock ;  so  that  ulti- 
mately the  charge  on  account  of  Ihe  dividends  may  be  got  rid  of. 

We  are  glad  to  have  to  add,  that  we  are  supported  in  what  is  now  stated  by  the  Report  of  the  Select 
Ooinmittee  of  the  House  of  Commons  on  the  supply  of  water  for  the  metropolis,  printed  in  1S21.  It  is 
there  said— "  The  public  is  at  present  without  any  protection  even  against  a  further  imlefinite  exten- 
sion of  demand.  In  cases  of  dispute,  thert  is  no  tribunal  but  the  Boards  of  tlie  compiinli-s  themselves, 
to  which  individuals  can  appeal ;  tliere  are  no  regulations  but  such  as  tlie  companies  may  have  vo- 
luntarily imposed  upon  tlitiiixelves,  and  may  therefore  nt  any  time  revoke,  for  the  continuance  of  the 
supply  in  its  present  state,  or  for  defining  the  cases  in  which  it  may  be  withdrawn  from  the  hoiise- 
hdhler.  All  these  points,  and  some  others  of  the  same  nature,  indispensably  require  Icijislative  repii- 
lalinn,  wliere  the  subject  matter  is  an  article  of  the  first  necessity,  and  the  supply  lias,  from  peculiar 
circumstances,  got  into  such  a  course  that  it  is  not  under  the  operation  of  those  principles  which 
govern  supply  and  demand  in  other  cases. 

"The  principle  of  the  acts  under  which  t'lese  companies  were  instituted,  was  to  encourage  cnmpe- 
lion;  and  certainly  in  this,  as  in  other  ca'-.es,  it  is  only  from  conipetilion,  or  the  expectation  of  com- 
petition, that  a  perfect  security  can  be  I'.ad  for  a  good  supply.  Hut  your  committee  are  salisfieii,  that, 
IroMi  the  peculiar  nature  of  these  UTiderlakiiigs,  the  principle  of  conipetilion  requires  to  be  guarded  by 
particular  checks  and  limits  in  ito  np|ilicaiioii  to  them,  in  order  to  render  it  efTectiial,  without  the  risk 
ofdeptruclion  to  the  competing  parties,  and  thereby,  ultimately,  of  a  serious  injury  to  the  public." 
And  the  committee  proceeds  to  remark— "The  submission  of  their  accounts  annually  lo  purliuiiienta 
for  a  few  yeur8,  would  necesgarily  throw  light  oil  this  part  of  the  queiition." 


\:-' 


'I'Mi 


I  i- 


720 


WAX,  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 


c: 

M    m 

<> 


o 


•■••.•'11(1 

o 


We  think  that  it  would  be  highly  expedient  to  adopt  the  niigReition  of  the  committee,  hy  cnlllnf 
iipon  thecompnniei  tolay  nnnualTy  detnllud  itatemnnli  of  their  ntfiirM  before  parliament.  They  ihiMiiil 
he  obligvil  in  these  itatemeriti  to  give  nn  account  of  tlie  raiei*  ciiarged  hy  them,  and  to  make  a  special 
report  a*  to  every  caie  in  wliicli  they  have  withdrawn  water  from  a  householder.  It  is  in  no  piirpnie 
to  repeat,  in  opposition  to  this  proposal,  the  common-places  about  competition  securing  for  the  citizens 
a  sumc;i«nt  supply  of  water  at  tiie  lowest  prices,  in  the  same  way  that  the  competition  of  bakers  ami 
butchers  secures  them  supplies  of  beef  and  bread!  The  statements  already  made  show  tliat  there  It 
no  analogy  whatever  in  the  circumstances  under  which  these  articles  are  supplied.  If  a  man  he  dii<. 
■nllsned  with  any  particular  butcher  or  baker,  he  may  go  to  another  ;  but  it  U  not  poitible  fur  him  to 
ehanire  hit  water  merchant,  unless  he  also  change  the  place  of  his  residence.  No  water  company  will 
encroach  upon  the  district  assigned  to  another:  and  supposing  an  individual  unlucky  enoufjh  lo 
quarrel  with  those  who  have  the  absolute  monopoly/  of  the  supply  of  the  district  in  which  he  rf  siilfi, 
he  must  either  migrate  to  another,  or  be  without  water,  unless  he  can  get  a  supply  upon  his  nwn 
iiremiries!  8uch  being  the  actual  slate  of  things,  it  is  quite  ludicrous  to  talk  about  competition  airiril. 
lug  any  real  security  against  extortion  and  abuse.  Even  the  publication  of  the  proceediiiiiR  of  ihi> 
companies  would  be  a  very  inadequate  check  on  their  conduct ;  but  such  ns  it  is,  it  is  perhiipii  Hig 
only  one  that  can  now  be  resorted  lo ;  and  as  It  would  have  coniiderable  influence,  it  ouijlit  not, 
certainly,  to  be  neglected. 

3,  Quality  of  the  London  Water.— K\\  the  companies,  with  the  exception  of  the  New  River  and  V^n 
London  Companies,  derive  their  supplies  of  water  from  the  Thames;  and  in  consequence  of  iiiiir 
taking  it  up  within  the  limits  to  which  the  tide  flows,  it  Is  necessarily,  In  the  flrst  Inslancc,  luinlf,! 
with  many  impurities.  But  the  report  that  were  recently  ho  very  prevalent,  with  respect  in  tlig 
deleterious  quality  of  the  water  taken  \  'om  the  river,  have  been  shown  to  be  very  greatly  e.t!ii,';!i>. 
rated.  The  statement  of  Dr.  Rostock,  |  ve"  in  the  Report  of  the  commissioners,  shows  that  by  far 
the  greater  part  of  the  imp\iritles  in  the',  '.ames  water  are  mechanically  suspended  in,  and  not  climiii' 
cally  combined  with  it ;  and  that  they  may  be  separated  from  it  by  nitration,  or  hy  merely  ailDWinir  it 
to  stand  at  rest.  Most  of  the  companies  have  recently  made  considerable  efforts  to  improve  tlieir 
water ;  and  though  they  have  not  done  in  this  respect  as  much  as  they  might  and  ought  to  have  ilnne, 
a  considerable  improvement  has,  on  the  whole,  been  eflected  :  and  notwithstanding  all  that  hag  hm\ 
said  to  the  contrary,  we  have  been  assured,  by  those  best  qualifled  to  form  an  opinion  on  Burh.i 
vubject,  that,  though  not  nearly  so  pure  as  a  little  pains  would  render  It,  there  is  not  tiie  sli^'liicti 
foundation  for  the  notion  that  its  impurities  have  been  such  as  to  afliect,  In  any  degree,  the  IiuuIiIki' 
the  inhabitants. 

4.  fVaterfnr  SAip«.— Various  Improvements  have  been  made  In  the  art  of  preserving  water  nn  boarij 
ships.  Of  these,  the  principal  are  the  charring  the  inside  of  the  casks  in  which  the  water  is  kept,  and 
the  substitution  of  iron  tanks  for  casks.  The  latter,  being  made  of  the  required  shape,  may  be  ccinve- 
niently  stowed  into  any  part  of  the  ship.  In  men-of-war,  the  iron  tanks  serve  as  ballast ;  tin-  w.wet 
being  brought  up  by  a  forcing  pump.  Water  is  found  to  preserve  better  in  them  than  in  any  otlii-r  sort 
of  vessel.  Drip-stones  may  be  employed  with  much  advantage  in  the  purification  of  water.  \V||i.|| 
water  is  taken  on  board  from  a  river  into  which  thr  tide  flows,  it  should,  uf  course,  be  ruliieil  at 
low  ebb. 

WAX  (Ger.  Wachs ,•  Fr.  Cire ;  It.  and  Sp,  Cera;  Rus.  WosA),  »  vegetable  prmlurt, 
Several  plants  contain  wax  in  such  abundance,  as  to  make  it  worth  while  to  extract  it  t'roiii 
them.  But  bees*  wax  is  by  far  the  most  generally  known.  The  honey  is  first  pressed  from 
the  comb,  and  the  wax  is  then  melted  into  cakes.  It  has  a  slight  odour  of  honey,  is  insipid, 
and  of  a  bright  yellow  hue.  It  is  brittle,  yet  soA,  and  somewhat  unctuous  to  the  touch,  it 
is  often  adulterated  with  earth,  pea-meal,  resin,  &c.  The  presence  of  the  former  tnay  Ic 
suspected  when  the  cake  is  very  brittle,  or  when  its  colour  inclines  more  to  gray  than  to  yel- 
low ;  and  the  presence  of  resin  may  be  suspected  when  the  fracture  appears  smooth  iiml 
shining,  instead  of  being  granulated.  Wax,  when  bleached,  or  purified,  i^  white,  pirrcctly 
insipid,  inodorous,  and  somewhat  translucent;  it  is  harder,  less  unctuous  to  the  toudi, 
heavier,  and  less  fusible,  than  yellow  wax.  It  is  sometimes  adulterated  with  the  wliite  cxiJe 
of  lead  to  increase  its  weight,  with  white  tallow,  and  with  potato  starch.  The  first  is  delccteii 
by  melting  the  wax  in  water,  when  the  oxide  falls  to  the  bottom ;  the  presence  of  tallow  i.s 
indicated  by  the  wax  being  of  a  dull  opaque  white,  and  wanting  the  transparency  which  dis- 
tinguishes pure  wax  ;  and  starch  may  be  detected  by  applying  sulphuric  acid  to  the  sus- 
pected wax,  as  the  acid  carbonises  the  starch,  without  acting  on  the  wax. — {Thitinmiii 
Chemistry,  and  Dr.  A.  T.  Thoinson^s  Dispensatory.) 

Notwithstanding  the  large  supply  of  wax  produced  at  home,  a  considerable  quantity  is  importeil 
from  abroad  ;  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  tlie  import  would  be  much  greater,  were  it  not  fur  the 
magnitude  of  the  duty,  wliich,  notwithritanding  its  late  reduction,  still  amounts  to  II.  ]0s.  per  rwi. 
The  total  quantity  imported,  in  1831,  amounted  to  7,203  cwt.,  of  which  3,892  cwt.  came  ff  (Hi  WesliTii 
\frica,  1,531  cwt.  from  Tripoli,  iiurbary,  &c.,  UIO  cwt.  from,  the  United  States,  and  the  rust  I'ruin 
Russia,  Germany,  Sec. 

Account  of  the  Imports  and  Exports  of  Wox,  the  Quantities  retained  for  Home  Use,  the  Hates  nf  Duty 
thereon,  and  tlie  Nett  Produce  of  the  Duly,  in  1631  and  1632.— {Papers  published  by  the  Board  ufTradi, 
vol.  ii.  p.  29.) 


War,  unbleached 
l)lracherl 


Importi, 
IS3I.         1832. 


Ctot.      Cent. 
'■^- 1  4,349 


Eiportj. 
ItlJI.      1832. 


Reliliicd  fur  Hame 

Cnnsuiiiptinti. 
1811.  1832. 


Rite  of 
Uuly. 


C'ii'(.       Cwt. 


Cwt.       Cwt. 
10,002 


94 


\  326 


/,.  t.  d. 
I  10  0 
3    0    0 


Projuce  of 
Duly. 


/.       1.  d. 
lO.ifil   0  0 

m  0  0 


The  price  of  wax  varies  (duty  included)  from  51.  to  10/.  a  cwt. 

WEIGHTS  ANn  MEASURES.  Weights  are  used  to  ascertain  the  gravity  of  bodips,- 
a  quality  depending  |)art!y  on  their  magnitude,  and  partly  on  their  density.  Measures  are 
used  to  determine  the  magnitude  of  bodies,  or  the  space  which  they  occupy. 

(For  an  account  of  the  weights  and  measures  used  in  foreign  countries,  and  their  equiva- 
lents in  English  weights  and  measures,  see  the  notices  of  the  great  sea-port  towns  dispcrd 


Ihe  competition  o.  ^^^^^  ^^ 

.•    ,„     No  water  company  will 
lence.    NoWBim         •       ^ 

»  .iM  New  RWer  and  F.m 
,t)on  of  the  New  ^^^  ^^^^  ^^ 

•".ffn  tie  ftrHt  Instance,  l"a,IM 
rlly.ln  tlie  nw  ,^  ,1^^, 

y  prevalent.  wUii  r    i^     ^_^^^_^^^ 
hown  to  be  veiy  B        j^^      ,.^^ 
commi«»loner»,  snow  ^^  j^^  . 

cilly  8»''P^""',^?  "ere"y  all-wins  it 
mtral Ion,  "'»/'"*„'  i/„pr„ve  their 

hey  n'\R^' "",,.„„  all  that  Ims  ^m\ 
notwiihstamlingai^ti         ^^^^^^^ 

'«V^^KlBno"tl>esl>«to^^ 
S/hl'any  degree,  the  UeaUlu( 

gk8  »n  w'  '«V.hane7n.ay  I.e  coive- 
^*V„Vk?serve  a'  ballast!  iU«  ...o, 

irr.roffi''of""ote.beraU.l. 

tu8.  Wosfc),  a  vegetable  rro^nrt. 

h  worth  while  to  extract,    rom 
The  honey  U  first  pressed  from 
Mlight  odour  of  honey,  isms,,,, 
ewhat  unctuous  to  the  touch,    ll 
presence  of  the  former  may  1 

inclines  more  to  gray  than  to  y.l. 

the  fracture  appears  smooth  an 

S!  or  purified,  U  white  perfect  y 

ter    less  unctuous  to  the  touc  , 
adulterated  with  the  white  oxule 

,tato  starch.  The  first  is  detoc  J 
,ottom;  the  presence  of  t»llow» 
knlingthetransparcncywhu^hJi. 
pSg  sulphuric  acid  to  the  su. 
'Sngonthewax.-C7V<«»«,u 

I  be  much  8re*\"',r' i,  ms.  no' <■»' 
kunuKates.  and  the  rest  t« 


"WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 


721 


Itiiiicd  for  H.ime 
ICnnsuniptinii. 
1)1.  '*^^ 

mc^i.     cwt. 

110,(»2  ^  320 


Rite  of 
Uuly. 


Proiiuce  o( 
Uuty. 


^^sl'^ 


.  ascertain  the  gravity  of  ho^io^.- 
fy  on  their  density.  Measure»a.e 
Uich  they  occupy.  •,,. 

foreign  countries,  and  thRir  eq«  " 
•ie  great  sea-port  towns  disperseJ 


throughout  this  work.   Thus,  for  the  Russian  weights  and  measures,  see  PsTERsnunoH  ;  for 
those  of  China,  boo  (Janton,  &c.) 

^either  iho  maijnitiKlo  nor  the  weiglit  of  any  one  body  can  be  detp'tnined,  unless  by  com- 
paring it  with  some  other  body  selected  as  a  standard.  It  is  imposHiblc,  indeed,  to  form  any 
idea  in  respect  of  magnitude  or  weight,  except  in  relation  lo  some  definite  space  or  weight 
with  which  wo  are  acquainted.  We  say  that  one  article  weighs  1  pound,  another  S  pounds, 
a  third  3,  and  so  on;  meaning  not  only  that  these  weights  nro  toenih  other  as  1,2,  .3,  «Scc., 
but  also  that  the  weight  or  sjiecitic  gravity  of  the  first  is  equal  to  tlie  known  and  determinate 
weight  denominated  a  pound,  that  the  second  is  equal  to  2  pounds,  and  so  on. 

Standards  of  Weight  and  Measure. — Standards  of  lineal  menHuro  must  have  been  fixed 
upon  at  the  earliest  period,  and  appear  to  have  consisted  principally  of  parts  of  the  human 
body — as  the  cubit,  or  length  of  the  arm  from  the  elbow  to  the  tij)  of  the  middle  linger:  iho 
fjot ;  the  ulna,  arm,  or  yard  ;  the  span  ;  the  digit,  or  finger ;  the  fathom,  or  space  from  the 
extremity  of  one  hand  to  that  of  the  other,  when  they  are  both  extended  in  ojiposite  direc- 
tions ;  the  pace,  &c.  Largo  spaces  were  estimated  by  measures  formed  out  of  mult' pies  of 
the  smaller  ones ;  and  sometimes  in  day's  journeys,  or  by  the  space  which  it  was  supposed 
an  ordinary  man  might  travel  in  a  day,  using  a  reasonable  degree  of  diligence. 

Dut  lineal  measures  can  only  bo  used  to  determine  the  magnitude  of  solid  bodies ;  the 
magnitude  of  bodies  in  a  liquid  or  fiiiid  state  has  to  be  determined  by  what  are  called  mea- 
sures of  capacity.  It  is  probable  that,  in  the  infancy  of  society,  shells,  or  other  hollow  in- 
ftruments  alTorded  by  nature,  were  used  as  standards.  But  the  inaccuracy  of  the  conclu- 
sions drawn  from  referring  to  them  must  soon  have  become  obvious ;  and  it  early  occurred, 
that  to  obtain  an  accurate  measure  of  liquids  nothing  more  was  necessary  than  to  constitute 
an  artificial  one,  tho  dimensions,  and  consequently  the  capacity,  of  which  should  t)e  deter- 
mined by  the  lineal  measures  previously  adopted. 

The  determination  of  the  gravity  or  weight  of  difierent  bodies  supposes  the  invention  of 
the  balance.  Nothing  is  known  of  the  steps  which  led  to  its  introduction ;  but  it  was  used 
in  the  remotest  antiquity.  It  seems  probable  that,  at  first,  cubes  of  some  common  lineal 
measure,  as  a  foot,  or  the  fraction  of  a  foot,  formed  of  copper,  iron,  or  some  other  metal,  wero 
used  as  standards  of  weight.  When  the  standard  was  selected,  if  it  was  desired  to  ascertain 
the  specific  gravity  or  weight  of  any  given  article,  all  that  was  necessary  was  to  put  it  into 
one  of  the  scales  of  the  balance ;  and  as  many  cubes,  or  parts  of  cubes,  on  the  other,  as 
might  be  necessary  to  counterpoise  it 

Weights  have,  liowever,  been  frequently  derived  from  grains  of  corn.  Hence,  in  this,  and 
in  some  other  European  countries,  the  lowest  denomination  of  weight  is  &  ip-ain  ,•  and  33 
of  these  grains  arc  directed,  by  the  ancient  statute  culled  Compositio  Mensurarum,  to  com- 
jiose  a  pennyweight,  whereof  20  make  an  ounce,  12  ounces  a  pound,  and  so  upwards. 

In  every  country  in  which  commercial  transactions  are  extensively  carried  on.  the  import- 
ance of  having  weights  and  measures  determined  by  some  fixed  standard  becomes  obvious 
to  every  one.  But  as  tho  size  of  difierent  parts  of  the  human  body  difler  in  ditVerent  indi- 
viiluaU,  it  is  necessary  to  select  some  durable  article, — a  metallic  rod,  for  example, — of  the 
length  of  an  ordinary  cubit,  foot,  &c.,  and  to  make  it  a  standard  with  which  all  the  other  cubits, 
feet,  &c.  used  in  mensuration  shall  correspond.  I'hcse  standards  have  always  been  preserved 
with  the  greatest  care :  at  Rome,  they  were  kept  in  the  temple  of  Jupiter ;  and  among  the 
Jews,  their  custody  was  intrusted  to  the  family  of  Aaron. — (Pancton,  Metrologie,  p.  223.) 
The  principal  standards  used  in  the  ancient  world,  were,  the  cubit  of  the  Jews,  from 
ithich  their  other  measures  of  length,  capacity,  and  weight  were  derived ;  and  the  foot  of  the 
1  fireeks  and  Romans. 

In  England,  our  ancient  historians  tell  us  that  a  new,  or  rather  a  revived,  standard  of 

,  lineal  measures  was  introduced  by  Henry  I.,  who  ordered  that  the  ulna,  or  ancient  ell,  which 

torresponds  to  the  modern  yard,  should  be  made  of  the  exact  length  of  his  own  arm,  and  that 

ihe  other  measures  of  length  should  be  raised  upon  it.     This  standard  has  been  maintained, 

1  without  any  sensible  variation.     In  1742,  the  Royal  Society  had  a  yard  made,  from  a  very 

tarcfui  comparison  of  the  standard  ells  or  yards  of  the  reigns  of  Henry  VII.  and  Elizabeth 

Iteptat the  Exchequer.     In  1758,  an  exact  copy  was  made  of  the  Royal  Society's  yard; 

I  tnil  this  copy  having  been  examined  by  a  committee  of  the  House  of  Commons,  and  reported 

Uy  them  to  be  equal  to  the  standard  yard,  it  was  marked  as  such ;  and  this  identical  yard  is 

■  declared,  by  the  act  5  Geo.  4.  c.  74.,  to  be  the  standard  of  lineal  measure  in  Great  Britain. 
I'rhe  clause  in  the  act  is  as  follows : — 

"From  and  af^er  tlie  1st  day  of  May,  1825  (stibseriuently  extended  to  the  1st  of  January,  182R),  tlia 
Imaighl  line  or  distance  between  the  centres  of  tlie  2  points  in  the  gold  studs  in  the  straight  briiss  roi, 
liowliulic  custody  of  the  clerk  of  the  House  of  Commons,  whereon  the  words  and  fiirures  'Standard 
IVtRD,  1760,' are  engraved,  shall  be  the  original  and  genuine  standard  of  that  measure  of  Itnigth  or 
llineal  extension  called  a  yard  ;  and  tlie  same  straight  line  or  distance  between  the  centres  of  the  s:ii(i 
llpoinls  ill  the  said  gold  studs  in  the  said  brass  rod,  the  brass  being  at  the  temperature  of  (i'i"*  by  Fah- 
renheit's thermometer,  shall  be  and  is  hereby  denominated  the  'iMPEniAL  Svandard  Yard,' and 
lihall  be  and  is  hereby  declared  to  be  the  unit  or  only  standard  measure  of  extension,  wherefrom  or 
l«lierel)y  all  other  ineusures  of  extension  whatsoever,  whether  t'le  same  be  lineal,  superficial,  or  solid, 
liballbederived,  computed,  and  ascertained;  and  that  all  measures  of  length  shall  be  taken  in  par's 

■  Voi.II._3P  91 


't  \ 


,i  ■  ' 


722 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 


■} 


o 

»...»y| 


or  miiltiplKi  or  cprtnin  prnpnrilnni  nfiho  isli!  •innilnril  ynril  i  and  thai  l-Sit  part  of  thn  ■•Id  iland 
tnril  ■tinll  lia  a  rooi,  nnd  Ihn  lllli  pnrt  n(  iiirh  foot  itinll  ha  nn  Inch  i  nnd  Ihnt  (ho  poln  or  nnrc 
iangth  ihall  ciintoln  Si  inch  yiirdii,  the  fiirlnnR  321)  inch  yardi,  and  the  mlla  1,760  iiivb  ynrdi.' — j 

Tho  luperficial  meaaurcR  arc  formed  on  tho  boHia  of  the  aquaro  of  Ihia  atandard ;  it  be 

enacted,  that 

"  Thn  rnnd  of  land  iihnll  contnln  1,310  iqiinro  yardi,  nrcnrding  to  tho  inld  itnndnrd  ynrd  ;  and  I 
the  ucre  of  land  ihall  cunlnin  4,HMI  luch  iquare  yardi,  being  lilOiciiiare  purchai,  pulei,  ur  rodi."- 

Unifonniti/  of  Wcifr/ita  and  MtnuHrea. — Tho  confuaion  and  inronvenience  attend 
the  um  of  wi'iglitii  and  ineaHurua  of  the  aaino  denomination,  but  of  dilTeront  mag^nitudcH,  \ 
early  remarked  ;  and  there  ia  hordly  a  country  in  which  clTorta  have  not  licen  made  to  red 
them  to  the  aamo  uniform  syatom.  Numcroua  acta  of  parliament  have  been  paaHcd,  hnv 
this  object  in  view,  and  enjoining  the  uae  of  the  aamo  weighta  and  meaaurea,  under  very  wv 
penaltiet).  But,  owing  to  the  inveteracy  of  ancient  cuatoma,  and  the  diificulty  of  ciiforn 
new  rogulationa,  these  atntutua  have  alwaya  had  u  very  limited  influence,  and  thn  grcin 
divoraity  haa  continued  to  prevail,  except  in  lineal  measurca.  But  tho  atatute  of  6  (ieo, 
c.  74.  aeoms  to  have,  at  length,  eflected  what  former  atatutea  failed  of  accompliHhing.    (t 

itcrhaps,  indebted  for  itH  aucceaa  in  thia  reapcct  to  tho  moderate  nature  of  the  changeH  whi 
t  introduced.  We  huvo  already  acen  that  it  made  no  alteration  in  the  lineal  mrnsut 
previously  in  use.  Neither  did  it  affect  the  previously  existing  ayatem  of  weighta :  l)i)ih  i 
f  roy  and  the  Avoirdupoia  weights  having  been  preserved. 

"The  Troy  weiKhl,"  says  Mr.  Dnvlcs  Oilliert,  Prenldcnt  of  tlin  Iloyal  Sorlety,  "nppDnrnd  tn  ludj 
coniuiissidnura  of  welglitN  iind  nxiiiniirf*)  to  hn  tlio  nncleiit  wuiKlit  of  ihia  khiKdoin,  ImvliiK.  us  we  liji 
reason  to  Riippose,  exIatHd  In  tho  liiiiiu  Hliitn  from  iho  time  of  rit.  I-Mwnrd  the  t'onfnHnor ;  iind  iIki 
•re  reniinnR,  niorcovi!r,  to  li«llevt!,  tlint  the  word  Troy  hui  no  refi^rence  to  any  town  In  Kraiici'.bi 
rather  to  (he  nionkUh  name  Riven  to  I.(mdon,  of  Troy  Novant,  founded  on  tim  legend  of  Rriiti*.  T;t 
W(!li{ht,  tliercfnrr,  ncrordliiif  to  this  etymology,  Is,  in  f»ct,  London  weight.  We  were  Indiirpd.  mnti 
over,  to  preserve  the  Troy  weight,  becniise  all  the  roiniige  has  been  uniformly  regiiluied  by  lij  n 
III  inodlciil  prescriptions  or  forinnlm  now  are.  iind  always  have  been,  estlnintpd  by  Troy  weight,  ui, 

•  peculiar  subdivision,  which  the  College  of  Physicians  have  expressed  ihtiinselvcs  most  anxluun' 
preserve." 

It  was  resolved,  therefore,  to  continue  the  use  of  Troy  weight ;  and  also,  on  account  of  the  nccuriii 
of  the  Troy  standard,  to  raise  the  Avoirdupois  weight  from  (IiIh  basis. 

"We  found,"  said  Mr.  Davies  Uilbert,  "the  Avoirdu|>ols  weight,  by  which  all  heavy  gnnrtshin 
been  for  a  long  time  weighed  (probably  derived  from  Avoirs  (Averia),  the  ancient  name  for  tmitii 
chattels,  and  I'oids,  weight),  to  be  universally  used  throughout  the  kingdom.  This  weight,  hnwevr, 
seems  not  to  have  been  preserved  with  such  scrupulous  accuracy  as  Troy  weight,  by  which  nmrepti^ 
«:ious  articles  have  been  wci^ihed  ;  but  we  had  reason  to  believe  that  the  pound  cannot  dltfcr  hyiwti 
than  I,  2,  or  3  grains,  from  7,0U0  grains  Troy ;  some  being  in  excess,  and  others,  though  in  a  Wssii- 
grce,  in  dttfcct,  but  in  no  case  amounting  to  above  1,  2,  or  .1  grains.  It  therefore  occurred  lo  lu,  nm 
we  should  be  offering  no  violence  to  this  system  of  weights,  if  we  declared  that  7,000  grains  Troj 
should  be  hereafter  considered  lis  the  pound  Avoirdupois." 

In  accordance  with  these  views,  it  was  enacted,— "that  from  and  after  the  1st  day  of  May,  ]^Vi,\i> 
standard  brass  weight  of  1  pound  Troy  weight,  made  in  the  year  175S,  now  in  the  custody  oftheclfri 
of  the  House  of  Commons,  shall  he,  and  the  sa  le  is  hereby  declared  lo  be,  the  original  anil  ^cniiiii 
standard  measure  of  weight,  and  that  such  brass  sleight  shall  he,  and  is  herebv  denominated,  ilieln. 
perial  Standard  Troy  pound,  and  shall  be,  and  the  same  Is  hereby  declared  to  be,  (be  uiiltnrnni) 
standard  measure  of  weight,  from  which  nil  other  weights  shall  be  derived,  computed,  and  nsrerlnlni'd; 
and  that  l-12th  part  of  the  said  Troy  pound  shall  be  an  ounce ;  and  (bat  the  l-20th  part  of  siichoumt 
shall  be  a  pennywei^'ht ;  and  that  l-2ltli  piirt  of  such  pennyweight  shall  be  n  grain  ;  so  that  S.TliDiuili 
grains  .shall  l>c  a  Troy  pound  ;  and  thai  7,(MH)  such  grains  shall  be,  and  they  are  hereby  decliireillnln, 

•  pound  Av<)irdii|K)i3,  and  that  1-I6th  |Kirt  of  the  said  pound  Avoirdupois  shall  be  an  ounce  AvoirJi. 
pois,  nnd  that  1-lOth  purt  of  such  ounce  shall  be  a  dram," 

The  measures  of  capacity  were  found  to  be,  at  the  period  of  passing  the  late  statute,  in  iki 

greatest  confusion ;  and  a  considerable  change  has  consequently  been  made  in  tbein.   Tl.e 

wine  gallon  formerly  amounted  to  231  cubic  inches,  the  corn  gallon  to  268'8,  and  the  aie 

gallon  to  282.   But  these  are  superseded  by  the  Imperial  gallon,  which  contains  277-274 cubit 

inches,  or  277^  very  nearly.     It  is  deduced  as  follows: — 

"The  standard  measure  of  capacity,  ns  well  for  liquids  as  for  dry  goods  not  mensurerl  by  heafd 
measure,  shall  be  thr  Gallon,  containing  10  lbs.  avoirdupois  weight  of  distilled  water  wei^jhcd  iniir, 
at  the  temperature  of  62°  of  Fahrenheit's  thermometer,  the  barometer  being  nt  30  inches;  aiiilani!!. 
sure  shall  lie  forthwith  made  of  brass,  of  such  contents  as  aforesaid,  under  the  directions  nf  iheM 
High  Treasurer,  or  the  commissioners  nf  his  Majesty's  treasury;  and  such  brass  measure  KJiallbt, 
and  is  hereby  declared  to  be,  the  Imperial  standard  gallon,  nnd  shall  be,  and  is  hereby  deelarpitlotf, 
the  unit  and  only  standard  measure  of  capacity,  from  which  all  other  measures  of  capacity  tn  lieiwj, 
as  well  for  wine,  beer,  ale,  spirits,  and  all  sorts  of  liquids,  as  for  dry  goods  not  mea^iired  hylirif 
measure,  shall  be  derived,  computed,  and  ascertained  ;  nnd  all  measures  shall  be  taken  in  \msi 
multiples  or  certain  proportions  of  the  said  Imperial  standard  gallon  :  nnd  the  quart  shall  b«  Ji'i 
of  such  standard  gallon,  and  the  pint  shall  be  ^  nf  such  standard  gallon,  and  2  such  gnllona  uliallbdj 
peck,  and  8  such  gallons  shall  be  u  bushel,  and  8  such  bushels  a  quarter  of  corn  or  other  dry  gooil' 
measured  by  heaped  measure."— J  6. 


We  subjoin  a  Table  showing  the  contents  of  the  different  gallons,  both  in  measure  and  weight. 


Imperial  gallon           -           .           - 
Corn  gallon      .... 
Wine  gallon     .... 
Ale  gallon         .           .           .           - 

Cubic  Inchei. 

AvoirJupnis  Weiglit 

Troy  WeiKhf. 

277-274 
268-8 
231 
263 

/J>i.     or.     dr. 
10      0      0 

9  10    n 

8     5     r>i 

10      2    lU 

Lhi.  oz.  itwt.  r'- 

13    1    16  16 

11  9     7   11 
10    1     9  a 

12  4     6    8 

»ii(l  th«t  \M  P«'«  "'  'hfi  Mill  •««nd«r(| 
and  tlio  nillB  1,700  »ii.:h  ynn«»-    -«  ' 
le  squaro  of  ihw  Htandard;  il  l)cin,j 

,„i  to  the  Mia  •tnn<««rd  ynul  i  '")|«  ih";l 
;l()  iciunie  |>«rcli«t,  pole*.  »»  "">••    -«'l 

■ion  anJ  inconvenience  aUcndinil 
on,  but  of  difleronl  mognituiloii,  wil 
clTortu  have  notl)«on  inniio  to  rpduni 
.nrJiument  have  bcon  paHseil,  hovirJ 
iahtsond  mca«ureii,  under  very  wve»l 
oms,  and  the  diiricuily  of  enfornJ 
limited  inrtuonco,  and  the  grtnieJ 
Hurcg.  But  the  statute  of  6  lH<o,tl 
itutcH  failed  of  acconiplifhing.  Itiil 
lodorate  nature  of  the  changeH  whic; 
,0  alteration  in  the  lineal  nicnsuml 
cxiHting  system  of  weights :  both  iltl 
ted. 

rUin  noyal  Sorlfity,  "appcnrfiil  tn  inOiil 
elBht  <>r  lliU  klnmloin,  IrnvhiR.  «»  we  Imil 
of  ril.  lUlwnnI  llie  Conrnaflnr  s  imd  ili,i,l 
no  refcr«nc(!  t.)  nny  l.'wn  »"  ►';'"t''.k: 
,t,  foinulecl  (.n  tlm  l.igcnil  of  nrm. .  T:»-l 
onilon  WfilRlit.  We  wnro  In-liKod,  nit-l 
Zh  been  uniformly  rrR..lat«rt  •>  H ;  w 
ive  J»een,  estinml.'.!  by  Troy  wolnm.mlJ 
,e  expressBd  iliomselvcs  most  uuxiouii: 

Igbt ;  and  aUo.on  account  of  the  accutit) 

|g  wel'ibt','  by  which  a"  heavy  cnndj  hit. 
'.  (AvcrliO,  the  ancient  name  for  cimJ.a 
,01 1  the  ktnudoin.  ThU  we  ?ht,  howe,.,, 
Miracy  as  Troy  welRlU,  by  which  n.nt.p,,. 
lipve  thill  the  pound  cannot  ditrcr  bymtr. 
n  excess,  and  others,  thou«h  y\<^^<'»H 
orains.  It  therefore  occurred  tn  Ms.ito 
"us,  if  we  declared  that  7,000  grams  T,oi 

roin  and  after  the  Isi  day  of  May,  TO.nJ 
vear  t758,  now  In  the  custody  of  hechi 
hv  .Ipclared  to  be.  the  original  am  pin™ 
.11  be  and  is  hereby  denominated,  llielai. 
i  bereby  declared  to  be,  the  unitoron, 
,all  be  derived,  computed,  and  asreruMi' 
ce  •  and  that  the  l-2mh  part  of  smho«w, 
'weight  -hall  be  a  grain  ;  so  tha  5.,Mi«a 
Til  bo,  and  they  are  hereby  declare,!  t.fej 
Id  Avoirdupois  shall  be  an  ounce  AvoirJi- 

period  of  passing  the  late  statute,  iiitkil 
isequently  been  made  in  them.  TUI 
he  corn  gallon  to  268-8,  and  the  iilil 
al  gallon,  which  contains  277-274cubi{l 

1  as  for  dry  goods  not  measured  byhesf(jl 
i»  weight  of  di>ililled  water  weit'ticd  m«M 
ba/omeer  being  at  30  inches ;  km  a  »l 
iforesaid,  under  the  directions  of  the  Wl 
asiiry;  and  such  brass  inea.nreslb^^l 
and  shall  be,  and  is  hereby  'l.ei^l;";'  »^1 
"Sll  other  miasuresofcapacuylo  J 
as  for  dry  goods  not  mea«iirid  liy  "* 

,'"l.neasu^.^«l'»"''«l"tVbVd 
lard  callon  :  and  the  quart  slmll  >>«  •'  ^' 

lnda?d  gallon,  and  2  such  gallons  .ha  M 

lu  a  quarter  of  corn  or  other  dry  goo.K..j 

L  gallons,  both  in  measure  and  weighs 

'7;~^miwe^ J Troy  W»H___| 

"7(jl.      0!.     dr. 

10      0      0 

9  10    n 

8      5      H 
10      2    lU 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 


728 


Heaprd  Mfn»iirta. — Th«  ffrentest  blomiah,  by  far,  in  the  new  act,  is  the  continuance  and 
Irgitiination  of  the  practice  of  si'lling  by  heaped  ineasuri'.  We  itre  aMtonishcd  at  the  lolerttion 
of  such  a  barharouii  custom.  All  articles  that  may  he  sold  hy  heaped  niraNuro  ouf^lit  to  lie 
fold  by  wci^lit.  In  ftW:i>liund,  in(l«<ed,  the  use  of  hea|>ed  measure  was  li'Hally  abolislied  above 
200  years  nince ;  and  the  jireseiit  il|.a<lviii«'(l  attein|>t  to  revive  a  practice  prinluclive  of  notliinft 
but  fraud  han  lieen  univcrHiilly  rejected  in  that  country.  The  clauses  in  the  act  as  to  heaped 
measure  are  as  follow  : — 


)     The  standard  ineinfure  nfcaparity  for  rixiN,  rii/m,  lime,  JItk,  potaloft,  or  frnil,  tind  nil  olhtr  rnoiltatii 
'  l)iinif»  mmmnnti)  mill  hi/ hfiipnl  mraiurr,  uliall  lie  (he  aforesaid  bushel,  coiilalnliig  Mllhn   uvoirdiipolii 
of  witter  a*  aforesiild,  tlie*iiiiH  being  made  round,  with  a  plain  and  even  bulloin,  itnd  being  \')t  iiiclit'S 
,  frnin  nulslde  to  outside  of  mirh  Htiindurd  tneuHiire  as  uforesald.-'f  7. 

In  making  ime  of  such  biiilicl,  all  coiils  nnd  other  goods  and  things  rnminnnly  s<dd  by  heaped  inea- 
-  Hire,  oball  be  duly  heaped  up  in  siirk  biisbel.  In  the  form  of  a  cone,  such  cone  lo  be  of  the  bi'l^lii  df  at 
iHimt  •)  inclii-o.and  Iheoutilde  of  (lie  bimliel  to  be  the  extremity  of  the  base  of  fucli  lone  ;  and  3  IiiihIk'Is 
(hull  be  a  sai  l<,  and  13  sucli  Naiks  abiill  be  a  chnldron  — f  H.  It  was  further  enacted,  by  rtat.  A  (Jeo 
4,  c.  \'i..  Hint  from  and  after  the  1st  of  .lanuary,  IM'W,  all  such  heaped  meaxiires  shall  be  made  cylln- 
drlr.iit.  Hint  (be  diameter  ofmich  meiisures  Rhall  be  at  the  least  double  llie  depth  thereof,  and  ilie  lieiubt 
of  ilie  I'oiie  or  heap  shall  be  rqiiiil  to  )tbs  of  the  depth  of  the  said  measure,  the  outside  uf  the  measure 
beliiK  the  extremity  of  or  base  of  Hiich  cone.— }  2. 
Mrimure  of  Height,  or  Heaped  Meamirt,  tn  he  vstd  fur  W'A«r— Provided  always,  that  any  rontractii, 
ii  liariHiiis.  sales,  and  dealingK,  iniide  or  had  for  or  with  respect  to  any  c(  r>.ls,  culm,  lime,  HnIi,  potalocii, 
or  fruit,  and  all  ntlii-r  goods  and  things  coninionly  soM  by  heaped  measure,  ■old,  delivered,  done,  or 
igtei'd  for,  or  to  be  H(dd.  delivered,  done,  or  agreed  foi ,  by  weight  o.-  i!  eaiiure,Rhiill  and  may  be  either 
jccordliig  to  the  salil  standard  of  weight,  <  r  the  said  s'r  lulard  f'^r  hi;aped  measure  ;  but  all  conlracti, 
ImrKiiliis,  sales,  and  dealinits,  >>ride  or  had  I'l  r  any  othe  -  i><<.)d  .t  ares,  or  merchandise,  or  other  thing 
^iiii!  nr  agreed  for,  or  to  b.!  «  ii(,  delivered,  I'ine,  or  ..,;'•  ed  ii-."  iiy  weight  or  measure,  shall  he  made 
311(1  hud  according  to  the  ssld  standu  '.  of  w<  'i;l<t,  u  .,'  the  "J.!  /sllon,  or  tlu;  parti,  multiples,  or  pro- 
|iiirlliiii.i  thereof;  and  In  •ji->::.g  the  si  ..-e  lis  Jii.  .,tiii;rs  thv.ll  ;,<  >  be  he.tpod,  but  shall  be  stricken  with 
trniind  stick  or  roller,  straight,  ani  ■<)  i,\«  »u  va  ti.  Mice    troisi  end  to  end.— (S  Geo.  4.  c.74.  jO.) 

Mudtl M.—ThK  12lh  section  of  the  dit  direcm  I'lod'  l^iof  .'le  i.tandnrd  weights  and  measures  to  he  kepi 
In  the  ditfercnt  cuiintieii,  citicH,  burgh*,,  m,.  ti,r  liw  v.'r.f.catioii  of  the  \v-''li;liti  and  measures  in  use  In 
lUfh  places. 

Ciintriictii  for  Sale,  S^e.  by  ll'ti/rht  or  .^lawi'.—  lAi  c  ir.t  acts,  Inirestiifi  nales,  and  dealings,  which 
ilmll  lie  made  or  had  wltliin  ut.y  part  <>'  Cht.  (TnHetl  i^'.ngdom.  fir  m-v  i.o'L  to  bo  done,  or  (i>t  any 
inoii*.  wares,  merchandise,  or  i/iher  ll-ii.T  to  hi  mi'I,  d( 'Ui  red,  fluiie,  o*  vijie.iid  frr.  by  //eight  or 
memiire,  where  no  special  agrcemei.t  thii'i  i";  iimio  to  thu  contri>'-i'.  .ih.i'l  'le  deeinei!  t<i  be  aiade  and 
had  nrcording  to  the  standard  weiv'i'.ii  nnd  nu.'.\.a,rei!i  uscer-.ivineii  :-  ihi^  uct{  an  i  ->■  i!i  c.tges  where 
anynpecial  agreement  shall  he  ir/Lle,  w;'h  :■,  i^ren'.o  tc  ...ly  w-?ignt  or  mePenii)  ivtr.j'ijhod  by  local 
cmloiii,  the  ratio  nr  proporiic.i  v  '.m  h  f.very  eilc'i  tucal  veigie.  >t  iupiwu.'  stall  i>v  ir  l.i  f»n;  uf  the  said 
(inndnrd  weights  or  meaiiuri  .ihall  be  •.njir-s'^en.  di'cl.irc-'.!,  ii'«'.  «J»J^^'ii«d  \n  <ii  :!i  i.ire^.nciiit.o'  other- 
wlir  stich  agreement  shall  be  iinl'  itnl  void  — ^  If. 

f.iitliiig  IVeighln  and  Metiiins  ^w.ij  *«  tiiii,ke>.(;  rncfltfi  — .'  if  »»  «.  V  «;.)i.).liert  tfiM  T'ersons 
ihoulil  he  allowed  to  use  the  seveial  \teipht;i  an'>  MeK.»l;-''i  whi.h  »hev  iii)'  iiavt  m  t'li-'!  |  SBeswon, 
tllliouiih  siirii  weights  and  uieasiireg  ii'i>y  no.  b»:  iii  e''^»ii'<'niiiy  wiii,  .V.n  tiandikrd  weUii'i.  ■  .\A  r.'a- 
lurea  established  by  this  act;  it  Ih  iiierefore  cutcted..  lliut  it  H(i;«li  iic  >iiwful  fn  uny  i.erun.  ir  ;k>i!i  r.d 
to  buy  and  sell  goods  and  nicrchandis'.  h  /anj  weivhls  oi*  measures  establSbuii  eiilu?  t;y  locnl  lustum, 
or  founded  on  special  agreement:  pr;  vided  ihi.j,  in  oi.ii^r  thit  t'l*  rutfoor  ,r'>porti'Vii  whi.' Ii  ii'' such 
meaiures  and  weights  nhalf  liear  to  the  iilaii'lurd  \v>;i,ii««  an,',  le.iasi'reu  eMlublishr  !  Ijy  tljia  .tct  shall 
teand  become  a  matter  of  common  notoritU',  the  r^lio  or  proportion  which  uil  iiuc.i  c<ii,'o  -.lary  mea- 
iiirei  and  weights  shall  bear  to  the  said  iititiidard  tveigh;ii  and  meus'iri*  iihall  be  iv^niod  or  marked 
upnn  all  such  customary  weights  nuti  ine'i.'U.'Cs  rest  ectiveiy  but  nntldiii^  he-'ctr.  cortit.ied  shall 
«itend  to  permit  any  maker  of  weighls  nr  iiieas'jre?,  or  nnv  ivjnon  or  persom.  viooiiifoever.  to  make 
«ny  weiifht  or  measure,  at  any  time  afJcr  On.  ifi  of  May.  lyiS,  except  in  tciit'crrnlty  'vill/  ihe  utaiidard 
weifhta  and  measures  establlHhcd  uii.ki  tl,.:i  "-vx  --,)  16 

Mil  or  deficient  IVeighle,  .!(■(•.— The  2l8t  leciioii  declare  i  Mmt  ».l  Cie  p-  vef,  rnte-..  and  regulations 
in  force  hy  former  acts  f.ir  preventing  the  use  of  false  aiirt  f€fe,,;nr  lecjuu.^  irt  '.  >  be  applied  and 
put  in  execution,  except  such  as  are  expressly  repealed  oi  alie:  'j>(  oy  tble  act. 

Invariabk  or  Natural  Slandardn. — As  the  standard?  adoptet'  n  mcs*  covrtries  have  been 
lina  great  degree  arbitrary,  it  has  long  b^ifiji  tlic  opinion  of  scicjiti  "c  nei,  that,  to  construct 
limore  perfect  system  of  weights  anil  nicasures,  i;ii."  natural  aud  oitchungeable  basis  should 
ibe  adapted.  It  has  indeed  been  cor  icihled  by  Paiiclv>n  aad  Bailly,  t'.iat  the  measures  of  the  an- 
IcicnU  were  deduced  from  a  bai^is  of  t'lit  v.>rt :  and  thn?,  the  stadium  always  formed  an  aliquot 
Ipartof  the  earth's  circumferenci.th.V  pari  dihriiii^i^.iiion^cRiditrerentnationa  and  authors.  But 
Ino  leirtiing  or  ingenuity  can  inJucr  any  ohe  to  tc-rcve  what  is  so  obviously  incredible.  The 
lancients  had  no  means  of  dctnir''  ling  the  earth's  circumference  with  any  thing  like  the 
■accuracy  required  to  render  it  the  great  uni'.  of  a  system  of  measures ;  and,  what  is  equally 
Idecisive,  no  ancient  uutha^  ever  maices  the  slightest  allusion  to  any  such  standard. 

In  more  modern  tir  '.-.ii,  howevci,  the  idea  of  seeking  for  a  unit  of  weight  and  measure  in 
lume  unch!>'>E,ing  natural  object  has  t)een  practically  carried  into  effect.  The  standards  that 
■have  been  iiiio'lly  proposed  for  this  object,  have  been  some  aliquot  part  of  the  quadrant  of 
|ue;r.cridtin,  or  the  length  of  a  (lendulum  vibrating  seconds  in  some  given  latitude.  The 
|laiter  has  been  in  so  far  adopted  into  the  existing  system  of  weights  and  measures  established 
lb;  the  act  of  1823,  that  the  length  of  the  standard  yard,  as  compared  with  that  of  a  pendulum 
Iribrating  seconds  in  the  latitude  of  London,  is  specified  in  the  act  as  follows : — 

"Whereas  it  has  been  ascertained  by  the  commissioners  appointed  hy  his  Majesty  to  inquire  into 
llhetuhject  nf  weights  and  measures,  tliat  the  said  yard  hereby  declared  to  be  the  Imperial  stanifn:-;; 
|;ard,  when  compared  with  a  pendulum  vibrating  seconds  of  mean  time  in  the  latitude  of  Lou'V../,  in  ii, 
Iracuuni  at  the  level  nf  the  sea,  is  in  the  proportion  of  30  inches  to  .SO  inches  and  1,393  ten-trviiHai:dtU 
Ijaitaofan  inch:  be  it  therefore  enacted  and  declared,  that  if  at  any  time  hereafter  the  sni '  i'ii(  "r  si 
liiaDdard  yard  shall  be  lost,  or  shall  be  in  any  manner  destroyed,  defaced,  or  otherwise  inj  uii-^ , '.!  s'.ail 


'  i9!l 


: !:'!' 


724 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 


M      « 

Til 


•r.i 

""-'"''ii 

|L.-i:«t« 

C3 


and  may  be  restored  by  making,  under  the  direction  of  the  Lord  High  Treaaurer.or  the  commiBsionera 
orhig  Majesty's  trcagury  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  or  any  3of  them  for  tlie 
time  being,  a  new  standard  yard,  bearing  the  same  proportion  to  such  pendulum  as  aforesaid,  as  the 
■aid  Imperial  standard  yard  bears  to  such  pendulum." 

TABLES   OF    ENGLISH    WEIGHTS   AND    MEASITRES,   ACCORDING    TO  THE  NEW   OR 

IMPERIAL  STANDARD. 

Besides  the  above,  there  are  the  palm,  whiih 
equals  3  inches ;  the  hand,  4  inches;  the  span  9 
inches ;  and  the  fathom,  ti  feet.  ' 


IMPERIAL  TROV   WEIGHT. 

The  standard  pound  containing  S,T60grs. 

f  reufh  GramltiM. 

1  Grain  =      0  0(M8 

24  Grains     -  -    1  Pennyweight  =      1-55.V2 

20  Pennyweiglits    -    1  Ounce  =    311027 

12  Ounces     -  -     1  Pound  =  373  2330 

Troy  weight  is  used  in  the  weighing  of  gold, 
silver,  jewels,  &c.  It  is  also  used  in  ascertaining 
the  strengtii  of  spirituous  liquors;  in  philosnpliical 
e.YperiiuiMits ;  and  in  conipuriug  ditlerent  weights 
with  each  otiier. 

APOTHBCAHIES'   WEIGHT. 

1  Grain      - 

I  Scruple  - 

1  Dram 

I  Ounce    - 


20  Grains 
3  Scruples 
8  Drams 

12  Ounces 


Fr.  Oram. 

00()48 

1-296 

3-888 

31  102 


-    =  373-233 


-     1  Pound     - 

This  weight  is  essentially  the  same  as  Troy 
weight,  but  ditferently  divided.  It  is  chiefly  used 
for  medical  prescriptions ;  bu'  dr'^es  are  mostly 
bought  and  sold  by  avoirdupois  weight. 

Diamond  weight. — Diamonds  and  other  pre- 
cious stones  are  weighed  by  carats,  the  carat  being 
divided  into  4  grains,  and  the  grain  into  16  parts. 
The  diamond  carat  weighs  3 1-5  grains  Troy  :  thus, 

DianioDd  Weifiiit.  Troy  Welfjlit.        Oeclgraiiinies. 

16  Parts        -     1  Grain  -  08-10  Grains   -    =    51} 
4  Grains      -    1  Carat  -  3 1-5      —        -    =  205^ 

IMPERIAL   AVOIRDUPOIS   WEIGHT. 

Fr.  Gram. 

1  Dram  -  =  1-771 

16  Drams  -     1  Ounce  -  :=  28-346 

16  Ounces  -     1  Pound  -  =  453544 

28  Pounds  -    1  Quarter        -  =      12-6i)'J  kil. 

4  Quarters       -    1  Hundred  wt.  =      50  796  — 

20  Hundred  wt.      1  Ton  -  =1015-920  — 

The  dram  is  subdivided  into  3  scruples,  and  each 
scruple  into  10  grains  ;  the  pound,  or  7,680  grains 
avoirdupois,  equals  7,000  grains  Troy,  and  hence  1 
grain  Troy  equals  1097  grains  avoirdupois. 

Hence  also  144  lbs.  avoirdupois  =  175  lbs.  Troy, 
and  -  192  oz.        ditto         =  175  oz.  ditto. 

The  stone  is  generally  14  lbs.  avoirdupois  weight, 
but  for  butcher's  meat  or  fish  it  is  8  lbs.  Hence 
the  hundred  weight  (cwt.)  equals  8  stone  of  14  lbs. 
or  14  stone  of  8  lbs. 

A  stone  of  glass  is  5  lbs.  A  acam  of  glass  24 
stone,  or  120  lbs. 

Hay  and  str.  .vare  sold  by  the  lood  of  30  trusses. 

The  truss  of  hay  weights  56  lbs  and  of  straw 
30  lbs.  The  truss  of  new  hay  is  60  lbs.  until  the 
1st  of  .September. 

The  custom  of  allowing  more  than  16  ounces  to 
the  pound  of  butter  used  to  be  very  general  in 
several  parts  of  the  country. 

WOOL   WEIGHT. 

Like  all  other  bulky  articles,  wool  is  weighed  by 
avotidupois  weight,  but  the  divisions  differ ;  thus. 


6J  Tods 

2    Weys 

1-2    Sacks 


=  1  Wey. 
=  1  Sack. 
=    1  Last. 


7  Pounds  -  =  1  riove. 
3  Cloves  -  =  1  Stone. 
2  Stone    -  =  1  Todd. 
A  pack  of  wool  contains  210  lbs. 

CHEESE   AND    DUTTER. 

8  Pounds  -  =  1  Clove. 

32  CAovea  -  =  1  Wey  in  Essex. 

42  do.        -  -  =  1  do.  in  Suffolk. 

56  Pounds  -  =  1  Firkin  of  Butler 


IMPERIAL   LONG    MEASURE.           j.,    „„^ 

12   Inches    - 

-     1  Foot            -  =         0-3048 

3    Feet 

.     1  Yard             -=         0-9114 

5i  Yards     - 

-     1  Pole  or  Rod   =         50291 

40    Poles 

-     1  Furlong       -  =     201-1632 

8    Furlongs 

-     1  Mile              -  r=    1609-3<I59 

3    Miles 

-     1  League        -  =    4827.9179 

*"   ''69^En'^^^les  }'  "•-'«'««       "  =  "'''^  '^''^ 

144   Inches 
9  S(|uare  feet 
30^  S<iuar«  yards  - 
40    Square  poles    - 
4    Roods 


IMPERIAL  SUPERFICIAL  MEASURE. 

f  !■•  Sq.  Melri,. 
1  Square  foot  =  o  09-29 
1  Square  yard  =  0  8361 
1  Square  pole  =  25-291ti 
1  R<iod  =    1011  fitiiij 

1  Acre  =    4O4O-C04«. 

The  inch  is  generally  divided,  on  scales,  into 

lOths,  or  decimal  parts;  but  in  squaring  the  di. 

meiisions  of  artificers'  work,  llie  duodecimal  sys. 

teni  is  adopted;  the  inch  being  divided  into  l'2|KiriD 

or  lines,  each  part  into  12 seconds,  and  eaclist'ccnd 

into  12  tliirds. 
Laiul  is  usually  measured  by  a  chain  of  4  pniri- 

or  22  yards,  which  is  divided  into  100  links.    I'm' 

chains  in  length  and  1  in  breadth  make  an  ncn; 

which  equals  160  square  perches,  or  4,840  s()iiure 

yards. 

CUniC  OR   SOLID   MEASURE. 

Fr.  Cubic  Mfire, 
1,728  Cubic  inches    -  I  Cubic  foot    -    =       ■(i2»3 
27  Cubit  feet        -  1  Cubic  yard   -    =       -^gij 
40  Feet  of  nuigh") 

timber,  or     >  I  Load  or  ton       =\  J  "'•' 
50  Feel  hewn  do.  3  «.  HlJ" 

42  Cubic  feet     -    1  Ton  of  shipping  =     Mso^ 

By  cubic  measure,  marble,  stone,  tiiiihor,  nia. 
sonry,  and  all  arfiticers'  works  of  lenptli,  liriMdHj 
and  thickness,  are  measured,  and  also  the  cnnlcnii 
of  all  measures  of  capacity,  both  liquid  and  dry. 

I.MPERIAL   LIQl'IU   AND   DRY    .MEASURE, 

Deduced  from  the  Standard  Gallon,  cnnlainingld 
lbs.  weight  of  distilled  water,  teniperaliire  di' 
barometer  30  inches. 


si 

o 

C-abic 
Feet. 

8-665 

11, 

a  ' 

-'1 

5  nz. 

1 

4 

._. 

Ibl.  1^ 



34  059 
69-318 
I3S637 

J  L 
1'  -' 

2J 
5 
10 

3J. 

16,     4 

1 

2 
4 

J_ 
32 

<£  1  _ 

277-274 
554-548 

32,     8 
64    16 

256    64 

^i-'^lh 

20 

4:2     1,=  ,^,- 

80 

1-2837 
5-1347 

2218191 

16,  8    4    l,-,i 
61  32  16   4    1  j 

320 

8*72763 

1,204  256  12^ 

640 

10-2' 94 

1774.5-:2(i 

2,04S512l25(i 

I2-'6132    g   .'   1 

The  dimensions  of  the  Imperial  standard  bushel 
are  as  follows: — The  outer  diameter  ilij  inrlifs, 
and  the  inner  diameter  ISJ.  The  depth  isSJ.aiiJ 
the  height  of  the  cone,  for  heaped  mcasiirc, is« 
inches.  The  contents  of  the  Imperial  lienpeil 
bushel  are  2815-4887  cubic  inches.  Tlie  siilidivisioru 
and  multiples  are  in  the  same  proportioa. 

OLD  MEASURES  SIIPF.RSEDF.D  HY  THE 
I.MPERIAL  SYSTEM. 


OLD  WINE   MEASURE. 

Cub.  In.  rr.  I.r 

Pint      -    -  28-S75     -  =    0  ai 

Quart    -    -  .')7-75       -  =     09lf3 

Gallon  -      231  -  =    .I.TO 

Tierce-    -    5614 feel  =  1.5>iM 

Puncheon-    II-22S  -  =  3i:93« 

Hogshead  -     H-4'21  —  =  'mm 

1   Pipe  or  liult  16-842  -  =  4T6!)0li 

I  Tun      -      -  33-fiW4  -  ;=953M 

The  pint  is  <iiibdividiMl  info  halve.s  aiidqunrler!! 

the  latter  is  called  a  gill.    A  rundlul  is  1»  galloni, 

and  an  anker  9. 


2  Pints 

4  Quarts 
42  Gallons 

2  Tierces 
63  Gallons 

8  Hogshds 

2  Pipes 


et 

inlB 

:)lea 


lES. 

h  TreaBurer.or  the  commlasioneM 
A  Ireland,  or  any  3  of  them  for  tt.e 
uch  pendulum  as  aforesaid,  aa  the 

WORDING    TO  THE  NEW   OR 

.hnve  there  are  the  palm,  whiih 
fthe'hand.4inche.;lhe8pan,9 

e'  fiuhom,  tJ  feel. 

1  Square  foot  =  0  OMg 
1  Sii\iiire  yard  =  U  Hbl 
1  Suimre  pole  =       2.V291li 

in..od  =  '"1  ■f*'' 

.     lAcro  =    '1010004> 

,  generally  divided,  on  scales  imo 
nal  parts ;  l.nt  in  squaring  tlu"  d.. 
rlificers'  worl<,  the  duodecuiii.l  sjs- 
'•the  inch  being  divided  .ntol'iimm 
part  into  IS  seconds,  and  eacli  secoml 

ially  measured  by  a  cjijiin  of  4  pnl,,-. 
vlch  is  divided  into  100  links.  l.„ 
^BIU  aiul  1  in  breadth  "'■>k'-,  »>'  "",;, 
J  160  square  perches,  or  4,840  sqiiute 

UDIC  OB  SOLID  MEASUBE. 

""'^  Fr.  Cubic  MflTf., 

inches  -  1  C"'i'<=  *■""'  '  -  "'!"' 
feet        -  1  Cubic  yard   -    =       -7615 

f  rough")  ,       .  _  f  IISM 

er,  or     V  1  Load  or  ton       -  |  1.1,5. 

f^et  -1  Ton  of  shipping  =  IM 
measure,  marble,  slone,  timl.or,  mr.- 
an  nriificers'  works  of  length,  hreadili, 
.,"  are  measured,  and  also  the  cnmenu 
ures  of  capacity,  both  liquid  and  dry. 

RIAL  L.QtlU   AND  DBV    MEASURK, 

•om  the  Standard  Gallon,  co.ua.nin?  lu 
-urof  distilled  water,  ten.perau.re  Vl'. 
jr  30  inches. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 


72  i 


I^^^^^TTifThe  Imperial  standard  hiishel 
;f"7L%he  onteAliatneter  llH  imK 
tdiamctcr  18i.  The  deptl.is4.a« 
It  of  the  cone,  for  heap.d  uioasnr,.,is 
Jrhe  contents  of  the  Imperial  lie:iped 
L '2«15'4S87  cubic  inches.  The  mMmmu 
Iples  are  in  the  same  proportioa. 

IfaSHUKS  SlIPRUPEDED  BV  THE 
'^^ IMPERIAL  SYSTEM. 


.  2HS75 
.  f)7-75 
231 
.    5-614  f. 


OLD  WINE  MBASfBE. 

Cub.  In. 

1  Pint      - 
1  fiuart   - 
1  Oallon  - 
1  Tierce  -        -^   _ 
1  Puncheon  -    M  |" 
1  Hogshead  -     "'Ifl 
1  Pipe  or  Butt   t-hU 
1  Tun      -     -  -t^  ""* 
nt  is  subdivided  into  halves 
rU  called  a  gill.     A  rundlct 
Inker  9. 


■01  = 


ami  i\ 
isl» 


Fr.  I.im 
01:31 
0W3 

a-r^s  1 
i,'i>'*:i 

llTMtS 

■i:fi  i#ii  I 
inariw; 

gallODI,  I 


Conversion  of  Old  Wine  Meaiure  into  Imperial 
jtfeatiire.— The  old  wine  gallon  contains  331  cubic 
inches,  and  the  Imperial  gallon  377374  ditto. 
Hence,  to  convert  wine  gallons  into  Imperial  gal- 
lons, multiply  by  ^^%^^f,  or  by  83311;  and  to 
convert  Imperial  gallons  into  wine  gallons,  multi- 
ply by  the  reciprocal  fraction  i3^j-|li,  or  by 
120032.  But  for  most  practical  purposes,  wine 
measure  multiplied  by  5  and  divided  by  6  will  give 
Imperial  measure  with  sutficient  accuracy,  and 
conversely. 

JV.  B.— The  multipliers  and  divisors  employed 
(0  reduce  old  wine,  ale,  &c.  measures  to  Imperial 
measure,  serve  also  to  reduce  prices  by  the  former 
,0  the  latter. 

We  subjoin,  from  the  very  complete  and  valu- 
able work  of  lUr.  Buchanan,  of  Edinburgh,  on 
Weights  and  Measures,  a 

Table  of  English  Wine  Gallons,  from  I  to  100,  with 
their  Equivalents  in  Imperial  Gallons. 


1 

S 

* 
5 

erf 

i 

0 

8 

=0 

li 

1 

.1 

1 
.5 

1! 

a 

11      i 

>Ji 

s 

uJ 

^ 

SI 

''i 

Ss,    : 

1      0--331I 

26 

^i-eeoi^s 

51 

42-4P866 

^ 

63-3  613 

I  '  cee-ii 

27 

22-49399 

52 

43  32177 

77 

64-14934 

3     2-4WW 

2^ 

23  32711 

53 

4l-lSl!'8 

73 

64  9S26-. 

4     3  33214 

29 

24-l602i 

61 

44  98-99 

79 

63-81576 

i     4lt>ii 

3i) 

■24l»133 

55 

45S2II0 

80 

66-618*7 

6    jMSii: 

,11 

2v82644 

56 

46  65121 

81 

67-4S198 

7  1  S■83I7^ 

32 

26-65955 

37 

474>732 

82 

68-3r.09 

B  !  6'6«489 

33 

27-49266 

58 

48.32043 

8:1 

tg  14820 

9     7'49S00 

34 

2S-3«77 

59 

49-15354 

84 

6'i-9SI32  ' 

10     8  311 II 

35 

29-15888 

to 

4H  9S60S 

83 

70-81443  ' 

II     916132 

33 

•29-99199 

l!| 

50-119:6 

86 

71  61754   ■■ 

U     9  99733 

37 

30  82510 

62 

5l-6,52"8 

S7 

7248C6S   ; 

13   ia'!30l4 

■IS 

3165821 

63 

62 -48 -.99 

88 

71-31376   ' 

1  u    II-663.W 

39 

32  49133 

64 

53-31910 

S9 

74-14687    1 

'  13    1^49066 

40 

3332444 

65 

64-1,5221 

ro 

74-97993 

1  16    I3  4i977 

41 

34  1575-^ 

£6 

64-9S532 

91 

75-81309   1 

17    I4-I62«!> 

42 

34-9906' 

67 

55-818)3 

92 

76  6lii20  1 

1  |g    14-09500 

43 

35  62377 

CK 

5665154 

93 

7747931    ! 

19    li'«29IO 

44 

3«-«3688 

69 

S7-4f465 

94 

78-31242   1 

20    I6'6ti!22 

45 

37-48999 

70 

58-31776 

9, 

79-14--54    : 

21    n-49-.33 

46 

38-32310 

71 

59-13087 

96 

79-91863 

22    18'32-44 

47 

39-15626 

72 

69-9839S 

97 

-0-81176    : 

23   1916151 

4« 

39-9'>932 

73 

60-81710 

9S 

8I-64487    i 

i  24   19  99466 

49 

40-82243 

74 

61-65021 

99 

82-47798 

Lii 

•20y2777 

oO 

41-63555 

7.; 

62-48332 

100 

83-31109 

Hence,  supposing  the  former  denominations  to 
be  preserved,  a  tierce  of  wine  :=35  Imperial  gal- 
lons very  nearly ;  a  puncheon  =  70  ditto  very 
nearly;  a  hogshead  =  53i  ditto  very  nearly;  a 
pipe  or  butt  =  105  ditto  very  nearly ;  and  a  tun  = 
810  ilitio  very  nearly. 

OLD  ALE  AND  DEER  MEASURE. 


5  Pints 
4  Quarts 
e  Rallnns 
9  Callous 

1  Firkins 

%  Kilderkins 
li  Barrel 

2  Karrels 

i  Hogsheads 
2  Hunt 


CniiDei'MBn  of  OXAMe  nni  Beer  Measure  into  fm- 
f«ri(ii  Jffmure.— The  old  ale  gallon  contains  282 
cubic  inches,  and  the  Imperial  standard  gallon 

I  !"274  ditto.  Hence,  to  convert  alo  gallons  in- 
mlmperial  gallons,  multiply  by  TtJ'J','^^^,  or  by 
1 0170145;  and  to  convert  Imperial  gallons  into  ale 
gallons, mulilply  by  the  reciprocal  fraction ^^^'^— 
orby'9932tll.  Unless  extreme  accuracy  be  re- 
quired, the  first  3  decimals  need  only  be  used. 

I  And  for  most  practical  purposes,  ale  measure 
muliiplied  by  59  and  divided  byfiOwill  give  Im- 

I  petial  measure  with  lufflcient  accuracy,  and  con- 

I  vetMly, 

3f2 


Cub.  In. 

Fr.  Utren. 

1  Pint    -    - 

35-25      - 

:::: 

05776 

1  Quart      - 

705       - 

= 

1  1553 

1  Gallon 

283 

zm 

4-6208 

1  Firkin  ale 

1-305  feet 

= 

36-<l669 

1  ditto  beer 

i-4<>8  — 

^^ 

41-.')872 

I  Kilderkin 

2-0.S7    — 

= 

83-1744 

1  Barrel    - 

5875   — 

— 

166  3488 

1  Hogshead 

8-812   — 

^ 

219.^2,32 

1  Puncheon  10  750  — 

= 

3326S76 

1  Butt 

17-624   - 

r: 

4990464 

1  Tun 

35-318  — 

= 

9U80938 

Table  of  English  Ale  Gallona,  from  I  to  100,  witl| 
their  Equivalents  in  Imperial  Gallona. 


f'3 


1-01704 
203409 
a-05113 
4  0(>8I8 
608522 
6102  .!7 
711931 
813636 
9-15340 
10-17045 
11-18749 
12-20453 
I3-'22IS8 
14-23862 
15-25567 
16-27271 
17  2-9-6 
IS-30680 

19  i  19-32383 

20  20-34069 

21  2 1 -.15793 

22  22-37498 

23  23  39202 

24  24-40907 

25  23-42611 


-«.9 


26-44316 
27-4W20 
28-47725 
29-49429 

30  '30-51131 

31  ■  3|-52W<' 

32  :  32-54542 

33  I  33-56247 

34  '  34  .57951 
3,     35-596')8 

36  !  3  -61360 

37  '  37-63(63 

38  38'647)i9 
89  66174 
40  68178 
41-69882 
42-71587 
43- -7329 1 
44-74996 
45  767«) 
46-7SJ07 

47  I  47-S0I09 

48  i  48-81814 

49  :  4983318 

50  60  8-223 


B-a 

ai 

0 

%;  9 

i 

li 

u 

5^ 

0 

-IR 

K 

wS 

^ 

>^,l 

51   I  61-56927  (  78 

62  ;  62-H8.3I  I  77 
53  ;  53-90336  79 
51     54  920401  79 

65  66-93743  .  80 
66-95449  ;  81 
37-97134  82 
68-98858  1  83 
60rO-i63  84 
61-02267 
62-03971 
t3  05676 
64-07380 

64  '  65  09085 

63  1  C6-107S9 

66  ,  67-12194 
68  14198 
69-15903 
70-176117 
71-16312 
72-21016 
73-22720 

73  74-24423 

74  75-2HI29 
■6-27834 


67 


75 


77-29538 
78  31243 
79-32947 
80-34652 
81-36356 
82-  t060 
83  39765 
8441 169 
85  43174 
86-44*78 
67-16583 
1-8  4B287 
8949992 
9051696 

91  33401 

92  33105 
83-56809 
94-38314 
95  60'I8 
9661923 
97  63627 
98b53,32 
99-671  36 

I'  0-68741 
1(  1 -70443 


COAL  MEASURE. 


Coals  were  formerly  sold  by  the  chaldron,  which 
bears  a  certain  proportion  to  Winchester  niensure. 


4  Pecks 
3  Bushels 

3  Sacks 

4  Vata 

21  Chaldrons    - 


1  Bushel. 
1  Sack. 
1  Vai. 
I  Chaldron. 
I  Score. 


The  coal  bushel  holds  1  Winchester  quart  more 
than  the  Winchester  bushel ;  its  contents  being 
3217-63  cubic  inches.  It  is  19^  inches  wide  from 
outside  to  outside,  and  8  inches  deep.  In  measur- 
ing coals  it  was  heaped  up  in  the  form  of  n  cone, 
to  the  height  of  at  least  6  inches  above  the  brim 
(according  to  a  regulation  passed  at  Guildhall  in 
1806>,  the  outside  of  the  bushel  being  the  e.\tremity 
of  the  cone,  so  that  the  bushel  should  contain  at 
least  2814-9  cubic  inches,  nearly  equal  to  the  Im- 
perial heaped  bushel.  Hence  the  chaldron  should 
measure  58-64  cubic  feet. 

But  the  sale  of  coals  by  measure  has,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  frauds  to  which  it  led — (see  vol.  i. 
p.  361.),— been  abolished;  and  they  are  now  sold 
by  weight. 

Of  tVood  Fuel,  English  Measure.— Vfoni  fuel  is 
assized  into  shids,  billets,  faggots,  fall  wood,  and 
cord  wood.  A  shid  is  to  be  4  feet  long,  and  accord- 
ing as  they  are  marked  and  notched,  their  propor- 
tion must  be  in  the  girth  ;  viz.  if  they  have  but  1 
notch,  they  must  be  16  inches  in  the  girth;  if  3 
notches,  23  inches ;  if  3  notches,  38  inches  ;  if  4 
notclies,  33  inches  ;  and  if  5  notches,  38  inchei 
about.  Billets  are  to  be  3  feet  long,  of  which  there 
should  be  3  sorts;  viz.  a  single  cask,  and  a  cask 
of  2;  the  1st  is  7  inches,  the  3(1  10  inches,  and  the 
3d  14  inches,  about :  they  are  sold  by  the  100  of  i 
score.  Faggots  are  to  be  3  feet  long,  and  at  the 
band  31  inches  about,  besides  the  knot  of  such  fag- 
gots ;  50  go  to  the  load.  Bavins  and  spray  wood 
are  sold  by  the  100.  which  are  accounted  a  load. 
Cord  wood  is  the  bigger  sort  of  fire  wood,  and  it  is 
measured  by  a  cord,  or  line,  whereof  tliere  are  3 
measures;  that  of  14  feet  in  length,  3  feet  in 
breadth,  and  3  feet  in  height.  The  other  is  8  feel 
in  length,  4  feet  in  height,  and  4  feet  in  breadth. 

MEASURES  «r  WOOD. 


1,000  Billets  of  wood 

10  cwt.  of  ditto    - 

1  Cord  of  wood  - 

100  lbs.  of  wood    - 


-  =  I  Cord. 

-  =  1  Cord. 

-  =■  i  Chaldron  of  coate. 
•  =  1  Quintal  of  wood 


726 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 


c: 

M'    ■ 

•■■1 


o 


^5 


or  proportion!,  and  to  re^nlate  the  prices  accord- 
ingly. The  avernge  busliel  of  wheat  is  generally 
reckoned  at  60  lbs.— of  barley  47  lbs.— of  oata  3» 
Ihs.— peB8  64,  beans  63,  clover  68,  rye  and  cannry 
93,  and  rape  48  lbs.  In  some  places,  a  load  of  corn, 
for  n  man,  is  reckoned  9  bushels,  and  a  cart  load 
40  bushels. 

Table  of  Winchester  Quarters,  from  I  to  100,  with 
their  Equivalents  in  Imperial  Quartere. 


OLD  DRY  OR  WINCHESTER  MEASURE. 

Cub.  In.  Fr.  Litm. 

4  Gills  1  Pint  -      33'6      -  =       095093 

a  Pints  I  Quart  -  673  -  =  1-10107 
2  Quarts  1  Pottle  -  1344  -  =  2-20214 
2  Pottles  1  Gallon  -  268-8  -  =  4-40128 
2  Gallons     1  Peck  -    537-6      -  =       8-80856 

4  Pecks  1  Bushel  -  2150-42  -  =  35-234.30 
4  llushels  1  Cooin  -  4-977  ft.  =  140  9.3721 
2  Cooriis  1  Qunrtor  -  9954  — =  281-87443 
9  Quarters  1  Wey  or  Load  49-770  — =  140!)-.372 1 fi 
2  Weys        1  Last  -      «'J-540  -  =  2818  71432 

The  Winchester  bttshel  is  ISJ  inches  wide,  and 
8  inches  deep.  Corn  and  eieedd  are  measured  by 
striking  the  bushel  fnuii  the  brim,  with  a  round 
piece  of  liiiht  wood,  alioui  2  inches  in  diameter, 
nnd  of  equnl  thickness  from  one  end  to  the  other. 
All  other  dry  goods  are  heaped. 

Covversion  of  IVinchesler  Bushels  into  Imperial 
Bushels.— The  Winchester  bushel  contains  2150-42 
cubic  inches,  and  the  Iiuperial  standard  bushel 
2218-102  ditto.  Hence,  to  convert  Winchester  bush- 
els into  Imperial  bushels,  uiultiply  by  ^'■j'f'^.Txi'n^ 
or  by  -909447  ;  and  to  convert  Inipcriur  bushels 
into  Winchester  bushels,  multiply  by  the  recipro- 
cal fraction  -^VA.V'o'N  or  10315157.  For  practical 
purposes,  multiply  Winchester  measure  by  31  and 
divide  by  32  for  Imperial  measure,  and  the  con- 
trary. 

In  some  markets,  corn  is  sold  by  weight,  which 
is  the  f.ilri.'st  mode  of  dealing,  though  iiottlie  most 
convenient  in  practice.  Kven  where  measures  are 
used,  it  is  custumury  to  weigh  certain  quantities 

French  Stjsiem  of  Wcigkln  and  Measures. — The  new  metrical  system  established  in 
France  subsequently  to  the  devolution,  is  founded  on  the  measurement  of  the  quadrant  of 
the  meridian,  or  of  the  distance  from  the  pole  to  the  equator.  This  distance  having  beep 
determined  with  the  greatest  care,  the  ten-millionth  part  of  it  was  assumed  as  the  metre,  or 
unit  of  length,  all  the  other  lineal  measures  being  multiples,  or  submultiples  of  it  in  decimal 
proportion.  The  metre  corresponds  pretty  nearly  to  the  ancient  French  aune,  or  yard,  being 
equal  to  3-07844  French  feet,  or  3-281  English  feet,  or  39-3708  English  inches. 


■Sri 

k 

Si 

=  i 

u 

.5e 

II 

ii  3 

II 

Si 

It 

II 

1 

II 

^s 

03- 

£=- 

.11 

CO- 

=  3 

t<y 

53- 

'i-s- 

Sa- 

1? 

IJO- 

'If 

j:a- 

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0<«;94^. 

U.J 

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7.16:797  ! 

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2V20-.6^ 

51 

49  441SO 

2 

l-113-^'-9 

27 

2B-17iU7 

62 

50.41124 

77 

74t.4742 

3 

2-9UK)l 

2S 

2714452 

53 

51  3S0f.9 

7s 

75cllb;  1 

4 

3-S7779 

29 

2S-ll39t> 

64 

.52- .6014 

79 

76-1M3I 

6 

4'B47J4 

30 

2U0S341 

55 

63-3l9)9 

80 

77-5n7(i  1 

6 

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30052>6 

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81 

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6-7S613 

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31 -02230 

57 

55-2S848 

82 

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8 

7-751f.S- 

33 

Jl  99)76 

58 

56-227!)3 

83 

80  46410  1 

9 

S-72.M)2 

34 

32-96120 

59 

67-19737 

84 

81-431i5  i 

10 

9t>!M47 

35 

Xi-Wvih 

10 

58-l6f'82 

85 

S2-.10300  1 

II 

lOLUilJ 

3H 

34-9(«)iJ 

61 

59-13627 

86 

833:241 

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3,i-SCMl 

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60-10571 

87 

84'3llb9 

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30-S  >t.9!i 

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40    i  3'*  7778S 

65 

63-01406 

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41    1  39-747;i3 

66 

63-9S350 

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17 

I6-4IS060 

42 

40-71677 

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64-95295 

92 

!'6-ISil2 

18 

I7'4SU05 

43 

41-6862^ 

63 

65-92240 

93 

!i01itt7 

19 

IS.4194S 

44 

42-6556- 

69 

66S9IS4 

94 

9l-l2»fS 

20 

l9'3'iS94     4.5 

43-62512 

70 

67->6l29 

95 

92-(i9-« 

21 

201'ira9     46 

44-79451 

71 

6S-K1074 

96 

93-f.669| 

!  22 

21-32783     47 

45-56401 

72 

69-806 '8 

97 

91-MSJ7 

:  2) 

22'29728     4S 

46-6334b 

73 

70  769<.3 

9» 

93-llOiSl 

24 

23-26«73     49 

47-502901  74 
48-47235 1  75 

71-73908 

99 

Si-^TSa 

25 

24-23618     60 

72  70853 

100 

9t-m470 

The  unit  of  weight  is  the  gramme,  which  is  a 
cubic  centimetre,  or  the  lOOtli  p  irt  of  a  nifttre  of 
distilled  water  of  the  temperatiii  of  melting  ice ; 
it  weighs  15434  English  Troy  irrains. 

In  order  to  express  the  decimal  proportion,  the 
fo!low-iiig  vocabulary  of  names  has  been  adopted, 
in  which  the  terms  for  multiplying  are  Greek,  and 
those  for  dividing  are  Latin. 

For  multipliers,  the  word 

Deca  prefixed  means     -         10  times. 
Hecto  -         -         -       100     — 

Kilo        -         -         -    -    1,000      — 
Myria         ...  10,000     — 

On  the  contrary,  for  divisors, 

the  word  Dcci  expresses  the      lOth  part. 
Centi        -        .  lOOlh    — 

Milli        -        -       l,000th    — 

Thus,  Decamitre  means  10  metres. 

Decimitre      —     the  10th  part  of  a  metre 
KUogramme  —     1,000  grammes,  &c. 

The  are  is  the  element  of  square  measure,  being 
a  square  decametre,  equal  to  3955  English  perches. 

The  stire  is  the  element  of  cube  measure,  and 
contains  35-317  cubic  feet  English. 

The  litre  is  the  element  of  all  measures  of  ca- 
pacity. It  is  a  cubic  decimetre,  and  equals  2-1135 
English  pints.  100  litres  make  the  hectolitre, 
which  equals  26-419  wine  gallons,  or  2838  Win- 
cliestcr  bushels. 

SVSTEME   IISUEL,    OR     BINARY    SYSTEM.  —  This 

new  system  has  the  metrical  standards  for  its  ba- 
sis, but  their  divisions  are  binary,  that  is,  by  2,  4, 
8,  &c. ;  and  instead  of  the  new  vocabulary,  the 
names  of  the  ancient  weights  and  measures  are 
used,  annexing  the  term  usuel  to  each.  Thus  the 
half  kilogiamme  is  called  the  livre  usuelle,  and  the 
double  iu6>.rc,  the  tulie  usuellu. 


The  following  Tables  show  the  iirnpnrtinns  he. 
tween  the  new  or  metrical  French  system  aiiil  ilie 
English  system  :— 

Comparison  of  Fbench  and  Enoi.ish  Wrirhts 
and  Measures,  containing!  the  New  or  Mctrliai 
Weights  and  measures  of  France,  with  tluir 
proportion  to  those  of  Eiiglaiiil,  buth  accnnlln!; 
to  the  Decimal  System  and  the  SystCine  iiaui-l. 


DECIMAL  SYSTEM. 

Long  Measures. 

.    =         0-03937  iiiclies, 

-   =       o;iy3Ti  - 

.  =  3-'.);i710    - 

.  =  39  371110    - 

.  =  32  l^milti  feet 

.  =  ,328  Oil! 07    - 

.  =  1093-fi.3,'-!10  y,ircls. 

.  =  109.36-3M)<)0   - 

or  6  miles  1  furlong  'M  poles. 

Measures  of  Capacity. 

-  =     0061 03  cubic  inchci 

-  =      0-61028  - 
C102«0  - 


Frfnch. 
Millimetre 
Centimetre 
Decimetre 
Mitre 
Decametre 
Hectometre 
Kilometre 
Myriametre 


Millitre 
Centilitre 
Decilitre 
Litre  (u  cubic 
decimetre) 
Decalitre 


_C  61  02803 


or  211,35  winepinls. 
=  610-28028  cubic  iiiiiie!, 
or  2  642  wine  gallon!, 
Hectolitre  -    =       35317  cubicl'cel.ci 

26-419  wine  gallons,  22  Imperial  gallnii!, 
or  2-839  Winchester  liiishels. 
Kilolitre  -    =      35-3171  cubic  fiet.cr  1 

1  tun  and  12  wine  ealloni.  | 
Myrialitre  -    =    35317146  cubic  fcei. 

Solid  Measures. 
Di^cistere  .  -    =       35317  cubic  feel  | 

Stfre  (a  cubic  metre)      -    =     35-3I74 
D£castere  -  •    =    3531741 


ES. 

.  ,„  reeulate  the  pricei  accord- 
'"  '^     i7„i  nf  wheat  i»  generally 

?„%^3^rerV 
ro„ld*rBh^eU?an:i  a  cart  load 

,«ter  Quarters,  from  Itom,  with 
;alentB  in  Imperial  ttuarlert. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 


72r 


2V20'.6il  51 
I  ib-lVjyi\  5? 
2T1445i|  W 
2<-11396l  B> 
i»- 01-341 1  53 
30-052"6|  5t> 

I  82-9612ul  59 

5  33'93(a5l  to 

H  34-9(«)0'j1  bl 

7  33-M954I  62 

,8  3»-8if9!;l  ^3 

19  37-W'!'43l  64 

•  I  39-747M|  6«  I 

12  40-71617|  B7 

Jj  41.6b622l  69 

\\  42-6556-|«9 

5J  43-625121  ;0 

46  44-19451 1  11 

47  45-56401 1    'l 
\h      46-5334hl  W 

49  4T  50290 1  74 

50  \  48-41235 1  lJ 

w  metrical  system  established  in 
.measurement  of  the  quadrant  of 
ator.  This  distance  having  been 
of  it  was  assumed  as  the  metre,  or 
es  orsubmuliiplesof  itm.leciraal 
ncient  Trench  mine,  or  yard,  being 
9-3708  English  inches. 

-   »  Tahlps  show  the  proportions  tic- 
tw'oMneUical  French  systeinaiid, lie 

Item  :— 

I,  nf  French  and  English  WEir.HTs 
h  ot  1  "'■",. IiniiiLf  the  New  i>r  Mitrital 
sunEB,  <^°"'^'"'"^f "France,  with  ihoit 

■^".n  \'irose  o    Enf!<'"''.  """'  """"'".'^ 
'"imal  SyBtem  and  the  SyBtC.ne  u.ud, 

DECIMAL  SYSTEM. 

=  O039S7  iiicliti. 

=  0-3'J371    - 

=  R-ySTlO    - 

=  3937100   - 

=  3'i  ('"'.'hi  feci 

I    =  3280!>ll>7    - 

=  1093(i3s90  yariU. 

.    =  10936-3MX)0    - 
'or  6  milcBl  furlong  Mpolea. 

Measures  of  Capacity. 

■™  _      006103  cubic  incliti 

_      0'61028  - 

_      610280  - 

1.1.    1  C6102S03      .    - 

ibic     I        .    =^  „,  2-1135  wire  pmls. 

—  61026028  cubic imln'!, 

or  2  642  wine  gallom. 

_       3-5317  cubic  lcel,ci 

,,Ow»neVv>-.^K^tt 
"     ==      35'3nlculiicfee,ci 
ltunandl2wine?alloni.l 
.    =    35317146  cubic  tcel. 

SoiW  •Wwf;!"'- 3.531- eubic  feel  I 
lublc metre)     -    -    j^j.^l 


h) 


Superficial  Measures. 
Centiare       -       -       .    =        1-1960  sq.  yards. 
jire  (a  square  decam6tre)=     119  6016 


Pecare 
Hectare 


Milligramme 

CpnliKrnmme 

I)ucigramme 

Oramme 

Decagramme 

Hectogramme 

Kilograiiiine 


=    1196  0460 
-    T=  11960-4604        — 
or  3  acres  1  rood  35  perches. 

JVeiffhts. 

-  =       0  0154  grains. 

-  r=       0-1543 

-  =        1-5434 

-  =      15-4340 

-  =     154-3102 
or  5  64  draniB  avoirdupois. 

-  =        3-2134  oz.  Troy,  or 
3-527  oz.  avoirdupois. 

=  2 1'H.  8  nz.  3  dwt.  2  grs.  Troy, 

or  2  lbs.  3  oz.  4-4;  9  drums  avoirdupois. 

Myriagraniiiie      -       -    =       26-795  lbs.  Troy,  or 

...:  0485  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

Qiiinml        -        -    =  1  cwt.  3  qrs.  2511)8.  nearly. 

Miilier,  or  Bar     -    =  9  tons  16  cwt.  3  qrs.  12  lbs. 


Comparison  of  Linear  Measures. 


SYSTEME  USVEL. 

Compari>on 

of  IVeight. 

Troy  VVeiglit. 

AToirdupoii. 

Grirmneii.     Llw 

oz. 

ilwt.  It. 

Lbs 

oz.     dr. 

Kilnijramine 

1,000      =   2 

8 

3    2 

2 

3      4i 

l.lvri!  usuelk 

500      =   1 

4 

1  U 

1 

1     lOi 

Hnlf 

2J0      = 

8 

0  18-5 

8    131 

(iuurler    - 

125      = 

4 

0    9-25 

4      6i 

Wuliili      - 

02-5  = 

2 

0    4-5 

2    ^ 

Ome 

31-3  = 

1 

0    2-25 

1    If 

iliilf 

l.'j-O  = 

. 

10    1  125 

8J 

Uiiiirler    - 

7-8  = 

. 

5     0-5 

4^ 

Urus 

3-9  = 

- 

2  12-25 

Si- 

Maurrt  usuelles. 
Toise  usuelle 

Metm 
2 

English  Measure 
Kfil.    Inch. 
=      66 

Parla. 
9 

Pied,  or  foot 

- 

Of 

= 

1 

I 

U 

Inch     - 

- 

o.V 

= 

0 

1 

U 

Aune    - 

- 

•i 

= 

3 

11 

3 

Half     - 

- 

0^. 

= 

1 

11 

7* 

Quarter 

- 

Or^,T 

= 

0 

11 

9J 

Eighth 

- 

o#. 

= 

0 

5 

10} 

Sixteenth    - 

- 

OA 

= 

0 

2 

"rV 

One  third  of  an  aune  - 

o| 

= 

1 

3 

9 

Sixth 

- 

oi 

= 

0 

7 

lOi 

Twelfth      - 

. 

OrV 

= 

0 

3 

lU 

Comparison  of  Measures  of  Capacity. 

Litrwi.       Eng.  Winch.  Bush. 
Boisseau  usuel  -  125     =      0  35474 

With  halves  and  quarters  in  proportion. 


English  Pint. 
1 


Parti  Pinte. 
Litron  usuel        -         -  1 074  2jj 

With  lialves  and  quarters  in  proportion. 


JIneient  Weights  auid  Measures. — This  subject  is  involved  in  considerable  difficulty  ;  and  to  enter 
fully  into  it  wo'ild  be  quite  inconsistent  witli  our  objects  and  limits.  But  the  following  details,  ab- 
stracted from  the  best  autliorities,  may  be  useful  to  such  of  our  readers  as  have  occasion  io  look  into 
any  of  the  ancient  authors. 


TABLE  OF  VARIOUS  ANCIENT   WEIGHTS  (according 

to  different  Authorities). 

English  TroyOrains. 


Attic  obolus    - 
Attic  drachma 


Lesser  mina 


Greater  mina  ■ 


(.      69 

3,892 

(■  5,189 

<  5,464 

{_  6,900 
Medical  mina  -  -      6,994  gr.  Arb, 

Talent  =  CO  minas  =  4  cwt.  English. 

f      140  5  Erig.Troy  gr.  Arb. 

-'         C2-£=  Rom.  denarius, 


8  2Chrlstiiiiii. 
91  Arbiitlinot. 
51-9  Cbr. 
54-0  Arb. 

I'aucton. 

t'hr. 

Chr. 

Arb. 

I'aiic. 


Old  Greek  drachm 

Old  Greek  mina 

F.ayptian  mina 

I'li'ilemaic  mina  of  Cle- 
opatra 

Alexandrian   mina 
Uloscorides 

Roman  denarius 


I 


6,425 
8,326 


j  8,985 
"•"  1 9,992 


Arb. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Do. 


61-9=:i  Rom.oz.  Chr. 
Arb. 


Denarius  of  Nero    - 
I'apyrius 


Ounce 

Pound  of  10  oz. 
12  oz. 


-    • 

Is, 


62  5=  ^Rom.oz 

Pauc. 

Do. 

Chr. 

Arb. 

Pauc. 

Chr. 

Chr. 

Arb. 

Pauc. 


54 
61-7 
415  1 
4372 
4312 
4,150 
4,981 
246 
174-4 


SCRIPTURE  MEASURES  OF  LENGTH. — (Arbullmotand 
Jlulton.) 


Stadium 

Subbath  day's  journey 

Eastern  mile 
Parasang 
Day's  journey 


Yar-ls. 

-  231 
1,155 

,Mil(!». 

-  l-bt.6 

-  4-l.^S 

-  33-264 


GRECIAN   MEASURES  OF   LENGTH.— (.^riufftnot  and 

nation.) 

Incliei". 
-    075546 


Dactylos     - 
Doron     \ 
Dochme  J 
Dichas 
Orthodoron 
Spithame    - 
Pous 

Pons 
Pygme 
Pygon 
Pecliys 

Orgya 
Stadios  1 
Dulos    S    ' 
Milion 


-  302187 

-  7-5.5468 

-  6-31015 

-  006562 

-  12-0875 
Eng.  Fcpt. 

-  1-00720 

-  113203 

-  1-25911 

-  1-51093 
Eng.  Pacw. 

-  100729 

100-72916 
805-6333 


ROMAN    MEASURES    OF    LENGTH.— (.tfriuJAnot  and 
Ilutton.) 


Digit 
Falni 
Bpan 

Lesser  ctibit 
Sacred  cubit 

Fathom 

Ezeklel's  reed 
Arabian  pale 
ficliiEnua 


Inches. 

-  0-7425 

-  2-97 

-  891 
Eng.  K.-f  t. 

-  1  485 

-  17325 

Vartls. 

-  2-31 

-  3-465 

-  4-62 
.  46-2 


Digitus  transversus 
Uncia,  the  ounce  - 
Palmus  minor 
Pes,  the  foot 

Palmipes   - 

Cubitus 

Grudus 

Passua 
Stadium    - 
Milliare 


Eng.  Indies. 
.      072525 
■      0-967 
.      2-901 
.     11-604 
Eng.  Feel. 
1-20&75 
.      1-4505 

-  2-41-; 

Paces. 

-  0  967 

-  120-875 

-  967 


ROMAN  DRV  MEASURES.— (.^riut/tfiot  and  Ilutton.) 

Fug.  Pi  11^: 

Ilcmina     ...  - 

Sextarius  .  -  -  - 


ModiUB 


05074 
1-0148 
Cog  Feck. 
10141 


728 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 


ATTIC  DRY  MBA8V«ES. 


IT' 

m.-m 

M     M 

ri 


o 


o 


Xeatei 
Chenix 

Medimnui 


Eng.  Pititi. 

00003 

I486 

Winch.  Buih. 

10006 


JEWISH  DRV  MBA8URB8  (aecording  to  Jotephus) . 

Eag.  Pintn. 


Gachal 

Cab 

Gomer 

Senh 

Ephiih 
Latech 

Corom 
Chniner 


ROMAN    MBANUREB   FOR    LIQUIDB.- 
jruttOH.) 

Heniina       .  -  - 

8extariu8    -  -  - 

Congiiia       ... 


1- 


01919 

3874 
70152 
Enr.  Pcrlt. 
1'4GI5 
Wiuch.  Ruth. 
lOWil 
5-4807 
Quarter. 

13702 
-(,^rbuthnot  and 

En^.  Pints. 

-  0  59759 

-  119518 

-  71712 


Urna 
Amphora 

Culeua 


wiNO>n. 

-  3-8857 

-  71712 
Hhdi. 

-  2-2766 


ATTIC  MEA8URB8   FOR  LI<)UID8. 


Cotylus 

Xestes 

Clioua 

Meteoteg 


Edu.  Pirti. 

■  0-574J 

■  1-1483 

6-8900 
WifieGsll. 

■  10-33S0 


JEWISH  MEASURES  FOB  LIQUIDS. 

Eng.  Pinti, 

Caph 08(il8 

Log  ..----      1  1483 
Cab  .  .  .  -  .      4-5933 

Wine  Gall, 

Ilin 1-7225 

Seat!  .  -  .  -  .      3-4450 

Bath  .  -  .  -  .    lo.'isso 

HMi, 

Coron  .  -  .  .  .      16405 


(The  act  4  &  6  Will.  4.  c.  49.,  passed  in   1834,  repealed  some  of  the  clauses  in  the  acts 

5  Geo.  4,  c.  74.,  and  6  Geo.  4.  c.  12,,  cistablishing  the  new  system  of  weights  and  measures, 
a;  J  enacted  others  ir    ;'.eir  stead.    But  the  act  referred  to  has  been  itself  repealed  by  the  5  & 

6  Vy'ill.  4.  c.  63.  This  new  act  contains  several  important  provisions.  It  abolishes  all  local 
or  custDmary  measures,  under  a  penalty  of  40s.  for  every  sale  made  by  them ;  it  prohihiis 
the  mischievous  practice  of  selling  by  heaped  measure  ;  it  enacts  that  coals  shall  in  ail  cases 
be  sold  by  weight ;  that,  with  the  exception  of  gold,  silver,  platina,  diamonds,  and  other  pre- 
cious stones  (wiiifh  may  be  sold  by  troy  weight),  and  drugs  (which  may  be  sold  in  retail 
by  apothecaries'  weight),  all  oth^'  articles  sold  by  weight  shall  be  sold  by  avoirdupois  weight 
only  ;  and  that  a  stone  shall,  in  ai.  cases,  consist  of  14  lbs.  avoirdupois;  a  hundred  weight 
of  8  such  stones,  &c.     Lead  and  pewter  weights  are  not  to  be  stamped. 

The  act  sets  out  witli  repealing  the  4  St.  5  or  Will.  4.  c.  49.,  and  the  provisions  in  the  acts  5  Gen.  4,  c 
74.  and  6  Geo.  4.  <-..  12.,  which  require  that  all  weights  and  measures  sliMI  be  exact  models  nr  copies  in 
shape  or  form  of  the  standards  deposited  in  the  exchequer ;  and  those  allowing  the  use  of  weights  and 
measures,  not  in  conforniily  with  the  Imperial  standard,  established  by  said  acts  ;  or  that  allow  ennds 
or  merchandise  to  bu  bought  or  sold  by  weights  or  measures  establisiied  by  local  custom,  or  ftmided 
on  speciiil  agreement.     It  then  goes  on  to  enact  as  follows : — 

Weights  and  Measures  stamped  at  the  Exchequer  declared  legal. — Weights  and  measures  verified  iid 
Btampi'd  at  the  exchequer  as  copies  of  standard  weights  and  measures,  shall  be  taken  to  be  legai 
weights  and  measures,  to  be  used  for  comparison  as  copies  of  the  Imperial  standard  weights  and  mea- 
sures, although  not  similar  in  shape  to  those  required  under  the  provisions  of  the  said  acts ;  and  ilit> 
comptroller-general,  or  other  duly  authorised  oificer  of  the  exchequer,  may  compare  and  verify,  ami 
stamp  as  correct,  standard  measures  of  a  yard,  standard  weights,  and  standard  measures  of  capacity, 
any  weights  and  measures  which  correspond  in  length,  weight,  and  capacity  with  the  standard!^,  or 
parts  or  multiples  thereof, deposited  in  the  exchequer,  under  the  5Geo.  4. c. 74., although  such  weights 
and  measures  may  not  be  models  or  copies  in  shape  or  form  of  the  standards  so  deposited.—}  1. 

Copies  of  the  Standard  Weights  and  Measurei  worn  to  be  re-verified. — All  copies  of  the  Imperial 
standard  weights  and  measures  which  have  become  defective,  or  have  been  mended,  in  consequence 
of  wear  or  accident,  shall  forthwith  be  sent  to  the  exchequer,  for  the  purpose  of  being  again  compared 
and  vcritied,  and  shall  be  stamped  as  re-verificd  copies  of  such  standard  weights  and  measurts,  pro- 
vided the  comptroller-general,  or  other  officer  appointed  for  such  verification,  deem  them  fit  for  the 
purposes  of  standards  ;  and  every  new  comparison  and  verification  shall  be  indorsed  upon  the  original 
indenture  of  verification  ;  and  such  weights  and  measures  shall  be  stamped  upon  the  payment  of  fees 
of  verification  only ;  and  the  comptroller-general,  or  other  oflicer  shall  keep  an  account  of  all  copies 
of  the  Imperial  standard  weights  and  measures  verified  at  the  exchequer.— j  5. 

Local  and  Customary  Measures  abolished. — From  and  after  the  passing  of  this  act,  the  Winchester 
bushel,  the  Scotch  ell,  and  all  local  or  customary  measures,  shall  be  abolished  :  and  every  person  who 
shall  sell  by  any  measure  other  than  one  of  the  Imperial  measures,  or  some  multiple  nr  aliquot  pan 
thereof,  shall  be  liable  to  a  penalty  not  exceeding  40«.  for  every  such  sale  :  but  nothing  herein  shall 
prevent  the  sale  of  any  articles  in  any  vessel,  where  such  vessel  is  not  represented  as  containing  any 
amount  of  Imperial  measure,  or  of  any  fixed,  local,  or  customary  measure  heretofore  in  use.— (  6. 

Heaped  Measure  abolished. — From  and  after  the  passing  of  this  act,  so  much  of  the  said  nets  as  relates 
to  heaped  measure  is  hereby  repealed,  and  the  use  of  heaped  measure  shall  be  abolished,  and  all  bar- 
gains, sales,  and  coMtracts  made  after  the  passing  of  this  act,  by  heaped  measure,  shall  be  null  and 
void  ;  and  every  person  who  shall  sell  any  articles  by  heaped  measure  shall  be  liable  to  a  penalty  not 
exceeding  40».  for  every  such  sale. — }  7. 

.Articles  sold  by  Heaped  Measure,  how  to  be  »oW.— Whereas  some  articles  heretofore  sold  liy  heaped 
measure  are  incapp.liie  »f  being  stricken,  and  may  not  be  conveniently  sold  by  weight ;  it  is  enacted, 
that  nil  such  articles  may  henceforth  be  sold  by  a  bushel  measure,  corresponding  in  shape  with  tlie 
bushel  prescribed  bv  the  S  Geo.  4.  c.  74.  for  the  sale  of  heaped  measure,  or  by  any  multiple  nrallqiiui 
part  thereof,  filled  in  all  parts  as  nearly  to  the  level  of  the  brim  as  the  size  and  shape  of  the  articles 
will  admit ;  but  nothing  herein  shall  prevent  the  sale  by  weight  of  any  article  heretofore  sold  by 
neaped  measure.— $  8. 

Coals  to  be  sold  by  Weight.— From  and  after  the  1st  of  January,  1836,  all  coals,  slack,  culm,  and 
cannel  of  every  description  shall  be  sold  by  weight,  and  not  by  measure,  under  a  penalty  of  iia.  for 
every  sale. — }  9. 

.^11  Jlrtieles  to  be  sold  by  Aroirdupoisy  except,  if^c— From  and  after  the  passing  of  this  act,  all  articlrs 
•old  by  weight  shntl  be  sold  by  avoirdupois  weight,  except  gold,  silver,  platina,  diamonds,  nr  other 

Ereciniis  stones,  which  may  be  sold  by  troy  weight;  and  drugs,  which,  when  sold  by  retail,  may  be  sold 
y  apothecaries'  weight.— J  10. 
Tbt  Stone,  Hundred  Weight,  if-c— From  and  after  the  passing  of  this  act,  the  weight  denominated  > 


IS. 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 


729 


WincOitl. 
-      35857 
.      717U 
HMi. 

.     28766 


EA8UIIEB  FOB  LKJUID* 


EnK.  Pinli. 
-  0-5744 
.      11483 

.      6-6900 

Wire  G»n. 

.    10-3350 


«•"«"«='"""'  """'""Kn,  Pin.. 

.      08(il8 

-  1-1483 
\            .           .      4-5933 

■Wine  Gall. 

-  l-:225 

-  3-4450 

-  103350 

HMi. 

-  1-6405 

some  of  the  clauses  in  the  aets 
fstem  of  weights  and  ™f as"f«;. 
,  been  itself  repealed  by  the  5  & 

.revisions.  It  abolishes  all  local 
ile  made  by  them;  it  prohibus 
lacts  that  coals  shall  in  all  cases 
.lalina,  diamonds,  and  other  pre. 
,g8  (which  may  be  sold  in  retail 
all  be  sold  by  avoirdupois  weight 
avoirdupois;  a  hundred  weight 
be  stamped. 

he  provisions  in  the  acts  5  Geo.  4.  c- 
o!  riiil  be  exact  models  or  copies  in 
I'ose  *  lowing  tl'e  «««  of  weights  and 

Lblistied  by  local  custom,  or  ftiinded 

Weielits  and  measures  verified  i-id 
Ses.Bl'all  be  taken  to  be  legi.i 
imperial  standard  weights  and  rn  ,v 
r.Ir 'uisinns  of  the  said  acts  ;  and  tlie 
buer,nmy  compare  and  verify,  and 
and  standard  measures  of  cai.acuy, 
•„L  rftimcity  with  the  standard?,  or 
5Geo  4  c  7?,aUhou(!h  such  weight. 

fe  standards  so  'J«.P'"'*'«'' ,7«,tnetial 

Vi.,^tirA  —All  copies  of  the  linpetiai 

h^e  been  meided,  in  consequence 

.purpose  of  being  again  compared 

LunrtWrd  weiKhts  and  measurts,  pro- 

l*h  ver  flcation.  deem  then,  fit  for  ihe 

',n  shall  he  indorsed  upon  «!>«  "''I?  "» 

P  stamped  upon  the  paymen  of  fees 

r  sh«»  ke«p  an  account  of  all  copies 

testng'^f?h«a««.»heWincheste, 

fere^K^^S- 
?„Sasure^eretoforeu.use._J.^_^^ 

bure  Xll  t  abolished,  and  ail  bar- 
Ihpaopd  measure,  shall  be  null  and 
tee'^ThalUe  liable  to  a  penalty  not 

,e  articles  heretofore  sold  by  IjeaP^; 
If  this  act,  the  weight  denocainateda 


ftone  shall,  in  all  cases,  consist  of  14  standard  pounds  avoirdupois,  the  hundred  weight  of  8  such  stones, 
,nd  the  ton  of  80  such  hundred  weights  ;  but  nothing  herein  shall  prevent  any  bargain,  sale,  or  con- 
tract being  made  by  any  multiple  or  aliquot  part  of  the  pound  weight.— J  II. 

Content!  of  IVeights  and  Measures  to  be  stamped  un  them.—\\\  weights  made  after  the  passing  of  this 
net  of  the  wtiiglit  of  one  pound  avoirdupois,  or  more,  shall  have  the  iiumher  of  pniinils  contained  in 
them  stamped  or  cast  on  the  top  nr  side  therccif  in  I' gilile  figures  and  Ipiiits  ;  and  all  measures  of 
capacity  made  afier  tiin,  pnssing  of  this  act,  shall  have  their  conlcnia  stamped  or  marked  on  the  out- 
side thereof  in  legible  figures  and  letters. — i  12. 

H'eights  of  f.eiiil  or  Pewter  not  to  be  stamped.— The.  stamping  of  weights  of  lead  or  pewter,  or  of  any 
nii.xtiire  thereof,  is  proliiliiicd  after  the  1st  of  January,  IS.tfl;  hut  nnihing  herein  shall  prevent  the  use 
of  lead  or  pewior,  or  any  mixture  thereof,  in  the  manufacture  of  weights  wholly  imd  substantially 
cased  with  hr:is3,  copper,  or  iron,  and  legibly  stamped  or  marked  "cased,"  or  prevent  the  insertinn  of 
such  a  plug  of  lead  or  pewter  into  wei/^hts  as  shall  be  bund  fide  necessary  for  adjusting  them  and  atlix- 
ing  the  stamp  thereon. — }  13. 

Conversion  of  Rents,  Tolls,  Sc<^- — Clauses  14.  and  15.  regulate  the  proceedings  that  are  to  take  place 
In  Kngland,  Iri'land,  and  Scotland,  for  the  conversion  of  rents,  tolls,  &c.  payable  in  weights  or  mea- 
sures now  abolished  into  Imperial  standard  weights  and  measures. 

Fiar  Pricea.— In  Scotland,  from  and  after  the  passing  of  this  act,  the  fiar  prices  of  all  grain  in  every 
county  shall  be  struck  by  the  Imperial  ({iiarter,  and  all  other  returns  of  tlie  prices  of  grain  shall  be  set 
fiirlh  by  the  same,  without  any  reference  to  any  other  measure  whatsoever  ;  and  any  sherilV  clerl<, 
clerk  of  a  market,  or  other  person  offending  against  this  provisiim  shall  forfeit  not  exceeding  bl. — }  lt>. 
Ciipien  of  Standards,  Inspectors,  iSj-c. — t.'ltiuses  17,  IS,  I'.t,  and  20.  prescribe  the  mode  in  which  copies 
ofthi:  standard  weights  and  measures  sliull  be  provided  in  countii's,  cities,  boroughs,  &c.,  tlie  appnint- 
niiHit  of  inspectors  of  weights  and  measures,  &t.  Clause  22.  orders,  that  the  ex|ieiise  of  providing 
onpiea  of  standard  weights,  with  the  remuneration  to  inspectors,  be  defrayed  out  of  the  county  rate. 
I'laiise  23.  prohibits  any  maker  or  seller  of  weights  nr  measures  from  being  appointed  inspei'tnr,  and 
orders  all  inspectors  to  enter  into  a  bond  of  WOl.  for  tlie  due  performance  of  the  duties  of  their  ottice, 
and  the  sale  custody  of  the  stamps  and  standard  weights  and  measures  committed  to  tlieir  care, 
t'lause  24.  orders  inspectors  to  attend  at  market  towns  when  ordered  by  justices.  The  following 
clauses  are  of  general  importance. 

M'loistrutes  to  procure  Stamps  for  Inspectors  for  stampinp  all  IVeinhts,  Sfc. — In  England,  the  justices 
in  general  or  quarter  sessicms  atisembled,  and  in  Scotland  the  justices  and  magistrates  at  a  meeting 
culled  by  the  sheritf,  and  in  Ireland  the  grand  juries,  shall  provide  the  inspectors  with  good  and  suffi- 
cient iitanips  for  stamping  or  scaling  weights  and  measures;  and  all  weights  and  measures  whatso- 
ever, e.vccpt  as  herein  excepted,  used  fir  buying  and  selling,  or  for  the  collecting  of  any  tolls  or  duties, 
or  f'lr  the  making  of  any  charges  on  the  conveyance  of  any  goods  or  merchandise,  shall  be  examined 
ami  compared  with  one  or  more  copies  of  the  Imperial  standard  weights  and  measures  provided  under 
authority  of  this  act  for  such  inspectors,  who  shall  stamp,  so  os  best  to  prevent  fraud,  such  weighlg 
and  measures,  if  they  be  f(mnd  to  correspond  with  the  said  copies  ;  and  the  fees  for  such  examination, 
comparison,  and  stamping,  shall  be  those  in  the  schedule  at  the  end  of  this  act ;  and  every  person 
using  any  weight  or  measure  other  than  those  authorised  by  this  act,  or  some  aliquot  part  thereof,  or 
Hhirb  has  not  been  stamped  as  aforesaid,  except  as  herein  excepted,  or  which  shall  be  found  light  or 
otherwise  unjust,  shall  forfeit  not  exceeding  5/.;  and  any  contract,  bargain,  or  sale  made  by  such 
weights  or  measures  nball  be  wholly  null  and  void  ;  and  every  light  or  unjust  weight  and  measure 
sl.all,  on  being  discovered  by  any  inspector,  be  seized,  and,  on  conviction,  forfeited  ;  but  nothing 
herein  shall  require  any  single  weight  above  5G  lbs.  to  be  inspected  and  stamped,  niir  any  wooden  or 
wicker  measure  used  in  the  sale  of  lime,  or  other  articles  of  the  like  nature,  or  any  glass  or  earthen- 
ware jug  nr  drinking  cup,  though  represented  as  containing  the  amount  of  any  Imperial  measure,  or 
of  any  iniilliple  thereof;  but  any  person  buying  by  any  vessel  represented  as  containing  the  amount 
ofan  lin|ierial  measure,  or  of  any  multiple  thereof,  is  authorised  to  require  the  contents  of  such  ves- 
sel tn  be;  ascertained  by  comparison  with  a  stamped  measure,  such  measure  to  be  provided  by  the  per- 
son ur.in?  snch  wooden  or  wicker  measure,  glass  jug,  or  drinking  cup  ;  and  in  case  the  person  using 
silch  last-mentioned  measure  or  vessel  refuse  to  make  such  comparison,  or  if,  upon  comparison  being 
made,  it  be  found  to  be  deficient  in  <iuantity,  the  person  using  the  same  shall  be  subject  to  the  for- 
leilnres  and  penalties  imposed  on  those  using  light  or  unjust  weights  or  measures.— }  21. 

Weishis  and  Measures  once  stamped  need  not  be  re-stamped. — No  weight  or  measure  duly  stamped  by 
any  inspector  appointed  under  the  4  &  5  Will.  4.  c.  49.,  or  this  act,  or  by  any  person  or  persons  aii- 
tlioriseil  to  examine  and  stamp  weights  or  measures,  shall  be  liable  to  be  re-stamped,  although  the 
fame  lie  uscil  in  any  other  place  than  that  at  which  it  was  originally  stamped,  but  shall  be  considered 
as  a  legal  weight  or  measure  throughout  the  U.  K.,  unless  found  to  be  defective  or  unjust. — J  27. 

famr  to  Justices,  iJj-c.  to  enter  Shops  and  inspect  Weights  and  Measures. — Justices,  sheriff's,  mngis- 
trales,  and  inspectors  are  authorised  to  examine  weights  and  measures,  and  to  order  such  as  are  light 
or  otherwise  unjust  to  be  seized  and  forfeited  ;  those  using  such  weights  and  measures  are  subjected 
to  a  penalty  of  not  more  than  5/.;  and  a  like  penalty  is  imposed  on  those  refusing  to  [iroducc  sucli 
weinhts  and  measures,  or  ohstrui  ting  the  magistrates. — }28. 

Penalties  on  Inspectors  counterfeiting  Stamps,  i!j-c.— Inspectors  or  other  persons  authorised  to  inspect 
Wfighls  nr  measures,  who  shall  stamp  any  weight  nr  measure  without  verifying  the  same,  or  who 
fliall  otherwise  misconduct  themselves  in  their  office,  shall  for  every  such  otTence  forfeit  not  more  than 
5i.j  persons  forging  or  counterfeiting  any  stamp  or  mark  used  for  stamping  or  marking  weights  or 
nii'isiires,  forfeit  for  every  offence  not  more  than  50/.  and  not  less  than  10/.;  and  persona  knowingly 
using  weights  or  measures  marked  with  such  counterfeit  stamps,  forfeit  for  every  offence  not  more 
linn  10/.  iiiir     is  than  V.—l)  i  29.  30. 

Peiiallji  on  Price  Lists,  ilj-c— From  and  after  the  Ist  of  January,  1836.  any  person  printing  or  clerk 
of  any  market  or  other  person  making  any  return,  price  list,  price  current,  or  any  journal  ir  other 
paper  cnntaiiiing  price  list  or  price  current,  in  which  the  weights  and  measures  quoted  or  referred  to 
d'-noiB  or  imply  a  greater  or  less  weight  or  measure  than  is  denoted  or  implied  by  the  fame  denomina- 
tion of  Imperial  weights  and  measures  under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  shall  forfeit  and  pay  not  ex- 
CHCilini!  Ifls.  for  entry  copy  of  every  such  return,  price  list,  price  current,  journal,  or  other  paper  which 
llievpublish.- J3l. 
The  remaining  clauses  relate  to  the  recovery  of  penalties  ;  and  save  the  rights  of  the  Founders' 
Company,  and  of  the  Universities  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge. 

Sihediile  of  fees  to  be  taken  by  all  inspectors  of  weights  and  measures  appointed  under  the  authority 
oflhiaact;— 


tnr  eximininc,  cnmp.-irrnf;,  and  stampiDg  al  l  bnis  weights,  within 

ItiCir  rta{ieclivf  jiiriKiictiuDi, 


EMhhalf  hundred  weifrht             •            •  •    0 

Lachquirterof  a  hundred  weight  •            •  •    0 

Eich  Klone           •             •             -             •  -0 

r.u'h  weitcht  under  a  itone  to  a  pound  inclusive  •    0 

Eieh  weiriit  under  a  pound             •             •  -0 

I'lch  Kt  u(  weighu  at  a  pound  and  under    •  ■   0 


6 
4 

01-2 


For  examiiiini;.  comptrin?,  and  itampin;  all  iron  weights,  or 
weights  uf  other  JescripU^ns  uot  made  ot  brikS,  witliin  their  respec- 
tive jurisdlctiuus, — 


92 


Each  half  hun'lred  weight 

Each  iiiiarler  of  a  hundred  weight  - 

E.ich  sinne  ... 

Each  weight  under  a  stone 

Each  set  uf  weights  of  a  pound  and  under 


a. 

■    0 

0 

•  0 
-    0 

•  0 


f  :l'i' 


780 


WELD— WHALE. 


*11 


*>-, 


For  (uminlpK,  eomptrinir,  and  itamping  ill  woodon  meuunt, 
wlthiD  (b«ir  reipcclive  juriidlcliouf,— 

I.  d. 
Each  hushel         •  •  •  •  -03 

Each  hair  bushel  •  ■  .  -02 

Each  iieck,  and  all  under  •  •  -01 

Each  yard  •  .  .  •    0    0 1-2 

For  uamioing,  comparing,  and  itampini  all  meuum  of  capacity 


of  liquid!,  nnds  ot  coppfr  or  other  metal,  within  their  mpectlft 

jurii'lictioni, — 

Each  five  gtlinn  .... 
Eich  r>ur  gallon  .... 
Each  Ihree  gallon 
Each  two  KalloD  .... 


Each  gallon 
Each  nair  gallon  * 
Each  quarter  and  under 


■  I 

.  0 

•  0 

•  0 
.  0 

•  0 
-  0 


d. 
0 
> 

8 
4 

2 

I 

0  1.2 
.Sup.) 


["Atiheorganiznilnn  ofthe  federal  government,  authority  was  cnnTerrcd  npon  cnngress  toefltablinh 
a  iinifurin  systiMii  of  wcliilus  and  ineiisurea.  But,  aiirpriDing  aa  It  may  appear,  no  luws  have  as  yet 
been  enacted  Ity  th:tt  body  for  the  perfection  of  go  iinportaiit  an  object.  Some  measures  have  been 
tal<en  to  obtiiiii  information  on  the  subject,  and  able  reports  have  lieen  made  by  Mes^trs.  Jetferann, 
Adams,  and  Ilassler.  Dy  an  order  of  coiiKrosfi,  in  June,  183S,  a  set  of  standard  weights  and  ineasuresl 
similar  to  those  in  use  in  Eneland  anterior  to  the  passing  of  the 'Act  of  Uniformity' in  May,  1834, 
have  been  prepared  by  Mr.  Ilassler  for  the  use  of  each  customhouse,  and  for  each  atate.  Hence,  the 
old  measures  of  England,  superseded  by  the  imperial  ayateiii,  with  such  modiUcations  as  local  customs 
or  state  lawii  have  Ingrafted  upon  it,  may  he  regarded  as  the  general  standard  adopted  in  this  coimirv. 

Moat  of  ihe  states  of  the  Union  have  attempted  to  reduce  their  standards  of  weiglits  and  ineasiiriiji 
to  a  uniform  system,  and  numerous  laws  have  been  enacted  with  that  view  ;  but  so  far  froni  siiccceij- 
ini;  in  their  object,  they  have  had,  in  most  instancea,  an  opposite  effect.  Tiiere  are  but  few  states  in 
which  llie  proportions  of  their  measures  are  rei|uired  by  law  to  be  the  same— lineal,  superficial,  and 
cubic  measures  excepted— altliough  tliey  may  l)ear  tlie  same  names;  and  owing  to  the  dilTiculty  of 
enforcing  new  regulations,  atrong  prejudices  against  any  innovation,  and  a  constant  influx  of  settlers 
from  one  atate  into  another,  and  from  varioua  countriea  of  Europe,  who  bring  their  own  accustomed 
weighta  and  measures,  uniformity  cannot  be  aaid  to  exist  in  any  state  of  the  Union.  In  this  country, 
as  did  England  and  France  before  their  new  systems  were  adopted,  local  consumers  do  not  feel  the' 
whole  disadvantage  ol'tliis  confusion  ;  but  merchants  and  others,  wlio  make  large  sales  or  piirrbuses 
in  distant  parta  of  the  country,  often  experience  aerious  difficultiea  in  converting  to  their  own  local 
atandards  tlie  quantities  expressed  according  to  another  rate.  The  proportion  which  one  standard 
bears  to  another  is  not  always  easily  obtained ;  and  when  it  ia,  the  calculationa  to  be  made  are  often 
long  and  difficult,  and  may  not  always  give  an  accurate  result."— i/unt's^ereAants'  Magazine,  vol.  Iv 
page  344.— ./im.  Kd.] 

WELD,  OR  DYER'S  WEED  (Ger.  fVau .-  Du,  Wottw,  Wouwe.-  Fr.  Gaude,-  It.  Gua- 
darella ;  Lat.  Luteo/a),  is  an  imperfect  biennial,  with  small  fusiform  roots,  and  a  leafy  stem  from 
1  to  3  feet  in  height.  It  is  a  native  of  Britain,  Italy,  and  various  parts  of  Europe ;  and  is  culti< 
vated  for  the  sake  of  its  stalk,  flowers,  and  leaves,  which  are  employed  in  the  dyeing  of  yel- 
low, whence  its  botanical  name  Reseda  luteola.  Weld  requires  the  growth  of  nearly  2  sum- 
mers before  it  comes  to  maturity ;  and  the  crop  is  liable  to  fail  from  so  many  causes,  and  is 
besides  so  exhausting,  that  its  cultivation  is  by  no  means  profitable,  and  is  only  carried  on, 
in  this  country  at  least,  to  a  small  extent,  principally  in  Essex.  Weld  is  preferred  to  all 
other  substances  in  giving  the  lively  green  lemon  yellow.  It  is,  however,  expensive ;  and  it 
is  found,  when  employed  in  topical  dying,  to  degrade  and  interfere  with  madder  colours  more 
than  other  yellows,  and  to  stain  the  parts  wanted  to  be  kept  white.  Hence  quercitron  bark 
is  now  employed  in  calico  printing,  to  the  almost  total  exclusion  of  weld.  It  is  still,  how- 
ever, employed,  in  dyeing  silk  a  golden  yellow,  and  in  paper  staining. — {London's  Ency. 
of  Agriculture :  Bancroft  oti  Colours,  vol.  ii.  pp.  95 — 100.;  Rees'a  Cyclopedia.) 

WHALEBONE,  a  substance  of  the  nature  of  horn,  adhering  in  thin  parallel  laminae  to 
the  upper  jaw  of  the  whale.  These  vary  in  size  from  3  to  12  feet  in  length  ;  the  breadth 
of  the  largest  at  the  thick  end,  where  they  are  attached  to  the  jaw,  is  about  a  foot.  Tiiey  are 
extremely  elastic.     All  above  6  feet  in  length  is  called  size  bone. 

Whalebone  bore  anciently  a  very  high  price,  when  the  rigid  stays  and  the  expanded 
hoops  of  our  grandmothers  produced  an  extensive  demand  for  this  commodity.  The  Dutch 
have  occasionally  obtained  700/.  per  ton,  and  were  accustomed  to  draw  100,000/.  annually 
from  England  fur  this  one  article.  Even  in  1763,  it  brought  500/.;  but  soon  fell,  and  has 
never  risen  again  to  the  same  value.  During  the  present  century,  the  price  has  varied  be- 
tween 60/.  and  300/.;  seldom  falling  to  the  lowest  rate,  and  rarely  exceeding  150/.  Mr, 
Scoresby  reckons  the  price,  in  the  5  years  ending  with  1818,  at  90/. ;  while  at  present  (.\pril, 
1834),  it  is  stated  to  be  from  130/.  to  145/.  This  is  for  what  is  called  the  size  bone,  or  such 
pieces  as  measure  6  feet  or  upwards  in  length ,  those  below  this  standard  are  usually  sold  at 
half  price.  It  may  appear  singular  that  whalebone  should  rise,  while  oil  has  been  so  de- 
cidedly lowered  ;  but  the  one  change,  it  is  obvious,  causes  the  other.  Oil,  being  the  main 
product  of  the  fishery,  regulates  its  extent;  which  being  diminished  by  the  low  price,  the 
quantity  of  whalebone  is  lessened,  while  the  demand  for  it  continuing  as  great  as  before,  the 
value  consequently  rises. — {Polar  Seas  and  Regions,  p.  321.,  Edin   Cab.  Lib.) 

It  may  be  worth  while  to  remark,  as  evincing  the  ignorance  that  at  one  time  prevailed  with 
respect  to  the  whale,  that,  by  an  old  feudal  law,  the  tail  of  all  whales  belonged  to  tlie  queen, 
as  a  perquisite,  to  furnish  her  Majesty's  wardrobe  with  whalebone ! — (Blackstone,  vol,  i. 
p.  233.) 

WHALE  (COMMON),  the  Balasna  mysticelus  ot  Linnxus,  a  marine  animal  of  the 
cetaceous  species,  and  the  largest  of  all  those  with  which  men  are  acquainted.    The  whale 
has  sometimes,  it  is  affirmed,  been  found  160  feet  in  length;  but  this  is  most  probably  an 
exaggeration.     In  the  Northern  seas,  it  is  at  present  seldom  found  above  60  feet  long ;  be- 1 
ing  now,  however,  generally  killed  before  it  arrives  at  its  full  growth,  this  is  no  proof  t[ 
the  animal  may  not  formerly  have  attained  to  a  much  larger  size.    The  bodies  of  whales  are  | 
covered,  immediately  under  the  skin,  with  a  layer  of  fat  or  blubber,  which,  in  a  large  li:>b,ii  j 


WHALE  FISHERY. 


731 


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fe,rcd«poncon«re«to-tab^^^^^^ 

"%y''K'e  neiBrerhavebJen 
i'-'^*'  „.  rte  bv  Messrs.  Jefferson, 
been  n"'^t«i.L  its  anil  measures, 

Act  01  ""    .     ,.^^g     Hence,  llie 

''  ^"^a^ficat^ons  as  l..c;.l  cnsln>„» 
,ch  nwd  nc»"0'  ° ,  j„  j^is  coimlry. 

'  *S''"Hf  ^we  lib  8  and  measures 

!r*Vr'"  There  a^eb<urew.smeB  in 
ffect.  '"f  ,:n„al  superficial,  and 
'''^fndow  "gto'.bed.fflcnllyof 
les;  and  „',rnt  influx  <>f  selllers 
"•  r^'^rinriheir  own  accustomed 
•  '^K  H,P  fin  .. .  In  tbis  country, 
*!i'  llal  cons  mers  do  not  feel  the 
*w'„  make  large  sales  or  purchases 
who  i""^''^ '^„|  .„  their  own  local 
,  in  converting  to  I"  ,^^^ 

"''  ''.'Xons  t^be  -vide  are  often 

!?;„^rXcr«u'-Ha^««-.voi,,v.. 

Wnuwe  •  ft.  Gatide .-  It.  Gm- 

oTparts  of  Europe;  and  is  c«U. 
re  employed  in  the  dyeiiig  of  yel. 

ui..i>»«""'"""'°T'' 

kn  •   Rees's  CiJclopedKi.) 
fdhering  in  thin  pUUel  lamin.  to 

'to  12  feet  i"  »«f '^,^ '^it 
the  jaw,  is  about  a  foot.   1  hey  ate 

■f  '"'"^'  1  ptava  and  the  expanded 
Ihe  rigid  stays  ana  '       ^ 

Li  fn-  this  commodity.  \  ne  uuiui 
P  1  t«  draw  100,000/.  annually 
rMloSz     but  soon  fell,  and  ha, 

U  and  rarely  excecdmg  150/.  M. 
18  ^t  90/.;  while  «t  present  (Apn 

I  aai     Edm  Cab.  Uo.) 
^°^;haTebone!-CB/ao/c./o«e,vol... 
LtnntEUS,  a  marine  animal  of  tk 

P^>-rthir:;s:| 

i,,f,l   growth  thtsnP^^^,^^^! 

irger  size.     1  he  o"'^        .     ^  fish, » 
or  Wu66er,  which,  in  a  lav         | 


from  12  to  18  inches  thick.  In  young  whales,  this  fiitty  matter  resembles  hoir's  lord ;  but 
in  old  ones  it  is  of  a  reddish  colour.  This  is  the  valuable  part  of  the  whale;  and  the  desire 
to  possess  it  has  prompted  man  to  attempt  the  capture  of  this  mighty  animal.  'I'he  blubber 
yields,  by  expression,  nearly  iu  own  weight  of  a  thick  viscid  oil  (train  oil).  The  common 
vvhale  is  now  rarely  found,  except  within  the  Arctic  circle ;  but  at  a  former  period  it  was  not 
unfrequently  met  with  on  our  coasts.  There  is  a  good  account  of  the  common  whale,  and 
of  the  manner  in  which  the  fishery  is  carried  on,  in  Mr.  John  Laing's  "  Voyage  to  Spitz- 
bergen ;"  one  of  the  shortest,  cheapest,  and  best  of  the  innumerable  books  published  on  this 
hacknied  subject. 

The  Physeter  macrocephalus,  or  black-headed  spermaceti  whale,  is  chiefly  found  in  the 
Southern  Ocean.  It  usually  measures  about  60  feet  in  length,  and  30  in  circumference  at 
the  thickest  part.  The  valuable  part  of  the  fish  is  the  spongy,  oily  mass  dus  from  the  cavity 
of  the  head  ;  this  is  crude  spermaceti;  and  of  it  an  ordinary  sized  whale  will  yield  about  12 
large  barrels. 

WHALE  FISHERY.  We  do  not  propose  entering,  in  this  article,  into  any  details  as 
to  the  mode  in  which  the  fishery  is  carried  on ;  but  mean  to  confine  ourselves  to  a  brief 
sketch  of  its  history,  and  value  in  a  commercial  point  of  view. 

It  is  probably  true,  as  has  been  sometimes  contended,  that  the  Norwegians  occasionally 
captured  the  whale  before  any  other  European  nation  engaged  in  so  perilous  an  enterprise. 
But  the  early  eflforts  of  the  Norwegians  were  not  conducted  on  any  systematic  plan,  and 
should  be  regarded  only  in  the  same  point  of  view  as  the  fishing  expeditions  of  the  Esqui- 
maux. The  Biscayans  were  certainly  the  first  people  who  prosecuted  the  whnie  fishery  as 
a  regular  commercial  pursuit.  They  carried  it  on  with  great  vigour  and  success  in  the 
12th,  13th,  and  14th  centuries.  In  1261,  a  tithe  was  laid  upon  the  tongues  of  whales  im- 
ported into  Bayonne, — they  being  then  a  highly  esteemed  species  of  food.  In  1388,  Ed- 
ward III.  relinquished  to  Peter  de  Puayanne  a  duty  of  6/,  sterling  a  whale,  laid  on  those 
brought  into  the  port  of  Biarritz,  to  indemnify  him  for  the  extraordinary  expenses  he  had  in- 
curred in  fitting  out  a  fleet  for  the  service  of  his  Majesty.  This  fact  proves  beyond  dispute 
that  the  fishery  carrieil  on  from  Biarritz  at  the  period  referred  to  must  have  been  very  con- 
siderable indeed ;  and  it  was  also  prosecuted  to  a  great  extent  from  Cibourre,  V^ieux  Boucan, 
and  subsequently  from  Rochelle  and  other  places." 

The  whales  captured  by  the  Biscayans  were  not  so  large  as  those  that  are  taken  in  the 
Polar  seas,  and  are  supposed  to  have  been  attracted  southward  in  pursuit  of  herrings.  'J'hey 
were  not  very  productive  of  oil,  but  their  flesh  was  used  as  an  article  of  food,  and  the 
whalebone  was  applied  to  a  variety  of  useful  purposes,  and  brought  a  very  high  [irice. 

This  branch  of  industry  ceased  long  since,  and  from  the  same  cause  that  has  occasioned 
the  cessation  of  the  whale  fishery  in  many  other  pbices — the  want  of  fish.  Whether  it  were 
that  the  whales,  from  a  sense  of  the  dangers  to  which  they  exposed  themselves  in  coming 
southwards,  no  longer  left  the  Icy  Sea,  or  that  the  breed  had  been  nearly  destroyed,  certain 
it  is,  that  they  gradually  became  less  numerous  in  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  and  at  length  ceased 
almost  entirely  to  frequent  that  sea;  and  the  fishers  being  obliged  to  pursue  their  prey  upon 
the  banks  of  Newfoundland  and  the  coasts  of  Iceland,  the  French  fishery  ra[iidly  fell  olF. 

The  voyages  of  the  Dutch  and  English  to  the  Northern  Ocean,  in  order,  if  possil)le,  to 
discover  a  passage  through  it  to  Ind'i,  though  they  failed  of  their  main  object,  liiid  open  the 
haunts  of  the  whale.  The  companions  of  Barentz,  who  discovered  8pitzbergen.  in  1596, 
and  of  Hudson,  who  soon  after  explored  the  same  seas,  represented  to  their  countrymen  the 
amazing  number  of  whales  with  which  they  were  crowded.  Vessels  were  in  consequence 
fitted  out  for  the  Northern  whale  fishery  by  the  English  and  Dutch,  the  harpuoners  and  a 
part  of  the  crew  being  Biscayans.  They  did  not,  however,  confine  their  elTorts  to  a  fair 
competition  with  each  other  as  fishers.  The  Muscovy  Company  obtained  a  royal  charter, 
prohibiting  the  ships  of  all  other  nations  from  fishing  in  the  seas  round  Spitzbergen,  on  pre- 
text of  its  having  been  first  discovered  by  Sir  Hugh  Willoughby.  'I'here  can,  however,  be 
no  doubt  that  Barentz,  and  not  Sir  Hugh,  was  its  original  discoverer;  though,  supposing  that 
the  fact  had  been  otherwise,  the  attempt  to  exclude  other  nations  from  the  surrounding  seas, 
on  such  a  ground,  was  not  one  that  could  be  tolerated.  The  Dutch,  who  were  at  the  lime 
prompt  to  embark  in  every  commercial  pursuit  that  gave  any  hopes  of  success,  eagerly  en- 
tered on  this  new  caroi'r,  and  sent  out  ships  fitted  equally  for  the  purposes  of  fishing,  and  of 
defence  against  the  attacks  of  others.  The  Muscovy  Company  having  attempted  to  vindi- 
cate its  pretensions  by  force,  several  encounters  took  place  between  their  ships  and  those  of 
the  Dutch.  The  conviction  at  length  became  general,  that  there  was  roim  enough  for  all 
parties  in  the  Northern  seas;  and  in  order  to  avoid  the  chance  of  coming  into  collision  with 
each  other,  they  parcelled  Spitzbergen  and  the  adjacent  ocean  into  districts,  which  were 
respectively  assigned  to  the  English,  Dutch,  Hamburghers,  French,  Danes,  «S:c. 

The  Dutch,  being  thus  left  to  prosecute  the  fishery  without  having  their  attention  diverted 
by  hostile  attacks,  speedily  acquired  a  decided  superiority  over  all  their  competitors. 
When  the  Europeans  first  began  to  prosecute  the  fishery  on  the  coast  of  Spitzbergen, 
♦  See  Mimoire  sur  I'^ntiquiU  de  la  Piche  de  la  Baleine,  par  A'oel,  12nio.    Paris,  1795. 


:')i 

i^'' 
f' 


732 


WHALE  FISHERY. 


•ft"* 


:i 


whales  were  fivrry  whore  found  in  vast  numbers.  Ignorant  of  the  Btren|»th  and  strntagprns 
of  the  fonniiluble  foe  liy  whom  they  were  now  assailed,  instead  of  betraying  any  symptoms 
of  fear,  tliey  surrounded  the  ships  and  crowded  all  the  bays.  Their  capture  was  in  conso- 
qucnce  a  comparatively  easy  task,  and  many  were  lulled  which  it  was  afterwards  necessary  to 
abandon,  from  the  ships  being  already  full. 

While  fish  were  thus  easily  obtained,  it  was  the  practice  to  boil  the  blubber  on  shore  in 
the  North,  and  to  fetch  home  only  the  oil  and  whalebone.  And,  perhaps,  nothing  can  give 
a  more  vivid  idea  of  the  extent  and  importance  of  the  Dutch  fishery,  in  the  middle  of  the 
17th  century,  than  the  fact,  that  they  constructed  o  consideroblo  village,  the  houses  of  which 
were  all  previously  prepared  in  Holland,  on  the  Isle  of  Amsterdam,  on  the  northern  shore  of 
Spifzbergeri,  to  which  they  gave  the  appropriate  name  of  Smeerenberg  (from  nmeercn,  to  molt, 
and  hers;,  a  mounlain).  This  was  the  grand  rendezvous  of  the  Dutch  whale  ships,  and  was 
amply  provided  with  boilers,  tanks,  and  every  sort  of  apparatus  required  for  preparing  the  oil 
and  the  bone,  liut  this  was  not  all.  The  whale  fieeta  were  attended  with  a  number  of  pro 
vision  ships,  the  cargoes  of  which  were  landed  at  Smeerenberg  ;  which  abounded,  during  tho 
busy  soooon,  with  wcll-furnishcd  shops,  good  inns,  &c. ;  so  that  many  of  the  conveniences 
and  enjoyments  of  Amsterdam  were  found  within  about  1 1  degrees  of  the  Pole  !  It  is  par- 
ticularly mentioned,  that  the  sailors  and  others  were  every  morning  supplied  with  what  a 
Dutchman  regards  as  a  very  great  luxury — hot  rolls  for  breakfast.  Batavia  and  Smeeren- 
l)erg  were  founded  nearly  at  the  same  period,  and  it  was  for  a  considerable  time  douhicj 
whether  the  latter  was  not  the  more  important  establishment. — (Z)e  licste,  Ilinloire  dcs  I't. 
c/iex,  iSfc.  tome  i.  p.  42.) 

During  the  flourishing  period  of  the  Dutch  fwhery,  the  quantity  of  oil  made  in  the  North 
was  so  great  that  it  could  not  be  carried  home  by  the  whale  ships ;  and  every  year  vessels 
were  sent  out  in  ballast  to  assist  in  importing  the  produce  of  the  fishery. 

But  the  same  cause  that  liad  destroyed  the  fishery  of  the  Biscay ans,  ruined  that  which 
was  carried  on  in  the  immediate  neighbourhood  of  S|)itzbergen.  Whales  became  gradaally 
less  common,  and  more  and  more  timid  and  difBcult  to  catch.  They  retreated  first  to  the 
open  seas,  and  then  to  the  great  banks  of  ice  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Greenland.  When  the 
site  of  the  fishery  had  been  thus  removed  to  a  very  great  distance  from  Spitzbcrgen,  it  was 
found  most  economical  to  send  the  blubber  direct  to  Holland.  Smeerenberg  was  in  cona*- 
quence  totally  deserted,  and  its  position  is  now  with  dilRculty  discoverable. 

But  though  very  extensive,  the  Dutch  whale  fishery  was  not,  during  the  first  30  years  of 
its  existence,  very  profitable.  This  arose  from  the  circumstance  of  tlie  right  to  carry  it  on 
having  been  conceded,  in  1614,  to  an  exclusive  company.  The  expense  inscparal)le  from 
such  great  associations,  the  wastefulness  and  unfaithfulness  of  their  servants,  who  wore 
much  more  intent  upon  advancing  their  own  interests  than  those  of  the  company,  inrrcascJ 
the  outlays  so  niucli,  that  the  returns,  great  as  they  were,  proved  little  more  than  ailciiuate 
to  defray  them,  and  the  fishery  was  confined  within  far  narrower  limits  than  it  would  other- 
wise have  reached.  But  after  various  prolongations  of  the  charter  of  the  first  coiiiiiany,  and 
the  formation  of  some  new  ones,  the  trade  was  finally  thrown  open  in  1C4S.  'J'lie  elllctsof 
this  measure  were  ntost  salutary,  and  afford  one  of  tho  most  striking  examples  to  lie  met 
with  of  the  advantages  of  free  competition.  Within  a  few  years  the  fishery  was  vastly  ex- 
tended; and  though  it  became  progressively  more  and  more  difficult  from  the  ginwini; 
scarcity  of  fish,  it  proved,  notwithstanding  these  disadvantages,  more  profitable  to  the  private 
adventurers  than  it  had  ever  been  to  the  company  ;  and  continued  for  above  a  century  to  he 
prosecuted  with  equal  energy  and  success.  The  famous  John  do  Witt  has  alluded  as  fal- 
lows to  this  change  in  the  mode  of  conducting  the  trade : — 

"III  tliis respect,"  aiys  he,  "it  is  worttiy  of  oliservntioii,  that  the  authnrified  nreenland  Company 
made  herclofnre  litlle  pmtit  by  their  fialiery,  liocaiirfeof  tlic  great  charge  of  setting  nut  ilmir  ships  ;anj 
th;it  tlie  trail)  nil,  bhililier,  and  whale  tins  were  iiiit  well  made,  handled,  or  cured  ;  anil  liciiit'  limiiglii 
hither  ami  piit  into  wari^hinise,  were  not  sold  snon  enough,  nor  to  the  Company's  hnst  ailviiiiiaic. 
Whereas  now  that  ev«-ry  one  equips  their  vesmis  at  the  cheapest  rate,  follow  their  lisliiiig  ililigenllj', 
and  manage  all  carefully,  the  bliihlii'r,  train  nil,  ami  whale  fins  are  employed  for  so  many  uses  in 
several  countries,  that  they  can  sell  them  with  that  cnnvoiiiency,  that  thnuj»li  fAeri- «rc  n.uc  l').«Ai;ij 
for  1  that  formerlij  nailed  nut  nf  Holland  oti  that  arrount,  and  coiisei|iiently  each  of  thi-m  ronid  nol  take 
BO  many  whales  as  heretofore,  and  notwithslandui);  the  new  prohibition  nf  France  and  ntlinr  ruiMilriej 
to  iaipiirt  these  coiniMndilies,  and  tliouL'h  there  is  greater  plenty  of  them  iiiiporlcd  by  oiir  fishers— yel 
those  coinnindilies  are  so  niiich  raised  in  the  value  above  what  they  were  whilst  there  wns  a  ciiiiipany, 
that  the  coiiiiiion  iiihaliitaiits  do  exrriise  that  fishery  wiih  profit,  to  the  iniich  jireater  benofil  of  niir 
country  than  when  it  was  (under  the  nianaceiiient  of  a  coiii[>uny)  curried  on  but  by  a  few.  "— ('/Vut 
Interest  of  Holland,  p.  03,  Svo.  ed.  LonJnn,  17-lC.) 

The  private  slii()s  sent  by  the  Dutch  to  the  whale  fishery  were  fitted  out  on  a  principle 
that  secured  tho  utmnst  economy  and  vigilance  on  the  part  of  every  one  roiiiieeied  with 
them.  The  hull  of  the  vessel  was  furnished  by  an  individual,  who  commonly  took  upon 
himself  the  ollice  of  captain  ;  a  sail-maker  supplied  the  sails,  a  cooper  the  casks,  &c.  The 
parties  engaged  as  adventurers  in  the  undertaking.  The  cargo  being  brought  to  Jlojlanii 
and  disposed  of,  each  person  shared  in  the  produce  according  to  his  proportion  of  the  outfit. 
'J'he  crew  was  hired  on  the  same  principle ;  so  that  every  one  had  a  motive  to  exert  liimscll", 
to  see  that  all  unnecessary  expenses  were  avoided,  uttd  that  those  that  were  necessary  were 


WHALE  FISHERY. 


733 


the  strenffth  anJ  strntaBPtn* 
1  of  betraying  any  symptoms 

Their  capture  was  m  conso- 
itwasafterwardanccesfjaryto 

0  boil  the  blubber  on  shore  in 
nJ,  perhaps,  nothinK  can  give 

1  fishery,  in  the  middle  of  the 
,lo  village,  the  houses  of  which 
rdam,  on  the  northern  shore  of 
renter/?  (from  .-.meerm,  to  molt, 
^c  Dutch  whale  ships,  and  was 

9  required  for  prei.arjng  the  oil 
ittended  with  a  number  of  pro. 
a  •  which  abounded,  during  the 
Ihat  ma..y  of  the  conveniences 

egreesofthoPole!     It.M.ar. 

morning  supplied  with  what  a 
akfust.  Batavia  and  bmccren- 
for  a  considerable  time  douhlcd 
(t.— (Dc  lieste,  lHntoire  dcs  1  c- 

aantity  of  oil  mode  in  the  North 
e  ships ;  and  every  year  vessels 
,f  the  fishery.  .  ,.,.,•  l 
he  Biscayans,  ruined  that  which 
„en  Whales  became  gradaally 
irh  They  retreated  first  to  the 
coast  of  Greenland.  When  the 
listance  from  Spitzbergen,  it  was 
ind.     Smeerenberg  was  in  consc- 

,lty  discoverable. 

snot,  during  the  first  30  years  of 

nstanco  of  the  right  to  curry  It  on 

The  expense  inscpuralile  lioni 

riess  of  their  servants,  who  were 

„  thoae  of  the  company,  increased 

proved  little  more  tlian  adciuate 

.rrower  limits  than  it  would  other. 

,  charter  of  the  first  c.Mn,.m.y,  ami 

>vvn  open  in  1012.    ThoclWtsot 

most  striking  exainpU-s  u.  he  met 

w  years  the  fishery  w«s  vastly  ex. 

'more  difficult  from  tlic  g.owm? 

nsics,  more  profitable  to  the  F'^f 

[ontinued  for  above  a  century  to  be 

John  de  Witt  has  alluded  as  tol- 
iTlhe  authorised  Orpenlan.l  Comiiany 
Ihanaiflcl,  or  cur.  11  a,ivaiiia2c. 

LyvyerefiltedoutonapripJ 
iZi  of  every  one  oo.u.ccte.l  ««h 
IriilwhoLnoionlvtookujjn 

■ails  a  cooper  the  casks,  \c.  iw 
tfcar-'o  being  brought  to  lloto 
^Tnrto  his  proportion  of  the  oul 

]:tS^aUivetoexer,^n.eJ 

Lat  those  that  were  necch^a.y  «uo 


ronrined  within  the  narrowest  limits.  This  practice  has  been  imitated  to  some  extent  in  thii 
and  some  other  countries,  but  in  none  has  it  been  carried  so  far  as  in  Holland.  It  appears  to 
us  that  it  might  be  advantageously  introduced  into  other  adventures. 

When  in  its  most  flourishing  stale,  towards  the  year  lliSO,  the  Dutch  whale  fishery 
employed  ahout  2(iU  ships,  and  14,000  sailors. 

The  English  whale  fishery,  like  that  of  Holland,  was  originally  carried  on  by  an  exclusive 
association.  'I'he  Muscovy  Company  was,  indeed,  speedily  driven  from  the  field  ;  hut  it  was 
immediately  succeeded  by  others,  that  did  not  prove  more  fortunate.  In  173r),tlie  .South  Hea 
Company  embarked  largely  in  the  trade,  and  prosecuted  it  for  8  years ;  at  the  end  of  which, 
having  lost  a  large  sum,  they  gave  it  up.  But  the  legislature,  having  resolved  to  support  the 
trade,  granted,  in  1732,  a  bounty  of  20s,  a  ton  to  every  ship  of  more  than  200  tons  burden 
engaged  in  it;  but  this  premium  being  insulficient,  it  was  raised,  in  1749,  to  40s.  a  ton, 
when  a  number  of  ships  were  fitted  out,  as  much  certainly  in  the  intention  of  catching  the 
bounty  as  of  catching  fish.  Deceived  by  the  prosperous  a|)pearance  of  the  fishery,  parliament 
imagined  that  it  was  firmly  established,  and  in  1775  the  bounty  was  reduced  to  SO.s.  The 
effects  of  this  reduction  showed  the  factitious  nature  of  th-j  trade,  the  vessels  engaged  in  it 
having  fallen  off  in  the  course  of  the  next  5  years  from  10.5  f/t  39  !  To  arrest  this  alarming 
decline,  the  bounty  was  raised  to  its  old  level  in  1781,  and  of  course  the  trade  was  soon 
restored  to  its  previous  state  uf  a|)|mrent  prosperity.  The  hostilities  occasioned  by  the  Ame- 
rican war  reduced  the  Dutch  fishery  to  less  than  half  its  previous  amount,  and  gave  a  pro- 
portional extension  to  that  of  England.  The  bounty,  which  had  in  con8e({uence  become 
very  heavy,  was  reduced,  in  1787,  to  30s.  a  ton  ;  in  1792  it  was  further  reduced  to  25,s.,  and 
in  1795  it  was  reduced  to  20s.,  at  which  sum  it  continued  till  1824,  when  it  ceased. 

It  appears  from  accounts  given  in  Macpherson's  Annals  of  Commerce  (vol.  iii,  p.  511., 
vol.  iv.  p.  130.),  that  the  total  bounties  paid  for  the  encouragement  of  the  whale  fishery,  in 
the  interval  between   1750  and  1788,  amounted  to  no  less  than  1,677,935/.     It  will  be  seen 
from  the  official  account  which  follows,  that  there  are  no  means  of  furnishing  any  accurate 
account  of  the  sums  paid  as  bounties  from  the  year  1789  to  1813  inclusive  ;  but  it  is,  not- 
withstanding, abundantly  certain  that  the  total  bounties  paid  during  the  period  from  1789  to 
1824  considerably  exceeded  1,000,000/.     Here,  then,  wo  have  a  sum  of  upwards  of  two 
MILLIONS  AND  A  HALF  laid  out  sincc  1750  in  promoting  the  whale  fishery.     Now  we  be- 
lieve, that  if  we  estimate  the  entire  average  value  of  the  gross  produce  of  the  Northern  whale 
fishery  (and  it  is  to  it  only  that  the  preceding  statements  apply),  during  the  last  3  oi-  4  years, 
at  375,000/.  a  year,  we  shall  be  about  the  mark.     But  had  the  2,500,000/.  expended  in  bol- 
ttcrlng  up  this  branch  of  industry  been  laid  out  as  capital  in  any  ordinary  employment,  it 
would  have  produced  125,000/.  a  year  oi nelt  profit;  and  deducting  this  sum  from  the  above, 
there  remains  only  250,000/.  to  replace  the  capital  wasted  and  ships  lost  in  carrying  on  the 
fishery,  and  to  afford  a  clear  national  profit .'    Whatever,  therefore,  may  be  the  value  of  the 
whale  fishery  as  a  nursery  for  seamen,  it  is  absurd  to  regard  it  as  contributing  any  thing  to 
the  public  wealth.    The  remark  of  Dr.  Franklin,  that  he  who  draws  a  fish  out  of  the  sea 
diaws  out  a  piece  of  silver,  is  ever  in  the  mouths  of  those  who  are  clamouring  for  bounties 
and  protection  against  competition.     But  we  apprehend  that  even  Franklin  himself,  saga- 
cious as  he  was,  would  have  found  it  rather  difficult  to  show  how  the  wealth  of  those  is  to 
be  increased,  who,  in  fishing  up  one  piece  of  silver,  are  obliged  to  throw  another  of  equal 
value  into  the  sea.     We  subjoin 

i  \n  atcounl  of  the  Number  of  Ships  annually  fltted  out  in  Great  Britain  for  the  Northern  Whale 
Fishery,  of  the  Tonnage  and  Crews  of  such  Ships,  and  of  tlie  Bounties  paid  on  their  Account,  from 
1-89  to  1824. 


Yean. 

Ship). 

Tons. 

MeD. 

\-n 

161 

16,599 

179(1 

llti 

33,232 

4,482 

1791 

116 

33,906 

4,520 

i;^ 

!)3 

26,983 

1.667 

1793 

82 

23,487 

.3,210 

1791 

60 

16,386 

2,250 

1795 

44 

11,748 

1,001 

1796 

51 

13,833 

1,910 

1797 

60 

16,371 

2,265 

179S 

66 

18,754 

2,t>33  >. 

1799 

67 

19,360 

2,683 

1800 

61 

17,729 

2,459 

IfcOl 

64 

18,568 

2,544 

Mi 

79 

23,539 

3,129 

m 

95 

28,608 

3,806 

\m 

92 

28,034 

3,597 

\m 

91 

27,570 

3,630 

\m 

91 

27,697 

3,715 

BouDtit'S  paid. 


The  documents 
from  which  the 
amount  of  boun- 
ties paid  in  these 
years  could  be 
shown,  were  de- 
stroyed in  thetirc 
at  the  late  Cus- 
tom-house. 


Years       Ships.         Tons. 


Mod. 


Bounties  paid. 


1807"! 
to    ^ 
1813 

1814 
ISl.") 
1816 
1HI7 
1818 
1819 
1820 
1821 
1822 
1823 
1824 


There  are  no  documc 
which  the  accounts  for 
rendered. 


nts  in  this  office  by 
tliese  years  can  be 


112 
l,-i4 
130 
135 
140 
140 
142 
140 
124 
120 
112 


36,576 
43,320 
41,767 
43,518 
45,010 
45,093 
45.092 
41,861 
38,182 
37,028 
35,194 


4,708 
5,783 
5,512 
5,768 
5,903 
6,291 
6,137 
0,074 
5,234 
4,984 
4,867 


£  s. 
43,709  11 
41,487 
42,746 
43,461 
45,806 
43,0.'il 
44,749 
42,104 
32,347 
32,980 


29,131      15 


It  is  not  even  certain  whether  the  expenditure  of  2,500,000/.  upon  bounties  would  really 
lliave  had  the  effect  of  establishing  the  whale  fishery  upon  a  solid  foundation,  but  for  the 
IMcupation  of  Holland  by  the  French,  and  the  consequent  hostilities  in  which  she  was 

Vol.  II.— 3  Q 


I  »; 


i    -!.i' 


fi;  m 


734 


WHALE  FISHERY. 


involved  with  thia  country.  Theao  did  more  to  promote  and  connolidate  the  Dritiflh  fishc 
than  any  thing  eloc.  The  war  entirely  annihilated  that  of  the  Dutch  :  and  our  governinc 
having  wiHcly  offered  to  the  fiHheries  of  Holland  all  the  immunities  enjoyed  by  the  citize 
of  Great  Britain  in  the  event  of  their  Hettling  amongst  U8,  many  availed  themselvcM  of  t 
invitation,  bringing  with  tliim  their  capital,  induntry,  and  skill.  In  coiiHcquenco  of  this  s{ 
nal  encouragement,  the  whale  fishery  of  England  wus  prosecuted  with  greater  succrss  thi 
at  any  previous  iioriod  :  and  nt  the  termination  of  the  late  war,  in  1815,  there  were  i; 
valuable  ships  and  about  r),8()0  seamen  engaged  in  the  Northern  fishery,  and  about  30  shi 
and  800  men  in  that  to  the  South. 

After  peace  was  restored,  the  English  capitalists  and  others  became  apprehensive  lest  tl 
Dutch  should  engage  anew  with  their  ancient  vigour  and  success  in  the  whale  fishery.  B 
these  apprehensions  were  without  any  real  foundation.  The  Hollanders,  during  the  ; 
years  they  had  been  excluded  from  the  sea,  had  lost  all  that  practical  acquaintance  with  il 
details  of  the  fishery,  for  which  they  had  long  been  so  famous,  and  which  is  so  essential 
its  success.  The  government  attempted  to  rouse  their  dormant  energies  by  the  ofl'er  of  cui 
siderable  premiums  and  other  advantages  to  those  who  embarked  in  the  trade.  Three  con 
panics  were  in  consequence  formed  for  carrying  it  on  ;  1  at  Kotterdam,  1  at  Harlinp^en,  an 
1  in  South  Holland.  But  their  efforts  have  been  very  limited,  and  altogether  urifortunat 
In  1836,  the  company  of  South  Holland  was  dissolved,  while  that  of  Hurlingen  dcspatchc 
4  ships,  and  that  of  Rotterdam  2.  In  1827,  Rotterdam  sent  only  1  ship,  and  Hurlingen  2 
and  in  1828,  1  solitary  ship  sailed  from  Holland — a  feeble  and  last  effort  of  the  company  o 
Harlingen ! 

Such  has  been  the  fate  of  the  Dutch  whale  fishery.  The  attempts  to  revive  it  failed,  nc 
because  the  ships  sent  out  were  ill  calculated  for  the  service,  but  because  they  were  inannei 
by  unskilful  seamen.  In  the  early  ages  of  the  fishery,  this  dilUculty  would  have  been  go 
over,  because,  owing  to  the  fewness  of  competitors,  and  the  scanty  supply  of  oil  and  whale 
bone,  even  a  small  cargo  brought  a  high  price ;  but  at  present,  when  the  fishery  is  prospculei 
on  a  very  large  scale  and  at  a  very  low  rate  of  profit  by  the  English,  the  Americans,  thi 
Hamburghers,  &c.,  no  new  competitor  coming  into  the  field  could  expect  to  maintain  hiiU' 
self  unless  he  had  nearly  equal  advantages.  The  Dutch  have,  therefore,  done  wisely  in  wiih' 
drawing  fro.n  the  trade.  Any  attempt  to  establish  it  by  the  aid  of  bounties  and  other  artiil' 
cial  encouragements  would  be  one  of  which  the  ultimate  success  must  be  very  doubtful,  anJ 
which  could  lead  to  no  really  useful  result.  During  the  20  years  preceding  the  late  Frcncb 
war,  the  fishery  of  Holland  was  gradually  declining,  and  had,  in  a  great  measure,  ceased  to 
be  profitable.  It  would  be  folly  to  endeavour  to  raise  anew,  and  at  a  great  expense,  a  Itrantli 
of  industry  that  had  become  unproductive  at  a  former  period,  when  there  is  no  ground  foi 
supposing  that  it  would  be  more  productive  at  this  moment. 

We  have  already  noticed  several  changes  of  the  localities  in  which  the  whale  fishery  hai 
been  carried  on  at  different  periods ;  within  these  few  years  another  has  taken  place  eve;. 
more  important  The  seas  between  Spitzbergen  and  Greenland  are  now  nearly  abandonee! 
by  the  whalers,  who  resort  in  preference  to  Davis's  Straits  and  Baffin's  Bay,  or  to  tlie  seil 
which  washes  the  coast  of  West  Greenland.  The  Dutch  fishers  first  began  to  frcquenJ 
Davis's  Straits  in  1719;  and  as  the  whales  had  not  hitherto  been  pursued  into  this  vasil 
recess,  they  were  found  in  greater  numbers  ihon  in  the  seas  round  Spitzbergen.  Froraabouil 
this  period  it  was  usually  resorted  to  by  about  3-lOths  of  the  Dutch  ships.  It  was  not  I 
a  comparatively  late  period  that  Davis's  Straits  began  to  be  frequented  by  English  whalers;! 
and  even  so  late  as  1820,  when  Captain  Scoresby  published  his  elaborate  and  valuable  woiil 
on  the  whale  fishery,  that  carried  on  in  the  Greenland  seas  was  by  far  the  most  consideraWtl 
But  within  the  last  few  years,  the  Greenland  fishery  has  been  almost  entirely  deserted,  Tliil 
various  discoveries  made  by  the  expeditions  recently  fitted  out  by  government  for  explorinjl 
the  seas  and  inlets  to  the  westward  of  Davis's  Straits  and  Bafiin's  Bay,  have  made  thetlslia| 
acquainted  with  several  new  and  advantageous  situations  for  the  prosecution  of  their  hm 
ness.  What  further  revolutions  the  fishery  may  be  destined  to  undergo,  it  is  impossible  J 
foresee  ;  but  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  same  results  that  have  happened  elsewhere  itiil 
happen  in  Davis's  Straits,  and  that  it  will  be  necessary  to  pursue  the  whale  to  new  i 
perhaps,  still  more  inaccessible  haunts. 

The  sea  in  Davis's  Straits  is  less  incommoded  with  field  ice  than  the  Greenland  and  Spisl 
bergen  seas,  but  it  abounds  with  icebergs ;  and  the  fishery,  when  carried  on  in  Bafrin'jBijj 
and  Ijancaster  Sound,  is  more  dangerous,  perhaps,  than  any  that  has  hitherto  been  attcnipieil 


3  years  ending  with  1827  : — 

Years. 

No.  of  Ships  despatched. 

No.  of  Whales  captured. 

Quantity  of  Oil. 

Quantity  of  Wtalelimi 

1825 
1826 
1827 

110 

94 

88 

501 

510 

1,155 

Tons. 
6,597 
7,087 

13,179 

Tons. 
360 
3!I0 
732 

WHALE  FISHERY. 


785 


a  conBo1iant«  the  Bntwh  fuher, 
L  Dutch:  ami  our  govemmcm 
he  V"''*^"  „i,,ve.l  by  the  ciluens 
Cni  avS?the"-'r  of  the 

eidwhh«r^tc.;;ucc^th. 

ThriSi:r.aurh.«thcj 

.t  nraclical  aciuainlance  with  the 

P„'f\  which  is  «o  cHscnl.al  U 

"""«'""'''*i''bv  the  offer  of  con. 

"ru'un?hetmdo      Three  com- 
nbarked  in  the  ira  ^^^ 

at  l^'"«^'l^l'to\Ie  her  unfortunate, 
limited  and  altoBemc^^^^^^^ 

"'".Vnl^Bh"^andHarUn«en". 
SrdtstcKt'ofthccornpanyol 

The  attempts  to  revive  it  failed,  not 
Vice  but  because  they  were  rnanne 
u"'  ?tilV.rultv  would  have  been  ?oi 
•  l^  i  supply  of  oil  and  whale- 
'^'nrSn  Kshery  is  pro.ccmej 
resent,  when  in  ^,„„ieans,  ik 

,KoSd"Cct  to  maintain  hi. 
,y  the  atd  °f  J°\t;ery  doubtful,anJ 

7erd:w;ea^?Sei/no.-nafo, 

fSes  in  which  the  whale  fishery  to 
calilies  111  w  ,^j,p  ^^,j, 

,^  years  another  ha^  if,,l/ai«ndonei 
.^rSBaffiXBay-ortothe. 

"^^V"^suX"£" 
hitherto  be«»  PX"i     Fromabo« 
le  seas  round  bpitilJerge.i. 

^bUshedhiselaWean      ^^^^.j^^^y, 
^d  seas  was  by  ^^^^^^^^  Tl. 

l^-y^-^tC-r— 
^"?n  fl-n'«  Bav  have  made  thet.shen 
r^^f^MhepSecutionoftheirJ 

itions  tor  the  V'"       .   .    jnipossiHeii 

'^iSat'Ceh^PF^^^^ 
i;t  pursue  the  whale  to  new  J 

LMd  ice  than  the  Greenland  anM 
of  the  Northern  whale  bshery         i 


It  appear*  from  thi«  and  the  previoii*  Table,  that  the  number  of  ships  «cnt  out  has  declined 
nearly  one  half  Hincc  ISaO.  The  bounty  wbh  n-peajed  in  \H'2i,  and  the  ships  fitted  out  have 
sinw  fiillon  oir  in  the  ratio  of  I  IS  to  HH  or  90.  This  is  a  sulUcieiit  proof  of  the  insecure 
foutuliitioii  on  which  the  trade  lind  previously  rested. 

The  whnio  fishery  has  for  a  lengthened  |)erio(l  partiiken  more  of  the  nature  of  a  gambling 
aJvcntiirc  than  of  a  regular  industrious  pursuit.  tSometinies  the  ships  do  not  get  half  a 
cargo,  and  sometimes  they  come  home  rlenn.  The  risk  of  shipwreck  is  also  very  consider- 
ahlr.  It  appears  from  Mr.  Scoresby's  Tables  (vol.  ii.  p.  131.),  that  of  .580  ships  sent  to  the 
North  during  the  4  years  ending  with  IH17,  fi/^lif  were  lost.  This  period  was,  however, 
uncommonly  free  from  disaster.  It  would  set^m,  loo,  that  the  risk  of  shipwreck  is  greater  in 
Davis's  Straits  than  in  the  seas  to  the  east  of  (ireenland.  In  1819,  of  03  ships  sent  to 
Davis's  Straits,  no  fewer  than  10  were  lost;  in  1821,  out  of  79  ships,  11  were  lost ;  and  in 
1822,  out  of  60  ships,  7  were  lost.  But  1830  has  in  this  respect  been  the  most  dinnstrous. — 
Of  87  ships  that  sailed  for  Uavis's  Straits,  no  less  than  18,  or  'i2  per  cent,  of  the  whole,  were 
totally  lost ;  'Zi  returned  clean,  or  without  having  caught  a  single  fish ;  and  of  the  rem 'U- 
Jcr,  not  1  had  a  full  cargo,  only  1  or  2  being  half  fmhi  d .'  If  we  estimate  the  value  ol  the 
ships  cast  away,  including  the  outfit,  at  7,000/,  each,  the  loss  from  shipwreck  only  will  be 
126,000/.     The  following  Table  exhibits  a  detailed  account  of  the  fishery  in  1832  : — 

Account  (if  the  Norlhorn  Wlialo  Fishery  In  18.12;  exhibiting  tlin  Niiniher  nnd  Tonnage  of  the  Ships 
sent  out  by  each  Port,  with  tlie  Number  of  Fish  talccn,  and  the  (Quantity  of  Ull  anil  Done. 


Porti. 

No.  of  Slii|n. 

Tonnage. 

Fi»h. 

Oil. 

Bone. 

Twit. 

Tmt. 

Cu'l. 

Hull      - 

30 

0,0.18 

539 

4,603 

251 

11 

Whitby 

1 

.lai 

29 

235 

11 

18 

Niiwcnstle 

4 

1,.W9 

121 

1,010 

55 

6 

Berwicli 

1 

309 

22 

1H5 

9 

10 

Luiiiinn 

3 

1,151 

44 

2(15 

12 

14 

Peterhead 

11 

3,07fi 

ISO 

1,2»4 

63 

8 

1   Aberdeen 

6 

1,823 

03 

833 

43 

9 

I   Dundee 

9 

8,929 

840 

1,002 

104 

10 

1    Moiitrnse 

3 

«lt 

28 

2.')7 

13 

7 

1   KIrkaldy 

5 

l,fi()9 

98 

785 

41 

10 

Leilh    - 

8 

9,7(il 

100 

1,282 

68 

17 

1                        Totals    - 

81 

86,393 

l,Sti3 

12,fil0 

676 

120 

Quantity  of  Oil. 

Tons. 
6,597 
7,087 
13,179 


Quantity  oOVtak^l 

fovSs 
360 
31)0 
732 


r.»tmated  ra{M«.— 12,610  tuns  of  oil,  at  20^.,  252,200/. ;  076  tons  of  whalebone,  at  125/.,  84,500/. ;  mak- 
in?  ill  all,  336,700/. 

There  baa  been  a  somewhat  singular  change  in  the  ports  frnin  which  the  fishery  Is  chiefly  carried 
on.  Ill  London  were  umlertalten  ull  the  discoveries  which  led  to  its  establlsht'ient ;  and  for  some 
lime  a  coiiiplete  monopoly  was  enjoyed  by  the  great  companies  formed  in  that  city.  Even  between 
the  yi^are  17H0  and  1700,  (he  nietrnpnlis  sent  out  4  times  the  number  of  vessels  that  sailed  from  any 
other  port.  It  was  observed,  however,  that  her  fishery  was,  on  the  whole,  less  fortunate  than  that  of 
{he  new  rivals  which  had  sprung  np ;  and  her  merchants  were  so  much  discouraged,  that  in  Mr. 
gcnreeby's  time  they  eijuipped  only  17  or  18  vessels.  They  have  since  almost  entirely  abandoned  the 
trade. employinir  in  1832  not  more  than  3  ships. 

Hull  early  became  a  rival  to  London,  having  sent  out  vessels  at  the  very  commencement  of  the 

fishery.    Although  checked  at  first  by  the  monopoly  of  the  great  companies,  as  soon  as  the  trade 

became  free  she  prosecuted  it  with  distinguished  success.    In  the  end  of  the  last  century,  that  town 

iltaliieil,  and  has  ever  since  preserved,  the  character  of  the  first  whale-fishing  port  in  Britain. 

',    Whitby  engaged  in  this  pursuit  in  1753,  and  carried  it  on  for  some  time  with  more  than  common 

success;  but  her  operations  have  since  been  much  limited     Liverpool,  after  embarking  in  the  under- 

takimwith  spirit,  has  now  entirely  relinquished  It.     Meantime  the  eastern  ports  of  Scotland  have 

steadily  carried  on.  and  even  extended,  their  transactions,  while  those  of  the  country  at  large  were 

1  jiiuinishini!.    The  increase  has  been  most  remarkable  at  Peterhead ;  and  indeed  this  town,  as  com- 

1  pared  especially  with  London,  must  derive  a  great  advantage  from  avoiding,  both  in  the  outward  and 

I  homeward  voyages,  600  miles  of  somewhat  difficult  navigation. 

The  fnllnwing  summary  has  been  collected  from  Mr.  Scoresby,  as  the  average  qnantity  of  shipping 
I  fitted  nut  in  the  different  ports  for  9  years,  ending  with  1818;  and  the  coraparisou  of  it  with  the  num- 
I  ber  sent  out  in  1832  will  show  the  present  state  of  the  trade  :— 

Avenge  of 
ISIO-IH. 


I  England— Berwick  -  Ij 

Grimsby  -  IJ 

Hull       -  -  53^ 

Liverpool  -  if 

London  -  17 § 

Lynn      -  -  Iff 

Newcastle  -  4« 

Whitby  -  81 


Scotland— Aberdeen       -    10 
Banff     - 


■H 


1832. 

1 

0 
30 
0 
3 
0 
4 
1 
3! 

6 
0 


Scotland — Burntisland 
Dundee 
Greenock 
Kirkcaldy 
Kirkwall 
Leith    - 
Montrose 
Peterhead    ' 


Total 


Average  of 
1810-18. 
0 


23 


1832. 

0 

9 

0 

5 

0 

8 

3 
11 


40  J^ 


-    13lS 


43 


81 


Hardly  a  ship  now  goes  to  Greenland.  .        •     r 

We  have  already  seen  that,  as  a  source  of  national  wealth,  the  whale  fishery  is  ol  c^ceed- 
ingly  little  importance.    Neither  does  it  seem  to  be  of  so  much  consequence  as  a  nursery 


786 


WHALE  FISHKRY. 


n 


:i 


■Bncaa 


for  •ramrn  a«  in  commonly  iiuppoiied,  The  numlM<r  rmployrd  in  ihc  Northfrn  fiihery,  dopt 
not  Pxcccil  '\,MH) ;  and  it  nmy  liii  doulitrd  wlu'lher  tlm  coHimiticii  to  wliich  ihey  arc  cxikhmhI 
do  not,  in  a  pulilic  point  of  view,  nioro  than  balance  the  incrtfa«o«l  ikili  and  hardihood  tlipy 
acquire  in  mo  porilouH  un  occiipaiioii. 

'I'hi-ro  M'l-niM  no  riMiHon  to  iipprrliciid  any  drfiricncy  in  tho  iiup[)Iy  of  oil  from  (i  falling  off 
in  the  (iMhi-ry.  Wo  hitvc  hi-cii  from  iht-  fori'Koinn  MtHtiinii'nlH,  that  ihi^  (mh  oil  iinporled  in 
IHJia  arnountfd  to  I2,()l()  lunH.  Hut  at  pnwnt  neiirly  half  thin  quiuitily  of  olive  oil  i, 
annually  imported  ;  and  an  olive  oil  i»  loaded  with  a  duly  of  H/.  H«.  a  tun,  it  in  ohviouH  ihat 
if  tliiM  duly  were  redueed,  im  it  ounlit  to  he,  to  'J/,  or  i)/.  a  tun.  the  iricrea«ed  quantity  inj. 
ported  would  ko  far  to  halarire  any  fallinn  oil"  in  the  BU|iply  of  train  oil.  When  a  cuarMer 
Hpei-ieH  iH  required,  rajte  and  liuKred  oil  may  he  advantaHeouiily  Bulmtiluted  for  that  of  the 
whale.  Tallow  may  almi  he  applied  to  Heveral  purpone»,  to  the  exeluKion  of  train  oil.  AN 
though,  therefore,  tiie  whale  linhery  Hhould  decline,  we  need  not  fear  that  any  material  injury 
will  thenre  ariMc  to  the  ir)duHtry  of  the  country  ;  and  it  would  he  most  impolitic  to  atti'iii|it 
to  holHU'r  it  up,  cither  hy  renortin«  to  the  exploded  system  of  bounties,  or  by  laying  heavy 
duticH  on  oil  or  tallow  imported  from  other  eountrien. 

The  South  Sea  lishery  was  not  proHccufed  by  the  Englinh  till  about  the  l)CninninR  of  iho 
American  war :  and  m  tho  AmcricanH  had  already  cnteri'd  on  it  with  vijrour  and  huccioh,  4 
American  harpoonern  were  sent  out  in  each  veswi.  In  17UI,  75  whale  shipa  were  sent  to 
tho  South  Sea;  hut  tiio  number  h.is  not  been  so  great  since.  In  1H2'J,  oidy  :U  Nhijiij 
were  sent  out,  of  the  burden  of  10,!)!>7  tons,  and  carryinu;  !);)7  men.  'J'ho  Mdi'rncr/iliulu.i, 
or  Hpcrmaccli  whale,  is  particularly  abundant  in  the  neinhbourhood  of  the  Spice  Islandx,  ami 
Mr.  Crawfur<l,  in  his  valuable  work  on  tho  Eiislern  Arcliipelai^a,  (vol.  iil.  p.  417.),  lias  pn. 
tcrcd  into  some  details  to  show  that  the  fishery  carried  on  lliere  is  of  greater  iniportancn 
than  the  spice  trade.  Unluckily,  however,  the  stitcments  on  which  Mr.  (Jrawfurd  fouiidd 
his  comparisons  were  entirely  erroneous,  neither  the  bhi|)s  nor  the  men  employed  amouniinjf 
to  more  than  l-.Oth  or  1-Gih  part  of  what  he  has  represented. 

But  errors  of  this  sort  abound  in  the  works  of  those  who  had  better  means  of  coming  at 
the  truth.  Mr.  Darrow,  in  an  article  on  the  fisheries,  in  tho  Suppkinent  to  (he  Encydnpx. 
dill  Hritannica,  states  the  number  of  ships  lilted  out  for  tho  Northern  whale  fishery  in  iHIt 
at  143,  and  their  crews  at  7,ir)();  and  ho  further  states  the  number  of  ships  fiited  om  fur 
the  Southern  fishery  in  18  I.")  at  107,  and  their  crews  at  3, 8 10.  In  point  of  fact,  however, 
only  1 12  whale  ships  cleared  out  for  the  ntirtli  in  1814,  carrying  4,70H  men  ;  and  in  181,5, 
only  22  whale  ships  cleared  out  for  the  South,  carrying  592  men  !  How  Mr.  Darrow,  who 
has  access  to  ofiicial  documents,  should  have  given  the  sanction  of  his  authority  lo  so  erro- 
neous an  estimate,  we  know  not.  In  the  same  article,  Mr.  Barrow  estimates  the  entire  an- 
liual  value  of  the  British  fisheries  of  all  sorts,  at  8,300,000/.  But  it  might  be  very  easily 
shown  that,  in  rating  it  at  3,500,000/.,  we  should  certainly  be  up  to  the  mark,  or  rather, 
perhaps,  beyond  it. —  (See  Fish.) 

We  annex  a  detailed  account  of  the  progress  of  the  Southern  whale  fishery,  since  18U. 

An  Account  of  the  Number  of  Ships  nnniially  (illerl  out  in  fJreat  liritnin,  with  Ihcir  Tonnaceand 
CrcwH,  for  the  Southern  Whiilu  I'ishery,  and  of  the  Uounllus  on  tlieir  Account,  from  IHIl  lu  b'JI, 
both  inclusive. 


Vnn. 

Shi|n. 

Toni. 

Men. 

Bounties  paid. 

Vein. 

Slii|il. 

Tom. 

Mrn. 

Kounliri  nA 

£ 

£ 

1814 

30 

8,099 

794 

6,600 

1H20 

68 

I9,7.'.5 

1,827 

9.100 

1815 

22 

6,9H5 

592 

8,(100 

1H2I 

55 

M,3it8 

1,31)6 

H,300 

1816 

34 

10,,1.'?2 

852 

4.500 

lH-i2 

44 

11,432 

1,022 

",•100 

IHI7 

42 

14,785 

1,201 

10,000 

1823 

50 

17,669 

l,,'):)n 

0,1- 00 

1818 

58 

18,214 

1,643 

6,600 

1824 

31 

9,122 

796 

7,300 

181tt 

47 

14,668 

1,345 

0,100 

An  Account  of  the  Number  of  Sliipa  fitted  out  in  the  dilTerfiiil  I'orls  of  CJreat  Urilain  (specifyiiisliie 
same)  for  the  Southern  Whiile  Fishery,  their  Tonnage,  and  the  Number  of  Men  on  board,  durin; 
the  Three  Years  ending  the  5th  of  January,  1830. 


Porta. 

Year  endinK 
6lh  of  January,  IS2<i. 

Year  ending 
6lhnlJanunry,  1829. 

Year  end  inK 
5th  of  Januaiy,  1830. 

London 
Greenock  - 

Shipl. 

31 
2 

Torn. 

Men. 

Sliipi. 

Tom. 

7,000 
nil. 

Men. 
604 

Shi  pi. 

31 

TonJ.            Mto. 

10,1.58 
216 

874 
28 

21 

10,997         937 
nil. 

Oliice  of  Registrar  General  of  Shipping, 
Custom-house,  London,  Dec.  16.  1830. 


JOHN  COVEY, 

Ileg.  Gen.  of  Sliippini;, 


American  Whale  Fi.theri/. — For  a  lengthened  period,  the  Americans  have  prosecutallhe 
whale  fishery  with  greater  vigour  and  success  than,  perhaps,  any  other  people.  'J'hey  com- 
Dienced  it  in  lfi90.  and  for  about  .^0  years  found  an  ample  supply  of  fi.sh  on  their  own 
shores.  But  the  whale  having  abandoned  them,  the  American  navigators  entered  with  extra- 
ordinary ardour  into  the  fisheries  carried  on  in  the  Northern  and  Southern  Oceans.  Frmii  j 
1778  to  1775,  Massachusetts  employed  annually  183  vessels,  carrying  13,820  tons,  in  llii  I 


WHALE  FISIIEUY. 


tvr 


in  the  Northern  ft«hery.  Aw* 
i..H  10  which  ihcy  lire  «Mx.m.l 
ftHiHl  nkill  i«nJ  hurilihooa  ih.'y 

U;«t  llio  liHh  oil  in.i'orU'l  m 
;,•  ,i,iH  .,u«»nlity  of  oUvc  o,  ,. 
H/  Hs.  «  liin,  it  w  o»)vio«H  ilmt 
lun  llio  ii»Toa«-il  .juanlily  iin- 
of  train  oil.  When  o  coarKor 
UHly  BuhHtiinti'J  for  that  ot  the 
the  .■xcluH.on  of  tram  oil.  Al- 
„„t  fear  Uial  any  malarial  n.jury 
,l.i  W  nioHl  imi-olilu- 1-  ""'"'i't 
,f  bounlifs,  or  hy  laymK  l>fuvy 

U  till  about  the  hcninninR  of  the 
on  it  with  vigour  ami  huitms,  I 
(jl   '/.-j  whalo  Hhiim  were  si'iit  to 

ourhoo.lofthc8i,icolHlaiukan,l 

,    liuTC   is  of  greati-r  iinportamT 

on  which  Mr.  Crawfurd  hmM 

nor  the  men  emi.loyed  amouulini! 

Sll'ha.l  hettcr  means  of  f""»';R  «t 

L  Nonhern  whale  fishery  n.  HI 
the  numhcr  of  shiim  l.tlc  out  for 
■}2»0  In  point  of  tact,  however, 
i-arrvinK  4,70H  men ;  on.l  in  IHl.^, 
Smen!  How  Mr.  Barrow,  «l,o 
Jnction  of  hi8  authority  to  so  crro- 
Lir  Barrow  estimates  the  enure  an. 
)()0/  15ul  it  might  he  very  easily 
ainly  bo  up  to  the  mark,  or  rather, 

Southern  whale  fwhery,  since  18U. 

L      .  iiriinin  with  ttiflr  Tnmince  ami 
fcl  their  Account,  iron.  1«1 1  to  bJ., 


Tom. 

Men. 

l,R'i7 

i,:w6 

l,0i2 

i,r);i6 

7U6 

19,755 
M,3'.« 
11, «2 
17,li«9 
0,122 

Hounliei  fi" 

"^  £ 
9,100 
H,300 
7,400 

I       Ci.i-flO 
7,300 


rv:S^'E':«="« 


Ivessels,  carrying   13,8«li  tons,         | 


former;  and  181  veimeN,  carrying  U.0'20  Iohb,  in  the  laitrr.  Mr.  Ilurke,  in  hid  famous 
,|ice(h  on  American  uHiiir*  in  1771,  adverted  to  iIun  woiidcrlul  <li<4pluy  of  daring  eiiterpriM 
m  folf  


Idwh: — 


"  A«  to  thn  wi>nllh,  •  laid  he,  "whlrh  lh«  cntnnUti  havii  ilrawn  from  llie  Men  by  lh.«(r  fliherlpn,  you 
;uiil  III!  Iliiil  riimier  liilly  (ipenHcl  iit  your  bar     \  mi  miri'ly  thoiiiitit  lli'  "i-  in  iinlnKldiia  of  vnhii-   fur  limy 

„.,iii<'<l  to  .•\«ll.i  yi.or  envy  ;  nnil  yet  tli»  uplrlt  bv  wbUh  Ihiit  <'iiti>r|itlHiii||  niii|ilnviiii-nt  bm  I ii  f«or- 

,  i«i'(l  noKbl  riilhnr,  in  my  opinion,  lo  hiivi-  rnlii'il  (•hIi'imii  iiihI  iiilniiriitlon  Anil  |iriiy,  i^lr  wlnit  in  Ihn 
.vorlil  I*  iMiniil  (o  III  I'liMH  by  tlin  othiT  |mrlii,  anil  look  ill  Ibii  nmniu'r  in  wbirb  ibi>  Nrw  DiiKbinil 
|ii'ii|ilH  carry  on  lb«  wbnbi  lUlntry.  WlilIc  w«  follow  IbiMii  iiinonit  lb«  Ircnibllnu  iiiniintiilnx  nllir,  nnil 
0,'hiibl  llii'in  itrni-iriitlnu  Inln  tlio  ili'i'pp«l  fro/.ioi  ri'i-riiicg  i.f  llinlHon'H  ll:iy  iiml  l»iivln'«  Miriiltn  i  wblla 
«i.  iirH  looklim  fur  Ibi'iii  liiMii'iub  tb«  Arrlii' clnli',  wi)  bt-nrlbiit  Ihfy  Imvt'  plfn-nl  Inln  ibi-  oppimjii) 
ri'eiiinofpoliiric.lili  that  IbryarRUI  tbo  iintipoili'H,  iinil  tMiK^iKoil  iimli'r  llir  fru/.rii  nrrpi-iil  ol'ibc  rtmilli. 

Kiilklanil  IhIiuiiI,  wbirli  tie) i|  too  ri^iniito  iinil  lixi  roiniinlii'  nil  obji'it  fur  Ibi-  uriiMp  nf  iiiiiionii  utnbi- 

111,11,  m  but  II  NliiKii  nnil  ri'mlng-plai"  I'nr  tbi'lr  vlrlorloim  IniliiHlry  Nor  Ih  iIio  i'i|iiIiiiii'||;\I  bmi  iiiori) 
,lM(iinri«(rln((  to  Ihmii  than  ihn  nciiiniiilalcil  winter  of  botb  poli'ii.  Wi-  luarn,  thai  wbib'  moni'  nf  ibcm 
Jnnv  Ibi'  llim  or  Hlrlkn  lln-  harpoon  on  tbn  roiiiit  of  Al'rini,  nlhom  run  Ibc  lonKltnili-  nnil  piirKiH-  Ibiilr 
jiifaiilii'  K.iiiif  nloiii;  tbn  foant  of  llra/.il.  No  himi,  Init  wbal  In  vt'xcil  Willi  llirlr  llMlii'rb'M.  No  .  Iliimtu 
ih:il  In  not  witni'MK  of  tb«ir  tollH.  Ni'liln-r  llin  pi'riiiivernnci!  of  llnlliinil,  nor  ibo  ni-llviiy  ofl'i  iihh,  nor 
ihf  il.'XlwrouK  nnil  linn  naKaclly  of  I'.nKlJiili  enlu nirlHt!,  «vit  cnrrlnl  tblx  iiiiiHt  porlloim  nii»li'  of  bardy 

iiibHiry  lo  till!  I'-xliMii  lo  wbli'li  li  Ima  h«en  piiriueJ  by  tbii  recent  peoplu ;  a  poopio  who  an-  Htlll  In  tha 
^'TNilu,  anil  not  linnluneil  Into  innnbooil." 

The  unfortunate  war  that  broke  out  soon  after  this  speech  was  delivered,  checked  for  a 
while  the  progress  of  the  linhery  ;  but  it  was  resumed  with  renewed  vigour  as  soon  ns  peace 
was  restored.  The  American  fishery  has  been  principally  carried  on  from  Nniitucki'l  and 
New  Bedford  in  Massachusetts ;  and  for  a  considerable  time  pnst  the  ships  have  mostly  re- 
jnrtcd  to  the  Southern  seas.  "  Although,"  says  Mr.  ritkin,  "  (ireat  Britain  has,  at  various 
limes,  given  largo  bounties  to  her  ships  employed  in  this  llshery,  yet  the  whalemen  of  Nan- 
tucket and  Now  Bedford,  ninirotected  and  unsupported  by  any  thing  but  their  own  iiulustry 
ami  enterprise,  have  generally  been  able  to  meet  their  competitors  in  a  foreign  market." — 
[Cuinmerce  of  the  United  Stalen,  'id  cd.  p.  40.)  Tho  following  statement  may  not  be 
uninteresting. 


Ucount  ofVeiiels  at  Soa,  rrorotho  UnlttMl  HtntRS, 

^mployeil  In  the  Houthorn,or  Sperm  Whalo  Fishery 

on  tin:  Ut  of  , 

laiiiiary,  1833. 

Owned  In  Muuchuulli. 

Owned  ill  other  Siairt, 

yti-uti. 

rclie/<. 

Al  New  nelforil  uiil  Fairhtven - 

i<0 

Al  New  l/>ndon,  Con.    .... 
Briilol,  K.  1,'            .... 

N,inluckel     ..... 

67 

KJi(uliiwn    ..... 

A 

Warren,  ditto             .... 

filnioulll      ..... 

» 

N.W|Kirl,  ditto           .... 

I'ivniouth      ..... 

a 

Ilutlsnn,  New  York    .... 

Siltiii           ..... 

2 

rDUglikeeiiBiu             .... 
Now  Vork 

fill  River     ..... 

1 

RncliCTler      ..... 

1 

S;»g  Harbour               .... 

,     w»rtli»m     ..... 

I 

I'urtninouth,  N.  II.      < 

1     Ihrliiiniilh     .              .              -             -             . 
HuIidmiIIoId            .... 

1 

I 

Total-               .... 

.17 

Owned  in  MaHachuietli 

166 

166 

Total 

303 

The  produce  in  oil,  of  the  sperin  whale  fishery,  In  1832,  was  as  follows  :— 

Barrett, 
Imnortfri  in  »M|w  from  tlie  Tapific  Ocean,— 

Al  Nrw  BriKiird  and  Fairluveu  ....  30,476 

iVmlurllBt 30,4ri0 

NeWFHirl          .            •            •            ■            •            -  4,1^0 

Plymoulli        ......  2,li0 

Inporteil  m  utiipi)  from  the  llrazili, — 

At  .New  BrJford  ......  6,SfO 

New  l-iinilou  .-...-  703 

Nantucket 407 


At  ftK  llarlxiur    • 

llriiliil  . 

W.irrpii 
Sent  home  by  \arious  merchant  ihipa . 
Taken  in  the  Atlantic  Ly  small  vessels 


Total  or  sperm  oil  in  lil32 


Imported  in  1831 


Harrelt. 

■  1,000 
.       200 

■  223 

■  2,000 
.     I,6U0 

78,749 

107,762 


French  WJiale  Fishery. — France,  which  preceded  the  other  nations  of  Europe  in  the 
whale  fishery,  can  hardly  be  said,  for  many  years  past,  to  have  had  any  share  in  it.  In  1784, 
Louis  XVI.  endeavoured  to  revive  it.  With  this  view,  ho  fitted  out  6  ships  at  Dunkirk  on 
his  own  account,  which  were  furnished  with  harpooners  and  a  number  of  experienced  sca- 
mm  brought  at  a  great  expense  from  Nantucket.  The  adventure  was  more  successful  than 
could  have  been  reasonably  expected,  considering  the  auspices  under  which  it  was  carried 
on.  Several  private  individuals  followed  the  example  of  his  Majesty,  and  in  1790  France 
had  about  40  ships  employed  in  the  fishery.  The  revolutionary  war  destroyed  every  vestige 
of  this  rising  trade.  Since  the  pence,  the  government  has  made  great  cfTorts  for  its  renewal, 
but  hitherto  without  much  success.  At  present  there  are  only  from  12  to  15  ships  engaged 
in  the  fishery. 

(Thij  article  has  been  principally  taken  from  the  Foreign  Quarterly  Review,  No.  14,  to 
which  publication  it  was  contributed  by  the  author  of  this  work.) 

I  {Whale  Fishery  (Southern.) — This  consists  of  three  distinct  branches;  viz.;  Ist,  the 
catch  of  the  spermaceti  whale ;  2d,  that  of  the  common  black  whale  of  the  southern  seas ; 
and,  3d,  that  of  tho  sea  elephant,  or  southern  walrus. 

The  spermaceti  whale  ( I'hyseter  macrocephalus)  is  found  in  all  tropical  climates,  and  on 
I  the  coasts  of  New  Zealand  and   Japan.     The  ordinary  duration  of  the  voyage  of  a  ship 
from  England,  employed  in  this  department  of  the  fishery,  is  about  3  years. 
3  a2  93 


sa 


708 


WHALE  FISHERY. 


Wnna 

n 

o 
^1 


The  common  black  whalo  of  the  southern  scaa  (Physeter  mtcropii)  is  met  with  in  various 
places,  but  principally  on  the  coast  of  Brazil ;  in  the  bays  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa ;  and 
in  some  of  the  bays  in  New  South  Wales,  Van  Diemen's  Land,  &c. 

Sea  elephants  (intermediate  between  the  walrus  of  the  northern  seas  and  the  seal)  are 
principally  met  with  i  i  ihe  seas  around  the  Islands  of  Desolation,  South  Georgia,  and  Souih 
Shetland,  the  coast  r  {  California,  &c.  Vast  numbers  of  these  animals  are  annually  cap- 
tured ;  vessels  freq  lently  load  entirely  with  them  ;  and  they  are  believed  to  furnish  more  oil 
than  the  common  South  Sen  whale.  The  oil  of  the  black  whale  and  that  of  the  sea  elephant, 
are  both  known  in  the  market  by  the  name  of  southern  oil ;  and  they  are  so  very  similar, 
that  those  most  versed  in  the  trade  can  with  dilKculty  distinguish  the  one  from  llie  otlicr, 
Hence  ships  commoidy  ensjage  indillerently  in  either  fishing  as  oi>j)ortunity  olfcrs.  The 
usual  duration  of  the  voyage  of  a  ship  from  England  in  either  of  the  last  two  departments, 
or  in  the  two  combined,  varies  from  12  to  18  months.     We  subjoin  a 

Statoinent  of  the  Sniuliern  Whale  Fishery  carried  on  from  Great  Britain  since  1800;  exhibitinc  the 
Tot:il  Niiniliisr  of  Sliips  annuiilly  alisent  from  Oreat  Urilain  on  Wlinling  iil.vpeditioiia ;  thi;  Total 
Niniiher  of  Ships  that  annually  naurned  to  Great  Britain  ;  the  Annual  IniportM  of  i^perni  and  Cmii- 
nion  Oil,  with  the  Prices  of  each ;  the  Average  Tonnage  of  the  Ships  at  Sea;  and  the  Average 
Number  of  Men  to  each  Sliip, 


Price  of 

Price  of 

Average 

AVCMIJC 

Nuniberdf  ■ 

yea™. 

Shipj  at 

Shipi 

SfPrm  Oil 

Cnmmon  Oil 

Sperm 

Cnnimnn 

Tol.il  Value  of 

Sea. 

reluriKid. 

imported. 

imported. 

Oil  per 
'I'un. 

Oil  [ler 
Tun. 

lmpor(s. 

'I'oiiLage 
of  Ships. 

Men  to    1 
aSlnp.    1 

Ttiiit. 

Tuns. 

L. 

L. 

isna 

61 

26 

I,3M 

2,93  i 

70 

30 

179,650 

1 

i 

M)\ 

7S 

2S 

f,53 

3,638 

84 

40 

1*8,1.10 

i 

1S02 

90 

.16 

1.106 

6,918 

80 

29 

260,!ni 

! 

IS03 

92 

32 

1,770 

4,496 

80 

35 

29X.Q60 

1S04 

93 

37 

1.952 

4,210 

78 

32 

286,976 

.  242 

ISO', 

86 

32 

2.113 

3,099 

75 

30 

273,945 

28 

1(^06 

m 

3a 

2,333 

3,-39 

70 

26 

.260,874 

If  07 

43 

20 

1.3)1 

1,4:3 

7S 

24 

•  140.730 

i^ns 

65 

20 

1,'iSI 

2,t40 

93 

34 

229,093 

1X09 

fi3 

15 

I,»i4 

805 

UO 

40 

214.600 

1810 

45 

16 

I.IIO 

705 

105 

42 

11-0,180 

1811 

(19 

27 

3,4(4 

gee 

100 

37 

376,142 

IHI2 

62 

12 

l.'.;i9 

633 

90 

42 

206,496 

IBIS 

41 

23 

2.-.98 

2,131 

82 

60 

319,586 

j 

HI4 

48 

29 

2,Gn.5 

1,977 

66 

40 

256,950 

.  300 

M          ' 

1815 

r>6 

15 

1,181 

1,897 

66 

36 

146,238 

30      1 

ISIti 

B4 

31 

3.305 

2,928 

53 

23 

267,749 

ISI7 

76 

24 

I. "69 

3,(09 

65 

30 

218,255 

ISIS 

91 

33 

3,398 

4 

267 

75 

36 

40ti,462 

i 

1X19 

112 

40 

3.673 

4,885 

85 

33 

473,835 

J 

1820 

137 

39 

2,717 

6,061 

71 

a 

319,432 

1821 

12J 

58 

3,606 

4,.570 

«0 

19 

303.190 

1S22 

118 

41 

6,011 

1,970 

54 

22 

366,934 

■  340 

32    : 

Britiih. 

Colonial. 

British. 

Colonial. 

IR21» 

114 

67 

6,S91 

296 

1,723 

663 

46 

21 

3F3.626 

1824 

96 

42 

6,923 

130 

742 

618 

40 

22 

273.040 

I82i 

83 

32 

4,331 

65 

1,104 

412 

48 

30 

256.488 

IW6t 

78 

3M 

5,695 

3^8 

454 

21-9 

65 

34 

359  827 

1827 

80 

29 

4,4:6 

334 

665 

47  » 

70 

27 

367,453 

1 

IS28 

83 

iO 

3,216 

116 

136 

3J8 

79 

25 

275,078 

1829 

92 

26 

4.465 

810 

I  2 

478 

74 

27 

40S.OS2 

1 

1830 

104 

23 

4.157 

498 

4(9 

904 

72 

43 

392.049 

] 

1831 

108 

27 

6.939 

1.576 

192 

1,462 

75 

43 

6.14,747 

1832 

106 

30 

6,.576 

l,5)-9 

4(2 

i;785 

61 

28 

498.301 

•  3C0 

[ 

1831 

no 

19 

3,431 

2,6(8 

2^0 

2,245 

62 

25 

437.283 

31      ' 

1834 

99 

27 

4,021 

2.710 

149 

2,394 

65 

23 

496,004 

1 

1835 

89 

S3 

6,631 

2.260 

311 

3,137 

75 

28 

688,369 

^ 

1838 

82 

26 

4,285 

2.716 

99 

4, 180 

SO 

32 

697,008 

1837 

86 

18 

3,118 

2,6SI 

381 

4,'223 

84 

35 

646,576 

659f 

II-3S 

84 

21 

3,801 

2,434 

20 

7,904 

84 

25 

72t,84U 

57 

1839 

77 

22 

4,250 

1,322 

1-0 

6,3t6 

93 

26 

691,380 

42 

*  The  ships  for  this  and  the  succeerlini;  years,  as  for  Ihe  previous  ones,  do  nut  include  colonial  ships,  but  those  frijin  Ilritaiu  odIj*. 
t  From  this  year  commenced  the  luiperul  Measure. 
X  American  sperm  oil. 
We  are  indetited  for  the  above  valuable  table,  the  only  one  of  its  kind  that  has  ever  been  published,  to  a  gentleman  connected  with  a  house 
that  has  been  largely  engaged  in  the  trade  since  its  commencement.    The  details  may,  therefore,  be  safely  depended  upon. 

The  spermaceti  and  southern  colonial  oils  are  principally  imported  from  New  South  Wales  and 
Van  Diemen's  Land.  There  used  also  to  be  a  very  considerable  importation  from  the  ('iipc  of  Gnod 
Hope  ;  but  that  is  now  much  fallen  olf.  The  imports  of  whale  and  seal  oil  from  our  Noilh  .\iiiorican 
possRssitins  have  been  grn-itly  augmented  of  late  years.  That,  however,  is  mostly  the  product  of  liie 
northern  sea. 

Whale  Fishery  (Northern), — We  regret  to  have  to  state  that  additional  experience  lias 
served  to  confirm  the  unfavourable  view  we  took  in  the  Dictionary  of  this  branch  of  indus- 
try. The  subjoined  account  exhibits  its  condition  in  each  year,  from  1815  to  1  SIM,  both 
inclusive.  It  is  seen  from  it  that  the  ships  and  tonnage  sent  out  have  fallen  off  about  a  half 
since  1821!  The  years  1835  and  1836  were  peculiarly  disastrous:  the  trade  has  since, 
however,  somewhat  improved.  But  the  fishery  has,  in  fact,  been  for  several  years  jiast  more 
akin  to  a  lottery  than  to  any  thing  else ;  and,  latterly,  the  blanks  seem  to  have  predoininated 
very  decidedly  over  the  prizes.  Considering  the  profitless  nature  of  the  business,  and  the 
hazards  to  which  the  seamen  engaged  in  it  are  exposed,  it  would  seem  to  be  high  time  0 
put  an  end  to  the  existing  temptations  to  embark  in  it,  by  reducing  the  duties  on  vegetable 
oils.  A  reduction  of  this  sort  would,  besides,  be  of  much  advantage  to  several  of  ou^lr.o^t 
important  manufactures ;  and  would,  in  no  small  degree,  contribute  to  promote  the  commerce 
uf  the  country. 


WHALE  FISHERY  (AMERICAN). 


739 


crop)  U  met  with  in  various 
he  west  coast  of  Atnca;an(l 

111.  &■".  ,  ,. 

thern  seaa  and  the  seal)  are 
on,  South  Georgia,  and  South 
■se  animals  are  annually  cap- 
re  believed  to  furnish  more  oil 
le  and  that  of  the  sea  elephant, 

and  tlu-y  arc  so  very  similar, 
guish  the  one  from  the  other. 
T  as  onnortunity  olfcrs.  1  he 
er  of  the  last  two  departmcnla, 
subjoin  a 

Ilritain  since  1800;  exliibitiitf  the 

WImina  lixpe<lilion3;tUe   lotal 

nn.  a  1  nporlH  of  Sperm  ai,.!  Cn,„- 

Shi  .9  HI  Sea  ;  and  U.e  Averugo 


Ave'ife 
of  bhips.       jsli.p.   ' 


colonial  .Uip^  but  those  from  nritaluouly. 


lude 

1         i,r  v,..,i  toaeenllfinanconncdeJwilhahc'M 

I  .1h  from  New  Smith  Wales  and 

late  that  additional  experience  lias 
KaWarv  of  this  branch  of  nute. 
Khy  ar.from    1815  to  18;U.   o. 
tent  out  have  fallen  off  about  a  ha 
Iv  disastrous:  the  trade  ha=smc, 
Kt,  been  for  several  years  pasting 
Vblanksseemtohavepredomia 
ss  nature  of  the  buBines.  an     h 

,  it  would  seem  to  be  high  l 
|, y  reducing  the  duties  on  vo* 

U  advantage  to  several  ol  our  nM 
fconSuteSo  promote  the  commerce 


Abstract  Account  of  the  Northern  Whale  Fishery  for  the  20  Years  ending  with  1834. 

Number  of  Ships  to  Greenland  and 

Uavis'a  Strain. 

Total  Ships. 

Tonnage. 

Ships  Lost. 

Nunibpr  of 

Tuns  of  Oil. 

Tn,       <■ 

Yean. 

! 

0. 

D.  s. 

Whiles. 

V'Jtte, 

1815 

98 

48 

146 

47,148 

1 

733 

10,682 

528 

1816 

101 

45 

146 

46,868 

1 

i,3;m 

i:i,.V.K) 

6;i2 

1SI7 

97 

53 

150 

48,08 1 

5 

828 

10,871 

539 

IMIS 

94 

63 

157 

50,362 

2 

1,208 

14,1,12 

606 

1S19 

98 

63 

159 

51,082 

12 

988 

11,101 

517 

1820 

102 

57 

159 

50,54(i 

3 

1,.5U5 

18,71-1 

916 

1821 

80 

79 

159 

50,709 

14 

1,105 

16,8  J3 

923 

1822 

61 

60 

121 

38,144 

8 

630 

8,663 

422 

1823 

55 

62 

117 

30,759 

3 

2,018 

17,071 

921 

:    1821 

32 

79 

111 

35.013 

1 

761 

9,87 1 

.534 

1       182,5 

21 

89 

110 

34,751 

5 

500 

6,370 

350 

1820 

5 

90 

95 

30,114 

5 

512 

7,200 

4110 

1827 

10 

72 

88 

28,273 

1 

I,iri2 

13,!S6 

7.33 

1828 

14 

79 

93 

28,6ti5 

3 

1,197 

n.illiO 

802 

■      1829 

1 

88 

89 

28,812 

4 

871 

10,672 

008 

1830 

0 

91 

91 

29,396 

19 

Kil 

2,l!li) 

119 

I8:ti 

8 

80 

82 

28,608 

3 

451 

.5,101 

273 

1832 

19 

62 

81 

26.393 

5 

1 .563 

12.610 

(i76 

1833 

3 

74 

77 

25,291 

1 

1  695 

14,508 

802 

1831 

7 

69 

76 

21,955 

3 

872 

8,211 

412 

Year 

y  average 

- 

115} 

37,013J 

5 

1,024 

11,313 

591? 

Whale  Fishery  (American  Southern). — The  Americans  were  among  tlic  fir.-^t  to  begin, 
aii'J  have  long  outstripped  every  other  people  in  the  extent  and  success  willi  vvhii-h  they 
have  prosecuted,  the  southern  whale  fishery.  It  is  principally  carried  on  from  New  Bedford 
and  other  ports  in  the  state  of  Massachusetts ;  and  from  Naiituclict,  a  small  ishiiid  depend- 
ent on  this  state,  celebrated  for  the  bold  adventurous  character  of  its  sailors,  and  for  being 
the  earliest  seat  of  the  fishery.  We  borrow  from  a  Nantucket  journal  the  following  details 
with  respect  to  this  fishery  in  1834  : — 


Sfermaceti  IVfiale  Fuftcry.— The  whole  number  of  ships  enjpi^cd 
thii  v.iluible  hrancU  of  the  fiiheries  is  273,  of  which  2o7  are  nb'V 
from — 


New  Bedford 


94 

Falmouth 

63 

Newport 

14 

Sa<hart>our 

13 

Salem      - 

lU 

Newbtiryport 

9 

P(mghkeei>sie 

7 

Portsniouih 

ti 

Darlmouiti 

•  6 

-  6 

-  5 

-  3 
.  3 


Nimuckct 

Fairhaven 

Bristol     • 

New  LonJoo 

HuJsoH    ■ 

W.Wien   • 

E'Jgarton  - 

Anil  fine  from  each  of  the  following  ports  ;  viz.— Boston,  Plymouth, 
Warehim,  Roclipstcr,  PnrtlanJ,  Wisrasiet,  Fall  River,  Providence, 
SUiiiiEi?'!"'.  Newbury,  New  Vork,  and  WiIniiTi^ton,  Delaware.  Six- 
feeiisluiis  only  are  in  port.lielouzin?  as  follows:  to  New  Redfurd,  7; 
Nint'jcket,  5i  Falrha.ven,  Plymouth,  Sagharbour,  and  Edgartown, 
tacti  t. 

The  aBTS^re^ate  tomn^e  of  the  ilSl  ahsent  ships  is  nearly  lOO.OOf) 
lofij.  01  thtsd,  only  61  tiad  each  at  last  datei  obtaintd  1,009  brls.  of 
iiUnd  ii|nvards;  and  abrmi  the  S-inie  number  are  not  yet  report  d 
wiitimyoil.  The  number  of  stamen  and  navigators  employed  on 
I  urii  these  vessels  is  not  f.ir  from  9,000.  The  cost  of  the  entire  (leet, 
ii  fitted  for  these  voyages  of  3  years'  duration,  probably  exceeds 
c,.00,OOOdnllirs. 


A  document  b;  fore  ua  furnishea  a  very  careful  estimate  nf  the 
spermacfti  oil  imjxirted  into  the  United  States  durini;  the  year  1834. 
Since  .Ian.  I.  there  have  avrived  from  the  P.u'itic  Ocean  56  ships  j  viz. 
into  this  port,  11;  New  iJedford,  25;  Plymouth,  2  ;  Fairhaven,  6; 
New  London,  2;  K'U>iriown,  2;  Sagbarbour,  2;  W.irren,  3  ;  Fal- 
mouth, Bristol,  and  Hudson,  1  earh.  The  cari^nes  of  these  shipn,  in- 
cluding that  of  the  Levant  and  Sjtartan  (just  arrivet,  md  [iresuriied 
to  amount  to  ,5,000  bbls.)  average  litt'e  nmre  than  2.tlOO  brls  each  j 
beintf  in  the  whole,  Ul.HHl  brls.  Add  to  this  (pianiity  (C.OOO  brl?. 
estimated  tn  have  been  brought  from  the  South  A'laiilic  Oct^aii,  mak* 
ing  alHJUt  I2S,000  brls  ,  and  we  have  the  entire  (pi/inlity  nf  pperma- 
ceii  nil  imported  in  the  course  of  the  last  year.  Of  Ibis  quantity, 
70.577  brl3.  were  received  at  New  HeJfjrd,  ani  the  residue  at  NaQ- 
tiickef  and  other  ports. 

Aniniig  the  ships  now  ahrmd,  there  are  31  which  sailcil  in  I83I  ; 
73  in  IS32;  88  in  1833;  and  65  in  1^1.  Should  nn  unforese-n  cal.v 
mity  tak''  place,  whereby  ihia  important  braneh  of  na'ioml  industry 
may  be  injured  or  interrupted,  the  number  of  spernnceii  wha!eship« 
expelled  b)  arrive  within  Ibe  year  l(^3i,  may  be  set  down  at  70.  and 
their  cargoes  at  i^iS.OOO  brls.,  valued  at  upwards  of  3,C'0;).O0O  dollars. 

We  deduce  from  this  vaiuAble  document  one  fact  which  we  repeat 
with  some  feelinijof  pride.  It  i*,  that  more  thin  half  of  the  slups 
now  engaged  in  the  sperm  whale  fishery  are  commaiidi-d  by  Nan- 
tucket men  ;  though  less  than  one  fourth  of  the  whole  Heel  is  owned 
in  this  place. 


IVhale  Fiahenj.— Annexed  is  a  statement  of  the  whale  fishery  of  the  United  Stales  during  the  year 
1S38,  together  with  the  arrivals  for  the  last  seven  yeiirs.  It  will  be  seen  (as  we  predicted  in  our  state- 
ment last  year)  that  the  arrivals  of  spertn  oil  have  fallen  considerably  short  of  last  year,  beiiip;  only 
i;'},400  brls.  against  182,569  brls.  in  18:^7,  showinga  decrease  of  53,169  brls. ;  to  which  niay  be  ailributed 
itie  present  hi;rh  prices,  together  with  the  great  increase  of  consumption.  It  will  also  hf  s^en  that  the 
imjmrtanf  whale  oil  have  been  larger  than  the  previnna  year,  having  aniouiiteil  to  228,710  brls. :  yet 
sn  great  has  been  the  increase  of  home  consumption,  that  prices  have  ruled  high  duriim  the  year,  and 
I'ntfre  i^  not  at  the  present  time  any  considerable  (luantity  in  the  importers'  hands.  The  (luaiiiity  of 
whalebone  has  also  increased  pro  rata. 


Gelow  is  a  Memorandum  of  arrivals  at  the  different  Ports  in  the  United  States  during  the  Year 

Ships.  brls.        hrls. 


N.  Re4fnrd  and  Fairhavca 

81 

Nintuctlet     - 

la 

f'ih\rl)or      • 

n 

New  l>in'Ion  • 

2U 

N.  York,  includ 

Of! 

placet  in 

Nirtli  River 

. 

7 

Bmlol 

6 

Silfiii 

3 

Wifren 

7 

Ba'nn 

1 

HrjrlowQ    - 

1 

.Vew[)ort 

i 

and  Bqs.  Brigs.  Schs.  Sperm. Whale. 


10 


1       77,600 

3      21,730 

1,860 

3        4,400 

1         6.250 

1,900 

1.000 

.        2,503 

1,400 

470 

4,000 

SMOO 
6,200 
37.6110 
34,000 

7,000 
5,900 
4.730 
Q.-Oll 
1.950 
2, '.00 
6,200 


Other  places 


Ships.  lirls. 

and  Bqs.  Bri^  Schs.  Sperm. 
21         II         .        6,290 


1838. 

brls. 
Whale. 
2S,8I0 


Total, 


I8.t9 
1837 


189 
213 


26 
ID 


129,400 
ll-2,-ib9 


228,710 
215,120 


Arrived  in  1833 
Arrived  in  1835 
Arrived  in  1831 
Arrived  in  IK;M 
Arrived  in  ISU2 
Arrived  in  1831 
Arrived  in  1830 


fi3.l69 
.     131.921 

•  171.130 
.     IJ9,8M 

•  1I3.!71 
-  7",l)b7 
.    ll0,-.;)2 

•  |if',8!9 
[Bufton  Daily  J 


There  are  v.iriniis  circumstances  tnat  conspire  to  eive  the  Ainfiricans  advantagps  for  tlie  prosecii- 
tiinnfilift  aoulliern  whale  fishery  tti.i  are  not  enjoyed  by  any  European  nation.  It  la  ilKficiilt,  how  • 
flver,  to  SIM'  why  it  shonid  not  be  prosecuted  witli  still  sreater  advantaire  from  the  porlsi  of  New  Sonth 
Wales,  Van  Diuincn'ii  Lund,  &c.  It  is  suppoaed  by  many  tliat  Rio  de  Janeiro  would  be  a  goud  station 
lirllie  fishing. 


740 


WHARF— WINE. 


tt'.JM 

CI 

::3 


CI 


o 

o 


•■4tfe 


We  believe,  however,  thnt  the  southern,  as  well  as  the  northern,  whale  fishery  hag  passed  its  zenith, 
and  from  the  Haine  canae— the  (Increasing  supply  offish.    The  whales  are  gradually  becoming  scarcer 
and  more  difRi'iili  to  calch.    They  have  heen  entirely,  or  almost  entirely,  driven  from  some  of  their 
old  haiinlH  ;  and  the  lialiery  is  now  very  frequently  prosecuted  in  very  high  latitudes.— Sup.) 
[See  Sup.  arZ-rle  Fisii.     Am.  Ed.] 

WHARK,  a  sort  of  quay,  constructed  of  wood  or  stone,  on  the  margin  of  a  roadstead  or 
harbour,  alonfjside  of  which  ships  or  lighters  are  brought  for  the  sake  of  being  conveniently 
loaded  or  unloaded. 

There  are  2  denoininalions  of  wharfs,  viz.  le/ral  quayn  and  stifferance  wharfs.  The  former  arc  cer- 
tain  wlwirls  in  all  S((n-p(irl3.  at  which  all  goods  are  required  hy  the  1  Kliz.  c.  11.  to  he  landed  and  ship. 
peil,  and  llipy  were  set  oni  for  that  purpose  hy  commission  from  the  (^iiirt  of  Kxchecpier,  in  the  reisn 
of  <;iiarles  11,  nnil  siiliHeiineiit  sovereigns.  Many  others  have  been  legalized  by  act  of  parli.iiiicnt.  In 
some  ports,  as  Chepstow,  (lloiire9t(?r,  &c.,  certain  wharfs  are  deemed  legal  quays  by  inunciiiorial 
practice,  tlioiiuli  not  set  nnt  hy  ciiinmission,  or  legalized  hy  act  of  parliament. 

Snll'erance  wharfs  are  places  where  certain  goods  may  be  landed  and  shipped  ;  such  as  hemp,  flu.v 
coal,  and  oilier  bulky  goods;  by  special  sulTcrance  granted  by  the  Crown  for  Ihat  pnrposc. 

W}I.\HF.\GK,  tlie  foe  paid  for  landing  goods  on  a  wharf,  or  for  shipping  them  olF.  The 
Stat.  22  Clia.s.  2.  c.  11.,  after  providing  for  the  establishment  of  wharfs  and  quays,  makes  ii 
lawful  for  any  person  to  lade  or  unlade  goods,  on  paying  wharfage  and  cranage  at  the  rates 
appointed  by  the  king  in  council. 

WHE.\T  (Ger.  Wcifzen  ,-  Du.  Tarw  ,■  Dn.  Hveik ;  Sw.  Hvde ,-  Fr.  Froment,  Ukd, 
Ble  ;  It.  Grano,  Furme.nio  ,-  Sp.  and  Port.  Trigo  ;  Rus.  Pncheniza  ;  Pol.  Pszenica),  a  spe- 
cies  of  bread  corn  (Tri/icinn  Lin.),  by  far  the  most  important  of  any  cultivated  in  Euroue. 
We  arc  totally  ignorant  of  the  country  whence  this  valuable  grain  was  first  derived;  hut  it 
v^'as  very  early  cultivated  in  Sicily.  It  is  raised  in  almost  every  part  of  the  temperate  zones 
and  in  some  places  as  high  as  2,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

The  kinds  of  wheat  .sown  are  numerous,  but  they  may  be  classed  under  4  heads  :  viz. 
cone  or  bearded  wheat,  which,  however,  is  now  little  cultivated  ;  white  wheat,  of  which  there 
are  innumerable  varieties,  the  w/iife  Dantzic  being  considered  one  of  the  best ;  red  wiicat, 
which  is  seldom  sown  where  the  climate  is  good  and  early,  and  the  land  in  proi)er  condition  ; 
and  spring  wheat.  A  greater  number  of  people  are  nourished  by  rice  than  by  wheat;  hut 
owing  to  the  rjreater  quantity  of  gluten  which  the  latter  contains,  it  makes  by  fiir  the  host 
bread.  Rye  comes  nearer  to  wheat  in  its  bread-making  (lualities  than  any  other  sort  of  grain ; 
still,  however,  it  is  very  inferior  to  it.  The  fmest  samples  of  wheat  are  small  in  the  berry, 
thin  skinned,  fresh,  plump,  and  bright,  slipping  readily  through  the  fingers. 

Being  very  extensively  cultivated  on  soils  of  very  various  qualities,  and  fre(}uenfly  with 
very  imperfect  preparation,  the  produce  of  wheat  crops  in  Great  Britain  varies  from  about  12 
to  56  bushels  per  acre. 

The  counties  most  distinguished  for  the  quantity  and  quality  of  their  wheat  are,  Kent, 
Essex,  Suffolk,  Rutland,  Hertfordshire,  Berkshire,  Hampshire,  and  Herefordshire,  iii  En;;- 
land  ;  and  Berwickshire,  and  the  Lothians,  in  Scotland.  In  the  northern  counties  it  is, 
speaking  generally,  of  an  inferior  quality  ;  being  cold  to  the  feel,  dark  coloured,  thick  skinned, 
and  yielding  comparatively  little  flour.  In  the  best  wheat  counties,  and  in  good  years,  the 
weight  of  a  Winchester  bushel  of  wheat  is  from  60  to  62  lbs.  In  the  Isle  of  Shcppey,  in 
Kent  (where,  perhaps,  the  best  samples  of  wheat  sent  to  the  London  market  are  produced), 
this  grain,  in  some  favourable  seasons,  weighs  64  lbs.  a  bushel.  Where  the  climate  is  colder, 
wetter,  or  more  backward,  or  in  bad  seasons,  the  weight  of  the  bushel  of  wheat  is  not  more  than 
56  or  57  lbs.  It  is  calculated  that  the  average  weight  of  the  bushel  of  good  English  wheat 
is  58^  lbs. ;  and  that  the  average  yield  of  flour  is  13  lbs.  of  flour  to  14  lbs.  of  grain. — (!^eo 
Mr.  Stevenson's  very  valuable  article  on  England  in  Brewster's  Encydupxdiu,  vol.  viii. 
p.  720. ;  Loudon's  Ency.  of  Agriculture,  ^c.) 

For  a  view  of  the  regulations  with  respect  to  the  importation  and  exportation  of  wheat, 
•^c,  see  CoiiN  Laws  anu  Cokn  Tiiade.  The  price  of  wheat  in  1833  was  52,s.  \\d.  per 
quarter. 

WHISKY,  a  spirit  obtained  by  distillation  from  corn,  sugar,  or  mola'ises,  though  generally 
from  the  former.  Whisky  is  the  national  spirit,  if  we  may  so  term  it,  of  Scotland  and  Ire- 
land ;  but  that  distilled  in  the  former  is  generally  reckoned  superior  to  that  of  the  latter.— 
See  (Si'iiiiTS.) 

WINE  (Ger.  Weiu  ;  Fr.  Fm  ,•  It.  and  Sp.  Vitio  ,■  Port.  T7^7/;o  ,•  Rus.  Wino,  Vunn- 
grndnoe  winoe  ,■  Lat.  Vinum  ;  Gr.  0/kj«  ;  Arab,  if/mmr),  the  fermented  juice  of  the  grape, 
or  berries  of  the  vine  (  Vitis  rinifera). 

The  viiivi  is  indigenous  to  Persia  and  the  Levant ;  but  it  is  now  found  in  most  trniperate 
regions.  The  limits  within  which  it  is  cultivated  in  the  northern  hemisphere  of  the  (Jul 
World  vary  from  about  15°  to  48°  and  52°;  but  in  North  America  it  is  not  eultivateJ 
farther  north  than  38°  or  40°.  It  is  rarely  grown  at  a  greater  altitude  than  3,000  feet. 
From  Asia  the  vine  was  introduced  into  (jlreece,  and  thence  into  Italy.  The  I'hocrans, who 
founded  Marseilles,  carr'ed  the  vine  to  the  south  of  France;  but  it  is  doublfi.I  whether  it  was 
introduced  into  Burgundy  till  the  age  of  the  .^ntonines.*     The  species  of  Vitis  indigenous 

♦  The  ancient  writers  give  the  most  contradictory  accounts  with  respect  to  the  intrnduiiioii  if  llie 
vine  into  (iaul.— (."<ee  the  learned  and  e.vcelleTit  work  of  l,e  Crand  d'Aiissy,  yic  I'rii-fe  dm  h'ruii(iiii, 
tome  ii.  p|).  3i9— 33."*,)    The  statement  given  above  Bccms  the  mopt  probable. 


WINE. 


741 


P  fishery  has  paBsed  its  zeniiti, 
r'e  gradlially  becoming  Bcarrer 
ely  rtrivon  from  Bome  of  their 
high  latliudes.— Sup.) 

he  margin  of  a  roadstead  or 
,  sake  of  being  convenienlly 

-e  wharfs.  The  former  are  ccr- 
liy  c  ll.iobelaiKUMliindslii;). 
mirtof  Exi-ho.iu.-r,i..  tlinre,.',! 
,ali/.edl.yaclof|ml<i.mn.i      M 

eil  leL'iil  nu^ys  ^y  i"""e"'""''' 

iui"  hipP'-'l  ••  '""^'^  "*"  '"=""'•  "''• 
,wn  for  thai  piirpos<'- 

r  for  shipping  them  off.    The 

•  wharfs  and  quays,  makes  it 

fage  and  cranage  at  the  rates 

Hvfte,-  Vt.  Fromenf,  Bid, 
miza  ;  Pol.  Pszenlcu).  a  spc- 
I  of  any  cultivated  in  Euroijp. 
grain  was  first  derived  ;  but  it 
ry  part  of  the  temperate  zones, 

e  sea.  ,.11 

B  classed  under  4  heads  :  viz. 
d  •  while  wheat,  of  whub  there 
J  one  of  the  best ;  red  wheat, 
,a  tlic  land  in  proper  condition  ; 
ed  by  rice  than  by  wheat ;  but 
tains,  it  makes  by  tar  the  best 
ies  than  any  other  sort  of  gram; 
f  wheat  are  small  in  the  berry, 
igh  the  fingers. 

s  qualities,  an.l  frequently  with 
■eat  Britain  varies  from  about  12 

lality  of  their  wheat  are,  Kent, 
,re,  and  Herefordshire,  lu  Eng- 

In  the  northern  counties  it  is, 
eel,  dark  coloured,  thick  skinned, 
bounties,  and  in  good  years,  the 
\s  In  the  Isle  of  Shciipey.  m 
t  i.ondon  market  arc  produced), 
lei     Where  the  climate  is  coWer, 

hushel  of  wheat  is  not  more  than 

e  bushel  of  good  English  wheat 
flourtoMlbs.  ofgram.-C^eo 

\wskr's  Encydopu'chu,  vol.  viii, 

Ltion  and  exportation  of  wheat. 
Cheat  in  1833  was  5>^.s.n</.F 

ar  or  molasses,  though  generally 
Uo  term  it,  of  Scotland  ami  Ire. 
Luperior  to  that  of  the  hitter.- 

Irt.  Vinho  ;  Rus.  Wnw,  Wim- 
[the  fermerted  juice  of  the  grape, 

L  now  found  in  most  tetiiperatc 
Inorthern  hemisphere  of  the  0 
I  h  America  it  is  not  eul  ivated 

Fnto  Italy.  The  I'hoeeans.wlio 
Silislubtl^dwhetbentwa. 
The  species  of  17^.s  mdmenous 

It  probable. 


0  North  America  is  very  different  from  the  Vitia  vinifera.  In  favourable  seasons,  the  vino 
ripens  in  the  open  air  in  England;  and  in  the  eleventh  and  twelfth  centuries,  considerable 
quantities  of  inferior  wine  were  made  from  native  grapes.  Vineyards  are  now,  however, 
unknown  in  this  country ;  but  the  grapes  raised  in  hot-houses,  and  used  in  desserts,  me 
excellent. 

The  vine  grows  in  every  sort  of  soil ;  but  that  which  is  light  and  gravelly  seems  best  suited 
for  the  production  of  fine  wines.  It  succeeds  extremely  well  in  volcanic  countries.  The 
bcf '  wines  of  Italy  are  produced  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Vesuvius  :  the  famous  Tokay  wino 
is  also  made  in  a  volcanic  district,  as  arc  several  of  the  best  French  wines  ;  many  parts  of  the 
south  of  France  bearing  evident  marks  of  extinct  volcanoes.  Hermitage  is  grown  among  the 
(li'bris  of  granite  rocks.  The  most  favourable  situation  for  a  vineyard  is  upon  a  rising  ground 
ur  iiili  facing  the  south-east,  and  the  situation  should  not  be  too  confined  ; 

apertos 

Bacchus  amut  colles. 

The  art  of  erpressing  and  fermenting  the  juice  of  the  grape  appears  to  have  been  practised 
fri.iii  the  remotest  antiquity.  The  sacred  writings  tell  us  that  Noah  planted  a  vineyard  soon 
after  the  deluge — (Gen.  ix.  20.)  ;  and  a  modern  Latin  poet  ingeniously  represents  the  vino 
as  a  gift  from  Heaven,  to  console  mankind  for  the  miseries  entailed  upon  them  by  that  grand 
■  ilastroplie  I 

Omnia  vasutis  ergo  qinim  cerneret  arvis. 
Deaolala  Diiiy.  noljis  fejirin  villi 
Dona  dedil ;  trisiics  hominiim  quo  nnniere  fovit 
Keliquius,  niundi  solatus  vite  ruiiiam! 

yanierii  Praid.  Rusticum,  lib.  xi. 

Species  of  Wine. — There  are  many  varieties  of  vines ;  and  this  circumstance,  combinr'' 
with  differences  of  soil,  climate,  mode  of  preparation,  &c.,  occasions  an  extreme  variety  in 
the  species  of  wine.  But  even  between  places  immediately  contiguous  to  each  other,  tii 
where  a  cursory  oliservcr  would  hardly  remark  any  difference,  the  qualities  of  the  win.o, 
though  produced  by  the  same  species  of  grape,  and  treated  in  the  same  way,  are  often  very 
JilTercnt.  A  great  deal  evidently  depends  upon  the  aspect  of  the  vineyard  ;  and  it  is  pro- 
'.lable  that  a  good  deal  depends  on  peculiarities  of  soil.  But  whatever  may  be  the  cause,  it 
is  certain  that  there  are  wines  raised  in  a  few  limited  districts,  such  as  Tokay,  Johannis- 
liprger,  Constantia,  the  best  Burgundy,  Champagne,  claret,  &c.,  that  no  art  or  care  has 
hitherto  succeeded  in  producing  of  equal  goodness  in  other  places. 

Ancient  Wines. — The  wines  of  Lesbos  and  Chios  among  the  Greeks,  and  the  Falernian 
and  Cecuban  among  the  Romans,  have  acquired  an  immortality  of  renown.  Groat  uncer- 
tainty, however,  prevails  as  to  the  nature  of  these  wines.  Dr.  Henderson  thinks  that  the 
most  celebrated  of  then^  all,  the  Falernian,  approached,  in  its  most  essential  characters,  near 
to  Madeira.  In  preparing  their  wines,  the  ancients  often  inspissated  them  till  they  became  of 
ilw  consistence  of  honey,  or  even  thicker.  These  were  diluted  with  water  previously  to  their 
being  dr>iiik ;  and,  indeed,  the  habit  of  mixing  wine  with  water  seems  to  have  prevailed 
much  more  in  anti(iuity  than  in  modern  times. 

MoHKUN  Winks. — The  principal  wines  made  use  of  in  this  country  arc  port,  sherry, 
claret,  Ciiampagne,  Madeira,  hock,  Marsala,  Cape,  &c. 

Port, — the  wine  most  commonly  used  in  England, — is  produced  in  the  province  of  Upper 
Douro,  in  Portugal  ;  and  is  shipped  at  Oporto,  whence  its  name.  When  it  arrives  in  this 
country,  ii  is  of  a  dark  purple  or  inky  colour ;  has  a  full,  rough  body,  with  an  astringent 
bitter-sweet  taste,  and  a  strong  flavour  and  odour  of  brandy.  After  it  has  remained  some 
vears  longer  in  the  wood,  the  sweetness,  roughness,  and  astringency  of  the  flavour  abate  ;  but 
it  is  only  after  it  has  been  kept  10  or  1.5  years  in  bottle,  that  the  odour  of  the  brandy  is  com- 
pletely subdued,  and  the  genuine  aroma  of  the  wine  developed.  When  kept  to  too  great  an 
age,  it  becomes  tawny,  and  loses  its  peculiar  flavour.  During  the  process  of  melioration,  a 
roiisiderable  portion  of  the  extractive  and  colouring  matter  is  precipitated  on  tin  .iides  of  the 
vessels  in  the  form  of  crust.  In  some  wines  this  change  occurs  much  earlier  tliuii  in  others. 
A  large  quantity  of  brandy  is  always  mixed  with  the  wine  shipped  from  Oporto  for  Eng- 
land. Genuine  unmixed  port  wine  is  very  rarely  met  with  in  this  country.  We  have  been 
so  long  accubtomed  to  the  compounded  article,  that,  were  it  po^^siblc  to  procure  it  uni.ii.ied,  it 
is  doubtful  whether  it  would  be  at  all  suited  to  our  taste.  According  to  Mr.  Brande's  analy- 
sis, on  which,  however,  owing  to  the  differences  in  the  quality  of  the  wine,  no  great  stress 
can  be  laid,  port,  as  used  in  England,  contains  about  23  per  cent,  of  alcohol.  In  1833, 
2,596,530  gallons  of  port  were  fetained  for  consumption  in  the  United  Kingdom. 

Oporto  Wine  Company. — The  quality  of  th&wine  shipped  from  Oporto  has  been  maleriiilly  injured  by 
ihe  ipn-vi-inly  so  long  enjoyed  I"  the  Oporto  Wine  Company.  This  company  was  rounded  in  17.^fi, 
dnriii?ttie  achninistration  of  the  rtlarqnis  Pomba!.  A  certain  extent  of  territory  is  marl<ed  out  by  its 
tbarler  as  tlie  only  district  on  the  Douro  in  wliich  wine  is  to  he  raised  for  exportation  ;  tlie  entire  and 
ibsnlute  disposal  of  the  wines  raised  in  this  district  is  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  ('(imiiaiiy ;  who  are 
unln'r  inillinriaed  to  lix  the  prices  to  be  paid  for  them  In  llie  cultivators,  lo  prepare  llieni  for  ex|iorta- 
lioii.rmn  to  lix  the  price  at  which  tliey  shall  bi;  sold  to  foreigners  I  It  is  obvious  tliat  a  CDinpany  wilh 
ndi  powers  cannot  be  any  thing  else  than  an  intolerable  nuisance.    What  could  ue  more  arbifary 


742 


WINE. 


c^ 


and  unjust  than  to  interdict  the  export  orall  winea  raised  out  of  the  limits  of  the  Company's  terriioryl 
But  even  in  its  own  district,  its  proceedings  have  l)een  most  oppressive  and  injurious.  Tlie  Cnni|Mny 
annually  fix,  by  a  fint  of  Ihrir  own,  2  rales  of  prices— one  for  tlie  vinho  dcfeitoria,  or  wine  for  expurla- 
tion,  and  the  other  for  vinho  de  ramo,  or  wine  for  home  consumption — at  which  the  cnllivniors  are  to 
be  paid,  whatever  may  be  the  qvality  of  their  wines  /  They  have,  therefore,  no  motive  to  exert  superior 
skill  and  ingenuity  ;  but  content  themselves  with  endeavouring  to  raise,  at  the  least  possible  expense 
the  greatest  supply  of  vinho  de  feiloria,  for  which  the  Company  allow  the  highest  price.  All  ciiiiila- 
lion  is  thus  effectually  cxtingui-hed,  and  the  proprietors  who  possess  vinyards  of  a  superior  cpiiiliiy 
invariably  adulterate  their  wines  with  inferior  grr  wths,  so  as  to  reduce  them  to  tlie  average  staiMlunl. 
"In  this  wa, ,"  says  Ur.  Henderson,  "the  finer  iroducls  of  the  Douro  vintages  liave  remained  in  ;i 
jireat  measure  unknown  to  us  ;  and  port  wine  hi  i  come  to  be  considered  as  a  single  llciuor,  if  1  may 
use  the  expression,  of  nearly  uniform  flavour  and  strength;  varying,  it  is  true,  to  a  certain  extent  in 
quality,  hut  still  always  approaching  to  a  definite  standard,  and  admitting  of  few  degrees  of  excellence. 
The  manipulations,  the  admi.Mures— in  one  word,  the  arfiiJ(er«/ions— to  which  the  best  wines  (jf  tin; 
rimo  do  Douro  are  subjected,  have  much  the  same  effect  as  if  all  the  srowths  of  Kurgundy  weri;  in  be 
mingled  in  one  immense  vat,  and  sent  into  tlie  world  as  the  only  true  liurgundian  wine.  The  delieji>iis 
produce  of  Konianee,  (Jhtiiibertin,  and  the  Clos  Vougeut,  would  disappear,  and  in  their  phiee.s  we 
should  find  nothing  belter  than  a  eecond-r"t<-  Beaune  or  Macon  wine." — (.History  of  Jincieiil  and  J\Iv- 
dern  H'ines,  p.  210.) 

Not  only,  however,  have  the  Oporto  W  le  Company  deteriorated  the  quality,  but  they  have  also 
raised  the  price  of  tiieir  wines  to  an  enormous  height.  Secured  against  tlie  competition  of  their  cuiin. 
trymen,  and  enjoying,  down  to  1831,  a  nearly  absolute  monopoly  of  the  Ilritish  markets,  by  means  of 
the  high  duties  on  French  wines,  they  have  filled  their  pockets  at  our  expe.ise.  At  the  very  minntni 
when  the  Company  have  been  shipping  wine  fur  England  at  40i.  a  pipe,  Ihey  have  frcqventlit  uluiipid 
the  .same  wine  to  other  countries  at  Wl.h  -(FUetwuod  Williams  on  the  H'ine  Trade.)  And  the  aiillienilc 
Tables  published  by  Baibi  show  that  the  price  of  wine  lias  been  trebled  or  quadrupled  under  t!:  j  ma. 
nagemeiit  of  this  corporation. —  (Kssai  Stadstv'ue  sur  le  Hoyaume  de  Portugal,  tome  i.  p.  I.'j*.) 

But  though  the  abuses  inherent  in  the  constitution  of  the  Company  have  been  carried  of  late  years 
to  an  enormous  extent,  it  is  long  since  I'f  injurious  elfects  on  the  commerce  of  this  country  were  djs. 
tincily  perceived  and  pointed  out.  So  far  back  as  1767,  the  Board  of  Trade  laid  a  niemorial  betnre  Ills 
Majesty  in  council,  in  'vhich  they  state,  "With  respect  to  many  particular  regulations  of  tlie  Oporio 
Company,  which  we  think  justly  objected  to  by  the  merchants  as  highly  grievous  and  oppressive,  we 
have  not  tliouglit  it  necessary  to  enter  into  a  minute  description  of  them,  being  of  opinion  that  one 
general  and  latal  objection  lies  against  them  all ;  viz. — that  they  all  contribute  to  establish  in  liie  Cum- 
pany  a  monopoly  against  your  Majesty's  4«^'•'c^^,  from  which  by  treaty  they  hare  a  right  to  be  exrmptcd." 

Biit  notwithstanding  this  authoritative  exposition  of  the  injury  done  to  the  English  by  this  moiinpoly, 
and  tlie  experience  which  every  subsequent  year  afforded  of  its  i.iischievous  influence,  such  bus  lieen 
the  inveteracy  of  ancient  prejudice,  that  it  was  not  till  ths  sessi-/n  of  1831  that  we  took  the  only  stH|) 
by  which  we  could  hope  to  rid  oursc'ves  of  its  evils,  as  well  as  oi  a  host  of  others,  by  equalising  tlie 
duties  on  French  and  Portuguese  wines,  and  putting  an  end  to  the  absurd  and  injurious  preference  in 
favour  of  the  latter  established  by  the  Methuen  treaty. 

England  and  Brazil  are  the  only  countries  to  wliich  any  considerable  quantity  of  port  wine  is  pi. 
ported.  Our  imports  amounted,  at  an  average  of  the  10  years  ending  with  1833,  to  22,121  pipes  a  year; 
of  which,  liovvever,  a  portion  is  subsequently  exported  ;  while  the  exports  from  Portugal  lo  all  oilier 
countries,  Brazil  inclusive,  have  not  recently  amounted  to  3,000  pipes.  It  has  been  supposed,  imw  ihn 
there  is  no  discriminating  duty  in  favour  of  port,  that  its  consumption  in  this  country  will  graihially 
fall  off,  its  place  being  filled  by  French  and  other  wines  ;  but  though  such  a  result  be  not  iiii|ir(ilial)lp, 
h  derives  no  confirmation  from  the  pretty  gradual  decrease  in  the  quantities  of  port  retained  for  home 
use  since  1827,  the  French  wines  retained  for  the  same  purpose  having  declined  still  more  rapidly. 

Sherry  is  of  a  deep  amber  coIi  "ir ;  when  good,  it  has  t  fine  aromatic  odour  ;  its  taste  is 
warm,  with  some  degree  of  the  ag-cMible  bitterness  of  the  peach  kernel.  When  new, 
tastes  harsh  and  fiery,  it  is  mellowtd  by  being  allowed  to  remain  4  or  5  years  or  longer  ia 
the  wood  ;  but  it  does  not  attain  to  its  full  flavour  and  perfection  until  it  is  kept  for  IS  or  20 
years.  It  is  a  very  strong  wine,  containing  about  19  per  cent,  of  alcohoi.  It  is  principailv 
produced  in  the  vicinity  of  Xeres,  not  far  from  Cadiz,  in  Spain.  It  is  very  extensively  used 
in  this  country  as  a  dinner  wine.  Dry  sherry,  or  amontillado,  when  genuine  and  nki 
fetches  a  very  high  price.  Perhaps  no  wine  is  so  much  adulterated  as  sherry.  With  the 
exception  of  Marsala,  the  consumption  of  sherry  has  been  far  more  influenced  than  that  \ii  \ 
any  other  wine  by  the  reduction  of  the  duties  in  1825.  In  1833,  the  quantity  retained  for 
home  consumption  amounted  to  2,246,085  gallons,  being  more  than  double  the  (luantilv  i 
retained  for  consumption  at  an  average  of  1823  and  1824  ! — (^See  post.) 

Claret, — the  term  generally  used  in  England  to  designate  the  red  wines,  the  produce  of 
the  Bordclai.s.  Of  these,  Lafitte,  Latour,  Chateau-Margaux,  and  Haut-Brion,  are  so  genC' 
rally  esteemed,  that  they  always  sell  from  20  to  25  per  cent,  higher  than  any  others  of  ikl 
province.  The  first  mentioned  is  the  most  choice  and  delicate,  and  is  characterised  hyiisl 
silky  softness  on  the  palate,  and  its  charming  perfume,  which  partakes  of  the  nature  of  ikl 
violet  and  the  rasr  ,erry.  The  Latour  has  a  fuller  body,  and  at  the  same  time  a  consider iiit  I 
aroma,  but  wanis  the  softness  of  the  Lafitte.  The  Chiiteau-Margaux,  on  the  other  liand.iij 
lighter,  and  possesses  all  the  delicate  qualities  of  the  Lafitte,  i.xcept  that  it  has  not  quite  sol 
high  a  flavour.  The  Haut-Brion,  again,  has  more  spirit  and  body  than  any  of  the  precciliiiif 
but  is  rough  when  new,  and  requires  to  be  kept  6  or  7  years  in  the  wood  ;  while  the  olheij 
become  fit  for  bottling  in  much  less  time. 

Among  the  second-rate  wines,  that  of  Rozan,  in  the  parish  of  St,  Margaux,  approaches ms 
some  respects  to  the  growth  of  the  Chiiteau-Margaux  ;  while  that  of  Gorce,  in  the  saiiiclW'l 
ritory.  is  little  i.ifcrior  to  the  Latour;  and  the  vineyards  of  Lcoville,  Larose,  Bran-ir.ouWi,! 
and  Pichon-Longuijville,  in  the  ranton  of  Pauillac,  allbrd  lii^ht  wines  of  good  flavour,  wh 
in  favourable  years,  have  much  of  the  excellence  of  the  finer  growths.  In  the  Eiitre-Jeui-I 
Mers,  the  wines  of  Canon  and  St.  Emilion,  in  ilie  vicinity  of  Libourne,  are  deomcd  tl)cl»l 
being  of  a  full  body  and  very  durable.    When  new,  these  wines  are  always  h>:.''sli  and  asimj 


WINE. 


743 


!  and  in)""""'^ 


■••'  ,1  iniiiriouB.  The  Comiiiiny 
-  *"4ori?or  wine  for  cxp-.ruj- 

''''^"imotWe  oex..rts..l.Hrior 
'■■*' ."orroast  P0B8ib\e  expense, 
e,  at «'  e  lea"  1'  All  ciinila- 

,8vinyar.l8ofaB«P      ^^.^^^^,.^^^, 

;e  then,  to  t>'e  *^"  V.uaii.cil  in  a 

"'''V'''"rsinB"eluv.^'''f'™y 
^lerednsasngle"!         ,^,„„i„ 

'^'''n;fewlegrces-.f  excellence, 
ting  of  few  aegi  ,^  ^,,  jl^^ 

-towh.ch  tie    'e«       ^^^^    ,_,^^ 

groWl>>9  of  »uf t.»"  .j^i.^  ,,,,,„:i„us 
Burgund.an%v     e     '.^  ,,|a..a«e 

;ans  of 
At  ('le  '^fV  '"""""' 


.  •"?''„.. rket-   by  nmans  of 
•  ,i,e  British  n.arkeu,  .j^^^   _^^^^^^^^^ 

loninierce  ot  tms  j  ,  ,,j,,„re  l„s 

articular  fej"^'     j  oppressive,  we 
';V'*lhl^'-in"a""P'""'^''"'™ 


a..ne  to  the  EnpliB"  ">  ,^,^^  l,^.^,^ 

;,ischieVOU9  "i""6""r"i,e  nnlv  slq) 
:;;VM83llhatwetoo%tbe^^_^.._^^|l 

,;^a\rdt"r.^-'°-''-^"^-'^^'" 

Biderable<^tHyr.^rtvvine.p. 

iding  wilh  If  •'•  *  p,,;iugal  to  all  oilwr 
,l,e  exports  from  P«>ru.,  „„,,., i,„ 
pipes.  11  has  lieen  s  PI  ;„  ,„,„„|iy 
;„tption  "'  »'^'/,,',u'be  not  \mr"^';M'- 

I'^'^P'tt  5  0^5  years  or  longer  ia 
to  remain  'I  °^J'.  \    ^  for  15  or  20 

.auUerated  a.  sherry.    ^^^  ,,,^  ,- 

^*';:SrreT-nes,  the  produce  of 

gnate  ^*^f  J^„     j.Brion,  are  so  ^m- 
'S""''\Lr  than  any  others  of  Ihe 
cent.  ^'S^^\^*^f,Scterbecl  hviis 
delicate,  and  >«  ^,^^^'^"'    ,,  o  ik 

y,  and  at  the  sam  ^^^^  j,, 

atcau-MarRaux,onthe°  .^^^ 

afit,le,..r.ceptthat.th.mn^_^_q^^^,.__^^ 


^-i:r::s^£:csi 


approai-Vsii 
.  vvhilethatofOorce  m  ^ 


parish  of  St.  Margaux, 


Larose, 
hbrdU,htv.inesofgood_flavour 


llhe  finer  growths. 

Icinitv  of  Lihoi 
Ihese  wines  ate  alway 


In  the 


Einre-dfM'l 

itir'l 


gent ;  but  they  acquire  an  agreeable  softness,  an '  are  characterised  by  a  peculiar  flavour, 
which  has  been  not  unaptly  compared  to  the  smel.  f  burning  wax.  The  aroma  of  the  first 
growths  is  seldom  fully  developed  till  after  they  hav,.  been  kept  8  or  0  years  .  ./Ut  the  second- 
ary qualities  come  to  perfection  a  year  or  two  soo  'er.  The  colour  often  grows  darker  as 
the  wine  advances  in  age,  in  consequence  of  the  di.position  of  a  portion  of  its  tartar ;  but, 
when  well  made,  and  thoroughly  fined,  it  seldom  deposits  any  crust. 

(These  particulars  are  borrowed  from  the  excellent  work  of  Dr.  Henderson,  on  Ancient 
and  Modern  Wines  (p.  184.).  We  have  given,  in  a  previous  article — (see  lionnKAUx), — 
fail  and  authentic  details  as  to  the  trade  in  claret.  We  beg,  also,  to  refer  the  reader  to  that 
article  for  some  observations  on  the  wine  trade  of  France,  and  on  the  injury  done  to  it  by 
the  restrictive  system  of  commerce.) 

There  is  generally  a  very  sood  supply  of  claret  in  bond  in  the  docks  in  London.  Its  price  varies 
frnm  about  15/.  per  hogshead  for  the  inferior,  to  50/.  and  55i.  per  hogshead  for  the  .superior  L'rowths. 
What  are  called  cargo  or  shipping  clarets  may  be  bought  at  t'roin  5/.  to  )U/.  per  hogshead.  The  linest 
case  clarel  sells  in  bond  at  about  50s.  per  dozen  ;  but  parcels  of  very  well  flavoured  wine  may  be 
bought  at  25s. 

Champagne, — so  called  from  the  province  of  France  of  which  it  is  the  produce, — is  one 
of  the  most  deservedly  esteemed  of  the  French  winss.  The  wines  of  Champagne  are  di- 
vided into  the  2  grand  classes  of  white  and  red  wines;  and  each  of  these  again  into  still 
and  sparkling ;  but  there  is  a  great  variety  in  the  flavour  of  the  produce  of  ditl'erent  vine- 
yards. Sillery  is  universally  allowed  to  be  the  best  of  the  still  wines.  It  is  dry,  of  a  light 
amber  colour,  has  a  considerable  body,  and  a  charming  aroma.  "Le  corps,"  (says  M.  Jul- 
lien,)  "  le  spiritueux,  le  charmant  bouquet,  et  les  vertus  toniques  dont  il  est  pourvu,  lui 
assurent  la  priorite  sur  tous  les  autres." — (Tupngraphie  de  fous  les  Vignohks,  p.  30.)  Dr. 
He.  '"rson  agrees  with  M.  Jullien,  in  considering  it  as  one  of  the  wholesomest  of  the  Cham- 
pagne Vvii.iri.  The  sparkling  wines  are,  however,  the  most  popular,  at  least  in  this  country. 
Of  these,  the  wine  of  Ay,  5  leagues  south  from  Rheiins,  is,  perhaps,  the  be.st.  It  is  lighter 
and  sweeter  than  Sillery,  and  has  an  exquisite  flavour  and  aroma.  That  which  merely 
creams  on  the  surface  (deini-niousseux)  is  preferred  to  the  full  frothing  wine  {i^rnnd-nious- 
seux).  Being  bright,  clear,  and  sparkling,  it  is  as  pleasing  to  the  eye  as  it  is  grateful  to  the 
palate. 

"  Cernis  micanti  concolor  ut  vitro 
Latex  in  auras,  gemrneiis  aspici, 
ij(intillet  e.xultuin  ;  utqtie  dulces 
Naribus  illecebras  propiiiet. 

"  Siicci  latentis  prodilor  halitus! 
Ut  spuiiia  inotu  lactea  tiirbido 
Crystallinum  hetis  referre 
Mox  oculis  nroperut  nitorem." 

Hautvilliers,  about  4  leajTues  from  Rheims  and  1  from  Epernay,  used  formerly  to  produce 
wine  that  equalled,  and  sometimes  su-passed,  ti  e  wine  of  Ay.  But  it  is  no  longer  culti- 
vated with  the  same  care  -,  so  that,  though  still  very  good,  i*  now  only  ranks  in  the  2d  class. 

The  best  of  the  red  wines  of  Champagne  are  those  ^''  Verzy,  Verzenay,  Maily,  Uouzy, 
and  St.  Basle.  "  lis  out  une  belle  couleur,  du  corps,  du  spiritueux,  et  surtout  beaucoup  de 
finesse,  de  sAve,  et  de  bouquet." — (Jullien,  p.  27.)  The  Clos  St.  Thierry,  in  the  vicinity  of 
Rheims,  produces  wine  which,  according  to  M.  Jullien,  unites  the  colour  and  the  aroma  of 
Burgundy  to  the  lightness  of  Champagne, 

The  province  of  Champagne  produces  altogether  about  1,100,000  hectolitres  of  wine  ;  of 
which,  however,  the  finest  growths  make  but  a  small  part.  The  principal  trade  in  wine  is 
carried  on  at  Rheims,  Avise,  and  Epernay.  The  vaults  in  which  the  vintages  are  stored  are 
excavated  in  a  rock  of  calcareous  lufa  to  the  depth  of  30  or  40  feet.  Those  of  M.  Moet,  at 
Epernay,  are  the  most  extensive,  and  few  travellers  past;  through  the  place  without  going  to 
see  them.    The  briskest  wines  (grands-moitsseux)  keep  the  worst. — (Jullien,  p.  34.) 

Burgundy. — The  best  wines  of  this  province,  though  not  so  popular  in  England  as  those 
of  Champagne,  enjoy  the  highest  reputation.  "  In  richness  of  flavour  and  perfume,  and 
all  the  more  delicate  cjualities  of  the  juice  of  the  grape,  they  unquestiombly  rank  as  the  first 
I  in  the  world  ;  and  it  was  not  without  reason  that  the  dukes  of  Burgundy,  in  former  times, 
were  designated  as  ihe  pritices  dcs  buns  vins." — (Henderson,  p.  161.)  M.  Jullien  is  not 
less  decided : — "  Les  vins  des  premiers  crus,  lorsqu'ils  proviennent  d'une  bonne  annee, 
[reunissent,  dans  de  justes  proportions,  fniites  ks  qualif.es  qui  constituent  les  vins  parfaits  ,- 
I  lis  n'ont  besoin  d'aucun  melange,  d'aucune  preparation,  pour  attendrc  leur  jilus  haut 
Idegre  do  perfection.  Ces  operations,  que  Ton  qualifie  dans  certains  rays  de  sains  qui  aident 
lulaqualite,  sont  toujours  nuisibles  aux  vins  do  Bourgogne." — (p.  104.) 

Romane-Conti,  Chambertin,  the  Clos  Vougeot,  and  Richebourg,  are  the  mo  it  celebrated 
lof  the  iiKi)  wines  of  Burgundy.  Chambertin  was  the  favourite  wine  of  Louis  XIV.  and  of 
INapoloon.  It  is  the  produce  of  a  vineyard  of  that  name,  situated  7  miles  to  the  south  of 
iDijoti,  and  furnishing  each  year  from  130  to  150  puncheons,  from  an  extent  of  about  65 
Iwreg.  It  has  a  fuller  body  and  colour,  and  greater  durability,  than  the  Romane,  with  an 
luoma  nearly  as  fragrant. 


744 


WINE. 


c: 


CI 

•KkJ 

o 


Tho  white  wines  of  Burgundy  are  less  numerous,  and,  consequently,  less  generally 
known,  than  the  others:  but  they  maintain  the  highest  rank  among  French  white  wines, 
and  are  not  inferior  to  the  red,  either  in  aroma  or  flavour. 

I'he  entire  annual  produce  of  wine  in  Burgundy  and  Braujolais  may  at  present  be  esti- 
mated, at  an  average,  at  nearly  3,000,000  hectolitres,  of  whii;h  about  750,000  suilicc  for  the 
consum|)tian  of  the  inhabitants.  Since  the  Kevolution,  the  cultivation  of  the  vine  has  been 
greatly  extended  in  the  province.  Many  of  the  new  vineyards  having  necessarily  been 
j)lanted  in  comparatively  unfavourable  situations,  a  notion  has  been  gaining  ground  that  the 
wines  of  Burgundy  were  degenerating.  This,  however,  is  not  the  case.  On  the  contrary, 
the  quantity  of  honn  crus,  instead  of  being  diminished,  has  increas^ed  considerably  ;  though, 
as  the  supply  of  inferior  wines  has  increased  in  a  still  greater  degree,  the  fine  wines  boar  a 
less  proportion  to  the  whole  than  they  did  previously  to  the  Revolution. — {Jtillien,  p.  90.) 

The  princi[)al  trade  in  Burgundy  is  carried  on  at  Dijon,  Gavrey,  Chalons-sur-Saone,  &c, 

Besides  the  above,  France  has  a  great  variety  of  other  excellent  wines.  Hermitage,  Suu- 
terne,  St.  Pery,  &c.  are  well  known  in  England ;  and  deservedly  enjoy,  particularly  the  first, 
a  high  degree  of  reputation. 

Account  of  tlie  Qimntily  .ind  Vnluo  of  the  Winns  exported  from  France  in  1831 ;  distinRuisliinK  lie- 
twetMi  tlicise  of  the  Oiroiide  and  those  of  other  Depiirtnietits,  and  hetween  those  exported  in  disks 
and  Dottles  ;  and  specifying  tlie  Quantity  and  Value  of  thuse  sent  to  each  Ccunlry.— (.4ii;HiHij(ra- 
tion  ilea  Douanes  for  1831,  p.  219.) 


Countrie3  to  which  exported. 

Wine  In  Casks. 

Wine  Id 

Bollles. 

or  the  Gironde. 

Of  oilier  DepartmentJ. 

Of  the  Gironde. 

Of  oilier  llepirluil! 

(Quantity. 
Litret. 

VjIup. 
Francs. 

Quantily. 
Litrti. 

Value 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Franca. 

Lilrea. 

Frana, 

Lilm. 

Frnnct. 

RiiMia- 

1,7S2,178 

781,158 

904,l,i7 

180.831 

44,491 

88,982 

410,;S94 

41 '1.394 

Sweden 

flS,072 

48,-MO 

321,973 

64,395 

10,128 

20,256 

14,138 

I'.IM 

Norw,iy 

220.249 

126,0t.7 

.58,109 

ii.ey 

1,126 

2.252 

6,147 

5.147 

henniark 

608,H2G 

20(1,1)12 

.593,438 

118,68'. 

8,7S2 

17,,564 

7,8S1 

7.S8I 

Prussia 

2..523,2?1 

0>1,270 

1,232,979 

246,596 

10,376 

20,752 

199,149 

19M49 

Il.inie  Towns    • 

7,03.1,402 

I,«r'9,:'ii9 

5,81!,562 

l,16i.512 

42.345 

84,690 

110,521 

W.M 

Holland 

1,781,574 

1,15*1,(123 

3,641,311 

728,2n2 

7,586 

15,172 

14,752 

M,75i 

Hlnium 

S4^,767 

,5,i  1,697 

8X4.941 

176,988 

4,288 

8,576 

68,281 

58,281 

England 

1,148,6'16 

3,790,400 

337,266 

67,4S3 

292,S38 

685,676 

570,681 

570,6S1 

I'orliigal 

221 

74 

4,171 

834 

114 

228 

160 

116 

Spain   .... 

13.900 

4,587 

431,571 

86,314 

23,210 

46,420 

13,396 

13,396 

Austria 

. 

33,012 

6,602 

90 

ll'O 

18,819 

li<,H9 

Sardinia 

4,032 

1,331 

6,235,656 

1,247,131 

5J7 

1,194 

38,330 

38,330 

The  Two  Sicilies 

. 

. 

38,448 

7,090 

- 

13,232 

I3,2)i 

Tuscany,  Modena,  Parma,  Roman 

Sla'es 

• 

406,404 

81,2SI 

21,950 

24,930 

Switzerland      - 

. 

7,013.678 

1,402,736 

• 

- 

31,2-7 

3:,2«7 

Germany 

. 

. 

893,574 

178,715 

. 

277,K!^2 

277,S82 

Greect 

. 

. 

196,466 

39,293 

. 

. 

1,790 

.,7S0 

Turkey 

. 

174.678 

31,936 

. 

• 

19,549 

19,519 

Ep.pt. 
Algiers 

,            . 

636,788 

127,3.58 

■ 

. 

13„373 

13,37S 

. 

> 

6,723,805 

1,344,761 

23,815 

2S«4i 

Barbary  Slates  ■       _      - 

. 

. 

. 

• 

■ 

2,381 

2.381 

Engiiai'i  possessions  in  Africa 

765,047 

2:.2,4t6 

589,323 

117,865 

72,661 

'  143,322 

2,423 

2,125 

Other  counlries  on  the  coast  of 

Africa 

. 

. 

64,018 

12,804 

• 

1,848 

1,848 

India,  Kui^Iish  possessions 

A\SH 

18,576 

8,873 

1,773 

033,702 

667,404 

1,634 

1,6)4 

Spanish,  do, 

I6,3i.2 

6,214 

* 

- 

4,452 

8,904 

Dutch,  do. 

25,636 

6,127 

- 

, 

2.614 

2,614 

French,  do. 

. 

12,226 

24,452 

285 

J8i 

China  .... 

. 

. 

. 

. 

■ 

2^5 

1*i 

United  Stales    • 

1,619,845 

544,449 

3,278,987 

655,797 

436,900 

873,800 

534,174 

531,174 

Hayti   .... 

203,426 

67,131 

291,966 

68,393 

7,095 

14,190 

7,692 

7,692 

English  possessions  in  America  > 

. 

2.760 

552 

110 

220 

Spanish  do.       • 

616,014 

203,314 

753,815 

150,763 

63,208 

106,596 

14.929 

14.929  ' 

Danish  do.         . 

193,74S 

64,597 

2t6,9n4 

63,381 

16,094 

32,188 

8,(IJ0 

8,1 20: 

Brazil  .... 

I3i*,729 

45,7>0 

2,22.->,031 

445,006 

47,851 

93,702 

22,019 

22,019  ; 

Mexico 

55,510 

18.318 

41,043 

8,208 

239,018 

478,036 

7,803 

7,'03 

Colombia 

7,980 

2,633 

18,161 

3,632 

3,T30 

7,460 

9,272 

9,272 

Peru    -              .             .              - 

80,745 

26,616 

. 

• 

16,653 

31,306 

Chill    .... 

an.  I  CO 

12,931 

. 

. 

27,202 

54,404 

1,200 

1,200 

Rio  de  la  Plata  ■ 

I3«.P«4 

45,20-. 

I2i,940 

25,188 

17,097 

34,194 

11,151 

ll.lil  ■ 

Guadeloupe 

616,287 

203.375 

2,069,536 

413,907 

45,621 

91,242 

10.242 

1(1,242  ! 

Alartintcd 

4S0,.176 

15S,524 

2,360,428 

472,086 

43,987 

87,974 

14,618 

14.618 

Bourbon 

7,V1,175 

2t'6,207 

■  ,.522,935 

301.587 

47,.".  i4 

95,1(!8 

15,262 

16,262 

Seneg-al 

236,851 

7S,I6I 

183,242 

,37,048 

3,940 

7,880 

6.71 13 

S.TOl 

Frencti  Gui?na  - 

607,sa' 

167,5S5 

323,891 

64,778 

6,796 

13,392 

15,273 

15,273 

St.  Pierre  and  -Miquelon 

39.6)7 

7,93.' 

109 

lf'9 

Tfttals 

!6'  13,118 

11,448.649 

-.0.769,137 

10,153.827 

l,8f  0,958 

3.761,916 

2.358,162 

lS,W:'i 

Exclusive  of  the  ahove,  there  were  exported  from  France,  in  the  same  year,  2,753,499  litres  ainnsii 
liqtiexirs,  valnert  at  4,130,250  francs. 

The  total  produce  of  the  vineyards  nf  France  is  estimated  at  about  35,000,000  hectolitres  (77,000,(1W 
Imp.  gallons),  worth  510,000. 000" francs  (2l,fi00.000(.).  We  beg  to  refer  the  reader  to  tiie  article  BoR- 
BEAiix,  for  an  nccount  of  the  influence  of  the  French  system  of  commercial  policy  on  this  great  depart- 
iiient  of  industry. 

Dhputcas  to  the  Cnmjiaralire  Merit  nf  Champagne  and  Biirgundi/. — The  question,  whether  tlie  wines 
of  rhanipairne  or  of  Iliirsinuly  were  entitled  to  the  preferciue,  was  agitated  diiri'ig  the  reign  od-oiiis 
XI V,  with  extraordinary  keenness.  The  celebrated  Charles  (Jothn,  rector  of  the  iJniversity  of  lle.iiivaif. 
published,  during  this  controversy,  the  classical  ode,  partly  i]ii(ited  above,  in  which  (MmiiipiiL'tif  i3 
eulogised,  and  its  sHperiorily  vindicated,  with  a  spirit,  vivacity,  and  delicacy  worlliy  of  the  llieiue 
The  citizens  of  llhelins  wen:  not  ungrateful  to  the  poet;  but  liberally  rewaidcd  !iiiiM\ilh  (in  appro- 
priate and  niniiilicciit  donation  of'lie  wine  he  had  so  happily  panegyrised.  (;r<;neau  wrot"  an  ode  in 
praise  of  Hurgiindy ;  but,  unlike  its  subject,  it  was  Hat  and  insipid,  iiiid  tailed  to  procure  any  rccdiii- 
pence  to  its  author.  Tlie  dilierent  pieces  in  this  amusing  controversy  were  collected  and  pdlilislK'd  Ik 
octavo,  at  Paric,  in  1712.— (See  Le  Grand  d'^usay,  Fie  Privie  den  KraTifaJif,  tom.  iii.  p.  39.,  and  lli-' 


WINES. 


745 


•onscquently,  less  generally 
imong  French  while  wines, 

laifi  may  at  present  be  esti- 
about  750,000  suihce  for  ihe 
livation  of  the  vhie  has   .cen 
;rJ9  having  necessarily  been 
been  gaining  ground  that  the 
I  the  case.     On  the  contrary, 
•reascd  considerably  ;  though, 
degree,  the  fine  wines  bear  a 
BVolution.-(J<*//'>''.  I'-  a'M 
ivrey,  Chulons-sur-baone,  &c. 
Ilent  wines.     Hermitage,  Sau- 
dly  enjoy,  particularly  the  first, 

ranee  in  1831 ;  dislingnisliinc  lie- 
10  each  Ccunlry.-(^J""">»"-- 


B3,2B8 

16,094 

47,HSI 

239,019 

16,6S3 

17,097 
4^,621 
43,9S7 
47,:.i4 
3,940 
6,796 


[e^mo  year,  2,753,499  litres  of  an  i< 

t-^.frSior:s«r 

L.::;[er'cKSo"''>-^-'^'''-^''"'- 

l,  rector  "^ ""^>^'  ,l"t'  i'liaiiuuid'e  " 
l„te.l  above,  "'"''','  .-H' H'"""' 
ly,  and  delicacy  wor    V  o     ')  „. 

^^raliyrewauM.-^;;^-!;; ,],{,, 

nei?yrised  <■  .  ^  r  <  ure  aiiv  n-oui- 
,ij,unata,lca  to  >n.a^^  ;,,,l,^,,,^,,l,, 
versy  were  collccttu    n    i  j^j,,, 

de/tVonfats.tom.  111.  l'--ia-a" 


Biogtaphie  VnherielU,  torn.  It.  art.  Coffin  (CbarUt).)  Rr.inmn!!  ntlrihiitcs  Ihe  restoration  of  his  health 
to  his  hiiviiis  drunk  libernlly  nf  Uiireuiiily  ;  iind  has  PUlosiMed  it  in  ttin  inoal  extrnvnennt  terms.  An 
epistJK  of  Ills,  ((iintiMl  by  Le  Grand  d'AilHsy,  slinws  that  Kulslatr  and  lie  roiild  have  s|ieiit  an  t-venlng 
together  less  disngreeuhly  than  niijjht  have  heen  sn|i|iiised  :— "  l,e  |treini.T  ()iil  enaeiBiia  I'arl  d«  fair* 
te  vin  (nonrR»Kne),  on  ()i<i  en  flt  present,  n«  doit-il  point  passt^r  pliitAt  pour  nous  avoir  donnu  lu  via 

que  pour  nous  avoir  grutitid  d'nne  luiueur."— (Ki«  Privie  dcs  *Vawfa/>,  t ill.  p.  1».) 

Conaamftiiin  uf  Fenr.h  Wine  in  F.nijliiiid.  Dinr.riminatiiijr  /^Jii^ici.— Owing  totliB  intimate  connection 
■ilbsistinit  between  England  and  l-'ranre  fur  several  centiirii-s  afti-r  tliR  (^)nl|lll■8t,  the  wines  of  the  lat- 
ter were  long  in  abnosl  exclusive  possession  of  the  EnKlish  market  ;  lint  the  extension  of  commcrco 
gradually  led  to  the  Introduction  of  other  species;  and  in  the  reigns  of  Eli/.alieili  and  .lames  I.,  the 
dry  white  wines  of  Spain  seem  to  have  been  held  in  the  highest  eslimution.  Tins,  however,  was  only 
R  temporary  preference.  Subsequently  to  the  Restoration,  the  wines  of  France  regained  their  former 
ascendancy.  In  1087,  their  Importations  amounted  to  I5,9li4,  in  lfiH8to  l4.2IN,{ind  in  IliHUid  ll.lOtituns. 
It  la  exceedingly  doubtful  whether  so  much  as  a  single  pipe  of  port  had  ever  found  its  way  to  England 
previously  to  this  period — {Henderson,  p.  .113.) ;  and  it  is  most  probable  that  the  wines  of  France  would 
liBVe  continued  to  preserve  their  ascendancy  in  our  markets,  had  not  their  importation  been  artiticiully 
checked. 

The  trade  with  France  had  occasionally  been  prohibited  previously  to  the  accession  of  William  HI.; 
but  it  was  not  until  1693  that  any  distinction  was  made  between   the  duties  payable  on  French  antl 
other  wines.    Hut  Louis  XIV.  having  espoused  the  cause  of  the  exiled  family  of  Smart,  the  Urilisli 
jovernmeiit,  in  the  irritation  of  the  nioineni,  and  without  retlecting  that  the  blow  aimed  at  llie  French 
would  infallibly  recoil  upon  thuinselves,  imposed,  nt  the  period  above-mentioned,  a  discriminating 
duty  uf  8/.  a  tun  on  French  wines,  and  in  l(JU7  increased  to  33M     In  consequence  of  this  enormous 
augmentation  of  duty  on  French  wines,  the  merchants  began  to  import  wine  from  Oporto  as  a  substi- 
tute for  the  red  wines  of  Bordeaux,  excluded  by  the  high  duties.    It  is  probable,  however,  that  these 
discriminating  duties  would  have  been  repealed  as  soon  as  Ihe  excitement  which  produced  ihem  had 
lubsided,  and  that  the  trade  would  have  returned  to  its  old  channels,  had  not  the  Btipiilations  in  the 
famous  commercial  treaty  with  Portugal,  negotiated  by  Mr.  Methuen  in  170.3,  given  them  permanence. 
Such,  however,  was  unluckily  the  case  :  for,  according  to  this  treaty,  we  bound  ourselves  to  charge 
ill  future  one  third  higher  dulies  on  the  wines  of  France  than  on  tliose  of  Portugal ;  the  Portuguese, 
by  way  of  compensation,  binding  themselves  to  admit  our  woollens  into  their  markets  in  preference 
10  those  of  other  countries,  at  a  fixed  and  invariable  rate  of  duty. 
Though  very  generally  regarded  at  the  time  as  the  highest  effort  of  diplomatic  skill  and  address,  the 
Methuen  treaty  was  certainly  founded  on  the  narrowest  views  of  national  interest,  and  has  proved, 
in  no  common  degree,  injurious  to  both  parlies,  but  especially  to  England.     By  binding  ourselves  ti> 
receive  Portuguese  wines  for  two  thirds  of  the  duty  payable  on  those  of  France,  we,  in  effect,  gave  ttin 
Portuguese  growers  a  monopoly  of  the  British  market,  and  thereby  attracted  too  great  a  proportion  of 
Itie  deficient  capital  of  Portugal  to  the  production  of  wine  ;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  we  not  only  cx- 
(ludert  one  of  the  principal  equivalents  the  French  had  to  offer  forour  commodities,  and  proclaimed  to 
llie  world  that  we  considered  it  belter  to  deal  with  tino  millions  of  poor  beggarly  customers,  than  with 
ilirij/  millions  of  rich  ones,  but  we  also  provoked  the  retaliation  of  tlie  French,  who  forthwith  ex- 
cliuled  most  of  our  articles  from  their  markets  ! 
The  injurious  effects  of  the  regulations  m  the  Methuen  treaty  were  distinctly  pointed  out  by  Dr. 
Divenant  and  Mr.  Hume.    The  latter,  in  his  Kssny  on  the  Balance  of  Trade,  published  in  1752,  says, 
"Our  jealousy  and  hatred  of  France  are  without  bounds.     These  passions  have  occasioned  innuino- 
rable  barriers  and  obstructions  on  commerce,  where  we  are  commonly  accused  of  being  the  aggressors. 
Bill  what  have  we  gained  by  the  bargain  !     iVe  lost  the  French  market  fur  our  woollen  manufactures, 
and  transferred  the  commerce  of  wine  to  Spain  and  Portugal,  where  we  buy  much  worse  liquor  at  amuch 
inhtr  price  I    There  are  few  Englishmen  who  would  not  think  their  country  absolutely  ruined  were 
French  wine  sold  in  England  so  cheap,  and  in  such  abundance,  as  to  supplant  ale  and  other  homo- 
brewed  liquors.    But,  would  we  lay  aside  prejudice,  il  would  not  he  diliicult  to  prove  that  nothing 
could  he  more  Innocent ;  periiaps,  more  advantageous.    Each  new  acre  of  vineyard  planted  in  France, 
in  order  to  supply  England  with  wine,  would  make  it  requiisite  for  the  French  to  take  an  equivalent  in 
Enijlish  goods,  by  the  sale  of  which  we  should  be  equally  benefited." 
In  ciinscquence  of  the  prtference  so  unwisely  given  to  the  wines  of  Portugal  over  those  of  Franco, 
-a  preference  continued,  in  defiance  of  every  principle  of  sound  policy  and  common  sense,  down  to 
ISI,— the  imports  of  French  wine  were  for  many  years  reduced  to  a  mere  trifle  ;  and  notwithstanding 
their  increased  consumption,  occasioned  by  the  reduction  of  the  duties  in  182!),  the  quantity  made  use 
of  in  1833  did  not  exceed  232,500  gallons ;  while  the  consumption  of  Portuguese  wines  amounts  tn 
iboiit  2,600,000  Imperial  gallons  !    This  is  the  most  striking  example,  perhaps,  in  the  history  of  com- 
merce, of  the  influence  of  customs  duties  in  diverting  trades  into  new  channels,  and  altering  the  taste 
cfa  people.   All  but  the  most  opulent  classes  having  been  compelled,  for  a  long  series  of  years,  either 
to  renounce  wine,  or  to  use  port,  the  taste  for  the  latter  has  been  firmly  rooted  ;  the  beverage  that 
was  originally  forced  upon  us  by  necessity  having  become  congenial  from  habit.   We  have  little  doubt, 
however,  now  that  the  discriminating  duty  in  favour  of  port  is  abolished,  that  the  excellence  of  the 
French  wines  will  ultimately  regain  for  them  some  portion  of  that  favour  iu  Ihe  English  market  they 
formerly  enjiiyed.* 

Maikim, — -o  called  from  the  island  of  that  name, — is  a  wine  that  has  long  been  in  exten- 
five  use  in  this  and  other  countries.  Plants  of  the  vine  were  conveyed  from  Crete  to  Ma- 
dfira  in  1421,  and  have  succeeded  extremely  well.  There  is  a  considerable  difference  in  the 
flavour  and  other  qualities  of  the  wines  of  Madeira  :  the  best  are  produced  on  the  south  side 
of  the  island.  Though  naturally  strong,  they  receive  an  addition  of  brandy  when  racked 
from  the  vesssels  in  vhich  they  have  been  fermented,  and  another  portion  is  thrown  in  pre- 
viously to  their  expo  tation.  This  is  said  to  be  required  to  sustain  the  wine  in  the  high 
temperature  to  whicli  it  is  subjected  in  its  passage  to  and  from  India  and  China,  to  which 
Itrge  quantities  of  it  are  sent ;  it  being  founil  that  it  is  mellowed,  and  its  flavour  materially 
improved  by  the  voyage.  It  does  not,  however,  necessarily  follow,  that  the  wines  which 
liavc  made  the  longest  voyages  are  always  the  best.  Much  must  obviously  depend  on  the 
on?inal  quality  of  the  wine ;  and  many  of  the  parcels  selected  to  be  sent  to  India  are  so 
inferior,  that  the  wine,  when  brought  to  London,  docs  not  rank  so  high  as  that  which  haa 
keen  imported  direct.    But  when  the  parcel  sent  out  has  been  well  chosen,  it  is  very  much 

'The  mischievous  operation  of  Ihe  Methuen  treaty,  and  of  the  discriminatingduty  on  Frenchwincs, 
Itere  very  strikingly  exhibited  by  Mr.  Hyde  Villiers,  in  his  able  speech  on  the  latli  of  Juno,  IB30.  U 
lliliiglily  deserving  of  the  reader's  attention. 

Vol.  II._3  R  94 


746 


WINE. 


K'  m 


-11 


o 


It 


-.*t 


maturpi]  and  improved  hy  Ihe  voyage ;  and  it  not  only  fetchra  a  higher  price,  but  is  in  all  re- 
•perls  superior  to  the  direct  importations.  Most  oi°  the  adventitious  spirit  is  dissipated  in 
the  course  of  the  Indian  voyage. 

Madeira  wines  may  he  kept  for  a  very  long  period.  "  Liltc  the  ancient  vintat^es  of  iho 
Surrentinc  hills,  they  are  Uuly  firmmima  vhni,  relaining  their  qiialiiies  unimpnirid  in  both 
extremes  of  climate,  suflfering  no  decay,  and  constantly  improving  as  they  advonce  in  age. 
Indeed,  they  cannot  he  pronounced  in  condition  until  tiiey  have  been  kept  for  10  years  in 
the  wood,  and  afterwards  allowed  to  mellow  nearly  twice  that  time  in  buttle:  and  everj  then 
they  will  hardly  have  reached  the  utmost  perfection  of  which  they  are  Husceptible.  When  of 
good  quality,  and  matured  as  above  described,  they  lose  all  their  original  harshness,  and 
acquire  that  agreeable  pungency,  that  bitter  swcetishness,  which  was  so  highly  prized  in  the 
choicest  wines  of  antiquity  ;  uniting  great  strength  and  richness  of  flavour  with  an  exoeej. 
ingly  fragrant  and  diirusible  aroma.  The  nutty  taste,  which  is  often  very  marked,  is  not 
communicated,  as  some  have  imagined,  by  means  of  bitter  almonds,  but  is  inherent  in  the 
wine." — { Henderson,  p.  Su.*),) 

'J'he  wines  of  Madeira  have  latterly  fallen  info  disrepute  in  England.  The  growth  of  the 
island  is  very  limited — not  exceeding  2(),(tOO  pipes,  of  which  a  considerable  (|nanlily  gnes 
to  tb"  West  Indies  and  America.  Hence,  when  Madeira  was  a  fnshionc!>Ie  wine  in  En!»liiiMl, 
every  sort  of  deception  was  practised  with  respect  to  it,  and  large  quantities  of  spurious  trash 
were  disposed  of  for  the  genuine  vintage  of  the  island.  This  naturally  brought  the  wine 
into  discredit;  so  that  sherry  has  been  for  several  years  the  fashionable  white  wine.  It  jj 
ditFicuit,  however,  to  imagine  that  adulteration  was  ever  practised  to  a  greater  extent  upon 
Madeira  than  it  is  now  practised  upon  sherry.  The  quantity  entered  for  home  consumption 
in  1R27  amounted  to  308,29.5  gallons,  whereas  the  quantity  entered  for  home  consuniiition 
in  183.1  only  amounted  to  161,042  gallons. 

Malmsey,  a  very  rich  lu.scious  species  of  the  Madeira,  is  made  from  grapes  grown  on 
rocky  grounds  exposed  to  the  full  influence  of  the  sun's  rays,  and  allowed  to  remain  on  the 
vine  till  they  are  over-ripe. 

The  trade  in  Madeira  wine  is  carried  on  at  Funchal,  the  capital  of  the  island,  in  lat.  32° 
37'  N.,  Ion.  17°  C  W.      Weights  and  Measures  same  as  Lisbon. 

Teneriffe  wine, — so  called  from  the  island  of  that  name, — resembles  Madeira,  and  is  not 
iinfrequcntly  substituted  in  its  place;  but  it  wants  the  full  body  and  rich  flavour  of  the  best 
growths  of  Madeira. 

Cirniun  Wines. — The  wines  of  Germany  imported  into  England  arc  principally  proJuced 
on  the  banks  of  the  Rhine  and  the  Moselle.  Thn  Rhine  wines  constitute  a  distinct  order 
by  themselves.  They  are  drier  than  the  French  white  wines,  and  are  characterised  by  a  deli- 
cate flavour  and  aroma,  called  in  the  country  giire,  which  is  quite  peculiar  to  tlieni,  nnd  of 
which  it  would,  therefore,  be  in  vain  to  attempt  the  description.  A  notion  prevails  that  thcv 
are  naturally  acid  ;  and  the  inferior  kinds,  no  doubt,  are  so  :  but  this  is  not  the  cnnslaiit 
character  of  the  Rhine  wines,  which  in  good  years  have  no  perceptible  acidity  in  the  tasle, 
at  least  not  more  than  is  common  to  them  with  the  growths  of  warmer  regions.  Their 
ch!.!f  distinction  is  their  extreme  durability.  The  wines  made  in  warm  dry  years  are  always 
in  great  demand,  and  fetch  very  high  prices. 

The  Johannisbergcr  stands  at  the  head  of  the  Rhine  wines.     It  has  a  very  choice  flavour  | 
and  perfume,  and  ]i  characterised  by  an  almost  total  want  of  acidity.     The  vir;eyard  is  (he 
property  of  Prince  Metternich.     The  Steinbergcr  ranks  next  to  the  Johannisljerger.    It  is 
the  strongest  of  all  the  Rhenish  wines,  and  in  favourable  years  has  much  flavour  and  | 
delicacy. 

The  produce  of  certain  vineyards  on  the  banks  of  the  Moselle,  is  of  superior  qualily, 
The  liettcr  sorts  arc  clear  and  dry,  with  a  light  pleasant  flavour  and  high  aroma ;  but  they  I 
sometimes  contract  a  slaty  taste,  from  the  strata  on  which  they  grow,     'i'hey  arrive  at  ma- 
turity in  5  or  6  years ;  though  when  made  in  a  favourable  season,  they  will  keep  twice  that  I 
time,  without  experiencing  any  deterioration. — {Henderson,  p.  226.) 

Tokay, — so  called  from  a  town  in  Hungary,  near  which  it  is  produced, — is  but  lilllel 
known  in  England.  It  is  luscious,  possessing  at  the  same  time  a  high  degree  of  flavour  anJI 
aroma.     It  is  scarce  and  dear ;  and  very  apt  to  be  counterfeited. 

Marsala. — 'i'he  Sicilian  white  wine  called  Marsala,  from  the  town  (the  ancient  Jyilybn;uni) 
whence  it  is  shipped,  and  near  which  it  is  made,  is  now  pretty  largely  consumed  in  EnalniiJij 
the  entries  for  home  consumption  having  increased  from  79,686  gallons  in  1823,  to  ;)I2.( 
in  1833;  an  extraordinary  increase,  particularly  when  it  is  considered  thatdiirina;  the,same| 
period  the  consumption  of  most  sorts  of  wine  has  i  ecn  nearly  stationary.  Marsala  is  adiyi 
wine  ;  the  best  qualities  closely  resembling  the  lighter  sorts  of  Madeira;  but  the  iiicreasinjl 
demand  for  it  seems  to  be  owing  as  much  to  its  cheapness  as  to  any  peculiarity  of  qualiiy.f 
It  is,  however,  an  agreeable  dinner  wine.  Marsala  has  been  brought  to  its  ])resent  siateofi 
perfection  and  repute  by  the  care  and  exertions  of  2  Englishmen,  the  Messrs.  W'loilhnuseJ 
established  in  Sicily,  who  have  an  extensive  factory  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Miiisala,  Tlie| 
wine  iu  shipped  in  large  quantities  for  America ;  whence  a  considerable  quantity  is  againl 


WINE. 


747 


I  hichCT  price,  but  is  in  all  re. 
nlilious  »l)iril  is  dissipated  m 

kc  the  ancient  viTitn?,Ps  of  thu 
,r  qualiiies  unimpmr.  J  in  both  - 
,vii.g  ns  they  ailvancc  in  age. 
,vc  been  kept  for  10  yrars  m 
t  time  in  bottle:  and  rv...  then 
thev  are  HUsceptible.  \^  hen  of 

I  ihfir  original  harf^hncss,  mi 
,ich  was  80  highly  praed  in  tho 
lesa  of  flavour  with  an  cxcepj- 
■h  is  often  very  marked,  is  not 
almonds,  but  is  inherent  in  the 

n  England.  The  growth  of  the 
i-h  a  considerable  (piantity  ^m 
s  a  fnshionaMe  wine  in  EnulanJ 
kree  quantities  of  spurious  trash 
riris  naturally  brought  the  wine 
ic  fashionable  white  wmo.  It  is 
actiscd  to  a  greater  extent  upon 
tv  entered  for  home  consumption 
!y  entered  for  home  consunn.uon 

is  made  from  grapes  grown  on 
lyg,  and  allowed  to  remain  on  Ihe 

e  capital  of  the  island,  in  lat.  32° 

Lisbon.  ,  .  ,  .       , 

n —resembles  Madeira,  and  is  not 

II  body  and  rich  flavour  of  the  best 

o  England  are  principally  proJuceil 

.e  wines  constitute  a  distinct  ovdfr 

nes,  and  are  characterised  l.y  a  dell- 

h  is  quite  peculiar  to  them  and  of 

intion.    A  notion  prevails  th«l  they 

so-  but  this  is  not  the  cnnslant 

no  perceptible  acidity  in  the  mto, 

owths  of  warmer  regions.    Their 

nade  in  '^arm  dry  years  arc  aUvays  | 


at  ma- 


ICC 


thai 


nncs.    It  has  a  very  choice  flavom 

Irt  of  acidity.    The  vineyard  is  b 

next  to  the  Johannisherscr.    It  i 

kbie  years  has  much  ilavour  anJ 

the  Moselle,  is  of  superior  quality. 
flavour  and  high  aroma;  but  ta 
U  they  grow.     Tlv^y  arrive 
jble  season,  they  will  keep  tw 

'rhidriH!"  proJ"cod,--i.  hut  lh.le 
ctL  a  high  degree  of  Ilavour  anJ 

^i::twn  (the  ancient  Lg-j; 
pretty  largely  consumed. nb.^ 
,79  686  gallons  m  1823,  to. iU.JJJ 

ls;onsideredthatdnrin..ho>- 
nearly  stationary.  Marsabi>-a  ry 
orts  of  Madeira;  but  the  .ncreas,ng| 


of  qiialiiy. 


^ess  as  to  any  peculiarity 

J  been  brought  to  its  pre.enU»^^^^ 

t„glishn.en,  the  ^^^^^fV 
rhc  neighbourhood  ol  M.i  ««'«.  I 
tec  a  considerable  quantity  is  aga.J 


conveyed  to  the  West  Indies,  where  it  ia  not  unfrcquently  disposed  of  as  real  Ma- 
deira. 

With  the  exception  of  Marsala,  very  iittio  wine  either  of  Sicily  or  Italy  is  imported  into 
Englund.  TKe  wines  of  those  countries  are,  indeed,  witiiout,  perhafis,  a  single  exception, 
very  inferior  to  those  of  France.  The  natives  bestow  no  care  ujion  the  culture  of  llio  vine  ; 
and  their  IgnDrance,  obslinucy,  and  want  of  skill  in  the  preparation  of  wine,  are  said  to  bo 
almost  iiicredilile.  In  some  districts,  the  art  is,  no  doubt,  better  understood  than  in  others; 
but  had  the  Falerniaii,  Cecuban,  and  other  famous  ancient  wines,  not  been  incomparably  bet- 
ter than  the  licst  of  those  that  are  now  produced,  they  never  would  have  elicited  the  glowing 
panegyrics  of  Horace. 

Wiiiex  of  Greece  and  Cijprns. — The  soil  in  most  parts  of  Greece  and  the  Grecian 
islands  is  admirably  fitted  for  the  growth  of  the  vitic;  and,  in  anlic^uity,  they  produced  soin« 
of  the  choicest  wines.  Hut  the  rapacity  of  the  'I'urks,  and  the  insecurity  of  person  and  pro- 
perty that  has  always  prevailed  under  their  miserable  government,  has  eirectually  prevented 
[he  careful  cultivation  of  tho  vine  ;  and  has  occasioned,  in  many  places,  its  total  abandon- 
inent.  It  may,  however,  be  fairly  presumed,  now  that  Greece  has  emancipated  herself  fronr. 
the  iron  yoke  of  her  oppressors,  that  the  culture  of  the  vine  will  attract  some  portion  of  that 
attention  to  which  it  is  justly  entitled ;  and  that,  at  no  disitant  period,  wine  will  form  an  im- 
portant article  of  export  from  Greece. 

Nowhere,  perhaps,  has  the  destructive  influence  of  Turkish  barbarism  and  misgovcrnment 
been  so  a|)parent  as  in  Candia  and  Cyprus.    While  these  2  renowned  and  noble  islands  were 
possessed  by  the  Venetians,  they  supplied  all  Europe  with  the  choicest  dessert  wines.    Bacci 
affirms,  that  towards  the  end  of  tho  16th  century,  Candia  sent  annually  200,000  casks  of 
malmsey  to  the  Adriatic ;  whereas  at  present  it  hardly  produces  sufficient  to  supply  the 
wants  of  its  few  impoverished  inhabitants. — {Henderson,  p.  243.)     The  wines  of  Cyprus, 
particularly  those  produced  from  the  vineyard  called  the  (Jomniandery,  from  its  having  be- 
longed to  the  Knights  of  Malta,  were  still  more  highly  esteemed  ttian  those  of  Crete.     In 
the  earlier  part  of  last  century,  the  total  produce  of  the  vintage  of  the  island  was  supposed 
10  amount  to  above  2,00^,000  gallons,  of  which  nearly  J  was  exported  ;  but  now,  the  wine 
grown  and  exported  does  not  amount  to  1-lOth  part  of  these  quantities!     The  oppression 
of  which  they  have  been  the  victims,  has  reduced  the  peasantry  to  the  extreme  of  indigence. 
The  present  population  of  tlie  island  is  not  supposed  to  exceed  60,000, — a  number  insufli- 
cient  to  have  peopled  one  of  its  many  ancient  cities  ;  and  small  as  this  number  is,  it  is  con- 
stantly diminishing  by  the  inhabitants  availing  themselves  of  every  opportunity  of  emigrating. 
Recently  Cyprus  has  passed  into  the  hands  of  Mohammed  Ali ;  but  unless  the  Pacha  esta- 
blishes a  dilferent  government  in  it  from  what  he  has  established  in  Egypt,  the  mis(Tablo 
inhabitants  will  gain  nothing  by  the  change, — (There  is  a  brief  but  good  account  of  Cyprus 
[aKmneir\s  Travels  in  Asia  Minor,  4-c.  pp.  176 — 197.) 

Cape  Wines, — Of  the  remaining  wines  imported  into  England,  those  of  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  form  the  largest  proportion ;  the  quantity  annually  entered  for  home  consump- 
tion being  about  540,000  Imperial  gallons.     The  famous  Constantia  wine  is  the  produce  of 
Scontiguous  farms  of  that  name,  at  the  base  of  Table  Mountain,  between  8  and  9  miles  from 
Cape  Town.     The  wine  is  very  rich  and  luscious;  though,  according  to  Dr.  Henderson,  it 
j'ieiils,  in  point  of  flavour  and  aroma,  to  the  muscadine  wines  of  Languedoc  and  Roussillon. 
But,  wuh  this  exception,  most  of  the  Cape  wines  brought  to  England  have  an  e.irthy  dis- 
agreeable taste,  are  often  acid,  want  flavour  and  aroma,  and  are,  in  fact,  altogether  execrable. 
And  yd  this  vile  trash,  being  the  produce  of  a  British  possession,  enjoys  peculiar  advan- 
tages in  our  markets ;  for  while  the  duty  on  Cape  wine  is  only  2.v.  9(/.  a  gallon,  that  on  all 
other  wines  is  5s,  6d.     The  consequences  of  this  unjust  preference  are  doubly  mischievous: 
in  Ihe  first  place  it  forces  the  importation  of  an  article  of  which  little  is  directly  consumed, 
but  which  is  extensively  employed  as  a  convenient  menstruum  for  adulterating  and  degrad- 
ing sherry,  Madeira,  and  other  good  wines  ;  and,  in  tho  second  place,  it  prevents  the  improve- 
ment of  the  wine;  for,  while  the  legislature  thinks  fit  to  give  a  bounty  on  the  importation 
of  so  inferior  an  article,  is  it  to  be  supposed  that  the  colonists  should  exert  themselves  to  pro- 
Joce  any  thing  belter  ■?     It  is  not  easy  to  imagine  a  more  preposterous  and  absurd  regula- 
tion.   The  act  enforcing  it  ought  to  be  entitled,  an  act  for  the  adulteration  of  wines  in  Great 
Britain,  and  for  encouraging  the  growth  of  bad  wine  in  the  Cape  colony  ! 

Connimption  of  Wine  in  Great  Britain.  Dulien. — We  have  repeatedly  had  occasion,  in  the  course  of 
I  this  wnrk,  to  call  Ihe  reader's  allentioii  to  Ihe  iiijurldus  (ipcratlou  of  iineiinal  and  oxDrliitant  duties. 
jPerliapi,  limvever,  the  trade  in  wine  has  suffered  iiinre  from  this  c.inse  than  any  oilier  departineiil  of 
linduslry.  We  have  already  endeavoured  to  (ininl  out  some  of  Ihe  effects  resiil ting  from  the  ineiiualily 
Iff  llif  duties,  or  from  the  preference  so  long  tjiven  to  the  inferior  wines  of  Portugal  and  Spain  over 
Itlip  superior  wines  of  France.  Htil  the  exorbitance  of  the  duties  was,  if  possible,  still  more  objeition- 
|*tlHn  the  partial  ;)rinciple  on  which  Ihey  were  imposed.  It  appears  frcuii  the  subjoined  Table, 
litat  iliiring  the  3  years  ending  with  179J,  when  ihe  duty  on  French  wines  was  3,s.  Oi/.,  and  on  I'ortu- 
Ijuescivfii/.  p,r  wine  jjallon,  the  consumption  in  Great  Itritain  amounted,  at  an  average,  to  7,110,917 
Ipllniis  a  year,  producing  about  '.10l),00((/.  of  revenue.  It  is  probable,  had  the  increase  taken  place 
lltrii'im/fir,  tliat  thi.se  di-.ties  might  have  been  doubled  without  any  material  diminution  of  consumption 
lBuiml79j  ami  17'J0  they  were  raised  to  Hs.  M.  per  gallon  uu  French,  and  to  j^.  %id.  per  gallon  OD 


748 


WINE. 


c: 

M      ■ 


o 


PortiiRtinRfl  and  flpnnlih  wir.n)    nnd  ('he  cntmeqiiRncn  of  thii  indilRn  nnil  Inordinate  Incrrnin,  m 

•  xlnldtiMJ  In  the  Tnble,  wnH.thnt  lli«  cniiiiini|)Uon  fell  from  nniirly  7,()(H),m)0  giillonn  In  I7US,  to  »,7;t'i,:w3 
Kiillunn  In  I71K>,  anil  (o  :i,U70,U<)i  In  17117!  Ilm  thiN  niiiuiMWi-riililti  iliinioniilrniliin  of  tlio  rnlnnn>  cH'cctij 
of  liRHvy  nnri  indilen  iidcllllonH  to  llii!  diilicH  iliil  not  jiriivvnt  tlxtin  In^inil  riiUiMl,  In  IHOI,  to  I  In.  .')ld  on 
Krencli,  nnd  to  7<.  HU.  on  I'ortUKHOHi'  nnd  H|iunl).|i  wine.  Tlii!y  continncd  nt  iIiIh  rniu  till  l^'ii ;  nnd 
■urh  wiiH  tlii-lr  inlliii-ncu,  lliiit,  nolwltliHtandlMii  tlii!  viml  InrrtMinK  of  w»;illli  iitid  |in|Milallon  ■liiro  I7U()^ 
und  till)  Kvni'rnI  linprnvfiiii'iit  In  tliii  Htyli.'  of  liviiifr,  tlii>  toliil  ('oiiKiiiniilloii  of  wine,  iliirinK  the  II  yi^nti 

vndinv  wllli  iyi4,  anioiiiitiMl,  lit  nil  avt-rniru,  I ly  5,'.tlH,7(>7  RnlloiiH  a  yi'nr ;  hnliiK  no  It'iigtliuii  V.ingjM) 

Ifiilloni  iinilfr  tliu  nnniial  r<>nHiiiii|<lli>ii  of  tin-  3  yi-iirH  enillnu  witli  I7'J3:  It  niiiy,  IhiTi'rort!,  I>i!  truly 
xnid,  ninkliiK  nllownnci.'  for  llu;  InircnHu  of  |ii>|iiilntion,  that  thecuiisumpiion  ufwliie  in  Ortat  BrtlumfcU 
off  more  lliati  fifty  ptr  ttnl.  bftiteen  l7U(lnii(l  Ih'il! 

ILiil  >Mr.  Vnimlitart  coMllniird  In  powi'r, li  iHillltinilt  to  «ny  whpnthl«pyiti>ni  nilnht  hnvR  ternilnnled; 
hilt  no  HooiKtr  had  Mr.  itol)in!i''n  (now  l.iiril  Ki|iiiii)  Iiocoiid'  (Miain  rllor  of  iht*  i':xch('qii«;r,  than  he 
ri!Hii|vfd  ii|ion  iliu  L'trrcliiitl  ri'tliu'ii.n  of  lln;  wiiir  iliitirn.  In  piirHiiaiDU  of  llils  wIki>  dt'ti'riiiliiiiHnn, 
Mr.  KoliliiHon  took,  In  IH'i'j,  ni.Mi'lv  ?()p<Tri!nl.  from  llii'  pri'vii>ii!<lv  i:\iHliiiK  iIiiIIi-h  ;  and  lioivvithaiaiuj.' 
inn  tin;  uplrlt  dullcti  wi^ri-  at  the  ^.lllll'  tiling  ri^cliiccil  In  a  hlill  ciiMitrr  ilriirct',  llie  roiixiiinpliiin  of  wine 
III  (iri-al  llrlt'iln  liiH  licm  Ini'rvam'd  from  lilllr  iiiori'  tliaii  'l.l.'jO.dDO  lo  iiliont  5,'i(lll,ll(IO  Impt'riai  vullKnn, 
whili!  till!  loHH  of  rHVi'iiiin  IniH  hern  lint  Im  niiHiilt^raiilr.  \\i:  nrr,  Ihcrurori-,  Jiitilith-d  In  iilhriiiiiii,'  \\,ni 
■  Ills  nieavnrn  IniH  Im-imi  v<:ry  HUCceHufiil,  und  that  it  it  a  inoi>l  vulnalili;  KXumplHof  thu  tiupvrlor  pruiluc- 
liveni'cs  of  low  diith'a.* 

The  dntion,  na  rediircd  hy  Mr.  Ilohinfon,  wore  7<.  3(/.  per  Imperlnl  pnllon  on  French  wini's,  4,s,  \nj 
[icr  do.  on  nil  other  fori'iirn  winrn,  and  'if.  !til.  on  those  of  the  Cape  of  (fooil  Hope.  They  riinliniind  (in 
ihlH  footiiiE  till  the  ei|iiali8ntinii  net  (I  &  2  Wil.  1.  e.  HO  ),  wlilrh  inipo8es  u  duty  of  in.  6'd.  per  Inipurial 
Calliin  on  all  foreign  wlneH,  nnd  of  "U.  ()>/.  on  those  of  the  Tape. 

lint  the  ei|iiall9Ulinn  etIVcled  hy  IIiIh  act  oniihl  not  lo  have  been  hronght  ahoiil  liy  addliiL'  any  lhin» 
to  the  diitiex  on   port,  Hherry,  li.c.,  hiit  e.vi-liiNlvely  hy  reiliicintf  those  on  I'reiK  h  wineK  lo  ihn'r  hfvi'j. 
The  Mill  joined  Tahlcs  nhow  that  tiiu  eoiiHiinipllon  of  »'ine  In  the  Ihiiied  Klncdom  was  alioiil  Hlaljuiiury 
from  lh'2t)  lo  Wi\  ;  and  the  addition  of  ^d.  a  ).mIIoii,  that  wax  tlien  made  to   'lie  iliilieM  on  all  aim^  ,if 
forei;,'li  wine  except  I'reiich,  from  which  l.i.  '.W.  was  ilediicled,  appiars  lo   li  ive  Henslhly  alliMicd  lliii 
rniiHii  nipt  ion  of  \KVl.     (Consider  iii|{,  indeed,  I  he  liicreaHiiiK  weallli  anil  popiilailon  of  ihe  llrllisli  einplre 
und  Ihe  more  generally  dill'iised  iihi.' of  wine,  Hie  Hiiiall  liicreiige  of  ilie  ipiunlitles  reialiied  for  cmii-iinip.' 
tinn  Is  not  a  iitlle  mirpriEiiiii;.     A  Rood  deal   is,  we  helieve,  ascrihahle  lo  ailnlteratiuii.     It  Ih  ii  riujn 
however,  that  the  diilien  are  xtill  loo  liiuli ;  hut  they  are  principally  ohjeciioiiahle  from  Ihe  iiinile  ni' 
their  nHsesHiiient.     Tin-  Iraile  will   never  he  placed  on  a  proper  foiiiin).'  till  liie  duly  is  imposed  i.n  an 
ad  riiliirciii  principle.     '1  lie  imposiiion  of  the  same  duly  on  Inferior  and  cheap  wines,  worlli  Id/,  ii  hues. 
head,  as  on  the  choicest  HiiriJinidy  and  Cliampairne,  worlh  VH.  or  lid/,  a  lioiislieud,  is  so  utterly  suhvifr- 
nlve  of  all  principle,  that  one  Is  astoiiished  it  should  he  maintained  fir  an  jiistaiil.     Its  nlisiiriliiy  uniilil 
not  he  exceeded,  were  Ihe  same  duty  charijed  on  small  heer  Ihal  is  cliaiL'ed  on  gin  I     The  '  Ml  r'tdiHn^ 
apparently  e(|iial,  lint  really  muni  uncijitid  duly,  is  to  exclude  all  low  priced  wines  from  Hit-  Iviifjijsli 
markets;  nnd  lo  deprive  the  midille  classes  of  Ihe  );ratilicalion  ih'rivalile 'from  llieir  Use.    Ciiiniiier- 
clally  speakinR,  llordeaiix  Is  much  nearer  I.ondon  than  I'aris  :  and,  Inil  for  this  preposleroii.s  iijslrin 
the  cheap  wines  of  the  Ulronde,  I.anciiedoc,  and   I'rovence  init'lit  be  honplit  here  iil  a  less  price  tliaii 
in  most  parts  of  France.     Were  it  necessary  for  the  sake  of  revenue  to  coiitlniie  the  prescni  sysleiii  it 
might  be  reliiclunlly  siihmiiled  to;  but  it  is  nlinniliinlly  certain,  that  u  fairly  assessed  ud  r»/ur(»i  diiiv 
Would,  liy  incri^asiii!!  the  consiimplion  of  the  middle  classes,  yield  a  niiicli  liirirer  amount  of  revi'niii; 
than  Is  produced  l>y  llic  constant  duty  :  and  It  is  not  to  he  endured,  that  the  trade  of  the  ciiiiiiiryshntilij 
he  deeply  Injured,  and  the  enjoyinenis  of  Ihe  jirout  hnlk  of  the  cominnnity  malerially  impuiii'd,  fur  no 
purpose  of  public  iitilily,  but  merely  that  injustice  and  alisurdily  may  be  prolonged  '.     It  Issiiid,  inilecil 
tlint  the  imposition  of  an  ad  ralnrem  duly  would  lend  to  Hie  commission  of  fraud  ;  but  we  liiivi.'  bci>n' 
assured,  liy  those  familiar  with  the  customs,  that  such   precautions  mlpht  easily  he  adopied  iis  wimld 
prevent  any  danger  on  Ihls  head.     Am!  Ihoiigli  it  weri'  otherwise— Ihoiigh  a  few  llioiisand  ualldlisnf 
wine  were  udniilled  for  home  consuii  pllon  at  a  soniewli.it  lower  duty  than  they  oiight  to  have  pald- 
the  injury  would  be  of  the  most  trivial  kind,  nnd  would  hardly,  indeed,  deserve  a  moment's  iitlentinn. 
In  the  United  Stales,  most  duties  nre  Imposed  on  nn  ad  valorem  piinciple ;  and  it  is  nut  alleged  llial 
any  real  dilhciilly  has  to  be  encountered  in  their  collecllon. 

Vonmimplidn  of  Hive  in  Ireland.     Dolus. — In  n'Jd,  the  dulicg  on  wine  roiigiimed  in  Irclfiml  H?r« 
considerahly  below  the  level  of  those  imposed  in  (ireal  lirilain,  and  the  nveraiie  annual  ip.'iinlity  of 
all  sorts  retained  for  home  consumption  in  that  coiinlry  amounted  to  about  I,llid,()dO  Imperial  jialiiiiis, 
producing  about  138,000/.  a  year  of  revenue.     Had  those  to  whom  the  government  of  Irclnnd  was 
intrnsled  possessed  the  slightest  knowledge  of  the  merest  clemenls  of  finance,  or  of  the  ciiiiditiiin  of 
the  Irish  people,  they  would  not  have  nltempted  to  add  to  the  public  revenue  by  augmenlini;  ilieiliiiivs 
on  wine.     Owing  to  the  limiled  number  of  the  middle  classes  in  Ireland,  an  increase  of  duty  cnnld  not 
be  expected  lo  he  productive  ;  nnd  thou"!!!  it  has  yielded  50,000/.,  or  even  100,000/.  a  year  iidilJiJDnal 
revenue,  that  would  have  been  no  cnmpensalion  for  the  Injiiiy  it  was  sure  lo  do  In  checking  (lie  dii'- 
fusion  of  that  taste  for  the  luxuries  and  enjoyinenis  so  essential  to  Ihe   improvement  of  the  |ii'ii|il». 
])ut  those  who  had  to  administer  the  ntVuirs  of  Ireland  were  insensible  to  such  conBideralim.s;  and 
never  doubted  that  3  and  2  make  4  In  ihe  arithmetic  of  Hie  customs  ns  well  us  in  Cnckcrl    i^iicli, 
indeed,  was  their  almost  iniredible  rapacity,  that  In  the  interval   between  1701  nnd  1814,  llicy  r;ii-ed 
the  duty  on   French  wine  from  33/.  7s.  a  tun  to  144/.  ~a.  (id.  ;  und  Hint   on  port  from  'iil.  4s.  H.  mil}/, 
lis.!     This  was  a  much  more  rapid  increase  than  had  taken   place  in  England;  and  as  the  loiindy 
was  far  less  able  to  bear  even  the  same  increase,  the  conseiiuences  have  been  proportionally  tiiifcliliv- 
ens.     In  1815,  the  i|iinntlty  of  wine  retained  for  home  consumption  in  Ireland  had  declined,  iioiwiih- 
(Standing  the  popululinn  had  been  doubled,  to  008,000  Imperial  gallons,  or  to  about /ni// llie  (inuniiiy 
consumed  in  17U0;  nnd  in  18*24,  the  consumption  hud  fallen  tu  4U7,00U  gallons,  while  the  revenue  only 
amounted  to  185,000/.  ! 

It  is  unnecessary  to  make  any  commentary  on  such  stalemenls.  But  it  is  mortifying  tn  rellcct,  lhal 
the  legislature  of  a  civilised  counlry  like  Great  lirilain  should  have  obstinalely  persevered  in  siidi 
a  system  for  nhoiit  ^  of  a  century.  We  venture  lo  adirm,  that  those  who  ransack  Hie  liiiaia  l.il  nnnali 
of  Turkey  and  Spain,  will  find  nothing  in  lliem  evincing  in  every  purl  greater  rapacily,  l)!iior:iiire, 
and  contemut  for  the  public  interest,  than  is  displayed  in  the  history  of  Irish  taxation  fromn'JOlo 
1619. 

The  reduction  of  the  duties  in  1825  has  nearly  dovhhd  the  consumption  of  wine  in  Ireland,  and  liai 
added  considernbly  to  the  revenue.  The  duties  are  still,  however,  oppressively  high  ns  ciiinpiirpd  »:lh 
the  means  ot  the  population;  und  hence,  noiuilhstnnding  the  population  of  Ireland  has  niorelhan 
doubled,  and  the  wealth  of  the  country  been  materially  increased  in  the  interval,  the  quantity  of  wine 

*  An  article  in  (he  Edinburgh  Review,  Nn.  80.,  contribnied  to  bring  about  this  measure.  iJeealso| 
an  excellent  tract  on  the  /line  Trade,  by  Mr.  Warrc,  published  in  1824. 


WINE. 


740 


,,000  B.ilW.nH   '     '"»  ,         ,,|«U 
,„llihHiav.>lfrni|niiieili 

"      ^..         .       ......     tliriii    ha 


»„  rrvnrll  wIni'K,  Is.  lOii, 
•ht  nliiiut  I'V  iiil'Hii!-'  niiy  lhin« 


lilt  pop 


iiUiiii'i'" 


f  llK!  liriliHliciuiiire, 


,,,„  ,o  „.U.lt.:rati..".     II  iH  ..:ri,.m, 


;;;,Vui.H....'«'«..a.iea0.rn„iM,n,i,. 

iiv  „iij.'.in>im»;i<; 
(1 1  li 


duly  la  liiipiisi'il  I'"  I'll 
Hi\vim'f.> 


irlv  at^sfi-HiHl  ..(1  VHhnmAm 

niiiiiM.i..iy  "  ■  ,     ji  ^  siiiil,  iiideeit, 

"'''■>■ ''^''nff  urn      1>>^^^ 
''"%Ci.ai'ewUw..i.»..|l..ll..l.';f 

!«'—"""''•        ,l,..v  OlIClll  111     11'^''  l'''"'~ 

fr;:rucSe;-'aili-noluUc«eaU,a, 


fg  nnwine^ooi^^^^^^  annual  ciimnin.yf 


„.  III.,  covt     ^_^„,-„,ptiin(lili"nof 


retained  ftir  hom»«  ronmimptlnn  In  17W.  "'Trppiloil  thai  ri'lalnfil  fur  the  •nnm  piirpod*  in  1RS9,  by  more 

than  ■1110,(1111)  liii|irri»l  KalloiiK  !  'riii>  lri«li  ar<' partlrutiirly  jiIIik  in  il  in  l''ri>nrh  wirii'a  ;  niul  Hupponlnf 
ltii>  liiKy  WiTi'  llxi'il  Ml  III  ad  vnlnnm  iiriiiriplr,  no  lliat  it  sliniiM  hi-  ;i,  I'ul.m  Ir  a  Kallnii  nn  llir  liner 
wliii'!<,  wi-  liiivi-  nil  iImiiIiI  »liiiii!vi-r  Ihul  lli<>  rniiaiiiiiplidti  wiiulil  hi.'  s[H.-L'(llly  (IkiiIiIl-iI  or  irulilvil,  nut 
(iiily  111  Iri'liinil,  liiit  almi  In  llrltaiii.     Wv  Miihjniii 

An  Account  of  the  QiinnlltlriR  of  nil  Hnrtu  of  WIup  retBlned  for  rnniiuinption  In  Intt.ANO,  durtiiB  the 
Knur  Yuiira  I'liilliiK  with  1^38,  nniloi°ili>'  Ni'it  lt"vi'titi>'  accrtniiK  ihfireon. 


anit  the 

(Ml  II' 

linm  ihB  B" 

'*""*  "'' Iml^' hv  lU'R"''''''"''!  ""^ '"""■' 
llilic  f«V        i    rro-  «!■  of  limy  tnuliiiwil 

|0^."'«\^    ,"    do   nclVcl^in^tl-eilif- 
il  W09  sine  to  i_o  ;;;^,„  „,•  „„,  p,,,,,,!. 


ui  tl.at  on  port  fr-   ., 


'\,:'Eil^ll^'w»nda..li«eou,,,-y| 


Vnn. 


18. 'D 

18 '0 


Hi'tii  1 1  fur 
(otiiutijitioii. 

/mil.  (Ml, 
19S'iOR 
7i7,8-4 


Hrvetiiip. 


ISI,I44 

nz.itii 


Vmi«. 


Ri'i  iineil  fur 
Coiiftuiti|itinit. 


llflvniiM. 


IMI 

mii 


tmv,  (iatt, 
liT.I'l 
Tti9,319 


L 

IM.iltD 


IlutcR  (if  duly  iainc  In  Ireland  oi  In  Great  Itritain,  since  INI  1. 

.Iiliitleriitii^n  of  (Cine. — VVii  liavn  alrrady  iiIIiiiIimI  lo  iIiIr  pranlrn.     It  wan  prnnenilpd  Xn  n  very  Rrrnt 

ixlitnt  pri.'viiiiixly  In  tliR  rudiii.tlnii  nf  tlii'  iIiiIU'h  in  l^'J.'i,  and  is  Hiill  vi'ry  I'nr  IViiiii  lioiiiu  Hii|i|'r<".>iid.  It 
liuK  lii'i'ii  alllriiii'it,  Inn  vvi*  nrii  iTirliiicil  In  Kiisprct  tin'  hIiiIi'Iiii'IiI  nf  cMictlir'Ulnii,  iliat  at  tin-  iiniiiicnt 
iMMie  lliaii  II  r/iii'i/ iilalJ  Mill  Hlwrry  t'liiisiiiiii'il  In  Lniiilnii  Ik  tliii  prndiiri' nriliii /nn'c  pron,  Inilri'd, 
viiiii'H  arr  rviTy  day  uirrnil  f  ir  Hall' at  prliin  at  wliirli  iivi-ry  iiiin  riinviT.saiit  Willi  ll'^  ir.iili^  l<iiiiwi« 
tlii'y  I'diilil  iiiii  III'  uririliiil  wiirii  iliiiy  ({iMiiiini'.  Mr.  MiM^iwinid  WilliaiiiB  Iiub  uivun,  ill  liiit  viiliiable 
niiiiplili't  on  >lin  II  nir.  I'raile  (\H'i\),  Hiiiiie  oiirlotH  ilrlails  on  IIiIh  Hiiliji'i:t. 

TIKI  iiii|i<'  'ilinii  ot'tlic  iliiliiM  on  uii  ,1(1  vatnrem  priin'l|ili',  liy  alliiwin^'  eRiiiiInc  wiiin  to  lin  sold  at  a  low 
fiici',  woiiM  pill  an  rirnrtiial  ntnp  In  tlii;  prarlici'.-i  (if  tin'  aiiiillcralnrs.  The  iinrcaM'  oi"  thi'  ilnlii's  in 
ihi:  rn'Bii'^  "l'  \\'illiaiii  and  Aiini'  lirnt  gave  liirtli  to  ilm  distruililaMt'  l'rai(.'riiliy— (sec  a  ciiiimm  paper 
iif  .ViMi'tiin'H,  'I'tiflcr,  Nil.  131  );  ami  it  will  coiilliiuo  to  tlourish  as  lung  as  the  duties  are  inulnUiiiiiid  oil 
lliclr  presfiiit  I'lintiliif. 

Tim  only  aiii'iirliy  aKainut  hiiiiig  iinpn^nd  upon,  i^^  to  deal  only  with  rf^Kpiictalilii  hntisr'H;  with  lliORe 
liri/i'ly  i!>it;aK<'il  ill  llii'  Iradn;  and  lo  wliom  it  ii-piilalinn  for  sdllini;  ^dud  wlnu  U  uf  tun  liiiicu  niuie 
iiiipiirlaiicu  than  any  tiling  thuy  could  e.\puct  to  iiiaku  liy  adulluratlon. 

Icroiint  nf  the  Qiinnlity  of  French  and  other  Sorts  of  Wine  retained  for  Home  fonoiiinplion  in  (in  eat 
IIHITAIN  from  ITH'J  to  lt<l32;  Hpt'cifyiiii;  thi!  Triiducu  of  tlio  Duty,  and  the  Itates  of  Duty  thernon. 


liei.  have  l.een   '»     '    ''   j,„, ,,  ,„„»ilh. 
Iptii.n  in  l.«  ""'!>;«„' ;VliiM,iuiim.y 

L     Butitisn^r.i<V;;^^«^-!!n:;S 
Uioi^e  who  f'>"f."',;  !;,,,, eity.  isunrnnfe, 

h:i:j;3^ofSSo.^o".'^^>i 

„.sun,p.ionofwineinl...^;Mndl.. 
„er,  oppressively  h.tl«    «  „,„'„,„„  than  I 

fceK^i^i:;;e;iai:thnua...i.yofwii..| 


,.,  bring  about  this  meaiiuve. 
la  in  1»'^1- 


Bee  also  I 


1 

'an.  1 

Quaiilitiiii  rrlxiiif'l  Tor  Iliiliie 
C(iiiiuiii|ilioii. 

Rilis  u 

Duly. 

Kelt  Itevenue 

1 

• 

b*-^ 

. 

French. 

OlherSiirti.      Tolil. 

i 

French, 

ileira. 

Si.-— 

Rhen- 
iih. 

Cape. 

Other 

Sorli. 

French.    .Other  Sorli. 

ToUI. 

,       ll'ilW 

ICi/ie     1      mill 

ll'iiie 

H'liic 

ir.iie 

Il'iiit 

II-,  11,1 

Ifiiie 

L.       !         L. 

1 

L. 

(/(iJtoiii. 

iitiiliint.   1    Gailunt. 

Uall. 

Cliill. 

Uall. 

(lull. 

(.'III'. 

Gall. 

\:^       23 1,299 

5,i'<n.3ll8    /i.8l4.66i 

3    9 

i  s!!. 

>     c  I  1     1      1 

2    6f^4     1 

!  112-3 

3    9 

38,549            fi«l,9'19 

721,518 

U-0       2I«.1'4 

l<,24)9-3    (>,4  2.3  ,3 

. 

. 

41,3.52             779,2'ni 

820,562 

i-qi     ,    I  O.SM 

7,1(17,137    7,d)d,.':B 

• 

• 

• 

4J.4I7 

8,l„15l 

916,769 

i;j2    1    J03,727 

--T*Ml    hn'"2,2J9 

• 

fn,B!i3 

959,9,1 

1.019,64,5 

i:jj    I    iW.lbO 

».63l,7ali 

C,f<9  1.910 

« 

• 

. 

3ll,30S 

66(1,3-7 

f  91 '686 

1791  ;    mm 

6.7ll",in2 

6.7'III.2W 

• 

• 

14.4-7    1         7Si,536 

7!5.l'21 

iTJi        ll'^.W 

6,S' 18,534 

6,927,121 

6"li 

4     1  1.6 

4     116  5    8 

1    623 

'■    4 

5.,i79          1.37.5.113 

l.4:)0,T22 

VM         5(I,>HI 

.-.,tiSl,iU2 

5,732,3^3 

8    6 

5     814 

5    814  7    3 

1     13-4 

6  II 

25,253          1,131,210 

1,15(1,523 

'   t    F.xcew  nf 

) 

\;r,\     e«l'i'r'>- 

S3,97'i,77:-.    3.970,901 

• 

• 

- 

36,222 

1,317,133 

1.383,665 

\ 

i,*H  |-»|J. 

r.,3,7 

4,7n.29r 

4.760,6,S7 

8    91 

3     II 

,t    919 

7    63  4 

6     3 

7    012 

33.247 

1.319,414 

1,372,661 

119) 

.^1.126 

4,7.!B,.'.0 

4.777,631 

• 

. 

31  3  6 

1,1.61.   10 

1.6-2.826 

itOO 

83,171 

7  H  li.4  1 

7.72S8?1 

• 

42,311 

1  924.i'7l 

1.1.67,213 

I'Ol 

141,613 

U.S64,lir 

7.006,310 

s'e 

I     81.4 

5    '91.4  7     3 

6     134 

6  II 

Sl,6-6 

1.9IIN310 

1,11!  2,097 

\«l 

I2!l.'«) 

t>.226  IS!' 

6,3ii,749 

8  10 

5  II  U 

5  ion 

7     7  1 '2 

6    33.4 

7    1 

61,514 

1,870.35  ■! 

1,91, 1-72 

IS))        I9;,l3li 

7,<IS'l.3  IIJ 

8,  l> 1,41 6 

10    4 

K  1114 

6  10  1-4 

,S     7  1-4 

ij  10  14  a  10  1-4 

7. ',103 

2,(169.252 

2, 14 1.3 -.6 

li«(      u.m\ 

4.Sli«,»l-> 

4,M",719 

II     ik 

7     7 

7    6 

•1    3 

7    6         7     6 

34,423 

1,77  1,899 

1,814.323 

'liCi      m,i)<3 

4,OI,'.ti-. 

I.S6..5M 

11   a 

7    8 

7    7 

9    4  1-2 

7     7 

7    7 

SI, 3-6     \      1.922,l'0 

2.(03.86<i 

\m     litj.wj 

5,7S  1.233 

5.936,23  i 

. 

- 

• 

91,813     1     2,22 ',615 

2  :>20,J'28 

'ISC7        hAII4 

ft,7fi2,22l 

5.922,:!37 

■ 

* 

■ 

89,139     1     2.2l5,n-.8 

■2.334,197 

,l«li        1S6,94I 

6,  21,^9^ 

6,408,031 

, 

• 

• 

I26,9J6          2, .'26,810 

2,3  .3,736 

,l!«9    1    12'.,  266 

5,6-2,821 

5,908,087 

• 

- 

- 

• 

■ 

• 

I"     The  npit    reccipt-i 
of  (Inly   on    Krenrh 

2,361,113 

ISO 

190,917 

G,GI4,3-,9 

6,903,2:6 

- 

• 

• 

• 

anil    other   ilescnp- 
tii'iis  nf  wine  cannot 

2,313,615 

!iiii 

63,221 

S,:97,633 

5,860,874 

• 

- 

■ 

• 

- 

• 

1  he  iiepar,ilely  !it,ileil  ! 
',  for  these  yeus,    in  { 

2,169,871 

'il!l3 

77,312 
156,747 

5,059,178 
4,531,821 

5,l3e,4[0 

4,7l«,'i(;8 

IG    5 

7    8 

7    7 

9    4  1-2 

2    613 

7    7 

cnnsciiiienr'e  of   the 

itc9tiiirlii)n    iif    tie 

ciHloiiis  records  by 

(.lire.                            ) 

1,911,352 
f  Custoniii 
^    U'corils 

ilfviriiyi"!. 

2.032.840 

I'Sll 

36,180 

4,911 1,783 

4.941,663 

It    5-7    8 

7    7 

9    4  12  2    61-3 

7    7 

7.3,18.-. 

l,959,6-'5 

\\i\\ 

y.  1.021 

S.6(iT,lll 

5,"I68.4S-. 

• 

. 

r22  662    - 

I.'I72,6I7 

2.195,299 

:;M6  1  1!  ,tir> 

4,294,182 

4.420.8M7 

. 

76,1146 

1,531,2  2 

I.6III.299 

!l<IT        lr,67l 

5,|i6.9il 

5,61 4,62  i 

87,475 

1,936,214 

2.0  3,-211 

,l-i«    !    2li(i,12l 

5.H73.nni 

6,139,490 

. 

155,370 

2,086,1110 

2.24l,'i;0 

iM)        Jl'..'>l(i 

4,:fl2,7,'>l 

4,97'<.600 

11  '51 

7    8 

7    7 

9    3      ,2613 

7    7 

126.617 

1,675,129 

I,8('2.i97 

li'Ji  .   Iki.nri 

4,Kl:,78i 

.5.fll9.'lbil  !         •    " 

I06,''92 

1.711,  01 

I.8I8,396 

il'il    1    I6i,-!!ll 

4,'-W,778'  5.0l6.,'i69  \ 

97.4''6 

I.70O.C04 

I.797.J9I 

il'!!   1    177,7r.-l 

4,  97,401  1  4,9'5,l,->9 

• 

104.425 

I,6''9.58S 

1,791.0  3 

iWl   1    |i>1,296 

f>,ini,ll4j  5,291,4  0 

106.982 

1,800,481 

I,' 07.41  6 

Ml   I    211.901 

6,274.''31     S479.73! 

117,202 

1, ".50,7  51 

1,967.9-3 

llii  ;   Ut,OI3 

8,l2l,97!l!  8,6j3,995 

0    0 

4     0 

4    U 

4    0        2    0       |4    0 

l(i(i.lS4 

1,648,869 

1,815,0.51 

Allowances  for  stoi-h  / 
ill  hand        •        •    5 

1,021,044 
791,009 

fmr.  CnU 

/mp.  Gall 

/mp.  Gull 

1 

— 

I1S8   !   j;6.816 

6.(1<I3,9«8;  6.4«0,8I4 

?             '' 

r  hnperifil  Gallint. 

107,192    1     I.IP2.SJ5 

1,2-0,118 

ll<r       MO.  171 

«.9il,639l   7.262.110 

>7    3     |4  in 

|4  m      |l  10      \2    3      |4  10  ■ 

,     ini.-09         1,724,010 

I.j2«,n50 

a     4M.3iii 

7.129,161 

7,5>O.H25 

)      eiiiul  to  the 

oriiier  duties  per  wine  gitlon. 

■     I36.02J     ;     l,3T0.('9" 

1.5(16,  22 

l'«      316,911 

h  \K\\,»lfi 

5,421,743 

113,980     :     I,IT^.5.'2 

I.2il2.4('2 

TO       2l»i,0<5 

.M'O.e^h 

5,1)76,771 

95.139          1.256.118 

l.3il  t(i7 

m    v-KV'i 

5,226  470 

1  .5,454,S''3 

5    6      |5    6 

|5    6      |3    6      |2    9      |5    6 

70.135        'l.28'.2-3 

I.356..09 

[Wi  1  2m,2-.:i 

4,995,9ill  6,199,203 

65,368         ,,321,662 

1,319,643 

^1:'  :-■ 


I! 


='„:*■ 


m 


m 


3n2 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


A 


^  ,<.^ 


1.0 


I.I 


I^|2j8     |2.5 
■^  122    |2.2 


H^  lift 


L£    12.0 


L25  i  1.4 


I: 
■ 

III  1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WeST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14SS0 

(716)S72-4S03 


760 


WINE. 


Account  of  thn  Qtinntities  of  ForpiBii  Wlnns  retainpit  for  ITotnuConmimptlnn  In  the  United  Kinodom 
distinguiBliing  each  8ort,  during  eacti  of  the  l.'<  Years  uiidcil  5th  January,  l»'M.     (Imp.  Mens.) 


Veart. 

Cipf. 
(Ifllll. 

Frrnch. 
(InlU. 

YoT\v%utu. 

Maiein. 
(lalli. 

Spaniih. 
(lalll. 

Canary. 
(lalh. 

Rhrniih. 

.SiriliaD,  Ac. 

T0UI. 

(IrUli. 

Galli. 

t.alh. 

(inilt 

I8'23 

5V..I19 

I7l,ii»l 

2.49i.212 

323,734 

1.078.922 

123.036 

20,t-70 

79.ti8« 

4,84'.,()li0 

11124 

515299 

l!<7.447 

2,512  343 

2i'7,479 

I,2l7.('3l 

II7.42S 

25,976 

77.1+5 

.5.11.  fl.r9l 

1^2  > 

(>7n.t)i9 

f,2.,.579 

4,200.719 

372,  .24 

1,S.30.975 

167,1(18 

107,799 

131,6' 9 

e,0'9  5l2 

l»2ti 

630,136 

313.-07 

2,!-33,6SK 

2Hi.27-. 

l,<i22.'S0 

134  445 

M9!(4 
76.1BI 

I4<l.318 

l,i5'<4jj 

1827 

69M31 

311,2-9 

3.222.192 

30(1.295 

MtOhMl 

152,938 

136.721 

6,KJt).:)6| 

l«.'H 

CA'.i'S 

42l..lr;9 

3.307,(21 

272,977 

2.(197,62S 

137,5,3 

»6.9n> 

l'(i  5.37 

7.I62.37H 

IH29 

57'l,74l 

;ib5,3.ia 

2,fis  1.731 

229.3SI2 

I.H6I.I>>2 

lr1,6'>9 

76,396 

219.1-2 

6.217, (lii 

IK>0 

!ilj2..> 

30-,2J4 

2,>o9,ii!H 

217,138 

2,(8  I.J  23 

1()I.MI2 

68.122 

2 -.2.5 1 3 

6,431,145 

IMI 

53  ',5H4 

2  i  1.366 

2.707,-,3| 

2(19.127 

2,  89.532 

(11.117 

57.8-8 

2,59  916 

6,2  2.2(,4 

I-.I2 

5M,2li2 

2-''','ii7 

2  6I7.40,5 

l.^n.fSS 

2.1  MJ.0:'9 

12,803 

.38.197 

254,2j1 

5,1183,542 

IKll 

5i-),ini 

232,.  0 

2.jMi,  :w 

I(.l.('42 

2.246.liH-> 

OtlK 

r  lorts  lint  »  426  3:2 

6,207,770 

lhT4 

62l,iiM 

2W..  .10 

2,:nj.30J 

I5ir.1'9 

2.2:9.^51 

i1i>lini(iii«lir>1  (48  ..308 

6,4'0,544 

IKt'i 

?.22.9II 

2711.01 

2.7>c.('Jl 

1:9  122 

2.230,187 

.50.nS6 

4-,6'.<8 

1      3  6,455 

6,4211.342 

Ai'.cniiiit  c.vhihitini,'  the  Cinanlilii'S  nf  the  iliderenl  Hnrls  of  Wine  imported  into  and  e.xportpd  frnm  tin 
Uiilli'd  i\iiicdiini  in  iIih  Veiir  (Midint  Ww  6th  of  Jiiiiiiary,  1^40;  Ww.  (tiianlities  of  each  Sort  rcliiino, 
for  !I(iiiic  (Juiisuiiiption  ;  tlie  Uules  of  Duty ;  and  the  (irosa  and  Nett  Hevcnue  accruing  lliereon. 


S|>eciffcof  Wine. 

i 

(ju.inli'>..ft 

iinpor'rti  into 

the  IJnili-.l 

Knii^'li.iil. 

(i.i/Imif. 

723,710 

5U8,329 

2t.7,(l  i7 

3,272  2'  (J 

4,130,753 

82,910 

341. .2-. 

2.1 

6P2,3i0 

9,908.722 

(Jumttlicii 

exp:irlel  trnm 

tl.G  I'lii'ial 

Kin^Jcln. 

O'a'/c/jf. 

3,320 

121. -21 

162  527 

289,3,5 

980.7-6 

13.330 

292,-79 

90 

170,163 

2,053,0<i5 

tluatiti:if. 
rptiined  Ttr  tinmc 
t'ni;»uniplinn  in  Itit^ 
rniicdKiii|il.)m. 

(;.l/(.ru. 
515,  u 
3:19,0.9 
1 

1.     6,304,784 

Rilnof 
Duty. 

«.   rf. 
2    9 

S    6 

5    6 

Oros.  Aninutit       1       Nell  Amount 

(>1  Hewnue         j       of  lifv.iiue 

recviveJ  ihereon.    ■  receivej  llicreoo. 

Cape 

French 

M.iilrira     • 

l'(.itu,:ueM 

Sf.anUh 

Rliiini.h     - 

C»n;»ty 

Kiy.l 

Sicilno  and  utber  Winei* 

Total 

/,. 

73,3n6 
109,820 

1,732,232 

/.. 
73,5(r2 
104,112 

1,072,375 

7,239.567 

1,915,618 

1,849.989 

Price  iiflVine  in  London.— The  fallowing  U  an  account  of  the  price  of  wine  in  bond  In  London,  in 
Decenilier,  1836. 


/.. 

t.        /.. 

t. 

r.. 

1.        L.   1. 

Port,  lit  rhi.,  oM 

per  pipe 

40 

0   to  48 

0 

Marwla    .            -            .            . 

per  pipe 

12 

0  to  13   0 

2J  .ind  3c1.  do. 

31) 

0  —  .18 

0 

Mituniain              .           .           . 

16 

0  -  13   0 

li-ht  and  ci.inmon  • 

— 

20 

n  —  28 

0 

Claret,  1  jt  itrowth 

per  lihd. 

41) 

0  -  4i    0 

Sherr)-,  1.1  quality.  Iii<h  flavoured 

per  butt 

50 

0-80 

0 

2cl  and  3d         - 

— 

20 

0  -  38    0 

2d  anil  3.t  (piality    • 

.— 

32 

0  —  45 

0 

carcn,  and  inferior  qualiliea  - 

— 

5 

0  -  10    0 

41I1  ^iD  1  3lh  do. 

— 

M 

0-30 

0 

nuriE ly,  red      ■ 

— 

40 

0  -  43    0 

cnmnion,  cnn.JEned            • 

— 

12 

0—18 

0 

whiie 

— 

48 

0  -  60    0 

Madeira.  Kasi  India,  line 

per  pipe 

38 

0  -  55 

0 

Chanipagne 

per  dnz. 

1 

4  -    2  10 

dii ,  ve.y  fine  • 

dn.,  niiddlini^  :>nd  common    • 

60 

0  —  80 

(1 

Saiitpnie,  Itl  and  2d  quality 

per  pipe 

IT 

0-21    0 

— 

20 

0-35 

n 

3.1  and  41I1  d... 

10 

0  -  16    0 

Wejl  In  lia,  1«l  qualily 

.— 

30 

0-60 

0 

Hfruii'a^e,  2d  do. 

^ 

:io 

(/_35    0 

2J  and  3d  do.      • 

— 

2> 

0  —  43 

0 

3 1  do. 

— 

20 

0-25    0    1 

direct  London  particular      •• 

.— 

45 

0-52 

0 

Mnaille    .            .           .            ■ 

per  aam. 

12 

0-  20    0 

2d  qualily 

— 

30 

n  —  .38 

0 

Hock        .            .            .            . 

^ 

20 

0  -  50    0    1 

inferior    • 

— 

17 

0  -  25 

0 

Cape  Madeira.  Iipst 

per  pipe 

5(1 

0  -  18    0    ! 

TencTifTe,  best  old 

— 

20 

0  —  24 

0 

2d  an.l3di|ualily 

12 

0-  14    0    ' 

cargo  .... 

— 

9 

0-13 

0 

cnriitiinn 

— 

lU 

10  -  11    0    , 

I.iilMin      .... 

— 

22 

0-21 

(1 

Spanish,  red       • 

— 

12 

0  -  14    0 

Buce11a<  .... 

— 

20 

0-32 

0 

Sicilian     .            -            .            . 

— 

9 

0  -  10  n 

Measures. — According  to  the  Hvilein  of  wine  measures  that  prevailed  down  to  182fi,  the  palinn  cnn 
taincil  231  ciihic  inches;  the  lierce,  42  gallnns  ;  the  puncheon,  84  gallons  ;  the  hogshead,  C.I  ii.iljnns 
the  pipe  or  hint,  126  gallons  ;  and  the  tun,  2£2  callous.  Hut  in  the  new  system  of  measures  iiilrodiire 
hy  the  act  5  Geo.  4.  c.  74.,  the  Imperial  standard  gallon  ron tains  277 '2* I  nihic  inches  ;  sotliat  tliiMierc 
:=  3i  (very  nearly)  Imperial  gallons  ;  the  puncheon  =  70  (.very  nearly)  do.;  the  hogshead  =  bii  (W 
nearly)  do.;  the  pipe  or  hutt=  105  (very  nearly)  do.;  and  the  tun  =210  (very  nearly)  do.— (Se 
Wkioiits  and  Measures.) 

A  very  great  quantity  of  wine  is  sold  to  the  consumer  in  dozens  ;  and  much  more,  indeed,  than  i.s  sn 
In  any  other  way  ;  and  yet  there  is  no  regulation  as  to  the  si/.e  of  bottles,— a  defect  which  lias  nee; 
aioned  a  great  deal  of  nhuse.  Nn  one  doiihts  the  propriety  of  making  all  gallons,  bushels,  kv..  ofi 
same  capacity  ;  and  why  should  not  similar  regulations  be  enforced  in  the  case  of  measures  so  ui; 
verbally  used  as  bottles  1 

Wine  the  produce  of  Europe  may  not  he  imported  for  home  consumption,  except  in  British  sliipn. 
in  ships  of  the  country  of  which  tint  wine  is  the  prndiirp,  or  of  the  country  from  which  it  is  iiiiporie 
on  forfeiture  thereof,  and  101)/.  by  the  master  of  ihe  ship.— (3  &  4  It  ill.  4.  c.  54.) 

No  abatement  of  diMies  made  on  account  oi'any  dainaire  received  by  wine.— (3  &  4  fl'ill.  4.  c.  52) 

Wine  from  the  (Jape  must  be  accompanied  by  a  certificate  of  its  produclimi. — (See  antf,  p.  >^) 

Wine  e.xported  to  foreign  p.irts,  from  the  bonded  warehouses,  must  be  shipped  in  vessels  orimlli 
than  70  tons  burden.— (3  &  4  lyilt.  4.  c.  57.) 

H'ine  fur  Officers  of  STuvij .—l^nt  the  iiuantity  of  duty-free  wine  to  be  allowed  to  officers  of  the  iiii| 
and  the  regulations  under  which  it  is  to  he  allowed,  seeanti.  p.  15. 

Refidatiiins  as  tu  viiiiti^,  boltlinir,  ^c.  in  H'arelioiines.—i.  Wines,  when  depogileti  in  warelinii?e!| 
fipecial  security,  or  in  warehouses  situated  near  the  places  of  landing  and  shipping,  and  derlare| 
the  order  of  approval  to  be  substantially  built,  and  capable  of  affurding  general  accoinniodatinnio 
trade,  may  be  allowed  to  be  fitted  up,  lined,  and  racked,  as  often  as  the  owners  may  deem  iieiesjaj 
the  lees  to  be  destroyed  without  payment  of  duty,  the  (iiiantiiies  destroyed  being  correctly  ascerlaj 
for  the  purpose  of  being  eventually  deducted  frmn  the  ollicial  accounts.  I 

2.  Bonded  brandy  may  be  allowed  to  be  added  to  wine  in  the  bonded  stores  for  its  pre8ervalin| 
improvement,  and  the  whole  to  pay  duly  as  wine  upon  being  taken  out  for  home  consuinptinn. 
vided  the  whole  quantity  of  brandy  contained  in  the  wine,  at  the  time  of  entry  for  home  cunsunipll 


*Tbe  other  sorts  are  quite  trifling,  and  do  not  deserve  notice. 


wo  AD— WOOL. 


751 


Bhtniih. 
Colli- 

ao.t-io 

2r,,tn6 
',6.\6\ 


,\(M  it 


(irnw  Amount 

reconeJ  chcreon. 


Nelt  Amount    \ 

of  UfVfTnie      ( 

I  receiveJ  lliereon. 


i     9  109,820 


it. 


I 


5    6  '.-'^^^ 


1,672,315 


' -rr^ 1,849.989 

I        \,91S,o'8 I 

:.';^orwi..e^n  bond  in  tendon,  .n 


Towth 

iLliiitevior-luil'li" 
red     •  ; 

!J  Jo. 


.in.  ("■'■t 
hjiiu*lily 


.    per  pipe 
.    jierliW. 


per  iloi- 
per  I'll* 


per  Mm 

per  pipe 


/,.  •■       I- 

\l    0  to  l"-   D 

'6    0  -  I?   ° 
0  —  4i    0 

0  -33  0 
0  -  10  0 
40  0  -  4i  0 
4M  0  -  60  0 
4-2  10 
0-2t    0 

■"    «  -  1?   I 
30    (1-33   0 

20  0  -  2S  0 
li  0  -  20  0 
20  0-60  0 
61,  0  -  1»  0 
12  0  -  14  ^ 
10  10-11  0 
12  0  -  14  0 
9    0  -  10   1 


40 

20 

6 


I 
IT 
10 


do  not  exceed  SO  per  cent.;  and  that  a  proper  sample  for  the  purpose  of  nsccrtninini  the  strenirth  be 
tlliiWKil  tn  be  til  ken  nut  hy  tliu  proper  oflici'rs. 

3.  Winps  may  Im!  allow.-d  to  he  inixeil  with  wines  of  the  samn  dpsrripiion  as  ofi.'ii  ii^  ne(P<«nry  for 
their  pr«Hervntion  or  iuiproveineiu;  provided  ihat  wine  mi  niixtd  hp  ki-pl  scpinte  Iroiii  cnhnr  wine, 
and  iIkU  thf  packnKea  containlnR  the  s.uiie  lie  hrundi-d  ax  mi/ru  winr,  and  the  brand  or  other  marks  of 
the  original  filiipp^r  ho  i-iraced.— (Ti-eunwry  Onlcr,  2()ih  of  May,  IMKI  ) 

Wine  may  hn  hoitled  for  exportation  in  a  honded  vuiill  np|iro|iriatiMl  fur  the  purpose,  upon  (riving  21 
hours'  notice  ;  hut  no  forrieo  hotllifs,  corks,  or  packairt-s  may  Ik,-  used,  pxcepl  tlioau  in  which  the  wine 
niny  have  heen  imporliMl  and  warehou!>pd,  iiniens  llie  full  duties  sliall  have  been  paid  on  the  same  ; 
and  not  less  than  3  dozen  reputed  i|uartR,  or  6  dozen  reputed  pint  boitlcH,  shall  he  exporleil  in  each 
packaL'e  ;  and  if  any  surplus  or  sediment  remnin,  it  is  to  he  iimiiHilialely  dectrnyed  in  the  iiresenre  of 
the  ollker,  or  the  full  duties  paid  upon  it.— (3  iV,  1  llitl  4.  c.  57.,  and  Ciialoiiis  .Mm.  3Kt  of  l>.'c.  1828.) 

Till!  brands  or  marks  on  the  casks  into  which  wines  or  spirits  may  be  racked  at  tlie  liondcil  ware- 
hniises  are  to  he  eff.iced,  und  no  other  brand  or  mark  to  he  retained  thereon  than  iIkisl-  which  were  on 
(he  casks  when  originally  innmrted.— (7Veas«r!/  Order,  20(h  of  June,  1830.) 

(The   Oporto   Wine   Cotn|iuny,   ilescrilird   ante,  p.  741.,  iibolishcd   hy   n   decree  dated 
I.islion,  ;}Oth  of  M.iy,  1834,  has  been  re-established  by  the  following  decree,  dated  April   7, 

1838  :— 


"  I,  Dinni  Mnria.  hy  the  frice  n(  r,o<l  (Juppn  of  rnrluRjI.  Jic,  ilo 
herrl'V  iN-tlte  it  known  to  all  my  ^iihen*.  ilial  the  c  iiei.)!.  dtiiff'r.  ! 
d  ii.irv.ai.<l  conalitiitidiiil  CiTtcsluvv  ilecrretl.aiiil  ( juvesancliniinj,  ' 
IhefniUfWiiiK  law  ;  — 

•'Art.  I.  'i'he  (liniral  Coini>^riy  for  lite  cul'iire  nf  the  viiifs  in 
fpier  Doitm,  luiipre-n-tl  hy  ihc  liw  of  the  30th  t.f  May,  18  4,  i> 
ii;oii  cMah:iihed  hT  lite  iii-rii«l  ot  Iwenty  jear<.     'I  liii  romj,any 
»ill,  himevur,  nipii-ly  h.ive  Iho  riifhl  i>f'pi"vint  ami  lolli:i«  ihf  ' 
witin<  fl^PI'er  IKtuiY)  111.11  k  n{  Ihpcifck",  anJ  istuit,<lrarait  |)  rtnits,  I 
jcc'inliit*  to  the  laws  "f  M.iy  I7;inl  OiTMi.hir  20.  It}2.',  iiKvl'tied 
Iv 'lie  IM 'lutions  nf  llec.nilcr  6.  |S24  an  I  Nuveniher  II,  1623, 1  y  1 
which  ;h.'  in'wie  of  itrnvin;;  the  ,\  kim  w.ia  pr,  hrnhetl. 

"  Afl  2.  Mich  wiiK-a  «n  y  ,i»  sh.lll  liave  !>■  en  ;ipprov(:il  ttf  and  fur-  ' 
ni>hc(I  wilh  a  imrniil  hy  tlie  cuiiij  a..y,  m  iU  he  alluwetl  to  he  eX|>or(ed  | 
over  'h,*  h.ir  of  Oporto. 

"^  '(tin  wine  at  present  in  ilore  at  Oporto,  Villa  Nova  da  Gaia, 
1P<]  III  the  Ito  .TO,  shall  I  e  iinnife-le'l  iiiiliietii  tely  after  the  puh  ica- 
l.oti'f  tht*  la*v  ;  ai>,t  It  previi.iixiy  q*iililied,  n..iy  he  ea|K)rled  over 
[\ie  Lar  oCOporlo,  e.lher  with  or  without  a  |>eMiiit. 


.1  prevailed  down  to  »62fi,^l.^jl^^^^ 
tj.  84  git"""«  '  '.?.f  measures  iinrnduced 
n    the  new  «>V";"  ''/,  est^"  «"«'  ""■/'"" 

b\i;rtur'=^>o'-rv  --'>■' ""'"" 

Lens;  and  nu.ch.noj.^^^f^:-':;^' 
bV.Xri"e§in"tU^e^creorn.easuresaoo,,.. 

,  Vcceived  hy  w"l«"^  (See  an(*,  P.  « >    ,    , 


land  do  not  deserve 


notice. 


"Art.  3,  As  a  rnmpentialion  for  the  expense*  lo  which  the  mm. 
paiiy  will  he  put  in  prtiv'ttKaiid  tottin<  the  wii.e».  hrimlnn  raika, 
ai.d  ei^uing  periiiils.they  -ihatl  h.-  en'iile.!  to  leiy  400  ri'i..  upon  each 
pipe  of  wine  receiving  a  (lerinit.  'I  his  Kiiin  of  400  rem  shall  lie  de- 
iliitled  ftoin  the  an.ount  ol  nutics  pay.ihh  fur  conaiiiiipli'in  or  rx- 
jrirlation :  and  the  coinpaiiy -hall  heohli^ed  lo  irnder  an  annual 
accoiiiitol  the  receipt*  ati  I  ea|)eti^i.a  to  (lovtiniiieot,  .11, J  to  hand  over 
the  ha'atice  if  there  sl.oiili]  he  ai  y. 

''Art  4.  "I  he  coii.p  itiy  may  pfoinote  Ihe  aiiKmeiitation  of  its  itock 
hy  means  of  sdar-j',  for  ivjncli  (ilirpme  the  neceosary  auilorisation 
is  10  he  appled  for  to  ^ovei iiltiei.l,  to  wIhuii  the  Vomp.stiy  shill 
.sImj  propoip  wlialiver  tisc  may  he  ntcessaiy  fir  theeaeculiou  of  Ihii 
law 

*•  Art.  5,  All  legislation  to  the  contrary  is  herehy  revoked. 

"TIIF.  QIKKN. 

'•ANTONIO  IXIINANDKS  COILHO. 

"  Palact  of  AVcMiirfarfcj,  April  7,  IS3-.'' 


Il'ine,  Siirvei)  vf  Permits,  ^r.— The  5  &  6  Will.  4.  c.  3!).  exempts  the  dealers  in  and  retailers  of  wine, 
lint  lieiiij!  dealers  in  or  retailers  of  spirit.i,  from  the  ohliiiatiim  lo  allow  their  premises  to  be  entered, 
ami  their  slocks  und  premises  to  be  surveyed  hy  the  ollicers.  It  iilso  enacts  that  a  p«r»iif  shall  no 
loneer  be  necessary  fir  the  removal  of  wine.  Licences  may  he  granted  hy  the  commissioners  of  excise 
10 sell  wine  in  thealres,  &c. — Hup.) 

WO.\D  (Ger.  Wiiid ;  Dti.  Weede ,-  Fr.  Pastel,  Guede,  Vmtedc ;  It.  Guadone,  Gtiado, 
Glastro  ;  Sp.  I'astel,  Glasto),  the  Isutis  tiucloria  of  bolanists,  n  biennial  plant,  with  a  fusi- 
form fibrous  root,  and  smooth  branchy  stem,  risini;  from  3  to  5  feet  in  ht<iglit.  Woad  is 
iiiiligenous  to  most  parts  of  Europe ;  and  was  extensively  used  from  a  very  remote  period, 
down  to  the  general  introduction  of  indigo,  in  the  dyeing  of  blue.  It  is  still  cultivated  to  a 
consiilcralile  extent  in  France  ;  but  in  this  country  its  cultivation  is  chit  fly  restricted  to  a 
few  districts  in  Lincoln.shire.  After  being  bruised  by  machinery,  to  express  the  watery  part, 
it  is  formed  into  balls,  which  ferment  and  fall  into  a  dry  powder,  which  is  sold  to  the  dyer. 
Woad  is  uow  seldom  employed  without  a  mixture  of  indigo.  Hy  itself,  it  is  incapable  of 
givins;  a  bright  and  deep  blue  colour;  but  the  colour  which  it  docs  give  is  very  durable. 
Tlie  liest  njelhoils  of  conducting  the  fermentation  and  preparation  of  woad  are  still  so  very 
ill  understood,  that  the  goodness  of  any  parcel  of  it  can  never  be  ascertained  till  it  be  actually 
used;  so  that  it  has  the  disadvantage  of  being  purchased  under  the  greatest  uncertainty  as 
toils  (rue  value.  At  the  proper  age,  indigo  plants  yield  about  30  times  as  much  colouring 
matter,  and  of  a  far  superior  quality,  as  an  ci)ual  weight  of  woad  ;  so  that  there  is  no  pros- 
pect that  any  improvement  that  may  be  maile  in  its  preparation  will  ever  render  it,  either  in 
goodness  or  cheapness,  a  rival  of  the  former. — {Loudon's  Encif.  of  Afiricultiire  ,-  Bancroft 
m  Colours,  vol.  i.  p.  107.)  We  have  previously — (sec  Indiho) — given  some  account  of 
the  elfiirts  made  by  the  woad  growers  to  prevent  the  use  of  indigo. 
WOOD.     SeeTtMiiKii. 

WOOL  (fJer.  Wol/e ,-  Du.  Wol.-  Da.  Vld ;  Sw.  Ull;  Fr.  Lame;  It.  and  Sp.  Lana.- 
Piirt.  Ld,  Lda ;  Kus,  Wolna,  Scherst ,-  Pol.  Wtlna ;  Kat.  Lana),  a  kind  of  soft  hair  or 
>iown.  The  term  is  not  very  well  defined.  It  is  applied  both  to  the  fine  hair  of  animals,  as 
Hcep,  rabbits,  some  species  of  goats,  the  vicuna,  <^^c. ;  and  to  fine  vegetable  fibres,  as  cotton. 
In  litis  article,  however,  we  refer  only  to  the  wool  of  sheep, — an  article  which  has  continued, 
Ihim  the  earliest  period  down  to  the  present  day,  to.,  he  of  primary  import-nice — having 
Iways  formed  the  principal  part  of  the  clothing  of  mankind  in  most  temperate  re;rioiis. 
!ipecies  of  Wont. — It  has  been  customary  in  this  country  to  divide  wool  into  2  great 
I  classes— long  and  short  wools;  and  these  again  into  subordinate  clashes,  according  to  the 
1  fineness  of  the  fibre. 

Short  wool  is  used  in  the  cloth  manufacture  ;  and  is,  therefore,  frequently  called  clothing 
h'ool.  It  (nay  vary  in  length  from  1  to  3  or  4  inches:  if  it  ho  longer,  it  requires  to  be  cut 
lor  broken  lo  prepare  it  for  the  manufacture. 

The  filling  properly  of  wool  is  known  to  every  one.  The  process  of  hat  making,  foi 
|eiam|ile,  depends  entirely  upon  it.  'i'he  wool  of  which  hats  arc  made  is  neither  spun  nor 
Itvoven;  but  locks  of  it,  being  thoroughly  intermixed  and  compressed  in  warm  water,  cohere 
l*nd  form  a  solid  tenacious  substanco. 


tB9 


WOOL. 


TZ 

••    m 

c> 


J 


'1 


«-»• 
^  "■ 

^,'? 


Cloth  BTid  woollon  floods  arc  made  from  wool  possessing  this  property  ;  the  wool  is  carded, 
npuii,  wdvfii,  find  tlipii  lioini;  put  into  the  fulling  mill,  llie  prorcss  of  fi-ltiiig  tiikcs  place. 
'I'he  tilrokcs  of  the  mill  make  llic  fibrra  cohere ;  the  piece  sulijecled  to  the  o[)eratiori  contracts 
in  length  nn<l  lireadlh,  and  its  texture  iiecomes  more  compact  and  uniform.  This  process  is 
e?spiitiiil  to  the  lientity  and  slrenulh  of  woollen  cloth.  liut  the  lotig  wool  of  which  stufls  atiil 
worsted  goods  are  made  is  deprived  of  its  felting  j)roperties.  This  is  done  by  pnsning  tho 
wool  through  heated  iron  comlis,  which  takes  away  the  lamina;  or  feathery  part  of  the  wool, 
and  a|  proxiinates  it  to  the  nature  of  hilk  or  cotton. 

Long  or  coinliing  wool  may  vary  in  length  from  .3  to  S  inches.  The  shorter  comlijiin 
wools  are  principallv  used  for  hose,  and  are  spun  softer  than  the  long  combing  wools ;  thu 
former  brit)g  made  into  which  is  called  hard,  and  the  latter  into  soft  worsted  yarn. 

'I'he  fineness  of  the  hair  or  fibre  can  rarely  be  eslimaled,  at  least  for  any  useful  purpose, 
except  by  the  wool  sorter  or  dealer,  accustomed  by  long  habit  to  discern  those  minute  dilliT- 
eiiiTs  that  are  ipiile  inappreciable  by  cominon  observers.  In  sorting  wools,  there  are  fro- 
fjucnily  ^t  or  10  dillerenl  species  in  a  simple  tieece ;  and  if  tiie  best  wool  of  one  lleece  be  not 
eipial  to  till"  t'liiesl  sort,  it  is  thrown  to  a  2d,  M,  or  4ili,  or  to  a  still  lower  sort,  of  an  c(|ual 
dearee  of  litieness  with  it.  'I'he  best  English  short  native  fleeces,  such  as  the  fine  IVort'olk 
and  ."^oullidnwn,  are  Rcnerally  divided  by  the  wool  sorter  into  the  following  sorts,  all  varying 
ill  liiieness  from  each  other: — viz.  I.  Prime;  2.  Choice;  .3.  Super;  4.  Head;  .5.  Down- 
rif^hts;  ().  .Seconds;  7.  Fine.Mib;  S.  Coarse  Abb;  9.  Livery;  10.  Short  coarse  or  breech 
Wciol.  'J'he  relative  value  of  each  varies,  according  to  the  greater  demand  for  coarse,  fine,  or 
middle  cloths, 

'I'be  softness  of  the  fibre  is  a  quality  of  great  importance.  It  is  not  dependent  on  the  fine- 
ne«s  of  the  libie  ;  and  consists  of  a  peculiar  feel,  approaching  to  that  of  silk  or  down,  Tjip 
dilli'ren<'e  in  the  value  of  2  pieces  of  cloth  made  of  2  kinds  of  wool  equally  tine,  but  one  dis- 
tini;iiislied  fir  its  softness  and  the  other  for  the  opposite  quality,  is  such,  that,  with  the  same 
process  and  expense  of  manufacture,  the  one  will  be  worth  from  20  to  2.5  per  cent,  more 
than  the  other.  Mr.  Bakewell  showed  that  the  degree  of  softness  dej)ends  princi|)ally  on  the 
nature  of  the  soil  on  which  sheep  are  fed  ;  that  sheep  pastured  on  chalk  districts,  or  light 
calcareous  soils,  usually  produce  hard  wool ;  while  the  wool  of  those  that  arc  pastured  on 
rich,  loamy,  argillaceous  soils,  is  always  distinguished  by  its  softness.  Of  the  foreign  wools, 
the  Saxon  is  generally  softer  than  the  Spanish.  Hard  wools  are  all  defective  in  their  yf//(W 
properties. 

In  clothing  wool,  the  colour  of  the  fleece  should  always  approach  as  much  as  possible  to 
the  purest  white;  because  such  wool  is  not  only  necessary  for  cloths  dressed  white,  but  for 
all  cloths  that  are  to  lie  dyed  bright  colours,  for  which  a  clear  white  ground  is  recjuircd  to 
give  a  due  degree  of  richness  and  lustre.  Some  of  the  English  fine  woolled  sheep,  as  tiic 
Korfolk  and  Southdown,  have  black  or  gray  faces  and  legs.  In  all  such  sheep  there  is  a  ten- 
dency to  grow  gray  wool  on  some  part  of  the  body,  or  to  produce  some  gray  fibres  inier- 
mixed  with  the  fleece,  which  renders  the  wool  unfit  for  many  kinds  of  white  goods ;  for  ilioimh 
the  black  hairs  may  be  too  few  and  minute  to  be  detected  by  the  wool  sorter,  yet  when  the 
elolh  is  stoved  they  becotne  visible,  forming  reddish  spots,  by  which  its  colour  is  much  in- 
jiireil.  The  Herefordshire  sheep,  which  have  white  faces,  are  entirely  free  from  this  defect, 
and  yield  a  fleece  without  any  admixture  of  gray  hairs. 

The  cleanness  of  the  wool  is  an  important  consideration.  The  Spanish  wool,  for  example, 
is  always  scoured  after  it  is  shorn  ;  whereas  the  English  wool  is  only  imperfectly  washeil  on 
the  sheep  previously  to  its  being  shorn.  In  consequence,  it  is  said  that  while  a  pack  of  Eni:- 
lish  clothing  wool  of  240  lbs.  weight  will  waste  about  70  lbs.  in  the  manufacture,  the  sane 
quantity  of  Spanish  will  not  waste  more  than  48  lbs.  Cleanness,  therefore,  is  an  object  of 
much  importance  to  the  buyer. 

Before  the  recent  improvements  in  the  spinning  of  wool  by  machinery,  great  length  and 
strength  of  staple  was  considered  indis^wnsable  in  most  combing  wools.  The  fleeces  of  ihe 
long  woolled  sheep  fed  in  the  rich  marshes  of  Kent  and  Lincoln  used  to  be  reckoncil  iiccii- 
liarly  suitable  for  the  purposes  of  the  wool-comber :  but  the  improvements  alluded  to  have 
etfected  a  very  great  change  in  this  respect ;  and  have  enabled  the  manufacturer  tosubsliiuie 
short  wool  of  3  inches  staple,  in  the  place  of  long  combing  wool,  in  the  preparaticn  ot'  most 
worsted  articles.  A  great  alteration  has,  in  consequence,  taken  place  in  the  pro|  oitinn  nf 
long  to  short  wool  since  1800;  there  having  been  in  the  interim,  according  to  Mr.  HuN 
bard's  calculations — (see  pnf.1) — nn  increase  of  ll)2,0.')3  packs  in  the  quan'ity  of  the  former 
produced  in  England,  and  a  decrease  of  72,920  in  the  quantity  of  the  latter. 

Whiteness  of  fleece  is  of  less  importance  in  the  long  combing  than  in  clothing  wool,  pro- 
vided it  be  free  fnmi  gray  haire.  Sometimes,  however,  the  fleece  has  a  dingy  brown  eoluur, 
<  ailed  a  icinlfr  s/ahi,  which  is  a  sure  indication  that  the  wool  is  not  in  a  thoroughly  sonnJ 
state.  Such  fleeces  are  carefully  thrown  out  by  the  wool  sorter;  being  suitable  only  li'r 
goods  that  are  to  be  dyed  black.  The  fineness  of  heavy  combing  wool  is  not  of  so  much 
consequence  as  its  other  (juaiities. 

The  Merino  or  Spanish  breed  of  sheep  was  introduced  into  this  country  about  the  cio.f 


WOOL. 


763 


property;  the  woo  18  carad, 

U-cU  of  fcltinR  takes  plai  . 
pdtothcoiHirnUonconlracU 
,d  uniform.  Thm  |.roc.HS  ., 
:„«  wool  of  which  «tufls  am 

Thisi«'l-'nc  hypn«^"'glho 
or  feathery  part  ot  the  wool, 

,hrB.  The  shorter  cnmK.n? 
;hc  Ions  combine  >-ools-,th« 

,1  soft  worsted  yarn. 

Vnst  for  any  useful  purp-^ 

„  Jiscern  those  nunute  M- 
1  sortinc  wools,  there  arc  fro. 

best  wool  ot  out  11"  "^ 

;;„     10.  Short  coarse  or  I, rccU 
eater  Jcmaml  for  coarse.  Urn,  or 

It  is  not  dependent  on  the  ime- 

B  to  that  of  silk  or  down.     I  li« 
^f  wool  equally  line,  but  one  .Us. 

,V."««h,  that,  with  the  same 
r      oo  in  25  tier  cent,  more 

leanness,  therefore,  is  an     j 

,olhyn.nehinery,,«Kat^;;,t 
hmlung  wools,      nie^^^^^^,^^ 

I/mcolnusedtolerec  ^^^^,, 

I  the  i"iprovem  nts^alU.  1^     ^  ^,  ^^,^ 
t^Uedthemanuf^t"-^^^^ 

.;^rn-;u;eiit|^.-5;;'^; 

;,nUty  of  the  latier 

combing  than  in  cMh.nR  1^^^ 

,he  fleece  has  a  J''Sy  ;;;;;,  ,,„„J 

;tr::u4-oltnotofso„.ch 
..into  this  country  about  the  close 


of  last  century.  George  III.  was  a  great  patron  of  this  breed,  which  was  for  several  ycara 
a  very  great  favourite.  But  it  has  been  ascertained  that,  though  the  fleece  does  not  much 
degeiieralc  here,  the  carcase,  which  is  naturally  ill  formed,  and  aflnrtls  coinpanitively  little 
weigiit  of  meat,  does  not  improve;  and  as  the  farmer,  in  the  kind  of  slierp  which  he  keeps, 
must  look  not  only  to  the  produce  of  wool,  but  also  to  the  butcher  market,  he  has  found  it 
his  interest  rather  to  return  to  the  native  breeds  of  his  own  country,  and  to  give  up  the 
Spaiii!<h  sheep.  They  have,  however,  been  of  considerable  sorvirc  to  the  flocks  of  England  ; 
having  been  judiciously  crossed  with  the  Southdown,  Kyelund,  &c. 

Del  rioialioH  tif  British  Woul. — It  appears  to  be  suHicieiilly  established,  by  the  evidence 
taken  before  the  House  of  Lords  in  1888,  and  other  authorities,  that  a  considerable  deteriora- 
tion has  taken   place  in   the  quality  of  British  wool,  particularly  during  the  last  30  years. 
The  great  object  of  the  agriculturist  has  been  to  increase  the  weight  of  the  carcase  and  the 
quality  of  the  wool ;  and  it  seems  very  ditlicult,  if  not  quite  impossible,  to  accomplish  this 
without  injuring  the  fuieiiess  of  the  fleece.    Mr.  ('ully  says,  that  the  Herefordshire  sheep 
that  produce  the  flnest  wool  are  kept  lean,  and  yield  1^  lb.  each ;  he  adds,  '-if  ihcy  be  better 
kept,  they  grow  large  and  produce  more  wool,  but  of  an  inferior  (piality."    This  would  seem 
to  be  universally  true.     The  great  extension  of  the  turnip  husbandry,  and  the  general  intro- 
duction of  a  larger  breed  of  sheep,  appears,  in  every  inslaiicc,  to  have  lessened  the  value  of 
llie  fleece.     Speaking  of  the  Norfolk  fleeces,  Mr.  Fison,  a  wool  sorter,  says,  that  25  years 
ago  the  weight  was  2J  lbs.  a  fleece,  and  that  now  it  is  U  lbs.  or  3^  Ids. — {liipiirl,  p.  356.) 
Uiit  according  to  u  Table  furnished  by  the  same  gentleman,  containing  the  results  of  his  e.\- 
liorience,  it  appears  that  of  15  tods,  or  420  lbs.  of  clothing  wool  grown  in  Norfolk,  in  1790, 
•:i)0  lbs.  were  prime,  while,  in  1828,  the  same  quantity  of  Norfolk  wool  only  yielded  14  lbs. 
prime! — (//;«/.  p  207.)     The  statements  of  other  witnej?ses  are  to  the  same  cllict.— (i6(d'. 
|i(i.  3>S.  ()40.  and  (i44.)     According  to  the  estimate  in  Mr.  Ijuccock's  Tieatine  on  Enf^linh 
W'odl,  which  has  always  enjoyed  the  highest  reputation,  the  produce  of  all  sorts  of  wool  in 
England,  in  1800,  was  381,000  packs,  of  240  lbs.  a  pack.    But  Mr.  Hubbard,  a  very  intelli- 
ceiit  and  extensive  wool-stapler  at  Leeds,  has  shown,  that,  supposing  Mr.  Luccock's  estimate 
ot'  the    numlwr  of   sheep  to  be   correct,  the  quantity  of    wool    now  produced    cannot, 
owing  to  the  greater  weight  of  the  fleece,  be  estimated  at  less  than  4C3,l(i9  jiacks;  l)eing 
an  increase  of  20  per  cent.  !       It  is,  therefore,  probable,  notwithstanding  the  decline  in  the 
(itice  of  wool,  that,  taking  into  account  the  greater  weight  of  the  carcase,  and  the  greater 
weiuht  of  the  fleece,  sheep  produce  more  at  present  to  the  farmer  than  at  any  former  period. 
Number  of  Sheep  in  Great  Britain. — It  is  not  possible  to  form  any  occuratc  estimate, 
fitlier  of  the  number  of  sheep,  or  of  the  quantity  of  wool  annually  produced.     With  the  ex- 
ie|iiion  of  Mr.  Luccock's,  most  of  the  statements  put  forth  with  respect  to  both  these  points 
iwm  much  exaggerated.     But  Mr.  1  .'s  estimate,  which  is  considerably  under  any  that  had 
previously  appeared,  was  drawn  up  with  great  care;  and  is  supposed  to  approach  near  to 
accuracy.     According  to  Mr.  Luccock,  the 

Number  nrinne  wnolled  sheep  in  England  and  Wales  in  ISOO,  was    -        4.I.')3.3(I8 
of  short  WDiilleJ  ditto      ......      14.854,2!.S) 

Total  nuiiibor  shorn  ..... 19,007,607 

Plaiiphter  of  sliort  woolled  sheet)  per  annum 

CirriiiM  of  ditto       ....... 

Slaiigliler  of  long  woulled  ditto    ..... 

Carrion  of  ditto        ....... 

Shiijuliter  (if  tambs  ...... 

Carriou  of  ditto       ....... 


4,«21.71H 

211,llh7 

1,180,113 

.W.dSO 

l,ion.f,t)0 

70,028 


Total  number  of  sheep  and  lambs 


2fi,  148,^03 


7,140,856 


In  some  parts  of  England  there  has  been  an  increase  in  the  number  of  sheep  since  1800, 
and  in  others  they  have  decreased.  But  we  have  been  assured  by  competent  judges,  that, 
uii  the  whole,  tlic  number  has  not  materially  varied  in  the  interim. 

During  the  last  half  century  a  very  decided  increase  has  taken  place  in  the  number  of 
sheep  in  Scotland,  and  a  very  great  improvement  in  the  breed,  particularly  in  the  Highlands. 
In  this  district,  many  of  the  proprietors  have  let  their  estates  in  large  farms  to  store  farmers, 
«ho  have  iuiro<luced  the  Cheviot  breed  of  sheep,  in  the  place  of  the  small  black-faced  heath 
Iwd  that  was  formerly  the  only  one  to  be  met  with.  We  may  remark,  by  the  way,  that  a 
good  deal  of  unmerited  odium  has  attached  to  the  patrons  of  this  system ;  for.  though  it  be 
true  that,  in  a  few  instances,  the  peasantry  were  rudely  ejected  from  their  little  possessions, 
there  can  be  no  doubt  that  it  has,  on  the  whole,  been  decidedly  advantageous.  Besides  ren- 
Jwing  large  tracts  of  country  more  valuable  to  the  proprietors  and  the  public  generally,  the 
I  condition  and  habits  of  the  peasantry  have  been  materially  improved.  Instead  of  loitering 
i  Way  more  than  half  their  time,  as  was  their  former  practice,  they  have  now  cither  become 
the  servants  of  the  large  farmers,  or  have  resorted  to  towns  and  villages,  and  been  metamor- 
phoiied  into  industrious  tradesmen,  fishermen,  &c.  A  very  small  proportion  of  the  whole  has 
tmigiaicd ;  and  the  country  is  more  populous  at  present  than  before  the  sheep  farming 
■ystein  began. 

95 


754 


WOOL. 


^1 


In  ihe  General  Report  ofSentland  (vol.  Hi.  Apprn.  p.  fi.),  the  number  of  »hcep  is  cmi. 
miiltd  at  '^,H.''t(l,(IOO  ;  and  nllowiiiR  for  the  increase  that  hiix  taJtrn  place  Hincc  1HI4,  we  may 
prrliiipH,  cNtiiiiatu  the  total  nunibvr  of  Bhccp  in  that  part  of  tho  empire  at  this  moment  al 
a,.')()(),()0(). 

AiconliiiR  to  Mr.  Wakrfirlil,  there  is  not  n  sinRle  flock  of  hreedinR  sheep  in  the  whole 
province  of  I'jslcr. — {AccimnI  nf  Inland,  vol.  i.  p.  IMI.)  Anil  thoii(;li  there  ho  eonsiilerHJili 
tlocks  in  Koscoriiiiion  and  olhiT  coiinticti,  we  believe  that,  if  we  estitnate  the  whole  nuuibci 
of  Nluep  in  Ireland  lit  'i,(l()(),()(l(),  we  Khali  be  a  good  deal  beyond  the  mark. 

On  Ihe  whole,  therefore,  if  we  are  riRht  in  these  esiiinntes,  the  total  number  of  sheep  in 
(treat  Hrilain  and  Ireland  may  be  taken  at  about  3tj,()(l(),(l(l().  This  estimate  is  10,()()<),()0(j 
under  ihal  t;iven  by  Dr.  (-'oli|iihoun  for  ISIS;  but  that  learned  person  assigns  no  firoumis 
whatever  for  his  estimate,  which  is  utterly  inconsistent  with  all  the  really  authentic  infurnia- 
tion  on  the  subject.  It  is  curious  enough  to  observe  the  (ierman  slatistical  writers  rel-rrinji 
to  Dr.  t'olijulioun's  statements,  as  if  they  were  of  standard  authority.  They  would  be  abmil 
as  near  the  mark,  were  they  to  (juotc  the  "  .\rabian  Nights"  in  proof  of  any  disputed  his- 
torical fact. 

lirlltsh  'I'rmfe  in  Wool. — From  UifiO  down  to  182.5,  the  export  of  wool  was  strictly  prn. 
hibited.  A  notion  grew  up  towards  the  end  of  the  17th,  and  continued  to  gain  grotuul 
during  the  first  half  of  Inst  century,  that  the  wool  of  England  was  superior  to  that  of  every 
other  country;  that  long  wool  could  not  be  produced  anywhere  else;  and  that,  if  we  sue- 
reeded  in  keeping  the  raw  material  at  home,  we  should  infallibly  command  the  market  of 
the  world  for  our  woollen  manufactures.  In  conseipience,  innumerable  statutes  were 
passed, — the  enactments  in  some  of  which  were  the  most  arbitrary  and  severe  that  can  he 
imagined, — to  prevent  the  clandestine  exportation  of  wool.  Mr.  John  Smith  was  one  of  the 
first  who,  in  his  excellent  work,  entitled  Memoirs  of  Wool,*  exposed  the  injustice  anil 
absurdity  of  this  system,  by  proving  that  whatever  advantages  the  manufacturers  mii;ht 
gain  by  preventing  the  exportation  of  wool,  were  more  than  lost  by  the  agriculturists.  Hut 
in  despite  of  Mr.  Smith's  reasonings,  which  were  enforced  by  many  later  writers,  and  wliicli 
experience  had  proved  to  be  in  all  resjiecls  accurate,  the  prohibition  of  the  exportation  of 
wool  was  continued  till  182.5,  when  Mr.  Huskisson  happily  succeeded  in  procuring  the 
abolition  of  this  miserable  remnant  of  a  barbarous  policy.  The  improvement  of  ma- 
chinery, by  enabling  short  or  clothing  wool  to  be  applied  to  most  of  those  purposes  for 
which  long  or  combing  wool  had  been  exclusively  appropriated,  had  annihilated  the  only  ap- 
parently tenable  argument  on  which  the  prohibition  of  exportation  had  ever  lieen  vindicatod; 
and  even  this,  it  will  he  observed,  applied  only  to  a  small  proportion  of  the  whole  wool  pro- 
duced in  England. 

Down  to  1S(»3,  the  importation  of  foreign  wool  into  Great  Britain  hod  been  quite  frop; 
and,  being  the  raw  material  of  an  important  manufacture,  the  policy  of  allowing  it  to  he 
imported  free  of  duty  is  obvious.  In  1802,  however,  a  duty  of  5,*.  3d.  a  cwt.  was  laid  on) 
all  foreign  wool  imported.  In  1813,  this  duty  was  raised  to  R.s.  8d. ;  and  in  1819,  Mr.  Van-[ 
sittart  raised  it  to  the  enormous  amount  of  fyGs.  a  cwt.,  or  to  lid.  per  lb. !  Had  English  woull 
sufliceil  for  all  tho  purposes  of  the  manufacture,  such  a  duty  would  have  been  less  olijec-l 
tionable  ;  but  the  very  reverse  was  the  case.  The  use  of  foreign  wool  had  become,  owinJ 
to  the  deterioration  of  British  wool,  and  other  circumstances,  quite  indispensable  to  the  pro-l 
secution  of  the  manufacture :  and  as  our  su[>eriority  over  the  foreigner  in  several  departiiieni^^ 
of  the  trade  was  by  no  means  decided,  it  is  plain  that  the  imposition  of  a  duty  whicJ 
amounted  to  about  50  per  cent,  upon  the  price  of  a  considerable  quantity  of  the  wool  wJ 
were  obliged  to  import,  must,  had  it  been  persevered  in,  have  ruined  the  manufacture.  Il 
occasioned,  indeed,  during  the  period  of  its  continuance,  a  considerable  decline  of  theexporii 
of  woollens,  and  was  productive  of  other  mischievous  effects,  from  which  the  maiuilactutij 
•suffered  for  a  considerable  period  after  it  was  repealed. 

The  evidence  as  to  the  absolute  necessity  of  employing  foreign  wool,  taken  before  tlid 
Lords*  committee,  was  as  decisive  us  "an  well  be  imagined.  Mr.  Gott,  of  Leeds,  one  of  lliii 
most  extensive  and  best  informed  manufacturers  of  the  empire,  informed  the  committee,  thail 
in  his  own  works,  he  used  only  foreign  wool.  On  being  asked  whether  he  could  carry  'J 
an  export  trade  to  the  same  extent  as  at  present,  if  he  manufactured  his  clutli  of  Briii>!l 
wool,  .Mr.  (i.  replied,  that,  in  certain  descriptions  of  cloth,  "  lie  eould  not  make  an  artu'M 
that  would  lie  merchantable  at  all  for  the  foreign  market,  or  even  for  Ihe  home  iiwrh'^ 
except  of  foreign  ivoolJ"  Wc  sul)join  a  few  additional  extracts  from  the  evidence  of  lliij 
most  competent  witness. 

"  Can  you  give  the  committee  any  information  with  respect  to  the  competition  that  noij 
exists  between  foreigners  and  this  country  in  woollen  cloths]" — "  I  think  the  cDrnpttiiioii  i 
very  strong.  In  some  instances,  the  foreigner  has,  probably,  the  advantage  ;  and  in  nihrrJ 
the  superiority  of  the  British  manufacture,  I  think,  has  greatly  the  advantage ;  and 
would  apply,  I  should  say,  particularly  to  the  line  cloths  of  Great   Britain  compand  niil 

*  This  Ip.iriipd  and  arciirntc  work  rnniaiiig  a  great  deal  of  information  witti  respect  lu  ilie  progieJ 
of  iimnufactutusand  coniuierce  in  Eiigluiid. 


WOOL. 


7S6 


This  cBliinnl''  18  '»'' 

export  of  wool  >^s  ^tnvtly  J-. 
,  „,ul  continued  to  R,mK 

,hrreel.c;BndtU«t'l     ^^^^^^ 

"'■""■'TureSe  s'rtutes   .ore, 
""■•  a  .1  severe  that  can  lu> 

,„ulostbythcaRr.cuU»n^^^^^^^^^^^ 

.1  by  many  later  ^;'«;;;;,„,i„„  „f 

,  pvohibmon  f  f  ^  "^,,,eurin«  tl>c 

'•""'y  ^"?Sr  .m"-'n.ent  of  n.- 
policy.     » "''  '    \         purposes  for 

,l\ea  to  most  '^f      "^^j^he'onW  ap- 
priatea,haaanmh.audth._^^^,^^^^^^^ 

fSri1rtheUole.ool,r. 

ure,  the  policy  of  «Jo-'^;^^  ,„,,  „, 
'  duty  of  fts.  3rf^a  cwi  Yan- 

adutywouUlhaNel.m^^^^^^^^.^^^ 
r^'^'STntJelaWetothepr. 

\,l  , he  imposition  of  a       '^^^^^^^^ 
Unsiderablc  '^"''"V^Vanlcture.    U 

^S:tm  ^hich  the  rnanu,... 

l.^d.     l^^^'^^^'l'.le  committee,  Itol, 

I  cn^pire.  "f  ^"^'^^^i,  he  c"  nUl  carry  on 
ling  asked  ^hethe    h.^c         .  ^^^^^^ 

le  manufactured  »f  ^  J,  „„  «r(ifk 
fc^i-ufloAlf-acnceof... 

-FCt  to  the  competition  I^Sii;" 

clothVr---"  I  th";kth»^;;Vin  others 
robably.theadvaniaee     «       ^^^j,,,, 

.;;r:.aUo„wHhrespecUoa.e.o.. 


foreign  clollis:  in  Home  descriptions  of  low  rlollis,  the  foreigners  arc  nearly  on  a  fooling,  and 
in  some  instances,  perlinps,  Hiiperior  to  um," 

"  H|ienking  of  the  finer  eloths.  is  the  competition  «nch  as  to  render  an  ndditioiinl  duty  on 
ihe  iiii|iortiiiiou  of  ft)reii;n  wodI,  likely  to  injure  tin- export  trinlr  !" — ••  I  liiive  nn  i/tm/it, 
sprnkiti'^  (III  infi  niit/i,  Ihal  it  irmi/d  be  fulnl  to  the  forii<;n  rlit/i  tniiir  nf  llir  cuiinln/.  I 
would  siiy  further,  that  it  would  l)e  e(|\ially  injurious  to  eo;irse  nuinuf:iclur<-s  of  gill  kinds 
niiule  of  l''n>;lisl»  wool.  'I'he  roinpelition  now  with  forei)»in'rH  is  as  ne.irlv  liid.inced  us  posHi- 
|)le;  and  the  di.-durliini;  operation  of  ntliicks  of  that  descriplion  would  iieecsmuily  enalile  the 
foreigner  to  buy  his  wool  ehenper  ihiin  we  »hould  do  it  in  this  eountry  ;  llie  result  would  l>c, 
that  foreignerH  would,  hy  such  .x  preuiinm,  he  eniiliied  to  extend  their  uianul'aetua-8,  to  the 
exclusion  of  Hiitish  rnanufiictures  of  all  descriptions." 

In  another  part  of  hi^  evidence,  Mr.  (Jolt  says, — "  If  2  pieces  of  eloth  at  lO.v.  n  yard  were 
put  before  a  cuslouier.  one  made  of  Dritish  wool,  the  oilier  of  fiireii^ii  wool,  one  would  be 
Kolil,  and  the  other  would  remiiin  on  hand  :  I  could  not  execute  an  ordiT  with  it.  If  any 
pcrsiin  sent  to  me  for  eloth  of  7.v.  or  H.v.  a  yard,  and  it  were  ntailc  of  Kuijlisb  wool,  it  would 
be  sent  back  to  me,  and  I  should  resort  to  foreign  wool  or  foreign  mixed  with  liritish,  to  ex- 
I'cule  that  order." 

On  Mr.  (iotl  beini;  asked  whether,  in  his  opinion,  the  price  of  British  wool  would  have 
been  higher,  had  the  duty  of  (if/,  per  lb.  on  foreii;n  wool  been  contiiuied,  he  answered, — "  My 
opinion  is,  that  the  priee  of  Urilish  wool  would  have  been  less  at  this  time  ;  the  demand  for 
Urilish  wool  would  have  been  very  much  less,  liriti-k  nianufiiclurrs  uuiulil  /lavi  liien  nhtit 
out  i<f  irerif  fi.rviirn  nuirkvt ;  and  the  stock  of  wi)ol  would  have  accumubited,  as  it  will  do 
if  ever  that  duty  be  imposed  ni^aiii." — (.1//-.  (intt's  Kvldiiicr.  pp.  293,  !J!);i.) 

The  view  taken  by  .Mr.  (Jott  of  the  ellcct  of  the  im|)ortati.>n  of  foreiiin  wool  on  the  price 
of  Uritish  wool  was  supported  by  the  concurrent  testimony  of  all  the  maiiul'iicluriii<T  witnesses 
rxninined  by  the  eiinnnittee.  HIankets,  tiannels  of  all  siirts,  baizes,  earpets,  luMiskins,  &n\ 
nre  made  princi|)ally  of  English  wool;  and  the  eommand  of  foreii^n  wool  enables  the  manu- 
facturers to  u.-ic  a  eonsiilerable  (piantity  of  English  wool  in  the  manufieture  of  certain 
descriptions  of  cloth,  which,  if  made  entirely  of  it,  would  be  quite  inisaleable.  On  Mr, 
(ioodmaii,  a  xvool-sla|)ler  of  Leeds,  being  asked  whether,  if  a  duty  were  laid  oi,  foreisi;u  wool, 
il  would  force  the  use  of  Knglish  wool  in  the  manufacture  of  cloths,  from  which  it  is  now 
excluded,  he  answered, — "  Certainly  not :  we  could  not  get  people  to  wear  such  a  cloth  ; 
Ihev  want  a  better,  liner  eloth ;  it  is  so  much  handsomer  in  its  wear,  and  so  much  ir.ore 
duralile." — {lirporl,  p.  241.)  Mr.  Francis,  of  Heyteshury,  declared  that  there  was  no 
deinimd  for  cloth  made  wholly  of  Urilish  wool ;  that  it  was  |irincipa!ly  a|«p!icalile  to  the 
maiuif.icture  of  blankets,  baizes,  &e. ;  and  that  the  exclusimi  of  foreign  wool  would  oidy 
injure  the  manufacture,  without  raising  the  price  of  Uritish  wool. — (p.  2(>H.)  Statements 
to  the  .'*amc  ellect  were  made  by  Mr.  Webb  (p.  270.),  Mr.  Sheppard  (p.  2!)l.),  Mr.  Ireland 
(p.  31!h),  and,  in  short,  by  every  one  of  the  witnesses  conversant  with  the  matnifacture. 

The  history  of  the  manufacture  since  1828  has  completely  confirmed  the  accuracy  of  the 
slaleinonts  made  hy  Mr.  Golt  and  the  other  witnesses.  Its  progress  from  that  petiwd  down 
10  the  present  time  has  been  one  of  uninterrupted  prosperity  ;  and  so  far  from  Inning  been 
injured  by  the  immense  importations  that  have  been  made  of  foreign  wool,  the  price  of 
British  wool  is  higher  at  this  moment  (March,  1834,)  than  at  any  former  period!  Wc 
believe,  indeed,  that  it  has  now  attained  an  unnatural  elevation ;  and  that  its  extreme  high 
price,  by  making  u  corresponding  addition  to  the  price  of  cloth,  will  react  on  the  manufacture, 
and  will,  consequently,  by  occasioning  its  depression,  lower  wool  to  a  more  moderate  level. 

Fiireli^n  Wool  imported  into  Enirltind. — A  very  great  change  has  taken  place,  within 
the  cour.-ic  of  the  present  eentury,  both  as  respects  the  ()uantity  of  foreign  wool  imported,  and 
the  countries  whence  it  is  derived.  Previously  to  1800,  our  average  imports  of  wool  did  not 
much  exceed  3,000,000  lbs.,  mostly  brought  from  Spain  ;  the  wool  of  which  has  long  main- 
tained a  high  character.  In  1800,  our  imports  amounted  to  near  9,000,000  lbs. ;  and  they 
have  since  gone  on  gradually  increasing,  till  they  now  amount  to  between  25,000,000  and 
40,000,000  Ibj.  Instead,  however,  of  being  principally  derived  from  Spain,  as  was  the  case 
down  to  1814,  the  greater  part  of  this  immense  supjily  of  foreign  wool  is  now  furnished  by 
Germany.  The  late  king  of  Saxony,  when  elector,  introduced  the  breed  of  Merino  sheep 
into  his  dominions,  and  exerted  himself  to  promote  the  growth  of  this  valuable  race  of  ani- 
nials.  His  praiseworthy  elTorts  have  been  crowned  with  the  most  signal  success.  The 
Merino  sheep  seem  to  succeed  better  in  Saxony  and  other  (lerinan  slates  than  in  Spain;  and 
have  increased  so  rapidly,  that  the  Spanish  wool  trade  has  become  insignificant  compared 
with  that  of  Germany  !  The  importations  of  German  wool  were  quite  trilhng  during  the 
war— aniounling,  in  1812,  to  only  28  lbs. ;  but  since  the  peace  they  ha^  icreased  beyond 
all  precedent.  In  1814,  they  amounted  to  3,432,456  Ib.s. ;  in  1820,  they  were  5,1 13.442'lbs. ; 
in  1825,  they  reached  the  enortnous  amount  of  28,799,061  lbs.;  but  this  being  a  year  of 
overti,i(ling,  they  declined,  in  1S2G,  to  10,545,232  lbs.  They  have  since,  however,  recovered 
from  this  depression;  ami,  in  1833,  amounted  to  25,370,106  lbs. — (There  is  a  very  good 
wcount  of  the  German  wool  trade  in  the  Foreign  QuarUrli/  Review,  No.  xi.  art.  8.) 


^^m 


766 


WOOL. 


I.   Number  of  Sheep  and  Quantity  of  Hheep'i  Wool  prndured  In  Kngland,  aernrding  lo  Mr.  Luccnck' 
Tablus,  rpviai'd  liy  Mr.  Iliiblmrd,  and  niada  nppllcubln  lo  ItlSH. 


£3 


^1 


1800. 

18». 

Niinilirr  »r 

Wcidil 

Number 

Nunibrr  nf 

Numlwr 

VVtiihl 

Niimlrr  of 

Number  of 

Cnunlf. 

.Miorl  WiK>l 

of 

of 

LouK   Woul 

of 

I'aiki  of 

I'arki  of 

.Shrfp. 
63><,l6a 

Flrim 

I'icki. 
12,3.33 

bhop. 

PiClll. 

ritcM. 

Shoil  Wool. 

LniiK  VViinl. 

Nonhninhurlniid 

. 

94 

6,1 67 

6,imr 

Diirli'im 

l5U,3b.') 

5 

3,320 

• 

- 

61 

• 

3,N1W 

DItio 

. 

0 

. 

67,200 

3,520 

84 

. 

a,3«io 

rniiibi^rlnnd    - 

37H,ion 

31 

5,015 

. 

. 

5 

7,883 

Wosliiiiiri'liiiid 

'223,72.'i 

n 

3,262 

. 

- 

9 

4,060 

York,  VVisi  Killing    - 

3H3,iai 

viir. 

6,678 

- 

■ 

54 

4,390 

4,389 

llii-i  ilillii 

3()i'>,t2 10 

5 

6,.lso 

. 

• 

0 

- 

7,f).M 

Niirili  ditto 

3li.s320 

viir. 

5,039 

. 

. 

9 

9,708 

1 ,0(12 

IIoldcriii'Hs 

. 

8 

• 

84,000 

3,800 

8 

. 

2,HI0 

Otlior  p;i rl  (if  Yorligliire 

. 

8 

. 

14,310 

477 

8 

. 

477 

I.uncasliir 

310,000 

3i 

4,.'-i22 

. 

. 

4i 

9,813 

('hi'Kler 

05,000 

var. 

026 

. 

- 

44 

1,318 

Di'rliy  .           -           - 

3n2  400 

.1 

4,530 

- 

- 

64 

- 

9,060 

Notliiii(liani    - 

ai.^u? 

var. 

4,112 

• 

- 

6 

- 

6,010 

l.iiKiilii 

Vii,6lS 

.'-J 

2,833 

. 

. 

6 

- 

3.0>)| 

Dillo,  rich  limd 

. 

0 

• 

1,211,625 

46.501 

0 

- 

46..',fi| 

Diltii,  tiinri«hi!8 

. 

8 

- 

87,500 

3,910 

U 

- 

3,8M 

Ditto,  inlHrflliinc-  ) 
oust  hind   -          j 

- 

8 

- 

505,657 

16,855 

6 

- 

12,611 

Riitliind 

. 

5 

. 

114,000 

2,370 

6 

. 

i,XM 

Nnrthninplon 

. 

fl 

. 

640,000 

16,000 

6 

. 

16,000 

Warwick 

182,062 

3 

2,287 

. 

. 

}« 

8,574 

Diltd 

. 

3 

. 

160,000 

3,333 

*■          * 

Leicester 

20,000 

3i 

291 

. 

- 

}« 

10,013 

Ditto 

_ 

7 

- 

380,528 

11,100 

" 

Oxfird 

301, .181 

var. 

5,303 

- 

. 

9 

• 

6.315 

Hiicks 

22a,<.M!8 

3 

2,7«7 

- 

• 

9 

- 

4.645 

UUinrestcr 

355,000 

var. 

5,400 

- 

- 

6 

- 

8.''75 

Ditto 

- 

8 

. 

200,000 

6,666 

e 

. 

fi,f.fifl 

Somerset 

500,700 

44 

9,388 

- 

- 

9 

5,215 

i,-m 

WoreesiHr 

SSO,.^)! 

3i 

4,820 

- 

- 

4| 

- 

6,.'ill 

Monniriiitli 

177010 

var. 

1.431 

- 

■ 

4 

. 

2,!KiO 

Hereford 

500,000 

3 

4,200 

- 

. 

4 

2,778 

5,.').M 

Hliropsliiro 

4'2-2,0;t  1 

21 

4,307 

- 

- 

4 

2,344 

4,(H)0 

Sliiiriird 

183,120 

2 

1,520 

- 

. 

}4» 

3..'.03 

Ditto 

. 

7 

- 

3,720 

113 

" 

Bedford 

201,000 

5 

4,250 

- 

• 

^5 

- 

4.250 

Berks  - 

300,000 

3| 

4,151 

- 

- 

34 

4,471 

Huntingdon    - 
Ditto 

108,000 

41 
7 

2,000 

87,500 

2,552 

}»| 

- 

4,4S0 

Camliriclge 

67,741 

4 

"l,128 

- 

. 

44 

1,270 

Ditto 

. 

8 

- 

41,688 

1,390 

8 

- 

1,390 

Siiffilk 

407,000 

2i 

5,170 

- 

. 

4i 

8,801 

Norfolk 

683,701 

2 

5,097 

- 

■ 

4t 

4,273 

8,546 

Ditto 

. 

7 

- 

38,500 

1,123 

7t 

- 

1,203  1 

Essex  -            .            - 

510,000 

3 

6,486 

- 

. 

4 

8,650 

Hertford 

277,000 

44 

5,297 

- 

- 

5 

2,K85 

a.ay 

Middlesex 

45,000 

4 

750 

- 

- 

5 

<i.'i7 

Kent    - 

524,475 

3i 

7,000 

- 

- 

"J 

- 

10,^0 

Do.jRoinney  market 

_ 

7 

- 

185,000 

5,400 

fii 

- 

.•i.OJU 

Ditto,  the  marsh     - 

. 

7 

- 

108,3.30 

3,100 

64 

- 

2,y3l 

Surrey 

283.000 

3 

3,540 

- 

. 

34 

4,127 

Susse.x,  downs 

316,800 

2 

2,540 

- 

. 

3 

3,9<i0 

Ditto  liiwlunds 

5 17,000 

3 

6,837 

- 

. 

3 

6,8.17 

1 

Hanipsliirc 

516,600 

3 

6,457 

- 

. 

3 

6,457 

j 

Isle  of  Wight 

61,000 

3i 

800 

- 

- 

4 

1,016 

Wilts,  downs 

583,500 

2t 

6,684 

- 

. 

21 

6,685 

Ditto,  pasture 

617,500 

3 

1,460 

- 

• 

4 

1,9.« 

Dorset 

632,245 

3J 

9,880 

- 

. 

31 

&,878 

Devon 

430,850 

4 

7,280 

- 

. 

5 

2,275 

fi.«56 ; 

Ditto 

. 

8 

- 

193,750 

6,458 

8 

- 

«,-)5'i 

Cornwall 

Total 

203,000 
14,851,299 

4 

3,382 

- 

131,794 

7 

- 

5,W0 

193,475 

4,153,308 

120,655 

2fi3.M; 

1 

800— Short  fleeces    - 

^                       _ 

193.475 

1828— Short  fleeces 

- 

. 

I2n,«5 

Long  deeces    - 

■                       " 

131,794 
325,269 

Long  fleecca 

263,!>); 
3M.5W 

Short  and  Innp,  sk 
lamb's  wool  - 

.in  and  ^ 

58,705 

Short  and  U 
lamb's  wo( 

ing,  sk 
)1   - 

in  and  j; 

m,w 

i 

383,974 

m.w. 

•             Pnrt  of  Walps  not  i 

ncluded  1 
es    -      f 

9,262 

in  itic  abiive  Tnhl 

Increase  from  1800 

0  1828      - 

09.933 

Wales,  takei 

lasbe 

rore 

9:S 

463,169 

46.1,16! 

1800— Pncks  of  short  woo 

103,475 

1800— Packs  of  loni 

r  wool 

. 

I3I.:« 

1628— Ditto            ditto 

- 

120,6.55 

162C  -Ditto            i 

itto 

- 

263,M 

D 

ecrease    - 

72 

820 

1 

ncreai 

e    - 

~1,32.0J 

WOOL. 


757 


Ishortfleecps 
■Long  tteecca 


1800— Total  qunntlly  of  ilinrt  wool  -  103,475 

Diltu     (lilto     of  long  wool  •  1.11,7Ut 

1638— Total  i|imnllty  of  uliort  wool  .  Un,(W5 

Ditto      ditto     of  long  wool  •  903,817 


3tU,%U 


Increaie  or  wool        .... 
Incruase  of  akin  and  lambs'  wool     - 

Total  increaie 


3S»,S0S 

5U,'2.i;i  tlcocua. 
1(I,7(H) 

(i'.»,'»33 


A*.  B.— The  wool  from  Blauglitered  sheep  and  carrion  not  mentioned  In  this  Table  ;  but  allowed  for 

tliove. 

II.  Aicoiint  of  Sheep  and  Lambs'  Wool  Imported  into  Oreat  Ilritaln  from  FnreiRn  Parts  in  ibe  under- 
mentioned Years  ;  sperifyinK  the  Countries  wlieiice  it  was  brought,  und  the  Uuantity  brought  from 
each,  with  the  Kutes  of  Duty  and  the  Produce  of  the  Duly. 


263.Pl^ 
lW,f>5S 

M3,m: 


I  ^  .„nP   skin  and  I  C9,W 

IshOTl  and  long,  »K«n  _        J 


I  Wales,  taken  ae  before 


,racksonongw°ol 
-Dilio  •"" 

Increaie 


Countrin  rrom 
which  iinportpj. 

1610. 
Lb). 

INO. 

IMS. 

1830. 

1832. 

1833. 

Ratal  of  Duly  chargeable. 

/.U. 

/.if. 

Lbt. 

Lb: 

Uii. 

Runlt,  Swnltn, 

I'niil  5  July  1903          Free. 

mil  Norwiy  • 

sn.'ios 

7»,6M 

l,99-.,900 

203.231 

85>,680 

1,405,092 

l>oiii5Julyl903. 

IVnciurk 

3->l,74l 

13,527 

!V64,2I3 

179,717 

302,H(H 

372.490 

Id  .(line  l'<()4     5i.  3<y.  per  CWt. 

frumi  ■ 

lJ3,(tt7 

1(17,101 

131,1(10 

713,246 

83.1,9S8 

305,379 

—  Uiini- 1904,  lot 

lierimnv 

The  NclllctliliJi 

77S,»3i 

6,113.442 

2S,799,t)6l 

26,073,«'<2 

19,«32,22i 

25,3:0,106 

5  Apiil  IH">   I'll.  lOrf.      — 

2,S73 

IS6,0>I 

l,Qri9,2l3 

»J9,I23 

209  144 

911,031 

—  5  April  l903,tol 

loSl.iy  IVMi  ,5f.  Ilrf.  8-20th». 

Ifance  • 

• 

230,909 

43rt,li78 

43.(193 

1,973 

23U,H4I 

t'orluipl 

3,0IS,96I 

9-.,IN7 

9.3,793 

461,912 

193,544 

691,968 

- 10. Miy  1906,10 

Spiin  k  Ctnarict 
i.iliralUr 

6,9;iJ,107 
349,033 

3,&3B,229 
3,».il 

B,20U,427 
19,250 

1,613,515 

1  2,626,624 

3,339,150 

6  luly  1909     ;6i.  id.  2J0lh>. 
—  5July  1909,  10] 

llilv      • 

SIAM 

2,*<l'> 

227,4M 

9,461 

78,552 

855,510 

15  April  1913  6i.  9d.  percwt. 

M>lii    • 

40^040 

»,030 

72.131 

. 

664 

4,803 

-  15  April  1813,1 

liM.iin  lilanili    ■ 

• 

• 

21,983 

to  5  July  1919  7».  lid.      — 

rurkejr  • 

- 

I89,5»l 

613,414 

. 

17,992 

361,591 

-5  July  |SI9,  to 

Miiiwcr 

linrrnyy.Jerwy, 
AlJtniey,  »nii 

• 

• 

14,465 

103,699 

(Id.  1919 

Id.  pef  ">. 

Min  ■ 

4I,4W 

19,015 

22,266 

7,745 

13,516 

30,374 

Of  Ilrilish 

Of  Fnreiro 

r.Mi  iiiiiiM 

701 

8,056 

I'llUfUiOlll. 

Couiitriei. 

New  HfilUnd  k 



Vin  D.'i  I'lnd 

167 

99.4  IS 

321,995 

1,967,309 

2,377 ,0-.7 

3,516,869 

Ptr  tb. 

Cipf.fC..  Ho|ie 

29,717 

13,»t>9 

27,619 

33,407 

B3,2-|7 

93,323    Fmni  10  Oct. 

B.Miih      Norlh 

1919,    lo   5 

American  lo- 

Jan.  1923    Id. 

6d.  perlb, 

l'.niM,     WrM 

From    5  Jin. 

liilid,       arul 

1823,  to   10 

Vijiled   Statu 

Srpt.  1924  3if. 

W.    - 

<  \nienc»    • 

4,111 

1,477 

60,638 

9,038 

628,915 

335,649 

From  10  .Sept. 

Melico  * 

• 

. 

3,139 

1924,  1  .    10 

IVra      • 

• 

14,313 

6,741 

23,191 

14,640 

Dec.  19J4    Id.     3d.    - 

thili     • 

- 

UJ9Z 

2 

From  10  Dec. 

Rio  de  la  Plata 

30,359 

307.143 

1924,    to    6 

inl  Brazil 

116,173 

73,036 

331,302 

20,589 

16,456 

2,049 

July  1825     Id. 

Id.    - 

Prue     - 

23,837 

From  5  July 
1823,  free. 

l-2d.  per   lb. 
nil  \v(H»l   not  of 

Tii'jI       import 

Inm    foreign 

the  vnluR  vf  it. 

pirii 

10,914,137 

9,789,020 

43,795.281 

32,313.059 

29,142,4(9 

38,076,413 

per  lb. 

Id.  per  lb.  on 

wool  of  the  va- 

Huinliliea     rt' 

'  iiiiiel  for  home 

lue  nf  If.  p<;r  lb. 

rotiiumjition   • 

■ 

7,691,773 

41,101,636 

31,522,859 

27,666,350 

39,066,620 

and  upwarils. 

An.<>unt  of  duly 

L.    l.d. 

L.      t   d. 

L.     I.  rf. 

L.       ». d. 

L.     1.  d. 

L.     ».d. 

rrctive<l 

32,!tflO  4  3 

191,860  19  e 

163,799  16  71 

120,420    8    0 

102,031    2   3 

137,955  1  8 

' 

I  111.  Account  of  tlio  Quantities  of  British  Wool  and  Woollen  Yarn,  exported  from  the  United  Ki; 
in  1833;  specifying  the  Countries  to  which  they  were  sent. 


Joni 


Couitrica  to  which  exported. 


Ruflia 
Ikumark 
Pniwu  • 

(jfmunT         •  " 

,  Hrtlind 

i!  Fnoce 

|i  FonunI,  Azores,  and  Madeira 

„  ^piiii'aiKl  (he  Canariei  ■ 

hi;   . 
I  tM  Mm  anil  Chin*  • 
I  Cipe  of  Good  Hope 


Wool. 


8,428 

173,172 

3,273,198 

1,424,209 

144 


Woollen  and 

Wonleil  Yarn 

(including 

Wool  or 

Wonled 

Varn  iiiiied.) 


89,796 

2,063 

1,095,040 

490,459 

119,040 

3,292 

2,496 

651 

30,649 

760 

1,120 


Countriet  to  which  exported. 


Other  parts  of  Africa     - 
British  colonies  in  N.  America  • 
Dritish  West  Indies 
Foreign  West  Indies 
rniled  Stales  of  America 
Mexico 
Colombia 

Peru    .  .  .  • 

Isles  of  Guernsey,  Jersey,  Alder- 
uey  and  Man 

Total 


Wool. 


Lit. 

884 

105,214 
6,562 


4,992,110 


Woollen  and 

Worsted  Yarn 

(including) 

Wool  or 

Worsted 

Yarn  mixed.) 


2.1>l. 

163 

11,308 

194 

112 

283,993 

2,556 

47 

1,232 

23,616 


2,107,478 


IV.  Price  of  Southdown  Wool  per  lb.  from  1784  to  1833,  both  inclusive. 


'lUoiJI 


'tin. 

Price  of 
Wool. 

Years. 

Price  of 
W<iol. 

Y'cars. 

Price  of 
Wool. 

Years. 

Price  of 

Wool. 

Years. 

Price  of 
Wool. 

1.  d. 

1.   d. 

1.  d. 

t.  a. 

f.  d. 

ITM 

0    8| 

1794 

1     1 

1804 

1  10 

IB14 

2    2 

1821 

1     2 

IM 

0    9 

1785 

1    3 

1903 

2    3 

1815 

1  11 

1925 

1     4 

I7«6 

0    9 

1796 

1     4 

1806 

1  10 

1816 

1    6 

IS26 

0  10 

i:s7 

0  11 

1797 

1    3 

1907 

2    0 

1817 

2    7 

IS.'7 

0    9 

w 

1    0 

1798 

1     3 

1908 

1    9 

1818 

2    6 

1823 

0    8 

m 

1    0 

1799 

1     9 

1809 

3    0 

1919 

1    7 

1929 

0    6 

rso 

1    01 
9  llj 

ItiOO 

1     5 

1810 

2    4 

1820 

1    6 

1830 

0  10 

i:9i 

1801 

1     7 

1911 

1    6 

1821 

1    3 

ISJI 

1     1 

m 

1602 

1     7 

1812 

1    8 

1822 

1    3 

1932 

1    0 

i^j 

0  11^ 

1803 

1    8 

IblJ 

1  11 

1823 

1    31 

1933 

1    6 

1  Vol.  II.— 38 


758 


WOOLLKN  MANirFACTURE. 


rnci'i  or  Wiiol  in  the  l.onilon  innrkrl,  DccRmbor,  1630. 


ri 


PI 


if) 


SptnUh 

I.. 

H. 

/.. 

1. 

H 

Aiulrihaii-dmlinUKf. 

/,. 

rf.    /.  .. 

l#iilir«l 

•  iKr  lb 

u 

fl 

to  II 

.l 

■i 

fliT'inili                        • 

peril! 

0 

3  111  0    t 

.H.-«iin» 

— 

a 

n 

-  0 

:i 

n 

iiifrntir  llnrki 

•^ 

0 

*  -0    J 

M<'ria 

.      _ 

0 

n 

—  (1 

1 

II 

Vau 

Jirllirii't  l^utl 

('Ntrrn 

^ 

0 

II 

-  0 

:t 

II 

iiifrnor 

— 

0 

0^0     1 

Srt.lln 

^ 

0 

0 

-  I) 

I 

3 

hikMIiiik 

.» 

0 

«  -  0    J 

I'lirhmil 

« 

0 

(1 

—  (1 

0 

II 

riiiiiliiiig 

_ 

0 

3  -  0    i 

lllllt''«  W'Xit     ■ 

^ 

0 

7 

-  0 

t 

N 

C">l» 

.» 

0 

a-0  1 

U«rni.iu 

Hiili 

h  firrrra 

^Ml       M'r.ii.-.         • 

— 

0 
0 

6 
0 

-  0 

-  0 

* 

Norili  .11x1  Hftiitli  [kiwn 

lull  iTI-il   .llllo 

lK«Kfltl 

::: 

0 
0 

7-0    1 

K  --  0     1 

""'•'>"■<;;',:."'"  : 

_ 

0 

II 

-  a 

i 

111 

illlliM-wra  t  lolliilig 

.^ 

0 

«  -    0    1 

.      _ 

0 

i 

-    0 

J 

II 

Ki-nl  111-.  Ill    • 

,. 

0 

N  —  II     1 

1  lioliitui 

— 

u 

11 

—  0 

3 

tt 

(-••iiil'iiiK  %hiii« 

.~ 

0 

f.  —  »   1 

'"7; ;::;;:'': 

_ 

n 

i> 

-  n 

3 

II 

illlln  lliiiiiit-l  tvoil 

«_ 

0 

1  -   II    1 

,_ 

II 

0 

-  n 

3 

0 

.lilM  1  l.iiiki't 'hllil 

.. 

(1 

1  -  11   1 

,      _ 

(1 

(1 

-  11 

J 

H 

l-ciirnli-r  llrriit 

-. 

II 

4  -  II    1 

,,    '"'            l.iut.'.     . 

— 

0 

.1 

-  II 

3 

« 

In  Vii  ll  Ili'VDlll 

.. 

n 

1  --  (1    II 

"""""■"'     ,.„.r,-,      . 

. 

0 

0 

—  0 

3 

0 

ihtlii  lliiM'ii     - 

_ 

0 

11  —  11    0 

Uiil" 

— 

0 

e 

—  0 

1 

II 

ilillu  Mrrinii  • 

.. 

0 

i  -  11   1 

AiMtrilitti 

ITfiaU'  u'wtl,  riirkrjr     • 

— 

0 

II  -  n   I 

tn-l  r1  >.  k^,  *H|>i'rM)r  I1r<  rti 

.     — 

0 

2 

li 

—  0 

.1 

- 

>.iiii,  iiiiili.tir  ■ 

— 

II 

1      -  U     J 

Till'  liri'i'il  i>r  Khii|i  lliiit  WHS  nirrii'il  nut  to  Ni-w  Small  Wall's  ami  V:in  Dioini'ir.i  I,;ii 
linx  Hiirri'i'ilinl  ri'iiiarkiiMy  well  ;  iiinl  AuHtraliii  |)riiiiii>*i'M,  at  iin  ilistani  ilay,  tn  Im  iiiii<  uf  t 
|iriii.'i|ial  wool-uruwini;  riiuiilrii's  of  till*  wiirlil.  'I'lii'  iiniiiirlx  intn  (irral  itnlaiii  liaM- Im 
rapiiily  i;icri'a>iiii;.  In  1S:):1  tlicy  aiiinuiitril  to  ll,.')Hi,K(i'.t  IIh.,  wliilr  llii'  iiii|iiirls  rrmii  Sy,y 
only  aiiiuiiiitril  to  lt.:l:t!),ir>l)  Ills.  Till'  ^^|iaiiisli  llurks  siilVi  rril  srvrri'lv  iliiriiii;  llii'  raiii|>ai;' 
in  •'*'|>.iiii  ;  ami  tin  lu'st  S|iaiiisli  wiiul  ilni's  mil  now  hriii^  iiiimi;  than  \  tlic  [irici;  ul'  tliii  In 
(ii'i'iiiaii  wiiiil. 

I  riir  valiH' of  till' wool   ini|>iirtril  into  tlic   Knili'il  Htati's,  in  tin- yi'nr  omlini;  Si'jiii'iiili 
nOlli,  ls;!'.l,  not  rxi'i'i'ilini;  H  rents   [iit   |ioiiml,  ainonntt'il   to  s'rJ7,ti'.J(t,  ami,  r\i:ri'iliii'_'  tli 
riilr,  t)   Slil.'.MH,  liiiili   tiii;i'llu'r  nut  imu'li  rxri-rilinij  tlii' valiUMif  tin- wool   proiliuril 
Massirliiisi'ii^  aloiii'.      Tliis  aiminiili'il,  in   IH:17,  lo  5o:{!l.(iH!). — ,)///.  I'.d.] 

\\(»t)I,M:.\  .M.\.\i:i''.\('rrUI'.  the  arlof  t'oriiiiiii;  won]  into  iloih  ami  stiilT^.  Th 
luis  ahva\-i  raiikril  as  an  iiii|i>ii'iaiit  hraiirh  nl  naiional  iiithi^lry  ;  ami,  until  it  was  ri'i'ini 
KiirpasM'il  liy  ihi'  rollon  nianurai'tuii',  was  di'i'iili'illy  the  nio.st  iiiiiiorlaiit  ol'  all  thi'  iimjiuI'u, 
turrs  i-ariiril  mi  in  llii^laml. 

liisr  iiik/  I'riii^rr.y.s  of  llii  lirili^li  \Viiii//i  ii  Miniii  fiir/iirr.  I].fj>i)ils. — Thrro  can  lii>  n 
iloiilit  that  thr  arts  of  s|>innin);  wool,  ami  inaiinlartiiiiin;  ihi'  yarn  into  I'loili,  wrrc  iiiirnilun 
into  l''ni;laml  liy  tin-  Koinaiis, — \\w  inhiiliitants  liriiit;  |iiTvioiisly  flotlu'il  only  in  skins.  Froi 
till'  prrioil  of  till'  iioinans  i|uittiiii;  l''.iiL;laml,  ilown  to  tin*  Illlli  i-i'iitiiiy,  thri'i'  an;  no  iiotii, 
III' till*  iiianul.iiMiiri' ;  ami  llioso  ri'latini;  to  tin'  |ii'riiii1  tVoin  thi>  lOlli  to  thr  IMih  I'ciiiurv  ar 
bill  li'w  ami  ini|n'rli'rl.  It  is  rrrlain,  howi'vrr,  that  llu"  inannraclnri' of  liroail  iloilis  w. 
cstalilifhi'cl  soon  al'li-r  llii>  yiar  l'..'(ll),  it'  not  |iii'vioiisly. — {Sniilli'n  Mimtiirs  uf  IV'ci//,  \ol. 
p.  I  7.)  Hnl  lilt'  vvoolli'ii  iiiiiinr.u'lmi's  of  I'Mamli'is  liriii);  at  this  jM-iiod,  ami  lorn;  attiTHin! 
ill  a  i'oin|iaraliM'ly  ailvani'i'il  slate,  Kii'^lisli  wool  was  i-xjioitivl  in  lari;i'  ijiiaiililirs  to  Ilrui;. 
anil  olhiT  i'Mi'iiiish  lilii's,  wlieni'i'  line  cloths  ami  other  |iioihii'ts  were  liroiinht  hark  in 
chaiiite.      IMwaiil  III.  look  the  most  jiulicious  nieiisiireii  for  iiii|iroviiin  the  Kimlish  iiuiii 


tuie 


liv  iii\  iliii:r  over 


1' 


le  assnilis  ol  llie  ralilile. 


ill  weavers,  fullers,  ilyers,  ami  others,  iiinl   proteeliiiL;  ihi'iii  iVi 
horliv  after  the  I'lr^l  einiKralion  of  Flemiiins,  nr  in  lii.)) 


ill!  al 


th 

was  pas-ii'il,  |iioluliitiiiir  the  Wear  of  any  cloths  inaile  lieyond  sea,  ami  interriiclinL;  llie  i'\ii,j 
of  I^Miilish  wool. — (///,'(/.  Mil.  i.  |i.  '.^."i.)      Hilt  in  these  Inihulent  times  smli  reslrainiiiu'  arl 

lis,  imleeil,  was  soon  after  repealeil. —  (////(/.  v,i 


were  little  lielter  than  a  ileail  Idler  ; 


ill  th 


pp.  ;t",'.  Hit.)      I'Voiii  this  remote   perioil   the  niannfaelnre  has  always  heen 
primary  imporlanee,  ami  has  heen  the  ohject  of  the  esjiecial  solicitude  of  the  lesislatiirc. 
may  he  doiihlcd,  however,  whether  it  has  ileriveil   any  real  ndvaiitase  from  llie  luiinlu'rli'l 
statutes  that  have  I'ceii   passed   in   the  view  of  contrilmliiiii  to  its  advancement.     W'itlill 


cxceptini.  imlced.  of  the  prohiliilion  of  the  export  of  i;ii|;li>h  Wi 


I'hich 


finally  |iiiil 


stop  to  in  Itilid.  the  other  ac'-;,  lieiiii:  mostly  intended  tor  the  reifiilation  of  the  iiiaii;if.iv'iii| 


conid  not  he  ollierwise  than  mischievi 


and  the  henelit  derived  hv  the  liiaiHif.ictiirt'rsl'rjl 


the  iirohihilion  was  more  apparent  than  real ;  inasniiieh  as  it  occasioned  a  dimiiilshi'il  s.uv 
of  wool,  at  the  same  lime  that  it  was  imiiossihle  to  prevent  its  cl.imlestine  exportiiiini. 
Smith  has  proved  that  the  iiMiiiitacliire  made  a  far  more  raiiid   pro;;ress  ihirint::  the  reiirn  | 
Kli/:ilieth,  when  wool  niimhl  he  freely  carried  out  of  the  kingdom,  than  it  ever  I'id  iliiriiij  ji 
equal  period  sniiseipieiil  lo  the  restriction  on  exportation.  Foreign  wool  hegaii  lo  W.  iiii|)ir 


III  small  i|iianllties  in 


the  i:)th  ceiiliirv. 


Al  I'lrsl,  the  inaniifacliire  seems  lo  have  heen  pretty  rqually  dlslriliuted  over  the  ci'im' 
In  an  insnrreclion  that  ti>ok  place  in  l."")'^."),  more  than  1,(1(111  weavers  and  other  triilis: 
are  said  to  have  assemhled  out  of  ijaneham,  Siulluiry,  and  other  towns  in  Sullolk,  'i| 
jnannl'acliire  had  heen  previously  introduced  into  Vorkshire,  In  I.')!]:),  an  act  w,is 
(:M  \-  oo  Hen.  S.  c.  10.),  recilinij,  "that  the  city  of  Vork  alorc  this  time  h.i.l  liecii  ii;ihiil 
principally  hy  making  and  weavinn;  „f  coverlets,  and  the  poor  thereof  dailv  si  I  on  n.irl. 
spiniiim;.  cardiiiir,  dyeinu,  weaviiiii,  &c. ;"   that  the   maniifacliire,  haviiii!  .'^prcaii  iiitii  oil 


vil.  Il 


parts,  was  ••  iherchy  dehased  and  discredited;"  and   enacting,  as  a  remedy  tor  this  i' 
henceforth  "  none  shall  make  coverlets  in  Vorkshire,  but  inhabitants  of  the  city  of  Vij 


UE. 

hor,  »M«- 

.1. 


WOOLLEN  f'ANUFACTlJRE. 


7R0 


\m  1 


I.  rf.     '• 
t    a  In  0 

I   •-o 


_      0     I 


n-0 

6-0 
»  -  0 
»   -0 


1.  <. 

i    7 
1    1 

I    4 

t    J 

i  e 

3    0 


mill  !>>■"»  '»"«•'* 

I" 

mIIiiIiI       * 

1X0  >1 

■I  .llll'l 

Jfftt  * 

VUIU 


1,  luikfy     • 
iir  • 


0 
0 
0 
0 
._      0 

—  0 

..    n 

—  I) 
..     0 

—  0 
^     0 

—  0 

—  0 


I   1 
I 


_  0  « 
-  I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 


-0 

-  0 

«.    0 

»- 11 
b-» 

l  .    0 
I  -  0 

4-  I)  I 

1—0    0 
I     1)  -11    0 

1  i  -  I'  I 
,  II  -  n  1 
i   1  -  0  1 


I  Id 

I   I"! 

I  1 

I  111 

1  1 

I  • 

I     4 


1  iniiii 


.     I...       1.1   W  Kill'   "'    "" 


luloi*.  in  0> 
tUf  viiliit'  lit 


-.  ,;•:,).  i.ii.U<'^«''''*"'«V'* 

''•''•'nl;o".S!u-»wti.ir..  Th. 

,/,_-Tlu-rc  c;»n  W  iv 

,v(.viiivi''l >•»'"""'     ,i,;.„.  ;uo  nmiilio', 
tU'-i*">"'''"V':-\      l■.i,h.•...nuv.:.■ 


Thii  nmy  be  taken  an  a  foir  Mprcimt^n  of  the  coinmorrial  loitiHlntinn  of  the  timn.  Inilred,  it 
wim  eimrtcil,  nciirly  at  tliu  dnim-  |)criiiil,  lluil  the  iiumufiicturc  hIiouIiI  Ihi  rmtrictnl,  in  Wor- 
cfHlcrhliirt',  to  Wurrihlcr  uiid  1  other  towiiH.  W'lirHted  noods,  ho  riilled  front  Worsled,  now 
lUi  iiuoiiHideriilile  lowii  in  Norfolk,  wliere  tho  nmnnfiutiire  vvuh  lirst  Mt  on  foot,  were  pro- 
diired  in  (he  reiijii  of  lOdward  II.,  or  |ierhii|iH  eaihir;  l>ul  Norwieh  noon  iifter  lieeiiine,  und, 
iiotwilhslaiiilint;  the  eompetilioii  of  Hnidford,  prolndily  iH  htiil,  tlie  |iriii('i|>nl  Hciit  of  thin  lininch 
iifthe  niuniifueture.  In  an  ml  of  Henry  \III.  (Iiii  Hen.  H.  e.  1(1.),  wor>ted  yiirn  is  chseriheil 
U(t  "  the  private  coimiiiidily  of  the  city  of  .Norwicli."  In  Mil  Laurent  iiniirovenieiit  took 
plnee  in  the  woollen  iiianiiliu  lure  of  the  west  of  Mn^rjand,  I  ,  (lie  invention  of  what  is  called 
medley  or  mixed  cloth,  for  which  (iloiice>tershire  is  hiill  famous.  Durinjj  the  reii;n  of 
CliarlcM  IT.,  there  were  many,  thoii|{h  tiiifoiiiided,  coiii|ilaints  of  the  decay  of  the  inanufiic- 
mre  ;  and,  hy  way  of  encoiirai;in);  it,  an  act  w.is  passed  (IKt  t/'ar.  ".  st.  i.  c.  I).),  orilcriin?  that 
jII  persons  slioiild  ho  luiricd  in  woollen  shrouds!  This  act,  the  provisions  of  which  were 
nul'scMHicntJy  enforced,  prcscrvcil  its  place  on  (he  s(atii(e  hook  tor  more  titan  130  ye.irs  ! 

Towards  (he  I'lul  of  the  I  /ih  century,  Mr.  (ireuory  Kintf  and  Dr.  Davenant — {Dart limit's 
Wiir/is,  \V  hit  worth's  ed.  vol.  ii.  p.  SXi) — estimated  the  value  of  the  wool  8horn  in  Kii^land 
:it  '.J.dOO.dOO/.  II  M'ur ;  anil  (hey  snpposi-d  that  the  value  of  the  wool  (inchidiii);  that  imported 
from  uhroad)  was  ipiadrnpled  in  the  manufacture  ;   iiiakin;;  the  entire  value  of  the  woollen 
articles  annually  produced  in  ICiiKland  and  Wales.  H,(l(IO,()0()/.,  of  which  aliout  '.J.OdO.OOO/. 
were  i-xported      In  1700  niid  I'llU,  the  ollicial  value  of  the  wuollenii  exported  amounted  to 
;ilwut  ;<,(10(),()()()/.  u  year.     ( )winn  to  tiie  va>t  increase  of  wealth  und    population,  tho  maiiu- 
l.ictiire  must  have  been  very  ('reatly  extended  duriii);  last   century  ;  hut  the  increase  in  tho 
imount  (ifex|iorln  was  comparatively  inconsiderahle.     .\t  an  avcruKc  of  the  (•  years  ondinf{ 
witli  IVi^'.t,  the  ollicial  value  of  the  exports  was  :i,.')1'l,l((0/.  a  year,  hein;;  only  ahout  540,000/. 
aliDve  the  amount  exported  in  1700.     The  extraordinary  increase  of  the  cotton  manufacture 
siion  after  17M0,  and  the  extent  to  which  cotton   articles  then  hefrnn  to  be  sulistituted  for 
those  of  wool,  thont;h  it  did  not  occasion  any  absolute  decline  of  the  manufacture,  no  doubt 
contrihuted  powerfully  to  che<-k  its  progress.      In  ISO'J,  tho  otl'icial  value  of  tho  exports  roso 
ii)'(,;('2l,0ia/.,  beiinj  ihe  larpest  amount  they  ever  reached  till  18H3,  when  they  amounted  to 
;','i'i,\Ki'il.     During;  the  last  few  years,  indeed,  every  hruncli  of  tho  manufacture  has  been 
mil  state  of  unexampled  imjirovement  and  extension.     It  was  supposed  that  the  high  price 
of  wool  would  give  it  a  temporary  cheek  ;  but  such  has  not  hitherto  been  the  case.    During 
the  fi  years  endini;  with  IH3.'),  the  ollicial  and  real  values  of  the  woollen  manufactures  ex- 
ported from  the  United  Kingdom  have  been  as  under : — 


the   II 


""•"''"■V"::,;;;";;f  broad  cii'tu^^v,'. 

'         .od,a..dlon■V..lt.■r^^"..•. 
unti'.ics  to  lirii-i 


•ill 


ler 


I,,,  althispcvi 

^'-•''f 'rStUutwkuuv, 

i-tiire  has  .dvN'»y     .    ■      ,,.,/,sl,ituro. 


(Mlirial  vatiio  of  woollen  mnnu- 

fiictiirtis  ex|HirliMl 

IVrlucil  iir  rciil  valiio  of  ditto    - 


1830. 


£ 

5,.^.')S,70!) 
•l,N.')n,HS.J 


1931. 


£ 

f.,0!l7.5.^8 


18.32. 


1833. 


£        1 

(\,.Mt,.W(5 

5,23ii,i.»ya 


£ 
7,777,0.')2 

o,acij,M!» 


1834. 


£ 
fi,5l4,704 
S,736,H7n 


1S35. 


£ 

7,40(1,90!) 
fi,H10,51I 


risl.ituro. 

luunlii'iH 

ith  ul 

put  I 

I'jf.lOtUll 

amd'.ii-Uivi'f* ''■'' 

crontl 


shcil  1 


Ivevenlitsaandcstin      M^^^^^^^^,^_,^^ 
lore  rapid   F;'-;  'i:  ^    .^,1  .Uinn.  .| 

|.vei,ualMUtri.nU.;a  over  the. u;;^ 

',u4.000we-.»v.r.       '>     '^^^..,^.   .1., 
J.Ky,a.ulol^>cr    --    -        ^,,,„« 

Vorkshire.     \".  *•;."'•;       nicci> '.*''''• 
Vorkalorc.h.stnnel.^^^^,,,;,,t 

maiudacturclraM.g^'-    ',,,,,!, 

Ire  butiiihabitatiuof  lUocity 


Viiltic  of  the  Mantifitcture.     Number  of  Persons  oiiploi/cd. — The  most  discordant  esti- 
mate!-, have  been  Riven  as  to  both  these  iioints.    For  the  most  part,  however,  they  have  been 
{iiwsly  exagKcrated.    In  a  tract  luililished  in  173'J,  entitled  Considerations  on  the  Running 
(SiiuiRqling)  ('/  Wool,  the  number  of  persons  engap;ed  in   the  manufacture   is  stated  at 
i,i)00,OOO,  and"  their  watjes  at  1 1,737,500/.  a  year.     Dr.  Camiibcll,  in  his  Politieal  Survei/ 
fGVfrt/  ISrilain,  jmblished  in  177 1,  obscves, — "  Many  computations  have  been  made  upon 
this  important  subject,  and,  amonjist  others,  one  about  DO  years  since,  which,  at  that  time, 
K;istliouKht  U)  be  pretty  near  the  truth,     .\ccordini?  to  the  best  information  that  can  bo  ob- 
laiiud.  there  may  be  from  10,000,000  to  12,000,000  sheep  in  England,  some  think  ir ore. 
The  value  of  their  wool  may,  one  year  wiih  another,  anunint  to  3,000.000/.;  the  expense  of 
Miiufacturiiig  this  may  jirobably  lie  9.000.000/.,  and  the  total  value  12,000,000/.    We  may 
tsporl  annually   to   tlie  value  "of  3,000,000/.,  though  one   year  we  exported   more  than 
(.1100,000/.     In  reference  to  the  number  of  persons  w  ho  are  maintained  by  this  manufacture, 
ikfvarc  jirohably  upwards  of  1,000.000.     iJ^anguinc  men  will  judi^e  these  computations  too 
kaiid  few  will  believe  them  too  high."— (Vol.  ii.  p.  158.)    Hut  the  moderation  displayed 
inihiscxtiinato  was  very  soon  lost  sight  of.     In  1800.  the  woollen  manufacturers  objected 
siCTuoiisly  to  some  of  the  jirovisions  in  the  treaty  of  union  between  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
W,and  were  allowed  to  urge  iheir  objections  at  the  bar  of  the  House  of  Lords,  and  to  pro- 
iJucc evidence  in  their  sujiport.     Mr.  Law  (afterwards  Lord  Ellenborough),  the  counsel  em- 
pUed  l>v  the  manufacturers  on  this  occasion,  slated,  in   his  address  to   their  Lordships,  on 
inliirniatioii  communicated  to  him  by  his  clients,  that  (100,000  packs  of  wool  were  annually 
produred  in  England  and  Wales,  worth,  at  11/.  a  pack,  0,000,000/.-,  that  the  value  of  the 
mnufdctiired  goods  was  3  times  as  great,  or  l'J,800,0()0/.;  that  not  less  than  1,500,000  per- 
Bnsttere  imniediately  engaged  in  the  oiierative  branches  of  the  manufacture;  and  that  the 
iraJo  coiliiteraliy  em[>loyed  about  tho  same  number  of  hands.— (^ccokh/  of  the  Proceedings 
Uthe  Merrhimls,  Manufacturers,  Ac-  p.  3L) 
It  is  astonishing  that  reasonable  men,  conversant  with  the  manufacture,  should  have  put 
«rth  8ucL  ludicrously  absurd  statements.     We  have  already  seen  that  the  quantity  of  woo' 


v>rl 


HJ 


760 


WOOLLEN  MANUFACTIIUE. 


5*» 


m 


^ 

^1 


produced  in  England  and  WoIm,  in  1800,  did  not  rraily  nmount  to  400,000  piirku;  and  th« 
notion  thnt /ArfC  out  of  the  ;i»n«  milliim*  of  |»C()|»li'  then  in  thr  country  wcru  diroctly  and 
indirectly  employed  in  ihn  manufacture,  i»  Iih)  ridiculous  to  dewrve  notice,  ihouiih  it  wai 
generally  acquiriiced  in  at  the  time. — (Sec  Mi<Mli ton's  .S'urir//  of  MitldlrKX,  ad  ed.  p.  (It  1,; 
Adolphim'.'i  Political  Sliitr  of  thf  Hritinh  Empire,  vol.  iii.  p.  'i:W.) 

Mr.  StcvenHon,  who  in  mie  of  the  very  few  wrilerH  on  Urilinh  Mlati«tic«  to  whone  xinip. 
menln  mucli  ticferencc  in  duf,  Iioh  given  the  fullownm  eHtirnnte  of  the  vidue  of  the  woollen 
manufactured  rimkIh  onnunlly  produced  in  KiiRliuid  nnd  Widen,  and  of  tho  intereat,  Ac.  of 
the  capital,  and  tho  number  of  |)«>riton8  employed  in  the  nianufucturc: — 

Totnl  vnliio  of  ninniiriirtiirtMl  artklvi  -  -  £  18,000,000 


Vtiliii'  of  raw  iimlrrliil  -  • 

liiti-ri'iit  on  tnpiiiil,  auni  lo  rviilacc  ill  wear  anil  lenr, 

nnd  niiiniil'iii'nirera'  |iriitll* 
Wiigi.'g  of  worktnun 


£  0,000,000 


a.todoim 

U,l'i(lll,tl(lO 

£  18,000,000 

Nunihcr  of  people  employed,  I^O.OOO,  or  perlnpi  5mt,n(K). 
But  even  this  eHtimato  reipiirca  to  Iw  materinlly  modilled.  'I'akinR  Scotland  into  acroimt 
and  allowing  for  the  increaiic  of  |Kipuli»ticjn  and  of  exportatioTi  HJnce  Mr.  Hieveimoii'H  eHiiinm,. 
wan  made,  the  total  value  of  the  various  deneriptionH  of  woollenn  annually  proiluced  in  (inni 
Britain  may,  at  prcnent,  he  mmlcrately  entimated  at  from  '.Ji^OOO.OOO/.  lo  22,000,(l(t()/.,  ,„ 
81,000,000/.  at  a  medium.  We  have  further  heen  nnnurid  hy  the  hichcHt  iirucliral  oiillinri. 
ticH,  that  Mr.  Stcvenson'a  distribution  of  the  ileniH  in  es«enliiil|y  erromouH ;  and  that,  a-suin. 
ing  the  value  of  tho  manufacture  to  Ims  21,000,000/.,  it  is  made  up  nearly  as  follown; — 
Totnl  value  of  innnufnctured  orllcif*  -  -  i;ai,000,(U)0 

Value  nf  raw nmlerlnl  -  -        £7,000.000 

(Ml,  iionp.  (lye  iliitrn,  &;C.  -  -  l,l,'in.(H)0 

Wear  and  tear  of  capital,  and  profit       -  -  4,9.'i(i.(H)() 

Wavei  .  .  -  H,;i(W(,(Mii) 

£21,000,000 

At  present,  tho  average  wages  of  the  people  employed  may  be  taken  at  about  25/.  a  year, 
making  the  total  number  cmi)loyed  ^32,000.  .\nd,  however  small  this  may  look  as  cdiu- 
porcd  with  former  estimates,  wc  believe  it  is  fully  up  to  the  mark,  if  not  rather  beyonil  it. 

Most  of  tho  innumerable  statutes  formerly  passed  for  the  regulation  of  the  dilVerent  |)tiv 

cesses  of  the  manufacture  have  been  repealed  within  these  few  years ;  and  the  sooner  every 

vestige  of  the  remainder  disappears  from  the  statute  book,  the  better. 

1.  Account  of  the  Quantitiei  of  each  Description  of  Woollen  Mannfiirlures  exported  from  the  United 
Kingdom  In  1033  ;  specifying  the  Uiiantlties  and  Tutsi  Value  of  those  sent  to  each  t^ounlry. 

I 


Cnuntries  to 
wbicli  uporlail. 


Ruaia 

Sweden 

Norway     . 

Dcnmarlt   • 

Prustia 

Germany    • 

Hnlland      •       - 

Belgium     • 

France 

Fnrlnral,  Azorea 
and  NIaJrira    • 

SpaiD  and  ttie 
Canaries  • 

GihralUr    • 

llalv    •       •       . 

Mafia  ■      •       • 

Ionian  lilandt   • 

Turkey, md  Con- 
tinental (rreece 

Morea  and  Greek 
iilauda 

East  Indies  and 
China       ■ 

New  Holland    ■ 

Cane  of  Good 
Hope 

Otiier  iMLrts  of 
Africa 

Bntiih  colonies 
in  North  Ame- 
rica - 

West  Indies 

Foreign  Westln- 
dirj    . 

United  Stales  of 
America  • 

Braril  -      . 

.Vfeaico  and  the  ! 
States  of  South  ' 
America  •       -  I 

Istes  Guernsey,  I 
Jersey,  Alter-  ' 
uer  and  Man  -  I 


Cloths 
of  all 
Sorts. 


Nap- 

petl 
Coat- 

inp. 
DnnVIa 

Ac. 


Ker-    Baizes 

sey-      of  all 

meres.  Soils. 


Pieca. 

8,737 

2i 

9lo 

40 

2'  .  . 
12.948'  «,3S2 
2,l>li2  i.bm, 
461     5,2119 1 


Piun.  Piter:  Pitca. 


407 

111 

30 


1,581 

461 

42,389 

020 

2,850 
3,451 
7,554 
l,l»« 
117 

63 

12 
12 

2,959 

32 

62 

•     - 

122,423 

2,982 

7 
9 

2,S37 

214 

669 

40,562 
10,139 

417 
161 

9,923 

82 

262,S27 
36,256 

403 
32 

45,5-8 

•      • 

2,103 

2 

7,9"  i3'  I  S3 
666     8,092 

1,234  828 
2&6I  7 

I 

1,641    IS,3«3 

534' 
196 
627 
250 

"1 
126 


499 
273 


656 
46 


392 
151 

22 

9,994 
1,690 


1,416 


17 


Totals 


6I9,SSS  20.083  29,203 


139 

368 
70 
90 

to 


99« 
12 


405 
6,237 

652 

1,463 
9,701 


2,672 


SInffi, 
Woollen 

or 
Worsted. 


Puca. 

26,'ilO 

9,091 

6,366 

1,040 

39 

405,541 

N3,I89 

47,172 

26,60)^ 

44,646 

18,493 

5,043 
I2X,3('3 

2,S"» 
900 

I0,8S0 

156 

124,179 
2,418 

6,079 

4,748 


65,9S; 

I5,9SS 

11,870 

660,160 
38,017 


33,532 


Flannel. 


Blankets  Carpels 

and      I     and 

Blanket-  !l  arpet 

i"«».     I     »'%• 


Wool. 

lens 

miikd 

with 

Cotton. 


640 


4.244 


Yaidi.    I 

4,996 

620 

2,497 

86O' 

203 

2fl9.l34 

275,697 

1 1'. 295! 

13,162 

I 

8,363 

6,996 ! 
8,l64i 
2«,9?* 
I,24l| 
2,419| 

17,021 

347 

222,181 
69,766 

40,IS9 

6,185 

613.01'. 
62,163 

12,984 

151,713 
10,917 


33,266 


67,241 


Yariit.    I  Ytirdi, 
7,760;    I2.fi-.n 
2.2(« 
2,091 


4,^62 

W6 

1,721 

.    I         tl-.2 

ll,«50!    37,450     2-2,4KI 

6,>'(0;    6!<,P^4       27,432 

.1,2f6'    IS6,.'>34 


Yaritt. 

6,340 

46 

1,018 

660 

6110 


Hosiery }  |  Sniidriei, 
viz.      |Conitfltiii< 
Stf^ckino.  of  Hosiery 

VVoollt-n       Hin(«, 
or        ICnvcrliils. 

Worsted.,  Ta|»t'5,*c. 


4,23<r 


H.UIAJ 

8,234 

16,742 

8,0<>5 

610 

2.91(1 

l,.T(X> 

660 

3,31 'i 

1,663 

20,169 

I.IOO 

736 

6,622 

7,180 

874 

246 

23,876 
87,973 

6.311 
15,951 

15,713 

3,943 

8,150 

600 

324,866 
170,698 

105,893 
1,159 

61,930 

61,791 

flOO 

46,069 

92,4.11 

6,6  .'0 

1,642 

10,280 


126,086       4,728 

2,li-,.14l' 553.207 
150,638:     6,969 


10,894    21,330 


16,491 1    18,946 
47.854i  1,673,069   2.067.62o!  3,122,341   91H,M8 


86,4rfl 
3,646 

6,631 

3,61« 

39,406 
8,898 

9,422 

638.144 
140,6' 

126,829 

732 


1,778,389 


Daz.  Pair 

96  0 

63  0 

1,031  6 


2,<i66  0 

11,617  0 

7,l'32  0 

1,291  6 

660  6 

39  0 

726  8 

2,075  0 

78  0 

220  0 

179  0 


1,846  0 

1,877  0 

391  0 

292  6 


22,025  2 
1,316  0 

718  0 

141,246  0 
1,985  0 


6,239  0 

364  6 
207,014  4 


L.  I. 
159  6 
144  II 
712  9 
66   0 

6,944  n 
1,915  6 
l,4-i7  10 

674  10 

2,440  0 

159  0 
662  0 
1,462  lb 
3:16  0 
466  0 

107   0 

170   Oj 

3.126  0 
1,989  5 

I 
951  10: 

929  oj 


Univ.; 
\a.ur. 


ll.i»J 
i:.j:.>; 
'2,«ii  > 


6.71.1-: '. 

2r.,(..''i; 

\nrr,  , 

367,9W 

6i,m  • 

2W.--.' 
U.Ui 

3.1'.;  ■ 
41,9Si: 

l,i<s  :' 
Ml..''':  I 

Iti.MUll 

n»r.  i 
if,y- 


16,762  01    ll'.6'« 
8,457  lOj    1H.J(! 

4,840  lOi     :9,il(l 

44,040  4  2,62l.ri 
5,414  5    3r.:»' 

3,003  n    3:6.:ii| 


2,171  5i     l.'«t| 


-I- 


ll0.68SI4.6.!'tC.3'.l| 


RE. 

,nt  to  400.000  imrki;  amlthe 

hr  country  wore  .Erectly  and 

Jem-rv..  notice,  th'.^f  .",,?" 

SI  HtntiHtic- to  ^.hoHO  Mat... 

,  of  the  vuluc  of  the  W..0II.U 

U.  an.l  of  t»»«  '"»''"'"'•  *'*^'  *"' 
iifiicture  :— 

£  18,000,<HK) 
£  0,000,000 


WOOLLEN  MANUFACTURE. 


761 


9  100  000 

y.iitiii.ooo 


£  lS,00O,OflO 


MM) 

Takina  ^cottnna  into  aorount, 

,iX    "om.ou.;an.Uh.t.>.su,.. 
lJup"oarlya-folh--- 

£41,000,000 
,•  7  000.00*1 

I'l.'-o.ooo 

■t  'iMI.OOO 

H>^  £2,  .000.000 

Xri;itionofthcailUr..,l,'- 
.:lfew'ear.;andtheBOonercv.y 

,k,  the  better.  ,,„„t„,ea 


,     Willi  ,„        Ifnvrrh^l.. 

i»l!'    U'.olloli.     Wontwl-;''^'!;^;^ 


1   Wnol 
C»ri«l>       Irnt 
»'"'        nii««'l 
I  "'I'l  I     Willi 


II 


y    ,i  BM,        6,340  ^j     1 

-■!»  '2S  s  s  '■«•■  "J 


Ml   16,142 


,10! 


3,3111 
1.5631 

20.'i69l 
l.Wl 

13S 


/..     I. 

9.i,(iri  10 

ll.nKlii 
2,3(9  C 

i\: ;: 

6.1I,|-T12. 

'24Stsn 

(is,r2  It' 


61.111  ' 


973      lli.M'j 
713      3,9431 

Hiw      wo' 


>,0S6       4,728 1 


9,422         718  0     4,840.0,     W«  < 


II.  fliimniKry  Armiinl  of  itic  (Mnnllly  nml  dirlnrcd  Voliii-  of  the  Wmilinn  Ynrn  ;  iind  of  ihf  Qimnllllat 
of  till!  illlli'riiiil  Di'tii  ri|illiM^ii  of  Wiiiilli'ii  M.iiinl'.ii'liiri'i.  with  ili>'  'I'nMl  ilri  liiri'd  \  iiliii'  of  iji,.  naine, 
'nxiHirtvil  from  ihr  Uniinl  Klii|ilotii,  In  onrh  Vcar  from  Ix'iii  to  l><a.V  lioili  inciiiiivi- 


Wii.>ll(a  Nbmifte    ni. 


Wooiir.i  an  I 


l.lolln     (.,.11-    "^ 


mrrr* 


_^__     "fill  (liXB. 

,.  ..    H'ci.  i  *'""•  ";i,'""nr;i«. 


l*W| 

mill 
mil 
mal 
i>iti 
lW^ 
l<.'a 

Pf.'H, 

!»;» 

I>vl0 

i«ii 

nW 
im;i 
iKlii 
l»«i 


3'lil 
M'l 
W.'ii^ 
tl,  I.VI 
II.6.I) 
76.'  61 
111,111.' 
i'.l-lll 

4.w,:.v 
',ll■|,\^> 

I.M',ll.'l 

I  ,iii  r,-, 

2,201.164 


Koilh,  RUnkrlt 

W...IIH  I  _.  __  .    I      •ii.l 

W.'iilt'l.'  111*. 


('•riwt 

iii,.| 
Cir|H'l' 

ll«|. 


Hinl<'ry'«n»lrln 

W'-llfni      ii».        f.iml 

liiKr,!       DliH-k.  I    ii,|  nf 

«iih  111^.,        II114,, 

("llun,     W.I.I. If!   'Inie., 

IVr.il.l      kc. 


/.. 

Min 
i.ir 
/,1'ij 
1.12; 
■;,i«>" 
ii.iii: 

AI.7II4 
;i7,iu2 
Vi,.'il 
7:i.ni» 
llAlli' 
r.Mii 
2i>,iii: 
2I'>.2'  I 
i\»Mi 
Siitt.lXd 


/■Mm 

JH-.IIKl 
37(1.  IK  I 

l2(MH7i 
:l  H.i'itl 
in:,' 2111 

'I-4.K*! 

;«-!, !)•.•>' 
ii.ivui 

.■Wl.ll'-i 

If", Jill 

416,141 

,1'ih.iil.l 

10-,  Oil) 

^21.21 1, 
6lll,N<l«i 


/'iMyi.  ' 

Ml,l4t 

«T.•^7 

M,2.'« 

,M,:1M 
4V-'il« 
.|l,>ii(l 
M.h'-ll 
411.616 
IN.IK6 
22.177 
I  I.  KM 
21.I-..1 

1  I,.  13 

2  M'KI 


Pir  tt. 

II  •,»2: 
li.i.i<iii 

1311,1171 

iVi.ii: 
1:3.1  !>. 

I22,<lil'i 
I6'l,h!i 

1 14,0" r 

Ml.  24  J 

«!,'-:•< 

Mt.NDll 
7'i,*»i* 
7t',«1l 
67.2;u 
77,1.17 


/'lf*M. 

►2-,i"l| 
I.IK2.JI2 
l,ii;-.4.'«i 
I.IV..1II 
1,2  >2.  till 
i,ri-,«ii< 
I.l2\.llli 
r,2'i-,iiii 
I, in.-.  VI 
l,«r,ii!i 
l..'i.',.H 
1,4-7,104 
I."<"I.7I4 
l.6HI.>.ll 
I,2W,77'> 
l,17.l,U«l) 


2,Vi'(,IIIV 

a,vi(,»',i 

4.S«l,iil2 
4.  111. '•■17 

:i.iiiVJ6i 

2.''Vi.  HI 
2.42:1,1211 
2,'il«.ii<; 
2,M'».7I<| 
I, '.72.112  • 

i.iiri,iiiii 

l,S72,.,l. 

J  mi.TiO 

2.I1V1.I172 
I,r2l,.l!l< 

2.067.6  ;(i , 


I'llfrf*.    I 

l,(»»,Hin', 

i.42i2a>, 

l.ll.'«,*ll 

2.111,132' 

l.llHlMllll 

2,162  lillj 

l.ll»2,i'2 

l,«"ll,W)il 

2,nllT,^4Jl 

I,«,HI,'.I6I 

2.':6,Tir 

2,'i4e,'l2. 

I,li-I,>|i' 
3  liMlli.l 
2.  ••17.772 1 
3,122,311 ! 


)'*ri(. 

'211.121 
71.4,1122 
»■  I,'l22 
7:*, 126 
»4\M2 
>''■'. Mi 
(0<,,<i7 
I,  I II '.,91  I 
1.1117,917 
►  II.  .1. 
672,-i.<i 
«V'-.6h. 
I.!*',iil^ 
6IIT.l:7 
616,1112 
fl,l«,»4-« 


In  ./.. 

4(17,7. 6 

6/7,Mft 

I,l2i..l.ti 

9:>.  II.!) 

1,3  3,ltJ 

l.7'3.:UII 

i>li,M7 

l<l«."ii' 

•"1,112 

1,1)71,1177 

I,  "11"  .|» 

l,IKII.I<l| 

l,:l:ll.i*:2 

l.iiiin.h 

l.72;t,ibli 
l.-.7«.3'(l 


II.  Ml 
I   7,-7M 

r6,.»7 

I'  6, 12,) 

lri,i2j, 

1116,  l<l. 
71.1122 

IIMI7 

1.19,161 
9l,2li 
111,116 
111.771 

riJ.Kio 
212,:6<| 

173,1161 
iU7,ll!4 


I.. 

311,  '37 
31.M'.6 
47,1'!' 
111.  '1 
43  |i.| 
I.:l1, 
37.221 
43,  .VI 
4>.3II 
4I.UI1 
'•1,1  I' 
64,<)iK 
■•.,411 

7i',2an 

7-., Ml 

I  lll.l». 


ToMI 

Vritr*-! 
V  tlb«  i>r 
\Vi.i.lli'n 
Miiiiif»r. 

Iiirti. 

/., 

6,ll>i,lO<i 
II,  1»H,I«7 
•..iil6  ■i'.6 
11,1141.1161 
6,l|i1.64l< 
4,llt«.*79 
A,  H^M't 
■.,'160.741 
4.-.«7.*i'l 

n.'Mwi 

\232.Uli 
1.'ll,4-ll 
62"i.4n2 
i,71l.k7(» 
6.610,'tll 


\criiiiiil  iif  till"  Uiriiilily  3111I  Ili'.il  Vriltic  of  Itrili^li  WhuIIimi  M.iiiiir:irliiri'<  i'.x|iiirli'i|  frniii  ttio  fiiilod 
Kiiiiiiliiiii  III  iliH  \  I'.'ir  1^:17.  H|ii'('i(')'liiu  ihi!  t'iiiiiiirii'4  in  w  imji  iiicy  wrrn  v.\|iurl6U,  uiiil  liiu  UuanlUy 
ami  Viiliii!  of  lliimu  enportud  touaeli.— (I'arl.  fujiir,  .Nil  :ilO.  Huv*   IMn,) 


" 

1 
Hosiery 

I  Il'.tirry 
1    iiDli.llirr 

Hrrlarnl 

Nappfd 

Shiira, 

nillikoU    C'lrirU 

Wn.l.              \lf. 

,»l.r   .Ir 

\4l11e  iif 

Coiintrif* 

I'lnlln 

Cat. 

Kar- 

Bilro 

VVi».ll«n 

aiil 

mil    1 

\tM        Slwkiiip,    »rrilnv|. 

llrihth 

In  wliich 

I.r  ..II 

iim,       aeyi. 

III  all 

nr 

Flannel, 

lll.iiikcl 

1  arpi.1- 

inil'll    1    WlN.llr 

1       Hi.ir.. 

lV.M.,nu. 

i'i|>()rtr>l. 

iiiii'li. 

lliitltia, 

t«<irti. 

Worilj.l, 

iii(. 

iim. 

wHli             nr 

("vrr. 

f.i.  Iiiri.fl 

Jkc, 

Cutiun.      WonlMl.      II.U. 

fkiKtrteit 

J  ^zy 

fioii,  L'.K. 

I'in-a, 

/'ic«». 

I'iKa. 

/'waf. 

Pirci. 

~yLrli7 

Idiiii. 

I'.i'Jf. 

liirrfj. 

rioz.P.nnl        L. 

/. 

I6l«it 

2,691 

9 

916 

10 

33,««l 

8,91.2 

9,790 

13,424 

20,162 

117 

0 

148 

iai.i-9 

SM'f,ll*l1                    ■ 

Hit 

33 

1 

7,26!l 

Wi2 

7H2 

4,1 12 

2.110 

131 

c 

1.1 

U.U'i 

Nirwxv 

417 

110        121 

34 

a,6Mi 

3,103 

1.122 

4^ 

'800 

153 

li 

2«1 

10,616 

Driiin  irk 

»7 

10          12 

. 

K1-. 

12 

360 

721' 

181 

• 

■ 

161 

2,012 

pniMi  1 

M, 

1 

9 

317 

lUI 

92 

ii..riTi.tny 

«.07l 

11,909     3,921 

'  37'. 

3«7,373 

311,274 

11,14" 

W.i.ii 

264  117 

1,«17 

0 

9.212' 

721,607 

Ijnllanil 

l,3'J6 

5,161 

i-JI 

I3,90« 

81,!i6l 

2JM,22ll 

I,.l6i 

33,  63 

:n,li)l 

13,1166 

6 

3,i.-.l 

261,876 

HfUiiim 

3,7B" 

4,411 

3119 

K  1 

8'),7I« 

2I2,7IJ 

3,  •■60 

H.l  2 

100.711 

8,121 

( 

1.6-9 

141,413 

Frinte  ■ 
l'iirlii«jl.  Atom 

>nl  .Mi.lein- 
Spiio    inl    llie 

rjii.irirt        • 

641' 

306 

.61 

62 

IH.JO) 

11,61. 

6S0 

12,1.14 

21,656 

28 

0 

1,60-2 

43.370 

22,330 

432 

1,313 

I0,8M 

23.030 

IC.21- 

6,204 

7,374 

35,950 

83 

0 

1.927 

201.232 

1,172 

21 

nil 

1,131 

12,179 

4,614 

7,111 

2,319 

1,691 

96 

0 

lin 

42,121 

r.ibraltar 

4.2J- 

70 

3-i3 

181) 

7,2.1 

:,7i.' 

K2'l 

l,4'l' 

4«,!.-2 

,121 

u 

761 

47,042 

i!..ir  •    ■    • 

Milu  ■ 

«,49ii 

. 

1,1  Ml 

6H,(I13 

6,114 

2,K14 

aSiSHJ 

l(i')  iioe 

311 

(1 

3,117 

178,611 

m 

ll^ 

20 

l,4>ll 

MS 

■SOU 

72 

3,i»)' 

II 18 

(1 

39 

7.472 

iiniin  llUii'li  • 

io-> 

SO 

16 

•      • 

S2.< 

4,' 37 

360 

2-2 

111 

518 

(1 

270 

3,163 

r.irkcyanl  Con* 

]  l.iiei.laUiTMi-e 

82.1 

■24 

.11 

7 

4,702 

225 

800 

7,405 

1,660 

16 

0 

213 

14,120 

MnMJlllCirrfk 

lilanU 
Em  Inliei  an.) 

1  thiin 

• 

■      • 

12 

IS8 

' 

• 

• 

• 

• 

40 

SO 

66,002 

. 

165 

346 

77,912 

72,078 

44,IS- 

4,531 

39,140 

859 

0 

3,904 

480,091 

Stw          Smith 

WilM.       \an 

1  Dicmfn^s  I*^iid. 

SwanHiviT.aiKl 
Soulhem    Aua 
ttilu  ■ 

ICip*  of  Good 

1  Hut*  • 

3,183 

18 

681 

159 

4,897 

67,916 

136,226 

35,232 

10,831 

2.290 

0 

5,115 

75,660 

4,432 

617 

1,023 

820 

10,794 

35,901 

17,170 

7,123 

14,466 

911 

0 

2,293 

60,982 

illhiir  parts    of 

,  Afiica 

1,702 

. 

15 

30 

3,734 

2,246 

6,700 

510 

1,930 

276 

0 

1,148 

18,744 

:Bnllih  C/ili.niM 
■  10  North  Ante- 
fiei    - 

5J,no9 

321 

S'I8 

197 

33,2S7 

354,467 

3»1.3,12 

132,509 

46,460 

18.341 

8 

IS,I71 

.■•92.0-9 

: — WhI  lnilie» 
F'.rei^n  Went  In* 

I'oild  tiutn  of 
Amrrica 

9,73,1 

143 

2I0 

.1,731 

16,991 

56,613 

197,378 

,3,306 

11,660 

2,'jSI 

6 

9,598 

121  7C2 

3,759 

8 

73 

40 

S.2I9 

6,000 

138,998 

1.016 

6,3S6 

1.770 

58,335 

126,916 

89 

4,6J1 

91 

127,3*1 

91,114 

1,291,111 

276,776 

l1'i,9TI 

i^iiin 

4    16,101 

1.0|1,r9 

Btalil  ■ 

24,2J3 

20 

6^4 

6,116 

19,517 

l,0SO 

1W,I!I3 

11,931 

61,911 

b:2 

0 

4,866 

182,426- 

Mrt,c.i  anl  ih'- 

Sl'M  of  Soiilli 

Ameri  » 

39,676 

. 

5,925 

2,736 

23,920 

24,046 

17,010 

91,984 

73,330 

3,063 

0 

3,072 

467,838 

l.lp»-(iuern*i»y. 

kM\;    AMer- 

cej-  211J  Mm  - 
TnUl 

2,99s 

3S7,76S 

79|        15 

101 

43,477 

3.563 

83,751 

23,621 

21.633 

f6            99 

0 

2.187 

9.'.6r 

41.C66 

4.6.-,5.r,77 

2^60-. 

22,930 

1,041,616 

1 ,6S1,417 

2,431.6-3 

753,961 

I,l'1l,'l72     71.047 

0 

The  exemption  from  tho  export  duty  of  lO.v.  per  rent,  enjoyed  hy  woollen  ijoods,  or  ^ood^ 
of  wool  and  cotton  or  wool  .md  linen,  exported  to  places  within  the  limits  of  the  Kiist  India 
Company's  charter,  has  been  repealed  hy  the  l  «Sc  5  Will.  1.  c.  89.  §  18. — Sup.) 

[The  value  of  the  woollen  manufactures  imported  into  the  United  States  durinG;  the  year 
I  ending  the  ."iOth  of  September,  1839,  amounted  to  $10,646,067.     See  Imports  and  Exports 
-Am.  Ed.] 

3*2  96 


■1:1 


762 


WRECK. 


ii 


H 


WRECK,  in  navigation,  is  usually  understood  to  mean  any  ship  or  goods  driven  ashor 
or  found  floiitiiig  at  sea  in  a  deserted  or  unmanageable  condition.  Dut  in  the  legal  sense  r 
the  word  in  England,  wreck  must  have  conio  to  land;  when  at  sea,  it  is  distinguished  I 
the  barbarous  aj)|)ellation8  of_/?o/sa/7j,_/e/saw,  and  Icignii. — (Sec  Flotsam.) 

In  nothing,  perhaps,  has  the  beneficial  inlluonce  of  the  advance  of  socittty  in  civilisatia 
been  more  a|>paront  than  in  the  regulations  with  respect  to  the  persons  and  property  of  shi| 
wrctrkcd  individuals.  In  most  rude  and  uncivilised  countries,  their  treatment  has  been  cru 
in  the  extreme.  Amoiiirst  tho  early  Greeks  and  Komans,  strangers  and  enemies  wci 
regarded  in  the  same  ji  )int  of  view. — (Jln.stin  apud  antit/uiis,  pFrri^rinus  dlcchafar.- 
I'diiip.  Festus ,■  see  also  Cicero  dc  OJfic.  lu),  i.  c.  \'i.)  Where  such  inhospitable sentimon 
prevailed,  the  conduct  oliserveJ  towanis  those  that  were  shipwrecked  could  not  be  otherwii 
liian  barbarous ;  and  in  fact  they  were,  in  most  instances,  either  i)ut  to  death  or  sold  i 
slaves.  But  as  law  and  good  order  grew  up,  and  coniinercc  and  navigation  were  extendpi 
thos('  who  escaped  from  tho  perils  of  the  sea  were  treated  in  a  way  less  repugnant  to  tli 
dictates  of  humanity :  and  at  length  the  Roman  law  made  it  a  capital  olVence  to  destroy  pc 
sons  shipwrecked,  or  to  |)revent  their  saving  the  ship;  and  the  stealing  even  of  a  plank  froi 
a  vessel  shipwrecked  or  in  distress,  made  the  party  liable  to  answer  for  the  whole  ship  an 
cargo.— (7'«/j</.  47.  9.  .3.) 

During  the  gloomy  period  which  followed  the  subversion  of  the  Roman  empire,  and  tli 
establishment  of  the  northern  nations  in  the  southern  parts  of  Europe,  the  ancient  barbarot 
practices  with  respect  to  shipwreck  were  every  where  renewed.  Those  who  survived  wer 
in  most  countries  reduccl  to  servitude ;  and  their  goods  were  every  where  conliscated  fc 
the  use  of  the  lord  on  whose  manor  they  had  been  thrown. — {liohertsnn's  Charles  V.  vol. 
note  2!).)  But  nothing,  perhaps,  can  so  strongly  evince  the  prevalence  and  nature  of  th 
enormities,  as  tho  elVorts  that  were  made,  as  soon  as  governments  began  to  acquire  authority 
for  their  suppression.  The  regulations  as  to  shipwreck  in  the  Laws  of  Oleron  are,  in  ihi 
respect,  most  remarkable.  The  35th  and  38th  articles  state,  that  "  Pilots,  in  order  to  ingra 
liate  themselves  with  their  lords,  did,  like  faithless  and  treacherous  villains,  sometimes  wil 
lingly  run  tho  ship  upon  the  rocks,  »fec. ;''  for  which  oU'ence  they  are  held  to  be  accursei 
and  excommunicated,  and  punished  as  thieves  and  robbers.  The  fate  of  the  lord  is  still  mor 
severe.  "  He  is  to  be  apprehended,  his  goods  confiscated  and  sold,  and  himself  fastened  to  ; 
post  or  stake  in  the  midst  of  his  own  mansion  house,  which  being  fired  at  the  four  corners 
all  shall  be  burned  together  ;  the  walls  thereof  be  demolished  ;  the  stones  pulled  down  ;  am 
the  site  converted  into  a  market  place,  for  the  sale  only  of  hogs  and  swine,  to  all  posterity.' 
The  3Ist  article  recites,  that  when  a  vessel  was  lost  by  running  on  shore,  and  the  mariner] 
had  landed,  they  often,  instead  of  meeting  with  help,  "  were  attacked  by  people  more  barlwi 
ous,  cruel,  and  inhuman,  than  mad  dogs;  who,  to  gain  their  monies,  apparel,  and  otht 
goods,  did  sometimes  murder  and  destroy  these  poor  distressed  seamen.  In  this  case, 
lord  of  the  country  is  to  execute  justice,  by  punishing  them  in  their  persons  and  tlv 
estates ;  and  is  commanded  to  plunge  th^m  in  the  .sea  till  they  be  half  dead,  and  then 
have  them  drawn  forth  out  of  the  sea,  and  stoned  to  death." 

Such  were  the  dreadful  severities  by  which  it  was  attempted  to  put  a  stop  to  the  crim 
against  which  they  were  directed.  The  violence  of  the  remedy  shows  better  than  any  thin 
else  how  inveterate  the  disease  had  become. 

TliR  law  of  England,  like  that  of  othor  modern  countries,  adjudged  wrecks  to  belong  to  llie  kin 
But  the  rigour  and  injustice  of  this  law  was  inoditied  so  early  as  the  reign  of  Henry  I.,  when  it  «; 
rilled,  that  if  any  person  escaped  alive  out  of  the  ship,  it  should  be  no  wreck.    And  aftnr  various  ii 
diticalions,  it  was  decided,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  HI.,  that  if  goods  were  cast  on  shore,  having  a 
marks  by  which  they  could  be  identified,  they  were  to  revert  to  the  owners,  if  claimed  any  lime  will 
a  year  and  a  day.    By  the  statute  87  Edw.  3.  c.  13.,  if  a  ship  be  lost  and  the  goods  come  to  land,  lli. 
are  to  be  delivered  to  the  merchants,  paying  only  a  reasonable  reward  or  Salvage  (which  see)  to  llio 
who  saved  or  preserved  them.    But  these  ancient  statutes,  owing  to  the  confusion  and  disorder  ofir 
times,  were  verv  ill  enforced;  and  tho  disgraceful  practices  previously  alluded  to,  continueil  toi 
middle  of  last  century.    A  stiitute  of  Anne  (12  Ann.  st.  2.  c.  18),  confirmed  by  the  4  Geo.  I.  c  12., 
order  to  put  a  atop  to  the  atrocities  in  question,  orders  all  head  orticers  and  others  of  the  towns  ne 
the  sea,  upon  application  made  to  iheui,  to  summon  as  many  hands  as  are  necessary,  and  semi  the 
to  the  relief  of  any  ship  in  distress,  on  forfeiture  of  100/.;  and  in  case  of  any  assistance  sive 
salvage  is  to  be  assessed  by  3  justices,  and  paid  by  the  owners.    Persons  secreting  any  goods  c3 
ashoro,  are  to  forfeit  treble  their  value  ;  and  if  they  wilfully  do  any  act  whereby  the  ship  is  lost  or  i 
siroyed,  they  are  guilty  of  felony  without  benclit  of  clergy.     But  even  this  statute  seems  notlolia 
been  sulTicient  to  accomplish  the  end  in  view;  and  in  1753,  a  new  statute  (StiOeo.  2.  c.  19,)b- 
enacted,  the  pre.imble  of  which  is  as  follows  :— "Whereas,  notwithstanding  the  good  and  salutary  In 
now  in  being  against  plundering  and  destroying  vessels  in  distress,  and  against  taking  awaysli 
wrrrked,  lost,  or  stranded  goods,  many  wicked  enormities  have  been  committed,  to  the  disgrace  nfl 
nation,  and  the  grievous  damage  of  merchants  and  mariners  of  our  own  and  other  countries,  Iwii 
Ace:  and  it  is  then  enacted,  that  tho  preventing  of  the  escape  of  any  person  endeavouring  to  save 
life,  or  wounding  him  with  intent  to  destroy  him,  or  putting  out  false  lights  in  order  to  bririg  any  vo-["" 
into  danger,  shall  he  capital  felony.    By  the  same  statute,  the  pilfering  of  any  goods  cast  aslionj 
luiidc  pettv  larceny.  ,1 

By  statute  1  &  2  Geo.  4.  c.  75.  it  is  enacted,  that  any  person  or  persons  wilfully  cutting  away,  injl 
ins,  or  con':ealing  any  buoy  or  buoy  rope  attached  to  any  anchor  or  cable  belonging  to  aiiyslf 
whether  in  distress  or  otherwise,  shall  be  judged  guilty  of  felony,  and  may,  upon  conviction,  lietral 
ported  for  7  years.  f 

(For  an  account  of  the  sums  to  be  paid  to  those  assisting  in  the  saving  of  wreck,  see  art.  SalvJ 


th 


YARD— ZINC. 


763 


'y^XirthcTegalsemeof 


ion. 
n  at 


gea< 


10J9  driven  ashore, 
.....the  legal  sense  of 
,  it  is  disliiigu'shed  by 

Sec  Ft-'^^J^^j^     i„  civilisation 
'  Itranaers  and  enemies  were 

„f  the  Roman  empire,  and  tl>e 
"fpirope,  the  ancient  barbarous 
3  of  Eur;  pc,  I  gu.vivcd  were 

"=^'''-     Irv  whe  e  conliscated  for 
s  were  every  ^^"^.     i^^  y.  vol.  i. 

n. — \>i^""'^''         „„i  nature  of  liw 

""'"?"  I  aws  of  Oleron  are,  m  iUb 
;"t.tlat'"pi°otB,inorderto.ngra. 

itatc,  tnai  •         retimes  wil- 

treacherous  vdlains,  son  ^^  ^^^^^^^  ^ 


on 


^■''"'^^^7fatrofTelUisstUln.o. 
:nn;^U,andhims^^^- 

'l^^'^^^^r^rnespuUed  down;  ana 

lished;  the  f  "f  P^^^u  posterity." 

ofhogsandsmne,toai  P     ^^.^^^^^ 

^  running  on  shore  and  i        ^^^^^^ 

■vere  attacked  by  pe"P'  .    .,,„ 


were 
!\iu  their 


monies, 


apparel,  and  other 


In  thia  Dictionary  ;  see  also  the  chapter  on  Salvage  in  Mr.  Abbott's  (Lord  Tenlerden's)  work  on  the 
Late  of  Shipping.) 

M'limher  iif  Shipwrecks. — The  loss  of  propprty  liy  shipwreck  is  very  groat.  It  nppp.Trs  from  an  cx- 
aminntion  of  Lloyd's  List  from  1793  to  1829,  that  Iho  losses  in  llio  Hritish  merrnntile  navy  only 
amounted,  at  an  average  of  that  period,  to  almiil  5,')7  vessels  a  year,  of  the  aggrecate  hiirdeii  of  about 
(ifi.OOO  tons,  or  lo  above  l-lOlli  part  of  Us  entire  amount  in  ships  and  tonnage.  The  following  account 
of  the  casualties  of  liritish  shipping  in  1829  is  taken  from  I.U»jiVs  List : — 

On  Foreign  Voyages.— \'i'  wrecked  ;  284  driven  on  shore,  of  which  221  are  known  to  have  been  got 
off,  and  probably  more  ;  21  foundered  or  sunk;  1  rundown;  35  abandoned  at  sea,  b  of  iIkui  after- 
wards carried  into  |iort ;  12  condemned  a^  nnseaworthy  ;  ii  upset,  1  of  Iheni  righted  ;  27  missing,  1  of 
tbeni  a  packet,  no  doubt  foundered.  Coaalers  and  Colliers— W.\  wrecked  ;  2'.f7  driven  on  shore,  of  which 
121  known  to  have  been  got  off,  and  probably  many  more  ;  fi7  foundered  or  sunk,  <t  of  ihiMu  raised,  6 
run  down  ;  13  abandoned,  5  of  them  afterwards  carried  in  ;  3  upset,  2  of  them  righted  ;  11)  missing,  no 
doubt  foundered.  During  the  year,  4  steam  vessels  were  wrecked;  4  driven  on  shore,  but  got  oil'; 
and  2  sunk. 

Of  the  prodigious  number  of  ships  thai  are  thus  annually  engulphed,  many  are  laden  with  valuable 
c:irgoes  ;  and  besides  this  immense  loss  of  prnpcrty,  there  is  atso  a  very  great  loss  of  lll'i'.  It  is  believed, 
that  a  little  nmre  strength  in  .he  building,  and  care  in  the  selection  of  the  masters,  would  (ibviate  many 
of  these  calamities.  And  nothing,  we  are  assured,  would  contribute  so  much  to  improve  tlie  fabric  of 
ships,  as  the  adoption  of  the  plan  we  have  elsewhere  recommended  (p.  4()7.),  of  allowing  them  to  be 
built  in  bond,  free  of  all  duty. 

During  the  last  war  with  France,  32  ships  of  the  line  went  to  the  bottom,  besides  7  lifty-gun  ships, 
Sli  frigales,  aiid  a  vast  number  of  smaller  vessels.  And  the  losses  sustained  by  the  navies  of  France, 
Spain,  Holland,  Denmark,  &c.  must  have  very  greatly  exceeded  those  of  ours.  Hence,  as  Mr.  I.yell 
tins  observed,  it  is  probable  that  a  greater  number  of  monuments  of  the  skill  and  industry  of  man  will, 
ill  the  course  of  ages,  be  collected  together  in  the  bed  of  the  ocean,  than  will  be  seen  at  one  time  on 
llie  surface  of  the  continents.— (./'rincip/ci  of  Otology,  2d  ed.  vol.  ii.  p.  205.) 


Persons  secret 


I'losioiilf- 


Y. 


Y.\RD,  a  long  measure  used  in  England,  of  3  feet,  or  36  inches. — (See  Weights  and 
Meascrks.) 

YARN  (Ger.  Gartu  Du.  Garen ;  Fr,  Fil,-  It.  Filuto;  Sp.  Hilo .-  Port.  Fio ;  Rug. 
Priisha),  wool,  cotton,  flax,  &c.  spun  into  thread. 


z. 


'ath."      ,  .  „  _.„„  to  the  crimes 

UV  a,  lire  .•'«;»'  "'I  JtKi  va.»"  •> 

Pd  b.  1.0  "'f  Sr.i  on  ,»>•. M"'i';, 


Z.\FFER,  ou  ZAFRE,  After  the  sulphur,  arsenic,  and  other  volatile  parts  of  cobalthavc 
km  expelled  by  calcination,  the  residuum  is  sold,  mixed  or  unmixed  with  fine  sand,  under  the 
above  name.  When  the  residuum  is  melted  with  siliceous  earth  and  potash,  it  forms  a  kind 
of  blue  glass,  known  by  the  name  of  smalfz — (see  S.maltz), — of  great  importance  in  tho 
irts.  When  smaltz  is  ground  very  fine,  it  receives  in  commerce  the  name  of  powder  blue. 
Zall'er,  like  smaltz,  is  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  earthenware  and  China,  for  painting 
!lie  surface  of  the  pieces  a  blue  colour.  It  sufl'ers  no  change  from  tho  most  violent  fire.  It 
is  also  employed  to  tinge  the  crystal  glasses,  made  in  imitation  of  opaque  and  transparent 
precious  stones,  of  a  blue  colour.     It  is  almost  wholly  brought  from  Germany. 

.iccount  of  the  Zafler  imported,  exported,  and  retained  for  Home  Consumption,  with  the  Nett  Duty 

thereon,  in  1831  and  1832. 


Yeira.                            Import!. 

Exports. 

Retained  for 
CnnMiniption. 

Duly. 

1831 
i          18.12 

Lhl. 

227,512 
2t)6,935 

115 

448 

Lbs. 
227,982 
263,952 

L. 
950 
417 

otwithsianding  Uie  g  ^^^^.^^  !!«>' f  .1 
In  distress,  a"*^  J\f,p,Y  to  the  disgrace  of », I 
Ihave  been  ^""''"'"j  o'lher  countries,  bo  ".I 

the  pilfering  of  any  g 

J  , .,ir.  seeart.  SJ^i'''  I 

Ing  in  the 


saving  of  v»reck,«ee  art. 


Ttie  duty  was  reduced,  in  1832,  from  'is.  4(2.  to  Is.  a  cwt. 

ZEA,  INDIAN  CORN,  or  MAIZE.     See  Maize. 

ZEDOARY  (Gcr.  Zitfiver ;  Fr.  Zedoaire ,-  It.  Zedoarla,-  Sp.  Cednaria  ,•  Arab.  Judwar  f 
jHind.  Nirbisi),  the  root  of  a  plant  which  grows  in  Malabar,  Ceylon,  Cochin-China,  &c.,  of 
iKhich  there  are  3  distinct  species.  It  is  brought  home  in  pieces  of  various  sizes,  externally 
Inrinkled,  and  of  an  ash  colour,  but  internally  of  a  brownish  red.  Those  roots  which  are 
Iheavy  and  free  from  worms  are  to  be  chosen ;  rejecting  those  which  are  decayed  and  broken. 
Triic odour  of  Zcdoary  is  fragrant,  and  somewhat  like  that  of  camphor;  the  taste  biting, 
promatic,  and  bitterish,  with  some  degree  of  acrimony.  It  was  formerly  employed  in  medi- 
jciiip;  but  is  scarcely  ever  used  by  modern  practitioners. — (Milburn's  Orient.  Cum.) 

ZINC,  on  SPELTER  (Ger.  Zink;  Fr.  Zinc.-  It.  Zinco,-  Sp.  Zinco,  Cinch  Rus.  Schpi- 
l»'/fr;  Lat.  Zi.ncum),  a  metal  of  a  brilliant  white  colour,  with  a  shade  of  blue,  composed  of 
I  number  of  thin  plates  adhering  together.  When  this  metal  is  rubbed  for  some  time  be- 
Iwcti  the  fingers,  they  acquire  a  peculiar  taste,  and  emit  a  very  perceptible  smell.  It  is 
Vier  soft ;  tinging  the  fingers,  when  rubbed  upon  them,  with  a  black  colour.    The  specific 


r,;  .«■ 


\m' 


764 


ZINC. 


gravity  of  mcltod  zinc  varies  from  C-861  to  7*1 ,  the  lightest  being  esteemed  the  purest.  WF 
ImininercJ,  it  Ih'coiups  us  iiiijli  us  7'1!)08.  This  metal  forms,  as  it  were,  the  limit  bctwc 
the  lirittli"  iinil  the  mnllciiblc  iiictui.s.  Its  mnllenliility  is  I'y  "'>  meiuis  to  bo  compared  w 
thiit  of  copper,  lead,  or  tin;  ytt  it  is  not  liriltic,  like  antimony  or  arsenic.  Wlien  stri 
with  a  hunnner,  it  <loes  not  break,  but  yields,  and  becomes  somewhat  Hatter;  and  b 
caiitiotis  and  eipial  (MC'^snre,  it  may  be  reduced  fo  pretty  thin  plates,  which  are  supple  u 
«'I.istic,  but  cannot  be  folded  without  breaking.  AVhen  heated  to  ubonl  -lOO",  it  becomes 
brittle!  that  it  m.iy  be  rcihiced  ti)  powder  in  a  mortar.  It,  possesses  u  certain  degree  of  dui 
lity,  and  may,  with  care,  b(^  drawn  out  into  wire.  Its  tenacity  is  such,  that  a  wire  wh 
diameter  i.s  ccpial  to  l-IOtli  of  an  inch,  is  capable  of  supportin-j;  a  weight  of  about  S(i  I 
Zinc  has  never  been  found  in  a  state  of  purity.  'J'lic  word  zinc  occurs  for  the  first  time 
the  wriliiiijs  of  Paracelsus,  who  died  in  l.'Jll  ;  but  the  method  of  extrncting  it  from  its  o 
was  not  kniiwn  till  the  early  part  of  last  century. — {'I'/kiijisou'k  l'lti:i,iit>lrij.)  The  ct 
pi)uiids  of  zinc  and  cc>[i[ier  are  of  ^reat  importance. — (See  Uhass.) 

Mitniifufiiirr  of  '/.inr.  S,-c.  Tlicrc!  iiscil  to  l)c  '2  siiii'llini.'-limisi"s  fur  Die  pre  |m  rat  ion  nf /.inr  near  liris 
and  II  iii'ar  Swaiisia,  !>iil  iIk'V  liavi' liiM'ii  all  .'ill. iiiiIoiiimI.  Willi  the  r.vi'r|iliiiii  nf  I  of  lllo  liiltcr.  'I 
nialrri:il  uhciI  liy  llie  I'.iiijlisli  iiiaiiiil'arliirrr  is  lili'iiilc,  or  liliick  .jack  (siil|iliiiret  of /inc);  it  \*  ciiiniiin 
fiiiiiicl  will!  li'.'iil,  anil  JH  iirni-iircil  dlllii'  lii'st  iin.ilily  in  I'liiil  shirr  anil  tliu  Isle  of  .Man.  Ilesiili's  ils  r 
|iloynirnt  in  Ihi'  nianiirai'liir<^  of  liriss,  lirll  nirlal,  anil  ullirr  iiii|ii>rlant  ('iiin|iiinnils,  /inr  has  nf  I 
years  lieon  furini'il  iiilii  iilairs,  anil  applii'il  to  many  piir|nises  for  u  hirli  Irad  was  foriniMly  nseij,  si 
iis  llio  rnolinsof  IniililiiiKs.llii'  niannfarliiri;  of  water-spouts,  dairy  pans,  &.c.  foreign  zinc,  being  I 
lirlllli',  is  liiMler  tilti'il  lor  rollin;;  llian  that  of  l''.nKlanil. 

The  (Inlies  on  spi'ller.  wliirh  were  fnrnicrly  proliiliilnry,  liavo  heen  reilacnl  to  2^  a.  ton  on  t 
forini'il  inio  plates,  or  cakes,  anil  ID  10.4.  on  what  is  not  in  cakes;  anil,  in  conseipicnce,  consiilera 
•laantities  are  now  iniporleil,  partly  for  home  nse,  ami  partly  for  re-e.\porlation  to  liiilia  ami  Clii 
Foreiu'ii  zinc  is  primipally  nmile  at  (ileinitz,  In  I'pper  Silesia  .  whence  it  ia  conveyed  hy  un  inter 
iiavii;alion  to  Ilanilinri:li.  The  freljilit  from  the  latter  to  Hull  anil  l.onilon  ia  nominal  merely ; 
wonl-ships  lieini;  frl.iil  to  take  ii  as  liallast.  Ilainanlt,  near  IS'aninr,  has  also  sonn;  |iart  of  the  spel 
iraile.     A  L'oiid  ileal  of  spelter  Is  sliippeil  from  llanihnrKli  ''"r  France  ami  America. 

/inc  is  prodiiceil  in  the  province  of  Vnnan.  in  China  ;  ami  previously  to  In20,  larpe  quantities  o 
were  e.V|iorted  from  that  empire  to  Imlia,  the  Malay  ArchipehiKo,  &c.  Iltu  alionl  that  time  the  l' 
tr.'iilers  lii'pan  to  i mivey  I'.iiropean  speller  (principally  (■'erman)  to  India  ;  ami  liein^,  thonKh  less  pii 
ileciiledly  cheaper  tlian'tho  Chinese  article,  it  has  entirely  supplanted  the  latter  in  the  Calcutta  iii 
ket :  latterly,  indeed,  it  has  hecun  to  lie  iniporteil  even  into  Canton.— (See  Tctknao.)  Dnrinj;  ih 
;,ear.s  enileil  with  IMI'i,  the  e.xports  of  foreifin  spelter  from  this  country  for  India  and  China  wi'ic, 
iH:!(),  fi2.,"i.^)()  ewt.:  If>:!l,  51,(i(W;  W.VI,  ."iT,  I'.HI.  Anil,  e.vclusivo  of  these,  considerable  quantities  wore  i 
ported  from  Auistcrdain,  Uotterdaui,  &e.     We  subioin  an 

Account  of  the  Zinc  or  Speller  imported,  exported,  and  retained  for  Home  Cunsumption,  and  i 

Duties  thereon,  in  INIl  and  1833. 


Ytare. 

Iniporll. 

Exports. 

Hplainrd  fnr 

Cnnsuinptioii. 

niii)-. 

1831 
183-2 

715.113 

ti.s,7tU     ■ 

f"ic(. 
fi'2,ll8» 
■li),710 

rii'f. 
20,.^'2(! 
25,211 

10,  mo 

The  price  nf  spelter  declined  within  the  last  .T  or  4  years,  from  about  15i,  to  9/.  a  ton ;  but  it  has 
cently  rallied,  and  is  now  (April,  1831)  about  IW.  10s.  a  tun  in  bond. 


ihmi'l.iH"-^^'      o   ii  becomes  so 

a  •/.!...•  .u-ci.rs   or  tlu 
.ihodoroMraetinB      fnun  ^^^ 

f.T  wl.i'l' ''''y'  ';.  feife'.i  ■/■""^^- 1"^'""  ''" 

previously  »'•   ,^,'  I,    ,7,l,il  ti.n«  «!'«  •"■ 

;,,,Uum,..Ul.«    fH'.r   ^.o",    During  .IH. 
,;I>;;rc-^S."anViUeswcre«. 

.e,»inc.l  for  Home  ConBU.r.ption,an>Ul. 
iu\  lH3'i. 


Kcliincil  ffir 
Con»ui»l'"""- 

20,W« 
25,211 


nuly. 

lo.i'no 

5,781 


;;^:outlM.to9^ato,>;butith.s.• 
in  bonil. 


SUPPLEMENT. 


Tho  latest  Supplement  of  the  author  was  received  when  this  edition  had  advanced  as  far 
as  tho  article  Pelersbur;j;h.  Such  portions  of  it,  however,  as  have  not  been  incorporated 
with  the  preceding  pages,  will  be  found  in  tho  present  Supplement,  with  the  letter  S.  alFixed 

to  each. Additions  to  tho  body  of  the  work  in  the  last  English  edition  are  also  inserted 

here,  being  distinguished  by  aflixing  to  them  tho  letter  A. — Am.  Ei». 


BALTIMORE. 

The  Imports  into  Baltimore,  during  the  year  1840,  were, — 

III  American  vessels,  ---.... 

Ill  foreign  do.       ---.-... 

The  Exports  were, — 

Vnliin  of  domestic  productions. 
In  Aiiii^rican  vessels,  ------- 

In  foreign         do.  ..-..-- 


#4,2fi2,755 
552,K03 


#4,835,017 


#4,008,139 
1,390,881 


Total  value  of  domestic  exports. 
Of  foreign  products  in  Americ.in  vessels 
do.  foreign  vessels,     - 


Total  value  of  exports. 


#5,195,020 

210,810 

51,010 

#5,750,870 


Vessels  arrivinn  from  foreign  ports,    410— tons  82,000. 

Do.    departing  to  do.  401— tons  93,354. 

Do.    entering  coastwise,  820 

Vessels  built  in  Kaltimore— 3  ships,  1  barque,  11  brigs,  43  schooners,  1  sloop, 

and  1  steamboat,  in  all  sixty  vessels — tons  8,558. 


Inspections  during  the  year  1840. 


Wheat  flour,  barrels 

-      730,479 

Do.       do.    half  barrels 

30,515 

Rye         do.    barrels 

5,810 

Corn  meal,  hogsheads 

1,204 

Do.          barrels 

12,593 

Do.          half  barrels 

83 

Gal  meal,  bbls. 

50 

Total, 

-      780,802 

An  increase  of  203,210  bbl 

3.  and  half  bbls.  over 

list  year. 
I  Tobacco,  hlids. 

Increase  over  last  year,  12,497  hhds. 
Ileef  and  pork — 
Diliimore  pacl<ed  beef,  bbls.     - 

Uo.  do.      do.    half  barrels 

I  foreign         do.      do.    barrels 
I  BiliiiiKire  packed  pork,  do.    - 
Do.  do.      do.    half  do. 

I  Fjruign        do.      do. 

Total  barrels  and  half  barrels. 


40,008 


8,152 

410 

090 

999 

1 

0,345 


Butter  and  lard — 

ttaiub.    half  bblt. 

nutter  124        174 

Lard  08        140 


iWj. 

1.50 

1,083 


15,990 
20,000 


total 
10,453 
21,303 


Total  butter  and  lard. 
Beef  cattle  and  hogs- 
Number  of  lieefcatlle,    11,082 
Do.          hogs,                17,245 

weight 
do. 

-    37,810 

11,300,233 
3,795,950 

10,703 


29,127  head.        15,090,179 
Increase  over  last  year,  21,329  head,  or  11,202,808 

weight. 
Quercitron  bark         ...    hhds.  1,22S 

Lumber  -        -        .        .    f.;et     32,000,000 

Sole  leather  and  rough  skirting,  sides  201,.5H7 
Charcoal,— 1,130  loads       -        -    biishnls    104,339 

Lime do.        170,280 

Firewood  -        -        -        .    cords       155,193 

halted  tish,  various  kinds,  bbls.  and  i  bbls.  89,030 
Domestic  liijuors— hhds.  and  bbls.,  say  81,788 
Staves  and  heading — white  oak,  hhds. 

and  bbls. 479.818 

—red  oak,  do.  1,102,105— total  I  508,021  pieces. 
New  houses  built  during  the  year,  457. 
Hay  and  straw  weighed  during  the  year,  0400  tons. 


BANKS.  Bank  of  EsotANn. — It  is  apparent  from  the  table  on  the  following  page, 
Itlwt  there  has  been  a  very  heavy  drain  for  bullion  upon  the  coffers  of  the  Bank  since 
[Nuvemlicr  and  December,  1838 ;  and  much  diversity  of  opinion  has  prevailed  as  to  tho 
jcaiiscs  of  this  drain,  and  the  nature  of  the  efforts  made  l)y  the  Bank  to  defeat  it.  But 
lllie  circumstances  that  occasioned  the  drain  seem,  notwithstanding,  to  bo  sufficiently 
Icbvious.  The  harvest  of  1838  was  the  most  deficient  that  has  occurred  in  this  country 
Ifor  several  years ;  and,  in  proof  of  this,  it  is  suflicient  to  mention,  that  while  the  quan- 
Itilii's  of  foreign  wheat  and  wheat  flour  entered  for  consumption  in  the  United  Kingdom 
in  1836  amounted  to  only  30,108  quarters,  and  in  1837  to  214,275  quarters,  they  rose  in 

765 


.  iM 


11 


II 


\m 


i , 


ttl* 


m 


766 


BANKS. 


Account  of  the  Imurii,  Hcriiritip*,  nnllinn,  nn<l  ttiirplitR  nr  Rent,  nf  (hn  Hnnk  of  England,  ■■  publialic 
III  tli«  (Juxvttc,  uccoritiiiit  to  tlio  Art  :<  &.  I  Will.  IV.  tup.  W*. 


^1 


Atrnnv  III  lh« 
(}ii.irlri-a  rii'linK 

CircuUlinn. 

Dr|Niiill. 

.Vninliri. 

nulliiin. 

Rol. 

j: 

r 

£ 

X' 

£ 

1  Jiinnary,      IS3I     - 

iH.'jiii.noo 

1.1,101,000 

2.1..'.!lll,(i00 

11,11  IN.OOO 

2,207.000 

1    A|irll, 

iii.im;.iiiK) 

11,011,000 

2.'i, 1170,000 

0,  111, 000 

2.2!i:i,0(IO 

1  July,              -       - 

IS.Sll.'i.OdO 

l.'i.01lli,000 

27.,'ili;i.0OO 

h.O'O.OOO 

2,201,000 

an  Si'pii'iiilii'r,  - 

lO.IW.OOII 

ll.7.'i  1,000 

2s  11(11.(100 

7,0!l.'>.000 

2,.'.00.000 

l.s  DrciMiiliiT, 

is,:iii  1,000 

I'i.'i.'iO.OOO 

2ll,:ili2,O00 

(■.,720,000 

2.,'.'i2,0(Kl 

l.'i  .liiiiiiiiry,      IKI.'i    - 

is.oij.ooo 

12..'iS,',,0(IO 

20„11I0,000 

0,7  11,000 

2„'.1 1,0(10 

7  A|.ril,              -       - 

lN.,'itt|,000 

1 1  .'iSO.OOO 

io,:i2.s,ooo 

0,120,000 

2.C.:7,0(I0 

.10  Jiiiir,              —       - 

IS.MI.-i.OOO 

10, ll.'i  1.000 

2.'i,07S,000 

0,2111,000 

2.02S,(l(i() 

'J'2  Scpii'iiilu-r,  — 

IK.'JIO.OOO 

i:i.'i;to,iioo 

2;,ss>,ooo 

0,201,000 

2,o;ii,(i(io 

l.'i    Ol'tlMuill-T,      — 

17.f2I.O(lO 

17.:  211.000 

,11,01^,000 

0,020.000 

2,021,000 

1-2  Jamuiry,      is:m    - 

17.2(rJ,l>(lO 

lO.H'O.OOO 

1l,li;M,OiiO 

7.070.000 

2,.'i01l,(10(l 

!>  April, 

IS.Ofill.OOO 

11, 7.'.  1,000 

27,1127,000 

7. XII. 000 

2,01  1,0(1(1 

1  .Inly,              —      - 

l7.ym,(ioo 

m.Mo.odo 

27,l.'i:i,OllO 

7.1li2.0llO 

2,.''(10,1I(10 

22  SrpliMlilicr,    — 

1.S,II7.000 

li.iis.ooo 

211.100,(100 

.'.,7111,000 

2,S0O,000 

l.'i  lli'iTinlicr.     -• 

i7,;uii.(ioo 

l.l.H.'IO.OOO 

2S.lt7 1,000 

•l„S  l.'i,000 

2,S2,'.,(1(10 

10  .lainmry,      I.MT    - 

n.i'j'-'.ooo 

1  i.ii.'i  i.:ioo 

:ui,;iiiii,o(io 

•I,2s7,000 

2,s:o.o(i(i 

7   rrliriuiry, 

17.^li^.O(IO 

ii.2;io.ooo 

;ti,(w,'i,ooo 

4,012,000 

1,010,000 

7  Warcli,           — 

4f».l7>,OllO 

i:i.':oo,ooo 

;io,.'i7ii.ooo 

4.0I.S.0(10 

I.IW'.OIKl 

•1   April,             —      - 

i.><,i;t'j,(ioo 

ii.iii-j.ooo 

2h.Si;i.O(IO 

4,071,000 

1,201,000 

'.>  Mav.               —      - 

I^.INI.OOO 

10.172,000 

2,s,017.0O0 

4,100,0(10 

1,2,'.,'i,0(IO 

30  May,               —       - 

I.S.I  I'.I.OOO 

10, 122.000 

27..'i72.00ll 

1, 121,000 

1,1.'.  1.00(1 

«7  .liiiii',               — 

IS.'iO'J.OOit 

10.121,000 

20.11,12.000 

4,7.'.0,00(1 

1.0,'.0,0(l{| 

ri  .Inly.               —       - 

IS.'ilil.lKHI 

10.072,000 

20.727.000 

.'..220.000 

1,020,000 

'i'i  AH(!llst.           — 

l^i.ltl•i.OlK) 

H.oo.'i.ooo 

20.717.000 

.'■.,7.'i4.000 

1,001,000 

111  Si'plcililitT,  — 

IS.MI.OOO 

ii,o!i:i,ooo 

20.(i0,'..000 

0.101.000 

1,001,000 

17  t)rl()li(r,         —       - 

l.'*.7l(i,000 

10..'iO  1.000 

2,'..;t  10.000 

O.S.'.O.OOO 

2,11.'.,'),(I00 

11    NllVl'llllllT,     — 

is.:iii.ooo 

10.212,(M10 

2:mis.'>.ooo 

7,412.000 

2,S11.0(KI 

II    Dl'OOIIllllT,      — 

17.1W.000 

lO.lO.'i.OOO 

22,727,000 

H,  172.000 

2,700.0(N1 

0  .lamiary,      1S;IS    . 

17.!H10.(100 

10.1102.000 

22,000,000 

H.SU.'i.OOO 

2.0011.000 

6  IMar.h,          —      - 

IS.fiOO.OOO 

ii..'>:(.').(Mio 

22,7112,000 

lO.OI.'i.OlMl 

2.072,0(1(1 

1   May,              —      - 

ll».0!<  1.000 

11,0<10.000 

22,70,S,00;i 

10.002.000 

2,(vS(l,(l(IO 

2(>  .liiiic.             —      - 

10.0 17 .000 

10,120,000 

22,.'.;i  1.000 

11.722.000 

2,:si,(K10 

•Jl    AliKiisf.          —       - 

111.  I.";  1.000 

10,2llt»,000 

22.717.000 

11.710.000 

2,711,000 

1(>  Oilolu-r.         —       - 

iii.a.'in.ooo 

11,:I27,000 

22.01.1.000 

y.417,000 

2,70;.,0(1(1 

II   Ih'cciiilior.    — 

IS,  100.000 

11,0,1,1,000 

20.707.000 

0,102,000 

2„'iO:,(HI0 

t*  .lamiary,      ISJ'.I    - 

1S.20 1.000 

io,;ii,'>.ooo 

21.(iS0.(100 

11,110,000 

2.,'i(MI.000 

.'i  Ma  rill,           —      - 

l.'^.V'O.'^.OOO 

U.ll.'iO.OOO 

22,7t.7,000 

H,  1(10,000 

2.02:i.()(l(l 

•i.><  May.               —      - 

IH.211.000 

7.N1I.(MI0 

2.i..')»;t.ooo 

."),  1111,000 

2,ii1 1.000 

•ri  .lull.",              —      - 

IMO  1.000 

7..'>t>7,(»00 

2.i.it:i  i.ooo 

4.144,000 

2.01(1.0(1(1 

•23  .Inly,               —      - 

IS.0 111,000 

7,11.').^.000 

2I,1H1,'),0(U1 

3,7S.'>,000 

2.(W0,(l|i(l 

20  Aiiaiisl,          —       - 

n.iK'.o.ooo 

8,0211,000 

25,.')(vS,000 

3,20.'>,000 

2,>.'.ri,(i(io 

17    SopliMlltUT,    — ■ 

17.1100.000 

7.7S1.0O0 

2.'). 11:10.000 

2,S  10,000 

1,011,0(10 

•J»  l>cl()l>cr,        —      - 

17.012.000 

fi,73-l.000 

24,11111.000 

2,:.'r..ooo 

3,11>.0(10 

1838  to  the  enormous  amount  of  1,818,477  i)uartprs,  exclusive  of  a  large  amount  of  otho 
grain.     It  shoulil,  however,  be  nieiitionixl  that  the  imports  in   18158   only  niiiounted  t 
l,3,'i.'>,l  1!)  «iuiirter.><,  about  .')00,000  (juarters  of  tlie  (|imntity  taken  into  eonsumptioii  in  ili;i[ 
year,  haviiii;  been  previously  imported  in  boml.     Now,  as  the  corn  in  bomi  hail,  no  doiil  J 
been  all.  or  mostly  all,  paiil  for  when  importeil,  it  is  clear  thut  the  sum  to  be  paid  to  fori'isiiu.' 
for  corn  entered  in  1838,  was  not  so  u;reat  by  nearly  a  third  part  as,  at  tirst  sight,  it  \vini!| 
appear  to  be.     8till,  however,  the  importation  in  1838  was  very  larije ;  it  was  also  in  ,i  i\m| 
siderable  dei;ree  impreeedented,  beiuj;;  nearly  three  times  as  great  as  in  1837,  more  than  /; 
times  greater  than  in  183li,  and  about  iwcnti/  times  as  great  as  in  1S3"),  so  that  from  its  si: 
denness  it  had  a  comparatively  great  elVect  in  raising  prices  abroad.     It  was  all  but  iiiii)o.<sil' 
that  tliis  evtraordinary  increase  in  the  importation  of  foreign  corn  should  not  seriously  ;illi\| 
the  K\cliange.  and  occasion  a  heavy  drain   for   bullion.     And  by  a  singular  coiiiciilciuv 
80  happened,  that  at  the  particular  period  when  increased  payments  began  to  be  niiuiriii 
foreign  corn,  there   happened  to  be  an  unusual  deticiciicy  in  the  ordinary  means  of  lu.iki,  | 
them.     In  consequence  of  the  real  or  supposed  scarcity  of  cotton   in  the  I'liitcd  istate.- 
1838.  and  of  the  support  given  by  the  I'nited  l8tales  Bank,  and  other  luonicd  insliiuiiinis 
Uie  I  'nited  Stales,  to  the  cotton  planters  and   holders,  a  very  considerable  rise  took  phuo :, 
the  price  of  cotton  :   the  necessary  elVcct  of  this  rise  was  to  lessen  the  purchases  inaile  In  !::| 
manufacturers,  and  to  force  them  to  narrow  their  business  ;  so  that  at  the  very  moment  v\'.( 
n  large  extra  foreign  payment  had  to  be  made,  there  was  an  increase  in  the  price,  aiul  I'lii?* 
queiU  tailing  olVin  the  production  and  export  of  cotton  fabrics — that  is.  of  by  far  the  croatil 
article  of  export  from  tiiis  comitry.      Vast  ijuantities  of  American   securities  had  also  IvJ 
purchased  in  our  markets;  and  this  necessarily  either  occasioned  the  transmission  ofinoM 
to  .Vmerici,  or  lessened  the  returns  t'rom  that  country,  and  in  so  far  lessened  our  iiUMiiS' 
niectiiig  the  foreign  demand  for  corn.     The  discredit  of  the  Belgian  Uaiik  in  the  aotii;r.!i 
1838  may  ak^o  be  mentioned  as  having  occasioned  a  considerable  extra  demand  fur  I'lilli'i: 
It  is  not,  theretbre.  to  be  wondered  at  that  the  exchange  became  unfavourable,  aiitl  ihl 
there  was  a  heavy  drain  for  bullion  on  the  Hank.     But  it  is  less  easy  to  form  a  fair  csiimil 
of  the  measures  taken  by  the  Bank  to  meet  this  run.  On  the  whole,  however,  we  are  incluij 


BANKS. 


767 


1.  WriM'-*"*' 


i.' 

\)  i.HH.OlMI 
\l',i;il.OlHI 

h  ivi:..oiHi 

■j'Hil.'i.lHHl 
(•,'-;-i(l.(lllO 
C.lll.OlH) 

(■."•il'.t.OOO 
l-.'-i(il,Oi'l' 

(•,.tv:i'.i>i'ti    I 
7V01.IIW 

.r'if:,iioo 

.1.0  is.doo 
4,0:1,000 

•l  I'.IO.OOO 

1'  I'ri.ooo 
.t"::.o.oiM) 

s'-i'iCi.OOl) 

V:.')  1.000 
'o":«v.t,oiio 

tiVW'.OOO 

7  .j:w,ooo 
t<',ivi.ooo 
H  sy.'i.ooo 

lo'olS.OlH' 

lo.oo-i.ooo 

i|  T'W.OOO 

o':\C',ooo 
i>'i;c.ooo 
ii';iiv:,ooo 

1)".V.U'>,000 
ti  100,000 
ft  H'.t.OOO 

4',:ti»,ooo 
■\  ^ss.ooo 
3;ior>,ooo 

2  810,000 

•2  :,'r>,ooo 


'2,'io';,ooo 

•i'/iOl.OOO 
•!',,'iO0,(HI0 

•2.:i-w.ooo 
•y.'i'.n.iHio 

•2' 0:7, 000 
'i.O'JS.OOO 

•j,i'iV.>,ooO 

o',C,-J  1,000 
'/..'lO'.I.OOO 
•2.011.0110 
•I.MIO.OOO 
•2  S00,000 
•2',^'^'•,000 

oV:  0,000 
xoio.ooo 
:t,iM>,ooo 
:\  •2o;i,ooo 
:i,':;i,'',oiio 
u.i.'i  1.000 
:t,o.'i0.oiio 
:\  020.000 
j       ;t.oo  1,000 
t       ;i, 00 1.000 
1      '2,or>.'>,ooo 

1         •2,KU.000     \ 

'2,':oo.ooo    \ 

'2.000.000 
'2.0';'2,000 
'2.0>0,OlW 

^.■rsa.ooo 

•i.~,  1 1,000 
•2,7l>.'i.OOO 
•2,.''0:  .OlHt 

•2,riOo,ooo 
.V|V2;i.ooo 
!2',(>;u.ooo 

'2.010.000 
>2.1M'.,IUM1 
•2,s;,;i,000 
s'.Oll.Oi'O 

a.ii^.ooo 


to  think  that  on  thiS;  ns  on  most  Rimilnr  occasions,  tlio  Bank  cvincoil  too  much  tcmlprncss 
for  what  she  conceived  to  ht^  the  interests  oreoinmerco,  anil  ihd  not  vi(;()roiisly  rnoiiirh  com- 
niciico  retinciiiR  her  issues  wiien  the  drain  for  iiuihon  hid  fairly  set  in.  We,  however,  cor- 
dially approve  of  tiic  Hank's  policy  in  neffoliatinK  credits  ahroail,  and  ondeavourinn  to  restore 
the  e\cliaii)»o  to  jtar  liy  sellinn  hills  on  the  ('(>iuiiient,  ratlier  llian  hy  sivini;  hiillion  for  notes. 
In  fact,  sound  policy  would  seeni  to  diciate  that  the  ISank  should  always  hold  a  eoiisideralilc 
amount  of  easily  converiilile  foreign  securities,  and  draw  bills  anaiusl  ilieiii  when  the 
<'xchaiii;e  i.s  uiifavouralile.  'l"ho  plan  of  accinnulatinp;  a  larun  stock  of  ludliiui  to  he  kept 
locked  up  ill  the  Honk's  ciitfcrs  for  no  puri>ose  whatever,  except  to  meet  the  deniaiid   occa- 


sioned liy  a  fill  in  the  exclianne,  set 


rT^M^TlaTCe  nmouut  of  otlior 
Inclusive  of  a  larg  ^^^^^,^,,,^,,\  „ 

""r'\'u    .Ifcoimrl.ou.n.lKU 

r'^'if  or.    ^-ndhaihno.Un^^^^ 
L  us  the  lOTU  1.1  forci'jnor> 

les  as  great  as^ml^^J;-,,^,,,  ,„;,,. 
rices  ahroad.     U  ^^  ^^i^uslv  aIV>i 

td^tut.ho..nto^or.ju,aa- 
ucyiullu^orduu      nnaii      ^^^^^,^ 

.,,- of  cotton  in  tl";>i,^,„„, 
Uauk,  ana  other  monucU.^^^, 

',,,0  lessen  u^rj-J^i,,;.,. 

vas  an  uiereaM  m  ui.  i  . 

,fA,noncans^n^^;.^^^^^„,„. 
,r  occasioned  tht   r.  ^^^\ 

;vv.andinsotarlo.M,    \^       ^^^^^^,, 

consiaeral.lo  extra  '^;:"»    ;  ^,,,,  .,„a,hJ 

But  it  is  less  easy  to  M^^^^^ 
Oil  the  whole,  however,  w 


;tol 


le  a  very  cluinsv  and   cnsllv  dcvict 


for 


doiiiii  that 


which  would  he  more  easily  and  cheaply  done  hy  the  U.uik  holdint;  foreign  scciirilics,  and 
havintr  credits  on  some  of  the  principal  foreiijii  hanks.  !S|ie  might,  were  she  to  adopt  this 
]ilaii,  ilispense  with  the  half  of  what  is  now  reckoned  the  projier  supjily  of  hullioii ;  holding, 
ill  its  stead,  productive  securities,  which  might  always  he  sold  at  an  advantage  when  the 
cxchaiiije  is  against  us,  or  which  miijhl  he  pledged  to  the  foreiun  hanks  for  teinpor.iry  loans. 
^\'llal  inerchaiits  want  during  an  adverse  exeli.uiije.  is  u;ood  t'orcign  liills,  it  lieiiii;  only  in 
ilel'aiilt  of  such  that  they  export  Inillioii  ;  and  tlie  Maiik,  liy  supplying  tlieiii  with  such  lulls, 
and  gettiii'jr,  of  course,  her  notes  in  exchange,  is  uhli'  to  diiniiiisli  her  issues  ipiile  as  elli'clu- 
ally  as  if  her  iiiites  were  sent  in  f>r  Imllioii.  .Another  ailvantain"  of  this  plan  is,  that  it  goes 
far  to  ohviatc  that  iiitcrual  discredit  aiul  alarm  that  arc  apt  to  he  produced  when  the  stock 
of  Inillion  in  the  Hank  is  reduced  uni 


at  least,  on  this  plan  dil 


ly  low.  In  fact,  had  the  Hank  not  acted,  in  jiart 
ihe  current  year,  the  |>rol)aliility  is  tliot  she  must  have  suspended 
payinenls.  In  .liinc  and  .liily  last,  the  stock  of  hullion  in  her  cotl'ers  was  reduced  to  ahout 
;t..')Otl.(U)ll/. ;  and  as  the  drain  still  continued,  had  she  eiiileavourcd  to  meet  it  in  the  ordinary 
wav,  hy  paying  away  hullion  for  notes,  her  stock  of  the  former  wmild  very  sjicedily  have 
liccii  reduced  so  low  as  to  occasion  a  home  demand  for  it,  which  the  Hank  could  not  have 
loot.  The  Hank  should  never,  if  it  he  possililc  to  jirevent  it.  allow  her  stock  of  hullion  to 
sink  lu  low  I  .\  or  .^  millions;  and  she  may  always  keep  it  ahove  this  amount,  in  so  fir  at 
least  as  the  f  ireign  demand  is  coiicerued.  hy  sellinii  hills  drawn  against  foreign  credits  or 
securities.  'I'lie  Hank  should  also,  consentaneously  with  the  selling  of  hills,  adopt  the  most 
fllicieiit  measures  fir  preventing  the  notes  .she  receives  for  them  from  getting  again  into 
I'irculatiiui.  either  hy  raising  the  rate  of  interest,  or  hy  refusing  (though  the  latter  he  a  much 
more  ipicstiiuiahie  policy  1  to  di.scoimt  certain  classes  of  hdls.  It  should  always  lie  lioriie  in 
niiiul,  thit  however  a  drain  fir  gold  may  originate,  the  fict  of  its  existence  is  of  itself  a  con- 
ilosivc  proof  that  cold  is  more  valualile  abroad  than  lieie,  and  conse,|Ucnlly  that  the  currency 


IS  reiliiiu 


lant.      We  arc  not,  thcref  ire.  of  the   iinmber  o 


f  tl 


io.se  who  censiiic  the    Hank  for 


iiaving  faised  tiie  rate  of  interest  to  (i  per  cent.  On  the  contrary,  this  was  a  measure  that 
seems  to  have  been  imperatively  reipiired  hy  the  circumstances  niuler  which  she  was  placed. 
.\t  the  same  time,  however,  it  must  he  admilfed  that  the  Hank  allowed  her  stock  of  bullion 
to  i  c  reduced  fir  below  wliat  is  consislenl  either  with  lu-r  .sal'cty  or  with  the  safety  of  the 
sriMt  interests   involved  in  her  stabilil 


:d   not  avail    herself  of  her  credit  abroad  so 


she  ill 


)es  not  appear  to  have  m.uii 


that 


f^he  , 
siioii  or  so  eonsisleutlv  as  slie  might  have  done 

early,  systematical,  and  continuous  reduction  of  her  issues,  reipiired  to  adjust  the  exchange, 
and  to  liring  the  currency  to  its  jiroper  level.  It  is  probable,  indeed,  as  matters  have  turned 
out.  that  less  hardship  has  been  iullicted  on  individuals  by  the  course  the  Hank  has  taken, 
than  if  she  had  resolutely  fillowed  up  the  course  pointed  out  hy  principle,  aiul  withdrawn 
from  circulation  the  notes  received  fir  Inillion  ilelivercil  for  exportation  and  for  foreign  bills. 
lint  it  is  always  bad  policy,  in  such  eases,  to  trust  to  fortuitous  occurrencca;  and,  in  the  long 
ma,  the  safest  plan,  or  that  dictated  by  principle,  is  sure  to  be  the  best. 

liiNK  OF  lliKi.A.ND.— Aecouiit  sliowiiig  tlio  Cireiilaliiin  of  the  Hanit  of  Irelaiii)  from  1823  to  1S30,  liotli 

iiielnsivc. 


v,,_    I      I.inre             Sm.ill 

^""'    j        NnlM.                 Noll-S. 

I'OJl  llillj. 

Tc.tll 

Amtmp 

Circtilalion. 

/. 

5.07l',',00 

(>.  ii';i'..'>0ii 
4.»i'r,,i'i.i) 
4.:lt;<,i;,ii 

4  ','■,.0  Kl 

4  l.i7.:liHi 

Years. 

I.arje 

Noil's. 

Small 
Nili's. 

Tpsi  niiij. 
/,. 

1,147.7(10 
1.0  -i.OO 
l.O.N.MOO 

<ii,V4ro 

Stii.'OO 
-li.l.fOO 
63,l.'2O0 

Total 

Avfia  rp 

Circdlatioii- 

/. 

4.0-4.700 
3,!t|3.0  0 

4.os;i.iixi 

4.'l(i,SlO 
3. '34. '00 
3.(i-ti.'i00 
.'1.42'l,.!  0 

I«3    ■     l,«27.-fiO     i     U3S3.6-0 
1>.'1    ,     I.W-.20J     1     l,40.tilW 
ISJ)    1     l.tluH.'lOO     1     l.ti77..-.00 
I^J6    1     l.50J.7l'0          2,644.2i'0 
1^:7    '    1.4lii'.300          l,491.«oil 
l>i<    1     l,i)40.2,'0          l,lit)(i,S00 
l>29    !     l.tilS.iOO          M-VU.H) 

L. 
l,Si9,lflO 
2.liiO.>00 
2,66J,il0 
1.7.,S,ii0.1 

1.4  i,iro 

l,3-.-).S«0 
1.31.2.710 

1P30 
ISM 
1S32 
IS  13 
1>.14 
isv, 
is;tii 

/.. 

1,'UI.S.W 
l.4-M)00 
1, 1:1 1,100 
l.biVi.bOO 
1, till*.  4  00 
l.t'J.I,4l>0 
l.TOS'iifl 

l.l-i.ino 
1..1  'l.lllVI 
l.Siii.rOi 
I.e.!  1  0 

l,'lli3.3lH) 
I.;i',sir0 
l."-7.4!«l 

Instead  of  the  paragraph,  vol.  i.  page  109,  of  this  edition,  botjiiming,  "The  committee  seem 
to  think  that  some  regulation  should  le  enacted," — read  the  following: — 

The  coiiiinitlee  seem  to  think  that  some   regulation  should   be  enacted,  providing  that  a 

certain  portion  of  its  capital  should   be  paid   up   before  a  bank  begins   business.     Hut  the 

i  Wtter  way  would  he  to  prohibit  all  advertising  of  noiiiinni  capital,     'riiis,  in  fact,  is  a  mere 

lieviic  by  which  to  entrap  and  delude  the  public.     A  bank  is  announced  with  a  capital  of 

1,000,060/.,  ',J,000,000/.,  or  3,000,000/. ;  and  a  great  number  oi  people,  pcrhap.s  the  majority, 


ii::  A 


768 


BANKS. 


«; 


^1 


immediately  conclude  that  there  can  l)o  no  riuk  in  dealing  with  an  cstabliHhment  poKscsRot! 
of  8u  great  an  amount  of  property.  But  what  is  the  fact!  The  capital  advertised  is  noniina 
merely  ;  not  more  perhaps  than  a  tenth  or  a  fifth  part  of  it  has  been  received  into  the  cofTori 
of  the  bank,  and  we  have  nothing  better  than  tiie  statement  of  the  bank  proprietors,  or  tlirii 
agents,  that  they  will  pay  up  the  remainder,  if  necessary  ;  of  which  necessity  they  of  coursi 
are  to  be  the  only  judges !  Practically  this  is  neither  more  nor  less  than  a  fraud  upon  tlu 
public;  it  is  a  contrivance  for  mokiiig  lO.OOO/.  pass  in  the  public  estimation  for  1()0,0()()/. 
and  for  procuring  the  same  degree  of  credit  to  its  holders.  This,  however,  is  not  ail.  Wlicre 
is  the  security  that  if  a  greater  amount  of  capital  were  really  reijuired  it  would  be  forliicoin 
ing  ?  'I'he  notion  that  the  bulk  of  the  sharcliolders  in  many,  we  are  pretty  sure  we  nii;;h 
safely  say  most,  of  the  joint  stock  lianks  now  in  existence  could  pay  up  the  full  amount  of 
their  sIkiicm,  is  too  ludicrous  to  deserve  notice.  We  might  as  well  call  upon  a  man  worth  5/ 
to  extitiguish  a  debt  of  .OOO/. 

There  can  bo  no  doubt,  therefore,  unless  it  be  meant  to  adirm  that  deception  and  fullacioiu 
statements  are  indispensable  to  the  success  of  joint  stock  banking  schemes,  that  all  advertising 
of  nominal  capitals  should  be  put  an  end  to ;  and  that  no  association  should  be  allowed  tc 
represent  its  capital  as  exceeding  the  sum  actually  paid  up  by  the  proprietors.  13ut  thoujrl] 
this  would  obviate  one  source  of  fraud  and  deception,  there  would  still  be  abundant  means  of 
practising  on  the  credulity  of  the  public  at  the  disposal  of  parties  inclined  to  use  them.  Aiimii 
that  a  bank  has  a  capital  of  500,000/.  actually  received  into  its  cotVers,  what  is  to  hinder  tlie 
directors  from  lending  out  the  whole  of  this  sum,  or  even  more,  to  themselves  or  to  partiurs 
in  the  bank  !  or  supposing  them  not  to  do  this,  who  can  tell  whether  the  entire  capital,  (jr 
some  considerable  part  of  it,  be  not  wholly  engulphed  in  ruinous  speculations  1  It  is  indtdl 
alleged,  and  truly  too,  that  this  could  not  happen  with  any  "respectable"  bank,  that  "gen- 
tlemen of  character"  would  not  lend  themselves  to  such  transactions  !  Unluckily,  however, 
there  are  no  decisive  marks  or  tests  by  which  the  public  can,  a  priori,  say  what  is  or  wiiat 
is  not  a  "  respectable  bank,"  or  who  is,  or  is  not  a  "  a  gentleman  of  character ;"  and  it  is  not 
a  little  ha/anlous  in  such  matters  to  indulge  in  speculative  remarks.  Hence  it  is  that  all 
banks  are  held  to  be  respectable,  that  is,  solvent,  till  the  event  prove  the  contrary ;  and  that 
all  gentlemen  connected  with  banks  are  held  to  be  "  men  of  character,"  paragons  in  fact,  of 
honour,  honesty,  and  even  intelligence,  till  their  fraud  or  ignorance  has  involved  hundreds  or 
thousands  in  bankru|)tcy  and  ruin. 

We  do  not  state  these  circumstances  in  order  to  raise  any  prejudice  against  joint  stock 
banks  or  other  associations,  for  they  apply  equally  to  one,  or  to  a  small  number  of  indivi- 
duals; but  we  state  them  to  show  the  folly  of  placing  any  reliance  on  statements  as  to  the 
capital  of  any  bank,  or  the  character  of  its  managers.  Such  statements  may  be  either  true 
or  false;  but,  as  the  public  cannot  tell  which,  they  are  plainly  good  for  nothing.  The  onlv 
real  security  is  to  be  found,  if  it  exist  at  all,  in  the  names  of  the  partners  responsible  for  the 
debts  and  obligations  of  the  bank.  The  number  of  such  partners  is  a  very  inferior  consi-| 
deration.  There  cannot,  in  truth,  be  a  greater  error  than  to  suppose  that  because  a  bunk  Insl 
a  great  number  of  partners,  its  security  may  be  safely  depended  upon.  A  single  imliviiliwl 
worth  100,000/.  is  an  incomparably  better  security  than  fifty  individuals  worth  2,000/.  caeh: 
and  a  hundred  individuals  worth  1,000/.  would  hardly  be  any  security  at  all;  at  least  lor; 
sum  of  10,000/.  or  20,000/.  A  private  bank  with  six,  may  be  a  safer  place  of  deposit  tlian  al 
joint  stock  bank  with  six  hundred  partners.  Every  thing  depends  upon  tlie  arailalil] 
wealth  of  those  responsible  for  the  debts  of  the  concern ;  and  hence  the  propriety  ami  jus-l 
tice,  whether  the  linn  consist  of  one  or  of  many  partners,  of  publicly  declaring  and  spccityin:! 
their  names. 

We  are  decidedly  hostile  to  a  proposition  we  have  heard  mooted,  and  which  seems  to  bel 
countenanced  by  the  committee  on  Joint  stock  banks,  for  obliging  all  banks  to  establish  A 
guarantee  fund;  that  is,  for  obliging  them  to  accumulate  a  portion  of  their  profits  as  al 
reserve  stock.     But  where  is  the  security  that  such  reserve  would  be  always  deductcil  fromi 
profits  ?     The  truth  is.  that  bankrupt  and  fraudulent  concerns,  and  none  else,  would  i^ain  byl 
such  a  regulation ;  inasmuch  as  it  would  enable  them,  by  appearing  to  be  prosperous,  llitT 
better  to  deceive  the  public,  and  to  blind  them  as  to  the  real  state  of  their  affairs.    It  is  il 
good  deal  worse  than  absurd  to  induce  the  public  to  depend  on  guarantees  that  cannot  Ivl 
enforced,  and  which,  consequently,  must  be  good  for  nothing.     The  knowledge  of  who  thel 
partners  are  in  a  bank,  and  their  unlimited  responsibility,  are  the  only  securities  that,  speak-f 
ing  generally,  are  worth  a  pinch  of  snuff.     If  these  cannot  protect  the  public  from  fraud  orl 
loss,  nothing  else  will ;  and  the  question  will  come  to  be,  not  whether  the  system  shoiiW  IkT 
reformed,  but  whether  it  should  be  abated  as  an  incurable  nuisance.     On  this  ground  als 
we  should  be  disposed  to  dissent  from  any  attempt  to  prevent,  by  legislative  enactment,  thJ 
making  of  loans  upon  the  credit  of  bank  stock.     We  do  not  question  the  advantage  of  siifbl 
a  regulation,  provided  it  were  honestly  carried  into  effect.     But  it  is  useless  to  say  ihat.l 
whenever  the  parties  were  disposed  to  defeat  such  a  course,  it  would  be  quite  inoperative.—*'.! 
We  have  elsewhere  {Diet.  vol.  i.  p.  86.)  said,  that  if  the  Bank  of  England  could,  nithl 
►fety  to  herself,  pay  interest  on  deposits,  as  is  done  by  the  Scotch  banks,  it  would  be  olllrfj 


BANKS. 


769 


,or  less  "W  100.000/.; 

ubUccBtunation    'r        ^^^^^^ 

:iSuVna.nau«onWo/. 
»h,t  deception  and  fi.l'.acious 

viHiW  stm  "I-  »  ,„,.,i,e,n.  Admit 
'T;£rX:t.t  hinder  .he 

move,  to  t"*-"'  •     papita  ,  or 

ten  whether  the  e»ure    J  .^^.^^^^^ 

""''"^rS"  bank,  that  "gon- 

™y  "3  B'U»l"ck.ly,  however, 
•anaai  tions  .  ^^  ^,j  ^^1,^^ 

tlcman  of  character.    .^  .^  ^j^,^^  .^,^ 

vc  ''^'"^'^^''•.."X.utrarv;  and  ihai 

',;;,:Sh;;iS:oi^^— ^^-' 

'-^crtvtntjtnss 

Such  statements  '"^y,  ,  ^,^(^, 
''^"?^^,<tt^^rep-V.Wet•or.he 
s  ot- the  partners  ^e  J  ,  ^o«s.. 

Kh  partners  1^  a    '^ry^,,„kb. 
,  to  suppose  that  lK,^a     ^^^  .^^^^.^. j^,,^, 
lepcnded  upon.     ^  ^^^     ^^^,/  ^,,,,,, 
({tiyindivKkwlsWorU   ^  .,^^ 

nay  be  a  saitr  |  „r((i/iiWt 

^"■'"^^  hence  he  propriety  and  ,.. 
:;;c;"abSrSccJngandspcc.,u. 

-a  mooted.  and^^SS 

,forobUg.ng  all  hanks       ,,^ 

ulateap.'r'l'f/Jav    deducu-dfrom 
^ervewoulabealway^s  .^.^„,, 

,ncerns,  and  "'^"^ ';  ^'  ,„spcrous.  ibe 

„,Uy  appearing  to J^Jians.    ,    , 
the  real  state  of  HW'^  ^,^„„„1, 

k^'^^nSeaVof-i"*; 

kothing.     A  ne  i^"       .  •     jjvat,  spei^ 
Pty,aretheonysec"m^^i,„f,,',lo, 

be,  not  whether  me -y^^^^^^^^^,^, 
•able  nuisance,     ^'y "   ..^eunent.  Ae 
prevent,  by  leg't^^'^^,!'\a.e  of  .«A 

ctYect.     Bu    I    IS  u  ji,e.-;^ 

luse,  it  would  he  quHe  UM  ^^^^^ 

LfiheBankof  bnglj^^a  ^^^^,.,1, 
y  the  Scotch  banks,  It  worn 


n 


greatest  Rprvicc  to  the  puWic.  The  joint  stock  hanks  formed,  or  bcine;  formed  in  the  city,  are 
iin(lerliikin«  tliis  fnnftion,  mid  .ire  oli'crinKa  fiiir  nitfof  iiitcrcst  on  deposilg.  If  tlii-y  siicroed 
ill  tliis,  they  will  confer  no  slii^lit  advanlaj^e  on  tlic  coinrnunity,  and  will  become,  as  it  were, 
BO  m;iny  saviriKM  l)iinks  for  the  niiildle  classes,  and  for  the  ricii  as  well  as  the  poor.  I'ut  the 
rcsponsihilitiea  this  system  will  hrint;  aloni;  wiih  it  are  neither  few  nor  sriiall.  A  hank  vvitli 
a  numerous  body  of  partners  of  umlouhled  vveailh  and  intenrity  that  shoulil  give  2  |ier  cent, 
interest  on  all  ilejMJsits  of  10/.  niid  upwards,  how  short  soever  the  period  for  which  the  deposit 
might  remain  in  the  hank,  would,  thero  is  little  doubt,  speedily  iiavc  ample  funds  at  its  dis- 
jiosal.  In  ([uiet  and  prosperous  times,  the  system  would  work  exceediuRly  well ;  and  tho 
bank  and  the  public  would  he  vastly  well  ])leased  with  each  other.  But  when  the  cycle  of 
prosperity  has  gone  by,  and  the  cycle  of  adversity  has  begun;  when  the  waters  are  out  and 
the  winds  begin  to  blow  ;  it  is  d(M)btful  whether  cither  the  bank  or  its  depositors  may  feci 
(jiiite  at  ease.  The  former  will  |irobal)ly  raise  tlie  rate  of  interest ;  but  it  is  doubtful  whether 
that  will  iiave  the  wished-for  elleet.  tShould  tho  exchange  set  against  us,  and  the  Hank  of 
Kngland  be  forced  to  narrow  her  issues,  and  should  bankruptcy  and  a  feeling  of  insecurity 
begin  to  prevail,  as  they  have  done  hitherto  on  all  similar  occasions,  a  run  for  deposits  may, 
and  most  [irobably  will,  be  made  upon  the  hank;  and  in  such  a  case  her  situation,  however 
well  she  may  have  been  managed,  will  be  most  critical.  She  will  be  compelled  to  dispose  of, 
or  pledge  securities  in  a  market  where  they  may  be  all  but  unsaleable ;  and  it  will  be  impos- 
sihle  for  her  suildenly  to  pull  up  in  discountin'j;,  without  exposing  herself  to  the  imminent 
danger  of  extra  loss,  by  bringing  on  the  stoppage  of  those  who  have  been  accustomed  to 
trust  to  her  for  loans. 

It  will  ho  said,  perhaps,  that  this  is  all  imaginary,  and  that  nothing  of  the  sort  ever  occurs 
in  Scotland  !  But  it  would  really  be  about  as  much  to  the  purpose  to  say  that  nothing  of 
the  sort  ever  occurs  in  Japan.  London  is  the  pivot  on  which  the  foreign  exchanges  turn, 
and  when  they  become  depressed,  many  of  the  London  depositors  will  do  what  the  Scotch 
depositors  never  so  much  as  dreamed  of;  that  is,  they  will  demand  their  deposits,  convert 
thcin  into  gold,  and  either  send  this  gold  abroad,  or  get  a  profit  from  those  who  will.  From 
this  source  of  annoyance  and  loss  the  Scotch  banks  are  perfectly  free  ;  and  this,  by  exhaust- 
ing the  resources  of  the  London  banks,  and  subjecting  the  weaker  ones  to  difficulties,  occa- 
sions discredit,  and,  in  the  end,  runs  or  panics.  Nothing,  therefore,  can  be  more  perfectly 
futile  than  to  contend  that,  'lecause  this  system  has  proved  protitable  for  the  Scotch  banks,  it 
will  also  be  profitable  for  the  London  banks.  Wo  do  not  presume  to  affirm  that  such  will 
not,  and  we  hope  that  it  may,  be  the  case.  But  it  would  bo  rather  illogical  to  affirm,  because 
wheat  succeeds  remarkably  well  in  the  vale  of  Gloucester,  that  it  will  succeed  equally  well 
on  the  Welsh  mountains. 

The  joint  stock  banks  may,  if  they  do  not  already,  endeavour  to  obviate  some  of  the  diffi- 
culties now  stated,  by  declining  to  pay  interest  on  deposits  unless  they  lie  for  a  certain  time, 
or  by  stipulating  for  a  certain  notice  before  they  are  paid.    The  first  condition  would,  how- 
ever, be  of  little  effect  in  the  evil  day  ;  but,  either  the  one  condition  or  the  other  is  altogether 
subversive  of  what  is  meant  by  granting  interest  on  deposits,  and  goes  far  to  make  the  an- 
nouncements to  that  effect  little  belter  than  a  hoax  upon  the  public.     All,  or  nearly  all,  the 
existing  banks,  arc  banks  of  deposits  in  this  sense  of  the  word  ;  that  is,  they  give  interest  on 
deposits  of  a  certain  amount,  provided  they  be  not  called  for  till  after  the  lapse  of  an  agreed- 
on  period,  and  that  the  depositors  give  them  no  farther  trouble.     But  it  is  doubtful  whether 
money  deposited  at  2  per  cent,  under  such  conditions,  and   still  more  under  an  engagement 
to  give  notice  of  demand,  be  as  well  laid  out  as  if  it  were  deposited  with  the  Bank  of  England, 
o:  any  other  bank  of  undoubted  solidity,  at  no  interest,  but  payable  on  demand.     Most  men 
of  business  would,  we  believe,   prefer  the   latter.     Nobody,  indeed,  not  wishing  to  get  into 
difficulties,  would  be  disposed  to  deal  with  any  bank  that  required  notice  of  demand ;  and  it 
IS  questionable  whether  any  such  stipulation  should  be  sanctioned  by  law. — <S. 

.\fter  the  paragraph  ending  in  the  middle  of  page  110  of  this  edition,  read  the  following: 

But  it  is  unnecessary  to  go  back,  even  so  far  as  1836,  for  conclusive  proofs  that  the  issues 
of  private  banks  are  not  governed  by  any  principle  other  than  the  supposed  interests  of  the 
parlies.  We  have  already  seen  that  the  Bank  of  England  did  not  contract  her  issues  so 
vigorously  or  systematically  as  she  should  have  done  when  the  supply  of  bullion  in  hercof- 
fiTs  began  to  be  reduced  towards  the  end  of  1838.  Still,  however,  she  did  reduce  her  issues. 
During  the  quarter  ending  the  18th  of  September,  1838,  the  issues  of  the  Bank  of  England 
i  Jmounted  to  li),655,000/. ;  and  they  were  progressively  reduced  till,  in  the  quarter  ending 
llhcSOth  of  June.  1839,  they  amounted  to  18,101,000/.,  being  a  reduction  of  about  1^  mil- 
lion. The  reduction  was  also  accompanied  by  a  rapid  diminution  of  the  bullion  in  the 
[Bank's  coffers,  by  a  rise  in  the  rate  of  interest,  and  by  great  apprehensions  in  all  moderately 
Uellinformcd  quarters  as  to  what  might  be  the  ultimate  result.     Now  what  was  the  conduct 

of  the  joint  stock  and  private  banks  during  this  period]     Did  they  make  any  reduction  of 
I  their  issues,  or  did  they  so  much  as  abstain  from  increasing  them  1    No  such  thing !  on  the 
[contrary,  their  issues,  which  amounted  to  11,364,962/.  at  an  average  of  the  quarter  endin 
Vol.  II— 3  T  97 


m 


770 


BANKS. 


5; 


^1 


the29lhof  acptcmbcr,  1838,  rose  to  12,275,818/.  durinff  the  quarter  entling  the  29th  01 
Juno,  1839,  bcinff  an  increase  of  about  one  million  during  the  very  period  in  whirh  th 
Banii  of  England  had  reduced  her  issues  1  J  millions  !  And  but  for  the  increasing;  ditTicult; 
of  obtaining  pecuniary  accommodation  in  London,  and  the  rise  in  the  rate  of  interest,  the; 
would,  no  doubt,  have  gone  on  increasing  their  issues  though  the  bank  had  been  drained  oi 
her  last  shilling. 

We  do  not,  however,  blame  the  joint  stock  and  private  banks  for  this :  the  govcrnmen 
and  legislature  are  the  real  culprits.  What  can  be  expected  from  a  system  which  permit 
every  cobbler  and  cheesemonger,  and  every  nasociation,  how  bankrupt  soever  in  fortune  nnc 
character,  to  usurp  the  royal  prerogative,  and  issue  paper  money  at  pleasure  ?  But  thougl 
all  private  bankers,  and  all  managers  of  joint  stock  banking  companies,  were  patterns  ol 
honesty  and  intelligence,  the  result  would  not  be  materially  dillerrnt.  'I'he  evil  lies  far  mon 
in  the  number  than  in  the  character  of  the  issuers.  Whin  bullion  is  leaving  the  country 
and  the  Bank  of  England  is  narrowing  her  issues  and  raising  th<-  rale  of  interest,  many,  jur 
hapi,  A'c  might  say  the  majority,  of  the  country  bankers  see  that  danger  is  abroad,  and  tha 
they  should  also  contract  their  issues;  but  being  a  very  numerous  body,  comprising  the 
managers  of  several  hundred  establishments  scattered  over  all  parts  of  the  kingdom,  jealous 
of  each  other,  and  with  rival  and  opposing  interests,  no  sort  of  concert  ever  prevails  amonj 
them.  Each  is  also  impressed  with  the  well-founded  conviction,  that  all  that  he  could  do  in 
the  way  of  contraction  would  be  all  but  imperce|)tib!c ;  and  no  one  ever  thinks  of  attempling 
it  so  long  as  he  feels  satisfied  of  the  stability  of  those  with  whom  he  deals.  On  the  contrary, 
every  banker  knows,  were  he  to  withdraw  a  portion  of  bis  notes,  that  some  of  his  coinpeij. 
tors  would,  most  likely,  embrace  the  opportunity  of  filling  up  the  vacuum  so  created  ;  and 
that  consequently  he  should  lose  a  portion  of  his  business,  without  in  any  degree  lessening 
the  amount  of  paper  afloat.  Hence  in  nineteen  out  of  twenty  instances  the  country  banks 
go  on  increasing  their  aggregate  issues  long  after  the  exchange  has  been  notoriously  against 
the  country,  and  the  Bank  of  England  has  been  striving  to  pull  up.  The  fact  is,  that  ruin- 
ous fluctuations  in  its  amount  and  value  are  of  the  very  essence  of  a  currency  supplied  liy 
diflt-rent  issuers.  If  the  country  continue  to  tolerate  the  latter,  it  must  unavoidably  continue 
to  suffer  the  perpetual  recurrence  of  the  former, 

I.— RetiirnVf  all  Places  where  tinited  or  Joint  Stock  Banks  have  been  established  under  the  Act  7  Geo. 
IV.  c.  46.,  in  ENQLANoand  Wales;  with  the  Dates  when  such  Uanks  were  estubligheU,and  the  Num- 
ber of  Partners  therein,  down  to  the  5th  of  .lanuary,  1830. 


Name  of  the  Bank. 


Ashton,  Stalybridge,  Hyde,  and 

Glossnp  liank. 
Bank  of  Bolton        .        .        . 
Bank  of  Birmingham 
Bank  of  Liverpool  .        .        - 
Bank  of  Manchester 

Bank  of  Stockport  .        -        - 
Bank  of  Walsall  and  South 

Staffordshire. 
Bank  of  South  Wales      - 
Bank  of  Westmoreland  - 
Bank  of  Whitehaven 
Barnsley  Banking  Company    - 
Bilstnn  District  Banking  Co.   - 
Ririningham  Banking  Co. 
Birmingham  Boroneh  Bank    - 
Birmingham  and  Midland  Bank 
Birmingham  Town  and  District 

Banking  Company. 
Bradford  Banking  Company    - 
Bradford     Commorcial     Joint 

Stock  Banking  Company. 
Bristol  Old  Bank      .        .        . 
Bury  Banking  Company 
Carlisle    City     and     District 

Banking  Company. 
Carlisle       and       Cumberland 

Banking  Company. 
Central  Bank  of  Liverpool 
Cheltenham    and   Gloucester- 
shire Bank. 
Chesterfield  and  North  Derby- 
shire Bankln/f  Company. 
Commercial  Bank  of  England 


Flacei. 


Ashton-under-Lyne   - 

Bolton  .  -  .  . 
Birmingham  -  .  . 
Liverpool  .... 
Manci)ester,    Stockport,  Bolton, 

Newtown  and  Llanidloes. 
Stockport  -  -  .  . 
Walsall  and  Penkridge 

Carmarthen  ... 
Kendal  .... 
Whitehaven  and  Wigton  . 
Barnsley  .... 
ISilston  .... 
Birmingham  ... 
liirmingham  ... 
Birmingham  ... 
Birmingham        ... 

Bradford  .... 
Bradford      .... 


Bristol         .... 
Bury  .... 

Carlisle  and  Cockermouth 

Carlisle,  Wigton  and  Appleby 


Liverpool    .... 
Cheltenham  and  Tewkesbury 

Chesterfield         ... 

Ashbourn,    Birmingham,  Black- 
burn, Burnley,  Liverpool,  Pres 
ton,  Rochdiile,  Burslein,  Han 
ley.  Leek,  IJttoxeter,  Lndlow, 
Newport,  Shrewsbury,  White 
church,  and  Chester. 


Dale  when 
eitabliihed. 


18  June  1830 


May 

Aug. 
April 
Mar. 

May 
Aug. 

Feb. 

June 

Jan. 

Jan. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Mar. 

Aug. 

July 

July 
Feb. 

June 
June 
Feb. 


1830 
183'J 
1831 
182'J 

18.30 
1835 

18.35 

18.33 

18.3 

1832 

1830 

1829 

18.3' 

18.30 

1830 

1827 
1833 

1826 
18.36 
1837 


8  Oct.  1836 


Dec. 
May 

Dec. 

July 


1836 
1836 

1831 

1834 


Number  of 
Parlnerj. 


1836. 


328 

103 
251 

626 
648 

364 
152 

7 
153 

lio 

150 
304 

277 
598 

170 
159 

8 
104 


224 

54 
143 

96 

674 


317 

183 
215 
503 
677 

331 
154 


153 
Vi3 
112 
150 
298 
110 
205 
398 

107 
155 

7 
110 

280 

284 


151 

97 

664 


i«i 
210,' 

6t;o , 

.115  ' 

Mil : 


1.13 

]i\ 

III 
1.11 

4(0 

IH 
159 


I0« 
3li 

2:5 1 

40  I 
15!  I 

62:] 


BANKS. 


771 


'"r^/ort  eve   prevails  among 

'"""^,^uV    The  fact  is.  that  rum- 

'"^    IS  a  currency  suM'Ml-y 
SSt  Ist  unavoidably  commuc 


Table  I. — continued. 


Nunc  of  tb«  Buk. 


County  of  Olouceiter  Bank 


Coventry  Union  Banking  Com- 
pany. 

Coventry  and  Warwickshire 
KunkhiK  Coni|iiiiiy. 

Cuniberliiiid  Union  Banking 
Coinpany. 

Dtirlinston  District  Joint  Stock 
Banking  Coinpany. 


Derby  and  Derbyshire  Banking 

(^irnpany. 
Devon  anil  Cornwall  Banking 

Company. 


Flaeai. 


Dit«  whan 
nUblithxI. 


Number  of 
I'drtnen. 


1  Aug.    1836 


12  May 

13  Dec. 
13  Mar. 

22  Dec. 


28  Dec. 
31  Dec. 


1836 
1839 
1630 

1831 


1833 
1831 


Oloiicpntcr.Chellenham,  Biirrnrd, 
Ciruncester,  Karrinudon,  Trt-i 
bury,  Diiraley,  Hiroud,  and 
Norlhlcacli. 

Coventry,  Atlipmlone,  Coleihill, 
Leamington  niid  Tamworth. 

Coventry  and  Nuneaton     - 

Workington,  Cockermouth, 

Miiryporl,  WIgton,  I'cririth, 
and  Ki-Rwick. 

Darlington,  Stockton, Northaller- 
ton, Uarnurd  Cxntle,  Htokeslcy, 
Oiiisborougli,  II:irtlepool,  Be- 
dale,  MiiBhatn,  Yarm,  Brough, 
Stagshaw  Bank,  Uiirliam,  Ilo- 
naldklrk,  and  Middlcton  In 
Tecsdale. 

Derby  and  Belper        .        .        - 

Plymouth,  Dnvonport,  Exeter, 
Kine8l)ridge,Tavi8tnck,Totne8, 
Asliburtiin,  8t.  Austell,  I.is- 
keard,  Crediton,  Bodmin,  Diirt- 
inouth,    Newton  Abbott,   Cul- 

,    liimpton,  and  Lnnnreston. 
Dudley  and  West  BromwichiDudley  and  West  Bromwich      .  ."iO  Doc.    ISSa 

llanklne  Company.  | 

East  of  England  Bank    -        -  Norwich,  AyUbam,  East   Dere-  27  Feb.    1830 

liam,  Fakcnbam,  Foulsham, 
Kenninghall,  North  Walsham, 
Thetford,  Oreal  Yarmouth, 
Beetles,  Bungay,  Haleaworlh, 
Ilarleston,  Lowestoft,  Wren- 
tham,  Ipswich,  Eye,  Saxmund- 
ham,.Stowmarkel,Woodl)ridge, 
Swalfhaui,  Watton,  Bury  Ht. 
Edmund's, Ix  worth, Mildenhall, 
Lynn,  and  Downham. 

Swansea  and  Neath    -        -        -    8  Sept. 

tJloucesler,  Cheltenham,  Stroud,  28  June 
Tewkesbury,  Newnham,   and 
Evesham. 

Halifax 11  Nov. 

Ilnlifax        -        -        -        -        -  21  .lune 

Halifax  and  Huddersfield    -       -|29  June 


Ol.imorganshire  Banking  Co.  - 
Gluuccstersliire  Banking  Co.  - 


JHalifax  Joint  Stock  Bank'g.Co 
•  Halifax  Commercial  Bank'g.Co 
'lliilifax       and      Hudderstield 
I   Union  Bank. 
Hampshire  Banking  Company 

jlldstnn  Banking  Company      - 
iHerefurdshire  Banking  Co. 


iHiiddersfield  Banking  Co. 
Hull  Banking  Company 

Imperial  Bank  of  England 


iRnaresborough      and 
I  Banking  Company. 


Clare 


Lancaster  Banking  Company 

;I.eamlngton  Bank  .  -  - 
Leamington  Priors  and  War- 
;  wicksliire  BankingCompany. 
■Leeds  Banking  Company 
Leeds  Commercial  Banking  Co. 
ILeeds  and  West  Riding  Bank- 
I  ins  Company. 
Leicester  Banking  Company   - 


Leiih  Banking  Company 
Lichfielil.  Rugeley,  and  Tam- 
worth n!\nking  Company. 
Lincoln  and  Lindsey  Banking 
Company. 


Leicester,   Ashby  de  la  Zouch,  28  Aug. 

Hinckley,  Market  Harbotough,! 

and  Melton  Mowbray. 

Carlisle |23  Nov. 

Lichfteld,Uugeley,andTamworth  21  Nov. 


Lincoln,  Gainsborough,  Louth, 
Horncnstle,  Brigg,  Market  Ra- 
sen,  Caister,  Sleaford,  Alford, 
Epwortb,  Spilsby  and  Partney. 


18.16 
1831 


1820 
183ti 
1830 


Southampton,     Fareham,     and  29  April  1834 

Romsey. 

Helston 4  Aug. 

Hereford,     Ross,      Leominster,    5  Aug. 

Coleford,     Hay,      Worcester, 

Evesham,  and  Pershore. 
Hudderstield        -        .        -        -    7  June 
Hull,    Barton,  Beverley,  Goole,  30  Nov. 

Grimsby,  Lincoln,  and  Louth. 
Manchester,   Macclesfield,  Con-  16  Dec. 

gleton,  Nantwich,  Northwich, 

Knutsford,  and  Sandbach. 
Knaresborough,        Easingwold.jH  Sept. 

Wetherby,    Rtpon,   Hclmsley, 

Thirsk,    Boroughbridge,     Ma- 
sham,  PatelyBridgc,  Otiey,  and 

Harrowgate. 
Lancaster,  Ulverstone,  and  Pres-   9  Oct.     1826 

ton. 

Leamington         .       -       -       -    8  May    1835 
Leamington,Warwick,Southam,  27  Aug.    1835 

Kenilworth,  and  Bandbury. 

Leeds 22  Nov.  1832 

Leeds 21  June  1836 

Leeds  and  Bradford  -   -   -  28  Nov.  1835 


1836 
1836 


1827 
1833 

1836 


1831 


1829 


1827 
1835 


10  Aug.  1833 


KM. 

1837. 

181 

151 

313 

284 

149 

146 

352 

250 

201 

192 

837 

200 

192 

185 

534 

541 

83 
259 


202 
169 
406 

150 

14 

200 


332 
245 

637 


162 


129 

172 
133 

421 
223 
225 

140 


9 
144 

236 


107 
218 


207 
167 
408 

152 

19 
126 


326 
239 

656 
162 

127 

165 
111 

4.W 
216 
245 

139 


9 

158 

225 


276 

153 

376 
119 

341 


187 
196 


179 
501 


102 

258 


207 
164 
394 

172 

17 
131 


330 
240 

654 
161 

135 

167 
104 

398 
221 
224 

144 

150 
330 


m'. 


: 


772 


BANKS. 


Tal)lo  I. — conlinued. 


N>m«  of  Ih*  Buk. 


I.lvrr|i<iiil  Alltinn  lliiiik 
l,ivi'r|iciiil  lliiiikiiiK  <'"iii|mny  - 
l.ivrriHicii  lliirdiiyli  ll.iiik 
l.ivrr|iiiii|  I'liii'iiix  lliiik 
l.lviTiiiiiil   ('oiiiincrcul   Ilank- 

iiitf  ('iiiiiimiiy. 
I.ivrr|iiMil  lliiiiin  llniik 
Miiiicliciili'r  mill  l.iV('r|iiinl  Dis- 
trict Uiiiikiiig  Cuinpuiiy. 


n»i«  whm 
MUbliihfd. 


NumUr  of 
l^rliiffra. 


l.iviTpool  - 

l.iVIT|llll)l  - 

l.lvfrponi  - 

l,lvi'r|ii><il  - 

l.ivi'r|)uiil  - 


-OT 

-lis 

-'iH 


Mnnrlimtpr  nnil  Sairoril  Iliink 
Miiiiiiiiiiitliiiliiru   mill    (•liiiiiDr- 
giiiisliire  Uunkiiig  Cuiiiimiiy. 


Mnnrn  k  nnbinunn,  Nnlllnil- 
liiiiiisiliIrK  llmiklii);  ('(Mii|iutiy. 

N:iii>inal  I'ruviiiciul  Uuiik  of 
I^iijiluiid. 


Newcastle  Cnitiinercial  Dank- 

inj;  ('iiinpiiiy. 
Newcasiie,  Stiielils,  and  Siin- 

(li-rlanil    llniiin  Joint    ijtock 

Uankiiig  Company. 


Newcaslle-npon-Tyne      Joint 

Stock  Banking  Company. 
North  and  Soutli  Wales  Bank 


Northamptonshire  Union  Bank 

Northamptonshire  Banking  Co 

Northern  and  Central  Bank  of 
England. 


Liverpool  -  -  -  -|  3 

MaiiilicHii'r,  MvprponI,  Oldlmm, 'JU 
AHlitoii-iiiiilrr-l.yiii',  I'rcHiiin, 
VVarriiiKl'iii,  Bury,  lllackbiirn, 
Winaii,  .Stalyl>riili.'i>,  lliicliilalc, 
Sliit'kpurt,  .Naiitwich.  ll>ilo, 
llmilry,  Ht.itroril,  IliirsliMii, 
I,«i-k,  l.aiiK  Kiwi,  ('Iwaillv, 
KiiK<'U-y,  Murki-t  l)rnytoii,und 

(illlHMIip. 

Manclirsli'r  -  -  -  IS 

■NiMvport,  I'diitvponl,  rhopstnw,  2S 
link,      'rrcili'itar      IrniiwiirkH, 
Alii'rgavi'iiiiv.Miiniiiiiiilli,  l.yd- 
nt-y,     ('ardilt',    Bridgend,    and 
Mvvanaea. 
Nottingham  -  -  -  13 


Mnr. 
May 
June 
Jim. 
Uuc. 

May 
Nov. 


IN.W 

|M:iti 

IH37 

ion 
Itl-j'J 


Ahi'ryotwilh,  Amlwch,  Barn 
maple,  Tiirrlncliin,  Hath,  Hliep- 
t  nil -Mil  III  '.('anile  ('ary,MHrah' 
lii'lil,  lliili-rnril,  ItlriiiiTighaiit 
BiiHtiiii,  Spalillni!,  Brecon,  Hay, 
Brinlol,  Kiiry  til.  Kiliiiiiiid'a, 
('irdiir,  Bridgend,  Ciiwhriilge 
('liellenlinm,  Darlington,  Bar 
nard  t^aglle,  Devnnport,  Dol 
gelly.Ualla, Machynlleth,  Diim- 
ley,  i;,\i.'ler,  Okeliaiiiplon.tiloii 
ceslor,  Hereford,  Hoiiitoii,  B- 
fraconilie,  Inswich,  Wood- 
hridue,  Kingahridge,  Leicester, 
Mchlield,  Manchester,  Peter- 
hiiriiiii>h,  Wiltlesea,  Crnyland 
Rainspy,  I'lymoiith,  I'wihell, 
rortinudoc,  Rainsgale,  Riighy, 
Rugeley,  Stocktmi,  Hoiiihninl- 
ton,  i^iiiithnmpton,  Taniworth, 
Tiverton,  Wem,  Whilclinrch, 
WIsheach, Chatteris,  Long  Sut- 
ton, Holbcach,  March,  Worces- 
ter, Ledbury,  Bromyard,  Wot- 
ton-iinder-Kdge,.Sodl)iiry,  Yar- 
mouth, Halesworth,  and  Low- 
estoft. 

Newcastle-upon-Tyne    - 

\ewcaslle-npon-Tyne,  North 
Shields,  Soiilli  Sliielda,Siinder- 
land,  Alnwick,  Morpeth,  He.t- 
ham,  Alston,  Hartlepool,  Dur- 
ham, and  Bishop  Auckland. 

Newcastle-upon-Tyne    - 

Dolgelly,  Festiniog,  Bala,  Ma- 
chynlleth, Pwlheli,  Welshpool, 
Bishop's  Casllc, Llanidloes,  Os- 
westry, Llanfyllin.Iluthin.Car- 
nnrvon,l'liester,l)anbigh,iMold, 
Aberyslwith,  Wrexham,  New- 
town, Bangor,  Llangetiii,  Holy- 
head, Llanrwst,  Holywell,  El- 
lesmerc,  Tremadoc,  St.  Asaph, 
Conway,  Amlwch,  Cardigan, 
CarmnrtJien,  Brecon,  Llanelly, 
Llaiidilo,  Swansea,  Merthyr 
Tidvil,  Cardiff,  Neath,  Haver- 
fordwest, I'eiiibroke,  Kington, 
Abergavenny,  Newport,  and 
Shrewsbury. 

Noriliaiiipton,  Wellingborough, 
and  Daventry. 

Northampton,  Daventry,  Wel- 
tiiighiirough,  and  Stamford. 

Manchester  .  .  - 


27 


Juno 
July 


July 
Dec. 


IMS. 

510 
.THI 
:iU3 

2W 

3'i:i 
1.037 


is'afi 

lh30 


183G 
1S33 


902 

'i'M 


153 
610 


July 
July 

June 
April 


1836 
1836 

1S36 
1836 


338 

468 

65 

608 


May 
May 
Mar. 


1836 
1836 
1834 


512 

233 

1,237 


1137 

434" 

201 
407 
1:14 
311 

.141 

i,.ioa 


330 
3U 


146 

800 


134 
446 

71 
529 


419 

317 

1,171 


BANKS. 


773 


Table  \.~eontinued. 


Niirlhiiriilicrliinil  and   Diirhniii 
Diatrlct  liuiikiiiK  ('(iiii|>any. 


\i-\vc  i«tl)<-iipiin-T>Mi-,  Norlli 
Slil.l.N,  Snntli  r*lii.'lil<.  Aln- 
wli'k,Miir|M>tli,HMil  Siiiiilfrluiiil. 

North  WiltH  Oanking  Cmnpan)'  Mclktl i,    Divi/ra,    llriKllbnl, 

Trciwhriilx*'.  Calne,  <'lii|i|i<<ii- 
lifiiii,  ('iir"lmiii,  \Vi!sll)iiry, 
Warniliiitcr,  Marll)nrMii|{li, 
Maliiii'itiiiry,  Hwliidnii,  IIikIi- 
worlh,  iiiiil  Wnlloii  IliiiiO'tl, 

NxtiiiiKlinni,  Nfwark.  Manaticlil, 
WiirkHiij),  Ivvst  llpifdrd,  Tux- 
fnril,  mill  l,()iisliliiir<>ii|(li. 

Ninvramli'-iiiicin-'rym',  Nnrtli 
Sliii'lilK,  Siiiilli  Sliii'lil4,SiiMil(-r 


Nnltinclinni  nnd  Nottinitlmm- 
iiliirf  llaiikiiig  (.'ompuny. 

North  nf  Rnnlanil  Joint  Htork 
Uanking  Cuiiipuny. 


93 


13 


28 


May 

Nov. 

April 
Mar. 


mi 

1831 

1632 


Oldham  Dnnkine  rompnny 


land,  IUtw  ilk- upon -'i'acpil, 
Morpeth,  Ili'Xhani.  Durham, 
VViii>l(T,  AI><ton,  lllyllic.  Aln- 
wick, IlKlford,  llallwIiiHilc, 
IIJHhop  Auckland,  WiiUini;- 
hani,  Stanhopi',  Siocklon,  D.ir- 
lin|;lon,  Itarlli-poid,  Mudgulteld, 
and  Uarnard  C'aslle. 
Oldham      .  -  -  - 

Pari'9'  l.iiicestershlri'  Uaiiking  inncklcy,      Mi'lton      Mowhray, 

''ompany.  |     l.uiiithliorouijli,  unil  Luicostur.    ! 

Royal  llink  of  I.ivRrponI  -Liverpool-  -  -  -;■'"' 

(<a(ldlc\vorth  Uankinylloiiipany  rtadillevvorlh,        A8hton-iindcr-i21> 

I.yne,  and  Oldham.  | 

ShiMVidd  nanking  Company     -  Shcilifld  and  Uoihorham  -|2J 

Shcllield      and      llullamshirp  rthelliuld    .  -  -  -l20 

Hanking  Company.  | 

Shertleld  and  Kotlierhaiii  Joint  SliotReld,  Rothcrliain,  and  Bake-  25 

Slock  Hanking  (Company.       I     well  I 

Shropshire  Banking  Company    ShilTnall,  Wellincton,  Ncwport,;27 

I     and  Coalbrouk  Dale.  I 

South  r.ancashirn  Bank  -iMnnchuslor  -  -  -;2.> 

Siiuthi-rn      District      BankingSonthanipton,  Guernsey,  Jer8ey,i2a 

Company.  i     Portsmouth,  Tortsoa,  (Josport,! 

I     Niiwport.  Ilydo,  and  Cowcs.     I 

Stamford,  Spalding,  and  Boston ><iain|Mr(l,  Bourn,  Spalding,  Mar-  28 


401 
310 

395 
033 


H.'pt. 
Mar. 

April 
June 

Juno 
May 

June 

May 

May 
i\'ov. 


l-^.W 
IKtiij 

l«3(!i 
18,13  j 

lP3l! 

183t)! 

1^30 

1830 

lS.3fi 
103 


Dec.    1S31 


ket  Di'epiiig,  lloston,  Hpilshy 
Crowland,  Wainlliret,  Burgh, 
Bwineshead,  llollieach,  (Jran- 
thnni,  Oundle,  I'elerhorough, 
O.ikliani,  and  Uppingham. 
Stnckton  and  Durhatn  County  Stockton-on-Tees 

Rank. 

Stnurbridgft,  Kiddfirmlnster, 

Slratford-on-Avon,IIeiilpy-in- 
Arden,  Brom.'fgrove,  Kertdilch, 
Shipston-nn-Slonr,  Chipping 
Norton,  Morton-in-Marsh,  and 
AlcRster. 

Bristol,  Bridgwater,  Taunton, 
I.angport,  Wells,  Bath,  Frome, 
Shepton  Mallet,  Glastonbury, 
Wincanton,Chard,CrewkernP. 
Yeovil,  Axhridce,  Banwell, 
Weston-super-Mare.Mid.^omer 
Norton,  Bruton,  Castle  Cary, 
Ilchester,  Somerton,  South 
Petherton,  Martnck,  llminster, 
Wellington,  Williton,  and 
Stowey. 

Sunderland  .  .  . 


Joint  Stock  Banking  Co. 


i<lourbrldsc  and  Kidderminster 
Uanking  Company. 


Stuckcy's  Banking  Company  - 


!<iinderland  Joint  Stock  Bank- 
ing Company. 

Swalilale  and  Wensleydale 
Uanking  Company. 


Dec. 
April 


1838 
1834 


9  Oct.    1826 


U:iiiin  Bank  of  Manchester 
Wakefield  Uanking  Company  - 
Warwick     and      Leamington 
Binking  Company. 


Richmond,     I.eyburn.     Hcdalc,  30 
llawes,     Heeth,      Middlehaui,i 
Askrigg,  Masham,  Northaller-| 
ton.  and  Ripon. 

Manchester 

Wakefield 


WVst  of  England  and  South 
Wales  District  Bank. 


-    6 

Ja5 


Aug. 
Dec. 


May 
Oct. 
Sept. 


1836 
1830 


1836 
1832 
1831 


61 
■1<J 

311 
113 

2n.'. 

808 
2fi'.) 
282 
753 


01 


326 


39 


Warwick,  I.eamineton,  Alcester,  10 
Stratford-on-Avhn,    Soulliam, 
Hi;nley-in-Arden,  and  Sliips- 
ton-on-Stoiir. 

Bristol,  Bath,  Birnstaple,  Bridg- ■i3  Dec.    1831 
water,  Cardiff.   Exeter,  New- 
port,Taunton,  Wells,  Axbridae, 
Glastonbury,     Merthyr,     and 
Somerton. 
WesternDistrictBankingCom-lPlymonth,  Falmouth,  Uevonport,    1  Sept.  1830 
pany,  Totnes,      Truro,      Penzance,' 

1    Kingabridge,  and  St.  Columb, 

3t2 


150 
324 


605 
200 
132 


541 


278 


301 
310 

311 
635 


6!) 
40 

3.^8 

110 

203 
017 

275 

276 

411 
121 

88 


320 


3S 


145 
223 


440 
102 
133 


558 


312 


303 
338 

334 
610 


5S 
S3 

257 

107 

210 

628 

375 

370 

363 
1U9 

87 


133 

195 


47 


145 
218 


411 

196 
HI 


565 


332  i 


774 


BANKS. 


Table  I. — eoniinued. 


R 


? 


Nam  of  Ik*  IU«k. 


\Vi>it   Rlrilng  Union    Bunking 

(!iinip»ny. 
Wliitnhiivitn  Joint  Htock  Hnnk- 

Inic  ('iimpany. 
Willi     niiii     Uoriot     UankinK 

Company. 


riww. 


«Utiliib*l, 


lliiilileritli-iil,     Dewnhury, 

Wakplii'iil. 
Whltcliiiven  and  I'enrlth 


and  W  Doe.    IHJH 
-  33  Muy     1N2U 


S2 


5| 


Wolvorhnmplnn  nn<l  Htiid'uril- 
•  hlrH  lUnkiiiR  (.'oinpiiiiy. 

York  City  and  Cuunly  iiunking 
Company 


Hnllnhnry,  WHrmlnniT,  Ppvijim, 
TrowhriilK''.  Chippi'iiliiini, 

Miirllidrciiivli,  Miiliiii'dhitrv, 
WotlMii  llupHeH,  MiTi',  ■■'riirn<s 
Vi-civll,  llorrlifHii'r,  lllmidlnrd, 
VVImlKiriiR,  Hhcrtiiirnis  (•illliig- 
Imni,  l''(ir(llii|il)rlctKi>,  ChrlHt- 
cliiirrli,  I.yiiiiiigtiin,  and  Ax- 
niiniiti-r. 

WolVL-rliamplnn  -  -  • 


Yorkihlrn     AKrlcnlturnl     anil 

Cnmnierrlnl  liankinz  Co, 
Yorksbire  UUlricl  Uunk 


II  June   1830 


28  Dec.    IN3I 


York,  Mnllon,  Si'lby,    irnwdon,    8  Mar.    1830 
HcnrlioroiiKli,     lloriiugtiliridgD, 
Illpun,  mill  fiiinlu. 

York  Union  Banking  Company  York,       Drimild,      llriillinstnn,  33  April    1833 

Tliirnk,  Mnllon,  riirkllngtim, 
l(«liiiiiley,  Klrtiy  MnnrNJde, 
Murkut  WKJglitun,  Tadcuater, 
and  I'Irkcrliiir. 

York,  Wlillliy,  Drimiilil,  Mnlton.  27  July    1830 
Hull,  I,<>edii,nnd  Pncklliigion.  | 

York,  Hull,  HtictHclil,  lliilirnx,  30  July  18.14 
Lfeds,  DoncaHinr,  lt:iwlry, 
Thiirne,  Spltty.  Tliiruk,  Nnrlh- 
nllertnn,  KiiainKwold,  Mnllon, 
liradrord,  I'nntcfriicl,  Sklplon, 
KiiariiKliorougli.Ollpy.Wclher- 
by,  RIpnn,  Pallny  lirlilge,  Mn- 
aiiiiin,  lIudderHtii-ld,  lleviirley, 
North  Cn\e,  I>«w»tiiiry,IJarng- 
ley,  Kiclimond,  Wakufleld, 
Seltle,  and  (;liil)urn. 


NimilMr  of 
l^rlMn. 


IM4. 

337 
483 


338 

207 


887 


7i6 
1,000 


II3T. 

319 
434 


sat 

360 
307 

flOl 
1,113 


21 

2'; 

01 

i.o: 


3.— A  Retubn  ortlie  Joint  Htock  RnnkaexIntinK  in  Hcoti.and,  on  the  iith  of  January,  183U;  ipnriryl 
the  Date  or  the  EHtabliithmfnt  of  each  Rank,  the  Nuiiiher  and  Kjtuntion  of  its  HrHnchei  (where 
hai  any),  and  the  Number  of  Partner!  in  each  Rank,  during  each  of  the  Yean  1830, 1837,  and  IN 


Nun*  of  (ha  Bank,  and  SilualiOD 
of  lbs  Head  Uffica. 


1.  The  Bank  of  i^colland 
Head  office,  Edinburgh. 


3.  The  Royal  Bank  of  Scot- 
.ind. 
Uead  office,  Edinburgh. 


.  The  British  Linen  Com 

pany. 
Head  office,  Edinburgh. 


1603 


Number  of  Braochri,  ami  Towni  where  Branchca 
are  eslabliihed. 


No. 


Number  of 
i'arlnen. 


1727 


1746 


44 


Dranchn  at  6lh  of  Jmuary,  ISS9. 

Ranchory,  Abi-rdcen,  and   Fraser- 
burgh, Aherdeenshirc.  CuMinock,| 
Kilmarnock,  and  Ayr,    Ayrshire. 
Whithorn,  Wigtownshire.  Dum- 
fries,Uunifries-shirc.  Dundee  and 
Montrose,  Forfarshire.  Dunferin- 
line,  KIrkaldy,  and  St.  Andrew's, 
Fifeshire.     Dunae    and     Lauder, 
Berwickshire.    Leith,  Mid  Lothi 
an.  Falkirk  and  Stirling,  Btirling 
shire.     Glasgow,    Airdrie,    and 
Btralhaven,  Lanarkshire.    Had- 
dington, Haddingtonshire.  Inver 
nea8,Inverness-shire.  Kelso,Rox- 
burghshire.   Kirkcudbright,  Kirk 
cudbrightshire.  Perth, Perthshire. 
Stonehaven,        Kincardineshire. 
Greenock  and  Paisley,  Renfrew- 
shire. 

Greenock  and  Port  Glasgow,  Ren- 
frewshire. Glasgow, Lanarkshire. 
Dundee,  Forfarahire.  Dalkeith 
and  Leith,  Mid  Lothian.  Rothe- 
say, Buteshire.  (Rothesay  and 
Port  Glasgow  being  sub-agencies 
to  Greenock.) 

Wishaw,  Carluke,  Glasgow,  and 
Hamilton,  Lanarkshire.  Golspie, 
Sutherlandshire.  Irvine,  Ayr- 
shire. Paisley,  Renfrewshire. 
Annan,  Dumfries,  Langholm,  and 
Banquhnr.Dumfries-shire.  Leith, 
Mid  Lothian.  Aberdeen,  Aber- 
deenshire. Arbroath,  Montrose, 
Dundee,  Rrechin.and  Kerrieniuir, 
Forfarshire.  Castle  Douglas, 
Kirkcudbrightshire.  Coldstream 
and  Dunae,  Berwickshire.  Cupar 


1836. 


1837. 


Beinechartc 
.banks.lhesem 
no  return  of  p; 
ners. 


HANKS. 


775 


T»bl«  If — eontintud. 


Niint  •^  lit*  Want,  iiol  1iliMllo> 
ol  ih>  IImiI  iiffict. 


TNr 

%*hrn 
ma- 

bll<hr<l- 


.  The  (^onimerclnl  Rank  of 
Hrolliliiil. 

Iloaaulllce,  Edliiburfh. 


No. 


1810 


\  1836.    \j^\. 


Oil*  »-•  -  - 

dy.ni.dSt.An         er, 
^""I'eHU.M.dKothl- 

andSutlinB.  ^^^ 

l,anark8hire.    • 

'"•"""I.r  Ke^orRoi- 

?orfar|hre.     "jjoihe-, 
I  Mf*  ^"Jnn.heBay  and 

I  i,anarkBliirP.  "      ■ 

Y^T.-    nenfreW»^"V 
latB\ey,    »„^"'uo\ni.atid 

\ian.  /''Vh    MonWOBe, 
I     Arbroath,  won       ( 

'^u.»h^re      Coldstream 


S.  The    National    Bank   of 
HcniliiniJ. 
Head  ulflce,  Edinburgh. 


1823 


SI 


33 


Being  cbarterel 
bank8,»hesemak( 
•no  return 01  pail- 
nets. 


16.  The  Aberdeen  Bank 
Head  oHice,  Aberdeen. 


7  Thn  Avr  Bank     - 

Held  nriirc,  Ayr. 
8.  The     Dundee    Banking 
Company. 

Head  office,  Dundee. 
9-  The  Dundee  Union  Bank 

Head  office,  Dundee. 

10.  The  Dundee  New  Bank 
He.id  office,  Dundee. 

11.  The  tJlasgow  Bank  Co. 
Head  office,  Glasgow.* 

*N  B.   The  name  of  thii  Bank  wa«  altertil 
lOi,  BnwD,  (k  Co.,  or  Uie  Ship  Baak. 


11 

6 
1 


Nim.bi.piil 
hntitr*. 


■r^1W.°lm  tt  Sih  ar  Jiguary,  IVt. 

and  Duiifi  fmff'ip.Fifrnhirc    Dun- 
linrniiil  II  I'liliMdmi.  tf  >>ii|iii|itiiu 
#>»lri'      Klein.  KlBirishirp    !•■'  fres, 
M"ri»    lure     llitvick,    .li-ilhiiruli, 
Kflmi,   rtinl     Mflrimi',    UmiliurKh- 
•  hlre      liivuriinti".  I'cirl  \Villi;iiu, 
niid    KliivuiiaK:,  Invrrnpfnaliirn 
Kinroan,  Kiiirnaa-Nlilriv     Ninvixii 
Hli'Wiirl,    MiriinriHT,    ami     V\  i^ 
Inwii,      \Vl«lo\vii'<liirr       I'celili'a, 
IVi'lili'a-alnri'.  I'itiIi,  I'lTtlialiirn. 
Hflkirk,Hi-lkirl<Hliiri>     ruln.K'iaa- 
Rlijriv        ll;ilt'r>>ii,     Hurlinvaliire. 
Nnirn,  Niilrnahlrn. 
(Ju|itir-\MHM<,  rorl'iiralilri!.     Inver- 
iroriliin    aiul     'I'lin,    lliiiia-i<lilrp. 
Alierdi'tMi,  I'l-lrrhi' iil,  and  Tnrlir, 
Ahi-rclci-naliirii.  Allciu.Clnrknian- 
nnnalilri'.     Duuil'tli'M  anil  Annan, 
Duinfricit-ahirc  Di'ith  .iiidM^niili- 
linn,  Ayralilre.    liliixifdw,  llainil- 
ton,  l.uiiHrk,  and  MlKitir,  l.iiiiark- 
Bhlre.      Ill  ilririiwrlc,    Duiiililiuii-, 
IMllnchry.i'i' rill. mid  Crli'llM'tTtli- 
■hire.  ('iiui|ilii'ltowii,Ari(yli'^liirL' 
(JiillnKlpiiriili,     t'lipar,     Kirk.ilily, 
NfVvhiirKli.  l,rviMi,:iiiil  DiiiilVnu- 
llniv  l''ir.>Hliin\     (;rciiii;irly,   ('rci- 
innrlyalilriv    D.ilki'llli,  l,cllh,aiid 
MiiHAi'lhiirirli,  MkI  l.iitliliin.   Diiiu- 
barlon,    DiiiiiliartonMlilre.     Diin- 
keld,  I't'rlliHlilre.      I'.lsiu,  Klulii- 
pliire.    Kynioulli,  ni-rwlckulilri). 
Falkirk,    HtirlliiK,    and    (irange-' 
inniith,  SlIrllnKHliire.  (iateliiiUKe, 
KirkruillirltfhiHtiirn.  liawlrk.K)'!.  | 
BO,  and  MelriiHC,  ItoxbiirKlisliir)!, 
Invcrnesa,  Invcrnesn-Klilre.    Kil-[ 
inarunck,  Ayralilre.  Kirkwall,  Is-i 
land  oTOrkiiey    l.liilltlignw,  I, In-, 
lithiinwalnri'.    Thurso  and  Wick,' 
Cnithn<<NR-<>hire.      Diinlmr.   RuhI 
I.nihian.   Ilaiiir,  BantrAlilrc.  Kin- 
cardine, Kinrnrdlnpshire.  i 

Islay,  Invi'rary,  and  Ohan,  Areylu-I 
Bhire.  Han(|ulmr  and  Duuil'rieg,, 
Diimrriea-Blilre.  I.eith  and  Dal-j 
keilh.  Mid  l.othian.  AhcrilHen, 
Alierileen«hire.  Airdrlu  and  (Jlas- 
irnw,  Lanarkshire.  Ilaihgale.  Mn-j 
lilhunwahlre.  AnBtruthor,  lliirnt-i 
island,  and  Kirkaldy,  Firi-shire.' 
Banff,  Bantrnhire.  Caalk' DouglaB, 
Kirkcudhrighlshire.  Dingwiill  and 
Stornoway,  Ross-dtilre.  Dundee 
and  MDMtrnse,  Forfarshire.  Fal- 
kirk and  Stirling,  Siirlingshire. 
Forres  and  Orantown,  Morny- 
ahire.  Fort  Willlaui,  Inverness,' 
and  Portree,  Inverness-shire. 
Ralashiels,  Helkirkshirc.  Kelso, 
Jedburgh , and  Ha  wick, Uoxliurgh- 
Bhire.  Kirkwall,  Islands  of  Ork- 
ney and  Shetland.  Nairn,  Nairn- 
Bhlro.  Perth,  Pertlishire.  Strom- 
nesB,  Island  of  Orkney. 

Ellon,  Tarland,  Peterliead,  Fraser- 
burgh, Inverury,  and  Iluntly, 
Aberdeenflhire.  Fochabers,  Cul- 
len,  Bantr,  and  Keith,  Bantfshire. 
Elgin,  Morayshire. 

Troon,  Oalston,  Kilinarnock.lrvine, 
Maybole,  and  Girvan,  Ayrshire. 

Forfar,  Forfarshire  -  -  - 


Forfar,    Arbroath,   Montrose,   andl 

Brechin,  Forfarshire. 
Dissolved  10th  of  October,  1638 


I  IK. 


r(No 


Kirkaldy,  Fifeshire  - 


122 

10 

57 

79 

4 

27 


IMT. 


I>3a. 


rctur  n.) 


163 

11 
54 

80 

6 

30 


189 

11 

52 

62 

28 


in  1837  to  the  "  Glaijnw  and  Ship  Bank,"  vhes  it  wai  joioed  to  Iba  private  Bask  of 


776 


BANKS. 


Table  II. — continued. 


5 


^1 


Name  of  the  Rink  and  Situation 
oC  llie  llcaJ  Uflicei. 


Vrar 


bli>h«l. 


12.  Th<!  (Jrfler  rk  Rank 
Head  ullicu,  IJreuiiuck. 

13.  The  I,pilh  Rank 
Head  (iHke,  Luilli. 


14.  The  Paisley  Bank  - 
Heail  iitlii-e,  I'iiislcy.  i 

15.  Till!   IVrlli   H.iiikiiig  Co. 
Head  otliie,  Perth.  | 

It).  The  lifiil'rewshire  Uaiik-: 
in)!  (NMiipaiiy. 
Head  otiice,  Cirecnock. 

17.  The  Paisley  Union  Uank  |   1809 
Head  (iltit'c,  Paisley. 

18.  The  Aberdeen  Town  and    1825 
Coiiiily  Hank. 

Head  oflice,  Aberdeen. 


Numlwr  o(  Bnor ho,  and  Tnwni  where  Bnuchet 
*  are  CBlaljIiihetl, 


No. 


II 


Rraiirlicsat  &lh  nf  J.ininr)r,  It39. 


Number  of 
I'arlnert. 


19.  The  Arbroath  Bank 
Head  nltiie,  Arl)r()ath. 

20.  Tlie  Dundee  Coniiucrcial 
It.mk. 

Head  olVice,  Dinideo. 

21.  ThetilasgDwUnion  Bank 
ill);  U.iinpany. 

Head  olHce,  lilasguw. 


1825 
1825 

1830 


11 


20 


22.  The     Ayrshire    Banking 
("iiinpuiy. 

Head  (ilfice,  Ayr. 

23.  The    Western    Bank   of 
Scotliiid. 

Head  uilice,  Glasgow. 


21.  The    Central    Bank    of 
Scotland. 
Head  ollice,  Perth. 
25.  The    North    of  Scotland 
ilankiiig  Ciinipaiiy. 
Head  otiice,  Aberdeen. 


126.  The  Clydesdale  Banking 
Company. 
HenJ  otIicH,  Glasgow. 
27.  The    Smiihern    Bank  of 
Scotland. 
Head  olfice,  Dumfries. 

23.  Rnstern  Bankof  Scotland. 

Head  otiice,  Dundee. 
29.  Kdinburuhand  l.eithBank 

Head  otiice,  Edinburgh.       i 


1831 
1832 


1834 
1836 


1837 


1837 


1838 
1838 


31 


lilasgow,  Lanarkshire.  Port  Glas- 
gow, lieiifrcwshire.  Rothcuay, 
lliiteshire. 

Mnssellinrgh,  and  Pnrlnbello,  Mid 
l.oihian,  and  iilso  Edinburgh,  and 
Dalkeith.  Callender,  Donne,  and 
Cr ielf, Perthshire.  (ia^ishiel»,Sel 
kirkshire.  Stirling,  Kalkitk,  and 
StenhoitiieMiiiir,  Slirlingsliire. 

Discontinued  2Uth  of  Nov.  lbJ3.     - 

Diinkeld  and  Crieff,  Perthshire. 
Cupar- Aligns,  Fur  fa  rs  hire. 

Port  Glas!!i)W,  llenfrewsliire.  Glas- 
gow, Lanarkshire.  Inveraryand 
Campbeltown,  A  rgylusliire.Kotlie. 
say,  Kiitesliire. 

Joined  to  (ilasgnw  Union  Banking 
(/'ompany. 

Wick,  Thurso,  and  Piiltncy-town, 
(^'ailliness-shire.  Iliintly,  Kllon, 
Inveriiry,  and  Peterhead,  Alier- 
deensliire.  Dingwall,  lloss-sliire. 
Stonehaven,  Kincardineshire. 
Keith,  Uantrshirc.  Golspie,  Suth- 
erlandsliire. 

Forfar,  Forfarshire. 

Dissolved,  10th  of  October,  1838. 


.lohnslone, Greenock,  Paisley, Edin- 
burgh,Mid  Lothian.  PortGl'asgow, 
and  Neilslon.  Uenfrewshire.  In- 
verary  and  Lochgilphead, Argyle- 
shire.  Stranraer.  VVigtonshire. 
Lerwick,  Island  of  Shetland.  Ayr, 
Stewarlon,  and  lleith,  Ayrshire.! 
Ailoa,  Clackmannanshire.  Kin-| 
cardinc,  Kincardineshire.  Atich- 
Icrniuchly,  Fifeshire.  Hathgatc,! 
Linlithgowshire.  Strathaven,  La- 
nark.-ihire.  Moff.it,  and  Thoriihill, 
Dumfries-shire. 

Ardrossan,  Girvan,  Maybole,  Kil 
niariiock,   Irvine,  Saltcoats,  and 
Cumnock,  Ayrshire. 

Coatbridge,  Airdrie,  llainillon,  and 
Lanark,  Lanarkshire.  Kirkintil- 
loch, Dumbartonshire.  NorlhBer- 
wick,  and  Haddington,  Hadding- 
tonshire. Canipsie,  and  Kilsyth, 
Slirlinsshire.  Dairy,  and  Largs, 
Ayrshire.  Greenock,  Paisley,  and 
Lochwinnoch,  Renfrewshire. 
Edinhurch,  Musselburgh,  and 
Portobello,  Mid  Lothian.  Dum- 
fries, and  Locherbie,  Dumfries- 
shire. Alloa,  Clackmannanshire. 
Blairgowrie,  Perthshire. 

Aberfeldry,Aiichterarder,Pillochry, 
Diinkeld,  Killin,  and  Cricfr,Perlh- 
shire.     Newburgh,  Fifeshire. 

Fraserburgh,  Alford,Tarland,  Hunt- 
ley, Turriff,  Ellon,  Old  Deer, 
Sirichen,  Old  Meldriim,  Inveriiry, 
and  Inch,  Aberdeenshire-  Keith, | 
Dufftown,  Ahercherder,  Maciliiff, 
and  Banff,  llanirshire.  Elgin,  Mo- 
rayshire. Tain,  and  Invergordon, 
Cromartyshire. 

Edinburgh,  Mid  Lothian. 


Newton -Stewart, Whithorn,  Slran- 
rear,  and  I.ocherliie,  Dumfries- 
shire. New  Galloway,  Kirkcud- 
brightshire. 

Edinburgh,  Mid  Lothian. 


(Prl 


'    4 

185 


(Pr 

3 
470 


81 
140 


493 


tS37.        IMS. 


vateB 


93 


497 


4 

162       182 

vateB  ank.) 


ank.) 


3 
474 


83 
137 


484 


491 


60 
HI 


508 


4G9 


830 


104 


454 


•?02 


833 


97 


•169 


463 


l,SOi 


731 


81S 


77 1 


iV()ff  — No.  t.  beiii?  estib'i^hed  by  Act  of  Pari 
Lilt  of  Pirlnern,  in  pursnance  of  the  Acl  7  Geo.  4. 
taurlaiued,  but  liceuud  to  iaue  Notei  in  the  year 


ament,  anrt  Non.  2.  H.  4  md  K  incorporate  1  by  Riyal  Charter,  do  not  require  to '»■ 
c.  67.  The  d.ile  of  cshWi>hnii>nU  of  Nos  6,  7,  8,9,  10,  II,  12,  13,  U,  Ijioaibp 
IliOB,  wheu  the  Liceuce  Uuliet  were  tirti  impnaed. 


•# 


BANKS. 


777 


ru\tncy-t.  yn 
lluntly,  F-1  "" 
,;;,,  imss-sl.irp 


Octol>er 

[an,  Mayliole,  KU- 
„e    Stilicoais 

:u-:na,nn.on,and 
k  hire.    Kirkiniil- 

Vipsie,  and  K  7/" 

'="°  ne..fr«WBU.ro. 
UsseU-urgU.     una 

feacKlnannansUuc 
Iberclieriler.  '"       ^ 

,vs;'rf?goVdon. 

Irn- 

111  Lothian 

lid  LotUlan. 


3.  A  Return  nf  Joint  Stock  Banks  nxigtinp  in  InEi.uND  on  Ihe  5th  day  of  .lannnry,  ISTO;  iippcifyingthe 
l>aii!  Dniic  estuliliHiunciit  tifcacli  Hniik,  llii;  Niiiiilier  iiiiil  Hituatuin  of  il8  Uraiitlie8,un(l  the  Number 
of  I'urtnerH  in  i:acli  llank,  in  tlie  yi-ara  1830,  Ib:i7,  and  Ih:<H. 


Danki. 


Tlin   IlihiTiiian   Joint  Stock 

Oiiiniiany. 
Till!  rroviucial  Dank  of  Iru- 

lauU. 


The  Northern  Banking  Com- 
pany. 


The  Belfast  Company 


Tlie  National  Bank  of  Ire- 
land. 


Tlie  T.imcrick  National  Bank 
of  Ireland. 

The  ABr'''"'""'*'  "nd  Com- 
mercial Dank  of  Ireland. 


the  Clonmel  National  Bank 


The  Carrick-on- 
'  tlonal  Bank. 


Suir  Na. 


National 


The     Watcrford 

Rank. 
The  Wexford  and  Enniacor- 

ihy  National  Bank 
Thp     Tipperary      National 

llank. 

The  Tralee  National  Bank 


The  Bister 
paiiy. 


Banking  Com- 


.  incorporltM 


wS»";'';-'"'^'"I!: 


[The  Rnyal  Bank  of  Ireland  - 
ilhe  Soiitliorn  Bank  of  Ire- 
land. 
|Tlie  Cork  National  Bank. 
he  Kilkenny  National  Bank 


Eitablishiiieiit. 


June  1825 
:3ept.  1825 


liy  spec 
31 


31  Dec.  1825 


30  Dec.  1827 


2iJan.  1835 


17  Aug.  1835 


28  Oct.  1834 


Nn.  of 
Hranche!t. 


17 


28 


20  May  1836 

21  May  1836 

23  May  1836 

24  May  1830 
20  May  1836 

27  May  1836 

15  April  1836 


Nov. 
11  Feb. 


1836 
1837 


17  Mar.  1837 
7  June  1837 


Viarendirn.Vhor  Jan.  1819. 


Nun  tiffr  (if 
l'.»ffner«. 


Situ.ihon  nf  Braiichm. 


1M7. 


ial  Act,  5  Oeo.  1.  c.  159. 

Arniauh,  Atlilone,  Rallina, 
llc'illyinenii,  II  illyslianiioii, 
Itaiiliri(le>',  llaniliiii,  Itcl- 
fasl.  (^iiviiii,  CloMincI, 
(.'olcraipie,  Oork,  Cuott'lnll, 
Dowripairiik,  Diiiigannoii, 
DiiiiKarvcii,  l'',iinls,  I'innis- 
klll(Mi,  (lalway,  Kilkenny, 
Limerick,  Londonderry, 
Liir^an,  Mallow,  Mona- 
pliaii,  Moiieyniore,  Oinagh, 
I'arsonslown,  Sligo,  Slra- 
baiie,  Tralee,  Wnlerford, 
Wexford,  and  Yoiijjliul. 

Arinajib,  Ballynienn,  Helfust, 
CarrickCe  rails,  Coleraine 
Dow'iipalrick,  Lishnrn 
Londonderry,  Liirpan,  Ma 
elierafelt,  and  Newtuwnli- 
niiivady. 

.Xrinagti,  Batlymcna,  Bally 
money,  Belfast,  C'oleraine, 
("ookstown,  Derry,  Dun 
fiantion,  Lame,  Liiriian 
Maplierafelt,  Monaclian, 
Newlownliinaviiily,  New 
townards,  I'ortadown, 

Strabane,  Tanderagee. 

Athlnne,  Ballinasloe,  Ballina, 
llanayher,  Boyle,  ('asllc 
bar,  C.istlerea,  Galway, 
Loiif;ford,Louglirea,Moatu, 
Rosconinion.  Sligo,  Tuani, 
and  Wcslport. 

Cbarlcvilln,  Ennis,  Kilrusli, 
Limerick,  and  Itatlikeale. 

Armagh,  Belfast,  Hoyle,  Cas  ■ 
llebar.  Clones,  Cork,  Diin- 
gannon,  Eniiiscoriliy,  F(^r- 
moy,  Calway,  Kilkenny, 
Killarney,  Limerick,  Lon- 
donderry, Mallow,  Neiiagli, 
Parsoiistown,  Itoscomimin, 
Roscrea,  Skibliereen,  Sli- 
go,  Stroke.stown,  Thomas- 
town,  Thurles,  Tipperary, 
Tralee,  Tuam,  and  Water- 
ford. 

Cashel,  Clonmel,  and  Thur- 
les. 

Carrick-on-Suir 


Dungarven,  Now  Boss,  Tal- 
low, and- Waterford. 
Eniiiscoriliy  and  Wexford    ■ 

Fermoy,  Mitchelstown,  Ne 
nagli,  Uosecrca,  and  Tip 
perary. 

Caliirciveen,  Dingle,  Kan 
tiirk,    Kill'irney,    Tarbert, 

'    and  Tralee. 

Antrim,  Armagh,  BiiUymo- 
noy,  Itanbridse,  Belfist, 
(^ooiehill,  Dowiipatruk, 
Enniskillen,  and  Lurgan. 

Dublin  .       .       .       . 


613 


Cork      - 
Kilkenny 


210 


286 


250 


520 


2,056 


204 


285 


l«3S. 


728 


;!  Jr 


105 


280 


290 


551 


3,892 


465 
391 

434 

393 
429 

411 

836 

304 


487 
416 

451 

417 
450 

444 

789 


92 

415 
379 


463 


684 


3,673 


446 

571 

618 
5S9 
620 

609 

670 


324 


530 
516 


,:0i„ 


]m  \ 


m 


98 


778 


BANKS. 


II.— An  Account  of  the  aegrcghte  Numher  of  Notes  circulated  in  Englnnd  and  Wales  by  Privai 
Bankfl,  and  hy  Joint-Ht(irl<  Hanka  and  their  Branches,  distinguishing  Private  from  Juint-t^toc 
Hanks.— From  Keliirna  directed  hy  3  and  4  Will.  c.  83. 


ri 

o 
^1 


•kid 


Quirlere  ended. 

Private  Banki. 

L. 

7,753,500 
7,275,784 
7,l>'7,673 
6.701,996 
7.013,470 
7.005.472 
7,3«.2l7 
7,083.H|| 
7,-.99.912 
7,612.104 
7.610,703 
6,917,657 

Joint.Stocli  Bmks. 

ToUl. 

31  Drc.        1S36         ..... 

1  April,      IS37          ..... 

1  July,        

30  .Si'l'l.        ..... 

30  1  ifo.        ..... 

31  Much,   1S33          ..... 

30.luiic,       ..... 

29,-ir|,l.         ..... 

31  Di-c,         .              .               .              .              - 

31  Mirch,    IKJ9          ..... 

29  June,       ..... 

28  .Sept.       ..... 

;,. 

4,239.197 
3,755,279 
,3,684,761 
3,44  '.1  63 
3,>26,6H5 
3,921,039 

4.31)2,  ;ad 

4,281.1  il 
4,625,516 
4,617,163 
4,665,110 
4,167,313 

L. 

12,011,697 
Il,li3l,0tv3 
10,872,437 
10,142.019 
in,h7i  1,1.15 
I0,9iB,5l  1 
11.7 15.  03 
II, ,161,962 
l\22i,l>8 
11,259,467 
12275,818 
11,681,970 

B,vMis  (.\MF.nic.\v). — The  system  of  biinking  in  America  has  recently  attracted  a  E;ief 
deal  of  attentian  in  this  country ;  and  it  certainly  deserves  to  be  carefully  studied  and  mcij 
tated,  were  it  only  for  the  incontcstihle  evidence  which  it  affords  that,  how  tlourishinq;  soevc 
in  other  respects,  a  country  cursed  wiih  a  vicious  banking  system  may  he  every  now  and  the 
involved  in  the  c;re'itest  diflic.ultics,  and  reduced  almo.sl  to  a  state  of  bankruptcy,  Consi 
daring  the  peculiarly  favourable  circuinslanccs  under  which  the  United  States  are  pluccii,  th 
boundless  extent  of  their  fertile  and  unoccupied  lands,  the  lightness  of  their  public  burdens 
and  the  intelligence,  enterprise,  and  economy  of  the  people,  it  might  be  presumed  that  distre.s 
and  bankruptcy  would  be  all  but  unknown  in  the  Union,  and  that  she  would  be  oxemptei 
from  those  revulsions  which  so  seriously  affect  less  favourably  situated  communities.  13u 
the  very  reverse  of  all  this  is  the  fact:  discredit  and  bankruptcy  are  incomparably  more  pre 
valent  in  America  than  in  any  European  country;  and  all  sorts  of  industrious  undertaking 
and  monied  fortunes  arc  infinitely  more  secure  in  Russia,  and  even  in  'J'urkey,  than  in  thi 
United  States!  This  anomalous  and  apparently  inexplicable  state  of  things  is  entirely] 
consequence  of  the  American  banking  system,  which  seems  to  combine  within  itself  every 
thing  that  can  make  it  an  engine  of  unmixed  evil.  Had  a  committee  of  clever  men  been 
selected  to  devise  means  by  which  the  public  might  bo  tempted  to  engage  in  all  manner  of 
absurd  projects,  end  be  most  easily  duped  and  swindled,  we  do  not  know  that  they  could 
have  hit  upon  anything  half  so  likely  to  effect  their  object  as  the  existing  American  bankinr 
system.  It  has  no  one  redeeming  quality  about  it,  but  is  from  beginning  to  end  a  coinpnund 
of  quackery  and  imposture.  Our  own  banking  system  is  bad  enough  certainly  ;  but  it  is  as 
superior  to  the  American  as  can  well  be  imagined.  .\  radical  reform  of  the  latter,  or,  if  that 
cannot  be  elfectcd,  its  entire  sippression,  would  be  the  greatest  boon  that  can  be  conferred  oiJ 
the  Union ;  and  would  be  no  slight  advantage  to  every  nation  with  which  the  Amorinan^ 
have  any  intercourse. 

The  American  banks  are  all  joint-stock  associations.     But  instead  of  the  partners  beinsl 
liable,  as  in  England,  for  the  whole  amount  of  the  debts  of  the  banks,  they  are  in  general 
liable  only  for  the  amount  of  their  shares,  or  for  some  fixed  multiple  thereof     It  is  nceill 
to  dwell  on  the  temptation  to  commit  fraud  held  out  by  this  system,  which  has  not  a  sinjlJ 
countervailing  advantage  to  recommend  it.     'i'he  worthlessness  of  ihe  plan  on  whicii  thl 
banks  are  founded  was  evinced  by  the  fact  that,  between  181 1  and  the  1st  of  May,  \H'M),  n\ 
fewer  than  a  hundred  and  sixty-five  banks  became  altogether  bankrupt,  many  of  them  pavl 
ing  only  an  insignificant  dividend ;  and  this  exclusive  of  a  much  greater  number  that  stopfuJ 
for  a  while,  and  afterwards  resumed  payments.     The  wide-spread  mischief  resultina;  froil 
such  a  state  of  things  let!  to  the  devising  of  various  complicated  schemes  for  insurinc;  ttif 
stability  and  prudent  management  of  banks;  but,  as  they  all  involve  regulations  wliich  iti 
impossilile  to  enforce,  they  are  practically  worse  than  useless.  In  Massachusetts,  f  )r  examplob 
it  is  provide(J  that  no  bank  for  the  issue  of  notes  can  go  into  operation  in  any  way  unlil  al 
least  half  its  capital  stock  be  paid  in  gold  and  silver  into  the  bank,  and  be  actually  exi^tin:;  i 
its  coffers,  and  seen  in  them  by  inspectors  appointed  for  that  purpo.se ;  and  the  cashii-r  oi 
every  bank  is  bound  to  make  specific  returns  once  a  year  of  its  debts  and  assets,  on  lieiiil 
required  to  do  .so  by  the  secretary  of  state.     Uut  our  readers  need  hardly  be  told  that  thcsf 
elaborately  contrived  regulations  are  really  good  for  nothing,  unless  it  be  to  alfird  an  p,is( 
mode  of  cheating  a, id  defrauding  the  putilic.     Instances  have  occurred  of  banks  liiivin[r  Iwij 
rowed  an  amount  of  dollars  equal  to  half  their  capital  for  a  single  day,  and  of  such  dull; 
having  been  examined  by  the  inspectors  appointed  for  that  purpose,  and  reported  hv  llieiij 
and  sworn  by  a  majority  of  the  directors,  to  be  the  first  instalment  paid  by  the  stockliDlilftI 
of  the  bank,  and  intended  to  remain  in  it.*     We  do  not  of  course  imas^irie  that  surhJif 
gra<;el'ul   instances  can  be  of  common  occurrence;  but  what  is  to  be  thought  of  a  svslei 
which  permits  a  company  for  Ihe  issue  of  paper-money,  founded  on  such  an  aliiiminabl 
fraud,  to  enter  on  business  with  a  sort  of  pulilic  attestation  of  its  resi),;-inbility  \     Tlio  piil 
licity,  Iku,  to  which  the  .\merican   banks  are  subject  is  injurious  rather  than  olhiTivif 
Those  who  are  so  disposed  may  easily  manufacture  such  returns  as  they  think  inosi  suiiabl 
to  their  views;  and  the  more  respectable  banks  endeavour,  for  a  month  or  two  previousivf 
*  Gouge's  Paper  Money  and  Banking  in  the  United  tjtates. 


r;"jrjr..r,?s.^- 


m^tock  B»uk»- 


a,684,1Bt 
3,44  '.'  » 
3,>-iB,6li> 
3,421,039 
4,3h2,'** 
4,2R1,1'' 
4,62i,5l8 

4,t.n.'«i' 

4  6bS110 

4161,313 


L. 

12,011,691 
Il,(i31,0n3 
in,H7i,431 
10,U2.0t9 

in,Miii,\J5 
10,9!ti,^'" 

it.iir.,  03 

11,:)61,S02 
11,2M,461 
11,681,910 


.      u  „  rpppnllv  attractcil  a  i;vcat 


siie.ver 


7  1    ,W  how  flourishini; 
fords  th*^' '^To^e,.,  now  and  then 

\ti;U.:u:aStsa-'placedrhc 

'  *^u       aof  their  put.lic  hardens, 

!'«^"'hth/pre"med  that  distress 

■•7tat    hrwouldbecxcmp^J 

,,,Wy  «'^";  ^'^^^  ,,,„l,ly  more  (.re- 

'«P^^'y";.XTvLs  undertaking. 

Turkey,  than  in  ihr 


are 
U  sorts  of  in 


in 


a,  and  even  ...  -  --  ^       ^^^i^^.,    ^ 

^•'''^^'^''''"T.newthfn  itself  every, 
sn^stocomnnewiim  ^^^^^^^^ 

tempted  to  e".«^       that  they  could 

'^^  ''!hf  cSiiiK  American  i-ankin, 
'?'  wSnn^oendaco.nrund 
s  from  b'^g*"'""-  •„,„  .  »,„i  ii  is  as 
.Lformofthelatter.or.ifha 
contorreil  nn 


is  bad 
radical  reform 

'V  multiple  H'«reof.     U  is  neeilW 
ixed  mu  til"  j^      j^„j  a  s,„.ie 

'^^■'^^^'lTf\helaonwhiclUho 
thlessnessofthep  .5^^_„, 

.„  1811  and  the  1.10         . 

''5<^^^"^rJcTeri3orthat4p.d 
famuchgrcaierj^  f^^ 

"^^•^rClschmns  for  insuring  the 
'•^""Sltvolf-gul^tions  which  i,« 

K-  "^rrtS -y -5' 

\o  the  bank,  anu  j^^^.^  ^^ 

^-  ^TtncC:uras:ets.onM 


year  01  '^=  "r-^i^  i,e  told  that  tlw 
readers  n''''^\_,^»"t  t,  „tV„vd  an  en 


readers  need 
un 
Ices  have  occurre 
\\  for  a  single  day 
Lr  that  purpose,  an.\ 
Irst  instalment  paid 


repi) 
by 


\ 


BANKS. 


779 


the  period  when  they  have  to  make  their  returns,  to  increase  the  amount  of  hullion  in  their 
cofters  by  temporary  loans,  and  ail  manner  of  devices.  'J'he  whole  system  is,  in  fact,  bottomed 
on  the  most  vicious  principles.  But  it  is  unnecessary,  after  what  has  recently  occurred,  to 
insist  further  upon  the  gross  and  glaring  defects  of  American  bankinir.  Perhaps  no  instance 
is  to  be  found  in  the  history  of  commerce  of  such  a  wanton  over-issue  of  paper  as  took  place 
in  the  United  States  in  ISIJ.'j  and  18.36.  The  result  was  such  as  every  man  of  sense  must 
have  antici[)ated.  The  revulsion  to  which  it  necessarily  led,  after  producing  a  frightful 
extent  of  bankrujitcy  and  suU'ering  in  all  parts  of  the  Union,  compelled,  in  May,  18.37,  every 
bank  within  the  States,  without,  we  believe,  a  single  exception,  to  suspend  payments  !  In 
1838,  such  of  them  as  were  not  entirely  swept  oil'  resumed  specie  payments;  and  in  1839, 
by  far  the  larger  number  of  them,  with  the  bank  of  th(.  United  States  at  their  head,  again 
suspended  jiuyments  ! 

The  United  States  Bank  is  not  merely,  however,  unable  from  temporary  embarrassments 
to  pay  its  notes  in  specie  ;  it  is  entangled  in  more  serious  ditriculties,  and  is  believed  by  many 
to  lie  substantially  insolvent.  If  it  be  really  in  this  predicament,  it  is  what  we  did  not 
anticipate.  It  was  originally  incorporated  by  Congress  in  1816  for  20  years,  and  had  a 
pfli(l-up  capital  of  35,000,000  dollars,  or  of  more  than  seven  niillions  sterling.  The  question 
whether  the  charter  should  be  renewed  was  debated  with  extraordinary  vehemence  in  all 
parts  of  the  Union.  The  late  president,  General  Jackson,  was  violently  opposed  to  the  re-in- 
corporalion  of  the  bank ;  and  rejected  a  bill  for  that  purpose  that  had  been  api)roved  by  both 
the  other  branches  of  the  legislature.  Ultimately,  however,  a  majority  of  Congress  came 
round  to  General  Jackson's  views,  and  the  charter  was  definitively  refused.  The  bank 
afterwards  succeeded  in  obtaining  a  charter  from  the  state  of  Pennsylvania.  This,  however, 
merely  enables  it  to  carry  on  business  in  that  state,  but  it  has  since  obtained  leave  from  some 
of  liic  other  states  to  establish  branches  within  their  limits. 

The  embarrassments  in  which  this  institution  has  been  involved  are  believed  to  have  been 
mainly  caused  by  the  improvidence  with  which  it  has  made  advances  on  state  stocks,  the 
stocks  of  public  companies,  and  such  like  securities.     The  extreme  facility  with  which  money, 
or  rather  what  was  called  money,  might  be  borrowed  from  the  dilVerent  banking  establish- 
ments in  America,  in  1835  and  1S36,  created  quite  a  mania  for  all  sorts  of  joint  stock  and 
other  speculative  projects,  such  as  banks,  canals,  railways,  &c. ;  and  this  rage  has  been  still 
faither  promoted  by  the  different  state  governments  embarking  deeply  in  the  same  sort  of 
projects,  and  borrowing  largely  to  carry  them  on.     (See  Fuxns,  Amkricav,  in  this  Supp.) 
The  bank  of  the  United  States  is  believed  to  have  made  very  large  advances  on  this  sort  of 
spcurities;  and  after  the  revulsion  in  America  in  1836  and  1837,  this  bank  and  every  other 
institution  in  the  Union  that  had  any  stock  of  any  kind  to  dispose  of,  sent  it  over  to  England, 
where  the  temptation  of  a  high  rate  of  interest  made  vast  quantities  be  sold  in  1837  and  1838. 
But  notwithstanding  the  proverbial  gullibility  of  John  Bull,  and  his  determination  to  conlide 
in  every  thing  of  which  he  knows  little  or  nothing,  the  market  here  was  beginning  to  be 
overloaded  with  American  securities,  and  the  collision  that  took  place  in  Maine,  in  March, 
1C39,  put  a  complete  stop  to  their  further  sale.     The  agent  of  the  U.  States  Bank  is  under- 
stood, when  this  occurrence  took  place,  to  have  had  a  very  large  amount  of  such  securities 
on  his  hands ;  and  he  has  since  had  the  greatest  difficulty  in  raising  money  upon  them, 
except  at  a  great  sacrifice. 

The  bank  of  the  United  States  is  also  believed  to  have  been  materially  injured  by  the 
advances  she  made  to  the  holders  of  cotton.  It  has  been  alleged,  too,  that  these  advances 
were  made,  not  so  much  in  the  view  of  supporting  credit  in  America  as  of  procuring  con- 
signments for  a  particular  house  in  Liverpool.  But  it  is  hardly  possible  to  suppose  that  such 
should  have  been  the  case,  or  that  an  institution  with  7,000,000/,  of  capital  should  have  been 
[lerverled  from  its  legitimate  purpose,  and  brought  into  jeopardy  for  so  paltry  and  disgraceful 
an  object.  Since  the  stoppage  of  the  U.  States  Bank  the  following  statement  has  appeared : 
SMement  of  the  Affairs  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States  in  Pennsylvania,  Oct.  1.  1839. 


and  of  such  doll; 
,orted  by  llie!ii,l 
the  slockhoUftil 
that  sufhili* 


not  of  course  im2::L,,„f.sy« 


l,ut  what  is  to 
|,ney,  founded  on 
Valion  of  its  resp 
eot  is  injurious  ra 


such  ap.  abominAkl 

...^Inlityl     Theirat^l 

th.-r  than  oih^^val 

,  suitasKI 


;^h;JturnsastlieyjA.inkn^; 
lavour,  for  a  month  or  two  pr 
in  the  united  States. 


Cr. 

Rills  Jmiiml»l  nn  penonil  lecurily 
1  l)it;D.Miik  stuck    -  .  •  • 

!)i:lA.o!her  security 
[  Il;''iiof  exctiini(e  .  •  •  • 

[Ills  recei\  iMe  for  post-notes 
1  I.  'in  !o  coininouwealth 

S'^ck  ^c^tiili'a        .... 
[  3  in.l  ami  rtinrtpi'e 

Ilwlivlhi-Unilfr!  StilM     . 

Uilo/baiik  I'f  Itie  United  Slalej  and  agenciei 
1  rvi- by  slate  lianks- 
I  Ili!t^ViIel)atikageDciet    • 
I  K.\l  rstj'e  .... 

I  Bi'ikin?  hnusca      .... 
I  Ikficifnciej  .... 

I  Kii'eiisw  ..... 
I  Mlw  Kjiir,  htc  navy  aeent,  Norfolk 
I  N^'es  if  ihf  Itink  of  the  V.  Stalei  and  branches 
I  Di'lo.  stales  banks  .... 

I  Bn:ius  anJ  financial  expenses 
I  Conti[i{eDt  interest 

Tot»i 


Dnllara. 

11.3I!<,469 

IS2,WI1 

11,926,022 

4,298,8V2 

2,015,613 

■191,(100 

17,7»2.337 

313,627 

.'■>,-2ti7 

12,042,796 

6.9SiD,207 

7,978,74.3 

878  670 

416,003 

548 

111,181 

40,144 

8,138,322 

2,19(1,613 

l,04n.'273 

178,891 

31,592 

94,448,762 


Dr. 

Pollarf. 

Capital  stock          .... 

•      3j,OiK),rOO 

Issues  of  Ihe  late  bank  and  branches 

971,366 

batik  of  the  11.  .States  and  branches 

-        12.472,000 

Issues  of  post  no'es 

9,0-'2,498 

IlisciniTit,  exchange,  and  interest 

49-.,398 

lliviileiids  unrlaiiiied 

81,209 

Piotit  and  loss        .... 

3.r21,.'89 

Agency.  London,  kc,           • 

8,91. ',,554 

("ontineent  fund      .... 

830,435 

Bond  of  Ihe  Vnileil  Stales    . 

l,980,3S9 

Interest  o.i  bond  to  the  United  Slates 

134,094 

Foreisn  ejrhaiise  -              .              .             . 

748,581 

IJne  to  bank  of  the  U.  States  and  branches     • 

.       15,2(«,40ii 

— —  stale  tianks  .... 

1,853,640 

235,749 

deposits        .... 

3,2S3,6I0 

Treasurer  of  the  United  States 

11,337 

Total 

■      94,448,762 

J,  C,  Cashier 

Bank  of  the  United  Slate*,  Oct.  9. 1839. 


I  t| 
i'l 


4 


m 


!'!« 


I 


780 


BANKS. 


^1 


But  this  account,  like  all  others  of  the  same  kind,  is  absolutely  worthless.  It  communi 
cntcs  no  inrormntinn,  or  none  that  can  bo  (Icpended  upon,  as  to  the  real  state  of  the  batil 
Who  knows  any  thing  of  liie  value  of  the  Mils  for  1  l,318,'l()'J  dollars,  di^icountcd  on  "  |)rivut 
security  !"  or  of  those  for  the  17,i)'J(>.02C  <li>llars,  discounted  on  "  other  security  !"  'I'lic 
may  be,  and,  no  doubt,  will  be  said  to  be  as  (rood  as  cash  !  Hut  who  attaches  any  value  i 
an  unexamined  balance  sheet,  put  forth  by  an  individual  or  association  that  has  stopped  pav 
ment  I     The  rendering  of  such  accounts  is,  in  fact,  nothing  better  than  a  mere  farce. 

If  the  bank  of  the  United  States  be  really  insolvent  and  unable  to  meet  its  eniiiiRcmenL' 
a  (]uestion  will  most  likely  arise  as  to  the  liability  of  the  holders  of  hank  stock  resident  i 
this  country  to  niake  good  its  eiinaKements.      Will  the  charter  protect  them,  or  will  it.  not 
'I'his  is  a  ijuestion  which,  we  believe,  has  not  hitherto  been  mooted,  but  no  doubt  it  will  sooi 
force  itself  on  the  public  attention.     We  do  not  know  how  the  existing  law  may  be  intci 
jireted;  but  if  they  are  to  be  protected,  the  sooner  it  is  changed  the  better.     Had  the  Tniir 
•States  Uank  not  opened  an  agency  here,  the  case  would  have  been  dillerent:  but  huvinj 
opened  an  oflice,  and  transacted  a  large  amount  of  business  in  London,  it  has  become  to  al 
intents  and  purposes  an  English  establishment;  and  the  jiartners  belonging  to  it  in  Eiighnii 
must,  one  sliuuld  think,  be  amenable  to  English  law,  and  not  to  the  law  of  Pennsylvania 
If  this  be  not  the  case,  it  will  necessarily  follow  that  any  institution,  though  consisting  wholly 
of  Englishmen,  that  obtained  a  charter  from  any  foreign  state,  even  though  it  were  not  gene 
rally  known  that  it  was  chartered,  as  the  foreign  law  might  not  require  this  to  be  divuliiod 
might  open  places  of  business  in  London  and  Liverpool,  and,  after  getting  some  hnndrcils  oi 
thousands  of  pounds  into  debt,  might  suspend  ])ayments,  and  laugh  at  the  credulous  dupe: 
they  had  reduced  to  beggary  and  ruin.     It  would  be,  no  doubt,  strenuously  affirmed  of  .«uii 
nn  institution,  that  it  had  a  paid-uj)  capital  amounting,  perhaps,  to  several  millions  ster 
ling ;  that  it  was  a  "  highly  respectable"  association,  and  conducted  by  gentlemen  of  tin 
"  highest  character:"  probably,  too, a  balance  sheet  would  be  occasionally  put  forth  "  demon- 
strating" its  flourishing  situation;  and  a  jmrtion  of  the  press  would  not  fail  to  direct  the  par- 
ticular attention  of  its  readers  to  the  "  admirable  principle"  on  which  it  was  founded,  and  tlie 
"  ability"  of  its  managers!     John  Eull  must  change  very  much,  indeed,  if  these  reprcseiiia- 
tions,  combined  with  the  advantageous  terms  that  would  very  probably  be  oUered  to  those 
dealing  with  it  in  the  first  instance,  did  not  procure  for  it  a  considerable  amount  of  credit. 
But  in  the  end,  it  would,  most  likely,  turn  out  that  no  one  knew  whether  it  ever  had  any 
paid-up  capital.     And,  supposing:  it  had,  what   is  fn  hinder  the  partners  or  managers  from 
dividing  it  wholly  amongst  themselves  ?     The  legislature  of  England  has  wisely  refused  to 
allow   of  partnerships  (except  in  extraordinary  cases)   being  instituted  here  with  limited 
responsibility ;  being  well  convinced  that,  despite  every  possible  precaution,  they  wouL 
sure,  in  many  instances  to  be  perverted  to  the  basest  purposes.     And  is  it  to  be  endured  that 
foreigners  should  acquire  privileges  in  this  country  denied  to  natives  ?  or  that  foreign  govern- 
ments should  have  power  to  organise  and  establish  institutions  amongst  us  on  a  ])riiK'i|ile 
which  parliament  justly  regards  as  most  objectionable  !     If  the  law  of  England  authorise 
this,  it  is  most  certainly  high  time  that  it  were  amended,  and  that  a  check  were  given  lo 
what  must  otherwise  be  by  far  the  safest  and  most  profitable  species  of  swindling.     Uut  ive 
do  not  believe  that  such  can  be  the  law.     British  subjects  who  embark  their  capital  in  litrei!:!! 
trading  associations  may,  in  so  far  as  respects  their  interest  in  them,  be  amenable  only  to  the 
foreign  law,  provided  the  associations  to  which  they  belong  restrict  their  operations  to  foroiu'ii 
countries.     13ut  should  these  associations  send  agents  here,  and  open  oHices  and  carrv  on 
business  within  the  United  Kingdom,  the  case  is  altogether  dillerent :  the  legislature  of  Penn- 
sylvania may  be  omnipotent  at  home,  but  it  is  impotent  in  England;  it  may,  if  it  choo: 
institute  trading  companies,  with  limited  responsibility,  or  with  no  responsibility  at  ail;  bu 
if  these  be  joined  by  Englishmen,  make  England  the  scene  of  their  operations,  and  issii 
their  balance  sheets  in  the  city  of  London,  what  are  they  in  practice  but  English  coinpaniei; 
And  such  of  our  countrymen  as  have  embarked  in  them  would  seem  to  have  but  sienJ-' 
grounds  of  complaint,  should  they  be  taught  that  they  are  responsible  to  our  law ;  that  tfc 
law  of  a  foreign  country  cannot  jjrotcet  them  ;  and  that  they  will  be  made  liable,  in  the  oven 
of  the  concern  becoming  bankrupt,  to  the  utmost  shilling  of  their  fortunes  for  its  liabilities  ii 
British  subjects. 

Owing  to  the  privilege  claimed  by  the  dillerent  states,  and  exercised  without  interruptioi 
from  the  Kevolution  downwards,  it  is,  we  fear,  impossible  to  effect  the  suppression  of  local 
paper  in  America,  or  to  establish  a  paper  currency  which  should  at  all  times  vary  in  aniouni 
and  value,  as  if  it  were  metallic.  But  the  states  have  it  in  their  power  to  do  that  which  ii 
next  best:  they  )nay  compel  all  banks  which  issue  notes  to  give  security  for  their  i^sue.^ 
This,  though  it  would  not  prevent  destructive  oscillations  in  the  amount  and  value  of  il« 
currency,  would,  at  all  events,  prevent  those  ruinous  and  ever-recurring  stoppages  and  I'aiilil 
ruptcies  of  the  issuers  of  paper-money,  that  render  the  American  banking  system  one  ot'ili| 
severest  scourges  to  which  any  people  was  ever  subjected.  Common  sense  and  experiend 
alike  demonstrate  the  inrflicacy  of  all  the  regulations  enacted  by  the  American  legislaluresi 
prevent  the  abuse  of  banking.     It  is  in  vain  fur  them  to  lay  it  down  that  tlie  issues  shall  lu'ii 


he 


BATAVIA. 


781 


Iply  worthless. 


It  communt- 
,  lo  thc"re«Tstate  of  the  hai.k. 

o„  "  other  security  •  l  'ny 
,;  \vho  nltaehcs  any  va  uo  lo 
Sou  that  has  stopped, ay- 


tluin 


Pi.rr  uuui  a  mere  fatce. 

,l."to  meet  it«  o»!;'.«Rement^. 

'^^c.^mt.>oaouUUvy.lU.mu 


V  the  exisuiii,  ^.      ,, 

•^"^^'r   ;f:mVercU:l>"th.v.n« 

hnvo  been  oiin-nin 

'    ^       1  „  It  h-\s  hecome  to  all 

iUc,  even  tl\o"R  ^    ^Vivuliicl, 

'^MT*"     ^thc  credulous  auiv. 
andlaughattuecr  ^^^.  ^^^1^ 

l^^^T'tShv  RoritlcmenoftlK- 
J  conducted  l^y  g^  .^  ^,^,^^^^,^. 

^""""HnotfaSto^''-^^^^^!'"- 
•r^°rh     was  founded,  and  the 

^^^^"hiid't  these  revre.onta. 

^ ."'"     '.  olnl  V  he  olVcred  to  those 
\A  very  Pf°V''7. '  _„ount  of  creJit. 

;;f;l;i„r;n:iLs  wisely  refused  to 


exceed  a  certain  proportion  of  tho  rapitiil  of  the  bank,  and  so  furth.  Such  refiulations  arc  all 
very  well,  provided  llic  banks  elmosc  to  respect  tlu-in  ;  but  there  are  no  nieuns  whatever  of 
insurinu;  tlieir  observance ;  and  tlieir  only  elVeet  is  to  make  the  public  Inok  for  jirotcclioii  and 
security  to  what  is  altoRetlier  impotent  and  worthless  for  any  nood  pur|)ose.  'J'he  suppres- 
sion of  local  iss\tes  is  indispensabie  in  order  to  make  a  paper  currency  what  it  oufjlit  to  bo. 
If,  however,  this  be  impossihle  in  America,  there  is  nothing  left  but  to  lake  security  from  the 
issuers  of  notes.  All  schemes  for  the  improvement  of  hanks,  liy  makini;  rc[;\ihuions  us  to  the 
proportion  of  their  issues,  and  advances  to  their  bullion,  capital,  &,e.,  are  downright  delusion 
and  ([uackery. 

Tabic  slKiwiiiK  llin  Number  and  Capital  of  llio  various  Itanlts  cxistiiii;  in  th«  Ihiileil  HiiUi-s  at  the 
undenuuntiuncd  I'oriods.     (See  Letter  of  llio  Secretary  of  tlie  Treasury,  Siti  January,  IsS.S.) 


of  England  has 


^P-^''\ETtoh''enduredlh:U 

'??'n\tive"^  or  that  foreign  uovem. 

'  ^°  "         !,noncst  us  on  a  prnailile 

'"TtSelar'E^sland  author:. 

fitahle  ^P'^"^^";!,';-; capital  i.>  foreign  | 
,ts  >.ho  '■  "^^^"-^^^^'^X-nable  only  to  tho 

oug  ^««^"*=\  "^"  oihccs  and  carry  on 
,  here  atrd  open  on      ^^^^^^jp,,,,, 

.hcrdirterent.    '  «  "^B  ^^\ 

,„t  in  England;  it  "1^?,  ...„,„„•.  kt 


;ts 


,hcr 
nl  in 
or 


1 

lilJanuary,  tail. 

liIJa 

niiary,  1^20. 

IslJauuary,  IK30. 

IlvccnibtT 

1837, 

No.  of 

Capital 

No.of  ; 

Capital 

No^  of 

Cipilal 

No,  of 

No.  of 

Capital 

. 

tlaiiki. 

eslliiialcd. 

Hanks.  I 

nliniati'd. 

Hanks. 

estiniatcd. 

Baiikv 

Uranrln;s. 

au'lionied. 

IMIurt. 

Jh'llnu. 

/J.J.'.irt. 

nillari. 

Miine 

S 

l.iiO.dOO 

1'. 

l.li.4.Hl>0 

13 

2.050.000 

f9 

. 

f.,53-.,000 

NfW  H.imp9hire 

8 

815,260 

lU 

1,00  ..276 

18 

1,791.1)70 

27 

2,SIH.ii08 

0 

- 

1 

41.9M 

10 

4)2.ti25 

20 

. 

2.2i  0.000 

Maisacliuietls 

13 

6.292,144 

28 

10.4S.i.7C0 

66 

20,420.1  00 

138 

40,SI0.(IO0 

Rhode  Ulanil 

11 

1,917.000 

30 

2.9'<2.026 

47 

B.ll«.:il)7 

01 

. 

18,3(10,000 

Coniii'''lii'ut  • 

6 

1.!I.13,0I!0 

8 

3,li.''9.:H7 

13 

4,4n5,I77 

31 

3 

8.665,607 

New  Ynrk    • 

8 

7.r)22,7(iO 

33 

IS,'lS-..774 

37 

20.0!.3,153 

98 

2 

37.;lO3,460 

1  Feimsylv.inia 
1  New  Jersty  • 

4 

6,153.150 

36 

14.dsl,7S0 

33 

14,610,333 

50 

18 

69,944.435 

3 

739,740 

14 

2,130,019 

18 

2,017.(109 

33 

- 

10,875.000 

Drliivjre      • 

0 

6 

&- 1.906 

D 

KW.OIX) 

4 

4 

4.410.000 

MAryl.mil     • 

6 

4.S9i,202 

14 

6,708,131 

13 

6,2:,0,495 

28 

3 

29,173.1100 

Uisi.  of  Columbia 

4 

2,34 1 ,395 

13 

.1,V2-.,3I9 

9 

3,875,794 

7 

. 

3,  (.0,(100 

1 

l,r.00,'00 

4 

6.212.192 

4 

fi.57l.llO 

6 

18 

8,511,200 

North  Camilla 

3 

I,.i76.t)ll0 

3 

2.964,8^7 

3 

3,195,000 

3 

7 

3.000,000 

S(.iiih  Caioliua 

4 

3,47i.0O0 

6 

4.17'..(lOO 

5 

4,6,11.000 

10 

2 

22.95ij,518 

l»nr,:ia 

1 

210,000 

4 

3,401,310 

9 

4,203.029 

20 

2 

ll.7!-0,573 

',  riorida 

0 

• 

0 

. 

1 

75.000 

II 

• 

13.800.000 

AUtnini 

0 

• 

3 

469.112 

2 

643,513 

3 

4 

14.451,969 

l/Hjisi.iiia 

1 

731,000 

4 

2.597.420 

4 

6.665.9-1) 

Ki 

49 

64,554.000 

Ml^si^ippi    * 

0 

■ 

I 

PO(l.(«)0 

1 

95,1.000 

14 

22 

39.400.000 

IViii.cssee 

1 

100,000 

a 

2.ll9,7»-2 

1 

737  817 

4 

4 

6,01)0.000 

Kt'iitiirkv 

1 

240,4tiO 

42 

8,!!07,431 

0 

4 

10 

9.246,610 

Ark.iii>as 

0 

0 

. 

0 

. 

2 

2 

3.500,000 

0 

. 

1 

2'.n,roo 

0 

1 

3 

6,IK)0.()00 

0 

. 

2 

140.910 

0 

. 

2 

6 

2,800.000 

Imtiina 

0 

•2 

20.'.S--7 

0 

1 

10 

1.9X0,000 

4 

895,000 

20 

1,797,463 

11 

l,454.3sa 

32 

1 

I2.!- 00.000 

MirhiiTin 

0 

• 

0 

. 

1 

100,000 

17 

3 

7,5li0.000 

\Visc>)nsiii  Territory  - 

0 

0 
307 

• 

0 

• 

4 

• 

1,600,000 
440,195,710 

•  lates  Binkn  ■ 

B8 

42.tiI0.60l 

102,210.611 

329 

110.I02.2I5S 

709 

173 

lulled  Siala'  Rank   - 

' 

10.000,000 

1 

35,000,000 

1 

35,000.100 
145,192.268 

Tolal 

89 

62,6IO,t;OI 

308 

137,210,611 

330 

709 

173 

440,195,710 

S. 

V  England;  "  "i;-^,:     „mU;but| 
•..V.  no  rcsponsimmy  ''"•  • ,". 
'""VtJJh  operations,  and. *e«e  I 

1  scene  ot  >"\''  '{,„„iish  coml«nl(^' 

^'"^^"TsLnAol    velnasU-HI 

.:s^ar^iert;.i.*-' 

(eitintheirp-^o'^;,,^,,,., 

.otes  to  give  ^'"''7„„j  value  of  ti>e| 
lions  in  the  amountjHl  J 


BATAVIA. 

ASatr-.ct  Statement  of  Revenue  and  F.ipendilnre  of  the  Java  Bank, 
'     Ironi  Ist  April,  l!<J7,  to  31  March,  1838. 

Ruceiptt, 
In'erttt  on  bills  discounted,  amount.  /._       f.  /. 

«  10  22.622,:i2>i;.  72c.     ■ 
I  ItTml    on    loans,     6    per    cent., 
I     (.029,46)/. 

littml  on  credit  accounts,  255,585/. 

1  LpmiiiiMion  on  copper,   paper,  and 

iuuilry  minor  sources  of  revenue  - 

Bataviaestablishnieut  616,380  86 

Siirriarang. 
I  Amiiint      of       bills       discounleil, 

J.»  «.(«)/■.  60f.    . 
|i!:.nliilo(lram,  9,5.3.051/.  34c. 
Ivrruilacctiunts.  127,126/. 
|t:niini»sion  on  bills  discounted,  pay- 

itle  in  Bi'.avia,   Itc,  and  minor 

revenue 


B4d',773  70 

25.492  48 
23,002  64 

23,112  94 


57.fi«  93 
7,652  90 
11,411  28 


4,915  94  81,515  05 


SouraUtya. 


f.        <■. 

Amount  discounte<l,  2.85,1,923/. 

60,886  16 

Anioiuit  of  loans  407.5')]/. 

2,209  04 

Amount  of  credits.  108, 7^7/". 

9,790  81 

Coniniissioii  on  lulls  pavable  in  .Sania- 

rang  aud  Baiavia,  1-2  per  cent.,  &c. 

5,086  45 

Tolal 

Charga. 

/■        r. 

Batavia         -             -        81.139  62 

Samarann     -               -         13,151  50 

Sourabaya    -             •        12,547  24 

Leaves  nett  gain     .  .  -  - 

or  33  1-2  per  ceut.  on  original  capital  of  two  millions. 


77,972  46 
775,t«6  37 


106,838  M 
669,030  01 


l.lccomitofthe  principal  Articles  of  Produce  exported  from  Java  during  each  of  the  Ten  Years  ending 

Willi  1837. 


Years 

toffee. 

Pepper. 

Indi^. 

Hides. 

Cloves. 

I'ic. 

I'ic. 

Lbs. 

No. 

I'ic. 

is:8 

216.182 

8.226 

23.010 

49,400 

1.8,52 

1S.'9 

2<I.6I2 

6,104 

46,368 

44,321 

2.134 

1-30 

2<)i.740 

6,061 

22,0u3 

30.249 

603 

b.ll 

2.19,0S6 

7,836 

42,«S4 

63.271 

1,591 

l-.U 

314.173 

7,075 

168,211 

82.3*5 

.5,114 

IM 

260.166 

6,407 

217,480 

75,421 

1,942 

IS34 

455,008 

7,704 

2.0,423 

.'^3.1'00 

4.040 

!   I-J5 

4l,6.«l 

11.868 

535.7,53 

l39,'.6-i 

4.566 

INK) 

49)>,0:7 

7.006 

407,798 

120,000 

2.l>5 

IS37 

6<4,947 

12.487 

8-22,492 

93.071 

2.925 

Nut- 
megs. 

I'IC. 


Su^ar. 
Pic. 


1.648 
1.19 
1.304 

2.5.0 
3,849 
1,171 
4.20O 
5.022 
3«86 
3.778 


25,S70 
73,7!*0 
I0.H.640 
120,298 
345,872 
21(1.947 
31.7.131 
439,543 
60  1.513 
676.0S.5 


Tin.  Pic. 


19.505 
23,958 
21,126 
30,252 
47  801 
44.304 
39,165 
40,K36 
47.739 
44,417 


Bice, 
Coyans. 


Ratans. 
Pic. 


15.558 
15  122 
13,521 
18.637 
23.072 
3il,344 
23.379 
25,577 
3l:,430 


31.301 

.10.4i'0 

5.090 

6.188 

14.323 

16.731 

14,909 

4,905 

49.ni:S 

33,539 


Mace. 


600 

ISO 

177 

145 

947 

603 

1.192 

1,606 

991 

1.213 


Arrack. 
I.eag. 

634 
1,397 
1,927 
1,497 
2,000 
1,644 
1,433 
«,07S 
1,477 
1,663 


I  Tlie  values  of  the  principal  products  exported  from  Java,  in  1830,  were  :— 


ttlTce  ■ 
PFK' round 


|.cei.  Mace 
tlovei 


Vol.  II._3  U 


1.477  leaguers 

-  109.008  p.  and  846  piculs 

-  407.798  lbs. 

•  498,078  piculs 

•  7,006     — 

•  36,430  coyangi 

991  picult 
2,185    — 


Ftctrim. 
115.993 
217.715 

1,122.382 

15,090,362 

125.035 

3,389.615 
396,268 
163,036 


Cloves  .  •      .5,022  piculs 

.Sujcar     -  •  509.514    — 

Tobacco  -      2.477  kodrea 

Tin       -  •    47,739  picuU 

All  olher  articles  and  treasure 

Total  value  of  ejiportt  from  Java  in  IS36 


f/orifT#. 
1.7I1.60O 
O.O&I.UI 
769,860 
2,718,810 
7,367,8SJ 

.~42,26I,6U 


I        I 


ill.  I 
ill. 


783 


BOMBAY. 


^1 


Tiiking  the  florin  nt  1».  Srf.,  the  lotnl  value  oftho  exporiB  is  3,52I,S03/.  Amon?  Iho  principal  artici 
of  iiiipi)rl  lire  rniidii  (tooils  j  coppiT,  iron,  and  atrri  ;  (.'lass  mid  carllii'nwnrn  ;  wini-H  and  npirilH  ;  pi 
virtioiiH,  Ac.  VVii  liiivf  not  leiiriicd  llic  exnrt  viiliii>  of  Hip  imports  in  IHSO,  lint,  taking  it  at  2,5(l(),(tl)( 
it  will  inakiMlin  wliolc  trade  of  the  island  ainoiinl  to  aboiil  ti, 000,00(1/. 

It  i.'i  .■'lalcd  ill  llii^  Diiiioiiiiry  (vol.  i.  p.  :t7H.)  iliat  Hie  I'xporl  of  tolfce  from  Java  mi(;lit  lie  rsliniai 
nt  nliuiit  1>, 1)00  long ;  hut  it  niipi'ar.i  from  llic  aliovc  table,  that  it  has  iiirreaspd  ho  rapidly  thai 
BmoMMli'd,  ill  IH.tT,  inkiiii.' the  piriil  at  i;!t)  llis.  to ',t.'t,152,792  Ihs.,  or  to  above  41,500  toiig  !  The  expi 
of  HML'.ir  during  tlie  Hanie  year  exceeded  10,0(10  tons. 

])( »M  15A  V.  Ill  I8;5G~7,  UW  HhijiH,  of  the  ngi^roRnte  burden  of  20,800  tons,  mostly  own 
by  iiiitive  nu'rclianls  rcnidcnt  in  liDinhny,  were  enijiloyed  in  the  China  trade ;  and  there  ti 
l)C8i(li'»  a  riinsidi-ralile  number  of  larj^e  ships  enpaRcd  in  the  trade  to  England  and  otii 
places.  'J'iiey  are  for  the  most  part  nnviiiated  by  Indian  seamen  or  Lasoars,  tliose  of  Boi 
iiay  beinc;  accounted  by  fir  the  ijest  in  India;  the  master  and  superior  oHicers  only,  and  ii 
always,  being  Englishmen. 

In  ls;5('i-7,  there  arrived  at  Bombay  253  ships  (222  under  British  colours)  of  the  aggi 
gate  Inirdcn  of  101,913  tons. — A. 

The  small  and  sterile  i-^Iand  of  Homlmy  affords  no  produce  for  exportation  ;  indeed,  hard 
yields  a  week's  consumiilicm  of  corn  for  its  inhabitants.  Nor  does  the  whole  presidency  i 
Doinli.ay,  although  estimated  to  contain  about  70,000  square  miles,  and  from  10,000,000 
]  1,000, ()()()  inhabitants,  yield,  with  the  exception  of  cotton  and  rice,  any  of  the  great  coloiii 
stajiles,  such  as  coll'ee,  sugar,  and  indigo  ;  a  circumstance  that  seems  mainly  ascribabte  to  tl 
inipolilic  restraints  upon  the  employment  of  British  settlers  and  capital  that  were  long  ii 
posed  by  law,  and  acted  upon  with  peculiar  rigour  in  this  and  the  sister  presidency  of  AI 
dras,  in  contradistinction  to  the  greater  latitude  afforded  in  Bengal.  Bombay  is  also  miu 
less  favourably  situated,  in  respect  of  internal  connnunications,  than  Calcutta.  The  (iaiigi 
and  its  tributary  streams  intersect  the  richest  provinces  of  India,  and  give  Calcutta  a  va 
command  of  inland  navigation  ;  whereas  all  the  inland  trade  of  Bombay  has  to  be  carried  o 
by  means  of  roads,  that  are  seldom  available  for  carriages,  and  which  can  be  used  oily  b 
pack-bullocks  and  camels,  'i'he  transit  duties,  by  which  the  inland  trade  has  been  grievou.^l 
oppressed,  were  abolished  in  Bengal  in  183C  ;  and  they  either  have  been,  or  are,  iiiinn 
diately  to  be  abolished  in  Bombay.  And  were  this  judici.nis  measure  followed  up  the  firm; 
tion  of  lines  of  road  to  the  principal  markets  in  tlu;  interior,  a  great  increase  of  the  trade  o 
the  town  and  improvement  of  the  presidency  would  be  the  result. 

'J'he  principal  trade  of  Bombay  is  carried  on  with  China,  Great  Britain,  the  countries  o: 
the  j'crsian  and  Arabian  gidfs,  Calcutta,  (^utch,  and  Siiide,  the  Malabar  coast,  forcini 
I]urope,  Jkc.  The  imports  from  China  consist  princijially  of  raw  silk,  sugar,  and  sugar 
candy,  silk  piece  goods,  treasure,  &c.  The  principal  articles  of  export  to  China,  are  rail 
cotton  (')4.4()4,364  lbs.,  in  183fi-37.'),  opium  (20,882i  chests,  in  1836-37.),  principa 
from  .Malwa,  pearls,  sharks'  tins  and  fish  maws,  sandal-wood,  &c.  'J'he  exports  to  C 
beitig  much  greater  than  the  imports,  the  returns  for  several  years  past  have  been  mad 
large  extent  in  bills  on  London,  drawn  by  America  i  and  other  houses  in  China,  an 
bills  on  the  Indian  governments,  drawn  by  the  Agents  of  the  East  India  Companv 
China. 

The  trade  with  the  United  Kingdom  has  been  regularly  increasing  since  the  abolition 
the  restrictive  system.     The  chief  artirles  of  import  from  (ireat  Britain  are,  cotton  and  w 
len  stulls,  cotton  yarn,  liardware,  copper,  iron,  and  lead,  glass,  apparel,  fur,  stationary,  w 
&c.   'J'he  principal  articles  of  export  to  Britain  are,  raw  cotton  (08,163,901  lbs.  in  1830-; 
raw  silk,  from  China  and   Persia,  ivory,  pepper,  and   spices,  piece  goods,  eolVee.  and  w 
'J'he  export  of  the  last  mentioned  article  has  increased  with  extraordinary  rapidity,  the  qua! 
tity  shipped  for  England   in    1833-34  being  only  69,944  lbs. ;  whereas  the  shipments 
England  in  1836-37  amounted  to  2,444,019  lbs.!     At  present  the  principal  supply  of 
article  is  drawn  from  Cutch  and  Sinde,  and  from  Marwar,  viaGuzcrat ;  but  active  measiiri 
have  been  taken  by  government  for  improving  the  flocks  in  the  pastoral  country  of  tlie  1, 
can,  so  that  a  further  and  very  considerable  increase  of  this  new  and  important  trade  may 
anticipated. 

'J'he  trade  between  Bombay  und  the  ports  on  the  Persian  g  ,\,  'las  materially  van  l  nfl; 
years.  A  large  portion  of  the  articles  of  British  produce  and  •■;■•;. ij;..'ure  that  were  Avnii 
exported  to  Persia,  by  way  of  Bombay  and  Bushire,  being  now  .-I'l.t  through  'J'rcbi.soniKi( 
ports  in  the  Levant ;  and  a  considerable  portion  of  the  raw  silk  that  used  to  be  exported  Ira 
Persia,  via  Bombay,  l>eing  now  also  sent  through  the  ports  referred  to.  On  the  oilier  lian 
however,  there  is  a  considerable  increase  in  the  exports  and  imports  of  other  articles;  so  ill, 
on  the  whole,  the  amount  of  the  trade  has  not  materially  varied. 

The  traile  hetwern  Homliay  and  Calcutta  is  not  so  great  now  ns  it  was  formerly  ;  the  atinlilipn 
the  reslriciive  system  in  IS^lS  having  given  Honibay  the  means  of  hringing  various  articles ilirdll'ri 
foreign  ports  which  she  was  previously  ubligcU  to  import  at  second-hand  from  Calcutta,  anUolespo 
ln(  directly. 


CiliM 
'  tl) 
llJ  i 


BOMBAY. 


783 


Jen  of  20,800  tons,  moBlly  owned 
nTcChU  trade;  and  there  are 
"he  trade  to  England  and  oUut 
„r  T  nsears.  those  ot  Bom- 
S^rioiXUonly.andno. 

nderBritUh  colours)  of  the  aggrc 

.^l£     nStn/lO,000,000. 

,Tr\cc  any  of  the  great  colonwl 
:\ufsemBn.^i"lynseribabletothe 
orsand  capital  that  were  lone.  . 
i  and  the  .Uter  presidency  ot  M  • 

fKrS^^e  Calcutta  a  V. 
Jo  of  Bombay  has  to  he  e.rr.d  „ 
"     andNvlnch'^anbeusedorlyl-v 

^i;  hand  trade  has  been  6ru-vo«.ty 

•  I       i,.ivp  been,  or  are,  unmo- 
-y  either  ^^'^^^  ,Sed  up  the  forma- 
cious  measure  lollowcu  v 
crior,  a  great  increase  of  the  trade  a 

^rSliat  Britain,  the  countries  on 

:,  ShKle    the  Malabar  coast,  torcv:r. 

•,      V  of  raw  silk,  sugar,  amUusrar- 

"uL  of  export  to  China,  are  raw 

^'-       >   il-      The  exports  to  Uw.a 

"■l?;tlrCtinChina,and. 
iJs  of  the  East  India  Company,,. 

1      ,    •        „»;.-,tT  q'mcc  the  abolition  of 
r'"V"7SlS,  cotton  and  .0.1. 

';icoS!i63,9onbs.-i^^^;, 

Kt  Pf'-''!^"^;"     ^j    l3Ut  active  mPa.,iro.- 
tenewlnd  important  trade  nv,. 

L  •  „„  ■  ■ ',as  maleriallv  van  X  of'« 
crsiang...  ^.f  .^^"^^  tl,at\vere  f^-iu.v 
Le  and  ^u.u^  J  ej        ,^^^ . 

:^rde:SS-otl".  article..,.: 

tally  varied.  „,„•  •  the  aboliiionctl 

Lt  now  as  H  was  J^'^^     >,;,;,?.;. lirnUro J 
feo1iSrfromCaVcuua.anao.e...j 


Account  of  the  total  Value  of  the  Imports  Into,  and  of  the  Expotta  from  Bombay,  In  the  omcial  ycari 

IBlO-n,  l»4(i-a7,  and  lH3tl.37. 


nivuwvs. 

Counlriei. 

ll<,U-lal7.                 1 

ISJ6-27.                        1 

1836-37. 

Mcretiai) 

illie. 

2S,?6,0|-) 

Treaiure. 
3,97,971 

Total. 

29,t4,i>6 

Mirchan-    t™..,..- 
49,51.I24!          1,74-* 

To,al. 

49.5-.,M72 

*'r,I.'.'"'  j  T'"«"^--       ToLtl. 

(Irial  Hiilairi           lifiptn 

1,32  41.9,01     • 

I,:t2,4l,9,'l 

tr.ln.-e        .                .     ^ 

- 

2,71,7711       15, ao 

2,'<7,,7l 

5,2-.,S-,;ll     ■ 

6,25,8.W 

Ma.l.ir.i     ■               •    _ 

l,9n,2M 

• 

1,99.216 

36,715      .        . 

37,715 

24.72-. 

. 

21,725 

V.t\n'  of  (looj  Hope      — 

A -'.ill 

AJ;tfl 

2,232      ■        - 

2.212 

9.752 

. 

9,752 

llM/i,         .              .    _ 

74,i;Kl 

I6,I3,6<'2 

I7,l..<,032 

!>,S93 

9,720 

19.613 

92. 1' 0 

. 

92,490 

CiiiMofAfriM        -     _ 

2,41,711.1 

23,906 

2,6'i,6  9 

4,0l,hsj 

33,770 

4.38,6-.3 

3,49,  VIK 

91, 

3,5(1,449 

i'lc  itf  tnuice          .    — 

.n,97i 

3  J,  197 

S0,1«S 

2,21.27-. 

> 

2,2l,J75 

1,19,-63 

• 

1,39.86.1 

AlU^TICA      •                   -      _ 

2,71,49'. 

1,li'*,4l3 

4,19,!>0> 

io,:iii 

. 

10.7.16 

46,2891 

• 

46.2>.9 

t  tiiiii        •             .    — 

37,vo,,7J 

3,tkJ,,70 

4,, 49.6 12 

45,70,306 

66;  26,779 

1,11,97,085 

40,05,669  1  ,00,74,283  1,40,79,952 

Mlliill.1      -                -     — 

3,67,1331 

3,67,433 

. 

31,4,01,      •          •     i          31,410 

rrti.tTi<,  SMii:.i|M,rp, 

;uiil  the  Stiaits      •    •— 

e.Sl.HCS 

1,100 

e.nis* 

4,42,.101 

74,703 

5,17,009 

7,17,72,1      2,33,4421       9.53,162 

Clliull.i     •              .    _ 

3l,7!),tW> 

. 

31,79.60' 

22.1s,6n9 

. 

22,58.699 

2-,,1x,lOI  1     •          •          25,3-,10, 

Cnist  of  Cornniai.de,  — 

.i.'.u-n 

24,000 

76,9«9 

1,72,6611 

. 

1,72,660 

1,11,6481      •          -     i       1,11,648 

I'lVlnil         •                 •     — 

7!),0fl« 

. 

7!VI9>. 

6,5,216 

5-.,2l6 

55,3101          £3,nC0        l.ok,34(i 

Ar.t,ilittCiti,f           -    — 

.6,nH,K,1t 

15.71.231 

20,7H,l]72 

4.0I,'274      5,46,0*6 

9,47,360 

7,81,404!     11,0-'.2BO      1\-;l,MI4 

IVrsun  Gulf          •    — 

I0.9l),.!b7 

17,27,021 

2X,  17,10- 

19,52,4S6 

14,69,1,42 

34.22.128 

15,48,697       20,IO,8U2'     .15. '.O,'.'.!' 

Militi.ir.Ttiiir.inari    — 

27.90,971 

7.i,17l 

29,66,142 

45,22.013 

41, ,3" 

45,63,171 

7-..80,671       •          -     '■    75.-l',6T, 

(  titih  Aixt  Silhlt'       •     — 

4.00,149 

4!<.19'5 

4.|8.fil4 

S.6 1,197 

7,, 91 

8,7I,5«'' 

,5.71,690                 6501     15.-2.641' 

(ini.Deiliauii,^  Diu     — 

2U,73,B32 

4,0j,61> 

30,79,297 

'2.>'9.1,16 

2„-9,:W6 

3,94,030              l,00« 

3,93,l.30 

|{.tiiilpur»:ti                •    -^ 

■ 

. 

. 

2,03,006 

• 

2,03,0C<i 

j 

il.  Ilcleiu               .     — 

■ 

■ 

2«S 

• 

288 

1 

1,93,40,319 

C1,S7,C25 

2,16,46,647;   ?»,2:,I69 

■ 

3,37,67,203   1,34,78,3-.'- 

Tola,  nii|i«'»    - 
Stitjitriiinntr  Portf, 

-           . 

2,.-.'>.27,96l 

.          .     1     .        . 

3,01,72,8,6 

.     1     . 

l,7.V  15.517 

1 

Panutfll  .iii'.l  Coiicaiit  — 

2,.16,r3 

4»,0'6  1      2,S4,|S9 

36,40,072  j     9,46,4,8 

45,86.490 

,.2n,54,<i5ii       6,82.70;  l.26,37,U-.7 

Surat         •             -    — 

I3.i.',-i71 

1,92,761  1     ir,,li,'l:17 

I6,5,,0'15     12,, .1,391 

28,65,386 

2l,28,-.89,       l,82,97'il    2,,t1,rXI 

(luzciat     •             .    — 
T.itil  Rwprrs  • 

41),91,:,(I7 

l,C6,-.35  j     4i<,0'.,9J2 

7S,32,0;6 
,,3,, 24.0  93 

9,023 

78,41,049 

2,17,82,236;           ,,,000  2,57,93,2^6 

62,iS,443      3,17,.'JI5  '      - 

21,68,832 

1.99,65,7S0;       7,-6,67- 

.      1      -          ■          6li,Oj,7-,S 

U52,9.'.02'. 

.          •          ■      4.07.42,4^7 

EXPORTS. 

I 

Counlries. 

13,6-1817. 

1826-27. 

1836-37. 

.Mrrchan- 

,lise. 

20,,8,4l;3 

Treasure. 

Total. 
20,1P,463 

Merchan- 

disi;. 

38,33,7,0 

Treasure. 

Total. 

"",«:'"■  j  Treasure,  i     Total. 

(iri'it  Britain          Rupeu 

1,03,077 

39,38.817 

1,35,29,3,7      •          •      :  IA^.29,317 

Fnnce       *             •    — 

. 

• 

63,663 

- 

63,663 

2,37,4431     -         •          2,37,413 

CipeofGood  IIolio     — 

« 

- 

. 

. 

. 

612      •         -                  612 

llrail        •             -    - 

16,379 

• 

16,379 

22,73<! 

22,730 

CnasI  of  Africa       -    — 

l,2',KI9 

* 

I,2i,>.|9 

3,09,S6« 

8,560 

3,18,428 

6,93,331          35,roo       C,18..1;ll 

r  Isle  "f  France         •    — 

2,4-.,37n 

■ 

2,45,37'J 

65,692 

1,16,873 

1,82,567 

26,771           80.900 ;       1.07,67, 

America    -              -    — 

2,73,--,IS- 

. 

2,73,,ilS 

. 

. 

. 

2,34,756           66.230'       2,9l,C0o 

riiiiia        -             -    — 

50,.';  1,39,1 

9,040 

60,60,433 

1,07,76,01, 

6,4S0 

1,07,82,491 

3,26,66,247 

8,8tO  3,26,75,047 

Manilla     •             ■    — 

6,100 

• 

6,100 

Penaiis.  Singapore, 

ail',  l,le  Straits     -    — 

2,3I,97S 

• 

2,31,97.1 

4,41,860 

17,6^( 

4,59.460 

6,85.737 

19,720       7.05,457 

Cilciilla     ■              ■    — 

8,20.  IH9 

67,954 

S,78,,23 

8,41,079'     l,0l.50( 

9.42„579 

11,16,784 

10,200      ,1,36.984 

C'\v\  of  (  oromanilel  — 

i>1,l>6 

• 

«l,4i6 

2,44,5.12 

32, ,W 

2,76,7,8 

2,95,7 19 

6,65,(X)0;       8,60,749 

Cev,on       •             •    — 

C.9,li71 

. 

60.673 

1,03,-67 

. 

'        1,03,8t,7 

52.8,8 

4S,6>S        1,01,475 

Alnliian  Gulf          •    — 

13,74,621 

13,74.613 

7,40,30-. 

801 

7,41,10-. 

12,47,340 

17,790      12,l'.5,,30 

IVrsiai)  Gulf           -    — 

I5,02,«IE 

3,9ftO 

15,06,779 

41,81.021 

10,80( 

41,91,82, 

34.57.341 

42,900      35,nn,241 

Malabir  ami  Canara    — 

W7,,IJ 

2,47,yir, 

10,-5,077 

10,68,737 

3,40.601 

,4.09.337 

12.07.047 

11,11,58,      23.18,628 

1  fiitcli  ani  Siivle      •    — 

12,24, M- 

ll.'.oaj     12.36,IWS 

16,34.8M 

30.92- 

16  65.S08 

23.27.347 

2.(100      23,-'9,3l7 

Gna,nemauu,ic  Diu*  — 

33,4S75 

9,07,49! 

44,53,254 

2,4,, 225 

36,612 

2,77,827 

1,6,, 239 

67,2!0,      2,2!,.539 

Hanihiirich              -     — 

• 

1,49,6,7 

1        1,49,617 

SUHeleua-            -    — 

Tola,  Rupees  ■ 

1       StiWdiiiale  P,nl!. 

• 

,2,37,9  IS- 

— — 

3,634 

2,47,22,46, 

• 

1            3,634 

! 

1,74,15,32? 

8,08,0,  > 

:            • 

5,78.49,899 

20,56,079 

- 

,,';6,53,216 

- 

. 

1  2.55.30.479 

•     1     -          ■     '5,99.05,978| 

1 

Pjnvve„anaConcaut  — 

3,2=1,I6- 

21,19.' 

3,11.3-19 

54,94.473   24.19,037 

79,, 3,5,0 

55,33,682 

49,89,216  l,0-,.22,9I8 

j  Sural         ■             -    — 

23,76,202       7,2ri,-,OI 

31,02,7-5 

22,62.0,,'    3,H9,4,^ 

25,51,426 

15,09,S4i 

7,30,615      22,41,1.0 

1  Guzerat     -            •    — 

1 

1 

'               Total  Rupee!  . 

40,i-A,9ji       3,42,7n'i 

44,28.710 

73,47,6961  39,24,626 
1,51,04,, 8,!  67,33,07- 

,,,2,72,322 

81,30,0,0 
1,51,24,533 

17,3, .81 
74 ,5,, 66 

98,6, ,821 

67,S7,1[.3,     IO,90,4Sf 

i                     j 

.     i     . 

78,77,747 

.           -     1     .        . 

i  -2,18,37,238 

■ 

-      2,26,26,1991 

*  At  this  period  called  Goa  aud  tlie  Coac  la. 


1  At  tins  ptTiod  called  Dasaeia  and  sundry  ports. 


PORT  CHARGES. 


I    Biioy  and  .Inchorage  7)i<f*.— A,I  Ships  and  Vessels  or  Boats  not 
r«ceivmg  Pilots 


Fmm  10  to  20  tons 
'  Al.ive  20  to  under  30  tons 

Fniin    30  to  50  tons 

'  Above  .50  to  100  ditto 

-  ,00  to  ,50  ditto 

-  150  to  200  di'.lo 

-  '200  to  230  ditto 


Rps. 


0    0  per  Ann. 
0    0       do. 


dn. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 


Charittfor  PiMaet A  Ship 

I    nf  ilie  ,.ine  orof  50  Guns 
-.*. frigate  or  s,oop  of  war     • 


Fair  Season.       Monsoon. 
Rps.    100    —    140 
ditto      75    —    100 

!im\p\  ships  of  war  are  to  p.ay,  in  addition  to  the  above  rale, 
niieestO. 


Sv^uare  risked  vessels  of  all 
de*.cripti.ni8 


to 


Above    50 

—  300  to 

—  400  to 

—  500  lo 

—  6li0  to 

—  700  lo 

—  800  to 

—  90.)  to 

—  I  COO  to 

—  1,00  to 


300  Ions. 

410  — 

500  — 

600  — 

700  — 

800  — 

900  — 

1000  — 

1,00  _ 
1200 


Rps. 


Fair  Season.        Monsoon. 


1200  and  upwards  — 


.50  0  0 

53  0  0 

60  0  0 

65  0  0 

70  0  0 

75  0  0 

80  0  0 

85  0  0 

90  0  0 

95  0  0 

100  0  0 


75 
80 

85 


90    0 
0 


—  103 

—  no 

—  115 

—  120 

—  125 


Li^kt-ficnae  Thus. — All  ships  and  vessels  down  to  20  tons,  at, 
rupees  15  per  ,00  tons  per  annum. 
All  vessels  under  20  tuns  burden,  at  2  nipeci  per  annum 


N.  B.    There  are  do  port  charges  of  any  sort  at  Bombay  other  than  the  above. 


IJ 


% 


784 


BOSTON— COINS. 


p 


^1 


Omtral  RatfJ  nf  rr^mmiJuVm  in  Bomhay.~-Cin  the  mIp nr  piirchaw 

of  Ktjixli  nf  alt  il(-rinii)iiuhonii  (fKcrpt  nii  under)       Ver  rent.     5 
Purrhairuf  all  liiii'li  niih  tlie  im^crnlii  of  tcontlt  »r)lil,  aiut  on 

wliirh  a  conirniHNidnnr'i  prrrnit.  lusLieenpreviuuBly  ctiari;eJ  2  I  2 
Thr  uln  or  I'lirrliasc  ornlniis  tirmKB,  and  Undi  •  •  '2  I  2 

Thf  mlf  or  putclMHC  ol'o|iiuiii    -  •  •  •  2  l*i 

Thr  t.itr  or  ]<uri:li»eordiaiii(md*,  |«arls,  and  jewellery  of  all 

Heicri|itinni  -  •  ■  -  •212 

The  tain  nr  iiurrhaar  nf  trfanure  or  bullion,  eicluiive  uf  I  per 

ceol.  on  riTftiil  <il  (he  prifcreils  ■  •  •  •  1 

Pnicurin<  frt-mht  •  -  -  •  S 

Shi|i|>iMK  K'>iMl!t  of  fvery  dcarriii'lnn       •  •  •  -  2  l'2 

Khi|i|Mii<  (rf'.ihurr,  hiillinn,  .iiid  jt-wclh-ry  •  •  •  1 

bbi|is*>iiNl»ir»fniei)i)t  when  no  cotninixiiion  has  been  char^l 

on  frft<hl  nr  larno       •  •  .  -  •  .212 

Efl"rclini{  inmruit'cs        -  •  ■  •  -  -      l'2 

b(?(tliiii(  insurance  Iomc*.  whether  parti.il  or  t*i(al ;  alvi  on  pro- 

cunn;  n-turn  of  preniiuni,  exdusive  of  coininluicin  vu  ru- 

ceipt  ot'  i-ihli      -  •  •  -  •  •   I 

Del  frc  liTt!  nr  nuinnteeitiK  thi'  rc^pnnNihilify  of  pemoiii  lo 

whom  Koodvare  ftold,  on  the  ariiuiiul  of  sales  ■  •  2  1-2 

The  nalv  nr  purcliant!  of  c.illle     ....  •  ft  1-2 

ColltriiMK  hntisL-  rtuit      -  ■  .  -  •  -  2  1-2 

KlFi-clinn  rt* iitiltanre*  by  bills  of  eirhanj^e  (not  being  Iho  pro* 

feedN  (it  tfiMjds  noldi       •  •  -  •  *  •   I 

Taking  np  intereM  bdlifrom  the  Company  (eictusiveof  I  per 

ctnt.  on  riMnillinj;)       •  .  .  .  .  •      1*2 

Rile  or  ptirrh'se  of  public  or  private  bilU  of  exchange  .  -  1 

£irh:in«inj(  Conipuites'  seciirilii's  ()f  all  dt'^cnptions,  or  in* 

vestMiic   inoiicy   IbiTtin,   .-ind   on   tr.insferiinK  ^ovL-mint-nt 

paper  Iroin  one  CkMialiluent  to  anntlit-r  -  •  '12 


18 
2 

2 

6 
5 


Surrendrrinc  or  drpositing  in  (he  treasury,  Compiiiy's  seea- 

rily  of  all  deicriplioni  -  •  •  I'ercenl. 

I'rocnnnK  nifjney  on  respondentia  or  on  loan    • 
i<iTo\tTy  oflioiidii  or  bills  Tor  atiM-nleeii,  overdue  al  the  period 

of  Ibeir  bein<  placed  in  the  posKrHJon  nf  the  affenl     - 
DctilB,  when  a  prtKeu  at  law  or  by  arbitrabon  is  necessary, 

2  1-2  per  cent.  ;  and  if  recovered  by  tilth  means 
Mana<inK  Ibe  atlaiii  uf  an  etiale  for  an  eiecutor  ur  adminia- 

tritor  ....... 

Guaranit  einc  bills,  bondi,  or  debtt  in  general,  by  endortement 

or  ollierwme    .  ...... 

Atlendint;  Ibo  delivery  of  contract  gootis  to  the  Compaity  or 

individuals       ...-•• 
(iiwhlt  consi<miI,  and  aftcrwirdu  withdrawn,    n  invoice  cost  • 
Idlls  of  eic  banire  retiinud  nnlnl  or  jiroie^ted,  *r. 
Ur«  cipl  of  ptyntrnt  (a(  the  opfi<>n  of  the  aicent)  of  all  monies 

not  arising  Inmi  pntceediuf  g'KxIkon  \\bicb  cnnuiilsMnn  lias 

been  previntitiv  cbaiKiil  .... 

All  canes   wlieie  Ibe  delttnr  <\i\v.  of  ibr  account  exceeds  tbii 

credit  side,  inctuding  Ibe  balince  of  in'rieit,  cumuiiition 

chart(ealde  on  Ibe  deljn)r  side,  at  Ibe  rale  of   - 
Ornitiii*  tetters  of  cfpitit  ...  - 

lleeninin^  security  to  cnvemnirnl,  or  pnl)ti4'  bo'lirs,  in  any  cue   2  1-2 
(iikhN  cnn^iirrie^t,  which  are  disposed  iif  by  outcry  or  tent  to  a 

tbop.  on  net  proceeds    •  -  -  ■  •  ■  2 1.2 

Utposititig  governniL'Ot  paper  as  security  for  consliluenis         .  I 

A/fmoni/irfi/m.— S.iles  f  f  F.tjropean  ifonds,  when  madn  at  an  ad. 
vai  ce  on  invoice  cost,  ibe  amount  to  l)e  conveiled  into  Ilonday  cur- 
rency At  Ibe  exchaime  ut  two  shillings  and  sixpence  per  rupee. 


I 


•2  12 


[BOSTON.     The  number  of  arrivals  at  Boston,  during  the  year  1838,  was  1313  ;  during 
the  year  1839,  was  I5r)3.     Increase  240. 

The  fullowing  Table  e.\liibit3  llie  ainminl  of  srilr,  ooal,  pniin,  anil  potatoes,  broucht  lo  this  port  during 


lli*j  piisl  t'leven  youfB:— 


18S0» 
183t, 
1633. 
1683, 
1834, 
1835, 


SlauHnnl 

JIuthell 

6'rfiin  a»d 

JIui't.  Sail. 

Cinl. 

J'lUnli^LS. 

Mt,:m 

3.'!0,702 

1,002 

4Nt,S!W 

1115,720 

4,103 

HII.5H5 

6S0.852 

2,088 

fll.\IU 

378,751 

7,0.38 

9.'?7.i)74 

71»,;!02 

1,5,003 

7'J.'-.,217 

525,0113 

50,.527 

57,1,(i8t 

1, 030,805 

131,514 

1,0.')2,()0S 

1,730,  H5 

34,.500 

1,1 08,0 1.', 

l,072,fi<l2 

27,149 

«iOI,!)58 

1,292,517 

T,\:>5 

1,200,255 

1,507,710 

13,519 

9,085,057 

9,407,315 

205,876 

825,008  10-11 

655,210  5-11 

26,897  9-11 

lasT, 

1838, 
1S39, 
1840 


Average 

In  thn  above  i!>  incluilfld  thi;  salt  and  coal  rn-shi|)pe(l  for  dplientnre. 
TiK-rc  was  exported  Trom  Uoston  during  tlie  year  1840,  24,^00  standard  bushels  of  salt,  and  95,2^9 
busliclii  of  coal. — ^in.  Kd.] 

CALCUTTA.     (Sec  Table  on  the  next  page.) 

COINS, 

[Statement  of  Deposits  and  Coinage  at  the  Mint  of  the  United  States  and  its  Branches,  in  the  Year 

1839. 


s. 


MInti. 

Di  positj. 

Coinsice. 

Gold. 

Silver. 
ncUars 
'  173,901 

Gold. 

Silver. 

Copper. 

Tot.\l. 

Uriilnl 
Slavs 
0..iJ. 

Fiirei^n 
Uolil. 

Dnllnrt 
SI04,000 

78,290 

Pieces. 

1^.1.412 
.1,640 
32,(il3 

2.57,663 

Value. 

Pieces. 

Value. 

Pieces. 

Value. 

Pieces. 

Value. 

/),  llm. 
3,021,  -or 

I2^«,'0^>; 

2:7,160  m 
,),.')29,97T6II 

Philadelphii  • 
Charlolle 
Dahlonejni      •' 
New  UrlejLDS  • 

IMIIars. 

las.sro 

113,03-) 
6,!-6D 

Dvlari. 

1,040,-47  50 

162,707  .".n 

I28,b80  00 

1,332,39.')  00 

5,948,272 
2.401,600 

Dollars. 
1,949,136 

'  227,160 

3,129,661 

nolliirt. 
31,286  61 

9,260,34'; 
41.611' 
32.613 

2,401,600 

3M,24C 

982,290   2,02.6,401 

S,349,872 

2,176.296 

3,12S,66li31,2S6  61    11,73B,19R 

Statement  of  Deposits  and  Coinage  at  the  Mint  of  the  United  States  and  its  Branches,  in  tlie  Year 

1840. 


Deposits 

1 

Coinage. 

Mint!. 

Gold. 

Silver.    1           Gold. 

Silver. 

Copper. 

Tolal. 

Uiiile.1 

Slates 
Gold. 

Dollars. 
1-6.766 
124.726 
12l,8')l< 
2,t3.i 

Foreim 
Gold. 

1 
Value.      Pieces. 

Value. 

Pieces. 

Value. 

Pieces. 

Value. 

Pieces.       Value.  ' 

■ 

Philadelphia  • 
Charlolle 
Oihlonefa 
New  Orleans  - 

Pi'llara.  i  DoUnrs.  ' 

1,025,232    1,033,070  203,S79 

.      .           •       3I,S2S 

-      .            .       26,421 

162,0941     666,676     66,600 

Dotlayf. 

1,20-. 437 
l'27.l'Sr) 
123.110 
217,600 

4,356,903 
3,390,300 

nnllarr.  \ 
1,028,603  2,462,700 

698,100   - 

O'llf. 
24,627 

24,627 

r.JIm 

7,0-3,0«4   2,260.667 

31,^28      t2T.(^i, 

2l)J2S      123.310 

3,446,900      9l3.M», 

'io,3iS.240  3,126.6.5 

426,1<J1 

1,187,328    1,699,746,  318,435 

1,673,302 

7,777,103 

1,726,703   2,462,700 

Am.Ed.\ 


COTTON— FISH. 


785 


13 
2 

2 

6 

■  S 

1-2 

I 

21  : 
I 


■  1 


,ltlng  In  Ih.  tmtm,  C»"'l""'^4,''/eni. 

„,„i;  or  .leU.io  ?"."»'.  "l""'"";™'"'. 
.ryo.cm,.,'act«oo;i.to.l.eCon,V>u»or_ 

,,f,;.r«-,nN"«m,^«;nn  invoiced. 

"^'."ll'inr  M.lr  of  II..'  t.ocn.n.t  e.rrr.li.  Ih.. 
',r,;!;ii;elaUnc.-..(.n'.;.'.i,cou.n..«.on_ 

,lrM..r  •iJe,  »t  lli»  "I"  °'   ■. 

"■"''''  ■.  nrmiblilho'lirj,  in^nyui' 

,„  .JovernnTnl.  nr  I uil.lU  ^         '      „,„,  ,„  , 

,liichar(!ai»l'"»"''''     '  ' 

;";l?,,npera.«cuni;forco„,ti.u.nl. 

the  year  1838,wa3  1313;  during 
ipoutoes.brouchl  to  ibiB  port  during 


1 

2  I  J 
2  12 

2  1-2 


t'i'rtl. 

130,702 

135.7'iO 

r)S0.>52 

37H,7f.l 

7l».3ti2 

525,<)'.I3 

,n30,^o.'■> 

,73'.t,lir) 
.0-2,t)92 
,292,017 
,!)07,710 

1,407,3  \  5 


drain  aud 
i'clalits. 
1,«02 
4,103 
2,f)SB 
7,039 
15,003 
60,W7 
131,541 
34,r>00 
27,149 
7,ir).'> 
13,519 

295,876 


^sl^O  5-n  26,697  9-11 

So"'r.ulard  bushels  of  salt,  a.d  95,3 

ed  States  and  Us  Branches,  in  tbc  Year 

I  ToUl. 

Coiipcr.  _ 

1    „■  Value         Pieces.    1     Value, 

-.ilue.   1   Pieces.   \    »»'"«•    | 


"'""■«■  ,=  ,r,    ■/? "ifiB  61      9  260,34^.  5,021,  :0  II 

J49,136   3,129,161    31,28b  bl      a,/,     'j.^,,      lt2,:6TM 

32.613      I2!..>».:'; 

-      ■  •       ■  .1    2,401,600     2:7,IWl« 

227,160    •  •!•     !_: I 

cd  states  and  its  Branches,  in  the  Year 


Value.       Piece,.     Value.      Piece.,   j  Val«.. 


805    1,1128,603'  2,462,, 00  24,62,     7."  -'^28     li:.(^' 

~  •   ■     ■  I  ■     •  I :   :     2h:42h  li^-'i". 


2H:42H      Ii3.''« 
3,446,900      ai'-"** 


An  Aceonnt  shnwlnij  thn  ".  olal  Amniint  of  the  Import  and  Export  Trade  of  Calcutta  In  l><.Vi-37  and 
1837-.38;  sliowiiix  sis'-  .ne  Ainoiiiil  of  ili«  Trade  with  each  couiilry,  and  llm  proimrlion  ptrcent.  which 
the  Triuli!  Willi  ivi.  Ii  Coiiiiiry  \)e:\rn  to  the  tutal  Aiiiuuntuf  tile  Trade.  {BeU't  Hcvieic  ufthe  Vummtrc* 
of  Btnwal  fur  18116-37  and  1837..3S.) 


C'.UQtrirj. 

Import 

frade. 

Ex|xirl  Tirle.                             j 

1836  37. 

1 
Viliie. 

Per 

C'lll.!?.-. 

IS37J'*. 

1836  37. 

1M7  3'). 

V.tlue. 

P,r 

ci'iif.iee. 

Value. 

ivr 

■l!lll..'l'. 

Value. 

I'lr 

■piiLiKe. 

Kurnpf. 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

United  King.loin 

2,210,171 

60' 1 

2,059,48.1 

506 

2,837,997 

423 

2,719,222 

41  8 

Traiico 

150,739 

4-2 

15.5,,'isO 

38 

2Sl,2.'>H 

4-2 

221,800 

34 

Diiniiiurjc 

- 

_ 

3,993 

. 

200 

Sweden 

. 

. 

_ 

01 

-     1 

. 

10,073 

02 

Portugal 

Total  Europe    - 

JiAa. 
roroniandel  Coast 

013 

2,3i|-,'.!IO 

2,219,002 

.■|4  5 

3,122,455 

4C.-5 

2,951,701 

45  4 

80,730 

2-4 

126,909 

31 

177,131 

2-7 

115,1:19 

1-8 

(VyI.in 

3.5.17 

01 

8,387 

02 

1  l,2l)j 

0  2 

0, 1^9 

0  1 

Const  (if  Malatiar 

2l6,2r,5 

00 

171,538 

4-2 

27.-',US0 

41 

277,r.:2 

42 

Maldive  and  Laccadivc 

Isles 

15,591 

04 

13,259 

3 

5,909 

01 

4,733 

0  07 

Araliiiin  and  Persian 

fJulfs 

80,403 

2-3 

123.474 

30 

159,801 

24 

l.'i7..3S7 

24 

China  - 

339,(1113 

9  0 

073,101 

100 

1,8'<9,478 

2^'2 

2,051,378 

310 

1  t4iiisapnrc 

173.051 

50 

292,059 

7-2 

2rs,().v2 

4  1 

317.5-<l 

4-9 

,  I'fnani;  and  Malacca 

«S,5I1 

1-8 

99,279 

24 

48,410 

0  8 

05,230 

10 

'  .lava  and  .Suniatra    - 

U.SS.'i 

03 

8,156 

02 

21,515 

04 

14,715 

oa 

Manilla 

12 

. 

_ 

58 

New  Holland 

2.292 

000 

6.111 

02 

19,021 

0-3 

38.715 

0-6 

1  Pegu    - 

Total  Asia 
Africa. 

139,527 

37 

112,007 

1,005,870 

3-5 

Ml„')78 

2  1 

141,097 

23 

1,175,812 

310 

40-9 

3,030,974 

451 

3,190,487 

4907 

* 

Mauritius 

25,4.57 

0-7 

40,795 

11 

138,399 

20 

151,905 

21 

1  Hourlion 

10,505 

03 

13,105 

0  3 

40.835 

06 

5.5,o:o 

08 

;  Cape  of  Good  Hope 

Total  Africa      - 
!             America. 

4,S0S 

0  1 

0,102 

02 

11,314 

02 

23,078 
233,052 

03 

40,709 

1. 

06,602 

16 

190,.577 

2-8 

3-5 

'  \orlli  America 

103,531 

27 

72,9»l 

1-9 

349,890 

r,i 

120.737 

20 

Houth  America 
1      .    Total  America  - 
Grand  Total 

9,208 

0-3 

45,405 

11 

7,814 

01 

2.019 

003 

112,7,39 

3'0 

118,410 

30  1 

357,735 

5-3 

i       122,756 

203 

3,72t),.500 

!ioo 

4,009,950 

10.1 

0,707,741 

1110 

'    6,501,596 

100 

COTTON. 

Slatement  of  the  Consumption,  E.\portation,  &c.  of  the  difl'erent  Sorts  of  Cotton  Wool,  in  and  from 

Great  Britain,  in  1839. 


Average    weekly    con- 

auinptioii. 
I'pland 

Orle.iris  »ni  Alabama     * 
Sca-islinJ 

Total  Unite.!  Slatei 
;   Brazil  ■ 
Ecyiil- 
\   Kisi  luJia 

1  Demarara,  Weil  India,  1 
&i'.  •            ■           ) 

1                      Total       - 

1»39. 

5.464 

9,915 

265 

Packages  annually  1 
roiisiiinctl              S 

Average  weight  of) 
(lactciiies  con  > 
s.iiiK'd  in  Wis.        } 

Weekly  CO, sump- i 
lion  in  p. rki.es,  > 
avenge  343  tin.     ) 

Average  weigtil  tii'i 
packages  import-  > 
e,l,  in  lt<s              ) 

Packajei  exported    - 

1839. 

Lbs.  weight  annually  1 
ilniKirltnl  in  n.illious  > 
and  tenths      •            ) 

I.lis.  wt.  cniisiinied,    do. 

Llis.  weight  in  ports,  > 
3l!(ofnec.            .lo.  S 

Llis.  weight  in  Great  } 
B.itain,            -      do.  S 

Average  price  per  Ih.  of  > 
uplands  in  Livcrpnti]  J 

Do.      lio.       I'eru.lina    - 

l)o.      do.      Sura's 

lSi9. 

1,114,103 
313 

21,433 

34  S 
117,iro 

3,-'S'a 

3SI-7 
93-5 

12;'8 

7S73 
10,f. 
5  3  4rf. 

15,644 

2,373 

548 

2,142 

723 
21,430 

EMIGU.\NTS. 
neUirn  of  the  Number  of  Emigrants  from  the  United  Kingdom  in  1839,  specifying  the  Colonies  and 
CiHintries  for  which  they  cleared  out,  and  the  Numbers  that  cleared  out  fur  each. — Pari.  Paper,  No. 
113.  Sess.  1840.) 


North  American 
Colonies. 

United  States. 

Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

Australian 
Colonies. 

Total. 

Fnelanl   - 

-   Sc.llanl   • 
',  Ireland     - 

2,251 
i;4lli 
8,9.-9 

30,142 
651 

2,843 

2.'l 
6 

n,«15                        41. f1 
2.i3S                            4,2'3 
1,703                           n,.-33 

[_t!nileJ  Kingdom    • 

12.6)8 

33,536 

227 

r>,T«6                          (2.217 

FISH. 

[The  rttader  will  find  in  vol.  i.  p.  42.,  a  statementof  the  value  of  the  fish  exported  annually  from  the 
I'nilcrt  St;ites,  from  1790  to  1838,  inclusive. 

The  viiliie  of  the  (ish  imported  during  the  year  ending  on  the  30th  of  Sr>ptemher,  1''39,  was,  of  dried 
or  smoked  fish,  .S2 1,303;  of  salmon  (pickled),  ^73,763 ;  of  maclicrcl  (picltled),  ^00,374,  and  of  all  other 
pickled  tish,(S7 1, 480. 

3  u  2  99 


I 

l;t^ 


780 


FlSil. 


\ 


< 

^1 


f.i 


la 


or  ihe  finli  ImpnrtPil,  thn  nunnllly  which  wn«  rfi-cxpnrtPil  ntnoiinled  In  value  to  only  #0,034. 

'I'h('  iirodnrt  iirmir  own  tiiihirica  which  wiin  ox|P(irli'(l  In  fnrrl(!ii  ciiiriilrii'H,  tliielly  to  ilii!  Weill  India 
IbIiukIh,  ill) I  inu'  iiiu  siiiiK!  year,  iiiiiuuiiil'iI  in  viiliit;,  dl'ilriuil  or  aiiiokuil  iL^h,  tn  JJTU'J, 'ilrt,  and  of  iiitkloil 
lixh,  to4$lll,;i.:i). 

The  ri'uitleriMl  anil  enrollpil  tnnnago  of  the  I'nitcd  State*  cniplnyeil  lO  the  whale  flMhcry        ^"i». 
aiiiHiinliMl  ti)  --.--.....     I,")1,H13 

The  I'liridliMJ  and  lirmHcd  tnnnngc  ciniilnyed  in  the  cod  Haliffry        ....      11.5,1117 

In  ihi!  niailieii'l  tlshcry  .........      35,UH,1 

In  llie  wliiili'  li.slii'ry     --........  43^ 

'I'liitl  1)1°  veHHidH  lii'iMiHrd  nndnr  30  tnnfi  employed  In  tho  cod  flihery  '        .  -  •        7,01)1 

Till!  iHhcrli'H  "I"  Ihn  I'liilrd  Slalrn  iir«!  ciirrii'd  on  fnnn  llic'  poriK  of  Maim-,  New  Ilanip^hiro,  Ma^Ha- 
rhiHi'Hx,  UliDilc  Island,  ('<>iiii"i'lirM(,  iiiid  i\i'w  Vcirk  ;  r^pi'ci^illy  I'miii  tlio.'i- ul'  .M:ihs:ii  linsclls.  lis 
cItl/.ciM  own  ncurly  llinc  fmirlha  u(  ihc  whole  iDnniige  employed  in  tlil.s  branch  uf  American 
indiiHtry. 

Till'  cri'alcr  romparallvo  iinportanrn  of  the  MnsnarhnsrtN  llnherlcs  has  led  to  tnnro  cxacl  Inqniries 
ennceriiin:;  llieni  tliaii  liivn  lieen  direcled  lilllieitn  in  iln;  Hiilijei  I  (if  ijie  lisliiMli'H  rlsewlpTc.  And  wi; 
'oilijiiin  I  hi'  tnllinvini;  iiiliri'stiiii;  exiraila  Iroiii  a  rcpnrl  of  Ur.  I).  II.  .""Idn'r,  snlimllleil  lo  the  li'»(isla- 
mrn  of  lint  Hiale. 

Allliniiuh,  as  licsli  lisli,  ninckerel  nrn  solil  in  llin  niarkels  alnni{  our  wliole  ^l'a^t  for  fjevoral  ninmlis 
in  IIk;  yeiir,  and   an;  coiisldiTed   liy  nil  excidliMil  I'noij,  (iVoni  (i  lo  .'<,M^(l  liarrels  luiin!  liold  aiinnally  In 
lloHloii  inirkcl  iiloiie,)  ilnir  itre.it  value  lo  llii^  people,  iirisew  Ironi  llie  iiie.iim  of  einployiiient  alfurdud 
to  an  immense  niimlier,  liy  Ihe  proriss  orsallini;  and  pai  Uiim. 
TlioHu  packed  in  iyM  were  fiiriii.shi.'d  hy  Ihe  following  lowim: 


Ilostnn  ... 

(.'loncester  and  IManchn.iler 

N'(!vvliiiryport  and  Newlniry 

Wellleel 

I'rovineelown 

llinchani       ... 

t!(diassel        _  _  . 

liariiHialilc    .  .  - 


.^liliiatt! 

Vartooiilh     . 

Salem  and  lleverly 

I'lymoiitli      . 

I.ynn 

Diixlinry 

Charle.siown 


Barrth, 
3,7H2 
8,llrt 
2,31U 
1,177 

i.m 

1,(11)0 
Hii 


-  ■iii„'>.'ii) 

.     43,!m 

-  2i.ii>:i 
.  i7,.'iim 

-  ii,i:i!i 
.  i:i.Kv> 

-  11.7(11) 

-  4,115 

M  Ihe  prices  these  llsli  were  worlh  in  Xovciiiber,  1S30,  the  value  of  the  year's  fishing  amounts  to 
III. 21)  1,0  Pi. 

The  wlnde  nnmlier  of  harrela  of  markerol  insperled  in  iMas9arhn«nlts  for  the  last  five  years  is  as 
follows -.—l-lii, 'JJI.OI'O  harr'ls  ;   l\'t:t,  a^.ddO  ;    l-'IU,  V!.j:!,l  (lO  ;   !•<:),'),  107,(1(10;   IS.'iO,  Ih0,lil0. 

AIiIkhisIi  il  wiMild  seem  from  tile  ahove  lahle,  that  a  Hinaller  (inanlity  of  mackerel  had  been  packnil 
in  IHfl),  than  llie  several  years  imniedialidy  preiediii!;  it,  yet  it  cannot  he  inferred  from  this  circuiii- 
Hlamo,  that  fewer  vessels  wire  eiiijaBed,  or  thai  llie  liiislness  was  considered  less  important  lliiiii 
before.  In  some  ye.ar.s,  iiiiiiieiise  shoals  of  tliesi?  (islios  are  readily  met  Willi,  and  the  vessels  reliirn  ai 
a  few  weeks,  Willi  full  car.'oes  ;  while  the  same  loraliiies  may  he  visited  at  other  seasons,  and  llie 
elForls  of  the  lisliertnan  prove  fniilless,  and  his  fare  mea»;re  indeed. 

So  peciiliir  are  the  hahils  of  this  ueims,  that  ol'tentinif  weeks  may  pass,  the  fishing  smacks  hi! 
snrronnded  liy  niillloii.s  sporliii','  upon  llie  surface  of  ihe  oce  1  and  scarce  one  allow  itself  to  be  laken, 
while  again  the  success  of  a  few  days  will  relieve  the  liisai'i'iiintinenls  of  nearly  a  season. 

Tlins,  a  fisherman  informs  me,  that  [hr  last  season,  (l>n7,)  liavini,'  been  lo  llie  hay  of  Chaleur,  anil 
taken  but  few  fish,  tlie  vessel  to  wliii  h  he  lielcimreil  Was  reiiirning  home,  when,  ofl"  Capo  f'd'l, 
the  fish  were  so  niiiiiercins  and  voraciniis,  that  Ihe  crew,  coiisislinu'  often  men,  caplnred  in  two  linius 
nearly  31)  barrels  of  iheiii.  .\t  this  time  about  20i)  smacks  were  logellier,  and  they  were  all  enually 
successful,  some  of  them  takin?  10  barrels  of  lisli. 

After  beinj;  carefully  inspected,  these  lish  find  a  ready  market  in  Philadelphia,  \ew  York,  Ihlii- 
more,  and  New  Orleans,  and  from  this  List  port,  lliey  are  sent  over  the  entire  western  country.  The 
inferior  (iiiality  are  shipped  to  the  West  India  island.s. 

I  have  not  been  able  to  learn  with  accuracy  the  niiniher  of  vessels  on!;a>.'ed  ccliisivcly  in  this 
lishery  ;  In  many  towns,  the  same  vessels  are  used  at  diirereiil  seasons  of  ihe  year  for  cod  as  well  .Tis 
the  mackerel  lishery.  I  have  ascerlain(!d,  however,  that  there  were  2(i'2  vessels  employed  in  Ihis 
tishery  in  IH.Hi,  in  the  coiinlv  of  liarnstable,  and  that  of  this  number  'JS  belonged  to  I'rovincelown, 

which  were  valued  at  .§1  I7,()0I) 

The  family  Sal  mo  utiles  includes  several  eenera  of  lislies,  which  for  delicacy  and  richness  are  nm 
surpassed.  I'revions  to  the  separation  of  .Maine  from  this  slate,  large  iiuanlities  of  the  Snlmo  fitlar— 
salinnn — were  packed  :  thus,  in  the  year  1*^18,  2,:(S1  barrels  were  inspected.  Since  that  time  none  liavi: 
been  inspected.  The  buildina  of  dams  and  iiiaiiul'actiirin;;  eslablislinients,  by  prevenliiis  the  li<hcs 
from  going  uj)  Ihe  rivers  to  deposit  their  spawn,  has  almost  entirely  annihilated  them  in  this  coiniiinn- 
wealth.  About  17  years  since,  two  wagons,  each  bringing  I'roiii  HO  lo  10  tine  salmon  from  the  .Mern- 
mack  river,  supplied  the  lloston  market  every  week  diirins  llie  season  of  the  lish— now,  ihe  I'mv 
apocimeiis  taken  ure  looked  upon  as  rarities,  and  onr  market  is  enriched  by  the  tiahery  of  the  Ken- 
nebec  

The  Onmcrus  viritleseens—Sinrlt— which  is  a  universal  favourite,  is  taken  in  great  numbers  in  Ihe 
spring  and  aiiluinn,  and  through  a  creat  portii'ii  of  llie  winter.  In  It'iilertmnn  alone,  T.'iO.OOO  dii/.iMi  are 
taken  annually  in  scoop-nels  from  tlie.rtr.N-^  of  JIarcli  In  thejir.-ii  (i/./»nf— and  sent  to  Hoslon  inarkcl 

The  fimily  Cliipra:,  are  among  our  most  valuable  lislies.  The  Clnpca  rrnuili.i — alewife — is  taken  in 
immense  (luanlities  still,  in  several  parts  of  the  stale,  allliniieli  in  several  places  where  Iliey  Inve 
heretofore  been  most  abundant,  Ihe  various  encrnachinenis  of  man  have  sensibly  iliminished  ihcm. 
A  larger  qiianlity  ufalcwires  is  packed,  than  of  aiiv  other  species  of  this  family.  In  lb32,  1730  b.irrc!3 
were  inspected  ;  1H33.  2,200  ;  1831,1,320;  1S3'),  r<,C(JO  ;   1^30,5,0(10. 

At  IViUfrtown,  Ihe  average  quantity  of  alewivos  for  the  last  10  years  is  700  barrels.  They  are  first 
pickled,  then  salted  and  barrell 'd,  and  sent  lo  the  West  India  islands.  They  sell  from  .$1.50  to  .<i;W 
per  barrel.  At  'I'nuntun,  which  for  years  was  so  celebrated  for  its  lishery,  the  alewives  are  crailiially 
lessening.  There  are  two  or  more  dams  across  the  Taunlon  "(Ireat  lliver,"  so  called,  which  iiiippiie* 
their  progress  very  much;  and  on  the  "  I.illle  lliver,"  where  many  dams  and  factories  have  hcen 
erected  ;  and  where,  twenty  years  ago,  thousands  were  taken,  not  one  is  to  be  seen  Tweiily-live 
years  since  they  were  taken  in  such  abundance,  that  they  sold  for  20  cents  per  hundred,  and  a  srcal 

business  was  carried  on  by  barrelling  and  shipping  them  to  Ihe  West  India  market 

The  Clupeii  Uaren^iisO)—cntninon  /icrrinw(i)  — is  in  some  seasons  taken  in  great  numbers.  The 
quantities  of  herring  packed  and  inspected  accordins  to  tables  kept  at  the  (ieneral  Inspection  oliicc  fur 
rhe  last  five  years,  are  as  follow:  1832,  .52  bbls.  IS.Tl,  ;iO  ;  1831,518;  1835,908;  1830,77.  Thai  a  ■■siinli 
(|uantily  <inly  of  the  herring  taken,  are  packed,  is  obvious,  from  the  fad,  that  in  1836,  500  bhls.  were 
taken  at  Falmouth  ;  400  bbls.  at  Duxbury,  and  3000  at  Martha's  Vineyard. 
Upon  Boiuc  portions  of  our  coast  herring  have  been  limited  in  quantity  for  the  few  last  years,  durin; 


FISH. 


787 


,1  irt  Die  whale  rtBUcry      j,,''!,',, 

.      35,UH3 

430 

7,0U1 

■>-'-■  v-r^.!;:';;in-"'"'vm 


vcrly 


Barrtli. 

3,:h2 

2,  111) 
a.S'.lt 
1,177 

1,1(11) 
1,(100 


lueofthcyear'B  fishing  amount,  to 
Mu.-ett.  for  the  lost  five  years  is  as 
^'^^^^i'^'lieXiboenpacU,, 
'cunn..l  ^«.  ('';'',;;',,,,, riant  tl.;vn 

';^,:rvi::tea-^o.i--.o-o„B..uuiu,e 

i!im1.  ,     cijiiiiic   sniark?  In' 

,v„.u  lu'cn  "' "":J  'f„    off  Ci.pe  Ccl. 

u  rn.'i<".-l  cvi-liisivdy  inllHs 
,f  vossoH  7  7  .-^a,  for  i(ul  as  uHl  as 

p,i-^:t:r"="-u.e.;-;H-; 

irrW  aniululalt'll  It'*"' ';  "     ,     ;^,,.„,. 
|;l^"eSeat"lleUeryot...eKcn. 

,„f./»«f-a.Hl  •  ;i;",;„i<-e---iH  tiik.-nm 

le  many  .Uuna  an     fi.  tor.  ,,    ..„v,. 

l,,„ol  one   '^  '"  ''Nmm"rea,anaa?rMl 
ll  \  for  20  cents  per  Imnoreu, 

t^"^''^^ko:rinlzoat-n.wnl.^rs,    1^;; 

V;:^;t^o^<ri^r7r^'nvu'"^,:i« 

Kan?^y't^'t»>e^-'-^^'="'''""' 


thp  Inst  two  yi'nrn  very  few,  rnnipfirntl*Tly  upoakinc,  hiivp  licon  taken.  Tlii'lr  urarriiy  h.i-t  l)i<nn 
nttrilHiicil  liy  tlii!  tUliennun  to  turcliing  tlK'iii  at  iiiKht.  I>y  wlilih  tliu  hIkiuU  uru  briikon,  utjil  lliu  tiah 
frJKliDMieil  away 

'I'Ih!  .fild.sa  tiii/irnrM— SArtrf— I*  tnkrn  in  lovrrnl  of  onr  rlvern  In  Inrcn  qnnnlitlrn.  nt  mnii'  ncannnn  of 
tin;  yrar,  and  i|iiili!  a  niitnlicr  of  tlii'in  an;  paikcil  In  I^D'J,  IliO  liMx  \v<  ri'  ini'iii'i  ted  ;  l'>.'i:i,  :\'1\  ;  1><.'II, 
,'li  r2.t^,;M();  I  ■<,■)«,  ."iaT,  The  (iiiiuultn's  mkvn  In  Charles  nviT  at  Wali'tlnw  n,  for  llic  live  l.i»l  >(iirB, 
havo  avi'rai[i'(l  about  ()()()()  ptr  annum  ;  fmni  ;iO(l(l  to  lOdO  ;iri-  yearly  i  Muiilil  at  'I'annli'n.  'riniM-  lakiii 
at  lln;  fornntr  plai'c,  arc  nHinilly  himiI  to  IIumIum  niarkn,  ami  hhIiI  ai 'J.'i  i  i'MIm  i-arli.  TlniM' ( luiulit  at 
tlin  latter  Icicality  aro  for  tin;  tnovl  part  disposed  of  at  the  semis  iiri^li)  and  rnred  by  the  piir>  juiKers. 
When  llrst  taken,  tliey  aell  for  100  Cfiits  pur  huiulred  ;  uiid  as  thu  suuauii  udvaiici'ii,  Ulniliiisli  dradiially 
in  prli'e  to  .'lO  rents. 

.\o  fairiily  iif  llshes,  however.  I'oiind  In  the  slalp,  presents  a  ffreater  nnniber  of  speoles  of  real  iilility, 
than  that  iif  the  C  ail  lies  ;  and  no  speiies  in  the  whole  eatalnune  i  if  onr  li  lli>  oIil'v,  Is  of  ureiiler  imporl- 
ance  tli:tn  the  iiitirrhuti  riilfraris—n'mn'on  Cml ;  sn|iplyinB  our  iii.irkels  Willi  an  e\i  elleiii  IiiihI  lhion«hoiii 
the  year,  and  ulvlni;  employment  In  ihousands.  In  some  porlnin.s  of  thu  stale  ibis  fi-.|iery  is  I'litirely 
superseded  by  the  takim;  of  whales.  'I'lins,  while  every  town  In  the  ronnly  of  llaiii>table,  is  more  nr 
less  eiii!ui.'ed  in  this  liiisiness,  .iiid  ciilleillvely  e\hiliit  an  ai'L'recalt!  of 212  ves'.els,  bin  a  siiiL'le  h-liini;. 
sinaik  was  lirensed  in  Dukes  ciiiiiily  in  l>.;i')--aiid  not  oee  in  llie  county  of  ISaiilm  ket— the  atleiition 
(if  the  inlialiltiinls  iif  the  last  two  counlies,  bei>iu  entirely  etiL'rosseil  In  w  haliiii.'. 

Imperfeit  as  are  llii!  foliowini!  il.ila,  they  may  not  be  thoiii;lil  valueless.  I  have  been  able  to  ascer- 
tain Ih'il.in  l^llii,  there  were  i'ni;ai;ed  in  tlie  cod  lisliery,  from  (iloin  e^|er,  Marblehead,  I'mvini clown, 
.-'iiuili  WelKleet,  t'ohassei,  Duxhnry,  I'lymouth,  Mancliesler,  Salem,  and  Beverly,  beint'  ten  towns, 
.VII  vessels,  lia Vina  crews  of  ;t.''lli  men-  and  that  by  llie.se  vessels  there  were  taken  2l'';i.  I.'il  i|iiliitals  of 
lisli.  To  these  may  bo  added  the  towns  of  Newhinyport,  I.miii,  I'almniilh,  Holmes  Hole,  and  .•sainl- 
wii  It,  (ill  whicli  I  have  not  been  able  in  learn  the  number  ol  vessels  exiluslvely  employed  In  Ihm 
fishery,)  which  furnished  in  l-^;ili,  Hi,2ii')  (itiinlals.  'I'hus  exbibitinj;  27'l,7lh  (|iiliit:ils  of  cod  li.h,  taken 
by  tin;  enterprise  of  (he  citizens  of  l.')  towns.  Wlnwi  it  is  observed,  thai  alioni  :),.')(iu  of  the  (oil  |i  li  from 
the  (irand  llaiik,  (which  are  uenerally  iiiucli  lar<.'er  than  those  troin  the  Straits  of  llellisl".)  con..<iiiuU! 
a  siiiRlt!  iiiiiiit:il,  Home  comepiioii  may  be  formed  of  Ihe  hiimense  nninber  t;,ken.  At  file  usual  pricu 
of  Ibesi!  prep.ired  lisli,  tlii'  above  inenlioiied  nnmlier  of  iiniiilals  would  -^ell  for  .S'S.T', l.'il. 

lies  ides  iliese  tisliiiiK  Vessels,  a  (ireal  nnmbi^rof  loals  are  consiiintly  employed  In  siippi)  Inc  llie  markclH 
with  fresh  lish.  'I'htis,  at  Dnxiniry,  in  l^:tli,  there  were  10  market  boats,  bavini;  III  im  ii  on  board,  w  lili  li 
teak  from  :i's  to  10,11110  lisli.  At  I'rovincelowii,  there  were  10  boats  tliiis  eii(.M','ei..  lto,toii  iiiiirket  H 
supplied  with  cod  ii.,i|i  by  about  15  or  2il  small  schiioiier.s,  and  a  lar^e  nnniber  of  boats.  Ily  the  kimlnesH 
of  Cap!  .\alliaiiiel  lllanch  ird  of  l.ynn,  master  of  one  of  these  smacks,  1  .-iin  enabled  to  furni.^h  ibe  fi  I- 
liivviiit:  table,  by  which  some  idea  may  In;  fi  rined  of  the  amount  of  fresh  rod  li^li,  bronulil  In  our 
inirkel.  He  has  presenled  me  the  result  of  Ir  labours  willi  a  vessel  of  2.'i  Ions,  and  a  crew  of  0  men, 
fur  11,'arly  3  iminths,  commencini;  ()iiobi;r  21,  1>'M',  and  tiTminalint;  Marcli  'JO,  1^,'I7.  His  account 
f;.<:!liliits  the  niituber  offish  taken,  and  the  price  nblalned  for  Ihe  same  for  each  il.iy  ilnrin^'  that  period. 
Fnnn  this  mlniiie  slatiMiienl,  1  am  able  to  ascert.iln  that  thi;  lar(!esl  (inantiiy  taken  any  one  day,  was 
7,121  pounds— Dereinber  IMlli— whh  h  sidil  for  ,'>  shilliims  per  hnndred  =  .S''0.,'tO. 

The  smullust  (iiiaiitily  taken  any  one  day,  was  lill"  pounds— January  Hilli— which  sold  for  12  shilling!) 
=  §11  07. 

Tlie  smallest  receipts  were  !\Iarch  20th,  wlien  350  pounds  taken,  sold  for  10  .shillings  0  puncu  =  $5.02. 

The  whole  nuinbi.T  of  pounds  taken  durinuthe  period  munUoned,  were  lUI,r.^5. 

The  ciiliri!  receipts  for  the  same,  were  .S3,02<'.1 1. 

liestdes  the  value  of  the  lishes  themselves  in  a  fresh  and  dried  slate,  large  quanlilics  of  oil  arc 
extracted  from  llieir  livers,  which  is  sold  for  about  .$15  per  barrel. 

Iiniiiense  slioals  of  the  .Morrhua  irirlijliiii.-i—/fii,lj(}rli—i\ri'.  found  on  niir  coast  in  sprinc,  and  conlinuK 
llirii'll:!h  the  season  until  autiimii.  I.ar^'e  nnmbers  are  sold  In  lln;  market— and  dnriiii;  rlie  entire  siiiii- 
iiior  it  is  aenerally  eaten  by  the  poorer  classes,  who  are  ofiiMi  able  to  obtain  a  line  lish  weiL'hins  several 
pnunds  for  oneor  two  cent.s.  When  taken  In  larijer  iiuantilies  than  can  be  disposed  of  in  market,  they 
arc  freiiuently  strewed  over  tliiM'arlh  for  manure 

S(!veral  valuable  species  are  furnished  its  by  the  family,  Plani— the.  most  important,  however,  is  Ilio 
}lipi>n;;tii.-tdu.i  viil^'tiri:i—Iliihliiit.  The  Hesli  of  this  lish  is  rather  coarse  and  dry,  but  la  by  many  hiulily 
pslcinned.  An  linnsual  n  umber  of  this  species  were  brought  to  Dost  on  market  in  the  early  part  of  l^:if, 
.mil  were  all  sold  at  considerable  profit.  Hifility  lariie  schooners,  from  bO  to  Ml  tuns  burden,  beloiiuin^ 
tn  (,"a|ie  Ann,  were  thus  employed.  Smoked,  this  (isli  is  (inite  a  delicacy  ;  and  w  hen  dried,  as  is  lliu 
usual  habit  of  tile  Creunlanilers,  it  is,  1  can  allirin,  far  from  uninvilinc.— Wm.  I'J.] 

FUNDS  (Amkiiic.\n).  We  hog  leave  to  lay  liefore  the  reailcr  tlie  following  statements 
with  rcHjiecl  to  the  loans  contraeted  hy  the  (lillercnt  American  state.s ;  they  are  taken  from 
the  American  Almanac  for  1840,  and  arc  the  fullest  and  most  comprehensive  that  we  liavo 
seen. 

The  fidlnwins  lahles  show  the  total  amount  of  stock  issued  and  authorised  to  lie  i.ssiind  by  each  of 
ihiMUiiliteen  slates,  which  have  resorted  to  litis  modi;  of  raisinjr  money.  Where  tin;  rclnrns  from  thu 
iinaiii;ial  oflicer  did  not  afford  all  the  infornialion  which  was  desired,  the  i-tate  laws  have  been  ex- 
aMiiii(;il,  to  ascertain  the  e.xlent  of  the  authorised  loans.  The  operations  of  many  of  the  stales  liavu 
bi'i;ii  90  extensive  and  varied,  that  it  is  not  an  easy  iimlter  to  ^el  at  the  precise  aniount  of  stock  issiieil 
ami  aiilhnrised  to  be  issued.  It  is  proliabh;,  however,  that  the  aL'uregate  amount  of  stock  authoritiud 
I'V  all  the  slates  is  even  greater  than  tlie  amount  slated  in  the  tables. 
;'ni(;inent  of  the  Amount  of  Slocks  and  Bonds  issued,  and  authorised  by  Staliile  to  be  issued,  by  the 

several  States  named  below,  giving  the  Year  in   wliicli  each  State  toiiuiiuiiced  issuing  Stock,  llie 

Oliji'cl  for  which  it  was  issued,  and  ilio  Kaio  of  Interest. 


Sine. 

Year. 

For  wh.xt  Object  issuet. 

I'er  cent. 

Amount  for  each 
(ibject. 

Tolal. 

Shilart. 

Volian: 

.Maioo     . 

1830 

Ins.ine  ho^pitils,  primary  ichools,  bounty  on  wht-at, 
an.l  i;eiier.-\l  expLMiJitures 

S3,3  3.J, 
I  &(i 

J        65I.976C0 

,334,976  00 

MwnchuKtts  • 

1837 

IjoAUi  io  railroads  ..... 

3 

4,2».(lCO  00 

4,200,000 '00 

N.  York  .       . 

l><^3 

For  oatiats             ..... 

6 

n4S,(K;(l-0) 

Dillo  ...... 

f. 

ll,"lis.fiTllt 

j 

I.rnt  to  IbiJvin  and  Delaware  canal 

5 

s(0,oin-(io 

1 

Loins  to  railroads.              .... 

4  1-2  3 

3,7>7,:mi-oo 

To  river  navii;ation              .             .             ,              . 

5 

lO.OMllO 

lieneral  fund  tlebt  •             .             .             .             • 

5 

5«li.:-.32  43 

Astor  stock             .              .             .             ,              . 

6 

?l)l,fO  00 

13,262,496  54 

Preniylvinii  • 

1821 

For  cinals              ..... 

5 

16.3-(i,->J7  CO 

' 

For  nitroads         ..... 

6 

4.964,4!'4  110 

j 

For  turnpikes  an]  bridges  •            .            .             . 

5 

2, '.9  .,99200 

1 

For  miacellaneoiu 

6 

3,lt)6,-S7-00 

27,3C6,-9000 

¥ 


788 


FUNDS   (AMERICAN). 


5 

^1 


r.i 


Himemant  of  tho  Amnunt  of  Htncki  nnil  Bnndi  \iit»ft\—eonHnunl. 

Sliti. 

Vnr. 

ror  whalOtjrcllKiint. 

P>r  crni. 

Amotiiit  for  eith 
(llijccl. 

Total. 

/Klhn. 

0<iUart. 

MtrylanJ 

I8I24 

MHImI  |Tnl«(nlir            .... 

t 

30,0  0  00 

rfniU'iiiitry          .             .            •             .            - 

II 

*7,»473') 

'i'ohirr.i  iiMp«cli(m               .              .              •              • 

S 

7II,UU<I  00 

I'lir  rAilriA'U         ..... 

St  6 

s,sav(i<ioo 

I"(ir  f»n.iU              ..... 

ft«i6 

A,7r0.oi«i'O0 

W4aliiiiKini)  ni'inunittnt      .... 

6 

lo.iocWiO 

ti|.eiiit)  nf  riuU     ..... 

i 

77,0:l3  43 

1I,402,»»0  7J 

VIrilnit 

tmo 

For  oiialt  and  ritir  navlfitioa 

Vnr  rillrr>3<ll           ..... 

\yi'' 

1     9,»31,liriO00 

i,\iii,'anro 

• 

K-.r  htrii|i>lit^        ..... 

. 

avi »  n  00 

t'nr  li"  V"luliiiiinry  flibl      .... 

« 

'<4.UIIIII0 

F.ir  wanltM  lln^l^          .... 

7 

3lf),i'(JtlOO 

6,66;,OIOOO 

i.  Carulliia 

mm 

hil.lir  liiitHnvt-nirhti           .... 
lo  Mr«.  li.iM.I..I|i|i             .... 
I  iii'iiirijii  aii.l  t  harlfilon  riilroicl  . 

6«iO 

l,'i.^|l,<l  000 

8 

10,(1' 0-1  0 

A 

2,01  n  (HO  Oil 

'In  ni'liiiiM  Cbiilfhtun       .... 

A 

2,lliO.IH4ll» 

H.'voluttnnaty  drbt             .... 

3 

lfi;l,770>li 

A,733,770'IJ 

Altljirna  • 

IVil 

>'or  hirikiit*           ..... 
j'.r  rulrtuj           ..... 

S 

7,Sl(l,llH)  (H) 

6 

1,01(1,101100 

I0,>(!0,0a0  00 

Luuiiiaiia 

l''24 

Kurliaukiiii          ..... 
I'nr  r.nlro.i.(           ..... 

S 

112.!IV',l)i'0'(«) 

6 

(,00.1  0(1>("I 

Ni.»  (iil.aiii  nrainlniCompiiiy     . 

Ii 

(.O.ror-  1) 

Ii)'iri  of  Ji*tlrr«'»n  ..... 

8 

lii,oro-iio 

Ch-uity  liimpital     ..... 

S 

U^,(«xi(iO 

.SIUB-Inm.n              ..... 

A 

1(11,01  M)  DO 

23,73A,000'0a 

Ttnri'weo 

1933 

i'nr  linking           ..... 

5*8 

3,W)I1,(«)IM10 

for  iiiro|iikf«        ..... 

A<i« 

1l«,l(i>i  (ill 

Iliiirni.l<  ml  liirnplkn      .... 

A 

3,7.10,11.  0  11(1 

liiiprfiviiiK  nvuri   ..... 

A 

SIHI.WWIO 

7,149,166  06 

Kralucky 

1834 

f.irlaiikn.n           ..... 

A 

3,0(0,1  IIOI'O 

Kiir  intpnivinn  rivi-rt,  I-y  loiki,  i(C.               • 

A 

a,ei'.i,o<ioiio 

>' T  (urijpiki'i  an.l  .M'AJjlli  nt.i.U     * 

A 

■2,4(HI,lhlO-.  0 

Fur  railrovlj         ..... 

A 

3'0,i0iiro 

7,160.000  OO 

Ohifi        ■       • 

l«2'. 

For  t'.niai«             ..... 

6 

6,111,11 0  00 

e,ioi,ouO'Ua 

luJiaiii    • 

\'U 

For  li.iiikirig          ..... 

A 

l,iW, 0.) 

For  i*;\r,ll»                ..... 

A 

6,"(n,(iiijiii) 

F"rriilKul<          ..... 

9 

8,(i(iO,('0'l.|  0 

For  .M-A>liiii  tiirnpikfli       ..... 

A 

l,!,'!",!^!^ 

For  river  uavigarion           .... 

A 

fiO.llVI'iO 

11,500,000-00 

Illlnoii     ■       • 

1831 

Forliankio<            ..... 

6 

3,0<'C,IHO()O 

For  riilrr-.vli         ..... 

e 

7,41-0,01 0  110 

Fore  IN  U»              ..... 

6 

5<H),(100  (10 

For  p.i>inent of  stale  iltlil  • 

6 

l('(i,(l(Kl(10 

For  river  iiavijjalioi),  A(C.    .... 

6 

WI'i,(WHIOO 

11.600,000  00 

Miifoiiri  • 

im7 

For  baukiiis          ..... 

A 

a.v  o,(j()fl  110 

2,ri00,(Ki0  01) 

MiBSistippi 

i«.ii 

Ditto    •              •              .             •              .  ■          . 

A 

7,1 '"1.0(0  (i() 

7,('()(l,000  10 

Arkaiis.n 

IS  111 

Dillo    ...... 

5 

3,1)1  0,0. lO-OO 

3,000,COO(X) 

Miclijgaa 

1836 

rr)rttrnveMy  with  Ohio      .... 

llfl.lOO'flO 

InlL'rnal  inipniveineull       .... 

6 

5  0Uii,|i(iO.0O 

I.enl  lo  railroad!    ..... 

8 

I.!0.(i00-I0 

Siaie  Fenilemiary  ..... 

20,('l'0('0 

t'nivertiiy             ..... 

■ 

iuo,i;oo  00 

6,340,0^000 

I70,806,n0'3a 

If  to  Ihe  atiove  li 

c  .addcJ  II, 

e  amount  Jepositctl  by  the  I'nitrd  States  in  the  trraaurtcs 

if  the  seve 

ral  stall's  fur  safe 

1 

kf(-|iiij^. 

• 

• 

2?,I0I,64497    i 

It  makfj  llinaiTS 

ro'llc  ilt'b 

of  all  the  slates,  rxi'ftnr  and  .iiillnii*r<I    . 

- 

|0w.q07,i.)|  :)!     ! 

Sumiimry  ot'tlit:  Aiiioiiiit  of  Stock  isRditil,  and  .iiillinriHPil  to  lie  issued,  tor  liaiikiiit'i  L'unulii,  UuilroutU 

Turii|iike8,  uiul  MIscelUiicims  Olijects. 


Slates. 

For  Rinkin?. 
Dollari. 

3,Oi'(i,noo 
l,:i<iO,noo 
3,000  WK) 
7.800,000 
2,-100,000 
7,000,000 
2. '.MV  1.000 
3,000,000 

Canals. 

Railro,ads. 

/)ii/(iit. 
3,787,701) 
4,%4,4a4 
4,290,0110 

5,500,00(1 
2.12-i.SOO 
2,OvC,000 

3r.o.ooo 

7,<0fl.000 
2,^0l^0fl0 
3,73O.('00 
3,000,000 

r,oo,m 

'2,620,00() 
42,«7I,C84 

Turnpikes. 

Miscella. 

IICOUS. 

Total. 

New  York       .... 
Pennsylvania    .              .              -             • 
Masoclmsetti  .... 
Mline  ..... 
Maryland          .... 
Vir^iiiii             .... 
Snijih  Carutina  .... 
Ohio    ..... 
Kentucky           .... 
lllinoii                .... 
Indiana             .... 
Tennessee          .... 
Alaliaiiia 

.Missouri            .... 
Mississippi        .... 
Lniiisiana          .... 
Arkansas           .... 
Michlgaa 

Total    . 

D'llnri. 
1.1  :l  1(1.(174 
16,570,527 

5,700.000 
3,i';r>.3-.0 
1  .S'lO.OOO 
6,101.000 

2,6i'',oon» 
900  01 '0» 

6,7-,n  OflO 
300,0110" 

60,000 
2,500,000 

DMart. 
2,593,992 

3S4,Sc6 

2,400,000 

1,150,000 
118,166 

nilm,. 
I,l'iviv(2 
3,lb6,787 

6'.  1.078 

2'2.'l80 

310,1.19 

2,203,770 

3C0,0C0 

'  215,000 
220,000 

7).  i.'uit. 
1H..11.2.IC6 
27,:l0b.7s»l 
4,m)  0(0 
.5;.4.976 
Il,4(i2.9f0 
6,6(i2,0i9 
.5,7-.:l,770 
6,101.000 
7,36>,000 
Il,fni1,(f0 
ll.>l<iO,'00 
7,ll'',l';6 

lo.sPfl.roo 

2,500.  OfO 

7.010.000 

23,71i,(0) 

3.oon,cfo  \ 

5,.140,fC0  1 

52,610,000 

60.201,513 

6,6l8,9i3 

8,474,684     I     nO,!i06,l77  1 

•  Whole  or  part  for  improvement  of  rivt^r  navigation. 

Maine.— The  stork  isaued  by  this  state  is  to  be  redeemed  under  the  direction  of  Iho  Ipoisl.itiiro,  by 
the  s;ile  of  piihlic  jyinds.  from  the  delils  doe  to  the  state,  by  taxes,  or  new  loans,  as  may  be  ilcoiitel 
expedient  from  tiiin'  to  time.  The  amminl  of  imtes  diio  iVom  itidividiiaU  to  tlie  state  (AtiL'iist,  l>.1'")  i 
325,721  dull  trs.  The  wlioh!  aiiiimnt  of  localed  lands  hcloiiL'iiiK  lo  the  stales,  1,100.000  arrcs,  valued  11 
l,ril10,(IOI)  doll.irs  ;  Ihi)  iiiidiviiled  I  irids  lioliiiiiiiii2  to  Maine  are  eslimated  at  3,(111,000  arrea  ;  niakiti? 
the  tufil  niiiiibi'ra  of  acres  1,11 1,000.  Tins  loiil  infliides  half  of  ihe  land  north  of  the  SI.  .Inbn's  rivei 
in  the  kins  of  Holland's  award.  The  stock  of  this  stale  is  nenmiable  and  Iransfemble  bv  lite  lidliliT 
011(1  the  interest  in  all  cases  is  payable  by  llio  stale.  Tlie  interest  on  235.000  dollars  is  payable  at  lio: 
ton  animally,  and  the  interest  on  the  residue  al  the  slate  treasury,  annually  and  .semi-aiinnally ;  Itii 
stock  bears  inleri  st  al  5,  5j,  and  6  per  cent.  The  value  of  the  ta.vable  property  of  the  state  in  IfcSUwai 
28,S07,riS7  2l  d  .Mars. 

New  IlA'MrsniiiE  h.is  issued  no  slock.    The  expenses  of  government  are  defrayed  by  a  direct  lai- 

Veb.uu.nt.— This  state  lias  issued  nu  stock. 


FUNDS. 


780 


AnK""'"'"*"'' 
,1.  tH,Jrcl. 


/Mlnrt.  „_ 
:U1,0  0  00 
V.Ml  *) 

•;»,w«i  no 

ft  71  0.l«»'>'0 
KM'*'''*' 

5,f3S,llW00 

a,UH/onN) 

Wh'OOO 
J4,U11III0 

I  ■,<,ii,ll  (1  uo     I 
'   10,(1'  ')■!  0 
2,0(0  in  II  (VI 

im;i,t:o'11 
i.tuHKiNHi  lie 

«„IO,1(WOO 

ojttV.Ol'O-OO 

00(1,1  00'1»1 

60,i'0>'-  0 

lii,(ira'iiO    ' 

U"p,(lO<100 
U»),IH1()  1)0 

3,oai,«i"-('0 
im,i(Ki(iii 

3  •30.'''  0(*(t 

aiHi.t'Oo  ( i> 

,  J,.ilC.llHV((l 

2,(iri,ix«H' 1 

1  2  4(,i,lh«l'  t1 

3  0,1  out fl 
e.ll'l.cdOOO 
I  -iqO.CO'l  00 

«!-ro.(Oono 
J  (iiio,rn'i-i  0 
I  iftn,io«i-oo 
'  f,o,l  i*vi  0 
jOW'.OiOllO 
7  4l'n,C(  ('  (10 

!nm«o  (10 
\w.nv  (10 

(i(>l,0()OO0 

avowodO 

7'("(l.l'C0  0O 

301 1(1,0.  iti'OO 

'kO.I'CKVOO 

iOOii.MiOOO 

i,!0.iino-io 

'>0,('(!0('0 
11)0,000  00 


InheKveril  .told,  for  «f« 


TnHl. 


H,40J,9S011 
e,ti6J,0W0O 

10,tCO,000  00 

23,735,OO0'0O 
1,149,166-68 


naiikiiig 


7  iBfl.ono  CO 

6,101,000-00 


ii,e90,ooo-oo 


ll,fiOO,000  00 

j,rioo,(i('0  oil 

7,(  00,01 '0  lO 
3  OOC.tOO  00 


6,310,0^0-00 

"iT0^6,no-3J 

J»,\01,614?7^ 


Canals.  Railtoails, 


kco.oflo 

l2-i.f.00 
tvO.OOO 

•,0.000 

fcoo.(ion 

lOil,(WO 

rao.i'Oi) 
poo.ooo 

|ioo,ooo 

1620,000 
|«7 1,084 


1,1 -,0,000 

iic,i(ia 


2-?6,0flO 
220,000 
6,61l',9i3     I    8,4';4,694_ 


0,000        -  ... 


Icr  nivigalion.  , 

Indor  the  .Urcctu.n  of  l^-^^^t'w-el 
Lermnent  are  defrayed  by  a  direct  U.- 


Maniariii'mrtt*      Inlnroit  nn  2,flno,n0O  ilollnm  of  mnek  pnyuMi)  In  f.nniliin,  hy  Iho  Rnllrnml  Porpo. 

mil'  n.  III  wllimi'  lav  /r  llic  ulnck  In  i  ri'iili'd  ;  llm  iiili'ri'ui  on  Ihc  ri-i-l  In  liiyiililc  -it  lln-  "liil'-  Irr  miiry, 
llii'  iiTiil  nir|iinau.>nH  ri'liiiliiirHiiiK  tliii  iri>ii«iiry  lur  llin  iiilirc-l  »'i  |i:ii(l  mil.  'I'lii-  m  rl|i  in  all  i  iiai-g 
In  iiiKli!  imyiilijc  iM  ilie  lu'an-r,  uiid  ii'>  rnriii  In  iii'(-ii«niirv  In  (riiiiiili>rriiii(  Itio  «ftiiio.  'Itiu  real  anil  per- 
Miiiial  |irii|ii'rly  tvnliiii  llii<  niiiiii  (|h;ii>i  |h  ■jlH,:inil,  Id?  itolliirH 

IliniMK  IsHMh      T'lUniiiic  hun  !■.« I  iiii  uliiik      Viiiiiilloii  In  .liinimry,  I'-'ll,  .I'J.fllO.niHI  ilnlliir*. 

•  '(INN  I  «i-i(  1  I',— 'I'li-i.  Htiiir  iiiiM  iHtiicd  no  nliick,  (ir  liilU  dIiti'iIii.  niiKii  thd  rcvoliuiDiiiiry  war,  "  Tlio 
niiKiiiMl  111' Hill  (jruii.l  I   -I  l.<  ICl'i'i.ri'C  (Idll-irn,"  in  |n:i7 

Nkw  V  nil  k-  This  iiito  niiiiiiii>iii-i>il  Inmilnit  nldi-k  In  l"*!?  furlliii  i-(in«lriii-lliin  tifllii'  V.riit  ainlClKini- 
plain  raiialH  The  ^n  ii  nl'lidll.lliii)  (liiihirn  w.-in  iri<iii(>il  |irli>r  tn  l^'.'ii  i'|i(i  law  nl'  I--!;  rrnih  il  a  lliiiirii 
(ir('(>iiiiiii'<«liiiiiM'<  .,(  ilii-  (anal  l-'iinil,  I'liiinHtlim  iirUic  ntati'  nUii  i>r«,  ami  |il  iri>il  ninliT  llii>  iiiaiiiiui'iiirnt 
III"  lliii  lliiinl  (It  Sncciiii-  Ili'v-ciiiii'K,  Willi  li  wiTi'  |)|iilui-il  I'lir  llic  iiiyiiifiil  nl'  llic  niniii'y  Imrnnvml. 
'I'lu'ri' lia'4  licfiii  ill' rivi'd  fmin  ihii  auxiliary  tiiniN  iliii-t  ni>(   aparl,  kIih  n  tlin  liiMi  nruiiiii/.  ilioii  nl' tlio 

raiial  rmid,  llir  Niini  >il'  ^,^':i,TI>l  dnllarK  ;  vvlm  li  I'Vi- N  l>y  'J;i),lllHI  ilnllarH  iIki  »  IihIc  aniiiiinl  giald  I'or 

jiiMiri'Nt  (III  all  llic  iiiiiiiry  Imrrnvvi-d  lor  llic  llrn'  ami  rii;iiii|ilaiii  raiial'4  for  '21  >i'.ir!',  Iruiii  l-IT  |i>  I'M, 
I'roin  1*21  til  lH.li,  tlii'sii  iwii  (-aii.ili  liavc  yii'ldnil  In  lulU  I.'i,ll'''',:i7.r'»7  iliill.irn.  'I'Ih!  ri'mili  K,  thai  tlia 
wIiuIm  111"  til"  iirlKliial  ili'lil  In  (iri)Vi  li  it  Tiir,  and,  (ixn-pl  almiil  V{  iiiillloiin,  Ii.ik  Ihtii  |iaid  ntl',  and  lliu 
Kliick  (■aiircll'-d,  'rill!  lawn  aiilliiiriiiiiB  iiiiiiii'V  I'l  I"'  Imrrnwi'd  prrvlmiH  to  |i«'2.'i,  (-Miiialiii-d  Uu-  ImIIiiw- 
liii;  pruVHiuii,  vi/  •'  lliat  il  hIiiII  nnl  Im'  lawriii  lur  lln-  cmiiinlxnliini'm  iif  lliii  i-siiial  t'liiiil  In  iMiiki>  luaiiH 
iiiiilrr  (Inn  ai  t.  Ii.-yiiiiil  such  aiiiniiiitH  a<,  I'nr  lliu  payiiiciil  nCllii;  liilcrenl  tlivruot',  lliu  taiial  liiiiil,  at  tliu 
liiiic,  ^liall  he  dci'iiicd  aiiiplc  and  niiirnli'iil." 

In  l'''2'i,  tliii  llnaiui.il  piiliiy  In  rciiaril  In  ninncyn  hnrrnwf'il,  wan  rlianffcd  j  nnil  I'lnnii  from  that  llnio 
III  llic  pr>  nciit  have  liccii  iiiillKirlHcd  w  illnint  iTrtinu  'ipart  Npcilllc  I'nndn  lur  llic  p.iyiiiciit  nl'  inlcrcst 
In  cai-h  c.iHc,  ,  w-cvi-r,  the  iiayiiicnt  nl'  the  lnlcr("<l  in  iiiailc  a  rliaru'c  mi  llic  irciMiiry  ;  and  prnvinidn 
lian  liccn  in  idn  tn  >iiirri>w  I'rnni  llic  I'.rlc  and  rliaiii|ilain  canal  I'lmd,  in  meet  tliN  ilciiiand  nn  ilie  trca- 

miry.     In  |n:17,  aflcr  llio  Hiin|icn<inn  nf  Npei  ic  p.-ivii Ir<,  tlii.n  ntile  paid  llic  inlcri-sl  nn  lis  w  Imlc  delit 

III  Clin,  and  rcdciinicd  aliniil  l,ll(i(),(l()l)  nl'ilie  stm-'k  iliie  in  I"<:i7,  liy  paviiiij  IH'l  dnllirn  m  .New-  Vnrk  illy 
piper  I'nr  eaili  Ind  dnllarn  nl '-(liiik  redeemed.  I'nr  hi\  yearn,  Irniii  l">:i.l  to  l^iH,  the  reviMiiic  Irnm  lliu 
lulls  nl'llic  canals,  al'ier  delrayini/  all  expi«iiscn  nf  repairs,  and  pm  im;  inlcrcst  nn  Ihc  w  hide  nmniint 
iifllic  niiNtanillnu  il'liis,  lian  vicldi-d  an  avcragi!  mirpliis  nf  ii|(l,llU(')  dnilarn  per  iinmini.  'I'hin  Miirplu* 
will  sustain  a  delil  nf  l'2.lilMI,llllll  dnilars. 

The  Hinil<s  issued  liy  the  stale  nf  .N'uw  Vnrk  nro  transf.-ralile  in  tlio  city  nf  \nw  Vork,  either  liytlio 
iicr  ill  person,  or  '  "  "■■  ■ 

till'  iriiisl'i-r  in  made. 


nwiicr  ill  person,  or  hy  a  power  of  attorney.    '1' 


aro  transli-ralile  In  tlio  city  o 
liB  original  curlillcaiu  in  uti  i 


a««H  to  hu  produced  wlion 


The  aL'u'rei;ale  valuation  nfreal  and  personal  oslatc  in  l''S7  wan  li'27,.'i.'il,7SI  doHarn. 
Niw-  .Ikiihkv  lian  not  issued  stock  nf  any  kind,  or  lent  her  ircilit  to  any  company. 
I'li.-iiNsvi.VANiA.— This  niate  pays  the  interest  on  its  stock  at  the  lian'.  f  I'eiinsylvania,  where  ttie 
stork  is  transl'iralilc.  The  foljowini:  revenues  are  net  apart  for  llie  payment  of  interest  nn  llic  slock 
Inaiis,  vi'/..  canal  and  railroad  tolls,  diviileml  on  turnpike  and  hriilL'e  stock,  .iiiclinn  ilnlics,  cnlhiler.il 
iilierilaiiies,  rniinly  rates  and  levies,  lax  on  [lersonal  properly,  and  esi-hivils.  Whenever  the  reve- 
nues arisiiii;  from  the  aliovn  noiirccH  is  not  niitlii  lent  fur  the  payiiieiii  n|  the  interest  nn  Ilie  slock  Inann, 
till'  dern-iency  is  taken  nut  of  iIk-  treasury  iMoper.    the  acts  nf  assemlily  direclinit  lln-  loans  to  he  made, 

ilircct  also  tli.it  the  unvernnr  sliill  liorrow  on  the  credit  nf  the  ci nonweallh,  ami  >iii-|i  I'liml  or  liindii 

IIS  II  ive  h 1  nr  shall  he  created,  fur  ijecuring  the  punclual  payment  of  the  iiilere^l,  and  Hie  reiiiiljuriic- 

iiieiit  i)(  the  principal. 
'I'lie  aiturenate  valuation  nf  real  and  personal  estate  in  IS.1,5  was  ail.SOMH?  dollnrii. 
M.uiviANii. —  riiis  stale.  In  all  rases,  pays  the  interest  on  the  slock,  half  yearly  and  quarterly  ;  lint 
tile  I'niiipanies  w'liicli  the  stale  has  aided  liy  lis  loans  reimhiirse  the  treasury  for  the  amount  nf  inlcrcst 
[iilil  Iroiii  lime  to  lime.    A  Hiiikine  fund  has  heen  est.-ililishi'd,  from  preniiums  and  other  sniirces,  w  im  li 
now  {is;i-i)  amnunts  to  l,l)70,H0li-l)H  dnilars,  which  is  applied  tn  the  piirrliase  nf  the  stale  sinck. 

Diirina  the  suspension  of  specie  inyimnts,  this  state  did  nut  pay  the  inlcrcst  on  its  slmk  either  in 
S|iei  ie  or  ils  ei|iilvaleiit.  Some  of  the  holders  of  the  slock  refiised  to  receive  depreciated  hank  paper 
iiir  the  ilividends;  and  the  treasurer,  in  Deceniher.  h.'IT,  reported  lliis  fact  tn  the  leu'islature  ;  ami  in 
March,  ISilS,  an  act  wa.s  passed,  whiili  provides  that  the  stale  treasurer  shall  cause  lli.'  inlcrcst  on  tliii 
slito  slock,  lliat  shall  liercafter  accrue,  and  that  wliirli  has  accrued  since  the  Isl  of  .\pril,  l'-'37,  to  lio 
piiil,  "either  in  coin,  nr  its  eiiuivalent  in  current  hank  imtes,  to  be  detcrinined  by  Ihe  tomiiiissiniiors 
iif  loans  hy  the  price  of  coin  in  Halljinore  on  llie  i|iiarler  day." 

'flic  private,  real,  and  iiersonal  property,  oilier  than  men  liandise.anil  rlBhts  and  rrcilils  nf  all  snrtu, 
i'  cslliiialed  at  over  l(l(),l)ii(),()il()  dollars.  No  iiiiifnrm  mode  of  valiiiiiK  properly  llirou'.'hoiit  ilie  slate  is 
iilnerved.  In  most  of  the  counties,  the  valii;ilioiis  arc  made  iiiider  acls  of  1711  and  I7'.'7,  which  rciinire 
nil  lands  to  he  put  down  at  K  dollars  per  acre  ;  male  slaves,  at  the  highest,  lUO  dollars  ;  and  females  at 
iO  iliillars  each. 

ViKiiiNiA. —  Tlie  interest  nn  the  stock  issued  liy  this  state  Is  payable  snini-anniially  at  the  treasury, 
m  giilil  or  silver.  The  profits  of  the  imiirovcmeiits  for  which  the  stock  is  issued  are  plediicd  for  the 
pivini'iit  of  interest  and  princiiial;  and,  if  necessary,  the  general  revenues  of  the  coniiiionwcalth  are 
pli'ilicd  fir  till!  payment  of  the  interest. 

Till'  ai.'i!ri'«ate  valiialinn  nf  the  real  property  of  Ihe  state  in  ISIS  was  2nfi,Si.l3,07S  dollars  ;  and  ii  now 
pr)!iahly  Hllll,(lil(),0OO.    'I'liere  is  no  ninile  of  ascerlaiiiinu  lln.'  personal  property. 

Nonrii  Cakiilina. — This  state  has  set  apart  a  lart'e  amoniit  of  funds  fir  internal  improvements,  ami 
firtlie  estalilishment  nf  piililic  schools,  which  are  placed  under  the  direclioii  nf  two  lioanls,  styled  the 
Literary  and  Internal  liiiprovemeiit  Hoards.  These  funds,  until  reiiiilred  to  meet  specific  apprnpria- 
li'iiis  liy  the  lei^islatiire,  are  lent  out  to  individuals  and  corporations  at  li  per  cent.  The  slate  of  North 
l-'iiriiliiia  owes  nn  debt. 

Soi-ni  Caiioi.ina.— The  faith  of  the  state  and  the  capital  of  the  bank  nf  the  slate  of  South  Carolina 
311 1  the  annual  dividomis  thereof,  are  pledged  for  the  payment  of  MIO,nO()  dollars  issued  from  IS-3-2  to 
l'''-(i;  and  the  annual  dividends  have  been  formed  into  a  sinkins  fund  for  that  purpose  ;  and  at  thiii 
li  lie  ^()clllller,  ISaS)  they  amount  to  upwards  of  800,000  dnilars,  so  that  the  I)  per  cents,  redeeniahle  in 
1-10,  will  no  doulit  then  he  paid.  The  interest  on  2,00:1,000  dollars  to  be  lent  In  the  Louisville,  ('nicin- 
iKili,  anil  Charleston  railroad,  is  payable  spmi-anniially  in  I.oiidnii.  The  2,000,000  dnilars  for  rei.nild- 
inija  part  nf  Charleston  is  to  be  lent  to  individuals,  and  Ihe  stock  to  be  reiiiibiirseil  from  the  mortgages 
I  of  iiidlviilnals.  The  interest  on  the  state  stnck  is  payable  semi-annually  in  London. 
V.ilualion  of  property,  200,000,000  dollars. 

Missis.sii'i'i.— This  slate  has  issued  bonds  on  the  faiihof  the  stale,  tothe  aniountof  7,000,000dollars, 
I  anil  has  subscribed  that  amount  in  the  stocks  of  two  banks. 

LonsiANA.— The  interest  on  the  slate  bonds  is  paid  by  the  respective  hanks  tn  which  they  were 
I  oiisinillv  issued.     The  interest  nn  other  state  stocks  is  paid  out  of  any  moneys  in  the  treasury. 

7Vii!  Hank  nf  Louisiana,  2,000,000  dollars  of  stock  ;  Ihe  profits  retained  for  redemption  of  the  instal- 
I  meat  nf  18;iO,  sult'icient  to  cover  the  amount,  fi00,000  dollars. 

CuHMlitated  .Association.— These  bonds  are  guarantied  by  inoripages  on  real  productive  properv/, 
Uniouiuiiig  to  3,000,000  dollars.   No  stockholder  can  borrow  more  than  50  per  cent,  on  his  stock;  an.; 


790 


FUNDS. 


N 


tills  amnnnt  is  returned  by  yearly  instnlments  to  meet  the  payment  of  the  bonds  by  the  bank.  Tha 
state  fur  ita  ifiiarniitee  is  considered  an  Htnckhiilder  for  1,01)0,(100  dollars,  and,  on  llii!  payment  of  the 
bonds,  will  divide  accordingly  with  the  stockholders.  Dividends  are  oidy  declared  as  the  bonds  are 
paid,  anil  in  the  same  propurtiuii.  The  prulits,  until  then,  are  retained  as  a  ''-ikiiig  fund  to  meet  the 
redeinptiim  of  the  lioiids. 

'/'he  Ihiion  Bank  has  bonds  to  the  amount  of  7,000,000  dollars,  and  is  conducted  on  similar  principles 
as  the  alKive.  The  oriainal  guarantee  on  morteaces  of  productive  property  is  t<,000,OUO  dollars.  The 
state  for  its  guarantee  is  to  rec(!ive  one  Ki.\th  of  thi!  nett  proceeds. 

'I'he  Cilizcna'  Bank  has  received  homis  to  the  amount  of  8,000,(100  dollars,  and  can  demand  4.000,000 
more  ;  it  is  conducted  on  the  same  pririciiiles  as  above  described.  The  guarantee  is  on  1 1,000,000  dol- 
lars of  morlL'aL'fS  on  real  productive  [property.  The  state  holds  one  sixth  of  the  neit  profits,  'vhich  are 
only  to  Ik;  divided  as  tlie  homIs  are  paiil  liy  the  banks,  and  in  the  same  proportion. 

Tennksskk. — The  interest  on  tlie  state  bonds  subscribed  lo  the  Union  liank  were  paid  by  the  divi- 
dends on  til"  =tock,  until  the  revulsion  of  1^37,  afler  which  the  state  paid  the  interest  from  the  ordi- 
nary resmiii  .;  of  tin;  treasury.  The  inti^rest  on  the  bomis  iasimd  to  railroad  and  turnpike  companies 
is  paid  by  tlie  slate,  and  the  companies  are  reiiuired  to  reimburse  the  treasury  for  the  sums  from  time 
to  time  paid. 

Kentlx'kv. — This  state,  in  all  cases,  pays  the  interest  on  her  own  stocks.  Auxiliary  funds  are  set 
apart  for  the  payment  of  the  interest  ;  but  if  these  funds  slum  Id  prove  insullicient,  the  state  is  bouiul  to 
resort  to  direct  ta.xes.  In  18.30,  the  legisialiire  establi.-ilied  a  sinking  fund  for  the  payment  of  the  debt ; 
to  which  fund  are  appropriated  bonuses  and  dividends  on  bank  stock,  premiums  on  scrip,  state  divi- 
dends in  turnpike  stuck  and  all  inti^rnal  improviMiients,  protits  of  the  couinu>nwec?lth's  bank,  proceeds 
cf  state  Slock  in  the  old  Hank  of  Kentucky,  and  tlie  excess  in  the  treasury  over  10,000  dollars  of  each 
year.  The  governor,  by  an  act  passed  in  IMiH,  is  authorised  to  borrow  any  sum  not  exceeding  the  ca- 
pacity of  the  sinking  fund,  to  pay  the  interest,  and  ultimately  the  principal,  of  the  state  bunds,  at  an 
interest  not  exceeding  0  per  cent,  per  annum. 

Taxation  is  conlined  to  specilic  subjects.  The  aggregate  value  of  such  as  are  chargeable  with  reve- 
nue is  2I7,4,'):!,011  dol'iars,  upon  which  a  tax  of  10  cents  on  the  100  dollars  is  paid. 

Ohio,— The  interest  on  tlie  stock  of  this  state  is  payable  in  New  York,  where  the  stock  is  transfer- 
able. Auxiliary  funds  are  set  apart  for  the  payment  of  the  interest,  and,  in  case  of  a  deficiency  therein, 
it  is  made  the  duty  of  the  auditor  of  slate  to  levy  an  udenuate  amount  by  direct  taxation.  The  loans 
were  invariably  made  on  pledges  of  specific  revenues  for  the  payment  of  both  principal  and  interest. 

The  stale  of  Ohio,  at  the  commencement  of  its  loans,  organised  a  system  of  finance  on  a  linn  foun- 
dation, providing  by  direct  taxation  for  the  payment  of  the  interest  and  the  ultimate  redemption  of  the 
principal.  In  1837,  after  the  susjiension  of  specie  payments,  Ohio  paid  the  interest  on  its  debt  in  New 
York  city  paper,  at  the  rale  of  lOU  dollars  fur  each  100  dollars  of  interest. 

Aggregate  valuation  of  real  and  personal  property,  110,000,000  dollars. 

iNniA.NA.— The  canal  lands-granted  to  the  state  by  the  general  government  on  the  Wabash  river, 
are  pledged  for  the  payment  of  the  loans  made  on  account  of  the  Wabash  canal.  The  interest  on  the 
bonds  issued  to  the  state  bank  is  paid  by  the  bank. 

In  1837,  after  the  suspension  of  specie  payinouis,  this  state  purchased  coin  to  pay  the  interest  on  its 
debt:  and  for  the  July  (n;arter  paid  HI  dollars  in  New  Vork  paper  for  each  100  dollars  in  coin. 

Aggregate  valuation  in  1837  estimated  at  05,000,000 dollars. 

Illinois.— The  state  in  all  cases  pays  the  interest  on  the  stock.  In  addition  to  the  usual  pledge  of 
the  faith  of  the  stale,  lands,  revenues,  &c.,  there  are  specifically  pledged  for  the  redemption  of  tho 
canal  bonds,  the  lands  granted  by  the  general  government  to  aid  in  constructing  the  canal ;  the  esti- 
mate of  which  is  e(]ual  to  the  whole  cost  of  the  canal.  There  is  also  pledged  for  the  interest  and  final 
redemption  of  the  bank  bonds,  the  dividends  and  the  stock  owned  by  the  state  in  the  banks,  which 
amounts  to  nearly  half  a  million  of  dollars  more  than  the  amount  of  these  bonds. 

Mich  10  AN. — The  proceeds  of  the  public  works,  as  well  as  the  faith  of  the  state,  is  pledged  for  5,000,000 
dollars— the  lands  set  apart  for  the  University  is  pledged  for  the  loan  for  that  object.  The  loans  lo 
railroads  are  secured  by  pledge  of  the  roads,  &c.  The  interest  on  100,000  dollars  issued  to  defray  the 
expenses  of  the  controversy  with  Ohio,  is  to  be  paid  by  a  direct  tax. 

Missouri  has  issued  bonds  to  the  amount  of  2,500,000  dollars  to  the  slate  bank  of  Missouri. 

AitK.ANSAs  has  issued  3,000,000  dollars  of  bonds  to  two  banks  in  that  state. 

Statement  showing  the  Amount  of  Stocks  issued,  and  authorised  by  I.aw  to  be  issued,  by  the  several 
States  named  below,  in  each  Period  of  Five  Years,  from  1820  to  1835,  and  from  1835  to  1838. 


Slates. 

1820  to  1B25. 
Dollars. 

1823  lo  1830. 

1830  lo  1835. 

1835  to  1S38. 

Tol.il, 

nMars. 

D'Mari. 

Dnilart. 

Dillarl. 

NewYnrk           ..... 

6,872,781 » 

1,624,000 

2.J04,979 

\2;imMi 

22,931,143 

Pennsylvania       ...--• 

I,6&0,000 

6,300,C00 

16,130,003 

3,166,787 

27,1(  6,7'« 

Massaclmuelts      .             -             -             -             - 

. 

* 

• 

4,290,000 

4,290.1  (H 

Maine    •             -             -              .             -             , 

. 

■ 

.'554,976 

. 

.nnJ.IITt) 

Maryland             ..... 

67,947 

576,Bf.9 

4,210.311 

6,649,033 

Il,l!i2,!i'0 

Virginia               ..... 

l,MO,(KK)t 

469,000 

686,500 

4,132,700 

6,;)i9.ci() 

South  Carolina    .            •            •            -             • 

i,wo,ooct 

310,100 

4,000,000 

6,S&>.OcO 

Ohio       ..--.. 

> 

4,400,000 

'  1,701,000 

• 

6,ioi,ri(0 
7,3t,9,(0J 

Kentucky             .             .             -             -             . 

■ 

• 

7,369,000 

Illinois  ...-■• 

. 

eoo.roo 

11,000,000 

ll,t«l,0.0 
ll,>  90.000 

Indi.ina  .----• 

• 

1,890,0(0 

10.0(0,<'00 

Tennessee            ..... 

.■iOO.OOO 

6,6lH,e00 

7,U>.C(« 

Alabania              ..... 

100,000 

2,200,000 

8,iS0O  0(10 

lO.bOO.WO 

Missouri               .             -              -             .             . 

. 

■ 

2,r,00,i:00 

2,3U),llO 

Mississippi          .             .              .             -             . 

. 

2,C0O,COO 

6,000.0'  0 

7,000,000 

Louisiana             ..... 

1,800,000 

7,333,000 

14,t00,000 

23,735,000 

ArkanS'ii              ..... 

. 

• 

3.(«i,con 

3(00.000 

Michigan            ..... 

• 

• 

S,34O,C0O 

5,340.CO0 

Total 

I2,790,72S 

I3,679,6S9 

1      40,012,769 

108,423,805 

174,90(;,M1 

#  Of  this  amount  I  he  sum  of  about  4  1-2  millions  of  dollars  has  been  redpemed. 
t  Virginia  has  a  »ar  ilebl  nf  34.1,l39'17  dollars,  conlr:icled  previous  to  1820. 
X  South  Carolina  lias  a  revolutionary  debt  of  193,7  (0>12  dollars. 

Some  (loubts  having  been  entertained  as  to  the  right  of  individual  states  to  contract  loan? 
Messrs,  Baring,  Urothers  and  Co.  addressed  a  letter  on  the  subject  to  the  distinguishn 
American  senator  and  lawyer,  Mr.  Webster,  lately  on  a  visit  lo  this  country.     We  subjoii 

Ills  reply  : — 

"London,  Oct.  Ifi,  IS.Ii. 

"  Oenllomen, — I  have  received  your  letter,  and  lose  no  time  In  giving  you  my  opinion  on  the  qiies 

tion  which  you  have  subniilted  for  my  consideration.    The  assertions  and  onggestions  to  which  yo 

refer,  as  having  appeared  in  some  of  the  public  prints,  had  not  escaped  my  notice. 


*] 


FUNDS. 


791 


of  the  bonds  by  the  bank-    The 
1  „.,„  ilnmnml  1,000,(100 

1  iii\iliarv  funds  are  sfit 

,  of  nuchas  arc  chargeable  wilhreve- 

"  '' V  ^.'u  wliero  the  stock  is  transfer- 
''^  \  in  c!  se  oa  .l.lkiency  therein, 
;sl,  iinil,  in  rase  "  "      .  ^'|,c   cans 

'■"''"'V'?;,V,lM-inc  pal  and  interest. 
,y,„ei.t  ot  b.  til  [""^^P''^„  „  cnu  foun- 
'^  ''  '^'  r,  1  i    a"e  'ed.  n.ption  oftlic 

f  interest. 

0  (toUurs.  .     ^ai,agh  river, 

jrwSrS°"Tbei"-restont.,e 

,„rcbased  coin  to  pay  the  interest  on  its 
'"pc,  for  each  100  dollursm  com. 

,rlr     In  addition  to  the  tisnal  V^^^fi 
)CK.    •'V"'V  f„,  flip  redeiniilion  of  tlie 

PFTSSintij^a^^^ 

j:,etb/li'e':u;:^n'?h^ 

jnt  of  these  bonds.  ^  f„r  5,000,000 

t^,ith  of  the  «;'   «• ''.Kr     The  loans  to 
Hn  WO  dol'l'arVSed  to  defray  ti>e 

's'tofl^e  state  bank  of  Missonri. 
IS  in  iliat  stale. 


■12  Jollart. 

h  of  indiv-uluaUtates  to  contraction 

\:1  Z  subject  to  the  tlisUngu^ 
';  a  visit  to  this  country,     vvcbuj 

"London,  Oct.  K;.l«^,. 
^lol  escaped  my  notice. 


"Your  first  inqniry  is, 'whether  the  IpRlsliiture  of  one  of  the  states  has  legal  and  constitutional 
power  to  CDiilract  IniiiiH  at  home  and  ahroiidl' 

"To  this  1  answiT,  thiit  the  Icitislatiiri.' of  a  state  has  such  power;  anil  how  any  dnnlit  could  have 
arisen  i>u  ,iiis  p.iint,  it  is  iljlliciiit  fur  mo  to  i-oncoivi!.  F.vi-ry  stale  is  an  iiiili'in-nili'iit,  s(ivc'ri'i«ii,  poli- 
tical com jiily,  exci'iil  in  so  far  as  curtain  powers,  wliirli   it   mmht  ollirrwi-i'   li:ive  imti  iscd,  have 

heeii  conlVrri'd   on  ii   (.'eni'ral   t'overnoMMit,  eslahjislii-d  nnilir  a  written  cdiislitnliDii,  and  rNuriintt  its 

authority  ovi'r  lh(!  pi'o|i|iMif  all  the  states.     This  Knieral  ^'nvenimeiil  is  a  iiniili'd  iiuvir unt.     Its 

l)owers  are  sperlliir  and  I'tinincraliMl.  Ail  powers  not  conferred  upon  it  still  remain  wilh  tiie  states 
and  with  the  people.  Thi;  statu  leu'lslatores,  on  the  other  liaml,  possess  all  usual  and  ordinary  powers 
of  government,  siiliject  to  any  llmilalions  which  may  he  iinpnsed  hy  tlii'ir  own  cnnstitiitiiiiis.  and  with 
the  excepliiiii,  as  1  have  said,  of  the  opi-ration,  on  those  powers,  ol"  the  consiiiiiil.m  of  the  United 
states.  The  powers  conferred  on  the  Keiieral  Koveriimenl  cannot,  of  course.  In.'  exercised  liy  any  in- 
dividual slate  ;  nor  can  any  state  pass  any  law  which  is  pndiihltiMl  hy  the  (oiisiiliiii.m  of  the  United 
States.  Thus  no  slate  can  hy  ilself  mike  war,  or  conclude  peace,  nor  I'liter  into  alii  lines  nr  treaties 
with  foreign  nations.  In  these,  and  other  important  particulars,  the  powers  wliii  h  would  have  i.tlier- 
wise  helonjied  to  the  slate  can  now  he  exercised  only  hy  the  general  L'overnmeni,  nr  t'uvernment  of 
the  lliiiled  Slates.  Nor  can  a  state  pass  a  law  which  is  prohiliiied  hy  its  own  consiiinliioi.  Hut  there 
is  no  provision  in  the  constilulion  of  the  United  Slates,  nor,  so  tar  as  I  k.iow  or  have  understood,  in 
any  stale  constilulion,  ptohiliiling  the  legislature  of  a  state  from  conlraclini;  delits,  or  in  ikiiig  loans, 
either  at  Iioiim!  or  alirtiad.  Uvery  stale  has  the  power  of  hivyin^  and  collectiii!!  taxes,  dir.cl  and  indi- 
rect, ol'all  kinds,  except  that  no  stale  can  impose  duties  on  (.'oods  and  merchandise  imported,— that 
power  helongim;  exclusively  to  congress  hy  the  conslitiition.  That  power  of  taxation  is  exercised  hy 
every  stale,  hahilually  and  constantly,  according  to  its  own  discretion,  and  the  e.xigeiicies  of  its 
government. 

"This  is  the  ijeneral  theory  of  that  mixed  system  of  governinent  which  prevails  in  America.  And 
as  the  constitution  of  the  United  States  contaijis  no  prohihilion  or  restraint  on  stale  legislatures  in 
regard  to  making  loans,  and  as  no  state  constitution,  so  far  as  known  to  me,  contains  any  such  prohi- 
bition, it  is  clear  that,  in  this  re.^pect,  these  legislatures  are  left  in  the  full  possessimi  of  this  power,  as 
an  ordinary  and  usual  power  of  po\  eminent. 

"I  have  seen  a  suiigestioii,  that  slate  loans  must  be  regarded  as  unconslitiitional  and  illegal,  inas- 
much as  the  constilulion  of  the  United  States  has  declared  that  no  stale  shall  emit  lulls  ol'credit.  It 
is  certain  that  the  constitution  of  the  United  States  does  contain  this  salutary  proliiliilion  ;  but  what 
is  a  bill  of  credit!  It  has  no  resemhlance  whatever  to  a  bond,  or  other  security  given  for  the  payment 
of  money  borrowed.  'J  he  term  'bill  of  credit'  is  familiar  in  cnir  political  history,  and  its  meaning  well 
ascertained  and  settled,  not  only  by  that  history,  but  by  judicial  interpretations  and  decisions  from  the 
highest  source.  Uor  the  purpose  of  this  opinion,  it  may  la;  sulticieiit  lo  say,  that  bills  of  credit,  the 
subject  of  the  prohibition  in  the  constitution  id'lhe  United  States,  were  essentially  paper  money.  They 
were  paper  issues,  intend(ul  for  circulation,  and  for  receipt  into  the  treasury  as  cash,  ami  were  some- 
times made  a  teiiiler  in  payment  of  debts.  To  put  an  end  at  once,  and  for  ever,  to  evils  of  this  sort, 
and  to  dangers  from  this  source,  the  constitution  of  ihe  United  Slates  has  decliired.  that  'no  state 
shall  emit  bills  of  credit,  nor  make  any  thing  but  gold  and  silver  a  tender  in  payment  of  debts,  nor  pass 
any  law  which  shall  impair  the  obligation  of  contracts,'  All  this,  however,  proves,  not  that  states 
cannot  contract  debts,  but  that,  when  contracted,  they  must  pay  them  in  coin,  according  lo  their  stipu- 
lations. The  several  states  possess  the  power  of  borrowing  money  for  their  own  internal  occasions 
of  expeiidilure,  as  fully  as  congress  possesses  the  power  to  borrow  in  behalf  of  Ihe  United  Slates,  for 
the  purpose  of  raising  armies,  equipping  navies,  or  performing  any  other  of  its  constitutional  duties, 
it  may  be  added,  that  congress  itself  fully  rijcognises  this  power  in  the  slates,  as  it  has  aulhoriseil 
the  investment  of  large  funds  which  it  held  in  trust  for  very  important  purposes  in  cerliiicales  of  state 
stocks, 

,  "The  security  for  state  loans  is  the  plighted  faith  of  the  state,  as  a  political  community.  It  rests  on 
the  same  basis  as  other  contracts  with  established  governments — the  same  basis,  for  ex.imple,  as  loans 
wade  to  the  United  States  under  the  autlnuity  of  congress  ;  that  i.i  lo  say,  the  good  fiilliof  the  govern- 
ment making  Ihe  loan,  and  its  ability  to  fulfil  its  engagements.  These  slate  loan,s,  it  is  known,  have 
been  contracted  principally  for  the  purpose  of  making  railroads  and  canals  ;  and  in  some  cases, 
although  I  know  not  how  generally,  the  income  or  r(^venue  expected  to  be  derived  from  these  works 
is  directly  and  specifically  pledged  for  the  payment  of  the  interest  and  the  redemption  of  the  debt,  in 
addition  to  the  obligation  of  public  faith.  In  several  states,  other  branches  of  revenue  have  been  spe- 
cifically pledged;  .and  in  others,  very  valuable  tracts  of  land.  It  cannot  be  doiilded  that  the  general 
result  of  these  works  of  internal  iinprovemcnt  has  been,  and  will  be,  to  enhance  the  wealth  and  ability 
of  the  stales. 

"It  has  been  said  that  the  states  cannot  be  sued  on  these  bonds.  Put  neither  could  the  United 
Slates  be  sued,  nor,  as  !  suppose,  the  crown  of  Kngland,  in  a  like  case.  Nor  would  the  power  of  suing, 
probably,  give  the  creditor  any  substantial  additional  security.  The  soli-inn  obligation  of  a  govern- 
incnt,  arising  on  its  own  acknowledged  bond,  would  not  he  enhanced  by  a  judgment  rnul  red  on  such 
bond.  If  it  either  could  not,  or  would  not,  make  iirovision  for  paying  the  bond,  it  is  not  probable  that 
it  could,  or  would,  make  provision  for  satisfying  the  judgment, 

"The  states  canuol  rid  themselves  of  their  obligations  otherwise  than  by  the  honest  payment  of  the 
debt.  They  can  pass  no  law  impairing  the  obligation  of  their  own  contracts, — they  can  make  nothing 
a  tender  in  discharge  of  such  contracts  hut  gold  and  silver.  They  possess  all  adeiiuate  jiovver  of  pro- 
viding for  the  case,  by  taxes  and  internal  means  of  revenue.  They  cannot  get  round  their  duty,  nor 
evade  its  force.  Any  failure  to  fulfil  its  undertakings  would  be  an  open  viidation  of  public  I'ailh,  lo  bo 
fillowed  by  the  penalty  of  dishonour  and  disgrace,— a  penalty,  it  may  be  presumed,  which  no  stale  of 
Iho  American  Union  would  be  likely  to  incur, 

"I  bnpe  1  may  be  justified  by  existing  circumstances  to  close  this  letter  with  the  expression  of  an 
opinion  of  a  more  general  nature.  It  is,  tliati  believe  the  citizensof  the  United  States,  like  all  honest 
men,  regard  debts,  whether  public  or  private,  and  whether  existing  at  home  or  abroad,  to  be  of  moral 
as  well  as  higal  obligation;  and  I  trust  I  may  appeal  to  their  history,  from  the  moment  when  those 
stales  took  their  rank  among  the  nations  of  the  earth  to  the  present  time,  (or  proof  that  Ibis  belief  is 
Well  founded;  and  if  it  were  possible  that  any  of  the  stales  should  at  any  time  so  entinly  lose  her 
self-respect  and  forget  her  duty  tis  to  violate  the  fiiitli  solemnly  pledged  fiir  her  pecuniary  eng  igiMiients, 
I  believe  there  is  no  country  upon  earth— not  even  that  of  the  injured  creditors— in  which  such  a  pro- 
ci^eding  would  meet  with  less  countenance  or  indulgence  than  it  would  receive  from  the  great  mass 
of  the  American  people, 

"  I  have  the  honour  to  be,  gentlemen,  your  obedient  servant, 
"Messrs,  Baring  Brothers  &  Co,"  "Daniel  Wedsteh." 

There  can,  of  course,  be  no  further  iloubt  as  to  the  law  on  this  important  suliject;  and  we 
trust  that  the  states  will  respectively  evince  that  high  moral  sense,  and  detenninalion  to  pay 
their  just  debts,  for  which  their  distinguished  countryman  gives  them  credit.     We  confess. 


it! 

i 
i 


I 


792 


GALACZ,  GUAYAQUIL. 


5 
^ 


howovrr,  that  wc  nrp  not  without  our  niisgiviiip;s  on  this  point.  The  extreme  facility  with 
wiiich  Iduns  oil  Amriitiui  account  have  rrcciilly  liecn  raised  in  Europe,  and  espicially  in  this 
eountry,  on  nil  manner  of  securities,  will  turn  out,  in  the  end,  a  serious  loss  to  America; 
inasmuch  as  it  has  teniptcd  her  citi/.cns  to  en^au:e,  without  tiullicient  consideratiun,  in  the 
most  ^i<;iuitic  undcrtakiiiL;^,  and  to  generate  and  dilVusc  a  spirit  far  more  akin  to  gamblinp; 
than  to  the  pursuits  of  solicr  industry.  In  conseciuence,  a  vast  amount  of  capital  has  liern 
nn]irolU:il)ly  expended,  and  to  little  hctter  purpose,  in  fact,  than  if  it  had  been  absolutely 
thrown  away.  Now,  the  <iuestion  which  our  countrymen,  who  are  so  fond  of  investing  in 
American  securities,  woidii  do  well  to  ponder,  is,  will  the  states  continue,  after  the  excitement 
of  the  period  of  expenditure  is  gone  by,  regularly  to  pay  the  interest  of  these  debts  ?  !?'up- 
posc  that  a  system  of  universal  sulVrage  were  established  in  this  country,  and  that  wc  had 
.several  millions  a  year  to  pay  to  France  or  liussia,  for  loans  borrowed  from  them,  and 
expended  less,  perha|)s,  for  the  public  advantage  than  for  the  private  benefit  of  the  parties  who 
iiegociated  the  loans:  under  such  eircumstance.-f,  wc  rather  incline  to  think,  should  any  thing 
occur  to  j'xcite  our  prejudices  against  our  foreign  creditors,  that  there  would  be  no  small  risk 
of  a  ferious  interruption  taking  |)lace  in  the  payments  due  to  them.  And  if  such  a  thing 
might,  in  the  supposed  case,  be  not  unreasonably  predicated  of  England,  it  is  not  uncharit- 
able to  supiiose  that  it  may  also  occur  in  America. — iS*. 

GAL.At'Z.  To  the  conclusion  of  the  paragraph,  vol.  i.,  page  701,  of  this  edition,  annex 
the  following : — 

JViivitraiiiiii  iif  the.  D(iniilie.—ii\eam  navipntion  was  first  cstalilislicd  on  the  DaniibB  in  1830,  sitico 
which  the  iiiiihTtakinu  lias  poiio  on  prospcrini:,  so  much  so,  tliat  Iho  coiiiiniinicatioii  between  Vienna 
and  ('onstaiiiiii(>|>h'  i^i  now  niaintaini'd  liy  a  line  ot'seviMi  steam  vessels.  'I'lic  Anstrlan  sleam  ciimpany, 
which  was  the  lirsl  in  llie  t'leld,  have  extended  their  scheme  l>y  starting  vessels  lietwecn  Vienna  uiicj 
I.iii/.,  aiida  llavarian  cinnpany  coiiimenced  in  l>;i^  ninnint;  a  vessel  hetween  llatisban  and  l.inz.  It 
is  proliahle  lliat  in  a  year  iir  two  steamers  may  ply  Irom  Uini  downwards. 

Al  present  sleam  hoals  ply  on  the  Oaiiiilie  as  long  as  the  river  remains  free  from  ire  (nsnnlly  from 
Fehrnary  <ir  Marcli  to  Nnveinber),  from  Uaiislum  In  I.iiiz,  once  a  week  ;  Lin/,  to  Vienna,  10  hoars, 
once  a  week  ;  Vienna  In  I'reshnrg  and  I'estli,  twice  ;  I'esth  In  Urenkova,  oilCb  a  week  ;  Gladovato 
Calacz.  once  a  week  ;  (.'alacz  to  Constanunnple,  once  a  fortnight. 

'I'll!'  vnyaire  iVom  Vienna  to  C'onstaiitiiiople,  iiii  liidins  stoppM:<'s,  is  seldom  performed  in  less  Ih.iii 
fourteen  days,  and  sometimes  iiccnpies  seventeen;  in  returning'  ngainsl  the  stream  it  takes  iit  lea^t  a 
niontli,  Inclndiiig  ten  days'  iiuarantine  at  Orsova.  The  fare,  lirst  place,  is  134II.,  about  VSl. ;  second 
place,  (Htl. 

The  navigation  of  the  Dannhn  by  steamers  is  unfortunately  interrupted  for  a  length  of  abnnt  lifly 
miles,  between  Drenkova  and  (Jlaitnva,  hy  rocks  and  rapids,  the  lowest  and  most  considerable  nf  wliirii 
IS  a  sort  iif  cataract,  called  the  "  Irong.ite,"  alicnit  three  miles  below  the  Hungarian  frontier.     It  i.t 
wortliyiif  remark  Ihatthe  most  illustrious  of  the  Itonian  emperors,  Trajan,  alive  to  nil  the  advantacc' 
to  l.'e  derived  from  tlie  easy  navigation  of  the  Danube,  had  with  e(|ual  industry  and  sagacity  fornjeil  .i 
road,  or  towing  path,  along  the  river's  edge   fur  facilitating  the  operation  of  towing,  of  which  ilic 
remains  are  still  exiant,  w  ilh  an  inscription  comniemoralive  of  the  completion  of  the  works.     It  has 
been  pro|>osed  to  overcome  the  ditticulties  in  the  way  of  the  navigation  by  renovating  the  (dd  Honian 
road,  and  deepening  tln^  channel  contiguous  to  it.     lint  it  rarely  happens  that   attempts   to  iiiiprove 
the  navigation  in  the  bed  of  a  river,  under  any  thing  like  similar  circumstances,  are  even  IcileiaMy 
successful.     'I'lie  better  way  undoubtedly  would  be,  were  it  practicable,  to  construct  a  lateral  canal, 
or  rather  a  canal  from  the  mouth  of  the  Uereska  to  I'alanka,  which  would  not  only  avoid  the  rapiils, 
but  also  shorten  the  navigation  by  getting  rid  of  the  bend  of  the  river  by  Orsova.     I!ut  tlie  diHiciiliii'.s  I 
in  the  way  of  such  an  undertaking,  from   the  nature  of  the  ground,  are  said  to  be  insuperable  ;  anil  ii  [ 
is,  tlierefore,  probable  that  the  distance  of  5U  miles  along  tlie  rapids  will  continue,  if  not  alwajs,i{i| 
least  for  some  considerable  time,  n  porlaire.     The  evil,  however,  of  this  break  in  the  navigation  \\\h 
been  diminished,  as  far  as    possible,  by  the  construction  of  an  admirable  carriage  road  (receiiliy 
linishrd),  at  great  expense,  by  the  Hungarian  diet,frotii  Moldova  to  Orsova.     In  the  extent  of  excava- 1 
tions  ill  the  rock,  and  terraces  of  masonry,  upon  which  it  is  carried,  it  is  not  inferior  as  a  .'peciinenl 
of  engineering  to  the  tinest  roads  over  the  Alps.     .Several  steamers  have  been  transported  down  these  I 
rapids  at  the  season  of  tloods,  small  barges  pass  them  at  all  times,  aiid  little  boats,  laden  w  ith  \\\\\\ 
and  wo(d,  ate  towed  lip  by  men  and  oxen.     The  passengers  and  goods  conveyed  hy  the  steamers  are  | 
transferred   from  .Moldova  in  row-boats,  to  tlladova,  below  the  Irongate,  where  they  embark  on  I 
another  steamer.  | 

A  riiilrcdd  is  nearly  completed  from  Briinn,  the  capital  of  Moravia,  to  Vienna;  another  rnilrcajl 
diverges,  from  the  Dannlie,  at  Mnz,  north  to  lliidweis  in  Uoheinia,  where  it  reaches  the  bunks  of  Uw\ 
Muldaii,  and  through  it  communicates  with  the  Kibe. — Ji. 

GUAYAQUIL. 

Account  of  the  Export  of  Cocoa  from  riiinyanuil,  during  each  of  the  Si.t  Voara  ending  with  1638,  spe- 
cifying the  Countries  to  which  it  was  exported,  and  the  Uuanlities  sent  to  each. 


Cniinlrit's. 

IS33. 

If  31. 

I93i. 

isae. 

li-37. 

IMS. 

TliMl. 

/./J. 

IM. 

lit. 

Lis. 

;./.i. 

5l\iin     .... 

2,116, 1C6 

6.70<J,!-6I 

3,97!1,379 

4,970,996 

4,4:19,616 

2,l49.9f'2 

'H.K,\m 

Ki.ilaml 

. 

. 

t2d,447 

I0.5,'i(.6 

7W,013 

1 1.1  lite  .... 

SSS.Tl!; 

276,0  !l 

fi-y^.-n:, 

606,204 

. 

136  723 

2.ii.',!l)ii 

Vniied  SLites 

S3»),S;16 

747.627 

4,3>S,I50 

t»S,04l 

I,6ie,3f3 

P9i.i;73 

9, 11:1,4 10 

Mcjiji-n  .... 

i.l-76,i:!i9 

1,991,191 

2,399,SI'6 

1,0I4,0S3 

2T5,!149 

1,221,001 

>--.\il  1 

("■i-ii'r.il  Anictica 

361,0116 

i!sr),9i8 

6,'i",297 

4SO.I8n 

M,070 

43I,S.!2 

2,JTI,)3i 

Nfvv  (irfiiada    ■ 

5",9.'>4 

2.1 06 

t9,'-22 

4il,9!'3 

,51,712 

33,939 

2i-:.y6 

IlTU          .... 

6:r..Moi 

6asi7o 

6-.v,l«7 

2,137.472 

7II,S2I 

767,3-S 

.5.'6^.r(9 

(lull      .... 

2 -.9,1-47 

22S,017 

3>S,711 

4.'".0,253 

262,750 

li,0,6!'9 

i.7ii\jm  : 

M.Tiiila  .... 

139,^32 

153,778 

67,463 

. 

806.(70 

•,117.443 

lUiiiburg 

. 

- 

. 

. 

. 

400,002 

4(M.ui 

GeniM    .... 

• 

• 

. 

. 

325,377 

3.'5,J" 

S.111  Tnm,n 

. 

. 

4nr.,noo 

. 

. 

4O;.,(O0 

Rio  Janeiro        ... 
Total 

• 

• 

306,454 

433,S71 

243,0C0 

9S3,ia 

6,69S,776 

10,999,862 

I3,SOO,S51 

10,918,563 

8.620,125 

7,1(16,075 

5S 13 1,354 

HAMBURGH— IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS. 


793 


The  extreme  facility  with 
continue,  alttf  "\      ,     y 

,.,,,,stoftiK.ead>^^  ;;j, 

thi.  country,  anajha;     ^^^^ 

"r^o'XS.>i"i  any  thin. 
'•'^^^'^''^^'W      "ucUatl^i''« 


page  701 


of  this  edition,  annex 


,,e  comnuim  a  •'^<  '.„,,,  ,,,„,,,ain, 

^;s.  is  seldom  porn.r.ed  in  |css_0,a. 

I  l.el-nv  t\.e  1  '  f"  ';„  ,1..-  iulviu.tni:.'^ 
I,e  oporalio.1  "  f'Vl  ^Nv-rKs'.  It  Iv.is 
.K- Iwl'pPt's  J"",,.'    -ire  even  t..lfi"l'l> 

or  of  this  iTcak  i"  i''«  j  (reccmly 
',:;;  admirable  rnrnag^  '^'^^t  „f  ^^^^^,,. 
va  to  Orsova.  ''  .„ior  as  u  specimen 
arried,  it  is  ""\^  ,%oried  dow"  tlu« 

'l,frtf'g"te?w.u;rV'theyen.UarKc. 
.nrtihpr  railroaJ 


I  of  the  fix 
1  the  U'lii" 


IS36. 

|4,91U,996 

'  606.204 

ll,0<4,0>3 

4S0,1S!) 

4!l,9i'3 

12,131.4';* 

4r>0,'2i3 

61,463 


Years  ending  wit't 
,tiiic8  scut  to  oaih. 


1839,  spe- 


licmB.fi''-' 


• 1        I  J.I. 


2,\4^9f2 

136  723 

flU.013 

l.ii'.t'Ol 

431  >2J 

a3,S39 

167,31S 

li,0,W'9 

400,W)2 


■    »..  i.,r  243.fCO         ■ 


The  district  in  which  Guayaquil  is  situated  has,  for  a  considerable  period,  formed  a  part  of  the 
republic  of  lOruador  or  ./liinialor.  I.ikii  llin  other  S.  American  slates  it  h:is  been  sulijected  lo  perpetu- 
ally recurrini;  revdiulioiis ;  but  (iuaya()iiil  has  uotwithslaiuliiig  ciinliiiued  to  enjoy  a  considerable 
coininercu.  lis  principal  arlitlc  of  export  is  cocoa,  of  uliich  larjic  (nianliiies  are  eliipped  ;  and  next  to 
it  are  limber,  tobacco,  ceibo  wool  iisimI  in  stiilhn^  niallresses,  ^c.  '1  he  principal  articles  of  iinpurl 
are  Uritisli  umnufucturud  cottons  and  hardware,  silks,  wine,  tloiir,  &c. — .b'. 

HAMBURGH. 

Table  of  the  Principal  Imports,  Stocks,  R.xports,  and  Consumption  at  the  Port  of  Hamburg,  from  1826 

to  183'J,  both  inclusive. 


Slock, 

Import.    \ 

Cnnsiiiiip 

Trice  in 

Jan.  1. 

aitU  Kxjj. 

December. 

Jan.  1. 

.inii  Kx\t 

Uiceiiibvr. 

DonUnffo. 

Bi.ff  yrt  Ilav. 

Lla. 

IM. 

Wi. 

.s\A(l/i>i<i, 

Lbs. 

l.bt. 

Lbl. 

(;i.ji£,. 

CoffM     ■  1836 

'4,o,o,o:'o 

47,tO(I,CO0 

4S,T(KI,000 

4vl7olo5|.4 

Sunr       ■  1836 

2l,«W,0flO 

83,1  oo,nro 

«I.OiH),OrO  5  1-2  lo7 

i«3; 

1  .,Ul'0,l.Ol) 

,')l  ti26,l.Jl' 

Jil,l)2  >,t,0  ' 

4- 125  -43  4 

IS37 

2»,0«),0l)l) 

Mi,iA»i,0(,0 

100,000,100  5  14.7  1-2 

IS3S 

1  -icno.iwi  5:1.2  ii,o.K 

r>tj,Jil),ieu 

4  375  -5  125 

l!i3>l 

9,1)00,000 

H9,7  O.lltHj 

<.l5,7i0,000  5  1-2    -7 

isaa 

12,0.0,01 0|  47,JOLl,UlK 

5lMJ00,lK«l 

i          -bl-l 

i.-yg 

13,0OJ,COj 

83,2;0,0L0 

8).2iO,iOO  5  1-4    -6  1-2 

.<tock,  Jan  I.  lhl( 

.  1  . 

P.riUll.lHHl 

Slork.Jin.l.  181(1 

■ 

1 1 ,0'  (1,01  0 

Buen'tJlyrti 

i                     1     Kiiitlicky. 

Pifcta. 

Piccn. 

Pkce%. 

.Sc7lil;i"<i. 

Ho^theadt. 

Uoetheadi.  Ilogihcadi. '  SiltiUingi. 

lliJci      -  1836 

2»,0(/0 

^3,:49 

104,349 

6  1  4  10  7  1  4 

Tobacco  -  IS36 

1,2SI) 

3,198             4,048       , 1-87.  10  4  1-2 

IS37 

8,200 

111,071 

111,271 

6-625   -71.2 

li.37 

730 

4,91 1 

5,144 

1  875    -  4  3-4 

1838 

8,100 

142.'I35 

142,0Ji 

6  12    -7  1-2 

IS3S 

6(0 

4,^41 

4,494 

33.4  -eii 

I8i9 

^,300 

161,094 

167,294 

7  1-2     ■81-4 

lf39 

260 

1,917 

1,767 

3           -  7 

Slock,  Jln.I.  I«4ii 

.     1     .          .1 

6,100 

Slock, J.1I1.I.  18l0 

- 

400 

r.  vio.andbl. 

(;.o.L'/'/,iMrf, 

Baltt. 

Jlnlo. 

Sn]a. 

SthiUtugs. 

Cl>l.    .Sir. 

Chi.     Scr. 

Chi.      Scr. 

Dm.  Matci. 

ColloB     -  IB36 

9,l4.i 

6u,l06 

66,-51 

7  3-4  10  10  1-4 

Indigo     -  1836 

470    350 

7,118     480 

7,123     6-0 15  1.4106 

1S37 

IH.500 

5.i,4-.0 

67,3:.0 

8         -    8 

18;i7 

460     150 

4,929    615 

4,554     too  3  3-4    -  6  1-1 

IVM 

id.aio 

42,2.-4 

6ll,?6»     |6         -13.4 

1S38 

833     163 

6.236     163   6,476     223  6  1.4    ■  6  121 

INI9 

7,9t>0 

40,9i6 

40,ll:l6     |6  1-4  -    8 

1839 

595     103 

5,923    944   6,273    9S4  7  1-4    •  7  1-2 

Slork,.I»n.'.  Ii'40 

SHHO      1 

Slock. J.in.t.  I-41I 

-        245      651                        1 

Caivltna 

Sumatra. 

£11/.     Dni. 

nih.    Bet. 

mi'.     Bet. 

Marci 

Lbl. 

r.bt. 

Lit.          :ichitlingt. 

Rico  -  l»36 

2  3  0      «,U0  ' 

8,707  12,8-. 

9,107     7.SS4 

13  10  14i 

Pepper    ■  1836 

2,50,000 

2,31 0  000 

1.980,000           3-f.23 

1837 

1,900    11,00  i 

9,220  Il,h4l 

10,670    12.840 

13    ■  15 

ISOT 

570,000 

,      9.30,0(iO 

l,27u,(Hi0           3-875 

isos 

4)0    11 ',000 

.'i.771  30,90J 

5,471    30,902 

16^.  19 

1838 

2.30,0110 

1  i,2eo,ooo 

1,110,000           4 

18J9 

7J0    10,000 

I0,0d7  27,II; 

7,317  26,312 

13    ■  I4j 

1839 

400,000 

1    1,900,000 

2,000,000          3  3-4 

Slock.  Jau.  1. 

Slock,  Jin.l. 

1 

1S40 

• 

• 

3,  TO    10  800 

1K40 

. 

3fO,0OO 

Htti-l. 

Baft. 

Baei,     1  Sdiitlingt. 
12,613    |3'623lo3S25 

Bagi. 

Baet. 

Bagl.         .^MUingt. 
6,803        3-37510  3  1.2 

FimcDlo  .  1836 

14,000 

14,613 

Pimenio  •  IMS 

Il,0t0 

5,^03 

1831 

16,000 

b,033 

13,053    j3-375  .  3-625 

1839 

10,0CO 

5,466 

8,446       :i  1-4  ■  3-315 

1 

.Slock,  J.«i.l.  IS40I     - 

■ 

7  000 

Shipping. — The  ships  arriving  at  Hamburgh  in  the  undermentioned  years  (ending  30th  of  Septem- 
ber) have  been  as  under: — 


From  the 

1637. 

1838. 

1S39. 

East  Indies   ..... 
Brazil            .           .           .           .           . 
West  Indies              .           .           .           . 
United  States           .           .           .           . 
Mediterranean         .           .          .           . 
8pain             .           .           .           .           . 
Portugal        .           .           .           .           . 
France           .           .           .           .           . 
Great  Britain            .           .           .           . 
Netherlands              .           .           .           . 
Baltic            .           .           .           .           . 

Totals           .           .           . 

19 

121 

139 

55 

65 

32 

21 

125 

1,160 

634 

513 

17 

136 

160 

39 

77 

23 

35 

118 

1,249 

654 

484 

17 
140 
143 

40 

80 

38 

34 

138 

1,490 

619 

494 

2,884 

2,9' ,2 

3,233 

.4. 

[HAVANNAH. 

Niimhcr  of  vessels  which  entered  the  port  of  Havannab  from  foreign  ports,  from  the  1st  of  January 
10  tbe  30th  September,  1830 : 


651  American, 
55  British, 

398  Spanish, 
11  Dutch, 
10  Belgian, 
23  French, 
22  Hamburgh, 
19  Bremen, 
8  Danish, 
S3  others, 


113,373  tons. 

9,649  " 

50,710  " 

1,621  " 

2,268  " 

6,109  " 

4,008  " 

'   3,522  " 

•  1,373  " 

6,130  " 


1229  '  197,763 

The  coasting  vessels,  from  30  to  200  tons  each,  are  not  included ;  nor  are  they  repotted  among  lb* 
I  Mrival8  and  departures  in  tlie  daily  papers.— .4m.  Ed.} 
Vol.  II.— 3  X  100 


!l 


704 


IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS. 


5 

J' 


Q 
^ 


IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS. 

I.  Table  exhibiting  tlie  diflcrent  Cdiinlries  to  whirli  Articles  of  the  Produce  or  Mnnufactiiio  of  11 
United  KiiigdoMi  have  bt^en  ex|)orted  diirint'  the  Six  Yearn  eiidintj  with  18;i8,  arranged  in  the  Ord 
of  the  Mniiiiitude  of  the  Rxportg  to  tlieiii ;  and  specifyini!  the  average  aiiiiiial  Aiiiniint  of  the  Expor 
to  each  during  tlic  said  Six  Years,  and  the  I'ortion  of  such  Exports  destined  for  each,  supposing  tl 
wliole  Exports  to  he  1,000. 


Average 

Averai^e 

Average 

annual 

Anidutit  of 

Expiirls, 

ii>33-a». 

annual 
Prripnrtinn 

Average 
annual 
Amount  of 
Kxports 
IS33-33. 

annual 
Prop-  rtion 

Countriu. 

expnrted  to 
eai'h  Countrv, 
Kuppnsing  tlie 
whole  Kxitnrls 

Counlriee. 

exported  to 
each  Cnun'ry 

StiplKlsilu;  tilt 

whole  Kxpnr 

to  lie  1,000. 

to  he  1,000. 

Unileil  Stilei  of  America  ■ 

8.2s1.2«S 

1  SI -260,779 

Iliyti    .... 

3li2,9l3 

6-62=,5-,7 

riernwiiy 

4,b 12,721 

10I.WJ,3II 

.Mauritius 

251, I6J 

6-496,171 

East    India  Company**  terriloriei 

fcL-ypI    (iports  on  tho  Medilerra- 

and  ffvlnn 

3,37i,20l 

73R')S,606 

11,-ai)) 

20fl,'77 

4-570.793 

British  \Ve-jl  InJifS 

3.IS3.li;i2 

b9'61iM9l 

Malta    .... 

164.632 

3-6(.2,-94 

Italy  and  the  Italian  Islands 

'2,73s.  IBI 

69  9I.S3,9 

Cfiluiiitiia 

164,0114 

3-i88,t.5i 

Holland  .... 

2,733,274 

5H-81I,4;1C 

i'lussia  .... 

I5i,72a 

3-342.0  9 

Brazil     .... 

2.-.2l,39l 

5i-l74.SBl 

Deiiiiiaik 

113,113 

2471,219 

Hniish  North  American  colonies  • 

2,131,2(0 

4fir>17,74l 

l"niaii  Islands    > 

95.11,6 

2-(  8.1,490 

Russia    .... 

l,6W6,39l 

3(i  9(12, -113 

Sweden 

9tl,M3 

1  -ii87,;;34 

France   .... 

l,4i)4  597 

32-705,t3l 

Philippine  Islands 

84,!-21 

1-856,113 

Turk.y   and   Continental   Greece 

Niirway 

70,945 

l-fi52,lf.9 

(t-xclusive  of  the  Morea) 

1.377,464 

30-142,613 

Az  ires   .               .                -                • 

&2,bJI 

1-1)1,709 

Fortuijal  Pruj'er  • 

1,242.114 

27-I1-U.HI9 

M.ileira 

4'i,»5l 

-893.9::o 

China    .              .              -             - 

9eii,l7ii 

2l'5sU,071 

8}iia  and  Palestine 

37.016 

•810,010 

Cuba  and  other  Foreign  West  In- 

t'aiiary Islaiuis    • 

3.5,^11 

.       •7ai,82?) 

dies    .... 

863,584 

l8-!!97.-i57 

'iMIinli,  liirbary,  and  Morocco     - 

33,9.'6 

•742,31M 

Bi-lpiurn 

661,196 

IS-S4j,30I 

Morea  and  Greik  Islands 

2:1.273 

■5li,5li5 

New  South  Wales,  Van  Diemen's 

.Si,  Helena 

21,233 

•46i,(C3 

Iiarid  and  Swan  River   • 

844, l(X) 

18-471,194 

Guati-inala 

8,3  4 

•IB2.MS 

Chili       .... 

70<,38i 

l,i3'll,969 

Aialiin  .... 

3,V33 

•086.108 

Slates  nf  the  Rio  de  la  Plata 

679,8-2 

14877  ;it 

Ports  iif  Spain     - 

a,i9l) 

■0-1. "114 

Gibraltar 

667,570 

l4-tO-,240 

Isle  (if  Piiurbon  ■ 

1.814 

•031,613 

Feru       .... 

437. Ib4 

9it.6.^32 

K.i-,tern  coast  nf  Africa    . 

1,762 

-038,ii7 

(-ape  nf  Good  Hope 

42>.t:-)9 

9-3,8fi.220 

New  Zealand  and  Sou;h  Sea  Is- 

Mexico •             .            .            . 

4ll',4i2 

9-1 13,1  98 

lands  -            .            .            . 

7?6 

•I17.2P0 

Sumatra  and  Java 

381.617 

8-351,470 

Cape  Verd  Islands 

C15 

•Oia.hW 

Western  coast  of  Africa     - 

3^6,9V2 

7-811,077 

Ascension  Maiul 

179 

•003,9-7 

Spain  and  the  Balearic  Islands 

358,1-93 

7-809,783 

At  rican  Ports  on  the  Red  Sea 

33 

■OlO,:22 

l&les  of  Guernsey,  Jersey,  Alderney, 

and  Man 

340,1 15 

7-442,639 

Total  - 

41,6' 8,162 

1  -OOO.t  0  i,OliO 

II.  Accotint  of  the  Quantities  of  the  principal  Articles  of  Foreign  and  Colonial  Merchandise  inipnrtci 
into,  exported  from,  and  retained  for  Coiisiiinption  in,  the  United  Kingdom,  with  Nett  I'rodiico  01 
the  Revenue  accruing  thereon,  during  the  Years  1837  and  1838. 


Quantities  imported. 

Quantities 

exported. 

Quantities  retained  for 
Consumption. 

Kelt  Revenue. 

Description. 

1837. 

IS3S. 

1637. 

1538. 

1337. 

1836. 
122,390 

1837. 

i. 

193 

1838. 

Ashes,  pearl  and  pot    -  cwt. 

147,329 

127,101 

18,810 

.5,097 

128,098 

'"4 

Cocoa              -           •    lbs. 

2,853.000 

4,096,409 

933,276 

639,287 

1,416.613 

i,tOI,7'-7 

1        13,922 

l5,2.-j 

Husks  and  shells       •    — 

511,737 

384,842 

. 

481,170 

421,548 

Coflie,  VIZ  — 

J 

British  plantation     -    — 

15,184,413 

17,436,623 

329,017 

93,237 

17,138,158 

15,493,639 

) 

1 

Last  India  and  .Mau- 
ritius         .           .    — 

9,950,005 

8,413,393 

1,320,253 

216,578 

9,203.614 

10,263,843 

>    696,643 

6S5,0eJ 

Foreign  plantation     •    — 

11,278,096 

I4,080.0t>3 

6,411,701 

10,9)3,450 

3,169 

8,191 

J 

1 

Allurli            •    — 
Cork,  unmanufactured    cwt. 

36,412,514 

39,932,279 

8,060,975 

ll,293,2S0 
2t5 

26,346,661 
60,076 

25,765,673 
57,522 

24,124 

A.J 

tO,SI5 

51,852 

246 

Cotton  wool,  from  foreign 

1 

countrie-,  viz. — 

1 

The  U.,S.  of  America    lbs. 

320,631,716 

431.437,888 

1 

Brazil            -            -    — 

20,940,143 

24,464,505 

1 

I'urkey,  Syria,  and 

1 

K^ypt         .             -    — 

7,?8I,540 

5,412,478 

1 

Other  foreign  coun* 

1 

triea           •           -    — 

4,616,829 

1,739,680 

1 

Total     - 
Cotton  wool,  from  Bri- 

334,090,230 

466,074,551 

1 

1 

tish  pouession  .  viz.— 

H 

Kast  Indies  and  Mau- 

H 

ritius,  Ihe  growth 

H 

of  -           •           •    — 

61,577,141 

40,-229,495 

H 

—     —     Foreisrn  •    — 

66 

669 

H 

British  West  Indies, 

^1 

Ihe  growth  of        ■    — 

1,199,162 

928,425 

^1 

—      —      Foreign  •    — 

396,540 

600,931 

H 

Other  British  posses- 

^1 

sions          •           •    — 

23,654 
407,286,783 

16,606 

368,413,035 

455,036,755 

450,658 
29,8S9 

H 

1       Tola:  quantities      • 

507,830,577 

39,722,031 

30,644,469 
5,143.891 

55-^ 

Indigo  .           .           •    Ibi. 

6,.543,871 

7,004,996 

£,587.561 

2,226,194 

3,00.3,730 

3-.'H 

Idc  dye           •           •    — 

1,011,674 

1,|J93,952 

133.939 

400.937 

423,333 

673,089 

1,1411 

t.6^1 

Logwood          -           •  tons 

14,699 

16,992 

3,316 

4.937 

12023 

13,798 

2,3-13 

"i^l 

Mailrter             -           •  cwt. 

81.841 

97,411 

822 

2,374 

78,830 

108,921 

8.1137 

ii'i^^H 

Ma  Ider  roots    •           -    — 

109,233 

73,701 

2 

168 

100,503 

82,841 

2,532 

2,i^H 

Flax  and  tow.  or  cndilla 

^H 

of  hemp  and  flax      •    — 

1,000. 86  ■> 

1,626,277 

6,970 

ef30 

993,634 

I,6l5.9r6 

4,234 

6,^H 

Currants           •           •    — 

217.921 

169,733 

17,841 

22.921 

174,842 

166.424 

193,883 

i^'j.^^l 

Ij!mons  and  oranges    •  chests 

349,8,'0 

262.107 

l,';3« 

1,1103 

311.490 

2'29,848 

62,431 

.'■'.^^1 

Raisins  -                        •    — 

169  390 

193.466 

11,526 

I3,6--.3 

152,162 

156,174 

114.095 

tlb^^^l 

Hat*  of  straw    .           •    No. 

26.228 

14,472 

12,714 

9,778 

6,624 

■iMi 

1,612 

1  ^^M 

Flailing  of  straw           -    lbs. 

30,81)2 

40,110 

7.M6 

11,626 

23,!i62 

34  662 

20,(0.! 

i9^^M 

Hemp,  undrassed        •  cwt. 

773,621 

730,376 

16,574 

39,458 

631,613 

733,3711 

2,766 

3)^1 

'S. 


untitiM 
Anii»i"> "' 

isao-as. 


Aver"*" 

Prop'  til™ 

f>|iorlrJ  '" 

Mch  Couniry, 

„holeK»liorl.l 
1     10  b«  1,000.    ' 


the  Mediterra- 


,•.  jn.l  Morocco 
It  IsUiiJ* 


>t  Atric* 
and  Sou* 


lb4,63i  ' 

164,004 

113,11;' 
95.11>8 
90,!- 1^ 
84,>-21 
•i0,945 
&2,bJl 
4",-M 
3-7.016 
3.'i,0H    , 
3;i,<)26  ' 
2;l.i''' 
21,253 
k3  4 
3,'.'3-3 
lt,z90 
1,>*U 


h  Seat 


anil* 
mtheBed'se. 


7?6 
K15 

i:» 

33 


6.w«.r>'''' 

6.496,nl 

4510,795  I 
3.a2,'9-l   1 

3.342,0.9    . 

2  47,,219  I 
2.il'J,480   I 
l,l*-,«4  1 
1S56,113 
l-..52,t(.9 
l-l-.l,-09 
•Ji93,9;'0  ' 
.(ilO.UlO   I 
•7S.5,S29 
■       -74  ^3M 
•51', SI'? 
•  46-vl''::l 

•l^.^^os 

•OSiD.!.."! 
■O'l.'IM 
•Ol'l,!)"! 
•IW.iiT 

•in,2ro  I 
•oi;).i>M 

•Mi3,M.T 
•Ol'0,"'2  1 


-^;;^^Uooo;io^J 


ffissriSST.=s 


IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS. 


Table  U.—eontiniietl. 


796 


Description. 

(Quantities 

iniporteJ, 

t 
Quantities  exported. 

Qilaiililies  retained  fur 
Cunsumpliini. 

Nell  Revenue.         | 

IW7.      I 

l.'<38. 

1837. 

I83». 

1837. 

\ 
1 

1838. 

IF37.       1 

1539. 

HiilR',  miiatinpd,  viT.— 

L. 

i. 

liulValo,    tiiill,   co^v, 

1 

01,  or  horse           -   cwt. 
Iliilea.  laiuu'd.  viz. — 

338,632 

318,362 

46,649 

3-.,  192 

290,739 

316,369 

36,482 

41,531 

Hullalo,    bull,    co^Vf 

1 

ox.  or  liorae          •    lbs. 

87,67'! 

I05,955 

19,^03 

121,142 

63.S95 

2-i,3R2 

814 

210 

Molasxes            •            ■  cwl. 

li«2,2,-J 

6'0  529 

1.611 

1,291 ! 

51.12,0  9 

52t.,ilO 

266,')2li 

236,688 

Oil,  olive          .            gallons 

1,721,914 

2,W';i,llll 

2  9,472 

2011,76) 

l,496,6>ti' 

2,'2(i,l46 

3  1,»«6| 

43,416 

—  palm          .           -  cwt. 

—  ir.\iii,    spermaceti, 

i<  23,337 

252,312 

16,732 

!j,s29 

211,919 

272,9Jl 

13,299 

17,102 

and  blubber             •   tons 
Sallpi-'re     and     cubic 

21,603 

2S,2J1 

393 

1,192 

20,873 

26,806 

14,370 

6,605 

nilre  .           .            .  cwt. 

349,993 

20S,5-)5 

36,939 

68.8«9 

240.222 

280,890 

6,339 

7.505 

Flax  aud  tinsee  1           bush'  Is 

3,321,0-9 

3,3ill,-6i 

6,979 

146,926 

3,3?<l,6l3 

3,13t.,695 

2I,II< 

19,921 

Tares             •    — 

130,0  l(i 

5»,0I5 

1*3 

4(7 

107,198 

71,-55 

5,533 

4.2101 

Silk,  raw          .           .    lbs. 

4,I46,1<I 

3,4-.S',9i9 

345  971 

134,4'<3 

3,5;0,105 

3,595,816 

13,45 1! 

15,286 

Wa»'e  .iii.'l  liiiubs      -    — 

9U,2>I 

941.390 

2I,26S 

32,;84 

867,456 

932,3115 

3^9' 

427 

Cassia  ligliea    -            •     — 

9-4,674 

3><0,l,V, 

760,141 

557,70.: 

IO,'i,4HJ 

100,837 

2,642 

2,521 

repi'iT  •            -             •     — 

6,291, 9'I3 

3,6.-2,3 12 

4,76H,^80 

3,0-7,109 

2,625.07-. 

65,6  tl 

I'iiiieoto            .             •     — 

2,113,300 

9l.'3,SSS 

1,376,615 

807,339 

333,406 

. 

4,193 

,   Sugar,  viz  — 

West  liidii.ornrilish 

na 

w. 

possessions             -  cwt. 

3,305,238 

3,321,431 

448,382 

374,697 

East  India,  of  British 

possessions              •    — 

296,679 

428,834 

. 

. 

, 

E.^st  India, of  fgreigii 
possessions             ■    — 

77,627 

193,627 

. 

. 

•  3,954,810 

3,909,653 

4,760,563 

4,656,892 

Mauritius      ■           -    — 

537,961 

604,671 

Uefinpii  ac 

tual  weight 

ForeijQ         •           •    — 

263,073 

2K|,7SS 

227,807 

281,616 

Talrow-           .            -    — 

I,3I4.>M9 

1,122,449 

52.375 

12,513 

1.2=9,511 

1,160,107 

203,977 

103.669 

Tea       -           .           •    lbs. 

36,973,9M 

40,413,714 

4,716,248 

2,577,877 

30,625,206 

32,3JI,39J 

3,223,840 

3,362,033 

•Tiniber,  viz.— 

Battens    and    batten 

ends           •         gt.  lihds. 

15,903 

18,020 

128 

95 

14,151 

17,610 

133,800 

161,112 

Heals  and  deal  ends  -    — 

72,S32 

72,737 

916 

1,306 

66,6)1 

70,b7!' 

5i.J,570 

622,261 

Masis,  6anl  under  il 

ins.  in  dianieler      -    No. 

9,474 

11,240 

199 

303 

9,763 

10,909 

2,685 

3,331 

Masts.  S  anil  uiidiT  12 

ins.  ill  ilianieler      •     — 

3,623 

3,943 

160 

121 

3,444 

3,690 

2,313 

2,635 

Masts,  12  inches  and 

upwards    •            •     — 

4.273 

4,319 

19 

73 

4,077 

4,393 

4,571 

6,494 

tlil(  planks    •           •    — 

1,96J. 

3,996 

6 

- 

2,199 

,1.>"J 

8,813 

15,552 

Staves           ■        gt.  hhds. 

85,721 

76,l»l 

1,638 

1,876 

81,434 

7u,46l 

51,693 

58,733 

Fir,  S  ins.  square  aud 

upwards    •           -  loads 

579,980 

647,061 

816 

645 

681,039 

633,899 

456.416 

672,595 

Oak    -            •            •    — 

31,616 

34,890 

2 

> 

30,940 

36,155 

41,425 

46,766 

Dnennmprated          •    — 

4S,4!'l 

43,41'. 

80 

45 

48,026 

43.523 

12.073 

10,976 

Wainscot  logs           •    — 

5,393 

5,- 37 

a 

> 

4,020 

4,51  ri 

10,938 

12,351 

Tin        ■           -           •  cwt. 

29,102 

30,722 

29,216 

29,034 

2 

72 

6 

61 

Tobacco,  viz.— 

rnnianiifactured       •    lbs. 

27,144,107 

30,162,024 

17,341,587 

11,610,493 

22,321,489 

23,149,726 

3,417,663 

3,561,811 

Maiiulacturcd    or 

ciears        •           •    — 

632,186 

1,443,08-1 

302,<:69 

632,926 

141,383 

189,71.J 

Siiiitr            -           •    — 

4,133 

357 

3,472 

791 

331 

294 

Wine,  viz.— 

(  ape  •           -           -  galls. 

618,103 

342,372 

6,766 

2,712 

500,727 

538,52= 

6',«3I 

74,037 

French           ■            •     — 

72-1,140 

544,129 

106,9,1 1 

131,H25 

431,59 

417,2'il 

1          120,2sb 

113,992 

Fori  Ileal        •           -    — 

2,693,365 

3,1.TJ,725 

199,518 

245,166 

2,360,252 

1      2.960,457 

1] 

r     797,28! 

Madeiia        •            ■    — 

2»9,400 

261,920 

MM07 

139,113 

111,376 

1          110,29 

30,29! 

S|tanish         •             •     — 

2,S02,5b3 

3,37.5,847 

4"2,34j 

663,243 

1      2,278,263 

2,497,3)5 

^  1,497,957 

i      6>-5,91i 

Oilier  sorts,  inclmlin? 

, 

wine  uiixe.l  iu  bond  — 

904,8So 

857,491 

3.>l,122 

406,368 

i          602,319 

626,I7C 

I     144,645 

All  sorts 

8,033,480 

8,5I8,4«4 

1,.134,793 

1,588,427 

6,391,531 

1       6,990.27 

1,687,091 

1.846,057 

III.  .\ccnunt  of  llie  Viiliie  of  the  various  Articles  of  the  Produce  and  Manufacture  of  the  United  King- 
dom exported  to  Foreign  Porta,  according  to  the  real  or  declared  Value  thereof,  in  the  Years  1836, 
1837,  and  18.18. 


Articles. 

1836. 

1837. 

1833. 

,                                  Great  Britain* 

/,. 

/.. 

/.. 

i  Alum  ..--.- 

3,898 

2,761 

5.7,53 

i  Apparel,  slops,  and  negro  clothing  • 

604,8b3 

631,301 

684,934 

Arms  and  ammunition 

411.286 

289,142 

333,697 

B^con  and  hams         .            .           .           - 

42,319 

35.840 

41,226 

Href  and  iKirk,  lalted 

136,898 

119,117 

1I8,4<6 

Beer  and  ale  - 

264,560 

288,235 

311,792 

[  Boiks,  printed           .... 

178,034 

147,430 

141.913 

;  Brass  and  copper  manuracturra 

1,072,002 

1,166,082 

1,221,(173 

Bread  ..nd  biscuit       .... 

8,184 

9,991 

9,819 

1  Butler  and  cheese       .           .           .            « 

205,858 

179  073 

230,674 

1  I  atiinet  and  upholstery  wires 

7.5,511 

67,357 

77,201 

Cods  and  culm          .            ■           •            ■ 

329,760 

428,690 

483,630 

CorJaee          ..... 

84,475 

73,211 

92,906 

Corn,  ^rain,  meat,  and  flour  • 

31,297 

31,781 

31519 

Co'.ton  mantiractures  .            •           •           • 

18,482,586 

13,632,148 

16,709,136 

yarn    .... 

6,120,326 

6,955,938 

7,431.049 

Co'.vs  and  oitf.n           .... 

3,072 

6.107 

4,344 

Eartiiennare  of  allsorta 

837,4"3 

563,082 

651,095 

Fish  of  all  sorts 

18-,43;> 

185,120 

210,601 

Glass  of  all  sorts 

551,599 

47.5,595 

37.5.869 

Haoeriashery  and  millinery . 

■          ■ 

681,980 

414,687 

514,0.53 

Haniwares  and  cutlery 

. 

2,270,630 

I,4li0,404 

1.497,525 

Hals,  l.eiver  and  felt  -           .           .                       •            • 

147,907 

104,100 

■  91,256 

of  all  other  sorts 

41,753 

46,290 

61,504 

Hn[is  ..... 

11,783 

10,547 

17,397 

Horses             .... 

98.302 

75,215 

63,283 

Imn  ami  steel,  wrought  aad  unwrought 

2,310,207 

2,00-3,708 

2,530,895 

Linl 

26,585 

14,782 

22.433 

Lead  and  «hnl .... 

221,931 

155,210 

154,108 

Leather,  wrought  and  unwrought     > 

316,322 

250,308 

267,103 

■addlery  iiid  buDCM          .• 

■          •          • 

83.388 

,   87,037 

80,841           « 

796 


IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS 


5 

^1 


is 


^1 


Talilo 

Ul.— continued. 

Arliflps. 

IS36. 

IM7. 

1339. 

I.. 

I.. 

A. 

I.irifn  nniuifarluros   ...                     -           . 

a,2l9,0-.3 

2,10!l>97 

2,7S,'-.,2,10 

V.irii      ....                         .            . 

31:-.,(j(lS 

4I.'-|,728 

6N7,HUI 

Mirliirn'iy  ami  ntill  wnrk      ..... 

30ll,N,)2 

4!'3,2II8 

627,146 

M.itlit-iiiAiiial  aikI  <)|>Iic.U  tiiRtninients 

•ilfi.OlO 

Z7,2i9 

21,474 

MiiI'.H ........ 

fi,;)i;« 

S,I04 

6,131 

Music il  ifislrumnit«   ...... 

n.i'io 

Vl.lilH 

6-.,2fli 

Oil,  liatii  of  (irfciilaii'l  fishrry         .... 

r',si6 

fi,7{IO 

10,463 

r.tiii'ii\' ccl'Hini          ...... 

2tO,s|| 

F,  1,307 

177,673 

I'li'f.  (il.ileil  Wiirp,  jc'.vjllrry,antl  watrhea 

33tl,!<(iD 

257,728 

240,393 

1'ot.llOfl              ....... 

4,91.1 

7,0J0 

I2,i70 

.Sail 

17I,IM 

190.414 

221,111 

S.ilhictif,  Ilriluli  riliiml        ..... 

11,111 

19,393 

28,0:9 

Snvliol  ;ill  wirli          ...... 

»,wo 

7,466 

10.331 

Silk  iniimfirlurca        .            .             .... 

ni«,777 

6n;i.«;i3 

777,2-3 

Sdiji.imj  caixtlt-s        ...... 

•i:(i,:i2 

230,8  li 

334.2  m 

Sjiirtts  •                       ...... 

■iwn 

10,4«.i 

17,3S-. 

Slahiiiipry  o(  ill  gnrts             ..... 

2it7,!>l5 

)!>7,4'<9 

2IH.I78 

Siii{:u,  ri'liiii'il             ...... 

aii;i,:)« 

4  ■:i,9-4 

6.')3,222 

*liii,  imwnm^hf          ...... 

6I,M7 

7,i,ir>7 

1111,800 

aiu!  iMM*t('r  wares,  arnl  lin  pKifes 

3S7,ri2S 

37l,.il3 

4M,7|1H 

Tnlnci'c,  i;tamil"aclitrt'<t,  aiiil  Mivitl'      .... 

l.1,(i,>l 

13,121 

12,416 

Toi^ii'  8          ..-.••           . 

I),-!!'!) 

3,711 

.1.490 

llmhrtlUiam;  paraiola         ..... 

«,;.:iB 

3!>,IHl 

60,702 

\V  lull'  one     ....... 

in, -.so 

tj.347 

6,201 

\Vo.>l,  si p-« 

32S,W!) 

l8-.,;i(i0 

3!.l,3-.6 

\Vli:il  ,.folh,T»o-ls 

a!).9«7 

10,076 

24.390 

VVi.it  I'll  atitl  uomtctl  yarn    ..... 

3 11,6110 

3,17,140 

3«4,W5 

W,)  illi  II  iiniitifacluri's            ..... 

7,«3ti,ll7 

4,6-.4,397 

n,7'i»,417 

All  ollirr  arlK-li-l        ...... 

Tolal  rnl  ortI,"hrci!  vihip  of  llif  pnvliire  in,l  niimific. 

l,J!i:l,W2 

1,117,209 

I,3)i,i48 

ttiri-s  iif  the  1  iiili-(l  Ktii>;liMii  fxpoiU-.l  from  (hmt  /»m- 

/(ii/i  lo  forr.^a  parts        ..... 
Irrlaml. 

62,94n,P3S 

41,766,205 

4!l,G10,<i96 

To'al  torhrril  value  of  Itu-  prodiioP  aivl  liiimifirtiirrs  of 

till'  t'liiit'.l  KinKvlom  t'xpiirtt,!  Inim  lidanit  lo  fort-iun 

pans        ....... 

Vnilfd  Kinedom. 

ri3,i4i 

303,010 

420,074 

T.ilal          .           .           .     ■      • 

63,293,979 

42,06fl,24.-| 

60,060,970 

IV.  Acrniiiit  of  111!'  Dci'lnml  V.-itiio  of  Rriti.<;li  nnil  Irish  Prndiiro  .ind  Mnniiniclii 
lIiiiliMl  Kiiiiiilnin,  s|ii;iif)  iiig  ihu  varums  I'tiuiilriea  to  which  the  same  were  cx\ 
sent  to  fiich,  in  18.18. 


..rc9  exporlpd  from  th 
ported,  unci  the  Vuhic 


Counlrirt. 

IP3.1. 

("•lunlries. 

IRIS. 

Countries. 

IM8. 

A. 

r.. 

L. 

Russia    .... 

1,661.243 

Svria  anJ  Pale'linfi 

188,440 

New   Zealand  and  South  Sea 

Svvr  it'll. 

102,617 

liirvpl  (I'orts  on  the  Mnlitorra. 

Islanils 

1,093 

N  ir,v,iv 

77,4^.'> 

oeaii)  .            .            .           • 

212.SO-, 

Rrilish  North  Anieru-an  Colo* 

Dt'iiinark 

181.4114 

Trip  ill,  Rirbarv,  ami  Morocco 

74,0.3 

nifs     .... 

l,9fl?,45; 

Prussia  .... 

1  11,2 '3 

\Vt.>r('rn  Coas'  of  Africa 

4n.'i'.4 

—    West  Iniliei 

3,ln3,4ll 

(iiTiiuiiy 

4.9.'",lK1i) 

Cipe  of  11  Kil  llopo 

623,123 

Ifavti      .... 

250,13: 

11  III  ,11 1 

3,-,49,4J9 

Kis'ern  1  oist  ot  Alri'a 

lO.iW 

Cutji  anil  otiier  Foreign  West 

Il.'l.-iilill 

I.llli'-.OIO 

Atrif  111  Poriion  the  Rj  I  Sea   - 

1% 

Inilii's  .... 

1,02 '..111 

friiui'   .... 

2,111,141 

Amciimoii  M.iii.l 

1,0T-' 

I^nttel  Slates  of  America 

7vi8-.,Tw 

I'oriujal  IVnpcr 

l,ll,-i.l96 

I  .ipe  Veril  IsLanll 

1,1  J.' 

Mexico  .... 

419,7-( 

—          A/ori'S 

3-,3sS 

SI.  Ilelnia 

Kl.!l>jn 

Coltinibia 

174.3" 

-         Miliira 

34,4  7 

.Mmritiiis 

467,.14.' 

Hrajil     .... 

2.(iO(i,tO 

Spain  ant  'he  Itilcaric  Islaiuls- 

243.839 

Arabia    .... 

Iu7 

StalMOf  theRiodclari.ata      . 

6'i0,34 

—      ('.manes 

47,10) 

Kist    Iiiilia   Company's  Terri 

Chili       -           ,           .           . 

41 3.1;  I 

C.ilirallir 

8n4,0i|U 

lories  an.i  C'cvlon 

3,«7lM9i 

Peru        .... 

412.11: 

Itilvaii'.i  the  Italian  UlaiiJa 

3,nVo.2.11 

Cliiiia     .... 

1,2 '4, Mb 

Isles  of  Cluernsev,  Jeisev,  AI- 

Mil'a 

2, '6,040 

S\iiintra  aiul  .lava 

lOi.tf.' 

deriicv,  and  .\tau 

313.H 

1. mi  111  Islaii  Is    . 

96,190 

riiilippitit'  Mai'ils 

31,780 

'I'mkev  aii't  Continental  f'.recoe 

Ne.v   .Soatli    Wales,  V.in   Die- 

(i-xciilsive  of  ihe  Morci) 

1,-67,110 

men's  Land,  and  Swan  River 

1,336  8.2 

Total 

■iO,f  60,971 

M  irea  ant  dre  k  l.t.iiits 

2n.SS7 



Jxfinitrks  on  the  uhove  Tiihlis. — Foreiij^n  Cdinpctltinn. — Tlit'  fallinc;  otriii  thi^  exports  i 
lvS37,(sr('  p.  ;)f).)  was  almost  c^nlirclv  owing  to  thc<  declinr  in  tlie  oxporls  to  the  I'liiti'd  St;Uo 
whirli  Cell  oil"  from  r:.4V'!.'),fi()o/.  iii"l830,  to  4,695,22.")/.  in  183V.  But  this  cxtraordiiKir 
tloc'liiio  was  wholly  owina:  to  aecidontal  causes,  or  to  the  pecuniary  ditlicultics  in  which  I 
niercaiitiie  class  in  the  United  States  were  involved  in  the  hitter  part  of  1836  and  1S3' 
throii'^h  the  previous  ahusc  of  credit,  and  the  revulsion  occasioned  by  the  universal  stoppiicr 
of  tiie  blinks.  It  was  clear,  that  how  severe  soever  in  the  meantime,  any  check  to  coiniiiorf 
oriiriiiatiiii;  in  such  circumsiances  would  be  of  a  temporary  description  ;  and,  in  point  of  (aci 
its  inlhience  soon  ceased  to  have  any  very  j>erceptil)le  operation,  and  our  exports  to  the  l.'nilc 
States  were,  in  1838,  almost  as  larj^e  as  ever. 

But  this  is  not  all.  Since  the  f()re|};oing  tables  were  luiblished,  an  account  has  Iw 
printed  exhiiiitinu;  the  declared  value  of  the  principal  articles  of  native  produce  and  iii3iit 
fucture  exported  from  the  United  Kingdom  in  I8:?9.  We  subjoin  this  account,  ami  it i 
seen  from  it,  that  the  increase  in  the  value  of  the  exports  of  the  IS)  articles  which 
embraces  in  18I!'J  over  the  value  of  the  same  articles  exported  in  1838,  amounts  to  ncarl 
2,000.000/.     (See  p.  797.) 

It  is  oi)vious,  thcrelbre,  that  the  statements  tliat  have  recently  been  put  forth  with  so  inuc 
misjilaced  cont'idcnce,  as  to  the  injurious  influence  of  foreign  competition  on  our  trade,  an 
the  ciMisecjuent  decline  of  our  ox()orts,  are  not  mere  exagu;eratioiis,  but  are  wholly  wiiliot 
any  real  foundation.  'I'he  coin[)etition  of  Saxony,  Rhenish  Prussia,  and  Belgium,  is  rcprt 
■ented  as  the  niiist  formidable ;  and  if  we  wight  credit  the  statements  put  forth  at  publi 


TS 


IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS. 


797 


IWT. 

/.. 

2,I0!1.'97 
4iri,7ili 
4!'3,J9S 
27,2'>9 
f.,104 
II, ins 
f,JM 
If.  1. 307 
2?>7,"26 
7,0J0 
190.414 
I9.39i 
7,4B8 
60:l.6'>3 
33U,8i) 
10,4i'5 
197.4S9 
4  •3,9*4 
73.157 
S7I,SI3 
13,1JI 
3,711 
3l',l«l 
U.347 

i8-.,;if>o 
10,07a 

337, 1 40 
4,6:i4,397 
l,U7,ib9 


I93S. 


2,7Kr.,2.16 
5H7,8U1 
627,148 
21,474 
6,131 
6'>,i9J 
10,463 
177,«7r( 
240,393 
12,'>70 
221,111 
2H,o:9 
10.331 
177.2 -9 
334,2  m 
17.3Si 
2IK,176 

101, KOO 

4n«,7!W 

12,4*6 

fi.4>J0 

60,702 

6,201 

3S1,3"6 

24.i>90 

3"4,ft35 

6,7?3,417 

l,3Ji,i46 


41,766,205 


303,010 


49,0 10,'*96 


420,074 


50,060,970 


I  42,0(J9,2-n 


iM?. 


Countries. 


L 

ISS, 


,440 


2U 

71 

411 

62:1. 

10 

I 

1 

IJ 

46 


,S0 
.03 
■l',4 
,123 


li. 


i"ii' 

,07 

,34  <■ 
167 

.191 
.l:)li 


New   ZcaUnd  and  South  Sea 
nrilisu' North  Aroencan  Colo- 
nits     •      ,    ,'. 
_    West  Inliei 

"Si' an'lotl.er' Foreign  West 

rnire'l'snlcsof  America 

Mfiicn  • 

CiilimiliLa 

Sl'at«of'theRioael.irl..tl 

riiiii     ■        '        ; 

u''.i»  of  (HUTUspy,  Jeiwy.  Al- 
(liTiiin-,  ami  .Mali 


1,997.457; 
3,3«3.41l 

250, 1 3S' 


|i,nii6-2| 


Total 


3l3.-'il 


j0,r60,9:0^ 


r,.__Th.- fall.ns;  otr  111  the  expo  t, 
U ill  the  exports  to  the,  UnUotlt^UU., 

1/  in  183-,.     But  this  extmordinarN- 
U  pecuniary  dimcuUiesiawhu-h. he 

nVebtterpartof  183Banai^.!. 

cLioneahy'theuniversaUtopixi, 

L  nleal..inH^  nny  .heek  to  a.n« 

Lv  description;  and.  in  point  ott 
cralion.ai.aour  exports  to  the  Lm.cJ 

ivo  nublishea.  an   account  has  kon 
[id"  of  native  produce  and  innnu; 
i  Wc  subioin  this  account,  and    . 
rxnorts  of-  the   19   articles  ^vh.ch 
'exported  in  18.58,  amounts  to  nearly 

Irecently  been  put  Jbrth  with  so  .nuA 

lloveien  competition  on  our  trade  a 
ir'eralions.butarevvhollyvvuhou< 

Tnisli  Prussia,  and  Belgu.in,  is  rop«- 
Ke  Btatements  put  Ibrlh  at  pubhc 


Account  of  llic  ilecUnnl  Vnhio  of  tbn  prinrlpnl  Arliclrs  of  nritish  ami  Iriuli  Prodm^o  and  Manufacture 
cxporUMl  ill  Itii!  VcurH  eiuling  lliu  f)tli  of  Jiiuiiuryf  tH3'.>  uiid  IH  to. 


Arlidet. 


(^nnN  and  ciiint  • 

CotU'ii  iiiinuf.ieturcs  • 

vtrii     - 

Kirllit'iiwait' .  .  - 

Il.irJivarft  .iml  cullftry 
I*iii«ri  iiitiiul".irtmf»    • 

y.irii    ■ 
MuUli,  viz.— Irmi  am)  steft 

C'iptii.T  anJ  brass 

l^fil 

Till,  in  I).ir9,  kc. 

'J'ln  iil.Ui'i 
S,»It   .... 
Silk  niniuifidurt'ii 
Siin^r,  rrtiu'-ii 
W'n  tl.  sliff|i*s  nr  bmbi' 
WiiiiMfii  yarn 
WiKJlU'd  iiuuuUclurua  • 


Tntll  o(  \h-  C'tTt-rn'mi  arlirlcs 


1(38. 

IhW. 

/,. 

/.. 

4S.9-|0 

R11,IS8 

10,71  •.,v,7 

17,U,1.13 

7,I3I,«B') 

0.'<.7,u:6 

("1,314 

7liS,l|lii 

377,2--.l 

371.270 

1.I!"-,M7 

I.XIO.fHI.l 

2.7,li.2T2 

3,4.2.|SH 

l!3..H.:l 

fll.O'J 

2.-.3>  M'2 

2.7n2,7,H 

1,221,732 

1,2'3,'>77 

I.'i4,:2d 

l!li,t;4U 

li'l  P4G 

112,120 

4l(i,V7 

3I-..K2 

223,156 

2  9.1 1,>) 

777,2'-0 

Mi'i."t>H 

6k'1..'47 

213.  \H 

411,106 

SM.S.'fl 

'■'*). \.V, 

4(1  ,1KH 

,'i,71'r.,(Jl9 

C.27S,'  B3 

.MIII.MI 

I'l  >i.;'.i 

tncetings,  and  circulated  by  the  jness,  as  to  the  wonderful  pro^rress  of  manufactures  In  the.'in 
countries,  and  the  destructive  inlluence  of  the  Prussian  League  on  our  trade,  it  iiiiirlu  ho 
supposed  that  our  exports  to  (icrmany  li;id  lieeti  reduced  t )  little  or  nothing.  Diit,  how 
stands  the  fact  !  The  declared  value  of  our  exports  to  Prussia,  (jerniany,  Holland,  and 
Uelgium,  since  1830,  has  been — 


IS-IO. 

1-3I. 

KV.      1 

IS33. 

Kit 

183%,      {       l''36. 

If 37. 

1>3«, 

1.. 

177.921 
4,46  ).6J) 
2,02  .M-.> 

/.- 

Ill2.<>|ii 
3,642,912 
2,0<2,'>lti 

■,.1lu.3ll 

2  ■'.li'ii 

5.0SS99T 

2,750,30-^ 

/. 

111.179 

4.3},-.4'< 

(  2,iSi.493 

j     8(16,4  29 

7,'>H<.01i1 

/.. 
i:H,t>3 

4,'i47,1Uii 

2,l-0.;r,7 

7.0  0)!! 

7,003  9:. '1 

A.        1         A. 

l«<,2:i  lbO,722 
4.fi'2,OuG  4,4:13.729 
2,61",  10!      2,Vi9,H!-' 

(*l-,la7         M9,27(, 

f,2-.-.12S      7,973.119 

/,. 

131,^36 
4,>.HS,0  ' 
3  04  i.OiO 

to  1,9, 7 

8,>i71,l'iS 

IS-.,125 

4.'w»,ro'j 
3  is  1  iJi 

l,OiiS'JlO 
9. 7  01, 562 

lTU*sia 
(ifrimriy 
I    lloHioi 
Il.lgiiMn 

I  Tnt.ll. 

It  appears,  therefore,  that  so  far  from  there  liaving  licen  any  fullini?  ofT  in  our  trade  with 
Gi-rmaiiy,  and  the  countries  through  which  Germany  is  supplied  with  manufactured  goods, 
our  es'iiorls  to  them  have  decidedly  increased,  and  are  greater  at  tliis  nioiiient  than  they  wero 
before  ilie  League  was  organised,  or  those  improvements  of  which  we  have  licaril  so  iiuicli, 
had  made  any  progress.  It  is  not  competition  of  the  foreigner  but  of  the  home  maiiuficturers 
against  each  otlier,  that  reduces  prices  and  profits,  and  gives  rise  to  perpetually  reciininf; 
complaints  of  the  decay  of  tiade.  Provided  tranquillity  be  maiiitiiiiicd  at  home,  and  L'ritain 
continue  to  he  exempted  from  that  political  agitation  that  is  the  bane  of  industry  and  the 
'  curse  of  every  country  in  whicii  it  prevails,  we  have  nothing  to  fear  from  foreign  competition. 
Our  natural  and  acquired  advantages  for  the  prosecution  of  manufactures  and  trade,  aro 
vastly  su(terior  to  those  of  every  other  country  ;  and  though  foreigners  do  excel  us  in  a  few 
dcp.irtmenis,  and  may  come  to  excel  us  in  others,  so  that  the  character  and  channels  of  our 
trade  inav,  in  consequence,  be  partially  changed,  there  is  not  so  much  as  the  shadow  of  a 
foundation  for  sup|)osing  that  its  amount  will  he  at  all  alleeted.  On  the  contrary,  it  is  all 
Imt  certain  that  it  will  continue  to  augment  with  the  augmenting  wealth  and  population  of 
the  innumerable  nations  with  which  we  have  commercial  relations. 

But  it  has  been  said,  that  though  the  declared  value  of  our  exfiorts  in  1839  be  considerably 
greater  than  in  1838,  the  quantities  of  raw  cotton,  foreign  wool,  &c.  entered  for  home  coii- 
Kiimption  in  18:^9  were  decidedly  less  than  in  1838;  and  that,  coiisequenMv,  the  extension 
of  the  expoit  trade  has  been  owing  to  the  decline  of  the  home  demand  for  manufactures, 
originating  in  the  depressed  state  of  the  manufacturing  population.  But  we  doubt  whether 
there  lie  1  .ucli  in  this,  'i'ho  quantity  of  any  article  entered  for  home  consumption  is  a 
tntrtlly  dilferent  thing  from  the  qnaiilily  actiuillfi  mn.suriicd ,-  and  it  is  this  only  that  is  of  the 
Lwst  importance.  Now  it  is  phiin.  that  to  determine  the  quantity  consumed,  we  must  not 
oiilv  know  the  quantities  entered  for  consumyition,  but  we  must  further  know  the  stocks  on 
hand  at  the  beginning  and  end  of  the  year;  and  before  it  can  be  truly  allirmed  that  there 
has  been  any  decline  in  the  consumption  of  cotton  goods,  it  would  be  necessary  to  know 
whether  the  stocks  of  such  goods  in  the  manufacturers'  and  dealers'  hands  had  inerciscd  or 
(liiniiiislicd. 

It  appears  from  the  Pari.  Paper,  No.  SO.  sess.  1810,  that  the  cotton  entered  for  consump- 
tion, in  1833,  amounted  to  '1G0,7.'>6,013  lbs.,  whereas  in  1839  it  only  amounted  to 
355,78 1,9G0  lbs,,  being  a  decline  of  about  10.'),000,000  lbs.  But  the  actual  consumption 
dill  not  fall  oil'  in  any  thing  like  this  proportion  :  on  the  contrary,  it  is  staled  in  the  most 
vahiahle  document  publisheil  on  the  state  of  the  cotton  trade — tlie  annual  circular  of  Messrs. 
Holt&  Co.  of  Liverpool,  for  the  3!8tof  December,  1839  (vol.  i.,  p.  .522.)— that  the  con- 
Bumptiim  of  cotton  in  183.^  amounted  to  about  416,700,000  lbs.,  and  in  1839  to  about 
381,700,000  lbs.,  being  a  decline  of  only  3.'j,000,000  lbs.,  which  was  wholly  owing  to  the 
increase  in  the  price  of  raw  cotton ;  and  we  have  been  assured  by  those  well  acquainted  with 
3x2 


798 


Lir.HT-iioiJSE, 


tho  fii("l;i,  thilt  (liirt  (limliiiilioii  of  lh(>  ronHiiniplioii  liiii  Iummi  I'lilly  li.iliiiirrd  Iiy  n  prnporliorinte 
iliiniiiillioii  of  llm  hlurkn  of  licilMlHicllirril  ^'imlrt  lirlii  l>V  til)'  liiaiiiir.Kinrcr.s  iiiiil  iltMliTH;  ni> 
tliiit  ii  winild  ni)|ii'iir  lli.il  till'  su|i|Msi'il  iliTiiMsi-  of  till'  liiimi'  ili'iiiimil  is  almiil  iis  visimmry  an 
till'  siippnyicil  liisiisiroiiM  iiilliiriiiT  of  IVii-i^iaii  mid  Sm\i>ii  cKiiiiii'iiiinii.  'I'lii'  ilrrlino  in  lli« 
oiitrit's  lit'  liii('i).;n  h!i('('|i'm  won!  in  IS;H(,  ih  ciiiiiiiiii'd  wiili  iNitS,  i:<  ti>i>  iiirntHidi'riililu  to 
di'MiTVo  nolii'i';  Inil,  Niirll  um  it  \>*,  it  is  ri'itiiiniy  tn  Ix^  ilccDiiiitrd  iWr  in  tlic  hiiiiih  iiiiiiiMrr. 

Ni>  iloiiht,  luuvi'vcr,  tliiTO  lins  ln'Cii  CDii-iiili'r.ililo  iiicrciinlilii  mid  miiiiuf.ii'tmiiii;  distri'SH 
duiiiii?  Ilu^  list  Iwi'lvo  iiiDiillis;  Iml  its  r\li'iil  liiis  Ix'rn  ridii'iiliiiiHJy  rx;i;;i'i'r:ili'(l,  iind  it  in 
licHidrs  clear  ill. it  r.'i('ii;ii  i'iim|H'liiinii  li.id  iinilmu:  In  dii  with  it.  'I'lii-  (li.<lirs;H  ili.il  Ims  cxiili'd 
in  wlmllv,  or  iihiMsl  wliollv,  inciiliiililr  li>  ilmiir-lii'  cauncs  -  to  the  lisr  in  lln>  rati'  of  iiitrrt'hl, 
irid  till'  prrssuri'  on  tlii'  iiumu'v  iii.irlii't,  ociMsioiiid  liy  llu"  aliiisi's  thai  prriodii-aliy  mid  iiitin- 
Kitiily  ^\iinv  out  of  our  vii'ioiis  li.inUiiii;  .sysli'Mi,  and  to  tlir  indilliiriil  liarvrsts  of  I.SIH  mid 
l.-vl',).  Itiit  till'  reader  may  In'  itssiiri'il  llial  there  is  iiiiiliini;  in  the  situation  of  tliu  inanufae' 
tuii'.s  mid  eoinineri'd  .if  tlie  riiiiiilry  that  .sliould  cveite  any  iilarin. 

Alllioiiiih,  h.Hvevi'r,  we  atl.ieh  no  weinlit  to  the  exauijerated  and   iiiifiiunded   slalemeiitH 
that  li  «ve  lieen  so  perseverinnly  eireiilaled  as  to  the  deeay  of  trade,  we   me  not  cerliiinly  of 
the  nninlier  of  ih'se  wh.t  think  that   no  eii.iiuv'  slioiild  he  made  in  the  eniiiinereial  poliey  of 
tlie  eoniiliy,  or  that  it,  ni.iy   not  In'   very  niiieii.illy  iiiipinved.     Kestrietive  ri'unlutions  and 
oppressive  duties,  thoi|.j;h  iiuuh  dnninished  ol  l.ile  je.irs,  still  eontiniie  to  exert  a  very  povver- 
liil  and  misehievoiis  mlliii'iiei'  over  many  departments  of  iiidiislry  ;  and  are,  in  f  let  (siipposiiiji; 
traiiipiiiliiy  to  he  preserved),  the  only  ihiiii;  iViiin  wliieli  it  is  at  all   reasonahle  to  apprehend 
nnv  si'rion-i  iiijmv.     It  is  in  all  lespeets  of  the  utmost  im[iortani'e  that  every  praelieahle  fllort 
Khonid  he  made  for  their  modilieation  and   reduetion.     They  not  only  diminish  exportation, 
hy  diiiiinisliini;  iinporlation,  hiil  inthi't  a  (irieviiiis  injury  on  the  eonsuiiier,  without  produeins; 
imv  corri'spoiidiiii;  advaiil  i'.;e  to  the   reveiiiie,  to  wliiih,  indeed,  they   are  deeidedly   iiostile. 
l*erha]is,  li.nvever,  their  worst  edict  consists  in  liie  haiulie  and  pretence  which  they  iilllird  for 
all  sorts  of  misrepreseutatioii   and  iihuse.     'I'liis  h.is   heeii   slrikiii;;ly  evinced   in   the  recent 
liiscnssioiis  as  to  the  Cirii  Laws.      All  pnlies,  iii.iinifictnrers,  and  auriciilluiist.s,  seen)  pMie- 
rally  to  entertain  the  most  erroneous  notions  as  to  the  innuence  of  these  statutes,     'J'he  truth 
is,  that,  ill  ordinary  years,  it  is  now,  thanks  to   the  spread  of  ii;;riculliiral  improvement,  nil 
lint  impcrceptihlc.     Diiiint;  the  six  years  endinu;  with  IS^ii,  the  average  price  of  wheat  in 
lireal.   Uritaiii  was  .')()>•.  '.^,7.  a  qnartcr ;  and  we  are  h.ild  to  say,  that  not  a  little  of  evidence 
has  hecii,  or  can  he  produced,  to  show  tli.il  this  price  would  liavi?  hceii  reduced  .'><.  u  ipiartor 
had  the   poits  hceii  all  the  while  open  to   iineondiiional    imporlaliim  Irom  ahroad.     Hence, 
were  our  manufactures  re, illy  decliiiiiii;.  or  in  a  peiiloiis  .state,  which  happily  they  are  not,  it 
is  idle  to  suppose  that  this  dcidine  or  daiiLjer  could   he  ohvi.iicd   hy  the  repeal  of  the  ('orii 
liaws.     'I'iie  inlluenee  of  the  latter  is  now  littli'  felt,  except  in  iinfavourahle  years,  when  I 
home  crops  are  dcticient;   hut  iheii  it  is  exlri'inely  injurious.     'J'his  arises  not  only  from  I 
restrictioiH  w!iich  they  lay  on   importation   at  the  time,  hut  also  from   the  (liscoura;'eiin 
which  ihey  i>ive  to  w.irehousiiiLV  in   ordin.iry   years,  and,  eonsi'i|iieiilly,  forciiij;  the  reiiuir 
HUpply  to  he  suddenly  introduced,  to  the  ureal  tlcraiv^ement  of  the  ordinary  channels  of  tr.iilc 
mid  of  the  ennencv.     ISuch  a  slate  of  lliiiiL;s  should  not  he  allowed  to  exist;  mid  seeiiis;  I 
the  a\;ricullurists   have   really  notliinj;  to  tear  from  the  opeiiimi  >''   the  jiorls,  sound  poll 
would  sui;ivest  that  foreign  corn  shouLl  he  admitted  al  all  times  for  home  consnniiilion,  uiu 
such  a  re.isanahle  eonsiaiil  duly  ('vw  or  (i.v.  on  wdieal,  and  other  urain  in  iiroportioii)  us  in 
be  re.piired  to  countervail  the  hurdens  peculiaily  allcctini;  the  land.     'J'he  exclusion  of  f.nci 
suijar,  ami  the  regulations  as  to  the  timher  trade,  are  productive  of  iiothin!;  hiil  mischief,  an 
liave  not,  in  f  ict,  a  siiis>le  reileeminu;  niiality  uhoiil  them:   their  elTcct  is  to  add  very  maleriallv 
to  the  prii  e  of  a  most  impc>rtaiit  neeessary  of  life,  ami  of  our  houses,  ships,  and  macliiiit 
and  to  dcjirive  the  Treasury  of  al  least  l,.''iOO.O00/.  a  year  of  revenue.     But  were  the  con 
laws  and  those  rolatinu;  to  timher  anil  siii^ar  placed  on  a  proper  footinu;,  and  some  of  the  in 
oppressive  duties  in  our  tarill'  as  those   on    hrandy   and    hollands,  adci]uately  reduced,  lilt 
toreiii[ii  competition  to  which  we   miiiht  he  exposed  wouKI  he  productive  of  nothin;; 
ndvaiilase.     Such  compelilion  is,  in  reality,  the  vivifyimj  principle  of  industry,  curix  dcucii 
viort  ilia  corda.     It  gives  a  new  stimulus  to  the   inventive  powers,  at  the  s.ime  time  that 
supplies  new  priniuels  and  new  modes  of  onjoyment  to  reward  the  lahour  of  the  induslrioui 
It  must  ever  he  hi)rne  in  mind,  that  the  amount  of  the  exports  from  a  country  always  dcpeml 
upon,  mid  is,  in  fact,  measured  hy,  the  amount  of  its  imparls;  and  while  the  maj^nitiuloo 
the  laiter  conlinuus  to  increase,  and  wc  freely  open  our  ])orl.s  to  the  proilucls  of  nil  couiitrii- 
and  climates,  we  may  bo  sure  that  our  exports  will  cijually  increase,  and  bo  found  in  eve 
market. — iS. 

(LIGHT-HOUSE. — The  following  six  new  light-houses  have  been  erected  on  the  coas 
of  France : — 

I.  l-innd  ./  Sf.  Marcniif.  in  l:ititiiiln  of  49  ili'g.  2'.)  mill.  5.5  sec,  lnni;itiiilo  3  (leg  S9inin.  west  nf  I'.Tri? 
•he  liiilii  sliiiaii'd  on  ilii!  tort,  alioiu  SJ  levt  uliove  thti  tevul  uf  tlie  sua,  and  iii»y  be  percciveil,  in  I'm 
wcxthi^r,  al  llic  itislaiu'o  lit' lliri!i>  leagues. 

3.  I'.irl  .Vji'  i/ 1,  on  the  rijjiil  siili!  ol'  the  entr.ince  of  llie  Morbilian  ;  llifi  lizlit  sitintnd  on  the  poini 
kboul  70  feel  above  tlie  sea,  and  u  visible,  iu  line  weailier,  at  lUe  distance  of  3  leagues. 


Ici 


LIVERI»0()L—()1»HJM. 


799 


"' -'"sn:r- ::'^'- 

I  r.r  ill  t\\i' HiiiiKi  iinuiiifr- 

"  ■  il...  r  III'  (if  iiiU'r»"«t. 

er:;;,';;:;:::""-^ '-■•• 

UUI  \^>Vl-  1.0011  uvlu.ul  .)^.        I 

'"^-  r  (',..  ,11  •,i-.)iiv;ivion>oii. 

,,f  our  hou.0..  sh,,.s.  u  ^^^^  ^.^,^,, 

tSHcsSS 

,ouUl  bo   Produonvc  ot  ^  J   '   ;^^„, 
«,,nnoi,loot.n.U^Uy     .    -^^^^^^^,^ 

l"^'  ^X\So    ^Ju.o  i-ulustno.. 
rowari\  ttu  i.n  ..i.vivs  d.'penJs 

ually  uiercas. .  ana  uc  lou 

Les  have  been  erected  on  Iho  CO.. 

\{  the  sea,  and  ui'^y        i 

Kih^n-tliolialUBitiniedoulUcpoinl, 


3.  Citpn  Ferrtt,  nhnitl  nnn  mile  north  of  tliB  pnlriiiicn  of  llir  ll.miii  of  Arrarlicui,  in  Inliliidt'  i\  i\vg. 
3H  mill.  U  Hi'iv.  loiiKiliKli'  .'1  il''!.'.  y^  iniii  Kp  ci'i-  ,  wr-\  nf  |':iiH  ;  llii;  lit'lil  mliiiiliMl  iilxmt  'MU  (vvl  iihc.vu 
till'  IcVi'l  III'  (III!  Hi'll,  mill  vlMlllli'  ut  lllr  lllnllllli'i-  nlli  li':i|:ili'>l. 

Till' almvi!  iirii  nil  till!  Alliiiilii.  ciiUHlH.  'I'ln;  riillnwiiii!  iiri'  on  tlii>  Mi'(llli;rriiniaii,  iirar  llir  iiimillii 
of  llif  Itlioiii' : 

•t.  /..I  Cii/iKir/rHe.-  Ill  plnro  of  llin  Hinnll  li'.'lil  Iichibi'h  nti  Ilii-  ciisl  liiink  if  llic  iMitr;iTiri'  cf  Ilii-  old 
Illmiif,  11  iii'w  iiiii',  i>rilii)  llrst  iir^irr,  Willi  a  lixi'il  IikIiI,  Jims  Ijitii  rsiiililislinj  mi  ii  Imwit.  hi  llir  liilu'lit 
iiriiliiiiil  '.Ml  till  iiliiivi'  llir  livil  111' I  he  sen.  Ill  laliliiil'  el'  1,1  ilii;,  •.'11  iiiiii,  J(Ihi;i:.,  Ii.n^llilili;  'JiliK.  'ill  mill. 
:i(l  H'l'.  I'lixt  rriiiii  I'lirix  ;  llii'  liijlil  visihlc  al  llii'  iIimIiiih  r  iil'li  liau'iiiH. 

.'».  /'i.r(  i/(!  ('(iiii.i.  Ill  laiiniili'  III'  1:1  ili'L'.  i'i  iiiiii.  ,'m  si'i\.  liiiiuiiiKli'  .'I  ili'K.  Iliiiiii.  'lOiii"!'.  past  from 
I'lirH,  nil  ilii>  IpI'i  HJilii  nl'lliu  liiitruiicu  uI'IIip  pint,  UU  tVi'l  iibiivi'  tliu  Irvul  i>riliu  huh  ;  vlHlltli!  at  Itii;  illH- 
talll'P  III'  it  liM)!llrH 

(I.  I'.fil  fir  Id  ('i(i/(ir.-Aimtli(>r  llulil  on  n  tnwiT  at  tin-  cnil  nf  llii-  ni'w  ninl|..  im  tlii'  riulit  siiln  nf  tlii! 
pnlraiiip  nrilii'  |inrt,  in  latllinli!  nl'  i:i  ili'U.  10  in  in.  .'lI  mit  .  Innuiiiiili'  Ilili'd  111  in  in.  •J'-mm'.  lasi  nl'  I'arH, 
VKilili'  at  (III!  iliitlmirii  nl'  a  loaniii'H.  'I'liiM  Hi:ciii  il  lij-lii  will  prrvi'iil  all  (inhKilnlity  nl'  iiii-,lakiiit|  Ciiita, 
I'.pi'  Ca-HiH.     Mm.  K.l.\ 

[liIV'l'IM'OOl,.  Till!  An.oricanoililor  originally  inloiiilcil  to  have  fjivm  n  sppiirato  nrlicio 
iiiidor  tills  lii-ail,  as  well  as  uiiilor  lliat  of  IjihkIoii  ;  iiiit,  on  t'lirllior  ciiiisidiratiiiii,  lii<  liiis  jiidiriMl 
tins  to  lin  itiiiioei'Ksary,  011  nccoiiiil  of  tlin  very  full  ili'si'ri|itioii  liy  tlio  aiillior  of  llio  cuin- 
iiiiri'O  of  llio.'U'  I'ilii's,  in  iho  iirliclo  Docks,  in  thi«  limly  ol' llic  work. —  .1;//.  Kd.] 

[LONDON.     (See  liivi-;iii'i)(ii.  in  this  suinileinuiit.) — Am.  Ki/.] 

NAIFIM.IA.     (Sec  Uiikkce.) 

Ni:\vsrAPr,i{s. 

UiM'i'iiN  c.r  llir  Niiiiilii'r  nf  ,Siain|M  issiii'il  to  tlio  iliir.'ri'iit  Newspapers  in  riiKJaml  ami  Wales,  Sent- 
|:inil.  .'iiiillrelanil.  iliiriiiu  eai'li  nl'llie  'I'liree  Years  e  ml  nil!  I  lie  .Mil  nl' .la  unary.  IMI'.l.  (ruiiiplleil  Iriini 
the  /',u/.  I'dpii,  i\n.  OlM.  Hi'.aa.  1n:iU.)  N.  ».  'I'liii  reihaeil  rati!  of  duly  touk  elleelnn  tlic  lilli  nf 
Septeiiiller,  If^illi. 


K'.rlaiid. 

n'll'tiilnprrs 
iiuliii-ul  i>A 


Srolliiiul. 


H't'lcll  [WplT* 


IrfJaUll. 

;nilMinl'a!i"f'P 
ijllll  cnillitr! 
I       |l,l|Klil 

i.. 


isao. 


•rf. 

S'siiipii. 
t3,3«T,S-'. 


11.  III.       I      till. 

Sl;illtp9   I  St.Mlipi.  I  St.-||lip4. 

SJ,lJi   U.Jil.WS     43,0t0 


IS37. 


III. 

Sf;niip^. 


5,744,eu   33,000 


Neiviip.ipt!is. 
2,94 1, bSJ 


3,754,6liil     27,300 
Suppli'iiirtiti. 


Nc\vap.ipers.  Newspuppn. 


I,4!I7,3'3 
l,2iB,707 


74.'',Wi 
Mti.lBa 


2,10J 

I       l-M. 

Siipplu* 
iiiniU. 

.'ijSOO 

2,000 


21,720,!31ii  J!l,lUI,nj(l 
0,&iU,'.8)    14,837  ,S43 


Ni'iv* 
p.ipcra. 

2,!1l3,9>i3i    3,893,710 


l,(. 
Nuivs. 
papers. 


1.2.1. 

.SUllip-* 

21)1,73(1 
198,.'>3ll 


2,219,7-1'! 
2,flM,f.'.7' 
3>'.M7.2."I' 


2,990,48;^ 
2,223,333' 


Suppli*- 

lllflll!!. 

79,400 


l-2il. 
Supple 
iiii'ii^a. 

!.3,r2 
2,VIW 


Tnhl. 

Ih3' 

. 

■foljl. 

21,001,0  ;o 

\,l. 

.Sl:lll.p«. 
2.^•.lU,2.^1 

I-2pI 

,SI:ui>|s. 

171,UM 

28,(;SI,367 

I6,03b,373 

l:,,989,432 

2.8,244 



Sllppll! 
tllCMlS. 

l6,2l7,li7C 

Ni^ivs. 
p.ipt-rn. 

3,973,11" 

4,110,912 

111,284 

4,J2S,370 

3,0  tS,'.!  3 

\,l. 
p:ipt'r4. 
2,929, I J3 

1  til. 

Sii|ipli'- 

llll-lllS. 

62,Clti 

2,99'2,07t 

2,2  I9,ifl3 
"vl9^,:l3! 

2,2J0,136 

12,791 

2,318,927 
Al.lSS.lll 

Ufti'HV  nf  till-  Aniniiiit  of  AilvorlisniiiPiit  Duly  paiil  hv  tlin  Dillerent  Newspapers  in  Kn;;laml  and 
Wales,  Si'iitland,  and  IrulamI,  diiriiij;  cacli  uf  tliu  Tlirce  Vuars  undiiig  lliti  Mi  u(  January,  1839. 
(rniiipiliid  as  aliiivi)  ) 


bvi.lon  pippf*         ..... 
Kticlisli  priiviiiL'i.^i  p.ipfrs  .            .           -            • 

SmU'Ii  P»|U'|S             ..... 
Otilihii  pipt  171          ....             . 
Insliruuuliy  p.i|K>ra           .... 

1836. 

IJ37. 

l-a8. 

/.       1.   rl. 

40ti40    3    0 
44  441     Ii    S 
I0,lili'i  13    Ii 
4,I0'I  14    0 
4,U).3    4    0 

7..       I.     1/. 

39.02  •>    3    U 
4P-,«  9  10    7 
11,687     2    0 
4,M0    8    0 
4,0i6     8    8 

ir8.148  II     3 

/..      ..    d. 

41,448  17    0 

f.ll.ti.',-.    5     1 

13,IVH    7     6 

4.m5  17    0 

4,130    H    0 

tOI.213     1     2 

II6,:2I    12  11 

It  is  RPcn  from  the  first  of  the  above  returns,  that  the  principal  increase  lias  been  in  the 
circnlalion  of  Eimiisli  provincial  papers,  which  lias  risen  from  9,.');')'J,f)i^o  in  18'?G,  to 
1  !>.'.;  17, t)70  in  1H;W,  bciiic;  a  rise  of  about  70  per  cent.  In  Irclaiul,  the  slamii  iliily,  pre- 
viously to  the  roiludioii,  was  lower  than  in  Uritain,  and  the  iiK'a.«ure  has  consequciilly  had 
comparalivi'ly  little  inlhience  in  that  part  of  the  empire. — !S. 

OIMII.M.  Tlie  opium  trade,  as  the  readers  of  the  Dictionary  are  aware,  has  been,  for  a 
li'ii!;ihenod  period,  prohibited  by  the  (/limese  government,  and  has,  in  conseipience,  been 
CDiulueted  as  a  si>rt  of  sniuggliii!;  speculation.  'I'here  would  seem,  however,  to  he  "oncl 
Broimds  for  thinking  that  the  prohihilioii  of  the  importation  of  opium  was  all  along  intended 
to  be  tnirc  apparent  than  real.  .\t  all  events,  it  is  certain  that  the  trade  has  grown  gradu- 
ally  up,  from  a  small  bet^innin;;,  to  be  one  of  groat  extent  and  value;  and  it  is  contradictory 
mil!  absurd  to  suppose  tliat  this  should  have  been  the  case,  had  it  oncouiiteied  any  consider- 
alile  opposition  from  the  (Jhinese  authorities.  But  the  truth  is,  that  these  functionaries,  iii- 
RteaJ  of  opposing  the  trade,  or  even  merely  conniving  at  it,  were  parties  to  its  being  ojienly 
carried  on  ;  and  received  certain  regulated  and  large  fees  on  all  the  opium  that  was  imported. 
It  has  even  been  alleged  that  a  part  of  these  fees  had  found  its  way  into  the  imperial  treasury 
at  IVkin,  though  that  is  more  (loubtful.  'J'he  appetite  for  the  drug  increased  with  the  in- 
creasing means  of  gratifying  it ;  and  there  appeared  to  be  no  assignable  limits  to  the  quan 
tity  that  might  be  disposed  uf  in  the  empire. 


800 


OPIUM. 


^1 


Pi 


The  rapid  RxtcnHion  of  tho  trade  floetns  nt  len^tli  to  hnvo  awakfnrd  the  nttcntion  of  thn 
court  of  IVkiri  to  the  subji'ct.  W'e  doubt,  howevrr,  notwitlislaiidinK  wliat  lias  lu-cn  nlloRoiJ 
to  tlie  coiitriiry,  wlu'lher  a  sense  of  the  injurious  con>ie(|UPnrps  of  the  use  of  the  drui;  hud 
much  to  do  in  tiie  ninlter.  This,  indeed,  is  ii  part  of  the  subject  as  to  wliirii  tliero  exists  ii 
great  deal  of  niisiipprehensioii ;  and  we  tire  well  assured,  that,  provided  it  be  not  carried  to 
excess,  llie  use  of  opium  is  not  more  injurious  than  that  of  wine,  brandy,  or  oiher  Htiinulatits, 
In  truth  and  reality,  the  alarm  of  the  ( 'hincKe  government  was  not  about  the  health  or  niora's 
of  its  sulijects,  but  about  their  bullion  !  They  arc  still  haunted  by  the  same  visionary  fears 
of  being  drained  of  a  due  8\ipply  of  ijold  and  silver,  that  formerly  haunted  the  people  of  this 
country.  The  imiiorts  iif  opium  bavin;;  increased  so  ra[>idly  as  to  be  no  longer  balanced  by 
the  exports  of  tea  and  silk,  syeee  nilver  began  also  to  lie  exported  !  'I'he  court  of  I'l'kin 
could  have  toli'r:itrd  what  arc  rallied  the  demoralising  ellects  of  opimn  with  stoical  indilVer- 
cnce,  but  the  ex|)orlatii>n  of  silver  was  not  a  thing  to  be  endured. — It  is,  however,  only  fair 
to  stale,  that  the  (.'hinese  staleHtuen  are  not  all  of  the  liexley  school;  and  that  some  of  them 
ajipear  to  have  taken  an  enlightened  view  of  the  question,  and  to  have  einanei])ated  thcm- 
Bflves  from  the  prejudices  that  still  influence  a  majority  of  their  colleagues.  The  statesmen 
in  (|uestion  contendi'il,  that  the  taste  for  the  drug  was  far  loo  deeply  seated  and  too  widely 
dilfuscd  to  admit  of  its  ell'eetual  prohiliition  ;  and  they,  therefore,  proposed  that  its  importa- 
tion should  be  legalised,  subjecting  it,  at  the  same  time,  to  a  heavy  duly.  'J'here  cannot  be 
a  doubt  that  this  was  tlui  proper  mode  of  dealing  with  the  subject.  In  the  end,  however,  fhn 
government  of  I'ekin,  iiilluenced  by  unfounded  theories,  as  to  the  mischievous  cllect  of  the 
export  of  ihu  precioua  metals,  came  tu  a  dillercnt  conclusion,  and  resolved  to  put  a  stop  to 
the  tradi.'. 

No  sooner  h;id  this  resolution  been  adopted,  than  a  most  extraordinary  change  appears  to 
have  taken  place  in  tlii^  conduct  of  the  Chinese  authorities;  and  their  usual  caution  seems  lo 
have  wholly  deserted  ihein.  They  now  became  as  preci[iitate  and  violent  as  they  had  pre- 
viously been  slow  and  circumspect ;  and  resolved  at  all  hazards  to  attempt  forcibly  to  put 
down  the  trade.  To  accom]ilish  this,  all  foreigners  were,  in  March,  1H;59,  prohibited  from 
leaving  Canton  ;  and  compulsory  measures  were  at  the  same  time  resorted  to  for  compelling 
them  to  deliver  up  the  o|iiutn  in  their  possession. 

How  the  alVair  might  have  ended,  had  our  countrymen  at  Canton  been  left  to  the  exercise 
of  their  own  judgment  in  this  crisis,  it  is  impossible  to  say ;  but  we  have  been  assured  by 
those  on  whose  statements  we  are  disjwsed  to  rely,  that  they  would  most  probably  have  sue 
ceedcd  in  getting  out  of  it  with  comparatively  little  loss.     Instead,  however,  of  acting  fir 
themselves,  they  had  to  act  in  obedience  to  the  orders  of  Mr.  Elliot,  chief  superintendent  of 
the  British  trade  in  ('auton ;  and  he,  while  under  constraint,  occasioned  by  coniinement 
the  factory,  and  without  supplies  of  food,  which  was  withheld   by  the  (Chinese,  commandi 
all  the  opium  belonging  to  Uritish  subjects  to  be  given  up  to  him  for  delivery  to  the  (Jhinr 
authorities;  declaring,  at  the  same  time,  that  "failing  the  surrender  of  the  said  opium,'"  tl 
British  goveriunent  should  be  free  "of  all  measure  of  responsibility  or  liability  in  respect 
British-owned  opium." 

We  do  not  presuuie  to  ofl'er  ony  opinion  os  to  the  necessity  or  policy  of  this  proceeding 
the  part  of  the  superintendent;  but,  in  consecpjence  thereof,  ami  of  the  unjustifiable  proceed 
ings  of  the  Chinese,  above  20,0(10  chests  of  opium,  worth  upwards  of  2,0()0,()00/.  sterlinc 
were  delivered  up  to  Mr.  Elliot  by  British  subjects,  and  by  him  to  the  Chinese  aulhorilii 
and  the  latter,  not  satisfied  with  tho  possession  of  the  opium,  which  it  was  their  duty  to  Iiav 
placed  in  a  slate  of  security  till  the  mailers  with  respect  to  it  should  be  arranged,  imimvliatt 
proceeded  to  destroy  it!  Having  succeeded  thus  far,  the  Chinese  next  insisted  that  the  forei 
merchants  should  subscribe  a  bond,  pledging  themselves  not  to  import  opium  into  any  p; 
of  China;  or  that,  if  they  did,  they  were  to  be  justly  liable  to  tJic  penr.lty  o{  iliuth.  But  till 
condition  being  refused,  and  no  arrangement  having  been  come  to,  Mr.  Elliot  suspended  ihi 
trade  on  the  32d  of  May  ;  and  a  collision  has  since  taken  place  between  a  British  sloop 
war  and  some  Chinese  junks,  when  several  of  the  latter  were  sunk. 

Sundry  grave  (|uestions  will,  no  doubt,  arise  out  of  these  extraordinary  proceedings.  Th 
the  Chinese  have  the  same  right  to  exclude  opium  from  their  empire,  that  we  have  to  prohili 
the  importation  of  beef,  or  ummunilion,  or  to  lay  a  duty  on  corn,  does  not  admit  of  an 
question.  But  in  endeavouring  to  suppress  a  trade  that  had  been  carried  on  under  the  sane 
lion  of  the  authorities  at  Canton,  all  of  whimi  had  largely  parlici|<ated  in  its  profits,  juslic 
requir<»i!  that  notice  should  have  been  given  to  the  parties  concerntd  of  the  intentions 
government.  It  is  necessary  to  bear  in  mind,  that  the  Chinese  were  in  the  habit  of  frequent 
issuing  jiroclamations  against  the  importation  of  opium ;  but  as  no  attempt  was  ever  mack' 
give  the  slightest  ellect  to  these  jiroclamations,  the  parties  engaged  in  the  trade  were  iiatura 
led  to  conclude  that  such  would  always  be  the  case.  Hence  the  necessity  for  a  (li.-^iiiic 
intimation  being  made,  that  the  laws  against  the  impoitntion  of  opium  were,  in  future,  to 
bond  fide  and  truly  carried  into  elfeet,  and  for  fixing  some  period  after  which  all  panics  fmin 
engaged  in  the  trade  would  be  sulijecl  to  certain  penalties.  IS'o  valid  objection  could  liav 
been  made  to  such  a  course  uf  proceeding.     The  Chinese  are  clearly  entitled  to  prohibit  t 


OPIUM. 


801 


wakmcd  ibe  attention  of  thfl 

o    lUc  "««  of  thccUu«  ml 
iocta«to^^l.ichtheroex.HBa 

,r,l,rnn.lv,..rolhorHUmulants 
;:,tal.outlholu...Uhormoa, 

.i..,\  l.v  till-  xamc  visionary  tears 
,.l!iun,.-atUe,eo,.lc«fl»|H 

Knortcl!     Tl.o  court  of  1    k m 

,1-  ovimn  with  Hl'^^-^l-'f'"^; 

Klurra  -U  i".  hoNvevcr,  on  y  fan 

1     olav,.  en^anciraloa  thorn- 

n  „„„w.s     The  »latomn.ni 
their  colleiii;m  s.        "  ,  . 

cfore  Jropos.dthalit^imi.ort'i- 
atpa  }  auly.  There  cannot  he 
liect.    In  tho  end,  however  th,>. 

,  r  1  c  n.i.chievou.  cllect  of  th.- 
o;%i.d  resolved  to  put  a  Btop... 

Bt  extraordinary  chanRO  arrears  to 
'.  S  their  usual  canton  seem  ;, 
.i  and  violent  as  thcv  had  pre. 

;;'^rre^or;Jr.rco„ipeUin, 

at  Canton  l-eon  left  to  the  exercise 

„„    but  we  have  been  assured  l>y 
say,  but  wc   na  .    j  ^j,  sue 

liev  would  most  piouaoij  ■■» 
r  Instead,  however,  otncungt.. 
Mr.  Klliot,  chief  superintendent  d 
rant,  occasioned  by  confinement  « 

iTil  bv  the  Chinese,  con.mandoa 
'^'hiXdehverytotheCjne. 

e  surrender  of  the  said  opium,    tl 
.;,oii«y  or  liability  m  respect  ol 

•ssity  or  policy  of  this  proceeding  on 

kS  and  of  the  uniuslifi^hle  proceed- 

,"  'upwards  of  2,.)()0.(>00/.  slcr  in  , 

,1c  to  V^"  I ""■    -Elliot  suspended  the 
Ke^twee^nUvitirh  sloop  of 

l:r:Xi;dinary  proceedings.  TbJ 
their  empirc,lhaiwe  have  to  prohibit 

«nn  corn  does  not  admit  ot  any 
It  Llbe^  carried  on  under  the  sane. 

Lw  pa  ticipatcd  in  its  profits,  jast.c 
Serconcerncd  of  the  intentions 
S;L  were  in  the  habit  or.^^';^ 
.  l,ut  as  no  attempt  was  ever  niaai  o 
.;s'::::g:gedinthetradewerenaurj 
.      Hence  the  necessity  lor  a  ouu 

'lose  are  clearly  entitled  to  proh.bit  t..* 


importation  of  opium  ;  hut  neither  the  (^hin(^^e  nor  any  other  nation  are  rntilli-d,  after  having, 
by  a  long  eonnivunee  nt  ami  participation  in  the  Iraile,  iiithiced  r.treigiierH  to  import  a  largo 
amount  of  viiliinlile  properly  into  their  territories,  to  pounce  upon  and  sei/.e  such  pro|)erty  on 
jiretenee  of  it^  being  conlrahiind  !  The  ('hines,-  are  a  ri'markiihly  cli'Vi  r  people;  and  it  is 
impossihle  that  they  nhonU  not  see  that,  in  this  instanee,  iheir  government  has  heen  guilty 
of  the  grossest  injusiiee  ;  and  that  it  has  rendered  itself  liable  for  the  full  value  of  the  property 
it  has  HO  unwarrantably  sei/.ed  and  destroyed. 

Hup(tose  the  Hriiish  parliament  iiad,  in  I TOH.  passed  an  art  prohiMiing  the  iinportntion 
of  tea;  and  Hujipose  farther,  that  llie  collector  of  customs  and  other  aulliorities  in  liiverpool 
had  paid  no  attention  whatever  to  tiiis  act,  luit  that,  from  l'/'.)C>  down  to  the  present  day, 
they  had  openly  countenanced  the  trade,  that  it  had  rapidly  increased;  and  that  every  year 
hundreds  of  Chinese  ships  laden  with  tea  had  arrived  in  the  Mersey,  safely  unliailed  their 
cargoes,  and  sailed  either  with  silver  or  other  Hriiish  produee  on  board  :  what,  under  Ihcsii 
circumstances,  would  the  ('hinesu  have  said,  had  the  Hriiish  jr  nernment  snddeidy  turned 
round  and  declared,  "  You  are  engaged  in  an  illegal  trade;"  and  wiihout  farther  intimation 
have  proceeded  to  seize  and  destroy  all  the  tea  belonging  to  them  in  England  !  Would  not 
the  Chinese,  the  Jiussians,  French,  and,  in  short,  the  wholi'  world,  have  di'ciared  sneh  an  act 
to  be  llagrantly  nnjnst  '  And  would  nut  every  honest  man  in  Kngiand  have-  said  that  tho 
('hiiiese  had  been  swindled  ;  and  that  the  government  of  (Jhina  did  not  deserve  to  be  treated 
with  ordinary  respect,  if  it  did  not  endeavour  to  procure  redress  for  its  sul'jeclH. 

Now,  this  is  precisely  the  ease  of  Encland  against  the  Chinese.  'I'lie  morality  or  immo- 
rality of  tho  opium  trade  is  wholly  beside  the  iiuestion.  Tiiougii  o|)ium  were  ten  times  more 
injurious  than  has  ever  been  represented,  that  would  not  alter  the  fact  tiiat  the  trade  in  it  had 
been  openly  counlcnanccd  by  the  (Jhinese  authorities  for  a  period  of  more  than  forlv  years; 
and  such  being  the  ca«e,  foreigners  were  ecitainly  entitled  to  infer  that  that  couiiKmnnce 
would  not  suddenly  he  withdrawn  ;  and  th  i',  nt  all  events,  their  property  would  be  respected. 
This,  in  fact,  is  not  a  question  about  whi.  h  there  is  any  real  room  for  doulit  or  dilU'rence  of 
O[)inion.  The  conduct  of  the  Chinese  has  been  most  unwarrantable ;  and  the  government 
of  this  country  has  not  only  a  well-founded  claim  for  redress,  hut  is  called  ui)on  to  enfi)rcc  it 
by  a  just  regard  for  tho  national  honour  and  the  interests  of  the  Hritish  suhjicts,  whose  rights 
have  been  so  outrageously  violated  at  Canton. 

It  is  laiil  down  by  all  writers  on  |)ublic  law,  that  it  depends  wholly  on  the  wrl  of  a  nation 
to  carry  on  commerce  with  another,  or  not  to  carry  it  on,  and  to  reirulate  the  manner  in 
which  it  shall  he  carried  on.  (  Valtcl,  book  i.  §  8.)  Hut  we  incline  to  think  that  this  rule 
must  ho  interpreted  as  applying  only  to  such  commercial  states  as  recognise  the  geniTal  prin- 
ciples of  public  or  international  law.  If  a  state  possessed  of  a  rich  and  ONtensive  territory, 
and  abounding  with  products  suited  for  tho  use  and  accommodation  of  the-  jieople  of  other 
countries,  insulates  itself  by  its  institutiims,  and  adopts  a  system  of  jmlicy  that  is  plainly 
inconsistent  with  the  interests  of  every  other  nation,  it  appears  to  us  that  such  nation  may  bo 
justly  compelled  to  adopt  a  ciiurse  of  ])olicy  more  consistent  with  the  tjcneral  well-being  of 
mankind.  No  douht,  tlio  right  of  inteiference,  in  cases  of  this  sort,  is  one  that  should  bo 
exercised  with  extreme  caution,  and  re(iuires  strong  grounds  for  its  viudiciiion.  Hut  that 
this  right  does  exist,  seems  suHiciently  clear.  Wc  admit  that  a  slight  degree  of  inconvenience, 
experienced  from  one  nation  refusing  to  enter  into  commercial  transactions  with  another,  or 
from  its  insisting  that  these  transactions  should  be  carried  on  in  a  troublesome  and  vexatious 
insnner,  w>)uld  not  warrant  any  interference  with  its  internal  atl'.urs;  but  this,  like  all  other 
questions  of  the  same  kind,  is  oiio  of  degree.  Should  llie  inconvenience  resulting  from  such 
anti-social  vexatious  conduct  become  very  oppressive  on  others,  tlie  parties  so  ojjpressed 
would  have  as  good  a  right  to  interfere  to  enforce  a  change  of  comhu  t,  us  if  the  state  that 
has  adopted  this  anti-social  offensive  policy  had  o[)cnly  attacked  their  teriitory  or  their 
citizens.  A  state  has  a  perfect  right  to  enact  such  rules  and  regulations  for  its  internal 
government  and  the  conduct  of  its  trade  as  it  pleases,  i)rovidcd  they  do  not  exercise  any  very 
injurious  influence  over  others.  But  should  such  he  the  case — should  the  domestic  or  com- 
mercial policy  of  any  particular  state  involve  principles  or  regulitions  that  trench  on  the 
rights  or  seriously  injure  the  interests  of  other  parlies,  none  can  doubt  that  these  others  have 
a  right  to  complain  ;  and,  if  the  injury  he  of  a  grave  character,  and  rcilress  be  not  obtained 
on  complaint  being  made, — no  reasonable  doubt  can  be  entertained  that  the  aggrieved  party 
is  justified  in  resorting  to  force. 

'J'hese  principles  appear  to  us  to  apply  with  peculiar  force  in  the  case  of  China.  Tea,  a 
peculiar  product  of  that  country,  has  now  beconie  a  necessary  of  life  in  England;  and  no 
one  can  doubt  that  a  most  serious  injury  would  he  inflicteil  on  the  people  of  Britain,  were 
any  considerable  impediment  thrown  in  the  way  of  its  importation  ;  and  as  the  arbitrary 
policy  of  the  Chinese  government,  which  is  not  inlhienced  by  tho  maxims,  and  is  regardless 
of  the  forms,  that  prevail  among  civilised  states,  has  already  interrupted  this  trade,  and  con- 
stantly exposes  it  to  great  dangers,  it  certairdy  appears  that  this  is  a  case  for  forcible  inter- 
vention— dignus  vindice  ii')dus, — and  that  we  are  entitled  to  demand  that  tho  trade  should 

101 


802 


PAPER,  STOCKS. 


i 


5 
q 


o 

^ 


he  plnrnl  on  n  iioliil  footinpr.  that  the  import  onJ  rxpnrt  dutic*  Hhotilil  he  rcndernl  intrlligihle 
•ml  innilnatc,  iitul  tliitt  un  iMiJ  ithuuld  tiu  put  to  tlic  fxturlioii  uiid  iiiturlcrviict)  uf  tho  C/hiitiMO 
■uthorilicM. — <S'. 

PAPHK.  ']'ho  fullnwing  is  to  l)0  read  an  a  concluHion  of  tlic  article  Paper  in  this  edition 
of  llii'  Dictioiinry. 

Tliis  MH'iiHiiro  haw,  also,  in  part  olivintivl  iho  iiiju*liro  done  to  niithor*  and  piiMlMhrri,  liy 
comptlliiijj  llu'in  to  pay  u  duly  on  lli«  piipt-r  unrd  in  priiitiri)!  booitH  previously  to  tlitir  pub- 
lication ;  and,  conMi'iiuiMitly,  hcfore  it  ran  lit;  knowti  whctlirr  iho  bookH  will  hcH.  When 
they  do  not  Kill,  llio  tax  bus  obviounly  lo  be  paid  out  of  the  capital  of  the  authors  or  pub- 
liNlierx,  and  the  Ioms  uritiinK  from  an  uiiHUeceHKful  (lublisbinK  H]ieeululion  is  increaHcd  by  itH 
amount.  (Set;  vol.  i.,  p.  "()().)  It  i*  true  that  «very  duly  on  pa|)er,  how  limited  soever 
operates  in  tluH  way,  and  ii*,  therefore,  olijeetionablu  un  principle  ;  but  the  harilHbip  indicted 
un  an  unxuccesHlul  author  by  the  exiHtiiip:  piiper  duty  being  uidy  half  its  former  amount,  in 
no  loni>er  of  any  very  material  importance. 

Ah  renpecU  revenue,  loo,  the  meiinure  promises  to  lie  most  Buccessfnl.  In  \8'M'>,  the  nett 
produce  of  the  duties  on  paper,  in  the  I'nited  Kin(;dom,  amounted  to  7l.'),7'i:)/.,  of  which  the 
duty  on  Htained  |)a|)er  produced  OO.MI/,  The  latter  duty,  utt  already  hccu,  was  totally 
repealed  in  181)8,  and  deduetintf  it,  the  duty  on  [)riiHinK  and  writing  papers,  paste-board, 
&c.,  in  IH:!.'),  amounted  to  (!,').'), G()2/.  Mow,  the  rates  on  the  latter  dcscrijitions  having  betii 
reduced  a  half,  it  follows,  that  had  the  consumption  continued  stationary,  the  duly  would  now 
have  amounted  to  ',i'i'i,SO\l.;  whereas,  it  amounted,  in  1838,  to  5.')<J,78tl/.,  being  an  increnKO 
of  tii')  per  cent.,  and  wc  understand  that  the  increase  last  year  was  still  greater.  'J'he  fair 
presumption,  therefore,  is  that  in  a  year  or  two,  the  consumption  of  taxed  paper  will  bo 
doubled,  and  that  the  revenue  will  have  lost  nothing  by  the  reduction.  This,  in  fact,  i^ 
almost  always  the  case.  An  oppressive  tax  on  an  article  in  general  demand  is  never  elfee- 
tually  reduced,  without  tlio  revenue  being  in  a  very  short  time  benefited  by  the  measure. 
It  may  bo  truly  Buid  of  taxation, — 

all  ipso 

Uucit  opus  aiiiiiiuni>|uc  furro. 

The  only,  thing  to  bo  regretted,  is  that  the  pruning  knife  ia  seldom  vigorously  and  skilfully 
applied. — S, 

STOCKS. 

[Wc  give  the  following  Tables,  exhibiting  the  fluctuations  in  stocks  in  two  of  the  princ 
pal  markets  of  the  United  States  during  the  yeor  1840. — 

The  fullowini;  prices  of  some  of  tlio  prinripal  fincks  snid  In  tlip  NewYork  market  at  or  near  the  clcso 

ul'  each  iiiuiitli  in  tile  yi>ar  lU-lU  : 


Stnclu. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

.March 

April. 

Mar- 

June. 

July. 
021 

Av%. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

.Nov.     Dec. 

irniled  Stntps  Ranlt 

. 

7fiJ 

73 

72 

74 

70i 

731 

i     65 

03 

66  J 

65i|     CIJ 

Bank  of  New  York 

. 

11:1 

.  -  . 

117 

♦  117 

♦  117 

125 

}12J 

}125 

123 

120'- 

123  !}|2I 

Maiiliatlan  R:ink    - 

„ 

11-2 

85 

85 

86 

82 

86 

91 

1     031 

02 

95,' 

96       (16 

Merctiants'  Bank    - 

. 

IKti- 

-  -  . 

jlin 

109 

1101 

110 

Olio 

♦  100 

112 

114 

115    J1I5 

Mechanics'  Uank    - 

. 

9» 

un 

97  i 

100 

KKU 

102 

99) 

lOOi 

101 

100} 

I01}|   103  i 

Union  (tank    - 

- 

10(1 

iin 

109 

{107 

108 

no 

♦nil 

♦111 

113 

no 

110 

110  1 

Bank  of  America    - 

. 

lis 

lis 

no 

114} 

114 

nil 

114 

114 

II6i 

115 

116 

Uf'.l 

PlKTiiix  Hank 

- 

791 

75 

78i 

79 

79 

8li 

SIJ 

84 

86 

J851 

84 

i<^i 

Dry  Dock  Hank       - 

. 

(jo 

50 

4» 

531 

47i 

4fli 

40 

44} 

00 

75 

62 

m 

DttlawarK  anil  lliidson 

Cinal 

ti'.li 

•a:. 

07  i 

73 

73 

78} 

751 

76 

1  1  s 

79 

86  ;   'S.lj 

Lafayctie  Dank 

_ 

fifl 

fiH 

08 

73 

♦73 

78 

ilH 

78 

80 

(10 

89  '  ♦!,l) 

Meclinnii's'  lianking  A 

9sn.     . 

fil 

6'H 

OH 

69 

6S3 

76 

70 

73} 

76 

791 

80J      Mi; 

American  Exiliange  H 

ink 

413 

bii 

80 

80 

83 

90 

!io: 

n 

95 

9Ti 

94  J 

ra 

Bunk  of  Commerce,  scrip 

■     9ti3 

98' 

971 

971 

98 

991 

OS' 

98 

m 

991 

99.' 

OS 

Norlti  American  Trust  Co.     - 

411 

481 

433 

43i 

34 

32 

801 

26| 

26 

323 

283 

*>,,■ 

Mnliawk  Railrnnd 

. 

62J 

dih 

05 

69 

07} 

74 

70 

7li 

68} 

691 

70 

kV 

Pntersiin  Kailrond 

. 

4.1 

4(1} 

41 

42 

40 

41 

38 

39 

39 

45 

.50; 

.VJ 

Boston  &  I'rdviclencpU 

nilroad 

1(11 

WZ 

(10 

91 

9» 

98 

92 

93} 

95 

94 

03^ 

>.>3 

New  .lersey  Railroad 

_ 

7Hi 

8!,'. 

*'i 

82 

80i 

81 

71} 

74 

76 

78 

76 

:f' 

Stiiniiiglon  Railroad 

. 

15i 

16! 

12} 

181 

m 

18 

171 

24 

29 

5t 

281 

S>; 

Hiirleni  Riiilroad     - 

. 

4IS 

4ti 

4.51 

45> 

4()i 

4|i 

sr-; 

39 

37 

4(ti 

,"!i; 

'j> 

IJtica  Riiilrniid 

. 

115 

118.' 

122 

12U 

130 

130 

12-2} 

125 

126.! 

129 

129 

!:!i; 

I.onc  Island  Railroad 

. 

!)0i 

.'.0.; 

50i- 
109 

54 

.5(1} 

4n 

481 

50 

49i 

56A 

.551 

5.M 

Syracuse  Raiiro  id 

. 

107i- 

107; 

114 

119 

121 

ISO 

nwj 

116 

117 

120 

Hi 

Farmers'  Trust  Company 

77.5 

83 

83i 

82} 

781 

82 

F.O 

78 

76i 

84 

811 

f?; 

Canton  Cnnipany    - 

- 

27J 

28 

23 

27 

21 J ! 

24} 

21} 

22 

2> 

281 

2411 

iiJi 

•  OfTered. 


)  Asked. 


STOCKS. 


803 


,houia  be  rcnarrrJ  in*ibl- 
,ai.,lurlc.«»c«oflhc«^'l»'»^" 

,c  arliclo  Paper  in  ihU  cJUion 
to  nuU.or.  nn.l  puWi^hoT..  ».y 

:^.  .,,,,,•  Ih.  author,  or  in... 
,.,..Vuh.lio..  i«  inir.Misra  Ly     - 

.,,  ,,«,K;r.  »..«w  Ihn.U-a,  >";•>•' 
1  llui  Ibe  hanUh.i.  u.nicl.  J 
only  hiilf  il8  formrr  niiiounl.  w 

,t  .ucccshM.  In  1830  the  nrtt 
u,Ueato7ir,,7.V.)/.,ofwh.chlu, 
":  UH     ireaay  .ccn.  «u«  totally 

e  latter  ac«cn,.lionHhavu.KU-." 
lltionary.lhcauty>voulJnow 

;  r  was' Btm  greater.      1  -   . 


Thf  Prlcei  of  loma  of  the  princlpnl  Btncki  inlil  In  th«  riiilnilclpliia  Market  at  or  netr  (lie  cluie  of  each 

Montti  III  tliu  Vuar  IMO, 


ItMto 

J«ii. 

r«i.. 

Mar. 

Apn 

M.y 

June.  July. 

All*. 

i 

S.,,1. 

(Icl.  !  Nov.    !>«'. 

J«n. 

mil. 

D.ir.  Jan. 
IDlOklHII. 

l^nlreil  Sinic*  Hfink 

NO  I 

7M 

7S1 

7H/ 

'7irii4ii 

00 

"tiir 

"oT 

07;     07      01 

.'lO 

301 

MiM'hiinii'ii  lliiik 

33 

331 

33) 

3«i 

351    3«1 

30 

30| 

.30} 

;io;   3v   35! 

4o;    30     30] 

31 

1  ailv. 

•  iiriird  lliink    -        -        - 

33! 

33} 

3fli| 

40 

3u; 

Wi 

3H 

301 

301 

31 

I   - 

riiriinTn  mill  Mi'rh.  Dank 

51* 

.19 1 

S3 

SOI 

53 

• 

.141 
51 1 

911 

9li 

50 1 

.101     55j 

52) 

3 

I'l'iin 'I'liivniililn' llitiik 

.19 

11 

•111 

5,1 

53 

511 

5|i 

51 

5J 

.191    f>'ii 

.191 

7i- 

I'lMiiiHylviinlit  lluiik 

40il 

lOOi 

l(K)l 

111 

IIU 

410i 

109 

105 

400 

110 

115    419 

395 

Mi'ri'liiintii  mill  Morlianicn' 

ilmik  i>r  I'litHhiirg 

,11 

48 

451 

40 

41 

45 

. 

. 

47 

471 

-      471 

47 

4 

r.xi  liiiiiirn  lluiik 

37 

■ 

3S 

. 

- 

, 

• 

49 

19 

-      44 

43 

0     — 

Cniiiiiiircliil,  Clni'lnnati  - 

H.I 

HO 

HU) 

0.1 

0(1 

(Wi 

HM 

091 

93 

09 

911     - 

HHl 

31   - 

Nnrllirrii,  KiMitiicky 

HV 

N3i 

H3 

H5 

00 

HO 

H71 

03 

b71 

IHI 

O-il    01 

HI 

9i    - 

lliiiiin,  Ti'iitii-xm-i'    - 

071 

fi.l 

flU 

00 

OH 

07 

01 

00) 

071 

001 

70      70 

051 

9 

Vll•kHl.llr^ll.  U.('o.,MI»i. 

1.1 

l.1| 

1.11    171 

15 

19 

V 

10! 

OJ 

'3 

151 

13      1(1} 

t'l 

5) 

\t'W   Orll'IIIK  (illM       - 

13 

10 

10      10) 

11 

11 

101 

103 

13 

13       - 

01 

31 

\.  Am.  Inn.  Cii.  IMiilnila. 

11 

7 

OS 

«i 

OJ 

0 

. 

«1 

9 

101 

0    lo; 

10 

1      — 

(ilr.'iril  l.il'it  mid  1'ruiit 

22^ 

31 

991 

93 

511 

941 

241 

931 

141 

211 

95      95 

911 

91    - 

?<i'liiiylkill  Nuvl({;illi)n  To. 

«3 

HII 

HOJ 

7N1 

H31    W7 

771 

75 

7H 

77 

701    78 

03   '30 

I,i'hl|2li  OdiiI  mill  Niiv.  Co. 

91 

.13 

59 1 

47 

45 

45} 

30 

44 

41 

40 

40      30) 

21)  90> 

D^litwiiri!  Hl  IIiiiIikiii  Ciiiinl 

n 

7.1 

711 

7.1 

70 

70 

. 

78 

78 

_ 

87  '    - 

95 

93     - 

MorriH  «'miiil    .        -        - 

13 

m 

13 

10 

15 

to 

10 

9 

0 

81 

(ViniiliMi  mill  Aniliny  R.  11, 

III) 

107 

103 

no 

IIHJ 

1101 

m 

107 

IIW 

113 

110    1011 

901 

131 

IMilliiilil.  mill  'rritlitiill  ill). 

U3i 

UU    1001 

105 

110 

" 

. 

lOil 

103 

1001 

1001      - 

90 

i   - 

I'jilliiili'lptilii.Wiliiiiiigtnn, 

1 

mill  Haltiiiiiire 

44 

411    431 

49» 

40 1 

40 

431 

44 

43J 

44 

45  '  485 

.39} 

4i 

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19  sciaom  vigorously  and  s! 


ikilfully 


ons  m  si 


locks  in  two  of  the  princi- 


NewYork  market  at  or  near  thocUso 

b40: 


Nov.  1  Dei'. 

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THE   END. 


;  Asked. 


